IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT.3)

{./

1.0

1.1

11.25

12.8

■ 40

2.0

1.4 lii.6

^J^

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WIST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 145S0

(716) •73-4503

.>^

>^ v^

«^

■^

•^'

CIHM/ICMH

Microfiche

Series.

CIHM/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.

Canadian Institute for Historicai Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques

Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques

The Institute has attempted to obtain the best
original copy available for filming. Features of this
copy which may be bibliographically unique,
which may alter any of the images in the
reproduction, or which may significantly change
the usual method of filming, era checked below.

D
D
D
D

D
D

Coloured covers/
Couverture de couleur

Covers damaged/
Couverture endommag6e

Covers restored and/or laminated/
Couverture restaur^e et/ou peilicuiie

Cover title missing/

Le titre de couverture manque

Coloured maps/

Cartes gdographiques en couleur

Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/
Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire)

Coloured plates and/or illustrations/
Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur

Bound with other material/
Reli6 avec d'autres documents

Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion
along interior margin/

La re liure serrde peut causer de I'ombre ou de la
distortion le long de la marge intirieure

Blank leaves added during restoration may
appear within the text. Whenever possible, these
have been om: ted from filming/
II se peut qua certaines pages blanches ajout^es
lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte,
mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont
pas 6t6 filmdes.

Additional comments:/
Commentafres suppl6mentaires:

L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire
qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details
de cet exemplaire qui sent peut-Atre uniques du
point de vue bibliographlque, qui peuvent modifier
une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une
modification dans la methods normale de f ilmage
sont indiquAs ci-dessous.

□ Coloured pages/
Pages de couleur

n Pages damaged/
Pages endommag6es

□ Pag'<«s restored and/or laminated/
Pages restaur6es et/ou pellicuiies

r~7 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/

Pages ddcolordes, tachet^es ou piqu6es

Pages detached/
Pages ddtachies

Showthrough/
Transparence

I I Quality of print varies/

Quality in^gale de I'impression

Includes supplementary material/
Comprend du materiel supplimentaire

Only edition available/
Seule Edition disponible

Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata
slips, tissues, etc., have been .efilmed to
ensure the best possible image/
Les pages totalement ou partiellement
obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure,
etc., ont 6x6 filmies A nouveau de fapon A
obtenir la meilleure image possible.

The c
to the

The ir
possil
of the
filmin

Origir
begin
the la
sion,
other
first i:
sion,
or illu

The la
shall
TINUE
which

IVIaps,
diffen
entirel
begini
right t
requir(
metho

This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/

Ce document est film^ au taux de reduction indiqu6 ci-dessous.

10X 14X 18X 22X

26X

aox

_y.

12X

16X

20X

24X

28X

32X

ilaire
)8 details
ques du
nt modifier
«iger une
le filmage

The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanlcs
to the generosity of:

National Library of Canada

The images appearing here are the best quality
possible considering the condition and legibility
of the original copy and in keeping with the
filming contract specifications.

L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grdce d la
g6n '^rositA de:

Bibliothdque nationale du Canada

Las images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le
plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition at
de la nettet6 de l'exemplaire fiimd, et en
conformity avec les conditions du contrat de
filmb.e.

d/
ludes

Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the last page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All
other original copies are filmed beginning on the
first page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, and ending on the last page with a printed
or illustrated impression.

Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en
papier est imprim6e sent film6s en commenpant
par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la
dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration. soit par le second
plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires
originaux sont filmds en commenpatit par la
premiere page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par
la dernidre page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.

The last recorded frame on each microfiche
shall contain the symbol —^>( meaning "CON-
TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"),
whichever applies.

Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la
dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le
cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE ", le
symbole V signifie "FIN ".

aire

Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at
different reduction ratios. Those too large to be
entirely included in one exposure are filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right and top to bottom, as many frames as
required. The following diagrams illustrate the
method:

Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre
film^s A des taux de reduction diffdrents.
Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre
reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 d partir
de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche d droite,
et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre
d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants
illustrent la m^thode.

by errata
ted to

ent

jne pelure,

apon d

32X

•

•\

■:s*'

i
1

^'^l^^

6/^0

'-1

THE

MINERAL SPRINGS

OF THE

UNITED STATES AND CANADA,

WITH ANALYSES AND NOTES

ON TUK

PROMINENT SPAS OF EUROPE,

AMD A LIBT OF

SEA-SIDE RESORTS.

I r;:

GEORGE E. WALTON", M. D., "^-«....;=5p^'

Member of tho 8ocl6t6 Franjaise D'IIygI6ne, Paris; ex-President of the Academy of

Medicine, Cincinnati ; Member of tho Ohio State Medical Society ; formerly

Profossor of tho Principles and Practice of Medicine in the Cincinnati

College of Medicine and Surgery; Author of "Euroi)ean and

American Climatic Besorts Comporod," etc., etc.

THIRD EDITION, REVISED AND MUCH ENLARGED.

NEW YORK:
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY,

1, 8, AND 5 BOND STREET.

1883.

Springs^
Sea-Baths ^

EASTERN states' AND CANADA,

81I0WIN0 TUC

Mineral Springs and Railroad Lines.

Entered, according to Act of CoEgross, in the year 1871, by

GEO. E. WALTON, M. D.,
In the Office of tlie LibrarUn of Congress, at Washington.

Entere-i, acmdlng to Act of Congress, In the year 1888, by

GEO. E. WALTON M. D.,
In the Office of the Librarian ( f Congress, at Ww hingnn.

TO THE MEMORY OP MY DEAE WIFE,
MARION YOUNG,

or PITT8BIHOH, PA.,

ffWs toorft (s affcctfonatels (nscrtben.

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.

Ten years have passed since the first edition of this
book was published. During that time there has been an
immense increase in the use of mineral waters as medici-
nal agents, both by tt'^ profession and the public. The
present edition of this work contains the analysis, prop-
erties, and description of nearly one hundred mineral
springs which have been developed or analyzed since the
first edition was published. Yet each year adds to the
number of new springs, some of which are of positive
value and an addition to the resources of medical art ;
others are ephemeral in their fame.

The author desires to state that he is indebted to the
valuable work of Dr. Charles Denison, of Denver, on
"Rocky Mountain Health Resorts," for much of the in-
formation concerning the springs of Colorado ; and to
Hon. Columbus Drew, Sr., of Jacksonville, Florida, for
much assistance and considerable manuscript relative to
the springs of Florida.

224 Laubkl Stkbkt,

CurcuiNATi, June, 18S3.

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.

TuE author desires to return his thanks for the very
favorable reception accorded the first edition, both by the
profession and the public. He hopes he has been able, in
some measure, to systematize a subject previously in a cha-
otic condition. But much remains to be done in the way of
investigation of the special action — the individuality — of each
spring, and he requests his professional brethren to assist by
studying closely the waters under their immediate supervi-
sion and recording the results.

The prer3nt edition contains an Appendix, in which will
be found analj'ses of a number of springs not analyzed when
the first edition was issued, and notices of some not hereto-
fore mentioned.

224 Laurel Stbeet,

CufOiNNATi, June 6, 1874.

PEEFACE.

For many years the author has desired to know whetlicr
there arc any medicinal virtues in mineral waters. He has
been accustomed to hear mineral springs mentioned with a
smile by the majority of the members of the medical profes-
sion in the United States, while, on the other hand, patients
are continually seeking springs without consulting their phy-
sician. Occasionally he has known medical gentlemen admit
that patients afflicted with inveterate chronic diseases havo
resorted to mineral springs, and much to their surprise re-
turned cured. Between this incredulity of the profession, and
credulity of the public, he has thought there may be a medium
of truth. He knew that medical men of experience abroad
frequently recommended their patients to visit certain spas
for the relief of their maladies. That very eminent French
physician. Trousseau, devoted much time to writing a work,
in company with Las^que, entitled " fitudes Th^rapeutiques
sur les Eaux Min^rales des Bords du Rhin," and, throughout .
his clinical work, as well as the able work of Prof. Niemeyer,
mineral waters are assigned an important place in the treat-
ment of many chronic diseases. With impressions derived
from such facts, the author sought libraries and book-stores

PREFACE.

for information concerning tbc mineral springs of the United
States, but found little or none.

In this volume the author has endeavored to arrange all
the kiiown facts concerning mineral waters, in such manner
'.Iiat they shall be readily accessible. For this purpose he
has consulted the best European authors, their conclusions
being drawn from hundreds of years of laborious investiga-
tion of the spas of Germany, Franco, Switzerland, and Italy.
It has been interesting in the course of this study to note
how closely the ccnclusions drawn by them, concerning the
action of different classes of waters, agree with the observa-
tions made at springs in this country independent of any
knowledge of foreign research. Tlie portion relating to the
springs of the United States is the result of a selection of
credible evidence regarding them, gained by correspondence
and personal observation. Acknowledgment should here be
made to Stephen Powers, Esq., of California, who has so
greatly aided in procuring information concerning the springs
of that State.

To facilitate comparison, the analyses of all the springs
have been reduced to the wine pint, the original analyses
from which they are taken being based on the wine gallon,
the imperial gallon, the litre, a thousand parts, etc. Wher-
ever the alkaline carbonates were estimated as hicarhoJiates
in the original analysis, they have been reduced to carbonates.
The carbonate of iron is always understood to be the carbon-
ate of the protoxide. In two or three of the analyses the
uncombincd elements were given, but the acids and bases
have been combined according to approved methods, and the
resultant salts appear. In some instances the springs were
anal} :;ed many years ago, previous to important discoveries

PREFACE.

in chemical science, and tlie water should be reanalyzed; for,
although the analysis of .v water does not indicate its absolute
medical value, nevertheless, in many instances, it is an ex-
ceedingly important guide to its use. All waters of value
should be thoroughly analyzed j and, though we cannot then
account for their action, let us not close our eyes or ignore
their efficacy, if such there be, but continue the search for
the unknown quantities that elude our vision.

Although this country does not seem to present a com-
plete list of the various classes of waters, still, for the treat-
ment of many diseases, we have waters equal to any in the
world, and one potent subdivision, the aluminous chalybeates
(alum-waters), are found nowhere but in America of equal
strength. However, when the waters of the Pacific coast
shall be thoroughly analyzed, doubtless we shall find some of
them equal the celebrated alkaline thermals of Vichy, and the
. muriated-alkaline thermals of Ems.

Tlie list of springs is thought to be complete, but a few
omissions may have occurred. The author will consider him-
self under obligations to any one who will favor him with
information of springs not mentioned, however remote, pro-
vided they have been improved for public resort.

No. 224 Lattrel Strebt,

CiHciNNATi, December, 18T2.

Imi

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

HI8T0BI0AL.

Mineral Bprings of Ancient Greece— Of Ancient Italy — Roman Baths— Baths of Caracalla—
Method of Bathing — Perfumes- Laws regulating tho Baths — Baiie — ^Modifflval Baths —
Description of Baden, In 8\ritzcrland, in 1420 and 15T0 — Description of Bath, England
in 16G3 — Modern Baths— Leuk, In Switzerland — Gambling at Baden-Baden . Page 1

CHAPTER II

MINEBAL WATEBS.

Definition of Mineral Water— Pure Water — River Water— Analyses of Rivers — Schuylkill—
Croton — Charles — St. Lawrence— Origin of Springs — Due to Meteoric Water — Solvent
Power of Water on Rocks — Formation of Springs — Saratoga — Tuscan Springs — Ascend-
ing Springs — Descending Springs — Inteimittont Springs— Physical Characteristics of
Water — Color— Odor — Taste— Texture — ^Temperature— Electricity — Magnetism . 14

CHAPTER III.

OL ABSIFIOATION.

ItA Necessity- Different ^.lotnods — Chitnical Classification— The German — The French-
Difficulties of Application— The Classification adopted 88

CHAPTER IV.

AOTIOir OF MINERAL WATERS.

Many visit Springs for Recreation alone — Quacklsh Advertising of Springs — Influence of
Change of Air — Cliange of Scene — Objections on account of Uncertainty of Composition
— ^Artificial Preparations not considered — Action of Ordinary Water — Necessity of Wa-
ter In the Organism— Absorption— DlUBetic Action — Cold Water Increases Peristaltic
Action of the Intestines — Immediate Action of Mineral Waters-^Stimulant, Sedative,,
Eliminant, Remote Action — Alterative — Theory of Alterative Action — Alterative Actio?i
of each Mineral Water differs — Bath Fever— Action of Thermal Waters- Bath Erup-
tions — Quotation from Trousseau 86

CHAPTER V.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS,

Impropriety of ignoring the Chemical Constituent* of Mineral Waters — Demonstration by
titruve that Waters are Impregnated from the Constituents of Rocks — The Coiutita-

XIV

CONTENTS.

ents of Mineral Winters usually invariable — Peculiar Variation of the Springs of Saxon
Switzerland — fcudden Changes from Earthquakes — Deposits from Mineral Waters —
Constituents: Carbonates and Bicarbonates ot Soda, Potassa, Magnesia, Lime, Lithia,
Bti ontia, Iron, Manganese ; Chlorides of Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium,
Iron, Caesium, Kubldium ; Sulphates of Soda, Magnesia, Lime, Potassa, Iron, Alumina;
Jodkles of Potassium, Sodium — Bromides — Phosphates— Silicates— Boracic Acid— Bo-
rate of Soda — Fluorides— Nitrates — Arsenic — Crenic and Apocrenic Acid — Organic Sub-
stances : Bar6gine, Olairine, Sulfurlno, Microscopic Algae — Carbonic Acid— Sulphuretted
Hydrogen — Carburotted Hydrogen — Oxygen and Nitrogen .... Paub 48

CHAPTER VL

THEEAPEUTI0 9.

Mineral Waters only applicable to Chronic Diseases —Appropriate Stage of Disease for using
Waters— Eheumatisui — Gout — Syphilis— Metallic Poisoning — Diabetes Mellitus — Inter-
mittent Fever — Chronic Dysentery — Anasarca — Cancer — Scrofula — Chlorosis — Hemi-
plegia — Paraplegia — Locomotor Ataxia — Neuralgia — Hysteria — Hypochondria — Chronic
Laryngitis — Chronic Pharyngitis — Chronic Bronchitis— Asthma — Consumption — Dys-
pepsia — Gastritis — Gastric Ulcer — Gastralgla — Constipation — Haemorrhoids — Engorged
Liver— Gall-Stones— Fatty Li\ r— Jaundice — Gravel— Calculus — Vesical Catarrh— Al-
buminuria — Chronic Metritis — Amenorrhoea — DysmenorrhoDa — Leucorrhflea — Sterility —
Eczema — Lichen — Psoriasis — Pityriasis — Scrofulides — Syphilides — Anchylosis— Con-
tractions — Uydrarthrosifl — Coxalgia — Caries — Ulcers — Old Wounds ... 66

CHAPITER Vn.

SUGaESTIONS.

Prescription of Mineral Waters — Choice of a Resort — The Season — Bottled Waters— Ex-
tracts of Waters — Amusements — Time for dilnking the Waters— Quantity— Prepar-
atory Treatment— Bolleau's Experience in 14S7 — Temperance in Diet— Duration of
Treatment— Impropriety of changing from Spring to Spring— Resident Physician to be
consulted— Time for Baths — Alibert's Advice— The Whey-Cure — The Grapo-Cure 111

CHAPTER Vin.

THE SKIN.

Anatomy— True Skin — Epidermis — Sweat-Glands- Sebaceous Glands— Functions of the
Skin — Absorption»— Transpiration 120

CHAPTER IX

BATHS.

Cold Bath— Temperate Baths— Tepid Bath— Warm Bath— Hot Bath— Vapor-Bath— Rus-
sian Bath— Hot- Air Bath — Turkish Bath— Douches : Descending, Ascending, Fan,
Ring, Universal— Spout- Bath— Sltz-Bath—Foot-Bath— Mineral Mud-Bath— Medicated
Baths-Carbouic-Acld Bath 127

CHAPTER X.

ALKALINE WATERB.

Prominent Constituents — Action— Diseases to which they are applicable — Springs : Bla-
don. Congress, California; California Seltzer, Perry, Versailles, St. Louis, Michigan;
Lower Soda, Oregon ; Sheldon, Central, Vermont, Mlssisquoi, Middletown, Welden,
Bockbrldge Baths, Capon 144

CONTENTS.

OUAPTEE XL

SALINE WATSZB.

ProminentConstttucnta— Action— Diseases to which they are applicable— Brines — Springt:
Bt. Catharines, Caledonia, Plantagenet, Lansing, Spring Lake, Fruit Port, St. Louis,
Missouri ; Saratoga, Ballaton, Albany, Wilhoits, Charleston . . . Pagc 160

CHAPTER XII.

BULPHUB-WATER8.

ProminentConstitaents- Action— Diseases to which they are applicable — Springa : Blount,
Sandwich, Caledonia, Chariotsville, Piedmont, White Sulphur, California ; Vallejo White
Sulphur., Green-Cove, Indian, Georgia *, French Ldck, West Baden, Indian, Indiana ;
Lafayette, Lodi, Trinity, Upper Blue Lick, Lower Blue Lick, Paroquet, Big Bone,
Olympian, Estill, Louisville, Drennon, Bedford, White Sulphur and Tar, White Sulphur,
Louisiana ; De Soto, Alpena, Sharon, Masscna, Chittcnango, Kichfleld, Avon, Clifton,
Cherry Valley, Columbia, Dryden, White Sulphur, New York; Longmulrs, Shocco,
Warren, White Sulphiu-, North Carolina ; White Sulphur, Ohio ; Minnequa, York, Car-
lisle, Glenn, Sitka, Alburg, Highgate, Newbury, Jordans, Yellow, Virginia; Buffalo,
Stribling, Coyncrs, Egglestons, Botetourt, Cold White, Montgomery White, Fauquier
White, lloanoke Red, Huguenot, Burner's, Daggar's, Grayson, Greenbrier White, Salt,
Bed, Blue, 180

CHAPTER XIII.

OHALYBEATB WATEB8.

Prominent Constituents — Action— Diseases to which they are applicable — Springs : Bailey,
Fry, Stafford, Catoosa, Madison, Greencastle, Knightatown, Schuyler County, Illinois ;
Estill, llopkinton, Owosso, Cooper's Well, Ocean, Oak Orchard, Sharon, Schooley's
Mountain, Mineral Springs, New Jersey; Adams County, Ohio; Cresson, Blossburg,
Fayette, Montvale, Beersheba, Rawley, Sweet Chalybeate, Rockbridge Alum, Bath
Alum, Stribling, Bedford Alum, Virguila; Church Hill Alum, Pulaski Alum, Va-
riety 286

CHAPTER XrV.

PUSOATIVK WATBBS.

Prominent Constituents — Action — ^Diseases to which they are ap^Wcahlo— Springs : Crab-

Orchard, Harrodsburg, Estill, Midland, Beer, Bedford, Virginia; Elgin

261

CHAPTER XV.

OALOIO WATBBS.

Prominent Constituents— Action — Diseases to which they are applicable- iSfprinc^ .• Eaton
Eapida, Butterworth, Hubbardston, Leslie, Yellow, Gettysburg, Clarendon, Alleghany,
Holsion, Berkeley, Sweet, Bethesda 268

CHAPTER XVI.

THEBMAL WATERS.

Prominent Characteristics — Action— Diseases to which they are applicable — Spring» : Hot,
Arkansas ; Callstoga, Geysers, California; Paso Roblcs, Santa Barbara, Warner's Ranch,
San Bernardino, Skagg's, Gilroy, Lake Tahoe, Idaho, Middle Park, Warm, Georgia ;
Warm, North Carolina ; Agua Callente, New Mexico ; Lebanon, Piiebla, Volcano, Dei
Chutes, Salt Lake, Hot, Virginia; Warm, Virginia ; Healing, American Geysers . 264

xvi CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XVII.

UNOLABBiriED WATEBB.

Springs : Summit Soda, Alabaster, Vlchj, Tuscan, Bartlett, Adams, California ; Napa Soda,
Ilarblnes, San Rafael, Ci^stal, Pocky Mountain, St Leon, Yaronnos, Orange, ButLesda,
Georgia ; Latonla, Togus, Berkshire Soda, Grand Ledge, Flints, Birch-Dale, Abena.}uis,
Amherst, Bradford, Vallonia, Piedmont, Elgin, Cappers, Orkney, Slue Ridge, Tarkers-
burg, Bhannondale Paqe 881

CHAPTER XVIIL

BVBOPEAN S?AB.

Alkaline Waters : Vichy, Ems, Fachingen — Saline Waters : Homburg, Kisslngen, Wies-
baden, Baden-Baden, Bourbonne, Solters — Brine-Baths: Kreuznach, Nauhoim— /Sm^-
phwr- Waters : Aix-la-Chapello, Aix-lcs-Boins, Bar6ges, Pon^res-do-Luchon, Nonndorl^
ideinherg-~C/iali/beate Waters: Schwa.l>ach, Pyrmont, Spa, St.-Moritz — Pwgatvoe
Waters: PuL'r.a, Friedrlchiihall, Sedlitz, Carlsbad, Marienbad, Franzensbad — fatefo
Waters: Coiitrexville, Bagn6res-de-Bigorre, Leuk, 'Wildungen— ^'Acmiai Waters:
Gastoin, Toplitz, Schlangenbad, Plombidres 841

CHAPTER XIX.

BBA-BIDE BSBOBTB.

The Sea — Sea-Air — Analysis of Sea- Water— Phosphorescence— '.""emperature- -Sea-Bath —
Resuscitation from TiToynAng— Resorts : Cashlng's Island, Rye, Hampton, Swampscott,
Nahant, Chelsea, Newport, Narragansett Pier, Long Branch, Coney Island, Rockaway,
Cape May, Atlantic City 873

Appihdiz, .

Gknebal Index,

« • •

. 460

■in^" y

MINEEAL SPBIIirGS.

CHAPTER I.

HISTOEICAL.

The pages of ancient authors ^equently contain records
of resorts where the sick bathed in healing waters or drank
of medicinal fountains. In Greece the temples of ^scula-
pius were frequently erected near springs reputed to possess
curative power. The ancient Athenians, during the summer
months, sought the thermal — saline — sulphur baths of -^dipsus
in the island of Euboea, about sixty miles by sea from Athens.
They have been known from remotest antiquity, and are a
favorite resort at the present day. During the Mithridatio
war, Sylla sought them, and Strabo tells us (book i., chap,
iii., Proleg.) that, following an earthquake, these waters dis-
appeared for three days, and reappeared at several diflferent
points. On the opposite side of the channel from ^dipsus,
on the main-land, is the celebrated pass of Thermopylae, so
named from the hot sulphur-springs in the vicinity. They
flow from the base of Mount CEta, and fall into the sea.
Springs formed a favorite site for the establishment of tem-
ples. Near the Temple of Jupiter Ammon was an intermit-
tent spring (Herodotus iv., 181). Delphi had its Foimtain of
Casotis (Pausanius x., 24, § V), and these waters, now known
as St. Nicholas, rise south of Lesche, and flow beneath the
Temple of Apollo.

Tn the pages of Latin writers we frequently meet with allu-

S MINERAL SPRINGS.

sions to niedicinal bprings, testifying the esteem in which they
were held by the Romans. Horace, in describing the ficti-
tious fanie tha« the cold-water cure obtained at Rome, under
the influence of a charlatan named Musa, speaks thus :

" Of Vella and Salemuin tell me, pray,
The ilimatc and the natives, and the way ;
For Baise now is lost on me, and I,
Once its stanch friend, am now its enemy,
Through Musa's fault, who maces me undergo
His cold-bath treatment, spite of frost and snow
Good sooth, the town is filled with spleen to see
Its steamy baths attract no company ;
To find its sulphur-wells, which found out pain
From joint and sinew, treated with disdain
By chests and heads, now grown so bold
They brave cold water in the depth of cold ;
And finding down at Glusium what they want.
Or Gabbi, say, make that their winter haunt."

(Epist. i., 16. Conington's Translation of Horace.)

Unfortunately for Musa, the ill success of his mode of treat-
ment soon caused a return to the mineral waters of Baiae,
which continued to be sought by multitudes, and are resorted
to at the present day.

Pliny tells us in his Natural History (book xyxi., § 1) that
all waters are gifts of the earth. He says : " They spring
wholesome from the earth on every side and iu a thousand
lands; the cold, the hot, the hot and cold together, as at
Tarbellum (Dax) in Aquitania, or in the Pyrenees, where they
are separated only by a small interval, or yet the warm and
tepid, announcing relief to the sick, and flowing from the
earth only for man, of all living things. Under various names
they add to the number of divinities, and establish villages."
He also names the diseases for which certain waters were
considered beneficial — the springs of Sineusa for sterility;
those of ^naria (Ischia, of to-day) for cpIcuIous affections.
Of the latter, it is said by a late writer : " The attractions of
this country and its waters are sufficient to merit with us the

P
fi

tl
fr^

HISTORICAL.

popularity they enjoyed with the ancients, and which is testi-
fied by numerous Latin inscriptions."

When the seat of the Roman Empire was transferred to
the East, the well-known baths of Brusa, about sixty miles
from Constantinople, were developed ; and at this day they are
the most celebrated baths in the Orient. Wherever the Ro-
mans penetrated the then Western wilds of Europe, they
sought out the mineral nprings of the country, and we find re-
mains of their baths at Aix in Savoy, Aix in Provence ; Ba-
gnSres" de Bigorre and Bagn^res de Luchon in the Pyrenees,
Alhama and Caldas in Spain, Wiesbaden, Baden in Switzer-
land, and at Bath, or Aqua Solis, in England. The Latin
word aquay changed into Acqui, Aigues, Aix, Ax, and Dax,
as applied to modern towns, remains to tell of their early
celebrity as watering-places.

If there were historic records of the barbarous tribes oi
Germania, Gallia, and Hispania, we would doubtless learn that
the same fountains were held in esteem by them which were
•subsequently resorted to by the Romans.

In the brilliant days of imperial Rome, bathing formed a
chief enjoyment of patrician and plebeian. The luxury of
warm bathing was indulged in to such excess that at one time
eight hundred thermae could be counted within the city, and
several of these would accommodate three thousand bathers
at one time. Many of these structures covered entire squares,
and were adorned with every architectural beauty. An ap-
proach to them showed beautiful marble porticos supported
by many-fluted columns, and entering and passing out might
be seen orators, poets, senators, and sometimes the emperor.
Within was a labyrinth of marble halls and colonnades deco-
rated with statu.iry and mosaics by the masters, and in vari-
ous spacious chambers scholars discoursed to an attentive
auditory. Other apartments were devoted to athletic exer-
cise, which was usually taken before entering the bath. After
the bath, those who had leisure might pass an hour in the well-
arranged library^ or saunter in the gardens of rare flowers and
exotic plants within the enclosure. The grandeur of these

4 MINERAL SPRINGS.

Btruotures may be imagined when we are told that the baths
of Diocletian were the repository of the famous Ulpian Libra-
ry; that one of the halls of '' . '>aths forms the present
ma^ficent Church of the Carti^u^x^ns ; and that the baths of
Agrippa had for a vestibule that relic of antiquity so well de-
scribed by Byron :

" Simple, orcct, severe, austere, sublime —
Shriae of all saints and temple of all gods,
From Jove to Jesus — spared and blest by time,
Looking tranquillity, while falls or nods.
Arch, empire, each thing round thee, and man plods
His way through thorns to ashes — glorious dome I
Shalt thou not last ? Time's scythe and tyrants' rods
Shiver upon thee — sanctuary and home

Of art and piety — ^Pantheon ! pride of Rome I "

Many traces of the Roman baths still remain, but the most
familiar ruins are those of the baths of Caracalla. They were
commenced by Antoninus Caracalla about the year a. d. 212.
Subsequently they were enlarged by Elagabulus, and com-
pleted by Alexander Severus. They occupy an area nearly a
mile in circuit, including the enclosure, and the bath-structure
covered a space seven hundred and twenty feet long and three
hundred and seventy-five feet wide. Within the enclosure
were porticos, gardens, a stadium, and a large reservoir into
which the Antonine Aqueduct emptied, and in front ran the
Via Novo, one of the most magnificent streets in Rome dur-
ing the time of the Antonines.

On page 5 we insert one-half of the ground-plan taken from
Bell's work on baths, Dr. Bell having borrowed it from Cam-
eron's " Baths of the Romans." The other half of the build-
ing corresponds to this in every particular.

Outside the bath-building, and within the enclosure, was a
pavilion for spectators, whence they could see the exercises
in the open air, apartments for those who had care of the
baths, exedrae where gymnastic exercises were taught, retir-
ing-chambers foi those who exercised in the stadium, atrias to

HISTORICAL.

HALF OF Tm PLAIT OF Tint BATHS OF OASAOAllA. THS BIDB IN TOE LINE Y X FACIlfO

THi VIA novo; tub opposits bide oPEimta upon the aABoiNS.

A. Vestibule on entering the thermae, on each side of which were libraries.

B. Vostlbule for spectators and the clothes of those who were bathing.

C. Piscina, or large reservoir for swimming.

D. Peristyle, having a piscina in the middle for warm bathing.

E. Ephebium, or place for exercise.

F F. Rooms where the athletae prepared for their »»Tercisc8.

G G. Various halls or recesses for the use of thoso who fivqnonted the baths.

II. Xystum, or portico for the athletaj to exercise j ider in Dad weather.

K. Exedne, or large recesses for the uso of philosophers.

L. Rooms for conversation.

M. Apodyterium, or undressing-room.

N. Colla Solaris, one hundred and eleven feet in diameter, in which were the labra of tho
baths for ordinary bathL g. Spartianns says this apartment could not bo equalle<l by
the architects of his age ; that the window -lattices were overlaid with brass or copper,
of which materials the whole vault was made, "and so vast was its extent that learned
mechanicians declare it impossible to make one like it."

O. Laconicum, or hot-air bath.

P. Caldarium, or hot-vapor bath.

Q. Tenldarium, or tepid-water bath.

R. Fritridarium, or cold-water bath.

8. Eljeosthesium, or room for oils.

T. Conisterium, or room where athletje, after being anointed wth oil, were sprinkled with
dus„ so they might take surer hold in wrestling.

U I . VesUbules.

MINERAL BPRINCa

tho aoadcmies, temples, [>iaz7as for the masters to walk in,
and covered baths for those who did not choose to exercise
in tho zystus.

It would appear from this description that the baths were
divided into the warm-water baths — those apartments in which
the piscinas are located — and the hot-aii' and vapor-baths com-
prising the laconicura and the caldariura, which were heated
to from 110° to 160° Fahr. Many bathes seldom entered
tliesc apartments. Those who frequented the baths disrobed
in the contiguous vestibules, and placed their clothing in
charge of servants, who received small sums of money for
keeping guard. They then went to the elaeosthesium and
anointed the entire body with a cheap kind of oil, and after-
ward repaired to one of the many spaces devoted to gymnas-
tic exercises. After exercising a suflScient time, they entered
an adjoining warm-bath. Here numbers might be seen seated
on the marble steps of the bath, which were just below the
surface o^ the vater. After ablution, they seated themselves
on these steps and scraped the entire body with the strigil^ a
blunt instrument similar in shape to a small sickle, and made
of bone, iron, bronze, or silver — most frequently of bronze.
The wealthy had the operation performed by an attendant
slave. It is said that it was not an agreeable proceeding, and
that the Emperor Augustus was a suflferer by having it per-
formed too roughly. Afterward the bather was washed by
vases of water poured over him, and then thoroughly dried
with cotton and linen cloths, and covered with a light shaggy
mantle called gausape. Fastidious persons of wealth, in ad-
dition to the process described, had slaves go over their bodies
with tweezers and pluck out every hair ; the nails of feet and
hands were then trimmed ; and, finally, highly-perfumed oils in
vases of alabaster or bronze were brought from the elaeosthe-
sium, and the entire body, not omitting the soles of the feet,
was anointed. The clothing was then resumed, and they
passed into the tepidarium, where they remained some time,
so as not to be too suddenly chilled on going from the warm
bath into the external air. The tepidarium in these baths, it

niSTORICAL.

seems, was only used for this purpose ; water being employed
only as a convenient method of regulating the tcmperuturo
of the chamber. In smaller therma?, however, and in provin-
cial cities, this apartment was undoubtedly used for bathing.
In this description of bathing the laconicum and caldarium
are omitted. They were sought by those who desired, for
the purpose of producing excessive perspiration in a similar
way to the Turkish and Russian baths.

A word may be said concerning the oils and perfumes.
They were of great variety, and universally employed, both
by men and women. The rhodinium, extracted from roses,
lirinium from the lily, myrrhinum from myrrh, baccarinum
from foxglove, and cyprinum from the flowers of the privet-
tree, were favorites. Also, cinnamomium, very costly, made
from cinnamon, irinum, an oil made from the iris, balaninum,
the oil of the nuts of the ben-tree found in India and Arabia,
serpyillinum from wild-thyme, sysymbrium from water-mint,
amaracinum from sweet-marjoram, nardinum from lavender.
These scents and oils were used by preference for different
parts of the body, some being considered best adapted to the
head, face, and neck, others to the muscles and extremities.

A story of Hadrian, quoted by most writers on ancient
baths, is told by Spartianus : " The Emperor Hadrian, who
went to the public baths and bathed with the common peo-
ple, seeing one day a veteran, whom he had known among
the Roman troops, rubbing his back and other parts of his
body against the marble, asked him why he did so. The
veteran answered that he had no slave to rub him, whereupon
the emperor gave him two slaves and wherewithal to maintain
them. Another day,, several old men, enticed by the good for-
tune of the veteran, rubbed themselves also against the mar-
ble before the emperor, believing by this means to excite the
liberality of Hadrian, who, perceiving their drift, caused them
to be told to rub each other."

In addition to the large number of public baths, there were
many private baths in the residences of wealthy citizens.
Seneca, when contrasting the luxuries of his own day with

MINERAL SPRINGS.

the simplicity of the republic, describes them thus: "That
person is now held to be poor and sordid whose walls shine
not with a profusion of the most costly materials, the marbles
of Egypt inlaid with those of Numidia ; unless the walls are
set with mosaics in imitation of painting ; unless the cham-
bers are covered with glass ; unless the Thracian stone, for-
merly a rare sight even in temples, smrounds those capacious
basins into which we cast our bodies, weakened by immoder-
ate sweats. And the water is conveyed through silver pipes.
As yet, I speak only of plebeian baths ; what shall I say when
I come to those of freedmen ? What a profusion of columns
do I see supporting nothing, but placed as an ornament,
merely on account of the expense! What quantities of
water murmuring down steps I We are come to that pitch
of luxury that we disdain to tread on any thing but precious
stones."

When the thermae first became public institutions, laws
were passed regulating their use. They were placed in charge
of the officials, called aediles, whose duty it was to see that
the rules concerning the baths were enforced. The hours of
bathing were from two o'clock in the afternoon till dusk, be-
tween two and three being the hour most favorable. Notice
was given that the baths were ready by ringing a bell, the
warm water being then drawn into the various piscinae.
Hadrian forbade that any should bathe before two o'clock,
and any who bathed after four o'clock were charged a hun-
dred quadrantes, about equivalent to thirty cents of our cur-
rency. The usual price of a bath was one-third of a cent.
Subsequently, to ingratiate themselves with the populace, the
emperors permitted the baths to be opened earlier and closed
later ; and, under Alexander Severus, they were not only per-
mitted to be opened before daybreak, but oil was furnished
for lighting at the public expense. The baths were a place
of general resort, and on public holidays it was customary to
keep them open the entire day. They were then thronged
by the lower class(!S. The emperors amused the people with
baths, that their own derelictions might be forgotten.

HISTORICAL.

There were separate thermae for females, those most cele-
biated being the baths of Agrippina. However, with the de-
generacy of public morals, it became necessary to pass most
stringent laws forbidding women, under the severest penal-
ties, from bathing with men, and, on the contrary, punishing
those men wHh death who should be found in baths devoted
to females.

It is difficult for us, living in this busy age, to understand
how the people of Rome found time every day to frequent thfj
baths. A bath, with all the accessories, must have occupied
from one to two hours ; and yet we read of citizens of distinc-
tion who bathed four and five times each day. Can we won-
der that the degeneracy of public moralii which permitted such
excesses, was followed by effeminacy of the people, and finally
by the downfall of Rome ?

During the summer months the Romans resorted to Baiae,
ten miles from Naples, on the gulf. It was not only the won-
derful mineral springs of hot and cold water, and the phe-
nomena of extinct volcanoes, that were attractive.- The sur-
rounding country was charmingly beautiful, and was asso-
ciated with the earliest epoch of Roman history. Near by
was the most ancient city of Cumoe, with its sibyl ; the Lake
of Avernus, with its entrance to hell ; the Forum Vulcani,
the promontory of Misenum, the Phlegraean fields, and the
Elysian plains. Amid these scenes the wealthy Romans
erected elaborate villas and pursued the luxurious pleasures
of the capital. A lively description of those baths is given
by Seneca in Epistles 51 and 66 : " He tells us that, while at
BaifE, he lived near the great bath-house, and was continually
annoyed by the noise. Early in the morning the splashing of
bathers greeted his ears, for they bathed at all hours. He
was disturbed by the excited cries of those playing atb II,
and by the deep-drawn sighs of those who swung heavy
weiglits. Here one was trying his voice in song, there an-
other was engaged in loud dispute, or perhaps a cry was
raised at the detection of a thief caught stealing clothes of
one of the bathers, no unusual occurrence. Then there were

MINERAL SPRINGS.

• '!

the shrill cries of the venders of eatables, especially the libum,
or sweet-cake, long popular with bathers, and a remnant of
which is still found in some of the German baths. He also tells
us that it was common to see tipsy people wandering along
the sea-shore, and to hear the shores of the Lucrine Lake re-
sounding with the songs of pleasure-parties of men and women
who skimmed about in gayly-painted boats of every variety
of shape and color, decked out with crowns and chaplets of
roses. All ancient writers describe these aquatic excursions
as scenes of voluptuous pleasure ; there was also abundance
of gambling ; and, on the whole, Seneca described Baia3 as a
sort of vortex of luxury and harbor of vice." *

Passing over a period of a thousand years, during which
we have no record of Lathing-resorts, we come to the follow-
ing description of Baden, in Switzerland, canton of Aargau, by
Poggio Bracciolini, 1420 : " Baden, though offering no great
natural beauty, and nothing in the way of agreeable relaxa-
tion, presented such other pleasures that you might imagine
Venus with her troop had deserted Cyprus and come to live
at the baths. There were two public and about twonty-eight
private baths attached to the hotels. In the public bath men
and women bathe together in a state of entire nudity. In the
private baths the men and women used at least partial cloth-
ing, and there was a partition between the men's and women's
baths, with openings, however, which made it easy for them
to talk to each other. People upod often to bathe three or
four times a day ; indeed, to spend a great part of their time
in the baths, to ask their friends to come and spend the day
with them ; they played at cards, and had their meals sup-
plied to them on floating tables, and there was no lack of good
eating and drinking."

The description of the same baths by Montaigne, one hun-
dred and fifty years later, shows a decided change. He says :
" Those who have ladies under their charge will do well to
bring them here, where every lady has a bath to herself hand-
somely fitted up with a dressing-room, light and airy, with

' Ixyndon Quarterly, July, 1870. " Boths."

HISTORICAL.

rich wiudows, painted wainscoting and ceiling, and polished
floors, and provided with small tables on which you may read
or play while in the bath. . . . Tho people of this part of the
country when they bathe usually have themselves so unmer-
cifully cupped and bled that I have sometimes seen the two
public baths almost full of blood. The houses are very hand-
some, and kept up on a grand scale. In that where we lodged
there have been in one day three hundred mouths to provide
for."

Some one hundred years later, in 1648, we have a descrip-
tion of the round of life at Bath, England, by the quaint court
gossip, Pepys. It runs thus : " Up at four o'clock, being by
appointment called up to the Cross bath, where we were car-
ried one after another, myself and wife, and Betty Turner,
Willet, and W. Hewer. And by-and-by, though we de-
signed to have done before company came, much company
came , very fine ladies ; and the manners pretty enough ; only
methinks it cannot be clean to go so many bodies together in
the same water. Good conversation among those that are
acquainted here and stay together ; but strange to sec, when
women and men here that live all the season in these waters,
cannot but be parboiled and look like creatures of the bath.
Carried away — wrapped in a sheet and in a chair, home ; and
then, one after another thus carried, I staying about two
hours in the water, home to bed, sweating for an hour, and
by-and-by conges music to play to me, extraordinary good as
ever I heard at London almost, or anywhere, 5s. In the
afternoon I went to make boys dive in the King's bath, Is."

The only baths of the present day which resemljle those
of the middle ages are those of Leuk, in the valley of the
Rhone, Switzerland. They are situated in a little mountain-
nook, at the base of the perpendicular ascent of the Gemini
Pass. Here several hot springs, of large volume, issue from
the earth, the waters of which are conducted to the various
public baths. In the bath-houses there are several pools be-
neath the same roof, each of which is capable of accommodat-
ing between thirty and forty persons. On either side of each

MINERAL SPRINGS.

pool are dressing-rooms. From the "Guide Pratique" of
Constantin James we translate as follows : " It is between four
and five o'clock in the morning that they repair to the bath.
The patients first dress in a long woollen tunic, then descend
into the pool by a sort of i»clined plane, in a stooping atti-
tude, until they arrive at the desired depth. The basin is
thus peopled with new arrivals, and is soon full. Let us pene-
trate for a moment in a bath-building, where the piscina is
filled. What a singular sight 1 Imagine young girls, cliil-
dien, old men, priests, soldiers, sisters — what shall I say ? —
in fine, all conditions and all ages, assembled pell-mell in the
same pool. Some sing, some read, others work or read ; it is
a crowded house, joyous with pleasantry and anecdote. Each
bather has a floating table, a kind of little boat where he places
his handkerchief, his snufi'-box, or his luncheon. But what of
the shipwrecks upon this little ocean ? To see this multitude
of heads agitating the surface of the water, we would call it a
reunion of Trit ^ns."

The method of bathing at Leuk is only tolerated at this
day because of the number of hours required for the bath-cure.
It is the custom to pass three or four hours of the morning,
and one or two of the afternoon, in the water. Suoh a long
time, alone, in a bath would indeed be irksome.

We will not lengthen this chapter by describing the baths
of any of the celebrated spas of Europe ; they are such as are
met with at our American resorts, though usually far more
elegant in accessories. In addition to amusements of '"very
type, they are often the centre of gambling establishments of
colossal dimensions. Those of Baden-Baden are well known to
travellers. The Conversation-House, as it is politely termed,
is of b(>autiful projiortions, in the Grecian style of architect-
ure, and built of solid stone. Within is a magnificent con-
cert-room, ornate with frescoes and glittering with gilding,
whence float strains of delicious music enticing the passer-by.
Opening out from this saloon, on either side, are grand saloons,
replete with elegant and luxurious appointments. These
saloons are devoted to the fascinations of roulette and rouge-

HISTORICAL.

et-noir. Around the tables may be seen the young, the beau-
tiful, the middle-aged, and the gray-haired, the peasant and
the nobleman, the countess and the count, the thoughtless and
the statesman, each casting his five-franc piece or his thous-
ands upon the table, and watching with intense interest the
deft fingers of the dealer, as he rapidly shuffles the cards and
throws forth the numbers that tell of the winning and losing
of fortunes.

CHAPTER I

MINERAL WATERS.

A MINERAL Avatcr, in the medical acceptation of the term,
is one which by virtue of its ingredients, whether mineral,
organic, gaseous, or the principle of heat, is especially appli-
cable to tV.e treatment of disease.

Water, as found in Nature, is never an unalloyed combina-
tion of its chemical constituents, hydrogen and oxygen. Pure
water is a refinement of the laboratory, produced and retained
with considerable difficulty. It is a colorless, inodorous, and
tasteless fluid, nauseous when drank. Its solvent powers are
unequalled by any known fluid.

As water falls from the clouds in the form of rain, it ab-
sorbs various gases, so that when obtained in this purest nat-
ural form it contains nitrogen, oxygen, carbonic acid, and
sometimes traces of carburetted hydrogen, nitric acid, or am-
monia. Having fallen upon the earth, its solvent power causes
it to take up various salts and organic substances from the
soil, so that when taken from rivers it frequently contains sev-
eral grains of solid constituents to the gallon, or as much as
a grain in a pint. The table (p. 15) shows the amount and
number of these constituents to the pint in four rivers of this
continent, and is interesting when compared with the analyses
of mineral springs.

The origin of springs has been a subject of inquiry by
philosophers of all ages. Aristotle taught that large caverns
in the interior of the earth were filled with air which at the
roofs was condensed to water by the cold, and thence made
way to the surface of the earth by various outlets. Through
the middle ages this was the received explanation, though

MIXEitAL WATERS.

Oua Pint contain*—

Solids.

Carbonate of soda

" inaf:ne.sla

" manganese

" lime

Chloride of potassium

" sodiuni

" niiignesium

" aluminum

" calcium

Bulpliatc of soda

■' magnesia

" limo

Phospbato of alumina

Silica

Oxides of iron and manganese . .

Alumina — phosphoric acid

Salts of soda with the nitric and
organic acids

Total

OAS.

Carbonic acid

Schuvlklll.

Croton.

Charles.

b. SilUman, Jr.

B. SUUman, Jr.

B. SiUiinan, Jr.

Oraln*.

Graint.

Grain*.

'6.'044

' 0.083
traces.

* 0.665

0.234

0.2(i7

0.020

0.018

' O.O'ii

* 0.61*9

O.UOl

"o".02i

0.047

0.005

0.019

0.048

0.007

0.029

Q.m

0.104

0.012

0.010

0.009

traces.

0.206

0.283

0.066

0,520

0.S33

0.203

.06 cubic in.

2.18 cubic in.

O.OOG cub. In.

St. Lktvrenco.
T. Sterry Hunt.

Grains.
0.007
0.026

0.084
O.OttQ
0.003

0.013

0.038
traces,
traces.

0.178

not estimated.

Vitruvius believed springs to be due to rain and snow which
penetrated the earth and accumulated in subterranean reser-
voirs.

In the early part of the seventeenth century, Descartes,
who always impugned theories that possessed only the merit
of being old, proposed a new explanation of the phenomena
of springs. He imagined caverns to exist in the depths of
the earth, into which water flowed from the sea. There the
interior fires of the earth converted the water into vapor,
which ascended to the upper part of the cavern, and by the
low temperature was condensed to water ; ihence the water
was forced upward through crevices in the rocks and escaped
as springs.

Subsequently Mariotte and Halley demonstrated that the
rainfall, including snow and dew, is sufficient to supply all
the water that flows from rivers and springs. This view was
promulgated by each of these philosophers about the same
time, neither being aware of the observations and conclusions
of the other. Mariotte estimated the mean fall of rain in the
vicinity of Paris. He then compared this total with the quan-
tity of water flowing away by the river Seine, and found it to

MINERAL SPRINGS.

be six times greater. From liis experiments he concluded that
all springs are due to meteoric water falling in the form of
rain, snow, and dew, which permeates the earth till an impas-
sable layer is met ; it then courses along this layer till it es-
capes from a convenient outlet, or is forced upward by hydro-
static pressure.

Halley's conclusions were the same, though obtained in an
altogether different manner. When making astronomical ob-
servations oa the hills of St. Helena, 2,400 feet above the sea,
his instruments became so wet with moisture, even under a
clear sky, that he could use them with difficulty, and paper
became so damp that the ink would blot. This phenomenon
led him to experiment on the quantity of moisture exhaled
from the sea. He procured a pan eight inches in diameter and
four inches deep, which he filled with water salted to the same
degree of salinity as sea-water. It was also heated to the
temperature of the sea in summer. Having exposed the wa-
ter to the open air, he found that in one hour's time the vessel
lost 233 grains in weight, and at this rate there would be
a loss of twelve ounces in twenty-four hours. He then esti-
mated the surface of the Mediterranean Sea, and found it to be
160 degrees. If evaporation proceeded in the same manner
over this entire surface as in the salted water of the pan, the
loss in one day would be 5,280,000,000 tons. He next com-
pared this quantity with the discharge of the rivers into the
sea. The principal ones are the Ebro, the Rhone, the Dnies-
ter, the Danube, the Tiber, the Po, the Borysthenes, the
Tanais, and the Nile, the remainder being small. He esti-
mated that each of these rivers discharges ten times as much
water into the sea in a day as the Thames, and the discharge
of this river at Kingston Bridge he found to be 20,300,000
tons. Ten times this amount would give 203,000,000 tons as
the discharge of each of the nine rivers named, and 1,827,-
000,000 tons as the total discharge of them all. But this
enormous amount is only about one-third the quantity evapo-
rated from the surface of the Mediterranean in a single day,
leaving a remainder of 3,453,000,000 tons unaccounted for —

MINERAL WATERS.

amply suffijient to supply all the springs for many miles from
the coast.

It is, then, clearly established that the fall of water in the
form of rain, snow, and dew, is large enough to supply all
rivers and springs. We cannot, however, resist the impres-
sion that there is some truth in the theory of Descartes, and
that certain springs derive their flow from the waters of the
ocean. We know that volcanoes and earthquakes occur in its
depths, and if large volumes of water are thus suddenly en-
chasmed, or if they slowly pass to the interior of the earth
by devious channels, it is certainly probable that when super-
heated they may be forced to the eartli's surface in the form
of thermal waters or saline springs.*

But many of these springs contain ingredients in large
quantities not found in rain-water or sea-water. Whence and
how do they obtain these constituents ?

It has already been stated that pure water possesses a
solvent power unequalled by other fluids. No rocks, however
dense, can resist its continued action. Even the glass vessels
which we use are dissolved by it in minute proportions. And
when, in addition, water contains large quantities of carbonic-
acid gas, its solvent power on many substances is exceedingly
increased. Every fissure of the earth is permeated by this
solvent. It collects in the depths of mines, or drips from the
roofs of caves. The railroad-tunnel through Mont Cenis — a
mass of solid rock so dense that it soon turned the hardest
steel — was so filled with water that a canal was dug through
the centre to drain it away. When water has thus passed
through thousands of feet of dense rock, and in the passage
occupied years or centuries, it is not surprising that it fre-
quently contains a large amount of ingredients. And when
a stream of water thus impregnated becomes imprisoned be-
tween almost impermeable strata, it flows onward till a fissure

1 Humboldt tells us : " When In Sopteinber, 175'J, Jorullo was suddenly elevated into a
mountain 1.1S3 feet above the level of the surroundinj; plain, two small rivers, the liio do
Ouitimba and Rio do San Pedro, disappeared, and some time afterward burst forth again,
during violent shocks of an earthquake, as hot springs, whose temperature I found in 1808
to bo ISC' .4 Fahr." ("Cosmos," Bohn's EngUsh edition, vol. L, p. 210.)

MINERAL SPRINfJS.

in the overlying strata is encountered, when by hydrostatie
pressure it is forced upward and bursts from the earth as a
niinerul spring. Or, if an artesian well be sunk, and such a
str(;am is penetrated, there is an outflow of water sometimes
so strong as to be projectiid several feet above the earth.

An excellent illustration of the conditions under which
mineral springs occur is found in Saratoga County, New York.
The geological strata of this county from above dijwnward are
as follows : 1. Hudson River and Utica shales and slates. 2.
Trenton limestone. 3. Calciferous sand-rock. 4. Potsdam
sandstone. 5. Laurcntian formation, of unknown thickness.

Saratona

OKOLOOrOAL SEOTlOy AT SARATOGA SPUTNOS.

! :i

The strata dip southward — elevated ranges of Laurontian
rocks appearing in the northern portion of the coimty, and
the superincumbent strata cropping out at intervals to the
south, and running in parallel lines across the county : first,
the Potsdam sandstone ; next, calciferous sand-rock ; then, the
Trenton limestone ; and lastly, in the soutliern half, the Hud-
son Riv(!r and Utica slates and shales. However, at the vil-
lage of Saratoga Springs, an unusual disarrangement of the
strata has occurred. Doubtless by volcanic upheaval, the
strata above the Laurentian rocks have been entirely fissured

MINERAL WATERS.

throu*?h ; the southern section being considerably elevated, and
the Potsdam sandstone on one side of the fissure correspond-
in"" with the calciferous sand-rock on the opposite. This con-
dition is technically termed a fault. It is well illustrated by
the accompanying plate/ on page 18.

The Laurcntian rocks are composed of highly-crystalline
gneiss, granite, and syenite, and are almost impervious to
water, while the Potsdam sandstone and calciferous sand-
rock, immediately overlying, permit it to pass freely. All
the rain falling in the county north of the fissure, or fault, ex-
cept that which passes oflf as surface-water, permeates the
dilFerent strata till it meets the Laurcntian rocks ; thence it
passes over t!ie surface of these rocks till the fissure is reached,
where it comes in contact with the uplifted ledge of rocks and
accumulates. From the fissure in the Laurcntian rocks, which
penetrates to an unknown depth, carbonic acid doubtless
arises, and thus, in addition to its mineral ingredients, the
water becomes highly charged with this gas. The continual
accessions of water and the pressure of the gas, together, force
the water to the surface, where it breaks forth in the various
springs of the Saratoga Valley. In one instance — the geyser
spring or artesian well — the imprisoned water has been artifi-
cially liberated at a point where it is under great hydrostatic
pressure, and it escapes with such force as to be projected
twenty feet above the surface of the earth. The slightly dif-
ferent composition of the springs depends on accidental varia-
tions in the composition of the strata through which the wa-
ter of each spring passes. These springs are a well-marked
example of ascending springs^ or those in which the water is
elevated from a point below by hydrostatic pressure.

The Tuscan springs of California are another example of
ascending springs, the water isGoing from an interval between
strata that have been upheaved liy ^'^olcanic action. The dia-
gram below illustrates the position of the strata on eitlicr side

\:m

' The plato is kindly loaned by Prof. C. F. Chandler, New York, from whose article
In the American Chemist, December, 1871, the geological facta concerning Saratoga are
taken.

f ''

MINERAL SPRINGS.

t I

of the spring.* The waters evolve a large quantity of carbu-
retted hydrogen, which is purified and utilized for heating the
water of the steam-baths. .

SECTION OF TC8CAN SmiNGS, CALIFOKXIA.

a, a. Basaltic lava.
6, b, Volconic ashos.

S. Springs.

c, c. Conglomerate.

</, d. Cretaceous sandstone.

Descendmff springs occur at the base of hills and moun-
tains, and are seldom of such constitution as to be classed with
mineral waters. They usually supply the purest drinking
water. The water which they emit is the result of rain, snow,
or ice, which falls or forms on the mountain. Owing to the
direct way in which the water passes to them, they are more
susceptible to variation in the flow than other springs. Dur-
ing and at the close of the rainy Reason, the volume will be
considerably increased. In Switzerland many springs flow
very freely during the summer, when the glaciers are melting,
but are almost imperceptible at other times.

An excellent example of a descending mineral spring is
found in the Rockbridge Alum waters of Virginia. These
springs issue at the eastern base of a mountain-ridge, which
rises almost perpendicularly above. The reservoirs in which
the water collects are hollowed out of the mountain-base,
which here consists of a stratum of clay-shale about eighty
feet high, with a southeastern dip. This shale on analysis
yields constituents similar to those found in the spring-water ;
that is, sulphate of iron, alumina, surpliuret of iron, etc. The
direct origin of these springs, from the descent of rain-water

I From " Geology of California," vol. i., p. 20S.

M1N£BAL WATERS.

through the shale, is further bhown by the variable flow. In
rainy weather there is an abundant supply, but during a dry
season it is much reduced.

Intermittent springs form a curious feature in the ])lie-
nomena of springs. There are springs that flow at regular in-
tervals, once or twice a year, for a period of two or three
months, or, it may be, once or twice a day, or even every hour.
The cause of the first — those that flow at certain seasons of
the year — has been mentioned in the description of descend-
ing springs. It is due to the irregularity of the fall of rain, or
melting of snow and ice which supplies them. Many glacier-
springs flow only in summer, while others emit water only
during the middle of the day, while the heat of the sun is suf-
ficient to melt the ice from which they are supplied. The
Engstlebrunnen, in the Haslithal, Cu,nton of Berne, Switzer-
land, is of this kind. It flows from the middle of May to the
middle of August, and, during this time, onl}' from four o'clock
p. M. to eight o'clock a. m. But, if the season is cold, it does
not flow at all.

Other springs owe their intermittent character to their con-
nection with the sea. Such springs are not far distant from
the coast, a^id have several outlets, one of which empties into
the sea. When the tide rises the outlet to the sea is closed,
the water accumulates in the reser 7oir and finally overflows.
Again, some of the intermittent springs are the discharges of
a siphon. The spring is connected with a hidden reservoir by
a siphon-like canal in the rock. When the reservoir fills, the
siphon becomes charged till the water begins to flow ; then it
continues till the reservoir is emptied, and the process is to
be repeated. The spring of the villa Pliniana, on ihe shores
of Lake Como, is of this kind. It is thus described by Pliny : *
" The nature of this spring, which falls into the Larian Lake,
is extremely surprising; it ebbs and flows regularly three
times a day. This increase and decrease is plainly visible, and
very interesting to observe. You sit down by the side of the
fountain, and, while you are taking a repast and drinking its

> Letter to Sura, Epist iv., 80.

W. ii

III!

MINERAL SPRINGS.

water, which is very cool, you see it gradually rise and fall.
If you place a ring, or any thing else, at the bottom, when it
is dry, the stream reaches it by degrees till it is entirely cov-
ered, and then again gently retires from it ; and this you may
see it do three times successively." Near Colmars, in France,
is another spring of this kind. It flows every seven minutes.
After the earthquake of Lisbon, in 1755, it lost this peculiarity,
but it was restored by the eaiihquake of 17G3.

But, the most remarkable intermittent springs are those
which are the result of the tension of hot vapor. The most
wonderful of these are the Geysers of Iceland, and those of
Wyoming Territory. The outlet of these springs is the mouth
of a silicioits tube, reaching down some forty to sixty feet in
the eai'th. This tube being full of water, the pressure exercised
on the water at the bottom of the tube raises its boiling-point ;
that is, while water boils in the open air at 212° Fahr., the
degree to which it must be elevated, under a pressure equal
to that at the bottom of a tube sixty feet long, is 251° Fahr.
When a layer of water at the bottom of the tube is elevated
to this temperature, it evolves steam ; but, as soon as tlie bub-
bles pass to the cooler layers above, they are condensed.
When the succeeding layer above is hc^ated to the boiling-
point, the escaping steam-bubbles are condensed in turn in
the superincumbent la3'crs. After a time, however, the entire
column of water to the surface reaches the boiling-point, when
much of the water tliroughout tlie entire tube suddenly be-
comes steam, and the explosion immediately occurs. This is
the explanation given by Prof. Bunsen, and that it is the cor-
rect one has been demonstrated by Prof. Tyndall, who con-
structed an iron tube, with a bowl surrounding the upper
opening and an iron bulb at the lower end, in which all the
condiiions named were fulfilled, and on heating the water in
the bulb ho obtained tlie result indicated — a miniature geyser
jetted steam and water into tlie air.

The physical characteristics of mineral waters differ in many
respects from ordinary water.

Color. — Mineral waters, when examined in a glass, are usu-

MINERAL WATERS.

le and fall.
)m, when it
ntirely cov-
lis you may
, in France,
!n minutes,
peculiarity,

i are those
The most
id those of
the mouth
ixty feet in
*e exercised
iling-point ;
' Fahr., the
3sure equal
251° Fahr.
lis elevated
as the bub-
condensed,
le boiling-
in turn in
the entire
oint, when
denly be-
This is
is the cor-
who con-
he uppor
jh all the
3 water in
re gej'ser

r in many

are usu-

^ i

ally clear and transparent. But when we look down upon
theni in the spring, or as they are accumulated in reservoirs,
they frequently present a green hue, an optical effect depend-
ing on their density. In some instances, however, they pre-
sent other colors, due to substances which they contain in
impalpable division. The whitish color frequently observed
in sulphur-water is caused by the precipitation of sulphur, the
yellow by the change of a monosul[)huret into a polysulphuret.
A pure white color is often due to precipitation of carbonate
of lime, while a blue color arises from the suspension of slate
or clay in the water in minute subdivision. A red color is
frequently scon in chalybeate waters, and results from the pre-
cipitation of the red oxide of iron. In some instances, how-
ever, a red color may be due to microscopic algae of that color.

Odor. — Mineral w iters, as a rule, possess a more or less
marked odor.

In sulphur-waters a characteristic odor is always present,
that of sulphuretted h3'drogcn. When waters are highly
charged with this gas, the odor is perceptible for a consider-
able distance from the spring. However, in sulphur- waters
containing the monosulphuret of sodium, the odor is but feeble.

Calcic waters, containing a large proportion of sulphate of
lime, frequently disengage sulphuretted hydrogen by decom-
position of the sulphate in presence of organic compounds.

Other waters emit odors depending on the soil through
which they have passed.

'fmte. — The diameter of a mineral water can seldom be
determined by ite taste, for this frecpiently depcnids on con-
ditions which beai* no relaticm to its medical properties.

Of the vario'<s waters, sulphur-waters possess a more decid-
ed taste than any others, depending on the presence of sulphu-
retted-hydrogen gas. This taste, however, is more properly
an odor, rendered more perceptible in swallowing the gas. In
addition, these waters are frequently bitter to the taste, duo
to sul})hiites of soda and magnesia, or chloride of magnesium ;
or they are salty, due to cldoride of sodium.

Alkaline waters, when contuining the alkaline carbonates

Hill

MINERAL SPRINGS.

in large proportion, possess a peculiar taste which cannot be
more definitely designated than by terming it alkaline. Waters
of this class, however, frequently evolve large quantities of
carbonic-acid gas, giving to them a pungent and agreeable
taste, and entirely disguising the alkaline savor.

Saline waters necessarily possess the taste of table-salt,
though this is sometimes entirely masked by large propor-
tions of carbonic-acid gas.

Chalybeate waters usually present an inky or styptic taste,
decided in proportion to the absence of other constituents.

Calcic waters are often sweet to the taste, especially if
they contain considerable carbonate of lime. This taste is
very marked in the Old Sweet Springs of Virginia.

Texture. — This word, as applied to water, is intended to
represent the sensation of harshness, or smoothness, which it
imparts when in contact with the skin. It is only when the
feeling is peculiarly bland and soft that it has been noticed.

Certain waters possess a smooth texture in a remarkable
degree. While immersed in them the entire surface of the
body seems as though covered with a bland oil ; tlie fiMgers,
when rubbed together, are unctuous, as though they had been
anointed, and this peculiar sensation of smoothness frequently
remains for some time after leaving the bath. The Warm
Springs of Virginia are notably possessed of this quality.

The cause of this unctuosity is unknown. It has been at-
tributed to the presence of silicates in large proportion, to the
monosulphuret of sodium, and to organic matter. Durand-
Fardcl tiiinks it is due to organic matter. He says : " It is
worthy of remark that it is precisely those waters of the Pyr-
enees, richest in organic matter, which are the most unc-
tuous." ' Some autliors suppose it arises from a combination,
between tlie acid secretions of tlie skin and the bases of the
water, forming a kind of soap.

Temperature. — Many theories have been proposed at dif-
ferent ages, explaining the elevated temperature possessed
by many mineral s})rings. In the early part of this century,

» " DlcUonnalrc dos Euux MlucrulcB," 1. 1., p. 591.

MINERAL WATERS.

bis taste is

the chemical theory had many adherents. Philosopners who
embraced this theory believed that within the interior of the
earth, beneath each thermal spring, wa3 a sort of chemical
laboratory in which alkaline metals were being oxidized by
water, and large volumes of heat thereby generated. Bischof,
who persistently combated the chemical theory till it fell,
showed that it would be impossible for such chemical action
to continue, with perfect regularity, for thousands of years.

The tlieory uniformly received at the present day attributes
the heat of springs to the interior heat of the earth, which
pervades every portion of the globe. Springs proceeding from
great depths partake of the heat of the point from which they
arise; passing thence, by devious fissures, they break forth
under the most varied circumstances — at the summits of moun-
tains or in the depths of valleys, under a tropical sun or in
the frigid zone. The borings of artesian wells supply indu-
bitable proof of the correctness of this theoy.

It has been found that at a certain point below the surface
of the eai Lh — varying according to the zone and constitution
of the soil — the temperature is invariable throughout the year.
At Paris this point is thirty feet deep ; but, after this point is
passed, the temperature of the earth steadily increases with
the descent. The rate of increase is 1° Fahr. for every fifty
or fifty-five feet. The artesian well of Grenelle, near Paris,
is 1,600 feet deep, and the temperature of the water flowing
from it 81.8° Fahr. ; that of Passy is 1,731 feet deep, and the
temperature of the water 82° Fahr. ; that of Neusalzwerk, near
Minden, in Prussia, is 3,094 feet, and the temperature 89°
Fahr. ; that of Mondorf, in Luxemburg, 2,278 feet, and the
temperature 108.5° Fahr. In the United States, tlie artesian
well at Louisville, Ky., is 2,086 feet deep, and the temperature
at the bottom of the Wu'I is 86.5° Fahr. ; the artesian well at
Charleston, S. C, is 1,250 feet deep, and the temperature of the
water is 87° Fahr.

It will be seen, from the figures given, that the temperature
of water flowing from great depths is uniformly elevated. ITie
temperature, however, is not always in proportion to the depth

iiiii

ii >

III I

I ■

MINERAL SPRINGS

of the well. This arises from the fact that water flowing froiii
the bottom of the well may intermingle with colder water from
the strata above, producing a lower temperature than would
be expected ; or the vein of water supplying the well may
arise from a much greater depth, giving an unusually high
temperature, as is probably the case in the Charleston well.

It is worthy of note that the theory of hot springs now
accepted was advanced as early as the third century by St.
Patricus, probably Bishop of Pertusa. He was asked the cause
of boiling water flowing from the earth, and replied : " Fire is
nourished in the clouds and in the interior of the earth, as
Etna and other mountains near Naples may teach you. The
subterranean v, u,ters rise as if through siphons. The cause of
hot springs is this : waters which are more remote from the
subterranean fires are colder, while those which rise nearer the
fire are heated by it, and bring with them to the surfdce which
we inhabit an insupportable degree of heat." *

Having explained the origin of springs from meteoric water,
it is needless to consider minutely the slight variations in the
temperature of cold springs. They depend on the source oi
the water, whel ■ . from melting glaciers or summer showers,
whether flowing superficially through alluvial earth, or deeply
through Icflc^es of limestone or masses of granite.

JElectricUy. — In seeking for an explanation of the remedial
action of thermal mineral waters, it has been claimed that their
efficacy is due to some mysterious electrical action. That hot
water, and water containing a large proportion of saline in-
gredients, conducts electricity more readily than pure water
has been clearly demonstrated by Prof. Kastner. According
to Keller and Baumgartner, the mineral water of Gastein acts
more powerfully on the magnetized needle of a multiplier than
distilled or ordinary water." Baumgartner and Roller state
that the decomposition of Gastein water by the electrical cur-
rent gives unusual results : while ordinary water separates into
two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen, this

> Humboldt's "Cosmos," Rohn's odltion, vol. i., p. 221.
a Althaus'B "Spas of Europe,'" London, 1862, p. 66.

MINERAL WATERS.

water yields three volumes of hydrogen to one of oxygen.*
This result, however, is probably due to the salts contained in
the water, and not to any peculiarity of the water itself. Per-
fectly pure water, in a vessel of pure gold, suffers hardly any
decomposition under the action of a powerful battery ; but, if
a salt or acid be introduced, the separation takes place imme-
diately. Griffin thinks that the salt forms the decomposing
agent, not by increasing the conducting power of the water,
but by being acted upon.' He further states t^at, " in certain
cases, depending on the kind of salt that is submitted to elec-
trolysis, and upon the concentration of the solution, there is
found to be a deficiency in the quantity of oxygen. The rea-
son of this deficiency is, that part of the water escapes com-
plete decomposition. H,HO is converted into H and HO.
The latter is the peroxide of hydrogen." * It is probable that
this is the explanation of the peculiar decomposition of Gas-
tein water (if any such peculiarity there be), and that, in-
stead of an excess of hydrogen, there is really a deficiency of
oxygen.*

Electricity in excessively minute proportions may be de-
veloped by the falling of a spout of hot-springs water on the
surface of the body ; but only to be detected hy a wonderfully
sensitive multiplier, one which would show electricity to be
developed by every vito-chemical change that occurs in the
human organism. Until something more definite can be dis-
covered, it is necessary to reject all hypotheses attributing
cures to the electrical action of waters.

Magnetism. — Witl i the past three years a number of ar-
tesian wells have been bored in Michigan, which are claimed
by the proprietors to be magnetic, that is, the water is sup-
posed to be impregnated with magnetism. A careful inves-
tigation of the question, however, reveals the fact that there

' Durand-Fardd's " Dlctlonnalre des Eaux ^lineralcf," Paris, 1860, t. i., p. 591,

« " Chomistry of Non-MetalUc Elements," London, 18G0, p. 284.

« Op. city p. 23(5.

' Althaus's " Bpns of Europe," p. Sft, says ; " Tho assertion of Messrs. Baumpartiicr and
IIcssltT has been shown, by numcroua subsequent analyses, to bo without any foundation
whaterer."

|;i I

MINERAL SPRINGS.

i ' i

is no fixed magnetism in the water, but that the iron tubing
of the well is highly magnetic. It is probable, however, that
iron placed in a perpendicular position becomes more readily
magnetic in Michigan than in many other portions of the
earth, and the fact is worthy of investigation. An observation
made by the author in August, 1871, at the Geyser Spring,
Saratoga, an artesian well, 140 feet deep, showed no such evi-
dence of magnetism as was found at St. Louis, Michigan.

The wells which first attracted attention as magnetic were
St. Louis, Eaton Rapids, Alpena, and Spring Lake. The
claim of magnetism for these waters was received with mingled
credulity and incredulity. Thousands sufiering with paralytic
complaints journeyed hundreds of miles at great inconvenience,
frequently to be disapp .nted. Some, however, improved and
readily gave certificates of cure by the waters, the result be-
ing always attributed to «iagnetism.

During September, 1871, the author visited the famed St.
Louis well. When thirty miles away, persons were readily
found who would testify to the magnetism of the water, for
they had magnetized knife-blades in their pockets that would
pick up a pin, caused by holding the knife-blade for fifteen
minutes in the flowing magnetic water, irrived at the well,
there were large numbers who would swear to the magnetism
of the water. The following experiments were made :

Observation 1. — I took my penknife and tested a blade
with a compass, to discover whether it was magnetic. Placed
on either side the north or south pole of a compass, it attracted
the needle 1^° ; it would not attract a needle. I then held it
one-half hour, by the watch, in the water, as it flows from a
horizontal tube attached to the main tube of the well. At the
expiration of the time I tested it with the compass and needle,
but found no perceptible change in its conditions. Result of
this experiment, 7iegative.

Observation II. — Descended a flight of steps, about six
feet, to the point where the main tube of the well emerges
from the ground. Here the joining of the tube is not perfect,
and there is an overflow of water between the lower or en-

MINERAL WATERS.

kwer or en-

casing portion and the upper. Placed the same blade in this
overllowing water, at a distance of four inches from the main
tube, and let it remain for half an hour, the blade being in a
horizontal position. At the end of that time tested it with
the compass. It slightly repelled the north end of the com-
pass-needle, and attracted the south end — moved it about 3°.
Result favors magnetism of the water, if the tube itself is not
magnetic; but, the tube being magnetic, the result is still
negative^ as it is well known that a strongly-magnetic body
will cause magnetism by induction in steel, when placed in
close proximity for that length of time.

Observation III. — Rubbed the same knife-blade on the
main tubing for ten minutes. It was then powerfully mag-
netic, repelling the north end of the compass-needle, driving
it half-way around the dial, and attracting the south end so
that by a slight manoBuvre the compass-needle would rotate
in a circle. The conclusion is, that the tube is magnetic in a
high degree.

Observation IV. — Took a quart-bottle of water fresh from
the spring ; removed it beyond the influence of the tube, where
the compass-needle settled to the north. Then tested it with
the compass on every side, but the needle was not perceptibly
afTected — I should have had a very sensitive needle. ITie in-
ference, nevertheless, is that the water is not magnetic.

Observation V. — Placed the compass in different positions
about the well, at the distance of seven feet, ana found the
north end sensibly deflected to the well ; while, at a radius of
three feet, the norti* end is powerfully deflected to the well in
wlatever position it is placed. When elevated above it, the
north end of the needle dips downward. The inference is, that
this effect is due to the magnetism oftne tube.

The above experiments are not of tliemselves conclusive,
but a report on the mineral springs of Michigan, by a coui-
mittee of tlu; State Medical Society, is exceedingly satisfactory.
The committee consisted of Dr. H. O. Hitchcock, Prof. S. C.
Duflield, and Prof. R. C. Kedzie. The duty of investigating
the magnetism of the wells was assigned to Prof. Kedzie. In

f ■

MINERAL SPRINGS.

his report he first calls attention to the fact that water is a
diamagnetic body. All substances have been divided by in-
vestigators into magnetic, or those susceptible of magnetishi,
and diamagnetic, or those possessed of a resistance to mag-
netism. Edmond Becquerel has found that if we represent
the magnetic power of iron as 1,000,000, the diamagnetic
power of water is 3 ; that is, it has a force 300,000 times less
than iron, and thus one of resistatice to magnetism.

To determine whether water flowing through a magnetic
tube may carry magnetic force with it. Prof. Kedzie made the
following experiment : He first magnetized an iron tube, by
applying it to a strong horseshoe magnet. Through this tube
he caused a stream of water to flow, and thence through a
porcelain tube in which a steel bar was placed. The water
flowed in this way, through a magnetized tube over a steel
bar, for one hour, without developing any magnetic condition
in the bar.

It was, however, objected that the water of these springs
contains iron in solution, which may have an influence in pro-
ducing a magnetic condition of the water, while the water, in
the test made, contained no iron. To obviate this objection
Prof. Kedzie repeated the experiment, substituting water con-
taining four ounces of sulphate of iron to the gallon, and, in-
stead of a single horseshoe magnet, he used a combination of
horseshoe magnets known as a magnetic battery. In this way
the iron tube was so strongly magnetized that iron filings,
sifted over it, arranged themselves over the surface, standing
out like stiflf bristles; "yet, on passing the solution of sul-
phate of iron through a tube thus magnetized, and over a steel
bar in a glass tube, for an hour, no development of magnetism
in the steel bar could be detected."

Having reached the conclusion that the magnetism of the
Michigan wells is confined to the iron tubing. Prof. Kedzie
sums up the matter as follows :

" The question now arises, Doco this magnetic property of
these tubes arise from any magnetic quality or other pecu-
liarity in the water flowing through these tubes ? I answer,

MINERAL WATERS.

it water is a
vided by in-

magnetishi,
nee to mug-
re represent
diamagnetio
)0 times less
I.

a magnetic
sie made the
ron tube, by
igh this tube
)e through a
The water
over a steel
tic condition

hese springs
lence in pro-
lie water, in
lis objection
g water con-
Ion, and, in-
iibination of
n this way
iron filings,
CO, standing
ition of sul-
over a steel
magnetism

No I Iron tubes of the same dimension, placed in a vertical
position, whether sunk in the ground, or erected in the air,
or suspended in water, would exhibit the same phenomena.
Water, flowing through them or not, would have no appre-
ciable influence in this magnetism. This is well shown by the
attempted artesian well at Charlotte^ which has not reached
flowing water, but is only a vertical tube sunk in the soil;
yet, it is magnetic Just the same as the flowing wells.'''' *

The latter portion of the report is devoted to combating
the statements in favor of magnetism of the waters made by
other writers. The conclusion is, that these waters are not
magnetic, are not susceptible of magnetism, and cannot pro-
duce magnetism. The phenomena of magnetism observed at
the wells are entirely due to induction, caused by the highly-
magnetic condition of the tube ; and the magnetism of the tube
is only a usual result of terrestrial magnetism.

These conclusions should not, however, detract from the
actual value of the w^ells of Michigan. Many of the waters are
strongly impregnated with active medicinal salts, and are ex-
ceedingly valuable therapeutic agents.

1 "Transactions of tb« State Medical Society of Michigan," 1871, p. 40.

jtism of the
lof. Kedzie

property of
other pecu-
I answer,

Ill

CHAPTER III.

CLASSIFICATION.

In tbe study of mineral waters a classification becomes
necessary, in order that their application to the treatment of
disease may be systematically considered. Several methods
have been proposed. They have been classified according
to their geological origin, their geographical location, their
therapeutic action, and their chemical constitution. For med-
ical purposes the geological or geographical classification is
almost valueless, and the knowledge of the action of mineral
waters is not so far advanced that they can be reliably
grouped according to their therapeutic action. The chemical
classification has met with most favor. Of this system there
are two prominent ones, the German and the French. We
give them below :

The German Classification^

( 1. Simple carbonated.

I. Alkaline •< 3. Alkaline.

( 3. Alkali and common salt.
II. Glauber salt.

1. Pure.

in. Iron -^3. Alkaline and saline.

3. Earthy and saline.

1. Simple.

IV. Common salt .... -^ 3. Concentrated.

3. With bromine, or iodine.
V. Epsom salt.

' Macpherson's "Baths and Wells of Europe," London, 1869, p. 94

CLASSIFICATION.

VI. Sulphur.

VII. Earthy and calcareous.
VIII. IndifFcrcut.

The French Classification^
Sulphur waters

j With salts of sodium.
( With salts of lime.

5 Simple.
With bicarbonates.
Sulphuretted.

! Bicarbonate of soda.
Bicarbonate of lime.
Mixed bicarbonates.

Sulphated waters,

Sulphate of soda.
Sulphate of lime.
Sulphate of magnesia.
Mixed sulphates.

( Bicarbonated.

Ferruginous waters •< Sulphated.

( With salts of manganese.

A chemical classification, however, does not convey a def-
inite idea of the medical action of a water. In the French
classification, under sulphated w^aters, the sulphate of soda,
sulphate of magnesia, and sulphate of lime waters, arc grouped
together, the first two being pu-gative in action, while the
latter is not. The thermal waters, as a class, are ignored. In
the German classification therapeutic requirements are more
perfectly fulfilled, though there is the objection that the Glau-
ber salt and Epsom salt waters are separated into distinct
classes, whereas their action is almost identical — they are both
purgative waters. The indifferent waters are all thermal.

In the classification arranged for this work I have endeav-
ored to obviate these objections. It partakes both of the

> "Dictlonnaire des Eaux Min^rales," Paris, ISCO, 1. 1., p. 468.
3

f !'

MINERAL SPRINCS.

chcmiciil system and the therapeutic system. Tlic waters of
each class have a similar action, varied howovcr by minor dif-
ferences, which are to a considerable degree indicated by the
subdivisions. In the application of this or any other classi-
fication, it is sometimes difficult to determine to which class a
spring should be assigned, from the fact that none of its in-
grodients may especially predominate. Waters included under
the subdivision Pure are only comparatively so, the ingre-
dients, other than those distinctive of the class, existing in
minute proportions. Thus a pure alkaline water may contain
large quantities of the alkaline carbonates, but it can contain
only very small proportions of chloride of sodium or other
salts. The class Thermal waters may embrace waters which,
as to their chemical constituents, belong to one of the other
classes. The action of such waters, aside from their ther-
mality, is indicated by the subdivisions to which they belong.
It is rare, however, for thermal waters to contain a large pro-
portion of mineral ingredients.

Classification.

( 1. Pure.
L Alkaline waters. . •< 2. Acidulous (carbonic acid).

( 3. Muriated (chloride of sodium).

II. Saline waters ^^'^.'t^^'

(chloride of sodium) j ^' Alkaline.

\ 3. lodo-bromated.

( 1. Alkaline.

III. Sulphur waters. . . •< 2. Saline (chloride of sodium),

( 3. Calcic,

1. Pure.

2. Alkaline.

IV. Chalybeate waters I 3. Saline (chloride of sodium).

4. Calcic.

5. Aluminous.

CLASSIFICATION.

1. Epsom salt (sulphatcof ruajjncsia).
V. Purgative waters . -j 2. Glauijcr salt (sulphate of soda).

3. Alkaline.

VI. Calcic waters. . . . P* Limestone (carbonate of lime).

( 2. Gypsum (sulphate of lime),

'1. Pure.

2. Alkaline.
•I 3. Saline (chloride of sodium)

4. Sulphur.

5. Calcic.

VII. Thermal waters . .

Jllil

!i I

CHAPTER IV.

! i

•|i

A.CTION OF MINERAL WATERS.

Mant, and, in this country, perliaps the majority of vis-
itors at springs journey thither, not because of any specific
malady wi'' which they are afflicted, but to obtain relief and
rest from the harassing cares of business, or the not less ex-
acting Temands of society. They go there for diversion ; they
wish to leave for a time the dusty and travelled highway of
life, and wander in the shaded bj'-paths. After a month or
two passed at the springs they return home refreshed and re-
cuperated, possessed of a vigor they may not have known for
years. Have the mineral waters produced this effect ? No.
The same renewal of life would have resulted had they so-
journed anyn!iero amid pure air, beautiful scenery, and cheer-
ful society.

The influences which thus prove restorative to those who
are not the subject of disease, also contribute to the cure of
those who are really sick. But, from acknowledging that
change of air, scene, and exercise, take part in the salutary
result in disease, we are apt to overleap this legitimate con-
clusion, and deny that spring-water has had any agency in
benefits that have accrued. Nothing could be more unwise,
and nothing more inconsistent with facte and the testimony of
those who are regarded as the best authority in the practice
of medicine.

Tlie history of batlung-rcsorts, in the first chapter of this
book, shows that mineral waters have been held in high esteem
as remedies both by the civilized and uncivilized of every age.
Are we to regard this as a mere whim of humanity, and affirm
that in all past time they have but ptu'sued a phantom ? No.

A.CTION OF MINERAL WATERS.

inl(mi ? No.

Il is our duty to investigate the question. Undoubtedly tliere
is an atmosphere of quackery surrounding springs in this coun-
try, which is exceedingly repulsive to the scientific physiciaiu
The " cure-all " style of advertisement, pursued by many })ro-
prietors of springs, has contributed largely to bring odium
upon mineral waters. Hopeless invalids have been induced
to take long journeys to springs in no way adapted to their
disease. Our obligations, however, are only increased by these
abuses, and we should be prepared to give the sick reliable
information.

In the study of mineral waters it is difficult to eliminate
the causes which contribute to the cure of the patient. Change
of air has a most remarkable effect in many diseases. The
well-known disease, asthma, is an illustration of this fact. A
physician,, vvho is the subject of this harassing complaint, tells
us that when he leaves the city he is relieved of the opprtc
sion which he continually expci iences, but, on his return, it
again fixes itself upon him. If atmospheric conditions have
so great an influence in a disease which forms so clear an index,
how many diseases are there, not so manifestly affected by
these changes, but which are nevertheless in a great degree
under their influence ! We do not speak of pure and impure
air as usually considered, but also of the many shades of dif-
ference produced by various kinds of vegetation, by exhala-
tions from forests, by vapors from rivers and seas, and by the
tenuity of the atmosphere at different heights above the suifaco
of the earth. The extent to which vegetative exhalations per-
vade the atmosphere are clearly appreciated as we near the
shores of America, in spring-time, after a transatlantic voyage.
Long before land is in sight, the fragrance of woods and flowers
is so strong that we can imagine ourselv^es within the precinct
of a well-kept garden in full bloom. On the other hand, as
we approach the sea-shore from inland, we can i)hiinly delect
th{! odor of salt-water long before the ocean is in view. The
influence of mountain air in disease has never been closely
studied. That it is peculiarly tonic and bracing, and purer
than the air at lower levels is undoubted ; but, at the limited

;1L
mi

:*,i1

It '':i%

MINERAL SPRINGS.

f I

'it!

elevation of resorts in this country, the difference in density
can have no appreciable effect. In Europe there is a tendency
to regard great altitudes as favorable for consamptives, and
persons affected with this disease are recommended to choose
winter residences at elevations from two to five thousand feet
above the level of the sea, care being taken, however, that tlic
climate of such places is dry, and the sky briglit and cheerful.
They doubtless attain in this way the same object which we
do in sending consumptives, in the early stages, to Minnesota.

Change of scene is another agency in the cure of certain
diseases, which renders it dithcult to estimate the actual in-
fluence of mineral waters.

Those who are well experience a lightness and buoyancy of
spirit, a positive rest and recreation, when they exchange the
monotonous routine of business for the always varying views of
a pleasure-tour. Plow far the diseases of the hypochondriacal,
the melancholic, and the overtasked, are favorably influenced
by the journey to a summer resort, and the mirthful society
congregated there, it is impossible to determine. But these
auxiliaries of mineral-water treatment will never modify or
eradicate the gouty or rheuma.tic diathesis, they will not ar-
rest the formation of gall-stones, they will not cure catarrh of
the bladder, or reUeve diabetes, all of which the waters them-
selves will do.

It is objected by some that, when a mineral water is ad-
vised, we do not know exactly what was prescribed. In reply,
it is only necessary to refer to the fact that all our remedies —
of organic origin — are compound drugs of multiple ingredients,
many of the constituents being unknown. Especially is this
true, at the present day, of assafcetida, castor, and valerian ;
and yet we employ these medicines without hesitation. Pre-
vious to the prasent century the active principle of no vege-
table drug was known, and yet many of them were used as
skilfully as to-day. Opium was introduced into practice, and
its value defined, by men who knew nothhig of morphia, nar-
cotino, codeia, thebaine, narceine, mcconine, and meconic acid,
its principal chemical constituents. Far be it from me to

ACTION OF MINERAL WATERS.

decry the value of these discoveries ; let it only be remembered
that there was a time when medical men knew nothing of
them, and yet the virtue of the drug was the same as to-day.
So, in the case of mineral waters, we may not be able to dis-
cover their exact ingredients, or decide the action of so many
chemicals in one solution ; but we slfould not, on this account,
refuse to employ them if reliable evidence of their efficacy can
be adduced.

In the study of mineral waters artificial preparations will
not be considered. They may serve a good purpose in some
instances, but, as a rule, they bear little resemblance to the
natural waters. They are usually pleasant carbonated drinks,
with a proportion of alkalies, iron, or Epsom salts, according as
these ingredients may predominate in the water of the spring
which they are supposed to represent. Chemists do not claim
absolute accuracy for their analyses of waters ; the combina-
tion of the elements is always empirical. How, then, even
when the most scrupulous adhesion to details is observed
(which seldom or never occurs), can manufacturers of these
preparations produce an imitation identical in action with the
spring-water ?

Water is the most important inorganic constituent of the
bodv.^ It forms two-thirds of its substance, and is in more or
loss intimate combination with every organ, bone, or tissue.
Chemically speaking, we are only so much water in combina-
tion with varied proportions of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,
nitrogen, chloride of sodium, phosphate of lime, carbonate of
lime, carbonate of soda, etc. , It is, however, an exceedingly
mobile constituent ; it is continually discharged from the body,
and continually renewed, so that, while any given tissue or
organ of the body maintains about the same proportion, k
docs not for any length of time retain the same particles of
w liter.

A\'hcn water is taken into the stomacjh it enters the circu-
lation innnediately. It is first absorbed by the gastric veins,
and thence passes directly to the [)ortal vein, and this blood-

> Fliut'8 " PbysiolofeTT of Man," p. 80.

MINERAL SPRINGS.

' I

vessel usually contains more water than any other. Certain
conditions of the water, however, regulate the rapidity of this
absorption. If an immoderate quantity is taken at once, a
sensation of weight is produced, the absorbents are gorged by
the excess of water, endosraosis is almost prevented, and the
process proceeds but alowly. Again, the temperature of water
influences its digestion. Water much warmer, or consider-
ably cooler, than the "► 'ood readily penetrat ^ the absorbents,
while, if exactly the same temperatiu'e, it produces nausea and
is frequently rejected. If, however, the temperature verges
on the extreme in either direction the water is not tolerated,
for then the vitality of the mucous membrane is imperJUed.
When water entering the stomach is highly charged with xuin-
eral salts, it is absorbed but slowly.

When ordinary drinking-water is taken in large quantities,
h acts principally as a diuretic. It largely increases the
amount of urine discharged, and the quantity of urea, phos-
phates, sulphates, and chlorides, is also augmented.* If the
temperature of the air is somewhat elevated, the water also
acts as a diaphoretic. It seldom passes off by the intes-
tines. These effects pertain to all kinds of water taken in
large quantities, and are not peculiar to mineral waters, as is
often imagined. Prof. Liebig tells us : " If a tumbler of about
four ounces of ordinary water, which is poorer in salines than
the blood, is taken every ten minutes before breakfast, a quan-
tity of colored urine will be discharged after the second tum-
bler, which nearly corresponds to the quantity of water taken
in the first tumbler ; and, if twenty tumblers are taken one
after another, there may be nineteen discharges of urine, which,
at last, becomes almost colorless, and then contains hardly
more salines than the water which was drunk.'*

A familiar illustration of the rapidity of the absorption and
elimination of water is found in the tippler's ready method of
sobering himself, after taking too much wine. He goes to the
nearest fountain, and drinks one or two quarts of water. It
enters the b!ood immediately, dilutes the alcohol there, and

» Althaus's "Spaa of Europe," p. 160.

!L.

ACTION OF MINERAL WATERS.

passes olT ireely by the kidneys, rcmov^ing the alcohol with it,
so that in ten minutes the man is perfectly sober.

It has been ob='"rved by Dr. Genth that, if large quantities
of water are taken in twenty-four hours (four thousand cubic
centimetres), the temperature of the body falls, the pulse be-
comes slower, and the number of inspirations per minute are
diminished.^

The temperature of water drank also bears a relation to its
action on the system as well as its absorption ; thus, cold
water increases the peristaltic motion of the stomach and in-
testines, while hot water does not produce this eflfect. For
this reason certahi mineral waters mry purge when taken cold,
but w ill not do so when hot.

Hosier," who instituted a series of experiments relative to
the action of "water, found a difference of action at different
ages. The eiTects were more decided and lasting in children
than in adult.'i. If water was administered for a considerable
tine, the metamorphosis of tissue proceeded much more rap-
idly in persons of feeble constitution than in t'le vigorous.
He also found that in those instances in which the appetite
was indulgf>d (for it was usually increased), the waste of tissue
was compensated, and the person did not lose in weight. In
some cases the action of the water was more diaphoretic than
diuretic.

The action of mineral waters may be divided into the m-
iiiediate and the remote.

The immediate action is that which results within twenty-
fotir hours after it is taken. It may present as a stimulant^
scd'ffhe, or eliminant^ according to the constitution of the
watfir. The first impression of a mineral water is that which is
exorcised upon the stomach. Waters cold in temperature,
cx:)ntaining considerable carbonic-acid gas and alkaline in con-
st ituiion, will prove sedative, both to ihat organ and the arte-
riid system, while hot waters and those highly charged with

I'M

> AllLttus'8 "Spas of Europe," p. ICl.

'■' " U ntcisiicliungon ul)or den ElufluBB des luoorlichf u GcbrnuehoB," otc.
lWi7. Quotjd from AlthauB.

OuttioKen.

MINERAL SPRINGS.

:i II"'

sul|jhurctted hydrogen will prove stimulant. Certain sulphur-
vvaterSj containing considerable organic matter, are decidedly
sedative in action, reducing the frequency of the pulse. The
eliminant action results from the effect of the waters on tlie
intestines, kidneys, and skin. Waters containing chloride of
sodium, sulphate of soda, or sulphate of magnesia, in large
proportion, act readily on the intestines. The alkali.ie and
calcic waters prove diuretic, some of them stimulating the kid-
neys in a marked manner. Certain waters are cathartic or
diuretic, according to the mode of administration. Tiius, a
water containing a comparatively small amount of purgative
salts, with other constituents, Huch ns sulphate of lime and
carbonates, will prove actively cathartic if taken in doses of
two or three glasses before breakfast ; but, if the same quan-
tity be equally distributed through the day in small portions,
it will produce a copious flow of urine, while the intestines
will be unaffected. Although pure water when taken in large
quantities tends to produce diaphoresis, yet there are some
mineral waters that affect the integumentary excrctories in a
marked degree. Such are the sulphur-waters. Tliip, action is
promoted if the temperature of the surrounding atmosphere
is high, and atarded if it is low.

Mineral waters also produce stimulation or sedation when
applied externally. The results obtained in this way dejDend
more on the temperature of the water than any action it pos-
sesses as a medicated agent. However, it is undoubted that
water containing a large proportion of carbonic-acid gas is
thereby rendered directly stimulant to the skin, and waters
highly impregnated with organic constituents — those that are
unctuous or oleaginous in texture — prove sedative.

T'e remote action of a mineral water is its alterative effect.
And tliis, in the majority of diseases, is by fjir the most impor-
tant quality.

Alteratives are medicines which, in appropriate doses, mod-
ify the nutrition of the body without producing any antece-
dent phenomena.' This is precisely the result obtained by the

' StlUo's "TherapeuticB and Materia Mcdlca," 1964, vol. 11., p. 629.

ACTION OF MINERAL WATERS.

Ionf'--continucd use of mineral waters in moderate doses, liow
tliis occurs is readily understood when we consider the consti-
tution of the body. As has been before stated, we are only
so much water in combination with varied proportions of car-
bon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, chloride of sodium, phos-
phate of lime, carbonate of lime, carbonate of soda, etc. The
water thus combined may be termed the water of constittition,
answering the same purpose in maintaining the body in form
that the water of crystallization does in continuing a crystal
in its integrity. But, although the amount of water in the
body is about the same, it is continually being replaced, a por-
tion being discharged and a corresponding portion received.
For the ordinary purposes of quenching thirst we imbibe waters
containing a very minute quantity of mineral ingredients ; but
when we repair to a mineral fountain for the cure of disease
we drink freely of water containing double, treble, quadruple,
and even a hundred times, the quantity and number of chemi-
cal constituents. The water thus introduced, slowly and regu-
larly, penetrates every blood-vessel, capillary, and tissue of
tlie bodily structure, gradually replacing the water of consti-
tution, and by its different chemical affinities changing the
molecular organism. It is not maintained that all of the con-
stituents of the mineral water are retained ; doubtless an al-
most infinitesimal quantity is incorporated each day ; but in
the course of weeks there is a decided and radical result — an
alterative effect — manifested by increased metamorphosis of
tissue, by elimination of poisonous elements, by the cure of
disease. If too long continued, however, a cachectic state will
result similar to that produced by the prolonged administra-
tion of other alterative agents after the full effect has been
produced.

All mineral waters produce an alterative action. Is there
any difference in this action as it results from various waters ?
We answer, unhesitatingly, Yes. The alterative effect of dif-
ferent classes of waters varies, just as the alterative action of
iodine, arsenic, or mercury. Each acts on diverse portions of
tlie blood and tissues. The alterative effect of alkaline waters

MINERAL SPRINGS.

i lii'i

exhibits itself in a reduction of the fibrinous element of the blood
— in a modification of the processes which produce Mtliic acid.
Saline waters exert their influence most decidedly on the glan-
dular system. Sulphur-waters tend to the skin. Chalybeate
waters affect the red globules of the blood. In like manner
we may expect variations in the alterative action of the sub-
divisions of the different classes. And, although our knowl-
edge in this direction is not as specific as desirable, still there
is sufficient to amply establish, the varied alterative action of
mineral waters.

When mineral waters are taken in excessive quantities for
some time, there is a kind of revolt of the system known as
the bad sturm, or bath-fever. There is diminished appetite, a
sense of excessive fatigue, excitement of the pulse, heat of the
skin, and riometimes giddiness. While this feverish condition
testifies the constitutional action of the water, it is in no way
necessary or desirable in the treatment of disease. It corre-
sponds to the ptyalism produced by hydrargyrum ; the nausea
drjmess of the throat, and irritation of the eyelids, caused by
arsenious acid, and the pustular eruption resulting from iodine.
When this Irritant action of a mineral water shows itself, it is
necessary to diminish the quantity taken, or entirely suspend it
for several days.

The action of thermal waters containing but a small propor-
tion of mineral constituents is undoubtedly due to stimulation
of the excretory function of the skin. A consideration of the
process followed at these establishments enables us to under-
stand how cures are produced in this way. In many of them
the following or a similar routine is followed : The patient first
enters a warm or hot bath, where he remains for some minutes
until the capillaries of the skin are thoroughly congested.
While there he places any painful or contracted joint or neu-
ralgic portion of the body under a spout of hot water. From
the warm bath he proceeds to the vapor-room, wher-? he is
surrounded with hot vapor of high temperature. During his
stay in this apartment he drinks freely of hot wat«r, and per-
spiration pours from the integument. Thence he passes to a

ACTION OF MINERAL WATERS.

mse.'A to a

retiring-room, where he reclines on a cot well wrapped in a
blanket. ITiere he remains for fifteen or twenty minutes,
most of the time in a bath of perspiration, and the process ic
complete. A bath of this kind is repeated every day or e\c''y
other day for weeks. Is it surprising that under these condi-
tions the metamorphosis of tissue proceeds with excessive
rapidity ; that changes are wrought in a few weeks which in
the ordinary course would occupy years ? Tlie entire system
is drenched with warm water; it is thoroughly washed out,
and in these copious sweats uric acid, syphilitic poison, and
other materials of disease, arc expelled.

Profuse warm and hot bathing is sometimes followed by
an eruption on the surface of the skin known as psydracla
t/termalis, the bad friesel, or la j^oussee. It is accompanied
with slight feverishness, fulness of the head, and other symp-
toms similar to those described above in bath-fever. These
eruptions also occur in some instances as a result of the inter-
nal use of mineral waters. They were at one time thought
necessary to the curative action of thermal waters* Experi-
ence, however, has proved the fallacy of this idea, unless it
be in some instances of inveterate skin-disease, when these
bath eruptions seem to cure the original malady hy suhstitu-
tio?i.

We cannot close this chapter more appropriately than by
quoting the words of the lamented Trousseau — a man pos-
sessed of a ca^ .1, judicial and philosophic mind — distinguished
for accurate knowledge in every department of medicine — the
most brilliant practitioner of this century :

" Whatever may be said of them, mineral waters are not
simple medicaments ; whatever may be the predominant min-
eralizing agent as demonstrated by analysis, it acts not jilone.
Nature, in combining, w4th the more or less notable elements
which chemistry may isolate, other exceedingly variable ingre-
dients, and principles which have not yet been discovc red, has
done for this mineralized agent that which we seek h) imitate
each day in our proscrii)tions when we endeavor to reinforce
or diminish the efl'ect of a medicinal substance by associating

■\vv

I'll

MINERAL SPRINGS.

others with it. Tn making due allowance always for the par-
ticular phenomena which may result from the action of such
or such elements which enter into the composition of a mineral
water f we should not attribute to a sini/lo principle^ however
dominant it appears in the chemical analysis^ all the proper-
ties of the watery and clinical experience only can permit us
to judge.^ This is so exceedingly true that dyspepsias allied
to a grave cachectic state — I do not now speak of paludal
cachexia — are admirably modified by very diflferent waters, by
those of Vichy or Pougues ; by those waters in which the
mineralizing principle escapes, so to speak, chemical analysis ;
such as the waters of Plombi^rcs and Bagn^res-de-Bigorrc.
Although we range Plombieres in the class of sulphated soda-
waters and Bigorre in that of sulphated calcic, they have a
mineralization so feeble in appearance that the predominance
of such or such of their elements is lost, and renders their
classification, so to speak, artificial. In comparing them with
the waters of the Seine taken at different points near Paris,
with those of Arcueil or those of the artesian wells of Gre-
nelle, we find the advantage with the latter, relatively at least,
to the waters of Plombieres. But, considering the results of
medical experience, we know that the waters of the Seine
liave no other effect than to occasion a slight diarrhoea in
some individuals not habituated to their use, and which we
know not bow else to attribute than to the salts of soda, to
tlie chlorides which they contain in very small quantity. They
have never been, that I know of, inscribed in the very volumi-
nous catalogue of mineral waters. In placing them thus in
parallel with the waters of Plombieres, of Bagneres-de-Bi-
gorre — I will add, with the waters of Neris or of Mont Dore,
which are hardly more mineralized than they — far be it from
my thought of forgetting for an instant the efficacy of these
justly-celebrated thermals.* Plombieres and Bagneres-de-
Bigona, in the particular disease which occupies us, in virtue
of an action which escapes us and which I know not how to

• The Italics are not in the original

i* These waters are uaed internally in dyspepsias.

ACTION OF MINERAL WATERS.

(;xplain, triumph over rebellious dyspepsias. Under their
salutary influence the appetite revives, the constitution is re-
organized; patients affected with dropsy, with visceral en-
gorgement, arrive at PlombiOres or at Bigorre in a deplorable
state, and depart, after a single season, in a condition notably
ameliorated, and are often cured in a manner aHogcther un..
expected." '

I " Cllnlque Medlcalo," Paris, 18G5, L iU., pp. » Cfe.

CHAPTEK V.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.

;!| I

,f in

Some vomers on mineral waters almost entirely ignore their
chemical constituents, finding v^ the fact that, when analyzed,
we cannot explain all of their efl'ccts — an argument against
any consideration of this portion of the subject. Fortunately,
those who would thus place a seal on investigation are but a
small minority. Although it will readily be conceded that an
analysis, however accurate, in the present state of science, will
not always indicate the diseases to which the water is applica-
ble, still, in the majority of instances, it forms an exceedingly
valuable guide — one which cannot be overlooked. And, if we
are ever thoroughly to comprehend the action of mineral
waters, the discovery lies in this direction. Since the dis-
covery of iodine and its virtue in scrofula, its salts have been
detected in many mineral waters which had long been consid-
ered valuable in that disease.

It is nevertheless true that the combinations of the ele-
ments, as shown in analyses, are altogether empirical. The
chemist first determines the bases — the amount of magnesia,
soda, potassa, lime, alumina ; then the acids and gases — the
carbonic acid, sulphuric acid, silicic acid, chlorine, iodine ; and^
after each of these elements is separated, he combines them
according to approved formulae, giving the result in so many
grains of carbonate of magnesia, sulphate of potassa, chloride
of sodium, iodide of sodium, etc. Yet, although the chemist
may have performed his work most faithfully, still there are
unknown quantities that elude his search, appearing in the
analysis under the designations loss, organic matter, or extrac-
tive matter. These facts, however, only show that chemical
science is not perfect.

Tlie process by which raiu-wuter dissolves salts from rocks

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.

in passiiif^ tlirou<r]i the earth, was alluded to in a previous
chapter. Sulphates and chlorides, which form a large part of
many rocks, arc readily dissolved by pure water. When water
becomes largely impregnated with carbonic acid and oxygen,
its solvent power is exceedingly increased ; so imich so that
there are no rocks that can altogether resist its action. Quartz,
granite, and basalt, are decomposed by carbonated water. It
has been shown by M. Struve that carbonated water, by driv-
ing out silicious acid, decomposes silicates under a moderate
pressure. He effected a decomposition of silicates of soda and
potash by treating Bohemian basalt, phonolite and felspar
with carbonated water.* Although iron and lime are insolu-
ble as carbonates, they are soluble as bicarbonates ; and, if the
water contain a sufficient quantity of carbonic acid, these in-
gredients are dissolved. If water containing sulphate of lime
meets carbonate of magnesia, the carbonic acid combines with
the lime and the sulphuric acid with the magnesia, and thus a
soluble sulphate of magnesia is formed. From such facts we
readily comprehend how waters originally pure become im-
pregnated with many foreign ingredients in passing through the
earth. A most conclusive experiment, showing that the con-
stituents of mineral waters depend on the strata through which
they pass, was made by M. Struve. At Bilin, in Bohemia,
there is an alkaline mineral spring, the composition of which
is given below. Struve took a quantity of clink-stone from
the same locality, pulverized it, and subjected it to the action
of carbonated water, under a pressure of two atmospheres,
with the following result : *

If'ilin (Hohem'a),
One pint contains—

Notural Water.

Artificial Water.

Carbonate of soda . .

Gtalna.
22. T
1.1
8.0
2.8
l.T
6.1
0.3

Grains.
21 9

'• inu)jrnesia

1 1

" lime

4 4

Chlorido of sodium

1.9

Hulphate of potassa

1 6

" soda

4 8

BilJcJi

Total

87.T

86 2

Althaus's "Spas of Europe," p. 69.

Ibid, p. 60.

I, I

i i

k liii

.i I

i I

MINERAL SPRINGS.

As a rule, the quantity of ingredients in mineral waters
continues the saine from year to year.* An illustration of this
fact is found in our own country in the Congress Spring, of
Saratoga. The analysis of that water, given under Saratoga
Springs, was made by Prof. Chandler, in 1871, and it en-
tirely agrees in the essential points with an analysis of the
same water made in 1833 by Dr. J. H. Steel — thirty-nine years
ago. However, there are a few instances on record of remark-
able variation. This is the case with the springs of Saxan, in
the cant( n of Valais, Switzerland. These waters were ana-
lyzed in 1844 by M. Morin, who then reported that they con-
tained no iodine. In 1852, however, they were analyzed by
Baron Cesati and Dr. Pigaut, who found considerable iodine.
M. Pyr-Morin then gave them closer investigation, and has
discovered that, in regard to this constituent, they change not
only from year to year, but from day to day, and from hour to
hour. Thus, within the same day the amount of iodine was
found at one time to be ; at another, 0.17 ; and at another,
0.31 tf » 10,000 parts of water. On another occasion four dif-
ferent examinations were made in the same day, and the record
was thus : 0.61, 0.57, 0.17, and ; and at another day the rec-
ord ran thus: 0.98, 0.47, 0.67, and 0. The largest amount
ever found was 2.25 in 10,000 parts of water. And this same
spring also varies in other constituents. Such a result as he^e
described is, however^ altogether exceptional.

Sudden changes are sometimes due to earthquakes, show-
ing the immediate connection of springs with fissures in the
earth. During the earthquake of Lisbon the water of Top-
litz, in Bohemia, assumed a reddish-yellow appearance, which
lasted for an hour and a half, and at the same time the springs
of Clifton, in Gloucestershire, England, became turbid. At
the time of the cartliquake in 1690, the water of Gasteiu be-

' IlurnboUlt says : " Tho hottost of al' noriiiancnt 8j)rlii;,'3 (botwoen 203'' ami 2i)9°) uro like-
wIro, in a most roniarkablo ucgrco, tho purest, and sucli na hold in solution tho sniallost
quantity of mineral 8ui)stj»nces. Their teinporaturo ftpi)oar8, on tho whole, to bo less con-
stant than that of spring's between !'2,i'' and 10.")", whieh, in iMiropo at least, liavo main-
taineil In a most reinarl<ablo manner their iniinri'ihilifij <)fh^at amf mineral content!* dur-
\a^ tlio last fltly or sixty years." — (Cosmos, Uohn's En|,'li8h edition, vol. 1., pp. 218, 21H.)

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.

came white and clayey. In 1765, after an earthquake, the
fresli-watcr well of Castel Alfieri, in Piedmont, became charged
with sulphurous vapors and salines, and so remained till 1808,
when, after another earthquake, its former freshness returned.
Many mineral waters precipitate a portion of their constit-
uents when they issue from the earth, thus forming deposits.
This result is due to the escape of gases from the water, to the
cooling of hot waters, and to other chemical changes arising
from contact with the air. Prominent examples of such de-
posits are seen in the cones about the orifices of the recently-
discovered geysers in Wyoming Territory ; at the Peubla Hot
Springs, Humboldt County, Nevada; at the High Rock Spring,
Saratoga, and the Red Sweet Springs, Virginia. They almost
invariably consist of carbonates, sulphates, or silicates of
eartliy bases.

CARBONATES AND BICARBOXATES.

Nearly all mineral springs contain a proportion of carbon-
ates ; and in some springs they are found in large quantity.
In such instances they give to the water its characteristic
properties. Thus, if the carbonates are those of potassa, soda,
magnesia, or lithia, the water is alkaline ; if the base of the
carbonate is lime, the waters are calcareous, and frequently
form large deposits of tufa on the rocks and material with
which they come in contact. A remarkable example of the
presence of this carbonate is found in the spring of the Alabas-
ter Cave, near Sacramento, California. The alkaline carbon-
ates are formed when carbonated waters pass over or through
rocks containing alkaline silicates, as granite, syenite, basalt,
etc. Many of the carbonates are but sliglitly soluble in the
form of simple carbonates ; but, when by the presence of a
hirge quantity of carbonic acid bicarbonates arc formed, they
dissolve readily. However, in the analyses published in this
work, the result is always given as carbonates, in order that
uniformity may bo secured for the purpose of comparison.

Carbonate of Soda, — This salt is in the form of transpar-
ent and colorless prismatic crystals, having a strongly alkaline

i'lfl

'' .1»'

'iiiiHi

MINERAL SPRINGS.

taste. Tlic ^ i-carbonatc exists in the form of a wliite powder.
They both render water alkaline in reaction. In medicinal
doses the carbonate of soda first diminishes the secretions, but
subsequently increases them, the urine being most susceptible
to its influence. It appears that the action on the discharge
of urine is to augment the watery portion without increasing
the amount of urea. Under its use the uric acid almost dis-
appears, subsequently to reappear, although the medicine be
continued. The free acids of the urine, however, are replaced
by earthy phosphates. This carbonate also increases the alka-
linity of the blood. It should be remembered that the blood,
the saliva, the bile, the milk, and the secretions from the mu-
cous membrane, are normally alkaline. In some diseases, how-
ever, they become acid, and the alkaline carbonates are prob-
ably efficient in the treatment of these diseases by the tendency
to neutralize this condition. It is also asserted that a continued
use of the alkalies reduces the quantity of fibrine in the blood.

The diseases in which this medicine has been found useful
are as follows : In dyspepsia accompanied with acidity of the
stomach and intestinal secretions ; in diabetes, bicarbonate of
soda has in some instances caused sugar to entirely disappear
from the urine, and has reestablished the general health ; in
lithiasis, that condition which tends to the formation of uric
acid, gravel, and calculus, the administration of the bicarbon-
ate in highly-carbonated water has given good results.

Carbonate of potassa is white, inodorous, and crystallizes
with difficulty ; it is usually met with in a granular state, and
has great affinity for water. In mineral waters it occurs in
the form of a i /-carbonate. This salt forms colorless, trans-
parent, octahedral crystals, of a saline and caustic taste,
readily soluble in water. It is not found in mineral waters in
large quantity, though there is reason to believe it is more
frequently present than is usually reported.

In its action on the system the bicarbonate of potassa is
antacid and diuretic, and is used in the same diseases as the
carbonate of soda. It has most frequcmtly l)een employed to
prevent the formation of lithic-acid deposits in the urine.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.

Carbonate of magnesia is a fine white powder, possessing
a slight earthy taste and no odor. It is more frequently found
in waters originating in secondary and tertiary formations than
in primitive. It is a mild laxative, and a good palliative in
acid or sour stomach, heart-burn, and sick-headache, especially
if the person is constipated. It has been used successfully to
check the formation of acid gravel, and has been considered
superior to the alkaline salts of soda and potassa.

Carbonate of Lime. — The most familiar form of this sub-
stance is chalk. IL is found in great abundance in the south
of England and north of France. As an ingredient in mineral
waters it occurs most frequently in those having their source
in the secondary and tertiary formations.

The action of the carbonate of lime is altogether different
from tlie carbonates above described. They are evacuant,
diuretic, and promotive of secretion ; while the latter dimin-
ishes the secretions and causes constipation, though at the
same time being alkaline in action. It is analogous in its
eifec.^ ; to lime-water. This preparation has powers useful in
chronic bronchitis and chronic diarrhoea. It is interesting to
note that over a hundred years ago lime-water was vaunted as
a rcmed}' in calculous affections, and, according to the best
testimony, with good reason.^ Though not a curative, it is a
valuable palliative in these disorders. Many springs in this
country which have long possessed a merited reputation for
the relief of calculous diseases are chiefly impregnated with
carbonate of lime, associated with a large quantity of carbonio-
acid gas.

Carbonate of lithia is deposited from a solution in the
form of small prisms. It dissolves in one hundred parts of
cold water, but more readily when the water is charged with
carl)onic acid. The solution is alkaline. This salt comports
itself in most respects like the carbonate of soda. It has

Stlll('"s " Tliorapoutles and Matorlii Mcdica," vol. 1., pp. 80:i, 804, says: "Tlioro can be no
dou1)t that it is a n'lncdy too much nopleoUil at the present tlrno as a palhative for stone.
• • Tliero is some reason to believe that uric aeid fxnvvel may bo dlssolveil and eliminated
uiidiT Ita use."

^
') 1

1 m

iii tii

i) i

MINERAL SPRINGS.

been especially recommended in the treatment of uric-acid
gravel and gout. It was brought to notice by Alexander Ure,
who found that it united with uric acid much more readily
than carbonate of soda or potassa, and that the urate of litliia
is the most soluble of all the urates ; hence, when the excess
of uric acid in the body forms this salt with lithia, it passes
off readily by the urine. It is not usually found in mineral
waters in large quantities.

Carbonate of Strontia. — This salt is found in mineral wa-
ters ovl\j in small quantities, and in the form of bicarbonate.
In action it is similar to the corresponding salt of magnesia.

Carbonate of iron is of a reddish-brown color, possessing
a ferruginous taste. It is without smell. Iron is not found in
this form in mineral waters, but as a protocarbonate or bicar
bonatb.

The salts of iron adininistered internally in small quanti-
ties are dissolved by the gastric juice and enter the blood.
Th :y increase tiie appetite, promote digestion, impart redness
to the blood-globules and augment their number. The person
who may have been depressed and languid recovers strength
and spirit under their influence. In large quantities, and con-
tinued for a long time, digestion is impaired, constipation en-
sues, and the faeces are blackened.

If iron is diminished in the blood, the lips are pale, the
face is white and anaemic, the mind is depressed, and energy
fails. From this fact we can appreciate the value of chalyb
eate mineral waters in treating anaemic conditions. Owing
to the minute subdivision of the iron in mineral water, it
readily enters the blood.

Carbonate of manganese is of a rose- red or brownish
color. In mineral waters it is found as a bicarbonate. It is
not of frequent occurrence, and exists in but small proportion.
Medicinally it comports itself much like the salts of iron.

%',

CULORIDES.

Nearly all mineral waters contain chlorides in greater or
less proportion. The fact that they enter so largely into the

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.

if uric-acid
cander Urc,
I ore readily
ite of litliia
the excess
a, it passes
I in mineral

mineral wa-
bicarbonate,
magnesia.
r, possessing
Qot found in
ate or bicar

small quanti-
;r tlie blood,
ipart redness
1 The person
ers strength
ties, and con-
stipation en-
are pale, the
and energy
le of chalyb
ons. Owing
ral water, it

or brownish
onate. It is
1 proportion,
of iron.

in greater or
relv into the

composition of soil, rocks, and vegetable and anim;il life, read-
ily cxi)laiiis their almost universal ^:rcsence in mineral waters.

Chloride of sodlmn, or table-salt, is by far the most im-
portant of the chlorides. It exists in the blood, the bones,
and the muscles, in large quantity, and is essential for their
integrity ; and there is no solid or fluid in the body, except
the enamel of the teeth, that does not contain this chloride in
some proportion. From this fact we readily appreciate why
salt is such a universal condiment. It is consumed in large
quantities, each person taking from a quarter of an ounce to
an ounce each day, though there is considerable variation in
this regard in diilerent nations. Kussians are said to consume
two ounces and more per day. This large amount, Avhicli is
continually introduced into the system, is voided with the
urine, leaving the absolute quantity the same.

The necessity of table-salt is illustrated by the experiments
of Wundt. After having eaten food for three daj's unsea-
soned with salt, he found the urine had become neutral, and
contained albumen. On returning to salted food, the urine re-
gained its normal condition in two days. Salt is an important
elo*^iient in cell-formation ; it is found in all exudations ; so
much so that in pneumonia, when exudation is active, chloride
of sodium disappears entirely from the urine, to reappear when
the process ceases. It is also known to exercise a direct effect
on the growth of the hair. Wlien an animal does not receive
a p. oper quantity of salt, the hair becomes rough and wiry, and
the beast betrays signs of feebleness and ill-condition. So
necessary is it to them, that ij* the wild state they frequent
" salt-licks " (saline springs) to obtain a suiBciont supply.

Chloride of sodium, in moderate quantities, increases tlic
flow of the gastric juice and the bile ; and, by its antiseptic
properties, prev^ents putrefactive changes in the intestinal ac-
tion of the intestines, producing fluid moticms ; it is aperient,
but not cathartic. The quantity of urea in the urine is also
augmented. Barral found that when lar r amounts of salt
than usual were taken, the weight of ur* i. xcreted increased
from 2.84 grammes to 6.02, and even 9.4 t grammes, in twen-

MINERAL SPRINGS.

f: HI;'
:i:3 ;i, ■

! ii

ty-four hours, from which we may conclude that salt in large
quantities hast(nis the disintegration of tissue. The result of
the use of salt in large quantities is to cause considerable irri-
tation of the stomach and intestines ; to increase the flow of
urine, which is accompanied with burning along the course of
the ureters ; and to excite the generative organs. The secre-
tion of the mucous membrano of the bronchial tubes is also de-
cidedly increased.

Chloride of 2)ota8siUm is analogous to chloride of sodium,
both in its properties and medical quahties, but is found only
in small quantities either in the body or in springs.

Chloride of magnesium occurs in many mineral waters.
It forms one of the chief constituents of the waters of the Dead
Sea. It is the bittern of salt-works. Medicinally, it has been
used as a cholagogue cathartic.

Chloride of calcium is exceedingly soluble, and occurs
principally in saline waters. In medicine, it has been used
in scrofulous humors, glandular obstructions, and general de-
bility.

Chloride of iron is a comparatively rare ingredient of
mineral waters. It is astringent and tonic.

Chloride of caesium is a chemical curiosity, detected in
1860, in the saline mineral waters of DUrckheim, by Kirchhoff
and Bunsen. The discovery of this unknown compound was
made by spectrum analysis. Having determined in this way
the presence of an unknown element in these waters, they pro-
ceeded to isolate it by direct experiment. For this purpose
they evaporated over 105,000 pounds of the water, and were
enabh I to procure a small quantity of the chloride. From
this chloride they determined the physical character of caesium.
CaBsium is the most electro-positive element at present known ;
its atomic weight is 123.4. In the spectrum it is recognized
by two sky-blue lines — hence the name.

Since its discovery it has been found in comparatively larg'
quantities in the mineral waters of Baden-Baden and Bour-
bonne-les-Bains ; also, in the mineral known as lepidolito,
found at Hebron, Maine.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.

Chloride of rubidium is a similar chemical curiosity found
in mineral waters. It is much like chloride of potassium in
its properties.

SULrilATES.

The sulpliates are frequently found in mineral waters.
They are active medicinal agents ; and the two known as
Epsom and Glauber salts are familiar to every one. Occur-
ring in mineral waters in considerable quantity, they give to
them a bitter taste and purgative action.

/Sulphate of soda^ popularly known as Glauber salts, is
found in a number of mineral waters. Next to chloride of
sodium, it is one of the most abundant of native salts. The
popular name is derived from a German chemist who first dis-
covered its artificial mode of preparation. It is a white crys-
talline salt, bitter o;id nauseous in taste, and, taken in doses
of half an ounce-, produces watery purgation. It is derived
from basalt, porphyry, felspar, mica, granite, and other rocks.

Sulphate of magnesia^ usually known as Epsom salts, is a
transparent crystalline salt, having a bitter, nauseous, and sa-
line taste. The name — Epsom — is derived from a spring in
England of that name, from which it was originally prepared.
It is a mild and efficient watery purgative. When dissolved,
iiowever, in a large quantity of water, this salt, as well as the
sulphate of soda, tends to act on the kidneys, increasing the
flow of urine. As a mineral, it occurs in serpentine, marl,
clay, slate, and limestone.

iSul^yhate of lime, or gypsum, is not found in large quan-
tity in mineral waters, from the fact that not more than twenty
grains will dissolve in a pound of pure water. It does not
occur in crvstalline rocks, but is found in red sandstone and
the fissures of porphyry, basalt, and granite. It is not employed
medicinally. Deposited from spring-waters, it forms a hard
coating on foreign substances ; and twigs and leaves thus cov-
ered are popularly termed petrifactions — an error, however, as
the internal substance is not changed into stone.

Sulphate ofpotassa is a bitter, purging salt, similar to the
4

1
i

•r} \^

MINERAL SPRINGS.

sulphates of soda and magnesia. It is not a frequent constit-
uent of mineral waters.

Sulphate of iron is found in the waters of springs flowing
through rocks containing sulphurct of iron. It is a greenish
crystalline salt, exceedingly astringent in action and to tho
taste. It is seldom present in mineral waters. Examples,
however, are found in the Alum Springs of Virginia, and the
Oak Orchi -d K'vA Springs of New York.

/Sulphc -^/-^ alumina is usually found associated with the
sulphate of m. -t is a crystalline salt, exceedingly soluble
in water, and oi a st^\ ;• 'q taste. In medicine, the pre[)arations
of alumina are principally employed as astringents, though
testimony is not wanting of their remedial value in diseases
of a different type, such as chronic bronchitis, chronic diar-
rhoea, whooping-cough, and lead-colic.

IODIDES.

Although the iodides occur in mineral waters only in small
quantity, they undoubtedly influence their curative properties
in a marked degree. Indeed, certain springs were long cele-
brated for the cure of scrofula, goitre, and analogous affec-
tions, their efficacy being unexplained till the discovery of
iodine, its effects in these diseases, and finally its presence in
the waters. Rilliett, of Geneva, has described the effects of
iodine in small and long-continued doses. The symptoms are
rapid emaciation — the appetite, however, continuing good and
even being increased — nervous palpitations of the heart, de-
bility, depression of spirits, and sleeplessness. In this ema-
ciation the various glands are most affected, and goitres have
disappeared in a few days when the symptoms were fully
developed. Such effects have resulted even from a sea-side
residence and the iodic exhalations of salt-water, but more
frequently from the minute proportions of iodine in certuin
mineral waters.*

Iodide of potassium usually appears in semi-transparent
cubical crystals, of a saline, penetrating, and bitter taste.

> atillo's " Thcrnpeiitiea and Materia Medlca," vol. il., p. 788.

CUEMICAL CONSTlTCENia

ent constit-

ngs flowing

a greenish

and to the

Examples,

Ilia, and the

«d with tlie
,ng1y soluble
preparations
3nts, though
; in diseases
chronic diar-

only in small
ve properties
;re long cele-
.loffous affec-
discovery of
presence in
lie eifects of
iymptoms are
ling good and
he heart, de-
In this ema-
goitres have
,3 were fully
im a sea-side
;er, but move
[lie in certain

ii-transparent
bitter taste.

|78t\

There is seldom more than a trace to be found in mineral wa-
ters. This is the preparation most frequently employed for
procuring the alterative eftects of iodine in various diseases,
such as scrofula, chronic rheumatism, tertiary syphilis, goitre,
etc., etc.

Iodide of sodium is the form in which iodine is most
frequently found in mineral waters. There is seldom as mucli
as one-fifth of a grain of the salt to a pint of water ; but even
this minute proportion is sufficient to produce the alterative
cfFects of iodine. This salt in all its characteristics resembles
the iodide of potassium above described, and is re cdial in
the same diseases.

BROMIDES.

Tiiese salts exist in somewhat larger proportion than the
iodides. The combination which is most frequently found is
that of bromide of magnesium. This snlt occ s in strong
saline waters. The bromides, when given in small doses and
long continued, are alterative in their effect, and in some cases
reduce enlargements of lymphatic glands, the spleen, liver,
ovaries, and uterus, but are not equal to the iodides for this
puqiose.* They are principally used to allay nervous irita-
bility.

niOSPHATES.

These occur in minute proportion in many springs. The
minerals from which they are derived are basalt, mica, granite,
dolomite, slate, chalk, and many other formations. The phos-
phates vary in action according to the base with which the
phosphoric acid is combined : thus the phosphate of soda is a
inild cathartic, possessing but little taste ; the phosphate of
iron is a tonic, and the phosphate of lime is recommended in
scrofulous affections.

SILICATES.

Silica is found in some proportion in almost all springs,
but in much larger quantity in thermal than in cold springs.
Silicates have been supposed to impart to certain waters the

» 8tilJ6'9 "Therapeuttc8 and Materia Medica," vol. U., p. 759.

MINERAL SPRINGS.

peculiar unctuous texture which they possess. The medical
action of these salts has never been investigated.

l.l!

i h

BOEACIC ACID.

This acid is sometimes found in considerable quantity in
springs rising in volcanic districts. In Southern California
there is a lalco from which borax — borate of soda — may be
obtained in unlimited quantity. Borate of soda is an alka-
line salt used externally as a cosmetic ; internally it has proved
decidedly emmenagogue and ecbolic. It has also been recom-
mended for the purpose of dissolving lithic-acid gravel.

FLUORIDES.

Salts of lluohydric acid have been found in mineral springs
in minute quantities. They are derived from mica, lepidolite,
and hornblende. Their medicinal action is unknown.

NITRATES.

Occasionally, salts formed by nitric acid are found in min-
eral waters. The nitrates of soda and potassa, in moderate
doses, are diuretic in action ; in large doses, purgative.

! i ,11

ARSENIC.

In a fcAv mineral: waters minute quantities of this substance
are found. It may also be mentioned that traces of antimony^
zinc, copper, tin, lead, etc., are sometimes detected. Arsenic,
in very minute doses, is an alterative medicine of decided value.
It is efficacious in the treatment of chronic rheumatism, inter-
mittent fever, and scaly diseases of the skin.

ORGANIC ACIDS.

In a number of mineral waters crenic and apocrenic acids
are found. They contain no nitrogen, and are the product of
the decomposition of humus. In some instances they form
soluble compounds with soda, potassa, and iron. Their medici-
nal action has not been studied.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.

ORQANIC SUBSTANCES.

Ill the sulpluir-wiiters of the Pyrenees, in France, three
peculiar organic substances have been discovered. Tiiey are
interesting to us, from the fact that several springs iv this
country of marked properties contain similar ingredients.
They are described as follows : *

Bar&jine, or Jlydrosbi^ of Laitihron. — If certain sulphur-
waters be evaporated to dryness, a brownish-yellow residue is
left which is blackened on the application of heat, and at the
same time disengages a small quantity of ammonia. This
substance is found to be an organic azotized matter, and is
called harejjlne from the springs of Bareges, in which it was
first detected. The name hydrosin is more appropriate, as
disconnecting it from any particular spring or supposed qual-
ity. A solution of it precipitates the salts of lead abundantly,
and gives a white precipitate with nitrate of silver, which al-
most immediately assumes a reddish tint. This substance
corresponds to the sulfurhydrine of Cazin and the ^)yr^^ieiVi<?
of Fontan."

Glair inc. — This is an amorphous deposit, sometimes trans-
parent and sometimes opaque. It is soft and imctuous to the
touch, and is deposited in the reservoirs where the water accu-
mulates. It is insoluble. Anglada thought it to be identical
with bar^gine ; but the solubility of the latter and the insolu-
bility of the former is of itself distinctive. Glairine, though
containing nitrogen, is not one of those neutral nitrogenized
substances termed albuminoids. It contains more carbon and
hydrogen, but less oxygen and nitrogen. Bouis, in burning
certain specimens of glairine, has found as much as eighty
parts of silicious residue in a hundred.

Sidfurarla. — This is u confervoid growth formed in sul-
pluir-waters the temperature of which is below 122'^ Fahr.
Examined under the microscope, it presents the appearance of
Bmooth, transparent, cylindrical tubes, filled with roundish

' Tlie (lesoription of those substances is mostly compilcil from tlie " Nouvcau Dlction-
nalre do Modoclnc et d(! Cihiriirrcie." Paris, 1870, tome xii., p. 240.
a Lcforfs " Trait6 de Cliimie Ilydi-olo^'ique." Paris, 1S59, p. 304.

«,

^'■i|

c.^-

_:ai

MINERAL SPRINGS.

f^lobules, and often contahiiiif^ animalcules. Access of air to
the water is indispensable to tli^^ fonnalion of sulfuraria. In
composition it is analon^ous to glairine, and when burned leaves
a lar<^(; amount of silicious residue.

Besides the above-named organic substances, a number of
microscopic al<^ie have been described.* The ino)i((S sulfuraria^
elliptical in form, from -^g^ to jj-g- of a millimetre in diameter,
and spotted with red, are supposed to pertain especially to
calcic sulphur-waters. The osc'dlalres arc greenish filiform
bodies, from 5 to 30 millimetres in breadth, and varying in
length in the same proportion. Each fdament is composed of
a diaphanous and almost mucilaginous tube, enclosing a series
of minute disks covered with green matter, and which appear
susceptible of contraction and dilatation in the direction of
the axis. The galUondla ferrughiea are of rectilinear, cylin-
drical form, varying in dimensions from j^jVc" ^^ "nrluTr ^^ **
line, of a rusty color, almost always homogeneous, though oc-
casionally presenting at intervals cells of diverse forms. Some-
times they give a rusty color to the water in which they are
found.

That the presence of these organic constituents — especial-
ly those first named, hydrosin and glairine — exercise an influ-
ence in the action of the mineral w^aters in which they occur
in large proportion, we cannot well doubt ; but precisely what
this influence is, has not yet been determined. Uurand-Fardel
says : " It is probable they give to such waters a sedative ac-
tion ; but more by simple contact than by physiological action.
Iud(!cd, waters which contain the largest proportion of organic
matter in solution are generally less exciting than others, and
possess even sedative properties in humid and pruriginous
derniEitoses and in neuropathic conditions." "^ In this country,
the Red Sulphur Sj)rings of Virginia have long been reputed
as sedative to the arterial system, when taken internally. They
contain an unusually large proportion of organic matter,

1 '•Dlctionnaire Oc-noralo des Eaux MiuoraleB," tome U., p. 159.
* Op. cit., tome il., p. 479.

CUEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.

ss of air to
ifururia. In
iiiied leaves

I number of
t sidfuraria^
ill diameter,
3speciaUy to
[lish filiform
varying in
composed of
sing a series
hicli appear
direction of
linear, cylin-

J -nrf TFTT of ^
, though oc-

)rms. Sonie-

ch they are

s — especial-
ise an influ-
they occur

ecisely what

irand-Fardel
sedative ac-
^ical action.

n of organic
others, and
pruriginous
lis country,
en reputed
nally. They
natter.

.59.

CARBONIC ACID.

Carbonic acid is an exceedingly heavy gas, being one and
a half times heavi(.T than air. For this reason it accumulates
in wells and mines, and in rooms gravitates to the floor. It
will not support combustion. A light is immediately extin-
guished in an atmosphere largely impregnated with this gas.

Carbonic acid, in some proportion, is found in almost all
spring-water, and even in rain and river water it is present.
The bright sparkle of certain waters and wines, and the pleas-
ant acescent taste, is due to this gas. Indeed, water entirely
deprived of carbonic acid is altogether unpalatable. Some
spring-waters are so strongly charged with it in the depths of
the earth, that when they escape they are projected many feet
in the air. The Geyser Spring, of Saratoga, is an example.

It is a singular fact that a gas, which, taken into the stom-
ach in moderate quantities, is agreeable and healthful, should
prove a deadly poison when inhaled. A mixture of forty parts
of oxygen, forty-five parts of nitrogen, and only fifteen parts
of carbonic acid, is sufficient to destroy life. The symptoms
arc as follows : First, a sensation of heat pervades the entire
body, the face is flushed, and the forehead covered with per-
spiration. In a short time the heat becomes excessive, the
face is intensely red or of a deathly pallor ; dizziness follows,
the person totters in movement, and falls asphyxiated.

The pleasant and cooling eflbcts of carbonated water, when
drunk, are familiar to nearly every one in this country, where
drinking it in the form of soda-water is so universally practised
during the summer months. In moderate quantities, it stimu-
lates the floA' of saliva, aids digestion, slightly accelerates the
pulse, rendeih the mind clear and the person cheerful. The
imbibition, however, of large quantities causes sickness, vomit-
ing, headache, vertigo, a tottering gait, and even asphyxia,
Liebig tells us such results have especially follow^ed after
drinldng large quantities of fermenting white wine, which on
being introduced into tlie stomach evolves large quantities of
carbonic acid, which enters the blood immediately, and has
produced death in some instances.

■if

!■-;;,

MINERAL SPRINGS.

Bathing in vf ater highly charged with carbonic acid produces
peculiar effects. The first sensation observed, if the water is
below 8G° Fahr., is, that the water is colder than would be ex-
pected from feeling it wi^h the hand before entering. Wlien
in the bath, millions of minute gas-bubbles cover the body,
producing % [jricking or burning sensation, especially noticed
on the scrotum, the nipples, and the labia. Many persons feel
this burn'ng lor several hours after the bath. During the
bath, the pulse becomes fuller, but not accelerated. The gen-
erative organs are powerfully stimulated. A bath of this kind
is Slid to have an especial eCFect on the bladder. Patients
who may sit in an ordinary warm-water bath for half an hour
without desire to pass the urine, are compelled to do so after
a few minutes' stay in the carbonic-acid water bath.^ On leav-
ing a bath of this kind, persons in health feel exceedingly
exhilaratedj and the inclination for muscular activity is decid-
edly increased ; those who are semi-paralytic are said to walk
more briskly.

SULPHURETTED HYDROGEN.

Next to carbonic acid, this gas is most frequently found in
the waters of mineral springs. It is an exceedingly important
constituent, and possesses decided influence over the action
of waters in which it exists in large proportion. It frequently
issues from the earth in the neighborhood of semi-active vol-
canoes, and is probably evolved through the decomposition
of sulphurets by hot water. In some springs its presence is
due to the double decomposition of sulphates, in the presence
of organic matter. When sulphuretted hydrogen comes in
contact with the air, it is readily changed, the hydrogen com-
bines witli oxygen, and sulphur is precipitated, giving to the
water a milky appearance.

Sulphuretted hydrogen is an irrespirable gas, quickly pro-
ducing death if inhaled in considerable quantity. However,
when largely diluted with air, it may bo inhaled, and in this
way. has been used medicinally. The first symptom of the

Althaus'a "Spaa of Europe," p. 1»0.

ill k ll-

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.

c acid produces
if the water is
n would be ex-
Lering. When
3ver the body,
)ecially noticed
ny persons feel
I. During the
ted. The gen-
ith of this kind
Ider. Patients
>r half an hour
L to do so after
lath.^ On leav-
el exceedingly
jtivity is decid-
re said to walk

Liently found in
ngly important
3ver the action

It frequently
emi-active vol-
decompositicn
its presence is
n the presence
^<>:en comes in
lydrogen com-

giving to the

IS, quickly pro-
(y. However,

3d, and in this
mptoni of the

poisonous action of the gas is a small and fe<ible pulse, indi-
cating depression of the heart's action, together with a sen-
sation of excessive feebleness. Taken internally, in water, in
moderate quantities, it increases the activity of the intestines
and augments the perspiration. If the water is highly charged
with the gas, agitation, sleeplessness^ and ncrv'ous excitement,
are produced in some persons, similar to that resulting froni
strong coffee. Small quantities of the gas, applied to the
iimcous membrane of the eyes, nose, and bronchial tubes,
stinuilute the secretions.

CAKUUKETTED IIYDUOGEN.

This is the ordinary burning-gas used in cities. It escapes

from some springs in large quantity, and is utilized for lighting

the ])retnises and heating water for the baths. It is not used

medicinally.

oxyge:^ and nitrogen.

These gases exist in small quantities in nearly all springs,
not, however, in such proportions as decidedly to affect their
medicinal action.

As a conclusion to this chapter, it may be well to give the
following rules for the collection of mineral waters for chemi-
cal analysis :

Collect the water in a dry time, preferaWy iluring July,
August, September, or October.

Place it in new demijohns of black glass that have been
well washed with ordinary water and thoroughly rinsed with
water of the spring before filling.

Close the demijohn with a fine, soft, ?y'W cork, which has
ureviously soaked three days in the mineral water.

Leave a small space between the cork and the water.

Securely seal the demijohn.

The filling and sealing of the demijohns should be done in
tlu! presence of a magistrate, who should stamp each cork
with his ofiieial seal, and certify to the facts, so that no tam-
p(!ring with the water may be suspected.

Quantity required for a qualitative examination, five gal-
htiis ; for a qutintitative, from twenty to thirty.

I'J^

fll

i mm

\ ■>'

' ■ 4

CHAPTER VI.

tiip:i{Ai»kutics.

In pursuing this inosl important branch of our subject, -we
will treat -separately of cmcIi disease in which mineral waters
prove beneficial, and refer to the chisses of water adai)ted to
them. A larf>;c number of maladies are immediately elimi-
nated from consideration when we state, as a rule al\va3'S to
be remembered, that mineral icaters are only applicahh to the
treatment of chronic diseases.

In the course of many chronic diseases there are times
when the malady is in abeyance, and the patient is apparently
well; while at other periods it manifests itself in all its severity.
The well known disease, gout, is an illustration. During the
paroxysms, it presents all the characteristics of an acute dis-
ease ; but in the intervals the p(!rson seems to enjoy good
health, though liable to be ovcrAvhelmed at any time with an
attack. These intervals may be termed periods of inactivity.
The appropriate time for iising a mineral water is during the
inactivity of the disease, ILnvever, this rule will not ai)ply
to all chronic diseases, for some of them present no intoT-v.ds
of this kind. But it is always to be remembered that mineial
waters should not be given when the patient is feverish and
the pulse excited; these symptoms should first be allayed.

are
hill

CONSTITUTIONAL AND C.ENEKAL DISEASES.

Tinder this title are embraced cachectic diseases, de}»end-
ing on a peculiar vice or condition of the fluids and solids of
the body — diseases which are fre(iuently hereditary; and zy-
motic diseases, due to a specific poison introduced into the
blood fjom without, either by direct contact or by breathing

:J|

THERAPEUTICS.

ubject, we
al waters
(laptod to
oly elinii-
ahvays to
'.ibh to the

arc times
pparently
s severity,
uriiig the
icLite (lis-
joy good
3 witli an
iiactivity.
iiruHj t/te
not apply

intOT-v.ils
t riiiueral
jrish and

ayed.

, depend-
solids of
, and zy-
iiito the
)reatliing

an almosplierc charged with the infecting poison. Although
they freciuently present local manifestations, they do not uni-
formly ailect the same portions of the body ; and the person is
in a conditicm in which it is impossible to say what part of the
or"-anism will testify to the morbid state.

lUieumatisin. — This is a disease so familiar to every one
that little need be said concerning its peculiarities. It is well
known ihat acute may eventuate in chronic rlieumatism, and
that those who in early life have been afllicted with the former
are very liable, as years advance, to become subjects of the
latter.

Of clironic rheumatism there are three varieties. That
ordinarily met with is known as chronic articular rhGumatlsm.
\.\\ this malady, one or more joints are the seat of more or less
intense pain, for months or years ; a pain which is increased
by motion or pressure. The joints may be swollen, but there
is seldom heat or redness. After the disease has continued a
long time, the joint may become stiffened — a result due not
only to thickening of the adjoining structures, but also to
want of motion.

A second form of rheumatism is called deforming rheunia'
tUiii^ tiie rhwnatlsme noueitx of French authors. It is sel-
dom a result of acute rheumatism, and is more frequently
o])servod in females than males. It usually attacks the joints
of the hand and foot, invading them one by one. The joint
attacked is the seat of almost continuous pain, though it is
not often gevere. It becomes gradually enlarged, and, on
close examination, it will be found that the extremity of the
bone is increased in size, and, in some instances, a bony for-
mation has occurred within the joint, uniting the opposite
synovial surfaces. The fingers at the same time become per-
manently flexed, and frequently a slight dislocation occurs,
which, when the hand is considerably involved, gives a dis-
torted and knotty appearance. The joints of the hand most
frequently attack(Ml are those of the first, middle, and ring
finger, wlule the thumb and litth; f iger are frequently un-
touohed. In th<^ foot, the great-toe is especially the seat of

MINERAL SPRINGS.

tliC disease. The disease is not, liowever, limited cftiiv-Jy to
the iiand and foot. Sometimes the hip-joint is affected l>v
preference. A peculiarity of the disease is, that it almost in-
variably attacks the corresponding joints on the opposite sides
of the body at the same time.

This form of rheumatism should be distinguished from the
enlargement of gout, with which it is often eonfounded. In
malformation of the joint from gout there are chalky deposits
of urates, while in this disease the appearance of the joint
results from osseous enlargement of the extremity of liie
bone. In gout the lo'*' ' extremities are chiefly affected, whiki
in this disease it is the upper. Women are most frequently
the subjects of this malady, while gout i:)rincipally occurs in
men.

A third form of chronic rheumatism may be nientio:ied,
termed muscular rJieumatism. This form, as its name implies,
aflects the muscles and sheaths. It is a nuicli milder form
than either of those described, and seldom occasions perma-
nent stiffness or contractions.

The treatment applicable to the different forms of (jivonic
rheumatism does not vary materially. In all, the thermal
waters should be chosen. These waters act more l)y heat than
by their constituents. The tempe"!> lure of the baths need not
be high ; from 95" to 100° Fahr. '■ - ;•! thciently warm, when the
rheumatism is of the ordinary cnronic articular kind. The
duration of the bath shoidd be about fifteen minutes at first ;
and the time may be gradually extended till, toward the ter-
mination of the treatment, the patient may remain an hour or
more. A course of baths usually consists of thirty in succes-
sion ; and, if these are insufficient, it is best to suspend their
use, to be again resumed a few months later.' A blanket-
sweat after tlie bath is an exceedingly valuable auxiliary.
Particular care is necessary that cold be not taken after the
bath.

In cases of deforming rheumatism and chronic articular
rhci!tnatisn% complicated with stiffenuiy of the joints^ baths

• Nleuicyer's " Tcit Book of Medicine,'' American edlUon,ToI. ii., p, 4SP.

^-' "t#:;„-

TUEIiAPEUTlCS.

CI tJiv-Jy lo
airecic'd l>y
: almost iii-
positc sides

3d from tlio
unded. In
ky deposits
>f the joint
lity of Liie
)cted, while
; frequently
Y occurs in

nientiorieJ,
rae implies,
iiilder forin
ions pcrma-

of »■] ironic
c tlicrmal
heat than

IS need not
, when the

hind. The

es at first ;

rd the ter-
an hour or
in succes-
pend their
\ blanket-
auxiliary.

ti after the

c articular
mts^ baths

p. 4S9.

of the tempei-ature mentioned should he used, but the use of
the hot douche should be added. The temperature of this
may vary from 106 ^ to 120^ Fahr., according to the case and
the eflect produced. In deforming rheumatism. Trousseau
also recommends douches of hot sand as efficacious in promot-
ing resolution and subduing pain. He says : " We should
have the patient plunge the allected part in hot sand, or let
the sand ftdl upon it at as high a temperature as possible.
Tiie patients complain of a painful sensation of burning; nev-
ertheless we can always, by the aid of the thermometer, grad-
uate the temperature according to the degree of heat tolerated
by (;ach patient. This temperature may be from 140° to 158°
Fahr. The douches, or local baths of hot sand, should be re-
peated from two to three times per day, and during one or
two hours. It is important that the sand be maintained at the
Same degree of temperature — a condition easy to obtain, as
the sand cools slowly, and is always easily replaced when it
commences to cool. In following this rule in the usage of hot
siuid, the patient soon obtains notable relief, and it is easy to
perceive a rapid diminution in the articular engorgements." *

One distinction may be made in the use of tJiermal waters
in rheumatism. It is this : Rheumatics are divided into two
classes — those of the lymphatic temperament and those of the
nervous. In the former, w%aters rich in the sulphurets liave
seemed to produce the best results, and baths of the higher
temperature are usually indicated; while in the latter — ^the
nervous temperament — waters containing but a small propor-
tion of constituents, and of nnxlerate heat, are preferable.

Gout is the maladv of hon-vivants, those who indulg-e
largely in the pleasures of the table, and inherit a tendency
to the affection. There are sevend forms of the ilisease. In
ande (/out, the paroxj^sms are attended with excessive pain.
In c}ironlc gout^ihc, attacks are accompanied with less pain
and fever, but may continue for weeks and months, and several
joints may be attacked at the sa'>ie time. This form, also, is
frequently accompanied with cha y deposits of urat...s in the

» " Cliniqae Mt'dfcaks" Trousf uu, tome li!., p. S-il.

•^^»;^-

!? ■

'; ii

1 H

M :

MINERAL SPRINGS.

joints. The anomalous or atonic form is one into wliich
p(3rf;jns, previously the subjects of acute gout, full ; un enfee-
bled condition, accompanied by muscular weakness, dyspepsia,
excessive perspirations, and increased sensitiveness; and slight
errors in diet, excitement, exposure to cold, or changes of
vv(;ather, produce severe pains in one or more joints, resembling
the b(;ginning of an acute attack of gout, but which is never
fully developed. There may also be gout in the stomach, in
the heart, in the brain, and other internal organs, but such
compile;' tions are rare.

\n attack of acute gout is one of the most painful affec-
tions which the liuman body endures. " A person of full
habit and easy circumstances, a free liver, complains for some
ilays of diminished a})petite, of somnolence, and of inaptitude
of the mind ; usually of jovial disposition, he becomes irasci-
ble, and the urine is found to deposit a red or brick-dust sedi-
ment. On the day of the attack, however, these precursory
symptoriS subside. He retires at night and sleeps tranquilly ;
but toward two or three o'clock in the morning he awakes
with a sensation of pain in one of the great-toes. He changes
the position of his foot, hoi)ing to obtain rt^lief, but no ameli-
oratitMi follows ; the pain increases slowly but surely in se-
verity, till, finally, the touch of the covering is unbearable, and
the slightest j-ir of the room or bed aggravates the pain, which
he comjjares to a nail being driven into the joint, to tearing
asundc of the ligaments, to the clinching of a vice at the
utmost pressure — in short, exhausts the vocabulary of painful
comparisons. The skin is hot, the pulse bounding. Toward
mornhiM' the pain moderates, and when day dawns he feels
little or no pul.s,, and passes a comparatively easy day. The
seat ot the pa-n Is red and swollen. Toward evening, how-
ever, the pain recommences, and during the night the previous
tortures arc repeated, again to subside in the morning. x\nd
each night, for as many as eight nights it may be, these pains

recur.

»»

In this disease there is always a condition known as the
"uricMCid diathesis;" the blo:)d is charged with uric arid, but

THERAPEUTICS.

3 into which
11 ; an enfce-
ss, dyspepsia,
ss; and sliglit
r changes of
:s, resemblin<r
hich is never
c stomach, in
ans, but such

painful affee-

erson of full

ains for some

of inaptitude

3C()mes irasci-

:ick-dust sedi-

se precursory

ps tranquilly ;

\g he awakes

He changes

but no ameli-

surely in se-

jearable, and

e pain, which

, to tearing

vice at the

ry of painful

ng. Toward

wns he feels

y day. The

vening, liow-

the previous

ning. And

these pains

uown as the
uio acid, but

whether it is the primary cause, or only a phenomenon in the
course of the disease, is unknown. The burden of testimony
points to the excess of uric acid as the cause, this excess,
however, depending on a disturbance in the processes of as-
similation. The patient seems to do well as long as the uric
acid is freely excreted by the kidneys ; but when the urinif-
erous tubules are plugged by deposits of urat'^s, and the How
of urine is impeded, an attack of gout is the result.

In treating this malady by mineral waters, an imperative
rule is, that waters should only he used daring intervals of the
attdck^ and as far distant from a preceding or succeeding at-
tack as we can determine.

For the acute or regular gout, the alkaline icaters arc pref-
erable to all others, those rich in carbonate of soda. Former-
ly, a chemical theory obtained that the alkalies neutralized the
excess of uric acid present; but this has long since been aban-
doned. The tendency of these waters is to lessen the severity
of the attacks and lengthen the interval between them ; but,
il" continued too long, there is great danger that regular gout
may be converted into the chronic form, or that some impor-
tant internal organ may become the seat of the disease. Trous-
seau tells us : " I know of no medication more perilous than
tliat of these waters" (Carlsbad, Vichy, Vals, etc.), "adminis-
tered without reserve, without discernment, without regard to
individual conditions of health, of the form of the gout, with-
out attention whether the paroxysm has been long enough
past, or whether a new attack is imminent. . . . Are you to
understand by this that I proscribe their employment ? As-
suredly, no; and I believe, with M. Durand-P^'ardel, in llieir
cllicacious action, but within a restricted limit. As a general
rule, alkaline Avaters should not be taken more than ten or
twelve days in succession, and in very small quantities at a
time. It is a good plan to return to the spring each month
for the time that I have mentioned." ' Tliis method of using
waters is, however, impracticable for most persons. It shows,
at leaat. w^ith how great circumspection their action should

> " CUiiiqiio Modicale," tome 111., p. 857.

11 ■

t i ■

MINERAL SPKINGS.

be guarded in this disease. Authorities agree on this point:
Whoever i)ursues a course of alkaline waters, should be cau-
tioned not to deluge the system with the water, but to drink
with great moderation ; three ordinary glasses per day of the
stronger waters being amj)ly suflicient. rro(|uently, one or
two seasons of these waters will render a gouty subject com-
paratively free from attacks, provided the person is exceed-
ingly cautious in his table habits, eating meat but once a day,
not partaking of wine or beer, and restricting his diet cliielly
to vegetables and sou{)S. While taking alkaline waters, it is
not iniusual for a moderate paroxysm of gout to be excited.
In this, however, there is no cause for alarm, a temporary sus-
pension of the water being all that is indicated.

In regular gout the use of baths is contra-indicated as a
rule. Durand-Fardel says : " The treatment of acute gout is
altogether internal; however, baths maybe employed in the
absence of all actual manifestations of gout, and provided
there is no tendency to iiTcgular manifestations of the malady
toward the head or chest. . . . The usage of douches is
always to be dreaded." '

In chronic gout saline waters are indicated, those rich in
chloride of sodium. And in this condition the same care in
the ure. of waters is to be observed as in regular gout. The
saline waters are especially useful in lymphatic temperaments.

The favorable effects of the classes of waters named, in
relieving gout, is supjDosed by Niemeyer to depend on the re-
duction of plethora due to a misproportion between supply
and demand in the body, " whether the plethora depend solely
on hypertrophy of the blood, i. e., an increase of its cellular
elements, and a certain density of the intercellular substance
(the scrum of the blood), or on an accompanying absolute in-
crease of the amount of blood contained in the body. It is
verv interestine: to note that the beneficial effect of these nat-
lU'al mineral waters on plethora, which has been long known,
and which far exceeds that of ordinary water, agrees w itli the
observations of C. Schmidt and Vogel, according to which the

> " Dictlonnaire des Eaux Mlniniles," tome ii., p, 8P.

THERAPEUTICS.

tlik point:
)n]cl be cau-
jiit to tlriiik
r day ol" the
litly, one or
subject com-
1 is e.xeecd-
once a day,

diet chielly
waters, it is
• be excited,
nporary sus-

amount of albumen in the scrum of the blood is inversely pro-
portional to the amount of salt." '

In cases of anomalous or atonic gout, those presenting
general cachexia, the reducing course of treatment should be
abandoned. The patient may take more freely of nutriment,
and a little wine may be permitted. The waters then indi-
cated are the chalybeates, or the chloride of sodium waters,
containing considerable iron. The author just quoted says:
" It is always better to let the patient use the ferruginous al-
kaline-saline and alkaline-muriatic mineral waters, such as
Eger, Kissingen, or Ilomburg, than to prescribe simple ferru-
gnious waters or preparations of iron." H<' adds: "In the
later stages of the disease, the akrato-thermal springs — Wild-
bad, Gastein, Pfiiffers, etc. [hot waters, containing but a very
small proportion of ingredients — W.], are very serviceable.
We may have the patient drink of these waters and bathe in
them ; perhaps the infarctions obstructing the tubules may be
carried away by the former, and the kidneys washed out, as it
were ; while the latter have the most beneficial effect on the in-
flammation of the joints." ' In using these last-named waters
in this stage of the disease, we should remember the tendency
of the malady, when too much interfered with, to leave the
joints and attack some more vital part, and their effects should
therefore be closely scrutinized.

With the precautions mentioned, thermal waters in the
form of baths and douches may be employed with great bene-
fit for the purpose of removing gouty deposits.

Sf/phills. — For this frightful disease, the ravages of which
are so much to be dreaded, there is no absolute cure. If men
knew the perils of the disease, they would perhaps more care-
fully guard against the contraction of a malady which often
lenders old age a burden, and manifests its effects even to
eliildren's children. We have said there is no absolute cure —
no condition in which we can say the patient will never have
symptoms of the virus which has penetrated his system ; nev-
ertheless, under the use of proper remedies, the patient may,

' " Text- Book of Medicine," Aiiicrleau edition, vol. il., p. 5()4. ^ Ibid, vol. ii., p. 505.

t '

' ni

Hit;

^am*

-i *

1 ,

1 'i!

, (

,1 . ' 1

. 1

ill

■ 'ill '^ il

illi!

MINERAL SPRINGS.

to all external appearance, be entirely cured, and may suffer
little inconvenience from the disease.

What is the value of mineral waters in this disease ? Ri-
cord has affirmed that mineral waters are insufficient by them-
selves to arrest the progress of the syphilitic virus ; and this
view is sanctioned by the most competent observers — Vidal,
Sigmund, Michaelis, Constantin James, and Durand-Fardel.
All, however, agree that in many instances they are a valuable
auxiliary; that in certain cases the action of anti-syphilitic
remedies is thereby rendered more reliable ; that while using
mineral waters the system is much more tolerant of the action
of these medicines; and that ill effects from the previous im-
proper use of them are obviated. An additional value of
mineral waters, especially the sulphur-waters, in this disease,
is as a diagnostic criterion. While using them it frequently
occurs that persons who considered themselves free from the
disease, have observed with alarm the appearance of the old
malady in the form of skin-disease. It seems that, however
latent the disease, its manifestation is developed by sulphur-
waters; and, as a rule, persons suspected of syphilis, who
pursue a course of these waters without any symptoms super-
vening, may be considered free from the disease. But in this,
as in many medical problems, we do not arrive at mathemati-
cal certainty. Ricord tells us there are instances of persons
following a complete course of mineral-water treatment with-
out any trace of the disease being manifested, and yet the
following summer there has been a reappearance of the symp-
toms.

All classes of mineral waters have been used in the treat-
ment of syphilis ; and, doubtless, they have proved useful, in
greater or less degree, by their alterative action, in conjunc-
tion with other medicines. Durand-Fardel says : "It appears
beyond question that the association of mineral waters with
specific medication is well adapted to overcome the resistance
which the morbid constitution of some individuals oppose
thereto. Most frequently tliis is a state of anaemia and gen-
eral debility — a mingled consequence of the disease and the

TIIEUAPEUTICS.

treatment, in fjico of which the mercurials and iodide of potas-
sium are inactive or dan<^(!rou8. ... W c will with dirticulty
lind a better combination of agencies capable of restorinj;^ the
or^'-.inism enfeebled by the diathesis, or under the })rolonged
iiithicnce of alteratives. The adjoinin*^ circumstances of alti-
tude — air and sunli<2;ht — add to the I'emedial elFicacy of tlu;
sit/phu)'02fs nud c/iluride oj' sodlton waters, already indicated.
We a.lude neither the marine treatment; neither mother-
waters (concentrated saline waters); neither the processes of
hydrotherajiy. The internal use of chalybeate waters, and
of those which, as Challes, Saxon, or Wildegg, are sensibly
ioilurated, recommends itself in certain conditions."*

The method of treatment which has received most favor in
this country, when springs are resorted to, is that by hot baths.
Tins manner of elimination, by exciting all the emunctories of
the system in an unusual degree, highly commends itself. In
this way changes of tissue are wrought in a few weeks that
would otherwise require years ; and, along with the ilehri.'^^
the syphilitic poison is expelled. And, when sulphur and sa-
line watcib are employed, the hot bath cannot well be dis-
pensed with ; indeed, at all springs where this disease is
treated, it is an important auxiliary. The various highly-min-
eralized waters wdiicli are efficacious, probably act by the force
that is imparted to specific medicines already absorbed in pre-
vious courses of treatment.

Metallic I*olsoim}g. — Workers in various metals are sub-
ject to various symptoms, both, of the digestive and nervous
systems, due to the slow absorption of the metal through the
skin and lungs, producing a condition of chronic poisoning.
Painter's colic is an ordinary form of this poisoning by lead,
wliile that form of paralysis, known as " wrist-drop," is a fur-
tiier development of the disease. We may also class certain
cases of syphilis that have been ovcrtreated by mercurials un-
der this head.

The waters which prove most efficacious in these conditions
are those of the sidj^hur class ; and, if they be thermal^ so that

1 Op. cit., tome ii., pp. &13, 811

I!' -'11
■ 1

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)

r/.

1.0

I.I

11.25

■ 22

lit Bi
u US
I lii |2.0

'\^

^>.

Hiotographic

Sciences
Corporation

33 WEST MAIN STRIET

WEKSTIR.N.Y. MStO

(/I6) •72-4S03

MINERAL SPRINGS.

the elimination of the metal may be aided by hot baths, sa
much the more are they appropriate. As a subsequent meas-
ure in anaemic and debilitated patients, the chalybeate icaters
will frequently prove beneficial.

Diabetes Mellitus. — Not every case in which sugar is found
in the urine is a true case of diabetes mellitus ; for there are
sometimes healthy persons in whom a small proportion of su-
gar in the urine is an occasional condition ; but they present
none of the early characteristics of the disease — such as in-
creased thirst, passage of immoderate quantities of urine, ex-
aggeration of appetite, and feebleness of vision.

When, however, we have to do with a clear case of sac-
charine diabetes, what is the value of mineral waters in the
treatment? We answer that, in many instances, they are un-
equivocal, though, at the same time, it must be added that as
far as observed they are but palliative. The waters which
have given evidence of utility are the alkaline and calcic
waters — those rich in carbonates of soda, magnesia, etc. The
treatment by alkaline waters has been followed with much ad-
vantage for many years at Vichy, in France, and Karlsbad, in
Germany. Of the alkaline-saline thermals of Karlsbad, Nie-
meyer says : " In our present state of knowledge, a course of
waters at Karlsbad is the measure which should deserve the
chief reliance as a remedy for diabetes mellitus." *

During the use of these waters the quantity of sugar ex-
creted Iz remarkably diminished, and all trace sometimes dis-
appears; the inordinate thirst is also relieved, and the patient
improves in strength. By successive seasons at these springs,
together with proper attention to diet and exercise, the course
of the malady has been stayed for years. Neither should bal-
neary measures be omitted — a course of baths stimulating the
functions of the skin proves a valuable adjunct. In this coun-
try the same beneficial results have followed the use of alka-
line and calcic waters ; and this has led proprietors of recently-
discovered springs to exaggerate their efficacy in this disease.
Fjct it be understood, however^ that positive relief may be ob-

1 "Text-Book of Modlclno," American edition, vol. 11., p. 769.

THERAPEUTICS.

tained by alkaline waters more certainly than by any other
remedy. But we should not forget that the administration of
the alkaline remedies of the shops sometimes procures similar
results, though not equally satisfactory.

These waters are only to be resorted to in the first and
second stages of the disease, before pulmonary phthisis or
other profound lesions complicate the case. When these su-
pervene, the malady is beyond the resource of medical art.

Intermittent Fever. — There is no evidence showing that
the paroxj'sms of intermittent fever can be arrested by the use
of mineral waters. In cases of paludal cachexia, however, they
may modify the general condition of the system, so that appro-
priate remedies will readily yield the desired result. Under
their use the chronic engorgements of the liver and spleen,
produced by repeated paroxysms, are often entirely relieved.
The waters most highly recommended are the alkaline — those
strong in alkr.iine carbonates ' — and containing a certain propor-
tion of iron. Saline waters also produce favorable results ; hot
baths, in some instances, change an obstinate quartan or septan
into a tertian, which readily yields to the usual treatment.

Chronic Dysentery. — Probably no country has ever known
more of this terrible disease than our own — a disease that,
during the late war, decimated the forces by invalidism and
death, and sent many home to linger through a life of anxiety
and pain — some of whom are living at this day, continually
liarassed by the malady.

The disease in the army was due to exposure, fatigue, pal-
udal miasm, and a diet devoid of fresh meat and vegetables.
The effect of miasm and a scorbutic diet has been clearly de-
monstrated. But, after the patient is entirely removed from
the influence of these productive causes, there remains an ul-
cerated, inflamed, and irritable condition of the colon, which
continues almost indefinitely. This same irritable and ulcer-
ated condition of the colon sometimes occurs in civil life as a
sequel of acute dysentery. The milder forms, unaccompanied
by ulceration, are known as chronic diarrhoea.

» Troussenn'a " CHnlqno Mc'dlcale," tome HI., p. 5T.

MINERAL SPRINGS.

ill

The treatment of this disease has proved exceedingly un-
satisfactory ; many drugs giving temporary relief, but a slight
cold or error in diet bringing ii back with its former force.
Tlie ulcerated and inflamed surfaces are in the condition of a
chronic ulcer, externally, which may for a time be inactive,
but does not heal. Many mineral waters in this country are
claimed to be a remedy for this condition. Those, however,
which possess the most unequivocal testimony in their favor
are the so-called alum-waters of Virginia, which are well
worthy of trial in a disease so diflicult of cure.

Anasarca^ or dropsy, not being a disease, but a symptom
of disease, it is not necessary to treat of it separately. It may
be remedied, in some instances, by waters that relieve the con-
dition on which it depends.

Cancer. — There is no reliable record of cure of this dis-
ease by mineral waters, though there are undoubted instances
of considerable amelioration of symptoms. Cases of lupus
and chronic ulcers have no doubt healed under their use, and
hence has arisen the claim of cure for cancer. The waters
which have attracted most attention in this disease are those
of Sheldon, Vermont. Under the description of these waters
this question is discussed.

Scrofula. — In this malady, or class of maladies, tV.e best
authorities bear uniform testimony in favor of the value of
mineral waters. There arc two classes of scrofulous persons ;
those of slender frame, with accelerated pulse and overactive
nervous system, and those who are clumsy and thick-set, with
enlargea nose and upper lip, and in whom the adipose tissue
is strongly developed, the heart-action slow, and the nervous
system obtuse. It is to this last class that mineral waters are
best adapted.

First among vraters for the relief of scrofula are the saline.
Durand-Fardel says: "It is necessary to thoroughly under-
stand the following rule of practice. Whenever we wish to
remedy profound and confirmed scrofulous affections, such as
show the constitutional dyscrasia in the most unmistakable
manner, it is to waters strongly mineralized by chloride of

I t

TIIERAPEUTICS.

sodium that wc must resort." ' These waters are used botli
internally and in the fomi of baths. The strong brine-bath,
formed by concentration of saline waters, is especially useful.
Speaking of these baths, after giving the indications for cod-
liver oil, Niemeyer says : " It is far more difficult to furnich
definite instructions for the use of the brine-baths, whose anti-
SiM-ofulous virtues enjoy a reputation almost as great as that
of cod-liver oil. We know too little about the action of these
baths, and about the effect which they produce upon nutrition,
and the advantages derived from the salt, iodine, and bromine,
which they contain, to enable us to determine upon theoreti-
cal principles where they are indicated, and where they are
unlikely to do good. . . . Hence there is no resource but
to send persons who have in vain tried cod-liver oil, and other
anti-scrofukus remedies, to Kreutznach, Ischel, Kosen, or Wit-
tckind, or some similar watering-place, in the hope that they
may be among those to whom the baths will exhibit their anti-
scrofulous virtues, which are by no means illusory." '

Sea-bathhig also enters appropriately into the treatment
of certain conditions of scrofulous habit. Here the action is
complex, for, adjoined to immersion in the saline waters of
the ocean, we have the continuous inhalation of sea-air. Sea-
baths seem best adapted to those conditions in which the
scrofulous diathesis is not fully developed. When the dys-
crasia is well marked, and inveterate local manifestations are
exhibited, they do not answer so good a purpose.

Salphur-watera are deemed especially applicable to those
forms of scrofula accompanied by lesions of the skin, known as
scrofulides. For these scrofulous diseases of the skin Hardy
tells us, " in the form of baths mineral waters possess a happy
influence ; the sulphur-waters, and, above all, those which are
very rich in sulphur ; good success is also obtained by the
bromo-iodatf d waters." *

In tlus country, besides waters of the classes nameil, the

• " DicUonnalre Q6n6ralo dos Eaiix Mincralcs," tome li., p. 749.
' "Toxt-Book of Medicine," American edition, vol. 11, p. 747.
' "Leyons «ur la Scrofulc et les ScroftiHdes," Paris, 1864, p, 91.

MINERAL SPRINGS.

Rockbridge Alum and the He&ling Springs of Virginia enjoy
considerable and well-deserved reputation in the treatment
of scrofula. The last-named is especially adapted to those
cases accompanied with ulceration of the skin or mucous
membrane.

In the cure of scrofula by mineral waters, a cure cannot be
accomplished by a short season of two or three weeks. It is
frequently necessary to remain at the springs for two or three
months, and perhaps to return the succeeding season to com-
plete the cure.

Anmmia is the condition in which the red globules of the
blood are diminished in quantity, and the other constituents
are altered in character. It is not a disease in itself, but the
result of many morbid conditions, especially such as prevail in
numerous chronic diseases. Whenever the treatment of anne-
mia is the prominent indication in the course of a chronic disease,
chalyheate waters should be selected, choosing those which,
because of the additional constituents besides the iron, are ap-
plicable to the cure of the disease by which anajmia has been
induced.

Chlorosis. — This condition is to be distinguished from
anaemia, associated with other diseases, such as phthisis pul-
monalis, albuminuria, dyspepsia, syphilis, etc. The deficiency
of the cellular elements of the blood — the red blood-globules —
is the prominent characteristic, the number decreasing so that
they may not amount to one-half the usual quantity, while the
other elements of the blood remain normal. In anaemia, as a
result of disease, not only is the number of globules reduced,
but the constituents of the blood are altered in character and
quantity. Chlorosis is essentially a disease of early woman-
hood, and is in some unknown way connected with the pro-
cess of development. The skin and mucous membranes are
of a pallid hue, accompanied in some instances by a yellow-
ish or greenish tint. The remedy above all others is iron,
and, when it in desirable to send patients suffering from this
disease to the springs, the chalyheate waters are to be chosen.
The change of scene, and air and exercise, associated with a

TUERAPEUTICS.

season at the springs, contribute largely to the effect of the
waters. Sea-bathing is also of marked utility in these cases,

DISEASES OF TUB NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Hem iplegia, or paralysis of one side of the body from cere-
bral apoplexy, is one of the most frequent forms of paralysis.
The recovery in these cases is a work of Nature, md not of
medicine, though by the proper use of mineral waters the pro-
cess m«.y be aided in some instances. Aftei a'n apoplectic at-
tack, not severe enough to destroy life, the communication
between the brain and muscles is interrupted by the blood-clot
pressing upon the intervening nervous filaments, or one side
of the brain itself may be so pressed upon that impulse is not
generated, and, as a consequence, we have entire suspension
of motion of that portion of the body over which the impli-
cated structures preside. Sensation is also abolished. Soon
after the first effects of the apoplectic seizure have passed
away, including the inflammatory fever, which is a result of
the injury to the brain-substance, the condition of the patient
begins slowly to improve, the more fluid portions of the clot
are gradually absorbed, the pressure on the nerve-filaments
is lessened, and, as a result, sensation is perhaps altogether
restored, and motion partially. This process occupies months.
At a certain point, however, the improvement ceases, the fluid
portions of the clot have been absorbed, and there remains a
shrunken nodule which is but slightly susceptible of absorjH
tion. It is just at this point that mineral waters may prove
useful. By promoting metamorphosis of tissue, they may still
further advance the absorptive process. For this purpose
saline waters are preferred, with common consent, for, while
they promote the process of resolution, they do not stimulate
the nerve-centres, as is the case with strong sulphur-waters.*
Waters feebly mineralized, and of elevated temperature, also
produce good results in hemiplegia. In commending these
thermal waters^ Niemeyer says : " We must not hope that the
destroyed filaments of the brain will be restored by the use

> " Dicttonnalre G6ii6rale dcs Earn Mindrales " tomo ii., p. 498.
5

MINERAL SPRINGS.

Ilfl

III

i I til i

of these waters, but experience shows that, at these places
(Wildbud, Gastein,PfaflFers),both cerebral and spinal paralysis
often improve ; probably this improvement is due to the favor-
able influence of the baths on the inflammation about the clot,
and on that portion of the paralysis due to it." '

Mineral waters should not, then, be resorted to soon after
an apoplectic seizure, but a certain length of time should
elapse. As a general rule, about the fifth or sixth month after
the attack is the most favorable time for the use of mineral
waters.' In this disease waters are used both internally and
externally. The nearer to the attack the stronger is the indi-
cation for the internal use of waters, and more especially the
laxative salines. In this manner it may be hoped that absorp-
tion will be advanced. Later, however, when all that can be
gained in this way has been obtained, warm douches should
bo employed, expecting thereby to stimulate the peripheric
nerves and arouse the inactive muscles. Nothing, however, is
to be gained when the hemiplegic paralysis is of some years'
standing, and the muscles will not respond to the stimulation
of the electric current.

Paraplegia.^ or loss of motion in the lower extremities, is
due either to functional derangement or organic disease of the
spinal cord, li is in the first form only that we are to expect
' favorable results from treatment by mineral waters. "When
paraplegia is a result of rheumatism, syphilis, venereal excess,
or chronic metallic poisoning, we may expect some s iccess
from their use. In the paraplegia consecutive to accouche-
ment. Prof. Siebold strongly recommends the wafers of TOp-
litz, in Bohemia (thermal waters, from 100° to 130° Fahr.).

The waters which have proved most efficacious in paraple-
gia are those of the thermal class. They are used both as a
l)ath and douche. The mode of employing the waters of
Wildbad, in Austi'ia (91° to 100° Fahr.), in paraplegia, is thus
described by Constantin James : " They first administer baths
of from ten to fifteen minutes ; then tiiey augment tlie dura-

> "Tex' Book of Medicine," vol. ii., p. 202.

3 " Guide aux Eaux Miin'i-ales," Constantin James, p. 410.

ii.

THERAPEUTICS.

tion so as finally to arrive at baths oi an hour, which, how-
ever, they shorten or suspend altogether the moment symptoms
of -eaction are manifest. It is usually between the first and
second week that benefit commences to be experienced. At
this period they sometimes begin the use of the douche, of
wliich the volume and the fall should poss. ss but a very feeble
den-ree of percussion. By the discreet application of the
douche, the good effects of the waters are much aided." *

In paraplegia due to syphilis, or chronic metallic poisoning,
we iKuy appropriately apply those thermal waters which, be-
sides heat, contain ingredients that act directly in eliminating
the original cause of the disease.

It is perhaps best to repeat that paraplegia is only bene-
fited when there is no organic lesion of the spinal cord. If
the muscles of a paraplegic do not respond on testing them
with the electric current, and the limbs are diminished in size,
we can hope for no remedial effect from mineral waters.

Locomotor ataxia is characterized by an inability to prop-
erly control the movements of the limbs in walking, though
muscular force remains. It is due to organic changes in the
posterior columns of the lower portion of the spinal cord, and
is little influenced in its unfavorable course by treatment of
any kind. Trousseau, however, recommends sulphur-hatha^
and Nieraeyer favors thermal waters^ not with expectation of
cure, but as giving relief. Niemeyer says: ** There is no
c!(jubt that tabes patients have been decidedly benefited by
tlie treatment at these places (Wildbad^ Gastein, Ragaz, PfUf-
fcis, Toplitz, etc.)." '

Keuralgia, — In the treatment of neuralgia we have fre-
quently to do with what may be termed a neuralgic constitu-
tion — one in which the nerves are in an irritable state, and
r;\'idily impressed by external influences. This nervous condi-
tion is almost invariably accompanied by an asthenic state of
the system ; and, that we may relieve the neuralgias to which

» "Guide aiix Eaux Min^irales," p. 244.
* " CUnlque M6dlcale," tome U., p. 550
3 "Text-Book of Medicine,"' American edition, vol. 11., p. 2T«.

i. !i

MINERAL SPRINGS.

these persons are subject, we must address our remedies to
the general condition. For this purpose, light, air, and exer-
cise, are exceedingly important. And to these we may add the
use of baths and mineral waters, by no moans second in im-
portance. The thermal waters are those which most frequently
produce favorable results ; not those of a high degree of heat,
but such as are of moderate temperature, and where there are
facilities for taking prolonged warm baths and douches of
varying temperature. It should be added, however, that in
some atonic cases most benefit is derived from a sudden and
short immersion in a cold bath, or by the use of transition
douches. Chalybeate waters are also valuable in anscmic cases.
Sea-baths prove exceedingly efibctive in many instances.

The various local neuralgias, such as facial, brachial, and
sciatic, are often dependent on rheumatism, syphilis, or metal-
lic poisoning. It is in rheumatismal cases that the best results
are obtained ; and indeed it is the cure of these cases that has
given to many thermal springs the great reputation they pos-
sess in this disease. When the neuralgia is a result of syphilis,
we treat this condition ; and when it arises from metallic poi-
soning, the sulphur-waters are of decided benefit. A favorite
and valuable method of treating sciatic neuralgia is by the
warm or hot douche. Especially has this proved beneficial
when there is chronic inflammation of the nerve or nerve-
sheaths.

HYSTERIA^

This disease is too often considered by the laity as a whim
of a foolish woman, instead of a derangement of the nervous
system, which it really is. Of the many kinds of treatment
to which we are frequently compelled to resort, that of a
sojourn at an appropriate watering-place afibrds hope of relief.
If the patient be chlorotic, she should be recommended to
chalybeate waters^ especially those where, by their elevated
temperature, there are facilities for pursuing a course of baths.
Sulphur waters also prove beneficial, by their reconstituent
property, choosing those which are sedative in action and are

or nerve-

THERAPEUTIOS. |fl

adapted for bathing. The prominent advantages of a life at
the sea-side and sea-bathing should not be forgotten.

HYrOCIIONDRIA.

Those who have had occasion to treat this disease are
well aware of the many dilemmas in which we are placed, in
order to satisfy the craving of the patient for something new
in the way of treatment, and at the same time to prescribe a
remedy that may really tend toward removing the malady.
Under such circumstances, we may recommend these prtients
to certain mineral springs with the expectation that they will
be benefited, temporarily, at least. The waters that prove
most useful are the saline and purgative waters. They should
be rich in carbonic acid, so that they agree with the stomach.
Their efficacy depends on their favorable influence on engorged
abdominal viscera, which frequently occupy a causative rela-
tion to this disease. When dyspepsia forms a prominent feat-
ure, the saline waters are to be preferred. Niemeyer says :
"The benefit often derived from the springs of Karlsbad,
Marienbad, and Kissingen [purgative and saline waters — W.],
in the treatment of this affection, is no doubt mainly due to the
beneficial effect exerted by these waters upon diseases of the
gastric organs, which so frequently prove a source of hypochon-
driasis." *

DISEASES OF THE HEABT.

This class is named only to remark that organic lesions or
clianges of the heart are in no wise relieved by mineral wa-
ters ; on the contrary, there is so much danger from their use
that, as a rule, they should be avoided. Functional derange-
ments, however, such as palpitation, are frequently relieved,
not by any direct action upon the heart, but hy their favorable
influence on the malady on which palpitation depends, as dys-
pepsia, anajraia, chlorosis, etc.

DISEASES OP THE RESriRATORY SYSTEM.

Chronic Laryngitis. — ^This disease is otherwise known as

» Op. oit^ vol IL, p. 898.

ii,: •■

1 ,

i 1 ' '' ■'

1 1"

If If:^'^'

'i!tl

MINERAL SPRINGS

clergyman? s sore-throaty chronic laryngeal catarrh^ etc. It is
characterized by a chronic inflammution of the mucous mem-
brane lining the pliarynx and larynx. The secretion from this
membrane may be increased in quantity, but vitiated, becom-
ing an acrid and viscid discharge, or it may be almost entirely
suspended, causing the throat to feel exceedingly dry and un-
comfortable. The mucous membrane also becomes thickened,
the vocal cords included, and a harsh and hoarse voice is pro-
duced, or it may be almost altogether lost. The disease usually
commences in the pharynx, and extends to the larynx. It is,
however, seldom noticed in the early stages, as, until the voice
begins to be involved, the patient is seldom alarmed.

In this disease mineral waters occupy a deservedly high
position as a curative agent. Those most frequently useful
are the sulphur-waters rich in sodium, and the alkaline waters
rich in chloride of sodium. In speaking of Eaux Bonnes, typ-
ical waters of the sulphuretted-sodium kind, Durand-Fardel
observes : "A long experience has proved that their usage, al-
most exclusively internal, in doses progressively increasing,
produces happy effects, especially in lymphatic subjects slightly
impressionable, and when the aflFection assumes a passive
character." * Gibb also testifies in favor of these waters, espe-
cially in very chronic cases." The use of this class of waters,
in the form of spray projected against the posterior wall of
the pharynx or directly into the larynx, also exercises a bene-
ficial eflfect.

Concerning the alkaline chloride-of-sodium waters, we can-
not do better than quote the remarks of Niemeyer at length :

" The use of the alkaline muriatic mineral waters (SUuer-
linge, Halloid salts) has an unmistakable influence upon the
course of many cases of chronic laryngeal catarrh, which, un-
foi'tunately, cannot as yet be distinguished from the cases in
which it fails. For this mode of cure it is better to send the
patient to such places as Ems, Obcrsalzbrunnen, or Gleichen-
berg, and, only when his means will not permit him to do oth-

> " Dlctionnairo des Eaux Minerales," tomo il., p. 247.

' " Diseases of the Throat and Windpipe." London, 18t>l, p. 14.

THERAPEUTICS

crwisc, to allow him to use seltzcr-watcr or one of the so-called
iiiinoral waters, as a cure at home. We may lot him drifiktho
Ems i)r Kesselbrunnen water, or the KrJlhnchen of Ems, on the
spot, as they have respectively a temperature of 117° Fahr.,
and 90° Fahi., without the addition of warm milk or warm
\\\\cy ; in order to warm tliem, it is better to mix the Obersalz-
bninneii or the imported Ems water, with equal parts of hot
milk. That the far more customary addition of whey should
have any real advantage over that of milk is at least doubt-
ful. The ' well-prepared whey ' at celebrated watering-places —
furnished generally by a * Swiss,* and, if possible, by an Apcn-
zeller in his national costume — so much lauded in the news-
papers and bath journals, and to which often more credit is
given than the springs themselves, is merely milk minus cheese,
and can hardly effect more than the milk from which the cheese
has not been eliminated. It is only in the somewhat rare cases
in which milk is not well borne by the patient, while the whey
is bonic well or better, that I allow the latter to be added to
the mineral water instead.

" Several hypotheses have been advanced as to the action
of the alkaline-muriatic mineral waters. The fact that the
aslios of the mucus are richer in salt (chloride of sodium) than
the ashes of the blood, and that mucus becomes less tenacious
upon the addition of salt, seems certainly to indicate that salt
plays an important rdle in the formation of mucus, but it by
no means justifies the conclusion that the use of salt effects a
cure or more rapid resolution of the catarrhal process.

" In other quarters (Sprengler) the principal importance has
been attributed to the amount of alkaline carbonates contained
ill these mineral waters, and depending on an observation of
Virchoid's^ according to which, very dilute solutions of alka-
lies are capable of exciting the ciliary movements in epithelium.
They assert, in explanation of the beneficial action of the waters
in question, that their use reestablishes the extinguished or re-
pressed ciliary vibrations. Grave objections may be brought
against this explanation of the action of the saline waters,
vvhicli is not merely palliative, but in many cases absolutely

MINERAL SPRINGS.

4»
"5i

i|ii

curative, and we must be content with the empirical fact that
the springs of Ems, Obersalzbrunnen, and Selters [alkaline
and alkaline-saline waters — W.], have often alleviated or cured
chronic laryngeal catarrh ; the cold sulphur-springs, too (such
as those of Weilbach, in the dukedom of Nassau, of Eilsen, in
the principality of Schamburg-Lippe, of Langenbrllcken, in the
graau-dakedom of Baden), which we usually make use of like
those of Obersalzbrunnen and Selters, mixed with warm milk
or whey. The sulphur-springs, also, of the Pyrenees, above all
Eaux Bonnes, are, with good reason, in repute in the treatment
of chronic laryngitis. Our conjectures as to the modus ope-
randi of these waters are as yet vague and untenable ; a matter,
however, far less to be regretted than the fact that we have no
criterion whereby to predetermine the cases in which relief
may be expected, and those in which they do no good." *

Associated with consumption there is sometimes a chronic
laryngitis, frequently accompanied by ulcerations, known as
laryngeal phthisis. In these cases temporary relief is some-
times obtained by the moderate use of the above-mentioned
waters with warm milk. It should be remembered, however,
that the use of mineral waters in large quantities is injurious
in cases of phthisis pulmonalis.

Chronic Pharyngitis. — This is the same disease as that
above described, the seat being, however, limited to the phar-
ynx. The treatment by mineral waters is the same as indicated
in chronic laryngitis.

Chronic bronchitis. — When bronchitis has continued for
a long time, assuming the form known as chronic bronchial
catarrh^ or hronchorrhoea^ marked relief is frequently obtained
by the use of appropriate mineral waters.

The persons, however, in whom chronic bronchitis occurs
may be divided into three classes, the scrofulous, the lymphatic,
and the dartrous, or those who have a constitutional teiideucjy
to non-spccifio skin-disease. All authorities agree that sul-
I)hur-v, aters arc especially adapted to the catarrhs of lymphatic
constitutions, and the more lymphatism is developed the more

» "Text-Book of Medicine," American oAltlon, vol. 1., pp. 10-12.

THERAPEUTICS.

certainly are sulphur-waters indicated. But if the patient is
not of the lymphatic type, and, on the contrary, is of a san-
gui or irritable temperament, and the cough torments by its:
frequency, the calming or sedative waters, associated with
temperate baths, are indicated. Of waters adapted to this
condition, the Red Sulphur, in Virginia, may be mentioned.
If the patient is of the decidedly scrofulous type, then sul-
phur-waters rich in chloride of sodium, the saline sulphur-
traters, should find preference. When the catarrhal condition
is allied to the dartrous, or herpetic diathesis, the indication is
still to use sulphur-waters ; but care should be taken to rec-
ommend those which are notably sulphurous, and, at the same
time, a somewhat active course of bathing should be pursued.

Soon after commencing a course of sulphur-waters the
malady is frequently aggravated, and some authorities have
tliouglit this necessary to the relief of the disease. It is
probable, however, that this is but a result of the general ex-
citement usually produced by sulphur-waters, and in no way
necessary to the treatment. Indeed, when it appears, it is an
indication for the temporary suspension of the water or dimi-
nution in the quantity taken. In this connection, Duiand-
Fardel says : " But we believe, in the generality of cases, it is
more frequently a result of the treatment thaa a means of
cure. That which tends to prove this is, that many catarrhal
affections are cured without showing appreciable signs of
excitation, and that the treatment is often successfully applied
in the absence of catarrhal conditions at the time." *

Asthma. — The cases of this disease may be divided into
two classes — the humid, accompanied by chronic catarrh, and
tlie dry, or purely nervous. The last-named cases are not
hciiofitcd by mineral waters, and the former only inasmuch as
tlie disease is associated with chronic bronchitis. It is the
favorable action of mineral waters on tliis conjoined (iondition
that sometimes affords relief in these cases. It should, how-
ever, be remembered that no case of asthma should be sub-
jected to the use of mineral waters, without a thorough exam-

' " Diction nalro Oenoralo des Eaux Mliicrales," toiiie I., p. 89i.

MINERAL SPRINGS.

I' <i

ination to determine whether general emphysema, or organic
disease of the heart or large blood-vessels exists, either of
which is sufficient reason for advising against the use of min-
eral waters. It may be added that cases of nervous asthma
are sometimes relieved on resorting to springs ; this is due,
however, to a change of residence.

Consumption, — True phthisis pulmonalis is so little amen-
able to treatment by mineral waters, that we only mention
the disease in order to advise patients against cherishing ex-
travagant hopes concerning the reputed virtues of certain
advertised springs. In the majority of cases, more harm than
good is the result of an attempt to use mineral waters. There
are cases, however, complicated by chronic bronchitis, with pro-
fuse bronchorrhoea, which are somewhat alleviated by waters
applicable to the latter malady. The relief of these cases,
together with the cure of cases of chronic bronchitis, wrongly
diagnosed as consumption, forms the only known foundation
for the reputation of mineral waters in this disease.

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Dyspepsia. — In the proper acceptation of the +erm, this
word designates a functional derangement of the stomach.

The stomach may be subject ,o inertia, the peristahic
movements being performed slowly and with pain ; or, it may
be overactive, the ingesta being forced forward into the duo-
denum before the necessary stomach digestion has taken place.
There may be diminished secretion of the gastric juice, or
there may be over-secretion of this fluid, known as acid dys-
pepsia. In each of these forms, mineral waters may prove of
utility, but it is in the last named that they have proved sig-
nally efficacious.

Before considering the treatment of dysi)epsia by mineral
waters, it may bo well to state that nearly every mineral spring
in the country names dyspepsia as one of the diseases to which
it is peculiarly adapted. The explanation of this fact is readily
understood, when we remember that in many cases of this
t'ouble a change from the close confinement of a city, and the

THERAPEUTICS.

, or organic
J, either of
ise of min-
ous asthma
this is due,

le +erm, this

stomach.

e peristahic
; or, it may

nto the duo-
taken place.

ric juice, or
as acid dys-
ay prove of
proved sig-

by rr^incral
ineral spring
ises to which
act is readily
3ases of this
city, and the

harassing cares of business, to the open fields, the pure air,
and the healthful exercise of the country, is sufficient for relief
without drinking a drop of mineral water.

In acid dysjyepsia the alkaline waters have proved of ex-
ceeding utility — those containing a considerable proportion of
carbonate of soda and largely impregnated with carbonic-acid
gas. Their efficacy in these cases is undoubted, and the prescri])-
tion of them is of long standing. It may be noted, however, that
their value does not depend, according to present belief, on a
neutralization of the acid of the stomach by an alkali. This
theory, which long prevailed, has been abandoned.

When acid dyspepsia is accompanied by the evolution of
large quantities of gas, it is known as flatulent dyspepsia.
Then the saline waters should be prescribed in preference.
Why this should be so is readily understood. The alkaline
wai^rs, by the carbonic acid which they contain, and the evo-
lution of this gas in the stomach, would tend to increase the flat-
ulence. In considering this fonn of dyspepsia. Trousseau says :
" Mineral waters are here equally of incontestable utility ; but
it is no longer to 'N'^ichy, Karlsbad, or Pougues, that we should
send the patient ; these waters are harmful j it is Niederbronn
and Forbach, of which the predominating principles are the
same as those which enter into the composition of sea-water,
that we should recommend ; it is to Nauheim, Soden, Kissin-
gen, chloride of sodium waters, as the first." * Sometimes acid
dyspepsia is allied to chlorosis in females. Then a chalyb-
eate water, rich in carbonic acid, should be selected.

In dyspepsias allied to constipation and engorgement of
the abdominal viscera — a not unusual complicat' — the mildly
purgative svlphur or saline waters should be . ,>loyed.

Gastritis. — The chronic form of this malady is limited to
the mucous membrane of the stomach, and has received the
name of chronic gastric catarrh. It is closely allied to dys-
pepsia ; indeed, if this term is applied in its broad significa-
tion, it is a dyspepsia ; and on this account it has been almost
entirely overlooked by some writers.

» " CUnique MMlcale," tome 111., p. 61.

h ,

i 3

!! ;,;

k. ,.

92 MINERAL SPRINGS.

The symptoms of this malady are the following : One of
the principal complaints of the patient is of a sense of fulness
and pressure in the stomach, which is increased by eating,
but seldom amounts to severe pain. With this sense of ful-
ness there is usually some prominence of the epigastrium,
caused by accumulation of gas in the stomach and retention
of foci, owing to the slowness of the digestive process.
There are also eructations of gas, accompanied with a sour and
acrid fluid. Sometimes there is vomiting. If vomiting does
occur, it is usually mixed with considerable mucus. This is
especially the case in the chronic gastric catarrh of tipplers.
The sensation of hunger is almost lost, although the body may
be much emaciated. If hunger, however, does occur, it is sat-
isfied by a few mouthfuls. The catarrh may extend upward
to the mouth, or downward into the intestines ; in the latter
case, frequently producing diarrhoea. The disease is usually
accompanied with mental depression, which, in some instances,
develops into hypochondria.

The causes of chronic gastritis are varied; prominent
among them are articles of food that over-stimulate the mu-
cous membrane of the stomach — such as highly-spiced sauces
and meats. But the most frequent cause is the abuse of spir-
ituous liquors.

The waters best adapted to the treatment of this disease
are the alkaline waters — those rich in carbonate of soda. In
cases associated with obstinate constipation, we should choose
waters which, besides the carbonate of soda, contain a mod-
erate proportion of laxative sulphates or chloride of sodium.

In the treatment of this malady Prof. Niemeyer highly ex-
tols the alkaline purgative waters of Karlsbad and Marienbad,
He says : " The use of the waters of Karlsbad and Marienbad
has the most wonderful results," and adds : " The results from
this treatment are the most brilliant that are ever obtained in
medicine." ^ He also says : " The learned professors of the
Vienna and Prague schools prize the use of the warm springs
of Karlsbad as the best remedy for chronic gastric catarrh.'

1 "Text-Book of Mediciofs" vd. i., p. 491

« Op. oii., vol. L, p. 499.

TUERAPEUTICS.

It need hardly be added that the patient should subject
iiimself to rigid dietetic rules during treatment. He should eat
sparingly of meats and avoid stimulating sauces. Spirituous
liquors must be entirely abandoned. The patient should eat
but little at night, and drink the water in the morning, before
breakfast. This meal should not be taken for an hour after
the last glass of water.

Gastric Ulcer. — When this aflFection is diagnosed, the
waters found preferable are the alkaline, rich in carbonates.
The warm springs of this class are to be preferred, or, in ab-
sence of them, waters from sprmgs of this class may be warmed.
The waters should be taken in the same manner as indicated
in chronic gastritis. The results from the use of the proper
mineral water are exceedingly satisfactory.*

Gastralgla. — This disease is also known as cardialgia.
The name, however, is frequently misapplied, and dyspeptic
persons suffering from pain or burning in the stomach are said
to have gastralgia ; in its proper meaning a malady of much
greater gravity is signified. It is a purely nervous disorder,
characterized by excessive pain in the stomach, coming on in
paroxysms, at intervals usually of two or three days. When
free from pain the patient may feel well, digestion being nor-
mally performed. The following is a graphic description of a
paroxysm, from Romberg :

" Suddenly or after a precedent feeling of pressure, there
is severe griping pain in the pit of the stomach, usually ex-
tending to the back, with a feeling of faintness, shrunken
countenance, cold hands and feet, and small, intermittent pulse.
The pain becomes so excessive that the patient cries out.
The epigastrium is either puffed out like a ball, or, as is more
frequently the case, retracted, with tension of the abdominal
walls. There is often pulsation in the epigastrium. Exter-
nal pressure is well borne, and not unfrcquently the patient
presses the pit of the stomach against some firm substance,
or compresses it with his hand. Sympathetic pains often
occur in the thorax, under the sternum, in the a?soi)luigean

» Op. cit, vol. 1,, p. 618.

MINEPAL SPRINGS.

branches of the pneumogastric, while they are rare iu the ex-
terior of the body.

" The attack lasts from a few minutes to half an hour ; then
the pain gradually subsides, leaving the patient much ex-
hausted, or else it ceases suddenly, with eructation of gas or
watery fluid, with vomitinf^j with a gentle soft perspiration, or
with the passage of reddish urine." *

This description applies to the disease as it shows itself in
the severest form. There are, however, manj'^ minor degree,
which still bear the well-marked symptoms.

In the use of mineral waters, whether in the severe or mild
forms of the disease, it should be remembered that they should
be taken only in the intervals of the attacks.

The alkaline waters act most eflficiently in this disease, the
more certainly, according as they are used at a period distant
from the attack. Under their influences the malady is fre-
quently enti -ely relieved. In cases associated with chlorosis,
alkaline wate 's, containing a proportion of iron, are indicated.

Constipation. — This condition depends, as a rule, either on
deficiency of the intestinal secretion or inactivity of the mus-
cular coat of the bowels. It is not, usually, a primary disease,
but symptomatic of some other derangement. As a rule, the
frankly purgative waters are not indicated ; those, however,
which are mildly aperient, gently stimulate the intestinal secre-
tions, and prove beneficial. In obstinate constipation, asso-
ciated with dyspepsia. Trousseau recommends laxative waters^
after having tried his favorite remedy, belladonna and other
correctives, without avail." Durand-Fardel recommends the
alkaline (carbonate of soda) waters^ which, although sometimes
constipating in themselves at first, tend to excite intestinal
and biliary secretion, and thinks that enough attention has not
been given to the use of alkaime-saline waters in this condition.'

HfLinorrhoids, — Mineral waters do not act directly in cur-
ing this disease, but indirectly they sometimes prove of decided

» From Nlemoyer'8 " Text-Book MedicUie."

a " CUniquo Mt-dicale," tome lii., [.. 61.

' "Dictionualre dc8 E.'tux Mm6rale9," tome i., p. iSH.

Jk!!

THERAPEUTICS.

utility. Hajmorrhoids frequently depend on a condition of the
abdominal organs, termed by the old authors abdominal pleth-
ora, one in which the liver, spleen, pancreas, and mesentery,
are unusually filled with blood, and the current moves slowly.
By the action of waters in stimulating the abdominal circula-
tion and dimiuishing engorgement, much relief may be given.
The waters which have proved most beneficial are the saline
waters and saline suliyhur-vf&ters. It is well to combine the
employment of baths.

Engorged Liver, — In almost all chronic hyperoemic condi-
tions of the liver, mineral waters prove curative. Although
the fact that engorged conditions of the liver exist, and pre-
cede grave lesions, is undoubted, still it is difficult exactly to
define or diagnose the condition. As a rule, the subject of en-
gorged liver presents a dusky or muddy complexion, the tongue
is coated, the bowels are constipated, the appetite is uncertain,
there is a pappy taste in the mouth, and a feeling of fulness in
the head, especially after eating. The causes which produce
engorgement of the liver are continued excess in eating, com-
bined with sedentary habits ; repeated and long-continued at-
tacks of malarial fever; excessive indulgence in malt liquors;
and organic lesions of the valves of the right side of the heart.

The waters which prove most valuable, in engorgement of
the liver from any of the causes named, are the saline waters^
(dkaline purgative waters, and saline sulphur-boaters, Tliese
waters produce their effect by liquefying the bile, promoting its
flow, and by the increased movement which they impart to the
action of the intestinal tube.

Frerichs, an acknowledged authority on diseases of the
liver, gives prominent place to mineral waters in the treatment.
When giviiig the treatment in chronic hypera^mia from over-
feeding, he names several remedies, but in conclusion says we
can remedy the condition " still better by regulating the intes-
tinal secretions by the use of the springs of Kissingen, Hom-
burg, Marienbad, and Karlsbad." * And in hypenuinia from
obstructed circulation, when the condition of the patient is not

' Frerigh's "Diseases of the Liver," Sydenham edition, vol. I., p. 876.

•i!

MINERAL SPRINGS.

threatening, he says, " We may often succeed in procuring per-
manent relief by the careful employment of the Ragoczy spri g
of Kissingen, or the Mill spring of Karlsbad." * Ho, however,
adds that, if the disease of the valves is far advanced, or the
muscular tissues of the heart are much enfeebled, the waters
are inappropnate.

In the application of mineral waters for the cure of en-
gorged liver, it is exceedingly desirable +0 add the employ-
ment of prolonged warm baths to the internal use of the
water, and warm douches over the region of the liver also aid
the action of the water.

GallrStones. — The passage of biliary calculi from the gall-
bladder through the bile-ducts into the duodenum, often causes
the most intense pain the human organism can endure. Under
severe attacks of hepatic colic the patient writhes from side to
side of the bed, and cold perspiration often covers the surface
of the body. If asked to describe the pain, he compares it to
the cutting of a knife — to the boring of a red-hot iron through
the side. The cause of the suffering is the distension of the
bile-duct by a gflll-stone in its passage, and the intensity de-
pends on the size of the calculus. Any remedy, then, that will
surely mitigate or cure these terrible attacks, merits attention.
This mineral waters will do more successfully than any known
medicine.

The causes of the fci-mation of gall-stones are obscure. The
general impression is, that they result from a thickened condi-
tion of the bile, in which crystallization and concentration of
its salts take place, and that this condition is usually associated
with free living, a sedentary life, and corpulence.

The waters which prove of greatest utility are the alkaline
waters^ the saline- sulphur waters, and saline waters, those of
the first class being preferable. These waters doubtless act
by the fluidity of the bile, which they produce, thereby reduc-
ing the tendency to formation of the stones,* and by their alter-

> Op. cit, vol. i., p, 867.

" Miircbison, " Dispnpos of the Liver," p. 859, says, " In dops, for instance, with biliary
flstulie, the DK'i-o drinking of large quantities of water will increase the amount of water io
♦,he bUe."

TIIERATEUTICS.

ative action influencing the nutrition of the liver. Under the
use of the waters the patient not unfrequently has slight at-
tacks of biliary colic, passing large numbers of calculi, to be
followed, however, by immunity from paroxysms. The spring
selected varies according to the condition of the patient,
whether in addition to alkalinity a tonic or laxative eflFect be
required.

In recommending a treatment for gall-stones. Trousseau
says : " What we should do is to endeavor to regulate the func-
tions of the bile, so as to prevent the return of the colic. . . .
It is in answering this indication that the waters of Pougues,
Contrexville, Vichy, Karlsbad, and Vals, are of so incontes-
tal)le utility in the treatment of biliary gravel. . . . Under
the influence of this potent medication, properly directed, the
patients lose the unfortunate aptitude which they have con-
tracted." '

Niemeyer says : " We do not kriow whether their efficacy
depends solely on the formation of a thin fluid bile, by which
the gall-stones are readily washed downward, or whether the
bile is rendered so strongly alkaline by the use of these waters
as to dissolve the coloring-matter and lime, or the cholesterine ;
but we should not delay prescribing the treatment till its mode
of action can be explained." '

Frerichs and Murchison both favor the use of waters.
After recommending Karlsbad, Vichy, Ems, etc., Frerich says :
" These mineral waters have certainly proved the most effica-
cious remedies against gall-stones. In many severe cases I
have directed my patients to go to Karlsbad, and have known
them to return cured. ... 1 have known favorable results
ensue under my own eyes from drinking the water brought
from the Mill spring of Karlsbad, either cold or warm." *

tlitty Liver, — In cases of this disease, mineral waters are
recommended by Frerichs and Murchison, the alkaline loaters,
mui'lated alkaline waters, and saline waters, the same that are

» " Cllniquo M6dicalo," tome HI., p. 237

2 "Text- Book of Medldne," American edition, vol. 1., p. 703.

3 " DUeaaos of the Liver," London, 1861, vol. 11., p. 631.

MINERAL SPRINGS.

ii' i

employed in engorgement of the liver. These waters apply to
the fatty liver as developed in corpulent persons, and not to
tb " *" ' which occurs in consumption.

- .jndice. — This is a symptom of disease, and not a dis-
ease. It arises from obstruction of the flow of bile from the
liver and gall-bladder into the intestines, or from non-separa-
tion of the coloring-matter from the blood, owing to impjiir-
ment of action in the liver. It is to cases of jaundice arising
from obstruction that mineral waters are best adapted. The
most prominent cause of jaundice from obstruction is the im-
paction, or inertia, of gall-stones in their passage through the
bile-ducts. It has already been treated under gall-stones. The
second cause is catarrh of the biliary ducts.

When jaundice arises from the last-named cause the alka-
line waters, or muriated alkaline waters, should be prescribed.
The saline sulphur-waters also answer well in these cases.

Frerichs, in speaking of the Karlsbad, Marienbad, Kissin-
gen, etc., in these eases, says : " They are with difficulty re-
placed by any other remedies in cases where the jaundice owes
its origin to chronic congestion of the liver, with obstinate
catarrh of the bile-ducts and mucous membrane of the stomach
and duodenum, to gall-stones," etc.*

In jaundice, as a sequence of constipation, those waters
which act favorably on this condition will also remedy this
symptom.

Gravel. — The formation of gravel within the kidneys or
bladder is the result of a constitutional condition, and does not
depend on derangement of the organs in which the deposit
takes place. However, the deposit of gravel in these organs
causes irritation, chronic catarrh, and inflammation. The dis-
ease frequently depends on functional disturbance of the di-
gestive system. Mineral waters procure relief in two ways :
primarily, by the soothing influence they produce on the irri-
tation or chronic inflammation of the ureters and bladder;
Becondaril;y, by the correction of the constitutional vice which
causes the excretion of gravelly urine.

» " Diseases of the Liver," vol. 1., p. l!M.

THERAPEUTICS.

Gravel is divided into the uric acid, the phosphatic, and
the oxalic, according to the chemical constitution of the deposit.
Or it is classed as acid gravel, i. e., the uric-acid and the oxalic-
acid gravel ; or alkaline gravel, i. e., the phosphatic. In cases
of acid gravel the urine is acid to test-paper, while, in alkaline
gravel, the urine is alkaline.

In prescribing mineral waters for gravel, these distinctions
should be remembered : In uric acid^ or red gravel, and in
oxalic (/ravel, the alkaline waters or the calcic waters should
be chosen. Under the use of these waters the urine loses its
acidity and becomes neutral, and the pain in the lumbar region
and in the bladder passes away. However, it is not unusual
in the commencement of treatment for the patient to pass a
considerable quantity of gravel, but without much pain, and,
finally, he experiences complete relief, in which condition he
may remain for eight or twelve months ; or, by employment
of the waters during several successive seasons, entire freedom
from attack may be secured for many years, complete con-
stitutional change being wrought in the system.* Combined
with the internal use of the waters, it is advisable to employ
warm baths and douches. If, under treatment, the attacks of
gravel, or nephritic colic, are increased in frequency or sever-
ity, it is an indication to diminish the quantity of water ad-
ministered, or resort to waters less strongly mineralized. In
2)hos2)hatic gravel the strongly alkaline waters are not to be
employed; the calcic waters then afford the greatest relie£
In this variety of gravel the water acts more by its impression
on the urinary organs, which are then the seat of catarrh, than
by its effect on the general system.

IIo\7 jalcic waters relieve gravel is not understood. One
hundred years ago, lime-water was a favorite and efficient
remedy in this disease. (See "Carbonate op Lime.")

Calculus. — Stone in the bladder is only an aggregation of
the deposit which constitutes gravel, into a solid mass of vary-
ing size. It depends on the same causes, may be separated
into the same divisions, and is relieved by the same classes of

> TrouBSeau's "Clinlque Modlcalo," tome ili., p. 48.

100

MINERAL SPRIN(iS.

iii

iiil

iii r

waicrs. In this condition, however, it is relief only that can
be obtained. The irritation of the bladder, caused by the pres-
ence of the stone, will be palliated, the general system may
be so acted upon that the diathesis will be corrected, and the
stone will not increase in volume ; but there is no evidence
that solution of the calculus can be produced.* A calculus,
subjected to the action of certain mineral waters in a test-tube,
may be partially disintegrated ; but the human body is not a
test-tube, and no such saturation of the urine by a mineral
water can be caused as to represent a similar condition.

After the calculus has been removed by surgical operation,
it is advisable to use mineral waters for the purpose of cor-
recting the morbid condition that led to its formation, and
prevent a new concretion.

In cases of renal calculus and haematuria, mineral waters
prove of decided utility. In these cases the waters applicable
to gravel prove appropriate. In giving the treatment of these
conditions Sir Henry Thompson says, " Of all medicinal reme-
dies perhaps none are so valuable as mineral waters, especially
those which have sulphate of soda largely diluted as the main
ingredient. Take Karlsbad, Friedrichs-halle, and Marienbad,
as an example." * It will be perceived that he prefers alka-
line purgative waters to pure alkaline.

Vesical Catarrh. — Catarrh of the bladder results from any
cause which produces frequent and long-continued retention
of urine, and hence is a frequent accompaniment of calculus,
enlargement of the prostate, and stricture of the urethra. In
some instances it proceeds from cold, or is essentially a dis-
ease of the mucous membrane of the bladder, without regard
to extraneous causes.

When catarrh arises from the first-named cause, calculus,
it is amenable to the treatment named under that head.

Resulting from other causes, the waters most favorable are
mild calcic and alkaline waters ; not that they exercise any
influence on the cause of the disease, but, by modifying the

' Durand-Fardol, op. of^, tomo \«, p. 861.

> " On the Urinary Organs," American edition, 1869, p. 202.

THERAPEUTICS.

101

constitution of the urine, they often give decided relief. It
should be mentioned, however, that in this disease the bladder
is frequently very irritable, and, under the administration of
waters, dysuria is readily produced. The action of the water
should therefore be closely scrutinized.

Albuminuria. — Uriglit's disease is mentioned only to state
that there is no reliable evidence that mineral waters will cure
it, though they may prove palliative.

DISEASES OF THE UTERUS.

Chronic Metritis. — For convenience of treatment, we em-
brace three separate conditions under this designation, i. e.,
uterine engorgement^ uterine catarrh^ and cervical ulcerations,
Tliis arrangement is made from the fact that these diseases
frequently depend on a morbid constitution, and it is through
the correction of this condition that the internal jadministra-
tion of waters proves curative. The constitutional conditions
that most frequently dominate over the uterine malady are
scrofulous, rheumatic, and herpetic (or dartrous).

When a scrofulous tendency predominates, the uterine
malady usually assumes the form of engorgement. In these
cases saline waters produce the best results, correcting the con-
stitutional condition, and possessing a resolutive action in
uterine and peri-uterine engorgement. They, however, dis-
pose directly to uterine haemorrhage, and therefore the stronger
waters should not be selected, especially if the patient be sub-
ject to menorrrhagia.*

If the rheumatic diathesis is dominant, thermal waters^
containing a proportion of alkalies, should be directed. Alka-
line waters, like saline waters, possess a resolutive action in
engorgements, but, unlike them, do not tend to cause uterine
htcmorrhage.

The herpetic or dartrous ' constitution is most amenable to
sulphur-waters. Wlien this condition prevails, the uterine
malady is most frequently accompanied by uterine and vaginal

» Durand-Fardel, "Bulletin G6n6rale de Th^rapeutlque," 1872, tome Lncxii., p. 484.
' The diirtrous constitution is described under diseases of tlie skin.

102

MINERAL SPRINGS.

m
,11.

p> sliiH

catarrh. When congestion and neuralgia are prominent, these
waters are not applicable, neither are they in cases compli-
cated by monorrhagia.' Those which are but little exciting
should be selected.

In the treatment of chronic metritis by mineral waters,
balneary measures occupy a prominent place. The swimming-
bath of moderate temperature (82° to 93° Fahr.) is that bes^
adapted. The patient should remain in the bath for a consid-
erable time — as long as half an hour, or even an hour. The
vaginal douche would seem to be indicated in this disease, but
it has been found injurious, the percussion caused by the injec-
tion of a stream of water against the neck of the uterus
tending to produce congestion. Neither have douches in the
lumbar region, or parts in the vicinity of the uterus, proved
beneficial. Durand-Fardel says, " Save for exceptional cases
they should be banished from the treatment of this disease."
If it is desirable to act directly on a catarrh or ulceration, irri-
gations of feeble temperature and devoid of impulsive force
should alone be employed.

Amenorrhoea. — This condition is allied to various states
of the organism. It frequently presents in young girls of
delicate constitution and scrofulous or lymphatic temperament.
They are almost always chlorotic. In cases of this kind there
is much to be hoped from a resort to springs ; more, probably,
from change of air, scene, and exercise, than from the waters.
However, saline waters and sulphur-waters^ especially those
containing a proportion of iron, aid the recovery. To the in-
ternal use of the waters it is well to join swimming-baths of
moderate temperature. Sea-bathing also gives favorable re-
sults when the person reacts well after the bath.

Sometimes suppression of menstruation is united with a
plethoric condition. In these cases waters of a different type
must be ;.olected, those containing but a small proportion of
constituents and which possess a calming or sedative influence.
This indication is most frequently met with in thermal waters
of moderate temperature.

' Durand-Fardel, loc, oit.

TUERaPEUTICS.

103

Dysmenorrhoea. — Painful menstruation, in -many instanced,
depends on the same causes which induce amenorrhcea, and
the same waters are indicated. Occurring in anajmic, chlo-
rotic, and scrofulous girls, as a result of delayed dovelopmeut,
the saline waters or sulphur-waters^ combined with tepid bath-
ini?, are beneficial. Chalybeate waters are also appropriate.

Wb.en plethora and erethism of the nervous system exist,
tJieriiKd waters of moderate temperature and but little miner-
alized are preferable. Cases are also benefited by the contin-
ued use of alkaline waters of very moderate strength.

It need hardly be stated that cases of dysmenorrhoea, de-
pending on displacement of the uterus or constriction of the
cervical canal, are beyond the power of mineral waters, and
require surgical treatment.

Leucorrhoea. — This disease is a frequent accompaniment
of chronic metritis, and depends on similar general conditions
of the system. It is, however, more frequently manifested
when metritis occurs in the herpetic or dartrous constitution.
The waters then most favorable are sulphur-waters — those
but feebly mineralized, as a rule ; though, in some instances,
the stronger waters yield excellent results. The highly-min-
eralized waters should, however, be used guardedly, lest uterine
congestion be produced.

Combined with the internal use of waters, the tepid bath
(82° to 93° Fahr.) should be employed. The vaginal douche
is of service, provided it be employed only as an ir,'lgatlon,
without any propulsion against the uterus.

In cases of leucorrhoea marked by anaemia or chlorosis, the
mild chalybeate waters may be advantageously employed.

Sterility. — The inaptitude of the uterus for conception de-
pends on such varied causes that no mineral water can be con-
sidered a specific remedy. Nevertheless, by the relief of the
causes, some of which arc named in tlie preceding pages, min-
eral waters may prove corrective.

When the origin is an enfeebled condition of tlie genera-
tive organs, without other complication, bathing in w; iters
hifrhly charged with carbonic-acid gas is an elficient stiinulant,

104

MINERAL SPRINGS.

often leading to the desired result. Chalybeate waters and
sea-bathinff also exorcise a favorable influence in certain cases.

DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

The reputation which mineral waters have obtained in the
treatment of skin-disease is based almost entirely on their
etBcacy in a single well-defined class of those diseases ; i. e.,
the dartrous or herpetic. These diseases, according to M.
Hardy, are distinguished as follows : " We call dartres vari-
ous non-contagious elementary lesions of the skin, often he-
reditary, reproducing themselves in an almost constant man-
ner, presenting itching as a chief symptom, always disposed
to invade new regions, habitually chronic, and in which there
is no cicatrix left after cure, although thee may have been
ulcerations." ^ In persons who are subjects f the dartrous or
herpetic diathesis the cutaneous surface is usually dry, and
perspiration does not take place readily. They gene^^a^^y eat
freely. The skin is often the seat of itching, even in the ab-
sence of eruption, and is exceedingly susceptible, slight ex-
cesses in taking liquor, drinking cofi'ee, certain articles of
food, as shell-fish, lobsters, or crabs, irritant frictions, or the
application of a plaster, developing cutaneous eruptions. But
not only is the skin the seat of dartrous maladies — there are
also various afi'ections of the mucous membrane, embracing
granular sore-throat, dartre of the nose, certain asthmas,
chronic bronchitic afi'ections, and catarrhal disorders of the
genito-urinary organs. It is a singular fact that in some
cases the sudden disappearance of an external manifestation
of this diathesis, eczema, for example, is followed by an attack
of bronchitis, and on the subsidence of the bronchitis the ecze-
ma returns. In some women the cure of eczema is immedi-
ately followed by leucorrhcea. Similar results sometimes suc-
ceed the disappearance of psoriasis.

The skin-diseases which belong to this diathesis are eczema,
lichen, psoriasis, and pityriasis. The difi^erent forms of eczema
are sometimes called moist dartres, while the others are termed

* "Lepons sur les Maladlos do la Peau." Paris, 1960, p. 19.

TUERAPEUTICS.

106

imes suo

dry or scaly dartres. These eruptions are all chronic in char-
acter, perpetuating themselves indefinitely for months and
years.

Eczema. — Humid scale or tetter is one of the most fre-
quent skin-diseases. It is characterized by the development
of small vesicles and vesico-pustules, or by a red and thick-
ened epidermis, from which there is a more or less abundant
serous or sero-purulent secretion, which may form crusts and
terminate by a scaly desquamation. The eruption is accom-
panied by excessive itching. Though a chronic disease, it
may sometimes run its course in six or eight weeks, to reap-
pear, however, in a few months or a year — the person suffer-
ing from it never feeling sure of freedom from an attack.
There are many varieties of the disease, named according to
the aspect, configuration, and location of the eruption. Im-
petlffo is one of the most frequent forms.

In the treatment of this malady sulphur-waters often prove
efiicient, especially those of the subdivisions known as saline
sulpthur-icaters. In those cases, however, which present acute
symptoms during the invasion, such as excessive fatigue, head-
ache, pain in the back, and fever, mineral waters should not
be employed. Tliose waters which are highly mineralized
should always be used with care, because of the irritation fre-
qiKmtly produced.

The waters are used internally and in the form of baths.
After having taken a number of baths all the local manifesta-
tions of the disease are often increased ; but, on suspending
or moderating the baths, the irritation is allayed, to be again
excited by their use. The patient may quit the baths despair-
ing and discontented ; the eczema is lighted up once or twice
afterward, and thence ceases. In other cases, however, the
eniption gradually disappears, under the use of the waters,
MJtliont occurrence of irritative phenomena. In order to ob-
tain permanent relief from this malady, it is usually necessary
to resort to the springs for several successive seasons. Not
all cases, however, are susceptible of cure, though ameliora-
tion may always be anticipated.

lOG

MINERAL SPRINGS.

■■

:!i

Lichen, — This excessively chronic malady is characterized
at its commencement by clusters of papules, surrounded by a
red halo. This halo Bnally disappears, leaving the skin rough,
thick, and seamed. The seat of the eruption is usually in-
tensely itchy, and upon it there are small crusts or minute
scales.

The waters most suited to the treatment of this disease are
the sulphur and saline sulphur. In certain cases complicated
by gastralgia, alkaline waters prove valuable.* The contin-
ued use of the waters in the form of baths is a necessity, and,
in some instances, it is desirable to push the treatment until
the bath-eruption, la pousseCf is established, and a cure by sub-
stitution inaugurated.

Psoriasis, — Dry scall, or scaly tetter, is characterized by
thick, dry, white, shiny scales, the skin beneath being dry,
much thickened, of a dull-red color, and the seat of more or
less itching. When the eruption is of long duration, the skin
is frequently seamed and cracked. The patches of the erup-
tion are various in form; and on whatever part of the person
they occur, they will also be found, as a rule, in the vicinity
of the elbows and knees. In this, as in all dartrous maladies,
the sulphur-waters are the most eflficient, used internally and
in the way of baths. On this point Hardy expresses himself
thus : " In fine, there is a remedy which should serve to con-
firm the cure, and which sometimes alone suffices to produce
a cure in cases where all other means have failed, in psoriasis
inveterata^ for example — I mean sulphur-waters." " Durand-
Fardel counsels the saline-sv^phur waters internally, and that
prolonged warm baths be employed until the eruptions known
as lapousshe or Bad Friesel are produced. The thermal waters
containing but a small proportion of ingredients are of de-
cided value for this purpose.

Pityriasis, — The most frequent manifestation of this dis-
ease is that occupying the head, and known as dandruflF. It
18 only when it exhibits itself on other parts of the body that

> Hardy, op. oit., p. 100.

• " Lefons sur lea Maladies do la Peau," Paris, 1860, p. 120.

r'li ■

.'VtmiL'.^i

THERAIEUTICS.

107

mineral waters are of much avail. It is the mildest exhibition
of the dartrous diathesis, but exceedingly rebellious to treat-
ment. Sulphur-waters are those that should be employed.

We have given the dartrous maladies in which mineral
waters are eminently beneficial. Besides these diseases, there
are various aflFections of the skin, due to scrofula or syphilis, in
wliich mineral waters prove efficacious. In those of scrofulous
character, the saline-sulphur waters are preferable. In syphi-
litic diseases of the skin, we must choose between sulphur and
thermal waters. Neither, however, are alone sufficient for
cure. In addition, it may be noted that, in certain inveterate
cases of acne and prurigo^ sulphur-waters prove curative.

In the application of mineral waters to diseases of the skin,
baths are more to be relied on than intern;' administration,
though both should be combined. In certain inveterate chronic
diseases of the skin, it is desirable gradually to prolong the
duration of the baths, and continue them until the eruptions
known as la pouss^ are fully established.* In this way, the
original disease is replaced by a different eruption, which dis-
appears \vithout a return of the old malady. For the purpose
of producing the bath-eruption, the thermal waters^ containing
but a small proportion of ingredients, are sometimes exceed-
ingly efficient, and produce a cure without other agency.

SURGICAL DISEASES.

Anchylosis. — This term is applied to stiffness or immobility
of a joint. There are two kinds, the true and the false. In
the former, adhesions of bone form between the ahicular sur-
faces ; in the latter, there are no adhesions, but the ligaments
and tendons are thickened by deposits, or have lost the power
of motion by want of use. The conditions which produce false
anchylosis are met with when a limb has been confined in an
apparatus for a long time after fracture. And the same result
may follow after dislocation or sprain. In each instance,
there is usually an inflammatory deposit, resulting from the

> Hardy, " Lemons Bur les Maladies do la Poau," dcuxl^mc pnrtle, p. 126.

I; ! .'

108

MINERAL SPRINGS.

11 j

original injury. The thickening of the fibrinous and tendi-
nous structures, which accompanies rheumatism, frequently
produces a flmilar anchylosis. The want of use, which follows
paralysis, olten leaves a joint in a condition of false anchylosis.
From whatever cause Jxtlse anchylosis occurs, decided ben-
efit or cure is always to be expected from the appropriate
application of mineral waters. The waters to be preferred are
thermal waters^ of the sulphur or saline class. A high degree
of thermality is essential. The waters are to be employed in
the form of warm baths to the body, and hot douches to the
joint. The douches should be accompanied with shampooing
and friction. The internal use of waters at the same time
probably aid in procuring absorption of exudations. It should,
however, be stated that thermal waters, containing an exceed-
ingly small proportion of constituents, seem to produce equally
good results, showing that the benefits result almost entirely
from the outward application. Mineral mud-baths are much
used abroad in these cases, and are supposed to aid the ab-
sorptive process.

Contractions. — This term is here used to indicate the short-
ening and rigidity of muscles, often rendering a Hmb almost
useless, and causing deformity. It arises from a variety of
causes, such as rheumatism, scrofula, gout, syphilis, or external
injury. In the treatment of this condition by mineral waters,
regard is to be given to these causes ; but the especial virtue
of the waters depends on the warm baths and hot douches,
such as are found at thermal springs. That thermal water,
therefore, should be selected which by virtue of its constitu-
ents especially acts on the originating cause. Mineral mud-
baths are also thought to aid in these cases.

Hydrarthrosis, — This term is applied both to dropsy of
a joint and that severe tubercular disease known as white-
swelling.

Dropsy of a joint may arise from external injury, or it may
depend on a rheumatic, scrofulous, or gouty constitution. Some-
times it is a result of syphilis. When the condition is chronic,
mineral waters prove valuable in the form of warm baths and

I 5'I

TIIERAPEUTICa.

100

douches. Those ther nal loaters are especially valuable which
answer the constitutional indications.

White-swelling is an exceedingly formidable disease, affect-
ing tlie joints. It occurs chiefly, if not alone, in scrofulous
subjects. The malady is usually subacute in its progress, and
therefore not adapted to treatment by mineral waters. When
peculiarly chronic in its course, the general health may be im-
proved by a resort to springs, and absorption may be aided by
baths and douches. These applications should, however, be
employed with extreme reserve, and by no means relied on
alone.

Goxalgia. — Utp-joint disease is but a manifestation of
wliite-swelling in that articulation, and the restrictions given
regarding the subjection of white-swelling to mineral-water
treatment are equally applicable.

Caries. — The ulceration of bone is usually the result of
scrofula or syphilis, though there may have been some external
injury as the exciting cause. During the inflammatory stage,
mineral waters should not be used ; but, when this has passed
away, great benefit may be derived from the (employment of
appropriate waters. The thermal sulphur-waters produce the
best results, especially those of the saline subdivision. The
water is taken internally, applied locally in the way of fomen-
tations, and injected into fistulous tracts. Baths and douches
are also used. The treatment should be conducted with care,
lest too great irritation be produced.

Necrosis^ which is but a result of caries, is subject to the
same treatment.

If leers. — By this designation we refer to chronic ulcers,
wliic'h sometimes endure for months and years. It fre({uently
occurs that these ulcers are healed under the use of mineral
waters. When they depend on scrofula or syphilis we may
readily expect such results from waters adapted to those con-
ditions. In other cases, where there is no marked constitu-
tional indication, such as varicose ulcers, the internal and local
application of waters often has a marked influence, causing
An irritable or indolent ulcer to form healthy granulations and

r 1 1,

m^-

MINERAL SPRINGS.

, .1

i!:(:|-|

finally heal, although in the case of varicose ulcers there is
always probability of a return. The waters which are most
noted for the cure of ulcers are the saline and sulphur. They
are employed both internally, locally, and ia the form of a
bath. At some springs the sulfurin^ or baHgine, which forms
in the reservoirs, is used as a local application, and is supposed
to be of especial utility; but, as far as discovered, it acts only
by the water with which it is saturated.

Old Wounds. — It often results from bullet-wounds, and
those produced by pieces of shell, that the bullet, the piece of
shell, or a portion of the clothing, passes deeply into the mus-
cular structures, is embedded there, and cannot be withdrawn.
Under these circumstances the superficial wound may heal
and reopen repeatedly, or it may not Leal at all, or the wound
may heal, but the person may be conscious of some foreign
body within the tissues which continually annoys. Again,
the cause of irritation may be a spicula of necrosed bone^

Under any of these conditions remarkable benefit frequently
results from mineral waters. They are employed in the forni of
hot baths, hot douches, and internally. For this purpose ther-
mal waters of high temperature yield the best results. Under
their action the exudations which imprison the foreign body
are converted into pus ; the ball, piece of shell, or clothing, is
loosened from its lodgment and soon finds its way to the sur-
face. During the course of treatment, care is to be taken that
the stimulant action of the waters, and the suppuration pro-
duced, be not carried too far. The contractions of muscles
and joints, following wounds, are likewise favorably influenced
by thermal waters.

So much reliance is placed on mineral waters in these and
other affections, that the military establishment of France pos-
sesses five hospitals, at as many different springs, for the ben-
efit of soldiers. Austria has a like number. Prussia sends
her sick soldiers, in need of mineral waters, to TOplitz.

CHAPTER VII.

SUGGESTIONS.

A CERTAIN disease being given, it is always a question
wliicli spring to select. In the answer a number of consider-
ations are involved.

In the arrangement of this work each spring is grouped
iu a certain class, but, while the waters of the class possess
marked properties, which pertain to each spring in the class,
nevertheless these springs present a certain individuality de-
pending on auxiliary constituents. Thus, an alkaline water
may also contain carbonate and sulphate of lime in consider-
able proportion, or, it may be, chloride of sodium, which forms
the principal secondary constituent ; oi , again, a small propor-
tion of iron may be present. And the same remark will apply
to saline waters, sulphur- waters, chalybeate waters, thermal
waters, etc. Now, in each instance, the water not only pos-
sesses the action referable to the class, but, in addition, this
action is modified or reenforced by these auxiliary constituents,
some known and perhaps some unknown. Hence, in desig-
nating the water suitable for a certain person, we must consult
his individuality, and also the individuality of the spring ; to
inquire, in the case of the patient, whether the disease is pre-
dominated by a particular diathesis, such as the rheumatic,
gouty, scrofulous, or dartrous, and, in regard to the water,
whether its constituents, both principal and auxiliary', meet
the indications both of the disease and the diathesis. Thus
in a case of catarrh of the bladder, in a rheumatic subject,
waters frankly alkaline or calcic should be employed ; in a
scrofulous patient alkaline waters, containing considerable
chloride of sodium, would be appropriate — the muriated alka-

ffTT

i^i 1:'

■ 1'

III

■i

il ' 111

i]-^ i;

112

MINERAL SPRINOa

lines ; in a dartrous subject calcio waters, containing sulphu-
retted hydrogen, that is, a calcio sulpliur-water ; in a patient
decidedly auiemic, an alkaline water containing a proportion
of iron, a mild alkaline chalybeate. This is the theory of the
prescription of waters, and it is always best to consider the
question in this way ; nevertheless it must be acknowledged
that in our present ignorance of the exact entities of disease,
and the definite physiological action of chemicals and com-
binations, we are not to rely too implicitly on this method.

Besides the constitution of a water, it is necessary in many
instances to consider the location of a spring, its elevation,
temperature, and climatology. While some diseases improve
more readily at a resort from two to four thousand feet above
the sea. others do not profit by a mountain climate.

Some diseases do well iii a comparatively dry atmosphere,
and are injuriously aflFected by one that is moist. An exceed-
ingly cool climate is adapted to one, while another is relieved
in a warm region. Unfortunately, the meteorological obser-
vations necessary to solve these problems have been taken at
but few springs in thij country.

The surroundings of a spring are also to be considered.
I or certain patients, nothing could be more unfortunate than
to sojourn at one of the crowded, fashionable resorts, where
continual excitement prevails and appropriate accommodations
are obtained with difficulty ; while others, by the gayety and
conviviality that are found there, would be wakened from a
despondent condition and led to furget their ills.

The season,^ as it is termed, usually commences the 1st of

• luvallda will do well to correspond with the proprietor of the spring, or the hotel, pre-
rloTis to commencing the journey. A letter addressed thus, ut the commoncement of or
luring the season, will always receive attention :

If but one hotel at the sprhig : If several hotels at the spring :

PiLiprietor of (naming the spring)

(naming the coimty )

. . . .(naming the State)

Proprietor of (naming the hotel)

(naming the spring)

(naming the countyi

(naming the Stiitc)

If the name of the springs and post-offlce are not the same, the name of the post-office
must be inserted. The average price per day at the hotels Is three dollars ; and, per month,
from sixty to eighty dollars. For ^ Arties, and persons remaLilng a long time, special ar
rangemcnts can be made. Booms can usually be secured in advance.

SUGGESTIONS.

113

June and closes the 1st of October, though there are some
resorts tliat are i)repared to receive visitors throughout the
year. The best time, as a rule, to commence treatment is in
June or July ; these montlis, however, are named only as being
convenient. Mineral waters can be taken, and their beneficial
effects secured, at any time of the year. The old idea, that
they were not admissible in winter, has been entirely abandoned.
jMany diseases do not admit of delay, and for this purpose the
Itottled waters are applicable. However, there is not the care
used in bottling waters that should be observed. When wa-
ters contain considerable gas, the bottles should always be
closely sealed. There are but few waters that are at all
adapted to shipment in barrels. The gases escape, and some
of the chemical ingredients are decomposed by contact with
the wood ; and when these objections do not obtain, owing to
the absence of gas in the water or salts that are decomposed
by contact with organic matter, still the water often partakes
of the taste of the wood. At some springs an extract of the
water is made ; that is, the water is boiled down in an iron or
porcelain-lined vessel till the salts are precipitated, then form
the extract, or salts. A certain quantity of these salts, dis-
solved in a definite quantity of water, is supposed to represent
the spring-water. Although they may answer a good purpose
when the spring-water cannot be obtained, they do not repre-
sent it accm'ately. In boiling, all the gases contained in the
spring- water are driven off, and several chemical changes
occur : sulphurets are converted into sulphates, bicarbonates
ini?) carbonates, and the protoxide of iron into the pe^-oxide;
also, the proportion of the constituents to each other is not
maintained. In Europe, medicated soaps are sometimes pre-
pared with the precipitated salts. At Kjankcnheil, in Bava-
ria, so-culled iodine-soda and iodine-soda-sulphur soaps are
ruado, and are said to be successfully used in chronic diseases
of tlo skin.

" Wlitt shall we do ? " is a question always asked on arrival
at tlio spriiig which has been chosen as a place of resort. The
answer is simple : If you are well, if you are there only for

■■•- i^U

114

UINEKAL SPRINGS.

m t

Htl

iiiiiifi

! !i!!

rest iind recreation, assimilate yourself as rapidly as possible
with the pleasures and society of the place; remembering^,
however, and practising the trite maxim, " Temperance in all
things." Here are assembled a large number of persons,
whose desires are similar to your own, and the community of
interests produces the following result : The morning is passed
in repairing to the spring and drinking of the water, in cheer-
ful conversation, and excursions ; the afternoon, in croquet,
games, lounging, and preparations for the dance; and the
evening is given to promenading and the festivities of the
ball. At many of the springs a band of musicians performs
in the park during the after-dinner hours and at tea-time.

What is the best time for taking the waters ? The morn,
ing hours before breakfast, and in the afternoon before tea.
That one may take the water properly, he should cultivate the
healthful virtue of early rising, and the not less laudable vir-
tue of early retiring. It cannot be expected that the most
potent water will antidote t!ie dissipations of enormous din-
ners, imbibition of spirituous liquors, and continuous dancing
till the morning hours.

The quantity of water that may be taken varies so much at
different springs that no fixed rule can be given. It may be
stated, however, in a general way, that from two to three
modera. . ^ized glasses — tumblers — in the morning, and two
or three more during the day, may be taken. In drinking the
water, from fifteen to twenty minutes should elapse between
each glass ; and, during the interval, it is well to promenade
through the neighboring groves, or, in damp weather, under
the covered walks, which should be contiguous to the spring.
From half ar hour to an hour should pass before the succeeding
meal is taken. The practice of deluging the stomach with
water is extremely reprehensible, and sometimes produces seri-
ous results. I have known violent inflammation of the kidneys,
followed by chronic disease, established in this way. The
temperature of water preferable for a cure is from 50° to
88° Fahr. If excessively cold, it is not readily absorbed, and
ac|;s injuriously on the" stomach and intestines.

SUGGESTIONS.

115

The production of crisis is no longer considered necessary
to the curative action of waters, neither is preliminary treat-
ment required other than, in some instances, simple remedies
to control slight febrile conditions, depending on the fatigue
of a journey. In the olden time, the patient underwent an
enormous amount of dosing before it was considered proper
for him to take the water. Boileau, in a letter to Racine,
dated 21st July, 1687, thus describes the process. He says :
" I have been purged and bled, and nothing more remains for
me to undergo of all the formalities considered necessary be-
fore taking the waters. The medicines which I have taken
to-day have, as they tell me, done me all the good in the
world ; for they have caused me to fall down four or five times
from weakness, and have thrown me into a state in which I can
hardly stand upright. To-morrow I am to begin the great
work — I mean to say, that to-morrow I am to begin to take
the waters."

The use of mineral waters by old persons, children, and
pregnant women, should be exceedingly guarded. Formerly
it was thought that pregnancy was an absolute bar to the em-
ployment of mineral waters. That idea, however, is no longer
entertained. Under some circumstances, they have a beneficial
effect on both mother and child when taken at this period.

During the treatment by mineral waters excesses of
the table should be rigidly avoided. The combination of
mineral water, mountain air, exercise, and amusement, fre-
quently gives an appetite to which the person may have long
been a stranger. Especially is this so in cases of dyspepsia ;
and, although the return of appetite is an indication of the
favorable action of the water, permanent relief may be entirely
frustrated by gratification of the palate. As a rule, the diet
should be plain and nutritious when the full alterative eflFect
of the water is desired.

The number of days necessary for treatment cannot be
designated. A conventional period of twenty-one days is
frequently named, but many cases require treble and quadru-
ple that time In some maladies, where it is desired to eradi-

A j ■

116

MINERAL SPRINGS.

cate a morbid habit of the body, it is best to return to the
appropriate water for two or three successive seasons. Pa-
tients need not be alarmed if, shortly after commencing the
use of the waters, their symptoms are somewhat aggravated.
This perturbation of the system frequently occurs, only to be
followed by relief. A suspension or diminution of the water
for a short time is all that is required. Occasionally there
may be no decided benefit at the time, to be followed by
relief on return home. As remarked by Trousseau, mineral
waters are remedies which act " d tongue porteey

After a patient has repaired to a spring which, according to
the best obtainable information is suited to his malady, he
should remain there until he has given the waters a fair trial,
and not vacillate from one resort to another. There are vale-
tudinarians — especially to be met with in tlie Virginia springs
region — who go the rounds from one spring to another, drink-
ing a few days of this water, then of that, apparently possessed
of the idea that some mysterious spirit pervades the springs,
and, if the suitable one is found, renewed life will thrill through
the blood with the first draught. The search of Ponce de Leon
for the fountain of perpetual youth was not more quixotic. Just
as well might one enter an apothecary's and dose himself with
each drug, seriatim^ hoping thus to discover the medicine
adapted to his malady.

Invalids should, as a rule, consult the resident physician on
arrival at the springs, who should be familiar with the precise
action of the water, and adjust the dose to the varying condi-
tions. For this purpose, the patient should bring with him a
statement of his case from his physician, which will enable the
resident physician more readily to possess himself of com-
plete knowledge of the course of the disease. Unfortunately,
many of the physicians at springs in this country are there for a
single season only, and therefore have not the inducement to
become thoroughly acquainted with the action of tlie water,
which is secured by penrancnce. Proprietors of springs will
do well to give close attention to the medical efficiency of their
resorts. We cannot refrain from suggesting the impolicy of

M ,,

SUGGESTIONS.

J17

proprietors or physicians encouraging or permitting patients
to remain when the waters are manifestly inapplicable to the
disease. Neither is it advantageous for proprietors to adver-
tise their waters as curative of a large number of maladies for
which they have no special application. The springs are thus
reduced to the level of quack nostrums, and the trifling present
gain of such a course is more than counterbalanced by tlie loss
of reputation which the water suffers by failure to cure or
relieve.

Baths, which are an essential element in the treatment of
many diseases by mineral waters, are usually taken during the
morning. If breakfast be taken before the bath, it should be
light, and precede it at least an hour. In some instances, the
bath may be taken just before bedtime. The form of bath
desirable varies with the disease. For general purposes, how-
ever, the swimming or " piscina" bath is preferable, the patient
having opportunity for exercise. All fear of contracting con-
tagious diseases in these baths is proved without foundation.
The flow of water, however, should be suflBcient for frequent
renewal of the entire volume, and the chamber should be well
ventilated. As a proper summary of the course to be fol-
lowed at the springs, I quote the words of Alibert :

" When you arrive at the waters, act as you would do if
you were entering the temple of iEsculapius, and leave behind
you at the door all the passions which have been tormenting
your mind and agitating your soul. Once there, abstain from
imprudence, and do not exceed the prescribed doses, as so
many invalids have done at all times, for Pliny already com-
plained of the evil. * Many sick people,' he says, * take a
pride in having remained for hours together in very hot baths,
or in drinking unmeasured quantities of mineral waters, which
are both equally dangerous.' Lead a quiet, calm, tranquil life ;
batlie and drink with moderation, and the water will gradually
cx(>rcise its beneficial influence over you. Your sufi'erings will
insensibly pass away in the precious liquid, and your forces
will become invigorated."
In Europe, it is customary at some resorts to join the in-

'■■< * * 8

r
i

118

MINLRAL SPRINGS.

ternal administration of whey — the whey- cure — to the use of
mineral water. Whey, as nearly every one knows, is the yel-
lowish, watery fluid which remains after milk has been coag-
ulated, and the solid portion separated by straining. It pos-
sesses a mawkish taste. The principal constituents of a pound
of whey are as follows : chloride of potassium, 13 to 15 grains ;
cloride of sodium, two to three grains; carbonate of soda,
three to four grains ; milk-sugar, 380 to 600 grains. Besides,
it contains phosphates, and small quantities of iodine and
fluorine. Whey usually produces a laxative efiect, aud even
diarrhoea, though there are exceptions, in which it causes jon-
stipation. It is distinctly diuretic. As a rule, it is easily
digested, and improves the appetite, though, talen in large
quantities, it causes dyspepsia and diarrhoea. If. is recom-
mended in chronic laryngitis, bronchitis, phthisis pulmonalis,
and chronic gastric catarrh. It is customary to mix equal
portions of warm whey and mineral water. It may be of some
value as an adjuvant; but the entire subject of whey-cure is
much in the dark.

Abroad it is not unusual for patients to seek the grape-
cure in the fall, after a season at the springs. The favorite re-
sorts for this purpose are Bingen, DUrkheim, Vevay, Mon-
treux, and Meran. Whatever may be said of the utility of
this medication, it is certainly a pleasant one, and, if of value,
can readily be adopted in this country.

The composition of Clairette grape-juice, in 1,000 parts, is
given as follows :

Water 824.00

Grape-sugar 140.00

Gum and dextrine 6.00

Albumen and nitrogenous matter .... 15.00

Iron 0,63

I'otassa 1.00

Soda . . 2.50

Lime 1.80

Magnesia 0.90

Tartaric acid 4.30

Malic acid 2.00

SUGGESTIONS.

119

From this analysis, it \7ill readily be seen that, in one
pound of the grapes named, there would be about forty grains
of salts, formed by the union of tho organic acids with the
bases soda, lime, magnesia, potassa, and iron. The quantity
of grape-sugar would be about two ounces. The proportion
of these constituents varies, however, with the species of
grape, and the soil on which it is grown. The juice usually
contains a proportion of inorganic salts, in addition to the
salts named.

A comparison of the inorganic constituents of grape-juice
with the Grand Grille, at Vichy, has been made as follows :

The quantity of grapes usually consumed varies from one
and a half pounds to six or eight pounds per day, the pulp
and juice alone being taken.

The action of grapes consumed in this way is as follows :
During the first few days a cathartic eflFect is produced, fre-
quent fluid evacuations resulting. After some days the purga-
tive action is more regular, and there are several evacuations
each day. In some instances, however, there is no laxative
effect. Usually the appetite is increased, digestion is im-
proved, and the faeces are darker; the secretion of urine is
also augmented. Sometimes there is considerable excitement
of the system during the beginning of the treatment; the
pulse is more frequent, and there is congestion of the head.
This, however, soon passes off^, although palpitation of the
heart, epistaxis, and even haemoptysis, are said sometimes to
result. Grapes are said to be useful in abdominal plethora,
scrofula, chronic catarrh, tuberculosis, and gravel.

I i:

!i ic-'i
II H

■ tiil

rrtai

1 ;

:■.■
1

il :■' :il

CHAPTER VIII.

THE SKIN.

Introductokt to treatment of the subject of baths we give
a description of the skin, one of the most important emuncto-
ries for purification of the blood, and that which is directly
subject to the influence of bathing.

A^iatomically^ the skin consists of two layers : the exter-
nal, called the epidermis, cuticle, or scarf-skin, and the internal,
known as the cutis vera, or true skin.

TJie true shin is a denoe, elastic tissue, permeated in every
direction by blood-vessels, nerves, and lymphatics. Within
its substance are the sebaceous follicles, usually discharging
their oily contents beside the point of emergence of the hair.
The perspiratory glands are also seated here. The papillary
layer of the true skin consists of numbers of small conical
prominences, quite irregularly distributed. The papilla?, when
aggregated in masses and arranged in rows, constitute the
ridges and furrows that may be seen on the palm of the hand
and the sole of the foot. The papilla? are supplied with a
large number of nerves and blood-vessels, rendering them ex-
ceedingly sensitive. The true skin varies in thickness in va-
rious parts of the body, being most dense on the back, outer
sides of the limbs, and the palms of the hands and soles of
the feet. This thickness may arise from different causes,
sometimes being due to an increase in the corion — the sub-
stratum of the true skin — at others, to an accumulation of pap-
illary eminences, to subserve the sense of touch, when great
delicacy of feeling is required. We may form an idea of the
extreme vascularity of this tissue, and the infinite number of
blood-vessels with which it is permeated, from the fact that

THE SKIN.

121

the point of the finest needle can nowhere penetrate the sur-
face without blood being drawn and a sensation of pain pro-
duced.

llie ejjitlermis^ or cuticle, is a defensive covering for the
sensitive surface of the true skin, being accurately moulded to
the papillary layer. It varies in thickness. When it is ex-
posed to continued friction or pressure and atmospheric in-
fluence, it becomes thick, hard, and homy in texture, while
that wliich is in contact with the papillary layer is soft and
cellular in structure. The cuticle is formed by the exudation
of cells from the papi'^'ary layer, the outer cells falling oflF as
scurf, in scale-like particles. The color of the skin is due to
pi<^raent-cells found in the deep layer of the epidermis. The
color of this pigment varies in different nations, and gives the
characteristic hue. The epidermis is pierced by the excretory
ducts of the sebaceous follicles and sweat-glands, which dis-
charge their secretions upon its surface.

The sweat-glands are small, round, reddish bodies, consist-
in<T of one or more exceedingly small convoluted tubes, twisted
and wound together in the most intricate manner. These
characteristics are only perceptible under the microscope.
Surrounding these glands are numerous blood-vessels. From
them proceed the excretory ducts, which terminate at the sur-
face of the epidermis. It is these glands that secrete perspira-
tion — a watery, saline fluid. Although each of these glands
is so minute, when we consider them in the aggregate we
shall arrive at surprising figures. Mr. Wilson tells us as fol-
lows: "To arrive at something like an estimate of the value
of the perspiratory' S3'stcm in relation to the rest of the organ-
ism, I counted the persi>iratory pores on the palm of the hand,
and found 3,538 in a square inch. Now, each of these pores
being the aperture of a little tube of about a quarter of an inch
long-, it follows that in a square inch of skin on the palm of
the hand there exists a length of tube equal to 882 inches, or
731 feet. Surely such an . 'amount of drainai^e as 73 feet in
every square inch of skin — assuming this to be the average for
the whole body— is something wonderful; and the thought

1 11 i

122

MINERAL SPRINGS.

naturally intrudes itself, * What if this drainage were ob-
structed ? '

" On the pulps of the fingers, where the ridges of the sen-
sitive layer of the true skin are somewhat finer than on the
palm of the hand, the number of pores on a square inch a
little exceeded that of the palm ; and on the heel, where the
ridges are coarser, the number of pores in the square inch was
2,268, and the length of tube 567 inches, or 47 feet. To ob-
tain an estimate of the length of tube of the perspiratory sys-
tem of the whole surface of the body, I think that 2,800 might
be taken as a fair average of the number of pores in the
square inch ; and 700, consequently, as the number of inches
in length. Now, the number of square inches of surface in a
man of ordinary height and bulk is 2,500 ; the number of
pores, therefore, 7,000,000, and the number of inches of per-
spiratory tube, 1,750,000— that is, 145,833 feet or 48,600 yards,
or nearly 28 miles."

The sebaceous glands are small, sacculated, glandular or-
gans, found in all parts of the skin, but most frequently occur-
ring in the face. Their orifice opens most frequently into the
hair-follicles. The purpose of the oily secretion which they
discharge is to lubricate the surface of the body, keeping the
skin soft and pliable, and protecting it from the external air;
it also gives gloss and softness to the hair. This fluid is much
more abundantly secreted by the races that live in warm cli-
mates than those that inhabit cold ones.

Within the orifice of the sebaceous tubes a curious para-
site, called the entozoon folliculorum, is frequently found. It
occurs in great numbers in the inhabitants of large cities,
whose skin is inclined to be torpid in function.

Function of the Skin. — In order that we may more clearly
comprehend this, it is well to remember that the skin is con-
tinuous with the mucous membrane at the various orifices of
the body — the mouth, nose, etc. — and that there is a striking
similarity in the formation of the two structures. Indeed, we
may term the one the external lining, the other the internal :
the being man, with the various tissues of blood, nerve, mus-

THE SKIN.

123

cle, and bone, being formed and nourished between these two
linings, the mouth, lungs, stomach, intestines, liver, and kid-
neys, being but adaptations of this mucous membrane to the
offices of assimilation and depuration ; and, in the same man-
ner, the skin performs these offices, though not in such a mul-
tiplicity of ways.

Absorption. — Undoubtedly the skin acts more readily by
exhalation and secretion than absorption ; but that it is ab-
sorbent in action is certain, though the subject has been con-
siderably discussed, and many have taken the negative side
of the question. For most fluids and substances capable of
solution by the liquids of the body the skin is absorbent. It
is related by Theophrastus that the odor of strongly-scented
cataplasms, when placed over the stomach, is detected in the
eructations. The treatment of various diseases by inunction
with medicated ointments is practised at the present day with
perfect confidence and certainty as to absorption of the drug.
And when the dry epidermis is removed by a blister, and the
cutis vera exposed, " medicines applied produce similar effects
in doses but little larger than when they are made to act
directly upon the gastric mucous membrane."

There has been much doubt whether the skin absorbs
water or medical substances dissolved in water. Dr. Dill, of
Edinburgh, concluded, from a series of experiments, that the
body generally, but not uniformly, increases in weight in a
warm bath (86° to 102° Fahr.). Dr. James Murray obtained
similar results in baths from 88° to 104° Fahr. — that is, the
body usually gained in weight; and he showed by tests ap-
plied to the urine that gallic acid is absorbed by a person im-
mersed in a bath containing infusion of galls. Westrumb
found the prussiate of potassa in the blood and urine of
persons who ^lad used a foot-bath containing this salt ; and the
urine, as well as the serum of the blood, was colored brown
when the arms were kept immersed in an infusion of rhubarb.

The more recent experiments of Durian and Clemens tend
to reconcile the apparent contradictory results that have been
bomctimes obtained. Prof. Alfred Still6, of Philadelphia, sums

411. I

I I

I'H

MINERAL SPRINGS.

t 1
i

up the observations referred to in these words: "By these
experiments it is rendered clear that for overy person there is
a temperatUiO at which the body, immersed in water, neither
gains nor loses in weight ; while, on the one hand, above this
point it exhales more than it absorbs, and therefore becomes
lighter, and, on the other hand, below this point it absorbs
more than it exhales and grows heavier. Thus, in a bath of
from 72° to 77° Fahr., the skin absorbs on an average 248
grains in a quarter of an hour, 442 grains in three-quarters
of an hour, and nearly 700 grains in an hour and a quarter.'
On the other hand, in baths at an average temperature of 97°
Fahr., the body loses weight at the rate of 744 grains in fifteen
minutes, 1,271 grains in thirty minutes, and 2,054 grains in
forty-five minutes. In a bath of 113° Fahr. the body lost more
than a pound in weight in the course of fifteen minutes. By
this simple statement it becomes evident that, even in the case
of water, exhalation is a more active function of the skin than
absorption." ' It is quite probable, from the conflicting results
of experiments as to absorption, that, on the one hand, the
body loses a portion of fluid in a tepid bath, and, on the other,
absorbs an equal or nearly equal quantity ; that is, there is an
interchange of fluids. It may be noted that experiments in
warm baths show that the urine becomes alkaline^ as a ruky
even when nitric acid or sulphate of quinine is dissolved in
the water.

Transpiration. — ^The secretion of oil by the sebaceous fol-
licles, and its purpose of lubricating the skin, have already been
mentioned. The office, however, most worthy of notice in con-
nection with this subject is that of perspiration — the elimi-
nation of carbonic acid and perspiration by the sweat-glands.
The ingenious calculation by which it is shown that the com-
bined length of the sweat-tubes, in an individual, is about
twenty-eight miles has already been noticed. It may be asked,
if these glands are constantly active, continually conveying;

' Recent rcBearclies of Jamln and De Lauros tlirow doubt on this point They affirm
that the loss is large between 76° and 82* Fahr.
» 8tiU6'8 "Therapeutics," vol. i., pp. 66, 67.

THE SKIN.

125

Lce in con-

, They affirm

their burden of perspiration to the surface of the skin, why is
not that surface continually moist? We answer, because
the fluid is eliminated so gradually that it passes off impercep-
tibly in vapor as rapidly as it is formed. However, we all
know how, during vigorous exercise and the heat of summer,
it is immediately seen on the surface in large beads of fluid.
This fluid is composed mostly of water, but, besides, we find
carbonic acid, acetate of ammonia, phosphate of soda and lime,
carbonate of lime, chloride of sodium, sulphate of soda, mu-
riate of ammonia, and traces of iron and animal matter. The
quantity thus exhaled has been estimated as about two and a
half pounds per day — larger than the amount given off by the
lungs. It must not, however, be understood that all of this
quantity is exhaled by the sweat-glands and sebaceous glands ;
the larger proportion is the result of simple evaporation from
the surface of the skin.

Tlie amount of discharge from the skin varies at different
periods of the day, and under the varied conditions of our sys-
tems. Immediately after taking food the process is checked,
but when digestion is fully established it is most abundant.
The conditions of the atmosphere exercise a marked influence ;
when it is hot and dry, then transpiration is exceedingly ac-
tive, while a moist atmosphere has an opposite effect.

The skin also acts the part of a respiratory organ, by ab-
sorbing oxygen and giving off carbonic acid, thus aiding the
lungs in this important interchange of the gaseous constituents
of the blood. Indeed, respiration is performed by the skin
alone in some of the inferior animals. If one of the higher
animals, in which the skin resembles that of a man in func-
tion, be enclosed in a bag of caoutchouc, leaving the head
only exposed, it soon dies, as though asphyxiated, the heart
and lungs being found gorged with blood, and the temperature
of the body sometimes as much as 30° Fahr. boiow vhc normal
standard.

Kcflection upon the offices of the skin, which are almost
unknown to the multitude, will impress forcibly upon us the
exceeding importance of the bath as a sanitary and medicinal

uii

.'til

— ""i^K

T
(.

.4'*

120

MINERAL SPRINGS.

''1

agent. If this continual discharge of aqueous elements is
checked, may it not throw upon the other eliminators — the
kidneys, the lungs, and the intestines — an excess of labor that
will cause inflammation ? If the twenty-eight miles of drain-
age are obstructed, may not the pent-up eflFete matter engender
disease and death ?

Taking cold — the sudden arrest of the function of the skin
— is almost always followed by irritation of the mucous mem-
brane of the liings, kidneys and intestines, manifested by
bronchitis, an excessive discharge of urine, and even nephritis
or diarrhoea. These results, from the sudden arrest of the
functions of the skin, are only mentioned by way of illustra-
tion. There is a long list of diseases in which obstruction of
the skin is an exciting cause. Bathing is not only essential
to a healthy and prolonged existence, but, through the stimu-
lation of the action of the skin, in this way we may remove
various morbid products of the organism which, by their ac-
cumulation in the system, are the source of disease.

' .11;

CHAPTER IX.

BATHS.

The Cold Bath (70° Fahr. and below). — The primary
phenomena of immersion in cold water are those of sedation ;
the more decided as the water is colder. They are diminished
temperature and paleness of the skin, slower respiration and
circulation of the blood, accompanied by panting and shiver-
ing. If the cold be great or long protracted, a sense of suffo-
cation and constriction at the pit of the stomach is experi-
enced, the skin is corrugated, the breathing is labored and
convulsive, speech diflBcult, the circulation is depressed, the
lips and even cheeks become bluish, the muscles are painful
and seized with cramps, and, unless relieved, the person will
lose his hfe.

On coming out of the bath, and while exposed to the air,
the sensation of cold is increased ; but ir> vigorous persons, as
soon as the skin is dry, reaction takes place, a warm glow
spreads over the surface, the i;iascles play with ease and elas-
ticity, the mind is clear, and the person exhilarated.

Since the times of Musa, who cured the Emperor Augustus
Caesar of a supposed hopeless malady by the use of cold wa-
ter, there have been repeated periods in which this useful
remedy has been exalted into a panacea. Such it is not ; but
there are certain conditions of the system in which it is an
eSicient remedy.

The cold bath is most frequently used as a toniCf and is
only applicable to persons who have sufficient vigor to procure
prompt reaction. In this way it is more often employed to
perpetuate an already healthy condition than to relieve dis-

128

MINERAL SPRINGS.

tli

■

ease. For the anaemic and depressed, needing tonics, other
resources must be sought. There seems an incompatibility
between the tonic effect of a cold bath and the fact that the
bath itself is actually a sedative. This inconsistency, how-
ever, is only apparent. When we speak of the tonic action,
it is only as a result, not as the immediate effect.

Cold applications are employed in an infinite number of
ways in the treatment of disease. In fevers, the cold sponge-
bath is a palliative, so acting by abstraction of heat. Active
haemorrhage, both external and internal, may frequently be
controlled by cold applications : in the former acting directly,
by contraction of the blood-vessels and tissues ; in the latter,
by reflex action, the sudden chill produced, as in haemorrhage
of the lungs, by application of cold to the chest, causing con-
traction of the capillary blood-vessels. In acute diseases of
the brain, the continuous application of cold is of great ad-
vantage, lessening temperature by abstraction of heat and
contracting the blood-vessels by direct action. Gout and
rheumatism have sometimes been treated, in the acute stage,
by application of cold to the affected part ; but, though some-
times securing relief, the practice is not to be recommended,
the cause of the disease still remaining in the system, ready
to explode its force at some other point. Quite opposite to
this is the action of the hot bath in this disease, which, by
stimulating the excretory function of the skin, removes the
cause.

As a guide to the use of the ordinary cold bath, we insert
the following rules :

1. The most favorable ti7ne of day for taking a cold bath
is on rising in the morning, or about noon.

2. The stomach should be empty when the bath is taken.

3. Exercise moderately before entering the bath and while
in the bath; but the body must not be overheated on going
into the water.

4. A cold bath should not be taken when fatigued.

5. The duration of a cold bath should not exceed five
minutes.

BATHS.

120

G. The cold bath should be Bucceeded by friction of the
surface, with a coarse towel or flesh-brush, till reaction is estab-
lished.

7. If the cold bath is not followed by reaction, the dura-
tion has been too long, or cold bathing is not fitt<;d for the
imlividiml.

8. The cold bath is not adapted to feeble or aged persona
and infants,

9. Persons whose extremities or skin are usually cold
should not use the cold bath.

10. Persons affected with organic disease of the heart
should not take cold baths.

Baths between 70° and 85° Fahr. are denominated tem-
perate^ and from 85° to 92° Fahr. they are termed tepid. Tlie
latter range is that usually selected for the purpose of ordinary
ablution. These baths abstract heat and lessen the frequency
of the pulse in the same manner as the cold bath, though in
much less degree.

The Warm Bath (92° to 98° Fahr.).— This may be
termed the luxurious bath, that which the weary or the invalid
enters with pleasure and quits reluctantly. Under its in-
fluence a sense of calm enjoyment and perfect tranquillity
is experienced. Granville, in his glowing description of a
bath in the Wildbad waters of Germany, well describes these
sensations :

"After descending a few steps from the dressing-room into
the bath-room, I walked over the warm, soft sand to the far-
tliest end of the bath, and I lay myself down upon it, near
the principal spring, resting my head on a clean wooden pillow.
The soothing effect of the water as it came over me, up to the
throat, transparent like the brightest gem or aqua-marine, soft,
genially warm, and gently murmuring, I shall never forget.
Millions of bubbles of gas rose from the sand and played
around me, quivering through the lucid water as they as-
cended, and bursting at the surface, to be succeeded by others.
The sensation produced, as these with their tremulous motion
just effleuraient the surface of the body, ... is not to be de-
7

'■ ■*if-L
- i4 t:M

Lii

130

MINERAL SPRINGS.

w i

■\ In

f-i

scribed. It partakes of tranquillity/ and exhilaration / of the
ecstatic state of a devotee, blended with the repose of an
opium-eater. The head is calm, the heart is caltn ; yet there
is neither drowsiness, stupefaction, nor numbness.^*

The physiological ellects of the warm bath are as follows:
There is diminution in the frequency of the pulse and a less-
ened number of respirations. The experiments of Marcard
show that in baths of 96° Fahr., and below that temperature,
the rapidity of the pulse is uniformly diminished. Dr. Lock-
ette, of Virginia, in baths of 98° Fahr., found the pulse always
reduced in frequency. In rare instances it was slightly in-
creased on first immersion, but in a short time it fell below the
normal standard, and so continued. In this respect there is
a diflference in individuals as to the amount of dimimi^^ion of
the pulse-beats, those whose pulse is usually riipivi and ex-
cited showing the most decided variation. From these facts,
and those given under the remarks on cold baths, we deduce
the law that in all baths of a temjyerature below the nor-
mal heat of the body, 98° Fahr., the pulse is diminished in
frequency. '

Warm baths act decidedly on the functions of the skin ;
absorption and exhalation are much increased. In baths the
temperature of which ranges between 86° and 96° Fahr.,
the absorption of vrater and medicinal salts seems most ac-
tive.

The prolonged use of the warm bath, for days and weeks
in succession, produces an eruption on the surface of the skin
and febrile conditions, continuing for several days, known
among the Germans as the JBad-sturm, or bath-fever. Formerly
it was thought that the production of this critical fever was
necessary to a cure ; but this idea has been relinquished, and
it is now usually considered as an indication of misuse of the
bath, and a guide for diminishing the temperature or lessening
the duration.

The warm bath may be considered, therapeutically, as
calming and restorative. The person worn out by prolonged
mental or physical exertion experiences in the warm bath a

BATHS.

131

sense of quiet and relaxation, which is followed on quitting it,
if the person do not remain too long, with a restoration of
energy.

A dividing-line may clearly be drawn between the warm
and the hot bath. To place the prominent points more defi-
nitely before the reader, the respective effects are shown in
the following table :

WARM BATH.
From 92° to 98° Falir.

1. Calming aud sedative.

2. Pulse decreased in frequency.

3. Respirations decreased in number.

4. Skin neither red nor congested.

5. Absorption and exhalation of the

akin increased.
G. No determination of blood to the

head.
7. Secondary effects restorative.

UOT UATIl.
xVbove 98° Fahr.

1. Exciting.

2. Pulse increased in frequency.

3. Respirations increased in number.

4. Skin red and congested.

5. Exhalation of the skin increased,

and little or no absorption.

6. Determination of bloocl io the

head.

7. Secondary effects depressing

The warm bath is applicable to many diseases. It calms
nervous excitement, and hus been used advantageously in
mania, chorea, and hysteria. In nephritis, it allaj's pain, and
aids the passage of calculi. Congestions and inflammations
of the liver are also much improved by its use, in conjunction
with other treatment. Conjoined with frictions and moderate
exercise, it is also palliative in albuminuria. JDysmenorrJicea
and amenorrhcea have been treated by warm baths from time
immemorial. Chronic metritis is also subject to favorable
influence by the warm bath. Many diseases of the skin are
thereby rendered amenable to treatment, which otherwise baf-
fle our best efforts. Subacicte rheumatism and ffont may be
treated by warm baths, and even the more decidedly chronic
types may be subjected to them when the hot bath cannot be
used.

The following rules are applical)le to the warm bath :

1. The best time for taking a warm bath is during the
morning hours, and in some instances before retiring to bed.

2. Tlie stomach should be empty at the time of the bath.

■:!• i :'i ■ .in

132

MINEflAL SPRINGS.

3. The duration of the warm bath may be from fifteen min-
utes to an hour, and sometimes longer.

4. The warm bath is applicable to almost all conditions of
health or disease, but pej sons aflfected with organic disease of
the heart or lungs should be careful in its use.

The Hot Bath (above 98° Fahr.).— The physiological effects
of the hot bath are very different from those of a warm bath.
During immersion in a hot bath, the skin becomes red, the
pulse is increased in frequency, the respirations are increased
in number, perspiration breaks forth on the parts not im-
mersed, exhalation of the skin is greatly stimulated, the mind
becomes confused, and, if too long continued, vertigo or even
apoplexy may result. Dr. Lockette, of Virginia, whose pulse
was 77, in a bath of 98° Fahr., tells us that, in a bath of 111°
Fahr., it rose to 153 beats in a minute, and that it produced
confusion of thought, partial delirium, tinnitus aurium^ an
inability to speak, dimness of sight, an intolerable pain in
his head, with an intense desire to micturate. His sensa-
tions were precisely such as they are in a violent state of
feve'*. There were great redness of the skin and flushing of
the face. On raising himself out of the water, he almost
swooned, and, being now covered with blankets, sweated very
profusely. The results of the experiments of M. Rostaj' and M.
Loude coincide with those obtained by Dr. Lockette. Lieber-
meister found the bodily temperature augmented by the hot
bath. The extent to which exhalation of the skin is stimulated
has been well shown by the experiments of Mosler, who proved
that, in hot baths of high temperature, from one to two pounds'
weight may be lost in the course of an hour. During a course
of hot bathing a bath-fever sometimes occurs, similar to that
described in treating of warm baths. There are constipation,
a coated tongue, loss of appetite, nervous irritability, disturbed
sleep, perspiration, palpitations, and eruptions on the skin, and
a temporary discontiimance of the baths is indicated.

The diseases in which the hot bath is remedial are chronic
rheumatism, gout, and chronic diseases of the skin, especially
those of a scaly nature, such as psoriasis, pityriasis, and lichen,

BATHS.

133

een mm-

num. an

occurring in phlegmatic temperaments. In neuralgias^ paror
plef/ia^ and paralysis, it is curative in a marked degree, espe-
cially when employed in the form of a hot douche. Dysmen-
orrhcea and amenorrhoea, associated with atonic conditions,
are also favorably influenced by hot baths and douches. En-
larged and contracted joints are relieved by the same treat-
ment. Engorgement of the abdominal viscera may be prop-
erly subjected to hot baths, and frequently with decided re-
lief. In tertiary syphilis, the hot bath often acts as an indis-
pensable adjuvant to cure. The stimulant effect on the excre-
tory function of the skin, combined with proper medication,
seems to eliminate the venereal poison with great certainty and
rapidity. When the hot douche acts favorably in neuralgia,
paralysis, and affections of the joints, it seems to do so by its
local effect entirely. The blood-vessels, nerves, and lymphatics
of the affected part, are stimulated to renewed vitality, which,
on the one hand, relieves pain, and restores sensibility and mo-
tion, and on the other absorbs exudations and concretions.

Although hot baths form so potent a remedy, they should
be employed with circumspection, and the effect closely ob-
served from day to day. Venel asserts that, at Cauterets, a
Spaniard died of haemorrhage, from prolonged stay in a hot
bath, and Buchan relates the case of a man who was attacked
with paralysis, after the use of an excessively hot bath. The
following rules will serve as a guide in the use of this bath :

1. The best time for taking a hot bath is during the morn-

mg.

3. Tlie stomach should be empty, free from irritation, and
the tongue clean.

3. The duration may be from five to fifteen minutes, and
sometimos longer, according to temperature and condition.

4. The hot bath is more applicable to the middle-aged and
old, than to young persons.

5. Plethoric persons should be guarded in the use of hot
baths.

6. Those suffering from organic disease of the heart or
lungs, or subject to vertigo, should not use hot baths.

134

MINERAL SPRINGS.

7. The temperature of the hot bath usually employed,
ranges from 102° to 110° Fahr.

Vapor-Bath. — In this bath the atmosphere is loaded with
hot vapor. It acts rapidly in increasing the heat of the body,
inasmuch as the body is not only heated by the surrounding
hot medium, but, when perspiration would afford relief, evap-
oration is impeded by the already moist atmosphere. Owing
to these conditi' s a high temperature of vapor-bath is in
tolerable, while a dry, hot-air bath may be taken at 312°
Fahr,, and higher, with impunity. In a vapor-bath of 120°
Fahr., F^rdyce found the pulse 145 after twenty minutes' stay.
At a higher temperature, the p" Ise becomes more frequent and
smaller, and, when the temperature reaches 170° Fahr., it can
be borne but for a few moments without injury.

The physiological effects of the hot vapor-bath are con-
gestion and redness of the skin, increase in frequency of the
pulse, fulness of the head, oppression of tLs chest, arising
from congestion of the lungs, and tendency to perspiration.
Persons are often deceived by the seeming large quantity of
perspiration on the skin, which is, in great part, only the con-
densation of vapor on the body. There is increase in the tem-
perature of the body. Wiegand found that in a vapor-bath
of 106° Fahr. a thermometer placed in the mouth rose from
99° to 102° Fahr. in five minutes, and reached 104° Fahr.,
when the temperature of the bath was increased to 110° Fahr.
These observations may not, however, be altogether accurate,
as the hot vapor entering the mouth would inlluence the ther-
mometer ; and, placed in the axilla, it does not mark so great
change. But that the temperature of the body is decidedly
increased is undoubted ; and it is from this fact that the bodv
so well tolerates the sudden transition from hot vapor to a
cool shower-bath. The change is grateful and soothing, and
is followed by copious perspiration under favorable conditions.

Russian Hath. — This is but a form of the hot vapor-bath.
Under various forms it is used by all the inhabitants of North-
ern Europe — the Germans, Swedes, Norwegians, Russians —
and, we are told, by the Indians of this continent. As em-

BATHS.

135

ided with
the body,
rounding
ief, evap-
Ovviiig
Eith is ill
at 212°
I of 120°
ites' stay,
luent and
ir., it can

are con-
ey of the
b, arising
spiration.
Entity of
the con-
the tem-
apor-bath
ose from
4° Fahr.,
iO° Fahr.
accurate,
the ther-
so great
iccidedly
the body
por to a
ling, and
nditions.
por-bath.
of North-
jssians —
As em-

ployed in this country, it consists of antechambers, or dressings
rooms, warmed from 70° to 95° Fahr., and the bath-chamber.
The latter is constructed of wood, and on one side of the
room are rows of benches, usually three in number, one above
the other. The temperature of the bath is according to the
elevation of the bench ; on the lower it is about 96° Fahr.,
and on the upper one it may be as high as 160° Fahr. The
bather disrobes in the anteroom, and then, lightly covered, en-
ters 'he bath. He first reclines on the lower shelf, then on
the middle, next on the upper, remaining five, ten, or fifteen
minutes on each, the time varying as the person is accustomed
to the bath. At certain stages of this process, when the skin
is red and the body very hot, the person is taken to a side-
room and showered with cool, or even cold water ; the skin
being so intensely ho^; the sensation is very agreeable, and no
clanger need be apprehended, provided the contact of cold be
brief. In Russia the attendant also rubs the body vigorously
with various irritating and cleansing substances, such as the
inner bark of the lim^-tree, previously soaked in soap-suds, a
hempen wisp, bran and soap-suds, or flannel cloths, the selec-
tion being adapted to the condition of the patient. The body
is also kneaded, and the various joints rubbed and twisted till
they are perfectly supple. The hot vapor is usually admitted
to the room from coils of steam-pipes, but in Russia it is pro-
duced by throwing water on red-hot shot or stones ; and there
the equivalent for the cold shower often consists in running
Odt into the open air and rolling in the snow, immediately re-
turning, however, to the hot vapor-room. The duration of the
bath for those not habituated is about fiftet a minutes ; but,
after becoming accustomed to it, it may be prolonged to a
half-hour, or even an hour. After the bath the person retires
to an adjoining room, and remains till co jl, usually partaking
of some warm drink. If, however, copious perspiration is de-
siraljle, the patient is wrapped in blankets and reclines on a
couch, whcro he remains for some time.

Ilot-Air Bath. — In the hot-air bath the body is surrounded
by a medium which, although it tends to increase its heat, pre-

r ! *\

i : t

«♦

136

MINERAL SPRINGS.

sents at the same time the best conditions for conveying the
heat away. The skin is stimulated to increased activity, and
perspiration exudes from every pore ; but it is immediately
converted into vapor, which, in the change, absorbs enormous
quantities of heat, and thus the body remains about the nor-
mal temperature. Experiment has proved that a person may
remain seven minutes in dry air at 210° Fahr., and the body-
heat will not rise more than one degree in temperature. In
the hot-air bath the loss by evaporation depends more on the
length of time passed in it than the temperature. Ten min-
utes passed in a hot-air bath of 122° Fahr., and one of 212°
Fahr., give rise to the same loss by evaporation, and this in
a CDnstant proportion.* The difference between the toleration
of a hot-vapor bath and a hot-air bath has already been no-
ticed. While in the one we cannot endure a heat above 160°
or 170° Fahr., in the other we can readily remain for some
time after it passes the point of boiling-water. It is related
that the workmen of the sculptor. Sir F. Chantrey, were in the
habit of entering a furnace in which moulds were dried when
the floor was red-hot an'i the thermometer stood at 350° Fahr.
Chabert, the "Fire Ki ig," frequently entered an oven at a
temperature of from 400° to 600° Fahr.

The physiological effects of hot air are somewhat as fol-
lows : On entering a bath of 160° Fahr. persons not accus-
tomed to it usually experience a slight smarting and itching
of the entire body. The pulse becomes at first small and fre-
quent, respiration is impeded, and there is a feeling of con-
striction about the forehead. After some moments the pulse
becomes fuller, but still increased in frequency, and the tem-
poral arteries throb.' The skin feels hot, and there is a pun-
gent, burning sensation about the nostrils. A copious per-
spiration covers the body, and sometimes the mouth is dry.'

» BeU on " Baths," p. 525.

" In my own case, after thlrty-flvo minutes passed in the Turkish bath, twonty-flyo of
wliich I was subject to ViT Falir., and tho last ten to 176° Fahr., the pulso rose from 84 on
entering to 144.

• The colored attendant whom I mot in tho Turkish bath made tho following statement :
Ho is in the bathing-chambers sbc hours each day, tho temperature of tho air with which

ftl

BATHS.

137

The immediate after-eflFect cf a hot-air bath is depressing,
though when properly used it may prove tonic.

The Turkish Bath. — Tliis is the form of hot-air bath in
general use both in this country and Europe. It consists of
four apartments: First, the undressing-room, at a tempera-
ture of about 80° Fahr. Here you disrobe, receive a light
gown, and place your feet in sandals with wooden soles.
Leaving this room, the tepidarium is entered. This is a
chamber usually about ten feet square and nine feet high, the
lloor of slate or marble, and the walls of tile. Within this
apartment are couches, on which you recline, usually remain-
ing fifteen minutes. Temperature of this room, 120° Fahr.
From the tepidarium you are conducted into the shampooing-
room, of larger dimensions ; temperature about the same. In
the centre of this chamber is an elevated marble table, on
which you place yourself, and every portion of the body is
rubbed thoroughly and kneaded by the bath-attendant. From
this room you enter the caldarium^ and recline on a couch.
This apartment is similar in size and construction to the tepi-
darium, -but the temperature is 176° Fahr., and the walls are
burning to the touch. Here you remain for ten minutes, the
perspiration breaking forth from every portion of the body,
and a pungent, burning sensation being felt about the nos-
trils. Then you are again taken to the shampooing-room,
where you are douched with water of about 98° Fahr., and
rubbed with wisps of sea-grass or hemp ; then douched again.
The attendant then takes a wooden strlgil, of the antique pat-
tern, and scrapes the body and extremities. Next you are
showered with water of 90° Fahr. ; then douched with water
of 70° Fahr., the latter giving considerable shock, and termi-
nating the bath. You are then conducted to the dressing-
room, where, after being thoroughly dried, you recline for

he is surrounded during that time varyinjf from 120° to 200' Fahr., some persons taking
baths at tlie last-named temperature. He has followod this occupation four years. Ho has
lost considerable in weight, and has very little appetite. Tongue Is white and fUrred. Suf-
fers from constipation — a passage once in two days; previous to taking charge of biitlis, hav-
ing been regular. Passes very little urine. Perspires freely In the bath. Feels stupid.
Sleeps veiy soundly; and frequently feels numb in portions of his body when he wakes.

:'li^

138

MINERAL SPRINGS

some time on a couch, enjoying the pleasurable " dolce-fur-
niente " condition in wLich you find yourself. The system is
in a state of lassitude, with a pleasant inclination to repose,
unaccompanied, however, by the slightest sensation of weari-
ness or fatigue. During the entire process the pulse has
ranged as high as sixty beats per minute above the normal
standard ; and considerable skill has been required on the part
of the attendant in adjusting the cooling douches so as to
leave you at the close with the body cooled to the natural
temperature.

The Turkish bath in the Orient is the same as that de-
scribed, excepting that the chambers are not heated so high,
the caldarium not being above 105^ Fahr. For the purpose
of the bath in health this temperature is preferable.

In Persia, India, and Egypt, the baths are similar to those
of Turkey ; and it seems that in countries of a southern lati-
tude preference is always given to the hot-air bath, while in
northern countries the hot-vapor bath is most in vogue.

As a therapeutic agent, the Russian and Turkish baths are
applicable to chronic skin-diseases of the dry kind, and all
chronic diseases in which it is desirable to stimulate the func-
tions of the skin and produce active elimination, as gout,
rheumatism, albuminuria, diabetes, torpid liver, etc. Care,
however, must be used in the selection of cases; and the
feeble, or those suffering from organic diseases of the heart
or lungs, should not be subjected to the excitement of these
baths.

The Douche. — This is an arrangement for projecting a
stream of water on any part of the body at will. It is an ex-
ceedingly active agent, stimulating the blooa-vessels, nerves,
and lymphatics of the part to which it is applied, and, through
the nervous system, affecting the entire organism. It may be
used of tepid, warm, or hot water, the effects varying in de-
gree according to the t'^mpcrature. The cold douche is sel-
dom employed, except wnen the surface of the skin has been
artificially overheated.

Douches are differently named, according to the mode of

|! '

BATna

139

[)rojecting the water. The ordinary shower-bath is a descend-
ing douche.

An ascending douche^ frequently employed in diseases of
the vagina, uterus, and rectum, ij formed by an elastic India-
rubber tubing, of convenient length, attached to a reservoir of
tepid water, and terminated by metal tips, which are perfo-
rated with many holes, or have but a single orifice, accord-
ing to the effect desired.

The force of the column of water for the uterine or rectal
douche should be within the following limits : For the uterus,
from two to six feet pressure ; for the rectum, from two and
a half to ten feet. The temperature may range from 82°
to 92° Fahr , though, in some cases, il ^nay be as high as
98° Fahr.

The fan-douche is a metal tip, spreading out like an ordi-
nary fan, with the perforations at the circumference of the
fan.

The ring douche is a cylinder formed of coiled pipes ris-
ing one above the other to the height of six feet, and about
two and a half feet in diameter. These pipes are all per-
forated on the inside, and, when the patient is within and the
water turned on, he is showered from every point of the cir-
cumference.

Tlie imiversal douche is a similar contrivance, by which
the person is showered from every direction — above, below,
and on all sides.

The spout-hath is a douche of great power. It is formed
by an orifice of from one to two and a half inches in diameter,
from which the water is projected, over and downward, from a
height of five or six feet. The patient, usually reclining on a
slab, places himself under this stream of water and permits it
to flow on the diseased part.

The SitZrBath. — This is a bath in which the thighs and
middle portions of the body only are immersed, in other words,
the person sits down in the water. It may be cold, warm, or
hot, and acts according to the temperature. The warm sitz-
bath produces relaxation of the tissues of the pelvis and re-

111

J 40

MINERAL SPRINGS.

lii

lieves irritation, thus giving relief in stricture of the urethra,
nephritic colic, amcnorrhoea, and djsmenorrhoea. The cold
or hot sitz-bath should be employed with caution.

The foot-oath has the eflFects of the warm or hot bath, ac-
cording to temperature, though in a modified degree. Tliis
distinction, however, should be made: the primary action
of the hot foot-bath, by the turgescence of the blood-vessels
of the feet, relieves slight engorgements in other parts of
the body, especially when the head is the seat of the en-
gorgement.

Mineral-Mud Hath, — This bath consists of mineral mud
taken from the marshy ground about the source of the spring.
This mud, having been previously thoroughly dried, is placed
in a large vat and mingled with hot mineral water till of a
plastic consistency. The patient immerses himself in this hot
mineral mud, varying in temperature from 85° to 100° Fahr.,
and remains from one to several hours. He then passes from
this vat to an adjoining warm-water bath, where he is cleansed,
thoroughly rubbed and dried.

Although of recent introduction in this country, this bath
is of ancient date, having been described by Pliny and Galen.
The eflFect of the bath is to produce a lively excitation of the
skin, followed by free perspiration. When the baths have
been continued for some time, miliary and erythematous
eruptions sometimes occur on the surface of the skin, un-
accompanied, however, as a rule, by the feverish conditions
which present in the eruptions from prolonged warm or hot
bathing.

This kind of bath is chiefly employed in diseases of the
skin, chronic rheumatism, and affections of the joints, such as
engorgements, contractions, and concretions. The good results
of these baths abroad, in diseases of this nature, are attributed
by the best authorities entirely to the external and topical ap-
plication of heat, and the irritation produced by the friction
of the mud. No heed is given to the supposed absorption of
the chemical constituents. I give, however, the chief constitu-
ents of the most celebrated mineral-mud bath in Europe, that

BATUS.

141

of Franzensbad, as taken from an exceedingly accurate analy-
sis by Kadig :

One thousand parts of the dried mud consist of the following :

Farts.

Sulphate of protoxide of iron

Sulphate of soda

. 88

Sulphate of lime ....

Chloride of sodium

. 10

Protoxide of iron . . . -

Alumina .....

. 29

Magnesia .....

Silica .....

. 42

Coarse sand .....

Humic acid and ulmine .

. 180

Vegetable substances

Vegetable substances (undestroyed)

. 423

974

The remaining substances are sulphates of alumina, magnesia, strontia,
lithia, manganese, and phosphate of lime. The original analysis is carried
out to five places of decimals.

As a curiosity, the sand-bath may be mentioned. It con-
sists in burying one's body in the warm sand of the sea shore
and remaining for some hours. It is practised by the Tartars
of the Crimea. By this process slight perspirations, followed
by eruptions, are produced.

Medicated JBaths. — All baths of mineral-spring water, con-
taining considerable mineral constituents, may be placed in
this class ; also, those baths of ordinary water in which medi-
cines are dissolved. The substances most frequently intro-
duced are alkaline carbonates, with a view of imitating the
baths of alkaline mineral waters — common salt producing a
bath somewhat resembling that of saline waters ; sulphuret
of sodium forming a bath similar to that of sulphur-waters.
Baths of the fumes of various medicines — termed fumiya-
tio7\s — are also used ; of these, those of sulphur and mercury
are most frequently employed. The person to be subjected
to this process is seated on a stool, within a close box, the

Lj|is||;

f ? ! f '

lijl MB

MINERAL SPRINGS.

head only projecting from an aperture. The fumes are intro-
duced beneath the stool, and the body is thus enveloped in an
atmosphere highly charged with the vapor of medicinal sul>-
stances.

Carbonic- Ac id Hath. — This bath can only be used advan-
tageously at springs where there is an abundant escape of the
gas. Over the spring, or a portion of the spring, a bell-shaped
reservoir is placed, and from the upper part flexible tubing
conveys the gas to the room in which baths are given, or to a
second reservoir, which may be arranged like the ordinary gas.
ometer, so that the gas may escape under pressure. The bath-
ing apparatus consists of an impervious box, within which the
patient is seated, the head being without the box, and care be-
ing taken that properly-adjusted rubber-cloth envelops the
throat, so that the gas may not escape, and the patient respire
a sufficient quantity to become asphyxiated. The patient may
take the bath with or without his clothing, as he desires. The
effect of this bath has been described by M. Rotureau as fol-
lows : He experienced a lively sense of warmth, with redness
of the face and pricking of the skin, accompanied at first by
coldness of the feet ; the pulse diminished in frequency. The
bath was followed by a sense of renewed vigor and activity.
In one experiment which he made, completely undressed, he
felt at first exceedingly cold, and the heat that succeeded was
accompanied with insupportable itching. The gas has also been
administered in the form of a douche. According to Althaus,
when applied locally to the eye. carbonic acid produces a
burning sensation in the conjunctiva, accompanied with con-
gestion. The secretions are increased, and tears flow freely ;
but, if the application is long continued, the secretions may be
suppressed ; the eye becomes congested, and disturbance of
vision follows. When a douche of carbonic acid is directed
upon the ear, the sense of hearing becomes more acute, the
secretions of the lining membrane are augmented, and some-
times drowsiness follows the operation. Applied to the mouth
or fauces, an acidulous taste is experienced, together with an
astringent sensation, and the uvula and root of the tongue be-

BATHS,

143

conjo injected ; the flow of saliva is also increased. If the
iippliuation be long continued, there are loss of taste and a sense
of heaviness in the tongue, and, when douched upon the abdo-
men, it is said to promote hajmorrhoidal and menstrual flow,
and in pre^jnant women to cause abortion.

The diseases in which the carbonic-acid bath is said to
have proved useful, are rheumatism, neuralgia, paralysis, and
granular pharyngitis.

CHAPTER X

ALKALINE WATEKS.

imti

Waters thus classified contain, as prominent constituents,
the carbonates of soda, potassa, lithia, lime, and magnesia,
the carbonate of soda being usually in much greater propor-
tion than other carbonates. They also frequently contain a
small proportion of chloride of sodium, and sulphate of soda,
and potassa. They generally contain a large quantity of car-
bonic-acid gas. Tlie action of these waters depends on the
alkaline carbonates above mentioned, varied, however, hy
their peculiar combination with other salts, and sometiines
by undiscovered ingredients. They tend to stimulate the
stomach, to increase the appetite, to render the urine alkaline,
to increase its flow, and in a slight degree to promote the
activity of the skin. These waters prove purgative only in
exceptional instances, usually producing constipation. They
especially act on the mucous membranes, lessening catarrhal
discharges.

Waters of this class, when of high temperature, prove ex-
ceedingly beneficial in ffout, and it is in this disease that the
alkaline Vichy waters of Europe have attained so great celeb-
rity. Wliy these waters prove more beneficial than the active
ingredients, given in the usual way, is not well understood.
The fact, however, is incontestable, that waters of this class
frequently prove more valuable than any other remedy. The
cases of gout to which they are especially applicable are those
in which the patient is of full habit. Waters of this class also
prove beneficial in cases of urtc-acid gravely though the decided
curative eflect that was once expected has not been realized.

ALKALINE WATERS.

145

In catarrh of the bladder^ however, they frequently prove
curative. Jcterus^ depending on catarrh of the hi ^)atic ducts,
is relieved by them. Chronic bronchitis, or catarrh of the
respiratory organs, unaccompanied by organic disease of the
heart, will be favorably influenced by their use. Care, how-
ever, should be taken that cases subjected to their action have
no tendency to haemoptysis. It is this class of waters that
have so long been known in Europe as proving decidedly ben-
eficial in cases of diabetes mellitus. In one of the Western
States, a spring is advertised as a new discovery — a cure in this
disease — and that it is of value is undoubted; but, curiously
enough, we find that it also is an alkaline water — no discovery,
after all. Under the use of alkaline waters, the diabetic
patient gains in strength, the harassing thirst ceases, the skin
becomes moist, the urine is reduced almost to normal specific
gravity, and often every trace of sugar disappears. In some
incipient cases, it is quite probable a cure has taken place ;
but, though this result be not attained, the disease is often
stayed in its course, and Althaus tells us that, " in some in-
stances diabetes has, by the use of the Vichy waters, been
brought to a stand-still for years." ' In cases of gall-stones,
these waters frequently give relief, causing them to be passed
with less pain, and, by a periodical use for several seasons,
entirely removing the tendency to formation of them. Dys-
pepsin^ accompanied with acidity, is favorably affected, and
tliat somewhat vague disease, catarrh of the stomach, more
properly chronic gastritis, is amenable to treatment by these
waters.

It will be seen that these waters, and the alkaline-saline
waters, are in several instances, recommended in similar cases.
Tlio distinction to be made in determining, for a given case,
wliich is preferabh;, is based on tlie answer to the question,
whether the patient is of constipated habit, and requires an
ajxTient or cathartic medicine ; if he docs, then tlie alkaliitc-
saline waters are superior to the purely alkaline. Waters
which contain a considerable proportion of carbonic-acid gas

> " Bpaa of Europe," p. 820.

1 4-r

146

MINERAL SPRINGS.

are preferable, because more readily absorbed, and more agree-
able to the taste.

BIiAD;)N SPBINGS.

Loeation and Post-Office. — Bladon Springs, Choctaw County, Alabama.

Access* — ^Frora Mobile up the Tombigbee River, one hundred miles north,
by steamboat, on Tuesdays and Fridays, to Bladon landing ; thence three
miles and a half by stage. Or go to Demopolis, on the Alabama Central
Railroad, forty-two miles west of Selma ; thence by steamboat, on Tuesdays
and Fridays, south, on Tombigbee River, about fifty miles to the landing.

Hotel. — Bladon Springs.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains—

Vichy Spring,

67 • Fshr.
Frofi. J. L, and
W. P. RlddeU.

Branch Spring,

67 ■' Fabr.
Profa. J. L. and
W. P. Uiddell.

Old Spring.

Prof. R. T.

Brumby.

Sulphur Sprin;,',

67° Fahr.
Prolk, J, L, and
W. P, Riddell.

Solids.
Carbonate of soda

Orslni.
6.791
0.086
» 0.062
0.109

a 6.282

trace.
....

• • • •

6.282

Graini.
6.1. 'Jl
0.076
J 0.029
0.267

» 6.349

• • • •

6.287

Graini.

4.111

0.170

6.844
0.962
0.002
0.030

6.2(53
0.091
0.075

6.640

Grains,
4.867

Carbonate of magnesia

Carbonate of Iron

0.081
» 0.095

Carbonate of lime

o.aoi

Cliloride of sodium

Sulphate of lime

6.870

Sulphate of iron

Sulphate of manganese

Silica and alumina

trace.

Crenic acid

llypocrenic acid

Organic matter

0.156

Loss

Total

6.662

Cubic inch,
8.18
trace.
S0.23

6.112

Cubic inch,
7.40
trace.
»0.28

6.088

Cubic inch.

4.07

undetermhied.

5.371

Gases,
Carbonic acid

Cubic Inch.
6.61

Sulphuretted hydrogen.

Chlorine

0.07
8 0.23

Properties. — It will be seen from the analysis that these
are nearly pure alkaline waters, charged with considerable
carbonic-acid gas. The sulphur spring does not differ mate-
rially from the other springs, excc})t in containing a small pro-
portion of sulphuretted hydrogen. They are very valuiiblo
waters of the class, and will prove appropriate in the cases to
which alkaline waters are applic'a.blc.

Itemarks. — The surrounding c ;untry is rolling. In every

' Carbonate of iron and oxide of alumina.

<■ Sulphate of limo and silicic acid.

» (Probably combined with sodium, forming ohlorlJo of sodium.— W.)

ALKALINE WATERS.

147

direction the eye rests on the primeval forest, composed al-
most entirely of pine-trees, and appropriately called "Piney
Woods."

These springs are much frequented, and possess the con-
veniences of such resorts.

CONQBESS SPBINaS.

Location* — Santa Clara County, California.

AecesSt — Go to Santa Clara, a station on the San Jos6 branch of the Cen-
tral Pacific Railroad, about forty miles south from San Francisco ; thence by
stage. Or to San Jos6, forty-seven miles south from San Francisco ; thence
twelve miles by stage.

Dotelt — Congress Springs.

ANALYSIS.
One pint contains at 50° Fahr.

SOLIDB.

Grains.

Carbonate of soda

• « •

. 15.418

Carbonate of iron .

• • •

1.753

Carbonate of lime

• ■ •

. 2.161

Chloride of sodium

• • *

14.894

Sulphate of soda

• • •

. 1.517

Silica, alumina, and t

race of magnesia

■ • • <

6.235

Total .

. 41.978

Properties. — According to the analysis, the accuracy of
which is doubtful, these are valuable waters of the muriated-
alkaline subdivision, possessing at the same time chalybeate
qualities. When highly charged with carbonic-acid gas they
form an agreeable drink, and are largely bottled and sold in
California.

Remarks — The hotel is located on the summit of a moun-
tain-spur, overlooking the foot-hills, and giving a view of blue
mountain-peaks in the distance.

The springs, one-half mile distant from tiie hotel, are reached
by a winding mountain-road.

The taste of the water reveals the presence of iron, which

is indi(!ated as well by the rusty-colored deposit which settles

where it flows.'

1 Overland Monthly, Juno, 18T0.

It i

M X-

i*i

148

MINERAL SPRINGS.

CALIFOBNIA SELTZEB SPBINGS.

Location. — Mendocino County, California.

Post-OfflcCt — Sand, Mendocino County, California.

ietess.— From San Francisco by steamer to DonaLae, thence by Califor-
nia & Northern Pacific Railroad to Sanel ; thence twelve miles by stage to
the springs.

Dotel* — Fountain House.

ANALYSIS.

H. G. Hanks) :

One pint contains (61° Fahr.

SOUSB.

Carbonate of soda .

Carbonate of magnesia

Carbonate of lime .

Carbonate of iron

'^'hloride of sodium

Alumina

Silica ....

Grains.
7.598

10.118
1.938
0.567
1.478
O.O'iS
0.729

22,503

Total .....
Gas — Carbonic acid, 45 cubic inches. (1882.)
In addition, the water contains minute quantities of carbonate of lithium,
sulphate of lime, boracic acid, and organic matter.

Properties. — This is an excellent alkaline water, which will
act favorably in all the diseases indicated on pages 144 and 14.5.

PERRZ SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Office. — Peny Springs, Pike County, Illinois.
Access. — By Haanibal & Naples Railroad to Griggsville, thirty -six miles
east of Hannibal ; thence six miles and a half by stage.
Hotel. — Perry Springs.

ANALYSIS.

One pint comalns —

No. 1.

Middle Sprlnpt.

IF. EnRelinann, M. D.

No. 2.

Upper Spring:.

H. Kngulinaun, M. D.

No. .•?.

Lower Spriusr.

H. Eugn-lmunn, M. D,

Solids,

Carbonate of potassa

Carbonate ol' iiiaguesla

Gralnt.

0.11)9

1.20)0

o.or)i

1.3S0

().(tr>5

0.!W0
0.016

Grain!.
O.lSl
1.09T
0.040
1.71.5
0.137
0.2S.5
0.048

Gralus.

0.1 -.7
0.777

Carbonate of iron

0.(t25

Carbonate of liino

1.70S

Suli)hate of soda

0.173

Silicate of pofartsa and soda

Hiliciiio of sodium

o.-rn

0.072

Silicate of alumina.

034

Total

8.290

8.603

8.377

. — _ ,

— (" Geology of Illinois," vol. Iv., p. 41.)
The temperature throughout the year U ft-om 48' to 50* Fahr.

^vas excf

oils rocli

occupied

The

ALKALINE WATERS.

149

by Califor-
y stage to

alns.
.598
.118
.938
.567
.478

(.729
1.503

i of lithium,

vhich will
i and 145.

y -six miles

No. 3.
ower SpriiiL'.
uKelraann, M. D.

R rains.

0.1 r>T

0.777
0.(»25
1.70S
0.173
O.+'U
0.072
034

8.377

iv., p. 41)

Remarlcs. — These springs are situated in a beautiful val-
ley, SI -"cunded by wooded hills. They are located about two
and a half miles southeast of Perry, on one of the tributaries
of McGee's Creek. The springs issue from the upper part of
the Keokuk limestone, which underlies the valley and outcrops
along the bluffs of the creek below the spring.^ They are
about two hundred yards apart. The upper one is called the
sulphur spring, the middle one the magnesium, and the lower
one the iron spring. The flow of the springs is about as fol-
lows : No. 1, one and a half gallon per minute ; No. 3, one ;
No. 3, two.

VERSAIIiliES SPRTNGS.

Location and Post-OfflcCt — Versailles, Brown County, Illinois.

Areess. — Versailles is a station on tho Toledo, Wabash & Western Rail-
road, forty-eight miles oast of Quincy, and sixty-six miles west of Springfield ;
Bprings, one mile and three-quarters from station.

Hotel. — Springs.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains —

Magnesia Sprini?.
G. A Marriner.

Curry Sprinpr.
J. V. Z. Blaney, M. D.

Monitor Sprlnp.
J. V. Z. Blaney, M. D.

80LIU8.
rarhon.ito of potassa and soda .
Carbonate of soda

Grilnl.

0.165

i.iib

0.008
1.825

trace.

• • • •

d.i75

• ■ • •

Grains,
trace.
0.!)53
0.933

1.514
trace.
0.261

6.091
0.102
trace.

Grains.

trace.

0.95.3

( 'arbon.ate of magnesia,

f 'artjonate of iron

0.373
« 0.267

( 'arbonato of lime

2.017

< hloride of sodium

trace.

Sulphate of lime

Potassa

A luiiilna and trace of iron

Silica

0.2*13

Organic matter

trace.

Totil

8.292

Cubic Inch,
8

8.854

4.828

(Us.
Carbonic acid

Jlemarhs. — The springs are situated in a valley surrounded
by hills, composed entirely of loess and drift. The valley was
originally a part of the ancient valley of the Illinois River, and
was excavated one hundred feet or more into the carbonifer-
ous rocks, which were once continues across the area now
occupied by " e valley.*

The ten-f ■ature of the water is 58° Fahr.

1 i>

Geology 01 nilnols."

" Trace of alumina.

" Geology of llHnoiB."

i^i

- 1 fj f I
''I

\ * ■t'l

S -

1,1 ~

As-

160

MINERAL SPRINGS.

ST. liOUIS SPRINa.

Location and Post-OfBce. — St. Louis, Gratiot County, Michigan.

Aeeess. — From Detroit, via Flint & Pore Marquette Railroad, ninety,
eight miles, to East Saginaw ; thence thirty miles by railroad to the springs.
Or from Detroit, via Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad, ninety-eight miles, to St
John's ; thence thirty miles by stage.

llotels* — Eastman House, McHenry Hotel, Union Hotel.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains

(50°

Fahr. S. P. Duffield

l,M.D.):

Solids.

OrainB.

Carbonate of soda .

• •

7.684

Carbonate of magnesia .

• • •

. 1.080

Carbonate of iron .

• •

0.091

Carbonate of lime

• • •

. 5.019

Chloride of lime

• •

trace.

Sulphate of lime

• •

. 6.926

Silicate of lime

• •

0.700

Silica

• • •

. 0.299

Organic matter and loss

•
• • •

0.208

Total

. 22.006

Gases.

Cubic inches.

Carbonic acid

• •

1.36

Sulphuretted hydrogen .

• « •

. trace.

Properties. — The above analysis shows these waters to be
strongly alkaline, and at the same time containing a small
proportion of iron. They also contain suflBcient of the salts
of lime to ally them to calcic waters. Fiom the constituents
we would expect the waters to prove beneficial in acid dyspep-
sia, biliary calculus, and diseases of the bladder. The results
of treatment, as exhibited by Dr. Stiles Kennedy,* show the
waters to have been especially beneficial in dyspepsia and
neuralgia. From his report of cases treated at the St. Louis
Spring we have compiled the following table. {See page 151.)

Many of these cases were doubtless of the severest type ;
and the above results certainly appear favorable. It must be
remembered, however, that all cases treated by Dr. Kennedy
are not reported, and that of all who visited the spring only

1 " Magnetic and Mineral Springs of Micliigan.'' By Stiles Kennedy, M. D.
ton, Del. : James & Webb, 1872.

Wilmlng-

SKELETON MAP

9B0WXMO

INBRAL 8PRINC9,

• Springs S

a. Wilmlng-

"f'il

'Jllil

'it

•fJIM

l:|,l I

: i

150

MINERAL SPRINGS.

ST. liOXTIS SPBINQ.

Location and Post-OiSeet — St. Louis, Gratiot County, Michigan.

Access. — From Detroit, via Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, ninety,
eight miles, to East Saginaw ; thence thirty miles by railroad to the springs.
Or from Detroit, via Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad, ninety-eight miles, to St.
John's ; thence thirty miles by stage.

Hotels* — Eastman House, Mcflenry Hotel, Union Hotel.

ANAT.YBIS.

One pint contains

(50°

Fahr. S. P. Duffield

,M.D.):

BOLTDB.

OraiDB.

Carbonate of soda .

, ,

7.684

Carbonate of magnesia .

• • •

. 1.080

Carbonate of iron .

• •

0.091

Carbonate of lime

• • •

. 5.019

Chloride of lime

• •

trace.

Sulphate of lime

• • •

. 6.925

Silicate of lime

, ,

0.700

Silica

• •

. 0.299

Organic matter and loss

• • •

0.208

Total

. 22.006

Gases.

Cubic Inches.

Carbonic acid

• •

1.36

Sulphuretted hydrogen .

• « •

. trace.

Properties. — The above analysis shows these waters to be
strongly alkaline, and at the same time containing a small
proportion of iron. They also contain suflBcient of the salts
of lime to ally them to calcic waters. From the constituents
we would expect the waters to prove beneficial in acid dyspep-
sia, biliary calculus, and diseases of the bladder. The results
of treatment, as exhibited by Dr. Stiles Kennedy,^ show the
waters to have been especially beneficial in dyspepsia and
neuralgia. From his report of cases treated at the St. Louis
Spring we have compiled the following table. {See page 151.)

Many of these cases were doubtless of the severest type ;
and the above results certainly appear favorable. It must be
remem})ererl, however, that all cases treated by Dr. Kennedy
are not reported, and that of all who visited the spring only

» "Magnetic and Mineral Springs of Michigan." By Stiles Kennedy, M. D.
ton, Del. : James &. Webb, 18T2.

Wllming-

oad, ninety-
the springs,
miles, to St.

}raina.
7.684
1.080
0.091
5.019
trace.
6.926
0.700
0.299
0.208

12.006

ncheB.

1.36

trace.

ters to be
g a small
■ the salts
>nstituent8
id dyspep-
Tie results
' show the
epsia and

St. Louis
3age 151.)
•est type;
; must be

Kennedy
Dring only

D. Wilmlng-

I f

Dysponsla..,
Nt'Urali^itt...,
Clironio rheii
Pubiiciito rhe
(idnorthcal rl
KhcitmutlBai
Puwiysis....
Paraple{,'ia...
Hcraiplcsfla..
Aiiaiiittiesia (;

Total. .

a portion
was not ]
were sub
the majoi
scribed.
St. Louis
more con
paralytic
sorted tc
continuec
are repor
of this is
water, is
whatever
feels of tl
regardlesi
magnetic
the treat:
however,
depending
pected fn
tills natu
best Eurc
some mor
Althoi
determine

ALKALINE WATERS.

151

I)U«H*.

Dyspfipsla

Ni'unil(?ia

Cliroiiifi rheumatism

Pubiujiito rhuumutism

(ionorhieal rheuiiiatlsin —
KhiMiiuutlsm " nououx " ».

I';inily»i9

I'arapletfla ■

Hi^raipk'Kia

/Vuujiitliesia ipartlal)

Total

No. of Caiei.

CuTtfd.

Iiii|jn>ve>l.

Not
boneUted.

, ,

••

, ,

••

• •

Avtnge dura-
tion of
Treatmtnt.

1 month.
8 months.

2 months.

1 month.
8 woeks.

2 months.
2 month.s.
2f months.
2| months.
2| weeks.

a portion came under his observation. Again, the treatment
was not limited to the internal use of the water, but all cases
were subjected to the salutary influence of the bath ; and, in
the majority of instances, it was the warm bath that was pre-
scribed. That the fact of the warm water, being that of the
St, Louis Spring, had any bearing on the relief afforded, needs
more complete demonstration. Especially in rheumatic and
paralytic affections was the warm or hot bath and douche rO'
sorted to, and, in many instances, the additional aid of the
continued electric current. In paralytic affections no cures
are reported, though all seem to have improved. How much
of this is due to the medical treatment, or how much to the
water, is difficult to determine ; our own impression is, that
whatever was gained may be attributed to the combined ef-
fects of the warm bath and douche, shampooing, and electricity,
regardless of the constitution of the water. As to its so-called
magnetic power we are entirely skeptical, as may be seen in
the treatment of this subject on another page. This water,
however, is highly mineralized ; and in cases of hemiplegia,
depending on un absorbed clot, some advantage may be ex-
pected from the resolutive action of the water. In cases of
tills nature alkaline waters have been recommended by the
best European authorities, to be employed, however, only after
Bomo months have elapsed from the apoplectic seizure.

Although the report of Dr. Kennedy does not accurately
determine the therapeutic value of this watc^r, still it aids in

> The gouty rheumatism of some writers.

' "l

'<^fHii

'^'f^

' v^^y

'■Wi

J- If

. B 9

!*y i:

)

\ i I a?.]

1 «

^ S3

152

MINERAL SPRINGS.

;

elucidating the subject. We cannot forbear complimenting him
on his report of cases ; and it is to be regretted that a similar
method has not been pursued at the old-time resorts duriiii^'
the many years past.

Remarks. — The St. Louis Spring is situated in a town of
the same name, the outgrowth of the lumbering interests of
this portion of Michigan. On either hand it is surrounded by
far-extending pine-forests, while near by flows Pine River,
The well was the result of an attempt, in 18G9, to procure a
flow of salt-water, of which there is an abundance in many
parts of Michigan. But when, at a depth of 200 feet, the
water came from the artesian tube fresh and sparkling, it was
abandoned, and received no further attention. However, as I
was informed by the proprietor, after some months had passed
by, a workman, engaged in constructing an extension of tlie
neighboring mill, let his chisel fall near the tube, and it was
immediately attracted toward it. Surprised at this, he called
the attention of others to the fact, and soon numbers of peoj)le
were found at the well magnetizing knife-blades on the tubing.
It needed but a step in popular reasoning to transfer the mag-
netism of the tube to the water ; and then the cry of " Mag-
netic water I " resounded through the village. It is said tliat
an old paralytic, hopeless of cure, reasoned that if he could
drink magnetism, and bathe in magnetism, his helpless limbs
would move spryly again. So he commenced drinking the
v/ater and bathing vigorously, and, as the story goes, entirely
recovered. The cry of " Magnetic water ! " and the story of
this cure were sounded through the State, and soon thousands
flocked thither for relief.

Visitors at these springs are much attracted by th. yellow-
tinged articles of glass-ware that are sold at the spring. This
color is the result of permitting a constant shower of the vater
to fall on the clear glass for many days. The yellow tinge is
found to be a deposit " mainly of ferric oxide with carbonates
of liime and magnesia." *

» "Magnetic and Mineral Springs of Michigan,''* p. 68.

ALKALINE WATERS.

153

LOWEB SODA SPBINQ.

Loeatton. — Liirn County, Oregon.

htttss,—By private conveyance from Salem, ftbout thirty miles southca.st.

IlOtcIt— Finlay's.

Analysis. — No accurate analysis of these waters has been
made. They abound in carbonic acid and contain carbonates
of soda and iron.'

Remarks. — These springs are situated on the Cascade
Mountains, on the south fork cf the Santiam, amid surround-
ing evidences of volcanic action. They escape from the base
of a mountain-spur of porphyritic rock. Tlie water flows
from the springs with considerable force. It is somewhat
affected in quantity by the varying seasons.

SHELDON SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Office Address. — Sheldon, Franklin County, Vermont.

AfCCSS.— Go to St. Albans, a station on the Vermont Central Railroad, in
tlie northwest corner of the State ; thence ten miles east, by Missisquoi Val-
ley Railroad, to Sheldon. Persons going to the Sheldon Spring, one of the
group, buy ticket to Congress Ilall Station, eight miles east of St, Albans,

llotfls.— Bellevuc, Central (at the Shddon Spring^ Congress Hall), Vcr-
mont Ilouse, Portland House.

Analysis. — No reliable quantitative analysis of these waters
hiis ever been published. However, the prominent constitu-
ents are the alkaline carbonates, and silicio acid combined with

'5 ? '

'ifl^

1 Tlie following extract is from the Oregon Medical and Surgical Reporter, Septem-
ber, 1*70 :

" On subjecting specimens of tlieso several springs to a somewhat hasty analysis, the
following result was given :

Solids.

No. 1.
In one ounce.

No. 8.
In one ounce.

liicarlionnte of Roda

1.25 grs.
.40 grs.

.25 grs.

no trace,
wanting.

5.02 grs.

.3.") grs.

trace.

1.25 grs.

wanting,

10.02 grs.
.98 grs.

I'lToxide of iron

8\il|ihur

('lili)i'l(le of scxliuni

M grs.
.05 grs.

Carlioiiate of lime

( •r;.Mnic matter

Iodides and bromides

" Free carbonic-acid gas completely saturates the \vati>r of No. 1."
8

) I

* i -4

154

MINERAL SPRINGS.

alkaline bases, forming silicates. There is also a small pro-
portion of iron and some organic matter ; also traces of fluo-
rides. [See Appendix.)

Properties. — All of the waters are alkaline to test-paper.

The water of the Sheldon Spring is pleasant to the taste,
with an almost imperceptible odor of sulphuretted hydrogen.
The Missisquoi water is limpid, without odor, and to the sense
of taste does not differ from ordinary water. The Vermont
water has a very slight taste of iron.

Aside from the known favorable action of alkaline waters
in acid gravel, gout, and catarrhal disease of the bladder, the
especial point to be considered in connection with these springs
is their efficacy in cancer. It is claimed by the owners of the
springs that they will cure true cancer. Is there a well-authen-
ticated case of true cancer having been cured by these waters ?
I answer, No. But, while making this assertion, it must at
the same time be stated that cases of true cancer have been
palliated while using them. To confirm this we quote, by per-
mission, from a paper read before the New York Academy of
Medicine, February 17, 1870, by Prof. Fordyce Barker, on
" Malignant Diseases of the Uterus." Under the head of con-
stitutional treatment, he says : " The Missisquoi water of St.
Albans, Vermont, has in some cases seemed to be of great
benefit in arresting, for a time, the progress of the disease. In
many, the use of these waters has seemed to produce no re-
sults. Many others, to whom I have suggested their use, have
never reported to me, and it is therefore probable that the re-
sults in these cases were negative. But, in a few instances —
one of cancer of the breast and four of uterine cancer — the
apparent efi*ect has been more striking than any results I have
ever seen from any other agent. None were cured ; but the
ulcerated surface Avas cleaned olf, as though it had been ex-
cised with the knife; the fetor, llie discharge, and the pain,
ceased for some time, and the health of the patient was
greatly improved. One, a poor woman, whom I first saw in
May, 1807, with ulcerated carcinoma, involving both the neck

I'i

ALKALINE WATERS.

155

and body of the uterus, and exceedingly feeble, emaciated, and
broken down by the profuse and horribly offensive discharges
and repeated ha3morrhages, rajjidly improved both in her local
and general condition under the use of these waters. She is
still alive, although the uterus is nearly destroyed ; but her
general condition is much better than when I first saw her. I
will allude to another case, a patient of Dr. Sims. I first saw
this lady with him in December, 18G8. Dr. Sims informed me
that when he examined her in Paris, in August, the whole sur-
face of the enlarged cervix was one mass of rough, ragged
ulceration. When I examined her, the diseased surface was
as smooth as if it had been excised with a knife, and there
was no discharge and no odor, although she suffered from hor-
rible pains. She died a few months subsequently; but Dr.
Sims expresses the strong conviction (and I concur with him)
that her life was prolonged by the use of the Missisquoi wa-
ters. Although the general sentiment of the profession does
not coincide with mine on this point, I cannot but avow the
belief that the therapeutic effects of these waters are emi-
nently worthy of careful investigation." A note appended to
the above quotation runs thus: "In a letter which I have re-
cently received from Dr. D. F. Fassett, of St. Albans, Ver-
n;ont, a gentleman who is probably more competent than any
one else to give an opinion based on extensive personal obser-
vation, as to the effects of these vraters, he says : ' I have
notes of four cases only of malignant disease of the uterus,
under my own observation, all of whom used the water, one
with marked benefit, and three with no benefit. But I have
sein many cases of malignant disease located elsewhere, as in
breast, face, and extremities, where the effect was to cause
marked improvement in the general health and in the local
manifestation of the disease ; but there was no positive

cure

i »

It may be added that during August, 1871, the author vis-
ited the Sheldon Springs, and while there saw a man suffering
from epithelioma of the lower lip, the ulcer having eaten away
to the lovel of the gum. His own statement was that he came

^S-.

15G

MINERAL SPRINGS.

!'l-

to the springs in June, 1871, and remained for about six weeks.
During this time he was continually improving. The discliarpe
lost its fetid odor and almost ceased, and he gained much in
general health. He then returned to his home in Massachu-
setts. Soon all his symptoms were as bad as ever. Again lie
went to the springs ; and, at the time he was seen, some weeks
after his return, had about regained what he had lost. This
patient used the water of the Sheldon Spring.

Dr. G. S. Brigham had a patient suffering from cancer of
the breast, who improved under the use of the Vermont Spring
water.

What conclusion do we derive from these facts ? Not that
the water will cure cancer, but that sometimes it is decidedly
palliative^ and is worthy of trial in a malady so hopeless. It
may also be stated that intractable ulcers (not canceis) have
undoubtedly been healed under the use of these waters, as has
been the case in the use of other waters.

The method of using the water is to drink a glass three or
four times a day, or use it exclusively 'n the place of ordinary
drinking-water, even making tea anr ;oftee with it, if they be
used. Beside?, patients are in the i ibit of applying clay dug
near the spring and moistened with the water as an epithcm.
The clay, no doubt, acts only by its cooling tendency ; the
water, however, as a lotion, may be an active agent. The wa-
ters of Celles, {■•'partmcnt of Ard^che, France, since 1837 have
been clain)ed to cure cancer; and, very singularly, the Sheldon
waters agree with them in the prominent constituents.

HemarJcs. — No springs are more delightfully situated than
these, or could be more attractive to the invalid. They are
four in number — the Central ^w'\i\\m the village; iXxQVermonty
half a mile from the village ; the Jlissisquoi, one and a half
mile northward ; and the Sheldon^ two miles from the village
— all on the banks of the Missisquoi River. Within sight are
Mount Mansfield and other of the Green Mountains. A cool,
bracing, and pure air sweeps over the hills, and attractive ex-
cursions invite in every aircction. The altitude is stated us
two thousand leet above the sea.

ALKALINE WATERS.

157

«l

MIDDLETOWN SPRINGS.

Locatiott and Post-Offlce Address.— Middletown, Rutland County, Vermont.
^(((f^ — From Albany, take Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad to Poultney,
Bixty-eight miles north ; ,'hcnce eight miles, by stage, to springs.
Uotelt— Montvert.

Analysis. — See Appendix.

WELDEN SPRING.

Location and Post-Offlee Address. — St. Albans, Franklin County, Vermont,
Awess. — St. Albans is a prominent railroad-station on thj Vermont Cen-
tral Railroad, in the extreme northwest cornei of the State.
Hotels. — Weldon, Tremont, American.

Anahjsls. — By A. A. Hayes, M. D., Boston, 1867, gives the
constituents as follows : Carbonates of soda, m.ignesia, and
lime ; chloride of sodium, sulphate of potassa and lime ; iodide
of magnesium, crenate of iron, silicate of soda, amounting to
over tiiree grains in a pint. The especial characteristics of
this water are the crenate of iron and iodide of magnesium.

Ramnrks. — St. Albans is a delightful town, of five thou-
sand inhabitants, overlooking Lake Champlain, two miles dis-
tant, on the west. The spring is situa^^ed on Edwards Street,
south of Lake Street, about ten minutes' walk west of the
depot.

ROCKBRIDGE BATHS.
L()r:iti»u and Post-OlHce. — Rockbridge Baths, Rockbridge County, Vir-

Access.— From the north, to Washiugtoa ; thence, via Orango, Alexan-
(hill it Manassas Railroad, to Goshen, one hundred and eighty-eight miles, south-
west; thence, via stage, nine miles, to the springs. From Richmond, via
Oliesapeiike & Ohio Railroad, to Ooshcn, one hundred and sixty-eight miles.
From the southwest, via Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, Lyncliburg, Char-
lottesville, and Chesapeake i Ohio Railroad. From Cincinnati, to Uunting-
ton, one hundred and sixty-five miles east, by river ; thence, by Chesapeake
& Ohio Railroad, two hundred and fifty-one miles southeast, to Goshen.

Hotel.— Rockbridge Raths,

Ana^i/nis. — An analysis before us shows these waters to
contain a considerable proportion of magnesia and iron, with

168

MAlViiiiAL B?RLNGS.

some iodine, thougl? iu wbat combinations is not stated.
Temperature, 74"^ Fahr.

Properties. — These waters, as the name implies, are mostly
used for bathing, and the large supply of water and elevated
temperature render them well fi/ted for this purpose. There
is a large pool for gentlemen, forty by sixty feet, and five feet
deep, and one somewhat small jr for ladies. As a tonic bath,
these waters are of deserved merit, and find their appropriate
sphere.

Memarks. — These springs are delightfully situated on the
banks of the North James River, and the ride to them through
the Goshen Pass affords views of some of the most picturesque
scenery in Virginia. Two miles from the baths, on a little
island in the North River, is a sulphur-spring, which is fre-
quently resorted to by visitors.

f ffif I

, n;,. <f

CAPON SPHINQS AND BATHS.

Location and Post-OiBte Address* — Capon Springs, Hampshire County,
WestVir'^i.

AceesSt — From north, BOTitli , and southwest, go to Baltimore ; thence, by
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, ti<;hty-one miles, west to Harper's Ferry ; thence,
thirty-two miles, south, on bn^nch railroad, to Winchester ; thence, twenty-
throe miles, by stage, to the springs. From the west, go to Harper's Ferry,
vxi luv Baltimore & Ohio Railroad ; thence as above. Leave Chesapeake &
Ohic ' Railroad at Staunton ; thence, ninety-four miles north, to Winchester,
by railroad ; thence by stage to the springs.

Ilutcl. — Mountain House.

Analysis, — It is to be regretted that no quantitative anal-
ysis of this valuable water can be given. A qualitative analy-
sis shows it to contain soda and magnesia, in the form of car-
bonates ; also iodine, bromine, and silicic acid. This water
is highly charged with carbonic-acid gas. {/See Appendix.)

Properties. — The water has little taste or odor. Tempera-
ture, GG° Fahr. Flow, one hundred gallons per minute. The
elevation is eighteen hundred feet above the sea. This water
is efficacious in the treatment of acid forms of dyfipep.sia, gas-
tric catarrh, uric-aeld gravely and catarrii of the bladder. It

ALKALINE WATERS

159

is not stated.

ampshirc County,

is one of the best carbonated-alkaline waters in Vivginia. It
may also be stated that, for many years^ farmev; hav; brought
their horses to drink these waters, as a remedv" ' t bou*:^, large
numbers of the larvce being thereby discha rr. I dor.d. As a
deduction from this fact, they have been success u'lv prescribed
for intestinal worms in children.

Memarks. — The location of these springs, in a gorge of the
North Mountain, where cool, salubrious air may be breathed,
and mountain-climbing, trout-fishing and deer-hunting indulged,
renders it a most delightful resort. The hotel, five stories high,
with its grand Doric portico, is faced by a large and tastefully-
designed bathing establishment, which is complete in its
appointments. Plunge, shower, douche, and warm baths, are
at the option of the visitor.

There is also a fine chalybeate spring at Capon.

OinEU Alkaline Waters. — Adams Springs, Cal., pp. 333, 3fi3. Apollina-
ris Spring, Prussia, p. 406. Borax Springs, Cal., p. 386. Carlisle tepringg,
Ool., p. 411. Cedar Springs, 0., p. 412. Cusset-Vichy, Franco, p. 404. Ems,
Germany, p. 341. Eureka Springs, Ark., p. 417. Fachiiv^en, Cormany, p. 341.
Iligliland Springs, Cal., pp. 392, 423. Medical Lake, Wu^ aington Tcrvitory, p.
428. Middlctown, Vt., p. 43(>. Mllford Springs^ Mass., p. 430. Orkney
Springs, Va., pp. 340, 397. Parnassus Sp !:igHi, Col p. 440. Ravenden
Springs, Ark., p. 443. Silurian, Wis., p. 4-iO. Si''\jiii'. Spring. Mo., p. 453,
Vichy Springs, Col, pp. 3u3,4o4. Vichy, Frri: .•, p, Gi.. Wolf Trap Springs,
Va., p. 459.

r i\

. *'«!

,' f
!

M .f -'i'

t^i^

, w#r.

A .1

:^,M^-^

m'::m'¥^

CHAPTER XI.

SALINE WATEUS.

Tub word saline is here used in the ordinary acceptation
of the term, meaning waters in which chloride of sodium (com-
mon salt) predominates. This designation has been thouglit
objectionable by some authors, inasmuch as all the chemical
salts contained in waters are included under the term saline ;
and, thus considered, the word is not distinctive. But the first
impression presented to any one on hearing the words saline
wafer is, that it contains a notable proportion of chloride of so-
dium r, and, thus restricted, the name seems exceedingly ap-
propriate.

When saline waters contain a very large amount of chlo-
ride of sodium, they are known as brines, and constitute true
salt wells or springs. Besides the chloride of sodium * there
are other chlorides, also sulphates of potassa, soda, lime, and
magnesia ; and, in a few instances, a considerable proportion
of carbonates. It is in these waters that the rare ingre-
dients, iodide and bromide of sodium, are most frequently
found, on which, no doubt, their value in scrofula in a measure
depends.

Many of these waters contain considerable carbonic-acid
gas, imparting to them an agreeable taste, and causing them
to rest well on the stomach. When waters contain a large
proportion of this gas, they are sometimes called acidulous sa-
lines. When they contain much of the alkaline carbonates,
they may be termed alkali ne-sali7\e waters.

Saline waters promote the action of the intestines — being

> 800 chloride 0/ sodium in cliaptur on "Clieinical Constituents."

SALINE WATERS.

IGl

aperient or cathartic — augment the flow of urine, increase the
Bccretion of the mucous membranes, and promote epithelial
desquamation. They also stimulate the glandular and lym-
phatic systems, and increase the flow of bile. Under their
use the appetite and power of digestion are increased.

As a class, these waters are valuable in the treatment of
scrofula^ in which disease they should be used both internally
and in the form of baths. Tliey are also useful in gout and
chronic rheumatism^ in which diseases, however, thermal sa-
Ihies, or hot baths, are essential. Where icterus is due to ca-
tarrh of the biliary ducts, they often relieve the difficulty, and
</a/l-.<itones are also favorably influenced by saline waters, espe-
cially if they be of the alkaline-saline class. Engorged con-
ditions of the liver are especially amenable to their use, Tn
<hjx2^epsia^ the mild alkaline-saline waters, containing consider-
alilc carbonic-acid gas, as those of Saratoga, are often of ex-
ceeding benefit. Strong salines should be carefully employed,
as their protracted use sometimes proves debilitating.

Briiies are chiefly used for bathing. When judiciously
employed they prove valuable in scrofulosis, paralysis, and in
chronic rheumatism. In these waters the iodides and bro-
mides are sometimes found in comparatively large proportion,
and it is quite probable that they contribute to their efficacy
in no small degree.

Brine-baths act as a powerful stimulus to the cutaneous
nerves, increasing the peripheral circulation, and, perhaps, by
rellcx action, influence remote organs, and even the nerve-
centres. Elimination by the skin and kidneys is increased.
Brine vapor-baths stimulate the mucous membrane of the
respiratory organs and promote expectoration.

ST. CATHARINE'S WELLS.

Loration and Post-Offlce Addresst— St. Catharine's, Ontario, Canada.

Acffss. — St. Cathiirine's is a station on the Groat Western Railroad of
Caiiuilii, thirteen miles west of Niagara Falls, and two hundred and eighteen
miles cast of Detroit.

Hotels, — Stephenson ITouse, Welland ITousc, Spring Bank.

'«'J

f?!"!"'^

1G2

MINERAL SPRINGS.

I i

ANALYSIS.

ilfiiiM

lilt

One pint contaiui —

SoLirs.

Cnrhonato of iron

Cnri)onato of lime

Cliioride of iK)t(iBBium

Chloride of sodium

Chloride of mapncsium

Chloride of calcium

Chloride of ammonium and silicic acid.

Sulphate of lime , .

Iodide of sodium

Iodide of inagnesiimi

Bromide of sodium.

Bromide of magnesium

Total,

StefiliPnann-Ilouie

WuU.

Prof. Croft.

Mcrritt's, or Welland-
Houie Well.
Prof. Croft.

Grain!.

2.587

217.234
24.7«0

10S.271

0.0.50

1&.9S1

0.030

0.645

808.964

Ornini.

.8>0

.OfiO

2.(IC0

275.>()3

29.044

127.202

14.426
0.010

trace.

449.653

Temperatm-e 60° Fahr.

A concentrated icater, similar to the mother-lye of Kreuz-
nach, prepared })j evaporation, gives the following result on
analysis :

One pint contains —

Grains.

Carbonate of magnesia and lime

. 2.08

Chloride of sodium

781.36

Chloride of magnesium

. 1,289.76

Chloride of calcium

2,950.40

rioto-chloi ide of iron

13.76

Sulphate of lime .

. 16.32

Iodide of magnesium

2.11

Bromide of magnesium .

. 2.01

Silica, alumina, and lithia

2.47

Total

5,060.27

- (J. E. Chilton, M. D., 1868.)

The large amount of proto-chloride of iron was probably
formed from the surface of the iron vessel during evaporation.

Properties. — These celebrated waters are the most perfect
type of iodo-bromated saline water known in this country.
They very much resemble the celebrated waters of Krueznach,
in Prussia, though containing the chloride of sodium, calcium,
and magnesium, in much larger yiroportions. For this reason,
when used internally, they are diluted with ordinary water —
one-eighth to one-fourth of a glass of the well-water, and fill
the gliss with pure w^ater. But they are especially employed

SALINE WATERS.

1G3

in tlie form of warm baths, which are providod at all tlio hotels.
They have been found beneficial and curative in (jout^ rheu-
matism^ scrofula^ and certain forms of neuralgia.

The concentrated icater is used as an embrocation or di-
luted ; a bandage is wet with it and applied to swollen joints
from rheumatism or sprain, after the first inflammatory symp-
toms have subsided. It produces counter-irritation, which may
be limited to simple redness, or carried to pustulation, accord-
ing to the strength of the solution and the time it remains in
contact with the surface. For baths, ten to twelve fluidounces,
added to an ordinary bath-tub half full of hot water, affords a
similar bath to that obtained at the springs. Internally, one
or two teaspoonfuls to a glass of pure water.

Remarks, — St. Catharine's is pleasantly situated within
tliree miles of Lake Ontario, whither visitors frequently drive.
The air is pure, and the heats of summer are seldom felt. The
wells are on the north bank of the Welland Canal — all within
the distance of a mile. They vary in depth, from one hun-
dred and fifty to five hundred feet. One of them — that at the
Stephenson House — has been in use since 1812. At Spring
Bank, the sanitarium of Dr. Theophilus Mack, every form of
bath may be had, including the famed Oriental Turkish bath.

PLANTAGENET SPRINGS.

Locution. — Prescott County, Province of Ontario, Dominion of Canada.
Access. — Plantagenet Springs are eighty-eight miles west of Montreal.
Same route to Point Fortune as for CaleJonia Springs, thence by stage.

Uotels.

Anali/sis. — None — a cold saline.

Hemarks. — The name of this spring, I am informed, has
been changed to the " Caratraca."

}l:i

ilmi

■I

♦•ti'

CALEDONIA SPRINGS.

liOratlon. — Prescott County, Province of Ontario, Dominion of Canada.

Post-Office Address.

Access. — Caledonia Springs are seventy-two miles west of Movitreal: From
Montreal take Grand Trunk Railroad to Lachine, thence by steamer to Caril-
iOn ; cross the Ottawa River to Point Fortune, thence by stage to the springs.

Hotels.

mi ^: I

164

MINERAL SPRINGS.

i|i

liiiilii

OnM pint contaiui-

SoLins.

Ciirbonato of soda

Carbonate of magnesia..

Carbonate of iron

Carbonate of lime

Carbonate of manKanoso
Chloride of potasHium. . .

Chloride of sodium

Chloride of mapncsium.

Chloride of calcium

Bul^)hate of potjissa

] od ide of sodium

Iodide of mapncBium . . .

IJromide of sodium

Bronddo of magnesium.

Alumina

Silica

Total

Oar.
Carbonic acid

Flow per mirmte

Gh Sprinp.

S«llne SiTlnf.

Iiitcrn]|ttrnt Spriai;,

4-1^° Kalir.

45° I »lir.

60' Kalir.

T. S. Hunt.

Grnint.

Hralna.

«raln..

.8M

1.2^4

8.S34

8.700

C.291

• • •

trace.

ti-acc.

1.078

.S-JO
trace.

.921

.225

.219

.222

50.772

46.iJ34

89 2r,6
7.58.3
2.091

.Oils

.085

.008

.010

'm5

.1(19

.123

• • > t

• • • •

.173

.032

tnico.

f r;ice.

.22.'')

.3(i:>

.104

5(;.C7o

53.530

106.C7S

5 cubic in.

4 cubic in.

4 gallons.

10 gallons.

— (184T.)

l*ro2^erties. — These are valuable iodo-bromatcd saline wa-
ters, very much resembling those of DUrkhcim, in Bavaria.
They are useful in scrofula^ gout, chronic rheumatism, etc.

The Gas Spring evolves, besides carbonic acid, considerable
quantities of carburetted hydrogen, estimated at three hun-
dred cubic inches per minute. It is pleasantly saline to the
taste. The Saline Spring, so called, is similar to the Gas
Spring, but really lesis saline. It evolves very little carbu-
retted hydrogen. The Intermittent Spring is two miles dis-
tant from the sailings named. It is disagreeably bitter as well
as saline. The reacti(Hi of these waters to test-paper is alka-
line.*

MICHIGAN CONGHIESS SPBINQ.

Location and Post-OflBce. — Lansing, Ingham County, Michigan.

Access. — Lansing is eighty-five miles west of Detroit, on the Detroit, Lans-
ing & Lake Michigan Railn^ad. The well is one mile from the city, accessible
by steamboat.

Hotels. — Lansing, Chapman, Everett, Edgar.

> " Geolojfy of Canada."

SALINE WATERS.

1G5

ANALYSIS.

One piut oontiiiKS (53^° Fahr. Dr. Ji-nniiigs) :

Solids. Grains.

Carbonate of soda .... 8.094

Carbonate of magnesia .... 1.421

Carbonate of iron .... 0.143

Carbonate of lime ..... 7.782

Cliloride of sodium .... 33.349

Sulphate of potaasa ..... 1.554

Sulphate of soda . ... 3.131

Silica ....... 0.413

Total

Gas.

Carbonic aeid

55.887

Cubic inches.

24i

Frojm'ties. — This is a strong saline water, containing a
sullicicnt quantity of alkaline carbonates to ally it to the alka-
lin(3 waters ; therefore it should be classed as an alkaline-sa-
line water. In chemical composition it considerably resem-
bles the celebrated Saratoga waters, though the presence of
sulphates of potassa and soda in this water causes it to be
more decidedly purgative in action. Taken in considerable
quantity, they produce catharsis, but in moderate doses they
act freely on the kidneys. The iron contained in this water
is sufficient to modify the otherwise depleting effect they
would produce if long continued.

These w aters are applicable to cases of dyspepsia, accom-
panied with abdominal plethora, a class of cases usually pro-
duced by high living. We should also expect good results
from their use in catarrh of the biliary ducts, gall-stones, and
engorged liver.

HemarJcs, — Lansing, the capital of Michigan, located on
Grand River, is necessarily the seat of many public institu-
tions, and resorted to by the better classes from every part of
the State. The population is about fifty-five hundred.

Adjoining the well, which is a mile up the river, is a good
bath-house. The depth of the well is fourteen hundred feet,
and the flow is nearly a gallon per minute.

H'l *

^ i\

I'jil:

% «

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

1.25

I^IM 12.5

u^Uii

12^

1^ 12.0

Photographic

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STRUT

WnSTIR.N.Y. MitO

(716) S72-4S03

^\^\

>.>.

>V^

''^

166

MINERAL SPRINGS.

BPBJUa LAKE WELL.

Loeation and Post-Offlce. — Spring Lake, Ottawa County, Michigan.

AeeesSi — Spring Lake is a station on the Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad,
one hundred and eighty-six miles northwest from Detroit, three miles cast of
Grand Hayen. From Chicago to Grand Haven, by lakc-stcamer.

Hotels* — Magnetic Spring, Middlemist, Bumum's.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains

(52°

Fahr. Prof C. G. Wheeler) :

Solids.

Grains.

Carbonate of soda

. 0.005

Carbonate of magnesia

trace

Carbonate of iron

. 0.092

Carbonate of manganese

0.006

Carbonate of lime

. 0.012

Chloride of potassium

0.536

Chloride of sodium.

50.691

Chloride of magnesium

4.625

Chloride of calcium .

. 14.177

Sulphate of soda .

5.837

Bromide of magnesium

0.271

Alumina

traces.

Ammonia

0.002

Lithia

traces.

Silica .

0.063

Organic matter

. • ■

2.286

Total .

78,503

A.'-- rp! •_ J.

_!. • 11-

• -1 !•

t' -_

Properties. — Tins water, strong in chloride of sodium, also
coni-ciins an active proportion of the bromide of magnesium.
In chemical composition this water much resembles the Edis-
enquelle of Kreuznach. These springs, however, contain a
proportion of iodide of magnesium.

Remarks. — The town of Spring Lake is located on the
shores of a beautiful sheet of water of the same name, five
miles long and one mile wide. The resort owes its rise to the
citizens of Chicago, who frequent it in considerable numbers.
A good bath-house adjoins the hotel.

SALINE WATERS.

107

ST. LOUIS ARTESIAN WBIiL.

Location.— St. Louis, Missouri.

A3IALT8IS.

One pint contains

{TiA" Fahr. Dr. Litton) :

SOUDS.

Grain*.

Carbonate of magnesia

. • •

0.127

Carbonate of protoxide of iron.

0.066

Carbonate of lime .

. • •

1.829

Chloride of potassium .

. • • •

1.126

Chloride of sodium.

• . •

13.826

Chloride of magnesium.

. • • •

4.792

Chloride of calcium.

...

8.448

Sulphate of lime .

....

6.709

Silica. .

0.017

Total .

60.440

Oabbs.

Cubic Inches.

Carbonic acid

• . .

0.82

Sulphuretted hydrogen.

....

0.03

Properties. — It will be seen by the analysis that this is
a good saline water. It contains a small proportion of sul-
phuretted hydrogen, but not sufficient of the gas to entitle it
to the designation of a sulphur-water. The temperature is
above the mean annual temperature of St. Louis, and it is,
therefore, technically speaking, a thermal water.

Memarks. — ^This well is located at Belcher's sugar-refinery.
It was bored in order to obtain water for manufacturing pur-
poses, but the saline quality of the water rendered it useless.
The total depth of the well is 2,199 feet ; how^ever, most of
the water is said to flow from a depth of 1,515 feet. The
analysis was made some fifteen years ago, since which time
the flow of the water has considerably diminished.

FBIHT PORT WEIili.

Loration and Post-Offlce. — Fruit Port, Ottawa County, Michigan.

Affess. — From Chicago, via Chicago & Michigan Lake Shore Railroud, to
Fruit Port, a station one himdred and sixteen miles north; or from Chicago,
by lake-steamer, to Grand Haven ; thence nine miles, by railroad, to Nuncia ;
thince six miles, by railroad, to Fruit Port

Hotel. — Pomona House.

108

MINERAL SPRINGS.

:yi

One f 'lit contains

BUUDS.

Carbonate of soda
Carbonate of /uagnesia
Carbonate of iron
Carbonate of r tangancse
Carbonate of l»me
Chloride of potassium
Chloride of sodium
Chloride of n>'/nicsiura .
Chloride of 'ime
Sulphate o' Hoda .
Bromide of magnesium
Silica And silicates .
Ab'Twipa

Total

ANALYSIS.

(48'Fahr. C. G. Wheel

er):

Grainn.

0.565

• • • •

0.308

. 0.680

• • • •

0.010

. 0.443

. . • •

0.064

. 58.003

6.851

. 13.888

• • . •

6.745)

0.095

> •

1.325

traces.

86.971

Properties. — This water, like that of the Spring Lake well,
much resembles the celebrated waters of Kreuznach, in Prussia.

Memarks. — The village of Fruit Port is on the shores of
Spring Lake. The town and surrounding country, to the ex
tent of thirteen thousand acres, is owned by a Chicago com-
pan}^, engaged in the development of this fruit district. The
well is a result of the mania for seeking " magnetic" wells,
which has prevailed in this State since the discovery of the St.
Louis well, in 18G9. The resort is well patronized by citizens
jf Chicago.

SARATOGA SPRINGS.

Location and Post-olfice. — Saratoga Springs, Saratoga County, New York.

Acecss. — Saratoga is a station ou the Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad,
thirty-seven miles north of Albany. Tourists from the North may pass over
Lake Champlain, and at Whitcliall take the cars south to Saratoga, forty-
one miles.

Ilotcis* — Congress Hall, Grand Union, C'arcndon, Everett, Wavcrlcy, Albe-
marle, Coutiiicntal, American.

Koarding-llouses. — Vermont, Pitney, Washington Ilall.

Properties. — It will readily be seen from the table of anal-
yses that the principal constitucnis of these waters arc chlo-
ride of sodium, the alkaline carbonates, and carbonic-acid gas,

tins.

565

308

680

010

.443

,054

.003

.851

.888

.749

1.095

.325

acts.

;.97i

Lake well,
1 Prussia,
shores of
to the ex
cago com-
rict. The
ic" wells,
of the St.
ly citizens

New York.

a Railroad,
ly pas9 over
[vtoga, forty-

,-crlcy, Albe-

[c of anal-
arc chlo-
-acid gas,

t H

Ji,

, "'i »v^^ ^'-^''.^■.^(►.■A*'*^** V?*>M*^'*^"*f'-'!*'--'*'-

SALINE WATERS.

169

•J't»< ,09

rH id d CO C\g S ^ (J» O ' ■ O ■ O « ^ ^ S> ■

•a •!« '"»ItV '1 "H

s ■ ■

•a -K '"»nv 1 •«

•a 'K ''"nv •! "H

I- "Jl i Hi • •

o CO = id

:S :

:5g : -.^t

I ■ • » => ^ -l< J- C >» ift o . .

il.^ rt I- rH ^ C -M I- -J • .

T-; -*=■=•■ d ij ^ r-! ^ »' ■ •

••"'tM .9r

. m 51 rs w 34 >-i •« ~. o ,;

!osd-)ioodo6iS

.'N<»lffl
S 'I '^ ■■-

t- © ^ ^ d d

E so d

S W 5 =; O i-i

cc d d d r-i «-

•1.1IPIIBI|3 \i -0 -JOiJ
•U..|||.V«J

.£ 95 •■» oi
Edidd

3d 2

T. ift vb

S 5-. ■^

ddi-

:S : :3

•inii'iiuoioj

•■0'^^ -O'.

•eo

• o

•53

•d

" ■» X (-

C oeod

in ^ a

.no -n
<N

;3?

W >-• ^ ^ — '

•lUoqjBH

oeoo

;5 T-t

3 ^

^-< r-l 1--

is 8

«i3

• rtoi'-'

3"*' a!
-ft- g

ojdB

lOOin f
dT-Jdt

• ©
'd

lill.

•M

••«l«J .«9

:^8

•ai a

•dC

a
1

i^»

s'a

- " " - o o i3

o
H

_n g4 9 3 a cS 3 fi3

r1 '-'

3 -,

.c i«T5

170

MINERAL SPRINGS.

'*:?!

hence they may be termed alkaline-saline waters, of which
the famed Seltzer Sf)ring of Nassau is a typical example. In
point of merit the Saratoga waters equal, if they do not sur-
pass, any of the kind in the world. The large amount of car-
bonic acid which they contain, and the favorable combination
of ingredients, render them very easy of digestion, and, to
most persons, exceedingly pleasant to the taste. Many won-
der why it is that during the hot months of the year 3uch
numbers crowd to Saratoga, thinking it only a whim of fash-
ion; but, aside from social attractions or amusements, there ia
a positive value in the water, and pleasure in drinking it,
which will always attract multitudes to its fountains.

These waters are especially adapted to cases of dyspepsia ;
those depending on high living, and an engorged condition of
the abdominal viscera, are peculiarly subject to their beneficial
influence. In jaundice, depending on catarrh of the biliary
ducts, they arc curative, and they would undoubtedly prove
beneficial in cases of gall-stones with a tendency to their
continual formation and passage. In engorgement of the
liver, and all conditions of abdominal plethora, they are a
valuable remedy. In catarrh of the bladder, they may also
prove useful, but the decidedly alkaline or calcic waters are
preferable.

High HocJc. — On Willow Walk, near the Seltzer and Star
Springs. This spring was known to the Mohawk Indians, as
early as the fourteenth century, by the name of " The Medicine
Spring of the Great Spirit." It was, however, unknown to white
men till many years after the first settlement of the country. Sir
William Johnson being the first white visitor. For many yep rs
after its discovery, the sick or curious might be seen following
the trails from the settlements into the depths of the wilder
ness, there amid the solitude to drink silently of the mysterious
water. In 1773, Dirick Scowton cleared a small portion ot
land on the summit of the hill, in the rear of High Rock
Spring, and built a log-cabin, but misunderstandings with the
Indians rendered it necessary to abandon the enterprise. In
1774, John Arnold, of Rhode Island, took possession of the

High

SALINE WATERS.

171

bouse built by Scowton, and, having improved it, opened it as
a tavern, and entertained visitors during two succeeding sum-
iiiors. This was undoubtedly the first pleasure-resort in the
Northern States, that of Berkeley Springs, in Virginia, beir^
the first in the Southern. Arnold was followed the next year
by Samuel Norton, under the patronage of Isaac Law, who
liiid purchased the land from Rip Van Dam. In this purchase
Law was associated with Anthony Van Dam and Jacob Wal-
ton. Troubles with Great Britain now occurring, Norton aban-
doned the enterprise. In 1789, Gideon Putnam, of Sutton,
came to the springs, leased three hundred acres of land, and
was thereafter the pervading spirit of improvement. In 1803,
he built seventy feet of the present Union Hall. The name
High Rock is given from the concretions that have accumu-
lated at the orifice of this spring for centuries, and formed a
cone-like rock three feet in height, from the centre of which
the water issues. The rock is composed of carbonate of lime,
magnesia, and oxide of iron, precipitated from the water.
Similar concretions form at many of the springs, but, owing to
the direction of the flow of the water and other causes, do not
assume the same form.

A few years ago, the proprietors, desirous of closing the
lateral outlet of this spring, so that the water would again flow
over the top of the rock, which it had ceased to do, had th*^
rock undermined, and by means of a derrick lifted to one side.
Just below the rock, four logs were found placed at right an-
gles to each other, so as to form a curb. Under the logs
were boughs of trees, resting on the black soil of a previous
swamp. Undoubtedly, some ancient visitors of the spring had
thrown brushwood over the swamp-ground at the orifice, and
placed the logs around it. Below the rocks, the workmen fol-
lowed the spring through four feet of tufa and muck ; next, a
layer of solid tufa, two feet thick, then one foot of muck, in
which another log was found. Below this, three feet of tufa
again ; and there, seventeen feet below the apex of the rock,
tliey found the embers of an ancient fire. By whom, and
when, was the fire built?

i; il

172 MINERAL SPRINGS.

DiMKNSIONS OK IIlOlI IlorK.

Circumference at the surface of the ground
Heights of rock itbovc-grouiid
Diameter of iiperturc, four irieiies beh)w tho top
From tiie top of tlic rock to tlie wutcr within .
Depth of spring from tiie top of the rock
Dci>th of water in the rock abjvc tl»c ground

Tlic aoconipanying section of High Rock conveys an itlcii
of the forinutiou :

Fict.

Inches

iil

Illilll.

(JKOLUUICAL SBITION AT SARATOUA Bl'KINOS.

Congress Spring, in Congress Park, on Congress Street.
In the year 1792, twenty -five years after Johnson's first

throuor)i

SALINE WATKKi?

173

visit to High Ilock, a jKirty of hunters on the return hoinc-
wsinl discovered a trail which led them to a new spring. One
of this hunting-party was John Taylor Gihnan, a inctnber of
Congress at the time. On a subsequent visit, in honor of Gil-
man, tliey named it Congress Spring. The water proved cx-
cccidingly agreeable, and soon became the tavorite spring,
rttiiining its popularity to this day. In 18;:3G, John Clarke, a
native of Yorkshire, England, purchased the farm on which
tlio spring was situated. Soon after the purchase he com-
iiionced bottling the water for exportation, and from that
period is dated tlic large trade iu bottled Saratoga-waters.

Columbian Spring ^ in Congress Park, a few rods south-
west of Congress Spring.

This spring contains a larger proportion of iron than the
other springs, rendering it a fine tonic in anaimic cases, but to
1)0 used with reserve by those who are plethoric or robust.

Hamilton Spring, on Spring Street, corner of Putnam, in
the rear of Congress Hall.

Tills spring was first discovered by Gideon Putnam. It
contains a large proportion of iron, and may be used in the
cases to which the Columbian is adapted.

Pavilion Spring, in the valley, a short distance east of
Broadway, between Lake Avenue and Caroline Street.

Star Spring, on Willow Walk, near the termination of Cir-
cular Street.

Empire Spring, in the north part of the village, a short
distance above the Star Spring.

Washington, or White Spring, in the grounds of the Clar-
endon Hotel, South Broadway.

Putnam Spring, on Phila Street, near Broadway. A
new shaft had been sunk here just previous to m- ;^isit,
from which a water, highly charged with carbonic-aciti ^'as,
(lowed quite rapiilly.

Saratoga Seltzer, a short distance from High Rock Spring.
The proprietors have attached a glass tube, some three feet
long and one foot in diameter, to the orifice of this spring,
through which the clear, sparkling water, filled with glittering

174

MINERAL SPRINGS.

bubbles of carbonic-acid gas, passes up rapidly. According
to the analysis, this spring resembles the celebrated Seltzer,
in Germany.

Saratoga A Spring^ a few rods from the Red Spring.

JRecl Spring, on Spring Avenue, at the intersection of Ge-
neva and Warren Streets, so named from the red deposit.
This spring, though almost a century old, has never been prop-
erly developed until recently. Being less saline than any other
spring at Saratoga, it will answer in some cases of dyspepsia,
in which the other waters prove irritant. It is claimed that it
is especially beneficial in cases of humid eczema, and other
diseases of the skin, taken internally and applied as a lotion.

Excelsior Spring, about one mile east of Broadway. One
of the most delightful walks at Saratoga is along Spring
Avenue, or Lake Avenue, through the woods, to this spring.
This is one of the Ten Springs^ the remainder, in the immedi-
ate vicinity, being yet undeveloped.

Eureka Spring^ on Lake Avenue, one mile east of Broad-
way. The scenery in the vicinity of this spring is exceed-
ingly attractive.

Hdthorn Spring, on Spring Street, in the rear of Congress
Hall. This spring was discovered in 1868, when clearing
away the debris of the niins of Congress Hall, preparatory to
rebuilding. In taste and general character it resembles the
Congress water.

United States Spring, adjoining the Pavilion.

Crystal Spring, in Park place, Broadway, opposite Con-
gress Park.

Indian Encampment. — A new spring was bored here in
187L

Ellis Spring, on the Ballston road, near the Geyser.

White Sulphur Spring, immediately adjoining the Eureka
Spring. The proprietors have erected a commodious bathing-
house of fifty baths, with ample accommodations. Omnibuses
run from the village to these springs.

Lake Sulphur Spring, on the east side of Saratoga Lake,
about half a mile south of Snake HilL

SALINE WATERS.

176

Geyser Springy about two miles south of the village, on
the Ballston road, and a short distance from the railroad.

This spring is one of the curiosities of Saratoga. It was
discovered in February, 1870. During a dull season the o,vn-
ers of a bolt-factory, in which it is located, concluded to bore
for mineral water. They chose the cellar of the factory in
which to operate. Having sunk a tube to the depth of 154
feet, the water burst forth in such volume as to entirely inun-
date the premises. On attaching a tube of smaller calibre, the
water was projected to the height of twenty-two feet, and con-
tinues spouting forth in a steady stream. It is highly charged
with carbonic-acid gas, so much so that, when drawn from a
faucet into a glass, it foams up like soda-w ater. It is also
exceedingly rich in saline constituents.

The dose of Saratoga water is as follows : For a cathartic
clTcct, drink two or three glasses leisurely, before breakfast,
then walk for ten or fifteen minutes, and take another glass or
two ; breakfast half an hour afterward.

As an alterative, take a glass three or four times a day.
An exception to this rule must be made in regard to the Co-
lumbian, Pavilion, Hamilton, and some other "pHngs, as they
contain a considerable proportion of iron, and should be used
more guardedly. The use of these waters, however, as an
alterative and tonic, would be in the quantity of one-fourth to
a whole glass three times a day.

Itemarks. — Saratoga Springs occur in a valley which runs
north and south, for many miles, through a series of elevated
table-lands. Mountain-ranges are seen in the distance, and
lakes and rivuletu are in the immediate vicinity of the springs.
The village, with its magnificent hotels and elegant private
residences, its densely-shaded streets and attractive walks,
renders desirable what might otherwise be a very hot place in
sultry July. The grounds of the different fountains are pict-
i!r(>s([uely adorned and shaded, and each hotel has its embow-
oied court, where delicious music is frequently discoursed
throughout the day. Congress Park, at the southern extrem-
ity of Broadway, is a favorite resort, where, during the morn-

[s ,

176

MINERAL SPRINGS.

ing hours, visitors congregate at the spring, drink of the wa-
ters, and stroll along the beautiful walks, beneath the shrde
of ancient forest-trees.

It is needless to say that here amusements of society, in
every form, prevail ; for the w^ord Saratoga, whenever spoken,
calls up visions of the dance, of walks and drives, of boating
and fishing, and, unfortunately too often, of those dissipations
which seem inseparable from civilization.

The principal drive is that to Moon's Lake House, four miles
distant, on the shore of Saratoga Lake. From this point there
is a pleasing view of this beautiful sheet of water. Tlie lake
is nine miles long and between four and five miles wide, oppo-
site Snake Hill. A drive along the lake-shore is exceedingly
attractive. An excursion steam-yacht, from the Lake House,
makes frequent trips to interesting points. The avenue known
as the "Mountain Drive," extending northward from Broadway,
leads to Mitchell's Glen House, a famous resort. A drive of
sixteen miles on the Mount Pleasant road brings one to Pros-
pect or Warinff Hill, said to be 2,000 feet above the sea, and
commanding an extended view. At Chapman's Hill, a mile
beyond the Lake House, there is a fine view. The hill is 180
feet above the lake. Wagman''8 Hill, three miles farther, is
sixty feet higher. JIagerty H'.U, six miles northward from tlie
springs, on the road to Luzerne, gives a fine landscape view.
JSemis's Heights, the scene of the famous engagement between
Burgoyne and General Gates, is in the town of Stillwater,
fifteen miles from the springs.

EXOELSIOB SPBINa.
LoeatioUt — Syracuse, New York.
Analysis. — Tiiis is a pleasant saline water.

BAIiliSTON SPA.

Lacatlon and Post-OlTlee.— Ballston, Saratoga County, New York.
Accesfi, — From Albany, via Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad, twenty-six
miles north, to the sp'-'ngs. From the north and Lake Champlain, cars may

SALINE WATERS.

177

be taken at Lake Champlain Junction, via Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad ;

thence forty-five miles south.

lIoteK — Sans-souci.

ANALYSIS.

One i.lnt contalu* —

United Statci.

5u° Fahr.
Geolo(fy N. Y.

BalUton Artesian

Utiilan Well.

62' F»hr.

C. F. Chandler.

Fmnkllii
Artesian WeU.

52° Fahr.
C. F. Cbaniller.

CondO
Dentonean WeU,

49° Fahr.
C. F. Chandler.

Solids.
Cirhoiiate of soila

Gralni.
2.11
0.72

trace.
3.05

53!i2
6.22

• ■ • •

i!66

Gralni.

1 .(m

13.378
0.143

20.075
0.701
0.0^3
0.397
4.169

93.75:1
0.005

b.m

0.015
0.455

trace.

trace.
0.009
0.095

trace.

Grains.

H.2(M)
18.175

0.140
17.505

0.613
trace.

0.125

4.241
82.41S

0.095

6!6<)i

0.029
0.5>3
trace,
trace.
0.0;i2
0.092
trace.

Grains.
2 9S2

Carbini.ite ol m.aj^nesia

('iirl)onate of Iron

11. 7-29

20s

( arbonate of lime

15 494

( arliDiiato, of lithia

0.950

Ciirtxiimte of strontia

CarUinate of baryta

Cliloriilt' of potassium

( 'lil()ri<lc of sodium

0.018
0.4-S4
1 154

80 ()!j5

S\il|pli;ito of jwtassa

k>iiii)liate of soda

trace.

I'liospliiitc of 8oda

trace.

loilide of sodium

0.023

15. oinide of sodium

Fluoride of calcium

iiilKjrate of soda.

0.290
trace,
trace.

Aliiiniiia

0.049

t'ilica

0.128

(iig'anic matter

trace.

Total

60.82

Cm\,U: In.

80.5(J

134. 96S

CuMc In.
53. 2G

127.815

Cubic In.

67.51

114.205

\s.
Carlioiiie add

CuMc In.
44.79

Properties. — ^Thcsc waters presen;. the same properties as
those of Saratoga. It will be noticed, however, that they are
richer in mineral constituents, that of the Lithia well having
the exceedingly large quantity of one hundred and thirty-four
grains of solid matter to the pint.

llemarks. — The fame of Ballston Springs is almost coeval
witli that of Saratoga. The village spring, the analysis of
which is not given, resembles closely the Red Spring of Sara-
toga. Low's Well is said to be similar to the United States
Spring in composition.

During the coal-oil excitement, which swept over the coun-
try some years ago, a capitalist of New York conceived the
idea of boring for oil at Ballston. He selected a site on the
banks of the Kayaderosseras Creek, and commenced operations.
After much labor, and when the well had attained a depth of five
liundred and seventy-one feet, water flowed from the tubing in
l:irge quantity ; but oil was the object, and the boring went on.
9

178

MINERAL SPRING'J.

However, at the depth of six hundred and seventy-one feet, the
steel rammer became immovably fixed in the rock, and the un-
dertaking was abandoned. Then attention was turned to the
water that flowed from the tube, and it was discovered to be the
most highly impregnated with mineral ingredients of any in the
county. The town of Ballston is an exceedingly pleasant one,
where those who wish to avoid the excitement of Saratoga
can live quietly, and drink equal, if not superior, water.

WILHOIT'S SODA-SPBINaS.

LocatioDt — Clackamaa County, Oregon.
Post-Offlce* — Salem, Marion County, Oregon.
AccesSi — From Salem go thirty miles northeast by road,
notel.— Wilhoit's Springs.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (J. H. Veach, M. D.) :
Bouse.
Carbonate of soda ....
Carbonate of magnesia ....
Carbonate protoxide of iron .
Carbonate of lime .....
Chloride of sodium ....
Sulphate of soda .....
Sulphate of magnesia .

Iodine ......

Total
Gab.
Carbonic acid

Grains.

10.946

10.665
0.750
4.028

25.125
0.425
0.810
trace.

62.749
Cubic inches.
42

Properties. — According to the above analysis, these waters
are of great value. They are of the alkaline-saline class, and
closely resemble some of the finest waters of Europe, such as
the Seltzer. " The water is strongly impregnated with car-
bonic-acid gas, constantly escaping from the surface, and giving
a sparkling efiervescence to the liquid. Very pleasant to the
taste, it exhilarates fully as much as wine, on the first day, and
on the second operates as a laxative and diuretic." * It will
be observed that the water contains considerable iron, and
should, therefore, be used somewhat guardedly.

> Prof. H. Carpenter, M. T. 'n the Oregon Medical and Surgical Reporttir,

SALINE WATERS.

179

3t, the
be un-
to the
be the
in the
it one,
jatoga

HemarJcs. — The springs are enclosed by groves of fir, pine,
and oak, and all the surroundings contribute to enhance the
beauty of the place.

ALBAN7 ABTESIAX WEI<Ii.

Location. — Ferry Street, Albany, New York.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (51° to 52° Fahr. Dr. Meade) :
Solids. Oraina.

Carbonate of soda ..... 5.00
n»,Knnnt.ft of magnesia .... 2.00

1 (\t\

[db.

)46

565

750

328

125

810

ice.

749
inches.
42

le waters
lass, and
such as
with car-
d giving
nt to tlie
day, and
It will
■iron, and

oorUir.

Carbonate of soda

. . I.wuv

Carbonate of magnesia

0.001

Carbonate of lime

. 0.140

Chloride of sodium

9.459

Phosphates of lime, iron, and alumina

. 0.001

Silica .....

0.002

Organic matter

. 0.003

Total ....

16.959

Gas.

Cubic Inches

Carbonic-acid gas . . .

0.28

Properties. — It will be seen from the analysis that this is
an aikaline-saline water, chloride of sodium sliglitly predom-
inating. The water is a thermal^ but it seems better to class
it here, as it is principally used internally. It is a good water
of the class. The flow Is estimated at twenty gallons per
minute. The well is twelve hundred and fifty feet deep.

178

Mi;VERAL SPRINGS.

However, at the depth of ^ix hundred and seventy-one feet, the
steel rammer became immovably fixed in the rock, and the un-
dertaking was abandoned. Tlien attention was turned to the
water that flowed frona the tube, and it was discovered to be the
most highly impregnated with mineral ingredients of any in the
county. The towr of Baliston is an exceedingly pleasant one,
where those who wish to avoid the excitement of Saratoga
can live quietly, and drink •-qual, if not superior, water.

UrrT.TTrtTTHO QrtT» A eiT>Ti ▼■»▼<-•«

(ViiiKK Samnf. Watkus.— nmirhonnc, Fianoo, p. 345. Canon City, CV>1.,
p. 410. Caxton Spring, Canada, p. 389. Climax Springs, Mo., p. 414. Ki-
kcnbrccker's Well, 0., p. 417. Glacier, Saratoga, N. Y., p. 390. Graiul
Haven, Mich., p. 4>2'2. Ilonibur^, Germany, p. 345. Kreuznach, Prus.-^ia, p.
351 Kisscn-en, Germany, p. 345. Manitou Springs Col., p. 394. Montc-
nano Sp-ings^ Mo., p. 342. Mt. Clemens Well, Mich., p. 433. Nauheim,
Germany, p. 351. Seltcrs, Germany, p. 34.-.. Pouth Park Spring, Col, p.
449. Sweet Si)ring^, Mo., p. 455. Triton Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., i). 402.
Union Si)ring, Saratoga, N. Y., p. 403. WieslKulen, Germany, p. 345.

*^i4« tJltCAUV V/A l&ACij

•^unoivk

Iodine

Total
Gab.
Carbouic acid

. 0.810
trace.

. 52.749
Cubic inches.
42

Properties. — According to the above analysis, these waters
are of great value. They are of the alkaline-saline class, and
closely resemble some of the finest waters of Europe, such as
the Seltzer. " The water is strongly impregnated with car-
bonic-acid gas, constantly escaping from the surface, and giving
a sparkling effervescence to the liquid. Very pleasant to the
taste, it exhilarates fully as much as wine, on the first day, and
on the second operates as a laxative and diuretic." * It will
be observed that the water contains considerable iron, and
should, therefore, be useu somewhat guardedly.

' Prof. H. Cnrpenter, M. D., in the Oregon Medical and Surgical Reporter.

Pre

an alkj
inatino-
it here,
of the
minute.

SALINE WATERS.

tjthe
le un-
o the
30 the
in the
t one,
ratoga

Ki'-
3 rami
sia, V-
(lontc-

p. 4t>'^.

179

MemarJcs. — The springs are enclosed by groves of fir, pine,
and oak, and all the surroundings contribute to enhance the
beauty of the place.

AliBANT ARTESIAN WELL.

Location. — Ferry Street, Albany, New York.

ANALYSIS.
One pint contains (51° to 52° Fahr. Dr. Meade) :

Solids.

Grains.

Carbonate of soda

. 5.00

Carbonate of magnesia

2.00

Carbonate of iron (with a little silica) .

, 1.00

Carbonate of lirae .

4.00

Chloride of sodiunf.

. 63.00

Total ....

75.00

Gab.

Cubic Inches

Carbonic acid

. '28.00

3 well is five hundred feet deep.

— ("Geoloffy of New Tor)

CHARLESTON ARTESIAN WELL.
Loeation and Post-Office* — Charleston, South Carolina.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (87° Fahr. Prof. C. U. Shcphard, Jr.):

Solids. Grains.

Carbonate of soda ..... 7.353

Carbonate of magnesia .... 0.001

Carbonate of lime ..... 0.140

Chloride of sodium .... 9.469

Phosphates of lime, iron, and alumina . . 0.001

Silica ...... 0.002

Organic matter ..... 0.003

Total
Gas.

Carbonic-acid gaa

16.959
Cubic incites.
0.28

IprUir.

Properties. — It will be seen from the analysis that this is
an alkaline-saline water, chloride of sodium slightly predom-
inating. The water is a thermal^ but it seems better to class
it here, as it is principally used internally. It is a good water
of the class. The flow is estimated at twenty gallons per
minute. The well is twelve hundred and fifty feet deep.

i f

iJIWt'

CHAPTEP XII.

SULPIIUP-'.VATERS.

The prominent charncteristic of these waters is the pres-
ence of sulphuretted hydrogen, hence the pcculip.r odor. Ex-
cepting the uniform presence of this gas, sulphur-waters vary
exceedingly in composition. Some contain a large proportion
of calcic carbonates, and hence may be termed calcic-sulphur
waters; others, containing chloiide of sodium in excess of
other constituents, may be termed saline-sulphur waters ; and,
accotding to the proportion of these salts, will their action be
modified. Those containing a considerable quantity of carbonate
of lime and s'jlpiiate of Hme will usually prove constipating,
while those characterized by the presence of much chloride of
sodium, or sulphate of soda or magnesia, will be cathartic. Still
another element enters into the action of these waters, in many
instances : organic matters, known by the names of bar6gine
and glairine, undoubtedly differing in composition in different
springs, and producing varied resuits. However, as a rule, the
action of these substances seems to be sedative ; as an illus-
tration, see the Red Sulphur Springs of Virginia. Somo sul-
phur-waters are exciting, others depressing, depending on the
quantity of sulphuretted hydrogen, the salts, and temperature.
Many of these waters are thermal. They all act as diapho-
retics and alteratives. As a rrle, they are decidedly diapho-
retic, a result due to the sulphuretted hydrogen con^aii.sd.
Persons who take considerable quantities of sulphur-water are
sometimes surprised to find articles of silver carried in tho
pockets decidedly blackened. This is due to the elimination
of sulphuretted hydrogen in the perspiration, sulphuret of silver
being formed.

alkal

SULPDDR-WATERS.

181

Many sulpliur-watcrs undergo chemical alteration after con-
tact with the atmosphere. The principal agent in tliis change,
ftccording to Anglada, is oxygen. Under its influence the sul-
phurets are decomposed, sulphur is precipitated, and sulphites
arc formed. At the same time, the carbonic acid of the at-
mosphere unites with a portion of alkaline bases, forming car-
bonates.

The color of the white sulphur-waters is due to the pre-
cipitation of sulphur; the yellow, to the formation of poly-
sulphurets ; the blue is supposed to be due to slate held in
suspension in the form of impalpable powder ; and the red, to
the development of algae of this color, or precipitation of oxide
of iron.

Sulphur-waters are especially applicable to the treatment
of diseases of the sJcin^ and, of these diseases, especially those
falling under the class dartrous. {See "Diseases of tub
Skin.") They are also decidedly efficacious in cases of chroii ic
pharyngitis and laryngitis.

The^varm sulphur-waters are valuable in the treatment of
gout and chronic rheumatism, more because of their elevated
temperature than the saline constituents, unless tliey be of the
alkaline-sulphur class, though their decidedly diaphoretic ac-
tion may aid the elimination of uric acid. The warm waters also
prove exceedingly serviceable in cases where exudations are
to be absorbed, such as stiff joints and old gunshot-'woinids.
The natural warm or hot sulphur-waters are preferable ; but
properly-heated cold sulphur- waters will answer.

In chronic poisoning by metals sulphur-waters often prove
exceedingly beneficial, by favoring ehmination of the poison.
In cases of engorgement of the liver, abdominal plethora, and
hemorrhoids, the saline-sulphur waters have long been justly
esteemed as trustworthy remedies. In secondary and tertiary
syphilis, sulphur-waters prove valuable as a means of diagno-
sis ; and, in conjunction with other remedies, they aid in elimi-
ra,ting the venereal poison. Persons in whom syphilis is latent
are often surprised to see external manifestations caused by
the use of these waters.

182

MINERAL SPRINGS.

It'

It will be noticed that there is much variation in the quan-
tity of sulphuretted hydrogen in the different springs. It is

nd desirable in some cases to let the water stand for some
^kours before drinking, in order that the superabundant gas
may escape, and thus avoid the undue excitement of the sys-
tem caused by ingestion of large quantities.

BliOUNr SFBINaS.

Location and rost-Oflice« — Blount Springs, Blount County, Alabama.

Access. — Go to Elyton, a station on the Alabama & Chattanooga Rail-
road, 144 miles southwest from Chattanooga ; also, on the line of railroad
(not finished) from Montgomery to Decatur, about eighty-five miles northwest
from Montgomery ; thence, about thirty miles northwest to the springs.

Ilotel. — Blount Springs.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contalm—

Red Siilpliur.
Pror, K. Brumby.

Sweet Siiljvliur.
Prof. R. Brumby.

80LIDH.
Carbonate of inapnesla

Ornini.
0.65
0.24
0.85
4.04
0.76
0.20

Ortlni.
0.45

Carbonato of irou

0.14

Carbonate of litiie

0.66

Chloride of sodium

8.86

Chloride of ina<;nosiinn

Sulphate of inaguusia

0.80

Total

6.C8

Cubic in.
0.75

1.87

5.8]

Oases.
Carbonic acid

Cubic In.
0.76

Bulphurottod hydrogen

1.67

Pj'02?ertles. — A saline-sulphur water.

Jlemarks, — These springs are situated in a triangular val-
ley, at an elevation of 1,580 feet above the sea. They are six
in number. The present hotel was built in 1825 ; but many
improvements are now in contemplation, among them the
building of a new hotel.

SANDWICH SPRINQS,

Location and Post-OIHcet — Sandwich, Ontario, Canada.
Access. — From Detroit, cross the St. Clair River, by ferry, two miles to
Sandwich.

Hotel* — Sandwich Springs.

SULPIIUR-WATERa

188

One pint contains
Solids.
CarlMjnate of potasaa
Carbonate of aoda
Carbonate of magnesia
Carbonate of lime .
Chloride of eodium
Chloride of magnesium
Chloride of calcium
Sulphate of lime
Silica

ANALYSIS.
(62° Fahr. Prof. S. P. DurriKLn)

Total ...... 47.291

Oa8K8. Cubic in.

Carbonic acid . . * . . 1.26

Sulphuretted hydrogen .... 4.72

Nitrogen ...... 0.09

I^roperties. — This spring, it will
guished by the large amounts of chloride of magnesium and
sulphate of lime which it contains ; also, the enormous volume
of sulphuretted-hydrogen gas.

Grains,
trace.
6.070
1.618
4.813
0.070

19.220
0.007

16.479
0.014

CAIiEDONIA SPBINQS.
Location. — See these springs, described under "Saline WAiEna," p. 163.

ANALYSIS.
(46° Fahr. T. Stebrt Hunt) :

One pint contains

SOUDS.

Carbonate of soda
Carbonate of magnesia
Carbonate of iron
Carbonate of lime
Chloride of potassium
Chloride of sodium
Sulphate of soda .
Bromide of sodium
Alumina . .

Silica .

Total
Gab.
Carbonic acid .
Flow per minute .

Grains.

8.821

. 2.142

trace.

. 1.530

.167

. 28.004

.133

.073

.019

.612

86.001
Cubic in.
. 2
4 gallons

184

MINERAL SPRINGS.

Properties. — T. Stcrry Hunt, Esq., says of this water: "It
has a feebly stilpliurous taste and odor, and darkens the salts
of lejid ajid silver; but the quantity of sulphur existing, either
as sulphuretted hydrogen or an alkaline sulphuret, is very in-
considerable, and cannot be quantitatively estimated by the
ordinary processes. It is, however, sufficient to impart medi-
cinal powers to the water ; for the efficat^y of this spring over
all the others, in rheumatic and cutaneous affections, is well
attested. According to Dr. Stirling, for many years a resident
at the springs, the water was formerly more sulphurous than

now.

PIEDHONT SPRINQS.

Locatloilt — Alameda County, Calirornia.
Post-Offlce. — Oakland, Alameda County, California.
iccesSt — By omnibus, three miles distant from Oakland.
Hotel. — Piedmont Springs.

Analys is. — Non Ci

Remarks. — From these springs there is a most extended
view, embracing the bay and city of San Francisco, the Golden
Gate, the bay of San Pablo, Tamalpais, and the coast-hills of
Marin County. The climate is mild, and free from fogs. The
waters possess the usual taste of waters of this class, and are
said to prove aperient.

WHITE STJIiPHUB SPBINGS.

LoMtion and Post-OfBce. — White Sulphur Springs, Napa County, Cali-
fornia.

Access. — These springs are twelve miles distant, by rail, from Calistoga
Springs, or an hour's drive by carriage.

Hotel. — White Sulphur Springs.

Analysis. — None. [See Appendix — St.Helena.)

VAIiLEJO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINQS.

Location and Post-OflBce. — Vallejo Springs, Solano County, California.

Access. — From San Francisco, thirty miles, by steamer, to Vallejo ; thence
four miles, by stage.
. Hotelt — Springs.

Analysis. — None.

SULPHUR-WATERS.

186

QREEN-OOVE SPBINO.

Location and Post-Offlee. — Greet) -Cove Sprin<^, Clay County, Hoiida.

Atces8« — From the north ami west, by mil, via Charl'.ston and Savannah,
to Jacksonville ; thence, by dally atenmor, thirty niiloM Houth, on St John's
River, to the sprinp. Or, from New York, by Btt'iuncr to Charleston or Savan-
nah ; thence, by the connecting iteamer, direct to the spring.

Uutelt — Clarendon House.

Anah/sis. — A partial analysis showed tlie water to contain
sulphate of magnesia, sulphate of lime, chloride of sodium, iron,
and considerable sulphuretted hydrogen. Tlic water should
be quantitatively analyzed. Temperature, 70° Fahr. The flow
is exceedingly large.

Properties. — A water such as this proves exceedingly agree-
able as a bath, in a southern climate, and is adapted to a num-
ber of diseases.

Remarks — These springs are on the St. John's River, at a
])()int where it is five miles wide, and affords every facility for
l)oating, sailing, and fishing. Tlie large flow of water is
caught in a pool twenty-five by a hundred feet, and four feet
deep, forming a magnificent swimming-bath, with dressing-
rooms attached.

Florida will always be a popular resort for those who de-
sire to escape the rigor of Northern winters ; and certainly it
is pleasant to live in a climate where spring follows close upon
fall, and tropical fruits are abundant. During the winter many
consumptives rendezvous at this and other points along the St.
John's River.

RED STJIiPHITxv SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Offlce. — Red Sulphur Springs, Walker County, Georgia.
Access.— From Chattanooga.
Hotel.

An alysis. — None.

Remarks. — Red Sulphur Springs, or " the Vale of Spruigs,"
are at the base of Taylor's Ridge. No less than twenty springs
are found here in the space of half a mile. Near by, is Look-
out Mountain.

p?lll ^'

186

MINKRAL SPRINGS.

CHABLOTSVTLLE SPBINGS.

Location! — Charlotsville, near Siracoe, Norfolk County, Province of On-
tario, Dominion of Canada.

Aeeess.— A few miles from Port Dover, a landing on Lake Erie.

Analysis. — This water is notable for the large amount of
sulphuretted hydrogen contained — over three and a quarter
cubic inches to the pint. The amount of mineral ingredients
is small.

FBENCH LICK SPBINQS.

Location and Post-Cfficc Address. — French Lick Springs, Orange County,
Indiana.

Access. — Going cast or west, take Ohio & Mississippi Railroad to Shoals,
one hundred r .id forty-nine miles west of Cincinnati, one hundred and ninety-
one miles east of St. Louis ; thence fifteen miles south, by stage, to springs.
From the north or south, take New Albany & Chicago Railroad to Orleans,
fifty-six miles north of Louisville, five nailes south of Mitchell , a station on
the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad ; thence eighteen miles, by stage, to springs,

Hotels. — French Lick (West Baden, one mile distant).^

ANALYSIS.

One jilnt contalna —

Solids.

Carbonate of soda

Carbonate of map-nesia

Carbonate of Iron and alumina.

Carbonate of lime

Chloride of jjobissium

Chloride of sodium

Chloride of magnesium

Clilorido of calcium

Sulphate of soda

Sulphate of magnesia

Sumhuto of llmo

Silica

Total.

Oa8E8.

Carbonic acid

Sulphuretted hydrogen.

Total

Pluto'f Well.
J. G. Rogers, M. D.

Graini.

6'.i98
trace.
0.86S

17".667

O'.OGS
2.796
2.264
7.573

81.934

Cubic In.
1.87
8.18

6.05

Prose rjilne.
J. 0. Rogera, M. D.

Gralnis.
1.816
0.6C2
0.812
2.5.36
0.ti26

11.366
1.006

4] 590

8.660

17.6'25

0.212

48.816

Cubic In.
1.277
2.125

8.402

Chalyb'jato Springs not analyzed.

(1870.)

Properties. — These waters are useful in all those diseases
to which sulphur-waters are applicable, and, on account of the
salines contained, especially to those associated with engorge^
ment of the liver and abdominal viscera. In these cases it will

SULPHUR-WATERS.

187

.816

.402

be well to combine warm baths with the use of the water.
Pluto's Well will be fomid best adapted to most diseases for
which these waters are beneficial.

Hemarks. — French Lick Springs arp situated in the heart
of a fine, rolling, agricultural country. They issue at the base
of a hill immediately on the margin of French Lick Creek.
Near by, flows Lost River, aboimding in the choicest fish.
Those who are inclined to sport, will find game near at hand.

WEST BADEN SFBINQS.

Location and Post-Office. — West Baden Springs, Orange County, Indiana.

Access* — Go to Shoals, a station on the Ohio & Mississippi Railr^Bl, one
hundred and fifty miles west of Cincinnati ; thence by stage. Or, go to Or-
leans, a station on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, fifty-six
miles north of New Albany ; thence by stage.

Hotels. — West Baden (French Lick, one mile distant).

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (E. T. Cox) :

Solids.

Grains.

Carbonate of potaasa .

. 0.078

Carbonate of soda .....

0.139

Cs,ibonate of magnesia

. 4.896

Carbonate of lime .....

6.172

Chloride of sodium . • . .

. 9.748

Chloride of magnesium ....

1.425

Chloride of calcium ....

. 0.910

Sulphate of potassa ....

0.171

Sulphate of soda ....

. 0.388

Sulphate of magnesia ....

4.619

Sulphate of lime ....

. 1.398

Sulphate of alumina ....

0.669

Oxide of iron .....

. 0.011

Iodides and bromides • . . .

traces.

Silicic acid .

. 0.066

Total .....

29.478

Oabes.

Cubic in.

Carbonic acid ....

. 0.64

Sulphuretted hydrogen ....

0.61

Oxygen .....

. 0.21

Nitrogen. ......

0.68

•iV,

ti ' < ',

5. i"' I

188

MINERAL SPRINGS.

Properties. — It will be seen, from the analysis, that this is
a saline-sulphur water, of much value in all those cases to
which such waters are applicable.

MemarJcs, — West Baden is in the midst of a fine agricul-
tural section. In sight of the hotel flows Lost River and
French Lick Creek, which abound in choice fish.

INDIAN SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Offlcc. — Indian Springs, Martin County, Indiana!.

iceess. — Go to Shoals, a station on the Oliio & Mississippi Railroad, one

hundred and fifty miles west of Cincinnati ; thence nine miles, by stage. Or,

go to Bedford, a station on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad,

Beventy-one miles north of Louisville.

Hotel. — Springs.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (53° Fahr. y^ "3. T. Cox) :

Solids.

Grains.

Carbonate of potassa .

. 0.315

Carbonate of soda .

0.452

Carbonate of magnesia

• • • •

. 2.368

Carbonate of lime .

4.138

Chloride of sodium

. 4.921

Chloride of magnesium

0.007

Sulphate of potassa

. 0.300

Sulphate of soda .

1.4'78

Sulphate of magnesia .

. 3.799

Sulphate of lime .

2.529

Sulphate of alumina .

. 0.104

Oxide of iron

trace.

Iodides and bromides .

trace.

Silicic acid

0.056

Total .

. 20.4«7

GA8B8.

Cubic in.

Carbonic acid

L19

Sulphuretted hydrogen

. 0.42

Oxygen

0.49

Nitrogen.

. 0.81

emarTcs. — This is a j

l^ood saline-sulphur

water. Th

IS large, estimated at four hundred gallons per minute, sufficient
for. all bathing purposes.

SULPHUR-WATERS.

189

INDIAN SPBINQS.

Location and Post-OflBee. — Indian Springs, Butts County, Georgia.

AetCSSt — Go to Forsyth, on the Macon & Western Railroad, twenty-five
miles north of Macon ; thence by stage. Or, to Griffin, on the Macon & West-
ern Railroad, forty-four miles south of Atlanta ; thence by stage.

Hotel. .

Analysis. — See Appendix.

LODI ABTESIAN WEI^L.

Location and Post-Office. — Lodi, Wabash County,

Indiana,

Access. — Lodi is a station on the Indianapolis

& St.

Louis Railroad,

fifty-eight miles west of Indianapolis.

Hotels.—.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (Dr. Pahle) :

Solids.

Grains.

Carbonate of magnesia

0.082

Carbonate of lime ....

. 0.252

Chloride of sodium

62.808

Chloride of magnesium

. 6.092

Chloride of calcium

5.991

Sulphate of potassa ....

. 0.100

Sulphate of soda ....

267

Sulphate of magnesia ....

. 0.407

Sulphate of lime ....

6.944

Phosphate of lime ....

. 0.150

Iodide of magnesium

trace.

Bromide of magnesium

. 0.110

Silicic acid ....

0.065

Sulphur (mechanical V suspended)

. 0.625

Nitrogenous organic matter

0.100

Total .....

. 84.593

Oases.

Cubic in.

Carbonic acid ....

undetermined.

Sulphuretted hydrogen

. 0.99

Oxygen and nitrogen . . ,

uadeterminod.

111

Properties. — ^The above analysis, taken from the " Geolof»'y
of Indiana," for 18G9, shows this to be a very valuable saline-
sulphur water. On comparison with the cch^bratcd Blue Li(;k
waters of Kentucky, it will be seen to possess a close analog-y.
It will prove useful in all those diseases to which saliue-sulphur
waters are applicable.

ti i !

■/Mi

100

MINERAL SPRINGS.

LAFAYETTE WELL.

Location aud Post-Ofllcei — LaFayette, Tippecanoe County, Indiana,

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (56° Fahr. C. M. WethercU, M. D.) :

Solids. Grains.
Carbonate of magnesia .... 3.590
Carbonate of lime ..... 1.044

Chloride of sodium ..... 40.590
Chloride of magnesium .... 3. 707

Chloride of calcium .... 0.466

Sulphate of lime ..... 7.042

Iodide of magnesium ..... trace.
Alumina and oxide of iron .... 0.062

Silica ....... 0.058

Total
Casks.
Carbonic acid
Sulphuretted hydrogen
Nitrogen

66.558

Cubic in.

1.52

0.24

0.61

Properties. — An excellent saline-sulphur water, principally
used for exportation.

MemarJcs. — Flow, four gallons per minute. Depth of well,
two hundred and thirty feet.

TRINITY SPBINQS.

Location and Post-Ofllce. — Trinity Springs, Martin County, Indiana.

Access* — Go to Shoals, a station on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad,
one hundred and fifty miles west of Cincinnati, one hundred and ninety milea
east of St. Louis ; thence, eiglit miles by stage, to the springs.

Hotel. — Trinity House.

Analysis, — From the report of Dr. E. T. Cox, State Geol-
ogist of Indiana, 1871, page 110, we extract the following:
" The temperature of the water of the Trinity Springs was
57° Fahr. ; and that of the ai/, 89° Fahr. Bubbles of gas es-
cape through the water, and a whitish deposit is found on the
inside of the curbing. The qualitative, chemical examination
of' this water gave the following result: Sulphuric acid, car-
bonic acid, sulphydric acid, hydrochloric acid, soda, potash.

r .-J

ifT^%rn\%.ii

SDLPUUR-WATERS.

191

nw'-nesia, lime. This is also a saline-sulphuretted water, and
contains precisely the same constituents found in the Lidian
springs."

UPPER BLXTE liICK SPRINQS.

Location and Post-OlDce, — Upper Blue Lick Springs, Nicholas Comity,
Kentucky.

Actess. — By steamboat to Maysville, Kentucky, on the Ohio River ; thence
by Maysville & Lexington Railroad to within six miles of the springs.

UoteK — Boarding accommodations.

ANA.LTSI3.
Oue pint contains (62 Fahr., June J. F. Judge and A. Fennel) :

Solids.

Carbonate of magnesia ...
Carbonate of lime ....
Chloride of potassium

Chloride of sodium ....
Chloride of magnesium

Sulphate of potassa ....
Sulphate of lime ....
Iodide of magnesium ....
Bromide of magnesium

Alumina : phosphate of lime and peroxide of iron
Silicic acid ....

IjOSS ......

Total . . . ,

Casks.
Carbonic acid .....
Sulphuretted hydrogen

Grains.
0.018
8.133
0.225

64.5(57
4.716
1.622
5.517
0.019
0.476
0.246
0.125
1.860

82.524

Cubic in.
6.02
1.02

(1870.)

Properties. — These are exceptionally fine waters of the
saline-sulphur class. They are aperient and alterative in ac-
tion, proving efficacious in engorgements of the liver and ab-
dominal organs, gall-stotieSy gastric catarrh^ granular ptiar-
yngitiSf and, combined with warm baths of the water, are
valuable in chronic diseases of the skin.

JReniarJcs. — These springs are located on the margin of the
Licking River. The water has been deservedly popular with
the people of the West ever since the early settlement of the
country, and bottled and barrelled water is sold largely in all

iiii'l;

102

MINERAL SPK1NG8.

of the leading cities of the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys. The
flow of the waters is large. The locality is well adapted for
a summer resort ; and it is to be hoped such arrangements
Wnl be made as will permit of employing the waters in every
form of bath at the fountain-source.

LOWER BLUE LICK SFKINQS.

Location and Post-OfflcCt— Lower Blue Lick Springs,
Kentucky.

Access. — Carlisle, a station on the Majsvillc division

Central Railroad, is nine miles distant from the springs by

Hoteh — Blue Lick House.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (62° Fahr. Robert Peter,
Solids.
Carbonate of magnesia ....
Carbonate of lirae ....
Chloride of potassium ....
Chloride of sodium ....
Chloride of magnesium
Sulphate of potassa
Sulphate of lime

Iodide of magnesium ....
Bromide of magnesium

Alumina : phosphate of lime and oxide of iron
Silicic acid .....

Loss . .

Nicholas County,
of the Kentucky

stage.

M. D.) :

Groins.

0.017
. 2.957

0.174
. 64.107

4.049
, 1.117

4.249
. 0.006

0.030
, 0.045

0.138
. 2.216

Total

Qabes.
Carbonic acid .
Sulphuretted hydrogen

79.105
Cubic in.
. 12.85
2.28
—"Geology of Kentucky," vol. iii., pp. 861-368.

Properties, — These are exceptionally fine waters of the
saline-sulphur class, exceedingly valuable in engorgements of
the liver and abdominal viscera, and all diseases arising tliere-
from. They may also be relied on in gastric catarrh, and, in
the form of warm baths, prove efficacious in diseases of the
skin.

Remarks. — This spring was well known to the early set-
tlers of the West, and from its waters Boone and other pic

SULPnUR-WATERS.

193

The

cd for

iraents

every

County,
Lcntucky

IB.

17
57
74
07
49
17
49
06
30
15
38
tl6

05
iu.
15
8
, 861-368.

of the
lents of
[g tliere-
I, and, in
of the

irly set-
[Iier pie

neers obtained salt for curing their venison. While engaged
iu its manufacture they were surprised by the Indians, and
one of the deadliest battles in the annnls of border life was
fought near the spring.

The principal spring is located on the banks of the Licking,
about twenty feet above the water's edge. It rises in an hex-
ao-onal reservoir of stone, six feet in diameter and about five
feet deep. The flow of the spring is so rapid that the removal
of almost 2,000 gallons in three hours caused the water in the
reservoir to fall but one foot.

Besides the main spring there are others, on the opposite
side of the river and in its bed, which on examination proved
to contain the same ingredients.

It will be observed, on inspection of the analysis, that there
is a striking similarity between these waters and those of the
Upper Blue Lick. {See Appendix.)

BIG BONE SFKIlTaS.

Location and Fost-Offiec. — Big Bone Springs, Boone County, Kentucky.

Access* — Go to Walton, a station on the Louisville & Cincinnati Rail-
road, eighteen miles west of Cincinnati ; thence seven miles by stage to the
springs. Or, by steamboat on the Ohio River to Hamilton Landing ; thence
one mile and a half to the springs.

UotcK— Clay House.

Ai^alysis. — No quantitative analysis of these waters has
been made. The following is the statement in the " Geology
of Kentucky," volume ii., page 63 : " The quantitai ' v'e analysis
of these waters, at their fountain-head, indicater! as their prhi-
cipal constituents : Sulphuretted hydrogen — M'hich escapes in
intermittent volume, proving the water to be saturated with
this gas — chloride of sodium, sulphate of magnesia, sulphate
of soda, sulphate of alumina, bicarbonate of lime, bicarbonate
of magnesia, carbonate of soda. This water has an alkaline
reaction." It is also stated that "these are truly fine sul-
phuretted-saline waters."

Hemarks. — The supply of water is very abundant, several
springs breaking forth in various directions, from the boggy

'« It

•1^

* 1 .

194

MINERAL SPRINGS.

flats forming the sources of Big Bone Lick Creek. The name
" Big Bone " is derived from the fact that remains of masto-
dons are frequently found here, embcd'^.ed in the bog. Some
exceedingly fine specimens have been obtained.

There are three springs, known as the " Big Bone," the
" Mastodon," and the " American Epsom.'

'l!

FAIiOQXTET SFBINaS.

Loeatlon.— Bullitt County, Kentucky.
Post-OflBefit — Shcpherdsville, Bullitt County, Kentucky.
Access. — Go to Louisville ; thence eighteen miles south on Loui.sville &
Nashville Railroad to Shcpherdsville ; thence by stage.
llotch — Paroquet Springs.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (

'rof. J. Lawrence Smith) :

80LID8.

Grains.

Carbonate of soda

0.047

Carbonate of magnesia

. 0.188

Carbonate of iron .

0.022

Carbonate of lime

. 0.300

Chloride of potassium

0.061

Chloride cf sodium

. 38.700

Chloride of magnesium

6.004

Chloride of calcium

. 8.464

Sulphate of soda .

0.802

Sulphate of alumina .

. 0.062

Sulphate of lime .

0.285

Iodide of sodium

. 0.019

Iodide of magnesium

0.031

Bromide of sodium

. 0.022

Bromide of magnesium

0.039

Silica .

. 0.488

Organic matter

0.267

Total .

. 55.301

Oasks.

Cubic in.

Carbonic acid

0.76

Sulphuretted hydrogen

. 3.75

— " (Jeology of Kentucky," vol. U., p. T4

Properties. — ^These are valuable saline-sulphur waters, con-
taining a large proportion of sulphuretted hydrogen.

A)u

SULPHUR-WATERS.

190

ESCTTLAPIA SPBINQS.

Location. — Lewis County, Kentucky.

Aftess, — About twenty miles from Mayaville and twelve miles from Vancc-
burg, on the Ohio River. Maysville is sixty-five miles east of Cincinnati.

Uotel.-

Anahjsis. — No quantitativ^e analysis of this water has boon
made. According to Dr. L. J. Frazoc,* an analysis by Dr.
Peter showed it to contain free sulphuretted hydrogen gas,
bicr-rbonate of lime, bicarbonate of magnesia, chloride of so-
dium, chloride of magnesium, sulphate of soda, and sulphate
of magnesia.

Properties. — Dr. Frazee adds: "It is proper to remark
that most of these saline ingredients are in very minute quan-
tities, so much so that the chloride of sodium, the sulphate
of soda, and the sulphate of magnesia it contains, render it
very slightly if at all aperient. Sulphur, in the form of sul-
j)huretted'hydrogen gas, with which this water is impregnated,
may l)e considered by far its most important ingredient. . . .
The principal (iffect of the crater appears to be to stimulate
the secretory action of the system generally, but more espe-
cially that of tiie skin and that of the kidneys."

Remarks. — The Esculapia Springs are situated between
two lofty ranges of hills, lying almost parallel. At the base
of one occurs the sulphur spring, and at the base of the other
a chalybeate spring.

G&AYSON SPRINGS.

Location and Post-OfUce. — Grayson Springs, Cirayson County, Kentucky.

Access. — From Louisville, via Louisville & Nashville Railroad, forty-two
miles south to Elizabethtown ; thence twenty-six miles west, via Elizabeth-
town & Paducah Railroad, to Grayson Springs Station ; thence two miles
and a half by stage to the springs.

Hotel.— Grayson Springs.

Analysis. — These waters contain, according to Dr. Peter,'

» " Transactions Kentucky State Medical Society," 1872 ; report on " The Mineral Waters
of Kentucliy," by L. J. Frazoc, M. D.

^ Frazee, "Tlie Mineral Waters of Kentucky."

t - I

)

^^i

I ■

•li

196

MINERAL SPUINGS.

chloride of sodium, sulphate of magnesia, phosphate of soda,
sulphuretted-hydrogen gas, and carbonic-acid gas.

llemarks. — These springs rise in a valley, and within a
circuit of a few hundred feet there is a number of sources,
differing but little in constitution. A chalybeate spring is said
to have been discovered on the grounds. Since the completion
of the Elizabethtown & Paducah Railroad, this resort has been
considerably patronized.

OLYMPIAN SPBINOS.

Location and Post-Offlcet — Olympian Springs, Bath County, Kentucky.

Access* — Go by rail to Lexington, Kentucky ; thence, by Lexington & IJig
Sandy Railroad, about thirty-five miles east, to Mount Sterling; thence by
stage. During 1873 tl.e Lexington & Big Sandy Railroad will probably be
finished to within three miles of the springs.

Iloteli — Olympian Springs.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (
Solids.
Carbonate of magnesia
Carbonate of iron

Salt Sulphur,

•
• •

Dr. Peter) :

■ •

Grains.
0.904
trace.

Carbonate of lime .

•

• •

1.742

Chloride of potassium
Chloride of sodium

• •
•

• •
■ ■

1.334
20.762

Chloride of magnesium
Sulphate of lime .
Bromine and iron

• •
•

• •

• •
• •

•

6.924
trace,
trace.

Alumina

•

• •

trace.

Silica .

• •

■ •

0.131

Water and loss

•
• •

not es

9.825

Total .
Gases.
Carbonic acid

41.612
tunatod.

Sulphuretted hydrogen

•

. not estimated.

T^'operties. — This is a fine saline-suli)hur water, seldom
cathartic, promptly diuretic. The fiow is six gallons per min-
ute.

JRemarks. — These springs are situated in the eastern por-
tion of the State, where the surface is exceedingly rough and

SULPIIUR-WATERS.

107

picturesque, approaching mountainous. Besides the water
of which the analysis is given, there is also a so-caHod black-
sulphur spring, and a chalybeate. The chalybeate tastes de-
cidedly of iron, according to Dr. Drake. {See Appendix.)

FOX SPRINQS.

Loeation* — Fleming County, Kentucky.

AfCfSSt — Fox Springs are about ten miles from Fleniingsburg, which
place is twelve miles south of Maysville, a town on the Ohio liiver.
Hotel. .

Analysis. — Dr. Frazee, in his report on " The Mineral
Witters of Kentucky," says these are sulphur-waters similar
to the Esculapia Springs.

MemarJcs. — This is said to be a pleasant resort. There is
also a chalybeate water here.

ESTIIili SPRINGS.

For location, etc., see "Estill Springs, Purgative Waters."

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (Red Sulphur, Labert Peter, M. D.) :

Solids. Grains.

Carbonate of soda . . . 0.1G8

Carbonate of magnesia
Carbonate of lime .
Chloride of sodium
Sulphate of potassa
Sulphate of soda
Sulphate of magnesia
Silica .
Organic and volatile matters

Total .

Gases.
Carbonic acid
Sulphuretted hydrogen

0.605
1.472
0.612
0.670
1.254
0.0Y3
0.044
0.292

5.1i)0
Cubic in.
5.01
0.07

Properties. — It will be seen that this is a light sulpliur-
vvaterj the sulphuretted hydrogen arising, in all probability,
Vom decomposition of a sulphate. There are two other
springs, the white and black sulphur, containing almost the

J t

198

MINERAL SPRINC3.

eamc ingredients in about the same proportion. Tlie black
sulphur, however, contains one-half grain (0.502) of carbonate
of iron to the pint.

LOXJISVILLE ARTESIAN WELL.

'i V

Location and Poist-oUlce.—

Louisville, Kentucky.

ANALYSIS.

Cue pint contains (VO)^^ Fahr. Prof. J. Lawrence Smith) :

Solids.

Grains.

Carbonate of soda .

0.237

Carbonate of magnesia

. 0.204

Carbonate of iron .

0.032

Carbonate of lime

0.520

Chloride of potassium

0.528

Chloride of sodium

. 7Y.690

Chloride of magnesium

1.847

Chloride of alumin>(m

. 0.151

Chloride of calciuvn

8.210

Chloride of lithium

. 0.013

Sulphate of potassa

0.403

Sulphate of soda

. 9.037

Sulphate of magnesia

9.CG7

Sulphate of alumina .

. 0.225

Sulphate of lime .

8.G79

Phosphate of soda

. 0.193

Iodide of magnesium

0.044

Bromide of magnesium

. 0.058

Silica

0.111

Organic matter

. 0.089

Loss

1.015

Total .

. 113.959

Oabes.

Cubic In.

Carbonic acid

0.77

Sulphuretted hydrogen

. 0.25

Nitrogen

0.17

Properties. — It will be seen that this is a saline-sulphur
water, and a valuable one.

HemarJcs, — This well is located at the paper-mill of A. V.
Du Pont & Co., on Tenth Street, near Main. It is 2,08G feet
deep, and occupied sixteen months in boring. The tempera-

ly. I

11., pa^
lows :
nesia,
of sod
same \
phate

SULPIIDU WATERS.

leo

ture of the water, as given in the analysis, is as it issues from
the orifi(;e of the well. A self-registerinp^ thcrmoTnetor, sunk
to the bottom of the well, indicated 80 1" Fahr. Conside-* 7
the point of constant temperature below the surface at Lv
ville as 53° Fahr., we have an increase of one degree of tci
pcrature for every sixty-seven feet below that point.
The water is bottled for exportation.

DRENNON SPRINQS.

Loration. — Henry County, Kentucky.

AecesSt — Go to Newcastle, Henry County ; thence about ten miles north-
wardly,

Hotel.— None.

Analysis. — No quantitative analysis has been made.

Properties. — " This is a very fine mineral water, actino; not
only on the skin, but as a mild aperient, diuretic, and diapho'
rctic." — ( Geological Survey of Kentucky, vol. iii., p. 52.)

Remarks. — Twenty-five or thirty years ago this was ono
of the most fashionable resorts in the West. During one of
the nost prosperous seasons the cholera appeared at the
springs, and the guests — panic-stricken — departed precipitate-
ly. During a following year the property was burned.

BEDFORD SPRINGS.

Loration and Post-0fl9ce. — Bedford Springs, Trimble County, Kentucky.

Access. — Go to Sulphur Station, on the Louisville & Cincinnati Short Line
Railroad, thirty-six miles east of Louisville, seventy-one miles west of Cin-
cinnati ; thence, six miles by stage, to the springs.

Hotel.— Bedford Springs.

Analysis. — In the " Geological Survey of Kentucky," vol.
ii., page 79, the constituents of this spring are noted as fol-
lows : Chloride of sodium, sulphate of soda, sulphate of mag-
nesia, bicarbonate of lime, bicarbonate of magnesia, carbonate
of soda — alkaline to test-paper. The Epsom Spring, in the
same vicinity, contains the same ingredients, except that sul-
phate of magnesia is in larger proportion.

i I i

11 '

' f,i ■ q

v.! ffi

200 MINERAL SPRINGS.

WHITE SULPHXTR AND TAB SPRINGS.

Location. — Breckenridge County, Kentucky.

Post-Offiee. — Cloverport, Breckenridge County, Kentucky.

Access. — Take daily steamers from Louisville, on the Ohio River, to Clo-
verport, one hundred and ten miles southwest ; thence four miles south by
carriage.

Hotel. — White Sulphur Springs.

Analysis. — No quantitative analysis has been made.

Remarks. — The springs, four in number, issue at the base
of a high cliflF. Their general character is that of sulphur-
waters. One spring, however, is peculiar: on its surface a
black substance floats, similar in appearance to tar ; hence the
name. Observations as to the therapeutic value of this sub-
stance are wanting.

The surrounding country is rough and the scenery pictu-
resque.

DE SOTO SPRINaS.

LocatioD. — Dc Soto Parish, Louisiana,
Post-Offlce. — Mansfield, Dc Soto Parish, Louisiana.
Access. — By steamboat on the Red River to Shreveport; thence, forty
miles by stage, to Mansfield.
Hotel. — At Mansfield.

Analysis. — Within a radius of thirty miles of MansHeld
are several valuable sulphur and chalybeate waters.

Hemarks. — At some of these springs cibins have been
erected, and, during the summer months, they are a popular
resort for the neighboring inhabitants. The hotel at Mans-
field is on the site of a spring.

WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Offlce. — White Sulphur Springs, CatahouU Parish,
Louisiana.

Access. — By steamboat to llanisonburg, on the Washita River, or Alex-
andria, on the Red River; thence, from the first point thirty-five milos by
coach ; from the second, twenty-five miles. Each of these i;lace8 is between
Beventy-flvc and one hundred miles northwest from the junction of the Rod
River with the MississippL

Hotel.— Springs.

SULPHUR-WATERS.

201

, to Clo-
south by

le base
ulphur-
rface a
nee the
his sub-

r pictu-

nec, forty

stield

76 l^een
popular
it Mans-

^ Piirish,

', or Alcx-
! miles by
s bctwtnn
•f the Rod

Analysis. — No quantitative analysis of the springs has
been made. A qualitative one shows them to contain the
usual ingredients of sulphur- waters, with a trace of iron.

Properties. — These waters are said to be useful in diseases
of the skin, hepatic engorgements, and dyspepsia.

Remarks. — The springs are situated in the midst of that
portion of Catahoula Parish known as the " piney-woods re-
gion." The surrounding country is undulating and covered
with the long-leaf Southern pine. Near by is Trout Creek, a
crystal-clear stream, the waters of which abound in large
brook-trout.

AliPENA WELL.

Location and Post-Ofl9eei — Alpona, Alpeua County, Michigan.

Access* — Go to Bay City, one hundred and eleven miles north of Detroit,
on the Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad; thence by steamer, on Tuesdays,
Thursdays, and Saturdays, about one hundred and ten mQes north to Alpena.

Hotels* — Alpena House, Union House, Star Hotel.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains

(62=

Fahr. Prof. S. P,

Duffield) :

Solids.

Grains.

Carbonate of potassa

•

• ■

trace.

Carbonate of soda

• • •

. 1.364

Carbonate of magnesia

•

, ,

4.661

Carbonate of iron

• • •

. 0.170

Carbonate of lime .

•

• •

4.787

Chloride of sodium

• • •

. 8.632

Sulphate of lime

• •

8.767

Alumina and silica

•

• • •

• •

. 0.386

Total

23.657

Oases.

Cubic In.

Carbonic acid .

• • •

. 1.05

Sulphuretted hydrogen

» •

4.42

Nitrogen

• • •

. 0.03

Properties. — ^These waters abound in sulphuretted hydro-
gen, and, according to the analysis, there are but few springs
in diis country or Europe equally rich in this ingredient, (Aa
to magnetism of the waters, see remarks on this subject.)

Remarks. — Alpena is situated on the shores of Thunder
10

202

MINERAL SPRINGS.

'< I':

Bay, an inlet of Lake Huron. It is but seventy-five miles south
from Mackinaw. From its northern latitude and situation on
the lake-shore, the temperature is cool and refreshing during
the hot months of summer. The village numbers some 3,000
inhabitants, and is the outgrowth of a large lumber business
which centres thera. The waters flow from an artesian well
900 feet deep.

SHABON SPRINGS.

Loe&tion and Post-Office Address.— Sharon Spring :r, Schoharie County,
New York.

Access. — Take Albany & Susquenanna Railway direct to the springs, fifty,
nine miles west of Albany. Coming from the west, take Erie Railway to
Binghamton ; thence, by Albany & Susquehanna Railway, one hundred and
eleven miles to springs. Or, New York Central Railroad to Palatine Bridge,
fifty-five miles west of Albany ; thence nine miles by stage.

Hotels. — Pavilion, Union Hall, Eldridge.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contalni

White Sulphur

4»° Fahr.
J. R. Chilt(jn, Rf. P.

Red S'llphur.

4m° Fahr.

Prof. Lawrence Rend.

Oraina.

0.048

0.061

1.122

0.041

0.091

0.008

2.870
12.080

O.IU
0.066

Gardner MaKneifu.

41,° Falir.

Prof. Lawrence Reed.

Soi-IDS.
Cfti'honate of soda

Gmlni.

6'.28
.30

5'.30
13.95

0.28

• • • •

Grains.
0.042

Carbonate of magnesia

0.100

Carl)onnte of lime

0.842

Chloride of sodium

0.154

('hlorlde of magnesium

0.0.54

Chiorido of lime

0.020

Sulphate of magnesia

2.460

Sulphate of lime

11.687

llydrosulphuret of sotlium and hydro-
sulphurct of calcium

Hydrosulphuret of calcium and mag-
nesium

0.781

Silicic acid

0.050

Total

20.11

Cubic in.

2."

15.978

Cubic In.
0.57
1.81
0.60

16.190

Oases.
Carbonic acid

Cubic in.
0.277

Sulphuretted hj'drog'en

0.750

Atmospboric air

0.375

Total

2.8S

1.402

Chalvbeate Spring, aee page .

Projjerties. — As will be seen by the analysis, these waters
are comparatively light, and for this reason may be taken in
considerable quantities. In most instances, however, from two
to four glasses will be found to answer. To produce the alter-

fann-J
of a
cepfic
J)r()du
slopes

away

gold.

loftier
Bi

there ;

SULPnUR-WATEKS.

203

jouth
m on
uring
3,000
iiness
1 well

County,

gs, fifty-
ilway to
red au'l
J Bridge,

LT Jlagnctla.
s" Fahr.
iwrence Reed.

jralii!.
.042
1()0

84-2
154
,054
0.020
2.460
11.6S7

0.7S1

0.050

1090^

Cubic In.
0.277
0.750
0.376

1.402

waters
taken in
Tfrom two
Ihe alter-

ative eflFect, one or two glasses should be taken an hour before
meals and on retiring, and continued for some weeks. When
a cathartic effect is desired, and the water does not act readily,
the action may be aided by taking a Sedlitz powcler, or from
half to a tablespoonful of Epsom salts, and afterward rely
alone on the water.

The bathing arrangements are ample. The flow of water
is abundant, estimated at 120 gallons per minute.

Remarks. — In describing Sharon Springs, we cannot do
better than quote from a writer in Harper's Monthly^ June,
1856, though with slight transposition of the sentences :

" The mineral springs at Sharon gush out from the bed
of a small brook, and from a steep, wooded slope on /ts mar-
gin. For more than half a century their healing virtues have
been known, and parents often took their children, who were
afflicted with cutaneous disorders, and dipped them in the wa-
ters. Upon the slope from which the fountains gush, a curious
phenomenon is exhibited : within the space of a few rods are
five different springs — chalybeate, white sulphur, red sulphur,
magnesia, and pure water. The two principal springs are the
white sulphur and magnesia ; the first on the margin of the
brook, the other higher up on the slope.

" Although the village and the springs lie in a ravine, they
are 900 feet above the Mohawk Valley. The eye, turned to
the north and east, comprehends one of the grandest and most
beautiful prospects imaginable. The hilly country seems sub-
dued into a gently-rolling plain ; and the woods, fields, villages,
farm-houses, and brooks like silver threads, hav^e the appearance
of a gorgeous piece of tapestry, excelling, in richness of con-
ception, form, and color, any thing the looms of Gobelin ever
])r()duced. Beyond, stretches the great vaUey, wlios(; northern
slopes, and the hills of Herkimer, Fulton, and Saratoga, fade
away in mysterious, aerial perspective of azure, vermilion, and
gold. And far beyond all, in dim, spectral mass, loom up the
loftier peaks of the Adirondack Mountains."

Besides the charming scenery immediately at the rprings,
there are delightful rides to Cherry Valley and Coopcrstown,

rl!

204

MINERAL SPRINGS.

the latter place commanding a view of Otsego Lake, nine miles
in extent, and celebrated for salmon and trout-fish. Two miles
distant from Cherry Valley are the Tekaharawa Falls {see
Cheery Valley Spei]^gs). Twenty miles distant, by railway,
is Holders Cave, one of the most wonderful natural curiosities.
The cave has been explored for seven miles, and, during the
season, is illuminated for a distance of three miles from the
main entrance, so that the visitor is relieved of the annoyance
of smoking torches.

MASSENA SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Office Address. — Masscna Springs, St. Lawrence County,
New York.

Access. — From the east and south, via New York Central and Rome & Wa-
tertown Railroads, to Potsdam Junction, twenty-five miles east of Ogdensburg ;
thence fourteen miles northeast, by stage, to the springs. Or, go to Rouse's
Point (outlet of Lake Charoplain) ; thence eighty-two miles west, by Ogdens-
burg k Lake Chani plain Railroad, to Brasher Falls; thence ten miles north-
west, by stage, to springs. From the west, via New York Central and Rome &
Watertown Railroads, to Potsdam Junctii<n. Or, thiough Lake Ontario and
down the St. Lawrence, to Ogdensburg, whence a boat runs during the sea-
son to Dodge's Landing, within throe miles of the springs. Or, continue down
the river to Cornwall, whence by ferry and carriage to the springs.

Hotels. — Harrowgatc, Hatfield House.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (Prof. Ferd. F. Meyer) :
Solids.

Carbonate of iron

Carbonate of lime .

Chloride of potassium

Chloride of sodium

Chloride of magnesium

Sulphate of soda .

Sulphate of lime

Ilyposnlphito of soda

Phosphate of soda

Bromide of magnesium

Sulphurot of sodium .

Silicate of soda and organic compounds

Total ....

Gab.
Sulphuretted hydrogen

Grains.

. 0.045

0.422

. 0.063

9.961

. 3 741

0.437

. 7.616

0.526

. 0.165

0.084

. 0.176

1.397

. 24.633

Cubic In.

0.663

SULPHUR-WATERS.

205

Properties. — These are salhte-suljyhur waters, much resem-
bling those of Eilsen, in the principality of Schaumburg-
Lippc, but much richerj however, in chloride of sodium. I
need not add that they are exceedingly valuable waters of this
class. They have proved of decided utility in dartrous dis-
eases of the skin, scrofula, catarrh of the bladder, and gravel.
'Flicir use should be combined in most cases with the tepid
and warm bath.

liCmarJcs. — The springs are delightfully situated on the
banks of the Raquette River, a broad and rapid stream, flow-
ing int(. ihe St. Lawrence, and affording fine opportunity for
fishing. As early as the close of the last century these waters
were discovered by surveyors, who noticed the oozy ground
around them filled with the hoof-prints of the moose and deer,
these animals visiting the spot to drink of the water. The
Indians had used them as remedies for ulcerations, it is said,
as long as tradition tells ; and, as early as 1815, white people
occasionally sought them for the relief of cutaneous diseases.

The quantity of water taken during the djiy should not, as
a rule, exceed three or four tumblers. Bathing facilities are
ample.

The drives in +he vicinity of Masscna are very attractive.
A favorite visit is to the Indian village of St. Regis, about
twelve miles distant.

DRYDEN SPRINQS.

liOration and Post-Oflice. — Dryden, Tompkins County, New York
/iceess. — From east, west, north, and south, go to Auburn, New York, on
New York Central Raih-oad ; thence by Southern Central Railroad to Dry-
don, thirty-six miles south. Or, ^o to Owoiro on the Erie Railway ; thence
by Southern Central Railroad to Dryden, thirty-two miles north.
Hotel. — Diyden Springs House.

Analysis. — These waters have never been thoroughly an-
alyzed, either quantitatively or qualitatively. However, it is
tnown that they contain sulphate of magnesia and chloride of
sodium in notable proportions. One is said to be so strongly
impregnated with sulphate of magnesia " that you can readily

206

MINERAL SPRINGS.

ill

imagine yourself taking a dose of Epsom salts." There are
also chalybeate wells here. The waters arc cold, varying in
temperature from 48 to 54° Fahr.

Remarks. — Dryden Springs are elevated, cool in summer,
and a pleasant resort,

CHITTENANaO SPRINaS.

Location. — Madison County, New York

Post-Offlee Address. — Chittenango, Madison County, New Yciis.

Aceess. — Chittenango is a station on the New York Central Railroad, one
hundred and tliirty-three miles west of Albany, and fifteen miles east of
Syracuse. From station, three miles south by stage or carriage to springs.

UotcK — White Sulphur Springs Hotel.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains—

White Sulphur.

49° Fahr.

Prof. C. F. Chandler.

Cave Spring.

49° Fahr.

Prof. C. F.Chandler.

Ma^esia.

49° Fahr.

Prof. C. F.Chauiller,

Solids.
Carbonate of magnesia

Grains.
1.631
0.007
0.019
0.129
trace.
0.027
0.244

10.177
trace.
0.014

6!oio

0.035

Grnini.
1.776
0.014
0.029
0.196
trace,

6; 948
18.265
trace.
0.043
0.140
0.032
0.027
0.064

Grains.

1.439

Carbonate of iron

0.029

Cliloride of potassium

0.041

("liloride of sodium

0.229

Cliloride of lithium

trace.

Sulphate of soda

Suli>hate of magnesia

i 589

Sulphate of lime

14.3.S5

Sulphate of strontia

trace.

Hydrosulphato of sodium

0.094

Hydrosutii'iate of calcium

0.116

Ilyposulp .ite of soda

0.002

Alumina

trace.

Silica

0.072

Total

12.293

Prof. Collier.

Cubic in.

4.5

0,1

16.534

Prof, Collier.
Cubic, in.

8.3

0.4

17.996

QA8K8.»

Carbonic jicid

Prof. Collier.

Cubic in.

2.8

Sulphuretted Hydrogen

1.6

Properties. — These waters may be taken in the usual quan-
tity of a glass three or four times a day, on an empty stomach.
It will be noticed that, in solid constituents, they are closely
allied to the calcic waters.

MemarJcs. — The traveller, leaving the station, follows the
narrow valley of the Chittenango Creek a mile or more beyond
the village, and the springs are seen, gushing out from a

Analysis by Prof. CoUlor, In 1870.

SULPHUR-WATERS.

207

fihclving ledge of rocks on the eastern bank of the stream.
Ascending a neighboring summit to the height of 200 feet, a
most pleasing view is had of the entire valley, and Cazenovia
and Oneida Lakes. About two and a half miles above the
springs the valley terminates, and the stream falls perpendicu-
larly 140 feet, forming, with the deep gorge and surroundings,
a scene well worth a visit.

BICHFIELD SI^^ltlNaS.

Location and Post-OQiec Address. — Richfield Springs, Otsego County, New
York.

Access. — From Utica, ninety-five miles west of Albany on the New York
Central Railroad, take cars on Utica, Chenango, & Susquehanna Valley Rail-
road, direct to the springs, thirty-five miles. From Binghamton, two hun-
dred and fifteen miles northwest of New York on the Eric Railway, by Utica,
Chenango, & Susquehanna Valley Railroad, on> hundred and three miles to
springs. The first named is the direct route.

Hotels. — Spring House, Hosford House, American House.

ANALYSIS.
One pint contains (Prof. Reid) ;

Solids.

Grains.

Carbonate of magnesia

1.480

Carbonate of lime

. 0.870

Chlorides of sodium and magnesium

0.187

Sulphate of magnesia .

. 3.750

Sulphate of lime ....

2.500

Hydrosulphate of magnesia and lime

. 0.250

Undetermined ....

19.187

Total ....

. 28.224

Gas.

Cubic In.

Sulphuretted hydrogen

8.3

The above is an analysis made many years ago. A new
analysis is much needed.

Bemarks. — The village of Richfield Springs is delightfully
situated upon a narrow plain near the head of Canaderaga,
or Schuyler's Lake, which forms the chief attraction to the
visitor. The lake is but one mile distant from the hotel, and
conveyances pass to and fro every half-hour. The lake is five
miles in length, and a mile and a quarter at its greatest

■ f
.i

< ' ri

208

MINERAL SPRINGS.

breadth. High hills surround it on every side except to the
northward.

The waters of these springs were sought by the Indians
long before the advent of the white man, and tradition tells a
story of one of their healing prophets, who dwelt on a beauti-
ful island in the midst of the lake. Hither the Iroquois would
come for the relief of their maladies. During the night he
would glide silently to the shore in his canoe, seek the foun-
tains, and return with the magic waters. He became proud
and powerful, and at last assumed to be twin-brother to the
Great Spirit. Such blasphemy was visited with dire punish-
ment. One morning a bridal party went forth to receive the
prophet's benediction, but on arriving at the lake-shore found
the island had disappeared. The Great Spirit in his wrath
had thrust it with the proud prophet so deep in the earth,
that it is said the waters of the lake where it stood are un-
fathomable by human measurement.

AVON SPRINGS.

Loeationt — Livingston County, New York.

Post-Office Address. — Avon, Livingston County, New York.

AcccsSi — Avon is a station on the Erie Railway, sixty -five miles east of Buf-
falo ; eighteen miles south of Rochester ; three hundred and sixty-seven
miles northwest of New York.

HotelSt — United States, Avon Springs Hotel (at the depot), Congress
Hall, Knickerbocker Hall.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains —

Upper Spring,

61° Fahr.
Prof. Hadley.

Lower Sprinp,
J. B, ChUlon. M. D.

New Batb Spring,

60* Fahr.

Prof. Beck.

Solids.
Carbonate of lime

Gralni.
1.000
2.300

2.006

1.250

10.500

Grains.
8.G66

I'.osi

1.716

6.201

7.180

trace.

Grains.
8.370

Chloride of sodium

0.710

Chloride of calcium

Sulphate of soda

4.ft40

Sulphate of masucsia

1.010

Sulphate of lime

0.440

Iodide of sodium

....

Total

17.060

Cubic In.
O.VO
1.60

19.814

Cubic In.
0.49
1.26

10.870

Gasks.
Carbonic acid

Cubic Id.

Sulphoretted hydrogen

ioeo

SULPHUR-WATERS.

209

Properties. — It will be seen by analysis that these are valua-
ble sulphur-waters, resembling in many respects the celebrated
Spa of Nenndorf, in Electoral Hesse. The flow is large from
the lower spring, being fifty-four gallons per minute. Bathing
arrangements are extensive. Dr. Salisbury, quoted by Dr.
Francis, of New York, deceased, says : " Generally speaking,
foiu" or six half-pint tumblers of the water drank during the
day, prove mildly cathartic, and, under its long-continued use
in this dose, no debility ensues, but appetite and strength are
much increased. In doses of from ten to fifteen glasses, it
acts powerfully on the bowels, kidneys, and skin." *

MemarJcs. — The location of these springs, in one of the
most beautiful portions of Western New York, together with
the efficacy of the waters, conspires to make this a most attrac-
tive resort. And the place is not without historical interest.
Near the Avon railway-station, at the foot of the slope, is the
battle-field of the French under Do Nouville, in 1G87, where
ihe invaded Senecas drove them from their hunting-grounds.
And eight miles distant, at the Geneseo, General Sullivan re-
taliated with severity upon the Indians for their cruelties at
Clicrry Valley and Wyoming.

liONQMUIBS WELL.
Location. — Rochester, New York.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (52° Fahr.) :
Solids. Grains.

Carbonates of lime and magnesia, with trace of oxido of

iron . . .... 1.48

Chloride of sodium . ... 6.52

Sulphate of soda . ... 6.99

Total .
Gases.
Carbonic acid
Sulphuretted hydrogen

11.99

Cubic inch.

small quantity.

2.16

— "Geology of New York.'

Pamphlet on " Mineral Waters." By Dr. Francis. 1831. (Astor Library.)

210

MINERAL SPRINGS.

CKBBBT VAIiLET SPRINGS.

Location.— Ot.scgo County, New York.

Post-Office Address. — Chciry Valley, Otsego County, New York.

Access. — Take Albany k Susquehanna Railroad direct to Cherry Valley,
Bixty-eiglit miles west of Albany ; thence two miles to the springs. From
the west, take Erie Railway to Ringhamton ; thence by Albany & Susque-
hanna Railroad, one hundred and twenty miles to Cherry Valley ; thence two
miles to springs.

Hotels* — None at the springs, though one in contemplation. Several in
the village of Cherry Valley.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains—

80LIP8.
Carbonate of mngneola.

Carl)onate of iron

Carbonate of Unne

('hiorido of potassium . .

Chloride of sodium

Clilorldo of masnesium .

Chloride of caloium

Sulphate of soda

Sulphate of magnesia. .. ,

Suliihate of lime

Hydrosulphato of soda.

Silica and alumina

Silex

Organic matter

Total

B.itli-IIoni6 Sprlnfr.
J. B. Chilton, M. D.

Gralni.
2.22T

I'.ifi

l'.555
0.460
O.S.'JO
1.3S5
8.070
7.210
0.075
0.046

0.086

17.58

Spring North of Bath-

House.

Frof. Perkins.

Omini.
1.245
0.30(5
1.S44
0.811
0.2G6

16.CS3
0".455

23.110

Itemarks. — The above analysis of the Bath-House Spring
shows these waters to be worthy the improvements that are
contemplated. At present there are facilities during the sum-
mer months for taking baths at the springs.

These springs are situated in a portion of New York ren-
dered historical by conflicts with the Indians. Stories are
told of fierce struggles, and of white men seized and carried
into captivity. Not long ago Judge Campbell still lived here,
who, in 1778, when six years of age, was captured, with his
mother and family, and taken first to Niagara, thence to
Caughnawaga, near Montreal, where they remained for two
years, finally to return to Cherry Valley.

Near the springs are the Tekaharawa Falls, which were
thus described fifty-four years ago by the late Alvan Stewart :

SULPIIUR-WATEIIS.

211

" At the distance of one mile northeast of the village a small
brook takes its rise, and runs north about a mile and a half,
^vhen, passing into a dark wood of hemlock, it is precipitated
down a full of one hundred and fifty-two feet of perpendicular
height, where it is lost in a dark gulf below. ... In approach-
ing from the south one advances to the very border of the
gulf before he dreams, or fancies, from any feature of the
ground, that such a yawning abyss is within five yards of his
feet. If sublimity be in any measure allied to horror, or con-
nected with the grandeur of objects, one must feel its full force
the first moment his sight meets the rocks which pave the
bottom of this tremendous chasm."

CLIFTON SPRINQS.

Location and Post-Ofllee Address. — Clifton Springs, Ontario County, New
York.

Access. — Clifton Springs is a station on the Auburn Branch of the New
York Central Railroad, two hundred and eleven miles west of Albany ; sixty-
three miles west of Syracuse ; thirty-nine miles east of Rochester ; ninety-
seven miles east of Buffalo.

Hotel. — Clifton Springs.

ANALYSIS.

Solids.

IXAO I J. 1

Ul. V. Xfc

VUiltU

Grains.

Carbonate of magnccia

•

1.64

Carbonate of lime

. 1.21

Chloride cf sodium .

1.16

Chloride of magnesium .

■

. 0.51

Chloride of calcium .

0.51

Sulphate of soda .

. 0.97

Sulphate of magnesia

2.06

Sulphate of lime .

. 8.6&

Organic matter

•

trace.

Total le.Tl

"Sulphuretted hydrogen and carbonic acid abounds, but the quantity
having been materially lessened while conveyed to New York, the proper
amount could not be ascertained." — (1852.)

Properties. — This is a good calcic-sulphur water, especially
indicated when a case otherwise requiring sulphur-waters is

212

MINERAL SPRINGS.

complicated by disease of the bladder, to which calcic waters
are applicable. It is like the Greenbrier of Virginia.

Eemarks. — These waters were first utilized in 1800 by
the erection of suitable buildings for the accommodation of
those who resorted to them from the surrounding country.
At that time the springs flowed out on the borders of a marsh
in the midst of a forest. Now Clifton is an exceedingly
popular resort. Baths of every description may be had,

OOIiUMBIA SFBINGS.

Loeattoiit — Columbia County, New York.

Post-Offlcet — Hudrion, Columbia County, Now York.

Access. — Take cars on Hudson River Railroad, or boat on tho river, to
Hudson, one hundred and fifteen miles north of New York, and twenty-seven
miles south of Albany ; thence four miles northeast to springs by carriage

lloteli — Columbia Springs House.

ANALYSIS.!
One pint contains (Atwood) :

Solids.
Carbonate of lime
Chloride of potassium
Chloride of sodium
Chloride of magnesium
Seaqui-chloridc of iron
Sulphate of lime .
Phosphate of soda
Hyposulphate of soda
Loss

Total .
Oab.
Sulphuretted hydrogen

Grains.
. 2.724

0.149
. 10.590

3.929
. 0.427

8.117
. 0.267

1.018
. 0.102

27.323
Cubic inch.
. 0.56

This is an exceedingly pleasant resort, where quiet, salu-
brious air, and rural scenery, may be enjoyed.

WHITE STJLPHUB SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Offlce. — Cairo, Greene County, New York.
Access. — Go to Catskill, one hundred and nine miles north of New York,
on the Hudson River Railroad ; thence ten miles.
IlOtel. — White Sulphur Springs House.

I A new analysie is desirable.

SULPllUR-WATEKS.

213

Analysis. — None has been made.

Bemarks. — These springs are situated in the Catskill \youn-

tains, at an elevation of one thousand feet above the level of

the sea.

SHOCCO SPBINQS.

Location. — Warren County, North Carolina.
Addrcsii. — Warrenton, Warren County, North Carolina.
Access. — From Raleigh, via Ruleigli & Gaston Railroad, sixty-two miles
north, to Warrenton; thence nine miles by stage.
Hotel. — Buildings mostly destroyed.

Analysis. — The waters are said to be of the saline-sulphur
class. Dr. Jos. A. Drake, of Hilliardston, who has been famil-
iar with them for many years, writes that " they are slightly
aperient and decidedly diuretic."

WARREN WHITE SULPHUR.

liOcation. — Warren County, North Carolina.

Post-Office. — Ridgeway, Warren County, North Carolina.

Access. — Go to Ridgeway, a station on the Raleigh & Gaston Railroad,
fifty-seven miles northeast of Raleigh, and forty miles southwest of V >.l-
don ; thence ten miles by private conveyance or stage.

Hotel. — Warren Springs.

Analysis. — None.

Remarks. — Springs closed since the war, except in 1866.
It is, however, proposed to reopen them.

WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS.

Location. — Delaware County, Ohio.
Post-Office. — Lewis Centre, Delaware County, Ohio.
Access. — Go to Delaware, a station on the Cleveland & Columbus Rail-
road, twenty-four miles north of Columbus ; thence by stage.

Aiialysis. — These are very feeble sulphur-waters. Prof.
E. S. Wayne, who made the analysis, informs me that there
are about four grains of solid constituents to the gallon, com-
posed chiefly of carbonate and sulphate of lime, with a trace
of the chlorides.

Remarks. — A few years ago this was a fashionable resort,

i ■

!i!

^mii

214

MINERAL SPRINGS.

but the positive value of the water was not suffici'^nt to main-
tain its temporary popularity. The property was sold to the
State, and is now the seat of an industrial reform-school for
girls.

WHITE SULPHUR SPRINaS.

Location and Post-Offlce, — White Sulphur Springs, Catawba County,
Nortli Carolina.

IccesSt — From Baltimore by rail, via Richmond, to Salisbury, North Caro-
lina ; thence, via Western Railroad of North Carolina, to the springs.

Hotel. — White Sulphur Springs.

MINNEaUA SPRINaS.

Location and Post-Offlce. — Minnequa Springs, Bradford County, Penn-
sylvania.

Access. — Go to Minnequa, a station on the Northern Central Railroad,
thirty-six miles south of Elmira, and one hundred and thirty- our miles north
of Ilarrisburg.

Hotel. — M'nncqua Springs.

ANALYSIS.i
One pint contains (Dv, Gregg) :

Solids.
Carbonate of soda
Carbonate of magnesia
Carbonate of lime
Chloride of potassium
Chloride of sodium
Sulphate of lime
Oxide of iron and alumina
Sulphur
Organic matter

Total

Gas.
Carbonic acid
Sulphuretted hydrogen

Grains.
0.130
0.159
0.091
trace.
0.129
0.062
0.4G2
0.167
0.093

1.299

Cubic inches.
0.50
undetermined.

Properties. — According to the analysis the water appears
to be a chalybeate-sulphur water. It is said to be agreeable
to the taste, on account of the carbonic acid contained. The
flow is estimated at six gallons per minute.

infj

From the Medical and Surgical Reporter, 1872.

SULPUUR-WATERS.

215

IlemarJcs. — The springs are located in the Towanda Val-
ley, at an estimated elevation of several hundred feet above
the sea-level. The cultivated hills surrounding the valley form
an agreeable landscape, while neighboring woods and streams
supply opportunities for huntsmen and fishermen.

3d.

appears
rreeable
d. The

TOBK SI7LPHT7B SPRINQS.

Location and Post-Offlee. — York Sulphur Spriuga, Adams County, Penn-
sylvania.

icccss. — Go to Oxford Station, ten miles cast from Gettysburg, on the
Hanover Branch of Pennsylvania Central Railroad ; thence nine miles by
stage.

Hotels.— York Springs.

Analysis. — ^The old analysis is inaccurate.

Remarks. — These springs were discovered in 1790, and at
that time attracted much attention. They have ever since
been resorted to b^ ^he citizens of Baltimore and the adjoin-
ing country,

CARLISLE SPRINGS.

LoeatiOD and Post-Offlce. — Carlisle Springs, Cumberland County, Penn-
sylvania.

AeccsSt — From Philadelphia, via Pennsylvania Central Railroad, to Ilarris-
burg, one hundred and six miles west ; thence, via Cumberland Valley Rail-
road, eighteen miles southwest to Carlisle ; thence four miles by stage.

Hotel. — Springs.

Analysis. — None. They are mild sulphur-waters.

liemarks. — The springs issue at the base of the Blue
Mountain. Not far distant is Canodoquinnet Creek, furnish-
ing opportunity for fine fishing. These springs are very
pleasantly located, and are much resorted to by families from
riiiladclphia and Baltimore.

QLENN SPRINGS.

liOratlon and Post-Olllce. — Glenn springs, Spartanburg District, South
Carolina.

Aeeess. .

Hotel.— .

^[^1

216

MINERAL SPRINGS.

Analysis. — No quantitative analysis of these waters has
been made. A qualitative examination by Prof. C. U. Shepard,
of Charleston, shows them to contain sulphate of magnesia,
sulphate of lime, carbonate of lime, and sulphuretted hydrogen.

SITEL\, ALASKA.

As a matter of curiosity more than utility, we insert the
following passages from a letter to the author, from H. J.
Phillips, M. D., Post-Surgeon U. S. A., at Sitka :

" Sitka may be reached in the following way : Steamers
leave San Francisco weekly in summer for Portland, Oregon.
Fare, thirty dollars, including meals. From Portland a small
but safe steamer leaves for Sitka about the end of every
month. Fare, seventy dollars, with meals.

" The route taken is from Cape Flattery through the
Straits of Fuca, in among islands through narrow passes,
bounded on either side by high snoAv-capped peaks, all the
way to Sitka. It is the longest and most wonderful inland
navigation in the world, extending over twelve hundred miles,
and well repays the traveller for his trouble and time. There
is no hotel in Alaska, but plenty of empty houses. All tlie
Russians who could pay their fares have left, and only those
who cannot, now remain, as the place is retr( -rading very fast.

" About twenty miles from Sitka there are two springs,
called here 'Geysers* or Warm Sulphur. The height of
these respectively above the sea is eighteen and twenty-two
feet ; the How about one-half gallon per minute. The tem-
perature of the first is 104° Fahr. ; of second, 96° Fahr.

" These springs were much frequented and used by tho
Russians before the session of the Territory to the United
States. Two log-houses erected by the old Russian Fur Com-
pany have been destroyed by the Indians, but tlie two large
wooden tanks still remain. These springs were highly rec-
ommondcd for the cure of syphilis and rheumatism, with the
former of which diseases the Russians and Indians here are
actually eaten up.

SULPHUR-WATERS.

217

" There is a chalybeate spring about half a mile from the
city of Sitka, flowing from a rock on the side of a road called
Davis Avenue. No analysis has ever been made of the water.
It was used by the Russians, and since that period occasion-
ally by visitors.

" There is a mountain eleven miles long, and twelve
hundred feet above the level of the sea, on the main-land of
Alaska, and on the western bank of the Chilchat River, which
is supposed to be composed almost entirely of iron. From
the sides of this mountain issue numerous chalybeate springs."

The following abstract from the hospital register at Sitka
is interesting :

Warmest day of summer, August 9, 18*70
Coldest day of summer, June 2, 1870
Warmest day of winter, December 1, 18fi9
Coldest day of winter, March 11, 1869
Mean annual temperature, 1870

Mean Fahr.

46°

. 3°

44°

AliBTTRG SPBINQS.

Location and Post-CCBee. — Alburg Springs, Grand Isle County, Ver-
mont.

AfcesSt — From New York or Boston, purchase tickets via Vermont Cen-
tral Railroad to Alburg Springs Station, sixteen miles northwest of St.
Albans, and one mile distant from the springs. From the west, go to
Schenectady or Troy ; thence north, via Rutland & Burlington Railroad. Or
go down the St. Lawrence River to Montreal ; thence, via Rouse's Point, or
St. Albans, to springs.

Ilotels. — Alburg Springs House, Missisquoi House.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (C. T. Jackson, M. D.) :
Solids, Grains.

Chloride of sodium .... 1.095

Chloride of magnesium .... 0.627

Chloride of calcium and carbonate of lime . 0.601

Sulphide of potassium and sulpliiite of potassa . 1.237

Sulphate of soda ..... 0.887

Insoluble matters ..... 0,100

Organic acid of the soil (crenic acid) and loss . 0.250

Total . .... 4.797

ill

I-',.

1 < f

i
J

tt?v^^

i i i •

218

MINERAL SPRINGS.

(The water gives ofT a large quantity of sulphuretted hydrogen, and is
distinctly alkaline from excess of sulphide of potassium. — 0. T. J.)

A qualitative analysis of these waters has been made by Prof. C. F.
Chandler, of New York, who finds, in addition to the above ingredients, the
bicarbonate of Uthia and strontia.

Remarks. — These springs have been a favorite resort since
the year 1816, when Timothy Sowles, Elisha Reynolds, and
Stephen Sweet, farmers, were induced to take ]>oarders. The
springs are located on the shores of Missisquoi Bay, amid
the beauties of lake and mountain scenery. There are two
springs, the northern one being somewhat ferruginous in
character. They are about eighty rods from the water's edge,
and thirty feet abov the level of Lake Champlain.

JORDAN'S WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS.

Loeationi — Frederick County, Virginia.

Post-Officet — Stephenson's Depot, Frederick County, Virginia.

Access. — From the north, go to Harper'^ Ferry, on the Baltimore & Ohio
Railroad, eighty-one miles west of Baltimore ; thence, on Winchester Branch
of Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, to Stephenson's Depot, twenty-eight miles
southwest ; thence, by stage to the springs, two miles southeast of the depot.
From the south, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad, to Strasburg •,
thence north, twenty-three miles, by Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, to Stephen-
son's.

Hotel. — Jordan's.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (T. Antisell) :
Solids. Grains.

Carbonate of potassa .... 1.213

Carbonate of magnesia .... 0.360

Carbonate of iron .... trace.

Carbonate of manganese .... 0,002

Chloride of sodium .... 0.095

Sulphate oi potassa ..... 0.262

Sulphate of lime ..... 0.641

Aluminu, ...... 0.001

Silicic acid ..... 0.032

Total ...... 2.606

Qa9. Cubic In.

Sulphuretted hydrogen . . . 0.26

The proportion of sulphuretted hydrogen is much larger

SULPHUR WATERS.

21d

than here given, this analysis only showing the amount in the
bottled water after it had been standing for some time.

Properties, — These are light waters, and may be taken in
considerable quantity. When the waters do not act as an
aperient, and it is desirable to produce this effect, it is aided
by adding a teaspoonful of table-salt to each glass of water
for two or three doses.

Remarks. — The springs are located in the Valley of the
Shenandoah, five miles distant from Winchester. The build-
ings and spring are embowered in a grove of tall aspens, on
either side of a stream of running-water. From the hills, at
the rear of the hotel, fine views may be had of the Blue Ridge
and Alleghany Mountains. Immediately in the vicinity of
these springs the contests between Jubal Early and Sheridan
occurred, and Winchester is said to ^lave changed masters
eighty-seven times.

HIGHQATE SPRINGS.

Location and Post-OHiec Address.— Ilighgate, Frauklin County, Vcr-
Qiont.

Access. — Highgate is three and a half miles from Swanton, a station on the
Vermont Central Railroad, nine miles north of St. Albans.

Hotels.— Franklin House, Champlain House.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains—

Champlain Spring.
A. A. Hayej.

T. Stcrry Hunt.

SOUDS.

Carbonate of potassa

Gr^nt.
0.459
0.153
0.152
0.127

trace.
0.093
0.021

6".664

6'.ii2
0.102

Grnlni.

Carbonate of soda

1.713

Carbonate of magnesia

0.729

Carbonate of lime

0.175

Carbonate of ammonia

Ciilorido of potassium

Cliloricie of sodium

2.0HO

Kiilphati' of soda

0.808

Protoxide of iron

I'otassa and boracio acid

Crepic acid

....

Silicic icid

Total

1.228

6.8r)3

— " Geology of Vermont." (1807.)

These springs are situated on the Missisquoi River, amid
exceedingly attractive scenery.

i: I; fl

- \ M

1 i

I' I

'I * Si

ii J i

l|#

il't

1 1

lii

220

MINERAL SPRINGS.

NEWBURY SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Offlce Addresst — Newbury, Orange County, Vei-mont.

icccsSt — From New York, via New York & New Haven Railroad, New

Haven, Hartford & Springfield Railroad, Connecticut River Railroad, and

Connecticut & Passumpsic Railroad, to Newbury, two hundred and ninety.

three miles northeast of New York.

Hotel. — Springs.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (Prof. Hall)

Solids.

Grains.

Carbonate of soda .

0.50

Carbonate of magnesia .

. 0.30

Carbonate of lime .

2.20

Chloride of sodium

. 0.04

Sulphate of soda

0.30

Sulphate of magnesia .

. 0.05

Phosphate of iron .

0.05

Protoxide of iron

. trace.

Nitrate of potassa .

0.05

Hydrosulpliate of soda

. 0.04

Silica and suspended clay .

1.10

Organic matter and ammonia .

. 0.03

Total

4.66

Gas. — Sulphuretted hydrogen, undetermined.

STRIBLING SPRINGS.

(For location, access, etc., see description of these springs under " Ciu-

LTBEATE WaTEUS.")

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (No. II., D. K. Tuttle, M. D.) :

Solids. Grains.

Carbonate of potassa .... 0.093

Carbonate of soda ..... 0.780

Carbonate of magnesia .... 0.251

Carbonate of iron . . . . .0.016

Carbonate of lime ... . . . 1.204

Chloride of sodium ..... 0.080

Sulphate of lime ..... 0.166

Silicic acid ...... 0.080

Total

Gases.
Carbonic acid .
Sulphuretted hydrogen

2.660
Cubic in.
1.30
0.03

SULPHUR-WATERS.

221

YELLOW SULPHUR SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Offlcei — Yellow Sulphur Springs, Montgomery County,
Virginia.

Access. — From the north i^m Washington : Orange, Alexandria & Manaa-
eas Railroad, and Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, to Christiansburg, two hun-
dred and sixty-four miles southwest from Washington ; thence, three and a
half miles by stage, to the springs. From the south and southwest, strike
the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad ; thence to Christiansburg. From the
west, via Huntington and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, to Charlottesville,
lunction with Virginia k Tennessee Railroad ; thence to Christiansburg.

HoteK — Yellow Springs.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (65° Fahr.

Prof. W. M. Gilham):

Solids.

Grains.

Carbonate of magnesia

. 0.173

Carbonate of protoxide of iron

0.077

Carbonate of lime

. 1.080

Chloride of potassium

0.012

Chloride of sodium

. 0.009

Sulphate of potassa

0.013

Sulphate of soda

. 0.093

Sulphate of magnesia

2.637

Sulphate of alumina .

. 0.397

Sulphate of lime .

7.912

Phosphate of magnesia

. 0.001

Phosphate of lime

0.002

Oiganic extractive matter

. 0.466

Total

12.872

Oas.

Cubic in.

Carbonic acid .

1.25

Sulphuretted hydrogen

undetermined.

Projjerties. — ^These are fine calcic-sulphur waters, with an
active proportion of purging sulphates.

Remarks. — These springs are on the eastern slope of the
Alleghany Mountains, at an altitude of over two thousand feet
above the level of tlie sea. The mountain-top rises but sixty
feet above them. Visitors dwell amid the most beautiful moun-
tain scenery, and breathe a cool and bracing atmosphere, even
during the heats of July and August. Although these springs
have been established as a resort but a few years, they ha"*^

\ r

I'r

) *'!

t I t "z . _„ -

U; >

!M;^

222

MINERAL SPRINGS.

met with the favor of the public. Bishop Madison, as long
ago as 1810, highly commended them.

The proprietors have arranged for baths of any tempera-
ture desired.

BUFFALO SPBINGS.

Location and Post-Offlce Address. — Buffalo Springs, Mecklenburg County,
Virginia.

Access. — From Richmond, take cars on Richmond & Danville Railroad, to

Scottsburg Depot, one hundred and one miles southwest of Richmond;

thence, fifteen miles by stage, to the springs.

Hotel. — Buffalo Springs.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains :
Solids. Grains.

Chloride of sodium .... trace.

Chloride of magnesium .... trace.

Sulphate of soda . . . . . 0.163

Sulphate of magnesia .... 1.000

Sulphate of protoxide of iron . . . 0.325

Sulphate of lime ..... 0.43'7

Total
Gas.
Sulphuretted hydrogen

1.925
Cubic in.
0.15

Properties. — Although the above analysis is very imper-
fect, still it enables us, in some measure, to estimate its pro|)-
erties. {See Appendix.)

COYNEIl'S SPRINGS.

Location. — Botetourt County, Virginia.

Post-OflBce. — Bonsacks, Roanoke County, Virginia.

Access. — Bonsacks is a station on the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, two
hundred and twenty-six miles southwest from Washington; two hundred
and eighty-six miles northeast by rail from Knoxville, Tenn. Springs are
one mile from Bonsacks. (By giving the conductor notice, passengers will
be left at the springs-platform, only two hundred yards distant from the
hotel.)

Hotel. — Coyrier's Springs.

Analysis. — None has been made.

HemarJcs. — There are five springs here, the principal ones
known as the White, the Black, and the Blue, the names be-

SULPHUR-WATERS.

223

iiig due to the color of the sediment deposited by the water.
The proximity of these springs to the main line of railroad
from the Southwest to Washington and the East, together
with the agreeable surroundings, renders this a pleasant rest-
ing-place to the tired traveller.

EaaiiESTON'S SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Office. — Eggleston's Springs, Giles County, Virginia.

Access. — From Washington via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad,
and Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, to Central (?), two hundred and seventy-
four miles southwest ; thence forty-one miles north to the springs.

Hotel.— Eggleston's.

Analysis. — None.

Remarks. — These springs are located in one of the most
attractive mountain districts of Virginia, far out of the or-
dinary course of travel, and on this account all the more inter-
esting to the tourist. New River here bends in a wide, majes-
tic curve, over which towering cliffs of gray-stone, two hundred
and ninety-five feet high, cast their shadows. The river has a
depth at this point of one hundred and fifty feet. A few
miles distant is Peter's Mountain and the " Narrows," where
the river forces its way through a ragged defile in the moun-
tain.

An exceedingly novel and romantic way of reaching the
springs, is to leave the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad at New
River Bridge, and float twenty-five miles down the stream in
one of the bateaux which ply on its waters.

BOTETOURT SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Office. — Botetourt Springs, Roanokt County, Virginia.
Access. — By Virginia & Tennessee Railroad to Salem ; tbcnce nine miles
by turnpilie.

Analysis. — There are two springs — one sulphur, one cha-
lybeate.

Memarhs. — Some thirty years ago this was a popular
summer resort, and deservedly so, both on account of the

X,\

3 ' 1

\ i

,ii :■'. i

224

MINERAL SPRINGS.

value of the water, the beauty of the scenery, and salubrity
of the climate. But in 1842 the property was purchased by
a company, and converted into an institute for young ladies.
Fiv»m the name of its principal benefactor, it has been called
the " Hollins Institute." It has had a prosperous career.

COLD WHITE SXJLPHUB SPBINQS.

Location and Post-Offlee. — Cold White Sulphur Springs, Rockbridge
County, Virginia.

Access* — From Washington via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad,
and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, to Goshen, one hundred and eighty-eight
miles southwest ; thence by stage two miles to springs. From Richmond via
Qordonsville, one hundred and sixty-eighty miles to Goshen. From West via
Ciucinuati to Huntington, one hundred and sixty-five miles east, on the Ohio
River ; thence, by Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad to Goshen, two hundred and
fifty -one miles southeast.

Hotel.— Cold White Sulphur.

Analysis. — None. The temperature of the water is 57^°
Fahr., and the flow five gallons per minute.

MONTGOIIEBT WHITE SXTIiPHTTB SPBIXaS.

Location and Post-OflSce Address. — White Sulphur Springs, Montgomery
County, Virginia.

Access. — Visitors from North or South should buy tickets to Big Tunnel,
a station on the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, two hundred and fifty-nine
miles southwest of Washington ; thence by tramway.

Hotel. — Montgomery White Sulphur.

Analysis. — None.

Remarks. — ^These are decidedly sulphurous waters, appli-
cable to those diseases which are advantageously treated by
waters of this class. They are well located, and are a desira-
ble place of resort.

PAUatriER WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS.

Location. — Fauquier County, Virginia.

Post-Offlce. .

Access. — From Washington via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad,

SULPHUR-WATERS.

225

to Warrenton Junction, forty-seven miles west ; thence by Warrington
Branch Railroad and stage, total distance about fifty-six miles.
IloteU — (Burned during the war.)

Analysis. — No accurate quantitative analysis has evei
been made. Temperature 56° Fahr.

Properties. — The water is purgative and diuretic.

MemarJcs. — Previous to the war this was an exceedingly
fashionable resort. The waters seem to possess decided value,
and it may again be improved by suitable accommodations.

HUGUENOT SPBINGS.

LoeatiODt — Powhatan County, Virginia.
Access* — Seventeen miles from Richmond.
Hotel* — Huguenot Springs.

Analysis. — No quantitative analysis has been made. Prof.
Rogers found it contained the usual ingredients of sulphur
waters in small proportion.

Remarks. — The springs are so named from the fact that
they rise on a tract of land granted by the British Govern-
ment to a band of Huguenot refugees in 1685. The waters
are considerably resorted to by citizens of Petersburg and
Richmond. On the same ground there is a chalybeate spring.

BUHNER'S SPBINGS.

Location and Post -Office. — Burner's Springs, Shenandoah County, Virginia.

Access* — ^From Washington via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad,
to Woodstock, one hundred and one miles west ; thence via stage, eight
mileg, to the springs.

Hotel. — Burner's Springs.

Analysis. — None.

Memarlcs. — These springs, seven in number, and tlierefore

sometimes called Seven Fountains^ are situated at the western

base of the Massanutten Mountain. The springs are known

as the Blue and the White Sulphur-waters, the Willow, the

Chalybeate, etc. The location of this resort is exceedingly

beautiful.

! lit

H ! '■:■.'

22G

MINERAL SPRINGS.

ROANOKE BED ST7LPHT7B SPBINGS.

Location. — Roanoke Comity, Virginia.
Post-Offlce. .

AcrcsSt — From Washington via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad,
and Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, to Salem, two hundred md thirty-eight
miles southwest ; thence ten miles by stage.

llotei. — Red Sulphur.

Aiialysis. — None.

Remarks. — These waters deposit a red sediment, and were
so named from this fact. In medical action they are supposed
to resemble the old Red Sulphur-Springs of Monroe County.

DAOaAB'S SFBINa.

Location and Post-Offlce. — Daggar's Spring, Botetourt County, Virginia.

iccess. — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroiid
and Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, to Buford's, two hundred and fifteen miles
southwest; thence by stage, twenty-eight miles.

Hotel— Springs.

Analysis. — None. It is a mild sulphur-water.

Hemarks. — Tliis resort was opened forty years ago, by Mr.
Daggar, from whose hands it passed to J. W. Dibrell, and is,
therefore, sometimes called DihreWs Spring. It is a favorite
resort with tlie inhabitants of the surrounding country.

GRAYSON SULPHUR SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Office. — Grayson Sulphur Springs, Carroll County,
Virginia.

Access. — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad
and Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, to Wytheville, three hundred and thirteen
miles southwest ; thence, twenty miles southeast by stage, to the springs.

Hotel. — Grayson Sulphur.

Analysis. .

Hemarks. — These springs are situated to the west of the
Blue Ridge, and on the banks of New River. The surround-
ing scenery is exceptionally beautiful Many years before
they were improved, the neighboring inhabitants resorted here
during the summer season. Since the hotel was built, the
springs have received considerable patronage.

SULPUUR WATERS.

QBEENBRIER WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS.

227

liOeation and Post-Ofllce. — Greoubrier White Sulphur Springs, Groonbrior
County, West Virginia.

kr.ttaSt — White Sulphur Springs is a station on the Chesapeake & Oliio
Riiilroad, two hundred and twenty-seven miles west from Richmond, and ono
hundred and ninety-two miles east from Iluntington, a point on the Ohio
River one hundred and sixty-five miles east of Cincinnati. From W nhing-
ton, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad and Chesapeake &, O'.uo
Railroad, two hundred and forty-seven miles.

Uuteh — Springs.

ANALYSIS. »

One pint contalnt

Solids.

Carbonate of mapnesla

Carbonate of lime

Chloride of sodium

Clilorlde of niaKneslum

Cliloride of calcium

Hulphate of soda

Hiilptiate of majrncsia •

Sulphate of lime

Hulphato of ahunina

IVotosulphate of iron

Karthy phosphates

liMline (combined with sodium or matjuesium)

Oi'tranic matter

8i!icatos (silicate of potassa, of soda, of magnesia, and a
trMO of oxide of iron)

Total.

Gases.

Carbonic acid

Sulphuretted hydrogen .

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Prof. A. A. Hsyei.

Prof. W. B Rogerfc

6i° Kuhr.

«K° Kahr.

Gnlni.

Cfslin

....

0.U6

0.884

0.441

0.085

0.125

0.020

0.0(«

1.1«9

4.4'2T

2. 871)

9 71)4

9.14S

0.0O3

....

0.019

....

trace.

undetermined.

0.M5

0.001

0.482

16.207

18. Pi*

CiiWc In.

Cubic In.

1.41

l.Ofl

o.o;3

0.3T

0.06

0.05

0.53

0.54

Flow, thirty gallons per minute.

Projyertles. — These waters, so well known in the United
States, very much resemble the celebrated cold sulphur-waters
of Nenndorf, in Electoral Hesse. The combination of the purg-
ing sulphates, the salts of lime, and sulphuretted hydrogen, in
the same water, is a valuable one, and gives to the water a wide
range of application ; though its effects in a given disease may
not be so decided as that of a water containinij a larger
proportion of one of the constituents, to the exclusion of the
remainder. It is an excellent aperient and alterative sulphur-

Pffl*"'^

' Five minutes' walk southward, from the sulphur-spring, is a chalybeate spring.

"tt"

wil

228

MINERAL SPRINGS.

water, possessing certain action on the kidneys. The diseases
to which it is applicable are, engorgements of the liver^ dar-
trous skin-diseases^ chro?iic poisoning hy metals^ diseases of
the bladder, as catarrh and gravel ; and, as an adjuvant, in the
treatment of secondary and tertiary syphilis. As a result of
its action on the liver, it relieves di/sjicpsias and Jaiifidice, due
to congestion of this organ. In dyspepsias associated with
obstinate constipation it also proves valuable. In many of
these diseases the warm or hot bath should be combined with
the internal use of the water. For this purpose the proprie-
tors have erected a number of well-arranged baths, the water
being heated in the tub by steam, a method much preferable
to that of heating in tanks and thence drawing to the bath.

Ii. conversation with Dr. Moorman, resident physician at
the springs, he informed me that the water is decidedl}' in-
jurious in scirrhus of the stomach, organic disease of the
heart, and phthisis pulmonalis. He also states that, in using
the water in urinary affections, its action should be carefully
scrutinized, in order that irritation be not produced, and copi-
ous diuresis should never be sought.

Usually this water decreases the number of beats of a
rapid pulse, by allaying the diseased conditions on which the
excited cij culation depends ; and it is a rule, that it never
proves beneficial when it persenerlngly excites the frequency
of the circulation?

For general use the water should bo taken in the quantity
of a glass three or four times a day. For the purpose of pur-
gation, three glasses an hour before breakfast and three
glasses an hour before dinner.

JReniarlcs. — Tliese springs are the Mecca of all Virginia
tourists, the resort of the gay and fashionable, a place where
pleasure-seeking reigns supreme. They are located in a beau-
tiful valley, near the summit of the Greenbrier Mountains,
nearly two thousand feet above the sea. Within this valley,
overlooked by mountain-summits, we behold the magnificent
hotel, with its extended, white-columned porticos. In front, the

• Moorman, "Mineral Waters of the United States and Canada," p. 119.

.tt^tlSuemi

SULPHUR-WATERS.

229

broad lawn spreads out before us, interwoven by various wind-
ing walks. Encompassing the lawn on either side are long
lines of shining white cottages, embo vvered beneath the shade of
ancient oaks ; while, at the distant extremity, the famous spring
bubbles beneath a pavilion. Taking one of the by-paths, to
the right from the lawn, we soon find ourselves in the roman-
tic " Lovers' Maze." Here, under a dense shade of forest-
trees, obscurely-winding paths lead in every direction, amid a
thick growth of laurel, till one is completely lost. At various
points we find ourselves at the edge of a precipitous declivity,
^vllcuce extended views may be had of the deep valley below,
and the mountain-ranges in the distance. And over the natu-
ral beauties of the place the " season " throws a spell of life
and revelry. Ladies and gentlemen throng the porticos, pass
and repass across the lawns, and each embowered seat in the
" Lovers' Maze " has its appropriate occupants. One wakes
diowsily at morn, and lounges through the day, only to pre-
pare for the brilliant scenes of the levee and ballroom.

SALT SULPHUR SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Oflflce.— Salt Sulphur Springs, Monroe County, West
Virginia.

Access. — From the north go to Washington ; thence via Orange, Alexandria
k Manassas Railroad, and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, to Fort Spring,
two hundred and forty-four miles west from Richmond ; thence about fif-
tocn miles south. Or, leave Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad at Alleghany Station ;
tlu'iiee via Sweet Springs, twenty-nine miles, to the springs. From the west,
via Cincinnati to Huntington, a point on the Ohio River, one hundred and
i<ixt\'-five miles east ; thence by Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad to Aldcrson's,
one hundred and seventy miles southenst. {Sec Analysis, page 230.)

Properties. — These waters are alkaline in reaction, and
soniewiiat bitter to the taste. They contain an active pr()j)()r-
tion of purging sulphates, and are valuable wafers. Tlie
Iodine Sj)ring, according to the analysis, much rcse!nl)les the
waters of Challes, in Savoy, both containing similar salts, and
the unusual ingredients, in sulphur waters, of iodine and bro-
mine. These waters are applicable to cngorgemoits of the

^ '1

.1 1

i ^ E

ii/t

liiii

I 'I

230

MINERAL SPRINGS.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains —

OM Sprin;r,

49° Ktthr. to .5«° Fahr.

Prof. \V. b. Ro-era.

Iodine Spriiij;,
6510 j.-,|,r^

D. Stewart, M. D.

Solids.
Carbonate of Dotassa . ... . .

Grains.

0.41*4
1.2SJ
0.107
0.033
007
2.705
2.276
10.613
0.012
trace.

trace.
1.155

Graint.
0.201

CiirboiiJite of Hoda

1.350

( /iii'honjit*' of in.if'ni'siji . ....

0.ft75

(/(irhoriiito of liino

4.125

(^'Iilorido of sodium

0.1 SS

("hlorido of iiiajfiiesiiiin

0.0:55

Chloride of cjilcium ,

0.070

8iili)liiite of soda

8.000

Sulphate of ina^f ncsia

2..5()()

Sulpliatf of lime

8.500

Pt'ro\idt' of in>n.

0.133

Iodine

0.070

Bromine

O.OSl

Silicic acid ,

0.220

Aliitniuti .

0.023

l'jjirt!iv Dhosnhntc^s ('sodfi and lithia.)

o.o;»i

Organic matter (with sulphur)

Total

18.785

Cubir In.

1.66
0.43

21.561

0.\aES.

Carbonic acid

Sulphuretted livdrogen

Cubic In.
4.32
2.3J

liver, dartrous skin-diseases, and chronic metallic 2yoisoning.
The waters of the Iodine Spring are said to prove especially
beneficial in cases of scrofula and syphilis.

There are facilities for employing" the water in the f(jrin of
warm baths.

MemarJcs. — North of the Iodine and Salt Sulphur Spring
is another water known as the Sweet Sulphur Spring, the first
discovered of the group, but for many years neglected. It is
lower in temperature, and more pleasant to the taste than the
other waters, and, when they prove too cathartic in action,
may be temporarily substituted. The name salt applied to
these waters is inappropriate, as it conveys a wrong impres-
sion of their constituents.

These springs are situated in a charming valley on the
banks of the Indian Creek, and are shut in on every side by
hills and mountain-summits. Eight miles distant to the
southeast the graceful outlines of Peter's Mountain are seen,
while Swope's Mountain is but two miles distant to the north-
west.

SULPIIUR-WATERS.

231

BED SUIiPHUB SPBINQS.

Location and Post-OflSee. — Red Sulphur Springs, Monroe County, West
Virginia.

Aceess.— From the North go to Washington ; thence via Orange, Alexandria
k Manassas Railroad, and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, to Alderson's, two

hundred and sixty-nine miles west from Washington ; thence miles

southwest. From south and southwest, go to Dublin Depot, two hundred and
eighty-two miles southwest from Washington, on the Virginia & Tennessee
Railroad ; thence thirty-eight miles north by stage. From west, via Cincin-
nati and Ohio River to Huntington, oue hundred and sixty-fivi miles east ;
thonce one hundred and seventy miles by Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad to
Alderson's ; thence miles south.

UoteK — Springs.

ANALYSIS.

(54° Fahr. A. A. Hayes, M. D.) :

One pint contains,
Solids.
Carbonate of magnesia .
Carbonate of lime .
Sulphate of soda
Sulphate of lime

Sulphur compound (organic matter, W.)
Silicious and earthy matter

Total . . . .

Gases.
Carbonic acid
Sulphuretted hydrogen .

Grains.
0.602
0.656
0.518
0.069
1.049
0.102

2.996

Cubic in.
1.00
0.13
(1842.)

This analysis, having been made from water sent to Rox-
bury, Mass., is not an index of the quantity of gas as it exists
at the spring. There it evolves considerable sulphuretted hy-
drogen.

The chemical character of the sulphur compound is given
by Prof. Hayes/ a? follows :

1. When separated from a solution by evaporatior-. or by
drying from a gelatinous state, it forms greasy films, ■which do
not darken solutions of lead or copper.

2. In pure water they slowly dissolve, and the solution
gives salts of the compound with the bases.

u%i

iSt

til

Burke on the " Vlrfftnia Springs," p. 101 .

232

MINERAL SPRINGS.

3. Solution of carbonate of soda dissolves them, and a
fluid results which froths by agitation.

4. In caustic solutions of alkalies the films dissolve, and the
solutions are slightly yellow-colored. These solutions have
the peculiar odor of soap-lyes. They do not blacken metals,
nor color metallic solutions. Acids decompose the solutions,
and the sulphur compound separates in the form of a bulky
jelly generally ; some oxyacids, giving flocks.

5. Nitric acid dissolves the films, and the salts of baryta
and lead do not indicate the presence of sulphuric acid. On
heating the solution a yellow matter separates, which resem-
bles that produced by acting on azotized bodies by this agent ;
sulphuric acid is thus produced, and the yellow precipitate re-
quires a large proportion of nitric acid for its completr: oxida-
tion. The result of this action is an acid which gives a deep-
yellow color with ammonia in excess.

6. Chlorine in muriatic acid separates from the sulphur
compound some white flakes, which ar; finally oxidized, and
a colorless solution formed, in which sulj^;auric acid exists.

7. Alcohol did ixot dissolve the compound.

In another portion of his report, Prof. Haves says : " The
peculiar sulphur compound which forms a part of the saline
contents of this waver has never been described,^ if it has ever
before been met with ; while in the natural state, and out of
contact with atmospheric air, it is dissolved in the water, and
forms a permanent solution. Air, : cids, and other agents,
separate it from the water in the form of a jelly, and alkaline
carbonates, alkalies, water, and ether agents, redissolve it.
It has no acid action on test-fluids, but bears that character
with bases, and forms compounds analogous to salts. In its
decomposition ammonia is formed, and hydro-sulphuric acid is
liberated; or, if heat be employed in the experiment, sulphur
is separated. It combines with the oxide of silver, and forms
a salt of a reddish-purple color, in the form of a flocculent
precipitate, which dissolves in pure water ; with the oxide of
lead a yellowish-white powder, and with the oxide of copper a

»lSi2.

SULPHUR-WATERS.

233

pale-blue salt in fine powder. In these compounds it remains
unaltered, and may be separated from them and transferred to
other bases. Mixed with a small quantity of water, and ex-
posed to a temperature of 80° Fahr., it decomposes, and emits
a most offensive odor of putrefying matter with hydro-sul-
phuric acid."

The red deposit which occurs in the springs is considered
by Prof. Hayes to be an algoid growth from the viscid deposit
of the sulphur-compound.

Properties. — As will be seen from the analysis, this water
contains but a small proportion of saline constituents, the
chief ingredient being the sulphur-compound. This sub-
stance, in many of its reactions, resembles hydrosin or the
soluble organic matter of sulphur-waters, though the num-
ber of corresponding tests are not sufficient to establish the
identity.^

The action of these waters, taken internally, is decidedly
sedative. In corroboration of this fact we may give the testi-
mony of Dr. Jos. Scott. He went to the springs with a pulse
which, for some months, had ranged from 100 to 110, accom-
panied with occasional cough and hccmorrhage from the lungs.
He drank the first day four pints, the second day six pints, the
third day eight pints. On the third day the pulse fell to 70
in the morning, and 80 to 84 in the evening, and so continued
while using the water. Dr. Henry Huntt arrived at the
springs with pulse 115, cough and pulmonary hnemorrhage.
He confined himself to low diet, and drank six glasses of the
water during the da}'^ — two before breakfast, one at eleven a.
M., one at five p. m., and two at bedtime. In ten days the
pulse was reduced to 78, Dr. Woodville, of the Sweet
Springs, tells me he has experienced the sedative action of
the water on the heart in his own person when in a state of
health.

This water seems to possess a peculiar tendency ,';'ward
tlie raucous membrane of the lungs, aUaying irritation and

I'J'

'ts1

' Compare Henry, " Analyse Chimliiuo des Eaux Min6rales," p. 4'>4, Paris, 1^58. Also
" Nouveau Dlctionnalre do Medicine et de Chirurgie," tome jcii., p. 2tO, Paris, 1S70.

' !

934

MINEIIAL SI'llLNGS.

diniinisliing expectoration. It also acts on the intestines and
kidneys. In small quantities it is cathartic^ in larger quan^
tities diuretic. According to Dr. llimtt, its beneficial effects
are most decided when it acts fn ely on the kidneys. The
water should first be taken in moderate quantities — two or
three glasses each day — and gradually increased till diuretic
action is produced. The time recommended for taking the
principal draughts is at bedtime and before breakfast, an
additional glass being taken once or twice through the day.

The water by its sedative action proves hypnotic in some
cases. The diseases in which it proves decidedly beneficial
are chroniG hroiichitis, chronic pliarynfjitis^ and chronic
laryngitis. In these diseases it equals, if not surpasses, any
known waters. It has also given temporary relief in cases
of phthisis pulmonalis of the chronic form, not by any spe-
cific curative influence, but in its action in allayi-ig conges-
tion and irritation of the raucous membrane of the lungs.

Hem arks. — These springs are beautifully' situated on In-
dian Creek, at the edge of a mountain-enclosed plain. The
mountains, rising on either side, are clothed to the sr.mmit
with the iDine. The approach is by roads that lead through
most charming scenery.

BLUE STJI.PHUR SPEINGS.

Location! — Greenbrier County, West Virginia.

Access. — P'rom Greenbrier White Sulphur Springs, a station on the Chesa-
peake & Ohio Railroad, twenty-three miles west by stage.
Hotel.— (Burned.)

Analysis. — None.

Remarks. — This was once a well-improved spring, and
may at some future time again be a place of resort.

Other Sulphur Waters. — Aix-lcs-Bains, Savoy, p. 353. Aix-la-Chapclle,
Prussia, p. 853. Bagneres-de-Luchon, France, p. 353. Barreges, France, p.
353. Borland Well, Va., p. 408. Buffalo Lithia Springs, Va., p. 409. Cin-
cinnati Artesian, 0., p. 414. Ilari; Well, Va., p. 422. Meinberg, Germany, p.
854. Milldale Well, Ky., p. 431. Nenndorf, Germany, p. 354. St. Helena
Springs, Cal., p. 400. Sulphur-Saline Springs, O., p. 451. White Sulphur
Springs, Montana Territory, p. 458. White Sulphur Springs, Texas, p. 459.

CHAPTER XIII.

CHALYBEATE WATERS.

These springs, as the name indicates, are strongly impreg-
nated with iron, or iron is the principal active ingredient.
Tills last clause is added, inasmuch as some waters may not
contain an exceedingly large proportion of iron, yet, owing to
absence of other salts, this is the predominant agent. In
each class of waters, springs are found containing iron ; in-
deed, there are not many that do not contain it in some pro-
portion. The iron is usually found as a bica • > nate, though
in some instances, in which sulphuric acid is in excess, it exists
as a sulphate.

Waters of this class are usually limpid and devoid of odor.
Tliey have an astringent and inky taste if the iron is present
in large quantity, but, if the w^ater be highly charged with
carbonic-acid gas, this taste is disguised.

The effect of iron-waters is to increase the appetite, pro-
mote digestion, stimulate the activity of the heart, and red-
den the blood.

The chalybeate waters which prove most valuable are
those containing a large amount of carbonic-acid gas and but
a small proportion of other constituents.

Pure acidulous chalybeates prove of exceeding benefit in
cases of ancemia and chlorosis. And not only are they used
in cases in which a deficiency in redness of the blood-globules
is the prominent indication : they are also valuable as an
adjunct to treatment by other waters. It is not unfrequent
for patients, who have undergone a course of alterative treat-
ment, to be sent to springs of this class as an appropriate

' )

I <*

236

MINERAL SPRINGS.

. ■'*

:iiii

termination. Tliese waters are also useful in cases of indi-
gestion, amenorrhoea, dysmenorrlioea, hysteria, paralysis, and
sterility, in which anaemia is a prominent indication.

Many waters containing considerable iron are also strongly
impregnated with saline (chloride of sodium) or alkaline con-
stituents, and may be termed sallne-chalybeates or alhduie-
chalybeates. They will be found under the class Saline or
Alkaline Waters. It need hardly be added that, in prescrib-
ing these chalybeates, we apply them to those anoeinic cases
in which the other constituents of the spring arc especially
applicable.

The so-called Alum Waters of Virginia have been included
in this class, inasmuch as iron is one of the most prominent
constituents. Of all the mineral waters these are among the
most decided in the curative effect. The peculiarity of these
waters consists in the large proportion of alumina and the
presence of free sulphuric acid ; the last-named ingredient oc-
curring in only two or three places in this country outside of
Virginia, as at the Oak Orchard Acid Springs, New York, and
the Tuscarora Acid Springs, Canada. These waters are of a
yellowish tint, and have a strongly astringent, accompanied
with a styptic taste. In t<;mperature they are cold.

In what manner these waters prove efficacious — whether
by the peculiar combination of alum with other ingredients,
or by some undiscovered agent — is unknown. It is worthy
of notice that, while from the chemical character of the water
we should expect an astringent action, the fact is that they
frequently act as a mild cathartic. The diseases in which they
are curative are scrofula in all of its forms, and chronic diar-
rhoea^ except cases accompanied with considerable congestion
of the mucous membranes and liver. They are also decidedly
beneficial in chronic eczema and leucon'hcen, occurring in scrof-
ulous^ individuals.

BAILEY SPRINaS.

Location and Post-Office. — Bailey Springs, Lauderdale County, Alabama.
Access* — Go to Tuscumbia, a station on the Memphis & Charleston Rail-
road, one hundred and forty-five miles east from Memphis, one hundred and

CHALYBEATE WATERS.

237

lalitative analyses have been

Rock Spring,

(Prof. Tuoniey.)
Carbonate of potassa (traces).
Carbonate of soda.
Carbonate of iron.
Chloride of sodiuno.
Sulphur, perhaps combined with soda.

nixty-four miles west from Chattanooga, fifty-two miles cast fiom Corinth,
nnd forty-three miles west from Decatur; thence, via Florence Branch, to
Florence, forty minutes ; thence, nine miles northeast, by stage.
Ilot'SK — Bailey Springs.

Analysis. — The following
made :

Chalybeate Sprino.
(Dr. Curry.)
Ciirbonate of potassa.
Carbonate of soda.
Carbonate of magnesia.
Chloride of sodium.
Oxide of ir
Carbonic-a-. d g: ' ,
Sulphuret*"d-h;)\» Dgcn gas.

Accompanying his analysis, Prof. Tuomey says : " I regret
tliat I ha it not in my power to make a quantitative analysis
of tir far-famed water. My analysis was conducted, however,
with U.S much care as possible ; yet it is proper to state that,
under favorable circumstances, an analysis in wliich a large
quantity of water could be used might develop other ingredi-
ents in addition to those given.

" The iron is in greater abundance than would appear from
the deposit below the outlet of the spring. It is even thrown
down slowly during the process of concentration by boiling.

" The prominent ingredients are carbonic acid, iron, and
soda."

Properties. — These waters are alJcaline-chalyheate^ and we
would expect them to prove useful in a number of diseases.
Dr. H. A. Moody informs me that they have proved especially
beneficial in scrofula and droiysy^ the latter more particularly
when associated with disease of the kidneys, or enlargement
of tlie liver or spleen. Dropsy being but a symptom of some
otlier disease, they act in this respect as a palliative by diure-
sis. In leucorrhoea, amenorrhcea, dysmenorrlKva,, and irrita'
hility of the bladder, they arc said to prove of service.

Remarks. — These springs are situated in a fertile and roll-
ing country. The hotel is on the summit of a semicircular

;i1

:£ K '

4 1:

1 ! •-

I 1 1'

^iii

■lit:

238

MINERAL SPRINGS.

hill, horseshoe in form; and in the valley, under cover of a
shed, arc the springs, five in number — the Rock, tiie Chalybe-
ate, the Soda, the Alum, and the Freestone.

A short distance from the springs is Shoal Creek, where
curious Indian remains may be seen ; and those fond of sport
may amuse themselves with fishing. Muscle Shoals, six miles
distant, present a series of broken water-falls, the roar from
which may be heard for several miles,

FBY'S SODA SPRING.

Loration. — Siskiyou County, California.

AeeCiSS. — Go to Sacramento ; thence, by Oregon division of Central Pucific
Railroad, to Red Bluff; tbenec by stage, about ninety miles, to the spring.
The Oregon Railroad, when fiiii.ihed, will pass within half a mile of tlie spring.

Hotel. — Fry's Soda Springs.

Analysis. — " The water is a chalybeate, there being an ex-
tensive ferruginous deposit around the spring ; it is also high-
ly impregnated with carbonic acid, sparkling like soda-water.
The temperature of the water was 52° Fahr. in September,
1862." ^

llemarks. — These springs are located at the bottom of the
cafion of the Upper Sacramento, at an elevation of tw^o thou-
sand three hundred and sixty-three feet above the sea. The
sides of the gorge are studded to the summit with pine, fir,
and cedar, while the banks of the river are beautiful with the
" vivid incessant green " of the eternal spring which rules in
California. Here we are but a short distance from the base
of Mount Shasta, fourteen thousand four hundred and forty
feet high, almost equal in altitude to Mont Blanc.

The ascent of Mount Shasta is most readily made from
this side. Persons wishing to make the ascent, procure
horses and guides at Sisson's Ranch, eight miles frc' u the
springs. " The best season of the year for the ascent is in
July or August, ]3efore July the snow is hardly gone from
the camping-ground from wliich the ascent to the summit and
return is to be made in one day, and after that month the in-

» "Geological Survey of CaUfornia," vol. I., p. 331.

CHALYBEATE WATERS.

239

cessiint fires in tlie surrounding forests fill the air with smoke,
and take away all distinctness from the distant view. The
plan adopted by those ascending the mountain is to pass tlie
first night at Camp Ross, near the line of perpetual snow;
and from that point to start sufficiently early to keep always
on the hard-frozen snow, the heat of the sun by mid-day soft-
ening it nearly to the summit, so as to make climbing almost
if not quite impossible ; while the ascent on the frozen surface
is quite easy, especially if one has the soles of his boots W(;ll
provided with nails. Our party started at 3^ A. m., and
reached the summit by 1]/| A. m., but others, not encumbered
as we were by barometers and instruments, would be able to
make the ascent in considerably less time. Of course a night
near the full of the moon is preferable, although the usual
bright starlight of the summer will answer to enable one to
pick his way over the snow. It is advisable to leave Straw-
berry Flat in season to camp early and comfortably at the
base of the snow, and to have plenty of warm clothing, as the
temperature at an altitude of seven thousand six hundred and
twenty-nine feet will probably be pretty near the freezing-
point before morning. There is abundance of wood and
water at Camp Ross, and the trail from Strawberry Flats
sufficiently good, to allow those wishing to save their strength,
to ride the whole way." *

STAFFORD SPRINGS.

Location and Post-OflBce. — Stafford Springs, Tolland County, Connecticut.

AccesSt — Go to Willimantic, tliirty-two miles east of Hartford, on the
Hartford, Providence & Fislikill Railroad ; thence twenty miles north to
Stafford.

Ilotel. — Stafford Springs House.

Analysis. — No quantitative analysis has been made. In
Trumbull's " History of Connecticut " (1818), the following
occurs : " The springs are two in number. The first dis-
covered contains iron, held in solution by the carbonic acid,
or fixed air, natron or native alkali, a small proportion of marine

» " Goologicai Survey of California."

'i n

.^•i

f r^^

240

MINERAL SPRINGS.

salt, iodine, soda, magnesia, and some earthy substances. The
other is charged principally with hydrogen gas of sulphur;
it also contains a very minute portion of iron. The spring
first discovered has been pronounced by chemists to be one of
the best chalybeate springs in the United States." Prof. C.
U. Shepard, in his report of the " Geological Survey " of the
State, 1837, states that these springs are " the most impor-
tant in the State. No escape of gas perceptible. Sides of
reservoir were lined with a thick flocculent precipitate of
oxide of iron caused by the decomposition of the carbonate
of iron from access of air."

GBEENCASTIiE SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Office. — Greencastle, Putnam County, Indiana.

Access. — Greencastle ia thirty-eight miles west from Indianapolis, by
cither Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad, or St, Louis, Vandalia, Terre Haute
& Indianapolis Railroad. Also one hundred and thirty-nine miles north
from Louisville, by the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad.

Hotels. — Jones House, Centre House.

ANALYSIS.

One ptiit contains—

North or T>nggy

SprlnjT,

66° Fahr.

MlMle or Dew-
drop Sprinp,
62° Fahr.

Solids.
Carbonate of potassa

Grains.

0.011

0.012

0.5.S8

0.051

1.819

0.099

O.OIT

0.131

0.020

0.011

0.012

0.(t0!)

Carbonato of soda

0.003

Carbonato of maff ne.sia

0.60T

Carbonate of protoxide of iron

0.29S

Carbonate of iine

1.485

Ciilorido of sodium

0.087

Siilnliate of soda

0.012

Sulphate of magnesia

0.129

Aliunina

0.009

Silicic acid

0.00 1

Loss, and undetermined

0.028

Total

2.7T1

2.733

Hemarks. — There is another spring on the grounds, known
as the South or Diamond Spring. It is siniilar to those of
whicli the analysis is given.

W't\ ?•■ r-

CATOOSA SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Offlce. — Catoosa Springs, Catoosa County, Georgia.
Access. — Go to Ringgold, a station on the Western & Atlantic Railroad,

CHALYBEATE WATERS.

241

es. The
sulphur ;
ic spriiij^
je one of
Prof. C.
' " of the
st impor-
Sides of
)itate of
jiirbonate

ina.

napolifl, by
["crre Haute
miles north
id.

mM\e or Dew-
drop Sprinp,
62° Fahr.

Gmina.

0.009

0.008

0.66T

0.21»S

1.485

0.087

0.012

0.129

0.009

0.001

0.028

2.733

s, known
those of

twenty-two miles southeast from Chattanoopa, one hundred and fifteen milea
northwest of Atlanta ; theuco four and a half miles cast, by stage, to the
BprinRS.

HoteK — Catoosa Springs.

Analysis. — No exact quantitative analysis has been made.
Tlie waters, however, are reported as strongly chalybeate.
There are also sulphur-waters here. {See Appendix.)

Remarks. — There are very many sprin/^s at this point, all
rising within the space of two acres. They were much re-
sorted to before the war, but the buildings subsequently needed
repair. They are, however, open for visitors, and are being
reimproved.

MADISON SFRINQS.

Loration and Post-Offlre. — Madison Springs, Madison County, Georgia.

iceesSt — From Augusta via Georgia Railroad, to Union Point, seventy-six
miles ; thence, via Athens Branch, to Athens, three and a half hours ; thence
by stage.

Hotel. .

Analysis. — None.

ESTILL SPMNOS, KENTUCKY.

" Estill Springs, Purgative Waters.")

(For location, etc., sec

ANALYSIS
One pint contains (Dr. Peter) :

Georgia,
c Railroad,

BOUDS.

Grains.

Carbonate of magnesia

. • •

0.335

Carbonate of iron

•

. 0.233

Carbonate of lime

...

1.159

Chloride of sodium

■ .

. 0.066

Sulphate of potassa

...

0.080

Sulphate of soda

• •

. 0.087

Sulphate of magnesia

* • .

1.224

Sulphate of lime

. .

. 2.084

Alumina and trace of phosphates .

trace.

Silica

. •

. 0.233

Organic and volatile matt'

* .

1.028

Total .

. 6.529

Gas.

Cubic in.

Carbonic acid

•

4.15

rF*'f

i;,

I'i

! !

2t2

MINERAL SPRINGS.

KKIGHTSTOWN SPUING.

Location and Post-Oiliee. — Knightstown, Henry County, Indiana.

Access. — Knightstown is a station on the Indianapolis & Chicago division
ot' the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, thirty-four miles east of
Indianapolis.

Hotels. .

Analysis. — No com[)lete analysis of this water has been
made. Dr. T. C. Fox, State Geologist of Indiana, in a letter
to the author, remarks : " From a qualitative examination of
some of the water sent to my office, it proved to be almost a
pure chalybeate, havinf^ only about twenty-five grains of solid
constituents in an imperial gallon, mostly calcic and magnesic
salts."

SCHUYLER COUNTY SPRINGS.
Location. — Schuyler County, Illinois.

ANALYSIS.!
One pint contains (Dr. Blancy) :

Solids.
Sulphate of magnesia
Sulphate of lime
Protosulphate of iron
Silica .
Alkaline sulphates

Total .

Grains.
0.373
9.242
8.745
0.164
0.979

19,503

Dr. Blancy remarks that the water " has an acid reaction,
a strong, styptic taste, a trace of organic matter, and an oh
scurc trace of chlorides."

HOPKINTON SI RINGS.

Location and Post-Ofllice. — Ilopklnton, Middlesex County, Massachu«ct<.<.
Access. — From Boston to Westl)orough, a station on the Boston & Albany
Railroad, thirty-two miles west ; tlicnco, about three miles southeast.
Hotel.

Analysis. — The waters are said to contain carbonic acid,
and iron.

"Geology of Illinois,'* vol. Iv., p. 89.

carbonate of lime, and iron

[ndiana.

Chicago division
ir miles east of

iter has been
la, in a letter
amination of
) be almost a
:rains of solid
and ma2;nesic

CHALYBEATE WATERS.

OWOSSO SPRING.

243

LoeatioD and Post-OfTice. — Owosso, Shiawassee County, Michigan.
AccesSt — Owosso is a station on the Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad, sev-
enty-nine miles northwest from Detroit.

HotcK — National.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains :

Solids.
Carbonate of magnesia
Carbonate of iron

Grains.

i.4i;{

1.413

acid reaction,
r, and an ob'

V, Ma?3acha«otls.
Boston & Albany
)ntheast.

scenery.

The spring issues from tlie earth near the summit of the
mountain, and is conveyed some distance to a convenient
plaee by pipes. The temperature of tlic water is 50° Fahr.,
the taste strongly chalybeate. Tlie wat(>r C(»iitains consider-
able carbonic-acid gas, and, for tliis reas(m, is acceptable to
the stomach. The discliarge is small — about one-half gallon
per minute.

liti

Mil!

2 42

MINERAL SPRINGS.

KNIGHTSTOWN SPRING.

Location and Post-Ofllcef — Knightstown, Henry County, In liana.

Access. — Knightstown is a station on the Indianapolis & Chicago division
of the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, thirty-four miles east of
Indianapolis.

Hotels. .

Anahjs'iS. — No complete analysis of this water has been
made. Dr. T. C. Fox, State Geologist of Indiana, in a letter

SCHOOLEY'S MOUNTAIN SPRINGS.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (C. Mclntirc, Jr ) •
Solids. ''"

Carbonate of soda

Carbonate of magnesia

Carbonate of iron

C.irbonate of manganese

Carbonate of lime . . '

Chloride of sodium

Sulphate of lime

Alumina

Ammonia . ,

Silicic acid

Orains.

0.072

0.200

0.072

trace.

0.178

0.054

0.210

0.018

trace.

0.092

Total
Oab.
Carbonic acid

0.896

not determined.
(1870)

HOPKINTON SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Offlco. — Hopklnton, Middlesex County, Massachusetts.
Access. — From Boston to Wostborough, a station on the Boston & Albany
Railroad, thirty-two miles west; thenco, about three miles southeast.
Hotel.

Analysis. — The waters arc said to contain carbonic acid,
carbonate of liine, and iron.

• "Ocology of Illinois,'* vol. Iv., p- 89.

the

la.

go division

.03 east of

has been
1 a letter

aios.

)72

100

372

ice.

178

)54

18
ee.

9fi

nined.

ssaehupotts.
)u & Albany

cast.

)onic

aoid,

ClULYBEATE WATERS.

OWOSSO SPRINCJ.

24a

Loeation and Post-Ofllfe. — Owosso, Sliia-.vassee County, Michigan.
Acfess. — Owosso is a elation on the Detroit & Milwaukee Kailroad, sev-
enty-nine miles northwest iVom Detroit.

Iloteit — National.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains :
Solids. Grains.

Carbonate of magnesia . . . . 1.41:5

Carbonate of iron ..... 1.4 13

Carbonate of lime ..... 2.228

Chlorides of sodium and potassium . . . 0.2G2

Silica and alumina ..... 0.077

Total

5.423

Pi'Ojyertles. — This is a strong chalybeate water; but, that
the proportion of iron is as large as shown in the analysis, I
very much doubt. It should be reanalyzed.

Remarks. — The town of Owosso is situated at the inter-
section of the Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad and the Jackson,
Lansing" & Saginaw llailroad. The population is over two
thousand.

SCHOOLEY'S MOUNTAIN SPBINGS.

Location and Post-Ofllce AadrcsSt — Schoolcy's Mountain, Morris County,

New Jersey,

Access. — From New York via Moriis & Essex Railroad to Ilackettstown,
Bixty-two miles west, thence two and one-half miles by stage.

Uotcb. — Belmont House, Heath House.

Atialysis. — None. Said to be a pure clialybeate.

Jletnarks. — This is an exceedingly popular resort, on ac-
count of its accessibility and the beauty of the surrounding
scenery.

The spring issues from the earth near the sunnnit of the
moiuitai'j, and is conveyed some distance to a convenient:
place by pipes. The teinperatiu'c of the water is 50° Fahr.,
the taste strongly chalybeate. The water contains consider"
able carbonic-acid gas, and, for this reason, is af^eeptable to
tln.i stomach. The discharge is small — about one-half gallon
per minute.

, > !

I i

1 :

' !

illjl

i t

in II

244

MINER. VL ?^riilNCiS.

COOPER'S WELL.

Location and PostrOfflce. — Cooper's Well, Hinds County, Mirfsissippi.

Access. — From New Orleans, one hundred and eiglity-throe miles north,
via Now Orleans, Jackson & Great Northern Railroad, to Jackson ; thence,
twelve miles west, by stpge.

te!.— Cooper's Well.

ANALYSIS.

One piut contains.

0° Fahr. Prof. J. Lawrence

Bmitli) :

Solids.

Grains.

Chloride of sodium

•

. 1.045

Chloride of magnesium

• • ■ •

0.435

Chloride of calcium

. 0.540

Sulphate of potassa

•

0.076

Sulphate of soda

. 1.4G3

Sulphate of magnesia

• • • •

2.910

Sulphate of lime

. 5.265

Sulphate of alumina

• • • •

0.765

Pcroxid-:' of iron

. 0.420

Crenatc of lime

• • • •

0.039

Silica .

• • • t

. 0.225

Total

13.183

Gasks.

Cubic in.

Carbonic acid .

. 4.0

Oxygon .

■ • • •

1.5

Nitrofi'H

. 4.5

Properties. — This is an exceedingly valuable chalybeate
water, containing a proportion of purgative salts, and bearing
considerable resemblance to the waters of Bocklet, near Kis-
singen, in Bavaria. This combination adapts the waters to
numerous conditions in which amvinla is associated with con-
stipation or abdominal plethora. It is foimd exceedingly val-
uable in certain dyspepsias, in dropsy, and in chlorosis. In
chronic diarrhcea this water has long enjoyed high repute.
The waters act as a diuretic or aperient, according to the
quantity taken and the mode of drinking.

HemarJcs. — This is the most noted mineral water in Mis-
sissippi, and has long been a favorite with the people of the
Southern country.

The artesian well whence the water flows is one hundred
and seven feet deep, and the How is exceedingly abundant.

....•:^S3^r!^

ity, Mississippi,
-throe miles north,
Jackson ; tbence,

ce Smith) :

Grains.

. 1.045

0.435

. 0.540

0.076

. 1.4G3

2.910

. 5.265

0.765

. 0.420

0.039

. 0.225

13.183

Cubic in.

. 4.0

1.5

. 4.5

Eible chalybeate
Its, and bearing
)cklet, near Kis-
i the waters to
L'iated witli cnn-
3xceedingly val-
n cJilorosis. In
ed liigh repute.
3Cording to tlie

al water in Mis-
G people of the

is one l)undred
ly abundant.

CI'ALYPILA f"£ WATERS.

OCEAN SPiUi^^OS

245

r^U^j%

Loration and Post-OIBfCt — Oceau Fpr 53, Ju -kaon County, Mississippi.

AffOS*. — Oeoan Springs is a station .'. thu >"oW Orleans, Mobilo &; T"xa3
Railroad, eighty three miles east from !N. Oi'eiin.Sj and Qfty-seven miles west
flora Mobile. Or the springs may be readied by coast-steamers from either
New Orleans or Mobile.

Uotels. — Morris House, Egan Ilonse.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (J. L.

Smith) :

Solids.

Grains.

Chloride of potassium

•

trace.

Chloride of sodium

• •

•

5.971

Chloride of magnesium

•

0.621

Chloride of calcium

• •

•

0.485

Protoxide of iron .

•

0.589

Iodine

• •

•

trace.

Alumina

•

trace.

Organic matter

•

• •

•
•

•

trace.

Total

'1.{\M

Oases.

Cubic in.

Carbonic acid

* •

1.22

Sulphuretted hydrogen

•

0.16

— "Oeolojfy of Mississippi."

Properties. — This wn;.-"f \s ? ^rdlne-chalyheate^ abounding
in iron, which no doubi. '- he' ■ in solution in tiie form of a
carbonate. The unusu; ' combination of chloride of sodium,
carbonate of irou, and snip urotted hyd; ogen, especially adapts
it to the treatment of disease uf the skin allied to a scrofulous
diathesis.

Remarhs. — The name of these springs is derived from their
proximity to the ocean, the beach being but half a mile distant,
and alFording ample facility for sea-loathing. The springs are
much resorted to by citizens of New Orleans and Mobile.

OAK-OIlCnARIi ACID SPRIWaS.

Location. — Genesee County, New York
Post-Ofllce. — Mc-dina, Orleans County, Now York.

Acce.s. --Go to Medina, a station f\\ the New Y('i Contra! lailroad,
forty miltjs west of Rochester, thence six miles south by carriiige. Or go to

i < 'I!

}

I (

)iM

:li

irf

r MiN

li; :raii

24G

MINERAL SPRINGS.

Batavia, a station on a branch of the New York Central Railroad, thirty-two
miles west of Rochester, thence twelve miles north by carriage.
Uotel.— (Closed.)

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (J. R. Chilton, M. D.) :

Soli 08. GralnB.

Sulphate of magnesia . . . 1.0;i5

Sulphate of alumina ..... 1.210

Sulphate of lime . . 4.950

rrotoaulphate of iron . . . I I9n

Silica ...... 0.130

Organic matter ..... 0.422

Free sulphuric acid .... 10.370

Total ...... 19.907

Projyertles. — This spring is, in one respect, the most re-
markable in this country. The occurrence of notable quanti-
ties of sulphuric acid in springs in a free state is exceedingly
rare. Only two other springs of this character are known in
this country, that of the neighboring town of Byron in the
same county, and the Tuscarora Sour Spring in the county of
Wentworth, Canada. None of the kind are known in Europe.
" An earth somewhat similar to that found in Byron is said to
exist in great quantities at a village called Danlakie, in the
south of Persia, between three and four days' journey from
Bushire, on the Persian Gulf. The natives employ it as a
substitute for lemons and limes in making their sherbets."
Tliese, with Paramo de Ruiz and Rio Vinagre, New Granada,
South America, comprise all the known springs containing
free sulphuric acid in considerable quantity.

The Oak-Orchard water has been used with advantage in
a number of diseases. Prof. J. H. Armsby, of Albany, says :
"The diseases in which I have found it most useful are as fol-
lows : ill-conditioned ulcers, diseases of the skin, passive
hicmorrhagos, diarrhoeas depending on an atonic condition of
the mucous membranes, in depraved and impoverished con-
ditions of the body from specific disease and from intemper-
ance."

Wlicn drunk the water is diluted with an equal quantity

CHALYBEATE WATERS.

247

of pure water. From half a wineglass to a wineglass three
times a day is thus taken. In treatment of ulcers the water
is taken internally, and also applied directly, lint being satu-
rated with the water and changed twice daily.

vantage in

n, passive

SHARON SPRINGS.

Lorutioo, etc. — See these springs, under Sulphur-watei'd.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (iMuitJch) :
801.ID8. Grains.

Carbonate of magnesia . . . . 1.120

Sulphate of potassa . . . trace.

Sulphate of soda ..... .467

Sulphate of magnesia ..... 1.019

Sulphate of lime ..... 7.975

Protosulphate of iron . . . . .0.176

Oiganic matter ..... 3.500

Total ...... 14.816

(1861.)

MINERAL SPRING.

Location. — Monmouth County, New Jersey.

Access. — Near Oceanville, two miles' drive from Long Branch.

Analysis. — No accurate analysis has been made ; one gal-
lon is said to contain one and a quarter grain of carbonate of
iron.

ADAMS COXTNTY SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Offlce. — Mineral Springs, Adams County, Ohio.
Access. — From Cincinnati, seventy-five miles east, by steamboat on the
Ohio River, to Rome ; thence, nineteen miles north by stage.
Hotel. — Llineral Springs.

Analysis. — No accurate quantitative analj'sis has been
niado; a qualitative analysis, by Prof. E. S. Wayne, states
that there are fifteen grains of solid matter to the pint, com-
posed of chloride of magnesium, sulphate of lime, carbonate
of lime, chloride of sodium, chloride of calcium, and oxide of
iron. The flow of the spring is about one gallon per minute,
and the temperature 50° Fahr.

» !

:i '■ Vi-

f - ! .

248

MINERAL SPRINGS.

Hemar^s.— These springs are located in that portion of
Ohio which most nearly is entitled to the name of mountain-
ous. The springs, two in number, are situated in a valley at
the base of a high hill, several hundred feet in altitude, known
as Peach Ivlountain. From the surrounding elevations, far ex-
tended and attractive views may be had, while the woodlands
and streams supply amusement for the sportsman. " Point
Lookout,'" three miles from the springs, is frequently visited
by those who delight in an extended view.

CBESSON SFRINaS.

Localion and Post-OfficCt — Crcsson, Cambria County, Pennsylvania.

Access. — Cresson is a station on the Pennsylvania Central Railroad, two
hundred and fifty-two miles west of Philadelphia, and one hundred and two
miles east of Pittsburg.

Ilotelt — Mountain House.

Analysis. — See Appendix.

JRemarJcs. — Cresson is resorted to more because of its
mountain elevation than the value of the waters. The air is
pure and bracing, and the thermometer seldom rises to 75°
Fahr. in the hottest days of summer. Guests sleep under
blankets the entire season. The mountains furnish abundant
opportunity for excursions, while many delightful drives wind
through the valleys. The springs are seven in number, the
principal one being about a quarter of a mile distant, on the
site of the old Alleghany Portage Railway, now abandoned,
but still showing the maimer of constructing railways many
years ago.

BLOSSBURG SPRINGS.

Location. — Tiojia County, Pennsylvania.

Access. — From Now York, via Erie Railroad, to Coming, two hundred
and ninety miles northwest ; thence, ?ua Blossburg & Corning Railroad, to
niossburg, forty-one miles south.

Hotel. .

Analysis. — None. The waters are said to bear some re-
semblance to the alum-waters of Virginia.

Location and

Tiinia.

Access. — From
road, to Connells'
Branch Railroad,
Btuge to the spring

Hotel.— Fayett

Analysis.-

llemarks.-

tains, amid mc

may be enjoye

Location and F
Access. — Go to

via Knoxville & C

thence, nine miles

Hotel. — Montv

One ]

Solids.

Carlwnato of iron

Carbonate of limt'

Oliloride of sodium. ..
Cbbrlde of mafrnesiui
Chloride of calcium. . .

Sidpliate of soda

Siil|ibate of magnesia,

Sulphate of lime

Oxide of iron

Alumina

Silica

Organic matter

Total

Properties.
considerable n
dropsy, associj
vorably, both ;

' In a note accon
posited in the bottle ;

CHALYBEATE WATERS.

249

FAYETTE SPBTNGS.

LoeatiOQ and Post-Offlce. — Fayette Springs, Fayette County, Pennsyl-
Tania.

Access. — From Pittsburg, via Pittsburg, Baltimore & "Washington Rail-
road, to Connellsville, fifty-seven miles south ; thence, via Fayette County
Branch Railroad, to Unioutown, fourteen miles south ; thence, twelve niilos by
stage to the springs.

Hotel. — Fayette Springs.

Analysis. — None.

Remarks. — These springs are located in the Laurel Moun-
tains, amid most romantic scenery, where cool mountain-air
may be enjoyed.

MONTVALE SPRINaS.

Location and Post-Office. — Montvale Springs, Blount County, Tennessee.

Access. — Go to Knoxville on the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad ; thence,
via Knoxville & Charleston Railroad, to Maryville, sixteen miles northwest ;
thence, nine miles by stage to the springs.

Iloteli — Montvale Springs,

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains —
SOT.IBS.

Carbonate of iron

Carbonate of lime

Oliloriile of sodium

CLlorlde of map:nesium

Chloi-iclo of calcium

iiiilphato of soda

Sulphate of magnesia

Sulphate of lime

Oxide of iron

Alumina

Silioa

Organic matter

Total

18.604

60° Fahr.

Prof. J. B. Mitchell.

J. R. Chilton, M. D.

Gndns.

Grains.

0.300

....

l.()57

0.245

0.012

0.018

6.564

1.102

1.500

2.iai

9.276

10.243

0.149 »

0.062

....

trace.

....

0.005

13.668

(1S57.)

Projyertles. — These are calcic-chalybeate watert'. They have
considerable reputation in chronic diarrhoea and scrofula. In
dropsy, associated with engorgement of the liver, they act fa-
vorably, both as a diuretic and by their effect on that organ.

' In a note accompanying his analysis, Dr. Chilton says : " The oxido of Iron was de-
posited in the bottle ; it was probably held in solution in the water by carbonic acid."
12

,r'

250

MINERAL SPRINGS.

In lsir<:^e quantities, the waters are cathartic ; in modorato
quantities, laxative and diuretic.

Ilenuirks. — These springs are situated in a niountain-glen,
amid the heiglits of the Chilhowce Mountains. Ilcn;, amid
the pleasures of mountain-rambles, the various sports of Held
and stream, and the luxury of cool, pure mountain-air one
may pleasantly pass the summer da^ s.

Three miles distant is a sulphur-spri?if/.

ri-

1 "m

Pliil

I :

BEEHSHEBA SFRINQS.

Location and Post-OlBcCt — Bccrshc ba Springs, Grundy County, Tennessee.

Access. — Go to Tullahoma, a station on the Kashville & Chattanooga Kail-
road, sixty-nine miles southeast frora Nashville, and eighty-two miles noithwest
from Chattanooga ; thence, thirty-lour miles northeast by rail, to McMinnvillo ;
thence, about twelve milos by stage. Or, go to Cowan, a station on the Nash-
ville & Chattanooga Railroad, sixty-four miles northwest from Chattanooga;
thence by stage.

Hotel. — Bccrsheba Springs.

Analysis. — The water has never been analyzed, but is
said to be a fine chalybeate. Temperature, 58° Fahr.

Hemarks. — These springs are sii-aatcd neai the summit of
a spur of one of the Cumberland Mountains. The scenery is
wild and attractive. The temperature is cool during the sum-
mer months. A register of temperature taken at the hotel,
from July 20 to August 1, 1872, gave the following result :
Mean temperature for twelve days : 6 A. m., 72° ; 12 m., 79.8°;
6 p. M., 78.8° Fahr.

Being convenient of access from Nashville and Chatta-
nooga, the springs are much resorted to by the wealthy of
those cities.

BAWLEY SPRINQS.

Location and Post-Office Address. — Rawley Springs, Rockingham County,
Virginia.

Access. — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad,
to Uarrisonburg, one hundred and thirty-eight miles west,; thence, twelve
miles by stage, to the springs. Or, via Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, to Har-
per's Ferry ; thence, by Winchester branch, to Uarrisonburg (connections not

CHALYBEATE WATERS.

251

moderate

tain-glen,
[ere, amid
8 of field
:i-air one

, Tennessee,
iinooga Kail-
es northwest
^loMinnville ;
on the Nash-
Jhattanooga ;

»d, but is
ir.

simmiit of
scenery is
r the sum-

the hotel,
ng result :

M., 79.8°;

id Chatta-
k^ealthy of

good). Or, by rail to Staunton, Virginia; thence north, twenty-five miles by
rail, to Harrisonburg.

lIoteK — Rawley Springs.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (61° Fahr. Prof. J. W. Mallet) :

SoLn>s. Grains.

Carbonate of magnc.'iia .... (J.»)85

Carbonate of iron .... O.liOif

Carbonate of manganese .... 0.00 "2

Carbonate of lime ..... 0.056

Carbonate of ammonia .... trace.

Carbonate of lithia .... trace.

Chloride of sodium ..... 0.006

Sulphate of potassa .... 0.014

Sulphate of soda ..... 0.068

Sulphate of lime ..... 0.013

Alumina ...... 0.005

SiHca ...... 0.086

Organic matter ..... 0.036

Loss .... . . 0.0*73

Total

Gas.
Carbonic acid

0.644
Cubic In.
0.11
{1810.)

ProjJertles. — ^This water is the best pure chalybeate in
Virginia, and proves efficacious in chlorosis^ leucorrhcea,
umenorrhoea^ and menorrhagla^ when depending on anaemic
conditions, and all maladies caused by an impoverished condi-
tion of the blood. It forms an admirable tonic after the al-
terative treatment by other waters.

Remarks. — These springs are delightfully situated on the
southern slope of the North Mountain, amid salubrious air
and pleasing landscapes.

ham County,

sas Railroad,
ence, twelve
road, to Har-
incctions not

SWEET CHALYBEATE .SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Office Address. — Sweet Chulybeato Si)ring3, Alleghany
County, Virginia.

Access. — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad,
and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, to Alleghany Station, two hundred and
forty-one miles west ; thence, by stage nine miles, to the springs. From

' " I

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

£ Itf |2.0

11:25 III 1.4

li£

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STRKT

WISSTIR.N.Y. M5M

(71«) S72-4S03

^
%

1
If >

252

MINERAL SPRINGS.

Richmond, via Gordonsville, two hundred and twenty-one miles, to Alleghany
Station. From the west, via Cincinnati and Ohio River, to Hun.ington, one
hundred and sixty-five miles east ; thence, via Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad,
one hundred and ninety-eight miles southeast, to Alleghany Station.
Hotel* — Sweet Chalybeate Springs.

ANALYSIS.

to 79° Fahr. Prof. W. B. Rogers) :

One pint contains (ll

Solids.
Carbonate of lime
Chloride of sodium
Chloride of magnesium
Chloride of calcium
Sulphate of soda
Sulphate of magnesia
Sulphate of lime
Scsquioxide of iron

Total .
Gab.
Carbonic acid

Oraina.
0.337
0.011
0.196
0.003
0.404
0.897
4.110
0.092

6.050
Cubic tn.
13.

Properties. — This is a fine calcic-chalybeate water, contain-
ing a proportion of purgative salts. The taste of the water
is sweet and ferruginous. The water is beneficially employed
in cases of ancGmia^ chlorosis^ leucorrhcea, and other diseases
associated with an impoverished condition of the blood. Tt
has also proved decidedly efficacious in neicralyia and gas-
tralgia.

Remarks. — These springs, formerly called the Med Sweet
Springs, are situated in one of the most beautiful valleys of
Virginia. They are four in number, and flow from the base
of a curiously-incrustcd ledge of rocks. Although there are
four diflFerent sources, they do not differ essentially in chemical
constitution, unless it be the upper one, which is somewhat
similar to the Old Sweet Springs, one mile above. On the
19th of ^ ugust, 1871, I found the average temperature of the
four souioes to be 76° Fahr. The flow of the springs is eight
hundred gallons per minute. The red substance covering the
bottom of the springs is not an oxide of iron, but an algoid
growth.

Besides the use of the water internally, it is largely used

CHALYBEATE WATERS.

253

as a bath. Swimming-baths have been constructed, about
twenty by thirty feet in area. Doubtless the good results ob-
tained in many maladies treated here are principally due to the
use of these baths. The temperature of the bath is 76° Fahr,
The temperature at this resort is usually cool and agree-
able. A record taken at the olEce of the hotel gives the fol-
lowing results :

Average Temperntaro. 6 A. m. 12 m. 6 p. m .

From July 2 to September 5, 1870 . . 70>^° 84%° ',8° Fahr.
From July 24 to August 19, 1871 . . 66 80 18

BOCKBRIDaE ALTJlli SFBINaS.

Location and Post-Offieet — Rockbridge Alum Springs, Rockbridge County,
Virginia.

Access* — From the North to "Washington ; thence, via Orango, Alexandria
& Manassas Railroad, and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, to Goshen, one hun-
dred and eighty-eight miles southwest ; thence, by Ptage, to the springs.
From Richmond, via Cbc-^apeake & Ohio Railroad, one hundred and sixty-
eiglit miles, to Goshen. From the southwest, via Virginia & Tennessee Rail-
road, Lynchburg, Charlottesville, and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, From
the west, via Cincinnati and the Ohio River, to Huntington, one hundred and
sixty-five miles east ; thence, via Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, two hundred
and fifty-one miles .southeast, to Goshen.

Uotelt — Rockbridge Alum.

ANALYSIS.

Oue pint containi—

No. 1.
A. A. Hayei, M. D.

No. 8.
A. A.IIa}'es,M.D.

Nn. 4.
A. A. lUyet, M.D.

Solids.
Clilnrlde of Bodlnni

Gninu
0.(158

0.180
0,4(i«»
1.S46
0.175
0.81S
2.347

(irnini.

0.126
0.221
0.2'iO
0.403
O.fidS

O.OsS

1 !;iiw

0.855

Gralna.
0.055

Hiiliihttte of i)otat)8Jt

Siiltilmtfl of inairncsiii

552

Hiil|ilmt(' of lime

0.418

I'ldtoxide of iron

o.r.^7

Aliiiniiia

8.011

Crriiiitc of ammonia

0.158

Bilic.ito of soda

Siiliiliuric acid (free)

0.«s9

Pilicic add (frcu)

0.213

OrKauic matter

0.127

Total

5.514

Ciiliii- in.
0.7

6.1(i7

CM.' in.
1.9

6.800

Oar.
Carbonic acid

Ciil.l.' In.
1.1

(1862.)

Properties. — These waters are clear and odorless, lliey
possess a strongly astringent and styptic taste. In tempera-

1, J. fi ii*M

' III!

254

MINERAL SPRINGS.

ture they are cold. A mass or extract is prepared from the
water by evaporation, which, wlien redissolved, is said to pos-
sess the virtues of the spring-water.

These are the best known of the alum-waters of Virginia.
Their value in the treatment of disease is undoubted. In
what diseases do they prove curative ? The answer is simple
and explicit. In every form of scrofula — scrofulous ulcers,
scrofulous diseases of the skin, scrofulous discharges from the
ears and nose, and scrofulous diseases of the bones. In chron-
ic diarrhoea they have proved a most reliable remedy, ex-
cept in those cases in which there is congestion of the mucous
membranes and liver. They are also beneficial in leucorrhcea
and chronic eczema.

Contrary to what we would expect, these waters ocra-
sionally prove purgative. In a letter to the author. Prof. H.
R. Noel, of Baltimore, resident-physician at the springs, re-
marks: "It is true that the waters sometimes prove purga-
tive, but I believe it to be true in two classes of cases. 1.
Great atony of the digestive tract, especially of the small
intestine. 2. When persons drink it in great excess because
they are at the springs, and wish to reap rapidly the greatest
possible benefit.

" The waters, in nine cases out of ten, should be used as
a diuretic, and taken in doses of from one-fourth to one-half
of a small tumbler, six, eight, ten, or twelve times a day, and
afterward gradually increase the dose, and diminish the num-
ber of doses, to about six or eight glasses a day. Tlie water
does not act siuiply from its astringent character, but it is a
most powerful agent in restoring perverted histogenesis. I
have seen the worst forms of scrofula and some bad syphilitic
eruptions cured in ten weeks by it, and not one grain of medi-
cine used.

" The water sliould be taken, as a rule, from four to ten
weeks, and but little improvement will occur under two, and
in most cases not under three or five weeks ; but, once inau-
gurated, its effects will last for months."

Remarks. — The springs are situated in a glen-like nook

CHALYBEATE WATERS.

255

f(jrmcd by the spurs of the North and Mill Mountains, and
break forth from a mass of shale-rock at the base of the
ritlge. This shale contains large quantities of alumina and
the salts of iron, and the springs are formed by the percola-
tion of water through this mass. Four different reservoirs
have been formed, numbered respectively No. 1, No. 2, No. 3,
No. 4c. They diifer somewhat, as is seen in the analysis, es-
pecially in the quantities of sulphuric acid.

The immediate surroundings of this resort are attractive.
The hotel and brick cottages encircle a lawn embowered with
trees, and sociability and amusement add their charms.

From a register of temperature at the hotel I made the
following averages :

Average Temperature dur
June, 1869
July, 1869 .
August, 1869 .
June, 18Y1 .
July, 1871
August (to the 24t

Warmest days duriug summer of 1869— July 14th, 15th, 16th— 87" Fahr.
at 12 M.

Warmest d.-'.js during summer of 1871 (up to 24th of August) — August
16th— 89° Fahr. at 12 m.

Average Temperature during

6 A.M.

12 m.

6r. M.

June, 1869

• •

60.3°

72.2"^

71.8" Fahr

July, 1869 .

• •

72.2

76.9

76.4

August, 1869

• a

64.8

76.9

75.9

June, 1871 .

■ •

62.1

72.6

70.3

July, 1871

, ,

62.9

73.6

71.5

August (to the

24th) 1871 .

64.9

79.1

77.3

n-like nook

PUIiASKI AliUM SFBINaS.

LocatioDt — Pulaski County, Virginia,

Post-Offlcet — Dublin, Pulaski County, Virginia.

AffesSt — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad,
and Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, to Dublin, a station two hundred and
eighty-two miles southwest ; thence, twelve miles by stage. From Richmond,
via Burkeville, two hundred and twenty-nine miles southwest, to Dublin, and
via Gordonsville two hundred and sixty-two miles. From the south and
southwest, strike the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad ; thence to Dublin.

Hotel.— Pulaski Alum.

Atialj/si's. — These waters are similar to the Rockbridge
Alum. According to an analysis before me, they contain a
larger proportion of iron.

Properties. — ^These waters may be used in very much the
same way, and in the same diseases, as the Rockbridge Alum.

256

MINERAL SFBINGS.

Memarka. — The springs are very pleasantly situated on
Little Walker's Creek, at the base of Walker's Mountain.
The surrounding country abounds in minerals. In the imme-
diate vicinity of the springs is a rich lead of plumbago.

l;^ i-

BATH ALT71K SPBINQS.

Location and Post-Offlee. — Bath Alum Springs, Bath County, Virginia.

Access* — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas and
Chesapeake and Ohio Railroads, to Millboro', one hundred and ninety-six
miles southwest ; thence, ten miles by stage, to the springs. From Rich-
mond, via Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, one hundred and seventy-six milca
northwest, to Millboro'. From the west, via Cincinnati and the Ohio River,
to Huntington, one hundred and sixty-five miles east ; thence, via Chesapeake
& Ohio Railroad, 244 miles southeast, to Millboro.

Dotel. — Springs.

ANALYSIS

One pint contaloi —

No. 1.
A. A. Hsyei, M. D.

No. 2.
A. A. Hayes, M. D.

80LIDB.
Chloride of sodlnm

Gralni.
0.022

0!352
0.476
1.814
1.280
0.282
0.253
0.726

Gnlnt.

Sulphate of potassa

0.082

Sulphate of magnesia

O.KiO

Sulphate of lime

0.817

Protoxide of iron

2.722

Alumina

1.5!!6

('renate of ammonia

0.222

Silicate of soda

0.894

Sulphuric acid (free) - -

©.•Jt^

Total

5.1C1

Cubic Id.
1.4

6.868

Gas.

Carbonic acid

CuMc In.
1

Properties, — These waters very much resemble the Rock-
bridge Alum, and are valuable in similar diseases, as follows :
Scrofula^ chronic diarrhoea, eczema, and diseases depending
on an impoverished condition of the blood. They contain a
larger proportion of iron than the Rockbridge Alum.

Itemarks. — The springs are very pleasantly located on the
stage-road from Millboro' to the Warm Springs. The build-
ings, consisting of an hotel and cottages, are of brick, tastefully
designed, arranged in the form of a crescent, and looking out
upon a beautiful lawn of ten acres. The waters issue from a
ledge of slate-stone, and are caught in pools formed in the
rocks. Besides those of which the analysis is given, there

CHALYBEATE WATERS.

257

situated on
} Mountain.
I the imme-
bago.

are others varying in strength, but of the sr*mc general charac-
ter. There are also one or two springs which bear no resem-
blance to those named, but which have not been sufficiently
investigated for their medical properties to be assigned.

y, Virginia.
Manassas and
and ninety-six
I. From Rich-
venty-six miles
;he Ohio River,
lia Chesapeake

No. 2.
K. A. Hayes, M. D.

Onlni,

0!082
0.160
0.817
2.722
1.5;i6
0.222
0.S94
0.l»b5

6.868

Gallic In.
1

3 the Rock-
as follows:
depending
y contain a
m.

ated on the
The build-
{, tastefully
looking out
sue from a
med in the
iven, there

STRIBLINa SPRINGS.

Location and Post-OflBeet— Stribling Springs, Augusta County r».ginia.

Aeeess* — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad,

and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, to Staunton, one hundred and fifty-six

miles ; thence, thirteen miles northwest by stage. From Richmond, via

Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, one hundred and thirty-six miles to Staunton.

From the West, via Cincinnati and Ohio River, to Huntington, one hundred and

sixty-five miles east ; thence, via Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, to Staunton,

two hundred and eighty-three miles southeast.

HoteK — Stribling Springs.

ANALYSIS.

Alum Spriiigt.

One pint contalni —

No. 4.
D. K. Tuttle, M, D.

No. S.
D. K. Tuttle, M. D.

No. 6.
D. K. Tuttle, M. D.

BOLlDfl.

Sulphate of potassa

Hulphato of soda

Ornlni.
0.067
0.0S3
0.066
2.0S6
1.192
1.832
0.631
0.244
0.469

Grstni.
0.113
0.293
0.(W3
2.244
1.648
2.118
1.227
0.2('4

Oralni.
0.126
0.224

Hiili)hate of niafirncsia

0.822

Hiilplmte of alumina

Hulphate of iron

4.801
1.615

8ul|>hate of lime

2.889

Sulpliuric acid (free)

0.81T

Silicic acid

0.264

Onranic matter

Total

6.670

7.945

11.053

ANALYSIS

Cbiafbeat<

) Springi.

One pint contalnt—

No. 1.
D. K. Tuttle, M.

No. 3.
K. Tuttle, M. D.

Solids.
Carbonate of potassa

Or«'ni.
0.044
0.()95
0.122
0.009
0.1 SS
0.02S
0.165

Omtni.
0.0!»5

Carbonate of soda

0.123

("iirbonate of magnesia

0.138

Carlxjnato of Iron

0.014

Carbonate of lime

0.104

Pulphate of lime

0.8s6

Silicic acid -

0.114

Total

0.661

Cubic In.
8

974

Oas.
Carlionic acid

Cubic In.
2

For analysis of No. 2, «m Sulphur- Waters.

268

MINERAL SPRINGS.

Properties. — The Alum Springs are beneficial in scrofula^
chronic diarrhoea, eczema, and all skin-diseases depending on
a scrofulous diathesis.

The Chalybeate Springs, containing as they do consider-
able carbonic acid, are agreeable to the taste.

Remarks, — This is a very old and well-known resort,
dating back to 1811. It takes the name from Erasmus
Stribling, who first drew decided attention to the value of the
waters, and made many improvements for the accommodation
of the public. They are sometimes called the Augusta
Springs.

The springs are delightfully situated in a cool and salubri-
ous locality. Tlicy enjoy the advantage of being protected to
the northward by a range of mountains, which enables visitors
to go earli'jr in the season, and remain later in the fall, than
at many other Virginia watering-places.

cSHURGH HILIi ALXTH SPBIXaS.

-\V'.

-I 4

i i

Loration* — Not far from Richmond, 7irgini*i.

Pfi^t.Ofllrr

A AAA00

lii(\M

ANALYSIS

One pint contains (J. C.

Booth, M.

D.):

SotlDS.

Grains.

Chlonde of sodium

. 0.578

Sulphate of potassa

0.306

Sulphate of soda

. 0.243

Sulphate of magnesia

10.758

Sulphate of lime

. 11.104

Sulphate of ammonia

0.080

Persulphate of sesquioxide of iron

. 6.408

Bisulphate of sesquioxide of iron

10.419

Sulphate of protoxide of iron .

. 3.023

Persulphate of alumina

9.116

Silica ....

, 1.303

Phosphoric acid

trace.

Total .

. 63.337

(1854, U

. S. Dispensatory.)

CHALYBEATE WATERS.

250

lo consider-

BEDFORD ALUM SPBINQS.

Location and Post-OfflcCt — Bedford Alum Springs, Dca^ New London,
Bedford County, Virginia.

Acnss* — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria k Manassas Railroad,

and Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, one hundred and ninety-three miles

southwest, to Forest Depot; thence, four miles by stage to tho springs.

From Richmond, via Burkeville, one hundred and thirty-six miles ; via Gor-

donsville, one hundred and sixty-nine miles to Forest Dt;pot,

Uoteh — Bedford Alum.

ana: Y8IS.

One pint contains (Pi-of. William Gilliam) :

Solids. Qrains.

Sulphate of potassa .... 1.270

Sulphate of magnesia ..... 1.683

SulphPte of lime ..... 2.334

Sulphate of alumina ..... .905

Sulphate of protoxide of iron . . . 2.932

Sulphuric acid (free) .... 2.497

Total ..... 11.621

Properties. — This is another of the valuable alum-waters
of the same general character as the Rockbridge alum, though
differing in containing a larger proportion of the salts of
potassa, magnesia, lime, and iron, and a smaller amount of
alumina. They have been found beneficial in scrofula^
chronic diairhoea^ eczema, and diseases depending on an
impoverished condition of the blood. A mass or extract is
prepared from this water by evaporation, which, when dis-
solved in water in proper proportions, is said to possess the
remedial qualities of the water.

Memarks. — Tliis spring is located on the line dividing
Campbell and Bedford Counties. It is within three hundred
yards of the village of New London, of Revolutionary memory.
Here standi the old court-house in which Patrick Henry made
several of his finest efforts, among others the celebrated speech
against the notorious Johnny Hook. These are the nearest
springs to the Peaks of Otter^ rive thousand three hundred
and seven feet above the sea — the highest peaks of the Blue
Ridge, and by many considered the highest in Virginia. Tho
ascent well repays the tourist.

in
1 1

if
■ I

1 '> I

f J ■

i * *

•\i'

200

MINERAL SPRINCa

VARIETY SPRINGS.

Location. — Augusta County, Virginia.

Access. — By Chesapeako & Ohio Railroad. Tho springs are a station
during tlic summer season, one hundred and scvcnty-thrco miles west from
Washington, and two hundred and sixty-six milea southeast from Hunt-
ington.

Hotel. — Variety Springs.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (Prof. Wm. Gilham) :

SouDS. Grains.

Chloride of sodium. .... 0.037

Sulphate of potassa ..... 0.036

Sulphate of magnesia .... 1.455

Sulphate of alumina ..... 4.301

Sulphate of protoxide of iron . . . 0.639

Sulphate of lime ..... 1.666

Free sulphuric acid . . . . 0.1 Tl

Silica 0.142

Total ..... 8.447

Properties. — ^Thia water, known as the "Alum Spring,"
bears a resemblance to the celebrated Rockbridge Alum, and
may be used for the same diseases.

MemarJcs. — Besides the above spring there are others,
termed the All-Healing, the Sulphur, and the Chalybeate.
From the number of diflFerent waters here the name " Variety"
is derived.

Other Chaltbeati Waters. — Fairview Springs, Texas, p. 419. Geyser
Spa, Cal, p. 390. Green Springs, 0., p. 891. Jordan Alum Springs, Va., p.
893. Napa Soda Spring^j, Cal., pp. 334, 896. Porter Springs, Col., p. 442.
Pyrmont, Germany, p. S59. Schwalbach, Germany, p. 859. Shenandoah
Alum Springs, Va., p. 447. Spa, Belgium, p. 859. Sparta Springs, Wis.,
p. 461. St. Moritz, Switzerland, p. 859. Summit Soda Springs, Cal., p.
401.

are a ataiion
kilcs west from
St from Iluut-

Groins.
0.037
0.036
1.455
4.301
0.G39
1.666
O.lYl
0.142

8.447

im Spring,"
3 Alum, and

are others,
Chalybeate.
J "Variety"

.419. Geyser
Iprings, Va., p.
[8, Col,, p. 442.
Shenandoah
Springs, Wis.,
prings, Cal., p.

CHAPTER XIV.

PUBOATIVE WATEES.

These waters are chjiracterized by containing a large pro-
portion either of sulphate of magnesia (Epsom salts), or sul-
phate of soda (Glauber's salts) ; and, as a consequence of these
ingredients, they produce copious alvine dejections. They are
bitter to thp taste, and, in some classifications, are called bitter
waters.

Although many mineral waters act as an aperient, or laxa-
tive, they do not produce active catharsis, and possess other
qualities for which they are esteemed ; while these waters are
used almost exclusively for the purgative effect.

Waters of this class are useful in all cases requiring active
saline purgation, and are especially applicable to persons of
robust constitution, with tendency to abdominal plethora.
They should be used with care, since constant use of saline
purgatives produces decided derangement of the digestive
organs.

It is perhaps needless to say that the familiar name, Epsom
salts, is derived from the name of the purging-well — Epsom,
or Ebbesham — near London, of which sulphate of magnesia is
the active ingredient. These waters, as a rule, act much more
mildly than a simple solution of the active ingredient ; a re-
sult due to the other ingredients present, such as the salts of
lime and chloride of sodium. Those purgative waters are
preferable which contain a considerable quantity of carbonic-
acid gas.

A subdivision of purgative waters, classed as alkaline-pur-
gative waters, of which Carlsbad, in Bohemia, is a prominent

liii

it;

■..

if •,
I i

8i t -.i

: ii

!! '

■■■*■■ ^ I

III
iiii.

2G2

MINERAL SPRINGS.

exaiiij)lc, docs not readily produce purgation. The water, and
those of like character, is applicable to a large class of diseases
to which pure purgative waters are not adapted, such as func-
tional and even organic disease of the liver, gastric catarrh,
gout, gall-stones, etc. {See "Caklsbad," under "Eukopeaij
Spas.")

ESTUX SFRINaS.

Location. — Estill County, Kentucky.

A«ces8. — From Cincinnati, via Kentucky Central Railroad, to Nicholas,
villc, one hundred and twelve niilea south ; thence, via stage, about forty
miles east, to Irvine.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains

(Robert Peter, M.

D.):

SOUDS.

Qroins.

Carbonate of magnesia

• •

0.321

Carbonate of iron

0.166

Carbonate of lime

• •

8841

Chloride of sodium

2.201

Chloride of calcium

f •

0.211

Sulphate of potassa

0.313

Sulphate of magnesia

• •

32.910

Sulphate of lime

3.987

Silica

• •

0.503

Loss

10.736

Total

06.189

Properties. — It will be seen that the Irvine Spring is
largely impregnated with sulphate of magnesia, and there-
fore decidedly purgative.

(For sulphur spring, see " Sulphur "Waters." For cha-
lybeate spring, see " Chalybeate Waters.")

CBAB-OBCHABD SPmNQS.

Location and Post-OtBce.— Crab Orchard, Lincoln County, Kentucky.
Access. — From T,oui8ville, via Knoxville branch of Louisville & Nashville
Railroad, to Crab Orchard, one hundred and fifteen miles southeast.
Hotel. .

ruuoATiVE wati:rs

2U3

be water, and
,8S of diseases
such as fiinc-
stric catarrh,
" EuRorEAN

AN.VLY8I8.»

id, to Nicliola.s.
igc, about forty

OraioB.
0.321
0.166
8841
2.201
0.211
0.313

32.910
3.987
0.503

10.736

C)6.189

le Spring is
and there-

" For cha-

, Kentucky,
lie & Nashville
theast.

Ons I'liit rontilni—

Foley'! Sprlnjf.
II. Tiur, M. 1).

So
R.

wcUr'j Sprtnj{.
P«t«r, M. 1>.

Solids.
Carhonate of magnesia

Gralnt.
0.U5S
trace.
«.6M
2.216
1.289
7.8!^

25.000
1.84!)

6! 46s

4.823

Ormlni.

2.784

I'lirbonate of Iron

trace.

Citrbonato of llino

8.6s9

( 'hlDnde of BoUliirn

7.25)0

Hulpliat* of potassa.

2.172

8uli)liato of Boda

BulphuU) of inat^nosia

2.1)00
21.7-tt

Siil|iliaU) of Umo

11.410

Itrutuiuo

trace.

Blll(«

O.l.'lia

Loss und moisture

Total

ft0.1S2
Not ostimated.

52.148

Gas.
Cartiuuic acid

t estimated.

Properties. — These waters arc chiefly used for the manu-
facture of the Crab- Orchard JSalts, produced by boiling down
the water. Tliousands of pounds of these salts are sold in
the Western States. Tliey prove much less irritant in their
action than Epsom salts ; and, when taken in small and re-
peated doses, are more likely to produce bilious evacuations.
An analysis of a specimen is as follows :

ANALYSIS.

One hundred parts contain (R. Peter, M. D.) :

Parts.

Sulphate of magnesia . . . . .63.19

Sulphate of soda ..... 4.20

Sulphate of potassa . . . . .1.80

Sulphate of lime . . . . • 2.54

Chloride of sodium ..... 4.77

Carbonates of lime, magnesia, iron, and silica . 0.89

Bromine ...... trace.

Water of crystallization and loss . . . 22.61

Total ...... 100.00

Remarks. — The spring called Foley's, in the analysis, is
usually termed Epsom. It is half a mile from the centre of
tlie village, on the Fall Dick road. Sowder's Spring is about
one mile and a half from Crab Orchard ; flow, two hundred
gallons a day.

> "Geology of Kentucky," vol li., pp. 233-289.

2G4

MINERAL SPRINGS.

HABBODSBUBG SFRiraS.

Location and Post-OffieCr — Harrodsburg Springs, Mercnr County, Ken-
tucky.

Aeeess. — From Cincinnati, by the Cinciniiati, New Orleans & Texas Pa-
cific Railroad, to Harrodsburg junction ; thence by Southwestern Railroad,
four miles to the springs.

Dotelt — Daughter's College (Greenville Springs).

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains—

Gmvllle Spring.
Raymond.

Saloon Spring.
Ilaj-mond.

Carbonate of magcoais

Gnlni.
2.b7

b'M

tra^e.
16.16
11 06

Graini,
0.U6

Carbonate of iron

0.86

Carbonate of lime

2.99

Chloride of sodium

1.24

Sulphate of magnesia

27.92

Sulphate of lime

10.24

Total

80.69

48.01

Properties. — The principal characteristic of these springs
is the sulphate of magnesia. This salt is cathartic ; but, in the
presence of the almost equal amount of sulphate of lime, and,
in the Saloon Spring, of the carbonate of iron, the action is
considerably modified, and they are generally laxative.

Dr. Drake, a man of admirable judgment, stated that
" these waters are very beneficial in chronic inflammations and
obstructions of the abdominal viscera ; in such cases of dys-
pepsia as are attended with subacute gastritis ; and in almost
every kind of hepatic disorder, except when the liver is in-
durated and consequently incurable. They are almost equally
beneficial in chronic inflammations of many other parts of the
system, especially of the serous and fibrous membranes."

BEDFORD SPBINQS.

Lofation and Post-Office. — Bedford Springs, Bedford County, Pennsylvania.

Access. — From Huntingdon, a station on the Pennsylvania Central Rail-
road, two hundred and three miles west of Philadelphia, and via Broad Top
Railroad, fifty-two milcr south to the springs. Or, from Cumberland, a sta-
tion on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, one hundred and seventy-eight miles
northwest from Baltimore, and via railroad lately finished, about forty miles
north to the springs.

motel* — Bedford Springs.

PURGATIVE WATERS.

265

rccr County, Ken-

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (68° Fahr. Dr. Church) :

Bo' '(s.

Grains.

Carbol tO of iron

• • • •

0.626

Carbonate of lime .

• • ■ •

1.000

Chloride of sodium

• • • •

1.250

Chloride of lime

• • • •

0.375

Sulphate of magnesia .

• • • •

10.000

Sulphate of lime .

• • • •

1.876

Loss . .

• • • •

0.3V6

Total .

16.600

Oas.

Cubic inch.

Carbonic acid .

• • • •

9.26

Properties. — This valuable water is a purgative-chalybeate^
bearing considerable resemblance in its properties to the cele-
brated springs of Franzensbad, in Bohemia. The cathartic
action of the water is so much modified by the large propor-
tion of iron contained, that it can be taken for a considerable
time without producing other effect than that of a laxative
diuretic^ and diaphoretic. Ihe diuretic action of the water is
very marked.

The waters are decidedly valuable in all cases of aiimmiay
accompanied by abdominal plethora. In engorgement of the
liver they give decided relief, and in gravel and calculus they
are useful. Dyspepsias^ accompanied with constipation in
ana?mic subjects, are subject to their remedial action.

Jlemarlcs. — These springs are beautifully situated in a
valley of the eastern range of the Alleghany Mountains. The
waters break forth from a fissure in the limcstonc-rock at the
base of a mountain-spur. From the spring, terraced walks
lead upward in every direction to the summit, whence a most
beautiful and extended view of the valley and tlie town of
Bedford is obtained.

The hotel accommodations are extensive, and the proprie-
tors have made arrangements for supplying baths of every
description. About two hundred yards distant from tlie main
spring is a sulphur-spring which evolves considerable sulphu-
retted hydrogen. It is said to contain no iron.

til

,!;;iiliii

i'-' 'i

266

MINERAL SFRINOa

BEER SPBINaS.

Location. —

Access.

Hotel.

-, Oregon.

BOLIDS.

Carbonate of magnesia
Carbonate of lime
Chloride of sodium
Chloride of magnesium .
Chloride of calcium .
Sulphate of magnesia
Sulphate of lime
Vegetable extractive matter

Total

ANALYSIS.
One pint contains —

Grolnd.

1.61
. 1.93

1.12
. 0.56

0.6Y
. 6.05

1.00
. 0.42

13.42

MIDLAND WELL.

Location and Post-Offlce. — Midland, Midland County, Michigan.
Access. — From Detroit, via Detroit & Milwaukee and Flint & P^re Mar.
^uette Railroads, one hundred and twenty miles north, to Midland.
Hoteis. — Empire, St. Nicholas, International

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains

(47°

Fahr. S. P. Duffield, M. D.) :

Solids.

Oiains.

Chloride of sodium

. 8.405

Chloride of magnesium

0.228

Chloride of calcium

. 0.647

Sulphate of potassa

. . 8.659

Sulphate of soda

. 2.298

Sulphate of Jinic .

0.464

Phosphate of alumina .

. 0.180

Silica

0.308

Organic matter

. 0.267

Loss

0.334

Total .

. 16.680

» l! ! i

Properties, — Tliis is a purgative water, its action being
chiefly due to the sulphate of potassa, a laxative salt, not used
in modern medicine, but known and much used in the middle
ages as Polychrestus salt, or Paracelsus's Specific. The waters

PURGATIVE WATERS.

267

Grolnd.

1.61
. 1.93

1.12
. 0.56

0.6Y
. 6.05

1.00
. 0.42

13.42

bigan.

nt & Phre Mar.

idland.

D.):
Grains.
8.405
0.228
0.647
8.659
2.298
0.464
0.180
0.308
0.257
0.334

16.680

iction being
alt, not used
In the middle
The waters

are valuable of the class, but observation is necessary to de-
termine their special indicatioLS.

Bemarks. — The well is located in the town of Midland,
the county-seat of Midland County, on the Tittibawassee
River. The flow is about two gallons per minute. Good
facilities for bathing have been provided.

ELGIN SPBINQ.

Locatloni — Addison County, Vermont.

Post-OflBee» — ^Vergennes, Addison County, Vermont.

Access. — Go to Vergennes, a station on the Vermont Central Railroad,
twenty-one miles south of Burlington, and ninety-nine miles north of Bellows
Falls ; thence, three miles south by stage.

Hotel. .

A qualitative analysis by C. L. Allen, M. D., given in the
" Geology of Vermont," is as follows : In one pint there are
about thirty grains of solids, of which the principal element is
sulphate of magnesia. There are also carbonate of soda, car-
bonate of lime, sulphate of soda, sulphate of iron, and car-
bonic-acid gas, five cubic inches to the pint. The water is a
good cathartic.

Other Pcroative Waters. — Carlsbad, Bohemia, p. 362. Franz-Josef,
Hungary, p. 420. Friedrichsthal, Germany, p. 362. Hunyadi-Janos, Hun-
gary, p. 424. Indian Springs, Ga., p. 425. Marienbad, Bohemia, p. 862.
P'goaa Springs, Col., p. 438. Paraiso Springs, Cal., p. 439. PuUna, Bo-
hemia, p. 362. Rocky Mountain Springs, Col., p. 445.

CHAPTER XV.

CALCIC WATERS.

These waters contain tlie salts of lime as principal con-
stituents, usually in the form either of the sulphate (gypsum)
or the carbonate (limestone). In addition, the alkaline carbon-
ates and carbonic-acid gas are sometimes found in consider-
able proportion. The waters are usually limpid, and possess
but little taste, though an exception is met with in the Sweet
Springs of Virginia.

Lime exists in the human body in considerable quantity. It
is estimated there are two pounds of this substance in the bones
of the adult, combined with phosphoric acid, forming a phos-
phate. It also enters into the composition of the blood, saliva,
muscles, nerves, and other organs. It is eliminated by the
kidneys as a carbonate or phosphate, and in certain diseases
of the nervous system the quantity excreted is much increased.

No exact investigations have been made concerning the
physiological action of calcic waters. As a rule, they increase
the excretion of urine, and promote perspiration. They usual-
ly prove constipating, though, when taken in large quantities,
they may cause purgation in some persons. On the skin and
mucous membrane they seem to possess an astringent and ex-
siccating action, which Buchheim thinks is due to a chemical
combination of lime with fatty acid. Upon the urinary appa-
ratus they possess a sedative action.

These waters, especially those rich in carbonate of lime
and carbonic acid, prove decidedly beneficial in diseases of tlie
urinary apparatus, such as catarrh of the bladder j gravel, and
calculuSf and are even preferable to alkaline-waters. That

CALCIC WATERS.

269

waters containing a large proportion of the salts of lime
should be useful in calculus, may seem paradoxical ; neverthe-
less, such is the fact.* It is probably due to their diuretic ac-
tion, and the influence of the lime on the inflamed mucous
membrane of the bladder and urinary passages. They are not
solvents of the stone. These waters are also useful in gastralr
gic dyspepsia. The waters included under this class, contain-
ing considerable alkaline carbonates, prove valuable in cases
of diabetes mellitus.

irinary appa-

BXTTTEBWOBTH SFBINGS.

Locution and Post^fBee.— Grand Rapida, Kent County, Michigan.
Access* — Grand Rapids is a station on the Detroit & Milwaulcco Railroad,
one hundred and fifty-eight miles northwest from Detroit.
Hotels. — Rathbun, Eagle, Sweet's.

ANALYSIS.
One pint contains (64 Fahr." S. P. Duffleld) :

BouDfl. Grains.

Carbonate of soda .... 0.134

Carbonate of magnesia . . . 0.482

Carbonate of iron ..... 0.088

Carbonate of lime ..... 0.724

Chloride of potassium .... 1.227

Chloride of sodium . . . . .1.591

Chloride of magnesium . . . 6.232

Chloride of calcium ..... 0.763

Sulphate of lime . . . . . 9.^ 2

Silica ....... 0.064

Alumina .... 0.061

Organic matter and loss . . . ■. 0.083

Total ..... 20.081

Properties. — This calcic water much resembles, in chemi-
cal constitution, the waters of Bath, England, with the excep-
tion of the exceedingly large proportion of chloride of mag-
nesium which it contains.

Remarks. — The city of Grand Rapids is at the head of
navigation on the Grand River, about forty miles from its
mouth. At this point the river is three hundred yards wide,

^ <Sm Garbonato of Lime.

■

lilt

ill''

i'iii

I ' !

»!!

111!

270

MINERAL SPRINGS.

and falls eighteen feet in a mile. The population is over six-
teen thousand.

The spring is located on Huron Street, near the centre of
the city. Adjoining is a commodious bath-house, with suites
of rooms on separate floors for ladies and gentlemen.

EATON-HAPIDS WELLSi.

Locatico and Post-Office. — Eaton Rapids, ]B<aton Oounty, Michigan.

Access* — From the east take Great Western Hailroad of Canada to De-
troit; thenco, Michigan Central Railroad to Jackson; thence, via Graud-
River Valley Railroad, to Eaton Rapids, twenty-four milea northwest of
Jackson. From east and south go to Toledo ; thence, via Lake Shore k
Michigan Southern Railroad, to Jackson ; thence as above. From Chicago
and the west take Michigan Central Railroad to Jacksoc; thence as de-
scribed.

Hotels* — Vaughan House, Frost House, Eaton-Rapids House, Central

Hotel.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contain*

Solids.

Carbonate of potassa

Carbonate of soda

Carbonate of magnesia. . .

Carbonate of iron

Carbonate of lime

Chloride of sodium

Sulphate of soda

Sulphate of magnesia. . . .

Sulphate of lime

Nitrate of ammonia

SiUclcacid

SUica

Organic matter and loss.

Total.

Gases.

Carbonic acid

Sulphuretted hydrogen.

Uraini.

0.949
0.248
4.S16
0.909

0.483

1.639
0.094

9.188

Oub. In.
2.32

1(4

Oraini.

Oraias.

Gralni.

0.159

0.144

1.446

0.672

•0.542

0.480

0.665

OAM

0.125

0.292

2.nii2

2.429

....

0.112

....

1.811
0.9T8

6.016

6.645

6.748

trace.

• • • ■

0.176

0.817

• • • •

o!ii2

olioe

....

11,246

10.116

8.871

Cub. In.

Cubic In.

1.92

trace.

• • • •

£ O

Gralni,
0.2S4
0.472
0.622
0.2(«
8.513
0.1b7

7.1S7

0.250

12.718

Cubic in.
2

^Properties. — These waters possess the usual qualities of
calcic waters, and, at the same time, from the presence of a

* In this analysis, carbonate of Boda and chloride of sodiom together amount to 0.642
grains.

ii .•

CALCIC WATERS.

271

on IS over six-

r the centre of
se, with suites
jmen.

, Michigan,
of Canada to De-
lience, via Grand-
iles northwest of
ia Lake Shore &
e. From Chicago
ir.; thence as dc-

} Houae, Central

•

'i^.

si 1

^«

=£«!

Oralni.

Gralnii.

0.2S4

»o!m2

0.472

0.622

0.'292

0.2(ia

• • • •

8.513

0.1S7

i.sii

. • ■ ■

0.978

> • • •

5.748

7.1&7

• • I .

• « ■ >

....

0."256

....

8.871

12.718

Cubic in.

il qualities of
presence of a

ther amount to 0.542

proportion of alkaline carbonates, partake of the properties
of alkaline waters. In the French classification they belong
to the mixed bicarbonates.^ The analysis of these wells was
mode before the insertion of the final tubing, and it is sup-
posed the water analyzed contained a notable proportion of
surface-water.

Remarks. — The town of Eaton Rapids is pleasantly situ-
ated on Grand River, and, since the discovery of the wells in
1869-70, has grown rapidly.

Every facility for baths in every form may be found here,
several of the wells being directly connected with the ht»tels.

liESLIE WEIili.

Locadoii and Post-Olfice. — Leslie, Ingham County, Michigan.

AeeesSi — From Detroit, via Michigan Central Railroad, seventy-six miles
west, to Jackson ; thence, fifteen miles north, via Jackson, Lansing & Sagi*
naw Railroad, to Leslie.

notci. .

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (Prof. R. C. Kedzie) :

8oLn>a. Grains.

Carbonate of potassa .... 0.359

Carbonate of soda ..... 0.380

Carbonate of magnesia .... 0.G60

Carbonate of iron . . . . .0.171

Carbonate of lune ..... 2.214

Sulphate of lime . , . . . 0.7 S3

SiUca ...... 0.21G

Organic matter ..... 0.067

Total ..... 4.790

"Gas. Cubic in.

Carbonic acid ...... 1.68

Properties. — This is a calcic water, containing almost suffi-
cient iron to entitle it to be classed with the chalybeates, and,
consequently, is especially applicable to those cases in which
a calcic water is needed, and in which anaemia is an indica-
tion for the administration of iron.

> Set Magnedsm..

ill

!■

;

i(1

[a I

I'll

III

i i

212

MINERAL SPRINGS.

Remarks. — Leslie is an enterprising town of about one
thousand inhabitants. The proprietors of the well have pro-
vided a bath-house adjoining.

HUBBABDSTON WELL.

Location and Post-OfOcei — Ilubbardston, Ionia County, Michigan.
Aeeess. — From Detroit, via Detroit & Milwaukee Ra'!ro'id, to Pcwamo, one
hundred and thirteen miles northwest; thence, six milcR und a half by stage.

lIot«l. — " .

ANALYSES

One pint contains (Prof. P. C Douglass) :
Solids. Grains.

Carbonate of magnesia .... 0.794

Carbonate of lime ..... 2.067

Protoxide of iron . . . . .0.019

Silica ..... 0.017

Total ...... 2.897

Remarks, — The proprietors have erected a bath-house at
the well.

YBLLOV; SPBINQ3.

Location and Post-Offlce« — Yellow Springs, Greene County, Ohio.
Access* — ^Tellow Springs is a station on the Little Miami Railroad, seventy-
four miles north of Cinciimati.

Hotel.— Neff House Park.

One pint contains
Solids.
Carbonate of lime
Chloride of sodium
Chloride of magnesium
Chloride of calcium
Sulphate of lime
Oxide of iron
Organic matter

A^iALTSIS.

(62° Fahr. Wayne and Locke) :

Grains.
2.446
0.019
. 0.021
0.193
0.169
0,049
• . . None.

Total ..... 2.897

Properties. — This water is diuretic, and sometimes laxative.
The union of a proportion of iron with the other ingredients
imparts tonic qualities. The water is a good one, and popular
in the section of country where it is located.

CALCIC WATERS.

273

Jlemarks. — Yellow Springs are beautifully situated on the
banks of the Little Miami River, which here clears a passage
between precipitous banks, fifty feet high, known as the Cliffs.
The surrounding country is undulating, and attractive drives
lead in every direction ; those to Cedars, Springfield, Xenia,
and Clifton (which gives a charming view of the Falls of the
Miami), are particularly delightful.

QETTYSBURQ SPRINGS.

Location. — Gettysburg, Adams County, Pennsylvania.

Access. — From Baltimore, via Northcni Central Railroad, forty-seven miles

north, to Hanover Junction ; thence, thirty miles west, to Gettysburg ; thence,

by street-railroad or omnibus, to the springs.

note].— Gettycburg.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (Prof. F. A. Genth):

SOLIBS.

Carbonate of soda ....

Grftius.
0.027

Carbonate of magnesia

Carbonate of iron .....

0.041
0.003

Carbonate of manganese . . . .
Carbonate of lime .....

0.001
0.627

Chloride of sodium ....

. 0.082

Chloride of lithium ....

trace.

Sulphate of potassa ....
Sulphate of soda .....
Sulphate of magnesia ....
Sulphate of lime .....
Phosphate of lime ....
Fluoride of calcium ....

. 0.026
0.308

. 0.847
0.104

. 0.001
0.001

Borate of magnesia ....
Silicic acid ......

0.004
0.264

Organic matter, with trace of nitric acid, etc.

. 0.088

Impurities suspended in the water, like clay, etc. .

0.138

Total ...... 2.552

In addition, minute quantities of carbonate of copper, sulphate of stron-
tia, alumina, and traces of carbonate of nickel, carbonate of cobalt, and
sulphate of baryta. (1873.)

Properties. — This water is clear, inodorous, and tasteless.

As will be seen by the analysis, it partakes both of an alkaline
13

fl If

274

MINERAL SPRINGS.

and calcic oliaracter, though the salts of lime predoiriinjitc.
The combination is an exceedingly valuable one, and produces
good resub." The water has proved beneficial in grm^el^ cal-
culus, c « of the bladder, catarrh of the stomacfi, ami
dyspepsia. It is said to be efficient in gout and rheumatism,
and that chalk-stone concretions of the joints have been re-
moved hy its use. The dose of the water in the majority of
cases is a gill three times a day, though in some instances it
is recommended to commence with a very much larger quan-
tity, and gradually diminish the dose. The water has been
named Katalysine toater by the proprietors of the spring.

Itemarks. — These springs break forth in a picturesque
valley, a few miles west of the town of Gettysburg. "VVitliiu
view are the Catoctin and South Mountains. The immediate
vicinity of the springs was the scene of the commencement of
the battle of Gettysburg. The value of the water was long
known to the neighboring inhabitants, but it has only been
brought to public notice within a few years. The bottled
water is largely sold throughout the country.

:,.{ ^ :

;i 'I

CLARENDOX SPRINGS.

LoeatiOQ and Post-Officc. — Clarendon Springs, Rutland County, Vermont.

Aceess. — Go to West Rutland, a station on the Rensselaer & Sarato<;ii
Railroad, four miles from Rutland ; thence, four miles by stage, to the
springs.

Hotelt — Clarendon House.
One pint contains

BOLIDS.

Carbonate of lime
Muriate of lime
Sulphate of soda
Sulphate of magnesia

ANALYSIS.

(50° Fuhr. A. A. Hayes, M. D.) :

Grains.
0.38

0.34

Total .....

Gases.
Carbonic acid .....

Nitrogen .....

Properties, — This is a water, the reputed efficacy of which
is not accounted for by the solid ingredients shown by the

0.V2
Cubic in.

1.20

CALCIC WATEIia

215

analysis. The water is remarkable as containing a consider-
a))l(; proportion of free nitrogen gas, an unusual constituent.
It also contains a large proportion of carbonic-acid gas, render-
ing it acceptable to the stomach. It is used as a remedy in
(/ravel f d>/.^pej)sla, and engorgement ofthz liver.

Jientarks. — These springs have been a favorite resort since
the early settlement of the country, and are among the first
ever visited.

An extract from the " Geology of Vermont " runs thus:
" Tradition informs us that their medicinal virtues were first
discovered in 1776 by one Asa Smith, who resided in the
eastern part of the township. He is reported to have
'dreamed' of a spring in the western part of the town, and
full of faith started through the wilderness, and over the high
hills that separate the two portions of the town, in search of
the spring that would furnish water that should restore him to
health. Arriving at the spot, he recognized it as the one he
had seen in his dream, and accordingly at once drank the
water, and bound clay saturated with it on his swollen and in-
flamed limbs." The man is said to have been healed of his
maludy, and thenceforth the water has enjoyed considerable
reputation.

The springs arc delightfully situated amid the green hills
of Vermont, at an elevation of eight hundred feet above the
level of the sea.

*-■ :■!■,

h.lftm

SWEET SPBJUQS.

Location and Post-Offlce.— Sweet Springs, Monroe County, West Vir-
ginia.

AccesSt — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad,
and Chesapcalie & Ohio Railroad, to Alleghany Station, two hundred and
forty-one miles west; thence, ten miles by stage to the springs. From Rich-
mond, via Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, to Alleghany Station, two hundred
and twenty-one miles west. From the west, via Cincinnati and Ohio River, to
Huntington, one hundred and sixty-five miles east ; thence, via Chesapeake
& Ohio Railroad, one hundred and ninety-eight miles southeast, to Alleghany
Station.

Hotel. — Sweet Springs.

;..vf4.'Sfjb

■! f

1 ;!!!Jii

I im

!i'

21Q

MINERAL SPRINiif.

ANALYSIS,

Olio pint contains

(74° Fahr, Prof. W, B.

Rogcrj) :

80LIM.

Uralnfl.

Carbonate of magnesia

0.103

Carbonate of lime .

• • •

3,757

Chloride of sodium

. 0.017

Chloride of magnesitinj

O.OS'J

Chloride of calcium

0.018

Sulphate of soda .

• • •

0.703

Sulphate of mag icsia

. 1,174

Sulphate of lime .

• • •

1.640

Peroxide of iron

. 0.018

Iodine

• trace.

Earthy phosphates

trace.

Silica

t •

0.021

Total .

. 7.5H6

Oas.

Cubic In.

Carbonic acid

• •

11.00

Properties. — These are valuable calcic waters, containinf»
a small proportion of purging sulphate, and a large amount of
carbonic-acid gas. They arc promptly diuretic and diap/ioretic
as a rule, and seldom purgative, the laxative action of the sul-
phate of magnesia being controlled by the salts of lime. The
water much resembles that of Pougues, department of Nievre,
France.

The taste of this water is sweet, and the reaction alkaline.
In August, 1871, 1 took the temperature of the drinking-fouii-
tain, and found it 74° Fahr. The temperature of the baths
nearly corresponds. This water, therefore, is, strictly speak-
ing, a thermal water. The flow of the water is about twelve
hundred gallons per minute — quite a mill-race.

These waters are a valuable therapeutic agent. In di/s
pepsia, depending on atonic conditions, they will undoubtedly
afford relief, especially in those cases attended with gastralgia.
In sterility unaccompanied by obstruction, the water has fre-
quently proved efficacious, no doubt by the stimulant effect
exercised on the generative organs by the carbonic acid in
the bath. But especially is the water valuable in gravel.
Dr. Woodville, for many years resident at the springs, in-

CALCIC WATERa

211

;rs, containing?

formed nie that ho liad never known a case that was not beno-
tited. Its efficacy in gravel appears reasonal)lc, from the fact
that the water of Pougues, which it resembles, has long had a
well-merited reputation in this malad}'. It maybe stated that
tiie Pougues water is applicable by preference to phosphatic
gravel accompanying catarrhal conditions of the urinary appa-
ratus, and this water proves of especial service when catarrhal
trouble predominates.

The waters are largely used in the form of a bath. The
b.ith-building is a large brick structure, separated into two com-
partments. Tlic baths are each about sixty by thirty feet,
and continually replenished by the spring-water, which, fkesh
from the depths of the earth, breaks forth all over the sandy
bottom. As before stated, the temperature of this bath is
about 74° Fahr., but on first immersion it feels cooler. The
first bath should not exceed three minutes. After becoming
accustomed to the shock, one may remain from five to eight
miij Lives, though long immersion is not desirable.

Bemarks. — llie springs are situated in one of the most
charming valleys. Dr. Burke, in his work on " Virginia
Springs," says : " This vale, about five miles in length, and
of an average of about half a mile in width, bounded on the
north by the Alleghany, and on the south by the Sweet Springs
Mountain, may, without disparagement of other beautiful val-
leys, be denominated the Tempe of Virginia."

The hotel is large and commodious, and with the long line
of villa-like brick cottages, sweeping around a semicircle of
one-fourth of a mile, and terminated by the tasteful bath-
building facing the hotel, forms a pleasing pioture. The
neighboring forests abound in delightful walks, and for the
sportsman deer and trout arc easily accessible. The society
is of those who admire el-egance more than display.

The Red Sweet Springs (chalybeate) are but one mile dis-
tant.

BEB,KET.EY SPBINaS.

Location and Post-Offlee Address* — Bath, Morgan County, West Virginia.
Access* — Take cars at any point on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and go

\ )

k
r

278

MINERAL SPRINGS.

llMir^

■ \ ] ■ ■

to Sir John's Run, a station one hundred and thirty miles west of Baltimore,
ou the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad ; thence, two and a half miles by stage, to
the springs.

Hotel • — Berkeley Springs.
One pint contains

SOUDB.

Carbonate of lime
Chloride of sodium
Chloride of calcium
Sulphate of magnesia
Crenate of lime
Crenate of iron
Silicate of iron
Loss

ANALYSIS.

(74° Fahr. A. A. Hayes, M. D.)

Grains.
0.625
0.112
0.026
0.045
0.455
0.010
0.080
0.008

1.361

Total
Flow, twelve hundred gallons per minute.

J^operties. — Strictly speaking, these are thermal waters,
used chiefly in the form of baths. Employed in this way they
have proved of decided value in neuralgia, and in cases of de-
bility they are a most admirable restorative, when the system
reacts well.

For the purpose of bathing every facility is presented.
The flow of water is exceedingly abundant, the stream there-
from supplying several mills in its way down the valley.
This large supply has been utilized so as to furnish baths of
every description. There is a gentlemen's and a ladies' bath-
house, with numerous private baths ; a gentlemen's swimming-
bath, sixty by twenty feet, and five feet deep, containing over
fifty thousand gallons of water ; a ladies' swimming-bath, thirty
by sixteen feet, and four and a half feet deep. Also, a sepa
rate establishment for warm, spout, and shower baths.

Hemarks. — These springs, four in number, issue ^rom tlie
base of the Warm Springs Ridge. The mountain-side is
clothed with a dense forest, which is permeated in every direc-
tion by enticing walks. The springs are respectively named
the " Grentlemen's Spring," covered by a pavilion, supported
by ten columns, and having a spacious lounging-room above for
gentlemen ; " Lord Fairfax's Spring," and the " Ladies' Sprin

imia.

H:l

t; of Baltimore,
ea by stage, to

Grains.
0.625
0.112
0.026
0.046
0.465
0.010
0.080
0.008

1.361

mal waters,

lis way they

cases of de-

the system

presented.

ream there-

the valley.

sli baths of

adies' bath-

swimming-

taining over

bath, thirty

lIso, a sepa

ths.

uc ^rom the
tain-side is
every direc-
vely named
, supported
m above for
es* Spring,"

CALCIC WATERS.

279

also surmounted by a pavilion and open above, for occupation
by visitors or the band. Tlie fourth spring is a small one.

These sj^rings possess an historic intercut. The original
title was vested in Thomas^ Lord Fairfax, who made a grant
of a few acres of land, with the springs, to the State, reserv-
ing to his own use one spring, still known as "Lord Fairfax's
Spring." In colonial times the gentry assembled here, and, in
a rude way, enjoyed the pleasures of the wildwood and the
luxury of the baths. Log-huts and tents formed the only shel-
ter. The day was passed in horse-racing, hunting, fishing,
rambles through the forests, and, at certain hours, in bathing.
The pool was a hollow formed in the sand, and screened by a
tliatching of interwoven boughs of the pines. At a certain
predetermined signal from a tin horn, the gentlemen retired
while the ladies bathed ; and by a similar device the gentlemen
occupied the bath. " Peeping Toms " were dealt with unmer-
cifully. At night, fiddling and dancing were indulged in by the
young, under the cheerful illumination of pine-knots and tal-
low-dips ; while the elders, under the exhilaration of pure " rye,"
recounted stories of the chape, arranged races for the coming
day, and exchanged money at the magic call of thft cards.

In 1777, by virtue of an act of the Assembly of the Com-
monwealth of Virginia, a town by the name of Bath was laid
out. General George Washington being one of the purchasers.
This property is named in his will in the following terms :
" Two well-situated and handsome buildings, to the auiount
of iJlSO ; " and in a note thereto w^e find the following :
"The lots in jiath (two adjoining) cost me, to the be£,t of my
recollection, between fifty and sixty pounds, twenty years ago.
Whether property there has increased or decreased in value,
and in what condition the houses are, I am ignorant, but sup-
pose tliey arc not valued too high."

ALLEGHANY SPRINOS.

Lofation and Post-Office. — Alleghany Springs, Jlontgomcry County, Vir-
qinia.

Acces8t — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria k Manassas Railroad,

" 1

I .

k t

II ' 4 ^1

IPII ^i^i

280

MINERAL SPRINGS.

M-,- '

and Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, to Alleghany Station, two hundred and
fifty-four miles southwest ; thence, three and a half miles by stage to the
springs. From the south and west, via Chattanooga, Knoxville & Virginia,
and Tennessee Railroads, to Alleghany Station.
Uotel. — Alleghany Springs.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (53° Fahr. F. A. Genth, M. D.) :

Solids.

GraiuB.

Carbonate of magnesia

0.037

Carbonate of iron

0.016

Carbonate of manganese .

0.006

Carbonate of lime

. 0.376

Carbonate of lithia

trace.

Carbonate of stroutia .

. 0.006

Carbonate of baryta

0.002

Chloride of sodium

. 0.028

Sulphate of potassa

0.385

Suinhate of soda

. 0.178

Sulphate of magnesia

6.299

Sulphate of lime

. 12.007

Phosphate of alumina

0.002

Nitrate of magnesia

. 0.335

Nitrate of ammonia

0.058

Fluoride of calcium

. 0.002

Silicate of alumina

0.021

Silicic acid

, . 0.091

Organic matter

0.208

Total .

. 19.057

Oases

Cubic In.

Carbonic acid

1.20

Sulphuretted hydrogen

trace.

Dr. Genth also finds minute quantities of carbonate of
copper, lead, zinc, and cobalt ; also teroxide of antimony and
crcnic acid and epocrenic acid. These constituents were not
derived directly from the spring-water, but were detected in
the deposit which forms in the spring reservoir. The flow of
the water is about one-fourth gallon per minute. The taste is
pleasant, without odor or flavor of sulphuretted hydrogen.

Pro2^erties. — It will be seen from the analysis that the
chief constituents of this water are the sulphates of lime and
magnesia, a combination seldom met with. It is allied, by

i ,,

CALCIC WATERS.

281

two hundred and
1 by stage to the
xville & Virginia,

D.):
GrainB.

0.037

0.016

0.006

0.376

trace.

0.006

0.002

0.028

0.385

0.178

6.299

12.007

0.002

0.335

0.058

0.002

0.021

0.091

0.208

19.057

Cubic In.

1.20

trace.

carbonate of
antimony and
3nts were not
e detected in
The flow of
Tlie taste is
hydrogen.
ysis that the
8 of lime and
; is allied, by

the hirgc proportion of sulphate of magnesia, to purgative
waters. As might be expected from this combination, the
action of the water is both purgative and diuretic^ when taken
in considerable quantity. In moderate quantity, however, this
action is not marked, the cathartic action of the sulphate of
magnesia being controlled by the constipating tendency of the
sulphate of lime. The play of the other constituents, of
which Dr. Genth has found so great a number, cannot be
estimated.

This water is very highly esteemed in the treatment of the
various types of dyspepsia^ and it is in this disease that it
numbers the most important cures. It has also proved valua-
ble in engorgement of the Uver^ gall-stones, and habitual con-
stipation.

HemarJcs. — The Allegliany Springs are situated on the
Roanoke River, at the eastern foot of the Alleghany Moun-
tains. The hotel and principal cottages occupy smooth and
undulating hills, while, on either hand, the lofty spurs of the
Alleghanies present attractive mountain-scenery. In every
direction the visitor finds opportunity for the enjoyment of
mountain-climbing and mountain-air. Five miles from the
springs is FlsJier''s View, where an extended panorama of
mountain-summits is presented to the eye. Eight miles from
the springs are Puncheon Run Falls, also a point of consider-
able interest.

BETHESDA SPBINaS.'

Lofation and Post-Offleei — Waukesha, Waukesha County, Wisconain.
Access. — Waukesha is a station on the Prairie du Chien division of the
Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, twenty-one miles west of Milwaukee.
Uotels* — Exchange, American, Fox River House, National.

Properties. — It will be seen from the analysis that these
waters contain 1.027 grain of carbonate of soda and magne-
sia, and 1.478 grain of carbonate of lime, to the pint. They
arc, therefore, closely allied to the alkaline waters, though the
calcareous salt is slightly in excess. The waters, as is usual

See Analysis, page 282.

282

MINERAL SPRINGS.

fi\

i %

with this class, are decidedly diuretic, and have proved ex-
ceedingly efficient in diabetes mellitus, gravel, calculus, and
chronic inflammation and catarrh of the bladder. They are
also palliative in albuminuria or Bright's disease, and by the
increased flow of urine relieve dropsy.

The usual quantity taken is eight to ten glasses a day fur
the first three or four days, and then reduce the quantity ac-
cording to the effect on the urine. In diabetes mellitus, the
usual restrictions as to saccharine and amylaceous diet are
to be observed.

ANAT.TSia

One pint contains

(60° Fahr. C. F. Chandler) :

Solids.

Grains.

Carbonate of soda .

0.109

Carbonate of magnesia

• • •

0.918

Carbonate of iron .

0.004

Carbonate of lime

1.478

Chloride of sodium

0.145

Sulphate of potassa .

• • •

0.057

Sulphate of soda .

0.068

Phosphate of soda

• • •

trace.

Alumina .

0.015

Silica .

• • •

0.092

Organic matter

0.248

Total

3.134

Hemarhs. — Waukesha, an Indian name, signifying " Little
Fox," is a pleasantly-shaded village on the banks of the Little
Fox River. The population numbers about three thousand
five hundred. The climate is cool and refreshing during the
summer months. At a distance of six to ten miles from the
village, at Pewaukee, Nashota, Delafield, Merton, and Ocono-
mowoc, are several lakes much resorted to for delightful drives
and fine sport.

HOLSTON SPBINQS.

Location and Post^fflee.— Holston Springs, Scott County, Virginia.

Aeeess. — From Washington via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad,
and Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, to Bristol, three hundred and sixty-
eight miles southwest ; thence forty miles northwest, by stage, to the springs.

Hotel* — Holston Springs.

k'^

CALCIC WATEiiS.

283

e proved ex-
calculus, and
r. They are
e, and by the

3ses a day for
1 quantity ac-
mellitus, the
50US diet are

Grains.
0.109
0.918
0.004
l.ilS
0.145
O.OST
0.068
trace.
0.015
0.092
0.248

3.134

fying " Little
of the Little
ee thousand
during the
iles from tlie
, and Ocono-
ghtfui drives

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains

(68>^Tahr. Trof. H

ivyden) :

SOUDB.

Grains.

Carbonate of lime .

• • •

.80

Chloride of sodium and muriate of ammonia

.19

Sulphate of soda ,

• ■ .

trace.

Sulphate of magnesia .

• •

. 1.59

Sulphate of lime

• •

2.66

Sulphate of alumina

■ •

. trace.

Phosphate of alumina

• • •

trace.

Total

6.14

These springs are located at the base of Clinch Mountain,
and on the bank of Ilolston River, amid wild and beautiful
scenery. The elevation above the sea is eighteen hundred
feet.

Other Calcic Waters. — Bagncrcs-de-Bigorrc, France, p. 367. Birch
Dale Springs, N. H., p. 384. Blue Ridge Springs, Va., p. 385. Contrcx6-
vlUe, France, p. 367. Glenn Springs, S. C, p. 421. Leuk, Switzerland, p.
307. Tate Epsom Spring, Tcnn., p. 457. Wildungen, Germany, p. 367.

- ' n

Virginia,
lassas Railroad,
[red and sixty
I, to the springs

L lis J'lf

■\

liHiii

■

f "

i i 1

\i'i

'i*

■'

■

'i4

^^ll

, 1

lii

•1 i

CHAPTER XVL

THERMAL WATERS.

All waters possessing an unvarying temperature of 85°
Fahr., or above, are included under this designation. I use
the term thermal in the sense of heat as indicated by the
sensations of the body y although, geologically speaking, " all
springs are considered warm, or thermal, the temperature
of which exceeds, however little, the mean annual tempera-
ture of the place at which they rise." Accordingly, a spring
cf a certain degree would be called warm in Iceland and cold
at the equator. Waters of 85° Fahr. will convey a sensation
of warmth to the hand of most persons on first immersion,
though if the entire body were placed in the water a feeling
of chilliness might be experienced. "Waters of from 70° to
85° Fahr. may be termed temperate, from 85° to 92° Fahr.
they are tepid, from 92° to 98° they are warm, and from
98° Fahr. upward they are hot — all, except the first, included
under the term thermal. In one or two instances springs
below 85° Fahr. have been introduced in this class, being
above the temperature of cold springs, 70° Fahr., and not pos-
sessing decided chemical constituents.

Thermal waters are chiefly used for bathing, and in this
their efficacy mainly consists in the majority of instances.
These waters sometimes contain considerable carbonic-acid
gas, sulphuretted hydrogen, or even chloride of sodium, or tlie
alkaline carbonates ; but, as a rule, they yield but a very small
proportion of mineral ingredients. The manner of using the
different kinds of tepid, warm, and hot waters, is discussed in
the chapter on baths, under the respective titles.

THERMAL WATERS.

285

It has been qucstione 1 whether there is a difference be-
tween the heat of mineral waters and artificial heat. Former-
ly, many held the affirmative, and there are not wanting those
who still hold this view. But there are no observations
that show any actual difference, and those who have investi-
gated the matter in late years have decided in the negative.*
This being so, why are hot or warm mineral waters more ac-
tive medicinal agents than artificially-heated water ? In some
instances the waters are highly charged with gases, or contain
considerable mineral ingredients, but, aside from this, the
uniform and continuous temperature of the water distin-
guishes it from ordinary hot water. The latter is often not
uniformly heated throughout, and from the time it is passed
into the tub is decreasing in temperature, or, if heated by
steam in the tub, is alternating each moment from one degree
of heat to another, while in large pools at the hot springs the
water remains of the same temperature continually. It may
be added that it is impossible to arrange hot spout and douche
baths at home equal to those of the springs. Another advan-
tage is that of specialty. The attendants, the physician, and
every one connected with the springs' baths, acquire dexterity
and precision in their application, which is of great advantage
to the invalid. However we may explain their action, the
fact remains of their efficacy.

These waters are exceedingly beneficial in the treatment
of chronic rheumatism and gout, especially when associated
with stiffening of the joints and concretions. In certain irri-
table conditions of the nervous system they produce a calm-
ing effect, and in neuralgia depending on injuries or inflam-
mation of the nervous sheaths, they are often curative. In
paraplegia, not organic, and in which the muscles are excit-
able by electricity, the use of these waters often wonderfully
hastens a cure ; and the same observation may be made oi

* In a letter to the author, Prof. John Tyndall, of the Eoyal Institution of Groat Britain,
than whom there is no higher living authority on heat, writes as follows : " I am not
noiiuainted with any diffcrenco between natural heat and artificial heat. I ara not
aoiinainted with any thermo-electric conditions that could cause any perceptible dlflferenco
betv een the therapeutic action of natural hot water and artiflclal hot-water "'

'■.-',-',1,:

286

MINERAL SPRINGS.

Other forms of paralysis, excepting hemiplegia, for which
saline waters are preferable. In many of the scaly diseases of
the skill, such as psoriasis, lichen, etc., they are a most efficient
auxiliary in the treatment. They also form a desirable ad-
juvant in the treatment of syphilis by the metamorphosis of
tissue which they produce, aiding and rendering more certain
the action of other remedies.

In treatment of aflfections of the joints the water must be
quite warm, and local frictions should be used. Care should
be taken that persons affected with organic diseases of the
heart are not treated by hot baths.

HOT SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Olfiee. — Hot Springs, Garland County, Arkansas.

AecesSt — Hot Springs is a station on the Arkansas division of the St.
Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway, four hundred and thirteen miles
southwest from St Louis.

Hotels* — Hot Springs, Aiken, Earle, Hale, Rector, "Warren.

I I"

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (93°-150'' Fahr.) :

Solids.

Gk-ains.

Carbonate of magnesia

• ■ •

0.016

Carbonate of lime

• •

0.496

Chloride of sodium

• • • •

0.001

Sulphate of potassa .

0.029

Sulphate of soda .

. . • .

0.047

Sulphate of lime

. . . •

0.014

Sesquioxide of iron

0.013

Iodine .

. • . .

trace.

Bromine

• • •

trace.

Silicate of lime

« • .

0.058

Silica

....

0.233

Alumina

....

0.056

Organic matter

0.088

Water .

. • • •

0.018

Total

1.069

vm-r.

The above analysis is the result of calculating the follow-

THERMAL WATERS.

287

ia, for which
ly diseases of
most efficient
desirable ad-
.morphosis of
■ more certain

(rater must be

Care should

jeases of the

, Arkansas,
vision of the St.
ad thirteen miles

en.

Grains.
0.016
0.496
0.001
0.029
0.047
0.014
0.013
trace,
trace.
0.058
0.233
0.056
0.088
0.018

1.069

ing percentages as given by Prof. E. Hills Larkin, who ana-
lyzed the waters in 1859 ; and combination of the elements
according to approved formulae :

Mineral constituents, 8

i grains per gallon.

Percentage.

Silicic acid

24.74

Sesquioxide of iron

1.21

Alumina

6.15

Lime

. 28.83

Magnesia .

.73

Chlorine

.07

Carbonic acid

21.36

Organic matter

8.31

Water

1.72

Sulphuric acid .

4.49

Fotassa

1.46

Soda .

2.01

Iodine and bromine

trace.

Total

. 100.08

ig the follow*

These waters resemble the waters of Gastein, in Austria,
and PfafFers, in Switzerland.

Properties. — They are very highly esteemed, and deserv-
edly so, in the treatment of chronic rheumatism, gouty con-
tractions of joints, secondary and tertiary syphilis, and neur
ralgia. In paralysis, unaccompanied by organic lesions, they
are of considerable utility. As auxiliaries, in dartrous dis-
eases of the skin, functional diseases of the uterus, and chronic
poisoning by metals — either lead or mercury — they are effi-
cient. Experience proves them to be positively injurious in
affections of the heart or brain, dropsies, and diseases of the
lungs in any form ; and persons laboring under diseases for
which these waters are beneficial, but accompanied by such
maladies, need not journey to the Hot Springs.

How do these waters act ? Principally, if not altogether,
by elevated temperature. Having a continuous flov/ of three
hundred and sixty gallons per minute, and ranging in tempera-
ture from 93° to 150° Fahr., we would expect favorable results
from their judicious use, and we are not surprised to learn of

,• (■f '>it ' I

I! "I

.1! .Ki'jl 1

I I

288

MINERAL SPRINGS.

cures under their employment that have resisted all otluT
modes of treatment. It is asked, " Why not use hot water at
h(jme ? " ]3ecause it is hnjmssible to procure it in sufficient
quantity and of uniform temperature. Some consider that
terrestrial heat possesses peculiar properties, rendering it more
efficient than artificial heat. Dr. G. W. Lawrence, who has
had ample opportunity for observation, holds that " a positive
difference exists in the natural thermal waters of Arkansas and
artificially-heated waters," which he attributes, among other
causes, " to the thermo-electric properties of the thermal wa-
ters." He says, " The natural produces a stimulating sweat ;
the artificial waters a relaxing diaphoretic action^'' These
differences, however, if such exist, are not at present tangible.

In these waters, as in many thermal w-aters, there is a eoii-
fervoid growth, or " moss," which is frequently used by pa-
tients as an external application to painful parts or ulcerated
surfaces. It acts much like a poultice.

Remarks. — It was these waters that De Soto's companions
passed in search of El Dorado, and thought the " fountain of
youth." They are situated in a valley, on the western slope of
the Hot Springs Mountain — one of the Ozark Mountains — at
an elevation of thirteen hundred and sixt 7 feet above the level
of the sea. The climate is pleasant, tli3 temperature seldom
ranging as high as 98° Fahr. during the hottest days of sum-
mer, and the nights being always cool, so that blankets are
desirable. The winters are usually mild and of short duration ;
and the " springs season " begins in xipril and continues till
December.

The springs are fifty-seven in number, flowing, as I have
said, three hundred and sixty gallons per minute. This large
volume of water is utilized for all modes of bathing, by con-
duits, which convey it to the various establishments. The Hot
Springs Hath consists of three compartments : First, a dress-
ing-room, w^here, having disrobed, you enter the bath-room,
the water in the tub having been previously prepared of the
proper temperature ; here you remain for a specified length
of time, bathing in the water and using the hot spout-jet of

THERMAL WATERS.

289

wiitiT on any portion of the body, as may be required. From
the bath you enter into the adjoining vapor-room, the floor of
which is formed by narrow strips of wood, with spaces an inch
and a half between. From these interstices a vohnne of vapor
escapes from the hot water flowing beneath, fdling the room,
and giving it a temperature of about 110° Fahr. Here you re-
main from one to three nnnutes, drinking freely from the can
of hot water previously placed in the room. Afier the vapor-
bath you wipe the surface quickly, till dry, put on your fian-
nelSj dress rapidly, protect the person well with tcarni over-
garments^ hasten to bed, where you remain, in your flannels
and well blanketed, usually twenty minutes, drinking the hot
water at intervals. When the circulation has become tranquil
and perspiration has ceased, the person may rise, but not to
go out-of-doors immediately if the weather is at all chilly.

Within eight miles of the Hot Springs are good sulphur-
icaterSj not, however, improved.

CALISTOGA HOT SPKINQS. ,

Location and Post-Office. — Calistoga Springs, Napa County. California.

AccesSt — From San Francisco, cross the bay by regular boat to Vallejo,
connecting with Napa Valley Railroad direct for Calistoga, three and a half
hours from San Francisco. From Sacramento, go by rail direct to Vallejo ;
thence, as above.

Hotels. — Calistoga Springs Hotel, Mountain House.

Analysis. — ^The principal ingredieT>ta are said to be sul-
phur, iron, and magnesia, sulphur largely predominating.
Temperature, 100° to 195° Fahr. The waters have not been
quantitatively analyzed. (See Appendix.)

JPi'operties. — These springs, belonging to the sulphur class,
and possessing, besides, the properties of thermal waters, are
of decided efficacy in many diseases, such as ffoyt, p)Cirali/sis,
rhewnafis/ii, dartrous diseases of the ski?}, chronic lead-poi-
soning, and, as an auxiliary, in tertiary syphilis.

Hemcohs. — The springs number about sixty, varying in
temperatun; i"om lukewarm to boiling-hot, and distributed
over an area of a hundred acres. The waters are used almost
exclusively for bathing. For tliis purpose a ccmnwdious swim-

■.u

I !

•J.'

It- : :•

,w f

'I,,.

200

MINERAL SPRINGS.

ming-bath has been constructed, in which many persons may
enjoy the pleasures of a plunge-bath at the same tin)e. It is
arranged with the usual conveniences of side-cabinets for dis-
robing and dressing. There are also well-arranged private
baths. A hot-sulphur steam-bath is also arranged, so that the
effects of the water in the form of hot vapor may be procured.
Here also are found the 7noor or mineral-mud baths, similar to
those of Franzensbad and Marienbad, in Bohemia.

Calistoga is one of the outgrowths of our rapid American
civilization. A few years ago the area which it occupies was
a waste ; but, under the energetic management of the proprie-
tor, Samuel Brannan, Esq., smooth lawns and inviting walks
have succeeded the waste places, and embowered cottages al-
lure the invalid. The name was formed by uniting the first
two syllables of California with the last two of Saratoga
though there is not the least analogy between the two as re
gards the properties of the water. Within the lands of the
springs is a large vineyard of many acres, yielding tons of
grapes of the choicest varieties. Here Californians are accus-
tomed to try the efficacy of the " grape-cure," as practised at
Vevay, in Switzerland.

About five miles southwest of Calistoga is the Petrified
Forest, an object of exceeding interest to the geologist or
tourist. Th<. . are found the prostrate remains of a vast forest
of gigantic trees, similar to the towering conifers of tlie
Pacific coast, all converted into solid stone. It is supposed to
be the result of volcanic agency, the surface having been del-
uged with hot silicious-alkaline waters.

Calistoga is the point whence the stage is taken for the
Geysers ; also for Skagg's Sjirings, Harbine Springs, Seigler
Springs, and the White Sulphur Springs.

THE GEYSERS.

Loeation> — Sonoma County, California.

Access. — From San Francisco, by the San Francisco & North Pacific Rail-
road, to Cloverdale ; thence twelve miles, by stage, to the Geysers.
Hotel.— Geyser Hotel.

TUERMAL WATERS.

201

ans are accus-
3 practised at

Analysis, .

Remarks. — " Tlie Geyser Canon ' is half a mile long, the
bottom from one to two rods in width, and the banks shoot up
fourteen hundred feet at an angle of forty-five degrees. Their
surface in most places is whitish, covered with the residuum
of extinct geysers, . . . which has been bleached by the suns
and rains of scores of summers and winters. Here and there,
at wide intervals, are small jets of steam from springs which
are yet bubbling and hissing. Large spots are completely
honey-combed with these faintly-working relics of a onco
tliickly-boiling section. As we walk over them, the ground
occasionally gives way beneath our tread, and we sink shoe-
deep into the chemical deposits.

"The first spring we meet going up the ravine is the
* Alum and Iron Spring,' which has a temperature of ninety-
seven degrees. Incrustations of iron form around it in a sin-
gle night. A few feet farther on is the ' Medicated Geyser
Bath,' having a temperature a few degrees less. . . , Next
is the * Boiling Alum and Sulphur Spring,' with a temperature
of over a hundred and fifty degrees.

"Close by is the * Black Sulphur,' which has about the
same degree of heat. Beyond these are the 'Epsom Salts
Spring' and the * Boiling Black Sulphur,' which boil, bubble,
and roar constantly. The largest of all is the * Witches' Cal-
dron,' whose diameter exceeds seven feet, and is tossing con-
tinually with ebullition. When we saw it the water was
thrown up four or five inches, but we are assured that some-
times it is thrown up two feet. The temperature is one hun-
dred and ninety-five degrees. It is large enough to boil an
ox, and the bottom is of an unknown depth. Large volumes
of steam rise from it, as visible as the puffings from the smoke-
stack of a locomotive. Twelve feet away is the ' Intermittent
Scalding Spring,' which sends forth jets of water of a temper-
ature of one hundred and seventy-five degrees. They some-
times rise to a height of fifteen feet, but the pressure varies at
different times. It is the same with nearly all the springs,

1 J. F. Manning, in LippincotCs Magazine, December, 1870.

« (

■} s

1 "t

292

MINERAL SPRINGS.

; I

and what is seen by one may be very different from what is
seen by another. At no time, however, do the jets cease en-
tirely. As the degree of pressure and the height to which the
water is thrown vary, so does the sound. There are periods
when it is heard at a considerable distance, and again the ear
must be near by to distinguish it.

" The most wonderful and interesting of all the springs is
the ^ Steamboat Geyser,' the play of which resembles exactly
the ' blowing off steam ' in a high-pressure steamboat. A lit-
tle beyond this singular spring the canon divides or forks,
smaller ones branching off to the right and left. Just at the
fork a bold, lofty bluff rises up, which is surmounted by a
tapering rock named ' The Pulpit.' . . , From the Pulpit a
full, fine view is obtained of the entire canon and the imme-
diate surroundings. Besides the springs we have named,
whicli are the largest and most valuable for medicinal pur-
poses, there are numerous smaller ones, numbering, all counted,
about a hundred. Among them is the ' Devil's Inkstand,' -i
small spring, whose product is as black as ink, and serves very
well as a substitute for that article.

" Passing up the bank which forms the upper right-hand
end of the caiion, and taking position on a knoll, we get the
best view of tlie larger springs and their operation. About
two hundred feet below us is the Witches' Caldron, black as
ink, tossing and steaming : farther down are the minor ones,
sending up into the scorching sunlight their gossamer vapors.
We hear distinctly the Steamboat Geyser. It seems as if we
were on the brink of Tartarus itself, while all around, on the
sides and summits, excepting in the spots covered with the
chemicals from extinct geysers, are wild-oats growing abun-
dantly, beautiful flowers, and wide-spreading oaks, under whose
deep-green shade grows luxuriantly a peculiar mountain-grass.
All this vegetation borders closely on the moat barren of all
wastes.

" From this resting-j)lace »ve pass over the ' Mountain of
Fire,' a section filled witli scoics of orifices. . . . Then
comes the ' Alkali Lake,' followed by other springs of boiling

THERMAL WATERS.

293

water impregnated with numberless chemicals. One is a
white-sulphur spring, the water of which is of an amber
purity. Another is the ' Boiling Eye-water Spring.' One of
the guides, a very intelligent German, has put up ten different
specimens of the most interesting and valuable chemicals,
and spring-waters in small phials, for the convenience of visitors,
that they may have in compact and portable form apt tokens
of remembrance of one of earth's marvels. .Near the hotel, in
Pluton Canon, is the 'Acid Spring.' . . . Sweetened with
sugar, it makes a palatable lemonade. About a mile and a
half from the inn is the ' Indian Spring,' so called because the
Indians for many years carried their sick there to be healed.
It is a chalybeate, the water being an inky blackness. . . .
Steam or vapor-baths have been constructed by building sheds
over the springs, so as to imprison the steam long enough to
be used for sanitary and pleasure purposes. The principal
one is in the bottom of Pluton Canon, near the fresh-water
brook, so that, after the warm douche and the vapor bath, the
bather goes a few steps, and finds a plunge-bath of the most
sparkling mountain-water, in an artificial reservoir so arranged
that the contents are constantly renewed."

PASO K3BLES HOT SFBINQS.

Loeation aud Post-Offlce. — Paso Robles Hot Springs, San Luis Obispo
County, California.

Access, — From San Francisco by the Southern Pacific Railroad to Sole-
dad, one hundred and forty-three miles south from San Francisco ; thence by
Btago to the springs.

Hotel.— Paso Robles.

Properties. — From the following analysis it will very read-
ily be seen that this is an exceedingly valuable thermal water,
closely allied in chemical composition to the waters of Aix-la-
Chapelle, in Rhenish Prussia. There is the usual combina-
tion of thermality, considerable chloride of sodium, sulphu-
retted hydrogen, carbonic-acid gas, and an activo amount of

Ings of boiling

294

MINERiT, SPRINGS.

alkaline carbonates.

A water such as this cannot fail to be

wil(

of benefit in very many cases of gout^ chronic rheumatism^ and

a CI

dartrous skin-diseases

; also, in contractions of the joints and

oftc

old gunshot-wounds.

In fine

, it is applicable to all those dis-

ben

eases especially benefited by

a thermal saline-sulphur water.

pur

The immediate effect of the

water is laxative

and diuretic;

In u

the remote, alterative.

less

ANAT,Y8I8.

bly
whi
now
ofl

One pint conUin»—

Main Spring,

\U° Fahr.

Prof. Thomas Price.

Mud Spring,
\n' Fat
Prof. Thomas Price.

SoLins.
Carbonate of soda

Grains.
8.664
0.057
2.S30
0.092
0.818
0.334
0.037
traces.
0.028
0.046
0.171

Grains.
0.643
0.3'23
10.017
trace.
4.281
1.861

o.'iie

0.361

Carbonate of majjnesla

Chloride of sodium

the

Buljihate of potassa

Sulphate of soda.

poo

Sulphate of liino

Protoxide of iron

lodidos and broniidi'S

Alumina

Silica

Organic matter

Total

8.072

Cubic In.

2.31

saturated.

17.585

Cubic In.

10.53
saturated.

Call

Gases.
Carbonic acid

B RtO.I

Bulnhuretted hYdroffen

Remarks. — The name, Paso de Robles, means White-Oak
Pass, so called from the white-oaks grown in the valley. Un-
fortunately, the immediate surroundings of the springs are not
attractive, the valley in which they are situated being flat, and
the mountains on either side low and of a monotonous uniform-
ity. " But let the visitor go over a few miles to the southern
slopes of the Santa Lucia Mountains, and his eyes shall be
sated with color.

" I sat one October morning in a vast amphitheatre, be-
tween the Santa Lucia Mountains and the outer buttcs, or
foot-hills, and gazed upon a mosaic more enchanting than can
be witnessed outside of California. The crest of the moun-
tain bore a straggling . vv of pale-grocn California pines, wliile
here and there a live-oak stood darkly in the unbroken sheet
of gold. Directly before me there was a great sunny moun-
tain, daintily crinkled and dimpled, and thus shadowing the

THERMAL WATERS.

295

nny moun-

vvild grasses, here into a pale claret, there into a cinnamon, or
a cuir^ or a buff, or that exquisitely rich and satisfj ing tint
often seen on California hills when they lie at a certain slope
beneath the sun, and resembling nothing so much as a damson
purple, all rimy crisp with a soft and sunny flush of violet haze,
hi another place, the ripened wild-oats had faded in the dew-
less summer days from their golden splendor to an inexpressi-
bly subdued, tender, creamy tint, like the finest velvet-plush,
which seemed to float over the slope as the merest nimbus,
now creeping a little in the breeze, and now dying with a kind
of lazy, delicious shudder." ^

The conveniences at these springs are such as accompany
the early stage of improvement. There are two swimming-
pools — one for gentlemen, one for ladies. {See Appendix.)

SANTA BARBABA HOT SULPHUR SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Office. — Santa Barbara Springs, Santa Barbara County,
Ciilifoi-nia.

AfCCSS. — From San Francisco, two hundred and eighty miles south, by
Bteamer, to Santa Barbara ; thence, four miles by stage.

Iloteli — Sulphur Springs. (Good accommodations in Santa Barbara )

Analysis. — No quantitative analysis has been made. They
are hot sulphur-waters. Temperature, 60° to 130° Fahr.

Properties. — These waters are valuable in chronic rheumor
tlsnij diseases of the skin, contractions of the joints, paralysis ,
and, as an auxiliary, in the treatment of secondary and tertiary
syphilis.

llemarJcs. — In this connection I insert a portion of a letter
received March 22, 1872, from Dr. M. H. Biggs, of Santa Bar-
bara :

" The Hot Sulphur Springs of Santa Barbara are situated
at the head of a deep canon, about five miles to the northeast
of the town of Santa Barbara, at an elevation of fourteen hun-
flred and fifty feet above the level of the sea. They number
in all seven, and seem to be of two distinct varieties. Those
nearest the head of the canon escape from crevices in the rock,

> Stephen Powers, Esq.

' I

^'jS

; .i-

tip

\m m'

296

MINERAL SPRINGS.

; I

and are four in number, all appearing to have the same prop-
erties, the most sensible of which are free sulphur and sul-
phuretted hydrogen ; their temperature, 114° Fahr. Another
spring is situated about one hundred yards off, in a westerly
direction from the first mentioned; temperature, 117° Fahr.
Its principal constituent is sulphate of alumina, evident from
the thick incrustation of this salt on the under surface of the
rock beneath which this water escapes ; it also tastes strongly
of sulphate of iron, and is said to contain soda and potash,
and a trace of arsenic. The two remaining springs are located
in a branch cailon, about one hundred rods in a northerly direc-
tion from the last one mentioned, and appear to possess the
same qualities, with the exception of the temperature, which is
only 112° Fahr. No thorough analysis of these mineral springs
has ever been made, at least in our time.

" It is said that while this country was in possession of tlie
King of Spain, a corps of scientific men was sent out to thif
coast, commissioned, among other things, to test the proper-
ties of the several mineral springs known to abound here ; and
that in their report they pronounced the Santa Barbara Hot
Sulphur Springs to be the best and most medicinal, and supe-
rior to any other in California ' for the cure of many diseases.'
Whether they came to this conclusion from actual analysis, or
from simply witnessing their effect, is not known. Certain it
is that at the present day they are becoming famous for their
curative effects in many cases of rheumatism, paralysis, vari-
ous diseases of syphilitic origin, and skin-diseases generally ;
and from a persistent use of the waters (drinking and bathing),
many individuals have been cured of such affections."

The climate of Santa Barbara is delightful. It seems more
nearly to resemble that of Monaco and Mentone, on the shores
of the Mediterranean, than any other in America. Through-
out the year the temperature is mild and equable, affording
that opportunity for continual out-door exercise that is so im-
portant to consumptives. From a report by Dr. Tliomas M.
Logan, Permanent Secretary of tlie State Board of Health of
California, we select the following:

TUERMAL WATERS.

297

"Siinta Barbara is the county-scat and principa' town of
the county of the same name. It is built upon a beautiful
slope, rising from the sea-beach, at the southeastern extremity
of a gently-ascending valley, some fifteen miles in length and
two in width, but gradually spreading out to five miles, as it
extends into the interior. The beautiful harbor consists of a
cove, or semi-ellipse, abcut one and a half mile wide from
point to point, indented into the curving shore, and protected
by the overlapping Santa Ynez and adjoining ranges. The
gontly-sloping beach for several miles affords safe sea-bathing
at all seasons of the year At low water an admirable and
pleasing drive, equal to that of Newport, may here be had,
and the interesting drawing of the seine, full of every variety
of fishes, may be witnessed — a most important item in the
dietary of the feeble, from the warmth-giving phosphorus
contained in fish.

" As to the climate of Santa Barbara, it will be seen that,
although lying in about the same latitude as Wilmington, N. C,
yet it is totally diflFerent, and that the isothermal line would be
deflected toward St. Augustine, Fla. Nearly the same cloth-
ing is worn all the year round, and there is no day in the
year in which the invalid may not sit out-of-doors. This
covers the most essential indication in the treatment of con-
sumption, by affording a continuous supply of pure, unadulter-
ated air-food for the lungs. Still, as the climate possesses
some latent peculiarities in its favor, too subtile for ordinary
observation, I shall instance the remarkable phenomenon so
plillosophically noted by Dr. BrinkerhofF, who has resided
here eighteen years :

" ' Some ten miles from Santa Barbara, in a westerly direc-
tion, in the bed of the ocean, about one and a half mile from
the shore, is an immense spring of petroleum, the product of
which continually rises to the surface of the water and floats
upon it over an area of many miles!. Tliis mineral oil may
be seen any day from the deck of steamers plying between
here and San Francisco, or from the high banks along the
shore, its many-changing hues dancing upon the shifting
14

\ 'k

298

MINERAL SPRINGS.

M\'i

waves of the sea, and aflPording various suggestions, both for
the speculative and the speculator. Having read statements
that, during the past few years, the authorities of Damaocus
and other plague-ridden cities of the East have resorted to
the practice of introducing crude petroleum into the gutters
of the streets to disinfect the air, and as a preventive of dis-
ease, which practice has been attended with the most favorable
results, 1 throw out the suggestion, but without advancing
any theory of my own, whether the prevailing westerly sea-
breezes, passing over this wide expanse of sea-laden petro-
leum, may not take up from it and bear along with them
to the places whither they go, some subtile power which
serves as a disinfecting agent, and which may account for the
infrequency of some of the diseases referred to, and probably
f' r the superior healthfulness of the climate of Santa Barbara.'

*' I would add that, during one week's sojourn here, my
attention has been directed to the peculiar ambrosial influ-
ence pervading the air, so well described above, and that 1
indrrse all that has been stated in this respect. That the cli-
mate of Santa Barbara possesses all the elements of general
healthfulness in an eminent degree, is substantiated by the
fact that the epidemics incident to childhood are almost un-
known. Fevers and agues never originate here. Small-pox,
frequently brought from abroad, never spreads, although hun-
dreds of the native population, either from ignorance or preju-
dice, never allow themselves to be vaccinated.

" I have said, when speaking of the prolific yield of the
soil, that it was due to the moist sea-air. On this depends
the deliciousness of the climate. Moist air, either too hot or
too cold, 's injurious. The latter chills the surface and drives
the blood in upon the internal organs. But the moict air in
which we bathe in Santa Barbara is possessed of that happy
combination of temperature with moisture, which, while it re-
freshes, also invigorates and vitalizes equally the whole sys-
tem. The range between the wet and dry bulb thermome'
ters, at two p. m., is usually about four degrees, except on
foggy or raniy days, when they are often identical ; and yet,

5 r •

THERMAL WATERS.

299

tions, both for
ad statements
} of Damaicus
ve resorted to
to the gutters
^^eiitive of dis-
most favorable
out advancing
westerly sea-
a-laden petro-
ng with them
power which
Lccount for the
, and probably
5anta Barbara.'
[ourn here, my
tmbrosial influ-
►ve, and that I
That the cli-
jnts of general
ntiated by the
are almost un-
e. Small-pox,
although hun-
rance or preju-

c yield of the
n this depends
ther too hot or
'ace and drives
he moict air in
of that happy
ch, while it ra-
the whole sys-
ulb tliermome*
ees, except on
tical ; and yet,

strange to say, tlie feeling of chilliness is never experienced.
During the prevalence of a high land wind, the range is occa-
sionally extended to ten or even twenty degrees ; but even
then that feeling of irritation and dryness which attends the
same wind in the more northern portions of California, is un-
known. This occurrence, however, does not happen oftener
than once or twice a year, and then only for a brief period
about the equinoxes.

" The peculiar evenness of the climate is shown in the
following tables, compiled from the meteorological register of
the Rev. J. A. Johnson, the indefatigable editor of the Santa

iSarbara iTess :

' MONTHLY

MEAN.

April, Average of the three da

ily observations,

00.62° P.

May, " " " "

((

62.35° P.

June, " " " "

((

65.14° P.

July,

((

71 49° F.

August, " " " •'

72.12° P.

Sept., " " » "

((

68.08° P.

Oct., " »

65.96° P.

Nov., " '♦ •' "

61.22° P.

Dec, " " " "

52.12° P.

Jan., " " " "

<«

54.51° P.

Feb., '* « « <

((

53.35° P.

March, « " » "

58.12° P.

Average temperature for the y

car.

60.20° F.

COLDEST DAY.

WARMEST

DAT.

April 12th, 60° P.

April 16 th

74° p.

May 15th, 66° F.

May 23d, 77° P.

June 1st, 69° F.

June 3d, 80° P

July 26tb, 76° F.

July 11th,

84° P.

Aug. nth, 77° F.

Aug. 8th, 86° P.

Sept. 23d, 66° F.

Sept. 27th,

90" P.

Oct. 23d, 60° F.

Oct. 20th,

92° F.

Nov. 7th 64° F.

Nov. 20th,

87° P.

Dec. 15th, 52° F.

Dec. 28th,

71° P.

Jan. 11th, 56° F.

Jan. 3d, 76° P.

Feb. 22d, 42° F.

Feb. 28th,

71° P.

Mar. 13th, 56° F.

March 27th, 83° P.

Coldest day in the year, Feb 22d

,42°

P. ; warmest

day in the year, Oct

20th, 92° F. Variation, 60°.' "

'1 'fliJ
i ^ 'iff

aoo

MINERAL SPRINGS.

From the date of Dr. Logan's report, I presume the tabic
above was compiled from records of observations during 1870.

! ]

AOUA CALIENTE; OR, WARNER'S RANCH SPRINGS.

Loeatlont — San Diego County, California.

lecesst — From San Diego, about fifty miles noitboast, in a direct line.

Hotel. . (No improvements.)

Ant^Uysu. — Thermal sulphur-waters,

JRemarJcs. — The following is the description of these spring's
as given by W. P. Blake, geologist of U. S. Exploring Ex-
pedition :

" The Thermal Springs, generally known as the * Agua
Caliente,' are situated on the slope of one of the ridges at the
most eastern part of the valley (Warner's Ranch.) They
have long been resorted to by the Indians for bathing, and
the cure of various diseases. The water boils up from out of a
granite ledge through a number of openings or cleavage-fissures,
and in one place it appears to have enlarged the opening so
that it has become nearly cylindrical. The water flows copiously
from different apertures, and the united streams give a volume
of water about equal to what would be delivered from a two-
inch pipe under a pressure of one or two feet. These openings
are in a slight ravine, which appears to have been the bed of a
brook that is now deflected from its course by a dam built for
the purpose by the Indians. In descending toward the spring
the odor of sulphuretted hydrogen is at once perceptible, and
a slight cloud of steam rises from the water. The tempera-
ture of the water was taken, and the following are the results :

Time, 9 a. m., November 30, 1853.

First, or principal spring

•

• •

142° F.

Second spring

• •

. UV F.

Third spring

•

■ •

140° F.

Fourth spring

• •

. 140° F.

Fifth spring, ten feet distant

•

• •

136° F.

Stream below the springs

• •

. 130° F.

Stream above the springs

•

• •

58° F.

Air .

• •

^4° F.

.1 , J

TUERMAL WATERS.

301

3ume the tabic
s during 1870.

C SFRINas.

I a direct line.

if these springs
Exploring Ex-

as the ' Ajrua
3 ridges at the
^anch.) They
r bathing, and
p from out of a
javage-fissures,
;he opening so
flows copiously
give a volume
d from a two-
lese openinf^s
in the bed of a
dam built for
^ard the spring
rceptible, and
The tempera-
re the results :

142° F.
141" F.
140° F.
140° F.
136° F.
130° F.

58° F.

H°F.

" Bubbles of sulphuretted hydrogen were constantly escap-
ing, and the water was highly charged with it ; and had an
acid taste that was quite agreeable. There was only a slight
deposit or incrustation on some of the rocks (consisting of
sulphur). A small jet of steam was constantly issuing from a
crevice near the main spring, producing a slight hissing sound
like steam from a leak in a boiler." — ( Government Explora-
tions for Pacific Railroad^ vol. v., p. lOG.)

SAN BERNARDINO HOT SPRINGS.

Loratlon* — San Bernardino County, California.

Access* — From the town of San Bernardino, about fifty miles northeast
from Los Angeles ; thence, about five miles distant.
IIoteK . (No improvements.)

Analysis. — Pure and calcic thermal waters.

Remarks. — ^These springs are situated on the flanks of
Mount San Bernardino. They are described as follows, by
W. P. Blake, geologist of the U. S. Survey, "who visited them
between the 3d and 6th of November, 1853 :

"The warm and hot waters gush out from the granitic
rocks on the flanks of San Bernardino and adjacent heights.
In one place the springs are so numerous, and the water rises
in such volume, that a good-sized mill-stream of hot water is
formed, which flows down into the valley, and is one of the
principal tributaries of the Santa Anna River. This brook of
hot water retains a temperature of 100° Fahr., three or four
miles from its source.

" I visited several of the springs on the sides of the Sierra,
between San Bernardino Mountain and the Cajon Pass, near
the saw-mill road. ... It was evident that the adjacent
granite was very near the surface, as shown by one or two
outcrops, from one of which the hot waters issued. Small
springs rise at intervals of ten or twenty feet along a distance
of thirtv or forty rods. Their waters unite, and form a little
stream that empties into the brook a short distance below.
The banks of the stream were thickly overgrown with grass.

» !

';i

' \- J

302

MINERAL SPRINGS.

' i

A dense mass of beautiful green confervoe grew from the bot-
tom and sides of the cliatmel, and floated in rich waving
masses in the liot water. In the immediate vicinity of the
springs, however, no vegetable growth was visible. The
rocks and gravel in contact with the water were covered with
a snow-white incrustation, and little twigs and leaves that had
fallen into it wera softened to a white, pulpy mass, and were
partly incrusted. This was also the case with insects tliut
were lying dead in the shallows of one of the springs, but I
could not observe that in either case any petrifaction or in-
ternal deposit of mineral matter had taken place. The follow-
ing temperatures were observed : 172, 169, 1G6, 130, 128, 108°
Fahr. The temperature of the hot stream below all tlic
springs was 130° Fahr., and the mountain-brook only G5°
Fahr. Temperature of air, 76° Fahr.

" The white crust was not found in equal quantities at all
the springs. It appeared to be most abundant at one of
them. . . . An analysis of the crust (by J. D. Easter, Ph. D.)
since the return of the expedition, gave the following results :

" The aqueous extract contained only a small proportion
of chloride of sodium. In hot hydrochloric acid the mass dis-
solved with strong effervescence, leaving a residue of sihca
and alumina. The solution contained —

Lime (carbonate) chief constituent.

Silica (soluble in acid).

Magnesia.

Alumina and oxide of iron, traces.

Phosphoric acid, trace.

"The springs are estimated to be at least five hundred
feet above the level of the Santa Anna, at the Mormon settle-
ment, and thus nearly sixteen hundred and eighteen feet above
the sea.

" These springs are not the source of the large stream of
water first referred to. It takes its rise farther eastward, near
the mountain of San Bernardino. I regret that I could not
visit its source, as the springs must be of great volume and
high temperature to send forth such a large stream of water

THERMAL WATERS.

303

letainiug its temperature a long distance from the mountains.
1 was informed there are several other localities of hot springs
along these mountains, and there are, no doubt, many that
have not yet been discovered. The large stream of hot water
appears to be nearly pure." — ( Government Explorations for
Pacijic Jiailroadj vol. v., pp. G3, G4.)

SKAOGS'S HOT SPBINOS.

Location and Post-Offlce* — Sonoma County, California.
Access. — From San Francisco, by San Francisco & North Pacific Railroad,
to Ileaidsburg ; thence, twenty miles, by stage.
Ilotel. — Skagg's Springs.

Analysis. — None.

Remarks. — " There are three springs open at present :
That nearest the hotel is impregnated with sulphur, iron, and
borax. . . . Temperature varies from 138° to 130° Fahr. The
second spring, about one hundred yards distant, contains
manganese, iron, sulphur, and soda; temperature, 138° to
140° Fahr. To the left, and nearly opposite the spring just
described, is the iron spring situated on a knoll. The canon
in which the hotel is located contains several trout-streams
affording excellent fishing. There is also an abundance of
game, such as deer, quail, rabbits, etc." '

* I

!<^

ks-

GILROT HOT SPBlCBTaS.

Location. — Santa Clara County, Califoi'nia.

Post-OflSee. — Gilroy, Santa Clara County, California.

Access* — From San Francisco, by Central Pacific Railroad, forty-seven

miles south to San Joso ; thence, miles south by Southern Pacific

Railroad, t(> Gilroy; thence, miles south by stage, to the springs.

Hotel. — Gilroy Springs.

Analysis. — None.

LAKE TAHOE HOT SPRINGS.

Location. — On the borders of Lake Tahoe. The lake is on the eastern

ooundary of California, and lies partly in Placer and partly in El Dorado

County.

> Corrsspondence of a California paper.

11 mIiLIi:

ii i ii

l^'i!'

I I

■■y^;

304

MINERAL SPRINGS.

AccesSi — Go to Truckee, a station on the Pacific Central Railroad, two
hundred and fifty-eight milca east from San Francisco; thence, by stage, to
the springs.

Ilotcit (at Truckee, the Kennebec and the Truckee).

AncUyais. .

Remarks. — ^This is an interesting mountjiin resort, about
six thousand five hundred feet above the sea. At the Hot
Springs a steamer conveys passengers across the lake, and re-
turns, in one day.

IDAHO HOT SPBINQS.

Location and Po8t-0fflee« — Idaho Springs, Clear Creek County, Colorado.
Access. — Go to Denver ; thence, by Colorado Division of Union Pacific
Railroad, thirty-eight miles.

Hotels*— Beebe Uousc, Springs Uouse.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (85° to 115° Fahr. J. G. Dohle):

SoLiDB. Gratais.

Carbonate of soda ..... 3.86

Carbonate of magnesia .... 0.36

Carbonate of iron ..... 0.62
Carbonate of lime . . . . .1.19

Chloride of sodium .... 0.62

Chloride of magnesium .... trace.

Chloride of calcium .... trace.

Sulphate of soda ..... 8.67

Sulphate of magnesia . . . . 2.84

Sulphate of lime ..... 0.43

Silicate of soda . . . . . 0.61

Total
Flow, one hundred gallons per minute.

18.39
(1870.)

Properties. — In chemical ingredients and temperature
these waters are of the nature of the celebrated Carlsbad wa-
ters in Bohemia, though not equal in the amount of constitu-
ents, or height of temperature. They are valuable waters —
especially useful in rheumatism^ cutaneous disea^s^ contrac-
tions of joints, tertiary syphilis, etc.

HemarJcs. — Idaho, within the range of the Rocky Moun-

'%^ ''m

THERMAL WATEllS.

306

tains, and seven thousand ei«^ht hundred foot above the sea,
presents an altogetlier Alpine character. "The scenery is
Swiss-like in ev(?ry particular. Snow always in sitfht, cas-
Ciides, the rushing roar of sparkling waters, rounded moun-
tains, beetling crags, and grand, barren clilFs, 'rock-ribbed
and ancient as the sun.' The town itself is built in a broad,
fertile valley, irrigated with ditches and enlivened by the
sound of waters. The hill-sides, cut by deep canons, rise up
g(M»tly in some places, in others abruptly ; here, covered with
grass, and there with pine-forests. The emerald of the val-
ley, dotted with its white houses, is picturesquely succeeded
by the deep green of the mountain-slopes, whose dense forests
stand out clearly defined, mingling with a sky of an Italian
blue, and transparently beautiful." '

There are two large bathing establishments, known as the

Ocean Bath and the Mammoth Bath, having pools : one, twenty

ly forty, and four feet deep ; the other, thirty by fifty, and five

feet deep. There are also arrangements for private baths Qf

any desired temperature.

MIDDLE PARK HOT SPRINGS.

Loeatlon. — Middle Park, Grand County, Colorado.

Access* — Go to Denver, via Kansas Pacific Railroad ; thence, seventeen
miles west, via Colorado Central Railroad, to Golden City ; thence, thirty-two
miles by stage, to Georgetown or Empire ; thence, fifty miles horseback over
Bcrthoud Pass. Or, from Denver, thirty-four miles west, via Colorado Cen-
tral Railroad, to Central City ; thence, fifty-five miles horseback over the
James Peak route. Or, from Central City by wagon or carriage, fifty-five
miles, over the South Boulder route. Camp out on the way.

Hotel.— Middle Park Springs.

Analysis. — See Appendix. They are said to bo of the
sulphur class, and range in temperature from 111° to IIG**
Fabr. Flow, two hundred gallons per minute.

Hemarlcs. — These springs are no doubt destined to be a
very popular resort. Situated as they are, on a mountain-
bound plateau eight thousand feet above the level of the sea,

• Correspondence of Rev. II. C. Waltz.

MINERAL SPRINGS.

" 3

I'fi

( >

under a cloudless sky, and surrounded by the attractions of
mountain scenery and the chase, they cannot fail to receive
visitors.

The atmosphere is cool and exhilarating, and bathing in
the water delightful. With all the inconvenience that at-
tends a journey thither, and the necessity of camping out,
ovfT five hundred persons were there during the month of
July, 1871.

The favorite route to the springs is by the way of Berthoud
Pass. Having arrived at Georgetown, the tourist procures
saddle and pack horses, and guides. The first day's journey
will be over the summit of the range, eleven thousand feet
above the soa, and through a dense forest of timber for fourteen
miles beyond, to the " head of the park." Here camp is
usually made. The next day's ride is down an open valley o
arm of the park, following for some miles the course of
Fraser's River. The route by South Boulder Pass is tedious
and difficult, the road passing over the extreme summit of the
range, more than 12,000 feet above the sefi, where snow-
storms are not unusual in July and August. The James Peak
route is one of the most interesting, the road winding around
the mountain, one of the highest points in the range ; and the
ascent easily made. All the roads, however, after crossing
the mountains, meet together in the valley of the Fraser
River. Thence the roiid is a pleasant carriage-drive along
meadows-like valleys, with timbered ridges or table-lands, to
the right and left. The grass is of luxuriant growth, and
great variety. Clover of several kinds, and the blue flowering
flax, are seen everywhere. All through late spring and early
summer the prairies are bright with flowers, and the air laden
with their fragrance. Delightful camping-places are seen all
along the route, and days or weeks can be whiled away in
Arcadian simplicity and enjoyment.

Arrived at the springs, there are several houses, a little
trading establishment, and a primitive blacksmith-shop. Tlie
springs, many in number, arc grouped together on an embank
mcnt, three hundred feet from Grand River, and about thirty

t !lf

THERMAL WATERS.

307

foct above it. The stream, formed by the united overflow of
the springs, is from three to five inches deep, and four to six
feet wide. The flow is probably much greater than that re-
corded. The sources vary in temperature from 111° to 116°
Fahr. Curiously enough, on the opposite side of the river
is a cold sulphur-spring.

The bath is a natural basin in the rock, fifteen by thirty
feet, and four feet deep. It has been housed and roofed.
The temperature of this bath is about 109° Fahr.

In this distant region the sportsman readily gratifies his
iuclination. All the streams abound in trout, and the forests
are frequented by elk, deer, antelope, and mountain-sheep.
During the season, grouse and water-fowl shooting may be
indulged.

Grand Lake, twenty-seven miles northeast from the springs,
is another attraction. The road is up the valley, and is an ex-
ceedingly pleasant one. The lake is at the extremity of a
deep cove in the main mountain-chain. On three sides it is
overshadowed by frowning cliffs, while on the other is a nar-
row gap between high wooded hills, through which the river
inukes its exit, and the road enters. Thick forests of tall pines
come down on all sides to the water's edge, separated there-
from only by a narrow beach of clean-washed white sand.
The water is very deep, and clear as crystal. Most astonish-
ing echoes are sent to and fro over its waters, the sound re-
verberating back and forth from cliff to clifi^.

Near the springs are many patches of agate, where moss-
agate, chalcedony, and amethyst, may be found.

r 4 .

i' .

( I

il '■

^■'nh

, i.,-^

WABM SFBINGS.

liOCation and Post-Offlee. — Warm Springs, Madison County, North Caro-
lina.

Awess.— Goto Morristown, a station on the Virginia & Tennessee Rail-
road, one iiundred and fifty-four miles northeast from Chattanooga, and four
iiundred and seventy miles southwest from Washington ; thence, via Cincin-
nati, Cumberland Gup & Charleston Railroad, thirty-nine miles, to Wolf
Creek ; thence, eight miles by stage or omnibus, to the springs. The WcBt-

•- -> »^ I

a ■

!■'

iiH

iii

308

MINERAL SPRINGS.

era North Carolina Railroad, from Salisbury via Asheville, is completed to
the springs.

Hotel. — ^Warm Springs.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contolni —

Ikthintr Sprin|;a.

10a° Fahr.

a'.. Adelmarth,

M. D.

Drinltin)., Siirinpfi.

97° Fnhr.

E, Aiit'lumrtli,

M, D.

SoUDB.

Chloride of potassium

Graina.
0.(l3i)
0.114
0.027
1.263
0.045
1.128
0.168
6.110
1.121

Grafna.
O.OfW

Chloride of sodium

137

Chloride of magnesium

0.(!46

Chloride of calcium

1.1 IS

Sulphate of potassa

0.05'J

Sulphate of soda

1.113

Sulphate of magnesia

1.016

Sulphate of lime

5.067

Soluble silicates

1.192

Total

9.015

Cubic in.
1.87
0.22

9.811

Gases.
Carbonic acid

Culilc in.

1.34

Sulphuretted hydrogen

0.31

Properties. — Chemically considered, these are calcic-sul-
phur waters, bearing considerable resemblance to the well-
known baths of Leuk, in the valley of the Rhone, Switzerland.
They are valuable thermal waters and are efficacious in chronic
rheumatism^ gout, paralysis, dartrous skin-diseases, and irrita-
ble conditions of the urinary apparatus. They also are useful
in certain cases of amenorrhcea and dysmenorrhoea,

Memarks. — The Warm Springs are at an elevation of sev-
enteen hundred feet above the sea, surrounded on all sides by
pine-covered mountain-summits, save the gorge and valley
where the French Broad River has worn its pathway. The
hotel and cottages arc included in an area of about one hun-
dred and fifty acres, well shaded, and interwoven with winding
walks. The scenery of the region is exceedingly wild and
beautiful. The banks of the river are precipitous in many
places, at the springs being over one hundred feet in height.
At a distance of some two miles from the hotel is Lover's
Leap, an elevated point frequently visited by tourists, whence
a far-extended view, for many miles, is had of the winding and
turbulent river and the enclosing mountain-peaks. The climate

THERMAL WATERS.

309

3, is completed to

[S.

Drinking Siiringi.

97° Ftthr.

E. AdBluiarth,

M, D.

Grafns.

0.0»);j

0.137

().(!46

1.118

0.05'J

1.113

1.016

5. OCT

1.192

9.811

CuMc ill.

1.34

0.31

are calcic-sul-
3 to the well-

, Switzerland,
ous in chronic
'.seSj and irrita-
Eilso are useful
icea.

ivation of sev-
)n all sides by
je and valley
athway. The
)out one hun-

with winding

gly wild and
tous in many
set in height.
tel is Lover's
Lirists, whence

winding and
The climate

is cool and bracing, the severe heats of summer being un-
known.

The springs are near the banks of the river. One, the
largest, is enclosed by a brick-wall laid in cement, and has a
bath-house built over it. The bath is divided into two com-
partments — one for ladies, the other for gentlemen. The
swimming-baths are about twenty by thirty feet, and four and
a half feet deep. The mean temperature of the ladies' bath
is 102° Fahr. ; gentlemen's, 100° Fahr. The flow of water is
constant, averaging nine gallons per minute.

AQTJA CALTENTE.

Location. — Mesilla County, New Mexico.

Access. .

Hotel* (Unimproved).

Hemarks. — This spring is described as follows by T. Anti-
sell, M. D., geologist of United States Exploring Expedition :

" Between the Mimbres and Ojo de la Vacca, and close to
trail leading from the former to the copper-mines, is that re-
markable spring known as the ' Agua Caliente.' It lies about
five miles from the river.

" Where the springs issue out is a mound or bank of tu-
faceous deposit, formed by the overflow of the spring at some
former time, previous to the side-channels being formed. This
mound is twenty feet above the valley-level and two and one-
half feet above the level of the water in the spring, showing
that the spring, by deposit of carbonate of lime from its wa-
ters, has formed a basin-wall for itself, and allowed its level to
be raised above the surrounding valley. This calcareous basin
is twenty-five feet across and does not show bottom, except
around the edges, which are rocky ; a twelve-foot pole thrust
into the middle did not find bottom. The temperature of the
spring was 130° Fahr. at the surface. From one point below
bubbles of gas arose in great abundance (carbonic acid). The
water is agreeable to the taste." '

» " Government Explorations for Pacific Railroad,'' vol. vii., p. 156.

- {

•f' k'i

tut: ■ «g .RM

310

MINERAL SPRINGS.

. !

1 i *

WARM. SPRINGS.

Location and Post-OflSee. — Warm Springs, Merriwether County, Georgia.
Aeeess. — Warm Springs are twelve miles by coach from Chipley, a sta-
tion on the Columbus & Rome Railroad
Iloteh — Warm Springs.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (90° Fahr. Prof. A. Means) :

SoLiBP Grains.

Oxide of magnesi a . . . . 11.68

Oxide of calcium ..... 4.64

Protoxide of iron ... . 2.14

Total ..... 18.46

Gases. Cubic in.

Carbonic acid . . , . 1.11

Sulphuretted hydrogen .... trace.

The above bases are combined with carbonic acid, forming
carbonates. A new analysis of this water is needed.

JKemar/cs. — These springs are situated on a spur of the
Pine Mountain. The flow is fourteen hundred gallons per
minute ; and, as a consequence of this large supply of water,
every facility for bathing is offered. The height of the springs
above the sea is eighteen hundred feet. Surrounding the
springs are walks, terraces, and grottos, and the usual accom-
paniments of springs resorts. Within the enclosure there is a
sulphiu'-spring ; while three-quarters of a mile distant is the
cold spring^ an acidulous chalybeate, discharging, it is said,
five thousand three hundred and forty-one cubic inches per
hour of carbonic-acid gas, from a surface about five feet square.
The drive thither is delightful — a fine pebbled road, leading
through a skirt of wood, beneath the shade of mountain-oak,
chestnut, and pine.

LEBANON SPBINQS.

Location and Post-OIBce. — Lebanon Springs, Columbia County, New York.

Access* — From New Yoric, via Ilarlem Railroad, direct to the springs, one
hundred and lifty-five miles north. Or take Hudson River day-boat to Hud-
son; thence, by Hudson & Boston Railroad, to Chatham Four Corners;
thence, by Harlem Extension Railroad to the springs, twenty-seven miles
north From the cast, talie Boston & Albany Railroad to Chatham Four

THERMAL WATERS.

311

Corners ; thence as described. From the west, go to Albany ; thence, by
Boston & Albany r:^ilroad, to Chatham Four Corners ; thence as described.
From the north, go to Rutland ; thence, by Harlem Extension Railroad, to
the springs, eighty-one miles south.
Iloteli — Columbia Hall.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (73° Fahr. Frof. H. Dussanoe) :
Solids. Grains.

Carbonate of soda . . . . . 0,301

Carbonate of lime . . . • • 0.506

ChU . "do of sodium . . . . 0.120

Sulphate of potassa . . . . .0.130

Sulphate of magnesia . . . . 0.132

Sulphuret of sodium ..... 0.002

Oxide of '.ron ..... 0.117

Alumina ....... 0.056

Silicic acid ..... 0.406

( Glairine . . . 0.094

Organic compounds < , .

Total
Gases.
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbonic acid

Total

1.183

3.047
Cubic in.
0.25
0.44
0.06

0.75

This spring claims our attention as being the only ther-
mal water in New York, or the New-England States. The
temperature — 73° Fahr. — is about the same as the old Sweet
Springs of Virginia. The discharge fronfi the spring is large,
being estimated at five hundred gallons per minute. Eleva-
tion, one thousand feet above the level of the sea. The water
is principally used for bathing.

But a short distance from Lebanon Springs is the village
of the Brick- Yard Shakers, where there is a chalybeate spring
which Prof. Briggs reports as highly charged with iron.

i2emarA?«.— Lebanon Springs have been a favorite resort
since tlie earliest settlement. It is related that one of our
Revokitionary fathers stopped at the spring to water his horse,
•lad, while there, carelessly thrust the end of his freshly-cut

i -t

312

MINERAL SPRINGS,

whip in the soft earth and rode away. Soon roots were
formed, leaves appeared, and from that woodman's whip has
grown the beautiful sycamore-tree that stands near the spring.
The salubrity of the climate, and beauty of scenery, com-
bine to make this an exceedingly attractive resort. The val-
ley is enclosed by gently-receding hills, from the summits of
which extended views may be had. From a point on Gilbert
Hill sail-boats may be seen on the Hudson in clear weather,
and far beyond the blue outlines of the Catskill Mountains.
Pleasure-drives are numerous. The valley roads to Queechy
Lake, or the Williamstown or Nassau road, are exceedingly
attractive. But the road from Lebanon to ^ittsfield, over the
Taghanic Mountains, is unsurpassed. From the summit there
is a view of the entire country for sixty miles in every direc-
tion.

UU ;

\ i

PUEBLA HOT SPRING.

LocatiODt — Humboldt County, Nevada.

Access. .

Hotel. . (Unimproved.)

Analysis. .

Remarks. — Fiom the ])roceedings of the California Acad-
emy of Sciences I extract the following : " Dr. Blake made
some remarks on the extent of the deposits that had been
formed by the Hot Spring at Puebla, in Humboldt County,
Nevada. He had caused specimens of the eaith to be taken
at different depths, and from spots situated in different direc-
tions and distances from the spring. The farthest spot at
which these explorations had been made was at a distance of
one hundred and fifteen yards from the spring, in a north-
westerly direction, and here, to the depth of five feet, the
earth contained a large number of diatoms of the same species
as those obtained from the spring — in fact, a large portion of
the soil was composed of diatoms, evidently formed in the
water of the Hot Spring. From the earth obtained to the
south of the spring few diatoms were found, and, in these, but
two or three were of the same species as those growing in the

il \ ii I

THERMAL WATERS.

313

Hot Spring. The time in which a small surface like the out-
let of the Puebla Hot Spring — about thirty yards long and
two feet broad — would require to produce thousands of cubic
yards of this infusorial earth, almost transcends the power of
the imagination to conceive ; and yet this process can only
have been going on during the present geological epoch, or
since the surface of this portion of the globe has been subject
to any disturbance."

VOLCANO SPRINGS.

Loration. — Lander County, Nevada.

Access. — From Beowawe, a station on the Central Pacific Railroad, four
hundred and seventeen miles east of Sacramento, ride miles south-
east

Analysis. .

Remarks. — From a description by Colonel Albert S. Evans,
in the Overland Monthly , February, 1869, 1 extract the follow-
ing:

" Across the valley, some six miles to the southward, half-
way up the western slope of a hill, perhaps six hundred feet
in height, we saw a long table-land of mesa, white upon the
top, and with long ribbon-like streaks of blue and white run-
ning down thence to the plain below. This had been desig-
nated as the locality of the Volcano Springs, but, beyond the
discolorations mentioned, there was nothing to attract the
attention of a traveller, and one might pass the point a dozen
times without being made aware of their existence. * There
she blows,' exclaimed one of my companions after we had
ridden on in sight of the place for some minutes. Looking
up, I saw a long jet of white steam slioot far up into the air
from the top of the mesa. Another and another ibllowed, and
in a few minutes a dozen or more were rising from different
parts of the hill-side, and one or two from the plain at its foot.
Half an hour's gallop brought us to the foot of the hill. Some
time before we reached it we heard a noise as of many steam-
engines working away in some huge factory, and as we forced
our horses up the steep acclivity over ground that resounded

■'•»,

''lA

' \ '

K-

' IlihW:

314

MINERAL SPRINGS.

■f'

< i

.:i

beneath their tread, hollow and cavernous, we heard other
pounds emanating from the deep bosom of the mountain.
Dismounting, we hitched our panting, half-frighted horses to
a huge honey-combed rock, and approached the opening in the
earth from which the steam was escaping. The orifice might
have been ten inches in diameter, and from it poured a stream
of scalding water clear as crj'stal, while a column of steam
rose forty or fifty feet into the air. The whole mesa appeared
to be composed of lime, soda, and sulphur deposits, the grad-
ual accretion of years, and was blistering with a fierce heat
from the undying fires below. It was as if we were walking
over the surface of a freshly-burned lime-kiln, on which ruin
had just been falling. The orifice was round, and had the
appearance of having been artificially lined with coarse porce-
lain. It was higher than the hill around it, showing clearly
that it was gradually rising steadily from below by the accu-
mulation of its own deposits, as a brick chimney increases in
height as brick after brick is added to it by the mason. A kind
of basin several feet in width surrounded the orifice, and in
this orifice were many curious lime-formations, some resem-
bling coral, others round and polished, as if by the wheel of the
lapidary ; others still polished on one side, and on the other
presenting the appearance of a basket of wax-flowers. We
went en to another and still larger spring. There was a
low rumbling sound accompanying the action of the first.
The second vvorked, exactly like a steam-pump, with a steady.
regular stroke, the water being thrown out, not in a continu-
ous stream, but in jets corresponding with the regular strokes
of a piston. As we stood over it, we could hardly divest our-
selves of the impression that we were standing above a well-
regulated steam-engine in full operation, as, in fact, we were.
We timed the pulsations with our watches, and counted just
one hundred in a minute. From many small orifices, some
not larger round than ont^'s finger, al! around us the steam
was escaping, and the whole mesa seemed a mere crust perfo-
rated like a cullender. We si;amped with our boot-heels on the
crumbling shell, and broke it through in one place. Below

THERMAL WATERS.

315

WG found a mass of soft, coarse, granulated matter, red, white,
and yellow, resembling in appearance rice-pudding well mixed
with red-wine sauce, blistering hot as 'f fresh from the oven,
and emitting a nauseating odor, of vjiich a few sniffs were
all-suflScient. We dug down into the mass with our hands, as
long as we could stand the heat, and found it growing softer in
proportion to its depth.

" Passing on to the southward over a small divide, we saw
a number of springs which had been running at intervals dur-
ing the night, but were then inactive, long ribbons of ice run-
ning out from them over the side of the mesa^ and down into
the plain three hundred feet below, where all the water sinks
and disappears. Others, projecting, in some cag ., three or four
feet above the surface of the hill, appeared to have completely
choked themselves up with their own deposits, and ceased to
operate entirely, the water finding an escape elsewhere.

"Looking southward along the height extending over
half a mile of space, we saw dozens of these hot-water volca-
noes, if we may be permitted the expression, in full operation,
and an immense number of others quiet for the moment,
but bearing evidence of being in working order. The largest
of those quiet for the moment had an orifice as large as
a sugar-hogshead, and was filled to the surface with clear,
sparkling water. The sun was now well up in the heavens,
and the air, especially where affected by the clouds of steam,
warm enough to make the temptation to indulge in a tepid
bath almost irresistible. The water in the basin, though not
boiling, was not quite cold enough for bathing purposes, and
we concluded to wander on a little farther and wait for it to
cool. . . . Finding, at last, a shallow pool of water which had
run down from a spring then quiet, we sat down, and stripping
our heated feet gave them a soaking, while we waited for the
cooling of that in the basin of the great spring above us, and
looked around on the strange scene about us. . . .

" While we were sitting with our feet in the tepid water,
discussing the formation of the place, a low droning, moaning
sound came up from the deep bosom of the hill, followed by a

I :

1 '^'i

" 1

316

MINERAL SPRINGS.

sharp * Clap I clap I clap I ' as if a pair of giant-bands Imd
been struck together three times with force ; then with a tre-
mendous swash a torrent of scalding water flew into the air,
scattering in a!) directions from the great spring in which we
had just been proposing to bathe, and poured in a stream ten
feet wide down the hill."

DES CHT7TES HOT SFBINGS.

Location.— Wasco County, Oregon.

Access. .

Uotel* • (Unimproved.)

ANA.LT8I8.
One pint contains (143° and 145° Fahr. L. M. Dombach and Prof. E. N.

Horsford) :

SOLISB.

Carbonate of soda
Chloride of potassium
Chloride of sodium
Chloride of magnesium
Sulphate of soda
Sulphate of lime .
Silicate of soda
Iron

Total .
Gab.
Carbonic acid

Grains.
4.312
0.260
2.662
0.152
1.183
0.228
1.025
trace.

9.702
Cubic in.
2.82

Properties. — This is a valuable muriated-alkaline thermal
water, according to the analysis, of which there are few in Ibis
country.

Memarks. — These springs are described by G. J. S. Newber-
ry, M. D., geologist of the U. S. Exploring Expedition, as fol-
lows :

" At different points along the valley of the Wam-Chuck
River, hot springs issue from the base of the clilFs w4iicb
bound it. The number of these springs is large, and two or
three of them quite copious. They issue from fissures in the
rock, the water flowing from them collecting in basins of
several feet in diameter, thence flowing into the Wam-Chuck

'■

ant-hands had
len with a trc-
!W into the air,
jg in which we
a a stream ten

1 and Prof. E. N.

Orains.
. 4.312

0.250
. 2.552

0.152

1.183

0.228

1.025

trace.

9.702
Cubic In.
2.82

'caline thermal
are few in Ibis

J. S. Newber-
edition, as fol-

e Wam-Chnck
e clitfs w^hicb
^e, and two or
fissures iu the
in basins of
3 Wain-Chuck

III

■ ■/> i'

> J

I'd

t'i

THERMAL WATERS.

317

River, and giving it its name. Tlie temperature of two of
these springs was respectively 143° and 145° Fahr. Tlie
water holds large quantities of silica in solution, but has a
bland and pleasant taste." — {Government Explorations for
Pitcijic Railroad^ vol. vi., p. 49.)

I.' A A

HOT SPRINGS.

Location and Post-lifflce. — Hot Springs, Bath County, Virginia.

Access* — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manaa.sas, and
Chesapeake & Ohio Railroails, to Millboro, one hundred and ninety-six miles
southwest (Millboro Hotel) ; or to Covington, two hundred and twenty-five
miles southwest (McCurdy's Hotel). From Millboro, twenty miles by stage.
From Covington, nineteen miles by stage. The latter route is preferable for
invalids. From Riclimond, via Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, one hundred
and seventy-six miles to Millboro, and two hundred and five miles to Covington.
From the west, via Cincinnati and Ohio River, to Huntington, one hundred and
sixly-five miles east ; thence, via Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, to Coviugton,
two hundred and fo\irteen miles southeast.

Hotel. — Hot SpringiB.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains —

Ladies' Boll,.r-Bath,

110° Fahr.
Prof. Win. (iilham.

I.ailloa' Sulphur-
Bath, Wi' Fahr.
Cul. Win. Gilham,

Ocntlemen'j Ploat-
ure-aah, 1%' Fahr.
Col. Win. Gilham.

Solids.
CarboDiite of ma^csia

Grains.
0.385
0.014
2.16S
0.200
0.015
0.1 6S
0.128
0.70T
0.217
0.218

Gn ill'.
0.3.J0
0.(H»8
2.055
0.021
0.017
0.228
0.126
0.633
0.2«3
0.171

Graina.
0.262

Carbon.ite of iron f orotoxide^

0.010

Oarhon.tto of lime

l.ls5

Ctiloriile of potassium

('hloride of sodium

0.020
0.016

Sulphate of potassa

0.071

Sulphate of soda

0.106

SuJDhate of mairncsia

0.133

Sulphate of lime

0.378

Silica

0.0S6

Total

4.170

8.877

2.257

Properties. — As will be seen by the analyses, these waters
contain but a small proportion of mineral constituents, not
sufficient to be considered an active agent in curing the mala-
dies that are relieved by them. Their efficacy is doubtless
due to elevated temperature. Every convenience has been
arranged for utilizing the water in the form of baths. For
reference, we insert a table giving the temperatures of the
various baths and capacity. The first column gives the tera-

5 1

' i

' .-M

THERMAL WATERS.

317

River, and giving it its name. The temperature of two of
these springs was respectively 143° and 145° Fahr. The
water hoWs large quantities of silica in solution, but has a
bland and pleasant taste." — ( Government Explorations for
Ricific Railroad^ vol. vi., p. 49.)

HOT SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Office. — Hot Springs, Bath County, Virginia.

AeeesSi — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manas-sas, and
Chesapeake & Ohio Railroads, to Millboro, one hundred and ninety-six miles
southwest (Millboro Hotel) ; or to Covington, two hundred and twenty-five
miles southwest (McCurdy's Hotel). From Millboro, twenty miles by stage.
From Covington, nineteen miles by stage. The latter route is preferable for
invalids. From Richmond, via Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, one hundred
and seventy-six miles to Millboro, and two hundred and five miles to Covington.
From the west, via Cincinnati and Ohio River, to Huntington, one hundred and
sixty-five miles east ; thence, via Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, to Covington,
two hundred and fourteen miles southeast.

Oolel. — Hot Springs.

ANALYSIS,

One pint contains —

Ladies' Boll,.r-B.ith,

110° Fahr.
Prof. Wm. (iilham.

I.a.lle«' Sulphur-
Bath, 1012° Kahr.
Col. Wm. Gilham.

Gentlemen's Pleas-
ure-Bath, 78° Fahr.
Col. Win. Gilham.

SoUDS.
Carboniite of mapneaia

Grains.
0,385
0.014
2.16S
0.200
0.015
0.16:^
0.12S
0.707
0.217
0.218

Grains.
0.350
0.()(»8
2.055
0.021
0.017
0.228
0.12«
0.633
0.2(33
0.171

Grains.

0.2.^2

Carbon.ite of Iron (proto.xlde)

0.0 M)

Carbonate of lime

1.1 s5

Cliloriile of potassium

( hlori Jo of sodium

0.020
0.016

Pulph.ite of potassa

0.071

Sulpliato of soda

0.106

Sulphate of magnesia

0.13.3

S iilphate of lime

0.878

Silica

0.086

Total

4.170

8.877

2.257

Properties. — As will be seen by the analyses, these waters
contiiiu but a small proportion of mineral constituents, not
sutriciont to be considered an a^itlve agent in curing the mala-
Jios that are relieved by them. Their efficacy is doubtless
due to elevated temperature. Every convenience has been
arranged for utilizing the water in the form of baths. For
reference, we insert a table giving the temperatures of the
various baths and capacity. The first column gives the tem-

liil

iip'i

318

MINERAL SPRINGS.

perature as published in the pamphlet issued by the springs
company ; the second column as found by myself in company
with Prof. Cabell, on August 22, 1871 :

TEMPERATURE AND CAPACITY OF BATHS.

NAME OF BATH.

Ladies' pleasure-bath

Gentk^uen's pleasure-bath

Ladies' boiler-baths (four pools)

Gentlemen's boiler-baths (four pools)

Ladies' sulphur-batb

Gentlemen's sulphiu"-bath

Ladies' hot spout-bath

Gentlemen's not spout-bath

Warm batlis (four)

Optiif,'on

Specitlc

No. 5

(Mud-vat

Mud-bath •< Warm pool

I Cold poal

II
§

108°
162°

i6s«

9-i'

100°
48-

Cap«citj

-5

^ .*

■^

•

« 5

-a

•3

1
'1*

«
15

90'

70°

102i° to 103J°

9S°

8 4i 1

106°

9!tJ'

, ,

l(l>.>r

, ,

97°

, ,

100°

10
12

1'?

8*
5

• •

7.573

27,(46

l.l'JT

1,191

ll.!)(W

I0.r)32

8.2:U

8.415

561

io,rx>o

1.047
5..<>(5
8,5'JO

The spout and boiler baths are worthy of especial mention.
The first consists of a large quadrangular room. On entering,
you find yourself on a raised platform, surrounding a deep,
cistern-like-looking vat, fifteen feet square and as many deep.
From one side of the wall, on a level with the platform, the
steaming water spouts out in a full stream, two inches in di-
ameter, and falls in a graceful curve into the water below. The
bather descends a pair of stairs into the water and places him-
self under the descending stream, which, by change of his po-
sition, may be made to fall on any part of the body. The
temperature of the spout at the point of emergence varies
from 106° to 108° Fahr., but some degrees of heat are lost in
its fall, so that it is not quite that temperature when it strikes
the body.

The boiler-baths, eight in number, vary in temperature
from 102° to 108° Fahr. They are eight feet by four, and five
feet deep. For the convenience of infirm and crippled pa-

THERMAL WATERS.

319

. by the springs
lelf in company

.'HS.

Cap»city.

«a

«•

•a

■3

■3
1

T.rfVS

27,W6

1,1»T

1,19?

ll.!MW

l().r;i2

3.W1

8.415

otil

• •

10,rx)0

i/iii

1'?

5..(M)

8,.V,I0

pecial mention.
On entering,
mding a deep,
as many deep,
e platform, the
rv inches in di-
ter below. The
md places liiin-
ange of his po-
he body. The
erijence varies
eat are lost in
when it strikes

n temperature
y four, and five
d crippled pa-

tients, two of each are arranged with chairs suspended by rope
and pulley. The patient is placed in the chair, and then it is
permitted gradually to descend into the hot water. At the
end of the required time the chair is elevated and the person
assisted in dressing, or he may recline for some time on a cot,
close at hand, until rested and desirous of returning to the
hotel.

The mud-bath consists of a thick mixture of earth from the
adjacent valley, wuth water from the springs at a temperature
of about 100° Fahr. After having remained in this mixture for
some time, the patient passes under a small spout-bath, in an
adjoining compartment, and the mud is thus quickly removed.
This bath is supposed to be of especial value in rheumatic af-
fections and diseases of the skin.

These waters are a most valuable therapeutic agent in the
treatment of the following diseases : Chronic rheumatism^
(jout^ diseases of the liver, associated with congestion and eti-
(jorgement, neuralgia^ contractiotis of joints (false anchjdosis),
and secondary and tertiary syphilis which has proved rebellious
to the usual modes of treatment. In cases of paralysis and
paraplegia, unaccompanied by organic lesions and in which
there is no inflammatory action, they have given favorable
results. Concretions and enlargements of joints, the result
of the rheumatic or gouty diathesis, are sometimes resolved
under their use.

In conversation with Prof. Cabell, of the University of
Virginia, resident physician, he said he found cases of chronic
rheumatism, accompanied with contractions of the joints, quite
rebellious to treatment when the patients are ancemic ; but
that, on the contrary, most marked beneiit is derived in ple-
thoric cases. In gout of an adynamic type similar dilFiculty
is met with. He also said he had treated several cases of
seven and twenty-one day intermittent fever, that had j)roved
rebellious to nine months' treatment at Charlottesville, Vir-
ginia, a i)lace where intermittent fever is unknown as an en-
demic disease. They were students at the university fiom
southern climates. On coming to the Hot Springs the first

^ till

I '

lifl

320

MINERAL SPRINGS.

eCFect of the baths was to change the fever into a tertian, which
then very readily yielded to the usual medicines, associated
with the baths, and permanent relief obtained.

Remarks. — These springs are located in a most charming
valley, at the summit of the mountains. Five miles distant
are the Warm Springs. The Healing Springs are three miles
away. On an elevated plateau, on the banks of wha': may be
called the Hot Springs Creek, are the hotel buildings. The
baths are in the valley. From the piazza of the hotel a beau-
tiful mountain- view is had to' the northwest, through a niche
in the ridge. The hotel is open through the entire year.

The prevailing temperature is similar to that at the Heal-
ing Springs, which see.

' i

- ^

SALT LAKE HOT SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Offlcc. — Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County, Utah.
Hotels. — Walker's, Salt Lake, Revier.

ANALYSIS.

One

pint Cv,ntains —

Solids.

Grains.

Carbonate of lime and magnesia

0.44V

Chloride of sodium

• • •

. 2.443

Chloride of magnesium

• • • •

0.066

Chloride of calcium

• • •

. 0.566

Sulphate of soda

• • • •

0.692

Peroxide of iron

• • •
• • • •

. 0.021

Total

4.235

The above combinations have been arranged by J. G.
Rogers, M. D., from an analysis in elements given by C. T.
Jackson, M. D., of Boston.

Properties. — This water belongs to the group of thermal
sulphur-waters. Unlike the majority of warm waters, it con-
tains a considerable proportion of mineral constituents. It is
valuable in diseases of the skin, chronic rheumatism, etc.

MemarJcs. — These springs are situated one mile north of
the North Gate of the city, and supply the city baths. They
are much resorted to by invalids.

THERMAL WATERS.

321

tertian, which
aes, associated

[lost charming
miles distant
ire three miles
' wha': may be
jildings. The
3 hotel a beau-
rough a niche
tire year,
it at the Ileal-

ounty, Utah.

Grains.

0.447
, 2.443

0.066
. 0.566

0.692
, 0.021

4.235

^ed by J. G.
iven by C. T.

ip of thermal
(waters, it con-
ituents. It is
ism, etc.
mile north of
baths. They

Two miles farther north another group of hot springs
occur, of a "till higher temperature — 128° Fahr. They break
forth at the base of a rock where the n>ountain rises from the
plain. The waters flow into a lake near by, known as the
Hot Springs Lake, three miles long and one mile wide.

WARM. SFBINaS.

Location and Post-OfBce.— Bath Court-House, Bath County, Virginia.

iccess* — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad,
and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, one hundred and ninety-six miles south-
west, to Millboro Depot (Millboro Hotel) ; thence, fifteen miles by stage.
From the wc ., via Cincinnati and the Ohio River, to Huntington, one hun-
dred and sixty-five miles east ; thence, via Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, two
hundred and fourteen miles southeast, to Covington (McCurdy's Hotel);
thence, by stage, twenty-two miles.

Hotel. — Springs.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (96" to 98° Fahr.

SOLIDB.

Carbonate of lime

Sulphate of lime

Crenate of iron

Silicates of magnesia and alumina

A. H. Hayes, M. D.) :

Grains.

. 0.653

1.816

. 0.312

0.216

Total .

Gasks.
Carbonic acid
Sulphuretted hydrogen '
Nitrogen * .

2.997
Cubic in.
1.80
0.04
0.41

Properties. — This water is limpid, has a slight styptic taste,
some odor of sulphuretted hydrogen, and the temperature is
98° Fahr. The flow has been estimated at six thousand gal-
lons per minute, forming a stream sufficient to move a mill.
The temperature of these baths, as taken by myself, August
24, 1871, was as follows : Gentlemen's swimming-bath, 97.4°
Fiihr. at the south steps, undoubtedly 98° Fahr. at the centre ;
gentlemen's spout, 96.4° Fahr. ; temperature of ladies' baths
about the same; drinking-fountain, 90.8 Fair. The large
Bwimming-batL .1 forty feet in diameter, and contains forty-

' From an analysis by another chemist.

I t

; s

.^i]

r: 'J

d ■

'■. i

L5.,'f;

ill

322

MINERAL SPRINGS.

three thousand gallons of water. There are four other baths,
of which two are spout-baths.

The action of these waters is sedative in most instances.
Immersion in the bath gives rise to a sense of voluptuous re-
pose ; and, as the hand is passed over the body, the surface
presents a velvet smoothness, as though anointed with some
delicate ointment. On emerging from the bath this smooth-
ness is still retained, and continues for twelve hours after.
This bath may justly be compared to the " Bains des d6lices "
of Molitg, France, or the Serpent Bath of Schlangenbad, Nas-
sau, of which a Frenchman said, " One becomes absolutely in
love with himself in this bath." The water has also been ap-
propriately compared with those of Wildbad, near Stuttgart.
The unctuous quality of this water, which is also possessed
by the waters named, has not been made note of heretofore.
It is very peculiar, the cause therefor not being known. This
quality of certain waters has been variously ascribed, by Eu-
ropean writers, to the presence of silicates, the monosulphuret
of sodium, or an organic matter, the latter with most proba-
bility. The duration of the bath should be from fifteen min-
utes to half an hour. Many remain longer, but the last-named
period is sufficient for securing all the remedial action of the
water, and guards against too great relaxation.

The diseases to which these waters are applicable are
chronic and subacute rheumatism (in subacute cases prefera-
ble), ffoutf neuralgia, congestive amenorrhcea and dysmenor-
rhcea, and in nephritic and calctdous diseases, by its soothing
eflfects. The spout-bath, arranged with an ascending douchf>,
is especially useful in dysmenorrhoea of the type named. From
analogy, we should expect these waters to prove useful in pso-
riasis, lichen, pityriasis, and other squamous eruptions, but data
are wanting. As a warm pleasure-bath these waters are un-
surpassed, and will always be sought with especial favor by
ladies.

HematJcs. — The natural surroundings of these springs are
exceedingly attractive. They lie in a beautiful valley at the
summit of the Warm Springs Mountain. From the springs an

THERMAL WATERS.

323

easy and most delightful road leads up to Flag Rock^ two
thousand four hundred feet above the sea, a point in the moun-
tain-crest which gives a far-extended view, over verdant hill
and vale, of fifty or sixty miles in every du-ection. To the
eastward, in the distance, is House Mountain, and the Blue
Ridge reaching far away to the northeast. To the southward,
the Peaks of Otter may be seen on a clear day. Far to the
northwest and west are the Alleghanies ; while, looking down
into the valley, we behold the hotel and outlying cottages,
charmingly nestled amid the trees.

On the road from Millboro to the springs the Hlowing
Gave is passed. It was thus described by Thomas Jefferson :
" It is in the side of a hill, is of about one hundred feet ill
diameter, and emits constantly a current of air of such force
as to keep the weeds prostrate to the distance of twenty yards
before it. This current is strongest in dry, frosty weather,
and, in long spells of rain, weakest." At the time I passed
(August, 1871), the outward current was exceedingly strong,
md of a coolness to render one chilly if he remained in it for
any time.

HEALINQ SPRINGS. >

Location and Post-Offiee. — Healing Springs, Bath County, Virginia.

Aecess. — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad,
and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, two hundred and twenty-five railes south-
west, to Covington (McCurdy's Hotel) ; thence, sixteen miles by stage, to the
springs. From Richmond, two hundred and five miles by Chesapeake &
Ohio Railroad, to Covington. From the west, via Cincinnati and the Ohio
River, to Huntington, one hundred and sixty-five miles east ; thence, via Chesa-
peake and Ohio Railroad, two hundred and fourteen miles southeast, to Cov-
ington.

Hotel. — Healing Springs.

Properties. — This water corresponds very nearly in t'3m-
perature to the Schlangenbad of Nassau, though in chemical
constituents and therapeutic value it differs. It has been
well named, as it finds appropriate application to all ulcerated
conditions, whether of the skin or mucous membrane. In

^ See Analysis, page 324.

r :>■■:!■

f (

V^^^

t 'f

'■ u

' 4'. ill

824

MINERAL SPRINGS,

ANALYSIS

On* pint oonUlor—

OM Spring.

85* Fabr.

Prof. Wm. E. A. AlUn,

M.D.

New Spring.

W Fahr.

Prof. Wm. E. A. Aikin,

M. D.

Solids.
Carbonate of nmg'nesia

Grains.
0.156
0.009
2.233
0.029
0.034
0.276
0.906
0.022
0.165
0.029
trace,
trace.
0.237
0.107

Grains.
0.246

Carbonate of Iron

Carbonate of lime

2 340

Chloride of potassium

0.032

Chloride of sodium

0.036

S ulpbate of potassa

316

Sulphate of magnesia

1*24

Sulphate of Iron

0.013

Sulphate of lime

Sulphate of ammonia

029

Io<iine

trace

Bromine

trace.

Silicic acid

-223

Organic acid, probably crenio

0.109

Total

4.203

Cubic in.
0.58

4.465

Gas.
Carbonic acid

Ciihlo In.
OGO

many such cases its efficacy is undoubted. In this class are
embraced all scrofulous ulcers, scrofulous ophthalmia^ ozcena^
chrotiic diarrhoea, and dysentery, and many forms of secondary
and tertiary syphilis and diseases of the skin known as scrofii-
lides. It has also given relief in cases of gout and neuralgia.
It should be stated that the forms of chronic diarrhoea and
dysentery to which it is applicable are those accompanied
with ffreat irritability and hypercemia of the mucous mem-
brane as shown by a red tongue. In the opposite condition,
other waters will prove more useful. M. H. Houston, M. D.,
of Richmond, Va., who has given considerable attention to
the study of these waters, in an article in the Hichmond and
Louisville Medical Journal testifies as follows: "The Heal-
ing-Spring water will be found to be slightly hypnotic, seda-
tive, diuretic, diaphoretic, and alterative. Unless it be in ex-
ceptional cases of very rare occurrence it produces no cathartic
efibct — indeed, in a majority of cases it rather tends to produce
constipation. . Nor is it possessed of any very direct tonic effect,
the small quantity of iron it contains being scarcely adequate
to this purpose. The iuvigoration which follows its use is
mainly due to its alterative power, and by alterative I mean a
rapid transformation of the tissues in every part of the body ;

THERMAL WATERS.

325

New Spring.
W" Falir.
1, Prof. Wm. E. A. Aikin,
M. D.

Gralni.
0.246
0.(W4
2.340
0.032
0.030
0.816
0.924
0.013

o.ir)S

0.021>
trace
trace.
0.-W3
0.109

4.465

Cuhic in.
0.60

(I this class are
almictj ozwna,
s of secondary/
own as scrofu-
and neuralgia.
! diarrhoea and
I accompanied
mucous mem-
isite condition,
[ouston, M. D.,
B attention to
Richmond and
3: "TheHeal-
lypnotic, seda-
3SS it be in ex-
es no cathartic
ids to produce
3ct tonic effect,
rcely adequate
3ws its use is
ative I mean a
•t of the body ;

a transformation which, by absorbing and eliminating the old
tissues, creates a keen demand for the materials to supply the
deficiency in the organism. The alterative effect is ^condary,
the primitive being sedative and hypnotic. In orr'M.ary cases,
the properly regulated use of the water is followed by a de-
cided inclination to sleep. ... In general terms, it may be
safely stated that benefit is not to be expected from the use
of this water in disease of whatever kind attended by relaxed
fibre and impaired sensibility, unless these have been caused
by morbid deposits ; and that it may be recommended with
confidence for all curable chronic diseases accompanied or not
by constitutional irritation, nd attended by local hyperaemia
and exalted or perverted sensib.ii.. ' y."

In these springs there is a confervoid growth, no doubt
depending on the presence of soluble organic matter for its
development. It is a pnft, green, silken moss, about an inch
to two inches in length, .id found clinging to the walls of the
reservoirs, pools, and baths. It is formed with much rapidity,
for, if all the moss be removed from a surface on the wall of
the reservoir, on the next day it will be found to have been
reproduced. This moss is used in the form of an epithem as
a dressing for ulcerated surfaces, having been previously satu-
rated with the spring's water. It acts as an irritant, retaining
the water in contact with the diseased surface, and probably
containing some of the active ingredients of the water within
its structure, by which it cleanses the ulcer. Persons using
the moss should distinguish between it and the large and
coarse growth which forms in great abundance in the reser-
voir.

The external use of the water in most cases should be
combined with the internal, and for this purpose there are
swimming-baths, private baths, and facilities for heating the
water to any required temperature, though the natural tem-
perature of the swimming-baths — 80° to 84° Fahr.— is best
adapted to the majority of cases.

Eemarks. — These springs are situated in the valley run-
ning along the summit of the Warm Springs Mountain, six-

! ■ !*

? '

\ ,

I "

_2 ii -M

S26

MINERAL SPRINGS.

teen miles from Covington by stage. The road up the
mountain presents exceedingly fine views of the valley of
Jackson's River, while within a few miles of the springs is
the beautiful cataract of the Fall'mg Springs, a sheet of wa-
ter one hundred yards in breadth, which is precipitated over
a perpendicular cliflF to the depth of one hundred and fiffy
feet. A short walk from the springs are the Cascades, well
worth a visit.

The following table gives the averages of temperature at
these springs for the years and months named. It will apply
almost equally well to the climate of the Hot Springs and
Warm Springs on the same mountain :

ATERAGEg

OF TEMPERATURE AT

HEALINQ

SPRINGS.

18C8.

6 a.m.

12 m.

6 p.m.

10 p. M.

11 p. M.

July, .

68.2° F.

81.7° F.

74.8° F.

69. rF.

66.8° F.

August, .

64.5

75.9

67.9

• • • •

62.8

September, .

57.6

79.4

60.7

• • • •

57.2

October, to 8th,

54.5

65.3

55.3

• • • •

5.27

1870.

July,

66.2

81.6

• • t •

69.1

• • • •

August,

62.7

79.2

• • • •

66.8

• • • •

September,

55.

73.9

• • * •

60.7

• • • •

October, to 8th,

50.7

68.9

• • * •

44.

• • • •

1871.

June, from 19th,

63,2

79.

• • • •

66.2

• • • •

July,

61.

77.7

• • • •

64.8

• • • •

August, to 21st,

63.3

83.

• • • •

68.6

• • • •

Oa October 8, 1870

there was frost.

Ou October 20, 1868, there waa

snow.

These observations were taken with an ordinary thermom-
eter ; nevertheless they answer a good purpose till more accu-
rate observations are made.

(

AMEBIOAN QEYSEBS.

Location. — Wyoming Territory.

Access. — The nearest approach to this region is by the way of the North-
em Pacific Railroad.

THERMAL WATERS.

327

1868, there was

ij of the North-

In this distant and almost inaccessible country a series of
geysers have lately been discovered which, according to descrip-
tions, surpass any in the world. Although frequently seen by
trappers, their tales were regarded as the idle extravagances
in which that class so frequently indulge. In the autumn of
1870, however, an exploring party of adventurous gentlemen,
under General H. D. Washburn, ventured into the unknown
region, and there found some of the most wonderful natural
phenomena. They saw a water-fall, in one continuous, com-
pact, glistening sheet, one hundred and fifty feet broad and
thi'ee hundred and fifty feet in descent, by actual measure-
ment. They passed — amid volcanoes and boiling-springs of
colored waters — places where the earth was hot under foot,
and shook under the tread. But, most wonderful of all were
the geysers. From a report of the expedition, in Scribner'a
Monthly^ we extract the following :

" Our search for new wonders leading us across the Fire-
Hole River, we ascended a gentle incrusted slope, and came
suddenly upon a large oval aperture with scalloped edges, the
diameters of which were eighteen and twenty-five feet, the
sides corrugated and covered with a grayish-white silicious
deposit, which was distinctl}'^ visible at the depth of one hun-
dred feet below the surface. No water could be discovered,
but we could distinctly hear it gurgling and boiling at a gre4t
distance below. Suddenly it began to rise, boiling and splut-
tering, and sending out huge masses of steam, causing a gen-
eral stampede of our company, driving us some distance from
our point of observation. When within about forty feet of the
surface it became stationary, and we returned to look down
upon it. It was foaming and surging at a terrible rate, occa-
sionally emitting small jets of hot water nearly to the mouth
of the orifice. All at once it seemed seized with a fearful
spasm, and rose with incredible rapidity, hardly affording us
time to flee to a safe distance, when it burst from the orifice
with terrific momentum, rising in a column the full size of this

iii; I

I ;

■t_ 1

I |ii|l|:i|

828

MINERAL SPRINGS.

immense aperture to the height of sixty feet ; and through
and o"t of the apex of this vast aqueous mass, five or six
lesser jets or round columns of water, varying in size from six
to fifteen inches in diameter, were projected to the marvellous
height of two hundred and fifty feet. These lesser jets, so
much higher than the main column, and shooting through it,
doubtless proceed from auxiliary pipes leading into the prin-
cipal orifice near the bottom, where the explosive force is
greater. If the theory that water by constant boiling becomes
explosive when freed from air be true, this theory rationally
accounts for all irregularities in the eruptions of the geysers.

" This grand eruption continued for twenty minutes, and
was the most magnificent sight we ever witnessed. We were
standing on the side of the geyser nearest the sun, the gleams
of which filled the sparkling column of water and spray with
myriads of rainbows, whose arches were constantly changing
— dipping and fluttering hither and thither, and disappearing
only to be succeeded by others, again and again, amid the
aqueous column, while the minute globules into which the
spent jets were difi"uscd when falling sparkled like a shower
of diamonds, and around every shadow which the denser
clouds of vapor, interrupting the sun's rays, cast upon the
column, could be seen a luminous circle radiant with all the
colors of the prism, and resembling the halo of glory repre-
sented in paintings as encircling the head of Divinity. All
that we had previously witnessed seemed tame in comparison
with the perfect grandeur and beauty of this display. Two of
these wonderful eruptions occurred during the twenty-two
hours we remained in the valley. This geyser we named
* The Giantess.'

" A hundred yards distant from ' The Giantess ' was a sili-
cious cone, very symmetrical but slightly corrugated upon its
exterior surface, three feet in heiglit and five feet in diameter
at its base, and having an oval orifice twenty-four by thirty-six
and one-half inches in diameter, with scalloped edges. Not
one of our company supposed that it was a geyser ; and among
80 many wonders it had almost escaped notice. While we

THERMAL WATERS.

329

were at breakfast upon the morning of our departure a col-
umn of water, entirely filling the crater, shot from it, which,
by actual triangular measurement, we found to be two hun-
dred and nineteen feet in height. The stream did not deflect
more than four or five degrees from a vertical line, and the
eruption lasted eighteen minutes. We named it * The Bee-
hive.' "

Five other geysers were observed by the exploring party,
which were variously named according to the degree of activ-
ity, the shape of the column of water, or die form of the sili-
cious deposit about the orifice.

" Old Faithful " was the first geyser observed by the party,
and was so named from its continuous activity, not having in-
termitted more than an hour during their stay, and spouting
for fifteen or twenty minutes each time. The crater is five
feet by three, and elevated five or six feet above the surround-
ing earth. The column of water was eighty or ninety feet
high.

" The Fan " was named from the fan-shaped column of
water which it throws out. The height of the stream was
about sixty feet, and it continued in action from ten to twenty
minutes.

" The Grotto " received its name from the form of the cra-
ter, which is about ten feet high, and twenty feet through the
base, with several large openings. Connected with this, by a
ridge of incrustations, was a smaller mound, about five feet
high. Through one of the side-openings one of the party
crawled to the discharging orifice — about four feet in diameter
— from which, a few hours afterward, a column of boiling-
water shot to the height of sixty feet. The discharge con-
tinued for half an hour.

" The Castle " is situated on the summit of an incrusted
mound, and has a turret-shaped crater, with an orifice about
three feet in diameter. The water issues '"'^om this geyser to
a height of about fifty feet.

" The Giant " has a rugged crater ten loet in diameter on
the outside, with an irregular orifice five or six feet in diara-

ffi

f 1

1 •

■

'I
ill

■

lii

' I

''i li

fl.ll

l!l

330

MINERAL SPRINGS.

eter. It resembles a miniature model of the Coliseum. The
column of water, which shot upward from it, was five feet in
diameter and one hundred and forty-five feet in height. It
continued to flow for nearly three hours.

The party did not analyze the waters. The sinter was both
carboniferous and silicious, the latter characteristic predomi-
nating ; and we may with confidence conclude that the waters
contain considerable silica in solution.

The springs observed in this region, which resembled boil-
ing mud, deposited a sediment of various colors — some white,
some delicate lavender, and others of a brilliant pink. An
analysis of specimens of this sediment, by Prof. Augustus
Steitz, gave the following result :

ANALYSIS.

Solids.

Wliile S€illment.
Per cent.

Lavender Sediment.
Per cent.

Pink Sediment.
Per cent.

Silica

42.2

88.4

17.8

6.6

• • • •

23.2

'4.2

58!6
8.2
0.6

• • ■ •

5.2

82.6

Miif^esla

Liino

8.3

Alkalies

Alumina

62 4

Boracic acid

Oxide of iron

Scda and potassa

Water and loss

4.2
2.5

Total ,

100.0

Other Thermal Waters. — Alameda Springs, Cal., p. 383. Chalk Creek
Springs, Col., p. 413. Gastein, Austria, p. 369. Las Vegas, N. M., p. 426.
Liberty Springs, Col., p. 427. Ojo Caliente, N. M., p. 436. Pagosa Springs,
Cal., p, 438. Paraiso Springs, Cal., p. 439. Plorabiferes, Fraucc, p. 309.
Schlangenbad, Germany, p. 3G9. Tuplitz, Bohemia, p. 369. Warm Springs,
Oregon, p. 458,

.!' ,~ fdi;

CHAPTER XVII.

UNCLASSIFIED WATERS.

AJLABASTEB CAV£ SPBINQ.

Location. — El Dorado County, California.

Access. — Go to Folsom, a station on the Sacramento Valley Railroad,
twenty miles east from Sacramento ; thence by stage, ten miles.
Hotel. — Cave Hotel.

Analysis. — None.

Hemarks. — ^This spring is in a cave, known as Alabaster
Cave. The cave was discovered in 1800, by William Gwynn,
whose workmen were engaged in quarrying stone near by. It
is not large, but is said to be even more beautiful than Mam-
moth Cave. Mr. Gwynn says : " On our first entrance we de-
scended about fifteen feet to the centre of the room, which is
about one hundred by thirty feet. At the north end there is
a magnificent pulpit in the Episcopal Church style. It is com-
pleted by beautiful drapery of alabaster stalactites of all colors,
varying from white to pink-red, which overhang the beholder,
immediately under the pulpit is a lake of water, extending an
unknown distance. On arriving at the centre of the first room
we saw another still more splendid, two hundred by thirty feet,
with the most beautiful alabaster overhanging us in every pos-
sible shape." There are several apartments, known respec-
tively as Crystal Chapel, Dungeon of Enchantment, Julia
Bovver, and Picture Gallery.

"Within this cave is a spring^ which, according to S. Powers,
Esq., is " literally freezing over with alabaster ice, about as
thick as window-glass." He says : " I put my hand under it,

ii!

332

MINERAL SPRINGS.

and found it of the same thickness all over, and graining on
the edges with particles not yet attached."

Visitors so wishing, may have the entire cave illuminated,
thus adding to the beauty of the scene.

SUMMIT SODA SPRINQS.

Locatiou. — Alpine County, California.

Access* — From San Francisco to Summit Station, on the Central Pacific
Railroad, two hundred and forty-three miles east ; thence by private convey-
ance.

Dotelt — Summit Hotel, at the station.

Analysis. — None. The water is said to possess a chalybe-
ate taste, and precipitate a red deposit. It is highly charged
with gas, supposed to be carbonic acid. [See Appendix.)

liemarJcs, — ^Tliis is an exceedingly desirable resort for those
who wish to breathe mountain-air, obtain a large amount of
exercise, and enjoy camp-life. Summit Station is seven thou-
sand and forty feet above the sea, and the surrovmding moun-
tain-tops attain a height of fifteen thousand and eighty-six
feet. At the Summit Hotel horses are pr 3ured, and a delight-
ful ride of some miles awaits the trav. er. The road winds
through dense forests of pines, cedars, firs, and tamarack ; gay-
colored wild-flowers deck the earth in profusion, while the
openings in the wood disclose magnificent views of valleys
and mountain-peaks.

Near the springs is abundance of sport ; grouse, quail,
ground-hogs, badger, and deer, are plenty, and easily secured.

A correspondent s'tates that $100 or $150 would pay the
entire expense of a party of three or four, for two or even four
weeks.

TUSCAN SPRINGS.

Loratioiit — Tehama County, California.

Access. — From Sacramento, via Oregon Division Central Pacific Riiilioad,
north to Teliama, six hours ; thence by stage.
Hotel. .

Analysis. — No quantitative analysis has been made.
Remarks, — " Tlie waters of the Tuscan Springs have con-

UNCLASSIFIED WATERS.

333

siderable repute for their medicinal qualities, especially in the
cure of rheumatic and syphilitic diseases. The temperature
(October, 18G2) was 76° Fahr. They contain common salt,
carbonate of soda, borate of soda, salts of lime, and evolve
some sulphuretted hydrogen and a large quantity of carbu-
retted hydrogen, which is collected, partially purified, and
burned for heating the water under the steam-baths." '

VICHY SPRINGS.

Location and Post-OfDce. — New Almaden, Santa Clara County, California.
Access. — From San Francisco, forty-seven miles south, to Sac Joso; thence
twelve miles by stage.
Hotel. — Vichy Springs.

Analysis. — {See Appendix.)

BARTLETT SPRINGS.

Location. — Colusa County, California.

Access. — Go to Lakeport, Lake County ; thence, by mountain-road, over
a range several thousand feet high.
Hotel. .

Analysis. .

Remarhe. — These springs first became known during the
summer of 1871, and were one of the California sensations.
Thousands underwent the fatiguing journey across the moun-
tain in search of this new-found spring, which, like that which
Do Leon sought, was to restore them to youth and vigor. The
rush thither shows there are numbers in every community
ready for a Quixotic chase after the fountain of eternal youth.

Pacific Railroad,

ADAMS SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Offlce. — Adams Springs, Lake County, California.
Access. — From Calistoga or Lower Lake.
Hotel. .

Analysis. — None. {See Appendix.)

Remarks. — These springs were located in 1871. They are
situated about two miles from Cobb Valley, between the Gey-

' " Geological Survey of Cttlifornia," vol. 1., p. 208,

334

MIvt^iiAi.. bPP,:ifGa

scrs and Seiglcr's. The valor is said to resemble that of the
Vichy Springs, Santa Clara County.

NAPA SODA SPBINQS.

Location. — Napa Couaty, California.

Access. — From San Francisco, by steamer, to Vallejo ; thence, by Napa
Valley Railroad, to Napa City ; thence by stage.
Hotel. — Napa Springs.

Analysis. — None. ( See Appendix.)
MemarJcs, — These waters a^o bottled, and consumed in the
State in considerable quantities.

HABBINES SPKINGS.

Location. — Lake County, California.

Access. — From San Francisco, by Napa Valley Railroad, to Calistoga;
thence by stage.

Hotel* — Harbines Springs.

Analysis. — None. {See Appendix.)

SAN BATAEL SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Office* — San Kafael Springs, Marin County, California.
Access. — From San Francisco across the bay by steamboat.
Hotel. — San llafael Springs.

Ana lysis. — None.

CRYSTAL SPBINaS.

Location. — San Mateo County, California.

Access* — Go to San Mateo, a station on the San Jos6 branch of the Cen-
tral Pacific Railroad, about twenty miles south of San Francisco ; thence by
stage.

Hotel. — Crystal Springs.

Analysis. — None.

ST. LEON SPRINGS.

Location. — St. Leon, Three Rivers, Quebec, Canada.
Access. — By steamer, on tho St. Lawrence, to Three Rivera; thence,
twenty-six miles, by stage.
Hot«l — —.

lysis.-

ble that of the

thence, by Napa

)nsumed in the

UNCLASSIFIED WATi:;i3. ^^r*

ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPBINOS.

Location. — Boulder County, Colorado.
Post-OflBce. — Jamestown, Boulder County, Colorado.
Aceess. — From Denver to Boulder City, eighty-nine mile. ;y railroad •,
thence twelve miles to the springs.
HotelSt — Mountain House, Seltzer.

Analysis. — A quantitative analysis states that the waters
contain carbonate of soda, carbonate of magnesia, carbonate
of iron, and free carbonic-acid gas.

Remarks. — These springs are located two miles from
Jamestown, amid the mountains, at an elevation of six thou-
sand five hundred feet above the sea.

)ad, to Calistoga;

VABENNES SPRINGS.

Location and Post-OflBce. — ^Varenncs, Verchbrea County, Quebec, Canada.

Access. — By steamboat, from Montreal down the St. Lawrence, fifteen
miles. Or by the Montreal and Sorel division of the Southeastern Rail-
way.

Hotel. — Varennes Mineral Springs.

Analysis, — None.

ORANOE SPRING.

Location and Post-Ofidce. — Orange Spring, M^ Jo- )ouc«\, Florida.

AccesSt — Go by coast steamers to Pilatka, on tL i. John's River ; thence,
by steamboat on Thursdays and Saturd: ys, about {,• ent/-.^7« miles south.
Or go to Jacksonville, Florida ; thence about sixty aJes jouth, by boat, to
Pilatka.

Dote!. — Ocklawaha House.

Analysis. — None.

ti»;'

I*!

Rivers ; thence,

BERKSHIRE SODA CPRT?a-G.

Location. — Berkshire County, Massachusetts.
Post-Offlee.— Great Barrington, Berkshire County, Marisachusetts.
Access. — From Great Barrington, a station on the Htmsatonic Railroad,
two and a half miles by carriage or stage.
Hotel. — Soda Springs House.

- lalysis, — No quan 'tativo analysis. Said to 'contain chlo-
rine, . arbonic acid, soda, and alumina.

i.r N

I M

3 i

■ •

« I i

336

MINERAL SPRINGS.

Remarks. — These waters have been highly praised in dar-
trous eruptions.

The hotel is situated amid the mountains and hills of Berk-
Bhire — so celebrated for their quiet beauty.

BETHESDA SFBINGS.

Location. — Lumpkin County, Georgia.

Post-Office. — Dahloneg.a, Lumpkin County, Georgia.

Access. — Go to Atlanta ; thence, via Atlanta & Richmond Airline Rail-way,
fifty-three miles to Gainesville ; thence tweaty-niue miles, by stage, to the
springs.

Hotel. — Bethesda Ilotel.

Analysis. — None.

Hemarks. — These springs, three in number, arise at the
base of a spur of Cedar Mountain. The town of Dahloncga is
nine miles distant.

TOQUS SPRINQS.

Location. — Kennebec County, Maine.
PO: ' ^Office. — National Asylum, Kennebec County, Maine.
Access. — By Rockland stage, from Augusta ; distance, five miles.
Uotcls. — None.

These springs — at one time quite a resort — were purcl ascd
by the Board of Managers of the National Asylum for Disabled
Volunteer Soldiers. The place is now known as the Eastern
Branch ot the National Asylum.

¥\\

< •

i 1

\\{

«•«

FLINT'S SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Offlce. — Three Rivers, St. Joseph County, Michigan.

Access. — Go to White Pigeon, a station on the Lake Shore & Michif;an
Southern Railroad, one hundred and twenty miles east of Chicago ; t]i(;m;o,
twelve miles north by railroad, to Three Rivers.

Hotels. — Hatch, Three Rivers.

Analysis. — None has been made.

Hemarks. — The town is pleasantly situated at the conflu-
ence of the St. Joseph, Rocky, and Portage Rivers. The pop-
ulation is over three thousand. There are good accommoda-
tions for bathing.

praised in dar-
1 hills of Berk-

Airline Rail-way,
i, by atage, to tlie

p arise at the
■ Dahloncffa 's

vc miles.

ere purcl ascd
n for Disabled
3 the Eastern

ity, Michigan,
ore & Miohigiin
hicago ; thonco,

it the conflu-

s. The pop-

accornmoda-

ITA^CLASSIFIED WATERS.

LATONIA SPBINaS.

337

Location and Post-Offlee. — Latonia Springs, Kenton County, Kentucky.
Access. — From Covington, Kentucky, opposite Cincinnati, four miles south
by carriage.

Uotel. — Latonia Springs.

Analysis. — None has been made. The mineral ingredients
ore in feeble proportion.

GRAND LEDQE WEIXS.

Location and Post-OfBce. — Grand Ledge, Eaton County, Michigan.
Access. — Grand Ledge is a station on the Detroit, Lansing k Lake Mich-
igan Railroad, ninety-nine miles west of Detroit.
Hotel. .

Atialyfiis. — None has been made.

Remarks. — Grand Ledge is a town on the Grand River.
The population is about one thousand. There are two wells
here, and a bath-house.

BIBCH-DALE SPBINaS.

Location and Post-Offlce. — Concord, Merrimac County, New Hampshire.
Access. — The springs are nearly four miles from the State-house.
Hotel. — Birch-Dale Springs.

Analysis. — Extracts from an analysis by C. T. Jackson,
M D., of Boston, show these waters to contain salts of lime,
sodium, phosphates, silicates, crenates, and a portion of iron
and organic matter. The result as published, however, does
not give the amount of each salt, and it is not possible to as-
sign the water a place in the proper classification. There are
four springs, named the Concord, Merrimac, Granite, and
Penucook. {See Appendix.)

ABENAQTJIS SPRINGS.

Location. — Walpole, Cheshire County, New Hanipsliire,

Post-Offlce.— Bellows Falls, Vermont.

Access. — From Boston, go to Bellows Falls, via Fitchburg Railroad and
riiesliire Railroad, one hundred and twelve miles northwest ; thence, by car-
riage, to the springs.

Hotel. — Fall Mountain.

A n alysis. — None.

: t

ill

', 1

338

LHKERAL SPRINGS.

Hemarks. — The springs are located at the base of Full
Mountain. From the hotel, there is a path to Table Rock, on
the summit of the Mountain, from which there is an extended
view of the valley of the Connecticut.

AMHIiaST SPMNQS.

Location. — Amherst, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire.
Access. — From Boston, via Boston, Lowell & Nashua Railroad, forty-eight
miles north, to Amherst.
Hotel. — Amherst Spring.

Analys is. — None.

BBADFOKB SFKINQS.

Location. — Merrimac County, New Hampshire.
Post-Office. — Bradford, Merrimac County, New Hampshire.
Access. — From Concord, New Hampshire, via Concord & Claremont Rail
road, to Bradford, twenty-seven miles west; thence, by stage, to the sprinj^s.
Hotel. — Bradford Springs.

Analysis. — None.

VAIiLONIA SPBINQS.

Location and Post-Office. — ^Vallonia Springs, Broome County, New York.
Access. — From Albany, via Albany & Susquehanna Railroad, to Afton,
one hundred and fourteen miles southwest ; thence by stage.
Hotel. — Spring House.

Analysis. .

Remarks. — Tliis is a pleasant, quiet resort, surrounded by
wild and romantic scenery, and affording fine opportunity for
hunting and fishing.

PIEDMONT SPBINaS.

Location. — Grimes County, Texas.

Post-Office. — Millican, Brazos County, Texas.

Access. — Go to Houston ; thence, via Houston & Texas Central Railroad,
eighty miles northwest, to Millican ; thence, aix and a half miles, by stage, to
the springs.

Hotel. — Piedmont Hotel.

Analysis. .

UNCLASSIFIED WATERS.

3.39

base of Fall

an extended

EliQIN SPBJNOt.

liOration. — Addison County, Vermont.
Post-Office. — Vorgonnes, Addison County, Vermont.
Access. — Vcrgennes is a station on the Rutland Division of the Vermont
Central Railroad, ninety-nine miles northwest of Bellows Falls.
Hotel. .

Analysis.-

CAPPEBS SPBINaS.

Location. — Frederick County, Virginia.

Access. — From Baltimore to Harper's Ferry, eighty-one miles west ; thence,
via Winchester Branch, to Winchester, thirty-two miles ; thence, seventeen
miles west, to springs.

Hotel. — Cappers Springs.

Analysis, .

■

BLTJE BIDGE SPRINGS.

Location. — Botetourt County, Virginia.

Access. — P'rom the line of the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad.

Hotel. — Blue Ridge.

Analysis. — No accurate quantitative analysis has been
made. They are said to closely resemble the Alleghany Springs
of Virginia. {^See Appendix.)

Remarks. — These springs are situated near the summit
of the Blue Ridge, at an elevation of thirteen hundred feet
above the level of the sea.

PABEEBSBTJRa KEINERAIi WELLS.

Location and Post-OlHcc. — Mineral Wells, Wood County, West Virginia.

Access. — Go to Parkersburg, a terminus of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad,
on the Ohio River, either by Baltimore & Ohio Railroad or Marietta & Cin-
cinnati Railroad ; thence six and a half miles by stage.

Hotel.— Parshall's.

Analysis. — A very imperfect analysis shows this water to
contain, as the principal constituents, sulphate of magnesia,
sulphate of soda, with some iron. The water is also charged
with carbonic-acid gas, according to the analysis. Tempera-
ture, 46° Fahr. The water is agreeable to the taste.

J 1

'•ii

I li

m I

h III

340

MINERAL SPRINGS.

Memarks. — The wells are very pleasantly located on high,
dry, and rolling land, on the margin of a beautiful valley,
through which runs Tygart's Creek. The surrounding country
a£Pords the sportsman many opportunities for recreation.

ORKNEY SPRINGS.

Lucatlon and Post-Offlcet — Orkney Springs, Shenandoah County, Virginia.

AcMSSt — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad,
to Mount Jackson, one hundred and twelve miles; thence, t\\olve miles west,
by stage.

Ilote'w — Orkney Springs.

Analysis, — {See Appendix.)

SHANNONDAIiE SPRINGS.

Location. — Jefferson County, West Virginia.

AecesSt — From Baltimore, via Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and Winchester
& Strasburg Branch, to Charlestown, ninety-one miles west ; thence five and
a half miles.

Hotel.

Analysis. — An examination of one hundred grains of the
solid contents, by Dr. De Butts, of Baltimore, sho" 3d these
waters to be similar in composition to the Alleghany Springs,
though it is impossible to say whether the substances exist in
the same degree of concentration.

^(111

Jounty, Virpinia.
naesas Railroai],
olve miles west,

«t

EUEOPEAl^^J" SPAS.

CHAPTER XVlil.

AliKALINE WATERS.

VIehy. — Fraaco, department of Allier, one hundred and sixteen railea
goutli of Paris.

EmSt — Germany, duchy of Nassau, three and tliree-quarter miles cast of
Coblontz.

Fachingen« — Germany, duchy of Nassau.

ANALYSIS.

Ono pint contains—

VICHY.*
Grande Grille.

105.8° Fahr.
Bouquet.

FACniNGKH.

60° Ffthr.
Freientu).

Keisellirunnen.
115° I'ahr.
Fre^enlus.

Solids.
Carbonate of p' 'tassa

Graina.

2.04
26.00

1.88

0.02
trace.

2.31

6!6i
i.ib

• • ■ •

2!29

0.78

• ■ • •

trace.
0.01
0.05

Gruini.

19!47fi3
1.35>0
O.OSOl

2!6iio

0.0004
0.0007

4. '5574
0.0034

0!i872

0.050G
0.0003
0.0004
0.0002
0.2010
0.0027

Grains.

Carbonate of soda ,

Carbonate of magnesia

10.Ri79

o.wio

Carbonate of iron

0.0202

Carbonate of manganese

0.0085

< arbonatc of lime

1.2591

< 'arbouate of lithla

( arbonato of strontia

j- 0.0030

7.7T06

Carbonate of baryta

Cliloride of sodium

Chloride of calcium

Sulphate of potassa

0.3937

Sulphate of soda.

0.0061

Phosphate of soda

Phosphate of alumina

0.0096

Phosphate of lime

Phosphate of lithia

Phosphate of silica

Fhioride of calcium

Borate of soda

....

Arseniato of soda

Bilica

0.8648

Total

38.99

Cubic in.
14.74

27.9397

Cubic In.

82.975
0.025

21.2194

Oa9K8.

Carbonic acid

Cubic la.
6.783

Nitrogen

See Appeudii.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

■ 22

\\M ilMllll^

'/]

■^

Hiotographic

Sdences

Corporation

33 WIST MAIN STRUT

WEBSTM.N.Y. MStO

(716)S7}.4S03

!!:

> ^>;

342

MINERAL SPRINGS.

Vichy. — ^This is probably the best known of all mineral
waters, the fame of its baths and its cures having penetrated
to every portion of the globe. Its essential power consists in
the unusual combination of a high degree of thermality, with
an exceedingly large amount of alkali, and sufficient carbonic-
acid gas to render it palatable. The springs — of which there
are nine in use — are not all of the same temperature. They
range from 53° to 110° Fahr. In the analysis given the bi-
carbonates are reduced to carbonates. The original analysis
shows thirty-seven and a half grains of bicarbonate of soda in
each pint of water, and the total solids amount to fifty-four
grains, nearly one drachm. In chemical constitution the dif-
ferent sources vary but little.

The action of the Vichy waters varies with the individual.
In many cases they are diuretic, while some persons are al-
ways purged while using them. Perspiration if absent is
usually developed, but seldom excited in a high degree. One
fact, however, is well established, that, in the medical admin-
istration of these waters, their efficacy in no wise depends on
the production of their physiological eft'ects. Like all alkaline
waters, they render the urine alkaline.

This water is especially applicable to dyspepsia — simple
dyspepsia — characterized by laborious digestion, by disgust of
food, by vertigo, acidity, and constipation. Tu dyspepsias ac-
companied by catarrh, or in gastralgia, other waters prove
more efficacious. Diseases of the liver are most satisfactorily
influenced by these waters, the bile is liquefied, and flows more
freely, and biliary calculi (gall-stones) are discharged without
pain. In the case of gall-stones, one or two seasons at the
waters frequently correct the morbid conditions that produce
them, so that the patient is free from attacks for years. In
regular gout, presenting in pl.^thorio subjects, these waters
have achieved a world-wide reputation. The treatment of this
disease, however, by these waters, requires close circumspec-
tion, lest the regular form of the disease be converted into ir*
regular or metastatic gout.

These waters have long constituted one of the admitted

EUROPEAN SPAS.

343

1 if absent is

the admitted

remedies in diabetes^ and the combination of thermal baths
found there favors the action of the waters in a marked de-
gree. Under the use of Vichy waters all trace of sugar some-
times disappears from the urine, the appetite and strength are
restored, sleep becomes natural, thirst diminishes, and consti-
pation ceases. In this way life is frequently prolonged for
years. The water and baths have also proved of exceeding
value in that grave condition known as paludal cachexia, re-
sulting from prolonged exposure to miasma.

The Vichy bath is usually formed one-half of mineral wa-
ter and one-half of ordinary water, this combination proving,
according to Durand-Fardel, superior to the mineral water
alone. Of private baths there are three hundred, so that from
two thousand five hundred to three thousand baths per day
may be given.

The surroundings of Vichy are thus described by Constan-
tin James : " Those who arrive at Vichy to-<3ay (1869) — hav-
ing not seen the place for ten years — feel the same surprise
that those do who visit Paris after having been absent for an
equal time. Old Vichy is lost in the midst of beautiful villas
and splendid hotels, which surround it on every side. And
there, where the river Allier overflowed its banks and depos-
ited insalubrious soil, has appeared a delightful park, with its
sanded walks, verdant shade, and magnificent lake. And the
assembly halls, yesterday so humble and so modest, are re-
placed to-day by a casino which rivals, if it does not surpass,
the most beautiful in Germany."

The popularity of Vichy is attested by the fact that twen-
ty-three thousand persons visited the resort in 1868.

Ems. — The waters of Ems are limpid, soft, and unctuous
to the touch. They deposit large quantities of solid incrus-
tations, and a brown-and-green confervoid growth forms in the
reservoirs. • As many as twenty-one springs have been counted
at Ems.

When these waters are taken in moderate quantity they
cause an increased urinary secretion, and augment perspira-
tion. The urine becomes promptly alkaline. Thpy tend, as

■1' i^

344

MINERAL SPRINGS.

a rule, to cause constipation. If taken in considerable quan-
tity they readily produce gastro-intestinal irritation, a result
which is to be guarded against.

The Ems water is especially adapted, according to Spon-
gier, to the treatment of all chronic catarrhal affections. In
this class we have chronic bronchitis, of the form accompanied
by exacerbations of the cough morning and night. Cases of
this kind are cured by this water. If the water alone proves
too exciting, it is usual to mix it with milk or whey In those
cases of bronchitis accompanying gout. Ems is the best resort.
Granular pharyngitis, or clergyman's sore-throat as it is often
called, is peculiarly influenced in a favorable manner by this
water. For the treatment of this condition it is usual to mix
the water with whey, and also to apply the gas from the
springs — carbonic acid and nitrogen — directly to the diseased
surfaces by means of tubes. In catarrh of the stomach, and
also catarrh of the hepatic ducts, the water is exceedingly
serviceable. Chronic catarrh of the bladder, accompanied by
renal calculi, or gravel, is equally subject to favorable action.

These waters have a well-established reputation in uterine
catarrh. For this purpose the internal use of the water is
combined with the ascending douche. The arrangements for
the use of the douche, in this disease, are of the most perfect
kind. Althaus thus describes the condition of the uterus in
which the waters are especially successful : " The vaginal por-
tion, and the cervix uteri, are in such instances generally dark
red, hyperaemic, hypertrophied, and either painful to the touch
or not ; the whole tissue of the uterus being harder and firmer
than it is in healthy women. In many cases there is also dis-
placement of this organ, and dysmenorrhoea or amenorrhoea
is mostly present. The mucous membrane of the uterus
secretes a considerable quantity of puriform mucus, and the
cervix uteri is filled with transparent mucus. Stftrility, car-
dialgia, habitual sickness and vomiting, constipation, and vari-
ous hysterical symptoms, are generally the consequence of this
condition of the womb. All these symptoms are often re-
lieved bv the Ems waters,**

EUROPEAN SPAS.

345

Ems is an exceedingly attractive watering-place, possess-
ing all the comforts to which the wealthy are accustomed, and
without the incessant commotion that characterizes many of
these resorts. The beautiful Gothic castle of Stolzenfels, on
the Rhine, and the fortress of Ehrenbreitstein, are not far
distant.

Fachingen. — Tliese waters are used in the diseases to
wliich the Vichy waters are applicable. The spring is not a
resort. The water is bottled and sold largely throughout
Europe, as much as half a million bottles being consumed an-
nually.

SAIJITB WATEBS.

Iloiiitarg* — Gcrmanv, Hesse-IIomburg, nine miles north from Frankfort

Klsslngen* — Bavaria, twenty-eight miles north of W drtzburg.

Wiesbaden. — Germany, duchy of Nassau, five and a half miles northwest
from Hayence.

Bonrbonne« — France, department of Hautc-Marne, one hundred and ser-
enty-three miles west from Paris.

Setters* — Germany, duchy of Nassau, twenty-five miles north of Mayencc.

Homburg. — This is one of the most popular of Geiman
watering-places, having been sought, however, more for the
attractions of society, and the gaming-table, than the waters.
But since gaming is now forbidden, it is probable the waters
will receive more attention. The water taken in doses of
three or four glasses usually proves cathartic, but without
causing debility of the intestines. These effects are readily
explained by the ingredients. The Homburg waters are
strongly saline, with a considerable quantity of iron. They
are especially applicable to catarrhal dyspepsia in anaemic
subjects, etc., cases of abdominal plethora and engorgement
of the liver^ occurring in weak, irritable, and scrofulous per-
sons, and to whom the use of purging-waters might prove
detrimental — to cases of tumid spleen^ arising from ague, or
suppression of the hemorrhoidal or catamenial flow — to cases
of chlorosis and anoemia in scrofulous patients, for whom the
pure chalybeates might prove too constipating, or too exciting
to the circulation.

> 3«4 Analysis, page 846.

[•'^ "1

1 f^ ^f

'■■ m.

I A..

^ ■ ' -n

■;

■ ;*

'^■■J

846

MINERAL SPRINGS.

ANALYSIS.

; I

Sit.

Hi!!

One pint coDtaini—

■1

Solids.

Gralni.

GnUnt.

Om'ni.

GralDi.

Grains.

Carbonate of soda

• • • •

• • • «

6.773

Carbonate of magnesia .

2.01

0.08

....

1.616

Carbonate of Iron

0.46

0.24

0.04

0.()79

Carbonate of manganese

• • ■ •

0.004

0.002

Carbonate of lime

10.99

8.14

8.21

2.264

1.^52

Ctiloride of potasi'.om. .

• ■ ■ ■

2.20

1.12

• • • •

O.'JMJ

Chloride of sodium

79.16

44.71

62.60

46.110

17.228

Chloride of magnesium.

7.79

2.88

1.67

• • * a

Chloride of calcium

7.77

a • ■ •

8.62

6.688

Chloride of ammonium.

• ■ • ■

a • • t

0.18

Chloride of lithium ....

0.1&

0.001

Sulphate of soda

(

).83

■ • •

• • ■ •

0.2G1

Sulphate of magnesia . .

4.60

• a • •

• a a a

• • • •

Sulphate of lime

2.99

0.69

6.903

0.261

Phosphate of soda

• • • •

• • • a

....

0.0002

Phosphate of alumina. .

• ■ • ■

a * • •

....

0.0004

Phosphate of lime

Iodide of s jdium

0.04

0.008

trace.

Bromide of potassium.

0.884

0.0002

Bromide of sodium ....

6.06

Bromide of magnesium

• • • •

0.08

Fluoride of calcium

^ ^

0.0016

Nitrate of soda

0.07

Arseniate of lime

....

0.001

Silicate of alumina

...

0.004

Silica

0.82

0.09

0.46

a a a a

V 2r)0

Total

108.87
Cubic In.

66.62
Cubic in.

68.468
Cubic in.

60.484

28.61S4

Oasbs.

Cubic In.

Carbonic acid

48.46

41.77

16.7

• • • »

• • a •

80.

Oxygen

0.0046

Nitrogen

• a • •

o.io

• aaa

0.0285

Ammonia

• • • ■

0.007

....

Homburg is a small village situated on the declivity of a
hill at the eastern extremity of the chain of the Taunus. The
Kursaal is without contradiction one of the most beautiful es-
tablishments of the kind. The interior is ornamented \¥ith
marble columns, beautiful frescos, and elegant paintings. Thi3
springs are five in number, and vary in temperaturs from 50'^
to 53^° Fahr. The Kaiaerhrunnen contains 10^- grains of
chloride of sodium, one-half grain of carbonate of iron, and 109
cubic inches of carbonic-acid gas, in each pint.

Kiaaingen, — ^There is a close resemblance between the
waters of Kissingen and Homburg. Kissingen, however, has
a far more decided reputation in the cure of disease, and much

EUROPEAN SPAS.

347

iii

"2 ■a

« a "

s rains*

Gnino.

• • • •

6. TO

• • • ■

1.616

• • ■ ■

0.079

* • • •

0.002

2.264

1.^5•i

■ • • ■

O.'Zs!)

«.110

17.228

5!688

....

6.993

0.8S4

0.261

6!261

0.0002

0.00U4

0.0002

0.0016

• • • •

i)'.m

so. 484

• • ■ ■

• • • •

28.MS4

Cubic in.

80.
0.0040
0.0286

e declivity of a
} Taunus. The
)st beautiful es-
namented with
paintings. The
raturs from 50"
10-!^- grains of
of iron, and 109

between the
I, however, has
lease, and much

more attention is given to medical treatment. These waters,
according to Prof. Seegen, slightly increase secretion from all
the mucous surfaces, particularly those of the digestive tract ;
they increase the appetite, accelerate the circulation of the
blood, and revive the nutritious functions. They are at once
aperient, tonic, and exciting.

The waters of Kissingen are adapted to catarrhal dyspep-
siaj accompanied with constipation in anaemic subjects. In
cases of this kind they are excellent. At Kissingen, much at-
tention is given to the treatment of gouty and for certain con-
ditions of the disease the waters are valuable. Plethoric per-
sons suflFering from this malady, are favorably influenced by
a combination of Ragoczi and the bitter water. Those suflFer-
ing from irregular gout, with structural lesions of the joints,
the bones, the heart and blood-vessels, are better treated by the
waters of Wiesbaden or Tiiplitz. In plethoric persons of
middle age, and sedentary habits, suflFering from hypercemia
of the liver y the Ragoczi and bitter waters of Kissingen, com-
bined, frequently eflFect a ciu'e. These waters are also favor-
able in icterus due to catarrh of the mucous membrane of the
duodenum. It should be mentioned that if in catarrhal dys-
pepsia there is any inflammatory condition of the stomach, the
cold acidulous saline waters, such as Homburg and Kissingen,
should not be employed, but the waters of Wiesbaden in small
doses. Many maladies are favorably treated at Kissingen that
are not amenable to the saline waters alone, because of the bit-
ter water, which adds to the resources. This is a purgative
water, and in one pint contains — 46 grains sulphate of soda,
39 grains sulphate of magnesia, 61 grains chloride of sodium,
30 grains chloride of magnesium, and 6 cubic inches carbonic-
acid gas.

Kissingen is located in a fertile valley on the banks of the
rapid river Saal. The climate is salubrious, and all the neces-
sities of the invalid are well provided for. Neither are social
attractions wanting. The Bavarian Government for many
years annually added improvements, until Kissingen became
one of the most popular watering-places. —

'■' «

I ! !

348

MINERAL SPRINGS.

Wiesbaden.— HeTe are the best thermal-saline waters ia
Europe. The waters are peculiar, tasting like warm highly-
salted chicken-broth, and, when collected in reservoirs, present-
ing a somewhat yellowish color. Besides the ingredients
given in the analysis, they contain a small proportion of or-
ganic matter, which has not been closely studied. The physi-
ological action of the waters, according to Dr. Braun, is as
fellows : In a moderate dose, about a pint, they increase the
flow of saliva, give a sense of warmth to th'? stomach, and
produce moderate alvine evacuation ; in quantities of a quart
to three pints, and taken but slightly warm, they prove de-
cidedly purgative. From one to three hours after drinking
even small quantities of the water, the flow of urine is in-
creased, and its chemical composition altered ; more consider-
able quantities of chloride of sodium, uric acid, and ' rea, are
eliminated, than if a corresponding quantity of ordinary water
were taken. Under the influence of these waters the fteces
are fluidified, and contain more biliary constituents, menstrua-
tion becomes morv^ abundant, and the flow of milk is promoted,
perspiration is increased, and the pulse accelerated. Tlie
effect of the waters on the urinary secretion was closely in-
vestigated by Drs. Neubauer and Genth. They first deter-
minfid the quantity of urine and urinary sjiids, under usual
habits of life, for periods of five and eight days. Then for
five daj's they took baths of the water at 95° Fahr., and ex-
amined the urine, and then for eight days they took the same
baths, and drank four hundred and five hundred cubic centi-
metres respectively. The quantity of urine under ordinary
circumstances — 1,414 in one, and 1,252 in the other — rose,
while taking the baths alone, to 1,707 in the one, and 1,305
in the other. While taking baths and drinking the water, it
rose to 2,050 and 1,647 respectively ; the urea rose from 33 to
39.6 and 42.8 grains ; chloride of sodium, from 14.742 to 16.-
467 and 23.678 ; chloride of ammonium, from 2.072 to 2.344
and 2.722, and in similar ratio for the other constituents.
During the course of the experiments, the weight of the body
did not undergo any particular change.

EUROPEAN SPAS.

349

avs. Then for

The waters and baths of Wiesbaden are especially em-
ployed in gc ity and rheumatism. They are advantageously
used in all forms of gout, unless inflammatory symptoms be
present at the time, but are especially adapted to cases of
anomalous or irregular gout. When external manifestations
have almost ceased, and the disease tends to attack internal
organs, it is said these waters will recall it to the point of
external attack. For action on the kidneys, the wpter is
taken in doses of two to four tumblersful, and cooled before
drinking, but little exercise being taken in the mean time ;
but if diaphoresis is desired it should be taken hot, und consid-
erable exercise in the intervals of drinking.

In chronic rheumatism, facial neuralgia^ and sciatica, these
waters are frequ'^rtly curative, and cases oi paralysis also im-
prove under their use. In these cases baths and douches are
freely employed. Deforming rheumatism (rhumatisme nou-
eux) is also very much relieved by this treatment. Wies-
baden also enjoys a deserved reputation for the relief of con-
traction of the joints, and old gunshot-wounds complicated by
the presence of the ball, or necrosis.

Wiesbaden is situated on the southerly exposure of the
Taunus, in a valley enclosed by opposing spurs of the chain.
The climate if notably temperate, so that treatment may be
pursued in the early spring, and late in autumn, and even
through the w^inter months. There are twenty-nine springs
at Wiesbaden supplying a volume of hot water that is utilized
for batl'ng in every conceivable form. The mineral mud-
bath is also employed. This is also a station where the
whey-cure is administered.

Wiesbaden was known to the ancient Romans under the
name of Aquae Mattiacae, and is described by Pliny. At the
present day it is probably the most popular resort in Ger-
many; sixty three thousand persons are said to have vi-ited
there during the present year — 1873.

.Baden-Baden, — ^The waters of this spa are mild thermal-
saliae waters of 1C5** Fahr., and containing sixteen grains
chloride of sodium to the pint. They are chiefly used for

'i I i

I. t ; ■

860

MINERAL SPRIKQS.

bathing, the waters of other springs, as Homburg and Kissin-
gen, being drunk. There is a muriated-lithia spring at Baden
containing, according to Bunsen, two and three-tenths grains
chloride of lithium in the pint. It does not appear, however,
to have justified expectations as a curative in gout and litlii&<
sis. Baden-Baden is charmingly located on the banks of tlip
Oos, just at the entrance of the Black Forest. The valley is
exceedingly picturesque. Heretofore, the principal attrac-
tions have been the gaming-tables wadif&tes. This resort was
frequented by the Romans, and was known to them by the
name of Civitas Aurelia Aquensis. Numerous relics of sculp-
ture, of piscina3, and of vapor-baths, testify to this fact.

Jiourbonne, — This water is mildly laxative when taken
cold or tepid. At the natural tem^rature it does not prove
cathartic unless taken in large doses, and even then this effect
is only temporary, and succeeded by constipation. As a rule,
the purgative effect is not sought in treatment.

There is a decided analogy between the application of
these waters and those of Wiesbaden. They prove valuable
in chronic rheumatism^ accompanied with contractions, with
enlargement of the joints, and deposits ; also in paralysis.
Especially are the waters suitable to these maladies when
they are allied to a scrofulous diathesis. So certain are these
waters as a remedy in false anchylosis, in contractions, in old
gunshot-wounds and necrosis, that tb 3 French Government has
erected a military hospital capable of accommodating one
hundred officers and three hundred soldiers.

Bourbonne is agreeably situated at an altitude of nine
hundred feet, on the brow of a gently-inclined hill which com-
mands a distant view of the range of the Vosges. There are
three springs supplying a large number of baths of every de-
scription. The mineral mud-bath is also a resource of Bour-
bonne. Its principal constituents in 100 parts are silicic acid
64 parts, oxide of iron 5, lime 6, and vegetable and animal
matter 15.

Selters. — ^This water is cool and refreshing in taste, with a
slight trace of iron, alkali, and salt in the flavor. It is chiefly

EUROPEAN SPAS.

351

employed as a table^riuk, and under the name seltzer is
known and imitated {itiferiorly^ as a rule) the world over.
There are no establishments at the spring. Two million bot-
tles are sold annually.

BSINB-BATHS.

Kreunaeh. — Rhenish Prussia, seven miles south of Bingcn.
Naibclm. — Gci-many, nessc-Cassel, fifteen miles north from Frankfort

ANALYSIS.

KKiirzirACH.

VKismt*.

One plut contains—

EliuBqueUa.

M.fio F«hr.

Uwig.

Ormnlonquelle.

M.6* F»hr.

Lbbig.

Karbrannen.

71.3* Fahr.

BrooMb-

8oi.n>B.
Carbonate of maf^nesla

Orklni.
0.106

i'.'J'i

0.6!e4

72.888
4.071

18.889
0.618

oioss

0.085
0.278
0.129

Grmtni.
0.180
0.856

6!265

0.460

103.705

82!749

6.696
0.012
1.780
0.999

GmliM.

Carbonate of iron

0.146

Carbonate of manganese

021

Carbon&te of lime

8.028

Chloride of potassium

4.04T

Chloride of sodium

109.928

Chloride of roa^eslum

2.1.Vi

Chloride of calcium

8.215

Chloride of lithium

Sulphate of lime

0.740

PhoRphate of alumina

Iodide of ma^^cslum

hromlde of magnesium

Silica.

0.295
116

Total

98.846

• a • •

186.641

• • • •

188 6S4

Oas.
Carbonic acid,

CoMia.
81.2

JSreuznach. — These were the first waters of the kind to be
medicinally employed in Germany, and the success which at-
tended their use has caused the development of numerous
waters of similar character. The Elisenquelle is the only
spring used internally. When taken in small doses, it tends
to constipation, at the same time diuretic ; but in large doses
it is purgative.

These waters have been used in scrofula with the most de-
cided success, especially the forms accompanied with infiltra-
tion of the glands. Scrofulous diseases of the skin, such as
lupus and sycosis, are also favorably influenced. The water
is also said to possess a resolutive action in fibroid tumors of
the uterus. According to Scanzoni, the good results in these
cases are chiefly due to the reduction of the size of the womb,

m
• .* I

■ni

I II
til

r i ;

/ill

802

MINERAL SPRINGS.

thus controlling haemorrhage, uterine colic, and other symp-
toms. In ovarian tumors, Scanzoni discountenances the use of
these waters when symptoms of congestion are present, and
the tumor is rapidly enlarging. In other conditions, however,
the growth of the tumor may be decidedly retarded. In cer-
tain cases of tertiary syphilis, associated with scrofula, this
water proves exceedingly efficacious. Besides the spring-wa-
ter, graduated brine and mother-lye are employed. The fol-
lowing is the composition of these solutions :

Oo« pint contklnt—

Graduated Brio*.
Pr. Wieibadcn.

Mother-lya,
Polidorf.

Solids.
Chloride of potasBlnm

OnlDf.

11.28

1,811.89

78.22

24V.66

• ■ • •

6.'68
6.06

Gralni.
168.81

Chloride of Bodium

226.87

Chloride of roagnesium

280.81

Chloride of aluminuiii

1.66

Chloride of calcium

1,789.97
7.96

Chloride of lithium

Porchloride of iron

traces.

Sulohate of soda.

traces.

Iodide of sodium

0.U6

Iodide of magnesium

Bromide of sodium

66.14

Bromide of magnesium

Total

1,642.9T

2,484.16

The following is the usual method of Kreuznach treatment.
The patient drinks daily from twenty to thirty ounces of the
Elisenquelle ; children less, according to age. An hour after
drinking tue water, a bath is taken at from 86° to 92** I'ahr.
in temperature. In the beginning of the treatment, the sim-
ple brine-bath is used, but gradually, as the system becomes
accustomed, the mother-lye is employed. From one to fifty,
and even a hundred quarts of the mother-lye are added to the
bath ; but, as soon as symptoms of excitement and saturation
occur, the quantity is diminished, or even entirely withdrawn.
The duration of the bath is from a quarter to three-quarters
of an hour, and, in severe cases of scrofula and skin-disease,
two baths per day are sometimes given. It is customary
while in the bath to rub the diseased parts with a soft sponge
or brush. Cloths soaked in brine are also applied, especially
to enlarged lymphatic glands.

Kreuznach is situated in the valley of the Nahe, on the

EUROPEAN SPAS.

353

id other synip-
nces the use of
3 present, and
tions, ho^^evcr,
irded. In ccr-
scrofula, this
the spring-wa-
yed. The fol-

Mother-Iya.
Polidorr.

Oninf.

168.81

226.87

280.81

1.66

1,789.97

7.95

traces.

0.U6

W.i4

2,484.16

oh treatment,
ounces of the
\.n hour after

to 92° I'ahr.
lent, the sim-
:em becomes

one to fifty,
added to the
id saturation
7 withdrawn,
iree -quarters
skin-disease,
s customary

soft sponge
d, especially

ahe, on the

left side of the Rhine. The principal wells and baths arc on
a wooded island in the Nahe. Pleasant excursions may be
made in the vicinity.

Nauheim. — The waters of Nauheim, like strong saline
waters in general, tend in small quantities to produce consti-
pation, and in large quantities to cause purgation. The baths
readily produce the phenomena of eruptions, known as la
poussee. The large quantity of carbonic acid in these waters
renders them more palatable than saline waters of equal
strength usually are, and the temperature, ranging as high as
99°.9 Fahr., makes thera especially applicable for bathing
purposes. There are five springs, yielding a large volume of
water. Similar method of treatment is pursued here to that
of Kreuznach, graduated brines and mother-lye being em-
])loyed. In addition, there is an establishment especially
devoted to administration of the carbonic-acid bath.

The application of this water is like that of Kreuznach, es-
pecially adapted to scrofula, and disease: allied to scrofulous
conditions, declaring themselves in young persons. Catarrh
of the vagina in scrofulous and ameraic persons, and scrofu-
lous diseases of the bones, arc frequently cured by these baths.
Brine-baths are also of utility for the purpose of promoting
Jibsorption of rheumatic exudations. Indeed, the rheumatic
diathesis seems sometimes to be overcome by their use.

Nauheim is situated on the northeast slope of the Taunus,
and is a pleasant drive from Homburg. It is comparatively a
newly-developed resort, only dating back some eighteen years ;
neverthelesss, every arrangement for securing the full benefits
of the warm salt-water has been made, and the facilities for
social enjoyment are quite complete.

SUIiPHUB-WATEBS.

Alx-la-Chapelle> — Rhenish Prussia, forty-seven miles west from Cologne.

AiX'Ies-Balns* — Savoy, ten and a half miles north from Chamb^ry.

Barnes* — France, department of Haute3-Pyr6n^es, one hundred and
twelve miles south of Bordeaux.

Bagntres-de-Liclioii« — ^France, department of Haute-Gaionne, one hundred
and twenty-five miles south of Bordeaux.

■■*^

)^ 'tt

• !

« ' I

354

MINERAL SPRINGS.

Nenndorf* — Germany, principality of Hesse, 12 iriiles west from Hanover.
Melnberg. — Germany, principality of Lippe-Detmold, thiity-eight miles
south of Hanover.

ANALYSIS.

On« j.Iat contain* —

AIZ-LA-CnAPKLLE.

Kalii«ri|uelle.

131° F»hr.

Llebtg.

NENNDORF.

Trinkqtielle.

63.6' K»hT.

Bunaen.

XKIMBERG.

Schwefelquelle.
48* Fahr.
Brandet.

SOLIUB.

Carbonate of soAr

Grains.
4.995
0.895
0.078
1.217
0.002
0.002
20.271

i!i86
2.171

• • • •

6!673

• • • •

6!664

0.028
0.603
0.571

Grains

• • • •

i'.m

0.889
4.549
2.818
8.121

6.555

o.'iea

Oiaini.

Carbonate of magnesia

0.172

Carbonate of iron

0.008

Carbonate of lime

2.149

Carbonate of lithia.

Carbonate of stroutia. .

Chloride of sodium

• • • •

Choride of megnceium

Sulphate of potassa

1.085
0.0()5

Sulphate of soda

6.844

Sulnhate of macrne^

1.788

Sulphate of lime

8.8'J6

Sulphate of strontia

0.l'i>8

Sulphuret of sodium

0.067

Sulphnrot of calcium (hydrated)
PhoRnhale of alumina

o.oio

Iodide of sodium

Bromidi< of sodium

Silica

0.120

Organic matter

• • • •

Total

&l.fi()2

21.276

Cubic !n.
5.26
1.28
0.06
O.Gl

19.486

Gases.
Carbonic acid

Per cent.
[80.89
0.81

1.82

Cubic In.
2.81

Sulphuretted hydropen

Carlmretted hydrogen

0.61

Nitrogen

0.40

Oxvffen

^'::::

0.02

Aix-la-Chapelle. — The waters of these famous thermals
possess an alkaline, saltish, and sulphurous taste. Taken in-
ternally, they pre especially diuretic and diaphoretic.

The treatment at Aix-la-Chapelle consists both in drinking
the water— that of the Kaiserquelle being chiefly used — and
bathing, to which the w iters are eminently adapted by their
temperature. The bathing arrangements are excellent, and
the attendants have an unsurpassed reputation for dexterity in
application of douches and shampooing. The douches have a
fall of from twenty-five to thirty feet, and range in tempera-
ture from 89° to 100° Fahr. The hath is usually given at from
92° to 96° Fahr. " ' ^ -■

Tliese waters possess a high reputation in the treatment

> Percentage of gases ascending from the water.

EUROPEAN SPAS.

355

wrest from Hanover,
thirty-eight milea

of chronic rheumatism,^ chronic metallic poisoning^ and dis-
eases of the skin. Of the latter, it is especially to humid dar-
trous diseases that they are applir \,

ANALYSIS.

Om pint contains—

AIZ-UC-BAISfS.

Kaoz d« Soofre.

108*-m* F«hr.

Boi^i«u.

bar£ob8.

Boncherlai.

M.4* Fahr.l

Latour,

BAOMiRK8-DB -

LirCBOM.

La Relne.

131' Fahr.

FUbol.

SoLtns.
Carbonate of soda

Gnint.

o'.iss

0.064
1.084
traces.
0.057
0.126

O.m

0.267
0.400
traces.
0.117
....
....
....

0.017
traoee.

• •••

• • ■ •

• •

• • • ■

6!686

• • • •

Undetermined.
0.087

OiB-'ni.

• • • *

• • • •

6!6i4

0.292
6.147

• • • •

o.'iie

• • • •

« • • •

• • • •

6!667

0.146
} 0.080 1

• •••

• ■ • •

....
[ 0.087

Oreini.
traces.

Carbonate of magnesia.

Carbonate of iron

Carbonate of lime

. . . •
....

Carbonate of strontia

Ciiloride of sodium

6!492

Chloride of magnesium

Bulpliate of potassa.

6!66s

Sulpliate of soda

0.162

Hulpliate of magnesia

8ulpliate of alumina

Sulphate of iron

Sulphate of Ume

0.286

Sulphuret of sodium

0.401

Sulphurot of iron

0.020

Sulphuret of manganese

Sulphuret of copper

0.024
traces.

H3'i)osHlphlte of soda

traces.

Phosphates of lime and alumina

and fluoride of calcium

Iodide of potnssium

....

Iodide of sodium ....

Silicate of soda

traces,
traces.

Silicate of magnesia

o.oairf ..

O.lW

Silicate of alumina ,

Silicate of lime

0.066

Silica

traces.

Alumina

traces.

PhoH[)hateB

traces.

Bituminous matter and glairine.
Losa

Total

8.188

CuUo in.
0.89
0.82

19.04

1.208

« • • •
a • • •
• • ■ •

1.724

Gases.
Carbonic acid

Sulphuretted hydrogen

Nitrogen

traces.

■ • • •

the treatment

Aix-la-Chapelle was an early resort of the Romans, and
known to them by the name of Aquae Grani. Numerous re-
mains of ancient thermal establishments are found. Subse-
quently it was the favorite abode of the great Charlema^e.
It is said that he luxuriated in the thermal baths, and was ac-
customed to bathe in public with the officers of his court, and
even held councils of state in the baths. The city, which has

Some of the Bar6ges springs reach 111* Fahr.

* With carbonate of Iron.

N.i '':

t!i-:l

ill '

f •

iS'

|;i

3.;
i

i i

^R:

i r

356

MINERAL SPRINGS.

now shrunk into small compass compared with its former lim-
its, shows outward evidence in many portions of the former
presence of the great Frank, now dead a thousand years.
His remains are sacredly guarded in the treasury of the an-
cient cathedral, and are shown to the public once in seven
years. One of the principal baths — that which he frequented,
and which was a favorite with the great Napoleon — is known
as the Kaiserbad. This establishment is veritably a " thermal
palace."

Aix-les-Baitis. — ^The use of these waters is almost exclu-
sively- external. For the employment of the waters in this way
there are unsurpassed facilities. The flow of the water is ex-
ceedingly large, and the grand bath establishment, built in
1773 by Victor- Am6d6e III., received such additions in 1854
that it is now one of the most complete in Europe. The num-
ber and variety of douches are said to be unequalled.

The application of these waters is to all those diseases
which are benefited by thermal baths, such as chronic rheu-
matism, diseases of the skin, syphilis, paralysis, independent
of organic lesion of the nerve-centres, etc.

Aix is quite a pretty village, situated in an agreeable val-
ley, bounded to the south and north by mountains. The cli-
mate is exceedingly salu'"riou8.

This resort again reminds us of the pleasure taken by the
Romans in thermal baths. Many relics of their residence here
are found in the village, and the place was known to them as
Aquae Gratianae. To-day the resort equals, if it does not sur-
pass, its ancient splendor, and ofifers many attractions to the
valetudinarian.

Barhges. — These waters, taken internally, possess an ex-
citing action. Tlie effect is upon the nervous system, and
especially on the circulation, compared by Borden to that of
strong coffee, but easily developing, both in the well and in
the sick, a febrile condition. Although these waters have
given name to the soluble o-ganic principle of mineral waters,
they contain out a small proportion according to analyses.
The naming of the substance was but accidental, Longohamp

EUKOPEAN SPAS.

357

ains. The cli-

being engaged with th(!se waters at the time he made the dis-
covery/ The analysis of the waters has not been as exact as
the science of hydrology demands, that of the spring given in
the table being only less imperfect than others. The compo-
sition of TEntr^e (103° Fahr.), according to Henry, is as fol-
lows, in one pint : Sulphuret of sodium, 0.262 grains ; sulphate
of soda, 0.219 ; carbonate and silicate of soda, 0.175 ; organic
matter (iodine, lime, and magnesia), traces.

The waters of Bareges enjoy a celebrity in the treatment
of gunshot^iooundsy and bringing to the surface unextracted
balls and pieces of sheUj that has penetrated every comer of
Europe, so much so that they have been termed les £Jaitx
cTArquebusade. Says Constantin James : " One should not
despair of the curative action of the water because the foreign
body appears too voluminous, or too deeply imbedded in the
tissues; nothing seems to limit their power." The French
Government has a military hospital at this resort. The waters
are used internally, and in the form of douches and baths.
The douche having a fall of only three feet, the effect cannot
be attributed to percussion. The water is also efficacious in
certain scrofulous conditions^ such as diseases of the bones,
caries, chronic ostitis, fistulous tracts, abscess, and ulcers. It
is not to young scrofulous subjects that these waters are
adapted, but, says Durand-Fardel, " if the scrofula is already
an old disease, if the patient approaches the age when the .
disease tends to become extinct, if the capital indication is to
treat an old manifestation, bom of the diathesis and persisting
less because of the early impulsion than by inability of the
organism to produce resolution, then the waters of Bareges
appear to us the most efficacious of all sulphur-waters." In
dartrous diseases of the skin, and in syphilis, they prove of
utility. Because of the excessive excitement usually produced
by tlie baths and douches, the patient frequently can take
them only every other day, and the duration of treatment is
from five to eight weeks.

Bareges is situated near the summit of the Pyrenees, at an

I " Chbnie Hydrologiqne," par Lefort, Paris, 18.^), p. 808.

-\'i

S58

MINEBAI. SPRINGS.

elevation of four thousand two hundred feet, surrounded by
wild and unattractive scenery, and overhung by ice-crowned
peaks. The climate is exceedingly changeable, in the midst
of summer a suffocating heat in the morning being sometimes
succeeded by icy cold in the afternoon. Only invalids fre-
quent the place.

£agn^res-de-Luchon. — The waters of Luchon, taken in
doses of two to four glasses, augment the appetite, and often
produce constipation, rendering the excrementitious matter
black or brown. The internal functions are excited even in
the absence of baths, the secretion of urine being augmented.
They frequently do not rest well on the stomach, producing
nausea and sulphurous eructations. Some persons cannot
take them without the addition of syrups or infusions. The
baths even, at moderate temperature, act decidedly upon the
skin. After a quarter of an hour's immersion the cutaneous
surface is swollen, and severe itching is felt. Sometimes the
irritation is sufl&cient to produce slight eruptions, which, how-
ever, disappear soon afterward. Baths of elevated tempera-
ture often determine severe eruptions, lapouss^.

These waters are celebrated for the cure of dartrous dis-
eases of the skin. Of these diseases they prove of especial
service in ptistulous eczema, in j^^oriasiSj pityriasis, ichthy-
osis, etc. For the treatment of secondary and tertiary syph-
ilis, with the various syphilides, they are perhaps superior to
any other European sulphur-waters. The waters also prove
efficacious in scrofulous eruptions, classed by some authors as
acrofulides. They are also applicable to chronic rheumatism,
in persons of lymphatic constitution. For the cure of old
wounds, and elimination of balls and foreign bodies, they are
efficacious, but not equal to the waters of Bar6ges.

Luchon is situated in the midst of one of the most mag-
nificent valleys of the Pyrenees, at an elevation of two thou-
sand feet pbove the sea, and is the most frequented resort of
this region, as many as twenty thousand persons going there
during the season. The Cours cTEtigny is a long avenue,
shaded by four rows of linden-trees and bordered by build-

EUROPEAN SPAS.

359

ings, in which visitors lodge. At the southerly extremity of
this avenue the springs — forty-eight in number — issue at the
base of the mountain Super-Bagndres. A sojoiun at Luchon
oflFers many attractions. The Gours cTMigny is animated by
the movement of visitors, and inviting excursions are made to
the Lake d'Oo, to the valley of the Lys, and to the Pont de
Venasque^ whence grand views are obtained of the Maladetta,
with its immense glaciers.

Nenndorf. — These cold sulphur-springs are much fre-
quented by North-Germans. The arrangements are good.
There are hot baths and douches, and an excellent inhalation-
house. Mineral mud-baths and saline baths are also admin-
istered. Opportunities for the whey-cure are offered. This
resort is chiefly visited by those suffering from gout, rheuma-
tism, paralysis, neuralgia, and diseases of the skin.

Meinherg. — This resort offers an unusual variety of cura-
tive agencies. There are carbonic-acid inhalations, baths and
douches of carbonic acid, mineral mud-baths, and, besides the
sulphur-waters, a good saline water. The resort has consider-
able repute in the treatment of chronic articular rheumatism,
certain forms of paralysis, scrofula, when exhibited in the
lymphatic ganglions, and irregularities of menstruation. Mein-
berg is pleasantly situated, on a wooded hill-side, in a pleas-
ing country.

CHALYBEATE WATERS.'

Schwalbaeh* — Germany, duchy of Nassau, five miles southeast from Ems.
Pyrmontt — Germany, principality of Waldeck, tweuty-eight miles south-
west of Hanover.

Spa* — Belgium, province of Li^ge, seventy miles east of Brussels.
SU-Moritz* — Switzerland, canton of Grisons. >

Schwalbach. — These may be termed pure chalybeate waters,
containing nearly half a grain of carbonate of iron per pint,
and but a small proportion of other constituents, together
with a large quantity of carbonic-acid gas.

The action of these waters is that of chalybeates in gen-
eral, tending to produce constipation, rendering the faeces dark

' 8»6 Aiiolysis, page 860.

360

MINERAL SPRINGS.

in color, and restoring tlie red color to impoverished blood
globules. Under their use the appetite and digestion are im-
proved. The waters are applicable to anaemic conditions and
chlorosis, and form an admirable succedaneum to a course of
alterative mineral-water treatment.

ANALYSIS.

On« pint contalni—

BOUWALBAOB.

StahlbruDMn.

46*-61» VtAa.

Fnteniui.

PTBMONT.

TrinkLrunnan.

M.6* F»hr.

WIggew.

BPA.

Pouhon.

W Fahr.

ulonlieim.

BAINT-MOBrrZ.

Grude Source.

4a* Fahr.

PlanU k K«kul«.

Solids.
Carbonate of sods

Oralnt.
0.110
0.96€

6'.467
0.108
1.181

6". 662

« • • •

6!629

0.061

■ • • •

traces,
traces.

6! 246
traces.

• « • •

Graini.

6!740

6! 810
0.024
7.276
0.002
8.762
0.608
0.019
0.170

2!8S8
6.609

traces.

• • • •

• ( ■ •

61668

0.019
traces.

Gralni.

0.700

0.241

0.024

.677

b'.im

6'.i67

• • • •

• • a •
■ • ■ •

• • • •

6*.2i7

6*.6i2

Graini.
1.864

Carbonate of magnesia.

Carbonate of alumina

Carbonate of iron

0.827

6!ii3

Carbonate of iT.anganese

Carbonate of Jme

0.080
6.8U3

Carbonate of ammonia

Chloride of sodium

6! 282

Cliloride of ma^esiom

Chloride of lithium

• • • •

Sulohate of Dotassa

0.119

Sulphate of soda

1.967

Sulphate of magnesia

Sulphate of lime

PhosDhate of soda

• • • •

Nitrate of soda

Borate of soda

FhosDhoric acid

0.003

Bromino, iodine, and fluorine.
Alumina

traces.
0.002

SlUca

0.278

Oriranifi matter

Loss

Total

8.216

Cubic in.
60.27
0.008

22.276

Cubic in.
47.10

2.608

Cubic in.
71. 6

1U.848

Gases.
Carbonic acid

Cubic in.
89.29

Sulphuretted hydrogen

• • • •

Schwalbach lies in a pleasant valley surrounded by wooded
hills. It is one of the most popular chalybeate waters in Eu-
rope. The large quantity of carbonic acid discharged is util-
ized in baths, which are so arranged that the gas does not
escape when the water is heated.

Pyrmont. — ^This water is not equal to Schwalbach or Spa.
It is not a pure chalybeate, as will be seen by the analysis,
containing a considerable quantity of sulphate of lime and
other salts, in all twenty-two grains to the pint, and not quite
one-third of a grain of carbonate of iron.

This resort docs not attract so large a number of visitors

EUROPEAN SPAS.

3G1

on.
khr.
Im.

BAINT-HOBITZ.

Grwde Source.

4S* F«hr.

PUato A Kukuli.

■«
90
11
H

Gnint.
1.864
0.827

6!i73
0.080
6.8U3

6!282

6!ii9
1.967

• • • •

• • ■ •

6!663

tracos.
0.002
0.278

■ • • •

10.848

Cubic In.
89.29

....

)T of visitors

as formerly, though the arrangements are excellent, and a
saline water adds to the resources.

Spa. — This is the type of pure chalybeate waters, and is
not equalled in Europe. As will be seen by the analysis, the
Pouhon Spring — the most used — contains two-thirds of a grain
01 carbonate of iron to the pint, and seventy cubic inches of
carbonic-acid gas, with less than two grains of other constitu-
ents. These waters, like iron-waters in general, are especially
applicable to a.icemic conditions and chlorods. In many
cases of dyspepsia, with decided 'anaemia, the results are
exceedingly satisfactory. In all those chlorotic conditions
depending on impoverished blood and irregularity of the men-
ses they are a most valuable remedy. Patients subject to
passive haemorrhage are also relieved by these waters. Tlie
water also possesses reputation for the cure of sterility, a
result, however, only due to the invigoration and stimulation
of the uterine function resulting from the iron contained.

Spa is situated at the base of a miniature mountain, and is
protected from the north winds by a similar mountain. The
surroundings are exceedingly agreeable, and recreations of
every kind invite the pleasure-seeker. A most beautiful
bathing-establishment has been erected within a few years.
The resort has been renowned since the commencement of
the seventeenth century.

Saint-Moritz. — ^This is a fair chalybeate water, but the
curative effects may, in great measure, be attributed to the
fresh mountain-air that surrounds. It is situated in a valley
of the Haute-Engadine, at an elevation of six thousand and
eighty-eight feet above the level of the sea.

Within a few years, Saint-Moritz has become quite a pop-
ular place of resort. The waters are chie'^.y used for drinking,
but there are arrangements for bathing, and the carbonic-acid
gas is applipd in the way of inhalations and local douches.
These springs are said to have been brought into notice by
Paracelsus during the sixteenth century.

This resort is convenient to the saline purgative springs
of Tarasp and Wyh, in the Lower Engadine.

■. )%%

862

MINERAL SPRINGS.

V. >.

k m;

'^-1

FUBOATIVZ WATEBS.

PttIl!UU<~Bobemia, thirty-two miles northwest of Prague.

Friedrlch shall*— Germany, duchy of Saxe-Meiningen, eight miles from
Coburg.

Carisfeftdt — ^Bohemia, sixty-nine miles west of Prague.

Ilaiirabtd* — ^Bohemia, seventy-three miles wist of Prague, and twenty.
two miles south of Carlsbad.

ANALYSIS.

Ona pint oonUlna—

8traT«.

SoLIDf

Oarbonate of aoda

Carbonate of magnesia

Carbonate of iron

Carbonate of manganese .. .

Carbonate of lime

Carbonate of litbia

Oarbonate of strontia.

Chloride of »')dimn

Chloride of magnesium .. . .

Chloride of aluminum

Chloride of ammonium . . . .

Bulpliate of potassa

Sulphate of soda.

Sulphate of magnesia

Sulphate of lime

Phosphate of alumina

Phosphate of lime

Bromide of magnesium . . . ,
BiUca

Total

Gasbs.
Carbonic acid.
Nitrogen

GnOni.

• • • •

6!i7o

• • • •

16 ! 666

4'.86o

123.800

98.086

2.600

o'.oos

6!i76

248.807

vantDBioH-

3HAI.L.

46.5* Fahr.

B..Mr.

Onlu.
8.68

• • • •

6!ii

67.87

81.08

0.07

0.06

0.03

41.78

89.65

11.24

0.02
0.21

194.99

Cubic In.
6.82

0ABL8BAD.

SprndeL

lKS.t* Fabr.

GMU.

Onina.
9.062
0.899
0.061

2!620

8.724

0.870
19.960

0.2iO

• • • •

i!662

41.883

Cubic i*^.
7.8f
0.08

MABIKtrBAli.

Knoibmnnen.

68.3* .'•«hr.

Kcntan.

Gralni.
8.694
8.200
0.860
0.0:»
4.d()5
0.049
0.014
11.166

0.449
86.269

0.061
0.018

6!679

66.486

Cubic In.
16.7

PUllna. — ^This is an exceedingly strong purgative water,
and of the class known in Germany as Bitterwasser. It is
indicated in such cases as demand a saline purgative ; its
action, however, is milder than ordinary Epsom salts. The
water should only be used as an evacuant, as continuous use
causes derangement of digestion, and decidedly impoverishes
the blood.

The manner in which this water is collected is peculiar.
There is no spring, properly speaking, but several pits sunk
in the earth. The water which enters them is that which
falls directly in rain and filters through the surrounding earth.
In dry weather the supply is considerably diminished. The

I 1

EUROPEAN SPAS.

3G8

'ague, and twenty.

IAD.

MABIBNBAli.

•L

Knaibmnntn,

fuht.

88.3' j'ahr.

Kenten.

Oraini.

8.G94

8.200

0.850

0.0:^9

4.305

0.049

0.014

11.166

• « • •

■ • • •

6!449

86.269

• • • •

y.m

0.018

61679

65.486

Cubic In.

16. T

surrounding soil is composed of basalt and phonolite, contain-
ing large quautities of sulphate of soda and sulphate of mag-
nesia. ;

There are no bath-buildings at Piillna, the water only be-
ing used in the bottled form.

tViedricfishall. — This is a more agreeable purgative water
than Ptlllna, and very popular at the various German spas.
Its action is much less liable, it is said, to be followed by con-
stipation, and it may be rr=!ed for considerable time without
producing injurious effects.

There are no accommodations for visitors at the spring,
but the bottled water is consumed in considerable quantities.

Sedlitz. — This purgative water contains, in the pint, 75
grains sulphate magnesia, 17 sulphate of soda, 4 sulphate of
potassa, 4 sulphate of liire, 5 carbonate of lime, and 1 grain
chloride of magnesium.

It is this water which gives the name to the familiar aed-
litzpowdery composed of tartrate of soda and potassa, carbon-
ate of soda, and tartaric acid, and not containing a single con-
stituent of the water from which it is named.

Sedlitz is in Bohemia, not far distant from Pullna. The
water is exported in bottles.

Carishad or Karlshad. — ^These waters contain the very
unusual combination of a considerable proportion of carbonate
of soda, salt, and Glauber's salt, together with a high "degree
of heat. They may, therefore, be termed allcaline-saline
purgative waters. The taste of the water is said to resemble
weak mutton-broth. The water produces, according to Krey-
sig, " slight purgation and liquid motions, but without colic.
It is rare that it produces nausea, unless the person is exceed-
ingly delicate, or the digestive organs much diseased. The
urinary and cutaneous secretions are favored in a marked
degree, but at the same time the circulation is excited and
the water disposes to congestion toward the head." Prof.
Seegen says of the water: "The effect upon the kidneys is
only trifling. The function of the intestine is moderately ex-
cited, and a really laxative effect is very rare. . . . The secre-

i! J

1- 1-

\ik

i \

H i5

304

MINERAL SPRINQ&

tion of the bile is increased, and the composition of this liquid
is probably altered. The high temperature facilitates tlie
absorption of the water, and at iho same time prevents loss
of animal heat." The water a to have produced ptyal-

isra when no mercurials have been taken. ^

Prof. Seegen has made a special study of the action of
this water. He experimented on seven persons whose con-
dition was carefully noted for seven days previous to drink-
ing the water, and for from seven to nine days during the
administration of the water. From the results, as given by
Althaus, I have formed the following table :

BXCBKTIONB EXAMINED.

Faeces

Urine

Urine, urea In

Urine, phosphoric acid in . . .
Urine, chloride of sodium in,
Body weight

BKBITLTB.

IncresMd,

Unaltered.

Dlmlnlihed.

• •

Total.

T
7
7
6
7
7

Tlie acidity of the urine was aflFected thus : continued
acid in three, became alkaline in three, rendered neutral
after taking the water in one, but became acid by night.

The specific gravity of the urine was diminished in some
cases, and increased in others, always inversely proportional
to the quantity of urine discharged.

Although the urine was increased in five out of seven, the
increase was not proportional to the additional quantity of
water ingested.

The waters of Carlsbad possess a reputation above all oth-
ers in diseases of the liver. Of these diseases, hypermmia^
from whatever cause, whether the congestion be active or
passive, is most frequently cured. Those cases arising from
prolonged exposure to paludal poison, are often relieved in a
remarkable manner. It is also said that fatty degeneration of
the liver is cured by their use. The proof of this must, how-
ever, be exceedingly difficult to determine. In cases of gall-
stone they are also exceedingly efficient, and in icterus arising

lUhed.

ToUL

•

EUROPEAN SPAS.

365

from catarrh of the hepatic ducts. In each of the conditions
named, no less an authority than Frerichs testifies to their
utility. The waters have also considerable reputation for the
relief of diabetes^ when associated with disease of the liver or
gout. Gout is also frequently amenable to these waters
when the liver or abdominal organs are in a turgid condi-
tion. Gastric catarrh is most especially subject to cure by
these waters. Prof. Niemeyer is exceedingly explicit on this
point.

Carlsbad is situated in a profound valley, surrounded on
either side by immense masses of overhanging granitic rock.
Being one of the most renowned resorts in Europe for those
diseases which most frequently attack those who lead an easy
and luxurious life, it possesses all the requirements for per-
sons of that class. The name of the place is due to Charles
IV., who erected an establishment there in the fourteenth
century.

The Sprudel is the spring most frequently employed.
Constantin James says : '* This source, the queen, without
contradiction, of all the mineral waters of Europe, jets forth,
bounding and boiling from beneath the earth by a large
orifice, then falls back in foam. A cloud of vapor envelops it
on all sides, and, united to the noise made by the rushing
water, announces its presence from afar.** Large quantities
of incrustations form about the reservoir, and green confervoid
growths appear. There are many springs at Carlsbad, vary-
ing in temperature, but diflFering little in constitution. The
high temperature of the water affords ample facilities for
baths, which are frequently employed in conjunction with the
internal use of the water for the treatment of the diseases
named. Bathing, however, is of p^jcondary importance at
this resort.

Marienhad. — ^The vaters of these springs do not differ es-
sentially from those of Carlsbad, except in containing a larger
proportion of sulphate of soda, carbonic acid, and iron ; and
being cold in temperature. The difference in the effects can
readily be traced to this difference in constitution. They are

r,!i

866

MINERAL SPRINGS.

much more readily purgative, and, if large quantities arc taken,
the excretion of urine is decidedly augmented. The secre-
tions of the mucous membrane are increased, perspiration is
more free, and in some instances eruptions appear on the sur-
face. The appetite and digestion usually improve under their
use, and, owing to the presence of carbonic acid and iron, ibc
prolonged use of the water does not prove as debilitating as
otherwise would be anticipated.

The waters are recommended in the same diseases as
Carlsbad. They are preferable to Carlsbad in those cases in
which free purgation is advisable, but, in subacute gastric
catarrh, the large amount of carbonic acid contained would
prove injurious.

A specialty at Marienbad is the mineral mud-bath. Tlie
dried moor from which these baths are made, contains, besides
purging sulphates, humic acid, and organic matter, a large
amount of the salts of iron, as much as two hundred and
sixty-eight grains in a thousand.

Maritiibad 's beautifully situated at an altitude of two
thousand feet above the sea-level. The country is open and
inviting, and the arrangements for entertainment and for bath-
ing are superior. *

Framenahad. — ^These springs are situated in Bohemia,
three and a half miles from Eger. In chemical characteristics
they very much resemble Marienbad — the Wiesenquelle
(51° Fahr.,) containing in the pint 25 grains sulphate of soda,
9 of chloride of sodium, 0.376 carbonate of iron, traces of bro-
mides and iodides, and 45 cubic inches of carbonic-acid gas.
Their therapeutic application also resembles Marienbad, except
that, containing but a very small proportion of alkaline carbon-
ates, they act much more decidedly as an iron tonic.

The specialty of Franszensbad is the mineral mud-bathy
which possesses a reputation above every other in Germany.
The composition of the dried moor, of which this bath is com-
posed, is given under the title mud-baths. These baths are
especially recommended in cases of paralysis, rheumatism,
and gout.

titles are taken,
d. The secrc-
perspiration is
)ear on the sur-
ove under their
d and iron, the
debilitating as

ae diseases as

those cases in

ibacute gastric

)ntaincd would

lud-bath. The
•ntains, besides
latter, a large
) hundred and

Ititude of two
y is open and
t and for bath-
in Bohemia,
characteristics
Wiesenquelle
phate of soda,
traces of bro-
onic-acid gas.
enbad, except
kaline carbon-
mic,

'al mud-hath^

in Germany.

i bath is com-

!se baths are

rheumatism,

EUROPEAN SPAS.

OAIiOIO WATEBS.

367

CoitreXTlDc. — France, department of Yosges, tvo hundred and thirtj<
five miles east of Paris.

BagltrM-de-Bigorre. — France, department of nautcs-Pyr6n6c8, eighty*
five miles west of Toulouse.

Leikt — Switzerland, canton of Yalaia, twenty-two rnOcs east of Sion.

WUdugen* — Germany, principality of Waldeck, eighteen miles south-
west of Casscl.

ANALYSIS.

One pint oonUint—

80UD8.

Carbonate of soda

Carbonate of magnesia . . . .

Carbonate of iron

Carbonate of manganese . . .

Carbonate of lime

Carbonate of strontia

Chloride of potassium

Chloride of sodium

Chloride of magnesium . . . .

Sulphate of potassa

Sulphate of soda

Sulphate of magnesia

Si'iphate of iinie

T'ulphate of strontia

Phosphate of lime

On?anio matter and arsenic.

Loss

Alumina

SiUca

Residue, &tty matter

Total.

Oases.
Carbonic add

Oxygen

Nitrogen

OONTVItX-
VILLI.
PBTlUon.

U.S* Kahr.
Htnry.

Gnlni.
1.438
1.606
0.0661

k'.m

traces.

1.022

0.292
traces.
0.949
1.88T
8.896

i«

511
0.876 »

21.469*

Cubic la.

0.20

undetermined.

BA0N&RE8-D4-

BIOOBBK.

La Rtin*.

116.1* Fabr.

Qandcrmx and

Oralna.

6!821
0.584

i!942

0.468
0.949

2.691
12.264

0.894

6!268
0.060

20.111

undetermined.

LBUK.

Loraniqnall*.

1S3* Falir.

Brunoer.

Gnlu.

6!662
0.024

6!867

6!620

0.066
0.027

oisoo

1.991

12.712

0.081

0.102

16.880

Cnbic In.
0.26
0.19
0.86

WILOUNOKII.

Stadti.'.-'inncii.
W* Falir.

Ornlni.
0.492
S.408
0.189
0.068
8.778

0.071

0.910
0.280

0.008
0.279

8.481

Cubic In.
48.70

Oontrexville. — The prominent effect of this water is
diuretic, and the quantity of urine passed seems more than in
proportion to the water ingested. When taken in large
quantities, and it is readily tolerated, there is frequently
slight diarrhcea, abundant perspiration, and phenomena of
general excitement.

These waters are distinguished for the relief given in cases

1 And carbonate of manganese.

■ And ahimlna.

* This spring also contains traces of iodine, bromlno, and nitrates.

308

MINERAL SPRINGS.

t;t

of catarrh of the bladder, nephritic colic, calculus, and gravel.
The value of the waters in gravel, says Durand-Fardel, is
" neither contested nor contestable." The effect of the waters
in this disease, according to his view, depends on their diuretic
action, on the washing out of the urinary- organs, and not on
any decided effect on the organism by which the diathesis is
destroyed. The relief given, however, is immediate, and con-
tinues for a considerable time after the use of the water is
suspended. In catarrh of the bladder, however, the waters
exercise a decidedly curative effect.

This is comparatively a recent resort, but within a few
years has received considerable patronage, and possesses the
requisites for a comfortable abode.

JBagnereS'de-Bigorre. — These waters are reputed sedative
to all conditions of over-excitement or sensitiveness of the
nervous system, and find especial application in disorders of
the genito-urinary apparatus, and menstruation in females.
They also prove useful in the atonic and nervous condition of
students, and men who lead a sedentary life. These good
effects are attributable almost, if not altogether, to the baths
and fresh mountain-air. The waters, however, contain a con-
siderable proportion of iron, which proves valuable in the con-
ditions named, and in certain dyspepsias.

The number of springs at Bigorre is upward of thirty,
and the supply of water is abundant. The bathing arrange-
ments are superior.

Besides the calcic waters, there is a fine sulphur-spring not
far distant, the waters of which have been brought into the
village.

Bagn6res-de-Bigorre is one of the most popular resorts in
the Pyrenees, as many as eighteen thousand persons going
there during the season. It is delightfully situated amid the
heights of the mountains, at an elevation of eighteen hundred
feet. Every opportunity for pleasure and recreation is af-
forded.

Leuk. — These waters are chiefly appropriated to the bath.
For this purpose they are used in common by both sexes,

EUROPEAN SPAS.

369

after the manner described in another chapter. The patient
remains in the water from one to five hours, with the object
of producing the phenomenon knovrn as lapoussee, or the bath-
eruption. This mode of treatment is especially applicable to
dry dartrous diseases of the skin, such as psoriasis, lichen, and
pityriasis, accompanied with want of vital action ia the in-
tegument. The bath-eruption seems to remove this inertia,
and cure by substitution. The application of the waters, in
these diseases and conditions, is recommended by Hardy and
other specialists of equal note.

The village of Leuk is situated at the foot of the Gemmi
Pass, at an elevation of four thousand six hundred feet above
the sea. On either hand glacier-crowned summits tower five
thousand feet above, and the entire regior possesses a wild
and sterile grandeur.

Wildungen. — The waters of this spa are readily tolerated
by the stomach, and prove decidedly efficacious in gravel and
the lithic-acid diathesis. They exercise a happy effect on the
mucous membrane of the urinary passages, and under their
use gravel and renal culculi are passed without pain, and the
formation of new concretions is prevented. Tho water also
proves curative in catarrh of the bladder.

Wildungen is a quiet resort, situated in a pleasant valley,
and offers attractions to those who desire to avoid the confusion
of the larger watering-places.

11 f

1 'J; i

liar resorts in

THERMAL WATEBS.'

GastelOi — Austria, duchy of Salzburg, seventy-four miles south of Salz-
burg.

TttpUtZi — Bohemia, circle of Leitmeritz, forty miles south of Dresden.

Schlangenjiadt — Germany, duchy of Nassau, fou»* miles south of Schwal-
bach Springs.

Plonibl^res. — France, department of the Vosges, two hundred and fifty-
one miles east of Paris.

Gastein. — These waters are devoted almost exclusively to
bathing. There are eight springs varying little in composi-

I S»» AnalyslB, page 870.

¥%•

i -i '

370

MINERAL BPRU^QS.

tion, but ranging in temperature from 87° to 160° Fahr. The
eflFects of the waters are in great measure those of the warm
and hot bath. Prof. Seegen regards the curative agency as
due only to this action and the mountain-air. However, Con-
stantin James affirms that a bath in these waters, unlike one
in ordinary warm or hot water, produces contraction and
rigidity of the skin, and that when a number of baths are
taken, they especially stimulate the genital organs and the
nervous system. The temperature of the bath is from 98° to
100° Fahr.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains—

OABTEIIT.

87*-160» Fahr.

Wolf.

TOPLITZ.

Haaptquelle.

120* Fahr.

Wolf,

SOBLAITOENBAD.

82.4*-8».6' Fahr.
Fretenlui.

PLOHBIEBES.

Source dei Damew
125» Fahr.
Lhiritler.

Solids.
Carbonate of soda

Uraini,
0.04
0.02
0.06
0.02
0.86

■ • ■ •

6!86

o.oi

1.51

OM
traces,

• • • •
....

• • • •

« • • •

• • • •

traces.

0.24

traces.

GralDi.
2,685
0.088
0.019
0.021
0.830
0.027

0.488

0,098
0.290
0.014
0,020

0'.851

• • • •

• • ■ •

• • • •

0'.(ffi4
0V448

• • • •

Gralni.
0.079
0.047

d.m

1.825
O'.MI

o'.bo4

0'.258

Gralni,

t'arbonate of magnesia

Carbonate of iron

• a ■ •

Carbonate of manganese

Carbonate of lime

Carbonate of strontia

Chloride of potassium

Chloride of sodium

Chloride of calcium

Sulphate of potassa

• • • •

[ 0.276

Sulphate of soda

0.627

Phosphate of soda

Phosphate of alumina

Fluoride of calcium

• • • •

Fluoride of silicium

Arscniate of soda

0.008

Silicate of potassa

0.008

Silicate of soda

0.626

Silicate of lime and magnesia..
Crenic acid

0.158

Alumina

0.076

Btrontia

Silica

0.089

Oi^^anic matter

0.163

Total

2.66
In 100 parti.

69.11

4.808

In 100 part*.

4.74

0.66

94.59

2.568
Cubic In.

0.67

• • • •

2.012

Oases.
Carbonic acid

Oxygen

Nitrogen

• • • •

These baths possess especial reputation in cases oi paraly-
sis^ both hemiplegia and paraplegia, provided the originating
attack has been some time passed, and organic degeneration
of the nerve-tissues has not occurred. They are also said to
be of service in restoring virility. It is almost needless to

60°Fahr. The
se of the warm
itive agency as
However, Gon-
ers, unlike one
ontraction and
er of baths are
organs and the
ti is from 98° to

SAD.

•hr.

PL0MBIEM8.

Source del DamM.
126» Fahr.
Lb«ritler.

Gralni.
....

... *
} 0.276

d.m

« • • •
• • • •

oVobij

0.008
0.626
0.163

o'.bVe

0'.089
0.163

2.012

• • • •

• • a •

ases oiparaly-
the originating
degeneration
re also said to
)8t needless to

EUROPEAN SPAS.

371

add that they prove valuable in chronic rheumatism, Gra-
stein is situated in a romantic valley of the Noric Alps, at
an elevation of three thousand five hundred and twenty feet
above the sea. The journey thither is a most delightful one
to the tourist, passing by the charming chdteaux of Hell-
brunn, through the narrow defile of Pass-Leug, and the peril-
ous passage oi the Klamm, with the pathway cut in the solid
rock.

Toplitz. — The waters of this resort are devoted to the bath,
for which they are especially adapted. It is this resort which
has added most to the reputation of indiflferent thermal waters.
The effect of the baths is that of warm or hot bathing. When
skilfully administered, according to Prof. Seegen, they increase
the function of the skin, stimulate the circulation and peri-
pheric innervation, and in certain cases facilitate the deple-
tion of engorged organs.

Pcii'ysis and neuralgia are successfully treated at TOplitz,
also chronic mascular and articular rheumatism. Atonic gout
is frequently improved under the treatment.

There are five springs at TOplitz, and the system of baths,
consisting of swimming-baths, private baths, douches, and
vapor-baths, is unsurpassed. We should not omit naming
the mud-bath. Schoiiau, a suburb, where there are six
springs, is included in this statement. The surroundings of
this resort are agreeable, and visitors or patients have every
opportunity for passing time agreeably. Ten thousand pur-
sons visit Toplitz during the summer.

8chlangenbad. — This is exclusively a tepid bntli, but a
tepid bath possessing peculiar properties. The water is
characterized in a high degree by unctuosity^ so that, when
passed between the fingers and rubbed, there is a sense of
oiliness, or velvety sensation. When immersed in the water,
the entire integument presents the same soft and velvet-hke
feeling. The bath is delightful. The resort is known through-
out Europe as tJie ladies* bath.

The baths prove sedative, and are especially applicable to
hysteria^ and erethism of the nervous system, depending on

d -J -

372

MINERAL SPRINGS.

functional derangements of the sexual organs in females.
They also prove valuable in certain cases of gout and rheu-
matism, and, by virtue of their calming action on the integu-
ment, prove of utility in diseases of the skin^ accompanied
by hyperassthesia. The waters also have a reputation as a
cosmetic.

Schlangenbad is situated in a pleasant valley nine hundred
feet above the sea-level, on the road between Wiesbaden and
Schwalbach, and not distant from either place. The suiTound-
ings are agreeable. The whey-cure adds to the rescorces of
Schlangenbad.

Plonibihes. — ^These waters, like the indifferent thermals
in general, are largely employed in the form of baths. The
Source des Dames and du Crucifix are, however, used for drink-
ing. They are distinguished from other thermal waters by
the large proportion of silicates, and an appreciable amount of
arsenic. They present, however, no characteristic effect when
taken internally, or employed externally. The water is ^trans-
parent, without taste or odor, and soft to the touch.

As a remedy, they prove exceedingly efficacious in gastraJr
gia^ also in chronic enteritis, associated with much abdominal
pain. In articular and muscular rheumatism, unaccompanied
by exudation, they are also of decided utility. In the dry
dartrous diseases of the skin, such as psoriasis and lichen,
they have proved efficacious. Paraplegia is also treated at
this resort with considerable success.

Plombidres is situated in a valley of the Vosges Moun-
tains, at an elevation of fourteen hundred feet above the jca.
The surroundings are agreeable. The place was largely
patronized by the Emperor Louis Napoleon, and the Bain
Napoleon is one of the most complete in Europe. Every con-
venience for swimming-baths and douches is afforded. This
resort was a favorite with the Romans, as numerous remains
testify. One of the ancient thermae is in an excellent state
of preservation.

■■■'limiK
Pffi I

■11 I

SEA-SIDE KESOETS.

CHAPTER XIX.

Osn who has passed his early life in an inland city or
village can well remember how frequently he has desired to
see the heaving waters of the ocean, to hear its tempestuous
roar ; and, on visiting a seaboard city for the first time, he
may not have been content to look upon the waters of the
bay, but may have journeyed to some exposed portion of the
coast-line, where the waves roll in from across the broad waste
of waters. To every one there is majesty and beauty in the
sea.

The air at the sea-side has a peculiar freshness and life,
that, as we breathe, seems to penetrate every portion of our
frame, and impart to us renewed vitality. And we shall not
have breathed this air long before we shall experience a keen
appetite, and, if vigorous, feel inclined to athletic exercise.
Exactly what it is in the constitution of sea-air that produces
these effects has not been discovered. We, however, know
that the air is purer than that of the land, less contaminated
by miasm, by vegetable exhalations and noxious gases, though
in the component oxygen it differs but little. The air of the
ocean is always highly charged with watery vapor, bearing
with it a perceptible amount of chloride of sodium. When
we have been exposed to the sea-air for a long time we detect
this in the salt taste experienced when the tongue touches
the outer borders of the lips. Experiment has shown that
this saline vapor is much more freely diffused when the ocean

in I

I r

874

MINEBAL SPRINGS.

is agitated, and it is then carried inland for several miles.
Besides containing chloride of sodium, it is quite probable
that the atmosphere of the sea also contains a proportion of
iodides and bromides — a conclusion, however, which is not
based on direct experiment. And, although chemistry has
not revealed the minute differences between ocean air and
that of the land, still, whoever is famihar with its odor can
recognize it miles inland from the sea-shore. Many persons
sojourn at the sea-shore more for the purpose of breathing the
sea-air than for bathing in the surf. Breathing sea-air affects
the organism by the change wrought in the blood, and thus in
the entire system. How quickly medical agents act through
the lungs is shown by the rapidity with which anaesthesia may
be produced by chloroform.

Sea-air is deemed especially applicable to chronic bron-
chitis accompanied with considerable expectoration. If the
patient, on the contrary, has dry cough and great irritability
of the lungs and larynx, it will not prove beneficial. In the
chronic cough of old age — senile bronchitis — it is also advan-
tageous, if the patient is not a sufferer from asthma and em-
physema. Phthisis in its early stages is favorably influenced
by a residence at the sea-side, or repeated ocean-voyages.
Indeed, the last-named remedy has been a favorite in all ages.
Pliny, Celsus. and Gralen, have all testified to its virtues.
Care, however, is recommended that those cases only seek
the sea in which the cough is moist, and there is very little
tendency to haemoptysis.

The water of the sea is exceedingly complex in constitu-
tion, and contains several medical substances in active propor-
tion. The analysis of sea- water, on page 375, will illustrate
this statement.

From the analysis it is seen that chloride of sodium is the
chief constituent, and next is chloride of magnesium, then
sulphate of potassa, sulphate of lime, sulphate of magnesia,
etc. It will also be noticed that the composition varies in dif-
ferent seas. The waters of northern seas are less saline, be-
cause of the small amount of surface evaporation. The waters

lodium is the

SEA-SIDE RESORTS.

376

of the Dead Sea are very heavily charged, becai 3e of the con-
tinual access from surrounding rivers without any correspond-
ing outflow.

ANALYSIS.

One ptnt containt—

Solids.

Carbonate of magnesia

CarlMnate of lime

Chloride of potassium

Chloride of sodium

Chloride of magnesium

Chloride of aluminimii

Chloride of iron

Chloride of calcium

Chloride of ammonium

Chloride of manganese

8ulpbate of potausa

Sulphate of magnesia

Sulphate of lime

Phosphate of soda

Iodide of sodium

Kromide of sodium

Bromide of magnesium

Oxide of iron

Bromine

Silver

Copper

Lead

SlUca

Organic matter

Bitumen

Uesin and extractive matter.

Total 267.86

Gnini.

trace.

208 '.92
24.96

trace,

18.66
4.87

11.66

trace.

trace.
8.89

trace,
trace,
trace,
trace,
trace.

Graini.

220
24

IS
10

36
78
41
12

55
16

282.06

Grain*.

2
149

trace,

68
88

186.59

Gnlnt.

0.94
12.45

6.56

268.23

46.18

90.47
86.80

trace.

459.63

Gnfau.

trace.

86.88

887.84

557.16

8.92

0.19

172.09

0.42

4.76

trace.
19.57

trace.

4.82

trace.

1686.01

The accumulation of solid matter in the water of the sea
occurs as follows : The pure clear drops of water descend from
the heavens, and, as they pass to the stream, dissolve and carry
from the rocks and loam many of their constituents, though
in exceedingly small proportion. These myriads of drops of
water, each freighted with its little burden, meet in the rivers
and pass on to the ocean. Arriving here they are heated by
the sun and arise in vapor, depositing the burden they have
borne. Again this vapor, wafted across the land, meets a
cold stratum of air and descends once more in rain, again to
bear a portion of the earth's surface to the ocean. This aggre-
gation for ages of dissolved salts has, in great part, caused
the saline condition of the ocean. But, in addition, there are

1 ■ I

3'?6

MINERAL SPRmOS.

if
4v

large beds of salt on the shores and in the depths of the ocean
which, doubtless, contribute to its saltness.

We find, then, that sea-water is exceedingly complex in
constitution. Besides, it possesses various colors^ due, how-
ever, in great measure to its varied surroundings — the color
of the sky, the disposition of the coast-line, whether bold and
precipitous, or low and receding. From the varied colors we
have the names White, Red, and Black Sea, etc. One char-
acteristic, however, which has been the subject of a number
of theories, is its phosphorescence. When, on a steamer far
out in the ocean, we look back at night over the ship's track
we see, just bordering the crest of the wave, a line of faint
sparkles appearing and disappearing with the changes of the
wave — now they flash out in peculiar brilliance, then are lost
in the dark surge. Some consider that this effect is due to a
peculiar chemical combustion, others to myriads of animalcules
capable of luminosity, like the glow-worm, and another theory
attributes it to electrical conditions.

The temperature of the sea, like that of rivers, is never con-
stant, varying according to the seasons. The mean tempera-
ture of the surface of the Mediterranean Sea, near the coast
of France, is found to be 59° Fahr. But, beneath the surface,
the temperature decreases downward, and in mid-ocean the
temperature has been found as high as 83.4° Fahr. at the sur-
face, while at the depth of six thousand feet it marked but
45.5° Fahr. Aim6 has shown that the lowest temperature
of the depths of the ocean is equal to the mean temperature
of the surface during the winter. At the sea-side resorts the
temperature ranges between 60° and 70° Fahr. during the sea-
son. The sea-bath is a cold bath, and its effects may almost all
be deduced from this fact. But it is a cold bath under the
most favorable conditions. The fascination of the sea, the
attraction of many bathers in the water at the same time, the
excitement attendant on the rolling in of the waves, and the
exercise required in meeting them, contribute to the salutary
effect that is experienced. Here the person makes no con-
scious effort to exercise, but the entire surroundings lead him

hs of the ocean

BEA-SIDE RESORTS.

377

to do so, and often so vigorous is this exercise that reaction
commences while in the water, to be followed by complete
redness of the surface, and a feeling of renewed energy when
he retires to the dressing-room and is thoroughly rubbed and
dried. That the mineral constituents of the water have any
part in the result is exceedingly doubtful, for, on the one
hand, the temperature of the water is so low that the skin is
unprepared for absorption, and, on the other, the period of
immersion is usually so short that, under the most favorable
conditions, little absorption could occur. However, it must
be remembered that, during the entire time, the lungs are
continually filled with the aroma of the sea, and the blood
much more highly charged with its medical properties than
when at the hotel on the shore. The time passed in the bath
varies from five to twenty minutes, and, where the water is
unusually warm, it may be extended beyond these limits.
One bath a day is sufficient, and two each day as many as
should be indulged by the most vigorous. In some instances
reaction is not readily established on coming from the bath,
and, in such cases, in addition to rubbing with the coarse
tov/el, it will be advantageous to immerse the feet in warm
water. It is almost unnecessary to say that morning is the
preferable time for the bath, and that the stomach should be
empty when it is taken. The rules given under the title of
" The Cold Bath " are also applicable to sea-bathing.

The eflFect of a course of sea-bathing, according to Durand-
Fardel, is as follows : The first baths cause excitement, exces-
sive fatigue, pain in the muscles and course of the nerves, es-
pecially if the sea has been rough ; sometimes the appetite is
lost. But, in five or six days, these conditions disappear, and
a feeling of bien-Btre, of vigor and joyousness, succeeds ; at the
same time the appetite is increased, and the secretions are;
more active, especially those of the kidneys, skin, and lungs .
But, if the baths are too long continued, after fifteen, twenty,
or thirty days — according to the individual — the excitement,
fatigue, and the pain reappear, and, if the baths are not dis-
continued, all the advantage gained may be lost.

I MS

i'!i

1> X

1
ill

1 1

V.J

I r

-l| h

iV.

If!
m

; : !

378

MINERAL SFRINOa

Sea-baths are especially applicable to persons of lymphatic
constitutions. In these classes they favorably influence a num-
ber of diseases by the tonicity wrought in the system. They
have been highly lauded as a remedy at the age of puberty,
in both sexes, when there is a want of development, an ap-
parent failure of the vital force ; they then stimulate to a re-
newed effort, the pale youth develops into a vigorous boy, and
the cheek of the anaemic girl assumes the rosy hue of health.
In cases of delayed or difficult menstruation, accompanied
with chlorosis in the young girl, sea-baths are of peculiar
benefit. Indeed, so decided is their influence upon the uterine
functions that, in women who have ceased to menstruate, the
flow has leappeared, and those always sterile have become
enceinte. The beneficial effects to the scrofulous of a residence
at the sea-side are generally known.

Sea-bathing is not without danger to those who are reck-
less, or do not observe the rules which are given for the guid-
ance of bathers. Those who, in a strong sea, quit the lines
of rope are never without danger, for, in those seemingly small
waves, there is a power that can only be appreciated by those
wno have felt their force ; and those who wander beyond the
prescribed limits, recklessly peril their lives.

Marshall Hall's ready method for resuscitating persons as-
phyxiated from drowning, may prove useful to those at the
sea-side. It is as follows :

1. Treat the patient instantly on the spot in the open air,
freely exposing the face, neck, and chest to the breeze, except
in severe weather. ' ; :

2. In order to clear the throaty place the patient gently on
the face, with one wrist under the forehead, that all fluid and
the tongue itself may fall forward, and leave the entrance into
the windpipe free.

3. To excite respiration, turn the patient slightly on his
side, and apply some irritating or stimulating agent to his
nostrils, as ammonia, camphor, etc.

4. Make the face warm by brisk friction ; then dash cold
water upon it.

ten dash cold

SEA-SIDE RESORTS.

379

6. If not successful, lose no time ; but, to imitate respir
ration^ place the patient on his face, and turn the body gently
but completely on the aide, and a little beyond; then again
on the face, and so on alternately. Repeat these movements
deliberately and perseveringly, fifteen times only in a minute.
When the patient lies on the chest, this cavity is compressed^
and ejcpiration takes place. When he is turned on the side,
this pressure is removed and inspiration occurs.

6. When the patient is in the prone position, make a uni-
form and eflficient pressure along the spine, removing the press-
ure immediately before rotation on the side. The pressure
augments the earpiration ; the rotation commences inspiration.
Continue these measures without tiring, for restoration often
results when hope is entirely lost.

7. Rub the I'mbs upward, with firm pressure and with en-
ergy ; the object being to aid the return of venous blood to
the heart.

8. Substitute for the patient's wet clothing, if possible,
such other covering as can instantly be procm-ed, each by-
stander supplying a coat or cloak. Meantime, and firom time
to time, to excite inspiration, let the surface of the body be
slapped briskly with the hand.

Avoid the immediate removal of the patient, as it involves
a dangerous loss of time ; also the use of the bellows, or any
forcing instrument. •

SEA-SIDE BESOBTS.

Portland, Maine. — ^Three nriiles distant from this city is
Oushing^s IsUxnd, wliich contains about two hundred and fifty
acres. It commands magnificent ocean-views. The beach, on
either side of the island, is exceedingly good, and every facil-
ity, including bathing-houses, dresses, etc., are at hand. This
resort is popular with Canadians, and those who prefer a quiet
retreat to the excessive excitemeiu: of more noted places. Fish-
ing of all kinds is abundant. '

Portsmonth, New Hamp-Mrc. — Nea r this city is Bye Beach,
growing in popularity. The bathing is good. It may b«

! ' 1 n

■ III

.1:1

fi'f. ...

<•••

i:rlj

M m

■

I ';

380

MINERAL SPBINGa

reached by carriage-drive of seven miles, over an excellent
road, from Portsmouth, or by train to Greenland, four miles
from Portsmouth; thence by stage. Hampton Beach is also
near by ; not so fashionable as Rye, but celebrated many years
ago. To good fishing and bathing it adds the attraction of
charming scenery. Access by railroad, seven miles south-
west from Portsmouth, to Hampton Station ; thence, by stage,
to the beach.

Boston, Massachiuetts. — ^The fashionable sea-side resort of
Boston is Swampacott. It is twelve miles north of the city,
on the coast-line of railroad to Portsmouth. The bathing is
excellent, with no undertow. Its popularity seems, however,
to be entirely fortuitous, as the beaches are not large and the
scenery not peculiarly attractive.

The best beach in the immediate vicinity of Boston is
Nahant. It is approached by the coast-line of railroad. The
passenger leaves the train at Lynn, eleven miles north of Bos-
ton ; thence four miles by stage. It is a charming peninsula
of rocky islands, connected with each other by a series of un-
surpassed beaches. Many Cambridge professors choose this
for their summer home. Chelsea Beach is situated in the
town of Chelsea, four miles north of Boston by rail. The
beach is three miles long. It is a pleasant resort.

Newport, Bhode Island. — Thi 't the most elegant water-
ing-place in the United States, j,nd the facilities for bathing
are unsurpassed. The beaches are known as EastorCs^ Sa-
chusefs, and Smith's^ the first-named being the most popular.
The location of Easton's is admirable, the waves rolling in in
majestic succession, and, at the same time, the bather is with-
out danger from undercurrents.

Besides the attraction of Newport as a resort, it is inter-
esting to those who delight in studying the early history of
America.

The drives about Newport are delightful, the new one —
ten miles long — giving an unobstructed view of the ocean
almost the entire distance.

ITarraganaett Pier, about one hour's sail firom Newport,

SEASIDE RESORTS.

881

has been known over twenty years as a watering-place ; within
a few years it has become quite a popular resort. The beach
is at the mouth of Narragansett Bay. It slopes gradually,
and there is an absence of strong undercurrents. The Pier is
also reached by the Shore-line Railroad from New York to
Boston, leaving the train at Kingston, a station twenty-seven
miles southwest from Providence, whence stages convey to
the hotels.

New York City. — The most fashionable resort in the vicin-
ity of New York is Long Branch. It is about thirty-two
miles distant from the city, by steamer to Port Monmouth, or
Sandy Hook, New Jersey ; thence by rail. Within a few
years many commodious hotels have been erected, and throngs
of visitors have gathered during the summer season. Long
Branch is famed for its bathing, its sea-breezes, its uhell-fish,
and its hotels. Its nearness to New York and Philadelphia,
and its ease of access, are its chief claims to popularity.

Coney Inland was once a fashionable resort, but it is now
only sought by those of moderate means. During the summer
season large numbers go over for a day's pleasure, by steam-
boat from New York. ITie distance is ten miles. Or, it is
reached from Fulton Ferry, Brooklyn, by street-cars. The
beach is exceedingly fine.

Hockaway is also one of the once fashionable resorts which
have fallen into decay, because of their immediate proximity to
the city. It isr accessible during the summer season by steam-
boat from New York, or from Brooklyn by Long Island Rail-
way and South Side Railway.

FhiladelpMa, Pennsylvania. — ^The sea-side resort of Phila-
delphia is Cape May, New Jersey. It is the extreme southern
point of the State, having on the one side the Atlantic Ocean,
and on the other Delaware Bay. It has long been one of the
most fashionable and elegant sea-side watering-places, patron-
ized by the inhabitants of every portion of the United States,
but especially from Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, and
the West and South. The beach is over five miles long, ex-
ceedingly firm and solid, and oflfers every facility for the enjoy

I \

-,3 .

i t

1 1

t, ")

m
1 ''\'it

382

MINERAL SPBINGS.

ment o( sea-bathing. Here the hotels are built almost on the
beach, in full view of the ocean, giving easy access to the
baths, and a£Pording the amplest opportunity for breathing
sea-air. Cape May is reached by cars from Philadelphia on
the West Jersey Railroad, distance eighty-one miles south.
Passengers from New York change cars at Camden ; thence
southward.

Atlantic City is on the eastern coast of New Jersey, about
sixty miles southeast by rail, via the Camden & Atlantic
Railroad. There are fine accommodations for bathing.

Old Point Comfort, Virginia, — ^This has become of late
years a favorite sea-pide resort, and the hotel there is open
all the year round. It is the farthest south of the Northern
group f/f sea-bathing places, and for that reason the temper-
ature of the air and water is favorable earlier and later in
the season than elsewhere. The beach and facilities for
bathing are most excellent. The climate is mild and equa-
ble. The sea-views are extensive and devoid of that monot-
ony which often pertains to sea-shore places. It is frequently
sought during the winter season by those to whom ocean
air is advantageous. Fortress Monroe is but a few hundred
yards distant.

APPENDIX.

Note. — For reference to springs described in the Appendix, sec separate
" Index to Appendix ' at the end of the volume.

ADAMS SPRINaS.

I<oeatlon, ttt*—Sce page 333.

Solids.
Carbonate of soda
Carbonate of magnesia
Carbonate of iron .
Carbonate of lime
Chloride of sodium
Potassa salts .
Nitric acid .
Silica .
Organic matter

Total .
6ab.
Carbonic acid

ANALYSIS.'
One pint contains :

Grains.
7.129

12.3'78
0.064
8.689
0.614

traces.

traces.
0.902
0.361

24.92T

Cable In.

38.00

Properties. — According to the analysis, this is an exceed
ingly valuable alkaline water, resembling in character the
celebrated Vichy of France, though in this water the alkaline
carbonate of magnesia seems to predominate, while in the
Vichy it is the alkab'ne carbonate of soda.

A^uAUEDA WARM SPBINQS.

liOeation. — Alameda County, California.

Access* — From San Francisco, go by rail forty-seven miles south to San
Jos6, thence by stage. From Oakland, go by Central Pacific Railroad to
Niles, thence by stage.

Hotel* — Vv arm Springs.

1 ^ Second Biennial Beport of BUte Board of Health of California," p. 129.

I il

mi i

kit

1:1 ^^'

884

MINERAL SPRINGS.

Analysis, — The waters contain sulphur, lime, magnesia, and
iron, in various proportions. No exact analysis has been made.

Remarks. — These springs are situated about two miles
from the old Mission of San Jos4, near the banks of Agua
Caliente Creek, in the midst of a grove of oak and other
trees. Its balmy climate and pleasant surroundings render
it one of the most attractive resorts near San Francisco. To
the east, Mission Peak, the highest of the Contra Costa Moun-
tains, attains an elevation of 2,275 feet, presenting, with its
angular outlines, its grassy sides, and its patches of evergreen
encinal and chamizal^ a grand background to the intervening
landscape. From this peak is obtained a charming view of
San Jos6, Oakland, and the city and bay of San Francisco.
The old mission buildings are still in good repair, being used
as a Catholic church ; and the orchards planted so many years
ago by the padres yet flourish and bear annually large crops.*

BIBCH-DAI«E SPBINGH9.
LoeatioD, etc — See page 387.

ANALYSIS.
One pint contains :

80UD8.
Carbonate of soda .
Carbonate of magnesia
Carbonate of iron .
Carbonate of lime
Chloride of sodium
Sulphate of potassa
Sulphate of soda .
Phosphate of soda
Alumina
Silica .
Organic matter

Total

* From Stephen Powers, Esq.

Concord Spring,

C. F. Chandler.

Oraina.

0.016

0.063

0.034

0.182

0.047

0.008

0.082

0.001

0.014

0.115

0.084

0.694
(1878.)

e, magnesia, and
I has been made,
bout two miles
banks of Agua
oak and other
undings render
Francisco. To
;ra Costa Moun-
snting, with its
es of evergreen
the intervening
irming view of
San Francisco,
air, being used
I so many years
ly large crops.*

Conord Spring,
0. F. Chandler.

Grains.
0.016
0.063
0.034
0.183
0.047
0.008
0.082
0.001
0.014
O.llB
0.084

0.696
(1878.)

APPENDIX.

386

J^qperties, — ^According to the analysis, this is a calcic
water.

BLU.E BIDQE SPBIKGH9.

Location and Post-Ofllce.— Blue Ridge Springs, Botetourt County, Yir.
ginia. ' -

AecesSi — ^From Washington, via Orangj, Alexandria & Manassas Pailroad,
and Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, two Hundred and twenty-six miles south-
west to the station (Blue Ridge Springs), or from Knoxville. via Virginia &
Tennessee Railroad, two hundred and ninety-one miles northeast.

Hotel- -Blue Ridge.

ANALYSIS.

One pint

contains (F. A. Genth) :

SOLIDfl.

Grains.

Carbonate of magnesia

• • • •

0.228

Ca :bonate of iron

. 0.087

Carbonate of lime .

• • • •

0.472

Chloride of sodium

. 0.081

Sulphate of potassa

• • • •

0.050

Sulphate of soda

. 0.122

Sulphate of magnesia

• • • •

6.944

Sulphate of lime

. 12.627

Alumina

• • • •

0.018

Silicic a '-id

. 0.187

Total

19.681

(1873.)

Properties. — These are exceedingly valuable purgative cal-
cic waters, a combination seldom met with, the laxative action
of the sulphate of magnesia being favorably modified by the
sulphate of lime and alkaline carbonates. The waters prove
diuretic, aperient, or purgative, according to the quantity
taken. They ai e especially beneficial in dyspepsia associated
with engorgement of the liver and spleen, and attended with
constipation. Also, as a result of the presence of the calcic
ingredients, they relieve chronic inflammations of the bladder
and urinary organs.

Owing to the stable combination of the ingredients of this
water, there is no deposit even after long standing, and it is
therefore well adapted for transportation.

Remarks. — This resort, though but recently brought promi-

* 1?

T
i

lit'
tf -

386

MINERAL SPRINGS.

nently before the public, has met with much favor. Its accom-
modations have been largely increased, and located as it is,
immediately on the line of the railroad, and amid the beautiful
scenery near the summit of the mountains, it is an exceedingly
pleasant summer retreat. Only one and a half mile from the
hotel is Wild-Cat Knob, giving a far-extended view of valley
and mountain scenery, including the Peaks of Otter.

BOBAX SPBINaS.

Location. — Lake County, California.

Access. — Go to Vallejo, then take the cars for Caiistoga, thence by regu-
lar Btage to Lower Lake, Lake County, thence by private conveyance.

IClt .

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (J. A. Veatch) :

SOT.TDB.

GndiiB.

Carbonate of soda .

6.671

Carboaate of ammonia

• • •

. 8.613

Chloride of sodium

10.611

Iodide of magnesium .

• • •

. 0.011

Biborate of soda .

12.911

Alumina

• • •

. 0.16V

Silicic acid

1.029

Matters voir - at red h(

eat .

. 8.221

Tctal

48.190 »

G'jj.

Cable in.

Carbonic acid .

• ■ •

9.60

Analysis. — "These substances being calculated as anhy-
drous salts and borax, containing 47 per cent, of water when
crystallized, causes 12,911 grains in the above analysis to be
equal to 24,417 of commercial borax. There are probably no
springs in the world which contain so large a per cent, of
ammoniacal salts as these." '

Remarks. — Two miles south of these springs is Borax
Lake, which was discovered by Dr. Veatch in September,
1859. When filled up by the winter rains it is about 6,000
feet long and 2,000 feet wide. The bottom of it consists of

* Also traces of sulphate of lime, chloride of potassiam, and bromide ot magnettum.
« " The Natural Wealth of CaUfornla."

'or. Its accom-
iocated as it is,
id the beautiful
an exceedingly
f mile from the
I view of valley
Otter.

ga, thence by regu-
conveyance.

APPENDIX.

387

black, jelly-like mud, full of crystals of biborate of soda, from
which is manufactured about three thousand pounds of borax
daily. Prof. Oxland found this mud to contain 17.73 per cent.
of borax ; Mr. Moore, a chemist of San Francisco, found 18.86
per cent.

One of these springs discharges nearly one hundred gallons
of water per minute ; and all of them together discharge about
three hundred gallons per minute. It is allowed to run to
waste because of the more abundant material in the lake.
They are scattered over an area of eight acres. Near them
is a deposit of sulphur, covering forty thousand sq are yards,
from beneath which these springs appear to flow.

y'\

Onins.

6.671

. 8.613

10.611

. 0.011

12.911

. 0.167

1.029

. 8.221

48.190 »
Cabio In.
9.60

iilated as anhy-
o^ water when
analysis to be

ire probably no
a per cent, of

rings is Borax

in September,

is about 6,000

►f it consists of

tide ot magneaium.

OAIilSTOaA.

Ucatios, t)it*—See page 289.

ANALYSIS. »

One pint contains (F. W. Hatch, M. D., 91° Fahr.) :

Solids. Grains.

Carbonate of soda .... 0.426

Chloride of sodium . . . . 2.781

Chloride of calcicum .... 0.408

Sulphate of soda ..... 0.202

Sulphate of magnesia . . . . . 0.068

Silica ....... 0.812

Alumina . . . . trace.

Total .
Gab.

Sulphuretted hydrogen

4.686

Oabio in.

0.40

CANADA.

The vicinity of St. Leon Springs and Caxtou Springs
abounds in mineral waters, as I am informed by W. H. Parker,
Esq. The Durocher Spring, the water of which is very pleas-
ant to the taste, is situated on the west side of the river, a

1 " S«oo&d Biennial Bflport of California State Board of Health," by T. M. Logan, M. D.,

p. m.

388

MINERAL SPRINGS.

quarter of a mile below Caxton, and the St. Pierre, two miles
farther down on the east side. There is also a mineral spring
a quarter of a mile above Caxton ; and, two miles beyond, a
basin, in which a number of springs are found. Near Berthier
there are two, and at St. Heneri, a few miles from Joliette,
another. There is also one in the parish of St. Joseph, and
one in the parish of St. Severe, on the little Y'Machiche River.

!s\:i

CATOOSA SPBINQS.

Location* — {See page 240.) A station known as Catoosa has been estab-
lished on the Western & Atlantic Railroad ; thence two miles to springs.

ANALYSIS.

One pint codUI. t^

All-Herllog.
Wm. J. Lud.

Red SwMt.
Wm. J. Lud.

White Sulptinr.
Wm. J. Land.

Buffalo.
Wm. J. Land.

Solids.
Garttonate of potassa

Ornlni.

0.018

0.081

0.878

0.016

0.001

0.440

trace.

d.006

0.016

0.275

0.187

8.817

0.068

4.856

0.026

0.087

0.161

0.062

0.015

0.002

0.008

Gralni.

0.014

0.086

0.998

0.018

0.002

0.497

trace.

0.006

0.018

0.811

0.212

8.747

0.088

5.488

0.029

0.041

0.171

0.069

0.017

0.002

0.008

Gralni.

0.014

0.082

1.060

0.086

0.008

0.481

trace.

0.006

0.017

0.290

0.209

4.001

0.809

6.601

0.026

0.088

0.018

0.040

0.012

0.002

0.001

Graint.
0.002

Carbonate of soda

Carbonate of magnesia

0.008
1.087

Carbonate of iron

0.086

Carbonate of manganese

Carbonate of lime

0.002
0.482

Carbonate of lithia

trace.

Carbonate of strontia , .

0.005

Chloride of sodium

0.014

Sulphate of potassa

0.289

Sulphate of soda

0.209

Sulphate of magnesia

4,127

Sulphate of alumina.

0.298

Sulphate of lime

6.626

Sulphate of strontia

0.086

Promide of magnesium

0.041

Bromide of calcium

Nitrate of calcium

0.019
0.004

Nitrate of ammonia

0.114

Fluoride of calcium

0.001

Crenic and apocrenic acids

0.001

Total

10.882

Cubic in.
1.17

(1878.)

11.742

CuWc In.
1.16

(1873.)

12.184

Cubic In.

1.19

0.01

(1873.)

12.894

Gab.
Carbonic acid

Cubic In.
1.22

Bulnhuretted bydrocren

trace.

(1878.)

Besides the above-named springs, there are six others
which have V»een analyzed, as follows : the Cosmetic, the Cha-
lybeate, the Magnesia, the Congress, the Alum, and the Black
Sulphur. The Alum spring contains considerable sulphate of
alumina, though not as much as the White Sulphur. The
Buffalo spring contains a larger proportion of saline matter
than anj of the springs analyzed.

Pierre, two miles
D a mineral spring
'O miles beyond, a
d. Near Berthier
lies from Joliette,
Df St. Joseph, and
ir'Machiche River.

itoosa has been cstab-
) miles to springs.

bit« Sulphur.

Buffalo.

''m. J. Land.

Wm. J. Und.

Onlni.

GraiiM.

0.014

0.002

0.082

0.008

1.060

1.08T

0.08ft

0.085

0.008

0.002

0.481

0.482

trace.

0.00ft

0.006

O.OIT

0.014

0.290

0.289

0.209

4.001

4,12T

0.809

0.298

B.601

6.626

0.026

0.086

0.088

0.041

0.018

0.019

0.040

0.004

0.012

0.114

0.002

0.001

12.184

12.894

Cubic In.

Cubic Id.

1.19

1.22

0.01

trace.

(1873.)

(1878.)

B are six others
osmetic, the Clia-
im, and the Black
rab^e sulphate of
;e Sulphur. Tiie
of saline matter

APPENDIX.

389

Properties. — These are purgative-calcic waters with an
active proportion of alkaline carbonates, a combination not
often found, and one which renders the waters of special value
in dyspepsia associated with constipation and hepatic en-
gorgement. In chronic hyperaemia of the liver and enlarge-
ment of the spleen they are said to prove beneficial. The
calcic salts render them effective in catarrh of the bladder.

Remarks. — ^These springs are situated in an elevated basin
of the Blue Ridge, bounded on either hand by mountain-sum-
mits. Something over a mile distant is Sandstone Mountain,
which rises 1,800 feet above the valley. From the summit
Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain are distinctly visible.
The hotel, rebuilt in 1872, occupies three sides of a rectangle,
and looks out on the area containing the springs, fifty-two in
number, which issue from a bed of hard black slate. The air
of the locality is pure and bracing, and even in midsummer
the nights are cool.

OAXTON SPBINQ.
Location, about seven miles east of St. Leon springs, tee page 834.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (T. Sterry Hunt) :

SOUDB.

Grains.

Carbonate of magnesia

7.721

Carbonate of iron

0.089

Carbonate of lime

1.6Y4

Chloride of potassium

0.688

Chloride of sodium

85.828

Chloride of magnesium

2.661

Chloride of calcium

0.366

Iodine

traces.

Bromide of magnesium

0.249

Alumina

0.086

Silica

0.849

Total

99.406

Oa».

Cable In.

Carbonic »ioid

9.93

\ !'

I ill

li I

•ill*

Properties, — This is a good alkaline^aline water.

800

MINERAL SPBINOa

CHEBB7 VAUiET.
IiOcatlOB, tttt—See page 210.

ANALYSIS.
One pint contains (Phosphate Spring. Prof. Perkins) :

. BOUDS.

Carbonate of magnesia
Carbonate of iron
Carbonate of lime
Chloride of sodium
Sulphate of lime .
Phosphate of lime (acid)
Silica

Total ,

Graios.
0.672
O.OIS
0.868
0.069
0.659
1.^21
0.078

3.625

GEYSEB SPA SFBINa.

liOeatlon. — Sonoma County, California.

ANALYSIS.!

One pint contains (F. W. Hatch, M. D.) :

BouDS. OralnB.

Carbonate of soda . . , 2.036

Carbonate of magnesia .... 0.726

Carbonate of iron . . , 0.476

Carbonate of lime ..... 0.670

Chloride of sodium .... 1.246

Sulphate of soda ..... 0.426

Silica ...... 0.276

Loss . . ■ . . 0.040

Total 6.792

• ^ GLACIEB SPRINO.

Location. — Saratoga. . :.i,

1 " Seeoncl Biennial Report, California State Board of Health," p. 129-

, Perkins) :

')■

Grains.
0.672
0.018
0.868
0.069
0.669
1.721
O.0Y8

8.625

OrainB.
2.036
0.726
0.476
0.670
1.246
0.425
0.276
0.040

5.792

(alth," p. 129.

'<■

APPENDIX.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (48" Fahr. C. F. Chandler) :

Solids.

Grains.

Carbonate of soda

• • •

1.628

Carbonate of magnesia

. 14.866

Carbonate of iron

0.069

Carbonate of lime

. 19.712

Carbonate of lithia

0.665

Carbonate of strontia

0.008

Carbonate of baryta

0.213

Chloride of potassium

6.066

Chloride of sodium

87.779

Sulphate of potassa .

0.081

Phosphate of soda

0.001

Iodide of sodium

0.029

Bromide of sodium

0.447

Fluoride of calcium .

traces.

Biborate of soda

traces.

Alumina

0.067

Silica

0.087

Organic matter

trace.

Total

129.986

Oab.

Onb. In.

Carbonic acid

• • •

•

68.18

391

Pi'operties. — As will be seen on comparison of analysis,
this spring is one of the richest in mineral constituents of any
at Saratoga. It readily produces a laxative effect.

Remarks, — ^This spring is about one mile south of the vil-
lage, and directly opposite the Geyser. This, like the Geyser,
is a spouting spring, throwing a column of water to the height
of fifty-two feet through a quarter-inch opening. The depth
of the well is three hundred feet.

GBEEN SPBINQS.

Location and Po^t-Offlcc.— Green Springs, Sandusky County, Ohio.
Access*— Green Springs is a o^atl^io on the Cincinnati, Sandusky & Cleve-
land Railroad, twenty-two miles south from Sandusky.
Hotel.— Springs.

,' 1

I: -

(

1:5

>4 I.

in] >

392

MINERAL SPRINGS.

ANALYSIS.*

One pint contains

(60'

Fahr. 0. N. Stoddard) :

Solids.

Onins.

Carbonate of magnesia

• • •

2.798

Carbonate of iron

•

2.462

1 d

Chloride of potassium

• • •

O.SIO

Sulphate of magnesia

•

• •

4.617

^B &]

Sulphate of iron

• • •

0.816

Sulphate of lime

•

• •

13.176

Bromide of potassium

• • •

2.096

Silica

•

• •

0.762

Alumina .

•

• • •

• •

0.122

Total

27.068

Oar.

Oab. in.

Carbonic acid

» • •

12.06

^m m

HABBIN SPBINaS.
Location, etc. — See page 334.

Analysis.* — This water is said to be highly charged with
sulphur, soda, iron, and magnesia, the sulphur predominating.
The temperature of the springs ranges from 118° to 120° Fahr.

Properties. — These thermal waters are chiefly used for
bathing, and are applicable to the diseases for which this class
of waters are usually prescribed. The water is said to feel
*' as soft and agreeable to the skin as if it were oil."

Remarks, — ^These springs are twenty miles north of Calis-
toga, and four miles west of Middletown, in a wild and pict-
uresque canon of the Coast Range Mountains. A number
of bath-rooms have been constructed, and also plunge-baths.

HIGHLAND SPRINaS.

Loeatioilt — Lake County, California.

Access. — From San Francisco, via Cloverdale or Calistoga.

Analysis. — An incomplete examination reveals sulphate
and carbonate of magnesia, chloride of sodium, manganese,

» Ohio Geological Survey, 18T8, vol. 1., " Geology," p. 609.

3 "Second Biennial Report, California State Board of Health," p. 122.

ard):

Onins.
2.'798
2.462
0.810
4.617
0.816

13.176
2.096
0.762
0.122

27.068

Oab. io.

12.06

y charged with
predominating.
i° to 120° Fahr.
liefly used for
vehich this class

is said to feel

oil."

north of Calis-

wild and pict-
|is. A number
plunge-baths.

;a.

reals sulphate
n, manganese,

hh," p. 123.

APPENDIX.

303

potassium, silica, and calcium ; also a trace of sulphur. They
are highly charged with carbonic-acid gas.

Jiemarks. — These springs have been a resort for several
years of invalids afflicted with rheumatism and other chronic
diseases. On account of the thermality of the water they
are much used in the way of baths. (See Appendix, page
424.)

JOBDAIT ALUM SPBINaS.

Location and Post-Offlce* — Jordan Alum Springs, Rockbridge County,
Virginia.

Access* — From Washington via Orange, Alexandria k Manassas Railroad,

and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, to Goshen, one hundred and eighty-eight

miles southwest, thence one hour by stage to the springs. From the West,

via Cincinnati and the Ohio River to Huntington, one hundred and sixty-five

miles east ; thence via Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, two hundred and fifty-

one miles southeast, to Goshen.

Hotel* — Jordan Alum.

ANALYSIS.

On* pint conUini—

Solids.

Carbonate of int.\gne8ia

Carbonate of irot

Carbonate of maniTanese

Chloride of 8odiaa>

Sulphate of potassa

Sulphate of soda

Sulphate of mngnesla

Sulphate of aluuina

Sulphate of iron

Sulphate of lime

Phosphate of tron

Phosphate of lime (tribasic).

Iodide of sodium

Silicate of soda

Crenate of iron

Crenate of ammonia

Alumina

Silica

Sulphuric acid (free)

Or^ic matter.

Total.

Gaber.
Carbonic acid.

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Alum Spring.
Wm. E. AlUo.

10.680

Cubic In.

0.T7

Chalybeate Spring.

B!.T Fnhr.

T. W. MaUa.

Gnini.

Gnlni.

....

0.092

....

0.088

0.005

0.091

0.014

0.164

0.016

0.022

0.017

0.64T

. * • .

8,1T9

• • • <

2.81T

....

0.555

0.404

0.081

0.002

0.088

....

0.814

....

0.085

....

0.066

....

0.007

0.090

2.965

■ ■ > •

0.078

0.011

» 0.806

Cubic In.
0.70
0.20
1.07

(1878.)

> In addition, traces of arsenic and copper were foand in the ochreous deposit, also •
•light trace of nitric add, and, by the spectroscope, distinct evidence of carbonate of lithia.
18

..ill

' •■ 1 ,;i

• Hi

-i'

Aikd

, 'i'

ill

304

MINERAL SPRINGS.

Properties. — This is one of the valuable atum waters of
Virginia, which has been found efficacious in scrofula, chronic
diarrhoea, scrofulous skin-diseases, etc. According to Prof.
Mallet's analysis the iron of the chalybeate spring is in the
form most readily absorbed, that of a carbonate, and accom-
panied with free carbonic-acid gas. Such waters are valuable
in chlorosis and other diseases accompanied by impoverished
blood.

Remarks. — This resort is situated in a mountain-nook
formed by North Mountain on the one hand, and Mill Moun-
tain on the other. It is one of those places which attract by
pleasant surroundings as well as by the value of the water.

MANITOn SPBINa.

Location and Post-Offlce. — Manitou, El Paso County, Colorado.
Aeeesit — From Denver, via Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, seventy-six
miles south, to Colorado Springs, thence five miles west by stage.
HoteL — Manitou Hotel.

ANALYSIS.

It is to be regretted that an accurate analysis of these waters has not
been made. An analysis of a solid residue, obtained by boiling down an
unknown quantity of the water, and sent to T. M. Drown, Philadelphia,
shows the following percentage : . ,

BOLTDS.

Bicarbonate of soda
Bicarbonate of magnesia
Bicarbonate of lime
Chloride of potassium
Chloride of sodium
Sulphate of soda

Total

OrainB.
24.01

8.89
16.62
10.01
86.69

4.78

100.00

Properties. — It is obvious from the above report that these
waters contain valuable alkaline and saline constituents, and

APPENDIX.

305

ilum waters of
crofula, chronic
)rding to Prof,
pring is in the
ate, and accom-
ers are valuable
y impoverished

mountain-nook
md Mill Moun-
hich attract by
of the water.

Colorado.

ailroad, seventy-six
)y stage.

icse waters has not
y boiling down an
rown, Philadelphia,

GraiiiB.
24.01

8.89
16.62
10.01
86.69

4.78

100.00

jport that these
)nstituents, and

it is probable that it is of the same character as the Selters
water of Germany.

Remarks, — These springs are situated in a picturesque
mountain district, at an elevation of 6,529 feet above the sea.
Within view is the snow-clad summit of Pike's Peak, also the
Chiann Mountain, and near at hand is the famed " Garden of
the Gods." In addition to the spring which gives name to
the place, there are also the Navajo, the Iron Ute, the Co-
manche, the Pawnee, the Shoshone, and the Arapahoe.

The climate of this portion of Colorado has lately attract-
ed considerable attention as a resort for persons suflFering
from pulmonary diseases, and, with due regard to the selection
of such cases as retain sufficient vitality, there is no doubt
that many cases of phthisis will be benefited, if not cured, by
resorting and remaining there. Although the winters are of
considerable severity when compared with tropical resorts,
yet as a result of the dry atmosphere and sunshiny days the
cold is said to be but little felt. The summer weather is
delightful, the temperature at Colorado Springs during two
successive seasons (1872-'73) not rising above 90° Fahr., the
average summer temperature for the respective years being
74^° Fahr. and 77° Fahr. During the year from December 1,
1872, to December 1, 1873, there were 237 clear days, 75 fair
days, and but 53 cloudy days, while the previous year the
number of cloudy days was but 44. As a resort for asthmatics
the climate enjoys special (and it would seem well-deserved)
reputation.

UASSANETTA SFRIiraS.

LoeatlOD. — Rockingham County, Virginia.

Post-Offlee* — Harrisonburg, Rockingham County, Virginia.

Access* — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad
to Harrisonburg, 188 miles west, thence four miles by stage. Or, by Chesa-
peake & Ohio Railroad and connection to Staunton, thence north twenty-five
miles by stage to Harrisonburg.

Hotel.

Analysis. — A qualitative analysis by Prof. Rogers showed
the water to contain carbonic acid, oxygen, and nitrogen, in

■5 IF

390

MINERAL SPRINGS.

abundance ; also, chlorine, iodine, potassium, sodium, magne-
sium, iron, calcium, and arsenic.

Remarks. — These springs are situated on the east side of
the Valley of Virginia, near the peaks of Massanetta Moun-
tain. They were formerly called Taylor's Sprhii;s,

NAPA SODA SPBINQS.

Location, etc. — Sec page 334.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains

. 801.^U8.

Curbonate of soda
Carbonate of magnesia
Carbonate of iron
Carbonate of lime
Chloride of sodium
Sulphate of soda
Silicic acid
Alum'aa
Loss

Totul .

Lanzweert) ;

Orains.
1.188
8.266
0.980
1.860
0.650
0.230
0.085
0.078
0.810

S.OflS

Properties. — According to the analysis, this is an alkaline-
chalybeate water.

Remarks. — These springs are at an elevation of about
1,000 feet above the level of Napa Valley, on the nlope of the
mountain. There is a great number of them, issuing from an
area of about thirty-five acres. Some of them discharge very
little water — others enough to fill an inch-pipe. Some merely
ooze from the slate formation of the mountain.

The liquid from the largest spring is a fine quality of
natural soda-water, highly charged with carbonic acid, and in
California has nearly supplanted all importations. Gasometers
are placed over the larger springs to collect the gas, which is
tliere conveyed by pipes into the main gasometer, and forced
into the bottles under a pressure of forty-five to sixty pounds.

: 4 ^

APPENDIX.

397

sodium, magne-

the east side of
issanetta Moun-

Oralns.

1.138
. 8.265

0.980
. 1.360

0.650
. 0.230

0.085
. 0.076

0.310

. 8.093

3 is an alkalim-

ration of about
he nlope of the

issuing from an

discharge very

Some merely

fine quality of
nic acid, and in
18. Gasometers
le gas, which is
3ter, and forced
,0 sixty pounds.

OBKNE7 SFRINaS.

Loeatlon, ttt^—See page 840.

ANALYSIS.

Om pint coouini —

Healing Spring.

68.6° Fabr.
T. W. Malkt.

Powder Spring.

69.7" Fahr.
T. W. Mallet.

Bear-Wnllow Spring.

68.6* Fahr.

T. W. MaUet.

Solids.
Carbonate of soda

Graini.
0.002
0.141
0.058
0.001
1.038
0.004
0.015
0.028

0.664

0.i48
0.662

0.104

Gtalnt.
0.406
0.369
0.027
0.002
0.477
0.003
0.044
0.020

0.662

o'.ais

trace.
0.055

o'.iis

trace.

Grn:ni.

Carbonate of magnesia

Carbonate of Iron

Carbonate of manganese

Carbonate of lime

....

Chloride of notassium

0.008

Chloride of sodium

0.011

Sulphate of potassa

0.026

Sulphate of magnesia

Sulphate of alumina

0.305
0.007

Sulphate of iron 'ferrous)

Sulphate of mar janese

0.567

Sulphate of lime

0.089

Sulphate of lithia

0.008

Phospliate of lime (tribaaic)

Sulphide of nodiura

0.001

Sulphuric acid (free)

0.044

Silica

Organic matter

0.1 it2
0.008

Total

U.580

Cabic in.
0.48

O.iT

0.81

(1874.)

« 1.797

Cabic in.
0.89
0.61

0.29
(1874.)

•1.266

Gases.
Carbonic acid

Cubic in.
0.60

Sulphuretted hydrogen

Oxvjren

0.05

Nitrogen

0.15

(1874.)

Properties. — These springs present three different kinds
of waters. The Healing Spring is an alkaline-calcic water
with sufficient iron to adapt it to anaemic cases. Such waters
prove beneficial in catarrh of the bladder, and gravel, especial-
ly when the disease is associated with debility. Tlie Powder
Spring is an alkaline-sulphur water, and in addition to its
adaptation to diseases of the urinary organs may be expected
to prove of service in dyspepsia of the gastritic type. The
Bear- Wallow Spring is a chalybeate water, modified by the

> In addition, a distinct trace of carbonate of lithia and a fulnt tracu of fluoride of lime

• In addition, traces of carbonate of lithia, chloride of ammonium, and sulphate of cop-
per ; a distinct trace of sulphate of barium, a faint trace of sulphate uf etroiitia, and, in the
sediment, a distinct trace of arsenic.

* Also traces of chloride of ammonium and Iodide of sodium, a distinct trace of sulphate
of copper, and, in the sediment, a distinct trace of arsenic.

I I 'III

1^^.

J*, «■

f: . '''■

jj, i/i

398

MINERAL SPRINGS.

presence of sulphate of magnesia and potassa, and sulphuric
acid. It has considerable reputation for the cure of chronic
diarrhoea, scrofula, and diseases depending on impoverished
blood.

Remarks. — This resort is pleasantly situated on the east-
ern slope of North Mountain, where pure air may be enjoyed.
The Healing Spring is about one mile north of the hotel. The
water is clear, devoid of smell, and somewhat styptic in taste.
A flocculent whitish sediment accumulates at the bottom and
sides of the spring. The flow is thirty gallons per hour.
The Powder Spring is about one mile and a quarter in an
easterly direction. The water is clear, but has the smell and
taste due to sulphuretted hydrogen. The Bear- Wallow Spring
is within the grounds of the hotel. It has the usual taste of
chalybeate waters, and deposits an ochreous sediment which
is used by visitors as an application to indolent ulcers.

SEiaiiEB SPBINaS.

Locatloil. — Lake County, California.

Access. — From San Francisco, or Sacramento, go by daily boat to Vallejo,
thence by rail to Calistoga, thence by stage to Seigler Valley.

Itemarks. — Seigler Valley is about five miles in circum-
ference, surrounded by mountains of very picturesque appear-
ance. One of these mountains, from which the valley is
named, contains the springs, which vary from icy coldness to
boiling heat, of different flavors and colors, including one of
cold soda-water.

Lake County is well called the " Switzerland of California."
Lying at an elevation of about 1,500 feet above the sea, com-
posed mainly of a single valley, walled all around by moun-
tains between 3,000 and 4,000 feet high, with a lake in the
centre of it, every way as romantic and picturesque as Lake
Como, and a climate of great salubrity, this beautiful Alpine
region is destined to become the sanitarium of San Francisco.'

' Btephon Powers. • ;

APPENDIX.

SLATEBYTLLE SFKENQS.

399

Location and Post-OflSce. — Slaterville, Tompkins County, New Tork.

Access. — Go to Owego on the Erie Railroad, thence via JDelaware, Lacka-
wanna & Western Railroad to Caroline Station, thence three and a half miles
by stage. Or from Auburn, on the New Jersey Central Railroad, via South-
em Central Railroad to Richford Station, thence eight miles by stage.

Hotels. — Hasbroucke, Fountain.

Aiialysis, — According to an analysis by B. Hitchcock,
these waters contain 1. 46 grain solid constituents in a pint of
the water ; the .amount, however, of each ingredient, consist-
ing of silicic acid, sulphuric acid, carbonic acid, hydrochloric
acid, oxide of iron, alumina, lime, magnesia, and soda, is not
stated. The tube of the well is magnetic. Temperature,
45° Fahr.

SPABTA ABTESIAN WEI.L.

Location and Post-OflBce. — Sparta, Monroe County, Wisconsin.
Access. — ^From Milwaukee, via La Crosse Division of Milwaukee & St.
Paul Railroad, 170 miles north-west to Sparta.
Hotel.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (J. M. Hh'sh) :
Solids.
Carbonate of soda
Carbonate of magnesia
Carbonate of iron
« irbonate of manganese
Carbonate of lime
Carbonate of ammonia
Carbonate of lithia .

Carbonate of strontiu
Carbonate of baryta
Chloride of sodium
Chloride of calcium
Sulphate of potassa
Sulphate of soda .
Sulphate of lime
Phosphate of soda
Phosphate of alumina
Iodide of sodium .
Silica .
Hydric sulphide

Total .

Oralns.
0.015
0.249
1.083

trace.'
0.029

trace.*
0.002
0.001

trace.'
0.014
0.063
0.066
0.280
0.018
0.007
0.006

trace.*
0.029

trace.'

1.812

1 Id the original analysis thesA amounta are determined, bat in reducing to the plot It
carriea tbo figures beyoud the third place of decimals, and therefore is noted " trace.**

Rii

«1

u I

400

MINERAL SPRINGS.

Properties. — It will be seen from the analysis that this is
an unusually fine chalybeate water, a pure chalybeate, and the
iron is in the form most readily assimilated, that of a car-
bonate.

SPENCEB SPBINaS.

Location and Pos!-OflBee. — Spencer Springs, Tioga County, New York.

Access* — ^From New York, via Erie Railroad, to Owego, 236 miles ; thence
by Delaware, Lackawanna oi Western Railroad to Ca; or Station, ten miles;
thence six miles by stage to springs.

Hotel* — Spencer Springs.

Analysis. — A qualitative analj ds by George Hadley shows
the sulphur spring to contain a considerable proportic of
carbonates and chlorides, with sulphuretted hydrogen. The
iron-water, besides containing considerable iron, also holds
alkalice carbona<;es in solution.

ST. HELENA WHITE SULPHUR SPBIXaS.

Location, etc* — See •' White Sulphur Springs," page 184, which are the
same.

ANALYSIS. »

One pint contain*—

No. 9.

89.6* Fahr.

Prof. La Conto.

No. 6.

W Fahr.

Prof. L4 Conta.

No. 7.

ej-S" Fahr.

Prof. La Conte.

Solids.
Carbonate of magnesia.

Oraini.
0.077
0.156
2.715
0.108
0.146
1.082
0.881

Gralni,
0.070
0.805
2.961
0.277
0.107
1.416
0.281

Gralni.
0.546

Carbonate of lime

0.696

Chloride of sodium

0.779

Chloride of magnesium

0.081

Chloride of calcium.

0.097

Snlohate of soda

1.605

Bulphidos of sodium and calcium

0.202

Total

4.564

Cubic In.
0.76

6.857

Cubic In.
0.58

4.004

Oas.
Bulnhuretted hvdroiren

Cnbic In.

trace.

Properties. — These are mild saline-sulphur waters, with
sufficient sulphate of soda to render them aperient. They
will undoubtedly be found useful in manj' of the diseases to
which sulphur-waters are adapted. Their elevated tempera-
ture well adapts them for bathing purposes.

1 *' Second Biennial Report Oaliibmia BUte Board of Health," by lliomas M. Logan,
M. D. p. 126.

APPENDIX.

401

Remarks, — This is a pleasant resort for summer tourists.
The springs are situated in a deep, romantic caiion of Napa
County, about two miles west from the town of St. Helena.

Dte.

No. 7.

69.8» Fahr.

Frof. Le Conte.

Onlni.
0.545
0.605
0.779
0.081
0.09T
1.605
0.202

4.004

Cable In.
trace.

[liomas M. Logan,

SUKUIT

SODA SPBINGS.

Location, «te.— -Seepage

832.

ANAT.TSI8.»

One pint contains :

Solids.

Groins.

Carbonate of sodi .

1.187

Carbonate of magnesia

. 0.526

Carbonate of lime

3.751

Chloride of sodium

•

. 8.277

Oxide of iron

0.218

Potassa

•

trace.

Silica

0.257

Alumina

. 0.218

Total

9.433

Oas.

Cub. In.

Carbonic acid

•

. 23.29

Properties. — According to the analysis, thes9 are chalyb-
eate waters, containing so large a proportion of carbonic acid
as to hold the oxide of iron in solution as a carbonate, the
form most readily assimilated. The presence of alkaline salts
and chloride of sodium modifies the character of the water.

SWATNE'S MAHHOTH SPBINQS.

Loeatlon* — Henry County, Tennessee.
Post-Offiee. — Springville, Henry County, Tennessee.
Access. — Springville is a depot on the Memphis & Louisville Railroad,
140 miles east of Memphis, thence three miles and a half by stage to springs.
Hotel. — Springs.

Analysis. — Prof. J. M. Safford has made an analysis of a
solid residue of the artesian white sulphur, though from what
quantity of Wvater is not stated, showing the chief constituents
to be chlorides, carbonates, and sulphates, the chlorides being
in excess. There is also a large quantity of sulphuretted hy-
drogen in the water.

> "Second Biennial Report California State Board of Health," p. 115.

ii • i

m '?'! is

102

MINERAL SPRINGS.

Properties. — The water is undoubtedly of the saline-sul-
phur class.

Hemarks. — Besides the spring analyzed, there are twelve
others at this resort. The Artesian " is a natural wonder,
supplying fifteen barrels per minute, through a four-foot res-
ervoir, and capable of rising by its own force eighteen feet,"

:li:

TBITON SFBIXa.

Location. — -kratoga, about two miles south of the village.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (60^' Fahr. S. P. Sharpies):

Solids. GrainB.

Carbonato of soda .... 5.861

Carbonate cf magnesia .... 6.221

Carbonate of iron .... 0.141

Carbonate of lime ..... 11.40*7

Carbonate of lithia .... 0.403

Carbonate of strontia .... trace.

Carbonate of baryta . . . . 0.102

Chloride of potassium .... 2.128

Chloride of sodium . . . . 29.812

Sulphate of potassa . . . . trace.

Iodic of sodium .... 0.006

Bromide of sodium ..... 0.226

Fluoride of calcium . . . . trace.

Alumina . . . . . . trace.

Silica ...... 0.160

Total 66.460

Gas. Cab. in.

Carbonic acid . . . . . 46.10

(1872)

TXTLB mVEB SODA SPRHTa.

Location.— Tulare County, California.

Access. — Take the San Joaquin Valley Railroad at Stockton and ride to
Visalia, thence by daily stage to Porterville, thence about fifteen miles by
private conveyance.

Hotel. .

the saline-sul-

ere are twelve
itural wonder,
a four-foot res-
jhteen feet."

APPENDIX.

403

Remarks. — ^This spring was brought into notice in 1870
by Dr. E. B. Bateman. It issues from a crevice at the foot
of an immense granite bowlder, on the bank of a little brook,
and is an agreeable, pungent water, highly charged with car-
bonic-acid gas. It is in a wild mountain-region, and forms a
most grateful retreat from the fervent heat of Tulare Valley.
Near by is the Painted Rock, a cavern whose walls are cov-
ered with rude figures of men and animals, sketched by some
extinct race/

ge-

-..(-•

8):

T7NI0K SPBtNG.

Grains.

5.861

6.221

0.141
11.407

0.403

trace.

0.102

2.123
29.812

trace.

0.006

0.225

trace.

0.160

65.460
Cab. in.
46.10
(1872)

kton and ride to
fifteen miles by

Location! — Saratoga Springs.

. X

ANALYSIS. •

One pint oontainj

J (48° Fahr. 0. F. Chandler) :

BOLIDB.

Grains.

Carbonate of soda

1.471

Carbonate of magnesia

8.126

Carbonate of iron

0.024

Carbonate of lime

8.396

Carbonate of lithia

0.236

Carbonate of baryta .

0.176

Carbonate of strontia

trace.

Chloride of potassium

1.092

Chloride of sodium

67.287

Sulphate of potassa

0.227

Phosphate of soda

0.008

Iodide of sodium

0.005

Bromide of sodium

0.168

Fluoride of calcium .

trace.

Biborate of soda .

trace.

Alumina

0.040

Silica

0.331

Organic matter

....

trace.

Total

77.575

Gas.

Cnl!). In.

Carbonic acid .

,» * *

48.12
(1873)

i--i.-- »

Stephen Powers.

-a* ■

■ Vi-

■ t" 1. "

404

MINERAL SPRINGS.

VALHEBMOSO SFBINGS.

LocaUon aud Po8t-OflSeet— Yalhermoso Springs, Morgan County, Alabama*
Access* — ^From Decatur, a station on the Memphis & Charleston Railroad,
188 miles east from Memphis, via steamboat on Tennessee River, tvrenty-fire
miles to landing, thence two miles and a half to the springs.
Hotel* — ^Valhermoso.

Analysis. — None. The waters are said to be sulphur and
chalybeate.

Remarks. — The resort is situated amid the spurs of the
Cumberland Mountains, and the nights are cool. Cascades
and caves invite the visitor to morning rambles. Previous to
the war this was a popular watering-place, known as " Mor-
gan County," " Manning*s," " Wallace's " Springs, etc.

VT0H7 SPBINQS.
Location, etc*— /%e page 333.

ANALYSIS.!

One pint contains :

8oLir«.

Omins.

Carbonate of soda

• • •

•

17.440

Carbonate of lime

• • • •

2.878

Chloride of sodium

• • •

•

4.200

Sulphate of magnesia

• • •

1.600

Sulphate of lime .

• • •

•

6.260

Oxide of iron

> • • •

0.600

Silica

• • •

1 • • •

•

trace.

Total

81.868

Gas.

Ottb-in.

Carbonic acid

• • •

29.85

VIOHY.
Location, t^—8ee page 841.

* "Seoond Biennial Report California Stato Board of Health," p. 180.

1 County, Alabama*
barlestcn Railroad,
! River, twenty-five

be sulphur and

e spurs of the
ool. Cascades
;. Previous to
lown as "Mor-
Qgs, etc.

Grains.
17.440
2.878
4.200
1.600
6.260
0.600
trace.

81.868

Oab.ia

29.85

APPENDIX.

ANAIiTBIS. »

405

One pint contalni —

Solids.

Carbonate of potassa

Carbonate of soda

Carbonate of magnesia

Carbonate of iron

Carbonate of manganese. . .

Carbonate of lime

Carbonate of strontia

Chloride of sodium

Sulphate of soda

Phosphate of soda

Borate of soda.

Arseniate of soda

SUica

Bituminous organic matter.

Total.

Oab.
Carbonic acid.

CutMt Wall*.

Elliabcth.

tt.i' Fahr.

Bouqntt.

Oraini.
1.401

24.484
1.990
O.lltf

traces.

8.686

0.010

8.416

2.782

traces.

0.021

0.248

traces.

88.054

CaUe Id.
27.88

Sto. MvU.

63.2* F«br.

Bouquet.

Ormlni.
1.450

26.200
2.G08
0.281

traces.

8.503

0.010

8.80T

2.482

traces.

0.021

0.182

traces.

89.444

Cable In.
25.85

" p. 180.

Properties. — These waters, as will be seen on comparison
of analyses, are of the same character as the Grande Grille.
Says Durand-Fardel : " The waters of Gusset take part in the
regimen of Vichy ; their origin is without doubt identical ;
their composition and their therapeutic applications are ob-
viously the same." It should be noticed, however, that the
Ste. Marie well is stronger in iron than any other waters of
Vichy. These waters bear transportation exceedingly well.

Remarhs. — The wells of Gusset are not quite two miles
distant from Vichy. They were bored about the year 1860,
the Ste. Mar J having been sunk to the depth of 379 feet, and
the Elizabeth to the depth of 295 feet.

VIOTOB SPRINQ.

Location and Post-Offlee. — Daricn Centre, Genesee County, New York.
Access* — Darien is a station on the Erie Railroad, twenty-five miles east
of Buffalo, from which the spring is one mile and a half distant.
Hotel. — Boarding-house.

Analysis. — According to an analysis by Prof. Hadley, this

\ ** Dictionnaire des Eaux Mln^rales," par Dorand-Fardel, tome 1., p. 519.

406

MINERAL SPRINGS.

water contains 105 grains of solid constituents in a pint. It
is said to be rich in chlorides, bromides, iodides, and iron.

Properties. — The water is pleasant to the taste, and seems
to belong to the alkaline-saline class.

li ■'«

ZEU-ZEM SFBINaS.

Location. — Lake County, California, on Etiquary Greek, forty miles from
Nar)a City.

Access* — By direct route to Clear Lake, via Borrycssa Valley.

Analysis. — An incomplete one shows the water to con-
tain sulphur, iron, and magnesia, in considerable quantity.
The water is cold and very palatable, temperature 64° Fahr.

Memarks. — The peculiar name of this spring is that of
" the holy well in Mecca."

APOLIilNABIS WATEB.
Location. — Valley of the Ahr, Rhenish Prussia.

ANALYSIS.

One pint
Solids.

Carbonate of soda

contains :

Grains.
. 6.964

Carbonate of magnesia
Carbonate of lime

2.V51
. 1.900

Chloride of sodium

2.743

Sulphate of soda
Phosphate of soda
Salts of potash
Oxide of iron, with alumina

. 1.648
trace,
trace.
0.049

Silicic acid

. 0.099

Total

16.054

Oases.
Carbonic acid (free and semi-combined)
Carbonic acid (combined) .

Gable in.
. 42.81
12.44
(IBYT.)

I.:

The above analysis is reduced from average result of
eight analyses made by Professors G. Bischof and Mohr, and
given in ten thousand parts.

Properties, — ^This is an excellent alkaline mineral-water.

;s in a pint. It
!es, and iron,
aste, and seems

k, forty miles from

Valley.

) water to con-
rable qnantity.
iture 64° Fahr.
ring is that of

Grains.
. 6.964

2.151
. 1.900

2.743
. 1.648

trace.

0.049
. 0.099

16.054

Cubic in.
42.81
12.44
{1811.)

rage result of
and Mohr, and

mineral-water.

APPENDIX.

407

It surpasses every other known water for table use and mix-
ing with wines. The importation to this country is enor-
mous.

ABROWHEAD HOT SPBIKQS.

Location and Post-Oflllee* — San Bernardino, San Bernardino County,
California.

Access. — San Bernardino is nine miles from Colton, a station on the
Southern Pacific Railroad, thence six miles northeast by stage.

Botel* .

Bemarka. — The waters of these springs are said to range
in temperature from 140° to 210° Fahr., and to flow in im-
mense quantities. They are two thousand feet above the
level of the sea, amid bold mountain scenery, commanding a
view of the Valley of Santa Anna, which spreads southward
for thirty miles to the peaks of Tameschal. The winter cli-
mate is said to be very delightful, and well adapted to suffer-
ers from phthisis pulmonalis.

The present (1883) accommodations at this resort are of
a primitive character.

BELKNAP HOT SPBINGS.

Location* — Lane County, Oregon.

Post-Offlee. — McEenzie Bridge, Lane County, Oregon.

Access* — Springfield, a station on the Oregon & California Railroad, about
one hundred and eight miles south of Portland, is the nearest railroad station,
whence sixty miles by stage.

Hotel. — Belknap's.

Analysis. — Not obtainable.

Remarks. — The temperature of these waters is 184° Fahr.,
and the flow between two hundred and three hundred gallons
per minute. Tub and steam vapor-baths have been pro-
vided.

These springs are located in an out-of-the-way nooky
which would have special attraction for sportsmen. The sur-
rounding country is exceedingly wild and mountainous. It
is not over fourteen miles northeast to the base of the Cas-
cade Mountains, and twenty miles southeast to the Three

;ii- :i;-

408

MINERAL SPniNGS.

Sisters Mountains. The streams near by abound in brook-
trout, mountain-trout, salmon-trout, and red-side trout. Red-
side trout have been taken weighing four pounds, and salmon-
trout weighing twelve pounds. Of game there are black-tail
deer, grouse, quail, otter, beaver, mink, and elk j in the win-
ter, bear and cougar.

BORIiAND MINEBAIi WELL.

Location and Post-OflBee.— Borland, Pleasants County, West Virginia.

Access. — By rail or steamer on the Ohio River to Marietta ; thence by
steamer ten miles to Willow Island landing ; thence five miles distant by car-
riage.

notelt — Boarding-house accommodation.

ANALYSIS.
One pint contains (T. 6. Wormley).

SOUDS.

Carbonate of soda .

Carbonate of magnesia .

Carbonate of lime .

Chloride of sodium

Chloride of magnesium

Sulphate of potassa

Sulphate of soda

Phosphate of alumina .

Iodide of magnesium

Bromide of magnesium

Manganese .

Alumina and iron (as carbonates)

Silica

Organic matter

Total

Grains.
9.726
0.232
1.094
30.009
0.267
2.828
4.734
0.029
0.008
0.036
trace.
0.080
0.073
trace.

49.109

exceedingly unusual
sulphur water with a

Properties. — This water presents
combinations, being an alkaline-saline-
sufficient amount of sulphate of potassa and soda to insure
its prompt action as a diuretic and aperient. A water so
well balanced in efficient proportions of valuable ingredients,
and the absence of inert or harmful constituents, is seldom
found. As an alkaline-saline-sulphur water it is superior to
any at present known — superior, for drinking purposes, to

APPENDIX.

409

ound in brook-
3e trout. Red-
is, and salmon-
e are black-tail
k : in the win-

West Virginia,
arietta; thence by
ilea distant hj car-

Groins.
9.726
0.232
1.094
30.009
0.267
2.828
4.784
0.029
0.008
0.035
trace.
0.080
0.073
trace.

49.109

ngly unusual
water with a
)da to insure

A water so
e ingredients,
ats, is seldom
is superior to

purposes, to

the renowned waters of Aix-la-Chapello, and to those of
Nenndorf, Eilsen, and Meinberg, in Europe.

Professor Wormley states that, in addition to the solid
ingredients, he found sulphuretted hydrogen gas and some
hydrocarbon g^^.es. An accurate estimate of these would
have necessitated a journey to the well.

An alterative water of this kind is adapted to a number
of diseased conditions, as it is decidedly an alkaline water,
a saline water, and a sulphur water. Specially is it bene-
ficial in disease of the liver due to engorgement, in chronic
gastritis, dyspepsia accompanied with acidity, catarrh of
the bladder, gravel, gall-stones, and chronic poisoning by
lead.

Hemarks. — The locality has no improvements for public
resort, and at present the water only finds its way into mar-
ket barreled. The springs are at the junction of Camp-
bell's Run and Bull Creek.

The surrounding country is rolling in character, with
neighboring elevations, giving beautiful and extensive land-
scape views. There are good opportunities near by for
hunting.

BTTFFAZiO LITEIA SFBINQS.
liOCatloil, etc. — See page 222.

ANALYSIS OP BPRINO NO. 2.

One pint contains (W. P. Tonry)
Solids.
Carbonate of potassa
Carbonate of iron .
Carbonate of lime
Carbonate of lithia
Carbonate of barjrta
Chloride of sodium
Sulphate of magnesia
Sulphate of alumina
Sulphate of lime
Silica

Total.

Groins.
3.662
0.027
1.300
0.204
0.180
0.615
0.111
1.133
4.133
0.234

11.699

.U f-

1 Pi

!■ ?'

'4 '!

:i! :

'1 ■

410

MINERAL SPRINGS.

Gabis. Cab. in.

Carbonic acid ..... 1.0

Sulphuretted hydrogen . . . . . . 1A

The water also contains traces of paosphoric acid, iodine, and organic
matter.

Properties, — ^This water is an efficient diuretic, and proves
of great value in inflammations and irritations of the bladder
and kidneys, especially when dependent on the uric acid dia-
thesis, as exhibited in cases of gravel and gout. For these
purposes it is indorsed by the highest medical authorities.

CANON CITY SPRINaS.

Location and Post-Offlcet — Gafion City, Frcmo! t County, Colorado.

Access.— A branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad leaves the
main line at Pueblo and goes to Canon City, one hundred and sixty-one miles
from Denver.

Hotel. .

ANALYSIS.

One pint contain!—

Iron Duke.
Prof. Leon.

LitUe trto.
Prof. Leon.

Hot Spring.
104" F»hr.
Prof. Leon.

8oL.„.i.
Carhoiato of soda

Grsinc.
9 593
1.824
trace.
4.124
trace.
10.873
1.524

Grmiim.
9.548
1.749
trace.
2.812
trace.
14.747
1.518

Oralni.
9.143

Carbonate of magnesia

1.5y9

Carbonate ^f Iron

trace.

Carbonate of lime

4.086

Carbonate of litbia

trace.

Chloride of sodium

2.2r4

Sulphate of soda

9.910

Total

27.448

30.869

27.007

Properties. — These are mild alkaline-saline waters, one of
them being of high temperature.

JRemarJca. — Canon City is at an altitude of about 5^,000
feet. It is protected on the northward from severe and sharp
winds by mnn.Titain ranges, and is not far distant from the
Grand Caiion of the Arkansas, where the river cleaves its
way through a solid wall cf mountain rock, 2,000 feet per-
pendicular on either side.

Bathing establishments have been erected at these
springs.

iodine, and organic

•

Hot Spring.
102' F»hr.
Prof. Leon.

Oralni.
9.143

1.5y9
trace,
4.086
trace.
2.2(U
9.910

27.007

waters, one of

APPENDK.

CAPON SPRXNGS.
Loeatioa, ttt»—See page 168.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contain! —

Solids.

Carbonate of soda

Carbonate of magnesia. . .

Carbonate of Iron

Carbonate of manganese.

Carbonate of lime

Carbonate of lithia

Carbonate of copper

Chloride of sodium. . . , .

Bulphate of potassa

Sulphate of lime

Sulphate of strontium

Phosphate of lime

Fluoride of calcium

Alumina

Silica

Nitrates

Organic matter

Total,

Gabu.

Carbonic acid.

Oxygen

Nitrogen

411

Main Spring.

Beauty Spring.

J. W. Mkllet.

J. W. MaUtt.

Oralni.

0.074

0.079

0.180

0.168

0.005

0.006

trace.

1.041

1.044

trace.

• ■ • • •

trace.

O.OOT

0.006

0.021

0.020

0.074

O.Oftl

trace.

0.002

0.088

0.084

trace.

0.026

0.028

1.617

1.478

Cable In.

Cubic in.

1.07

0.97

0.22

0.21

0.46

In addition to the dissolved gases noted above, there is a free escape of
gas from the surface of the water of Main Spring, estimated by Prof. Mallet
to be from 800 to 850 cubic inches per hour, consisting of

Parts.
Nitrogen ...... IS.H

Oxygen ...... 9.02

Carbonic acid ...... 4.38

Marsh gas ...... 7-87

Total 100.00

Temperature of the water is 65.5° Fahr.

Properties. — The quantitative analyses of these waters
show them to be specially adapted to the diseases men-
tioned in the original sketch, p. 158, and that they are, as
there designated, valuable carbonated alkaline waters, con-
taining a considerable proportion of lime.

3tcd at these

CARLISLE SPRINaS.

Location.— Pueblo County, Colorado.

Post-Offlce.— South Pueblo, Pueblo County, Colorado.

■i'1%- 111

412

MINERAL SPRINGS.

\i-

Access* — Carlisle Springs is a station on the Denver & Rio Grande Rail,
road, one hundred and forty miles from Denver.
Hotelt — No improvements.

ANALYSIS.

i ■'

One pint contains (60° Fahr.) :

Soups.

Orains.

Carbonate of poda .

• •

1.123

Carbonate of magnesia

• « •

. 1.422

Carbonate of iron .

• •

0.037

Carbonate of lime

• • •

. 2.798

Chloride of sodium

• •

1.407

Sulphate of potassa

• • •

. 0.087

Sulphate of soda

• ■

2.498

Silica

• • •

trace.

Organic matter

• •

trace.

Total .

• • •

. 9.372

Gas.

Carbonic acid gas .

Amount undetermined.

(Wheeler Expedition.)

OEDAB SPBINQS.

Location and Post-OflSc«.— New Paris, Preble County, Ohio.

Access. — New Paris is a station on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis
Railroad, thirty-five miles west from Dayton. The springs are one mile from
the station, where carriages are in waiting.

Hotel. — Cedar Springs.

ANALYSIS OF WASHINGTON SPRING.
One pint contains (A. Fennel) :

Solids.

Grains.

Carbonate of soda .

0.283

Carbonate of magnesia

. 0.727

Carbonate of lime .

0.495

Carbonate of iron

. 0.166

Chloride of sodium

0.122

Sulphate of soda

. 0.023

Sulphate of lime

0.155

Phosphate of lime

. 0.2f.6

Alumina ....

0.028

Total ....

. 2.264

Properties. — It appears from the analysis that these are
mild alkaline waters, similar in character to the Bethesda

& Rio Grande Rail-

Grains.

1.123
. 1,422

0.037
. 2.798

1.407
. 0.087

2.498

trace.

. 9.372

idetermined.
heeler Expedition.)

Ohio.

cinnati & St. Louis
are one mile from

Grains.
0.283
0.727
0.495
0.165
0.122
0.023
0.155
0.2«'.6
0.028

2.264

that these are
the Bethesda

APPENDIX.

413

water of Wisconsin, but containing a larger proportion of
iron. It is claimed that they are specially valuable in dis-
eases of the kidney and catarrh of the bladder, and also in
acid dyspepsia.

Remarks. — These springs were first developed in 1874.
The neighborhood was a favorite camping-ground of the
Indian tribes — the Pottawattamies, Miamis, and Wyandots —
who attributed miraculous power to the water. Succeeding
the time of the Indians they were forgotten till, a school-
house being built adjoining them, it was noticed that sickly-
children improved in health, and that worn and anajmic
school-teachers rapidly regained robust health. Since open-
ing, they have become a favorite resort.

The springs are situated at a considerable elevation above
the sea, it is said 1,000 feet. The surrounding country is
rolling, and exceedingly attractive.

Besides tlie "Washington Spring, there are others used for
medical purposes, i. e., the Seidlitz, Chalybeate, Glycerine,
anJ Ohio Bethesda. There are said to be not less than one
hundred mineral springs within an area of two miles square.

CHALK GREEK HOT SPRINGS.

Location. — Chalk Creek, Chaffee County, Colorado.
Post-Offlce. — Nathrop, Chaffee County, Colorado.
Hotel. .

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (Prof. G. E. Patrick, 130° Fahr.):

SoLiDB. Grains.

Carbonate of potassa . . . . 0.016

Carbonate of magnesia .... 0.078

Carbonate of lime . . . . . 0.244

Chloride of potassium ..... 0.079

Sulphate of soda ..... 0.771

Silicate of soda ..... 0.324

Silica ...... 0.2r)4

Lithia ....... trace.

Organic matter ..... trace.

Total . . . . . . 1.766

!■

414

MINERAL SPRINGS.

Oas.

Carbonic acid gas

Amount not determined.

Properties. — A thermal water with no special indications
depending on the ingredients, except as to the considerable
amount of silicate of soda and silica that it contains.

CINCINNATI ABTESIAN WATER.

Location and Post-Office« — Cincinnati Gas Woriss, Cincinnati, Hamilton
County, Ohio.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (E. S. Wayne) :

Solids.

Grains

Carbonate of magnesia ....

1.018

Carbonate of lime ....

. 2.167

Cliloride of potassium ....

0.409

Chloride of sodium ....

. 64.950

Chloride of magnesium ....

2.267

Chloride of calcium ....

. 2.782

Sulphate of lime .....

8.409

Iodide of magnesium ....

. 0.024

Bromide of magnesium ....

0.^S2

Oxide of iron .....

. 0.046

Silica

0.061

Total .....

. 77.J65

Gases.

Cubic in.

Sulphuretted hydrogen . . . .

0.97

Carbonic acid .....

. 1.29

Properties. — This is a good saline-sulphur water, and
adapted to the treatment of all diseases for which such
waters are used.

Bemarks. — The depth of the well is 1,245 feet, and there
is a continuous flow of water.

CLIMAX SPMNGS.

Location and Post-OfBce. — Climsix, Camden County, Missouri.

Acress. — From Warsaw, Missouri, a railway station on the Missouri Pa-
cific Railroad, twenty-five miles by stage to the springs. Warsaw is two
hundred and thirty-one miles from St. Louis.

Hotel. — Climax Springs.

t determined.

icial indications
he considerable
DDtains.

incinnati, Hamilton

Grains.

1.018

2.167

0.409

64.950

2.267

2.782

8.409

0.024

0.^S2

0.046

0.061

77. J 65
Cubic In.
0.97
1.29

ur water, and
>r which such

feet, and there

Missouri.

the Missouri Pa-
Warsaw is two

APPENDIX.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (L'. W. Wiley):

Solids.
Carbonate of lime ....
Chloride of sodium ....
Sulphate of lime ....
iodide and bromide of potassium
Iodide and bromide of magnesium
Oxide of iron, alumina, and silicon
Organic and undetermined .

Total .....

Oab.
Carbonic acid ....

415

Grains.

0.661

4.451

0.707

0.319

1.260

1.000

0.424

8.802

Cubic in.
3.45

Properties. — The above analysis, by Prof. H. W. Wiley,
of Purdue University, Indiana, State chemist, shows a min-
eral water differing in a remarkable manner from any known
in this country or Europe. It contains a larger proportion
of lie iodides and bromides of potassium and magnesium
relative to the other constituents. There is over one and a
half grain of these salts in each pint of water, while there is
a comparatively small amount of chloride of sodium. Other
waters, containing considerable iodides and bromides, con-
tain, in addition, a very large amount of chloride of sodium
(salt), so much that it is not possible to drink them ; while
this water, if the analysis be correct, may be taken easily.
They are iodo-bromated waters, similar in character, but far
superior, to the celebrated Kreuznach waters of Prussia.
Waters of this kind are specially adapted to the cure of
scrofula in all its manifestations, whether affections of the
bones, joints, or skin diseases. They are also valuable in
tertiary syphilis, and may prove serviceable in chronic gout.

Memarka. — The water of this spring collects in a cave
thirty feet under ground. The pool is about forty feet in
diameter, ant' from one to twelve feet deep. The explora-
tion has not been complete, and ' 3 point where the water
enters this basin and the place of o How are unknown. For
this reason we regard the analy . ♦vith doubt, not that it is

t't,

416

MINERAL SPRINGS.

.! ^.t-:

incorrect in itself, but because the water was taken from this
subteiTanean pool. How many years the water has been in
collecting there and how perfectly it corresponds with the
inflow spring is unknown. It may be the water of the spring
itself is feebly mineralized, and this under-ground pool repre-
sents evaporation and chemical changes which have been
going on for hundreds of years.

These springs are situated at an elevation of 970 feet on
the northern slope of the Ozark Mountains, in a rolling
country timbered with black and white oak. The scenery
is attractive, the view from the springs commanding a pros-
pect over a valley of sixteen miles. Three rivers — the Osage,
Niangua, and Pomme de Terre — about six miles equidistant,
afford fine opportunity for fishing, while the valleys abound
in all kinds of wild game.

t .

CBESSON SPBINQS.
Location, QU»—See page 248.

ANALYSIS.

One pint coiitalni—

Iron Spring.
F. A. Qenth.

Alum Spring.
F. A. Genth.

Msgneda Spring,
F. A, Gentb,

SOLIDB.

Carbonate of potassa , , ,

Oratni.

• • • •

0.447

0.826
0.005

0,646
0.205
2.822
0.200
2.935
trace.
6.114
trace.
0.003

o'.ioi

Grains.

0.346
trace.

0.663

• « • a

0.053
0.088
8.462
2.650
2.081
4.128
6.025
0.006
trace.

0.238

Gmlni.
0.020

Carbonate of soda

0.124

Carbonate of magnesia.

0.046

Carbonate of Iron , . .

0.002

Carbonate of manganese

tr^e.

Carbonate of lime

0.001

Chloride of sodium , .

0.168

Chloride of magnesium

0.069

Chloride of calcium

0.163

Sulphn'o of potassa

Sulplmtc) of soda,

Sulphate of magnesia. , . . . .

Sulphate of alumina

Sulphate of iron ,

Persnlphate of iron

Sulphate of lime

0.013

Sulphate of lithla

Phosphate of lime

0.001

Nitrous acid

trace.

Alumina

0.001

Silica

0.1 14

Total

18.242

18.014

0.70T

Oab.

Carbonic add

Cubic In.
0,16

:aken from this
ter has been in
ponds with the
jr of the spring
iind pool repre-
lich have been

. of 970 feet on
s, in a rolling
. The scenery
landing a pros-
3r8 — the Osage,
les equidistant,
valleys abound

Magnesia Spring,
F. A. a«Dtb.

Oniini.
0.020
0.124
0.046
0.002
trx!e.
O.OOl
0.168
0.069
0.163

• • • •

• • • ■

o'.ois
o'.ooi

tnice.
0.001
0.114

0.707

Cubic In.
0.16

Xppendix.

ERKENBBEOKEB'S SALT WELL.

417

Location! — Ludlow Grove, Hamilton County, Ohio.
Access. — Ludlow Grove is a station on the Cincinnati, Hamilton k Day-
ton Railroad, six miles distant from Cincinnati.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (E. S. Wayne) :

Solids.

Grains.

Carbonate of magnesia . . . .

1.768

Carbonate of lime ....

. 0.Y92

Chloride of sodium . . . .

637.612

Chloride of magnesium

. 67.765

Chloride of calcium ....

98.826

Chloride of iron ....

. 6.683

Sulphate of lime .....

0.769

Bromide of sodium ....

. 8.626

Silica ......

0.152

Total .....

. 717.263

(1882.)

Properties. — It will be seen from the analysis that this is
an exceedingly strong brine — sufficiently so to be well adapted
for the manufacture of salt ; and from it brine baths of any
required dilution may readily be made.

HemarJcs. — This salt water was unexpectedly discovered
in the course of boring an artesian well for procuring pure
water for the manufacture of starch in Mr. Erkenbrecker's
large factory. The public-spirited proprietor has made baths,
that his workmen may enjoy the invigorating effect of salt
baths ; but none for general use have yet been provided.
The well is two hundred and seventy-one feet deep.

EUBEEA SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Offlcc. — ^Eureka Springs, Carroll County, Arkansas.

Access, — Seligman, a station on the Arkansas Division of the St. Louis
& San Francisco Railroad, is eighteen miles distant from the springs, to which
there is a line of stages.

Hotels. — American House, Southern.
19

41 ii

:!inn' ' ■« i|

'iii

418

H;!

MINERAL SPRINGS.

ANALYSIS (Basin Spbiio).
One pint contains (Potter and Riggs) :

80L1D8.

Orains.

Carbunatc of soda .

0.014

Carbonate of magnesia

■

. 0.329

Carbonate of lime .

0.041

Chloride of sodium

. 0.023

Sulphate of potassa

0.016

Su'nhate of soda

•

. 0.011

Iro nd aluuina .

0.010

Sih . , . , .

•

. 0.039

'f'otal

0.483

In addition, free ?nd albuminoid ammonia was found in minute quantities.

JProperties. — This water is but very feebly mineralized,
and whatever medicinal or curative properties it may have
are not shown by the analysis.

JRemarks. — The country surrounding the springs is hilly
and rolling, the higher hills being from 1,100 to 1,900 feet
above the sea-level. The location is healthy and the winters
are mild.

EXCELSIOR SFBINaS.

Location. — Clay County, Missouri.

Post-OflSee* — Viginti, Clay County, Missouri.

Access. — ^Excelsior Springs are five miles from Vibbard, a station on the
St. Joseph branch of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad ; stages in
waiting.

Dotels. — Cooper House, Ford, and Dclmonico.

Analysis. — An accurate quantitative analysis has not
been made. A qualitative analysis shows the waters to
contain iron, alumina, silica, chlorides and carbonates of
magnesia, lime, and sodium, to the amount of twenty-five
grains per gallon, or over three grains per pir.t.

Properties. — Until the quantitative analysis is had, it
will be difficult to fix accurately the field of usefulness of
these waters. So far they seem to have proved specially
beneficial in diseases of the kidney and bladder, and de-
rangements of the liver.

APPENDIX.

419

Orains.

0.014
. 0.329

0.041
. 0.023

0.016
. 0.011

0.010
. 0.039

0.488

I miautc quantities.

ly mineralized,
js it may have

springs is hilly
to 1,900 feet
a,nd the winters

rd, a station on the
lailrcad; stages in

alysis has not
the waters to

. carbonates of
of twenty-five

>t.

ysis is had, it
>f usefulness of
roved specially
adder, and de-

Ilemarks. — The springs are three in number — the Excel-
sior, Relief, and Empire — located in a triangular valley two
or three miles in area, surrounded by rugged hills. The
locality is an exceedingly healthy one, and around the
springs a community of two thousand people have gathered
in the short space of two years.

FAIBVIEW SPBINQS.

Location. — Near Eosse, Limestone County, T<ixas.
Po8t-Offlee* — Kossc, Limestone County, Texas.

ANALYSIS,

One pint contains (C. F. Cliandler) :

SoLtDS.' Orains.

Chloride of sodium .... 0.220

Sulphate of soda ..... 0.706

Sulphate of magnesia . . . 1.228

Sulphate of lime . . . . .0.163

Alumina and its sulphate .... 0.675

Protosulphate of iron ..... 0.257

Total 3.249

FLORIDA SPBINaS.

To complete the list of springs in this State, the follow-
ing are enumerated'. They are not improved or prepared for
visitors :

Blue Spring^ Volusia County^ Florida (temperature 70*
Fahr.), said to contain sulphur, chloride of sodium, and car-
bonate of lime. It forms a basin seventy feet in diameter
and about forty feet deep, which sends a stream fifty feet
wide and ten feet deep into the St. John's River.

Ulue Spring^ Jackson County^ Florida, is a prominent
local resort.

Clay Springs, Orange County, Florida, are the principal
source of the Wekiva River. The basin of the spring is so
large, and the flow so great, that steamb< tats navigating the
river have no difficulty in entering. The water is of a de-

nt:

ihBli

420

MINERAL SPRINGS.

lightful temperature for bathing, and, I was told by Dr.
Harris, of Sanford, is medicinal.

Crystal Jiiver Springs^ Hernando County^ Florida^
twenty-five miles south of Cedar Keys, are at the head of a
small arm of the Gulf.

Hampton Springs^ Taylor County^ Florida.

Movnt Royal Springs , Volusia County ^ Florida^ about
one and a half miles east of Mount Royal, on the St. John's
River, form a basin of clear, blue water about twenty feet
in width and forty feet long. Temperature about 70° Fahr.
No analysis.

Newport Springs, Wakulla County, Florida, on St.
Mark's River.

Sicwatiee Springs, Suioanee County, Florida. — These are
of considerable local repute. They are some miles below
the Suwanee White Sulphur, or Upper Suwanee Springs.

FRAXZ-JOSEE BITTER WATER.
Location. — Buda-Pesth, Hungary.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (Prof, von Ballo) :
Solids.
Carbonate of soda .....

Chloride of magnesium

Sulphate of potassa ....

Sulphate of soda ....

Sulphate of magnesia ....

Sulphate of lime ....

Oxide of iron, with traces of manganese .
Silica ......

Silicic acid ......

Total

Oah.

Carbonic acid (freo and half combined)

Grains.

5.994

12.799

0.051

169.024

180.65'7

9.862

0.036

0.072

378.531

Cubic in.
6.68

Properties. — This is an exceedingly active purgative water,
but small doses — half a wine-glass to a wine-glassful — being
required. It is also gentle in action.

i told by Dr.

!w<y, Florida,
the head of a

'a.

Florida, about

the St. John's

ut twenty feet

t)0ut 70° Fahr.

oridaj on St.

la. — These are
3 miles below
ee Springs.

APPENDIX.

OLSNK SPBIKGS.

421

Loeation and Post-Office* — Glenn Springs, Spartanburg County, South
Carolina.

AeeesSi — Go to Spartanburg on the Richmond & Atlanta Railroad, ono
hundred and ninety-two miles from Atlanta ; thence twelve miles by regular
line of coaches to the springs.

Hotel. — Glenn Springs.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (60''

Fahr. Prof. C. U. Shepard,

Jr.):

Solids.

Uraina.

Carbonate of magnesia '

• • • •

0.415

Chloride of potassium

« • • ■

0.065

Chloride of sodium

• • • •

0.211

Sulphate of limo

• • • •
• • • •

11.437

Total .

12.194

(1880.)

f « ]

1i:i

"I'i^lii

f if

f S

Grains.

5.994
. 12.'799

0.051

. 169.024

180.65'7

. 9.862

0.036
. 0.036

0.0V2

. 378.531

Cubic in.
6.68

irgative water,
lassful — being

Properties. — This water contains an unusually large
amount of sulphate of lime in solution, a substance not
used medicinally, and considered indigestible. The results
obtained at these springs in the relief of constipation, en-
gorgement of the liver, gravel, and other urinary diseases,
show, however, that in this combination it acts advantage-
ously.

Memarks. — This spring has the history of many similar
places in the original " thirteen States." The early settlers, in
the pursuit of game, found that deer, buffalo, and other ani-
mals frequented this locality, undoubtedly for the purpose
of drinking the peculiar water, and thus, as early as 1764,
were led to the discovery of the " Powder Marsh," and then
to the spring. The present improvements comprise a main
building, or hotel, and eight cottages, furnishing ample ac-
commodation for a large number of guests. They are situ-
ated on a hill amid a beautiful grove of native oaks.

* Contained in the water as bicarbonate.

W I

III si*

!^:H

^1^

422

MINERAL SPRINGS.

GRAND HAVEN MINEBAI. 8PBINOS.

Location and Post-Ofllce. — Graud Haven, Ottawa County, Michigan.
Access. — Grand Ilavcn is the terminal station on Lake Michigan of the
Detroit, Grand Ilavcn & Milwaukee Railroad.
note!* — Cutler House.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (C. Gilbert Wheeler) :

BoLtDS.

Carbonate of potassa

Carbonate of soda
Carbonate of magnesia
Carbonate of iron
Carbonate of lime .
Chloride of potassium .
Chloride of sodium
ChlcHdc of magnesium
Chloride of calcium
Sulphate of soda
Iodide of magnesium
Bromide of magnesium
Fluoride of calcium
Alumina
Silicic acid .

Total .

Grains.
0,343
0.261
0.190
0.010
0.251
0.241

88.264
8.941

IS-SOY
8.911
0.006
0.022
0.006
0.037
0.132

76.112

The water also contains traces of manganese, boracic acid, nitric acid, and
ammonia.

Properties. — This is a saline water, containing an active
proportion of the purging sulphate of soda, and is valuable
in cases of engorgement of the liver, abdominal plethora, and
dyspepsia associated with these conditions.

Hemarks. — Grand Haven is located on the bluff banks of
the east shore of Lake Michigan. It is a cool and pleasant
place in summer, and opportunities for surf -bathing in the
lake arc afforded.

HART WELL.

Location. — Pleasants County, "West Virginia.
Post-Office. — Willow Island, Pleasants County, West Virginia.
Acc6ss. — By rail or steamer to Marietta, Ohio, on the Ohio River, thence
by steamboat ten miles to Willow Island landing, thence by carriage.
Hotel.— Rose Hill.

I ill

ros.

nty, Michigan,
e Michigau of tlio

Grains.
0.343
0.261
0.190
0.010
0.261
0.241
88.254
8.941
18.507
8.911
0.006
0.022
0.006
0.037
0.132

76.112
nitric acid, and

ling an active
d is valuable
plethora, and

duff banks of

and pleasant

ithing in tlie

ginm.

lio River, thence

carriage.

APPENDIX.

ANALYSIS.
One pint contains (Profeaaor S. C. Wells) :

423

.! 'i

BOLIDS,

Carbonate of soda
Carbonate of magnesia
Carbonate of lime
Chloride of sodium
Chloride of magnesium
Sulphate of potassa
Sulphate of soda
Phosphate of alumina
Iodide of magnesium .
Bromide of magnesium

Grains.
9.867
0.23S
1.108
80.449
0.270
2 866
4.797
0.029
0.008
0.035
0.008
0.088
0.073
trace.

Manganese ....
Alumina and iron (as carbonates) .
Silica .....
Organic matter

Total ..... 49.817

I*roperties. — It will be seen that this analysis is almost
identical with that of the Borland well, showing the water
to be possessed of the same properties as the Borland water.
It is, therefore, an alkaline-saline water, containing an active
proportion of purging sulphates.

Remarks. — This resort is about one mile from the Ohio
River, and the buildings are located on a high hill. The
surrounding country is broken, and the scenery is interest-
ing. Facilities for baths are supplied.

HiaHI.AND SPBINQS.
Location) ete. — See page 392.

ANALYSIS.

One pint containi —

8»ltKT.

64.8° F.
W. B, Rising.

Dnteh.

70.5* F.
W. B. Rising.

Majflc.

82.4* F,

W. B. Rising.

SOLIDH.

Carbonate of soda

Oraini.
1.109
0.047
2.584
0.116
trace.
4.845
0.090

o.e.'is

0.196
trace.

Oriiina.
1.590
0.078

5.nio

0.122
trace.
4.975
0.207
0.890
0.014
trace.

Graini.

1.887

Carbonate of po'assa

0.053

Carbonate of mii^ncsia

5.204

Carbonate of iron

0.093

Carbonate of manganese

trace.

Carbonate of lime

4.877

Chloride of sodium

0.160

Silica

0.924

Alumina

0.021

Organic matter

trace.

Total

9.140

Cubic In.
26.6

12.881

Cubic In.
28.1

12.724

Gas.
Free carbonic acid

Cubic in.
19.6

424

MINERAL SPRINGS.

! t •

■ ■\ W

Properties. — It will be perceived that these are excellent
alkaline waters, containing a very large quantity of carbonic-
acid gas. As such they are well adapted to the treatment
of di/spejjsia, uric-acid gravely catarrh of the bladder, and
ffall-sto}ies.

Hemarks. —These springs are situated in Lake County,
California, at the head of Big Valley, which is bounded,
north, Y.'«^?i, and south, by the Mayacamas range of moun-
tains, 0,300 feet in height. Clear Lake lies to the eastward.
The springs are at an altitude of 1,740 feet, and are sheltered
by the mountains from the coast winds. The surrounding
country contains thousands of acres of level and fertile soil,
through which flow streams abounding in trout and other
fish. Good roads and pleasant drives are at hand, while deer
and wild game are plentiful in the adjoining mountain dis-
trict.

Thero are now good hotel accommodations, also tub,
douche, and plunge baths.

HUNYADI JANOS WATEB.
Location! — Buda-Pesth, Hungary.

ANALYSIS.

One pint

contains (Prof. Bunsen) :

Solids.

Grains.

Carbonate of soda .

• • • •

13.20

Carbonate of oxide of

iron

0.08

Carbonate of lime .

• * • •

6.04

Carbonate of strontia .

0.19

Cliloride of sodium

• • • •

11.54

Sulphate of potassa

1.07

Sulphate of soda .

• • • •

128.97

Sulphate of magnesia .

. 137.98

Silicious earth

• • • •

0.09

Total .

. 299.76

Gas.

Cubic In

bonic acid (free and semi-combined)

8.06

APPENDIX.

425

!se are excellent
ity of carbonic-
> the treatment
ie bladder, and

I Lake County,
ch is bounded,
ange of moun-
3 the eastward,
id are sheltered
lie surrounding
and fertile soil,
rout and other
and, while deer
; mountain dis-

ions, also tub,

Grains.
13.20

0.08

6.04

0.19

11.54

1.07

128.97

137.98

0.09

299.76

Cubic in.
8.06

Properties. — This is one of the most efficient and pleas-
ant purgative or bitter waters known. It acts certainly
and painlessly as an aperient, and should hardly be termed
bitter water, as the peculiar combination and presence of
considerable carbonic-acid gas mitigate the otherwise dis-
agreeable taste of the salts, so that they are hardly noticed.
The dose is from half a wine-glass to a wine-glassful.

INDIAN SFBINQS.

Location and Post-Officet — Indian Springs, Butts County, Georgia.

Access. — Indian Springs are one and a half hour distant from Macon,
Georgia, arid two hours distant from Atlanta, on the extension of the Ma-
con & Brunswick Railroad.

Hotel. — Mcintosh Uousc.

ANALYSIS.

One pint

contains

(J. R. Colting) :

Solids.

Grains.

Carbonate of magnesia

•

\ •

.' 1.982

Sulphate of potass*

•

• • •

3.415

Sulphate of magnesia

•

• •

. 71.628

Sulphate of lime .

•

• • •

• •

7.152

Total .

. 84.077

Oases.

Cubic in.

Carbon'c-acid gas .

•

• • •

1.000

Sulphuretted hydrogen

•

• •

. 3.006

Nitrogen .

•

• • •

0.166

Properties. — These are very valuable purgative waters,
containing a notable quantity of sulphuretted hydrogen, and
are curative in engorgement of the liver, dyspepsia of the
sthenic type, and catarrh of the bladder.

Uemarks. — This is an old-time watering-place, much re-
sorted to years ago, but, with the progress of railroads, and
being tv/enty-five miles distant therefrom, it was almost for-
gotten till the recent (1882) completion of a branch railway
to the place. It is again receiving considerable patronage
from the surrounding country.

,il

Alb

426

MINERAL SPRINGS.

liAS VEQAS HOT SFHINGS.

Location and Post-Offleei — Las Vegas, San Miguel County, New Mexico.
Access* — Via the Atchison, Topeka & Santa F6 Railroad to Las Vegas,
seven hundred and seventy miles south of Atchison, Kansas.
Uotels. — The Montezuma, Hot Springs.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains—

No. 1.

130° Ffthr.

F. V. Hayden.

No. J.

123' Fahr.

F. V. Hayden.

No. 8.

123* Fahr.

F. V. H«yd«D.

BoLIPS.
Carbonate of soda

Grains.
0.215

0.135

3.407
1.765
trace,
trace,
trace,
trace.
0.130

Grains.
0.146

1.329

3.046
l.S»28
trace,
trace,
trace,
trace,
trace.

Grains.
0.625

Carbonate of maffnesia |

1.429

Carbonate of Lme j

Clilorido of sodium

8 417

Sulphate of soda

2 026

Iodine

trace.

Bromine

Potassium

trace.

Lithium

trace

Silica

814

Total

6,662

6.449

7 811

Pro2yerties. — These are exceedingly valuable thermal wa-
ters, perhaps the most valuable of any east of the Rocky
Mountains. They bear considerable resemblance to the fa-
mous baths of Toplitz, in Bohemia, which have been select
ed by the Prussian government as the most appropriate
place for the cure of disabled soldiers. Waters and baths
such as these of Las Yegas are very valuable agents in the
treatment and cure of chronic rheumatism, gout, contractions
and stiffness of joints, and concretions or deposits therein.
They are also curative in many diseases of the skin, such as
psoriasis, lichen, etc. In the treatment of syphilis they act
as alteratives and re-enforce the effect of other remedies.

A new and accurate analysis of these waters is needed.

MemarJcs. — Thirty years ago, when the Government sur-
veys for a Pacific railroad were made, these remarkable
springs were noticed and designated on the maps as Ojos
Calientcs. At that time trappers and hunters only knew of
them. Now civilization lias swept by them and far beyond.
A hotel equal in convenience to many of those at fashion-
able Eastern resorts is found there. An imposing bath-

APPENDIX.

427

No. 8.

ahr.

123* Fahr.

lyden.

F. V. H«y(l.D.

11.

Grains.

0.625

1.429

8.417

2.026

trace.

0.314

7.811

house, built of red granite, has a capacity of five hundred
baths per day. In the gentlemen's department there are
twenty-three tub and ten vapor baths ; on the ladies' side
are fifteen tub and four vapor baths. In addition are t)ie
appliances for giving shampoo, douche, and ring baths.
The application of the deposits from the water in the way of
the well-known mud-bath is also provided.

These springs are on the southern slope of the Rocky
Mountains at an elevation of G,767 feet above the level of
the sea. The temperature of the locality is mild, and said
to be comparatively free from those sudden changes which
occur in the areas west of the Mississippi. The average for
Christmas week, 1881, was 52° Fahr. ; for January, 41°
Fahr. ; February, 49° Fahr. ; March, 56° Fahr. ; April, 58°
Fahr.

LIBERTY HOT SPRINGS.

Loeation. — Thirty-one miles west of Del Norte, on the Rio Grande River,
Colorado.

Aceess. — By stage from the railway station of Alamosa, on the Denver
& Rio Grande Railroad, or trail, thirty-one miles from Del Norte, a stat'on
on the same railroad, two hundred and eighty-one miles from Denver.

Hoteh — Boarding-house accommodations.

ANALYSIS.

One pint containt—

Soi.ms.

Carbonate of soda

Carbonate of magnesia

Carbonate of lime

Carbonate of lithia ,

Chloride of sotliiiin

Sulphate of potassa

eulpliate of soda

Silica

Organic matter

Total.

Gas.

Bnlphurctted hydrogen.

No. 1.

No. .I.

150° Fahr.

140° Fahr.

Grains.

Grntni,

5.060

10.532

0.7!»5
0.952

[ 1.634

trace.

2.139

2.430

trace.

1.729

1.002

0.417

0.348

trace.

11.098

15.944

Cubic In.

UndetormiRod.

(Wheeler Expedition.)

Properties. — These are alJcaline-tJicrmal springs of high
temperature, and will give excellent results in all those dis-
eases to which such waters are adapted, such as chronic
rheumatism, gout, and skin diseases.

I;'

I I

428

MINERAL SPRINGS.

H. .

•' pt '

ft'V '

> ^Ih:

.(ti

. 1

', '

[

V I

i i

•'

liemarks. — Arrangements have been made lov giving
baths.

LOWER BLT7E LICK SPKINGS.

For analysis, etc., see page 192.

A new analysis of these waters was made in 1877 by
Robert Peter, M. D., of Lexington, Kentucky, Chemist to
the State Geological Survey. The original analysis, pub-
lished in this work, was made by this gentleman, and a com-
parison shows no sensible change or weakeninjr of the water
during the twenty-seven years that had elapsed. The only
additional information gained is, that the water is found also
to contain minuc .quantities of chloride of calcium, chloride
of lithium, sulphide of sodium, carbonate of soda, biboratc
of soda, sulphate of baryta, and sulphate of strontia (" Geo-
logical Survey of Kentucky," Part VII, vol. v. Second Series,
page 69).

KEDICAIi LAKE.

Location and Post-Offieei — Medical Lake, Spokane County, Washington
Territory.

Aceess. — From Cheney, a station on 1. • Fend D'Ore'lIc; Division of the
Northern Pacific Railroad. Medical Lake is ten miles distant V»y stage.

Uotcls. — Lake House, Cottage IIouso.

ANALYSIS.

Solids.
Carbonate of Poda

Grains.
. V.943

Carbonate of magnesia
Carbonate of lime

0.029
. 0.023

Carbonate of lithia

traces.

Carbonate of iron

. 0.066

Chloride of potassium
Chloride of sodium

1,156
. 2.046

Sulphate of potassa
Silicate of soda

traces.
. 1.329

Biborate of soda .

trace.

Oxide of alumina

. 0.021

Organic matter

0.069

Total ....

. 12.680

Pr'^tperties.- -This is an alkaUn.e water, containing an un-
uuual amount, of silicate of soda — a substance seldom found in

A ;..

APPENDIX.

429

# >* -i

de Tof. giving

le in 1877 by
:y, Chemist to
analysis, pub-
an, and a com-
r of the water
ed. The only
r is found also
eium, chloride
soda, biborato
:rontia (" Geo-
Second Series,

anty, Washington

;e Division of the
nt \>y stage.

mineral waters^ '^xcepi in uiiiiute quantities. It undoubtedly
exercises a decided induence over the medicinal value of this
water, especially as to scrofulous and skin diseases, and will
cause diseases, otherwise incurable, to be cured by its use.

Memarks. — This wonderful lake of mineral water is lo-
cated in a fertile plain, known as the Big Bend country. It
is one and a quarter mile long, and from one fourth to one
third of a mile wide. The banks are somewhat abrupt, and
it varies in depth from forty to one hundred feet. The wa-
ter is sourish, and slightly acrid to the taste. No living
thing, except small turtles, is found in the water. When a
strong wind breaks the surface, the waves froth in a soapy-
looking foam, which appears like snow at a distance. For
this singular lake there is no visible inlet or outlet. When the
water is bathed in, it causes an unctuous or soapy sensation.

Although this place has been known but two or three
years, a town, with stores and factories, has sprung up on
the banks of the lake. There is a bath-house on the shore.

A preparation is made from the waters of this lake,
known as " Medical Lake Powders," which, dissolved in rain-
w ter in the proportion of half an ounce to a gallon, is said
to possess all the virtues of the water.

■li

Grains.
^.943
0.029
0.023
traces.
0.066
1.155
2.046
traces.
1.329
trace.
0.021
0.069

12.680

iining an un-
dom found in

MIDDLE PARK HOT SPRINGS.
Location ) etc. — See page 306.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contalna —

SoLtDB.

Carbonate of soda

Carbonato of magnesia

Carbonate of lime

Chloride of sodium

Bulpliato of potassa

Sulphate of soda

Hulphate of matmeBia,
Iron .lud ammonia. . . .

T.ithia

Bilicic acid

Total

Gab.
Ccrbonic acid

No. 3.

No. 6.

gTf" Fahr.

115° Fahr.

E. J. MalUtt.

E. J. MaU«tt.

Ontini.

Graiai.

8.6ST

4.921

• • • •

0241

0.460

i.n«i

1.7415

0.129

0.119

2.191

1.281

0.6.56

. • . •

traces.

tnico.

0.(177

0.164

8.401

8.&S1

Cable la

Ciblc In.

2.22

2.f>0

430

MINERAL SPRINGa

JRemarJcs. — These are thermal alkaline waters, containing
an active proportion of alkaline ingredients, and therefore, in
addition to the advantages of hot baths, they possess those
of alkaline waters when taken internally.

MIDDIiETOWN SPRINGS.

Loeatioiii — Middlctown, Rutland County, Vermont.
Access. — Seven miles by coach from Poultney, Vermont, the nearest rail-
way-station.

Uoteh — Montvert.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (Prof. Peter Coll
Solids.
Carbonate of soda . .

Carbonate of magnesia
Carbonate of lime
Carbonate of iron
Carbonate of niangancsc
Chloride of potassium
Chloride of sodium
Sulphate of lime

/'Jumina

ter Collier) :

Grains

. 0.4U2

• •

0.158

. 0.418

• •

0.167

. 0.147

• •

0.163

. 0.027

• •

0.018

. O.OiO

Total .

1.610

Properties. — These are mild alkaline-calcic waters, with
sufficient Iron to produce a tonic effect,

JRemarks. — This is a delightful retreat, at an altitude of
2,500 feet, and in view of Mounts Killington, Pico, Shrews-
bury, and Spruce Knob. Delightful sailing and fishing may
be had on tha lakes near by, and Ihe wary trout may be
60U:r.jht i-1 uoighboring brooks. The grounds are attractively
adoniea, and it is a pleasant New England resort.

i^fiifiM

MILFORD SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Offlee.— Amherst Station, Ilillsborough County, Mass.

Access.- From Boston via Boston, Lowell & Concord Railroad, forty-
eipht miles north to Amherst, thence one mile and a half by omnibus to the
Sfirings.

Hotel. — ^Ponemah.

1 1 '■

!r8, containing

i therefore, in

possess those

, the nearest rail-

Grains.

0.402

0.158

0.418

0.167

0.147

0.163

0.027

0.018

O.OiO

1.610

waters, with

,n altitude of
'ico, Shrews-
[ fishing may
rout may be
J attractively
•t.

h County, Mass.
Railroad, forty-
omnibus to the

One pint contabu

SotlDS.

Carbonate of soda

Carbonate of iron

Carbonate of llmo

Chloride of sodium

Sulphate of potassa

Sulphate of soda

Sulphate of iron

Oxide of iron

Phosphate of soda

Phosphate of liiue

Magnesia

S'lica

Total

APPENDIX.

431

ANALYSIS.

M«(lical Spring.

Chalybeate SprinK.

Ponemah Spring.

Geurgu K. Sewcll.

George E. Sewell.

J. M. Ordway.

GraiDi.

Grains.

Grain),

0.250

0.029

0.260

o.m

0112

6.880

0.024

0.225

0.008

0.070

0.047

0.125

6.'587
0.825

o.oii

■ • > ■ •

trace

6.12G

0.125

1.877

0.106

0.6oS

0.817

In addition, there arc the Magnesia Spring, containing sulphate of magne-
sia, 0.25 grainy sulpi.ate of iron, 0.125 grain; and silica, 0.127 grain per
pint. Also the Iron Spring, containing carbonate of magnesia, 0.050 grain ;
chloride of sodium, 1.30 grain; sulphate of soda, 0.050 grain; sulphate of
iron, 0.130 grain. Of the Ponemah Spring, the chemist, Mr. Ordway, says :
" This is, therefore, one of the purest of spring-waters ; it would be difficult
to find one containing less mineral matter, . . . and I do not see that any
water could be better for every-day table use."

Properties. — It will be seen from the analysis tha,t these
are mi^d alkaline waters, the Chalybeate Spring containing
in addition a notable amount of iron.

Remarks, — These springs are situated on elevated ground,
which overlooks a charming vale closed in the far distance
by the waving outlines of hills and mountains. In every
direction therefrom there are delightful drives over roads in
perfect order.

A new hotel with every modern convenience has just
been completed (1883), and the surrounding grounds laid
out in an artistic manner. These springs have been known
and frequented since 1818, and have received commendation
by those who frequented them in former years.

MTLIiDALE MINERAIi WELL.
Loeatlon and Post-Offlee. — Milldale, Kenton County, Kentucky.

'1^ '. ^ i

i* ::!il

III

1 i ''

! 1 ^ i

■ffl ' '-'-'

432

BOMDS.

Carbonate of magnesia .
Chloride of potassium
Chloride of sodium
Chloride of magnesium
Chloride of calcium
Sulphate of lime

Total
Gab.

Sulphuretted hydrogen

MINERAL SPRINGS.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (E. S. Wayne) :

G»iDB.

. 0.150
0.077

. 68.657
1.052

, 1.408
0.153

, 66.497
Cubic in.
0.78

JRemar/cs. — These saline-sulphur waters are located at a
distillery, where deep boring was made for procuring water
to be used for manufacturing purposes.

UONTESAXO SPRINGS.

Location. — Jefferson County, Missouri.

Post-Offlee< — Kimraswick, Missouri,

Access. — Montesano Springs are twenty miles south of St. Louis, on the
Iron Mountain Railway ; or they may be reached from St. Louis by steamer
on the Mississippi River.

Dotel. — ^Montesano Springs.

One pint contains (60'
Solids.
Carbonate of magnesia
Carbonate of lime
Chloride of potassium
Chloride of sodium
Chloride of magnesium
Sulphide of sodium
Hyposulphite of soda
Sulphate of lime
Phosphate of lime
Iodide of magnesium .
Bromide of magnesium
Iron and alumina
Silica

Total .

ANALYSIS.
' Fahr. Profs. Potter and

Riggs):
Grains.
1.756
8.931
2.046
45.638
4.488
0.042
0.093
4.046
trace.
0.106
trace.
0.108
0.063

. 67.817

APPENDIX.

433

Griins.
. 0.150

0.077
. 63.667

1.052
. 1.408

0.153

. 66.497
Cubic in.
0.78

! located at a
^curing water

Oasis.
Carbonic acid
Sulphuretted hydrogen

St. Louis, on the
jouis by steamer

Grains.
1.766
8.931
2.046

45.638
4.488
0.042
0.093
4.046
trace.
0.106
trace.
0.108
0.063

67.317

Cubic in.
6.80
0.17

(1880.)

The above analysis is of the Montesano Spring, which is
the one usually bottled for export. There are five other
spring which have been analyzed — viz., Casco, Counoil,
Altv^n, Pearl, and Thorn. The Council has much less chlo-
ride of sodium than Montesano, the Casco and Alton have
no iodide of magnesium, the Alton has only one-third the
carbonate of magnesia, the Pearl has 3.38 grains and the
Thorn 7.22 grains of chloride of calcium ; the Pearl and
Thorn do not contain any carbonate of magnesia, and the
Pearl contains 2.56 grains volatile suspended matter and 1.8
grain mineral suspended matter.

Properties. — It will be seen that these are saline-sulphur
waters, similar in saline character to those of Saratoga, ex-
cept that they do not contain as much alkaline salts or car-
bonic-acid gas, and, unlike them, contain a small amount of
sulphuretted hydrogen gas, causing them also to resemble
the celebrated Blue Li- k Springs of Kentucky. They are
very valuable waters of the kind, and should prove curative
in dyspepsia associated with abdominal plethora, in jaundice
depending on catarrh of the biliary ducts, in gall-stones^ and
engorgement of the liver.

Eemarks. — These springs are picturesquely situated, over-
looking the noble Mississippi River. The grounds, of two
hundred acres extent, are shaded by natural forest-trees, and
tastefully laid out in lawns and winding walks. The local-
ity is named Monte sano because of the healthfulness of the
place. There are many charming excursions in the vicinity,
and opportunities for fishing are abundant.

MT. CLEMENS MINEBAL WELL.

Location and Post-Offlce. — Mt. Clemens, Macomb County, Michigan.
Aeeess. — Mt. Clemens is twenty miles northeast of Detroit, on the line
of the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railroad ; also by steamboat from Detroit

434

MINERAL SPRINGS.

hV'^

■ h

l\H

\i'. V

via Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, and Clinton River ; distance, thirty-siz
miles.

Hotels. — Avery House, Central Park, Clifton, Shacklcton, Detroit, and
Sherman.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (temperature, 56^ Fahr.

BOLIDS.

Carbonate of magnesia
Carbonate of lime
Chloride of sodium
Chloride of magnesium
Chloride of calcium
Sulphate of soda
Sulphate of lime .
Sulphide of iron
Iodine . »

Silica and alumina
Organic matter
Ammonia
Potassium salts

Oases.
Carbonic acid .
Sulphuretted hydrogen

n. F. Meier) :

Grains,
trace.
0.49*7
1079.680
16.200
21.662
9.656
4.400
trace
0.040
1.121
trace,
trace,
trace.

1133.140

Cubic in.
trace,
8.44

Projjerties. — This water is a very strong brine, nearly the
same in constitution as that of Achselmannatein in Bavaria.
The water is exceedingly potent, and must be largely diluted
for internal use, and also for the purpose of bathing. It has,
in the few years it has been before the public, acquired a
wide reputation for the cure of scrofulous diseases of the skin,
bones, and joints, also for the improvement and even cure of
paralytics when the disease depends chiefly upon innervation,
without decided organic lesion of the spinal cord or brain.
Cases of chronic rheumatism with stiffened joints are also
greatly benefited by the judicious use of these baths. Suf-
ferers from neuralgia, with depressed vitality and an atonic
condition of the skin, may also there find relief. In short,
they are beneficial in all those diseases which are relieved
by brine-baths.

APPENDIX.

435

Hemarks. — This well (1,280 feet deep) was first sunk in
1870, with the (expectation of securing a brine adapted to the
manufacture of salt. On account of the presence of large
quantities of chloride of calcium, magnesium, sulpliate of
soda, and other salts, with sulphuretted hydrogen gas, it was
found th;. t salt could not be made from it without resort to
complicated processes of elimination, thereby so much in-
creasing the price of the product as to make it impossible
to compete with other salt-works. The well was there-
fore abandoned. A foundered pony, turned out to shift for
itself, found shelter in the summer under the shed adjoin-
ing the well. By continual stamping in the moist mud
about the well he formed a mud-hole, in which he passed
most of the time. This was a natural "moor-bath," highly
impregnated with the medicinal virtues of the water. At
the end of the summer the pony was well. Mr. Dorr Kel-
logg, living near by, who had been a life-long sufferer from
eczema — a skin-disease — then had a bath arranged for him-
self, at a temperature of 102° Fahr. He bathed there regu-
la'-^y, and was soon cured. Thence began the fame of the
well.

The bathing administration at this place is well arranged,
so that all the benefits that can be derived from this kind of
waters are readily obtained.

The city of Mt. Clemens is pleasantly situated and the
country is healthful. There are many attractive drives in
the neighborhood, and excellent opportunities for fishing
and shooting are found on the St. Clair flats, half an hour's
drive distant by road, and one hour by sail-boat.

The waters of Mt. Clemens are concentrated and sold in
kegs, and also reduced to salts, each of which is sold for the
purpose of extemporizing the Mt. Clemens baths at home by
the introduction of a proper quantity of the brine or salt
into ordinary water.

A soap is also made, which is said to possess the curative
virtues of the water.

lii: !:

felii'

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

12.8

■ 2.2

IL25 i 1.4

'/^

>:^*'

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. MStO

(716) •72-4S03

436

MINERAL SPRINGS.

■* ':
Ji

.1"

OJO OAIilENTE.

Location and Post-Ofilee. — Ojo Caliente, Taos County, New Mexico.

Access. — Ojo Caliente is twelve miles from the railway-station at Bar-
ranca, on the line of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, which distance
is compassed by stage-coach.

Hotel.— Ojo Caliento.

ANALYSia.

One pint contains (122° Fahr. Prof. 0. C. Marsh):

\ f

Solids.

Oratna.

Carbonate of soda

11.440

Carbonate of magnesia

0.168

Carbonate of iron

0.737

Carbonate of lime

0.303

Carbonate of lithia

0.015

Chloride of sodium .

2.772

Sulphate of potassa

0.376

Sulphate of soda

0.991

Silica ....

0.163

Total ....

. 16.945

(1874.)

Properties, — It will be observed that these are remark-
ably fine thermal waters, containing a large proportion
of alkaline salts. The effica'*y of such waters in chronic
rheumatism, gout, catarrh of the bladder, etc., is well
known.

Jiemarks. — These hot springs were known and fre-
quented, long years ago, by the Indians, and subsequently
by the Spaniards. It is only, however, quite recently
that the long arms of the railroad, reaching into the far
West, have brought them within reach of the population
of the United States. There are now at that point a se-
ries of stone, adrbe, and frame buildings which will accom-
modate two hundred guests. Plunge, shower, steam, and
mud baths have been added. The height of the springs
above the level of the sea is 6,000 feet, and the flow of the
water 1,000 gallons per minute, at a temperature of 122°
Fahr.

APPENDIX.

437

OLYKFIAN SPBINQS.

For analysis, etc., see page 196.

These waters were reexamined by Dr. Robert Peter, of
Lexington, Kentucky, chemist to the Kentucky State Geolog-
ical Survey, in August, 1877. lie found no material change
as compared with the first analysis by him in 1858. He, how-
ever, discovered in this investigation that the water, in addi-
tion to the constituents previously enumerated, contains traces
and minute quantities of carbonate of baryta, carbonate of
strontia, carbonate of soda, chloride of calcium, chloride of
lithium, bromide, iodide, and sulphide of sodium, boracio
acid, phosphoric acid, and carbonate of manganese.

Dr. Peter also made a complete analysis of the " Black
Sulphur Water," the " White Sulphur Water," and two cha-
lybeate springs. The principal constituents of the Black and
White Sulphur are nearly two and a half grains, each, of car-
bonate of soda per pint, and one grain of chloride of sodium.
The principal chalybeate spring contains nearly one-fifth of a
grain carbonate of iron and one grain sulphate of magnesia
per pint, and considerable carbonic-acid gas. {Geological
Survey of Kentucky^ Part VII., vol. v., second series, pp.
19-23.)

ORANQE SPBINO.

Location and Post-Offire. — Orange Spring, Marion County, Florida.

Access. — Orange Spring is near the Ocklawaha River, and about fifty miles
from its mouth. It is one hundred and thirty-eight miles from Jacksonville
by steamer.

Hotel.-^

A nalysis. — Non e.

Jiemarks. — Hon. Columbus Drew, of Jacksonville, states
that, " in former years, this was an established health resort,
commanding the advantages of the resinous woods region
and the spring in the grounds of the hotel." It was once a
popular place, and is still thought to be valuable from its
interior location. The spring is by no means so large as
others mentioned, and is only available for the medicinal
value of its waters and for bathing.

iii; ' ';ri

438

MINERAL SPRINGS.

■ '/J

f • -s

PAGOSA SPBINGS.

Location and Post-Offleei — Pagoaa Springs, Conejos County, Colorado.

Access. — By trail from Del Norte, a station on the Del Norte Branch of
the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, two hundred and eighty-one miles from
Denver, or wagon-road from Alamosa, a station on the same railroad, two
hundred and fifty miles from Denver.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (140' Fahr.) :

BOLIDS.

Carbonate of soda ....

Grains.
. 0.842

Carbonate of magnesia
Carbonate of lime

• • t

0.863
. 4.300

Carbonate of lithia .

0.061

Chloride of sodium

t • •

. 2.182

Sulphate of potassa .
Sulphate of soda
Silica

• • •

0.619

. 16.146

0.415

Organic matter .

• t •

. trace.

Total , »

24.268

Oasbs.

Carbonic-acid gas

amount not determined.

Sulphuretted hydrogen gas .

amount not determined.

Properties. — This is a purgative thermal water, exceed-
ingly like the far-famed Carlsbad of Bohemia, the principal
difference being that in this water the carbonate of lime re-
places the carbonate of soda, as found in Carlsbad. When
this far-off country is brought into closer relation with other
portions of the United S^^ates, and a larger population sur-
rounds the springs, they will undoubtedly acquire a wide-
spread celebrity, and be found efficacious in the cure of the
same diseases for which Carlsbad is so noted, i. e., engorge-
ment of the liver and fatty degeneration thereof, gastric
catarrh, gout occurring in plethoric persons, and diabetes.
They will also prove beneficial in catarrh of the bladder,
gravel, and chronic congestion of the kidneys.

Remarks, — The springs are on the northern bank of the
San Juan River, at an altitude of seven thousand feet. To
the north are the peaks of the San Juan range, while to the

APPENDIX.

439

ty, Colorado,
forte Branch of
one miles from
ic railroad, two

Grains.
0.342
O.SfiS
4.300
0.051
2.132
0.619
16.146
0.416
trace.

24.268

ermined.
lermincd.

ater, exceed-
;he principal
3 of lime re-
3ad. When
Q with other
)ulation sur-
lire a wide-
cure of the
e., engorge-
•eof, gastric
ad diabetes,
the bladder,

bank of the
id feet. To
while to the

east and west are broad green plains, relieved by towering
pines, and far away to the southward the rolling prairies
sway like billows of the sea under the genial skies of New
Mexico. The waters rise in a basin seventy feet long and
fifty feet wide, which is incrusted with its own alkaline de-
posits from twenty to thirty feet thick. This water issues
from the earth at a temperature of 140° Fahr., and, on a cold
morning, the cloud of vapor that hangs above the springs
may be seen for many miles.

PABAISO SPBINQS.

Location And Post-Offlce.— Paraiso Spring?, Monterey County, California.

Access. — From San Francisco, by the way of the Southern Pacific Railroad
to Soledad, one hundred and fifty miles south ; thence seven miles by stage to
the springs.

Hotel. — Paraiso Springs.

ANALYSIS.
One pint contains (118° Fahr.):

Solids. Grains.

Carbonate of soda ..... 0.52

Carbonate of lime , , , , ,0.17

Chloride of potassium .... 0.04

Chloride of sodium • • . . . 0.44

Sulphate of soda ..... 4,44

Sulphate of lime • . . . . 0.54

Magnesia ...... trace.

Alumina and iron . , , . .0.20

Silica ...... 0.82

Organic matter ...... 0.66

7.82

Properties. — These are thermal waters, possessing a diu-
retic and aperient action. They are similar in character to
the famous Carlsbad of Germany, though not nearly so
strong. They are valuable for the treatment of rheuma-
tism, neuralgia, gout, engorgement of the liver, catarrh
of the bladder, and, in the form of baths, for diseases of
the skin.

(I ■

440

MINERAL SPRINGS.

• II if.

Remarks. — These springs are located at the head of a
caiion in the Coast Range, in view of the Salinas plains be-
low. The high mountains rise in grandeur on three sides
of the springs, while the plains below, traversed by the Sa-
linas River and the Arroyo Seco, spread out to the Gabilan
Mountains beyond. The springs are at an elevation of 1,400
feet above the level of the sea, and trails lead to the adjoin-
ing mountain-tops 500 feet higher. The place is exceed-
ingly healthy, and said to be very desirable for consump-
tives. Geraniums and fuchsias bloom there out-of-doors
throughout the year.

Facilities for bathing are abundant, the place possessing
a medicated mud-bath in addition to ordinary baths.

There are abundant opportunities for sportsmen, both in
the matter of hunting and fishing.

The sulphur spring (114° Fahr.) contains a large percent-
age of sulphate of soda, sulphate of lime, and carbonate of
magnesia, with peroxide of iron and sulphate of potassa.

PARNASSUS SPBINa&

Locatfoiii — Pueblo County, Colorado.
Post-Offle«. — South Pueblo, Pueblo County, Colorado,
.^cwiss.— Pueblo Is a station on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, one
hundred and twenty miles from Denver ; thence twelve miles.
Dotel. — No improvements.

ANALYSIS.

One pint

contains {12° Fahr.) :

BOLIDB.

Grains.

Carbonate of soda =

8.633

Carbonate of magnesia

. 1.634

Carbonate of iron .

0.162

Carbonate of lime

. 8.975

Carbonate of lithia

0.129

Chloride of sodium

. 3.879

Sulphate of potassa

1.344

Sulphate of soda

. 0.290

SiUca

0.43Y

Total .

. 20.483

■. i

APPENDIX.

441

B head of a
ks plains be-
tbree sides
i by the Sa-
the Gabilan
ion of 1,400
> the adjoin-
5 is exceed-
)r consump-
out-of-doors

e possessing

ths.

aen, both in

rge percent-
5arbonate of
potassa.

i Railroad, one

Orains.
8.633
1.634
0.162
8.975
0.129
8.879
1.344
0.290
0.437

20.483

Oabis.
Carbonic-acid gas .
Sulphuretted liydrogen gas

amount iindctcnnincd.
amount undetermined.
(Wlieelcr Expedition.)

Properties. — An excellent cUkalirc waterj with chalybeate
properties.

PASO BOBLES HOT SPSINQS.
Loratioo, Access, tit*— See page 293.

Remarks. — Since the publication of the first edition of
this work, this resort has undergone great improvement in
the way of accommodations for guests. There is now a
central hotel, with outlying cottages interspersed through
well-kept and shaded grounds, giving convenience for one
hundred and fifty guests. There are twenty-two sulphur-
baths, two plunge-baths, and a mud-bath.

The reputation gained by these baths, in every way,
justifies the prediction of their value as noticed in our com-
ments on the subject ten years ago. They are undoubtedly
among the best thermal sulphur waters in the world.

PLAINFIELD SP&INGS.

Location an;! Post* Office* — PlainSeld Springs, Washington County, Ver-
mont.

Access. — "By railway to Plainficld, thence three and three-fourths miles
by carriage to the springs.

Dotelt — ^At the springs.

Analysis. — None has been made.

Properties. — Hon. E. P. Walton, of Montpelier, writes :
" This spring is in a farming region, near mountains, and
lies by a brook in a deep valley, through which the wind
draws, if there is any. This is my tenth season, and I have
never seen fog at the spring-house, though in sight both
east and west. The temperature is about 10° below that of
Montpelier. It is a capital place for hay-fever patients, as
is also Montpelier, which is thirteen and three-fourths miles
from the spring, ten of which by rail.
20

443

MINERAL SPRINGS.

" I have no doubt an analysis of the spring will show
sulphur, iron, and alkalies, as water of these kinds is found
within five rods, iron by the side of the sulphur. The
spring has been used successfully for seventy-five years in
cases of rheumatism, all sorts of humors, cancer included,
and acts on the kidneys. The water is a good appetizer,
and, I think, a tonic. I have known but one case where it
was cathartic."

The water is cold, and possesses the odor of sulphuretted
hydrogen.

Hunting and fishing are fair in the immediate vicinity, in
the season, but trouting should be early.

The elevation of the spring above the level of the sea is
one thousand feet.

I ■ !■'»

PORTER SPBINQ.

L'ieatlon and Post-OflBe«< — Denver, Arapahoe County, Colorado.
Aeetss. — A short drive from the city of Denver, across the Platte, in North
Denver.

■ •

Hotels. — Grand Central, American.

ANALYST'..

Cue pint contains (Prcf.

J, Mallett, Jr.):

Solids.

Grains.

Carbonate of soda .

0.726

Carbonate of magnesia .

• 9

. 0.124

Carbonate of lime .

1.286

Chloride of sodium

• •

. 0.666

Chloride of magnesium

0.142

Sulphate of potassa

■ •

. 0.087

Sulphate of soda

8.44?

Sulphide of sodium

• •

. 0.238

Silicate of soda

0.112

Oxide of iron

• •

. 0.187

Ammonia

tracr.

Total

• •

. 6.959

Oases.

Carbonic-acid gas .

•

amount undetermined.

Sulphuretted hydrogen gas

. amount undetermined.

APPENDIX.

443

J will show
ds is found
3hur. The
ve years in
r included,
1 appetizer,
ise where it

ulphuretted

• J •

vicmity, in
•f the sea is

)rado.

*latte, in North

Grains.

0.'726
. 0.124

1.286
. 0.666

0.142
. 0.037

8.44?
. 0.238

0.112
. 0.187

trac.

. 6.959

ermincd.
ennined.

Properties. — These are sulphurous-chalybeate waters, con-
taining enough iron to be tonic in action.
Remarks. — There are baths at the spring.

BAYENDEN SPBINaS.

Location and Post-Offlee. — Ravcndcn Springs, Randolph County, Ar-
kansas.

Access. — Ravenden Springs, twenty-eight miles by coach from O'Keau, a
station on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southci!> Railroad.

Hotel. — Southern.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (Wrignt and Merrell) :

BOUM.

Carbonate of magnesia

Carbonate of lime .
Carbonate of lithia
Chloride of sodium .
Chloride of magnesium
Chloride of lime
Sulphate of lime
Sulphate of aluminu
Silica

Iodine and iron .
Organic matter .

Total .

Oab.
Carbonic acid .
Atmospheric air

Grains.
0.660
0.6Y6
0.157
0.273
0.373
0.155
trace.
0.295
0.103
trace.
0.232

2.724

Cubic in.
2.68
1.66

Properties.- -It will be seen from the analysis that these
are light alkaline waters, containing so large a proportion of
carbonic-acid gas ai to make thgm exceedingly palatable.

Remarks. — This resort is at a level of about twelve hun-
dred feet above the sea. The surrounding country is ex-
ceedingly picturesque. Opportunities for sport are frequent.
Several beautiful streams course near tLj springs — the Black,
Eleven-points, and Spring River, tributaries of the White
River — and these abound in fish. The chase also may be
followed with success — deer, wild-turkeys, and squirrels be-
ing found.

444

MINERAL SPRINGS.

i'**

V 1

■ . -

ROOKBHIOQE ALTTM SPBIKOS.
Location, titt—Sce page 263.

Analysis. — A series of analyses, made in 1872 by Prof.
M. B. Hardin, of the Virginia Military Institute, shows the
following constituents of Spring No. 4, in addition to those
published on page 253 : Arsenic, antimony, sulphate of lead,
fluoride of calcium — traces ; sulphate of copper, 0.013 grain
per pint ; sulphate of manganese, 0.171 grain ; sulphate of
nickel, 0.028 grain ; sulphate of cobalt, 0.010 grain ; sul-
phate of zinc, 0.027 grain ; sulphate of soda, 0.004 grain ;
sulphate of lithia, 0.004 grain ; phosphate of calcium, O.OOG
grain. These interesting waters are thus shown to be of ex-
ceedingly composite character. The investigations of Prof.
Hardin also show decided variation in strength of the water
at different seasons, although the composition is the same.
Thus, samples of Spring No. 4, collected October 25, 1872,
after three days' rain — the previous summer and autumn
having been very dry — showed the water to contain three
times as much of the solid ingredients as was found June
19, 1872.

BOCK CASTLE SPRINQS.

Location and Post-OflBce. — Rock Castle Springs, Pulaski County, Ken-
tucky.

Access* — This resort is seventeen miles southwest of London, a station on
the Enoxville Branch of the Louisville & Nashville Railway. From London
there is stage connection.

lIot«l* — Rock Castle Springs.

Analysis. — The water is said to be a chalybeate, but no
analysis has yet been made.

Remarks. — This resort is located on Rock Castle River,
a tributary of the Cumberland River, amid pure and invig-
orating mountain-air. The surrounding scenery is exceed-
ingly wild and picturesque, and v/alks in many directions
lead to interesting mountain views. The river affords abun-
dant opportunity for boating and fishing. It is a resort
which is much sought by those who wish rest from the

APPENDIX.

445

whirl of business and society, and the invigoration that
raountain-air and mountain-walks afford. It is eighteen hun-
dred feet above sea-level.

BOCKY MOUNTAIN SPRINGS.

LocatioD, etc.— -S'ce page 3o5.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (C. T. Jackson) :
Solids.

Oratns.

Carbonate; of soda ....

. 0.474

Carbonate of magnesia ....

0.049

Carbonate of limo ....

6.414

Carbonate of iron r . . .

0.862

Chloride of sodium ....

. 0.620

Sulphate of soda .....

18.078

Iodide and bromide of sodium

. 0.162

Silicate of sod .....

0.500

Total .....

. 20.656

Oab.
Carbonic-acid gas . . . amount undetermined.

Properties. — These are mild calcic-purgative waters, con-
taining iron in such amount as to prevent any decided
cathartic action and cause them to be specially tonic and
diuretic. They are similar in character to the springs of
Bedford, Pennsylvania, and Frauzensbad, Bohemia. They
are valuable in cases of antemia, chlorosis, and dyspepsias
associated with engorgement of the liver.

Hemarks. — There are facilities for hot and cold baths,
and mountain excursions add to the health-giving qualities
of the pi ice.

SAILOR'S SPRINGS.
Location and Post-Offlce.— Sailor's Springs, Glay County, Illinois.
Access. — Sailor's Springs are five miles, by coach, north of Clay City, a
station on the Ohio & Mississippi Railway,
llotel.— Sailor's.

Analysis. — A qualitative analysis shows — Spring No. 1
contains 11.09 grains of solid ingredients per pint of water,
of which the following are the elements : sodium, potassium,
calcium, magnesium, iron, silicic acid, sulphuric acid, car-
bonic acid, phosphoric acid, chlorine. Spring No. 2 contains

440

MINERAL SPRINGS.

1)^

7.08 grains of solids per pint, composed of chloride of sodium,
carbonate of soda, chloride of potassium, carbonate of lime,
sulphate of lime, carbonate of magnesia, carbonate of iron,
phosphoric acid.

Properties. — Not knowing from the above analysis which
constituents predominate, it is not possible to classify this
water. It is said to be specially valuable in cases of dys-
pepsia and diseases of the kidneys.

Remarks. — There are two springs at this place, which
break from the earth in a shaded prairie valley. Pleasant
drives lead in various directions, and there are facilities for
fishing and hunting.

SHARON SPBINQS.
Loc&tion, etc. — See page 202.

Relative to the analysis of the chalybeate spring, given
in this book at page 247, Prof. Maisch informs me that the
large quantity of organic matter appearing in the analysis
is due to the fact that the water had been kept for several
months in a new barrel before sending it to the laboratory.

SHELB02T SPRINGS.
Location, tit*— See page 153.

ANALYSIS (Shbldon Spbiho).

One pint contains (S. Dana Hayes) :

Solids. Grains.

Potash ....... 0.012

Sodium ...... 0.018

Soda ....... 0.501

Ammonia ...... traces.

Lime ....... 0.134

Magnesia ...... 0.020

Protoxide of iron ..... 0.001

Sulphuric acid ..... 0.063

Silicic acid ...... 0.573

Carbonic acid (combined) .... 0.264

Crenic acid and organic matter .... 0.858

Chlorine ...... 0.020

Total 1.964

is-

of sodium,
e of lime,
e of iron.

ysis which
assify this
es of dys-

ice, which

Pleasant

cilities for

ing, given
B that the
16 analysis
or several
Moratory.

BBpJ

APPENDIX.

447

Dr. Hayes adds : " Such a largo proportion of carbonato
of soda with potash, and so little lime, gives character and
value to this water. It is a very unusual alkaline-salino
water, containing more silicic acid in solution than any on
record^

SHJSNANDOAH ALUM BPRINGS.

TiOeatlon and Post-Ofllce* — Shenandoah Alum Springs, Shenandoah
County, Virginia.

Access. — Go to Mount Jackson, a station on the Valley Branch of the
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 61 miles north from Staunton; thence twelve
milea by stage.

Hotel. — Shenandoah Springs.

Analj/sia. — The one before us, by Prof. J. W. Mal-
let, of the University of Virginia, is " qualitative and par-
tially quantitative." The principal constituents are the
sulpliatc of aluminum and iron, both present in notable
amount, there being obtained from the specimen examined :

Sulphuric acid, sulphur trioxidc .

Alumina

Oxide of iron, ferric oxide

Per pint.
6.200 grains.
1.290 grain.
0.583 grain.

Although the remaining bases, occurring as sulphates,
were not determined quantitatively, it is probable that free
sulphuric acid is present to some extent. The iron exists in
the water as ferric acid, as was proved by tests made on the
spot. In addition to the above there were detected, by ex-
periment, partly with the water itself, and partly with the
saline efflorescence upon the shale from which it is derived,
silica, manganese, potassium, chlorine, copper, zinc, sodium,
nitric acid, nickel, calcium, lithium, cobalt, magnesium, am-
monium, organic matter — some of these, as might be ex-
pected, in very minute quantity.

Properties. — These waters are of the same general char-
acter as the celebrated Rockbridge Alum Springs, of Vir-
ginia, although, according to Prof. Mallet, the water seems

448

MINEKAL SPRINGS.

to contain somewhat more iron in proportion to aluminunij
yet in both cases the latter metal predominates. They are
applicable to the treatment and cure of the same diseases,
i. e., scrofula, in its varied manifestations of ulcers, diseases
of the skin, discharges from the ears and nose, diseases of
the bone, etc. The^ are also curative in some cases of
chronic diarrhoea and dysentery.

JRemarks. — ^This resort is at an elevation of over two
thousand feet above the sea-level, amid delightful moun-
tain scenery, with beautiful walks and fine drives at hand.
There are also good bath accommodations.

SIIiUBIAN SPBINQ.
Location and Post-Office. — Waukesha, Wisconsin.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (W. S. Haines) ;

Solids.
Carbonate of soda
Carbonate of magnesia
Carbonate of iron
Carbonate of lime .
Ctiloride of sodium
Sulphate of soda
Phosphate of iron
Phosphate of manganese
Alumina .

Silica .

Organic matter .

Total .

Grains.
. 0.003

0.854
. 0.016

1.240
. 0.024

0.036
. trace.

trace.
. 0.072

0.087
faint trace.

2.332

Properties. — This is an a'kaline-calcic water. It acts
freely on the kidneys, and is an efficient agent in inflam-
mations of the bladder, gravel, passive congestion of the
kidneys, and diabetes. It is also of value in Bright's
disease.

APPENDIX.

449

SIIiYEB SPRING.

Location and Post Qee* — Silver Spring, Marion County, Florida.

AccesSt — By steamer from Jacksonville, up the St. John's and Ocklawaha
River-, two hundred and eleven miles ; or, go to Waldo, a station on the
Florida Transit Railway, thence via Peninsular Division, forty-six miles to
Silver Spring.

Hotel* — Boarding-house accommodation.

Analysis. — One was made in 1879, but has been lost by
the proprietor.

Remarks. — This spring is contiguous to and forms part
of the weird and winding Ocklawaha River. Sidney Lanier,
in his Florida journeys, thus speaks of it : " The steamer
rounded-to in the very bosom of Silver Spring itself, and
came to wharf. Then the claims of scientific fact and of
guide-book information could hold me no longer. I ceased
to acquire knowledge, and got me back to the wonderful
spring, drifting over it face downward, as over a new world
of delight. One would think these elements of color varia-
tion were numerous enough, but they were not nearly all.
Presently a splash of an oar in a distant part of the spring
sent a succession of ripples over the pool. Instantly it broke
into a thousand-fold prism. Every ripple was a long curve
of variegated sheen. The fundamental hues of the pool
when at rest were distributed into innumerable kaleidoscopic
flashes and brilliances. The multitudes of fish became mul-
titudes of animated gems, and the prismatic lights seemed
actually to waver and play through their translucent bodies
until the whole spring, in a great blaze of sunlight, slione
like an enormous fluid jewel that, without decreasing, for-
ever lapsed away upward in successive exhalations of dis-
solving sheens and glittering colors."

SOUTH PARK SPKINQ.

Lofatlou. — South Park, Park County, Colorado, on the bank of tbe South
Platte River, in the southern portion of the park.

'I, V

450

MINERAL SPRINGS.

■iil

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (Prof. George E. Patrick)
Solids.
Carbonate of soda .
Carbonate of magnesia
Carbonate of lime .
Chloride of potassium .
Chloride of sodium
Sulphate of soda

Alumina ....
Silica .....
Sulphur ....

Total
Gab.
Carbonic-acid gas .

Orains.

9.615

. 0.808

1.449

. 2.374

12.029

. 0.706

0.047

. 0.067

imdctermined.'

. 26.995
amount undetermined.

Properties. — It will be seen that these are mild alkaline-
saline waters.

Remarks. — These springs lie in South Park, Colorado,
a plateau from eight to ten thousand feet above the level of
the sea, surrounded by mountain-peaks in every direction.
There are no hotel improvements at present (1883).

SPABKIilira CATAWBA SPBINaS.

Loration and Post-Offlef* — Catawba Springs, Catawba County, North
Carolina.

Aceess. — Six miles by stage from Ilickory, a station on the Western North
Carolina Railway. ;

Hotel. — Catawba Springs. S ..

Analysis. — No analysis of these waters is at hand. They
are said to be sulphur and chalybeate.

Remarks.— T)iQ%Q springs are within sight of the Blue
Ridge Mountains, and surrounded by pleasing scenery. Fa-
cilities for plunge, sliower, and vapor baths are at hand.

> Dr. Charles Dor.lson, of Denver, from whose w^rk on "Rocky Mountain Health Re-
torts" this analysis Is taken, has the followlnpr note: "The chemist who analyzed these
waters, Prof. O. E. Patrick, of Kansas University, allowed me to make use of his analysis,
with the statement that the quantity of water Airnished blm for test was bo small, he could
mak' .0 criculation of the sulphur contained.'*

County, North
iVcstorn North

itoln Tloalth Re-
f) aniilyzeJ these
e of his analysis,
Bmall, he could

. APPENDIX.

SPABTA SPBINGS.

451

Location and Post-Offlce« — Sparta, Monroe CJounty, Wisconsin.
Access. — Sparta is a station on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Rail-
way, two hundred and fifty-five miles from Chicago.
Hotelt — Warner House.

ANALYSIS.

. • ■

One pint contains (J. M.

Hirsh):

BOLIDB.

. Grains

Carbonate of soda .

0.026

Carbonate of magnesia .

. 0.508

Carbonate of iron .

1.792

Carbonate of manganese

trace.

Carbonate of lime .

0.060

Carbonate of ammonia

trace.

Carbonate of lithia

0.003

Carbonate of strontia .

. 0.002

Carbonate of baryta

trace.

Sulphate of potassa

. 0.080

Sulphate of soda .

0.277

Sulphate of lime

. 0.022

Chloride of sodium

0.018

Chloride of calcium

. 0.075

Phosphate of soda .

0.008

Phosphate of alumina .

. 0.007

Iodide of sodium .

trace.

Silica .....

. 0.035

Total .

2.898

Jab.

Sulphuretted Iiydrogcn .

trace.

k . • 4 I* - ^ A _ il

1 • .1 • •

Properties. — According to the analysis, this is a very
strong chalybeate water containing a minute proportion of
alkaline carbonates and aperient sulphates. The unusual
amount of iron should make it a good tonic.

> :-^^^.*;....

StTIiPHO-SALINE SPRINGS.

Location and Post-Offlce* — Cincinnati, TTamilton County, Ohio.
Access* — By Elm Street street-cars to Ucnry Street, thence one square
west. ' .'

Hotels. — Grand Hotel, Gibson House.

«. I

452

MINERAL SPRINGS.

'■•}

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (E. S. Wayne) :

Solids.

Grains.

Carbonate of magnesia ....

. 1.141

Carbonate of lime . . . . .

2.417

Chloride of potassium ....

. 0.403

Chloride of sodium . . . . .

06.846

Chloride of magnesium ....

. 2.157

Chloride of calcium . . . .

2.773

Chloride of lithium ....

. 0.029

Sulphate of potassa . . . .

0.287

Sulphate of lime ....

. 3.650

Phosphate of soda . . . . .

0.167

Iodide of magnesium ....

. 0.037

Bromide of magnesium . . . .

0.049

Oxide of iron .....

. 0.053

Silica ......

0.098

Total .....

. 80.197

Gas.

Cubic in.

Carbonic acid . . . . .

1.57

Sulphuretted hydrogen ....

. 0.91

Properties. — These are exceedingly valuable saline-sul-
phur waters. As such, they are well adapted by internal
administration for the cure of engorgement of the liver,
abdominal plethora, haemorrhoids, chronic lead-poisoning,
and dyspepsia associated with these derangements. Used
in the way of warm baths, they are valuable for the cure of
many diseases of the skin, both dartrous and scrofulous in
character, and also for the treatment of syphilis.

Remarks. — These waters were discovered accidentally
in the process of sinking an artesian well for the purpose
of procuring water for Moerlein's brewery. The well is
twenty-four hundred and eight feet deep, and flows in an
abundant and continuous stream at a temperature of 62°
Fahr. An elegant bath-house, with capacity for giving
thousands of baths daily, has been fitted up, supplied with
every modern convenience. The supervision of the estab-
lishment is excellent.

APPENDIX.

453

SUICISIT MINEBAIi SPBINO.

Location and Post-Offlce.— Harrison, Cumberlattd County, Maine.
Access. — The spring is tliree miles east of the Sebago Landing, in Uarri-
son, and nine miles west of Norway Station on the Grand Trunk Railroad.
Hotel.-

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (46° Fahr. F. L. Bartlett) :

BoLiDa.

Gralnn.

Carbonate of soda and potassa . . . .

0.176

Carbonate of magnesia ....

0.031

Carbonate of lime .....

0.123

Chloride of sodium .....

0.021

Oxide of iron and alumina . . .

traces.

Silica ......

0.122

Organic and volatile matter ....

0.029

Total

0.601

Properties. — In a note appended to the analysis, Prof.
Bartlett says the water is perfectly free from odor, color,
and taste ; is alkaline^ and exceedingly pure. On com-
parison with analyses of rivers given at page 15 of this book,
it will be seen that the water contains no more solid con-
stituents than the Schuylkill and less than Croton. The
proprietor claims that it is an energetic diuretic, alterative,
and tonic.

STTWAKEE WHITE STJLPHUB SFBINQS.

Location and Post-OflSce. — Suwance Springs, Hamilton County, Florida.
Access. — Suwance is a station on the Savannah, Florida k Western Sail-
road. The springs are half a mile from the station.
Hotel. — Suwanee Springs.

Analysis. — None has beftn made.

Bemarks. — Hon. Columbus Drew, of Jacksonville, writes
that "this spring rises from a nook in the course of the
Suwanee River. Its source is from one of those dark under-
ground recesses peculiar to many of the Florida springs. It
covers a basin of perhaps twenty-five feet diameter, afford-

454

MINERAL SPRINGS.

ing excellent bathing at its lowest stage. This spring has
been a place of mux3h resort for forty or fift/ years by resi-
dents of Georgia and Florida. The water possesses a strong
sulphur-odor. After the fumes of the sulphur pass off from
the vessels in which it is held, it becomes palatable and
pleasant."

Another correspondent thus describes the spring ; " Think
of a bold, magnificent spring, twenty feet in dia>i.eter, clear
as crystal, with the white pebbles on its bottom, twenty feet
below, clearly visible through its translucent depths ; a spring
boiling with a plentiful throb that sends every minute some
forty thousand gallons of pare, strong sulphur-water whirling
into the adjacent river in a strong, straight, shining stream,
sixteen feet wide and nearly twc feet deep ; a spring mirror-
ing in its silver surface the fairest of tropical trees, moss-
hung and weird ; reflecting through their boughs the splen-
dor of tropical skies by day, and by night the glories of a
tropical moonlight ; while yist below it flows in tranquil
and unusual beauty the historic and song-famous * Suwanee
River!'"

It is said to be the great "medicine-spring" of which
Ponce de Leon heard ; but this is told o^ so many springs in
the South that it is impossible to decide which is the veri-
table one. The waters are held to be curative in rheumatism,
gout, dyspepsia, and other diseases for which sulphur-waters
are adapted.

The country is healthy, being high and dry, and distant
from swamps or marshes.

At this time (February, 1883), extensive improvements,
soon to be completed, are being made. A new hotel of one
hundred and twenty-five rooms, with all the modern con-
veniences, is being finished. In the centre of the hotel court
two pools, fifteen by thirty feet, built of hydraulic cement,
are to be supplied with water from the bottom of the spring.
Adjoining are dressing-rooms, while at the end of the pools
is a series of tub-baths, where hot or cold batus may be
taken. The resort is to be open summer and winter.

APPENDIX.

455

and distant

aWEET SPBINQS.

LocatiODt — Saline County, Missouri.

Post-Offlce> — Brownsville, Saline County, Missouri.

AeeesSt— "^weet Springs are one mile from Brownsville, a station on the
Sedalia & Lexington Branch of the Missouri Pacific Railway, two hundred
and eleven miles west of St. Louis.

Hoteli — Sweet Springs.

ANALYSIS.

One pin coDtaini —

Solids.

Carbonate of iron

Carbonate of inanganese

Carbonate of lime

C'tiloride of potassium

Chloride of Hodium

Chloride of magnesluip

Chloride of calcium

Chloride of lithium

Sulphide of B<Klium ,

Sulphate of calcium

Sulphate of baryta ,

Phosphate of calcium

Bromide of magnettium ,

Nitrate of mapnesium ,

Nitrate of ammonium

Alumina

Silica

Organic matter

Totrl

SwMt Sprini;,

Aketinn Sprlnjr.

C. P. Willmun.

C. 1>. WiUiaum.

Onini.

Grtlni.

O.OTO

0.0i}3

trace.

0.tt25

1.192

bMl

0.424

8.570

IViS'j

94..M4

2.786

10.914

1.840

9.349

0.006

0.086

.. . •

0.8J6

1.182

7.'24a

• • ■ ■

0.019

• • • ■

0.030

0.014

0.016

• * ■ •

0.022

, ,

0.021

0.011

0.021

0.135

0.064

COOT

0.380

19.406

131.613

Properties. — It will be seen that the waters of both of
these springs are saline in character, that of the Akesion
being very much the stronger, and containing besides con-
siderable sulphuretted hydrogen, causing it to partake of the
nature of sulphur-waters. The Sweet Spring is commended
for dyspepsia and diseases of the kidney and bladder, while
the Akesion is specially used for diseases of the liver.

Hemarks. — These springs have been supplied with every
modern convenience in the wav of an excellent hotel, sur-
rounded by a wide exteuo of wooded lawn, and a most com-
plete bath establishment, in which is a large pool for swim-
ming, spout and plunge baths, and every facility for private
baths. The baths are supplied by water from the Salt-Sul-
phur Spring, five miles distant. In addition to the springs
named, the waters of the White and Black Sulphur Spring
may be had.

456

MINERAL SPRINGS.

■f

The Black River, where rowing and fishing may be in-
dulged, runa in the rear of the bluff upon which the hotel is
situated.

TABPON SPBINQS.

Location and Post-OflSce. — T^irpon Springs, Uillsboro County, Florida,
AccesSi — Tarpon Springs is sixty miles distant from Cedar Key?, whence
access may be had by steamboat or sloop.
llotel* — Tarpon Springs.

Analysis. — None has been made, but they are said to
contain sulphur, soda, lime, and salt. Temperature about
65° Fahr.

Remarks. — In an interview with Major M. R. Marks,
published in the Sunland Tribune, of Tampa, Florida, he
states : " The spring starts from a rocky coralline formation,
and has an opening of at least twenty feet in its smallest
diameter, emptying its volume direct into the head-waters of
this branch of the Anclote River. We secured water from
a depth of over thirty feet below the surface, and from the
tests made are satisfied they are identical with the salt-sul-
phur waters of the famed springs of that name in Virginia.
Ti..ere are several strongly impregnated springs, four distinct
ones boiling up on the margin of this large spring, and the
waters from them are delightful t the tongue, and cool."

The climate in this portion of the west coast of Florida
is said to be very delightful, and not subject to the sudden
changes that occur on the west coast farther to the north-
ward. The thermometer seldom registers over 90° Fahr. in
the shade in the hottest weather.

The place is in the early stage of development (1883),
but may in the near future become a popular winter resort.

The hotel and boarding-house accommodations are now
fifty-five rooms.

The country hereabout is a sportsman's paradise. Quail
abound, and the lagoons and prairies teem with wild-duck,
plover, deer, and an occasional wild-cat or bear may be taken
within two miles of the hotel. Fish, such as sea-trout, the

APPENDIX.

467

red-fish, or grouper, and the gamy sheep's-head, may be found
ID abundance in the contiguous river.

TATE EPSOM SPBINQ.

Location and Post-Offlce» — Tate Spring, Grainger County, Tennessee.

Access. — Norristown, a station on the East Tennessee, Yirgioia & Georgia
Railroad, is ten miles distant from the springs, to which oouTeyance is made
by hacks.

Hotel. — Tate Springs.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (R. T. Brumley) :
Solids.
Carbonate of lime
Chloride of sodium

1 ! 5

Chloride of iron
Chloride of manganese
Sulphate of potassa
Sulphate of soda .
Sulphate of magnesia
Sulphate of lime
Phosphate of lime
Iodide of sodium .
Silica . .

Nicric acid .

Total .

Grains.
2.695
6.033
0.365
0.086
0.192
1.062
3.996

20.062
0.142

traces.
0.337
0.002

33.992

P^foperties. — This is a calcic water, containing an active
proportion of salines and considerable iron. It is alterative
in action.

Remarks. — These springs lie at the southern base of
Clinch Mountain, at an altitude of fourteen hundred feet
above the sea. The scenery surrounding them is exceed-
ingly picturesque and attractive.

WAKTTLLA SPRINaS.

Location and Post-Office. — Wakulla Springs, Wakulla County, Florida.
Access. — Wakulla Springs is a station on the Fensacola & Mobile Rail-
road, eighteen miles south of Tallahassee.
Hotel. — Wakulla Springs. '

Analysis. — None has been made.

JRemarks, — This spring is the fountain-head of the river

•yi\

468

MINERAL SPRINGS.

of that name, which flows south to its junction with the
St. JVIark's, at the old town of St. Mark's. One, standing on
the ruins of the ^^-^ '^'Danish fort at St. Mark's, associated
with the executic Arbuthnot, will see the Wakulla turn-
ing the angle of the old wall after its course of about ten
miles from the spring. It is said very much to resemble Silver
Spring, of Marion County, in the transparency of the water
and the peculiar glittering sheen which covers its depths.
It is stated that a ten-cent piece can be seen at the bottom
in places where the depth is over one hundred feet.

WABU SPBINQS, OREaON.
Location and Post-OfflcCt — Warm Springs, Cook County, Oregon.

JRemarks. — ^These springs are located on an Indian reser-
vation of the same name. They are sought by the Indians
for bathing purposes. I am informed by H. C. Walker, of
Warm Springs, that the water as it issues from the rocks is
exceedingly hot — hot enough to cook an egg in a short time,
and that it is said to contain a large percentage of borate of
soda.

WABM SPRINGS, YHtaiNIA.

Location, Access, etc. — See page 321.

A corrected analysis of these waters, recently (1882) received, shows, in
addition to the ingredients given on page 821, the following per pint:

Sulphate of potassa 0.171 grain.

Sulphate of ammonia 0.(;46 grain.

Making the total solid constituents per pint 8.214 grains.

WHITE ST7LPHXTB SPRINGS, MONTANA.

Location and Post-Offlcc.— White Sulphur Springs, Meagher County, Mon-
tana Territory.

Access, — Livingston, a station on the Northern Pacific Railroad, is the
nearest approach by railway at present (1883), whence sixty miles by stage.

Hotel. — Grand Central.

Analysis. — No correct analysis has yet been made.

Memarks. — These springs are located in a broad valley
closed in by mountain-ranges, many of which bear upon their
summits a white crown of perpetual snow. The plains are

APPENDIX.

459

savannas of billowy grasses, the streams are the homo of
speckled trout and other fish, the foot-hills abound in wild
game — elk, deer, and antelope. The city or town dates from
1880, but is even now well advanced in modem conveniences.
A company, lately formed, will soon make many improve-
ments at the springs property, in the way of new and com-
modious buildings and baths, a shaded park, and beautiful

drives

WHITE SUIiPHUR SPBINOS. TEXAS.

Location and Post-Offlee. — White Sulphur Springs, Cass County, Texas.

Access. — Beldcn, a station on the Texas & St. Louis Railroad, is twelve

miles distant by stage.

Analysis. — None.

WOLF TBAF LITHIA SPRINa.

Location and Post-Offlce.— Wolf Trap, Halifax County, Virginia.

Access. — Wolf Trap is a station on the Richmond & Danville Railroad.

Uotel. — None.

ANALYSIS.

One pint contains (M. B. Ilardin) :
Solids.

Carbonate of soda

Carbonate of magnesia

Carbonate of iron

Carbonate of manganese

Carbonate of lime

Carbonate of lithia

Carbonate of strontia .

Chloride of sodium

Sulphate of potassa

Sulphate of soda .

Phosphate of alumina .

Nitrate of soda

Silica .

Total
Oases.
Cprbonic acid .
Oxygen
Nitrogen
In addition, the water contains traces and minute
lowing : Carbonatei of ammonia, copper, barium, zinc, bromide of sodium,
iodide of sodium, borate of magnesia, fluoride of calcium, titanic oxide, and
organic matter.

jU|j

fflmnl

Grains.
0.030
0.636
0.007
0.001
0.926.
0.002
0.048
0.328
0.008
0.007
0.005
0.328
0^52

2^78
Cubic in.

1.54

0.21

0.45

proportions of the fol-

GENERAL INDEX.

■*•• PAOB

Abdominal plethora 181

Acid, apoorenic 60

boracio 60

carbonic 63

in bathti 64

cronic 60

fluohydrio 60

nitric 60

organic 60

Acne 107

Action of mineral waters 36

Bar(5ge8 856

Bigorre 868

Carlsbad 363

Contrexville 367

Ems 343

Gastein 370

Kissingon 347

Luclion 853

Gclilangonbad 371

Vichy 842

Wiesbaden 348

^dipsuB 1

Ague {see Intermittent Fevkb).

Albuminuria 101

AlgaB 62

Alibert, advice of 117

Alkaline waters 144

alterative action of 43

immediate action of 41

muriated 87

Alum-waters 236

Aluminous-chalybeate waters ... 78

Amenorrhoea 102

Analyses, imperfections of 48

of seas 375

Anasarca 78

Anaemia .53, 80, 236

Anchylosis 107, 285

Ancient baths 1

perfumes 7

Antimony 60

Aqua Sohs ... 3

Aquee grani 855

Gratianse 356

Aquas Mattiacaj 349

Arsenic 60

Ascending douche 139

Asthma 89

Ataxia, l«/comotor 83

Atlantic ocean 375

Bad friesel 45

Bad Sturm 44, 130

Baioa 2,9

Bardgine 61

Bath, carbonic acid 64, 142

cold 127

fever 44, 130

foot 140

hot 132

hot-air 135

medicated 141

mud 140

Bussian 134

sand 69, 141

shower 139

sitz 139

spout ; 139

temperate 129

tepid 129

Turkish 136,138

vapor 134

warm 129

Baths, ancient 1-10

Roman 3

of Agrippa 4

of Agrippina 9

of Caracalla 4

of Diocletian 4

Bathing, sea 376

time for 117

Bicarbonates 61

Biliary ducts, catarrh of 98

Bitterwassor 362

Bladder, catarrh of the . .100, 145, 268

Blowing cave 323

Boileau, letter of, to Racine ..... 116

INDEX.

461

PAfIB

Rorax GO

Bottlinjr 118

Braccioliiii, Pogf^io, on Buden. . . 10
Bri^ht'B diHeuHu (set Albumin ukia).

Brine, graduated 862

Brines 1(51

Bromides 69

Bronchitis, ciironio 88, 145

Brusa 3

BuUut-wounds 110

Cacheotio diseases 66

Calcic waters 268

immudiute action of 42

Calculus 99, 268

renal 100

Cancer 78, 154

Caracalla, baths of 4

Carbonates 61

Carbonic acid 68

bath 64, 103, 142, 853, 861

solvent powers of 49

waters containing 42

Carburetted hydrogen 65

Cardialgia 93

Caries 109

Casotis 1

Caspian Sea, analysis of, 875

Catarrh of tiie biliary dusts 98

bladder 100, 145, 2C8

uterus 101

Chalybeate waters 235

alterative action of 44

Change of air 87

of scene 88

Charles River, analysis of 15

Cheraicol constituents 48

Chlorides 54

Chlorosis 80, 235

Chronic diseases 66

Classification of mineral waters. . 82

authors 84

French 83

German 82

Clergymen's sore-throat 86

Climatology of resorts 112

Cold bath 127

Colic, hepatic 96

Color, of mineral waters 22

Constipation 94

Constituents of mineral waters. . 48

Constitutional diseases 66

Consumption 88, 90

Consumptives, resorts for. . . 185, 296

Contractions of muscles 108, 285

Copper 60

Coxalgia 109

Crenic acid 60

Orisia 115

Txam

('roton River, analysis of 16

Cure, whey 118

grape 118

Customs in baths, ancient 6

Dartfous diseases 104

l)o.T 2

Dead Sea, analysis of the 876

Deposits 61, 171

Di'scending douclie 139

Diabetes mcllitus 76, 145

Diarrh(Ba, chronic 77, 236

Diocletian, ba^hs of 4

Diseases^ chronic 66

surgical 107

of tlie digestive organs 90

of the heart 85

of the liver 96, 262

of the nervous system 81

of the respiratory organs .... 85

of the skin 104

of the urinary organs 98

of the uterus 101

Douche, the 188

Drinking mineral waters 114

Dropsy 78

of joints 108

Drowned, resuscitation of the. . . 878

Dysentery, chronic 77

DysmenorrhcBtt 103

Dyspepsia 90,145, 161, 208

Earthquakes, effect of, on springs 60

Eczema 105, 236

Electricity 26

Elevation, of resorts 112

Engorged liver 95, 180

European spas 872

Extracts of waters 118

Fan douche 139

Fatty liver 97

Fcrruginea, Gallionella 62

Flag rock 323

Fluorides 00

Foot-bath 140

French military hospitals 110

Fumigation 141

Gall-stones 96, 145, 101, 262

Gallionella Ferruginea 62

Gambling at Baden 12

Gastein-water, action of 870

Gastralgia 98

J-'

! ■■'

4G2

INDEX.

PAOK

Gastric catarrh 92, 145, 262

Gastric ulcer 98

Gastritis, chronic 91, 145, 262

Glairino 61

Gout 68, 69, 144, 161, 181, 262, 285

Graduated brine , 352

Grape-cure 118

Gravel 98, 144, 268

Hsematurin 100

Hflemorrhoids 94, 181

Hadrian, anecdote of 7

Hall's, Marshall, method of re-
suscitating the drowned, . . 378

Heart, diseases of the 85

Hemiplej^ia 81

Hepatic colic 96

Herpetic diseases 104

Hip-joint disease 109

Horace, quotation from 2

Hospitals, military, at springs. . . 110

Hot-air bath 135

Hot bath 132

Hot sand douche 69

Hydrarthrosis 108

Hydrosin 61, 62

Hydrogen, carburetted 65

sulphuretted 64

Hypochondria 85

Hysteria 84

Icterus {see Jaundice).

Impetigo 105

Intermittent fever 77

springs 21

Invalids, advice to 112, 116, 117

Iodides 58

James, Constantino, on Leuk 12

Jaundice 98, 145, 161

Joints, stiffened 68

Kedzio, on magnetic well'' 29

Kidneys, Briglit'sdiscaseof the. . 101

Kreuzuach treatment 852

Laryngeal catarrh 86

phthisis 88

Laryngitis, chronic 86

Laws concerning ancient baths.. 8

PAOK

Lead 60

Letters, to proprietors of resorts 112

LeucorrLoea 103, 236

Lichen 106, 286

Liver, engorged 95, 262

fatty 97

Magnetism 27

Medicated baths 141

Mediterranean Sea 375

Menstruation, painful 103

suppression of 102

Metalhc poisoning, chronic. . .75, 181

Metritis, chronic loi

Mineral springs, life at 114

Mineral water, action of 36

action of j JBar^^ges g.^e

action ot, Bigorre 368

action of, Carlsbad 863

action ofj Contrexville 867

action of, Ems 843

action of, Gastein 370

action of, Kissingeu 347

action of, Luchon 358

action of Schlangenbad 371

action of, Vichv 842

action of, Wiesbaden 848

bottling 11.3

classification of 34

color of 23

constituents of 48

definition of 14

electricity in 26

extracts of 113

invariability of constitution of 50

magnetism of 27

odor of 23

prescription of HI

salts of 113

soaps 113

taste of 23

temperature of 24

texture of 24

time for drinking 114

treatment by 113

Monas sulfuraria 62

Montaigne, on Baden 10

Mother-lye 162, 362

Mud bath, mineral. .140, 290, 3.'50,

359, 366

Musa 2

Necrosis 109

Neuralgia 83, 285

Nitrates 60

Nitrogen 65

North Sea, analysis of the 875

INDEX.

463

PAGE

Odor of mineral waters 23

Oiliness of waters. . . . , 24

Old wounds 110, 181

Organic acids 60

Organic matter 24, 42

substances 61

Oscillaires 62

Oxygen 65

Paralysis 81, IGl, 286

Paraplegia 82, 285

Peaks of Otter 259

Pepys, on baths 11

Perfumes, ancient 7

Petrified forest 290

Pharyngitis, chronic 88

Phosphates 59

Phthysis, laryngea 88

Piles (see II^morkuoids).

Pityriasis ^06

Pliny, on springs 2, 21

Pouss(5e, la 45

Prescription of waters Ill

Prurigo 107

Psoriasis 106, 286

Psydracia thennalis 45

Purgative waters 261

Benal calculus 100

Respiratory organs, diseases of

the, 85

Resorts, climatology of 112

early 171

elevation of 112

recreations at 114

Rheumatism 67,69, 161, 181, 285

Ring douche 139

Rivers, analyses of 15

Rule, as to diseases 66

as to time for treatment 66

Russian bath 134

Saline waters 100

alterative action of 44

Salts, Crab Orchard 263

Epsom 261

of mineral waters 113

Sand-bath 141

douche 69

Schuylkill River, analysis of the. . 15

Scrofula 78, 161, 236

Scrofulous skin-diseases 107

Sea-a^r 873

bath 876

water 374

FAOB

Sea-side resorts 378

Atlantic City 882

Cape May 881

Chelsea Beach 380

■ Coney Island 381

Cushing's Inland 379

Hampton Beach 880

Long Branch 381

Nahant 380

Naragansett Pier 380

Newport 380

Rockaway 381

Rye Beach 279

Swampscott 3kO

Sedlitz powders 803

Seneca, description of Baiie 9

on ancient baths 7

Shasta's peak 238

Shower-bath 139

Silicates 69

in glairines 61

in sulfuraria 62

waters containing 24

Sitz-bath 139

Skin, anatomy of the 120

diseases of the 104

function of the 122

normal condition of the 125

Soaps, mineral water 113

Soda-water 68

Spas, European 841

Spout-batli . . . . ; •. 139

Springs, ascending 19

descending 20

intermittent 21

origin of 14

Tuscan, geological section of 20

Saratoga, geological section of 18

St. Lawrence River, analysis of. . 15

St. Nicholas 1

St. Patricus, on hot springs 26

Sterility 103, 2'iu

Stiff joints 68, 181

Stone {see Calculus).

Substitution, cure by 45

Sulfuraria 61

Sulfurhydrine 61

Sulphates 57

Sulphur-waters 180

alterative action of 44

immediate action of 42

Sulphuretted hydrogen 64

Surgical, diseases 107

Swope's Mountiiin 230

Syphilis 73,75,181,286

Syphilitic skin-diseases 107

■ ' II'.

hi;.

!■ I

Tarbellum

Taste of mineral waters.

2,%

464

INDEX.

_ - , PAOS

Tekaharawa Falls 210

Temperate bath 129

Temperature atBeershebaSprings 250

Healing springs 826

Eockbridge Alum 255

Santa Barbara 299

Sweet Chalybeate 253

of the bath 130

of minerel waters 24

Tepid bath 129

Texture of waters 24

Therapeutics 66

Thermal waters 284

action of 44, 285

ThermopylsB i

Time for using mineral waters. . . 66

Tin 60

Treatment, preliminary 115

time required for 115

to commence 118

Trousseau, quotation from 46

Tufa 51,m

Turkish bath 136

Tuscan springs, section of 20

Tyndall, on thermo-electricity. . . 285

Ulcer, chronic 109

gastric 98

tricerations of the uterus 101

Ucclassined waters 831

Universal douche 139

Urinary organs, diseases of the. . 98
Uterus, diseases of the loi

Vapor-bath 134

Vesical catarrh 100

Warm bath 129

Washington's property at Berke-

^ ley 279

Water, absorption of 40

action of. 40, 96

in the body 89

of constitution 43

properties of 14

soda 68

Whey, action of. 87

cure 118, .^72

White swelling 1^9

W omb, diseases of the {see tfTEBUs).
Wounds, old 110

Zinc 60

Zymotic diseases 66

AMERICAN SPRINGS.

" A " Spring, Saratoga, N. Y 174

Aben&quis, N. H 837

Adams, Cal 833

Adams County, 247

Agua Caliente, N. M 309

Alabaster Cave, Cal 51, 831

Albany, Artesian, N. Y 179

Alburg, Vt 217

Alleghany, Va 279

A Ipena, Mich 28, 201

Amherst, N. H 838

Augusta, Va 257

Avon, N . Y 208

Bailey, Ala 236

Ballston, N. Y 176

Bartlott, Cal 338

Bath Alum, Va 256

Bedford, Va 264

Bedford, Ky 199

Bedford Alum, Va 259

Beer, Or 266

Becrsheba, Tenn 250

Berkeley, W. Va 171, 277

Herktibhire Soda, Muss 835

Bethesda, Wis 281

Bethesda, Ga 336

Big Bone. Ky 193

Birch Dale, N. H 337

Bladon, Ala 146

Blossburg, Pa 248

Blountj Ala 182

Blue Lick, Upper, Ky 191

Blue Lick, Lower, Ky 192

Blue Ridge, Va 839

Blue Sulphur, W. Va 234

Botetourt, Va 223

Bradford, N. H 888

BuflPalo, Va 222

Burner's, Va 225

Butterworth's, Mich 269

Caledonia, Can 163, 1S8

Calihtogn, Cal 2S9

Capon, W. Va .^ . . . . 158

Capper's, Va 839

CarUsle, Pa 216

Catoosa, Ga 240

Central, Vt 158

Charleston, Artesian, S. C 17*

INDEX.

465

PAOB

Charlotsville, Can 186

Cherry Valley 210

Chittenango, N. Y 206

Church Hfll, Va 258

Clarendon, Vt 274

Clifton. N. Y 211

Cold White Sulphur, Va 224

Columbia, N. Y 212

Columbian, N. Y 173

\Jongre3s, Cal 147

Congress, N. Y 50, 172

Cooper's Well, Miss 244

Coyner's, Va 222

Crab Orchard, Ky 262

Cresson, Pa 248

Crystal, Cal 334

Crystal, N. Y 174

Daggar's, Va 226

Des Chutes, Or 316

De Soto, La 200

Dibrell's, Va 226

Drennon, Ky 199

Dryden, N. Y 205

Eaton Kapids, Mich 28, 270

Eggleston's, Va 223

Elgin, Vt 267

Ellis, N. Y 174

Empire, N. Y 173

Esculapia, Ky 195

Estill, Ky 197, 241, 262

Eureka, N. Y 174

Excelsior, Saratoga, N. Y 174

Excelsior, Syracuse, N. Y 176

Fauquier, Va 224

Fayette, Pa 249

Flint, Mich 336

Fox, Ky 197

French Lick, Ind 186

Fruit Port, Mich 167

Fry's Soda, Cal 238

Gettysburg, Pa 273

Geyser, N. Y 28, 63, 175

Geysers, Cal 290

Gevsers, Wyo 51, 326

Gifroy, Cal 303

Glenn, 8. C 215

Grand Ledge, Mich 337

Great Salt Lake, Utah 215

Green Brier, W. Va 227

Green Castle, Ind 240

Green Cove, Fla 185

Grayson, Ky 195

Grayson, Va 226

Hamilton, N. Y 173

Harbine's, Cal 834

Harro isburg, Ky 264

PAGB

Hathom, N. Y 174

Healing, Va 80, 828

High Kock, N. Y 61, 170

Higligate, Vt 219

Holston, Va 282

Hopkinton, Mass 242

Hot, Ark 286

Hot, Va 317

Hubbardston, Mich 272

Huguenot, Va 225

Idah 0, Col 804

Indian, Ga 189

Indian, Ind 188

Jordan's, Va 218

Knightstown, Ind 242

Lafayette, Ind 190

Lake Sulphur, N. Y 174

Lake Tahoe, Cal 303

Lansing, Mich 164

Latonia, Ky 837

Lebanon, N. Y 310

Leslie, Mich 271

Lodi, Ind 189

Longmuir's, N. Y 209

Louisville, Artesian, Ky 198

Lower Blue Lick, Ky 192

Lower Soda, Or '. 158

Madison, Ga 241

Massena, N. Y 204

Middle Park, Col 805

Middletown, Vt 157

Midland, Mich 266

Mineral, N. J 247

Mineral, 247

Minnequaj Pa 214

Missisquoi, Vt 156

Montgomery, Va 224

Montvale, Tenn 249

Napa Soda, Cal 334

Newbury, Vt 220

Oak Orchard, N. Y 58, 245

Ocean, Mi.ss 245

Old Sweet, W. Vu 24, 268, 275

Olympian, Ky 196

Orange, Fla 835

Orkney, Va 340

O wosso, Mich 243

Parkersburgr, W. Va 839

Paroqiict, Ky 194

Paso Kobles," Cal 298

Pavilion, N. Y 173

Perry, III 148

Piedmont, Cal 184

mIiR!

' 1 I

' !.

466

INDEX.

PAOB

Piedmont, Tex 338

Plantagenet, Can 163

Puebia, Nev 51, 312

Pulaaki, Va 255

Putnam, N. Y 173

Rawlcy, Va 250

Red, N.Y 174

Bed Sulphur, Ga 135

W. Va 62,89, 231

Red Sweet, Va 61, 251

Kiclifield, N. Y 207

Roanoke Red Sulphur, Va 226

Rockbridge Alum, Va 20, 80, 253

Baths, Va 157

Bocky Mountain, Col S35

SaU Lake, Utah 820

Br.lt Sulphur, W . Va 229

San Bernardino, Cal 301

Sand^yich, Can 182

Sun Bufael, Cal 834

Sant»v Barbara, Cal 295

Sarato.Ta, N. Y 168

Schooley's Mountain, N. J 243

Schuyler Co., Ill 242

Seltzer, CA 148

N. Y 173

Seven FountuMia, Va 225

Slip inondale, W, Va. = , . 340

Sht.ron, N. Y 202, 247

Sheldon, Vt 78, 153, lt>6

Shoeco, N. C 211

Sitka, Alaska 216

Skaggs, Cal 303

Spring Lake, Mich 28, 166

St. Catherine, Can 161

St. Leon, Can 334

St. Louis, Mich 28, 150

St. Louis, Artesian, Mo 167

Stafford, Conn 239

Star, N.Y 173

Stribling'8, Va 220, 257

TA09

Summit, Cal 832

Sweet, W. Va 24, 268, 276

Sweet Chalybeate 251

Togus, Me 836

Trinity, Ind 190

Tuscan, Cal 19, 83a

United States, N. Y 174

Upper Blue Lick, Ky 191

Vallejo, Cal 184

Vallouia, N. Y 338

Varennes, Can 835

Variety, V a 260

Vermont, Vt 156

Versailles, 111 149

Vicliy, Cat 333

Volcano, Nev 813

Warm, Ga 810

N. C 807

Va 24, 821

Warner's Ranch, Cal 800

Warren, N. C 213

Washington, N. Y 173

Welden, Vt 157

West Baden, Ind 187

White, N, Y 173

White Sulphur, Cal 184

La 200

N.C 214

N.Y 212

218

Greenbrier, W. Va 227

Montgomery, Va 224

Saratoga, N. Y 174

and Tar,Ky 200

Wilhoit's, Or 178

Yellow, 272

Yellow Sulphur, Va 221

York, Pa 215

EUROPEAN" SPAS.

Belgium.
Spa 360

England.

Aqua Soils 8

Bath 3

Clifton 50

Epsom 67,261

I^ance.
Mx 3

Aix-la-Chapelle 854

Aix-les-Bains 3, 355

Bagn^res-de-Bigorre 8, 46, 867

Bagneres-de-Luchon 3, 355, 358

Bareges 61, 353, 856

Bourbonne-les-Bains 56, 346

Cauterets 133

Cellos 156

Challes 75, 229

Contrexville, 97, 867

Eaux Bonnes 86

Forbach 91

Mont-Dore 46

INDEX.

467

PAGS

Neris 46

Niederbronn 91

Plombieres 46, 870, 872

Pougucs 46, 91, 97

Val8 71,97

Vichy 46, 71, 76, 91, 97, 144, 341

Germany.

Baden-Baden 12, 66, 349

Bilin 49

Carlsbad. .71, 76, 85, 91, 92, 95-98,

100, 261, 862

Durckheim 56, 164

Eger 78

Eilsen 205

Ems 86, 97, 841, 343

¥achingen 841, 345

Franzensbad 141, 866

Friedrichsballe 100, 362

Gastein 26, 50, 73, 82, 83, 370

Gleichenberg 86

Homburg 73, 95, 346

iBchel 79

Karlsbad {see Caklsbad).
Kissingen. . 73, 85, 91, 95, 96, 98, 364, 347

Kosen 79

Krankenlieil 113

Kreuznaoh 79, 162, 851

Marienbad. .85, 92, 95, 98, 100, 862, 366

Meinberg 854

Nauheim 91, 851, 353

Ncundorf. 209, 854

Obersalzbrunnen 86

Pullna 862

Pyrmont 860

Schlangenbad 370

Schwaibach 360

Sedlitz 863

Belters 846,850

Soden 91

Toplitz 50, 82, 88, 100, 870

Wiesbaden 8,846,848

PAoa

Wildbad 73. 82, 88, 192

Wildungen 367, 869

Wittekind 79

Greece.

iBdipsus 1

Casotiii 1

St. Nicholas 1

ThermopyliB 1

Iceland,
Ooysers 22

Italy.

.^naria 9

Baice 2, 9

Ischia 2

Pliniana 21

Sincusa 2

Sj)ain.

Alhama 8

Caldafi 8

Switzerland.

Baden 3, 10

Engstlebrunnen 21

Leuk 11,867

Pfaflfers 73, 82, 88

Eagatz 88

Saxon 50, 75

St. Moritz 860

Tarasp 861

Wildegg 76

Wyh 361

Turkey.
Brusa ... S

INDEX TO APPENDIX.

Adams, Cal 333, 383

ApoUinaris water, Prussia 406

Arrowhead, Cal 407

Belknap, Oregon 407

Birch-clale, N. II 337, 384

Blue Ridge, Va 385

Borax, Cal 386

Borland, W. Va 408

Buffalo, Va 222, 409

California Seltzer 148

Calistoga, Cal 387, 289

Canada 387

Canon City, Col 410

Capon, Va, 158, 411

Carlisle, Col 411

Catoosa, Ga 240, 388

Caxton, Canada 334, 889

Cedar, 412

Chalk Creek, Col 413

Cherry Valley, N. Y 210, 390

Cincinnati Aitesian, 414

Chmax, Mo 414

Cresson, Pa 248, 41G

Erkenbrecker's, 417

Eureka, Ark 417

Excelsior, Mo 418

Fairviow, Tex 419

Florida 419

■

468

INDEX.

PAGB

Franz- Josef, Hungary 420

Geyser Spa, Cal 390

Glacier, N. Y 390

Glenn, S. C 421

Grand Haven, Mich 422

Green, O 391

Greenville, Ky. (see Harrodsburg,

Ky.) : 264

Harbiue, Cal 334, 392

Hart, W. Va 422

Highland, Cal 892, 4i>3

Hunyadi Janos, Hungary 424

Indian, Ga 189, 425

Jordan Alum, Va 393

LasVegas, N. M 426

Liberty, Cal 427

Lower Blue Lick, Ky 192, 428

Manitou, Col 394

Massanetta, Va 395

Medical Lake, W. T 428

Michigan Congress, Mich 1 64

Middle Park, Col 305, 429

Middletown, Vt 157, 480

Milford, Mass 430

Milldale, Ky 481

Montesano, Mo 432

Mt. Clemens, Mich 483

Napa, Cal 396, 334

Oio Caliente, N. M 436

Old Point (Jomfort, Va 882

Olympian, Ky 197, 487

Orange, Fla 437

Orkney, Va 897

Pagosa, Col 438

Paraiso, Cal 489

Parnassus, Col 440

Paso Kobles, Cal 295, 441

Peabody, Col. («ee Kocky Moun-
tain, Col.) 835, 445

Plairtield, Vt 441

Poncmah, Mass 431

^ PAflB

Porter, Col 442

Ravcnden, Ark 443

Rockbridge Alum, Va 253, 444

Rock Castle, Ky 444

Rocky Mountain, Col 835, 445

Sailor's, HI 445

Sieigler, Cal 398

Sharon, N. Y 202, 446

Sheldon. Vt 154, 446

Shenandoah Alum, Va 447

Silurian, Wis 448

Silver, Fla 449

Slaterville, N. Y^ 899

South Park, Col 449

Sparkling Catawba, N. C 450

Sparta, Wis 451

Spencer, N, Y 400

St. Helena, Cal 184, 400

Sulpho-Saline, 451

Summit, Cal 382, 401

Summit, Me 453

Suwanee, Fla 453

Swayne's Mammoth, Tenn 401

Sweet, Mo 455

Tarpon, Fla = 456

Tate's, Tenn 457

Three Rivers, Mich, {see Flint's,

Mich.) 836

Triton, N. Y 402

Tule River, Cal 402

Union, N. Y 403

Valhcrmosa, Ala 404

Vichy, France 341, 404

Victor, N. Y 405

Wakulla, Fla 457

Warm, Oregon 458

Warm, Va 821, 458

White Sulphur, Montana 458

White Sulphur, Tex 459

Wolf Trap, Va 459

Zem-Zem, Cal 406

ir;

THE REPUTATION

Which the celebrated SELTZER SPRINQ of C.ermany has maintained dnrin^ many
years, for the therapeutic value of its water*, is a fact well underitood by the medi-
cal profesBion. The te^timoDy of large cambera receiving benefit from their use is
coQclosiTe proof as to their efficacy.

i^ i

j^R^/k//

SELTZER

Is an artificial combination of the essential element{> of these waters, as ascertained
by strict chemical analysiB, discardiug those Bubstancea which are inert, and retain-
ing those only which have a positive therapeutic value.

These waters belong to that clans known as ACIDULO- ALKALINE, which owe
their medicinal virtues to the Carbonic Acid and to the i^alines in combination.
Hence they act chiefly on the digest. ve, renal, and nervous system.

AS A SALINE CATHARTIC,

We especially recommend our preparation to the carefnl consideration of physicians.
In all disordered conditions of the digestive organs, especially when connected with
hepatic derangement; in thoce congested states of the alimentary canal and append-
ages peculiar to warm seasons and tropical climates ; in the various forms of Dyspep-
sia, including Constipation, Acidity, Heartburn, etc. ; in Uterine disease, connected
with an inactivity ur the large intestines; as also in the nausea of pregnancy: in
fel)rile conditions: in short, in all those types of disease where Saline Purgatives
are indicated, we have no hesitation in recommending it as a mild yet efficacious
cathartic.

AS A DIURETIC,

Its action is none the less marked, for. in diminished doses, {ts influence is trans-
ferred to the renal system. Hence in RheumHtism, Gout, Dropsy, and Diseases of
the Urinary System, the SELTZER APEitlENT can be relied upon to correct the
acidity of the urine, and promote a copious renal secretion.

AS A PALATABLE CATHARTIC,

Our preparation is surpassed bv no other. It completely removes that horror and
disgust so often expressed in taking saline cathartics. Instead of nauseating a deli-
cate stomach, It is cooMug, refreshing, iiivigorating. making it eppecially desirable
in tbat class of diseases where salines are administered in frequent and long-con-
tinued doses. It is

CONVENIENT FOR ADMINISTRATION.

Being in a pulverized form, it only requires the addition of water to create at once
a sparkling and refreshing beverage.

IT HAS STOOD THE TEST OF TIME

Successfully, and has received the flattering commendation of many eminent physi-
cians, who have proved its adaptability to the diseases for which it is recommended
above.

1^'FOR SALE BY ALL DRUGGISTS. .^

llfl

APPLETONS' GUIDE-BOOKS.

EEVI8ED AND CORRECTED EACH SEASON.

Appletons' European Gnide-Book. Containing Maps of the
Various Political Diyisions, and Plana of the Principal Cities. Bciu^ a Com-
plete Guide to the Continent of Europe, Egypt, Algeria, nsd the Holy Land.
To which are appended a Vocabulary of TraTel-talk — in English, German,
French, and Italian— an Hotel Appendix, and Specialties of European Cities.
Handsomely bound in two volumes, in red morocco, gilt edges. Price, $5.00.

Appletons' General Guide to the United States and Canada.

Compiled on the plan of the fhmous "Baedeker Hand- Books'* of Europe. In

three separate forma :
Onk Volumb Complete. Price, morocco tuck, |2.60.

New Enolakd AND Middle States AND Canada. 1 vol. Price, clcth, $1.25.
Southern and Western States. 1 vol. Price, cloth, $1.25.

With numerous Maps and Illustrations.

Appletons' Iland-Book of Summer Resorts. Illustrated, and
with Maps. Large 12mo. Price, paper, 50 cents.

Appletons' Hand*Book of American Winter Resorts. For

Tourists and Invalids. With Maps and lUuiStrations. 12mo. Price, paper,
60 cents. -.-•,.

New York Illustrated* With One Hundred and Forty-three Illus-
trations, and large Maps of New York and Vicinity. Large 8vo. Price, illus-
trated cover, 75 cents.

Appletons' Dictionary of BTew York and Vicinity. An Alpha-
betically arranged Index to all Places, Societies, Institutions, Amusements, and
many other Things in the Metropolis and Neighborhood, upon which Informa-
tion is needed by the Strai^ger or the Citizen. With Maps of New York and
Vicinity. Price, paper, 80 cents.

The Hudson River Illustrated. With felxty Engravings on Wood,
from Drawings by J. D. Woodward. Royal Svo. Price, paper, 50 cents.

Scenery of the Pacific Railways and Colorado. With Maps,
and Seventy-one Illustrations. Price, paper, 75 cents ,- cloth, $1.25.

Appletons' Railway Guide. With Time-Tables and Maps. Pub-
lished semi-monthly. Price, paper, 25 cents.

D. APPLETON & CO., Publishers, 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street, New York.

EL PASO DE ROBLES

HOT AND COLD

SULPHUR SPRINGS

San Luis Obispo County, California.

o
o

5
,2

Q
O

ANALYSIS.

O^VX" IMPERIAL GALLON CONTAINS:

Salphuretted Hydrogen Gas 4*45 grains.
Free Carbonic-Acid Gas. . ,10*50 "

Sulphate of Lime 8*21 grains.

" " Potaesa -88 "

" " Soda. 7-85 "

Peroxide of Iron '30 "

Alumina '22 "

Silica -44 "

Bicarbonate of Magnesia. . . '92 "

" " Soda 50-74 "'

Chloride of Sodium 27'18 "

Iodides and Bromides Traces

Oi^anic Matter 1*64 "

93-44 "

Temperature, 110 degrees F.

K
O

ft
O

Unequaled in the United States,

Unsurpassed in the World.

A specific for Syphilis, Gout, Rheumatism, Neuralgia, Eczema,
Psoriasis, and other Skin Diseases, Affections of the Womb, and Dis-
eases of the Liver and Kidney, Paralysis, and Erysipelas.

Also, A GENUINE NATUBAL MUD-BATH, TeinDer['tiire 140 ilegrefs F.

For further information and circulars, address

BLACKBURN, BROS. AND JAMES,

Proprietors Paso RobUi Hot Springs,
SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.

I I

*5*«rn

BOOKS OP TRAVEL.

|i i

Florida for Tourists, Invalids, and Settlers: con-

taining Practical Information regarding Climate, Soil, and Produc-

tiona ; Cities, Towns, and People ; Scenery and Resorts ; the Culture

of the Orange and other Tropical Fruits ; Farming and Gardening ;

Sports; Routes of Travel, etc. By Georqe M. Barbour. With

Map and numerous Illustrations. I'imo. New edition, in red cloth,

flexible, $1.50.

Table op Contents: I. QneBtions and Answers; II. Natural DiviBiont> of
Florida; III. A Trip throui?h tae State with Cuiumissioncr French; IV. A Trip
throusjh North Florida with Captain Fairbanks ; V. Jacligonville. Femandiiia,
and St. Augustine; VI. The St. John's River ; VII. The Ocklawaha Kiver, Sil-
ver Sprin<?fl, and Ocala : VIII. The Indian River Region and the Inland Lakes ;
IX. The Qalf Coast aud Key West ; X. The Sanford Grant and Orange Connty ;
XI. Random Sketches: An Ocean Voyage in Winter— the Atlantic CoaHtof Flor-
ida— the Southwest Coast • XII. Climate and Health: Sutrgcstions for Invalids;
XIII. Retrospective: An Historical Sketch ; XIV. Florida Folks and Faniilies;
XV. Oranire-Culture; XVI. Other Tropical and Sem'-tropical Fruits; XVil.
Fieldand Farm Products: Veffetable-(3ardeninL':XVIH. Live-Stock; XIX. Fur,
Fin, and Feather; XX. Insetita and Reptiles; XXI. Opportunities for Labor and
Capital; XXIL A Word of Friendly Advice to New-comer?; XXIII. Routes to
and through Florida.

Two Years in Oregon.

gon, There and Back in 1877."
$1.50.

By Wallis Nash, author of *' Oro-
\yith Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth,

' Mr. Nash presents in a favorable view the asricultural and business pros-
pects of the country, the social and political life of the people, aiM, while he does
uot claim that a competence can be secured without perecverinfi Industry, he
maintains that the iviucements offered to the enterprising and enei<;etic are such
that, in a few years, ihe emigrant of moderate means and some experience will
be able to acquire a home ana pecaniary Independence. The book contains avast
amount of information useful to the emigrant, aud it is written in i\ pleasant,
chatty style. The descriptions of the varied scenery, the character sketches of
the settlers, and the lauT;nable Incidents recounted, give on additional pleasure
to the volume, which is enriched by several illustrations of Oregon scenery."—
Chicago Journal.

In the Brush ; or, Old-Tlme Social, Political, and Religious Life
in the Southwest. By the Rev. Hamilton W. PibhoO^, D.D., ex-
President of Cumberland College, Kentucky. With Illustrations by
W. L. Sheppard. 16mo. Cloth, $1.50. New cheap edition. Paper,
50 cents.

" Here I have drawn word -pictures of many scenes in the social life of a gen-
eration and a state of civilization rapidly passing awny, never to reappear, that
otherwise would have had no memorial except as perpetuated in the traditions of
the people. I will only add that I am indebted tc no library, to no book, not even
to a newspaper, for a singb fact presented in this volume. They were nil gath-
ered incideutally, while laboriously engaged in the duties of my profession as tho
uenerai agent of the American Bible Society, and while traveling for years in tho
interests of the college over which I was called to preside. They all relate to the
ante-bellum period in the history of our country."— y%e Author.

For sale by all booksellers; or sent by mall, post-paid, on receipt of price.

J ,

New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 8, «fe 5 Bond Street.

:lers: con-

and Produc-

the Culture

Gardening ;

lOUR. With

in red cloth,

I Divlsionp of
i; IV. A Trip
, Femandiua,
ha River, Sil-
nland Lakes ;
ange Comity;
Coast of Flor-
i for Invalids;
ind Families ;
rnits; XVII.
k ; XIX. Fur
for Labor and
IlL Koutesto

or of "Oro-
Imo. Cloth,

•UBiness pros-
while he does
industry, he
.'letic are such
[[.erience will
ontains avast
in i\ pleasant,
Br sketches of
onal pleasure
1 scenery,"—

;ligious Life
.N, D. D., cx-
istrations by
ion. Paper,

life of a £ren-
eappcar, that
! traditions of
lOok, not even
jvere all gath-
fession as the
r years in tho
L relate to the

>t 0/ price.
Street.

-P

CD
U

W ^P?

-P

No. 164.

Mural lineral Waters.

Saratoga, Vichy, Geyser, Washington (Iron), Congress,
Ilathorn, High Rock, Columbian from Saratoga, "Waukesha
from Waukesha, Wis., Lake Auburn from Lake Auburn,
Me. We furnish these and other Mineral Waters fresh, and
at the lowest rates.

Apparatus for Making, Bottling, and Dispensing Soda
Water, Mineral Waters, and all Carbonated Beverages.

Illustrated Catalogue sent on application.

The Firm of John Matthews,

FIRST AVENUE, 26th & 27th STREETS,

NEW YORK.

GLENN SPRINGS,

SPARTANBURG COUNTY, S. C.
SIMPSON & SIMPSON, Proprietors.

This Spring is delightfully situated in Spartanburg County, South
Carolina, with first-class hotel accommodations. The mineral water
is unsurpassed by any other mineral water on the continent.

Cures Dyspepsia^ Liver- Complaint^ Chronic Hepatitis, Jaundice,
Torpor of Liver, and General DeMlity following upon Mala/rial Dis-
eases; Dropsy, Diarrhcea, Dysentery, Constipation, Hmmorrlwids,
Uterine, Renal, and Cystic Diseases, Hcematuria, ETieumatism, and
Catamenial Derangement.

Is recommended by the highest medical authority. The water is
bottled and sealed at the spring. For price of water, and terms of
board, apply to the proprietors.

G. F. WATERS'

FlextbiA and ReTerfilblo
KLKCTRO- MAGNETIC

(Patintbd Dtc. IOtii, 1882)

FLESH-BRUSH

Is made of vojfetaWs flbir (manlla prfffrable\, with a due amount of animal fiber (hair) up-
on one side, thus having BurfoooB In two cloctricnl conditions — prnctloally. u double iiiBtru-
nient. It is ellipsoidal in outline, with loop;* Inches lon^, at the ends Lenjrth of brush,
'21 to 24 Inches; width, at widest part, 8'^ to A\\ inches. Those made of juto nrti lonfjo!<t
and widest. In use, a flrm-looped liber comes In contact with the surface to be acted upon,
pivinif It Kreat detergent power. It is not a panacea, but a hflp to health, promoting the
functional activity ((f the skin, quickening the surface circulation, and rfiiering therihij
hifemal congestions. By It one gets a massage treatment of the skin at a convenient time
and of admirable quallty,"flve minutes giving results that would require hours of hand- work
to produce. It is used dry, but cleanses the skin like a Turkish bath, ivith no Ijail 7-estiltn.
The brush is sent free of expense, with full directions for use (worth more to any one
than the price of the brush), on the receipt of three dollars. Pleate write name and ad-
dress plainiy. For thu lirush and terms to trade or further particulars, address, with stamp,

G. F. WATERS, 8 Beacon St., Boston, Mass.

Sparkling Catav/ba Springs,

NORTH CAROLINA.

BLUE AND WHITE SULPHUR AND CHALYBEATE WATERS.

A cure for DiseaBCS of the Liver. Dyspepsia, Scrofula, Oravcl, Diabetes, Constipation,
Diseases of the Skin, Amenorrhoea, DyamenorrhcEa, Leucorrhoea, and Nervous Prostration
{torn mental and physical e.xcesses.

fi5 miles N. W. of Charlotte, in the shade of the Blue Ridge.

Bix miles by stage I'rora Hickory, on the Western N. C. Kailroad.

Capacity /or 300 guests. Plunge^ Shower, Warm Sulphur, Turkish, and Medi-
cated Vapor Baths.

Board, (30.00 per month— reduction to families.

Address Dr. E. O. ELLIOTT, Proprietor,

Sparklino Catawba Springs, Catawba Co., N. C.

HEAT H"" HTTU^SET

SCHOOLEY'S MOUNTAIN SPRINGS,

MORRIS COUNTY, N. J.

Opened May 15th. This is the best mountaiu resort in the vicinity of Now York.
Pure Mountain Air, No Mosquitoes, No Malaria. Elegant Drives, Beautiful Scenery.
One building reserved exclusively for adults ; good accommodations for Private Liv-
ery. Sanitary arrangements unexceptionable. Open during autumn months. Send
for Circular.

Sixty-two miles from New Yorlc, via D., L. & W. R. R., or C. R. R. of N. J. Ninety
miles from Philadelphia, via Reading R. R., or Bound Brook route.

J. WARREN COLEMAN, Proprietor.
VARENNES MINERAL SPRINGS.

Mr. W. Chamabd, late of Murray Bay, begs to Inform his patrons that he has rented th«
Tarennes Mineral Springs Hotel, where he hopes, by strict attention to the wan
of his guests, to merit a continuance of the Hberal patronage accorded him during the past
years at Murray Bay. This large Hotel, with ample accommodation for 100 guests, is
located on high ground, overlooking the St. Lawrence River and In close proximity to the
Steamboat Landing and Montreal and Sorel Railway Station.

Yachting, Boating, Fishing, and Bathing ; to these attractions are addc'd
beautiful drives, along the shores of the St. Lawrence and to the pretty villages, mountains,
and forests of the back country. Half a dozen islands are within a mile or two of the hotel.
Elegant teams at $2 a day, and boats, will bo on hand.

The invalid will have the advantage of the Mineral Water Cure, so highly com-
mended by the medical profession for Rheumatic, Inflammatory, Dyspeptic, Liver, and other
affections. Gentlemen in business will enjoy a country residence, with every facility of at-
tending to their office, by boat or rail, at suburban rates. A Telegraph-Office Is in the hotel.

The cuisine and attendance will be found excellent, and the terms as mo<1erato as at any
first-class summer hotel in the vicinity of Montreal. Your patronage Is respectfully solicited.

Bowling-Alley and Billiard-Room. W. CHAIITABD, Manager.

iil

■ t

•t t

HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES,

FROM THE DISCOVERY OF THE CONTINENT

By GEORGE BANCROFT.

A.n entirely ne\( edition, partly rewritten and thorougrhly re«
vised. To be completed in six volumes, octavo.

The author has made extensive changes in the text^ condensing in placet,
tnlargitij in others, and carefully revising. It is practically a new work,
embodying the results of the latest researches and enjoying the advantage of
the author's long and mature experience.

The original octavo edition is in twelve volumes. The present edition
will he completed in six volumes, octavo, the price being correspondingly re-
duced. Volume one is now ready. Volumes will follow, it is hoped, at
intervals of four montlis.

Handsomely printed from new type. Cloth, uncut, with gilt
top, 8^.50; sheep, S3. 50; and half calf, S4.50 per volume.

EXTRACTS FROM REVIEWS.

•' The merits of Bancroft's ' History of the United States ' are so well
known that little need be said of the new edition, the first volume of which,
reaching to 1688, has just been published in very handsome form, except to
point out the changes since the revision of 1876. One of the most prominent
is the introduction of a division into three parts, beginning respectively at
1492, 1660, and 1688. There has been less change in the accounts of Ameri-
can than of European matters, but the most important addition, anywhere,
is that of two pages describing and praising Captain Smith's government of
Virginia. Often, when there appears to be an addition or omission, there
18 in reality only a transposition. The whole class of changes may be at-
tributed to greater maturity of judgment, rather than tc discovery of new
material. Otlier changes aim simply at improvement of style. The vol-
umes are printed in the stately octavo style of the first edition, which seems
more appropriate to such a standard work than the cheaper form of the other
revision."— ^os^o» Advertiser.

" Apparently no new material of particular nioraent has been inserted,
although several sketclxes of famous characters have been rewritten either
entirely or in part. The work as a whole is in better shape, and is of courao

HISTORY OF THE UNITED &TATEa.-iContinued.)

more authoritative than ever before. This last revision will be without
doubt, both from its desirable form and cccurate text, the standard one." —
Boston Traveller.

" Our examination of the first volume leads us to believe that the thought
of the historian loses nothing by the abbreviation of the text. A closer and
later approximation to the best results of scholarship and criticism is reached.
The public gains by its more compact brevity and in amount of matter, and
in economy of time and money."— TAc Independent (New York).

" There is nothing to be said at this day of the value of ' Bancroft.' Its
authority is no longer in dispute, and as a piece of vivid and realistic his-
torical writing it stands among the best works of its class. It may be taken
for granted that this new edition will greatly extend its usefulness."— /*/a*^-
dalphia North American.

" While it is not quite true that the marks of Mr. Bancroft's revision of
his freni history of the United States are visible on every page, a careful
comparison of the earlier editions and this shows that the claim to improve-
ment is by no means ill-founded. Sometimes whole paragraphs have been
cut out ; still oftener the extravagances of a youthful style have been care-
fully pruned, and the gain has been manifest in sobriety and effect." —
Philadelphia I^ese.

" The work is much improved in its new dress and revised form, and
\/ill be welcomed by all, for Bancroft's history of our country is still yaot^
princepa among histories of our land." — Chicago Trihune.

" Thus far he has removed many of the objections which stood against
his history as a work of permanent value ; and there is a certain solid, thor-
ough, substantial character to his great history 'vhich gives it a permanent
weight in the world of letters. The work now takes rank with the best
histories of the school of philosoplucal narrative to which the author be-
longs." — Boston Herald.

" The edition of 1876 exhibited no little pruning and correction ; but the
author has again gone over the entire field, and, vnih a care and devotion
worthy of the theme and jf his reputation, has wrouglit what he says must
be his last revision. This latest edition will be nought by many who have
for years been familiar with its predecessors." — Uttca (N. Y.) Herall.

For gale by aU booksellers; or tent by mail, post paid y on receipt of prU$.

New York: D. APPLETON & CO., Publishers, 1, 3, & 6 Bond Street.

CRESSON SPRINGS,

I'f-

0-A.I»d:BIlIA.

FA..,

CO., ,

I> situated on the PennBylTsnIa Kailroad, 868 miles west of Philadelphia, and 108

miles east of Plttsburs,

€RESSON is resorted to both on account of its inoantain elevation and the value of the
waters. The air is pure and bracing, and the thermometer seldom rises above 75° tahr.
in the hottest days of summer. Guests sleej) under blanliets the entire season. The
mountains furniuh abundant opportunity for excursions, while many delightful
drives wind through the valleys. The springs are seven in number, the magnesia
and pure water springs being within thirty yards of the hotel, the latter supplying the house.
The Cresson Spring, par excellence, is pure, cold water, and is beginning to attract the
attention of physicians who have examined the eflFects of water on the system.

Because ft \a pure,vfhcri taken into the stomach it passes without any delay into the cir-
culation, diluting the blood which had become thick and heavy, loaded with salts and acids,
dissolving and excreting them, purifying and revivifying the blood, and, of course, the
whole system. This is most apparent in the aged and infirm, restoring the appetite, in-
ducing sleep, and stimulating the functions of the entire organism.

Not less is it helpful to children, and the avidity with which infants drink it, and the
rapidity of their cure, are a powerful argument in tavor of God's great blessing— /jMre water
It is seldom you see a sick child at Cresson. The water, in connection with the pure moun-
ain air, has proved very bcneflcial in asthma, and it is possible this is the reason that hay-
ever is unknown there.

The value of the disinterested testimony of so eminent a scientist as Prof. Genth, of the
University of Pennsylvania, who made the analysis for the State Geological Survey, can best
be appreciated by physicians, and their estimate is embodied in an article in the April number
of the " Medical Bulletin," by its accomplished editor. Dr. John V. Shoemaker, who says :

"There are no more valuable medicinal waters in the Union than those of Cresson
Springs. The water of one spring has aperient action, another decided tonic properties, and
a third the most beneficial etfect In chronic diseases of women, in kidney troubles, and in
catarrhal affections of the bowels. The alum-water is one of the most valuable bathing
agents known for loss of tone and vigor to the skin, in general debility, and in all conges-
tive conditions of the skin."

In addition to its medicinal waters, Cresson justly claims the possession of one of the few
AnsoLUT^LT Pure Water Springs known. An eminent New \ ork physician— Dr. Samuel
Swan — writing for the " Medical Times " of that city, says :

" There are but few absolutely pure water sp'inge in existence. One or two (notably
one at Buxton, England, and another at Lourdes. France) are celebrated, and others de-
serve to be. One of these is at Cresson, Pa. Persons afflicted with rheumatism, diseases
of the kidneys, or malaria, are entirely cured by the use of this water and the pure mouti-
tain air for which Cresson is noted."

A City Physician will reside and practice In the llotcl.

MOUNTAIN HOUSE,

CRESSON SPRINGS, Open Jane 33d to Oct. Ist.

On the sutnmit of the Alleghenles, 2,200 feet above sea-level, and within a stone's-throw
of the miiln line of the Pennsylvan'a Kailrood. But three hours' ride from Pittsburg, seven
from Philadelphia and Baltimore, and nine from New York and Washington, Its accessibil-
ity, the purity of its atmosphere, and the beauty of the mountain scenery surrounding it,
combine to render it the most popular mountain resort in the State. About one thousand
guests can be accommodated. Jilegant Cottage Jiesidences may be ^ented bi/ parties
desiring the quiet and seclufdon of home.

Trout-flshlng, hunting, lawn-tennis, croquot, riding, and driving are among the out-
door amusements ; Billiards, Ten-pins, etc , within. Bath-rooms on every floor.

Twice daily Open Observation Cars are run between Cresson and the Logan Rouse, Al-
toona, through the matchless scenery of the Horseshoe Curve, Allegrlppus, etc.; and, in
addition to the ordinary excursion tickets, a Special Kate Round-Trip Ticket, including a
coupon good for one day's board at the Mountain House, will bo on sale at all prominent
points on the Pennsylvania Railroad at greatly reduced rates. All trains stop at Cresson.
Good livery. Six mails daily. Telegraph oflice in the Uotel. Telephonic connection with
the Stables and Railroad Station.

By the erection (i a new and elegant hotel ring the full and winter of 18S0-'81, the ac-
commodations at this charming resort have been greatly enlarged and improved. The en-
tire place has undergone a thorough renovation ; particular attention having been paid to
the drainage and water-supply, resulting In a most thorough and comi)reheubive sewage
system. The grounds have been graded, sodded, and othorwl.se beautified.

A Passenger Elevator, Electric Bells, new Bath and Billiard Booms, a Ten-pin
Alley, and Children'H Dining and Play Booms, have been added to the equipment qf
the house, and it has been elegantly furnished tliroughout.

For further information, terms, etc., address W. D. TYLER* Supt.f

CreMon, Pa., or LOGAN HOUSE , Altoona, Pa.

pbia, and 108

HOTEL PONOMAH,

JSdIilforcL SpTZTxgs,

p. O., AMIIEEST STATION, N. H.

Two hours from Boston on B. & L. R. R. ; 8 miles from Nashua, N. II,
Five natural springs, including the popular "PONOMAII." High ground,
magnificent views, rine drives, and pine-grces. NO HAY-FEVER. Hotel
has all modem iruprovoments, electric bells, baths, etc. Open June to Octo-
ber. Plans may be seen and rooms engaged of

BARNES & DVNKLEE, Hotel Brunswick, Boston.

MILFORD SPRINGS COTTAGE.

This house has been thoroughly renovated. Now bath-rooms, toilet-rooms,
etc., added. Open all the year.

PONOMAH/'

acme of all sparkling table-waters, for sale by all druggists and family grocers.
Take no other, as this is bottled at the springs, and is the purest water known.
For analysis and price-list, address

MHiFOED SPEIIIGS COMPANY, 161 Tremont St., Bostoa

CLIMAX SPRINGS,

CcLTThderh Coizrcty, Jifiasouurt,

The Climax, in richness of mineral waters and ease of access, surpass any
springs in the Southwest, being only two hundred miles southwest of St. Louis,
on the northern slope of the Ozark liountains. at an altitude the most desirable,
and a climate unequaled in summer, the dajs ocing bright and warm, the nights
cool and pleasant. Hot nights and mosquitoes are unknown. The scenery af-
fords grand, unobstructed views over Lookout Valley, sixteen miles in extent.

HTJNTIirO AND FXSHINO VNSUBFASSEO.

Climax Hotel win be opened to the public June 1, 1883, in the
charge of Mr. D. T. McNiel, Secretary of " Climax Springs Association," and
will bo first class in every particular. Our table, sunplied with game, fish, fruits,
etc., is unequaled; our terms are more moderate than any springs of worth in
tlie tJnited States.

Climax Springs Association arc the founders of the town

of Climax Springs. Having secured a large body of land, on which the numer-
ous springs are located, we have laid out, to the beat advantage for views and
convert mce to the Springs, a fine line of Residence-Lots, which we have placed
on sale, for the convenience of the many wlio desire to make the Springs their
permanent home. Lots and further information may be secured by addressing

CLIMAX SPRINGS ASSOOIATION,

D. T. McNIEL, Secretary, Climax, Camden Co., Mo.
Resident physioian In hotel. Baths of all kinds. Every attention paid to gruests.

\\i

A BIOGRAPHY OF

William Cullen Bryant.

Wiik Extracts from his Private Correspondence.
By PARKE GODWIN.

With Two Portraits on Steel. ? vols., square 8vo.
Cloth, gilt top, $6.00.

" No admirer of the poet and editor could wish for a more minute and
favorable picture of every phase of Bryant's character and work." — i^ew
York World.

" A very important thing about this Bryant biography is, that it is
really a history of American literature from 1800 down to tne present day.
Mr. Bryant's taste for letters was developed at a very early age, and
brought him in contact with the literary men of Boston, who were then
the principal men of the country." — Philadelphia I^ess.

♦' Perhaps the most entertaining and delightful memoir of the present
generation, combining, as it does, the charm of the poet and the force of a
publicist; the freshness and beauty of the country, with the wealth and
reflnement of the city ; every variety of intellectual life ; social and public
questions ; brilliant conversation and rich correspondence ; travel in foreign
lauds ; scenes in t»ie eje of a poet and philosopher — all these and a host
of other subjects, admirably selected, arranged, and touched, make up two
charming volumes, which we have read with great interest.'- — Aew York
Observer.

'* Mr. Parke Godwin has done his work of love with remarkable com-

{>lv.>.:i,e8a. The biography is more than its name implies. Mr. Bryant's
iio . ..8 so closely interwoven with the literature and politics of the country
that Mr. Godwin's work becomes, in effect, a history of the development
of thought in the United States for the last sixty years. On this account
Mr. Godwin's latest labors are of extraordinary value, the full measure of
which can not now be estimated." — New York Journal of Commerce.

" As a record of Bryant's literary and political work, as a history of
American literature, as a sketch-book of social afid personal work, during
*he past three quarters of a century, it is all that can be desired. Mr. God-
win has done his part with modesty and thoroughness, and has made the
best use of such materials as came to his hands. '^ — Boston Herald.

" Will abundantly repay perusal."— ^s^n- Traveller.

" There are many curious revelations of social and political and literary
life in those days when we were beginning to have authors of our own ;
and the light shed on Bryant's own genius and character is a very in-
teresting and illuminating one. Mr. Godwin traces the .young poet from
his earliest school exercises in verso to his latest octogenarian rhymes, and
furnishes a key and dates for his "poGtry .'''' —Springjietd liepuhlican.

" I am not sure that it is not the finest piece of biographical writing
about a man of letters that America has yet produced. On the whole, I
think it is." — K. 11. Stoddabd, in the New York Independent.

New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 8, & 5 Bond Street.

MEMORIAL EDITION.

THE POETICAL WORKS

William Cullen Bryant.

Edited by FABKE GODWIN.

2 vols., square 8vo, uniform wltii the " Biography." Cloth, gilt

top, $6.00.

" No more flttinff memorial of a poet could be devised bv ingenuity and affection
combined than an edition of his works in a form so beautiful as this. No finer speci-
mens of book-making have ever issued from the American press than these volumes.
The type is large, the press-work simply perfect, the margins wide and uncut except
at the top, and the binding rich and tasteful. Many so-called editions de luxe are
inferior to this in real excellence. The time has not yet come for a Just estimate of
Brvant's true place as a poet. But is it not something to have earned the distinction
of being the only American poet of a century who has written blank verse that will live
in literature alongside of that of Wordsworth and Milton ? "—New York Examiner.

"The work contains all of Mr. Bryant's poems, with the author's latest corrections,
together with some sixty or more poems wnich have never before been collected. In-
cluding some thirty hymns and a companion-piecp to 'Sella' and 'The Little People
of the Snow.' Parke Godwin, the son-in-law and biographer of Bryant, has given his
careful supervision to the collection and publication of the poems, and has appended
numerous notes, containing much information in regard to their origin and the circum-
stances in which they were written. This will long, if not always, be regarded as the
standard edition." — New York Observer.

" Bryant was Greek in his calmness and self-mastery, even in the moments of in-
spiration—Greek also in his deep feeling of Nature and of Destiny ; though he shared
in the modern sentiment for natural scenery which is so unlike that of the ancients.
In him for the first time the American landscape found its fitting poet, as his elder
contemporary, Wordsworth, was the best expresser of the rural English scenery, in
regions a little wild and desolate. But wildncss and desolation in America are so dif-
erent f^om what they are in England, or even in Scotland— our climate has so great an
efi'ect on the poetic ospects of our scenery, too— that Bryant, as a descriptive poet, is
unlike aay of the British anthon^—Sprinqfleld Hepublican.

" I'he poems have been edited with scrupulous and conscientious care. They are
arranged according to the dates at which they were written or printed, and so we are
enabled to have the unfolding of the poet's powers, and their gradual growth to a grand
I turity. In reading through these volumes we have been fVeshlj impressed with
*i.; aaluence of Bryant's genius. For strength and grandeur he is certainly the fore-
most among American poets."— Boston CarnmonwealCh.

"Mr. Godwin has shown himself a modol editor, and his work is something for
which the future historian of American literature will be grateful." — Boston Traveller,

" Bryant's poems possess a solid and abiding value, which gives them a welcome to
all good book-collections. IIo was from the first the poet of our woods and fields. He
entered into their very spirit. Things which nobody before over thought of describing
have been for more than a generation the charm of Bryant's poems to his later and
wider circle of readers."- i/a;'(/'or(^ Times.

New York : D. APPLETON k CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street.

A lAhrary in itself ; well printed, and in convenient form ; trust-
worthy, impartial, complete, thoroughly American, deeply interesting, and
instructive.

APPLETONS' AMERICAN CYCLOPEDIA,

A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge.

Edited by Georgk Ripley and Charles A. Dana. 16 vols. Large 8vo.
Per vol., Cloth, $5.00 ; Sheep, $6.00 ; Half Morocco, IT.OO ; Half
Russia, $8.00 ; Full Morocco, or Russia, $10.00.

The Amxeioan Cyclopedia presents a panoramic view of all hnman knowledge.
In Its volujies is contained a vast fund of practical Information on the Arts and Sci-
ences in all their branches, Including Mecbcnics, Mathematics, Astronomy, Philosophy,
CheLjlstry, and Physiology ; on Agriculture, Commerce, and Manufactures ; on Law,
Medicine, and Theology ; on Biography and History, Geography and Ethnology ; on
Political Econ .y, the Trades, Inventions, Politics, the Things of Common Life, and
Qoneral Liter /e.

The Industrial Arts, and those branches of Practical Science which have a direct
bearing on our every-day life, such as Domestic Economy, Ventilation, the Heating of
Houses, Diet, etc., are treated with the thoroughness which their great importance de-
mands. The department of Biography is full and complete, embracing the lives of all
eminent persons, a.xient and modern. In American biography, particularly, great
pains have been taken to present the most comprehensive and accurate record that has
yet been attempted. In History, it gives no mere catalogue of barren dates, but co-
pious and spirited narratives, under their appropriate heads, of the principal events in
the annals of the world. So in Geography, it not only serves as a general Gazetteer,
but it gives interesting descriptions of the principal places mentioned.

As far as is consistent with thorough, ess of research and exactness of statement,
the popular method has been pursued. The wants of the people in a work of this kind
have been careftilly kept in view throughout. By condensation and brevity, the editors
have been enabled to introduce a much greater variety of subjects than is usually found
in similar productions, and thus to enhance the value of the Cyclopaedia as a work of
universal reference.

The work is sold to subscribers only. It Is In sixteen large octavo volumes, each
containing about 800 pages, fully illustrated with several thousand Wood Engravings,
and with numerous colored Lithographic Maps.

General and Analytical Index to the above.

By the Rev. T. J. Conant, D. D., assisted by bis Daughter, Blandina
CoNANT. Large 8vo. 810 pages. Sold by subscription only.
Cloth, $5.00 ; Sheep, $6.00 ; Half Morocco, $7.00 ; Half Russia,
$8.00.

D. APPLETON & CO., Publishers, 1, 3, & 6 Bond Street, New York,

;

PURCELL, LADD & CO., Wholesale Druggists,

RICHMOND, VIRGINIA,

AGENTS FOR VIRGINIA SPRINGS WATERS,

Have constantly on hand ;

White Sulphur Water, Oreenbrier Co., W. V«,
Itiiiralo Llthla Water, Mecklenburg Co., Va.
Itluc RIdse Water, Botetourt Co., Va.
Ilcallnf! Water, Bath Co., Va.

Kockbrldarc Alum Water, Rockbridge Co., Va.
Wolf Trap Mthia Water, Halifax Co., Va.
AUechany Water, Jlontgomery Co., Va.
Capon Water, Hampshire Co., W. Va.

Also, Congress, Bathorn, and other Saratoga Waters, Ofun Jtahohcy
Bitter Water, etc.

^W Orders promptly executed.

Descriptive Pamphlets of VIEGINIA. SPRINGS WA.TER8 furnished on application.

SHARON SPRINGS, N. Y.

The undersigned, owners of the Sulphur Spring, and Sul-
phur Bath-Houses, at Sharon Springs, N. Y.,will be pleased
to send an illustrated and descriptive pamphlet to any person who

may write for the same.

A "Monograph on tub Sulphur WATEng of Siiarok SpRmog, N. Y.,"
by Geo. E. "Walton, M. D., author of the "Mineral Springs of the Uniiod
States and Canada," will also be mailed on application.

JOHN H. GARDINER & SONS.

Tarpon Springs, Florida.

Located on the Anclote River, on the East Coast, in IlilLsborough County.

The most beautiful, most fertile, and most desirable part of the State.

The Spring is 20 feet in diameter and
112 feet deep, and like the famous Salt-
Bulphor of Virginia.

Steamer from Cedar Keys direct to the Springs.

For further information, address H. B. HARKS, Afireivt,

'^.irpon Springs, Hillsborough County, Fla.

The region is exceedingly healthy
and south of frost.

HOTEL FIRST CLASS.

Tie Famons O JO CALI ENTE (Hot Springs),

Taos County, New Mexico.

Situated west of the D * R. G. R. R., tnd 12 miles from Barranca Station, from which
point a daily line of Stages runs to the Springs. The temperature ia \i2°, altitude 6,000 feet.
The gases are carbonic.

There is now a commodioas hotel for the convenience of invalids and touriots, and the
reputation of these valuable waters is fast widcnin{». An analysis of the Ojo Caliento
water shows a total of '288'U9 parts in 100,000 parts of water, divide"d as follows:

Sodlvim Carbonate . . . .196-95
Cflclum Carbonate .... 4'20
I;on Carbonate 2012

Sodium Chloride 400,1

Potassium Sulphate . . . .5'29

Lithium Carbonate.... 1. J ' Silicic Acid 410

Magnesium Carbonate. 6 10 ] Arsenic 10"08

The efficacy of these waters has been thoroughly tested, and numberless cures attest to
their wonderful healing properties. For further particulars, address

ANTHONY JOSEPH, Proprietor,

^\'

From the late Dr. Qriffin^ qf
Roanoke County, Va.

I have Been the communication
of Dr. Moorman in referenc} to the
Blue Itidge and Alleghany Sprinifs.
Hia attention having been long di-
rected to the subject of the medical
properties of thj mineral springs of
Virginia, gives to his views a higher
claim to consideration and respect
than they would derive from any
concurrent opinion or indorsement
of mine. The object of this note is
simply to say that, in referring to
my opinion of the comparative and
perhaps equal efficacy of these valu-
able waters, he has correctly stated
views which I have held for the last
eight or ten years, and which I still
believe to be correct

JOUN H. GRIFFIN.

LANDMARKS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE.

By HENRY J. NICOLL.

IS mo.

Vellum cloth, Sl>75.

" The plan adopted in this book has been to deal solely with the very greatest
names in the several departments of English literature— with those writers whose
works are among the most imperishable glories of Britain, and witli whom it is a
disgrace for even the busiest to remain unacquainted."— /^rom Preface.

" We can warmly recommend this excellent manaal." — St. Jamea'B Gazette.

" The ' Landmarks of English Literature ' is a work of exceptional value. It re-
veals scholarship and hifjh literary ability. Mr. Nicoll has a proper conception of the
age in which he lives, and of its requirements in the special line in which he has
attempted to work."— iVisw York Herald.

*' Mr. Nicoll is not ambitious, save to state things precisely as they are, to give the
common orthodox judgment on great authors and their places in historjr, and he has
brought to his task a mild enthueiasm of style and a conscientiousness of ejri.ot state-
ment that can not be overpraised. He writes out of a full mind, and yet Levi rites on
a level with the ordinary intelligence."— iVieti; York Times.

" It would be hard to find anywhere an example of a more pithy, compact, y*t at-
tractive presentation of the real landmarks of the literature than ia comprised in this
duodecimo of 460 pages."— iVeu; York Home Journal.

"The work abounds in personal incident and anecdote connected with various
authors, which assist the reader in making their acquaintance, and which give to the
book a more lively aspect than one of cold criticism."— .Veu; York Oiiserver.

" A book to be most heartily commended."— J?osto» Traveller.

"It has ample narrative and happy criticisms, and is filled with instructive and
entertaining matter admirably presented. It would be hard to suggest improvement
iu style or arrangement."— Boston Commonwealth.

" Displays scholarship and high literary ability. His criticism is as sound as his
selections have been judicious."- CAicag'O Tribune.

For sale by all booksellers ; or sent by mail, post-paid, on receipt of price.

New York : D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 6 Bond Street.

BUFFALO LITHIA WATER

For Bright's Disease of the Kidneys, the Gouty

Diathesis, Stone of the Bladder, Nervous

and Acid Dyspepsia, etc.

:. GRIFFIN.

3 Bound as his

Dr. William A. Hammond, of New York, Surgeon- General U. S. Army {retired) ; Pro-
festor qf Diseases qf the Mind and Nervous System in the University of New Yore,
etc.

"I have for some time made use of the Bafftilo Lithia Water in cases of affections
of the Nervous System, complicated with BrighVs Disease qf the Kidneys, or with a
Gouty Diathesis. The results have been eminently satisfactory. Lithia has for many
years been a favorite remedy with me in iilce cases, but the Buffalo Water certainly
acts better than any extemporaneous solution of the Lithia Salts, and is, moreover, bet-
ter borne by the stomach. I also often prescribe it in those cases of Cerebral Hyper-
eemia, resulting from over-mental worKr— in which the condition called Nervous Dys-
pepsia exists— and generally with marked benefit.''''

Dr. Habvet L. Btrd, of Baltimore, President and Professor qf Obstetrics and Dis-
eases of Wcrnien and Children, in the Baltimore Medical College; formerly Pro-
fessor of Practical Medicine, etc.

"I have witnessed the best results from the action of the Buffalo Lithia Water,
Spring No. 2, in Chronic Gout, Bheumatic Gout, Rheumatism, Gravel and Stone in
the madder, and I do not het^itate to express the opinion that in ail diseases de-
pending upon or having their origin in the Uric Acid Diathesis, it is unsurpassed,
%f, indeed, it is equaled by any wafer thus far known to the profession.

" It is an admirable general Tonic and Restorative, increasing the Appetite, pro-
moting Digestion, and invigorating the General Health. It is powerfully Antacid, and
especially efficacious in what is commonly linown as Acid Dyspepsia. It is strongly
commended to a very large class of sufferers by a peculiar power as a Nervous Tonic
and Exhilarant, which malies it exceedingly valuable where there is nothing to con-
traindicate its use, in all cases where Nervous Deptession is a symptom.

" It has an ascertained value in Bright's Disease. A knowledge of its action in that
disease thus far, would seem to warrant the belief that it would, in many instances,
at least in its early stages, arrest it entirely ; and in its more advanced stages, prove a
decided comfort and palliative.^^

Thi late Dr. Thomas P. Atkinson, formerly of Danville, Yd., at one time President

Medical Society of Virginia.

" Experience has proved the Buffalo Lithia Water to be a powerful agent for the
removal of Vesical Calculi.

" It has been found especially cfflcacions In the Uric Aeid variety.

" Its beneficial results, however, in Uric Acid Calculi are not restricted to the re-
moval, by means of solution or disintegration, of Calculi, which have been already
deposited, but it not unfrequently so corrects the constitutional tendency to excess
in the production of Uiic Acid or of any other acid which may have the property of
precipitating it trom its solution, as to prevent farther deposition. It has in some
cases proved an efficient remedy in effecting the solution and preventing the deposi-
tion of the Phosphatic as well as the Uric Acid sediment.

" When used at an early stage, while enough of the renal structure remains to
answer the purpose of purifying the blood it is of decided efficacy in Bright's Dis-
ease qf the Kidneys, and, indeed, in some caKcs where the destruction of the Kidney
has been greater, its use has resulted in partial restoration and prolor.gation of life."

Springs open June 1st.

Water in cases of one dozen half-gallon bottles,
Springs. Springs pamphlet sent to any address.

.00 per case at the

THOMAS F. GOODE, Proprietor,

BUFFALO LITHIA SPRINGS, TIRGINIA.

ill

HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE OF THE
UNITED STATES,

FROM THE REVOLUTION TO THE CIVIL WAR.
By JOHN BACH McMASTEB.

To be completed In Ave Tolnmea. Tolume I now ready.

gilt top, SS-SO.

8to, cloth,

Scope of thk Work.

In the course of this narrative much is written of wars, conspiracies,
and rebellions ; of Presidents, of Congresses, of embassies, of treaties, of
the ambition of political leaders, and of the rise of great parties in the
nation. Yet the history of the people is the chief tJieme. At every stage of
the splendid progress which separates the America of Washington and
Adams from the America in which we live, it has been the author'' s purpose
to describe the dress, the occupations, the amusements, the literary canons of
the times ; to note the changes of manners and morals ; to trace the growth
of that humane spirit which abolislied punishment for debt, and reformed
the discipline of prisons and of jails ; to recount the manifold itnprove-
ments which, in a thousand ways, have multiplied the conveniences of life
and ministered to the happiness of our race ; to describe the rise and prog-
ress of that long series of mechanical inventions and discoveries which is
now the admiration of the world, and our just pride and boast ; to tell how,
under the benign influence of libei'iy and peace, there sprang up, in the
course of a single century, a prosperity unparalleled in the annals of human
affairs.

EXTRACTS FROM REVIEWS.
" What the late Professor J. B. Green did for his coantrymen by writing bis
* History of the English People,' Mr. John Bach McMaster has essayed to do for
ns in a ' History of the People of the United States, from the Revolution to the
Civil War.' The plan of the two worlds is essentially the same, bat the American
narrative is even more faithf\il to the principles upon which both aathors profess
to write. We hear less in it about wars, treaties, and politics, and more about
the manners, customs, ideas, and sentiments of the great mass of the people,
than in the English book. The pledge given by Mr. McMaster, that ' the history
of the people shall be the chief theme,' is punctiliously and satisfactorily fuKlled.
He carries out his promise in a complete, vivid, and delightful way. We should
add that the literary execution of the work is worthy of the indefatigable indus-
try and iinc«aslng rij[ilaoe« with wbich the stores of historical material have

History of the Peopli of the United States. — (Continued.)

been accamnlatcd, weighed, and sifted. The cardinal qnalitiee of style, lucidity,
animation and energy, are everywhere preeent. Seldom, indeed, has a book, in
which matter of substantial ralne has been so happily united to attractiveness of
form, been offered by an American author to his fellow-citizens.'*— iV«w York Sun.

*' To recount the marveloas progress of the American people ; to describe
their life, their literature, their occupations, their amusements, is Mr. McMaster's
object. His theme is an important one, and we congratulate him on his sncceea.
His style is interesting and lively, and he gives such a graphic picture of our
forefathers that it is a pleasure to follow him. Page after page of easily-flowing
narrative flx the attention, and one wonders where the author found his material
for BO elaborate and yet so entertaining a book. It has rarely been our province
to notice a book with so many excellences and so few defects."— A'«u; York-
Herald.

" Mr. McMaster at once shows his grasp of the various themes and his special
capacity as an historian of the people. His aim is high, but he hits the mark. Uls
treatment of the great subject is very able, and the sincere intentions of the au-
thor appear on every page. There will be no question that he has reecned from
oblivion a vatit mass of those interesting data which, small in themselves, are of
the greatest value in reflcctinp; the actual condition of a people at a given time."
—New York Journal of Commerce.

*' It ranks with the ' Short History' of Mr. Green in its brilliancy of style and
in its power of attracting and holding the attention of the reader. The remain-
ing volumes will be awaited with eager interest."— C7«ve/ancf Herald.

"I have had to read a good deal of history in my day, but I find so much
freshness in the way Professor McMaster has treated his subject that it is quite
like a new story. "—Philadelphia Press.

" Mr. McMaster's success as a writer seems to us distinct and decisive. In
the first place he has written a remarkably readable history. His style is clear
and vigorous, if not always condensed. He has the faculty of felicitous compari-
son and contrast in a marked degree. Whatever may be said in criticism of it,
no one will impute to it dullness in any part. He has the power of enchaining
the attention. Few who begin this book will fail to read it to the end, and the
great mass of readers it will hold as by a spc IL Mr McMaster has produced one
of the u;c«t spirited of histories, a book which will be widely read, and the enter-
taining quality of which is conspicuous beyond that of any work of itn kind. It
deserves a cordial recognition at the hands of those who are interer<tcd in the
development of American literature, and it will command its own paiisport with
the people."— J wton Gazette.

" In compact, crisp, concentrated statement, we have the events of the first
century of our national existence vividly portrayed. The procession of events is
marshaled with care, and it moves along smoothly, and even brilliantly, in the
easy flow and apt statement of the well-fortifled writer."— 5cw<on Commonwealth.

For tale by all booksellers; or sent by mail, post-paid, on receipt qf price.

Kew York: D. APPLETON & CO., Publishcra, 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street.

apon ^prings and H|atlis,

Alkaline Lithia Waters,

Hampshire County, W. Va.

OPEN JUNE 1ST. NO FOGS.

HAVING THE

Largest Swimming Pool of Carbonatea
Mineral Waters in the World,

\m\

M! I

1 r

Also; CHALYBEATE SPRINGS, rich in Iron,

and within f* half to three quarters of an hour's ride (carriage or
horseback), a splondid White Sulphdk, grand Mountain Scenery, a
Summer Climate unsurpassed, and

A Charming SummeF Home.

Those in search of health or pleasure and mineral waters of great
merit, I invite to try Capon, guaranteeing satisfaction to all reason-
able people, and at moderate rates of charge. Those who may suffer
from the following troubles — Bladder and Kidney Calculi^ Brighfi
Uterine Disorders, Dyspepsia^ Gout, Rheumatism, Catarrhal Affec-
tions, System charged with Malaria, Insomnia, Functional Heart-
troubles, and Syph- Rheumatism — are cured and benefited here.

MILES OF WALES, SIDES, AUD DBIYES,

BOATING AND FISHING (20 minutes' drive down the mountwn),
and HUNTING IN SEASON,

HOfiSEBAOE BIDING (one of the most pleasant amuse-
ments and very healthful) largely indulged in.

GOOD BAND FOR LAWN AND BALL-ROOM.

Agents,

For medical and other testimony, send for pamphlets.

fP. S. SoHERER <fe Co., 11 Barclay St NEW YORK.

Jno. Wyeth & Bbo. and Geo. 1. MoKklw ay. .PHILADELPHIA.

Coleman & Eogebs and A. S. Shafeb BALTIMORE.

W. S. Thompson and C. B. Shafeb WASHINGTON, D. G.

PuBCELL Ladd «fc Co. and L. Waqneb RICHMOND, VA.

Excursion Tickets on sale at all main B. & 0. and other principal Railroad
Offices after June 1st.

W. H. SALE, Proprietor.

TO FOGS.

rbonatea
rid,

ron,

) (carriage or
lin Scenery, a

aters of great
to all reason*
ho may suffer
Iculi^ Brighfa
■arrhal Affec-
tional Heart-
ed here.

aountain),

)leasant amuse-
idulged in.

OM. .

NEW YORK.
LADELPHIA.
BALTIMORE.
fGTON, D. C.
HMOND, VA.

icipal Railroad

)rietor.

_<si