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THE
BOOH OF THE INDIANS;
OR,
BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
OF THE
INDIANS OF NORTH AMERICA,
FROM ITS FIRST DISCOVERY
TO THE YEAR 1841.
History maketh a youn? man to bo old, without cither wiinlcica orgrayhalra; privillcdging hiin
with the expcrieni of age, without either the infirinitiea or .'nconvenicnciea thereof.
Fuller's Holy War.
They waste ua ; ay, like April anow
In the warm noon, wc shrink away ;
And fust they follow as we go
Towarda the setting day.
Till they shall (ill the land, and we
Are driven into the western sea. — Brtart.
BY SAMUEL G. DRAKE,
FELLOW OF THI ROTAL SOCIETT OF NORTHERN ANTiqUARIEl, AT COPENHAGEN, HONORART
UEMBER OP THE NEW HaUFSHIRE AND NEW TORK HISTORICAL SOCIBTiaa.
EIGHTH EDITION,
With large Additions and Corrections*
BOSTON:
ANTIQUARIAN BOOKSTORE, 56 CORNHILL.
M.DCCC.XLI.
j0mmtmmm
r 7-7
Of
Entered according to Act of CongresB, in tlie year 1841,
By The Author,
In the Clerk s Office of the District Court of Maasachusttts.
PREFACE.
The study of Amprionn History in f^ciu'ral, and of Indian History in particular, lias lone
been the favoriu; I'lnpioynicnt of man) ol my hours ; I ciiiiiiol say " Icisiiro lioiirs," lor suili
are unknown to uiu ; but linio aniiiKl a variety of cari's and liusmcss, and ln-liirc and altiT
" husim.'ss hours."' My llrst oulilication upon the sulijcct of llif ln('ians was an edition of
Church's History of Philip's War, a dnodt'cimo, with notes and an appendix. 'I'Ins was in
the suuuner of l>i-lo ; and, in \'o~l, it was considerably enlarged, and issued in a second
edition, the copyrii^hl of which, not long alter, passed out of my hands, and the mnulier of
editions .since issued is unknown to nie ; but, about two years sim.o, one of the proprietors
told me they amounted to some thirty or forty ; yet •' second edition" is continued ni the title-
page to this day. In this republication I intimated my design of a work upon I.n'dian Ki-
OGKAl'H'.' and in lii.32, a small duodecimo of MH pages, bearing that title, was publislaKJ,
In that edition, the chielk and others noti('e<l were arranged alphabetically. In \V,Xi, a srciind
edition was issued, with Tiik Hook ok VUV 1ni)I.\ns s^jteradtled to the title. The volume
now contained llireo times as much as before, and yet .ny materials were scarcely he.lf e.\-
hanstful. It was in octavo, and under an entirely now arrangenx'nt, namely, in books and
chapters; each book being pa^od by itself, for the purpose of adding new matter at some
future time. This arrangement was continued through all the editions to the (iresent. A
third edition,'' also coni-nlerably enlarged, was publi-' 'd in IMV, which e.xtended to 5lf'
pages, 108 more than the second. The same year pri 'd a/oitrth, with a few corrections,
but without altering \.\\e nitmlur of lite, edition in the I'agc. A yZ/f/i, which stands num-
bered as the fourth, ap|)eared in l!iiJ5, with the ad<l ii' . of a catalogue of all the principal
Indian tribes, a/rangcd alphabetically. This was tlrawn, at great expense of lime, from uii
incredible number of sources. The second edition had been stereotyped, to the original cost
of which great expense; had been added in corrections and additions', considerably exceeding
the profits which liad accrued, and I was now beginning to console myself that very little, if
niiy llii. 'i;, more would be required by way of additions or corrections, and that I should
soon begni to derive some small advantage from it, as it iiad be'! i tolerably well re-
ceived ; but I found I had " reckoned without my host;" for, on the .fight of the uJOth of
September, 1835, the whole wa^ "onsumeil by fire. Tliis was (piile dijcouraging. However,
1 soon determined to stereotyjie it anew. Thus takiiif' advantage ^i what I liau considered a
great misfortune, I began to revise the whole througlio ;t. Pnas were rewritten, and addi-
tioiis made in almost every page, and the page itself was enlarged, although one of the pages
of the former editions contained as much reading as two octavo pages in the common typo.
Besides this enlargement of the jiages, their number was cxtendecr to am: hmtdrcd. Sucli
were the preparations for the sixlli (though printed as the fifth) edition, an impression of
which was issued in 1831). The next year produced a serentli. This was the same as the
preceding, excepting a few important corrections. I come now to the eighth and jiresent
edition, which has received very important enlargements in the three last books, amounting to
more than one hundred pages: and it maj' be proper to note, that ail after |)agcs 143 of
Book HI., 96 of Book IV., 1G8 of Book V., are additiims to what has been before published.
And the catalogue ')f the tiubks has been enlarged to more than twice its original amount.
It is now submitted with all its imperfections; and, although 1 hope to multiply the number
of editions, I iiave no intention of further enlarging the worK.
This edition has been delayed many montl'.'= m ci-nsequeiice of a hope I had entertained of
living to b( assured that the Florida war was at an end. That time may now be considered
to have arrived. On the events of that war, as will be seen, I have been full and particular;
and, if events of importance have escaped me, it was not because I had not usetl great ex-
ertions to possess myself of them. If, however, a doubt should be raised upon this head, I
would refer the skeptical reader to a document published b" order of tlic U. S. Senate in
1810, purportiiiL- to be a report of the secretary of war, " showing the massacres committed
and the property destroyed by the hostile Indians in Florida" since 1835, where a comparison
may be made between what 1 have published, and the amount of information in the possession
of the war deparvment.
The history of the wrongs and sufferings of the Cherokees has been an important addition
to this edition; r,nd, whatever judgments may be pronounced upon it by the present genera-
tion, I shall remain silent, under the consciousness that I have done no injustice to the parties
concerned. I have been an observer tlu.iugh the whole course of it, and registered events as
they passed. I have not used a dirk in the dark, but the broadsword in open day, with fair
warning to the adversary. '• Let those who undertake prcjiaro to undergo.
* As the word rilltinn in lie titlo-|ri!;e of ii book now-a-diiys niny moan 'iny thin;; or nothing, when
a nuinlier stands before it, I rtill just observe thiit my first edition ^onsistid ol 1,500 copies, the second
ofS.OUU, the third of 5U0, the fourth, tilth, and sixth of 1,000 >;ach, and the sevenih of 500.
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AN
ALPHABETICAL ENUMERATION
OF
THE INDIAN TRIJJES AND NATIONS.
An attempt is mudc, in th»! f'ollowiii!^ Tulile, to lornte tho viiiioiis Imnds
ot AI)<iri<,niaH, ancient and modern, and to convey tli(> best inliirniatioii
r(!^'|>»;ctinil; tiieir innnbiiH onr niuiti furious Mounx-s will warrant. Mod-
ern writers liave been, for Heveral years, endeavorinif to divide N(»rth
Atnorica into certain district.s, eacb of vvbicli Mlioidd include all tlie In-
dians speaking tbe same, <ir cliaiectd of the same, langnaife ; but vvlio(!ver
iias paid any attention to the subject, must undoubtedly have l)een con-
vinced that it can never be done with any degree of accuracj. Tiiis has
been undertaken in reference to an ap|»ro.\imation of the great (pu'stion
of the origin of this people, from a comparison of the various languages
used among tlnun. An unwritten hmguage is easily varied, and there
can be no barri(;r to innovation. A continual intermixing ol' tribes has
gone on from the period of their origin to the present time, judging lioni
what we have daily seen ; and when any two trii)es unite, speaking dif-
ferent languages, or dialccti of the same, a new diahict is produced by
8U(!h amalgamation. Hence tlie accunndation of vocabulari(!S would be
like the pursuit of an infinite series in mathematics; with this difference,
however — in the one we recede from the object in pursuit, while in the
other we approach it. But I would not be understood to speak disjiar-
agingly of this attempt at classification; for, if it be unitn[»ortant in the
main design, it will be of considerable service to the student in Indian
history on other accounts. Thus, the lichees are said to speak a primitive
language, and tiiey were districted in a small territory south of the Clmro-
kees; but, some 200 years ago, — if they then existed as u tribe, and their
tradition be true, — they were bouiuled on tin; north by one of the great
lakes. And they are said to be descended from the Shuwjuiees by some
of themselves. We know an important conununity of them is still in
existence in Floridiu Have they creuted a now language in the course
of their waiuierings? or have tiiose from whom tiiey separated done so?
Such are the difficulties we meet with at every stej) of a classification.
Kut a dissertation upon these matters cannot now be attempted.
In the following analysis, the names of the tribes have been generally given
in the singular number, tor the sake of brevity; and the word Indians,
after such names, is omitted fi-om tbe same cause. Few ablireviationa
have been used : — W. R., west of the Rocky Mountains ; m., miles ; r.,
river ; I., lake ; and pcrha|)s a few others. In some instances, reference
is maile to the body of tlie work, where a more extended account of a
tribe is to be found. Such references arc to the Book and Page, the same
as in the Index.
Abf.kas, probably Muskngpes, under tlio Frencli at Tombpckbec in 17r)0.
Abenakiks, over Maine till 1754, then wont to Canada; *i()() in ](iS!): 150 in l?oO.
Absouoka, (Minetare,) S. branch Yellowstone; lat. 4()°, Ion. 105°; 45,000 in 1834.
AccoKKSAw, W. side Colorado, about 200 m. S. W. Nacogdoches.
AcoMAK, one of the six tribes in Virginia when settled by the Knirlisli in 1C07.
Adai/.e, 4 m. from Nachitoches, on Lake Macdon ; 40 men in 1H05.
Adirondaks, (Algonkin,) along the N. shore St. Lawrence; 100 in 178C.
vi
INDIAN TUinKS AND NATIONS.
A>'rAnoti|.A, Hinnll rinn in IT-^H, on MinHiH(ii|i|ii r., H m. nbovi' I'oinl ri)ii|W;.
AfiAMoM, ( Wiim|mtiimijM,) at S,iii(l\vi''li, Mush.; oIIutm iiI l|)!<wirli. ii. ■!().
Aii\vui\» A», (MiiK'tiiri'.) H. W. MisNoiin l^'-iii, :i m. nlinv)- MiiiiiIiiiih; tiOO in I80Q.
Ajiii K.s, S. of till' iMisMiiiiri. iiikI N. nl' llic I'ihIhihmm ; 1,11)11 in I7(i*).
Ai.\>^Ait, (K.ill.) Iiiiid Itraiii'liiH S fork Siinkucliiiwan ; ',',.>ilt) m I-^IM.
Ai.dDMKi.N. Kvcr ("iiiiadii; tVcmi low down llii' St. Law rrniT In LaUi' ot'llic Woodi.
Ai.iATAN, llirci' trihi'H ill l-()"i iiiiinn;! till' llorkv Mnniilaiim, nn IhmiIs i'lattf.
Al KiiK, iii'ar N'aciiirduclirK ill |.-<(l.'i, tlii'ii iitarlv cxliiii'l ; Hpidic Caddo.
Ai I AK AW K. All, (I'll II III' li.) Ill till Nidi'H \ I'lliiwNldiii', liiadx lliir llnrii [.; 'J,UUO in iti05.
Ai I iiiAMA, tiiriiirrly mi that r., Iiiit ri'iiinvrd ti> Krd Uivrr in l7()-i.
Am »i,i><rK'<, ( /Mifiinkiiis,) unci' mi St. Ijiiwrcnri' ; ."lOO in {'(ill.
An vsAiiiM \Ki)iih, (Alii'iiaki.) on soiiri'i's .NndrosiMiMfjrm, in Maiiu'. iii. I'M], ITiQ.
A.Nii\xi'K..'<, mil II S.mIidi'c l.aki' Kru', S. W. Si'iircas, wlio di'»lroy<'d iIiimii hi if!7U.
Ai'Ai MKs, { l,ii|>aiit',) lirl wii'ii Ilio di'l Norti' and Hoiirci's ol' Niinc'H r. ; It,.')!!!! in lf?17.
Ai'Ai A( iiK III \, oner on that r. in W. Klnrida ; rmiiovi'd to U<'<l IliviT in l7tJ'l.
Api'ai.oi SA, alioritrinal in the country of their •laiiic; lint ll! incn in |H()'i.
A<i<'ANrs< iiioM, liic iiiiini' liy which the iro(|iioiM knew Iht'iiist'lvcM. v. !I, &C.
Au\iMiiAS, S. Hide main ('.iiiaila llivcr; ■l,i»M in |.'';t(i, mi Kan/an IliviT.
AiiMoii('iiii{r(iis, nr M utM III IK, (Alicnaki,) on Kivcr St .loiiiis. New Hniniiwick.
AiiKKNAMiMK, mi St. .\iilmiio llivcr, near itH iiionth, in Texas ; l*.il) in iHlrt.
Ah.simnahiiin, (Simix.) Iietw. AH.sinn. and MiHHonri r. ; l,(M!l! on Ottawa r. in ld3(j.
Atk.nas, ill a villajje with the ['"acnjli in |ri;t(i. west of the Rocky MminUiiiid.
Atiiai'asi ow. about tiie nliores of the jrreat lake ot' thuir iminc.
At.na.s, next S. ol" the Alha|)a.scow, ahmit lat. r)7° N.
Ai'TA) Ai'A.><, in a district ol' their iiaiiie in lioniMiana ; hut ."»() men in IHO.').
Ari'Ai'fl.ii AS, (Semiiioles,) on Little r., a liraiicii ol'< Hi.kllkana, lr-"i(!, and 'J*-20 Houls.
Al'TIKAMKil K,-*, in N. ot" Canada, destroyed hy pestilence in l()7(l.
Aneosisi-o, (Ahenalu,) li 'tween the Saco and Androscoirjrin Kivcr. ii. 'IH ; iii. t)3.
Ai'iiiii(i<A(. \, on v.. hrnncli Siis(|iiehaiinali llivcr; I.")!! in l^tiH; since extinct.
AvAl'Ais, ■10 Icairiies 11(1 t le I )es Moines, S. H. side ; HIMt in |H(I,').
Ayutans, t«,()00 in 1H:*0, S. W. the Missouri, near the Rocky MountuinH.
UAVAoni'iA, W. hank Mississi|>|»i, opjiosilo the Colipasa; iiniiortnnt in Ki!'!).
JJk.iiiks, on Trinity River, ],a., ahmit {'.') in. S. of Nacoirdoches ; 101) in liO.'}.
BiCi-nKvii.s. (Ynnktons,) •2,'>m) in lH:i(i; about the heads of Red River.
Bii.oxi, at JJiloxi, (iiilf Mex., I(>',t!l; a few on Red r., I'^lll, where they had reinoved.
Bl.ACKiKi; r, sources Missouri ; ltO,()0() in IrilM ; nearly destroyed by small-pox, 1H38.
Bi.AN( iiK, (Hearded, or White,) upper S. branches of the Missouri.
Bi.nr.-Mi'K, W., and in the vicinity, of the Rocky Mountains.
Bnonir.iiroN, near Oneida Lake; composed of various tribes; 350 in 1836.
Cadoo, on Red River in 1717, powerful; on Sodo Bay in 1800; in 1804, 100 men.
Caiiodaciii'. (Nacojrdochet.) on An<relina r., 100 in. above the Neche'f ; GO in 18^0.
Caiwas, or Kaiw A, on main ('anada River, and S. of it in |s;iO.
Cai,a.stiio(I.i;, N. Columbia, on the Pacific, next N. the Chillates; QOO in 1820.
Cai.i.imix, coast of the Pacific, 40 ui. N. Columbia River; I .'iOO in 1820.
Camanimks, (Slioslione,) warlike and numerous; in interior of Texas.
Canakskk. on Loni;- Island, N. Y., in KilO, from the W. end to Jamaica.
Cancks, (Kansas,) IHO.I, from Bay of St. Bernard, over (Irand r., toward Vera Cruz.
Canihas. (.\beiiaki,) numerous in 1()07, and afler; on both sides Kennebeck River.
Cara.nkoca. on peninsula of Ray of St. Bernard, Louisiana; 1 ..'lOO in 1805.
Carkk, on th(> coast between the Nuaces and Rio del Norte; 2.()(I0 in 1817.
Caruikus, (Nateotetains,) a name given the natives of N. Caledonia by traders.
Cast All \NA, between sources Padouca fork and Yellowstone; 5,000 in 1805.
Cataka, between N. and S. forks of Chien River; obont 3,000 in 1804.
Catawba, till late, on their river in S. Carolina; 1,500 in 1743, and 4.50 in 17(14.
Catiii.aci'miji'h, on main shore Columbia River, S. W. VVajipaloo i. ; 450 in 1820.
Catiii.akahikit, at the rapids of the Columbia, KiO in. uj) ; HOO in 1820.
Catiilakamai's, 80 in. up Colninbia River ; about 700 in 1H20.
Catiii.amat, on the Pacific, 30 m. S. mouth of Columbia River; GOO in 1820.
Catiii.anamk.namkn, on an island in mouth of Wallaumut River; 400 in 1820.
CATHi.ANACiiiiAii, (Wappaton,) S, W. side Wappatoo Island; 400 in 1820.
CATiir.Ai'ooTi.E, on Columbia River, opposite tiie Cathlakamaps ; 1,100 in 1820.
Cathi.apoova, .500 in 1820, on the Wallaumut River, GO in. from its mouth.
Cathi.asko, 000 in 1820, on Columbia River, opposite the Chippanchikchiks.
Catiii.athi.a, !)00 in 1820, on Columbia River, opposite the Cathlakaliikits.
Cathi.ath, .500 in 1820, on the V/allauinut River, (iO ni. fn.m its mouth,
Cattanahaw, between the Saskashawan and Missouri Rivers, in 1805.
t
INDIAN TmiU'.S AND NATIONS.
vU
^04, 100 men.
2 ; GO in i8ao.
CAUoiiNr.WAo\, pliircH wlicrc (MiriHtiuns liviil were ho (uillitl. v. Il'».
di;ti TOO, on Kt'il Hivrr; in I-*!),'), Iiiit KM); iiiiliiritiiiUM of tliiit |iluui', it in Mitid.
L'ii*ouANor<x, tlif Krcru'li so culled tlu' Hliiiwiiiii'-d- ; (('Iiowiiuh?)
Chkkiikk, (('liiTokrcH,) .'(0 to HO HI. H, of tlnMii ; ciillMd aUo Mid. Hcllli'inrnt, ITrtO.
Ciit.iiwvK, Hiiiiiil trilic on Flint Kivit, dcHtroyi'd liy (i<'ori(iii iiiilitiii in |h|7,
CiiM'KvvN,<liUMi from Int. i>n° to (m", Ion. KHI-^ to 11(1° W. ; 7,.'>(ll» i.i IHI'J.
CiiKKoKKh., ill (It'ori^iii, H. C'jiroliim, iVc, till l~;M>; tlu'ii forced beyond tlu; MiM.^is8.
ClIKSKI r\l ow A, (SeiliinolcH,) .">-■'() in I-*,'!!, W. nide IJJinttilllooeliee.
CiliK>. (I)o:,'.) neiir tlie sources Clueii lliver ; :t(l(» in l.Hll.'); 'JOO iii |vji).
CiiiiiK.Ki.i KHii, .((I in. .N. of Coliiiiilmi IIivit; I,IIM> in l^-jd.
C'liiKVVw, between heads ol' Mobile River in I7"'l); once 10,0(111; now in ArkiinHns.
Ciiif
iii\( iiiKH, (ii) in j^'.M, N. side ( 'oliiinliiii Uiver. 'J'JO in. from ils iiioiitli.
CiiiK viioMivi, on .M.ita|>oiiy Uiver, Vii., in hilil ; lint ^i or I in I7'.i(l; now extinct.
CiiiK \M \i oAs, on 'reiin''ssee Uiver, ".M( in, below (lie Clierokees, in IT'.MI.
Clliil. vrKs, l.'id in M'iO, on the I'iicilic, N. Cidiinibia lliver, beyond the (iiiieetuos.
('iiii.i.i)KH'ri.<ti \i;, on llie ( 'oluiuiiiii, invvl below the Niirrow;*; 1,100 in Ii'.i0,
Ciiii.r/, N. of Oohiinbiii Kiver, on the I'licific, iie.xt N. (d' the Killa.xthoeleM.
CiiiMN viiri M, on Lewi
Cni>
IS lliver, N. \V. side of the Colniiilim ; l.-^OOin lr*'20.
on N. side (/'oliiinbia lliver; in l-^'iO, about 100 in "JH lodiri'H.
C Mil' I' K WAS, about l,;ike Sii|)erior, and other vast reirimis of the N., very numerous.
CnirniicHA, on \V. bank Mi:tn. lliver in 17'J'i; once |»owerfiil, then slaves.
Chokiaw, H. of the Creeks; |.'),00i) in |-^l'.i; now i" ArkansaH.
IV. •^l.
Ciioi'iNNisii, on Kooskoi
River; l.ltOO in l-tOil, in 7H lodires.
CiiowANoK, (Slidwanese .-) in N. ("arolina.on lleiiiiel's C'reidt, in I7(IH; ll.OOOin IGIW.
Cmowa.n.s, K. of the TiiMcaroras in N. Carolina; (iO join the 'I'uscaroras in I7:i0.
CiiKi»rK..NAii\, only anotlu'r wi>e||iii;.' of Knisitn \r\, which see
Ci.
AIICI.Kr.l.AII
7(tl)
M'JO, on the Columbia Rivi
ludow the rajiiils.
Ci.AKsrAU, VV. II., on a river ll iwiii;j- into the Columbia at \Va|i|iatoo l.daiid,
Ci.AMocroMlcii, on tin- I'acilic, iie.vt N. of the Cliiltz ; Vi(iO in IS-JO.
Ci,ANiM\. \s, on the S. W. side of \Va|)|)atoo Islind ; ^0(1 in Is-ii), \V. R.
Cl.A.NN vuMlMMi .ss, S. VV. side of \Va|t|)aloo Island; "i-llt in Iri'iO, W. II.
Ci.ATsoi's, about Vi in. N. of tl
le moil
th (d' Columbia River ; l,:{ooi.i IH-JO.
Cr.AKK \Mi.s, on a river of their name tlowinir into the VVallanmi'l , 1,^-00 in 1830.
Cnkis, on a river tlowinu; into Sabine Lake, l(ilM) ; tlii' Coi'nis of lleiineinn, probalily
CoiiAMKS, iiearlv ilestroyed in I'oiiliak's time ; in I^OO, a lew near Lake Winiiebatjo.
Coi.Ai'issAs, on K. bank Mississippi in I 7"2'), opposite head ol" Lake I'oiuchartrain.
CoN( iiATiAS (raine to .\p|)alonsas in I7lid, from K. the Mississ. ; in lnl)|, on .Sabine.
CoNo vuKKS, a small tribe on Coiii,'aree River, S. C'arolina, in 1701 ; lonnr si, ice fjonc.
Con
ovs, periia
rh
ips
K
mliawas, bein<r once on
that
(Ca
mais, and variations.)
CooKi.oo- )osK, 1,.')0() ill ISOii, coast of I'acilic, S. of Columbia r., and S. of Killawats.
CoorspKi.i.Ait, on a river filliiitr into the Coliiinbiii, iN. of Clark's ; l,ljOO in ItiOU.
CoosAOAri, (Oeek.s,) once n'sided near the lliver 'J'alla|)oosie.
Copi>i:h, so called from their copper ornaments, on Copiiermine River, in the north.
CoRKKS, (Tuscnroras,) on iNeus River, N. Carolina, in 1700, and siibseipieiitly.
CoRONKAWA, on St. Jacintho River, iietweeii Trinity and Rrazos ; ;i."»0 in l.'r'iO.
Cow
i.rrsicK, (
)iiC
iliia R
iver, (i'2in. from its mouth, in
;{ villi!
.400 in 1820.
Chkkks, (Miiscoirees,) Savannah r. to St. Aui^iistine, thence to Flint r., 17;J0. iv. 54.
Crkks, (Lynx, or Cat,) another name of the Knistenanx, or a part of them.
Crows, (.\bsorokas,) S. brancdies of tlii' Yellowstone River; 40,000 in 18154.
CuTSAUNiM, on both sides Columbia lliver, above the Sokulks ; 1,200 in 1820.
Daiicota, or I)ocoT.\, the name by which the Sioux know themselves.
Dki.awaki;. (Lenna-lena|)e,) those once on Delaware River and Bay; 500 in 1750.
Di.No.vDADiKs, (llnrons,) same called by the French Tionontaties.
DoK.os, small triiie on the Maryland sick? Potomac River, in 1075.
DofiRiits, (illackfeet,) but speak a dirt'erent languaije.
Dogs, the Chiens o'' tlie French. See Chik.n.
D0TA.MK, 120 in 1805; about the heads of Chien River, in the open country.
Eamcses. See Emusas.
EciiEMiNS, (Canoe-men,) on R. St. Johns ; include Passainaquoddies and St. Johns.
Edistoks, in S. Carolina in ](i70; a place still hears their name there.
Emlsas, (Seminoles,) W. side Chattahoochee, 2 m. above the VVekisas; 20 in 1820.
Enesmures, at the great Narrows of the Columbia ; 1,'JOO in 1^20, in 41 lodges.
EniES, along E. side of Lake Erie, destroyed by the Iroquois about 1054.
Esaws, on River Pedee, S. Carolina, in l/Ol ; then powerful ; Catawbas, probably.
EsKELooTS, about 1,000 in 1820, in 21 lodges, or clans, on the Cohimbia.
Esqui.MAUX, all along the northern coasts of the frozen ocean, N. of tiO° N. lat.
ExoHussEWfAKKES, (Semin.,) on Chattahoochee, 3 m. above Ft. Gaines; 100 in 1620.
Vlll
INDIAN TIUHES AND NATIONS.
Faculties, 100 in 1820 ; on Stuart Lake, W. Hocky Mount. ; lat. 54°, Ion. 125° W.
Fai.i., so cuilud from their residence at the falls of the Kooskooskee. See Ai.ansaks.
Five Nations, Mohawks, Senecas, Cnyugas, Onondagas, and Oneidas; wliich see.
Flat-Heaps, (Tutseewas,) on a hirjre river W. R. ; on S. fork Columbia r. iv. 25.
Foi.LES AvoiNES, the French so called the Menominies.
FoNi) 1)1/ Lac, roam from Snake River to the Sandy Lakes.
Fovvi,-TowN9, (Seminoles,) 12 in. E. Fort Soott; about iJOO in 1820.
Foxes, (Ottagamies,) called Renards by the French; dispossessed by B. Hawk's war.
Ganawk.se, on the heads of Potomac River; same as Kanhaways, probably.
Gayiikai), Martha'u Vineyard; 200 in 1800; iu 1-^20, ;i40.
Guand HivKii, on Grand r., N. side L. Ontario ; Mohawks, Senecas, and oth. ; 2,000.
Gkos Ve.ntues, W. Mississippi, on Maria River, in IdOU; in 1834, 3,000.
Hake-foot, next S. of the Esquimaux, and in perpetual war with them.
Hai.i.iuees, a tribe of Creeks, destroyed in 1813. iv. 57.
Hannakai-i.ai., goo in 1820, on Pacihc, S. Columbia, next beyond the Luckkarso.
ILvssAiHAMESiTS, a tribe of Nipmuks, embraced Christianity in 1600. ii. 51, 115.
IliiiiGiiF.NiMMO, 1,300 in 1820, from mouth of Lastaw River, up it to the forks.
Hei.i.wits, 100 m. along the Columbia, from the f.ilis upward, on the N. side.
Hkiuiinu I'oNn, a remnant of Wampanoags, in Sandwich, Mass.; about 40.
HiETANs, (Cumanches,) erratic bands; from Trinity to Brazos, and Red River.
HiNi, (Ciidodacho,) 200 in 1820, on Angelina r., between Red r. and Rio del Norte.
HiTciuTTEEs, once on Chattahoochee r. ; GOO now in Arkansas; speak Muskogee.
HoHii.ros, (Tushepahas,) 300 in 1820, above great ialls on Clark's River.
HuMAS, (OuuKi',', " Red nation," in Ixsussees Pariah, La., in 1805, below Manchak.
HuiioNs, ( ^Vyanuots, (^uatoghies,) adjacent, and N. gt. lakes; subd. by Iroq., 1G50.
Illinois, » the lake of men," both sides Illinois r. ; 12,000 in 1670; GO towns in IjQO.
Iniks, or Tachies, [Texaj.'j branch Sabine; 80 men in I80G; speak Caddo.
lowAvs, on loway River before Black Hawk's war ; 1,100 beyond the Mississippi,
liioiiuois, 1G0(), on St. Lawi-ence, below Quebec ; 1G87, both sides Ohio, to Miss. v. 3.
IsATi.s, sometiini's a name of the Sioux before 1755.
Itiikvemamits, 600 in 1820, on N. side Columbia, near the Cathlaskos.
Jelan, one of three tribes of Camanches, on sources Brazos, del Norte, &c.
Kadapais, 0. tribe in N. Carolina in 1707.
Kahunklks, 400 in 1820, VV. Rocky Mountains; abode unknown.
Kaloosas, a tribe found early in Florida, long since extinct.
Kanenavisii, on the Padoucas' fork of the Platte ; 400 in 1805.
Fanhawas, Ganawese or Canhaways; on the River Kanhawa, formerly.
Kansas, on the Arkansas River; about 1,000 in 1836; in 1820, 1,850.
Kaskaskias, (lUin.,) on a river of same name flowing into the Mississ. ; 250 in 1797.
Kaskavas, between sources of the Platte and Rocky Mountains; 3,000 in 1836.
Katteka, (Padoucas,) not located by travellers. See Padoucas.
Keek atsa, (Cror, S;) both sides Yellowstone, above mouth Bi^ Horn r. ; 3,500 in 1805.
Keviiie, E. branch Trinity River in 1806; once on the Sabme; 260 in 1820.
KiAWAs, on Padouca River, beyond the Kites' .000 in 180G.
KiGENE, on the shore of Pacific Ocean in 1821, ...ider the chief Skittegates.
KiKAi'oo, formerly in Illinois; now about 300, chiefly beyond the Mississippi.
KiLLAMTK, a branch of the Clatsops, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean ; about 1,000.
Killawat, in a large town on the coast of the Pacific, E. of the Luktons.
KiLLAXTHoiLEs, iOO in 1820, at the mouth of Co!u:.ibia River, on N. side.
KiMOE-'iMs, a band of the Chopunnish, on Lewis's River; 800 in 1820, in 33 clans.
KiNAi, about Cook's Inlet, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean.
Kites, (Staete ns,) between sources Platte and Rocky Mountains; about 500 in 1820.
KisKAKONs inhabited Michiliinakinak in 1680; a Huron tribe.
Knistenaux, on Assinnaboin River ; 5,000 in 1812; numerous; women comely.
Konagens, Esquimaux, inhabiting Kadjak Island, lat. 58°, Ion. 152° W.
KooK-Koo-oosE, on the coast of tiie Pacific, S. of the Killawats; 1,500 in 1835.
KusKARAWAOKs, 0116 of six tribes on E. shore of Chesapeak in 1607; (Tuscaroras .')
Lauanna, 2,000 in 1820, both bides Columbia, above the mouth of Clark's River.
Lapanne. See *paches.
Lartielo, 600 in 1820, at the fulls of Lastaw River, below Wovton Lake.
Leaf, (Sioux,) GOO in 1820, on the Missouri, above Prairie du Chien.
Leech River, about 350 in 1820. neiir Sandy L;ike, lat. 46° !»' N.
Lenna L£NAP£, once from Hudson to Delaware River ; now scattered in the Weit.
INDIAN TRIBES AND ~.^TIONJ.
ix
LiPANis, SOO in 181G, from Rio Grande to the interior of Texas; light hair.
LoucHKUX, next N. of the Esquimaux, or S of lat. 67° ir>' N.
LuKAWis, «)(» in 1820, W. of tlio Kocitj^ Mountains; abode unknown.
LuKKAKso, 1,200 in IriiJO, coast of Pacific, S. of Columbia r., beyond the Shallalah.
LuKToNS, 20 in ld20, W. of the Rocky Mountains; abode unknown.
MACiiAi'irNOAS, in N. Carolina in 1700; practised circumcision.
Mandans, 1,250 in 1805, 1200 m. fm. mouth of Misso. ; 18:58, reduced to 21 by sm. pox.
MANooA(is, or TuTF.LiiKS, (Iroquois,) Nottoway River, formerly; now extinct.
Manhattans, (Moliicana,) once on ilie island where New York city now stands.
Mannahoaks, once on the upper ' ra of the Rappahannock r. ; extinct long ago.
Mauachitks, (Abenakies,) on tin L. Johns; a remnant remains.
MAUsAPKA(iL'K.s, oHoc ou Loug Island, S. side of Oyster Bay; extinct.
Marsiu'Kks, (Wampanoags,) ;1I5 in IH;}2; Barnstable Co., Mass. ; mixed with blacks.
Mascouti.ns, or FiiiK Ind., betw. Mississ. and L. Michigan, llKJo; (Sacs and Foxes .')
Massachusetts, the state perpetuates their name. ii. 42.
Massawomes, (Iroquois,) once spread over Kentucky.
Mathlanobs, 500 in 1820, on an island in the mouth of Wallaumut River, W. R.
Mayes, (iOO in 1805, St. Gabriel Creek, moiith of Guadaloupe River, Louisiana.
Menomi.nie.s, (Algonkins,) onco on Illinois r. ; now 300, W. Mississ. v. 142-4, 171.
Mess ass AGNES, 2,000 in 17(14, N. of, and adjacent to, L. Huron and Superior. v.4,n.
MiAMis, (Algonkins,) once on the r. of their name; now 1,500, beyond the Mississ.
MiKASAUKiES, (Seminoles,) about 1,000 in 1821 ; very warlike, iv. i)3, 128.
MiKMAKs, (Algonkins,) 3,000 in PCiO, in Nova Scotia; the Suriquois of the French.
MiKsuKSEALTON, (Tusliepalia,) 300 in 1820, Clark's River, above great foils, W. R.
MrNETAKEs, 2,500 in 1805, 5 m. above the Mandans, on both sides Knile River.
MiNUAWAucARToN, in 1805, on both sides Mississippi, from St. Peters upward.
MiNGOEs, once sucli of the Iroquois were so called as resided upon the Scioto River.
MiNsi, Wolf tribe of the Lenna Lenupe, once over New Jersey and part of Pcim.
MissouRiES, once on tliat part of the River just below Grand River.
MiTcHic.AMiES, one of ihe live tribes of the Illinois; location uncertain.
Mohawks, head of Five Nations; formerly on Mohawk r. ; a few now in Canada.
MoHEOANS, or MoHEAKUNNUKSjin IGIO, Hudson r. fromEsopus to Albany, ii. 87, U7.
MoNACANs, (Tuscaroras,) once near wiiere Richmond, Virginia, now is.
MoNGoui-ATCHES, on tiio W. side of the Mississippi. See Bavaooulas.
MoNTAGNES, (Algonkins,) N. side St. Lawr., betw. Saguenay and Tadousac, in 1609.
MoNTAi'KS, on E. end of Long Island, formerly ; head of 13 tribes of that island.
MoKATOKs, 80 in 1607; 40 in 1G6D, in Lancaster and Richmond counties, Virginia.
MosqiiiTos, once a numerous race on the E. side of the Isthmus of Darien.
Multnomahs, (Wappatoo,) 800 in 1820, mouth of Multnomah River, W. R.
MuNSEvs, (Dcliiwares,) in 1780, N. branch Susquehannah r. ; to the Wabash in 1808.
MusKOGEES, 17,000 in 1775, on Alabama and Apalachicola Rivers. See B. iv. 24.
Nabedaches, (Caddo,) on branch Sabine, 15 m. above the Inies; 400 in 1805.
Nadijos, betw. N. Mexico and the Pacific; live in stone houses, and manufacture.
Nandakoes, 120 in 1805, on Sabine, GO m. W. of the Yattassees; (Caddo.)
Nantikokes, 1711, on Nantikoke River; 1755, at Wyoming; same year went west
Narcotah, the name by which the Sioux know theuiselves.
Narkagansets, S. side of the bay which perpetuates theit name. ii. 21, 23, 38, 53.
Nashuavs, (Nipmuks,) on that river from its mouth, in Massachusetts.
Natchez, at Natchez; discovered, 1701 ; chiefly destroyed by French, 1720. iv. 43.
Natchitoches, once at that place; 100 in 1804; now upon Red River.
Nateotetains, 200 in 1820, W. R., on a river of their name, W. of the Facullies.
Natiks, (Nipmuks,) in Massachusetts, in a town now called after them.
Nechacoke, (Wappatoo,) 100 in 1820, S. side Columbia, near Quicksand r., W. il.
Neekeetoo, 700 in 1820, on the Pacific, S. of the Columbia, beyond the Youicone.
Nemalquinner, (Wappatoo,) 200 in 1820, N. side Wallaumut River, 3 in. up.
Niantiks, a tribe of the Narragansets, and in alliance with them. ii. 07.
Nicariagas, once about MicliiTimakinak ; joined Iroquois in 1723, as seventh nation.
NiPissiNS, (original Algonkins,) 400 in 1704, near the source of Ottoway River.
Nipmuks, eastern interior of Mass.; 1,500 in 1775; extiiict. ii. 18, 40, 10(); iii. 91.
NoRRiDGEWoKS, (Abcnakics,) on Penobscot River. See Book iii. 11!), 127.
NoTTowAvs, on Nottoway River, n Virginia; but 2 of clear blood in 1817.
NvACKS, (Mohicans,) or Manhattans, once about the Narrows, in New York.
Oakmu'.ges, (Muskogees,) to the E. of Flint River; about 200 in 1834.
OcAMEciiEs, in Virginia in 1007; had before beer, powerful; then reduced.
OciiEEs. See Uchees. — Perhaps Ochosos; 230 in Florida in 1826, at Ochee Bluff.
OcoNAS, (Greeks.) See Book iv. 29.
^AUNKE, 10,000 in 1820 on Vh"v;' "'*'•' "' *'erry P
P^wisTucENEMCK, 500 in 1820 "^^'^'^ Kansas; Republir.";': ^' r" '""'" """'^x^r-
Jawtuckets, (-Ninmi tc ? iv ^'"'"^1' brave tribo in ^u"'""''' ^o"PPs, and Pict«
Feli.oatpailah ri^u -^^ '" Dudley mUI '-"'"''nsford now is ■ exfinr-f
Pennakooks VNinmnk V ,' °" ^n island in Ppm?i .'^*"-' above forKs W R
PEquAKETs, (Abenakios fon "' ^^"'^'■' °"« of the five Srh""'^' f'" "' "i- ^4, 95
Q''i«i.M.;„„V'r.,'^';,''«i 850 i„ 1890, N.n„l..„.,. _. S'niror.
"iPissA are those ca IpH n ^' ^a'nsthocles N Pol . i ' "''^' '^e PaiJshs
iDjp.« B„„ o^*^ '=""ed BavairouIa« K„ .i. '-S,'. ^^- V'^Jmhia r. : y nnn ;„ tott; ^'
Qf'NNiPissA are those ca IpH r^' ^- ^alnsthocles N Pol , i ^^"' "^^' '^e PaiJsl,
Q— s. See p/sL'i'^it'.ri'rc^/t^''^--^^-^^^^^^^ '''"' '" ^^^«
»- - ■ ''-^^^s. Hist. Sec. iii.]8].
J-K.,EE, s^&S^^a- ^^20, on Chattahoochie r 19 k
«ouNn..„EADsf(H^;o„ " F ^^/oq"o's,do«^^^ the N S n7 h' i'^'^"'''''^ by s,n. pox
and N of ij,em.
s'd. Mississippi.
JliufTs. V. lao- 137
«-> New York, y 4
. »)0inJ840. v4
•Hocky Mountains.
y tribes.
oods and the Missis,
ate on s. side.
^*^00 in 1820. V 41
"iviJIa^reJnUonff;
','''^,/'-o,„ the river
■ s Kiver.
'.'f Mississippi.
:"iiain ](J07.
re IftOo.
^'"J " ■ Potoashs.
xtinct.
e Oinahas.
f-, 1755. ii. 3(5.
tivor.
omac River
es ; from Florida,
small number
'"."I?' "'"^ i'icts.
01 Missouri.
^°w is ; extinct.
' of 200 acres
>ovo forKs, VV R
ibove Bangor.
c Illinois,
^'isli in 1725
ii. lOl—lJo
817. "•
driven west.
louth.
I^apids, W. R.
"noctomichs
■V. 141,142.
5 English, iy. 4
Mass.
»• po.t in 1780.
iJuook River.
£ng- in 1707.
le Quiniilts.
t the Pailslis.
WO in 1820
INDIAN TRIBES AND NATIONS.
XI
Florida line,
lave Lake.
1 1820.
I'y sm. pox.
'•97; V. 14.
SACiiDAGur.its, (Powliatans,) perliaps the true name of the Powhatana.
Sankiiikans, the Delawares knew the Moiiawks by that name.
Samke', a small tribe in N. Carolina in 1701, on a river perpetuating their name.
Sai'onif.s, (Wananiies,) Sapona River, Carolina, in 1700; joined Tuscaroras, 1720.
Satanas, a name, it is said, given the Sliawanees by tiie Iroquois.
SAi;KK,or Sac. united witli fox before 1805; then on Mississ., above Illinois, v. 142.
Saitkiks, or Fai.i, Indians of the French, about the falls of St. Mary.
Savannahs, so called from tiie river, or tiie river from them; perhaps Yamasees.
Scattakooks, upper part of Troy, N. Y. ; went from New England about IG72.
Sr.MiNoi.E.s have been established in Florida a hundred years, iv. ubi supra.
Sk.nkcas, one of th(? Five Nations; "ranged many thousand miles" in 1700. v. 4.
Si.fo.vES, ill Virginia in 1775, but a remnant. See Saponies.
Serranna, (Savannahs') in Georgia; nearly destroyed by the Westoes about 1G70.
Skwefs, a small tribe in N. Carolina, mentioned by Lawson in 1710.
Shai.i.alah, 1,21M) in 1H16, on the Pacific, S. Columbia r., next the Cookkoo-oosee.
Shai.lattoos, on Columbia River, above the Skaddals; 100 in 1820.
SiiANWAPi'oNE, 400 in 1820, on the heads of Cataract and Taptul Rivers.
Shawane, once over Ohio; 1G72, subdued by Iroquois; 1,383 near St. Louis in 1820.
SiiEASTUKi.E, 000 in 1820, on the Pacific, S. Columbia r., next beyond the Youitz.
SiiiNiKOoKS, a tribe of Long I.sland, about what is now South Hampton.
Shosuonee, 30,000 in 1820, on plains N. Missouri ; at war with the Blackfeet.
SiioTO, (VVappatoo,) 400 in 1820, on Columbia River, opposite mouth of VVallaumut.
SicAUNiES, 1,000 in 1820, among the spurs of the Rocky Mounts., V/. of the Rapids.
Siorx, discovered by French, IGGO; 33,000 in 1820, St. Peter's, Missis., and Misso. r.
SissATo.NES, upper portions of Red r., of L. Winnipec and St. Peter's, in 1820.
SiTiMACHA. See Chitimicii.'
Sitka, on King George III. Islands, on the coast of the Pacific, about lat. 57° N.
Six Mations, (Iroquois,) Mohawk, Seneca, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Shawane.
Skadd Ai.s, on Cataract River, 25 m. N. of the Big Narrows ; 200 in 1820.
Skeetsomish, 2,000 in 1820, on a river of their name flowing into the Lastaw.
Skilloot, on Columbia River, from Sturgeon Island upward; 2,500 in 1820.
Skunnemoke, or Tuckapas, on Vermilion River, La., G leagues W. of N. Iberia.
Smokshop, on Columbia r., at the mouth of the Labiche; 800 in 1820, in 24 clans.
Snake. See Aliatans, or Shosiionkes.
Sokokie, on Saco River, Maine, until 1725, when they withdrew to Canada.
SoKULK, on the Columbia, above mouth of Lewis's River; 2,400 in 1820.
SouRKiuois. (Mikmaks,) once so called by the early French.
SouTiES, (Oltowas,) a band probably mistaken for a tribe by the French.
SovENNOM, (Chopunnish,^ on N. side E. fork of Lewis's River; 400 in 1820; W. R.
Spokain, on sources Lewis's River, over a large tract of country, W. Rocky Mts.
Squannaroo, on Cataract r., below the Skaddals; 120 in 1820; W. Rocky Mts.
Staetans, on heads Chien r., with the Kanenavish ; 400 in 1805; resemble Kiawas.
Stockbrmige, New, (Mohegans and Iroquois,) collected in N. Y., 178G ; 400 in 1820.
Stockbridge, Mass., (Mohegans.) settled there in 1734 ; went to Oneida in 1786.
St. John's, (Abenakies,) about 300 still remain on that river.
Susquehannok, on W. shore of Md. in 1G07; that river perpetuates their name.
SussEES, near sources of a branch of the Saskashawan, W. Rocky Mountains.
SvMERONS, a numerous race, on the E. side of the Isthmus of Darien.
Tacullies, "people who go upon water;" on head waters of Frazier's River, La.
Tahsaoroudie, about Detroit in 1723; probably Tsonothouans.
Tahuacana, on River Brazos; :! tribes; 180 in. up; 1,200 in 1820.
Tallahasse, (Seminoles,) 15 in 1820, between Oloklikana and Mikasaukie.
Tai.lf.wheana, (Seminoles,) 210 in 1820, on E. side Flint River, near the Chehawa.
Tamaronas, a tribe of the Illinois; perhaps Peorias afterwards.
Tamatles, (Seminoles,) 7 m. above the Ocheeses, and numbered 220 in 1820.
Tarratines, E. of Pascataqiia River; the Nipmuks so called the Abenakies.
Tattowhehali.ys, (Seminoles,) 130 in 1820; since scattered among ether towns.
Taukawavs, on the sources of Trinity, Brazos, De Ui>8, and Colorado Rivers.
Tawakenoe, "Three Canes," W. side Brazos r., 200 m. W. of Nacogdoches, 1804.
Tawavvs, (Hurons,) on the Mavvme in 1780, 18 m. from Lake Erie.
Telmocresse, (Seminoles,) W. side Chattahoochee, 15 m. above fork; 100 in 1820.
Tenisaw, once on that river which flows into Mibile Bay ; went to Red r. in 17G5.
Tetons, (Sioux,) " vile miscreants," on Mississ., Misso., St. Peter's; " real pirates."
Tionontaties, or Dinondadies, a tribe of Hurons, or their general name.
Tockwoghs, one of the six tribes on the Chesapeak in 1607.
Tonic AS, 20 warriors in 1784, on Mississippi, opp. Point Coup6; once numerous.
ToNKAHAN", a nation or tribe of Texans, said to be cannibals.
xn
INDIAN TRIBES AND NATIONS.
ToNKAWA, 700 in 1820, erratic, ubout Bay St. Bernardo.
ToTERos, on the mountains N. of the Sapones, in N. Carolina, in 1700.
ToTusKEVri. See Moratoks.
TowACANNO, or TowoASH, one of three tribes on the Brazos. See Tahuacana.
TsoNONTHOUANS, Hennepin so called the Senecas; by Cox, called Sonnontovans.
TuKABATCHE, on Taljapoosic River, 'M) m. above Fort Alabama, in 1775.
Tunica, (Mobilian,) on Red River, 90 m. above its mouth; but 30 in 1820.
TuNxis, (Mohegans,) once in Farmington, Conn. ; monument erected to them, 1840.
TusHEPAHAS, and Ootlashoots, 5,600 in 1820, on Clark's and Missouri Rivers.
TuscARORA, on Neus r., N. Carolina, till 1712; a few now in Lewiston, Niagara r.
TuTELOES. See Manooaks, or Manooaos.
ToTSEEWA, on a river W. Rocky Mts., supposed to be a branch of the Columbia.
TwiGHTWEEs, (Miamies,) in 1780, on the Great Miami; so called by the Iroquois.
UcHEE, once on Chattauchee r., 4 towns; some went to Florida, some west. iv. 141.
Ufallah, (Seminoles,) G70 in 1820, 12 m. above Fort Gaines, on Chattahoochee r.
Ugaljachmutzi, a tribe about Prince William's Sound, N. W. coast.
Ulseah, on coast of the Pacific, S. Columbia, beyond the Neekeetoos; 150 in 1820.
Unalachtoo, one of the three tribes once composing the Lenna Lenape.
Unamies, the head tribe of Lenna Lenape.
Unchagocs, a tribe anciently on Long Island, New York.
Upsaroka, (Minetare,) commonly called Crows.
Waakicum, 30 m. up Columbia River, opposite the Cathlamats; 400 in 1836.
Wabinga, (Iroquois,) between W. branch of Delaware and Hudson r. B. iii. 97, n.
Waco, (Panis,) 800 in 1820, on Brazos River, 24 m. from its mouth.
Wahowpums, on N. branch Columbia River, from Lnpage r. upward; 700 in 1806.
Wahpatone, (Sioux,) rove in the country on N. W. side Si Peter's River.
Wahpacoota, (Sioux?) in the country S, W. St. Peter's in 1805; never stationary.
Wamesits, (Nipmuks,) once on Merrimac River, where Lowell, Mass., now is.
Wampanoag, perhaps the 3d nation in importance in N. E. when settled by the Eng.
Wappings, at and about Esopus in 1758; also across the Hudson to the Minsi.
WARANANCoNoriNS, supposed to be the same as the Wappings.
Washa ws, on b ' rrataria Island in 1080, considerable ; 1805, at Bay St. Fosh, 5 only.
Watanons, or Weas. See Ouiatinons.
Waterees, once on the river of that name in S. Carolina, but long since extinct.
Watepaneto, on the Padouca fork of the Platte, near Rocky Mts. ; 900 in 1820.
Wawenoks, (Abenakies,) once from Sagadahock to St. George River, in Maine.
Waxsaw, once in S. Carolina, 45 m. above Camden; name still continues.
Weas, or Waas, (Kikapoos.) See Ouiatanons.
Wekisa, (Semin.,) 250 in 1820, W. side Chattahoochee, 4 m. above the Cheskitaloas.
Welch, said to be on a southern branch of the Missouri. Book i. 36, 37, 38.
Westoes, in 1670, on Ashley and Edisto Rivers, in S. Carolina.
Wetepahato, with the Kiawas, in 70 lodges in 1805, Padouca fork of Platte River.
Wheelpo, on Clark's River, from the mouth of the Lastaw ; 2,500 in 1820 ; W. R.
Whirlpools, (Chikaniaugas,) so called from the place of their residence.
White, W. of Mississippi River; mentioned by many travellers. See Book i. 38.
WiGHcoMocos, one of the six tribes in Virginia in 1607, mentioned by Smith.
WiLLEWAHs, (Chopunnish,) 500 in 1820, on Willewah r., which falls into Lewis's.
Winnebago, on S. side Lake Michigan until 1832; Oltagamies, &c. v. 141 — 143.
Wolf, Loups of the French; several nations had tribes so called.
WoKKON, 2 leagues from the Tuscaroras in 1701 ; long since extinct.
WoLLAWALi.A, OH Columbia r., from above Musclcshell Rapids, W. Rocky Mts.
WvANDOTS, (Hurons.) a great seat at Sandusky in 1780; warlike.
WvcoMEs, on the Susquehannah in 1648, with some Oneidas, 250.
Wyniaws, a small tribe in N. Carolina in 1701.
Yamacraw, at the bluff of their name in 1732, near Savannah, about 140 men.
Yamasee, S border of S. Carolina; nearly destroyed in 1715 by English, iv. 1:18.
YAMPERACK,(Catnanches,)3tribesaboutsources Brazos, del Norte, &c.; 1817,30,000.
Yanktons, in the plane country adjacent to E. side of the Rocky Mountains.
Yattas.see, in Louisiana, 50 m. from Natchitoches, on a creek falling into Red r.
Yazoos, formerly upon the river of their name , extinct in 1770. iv. 25.
Yeahtentanee, on banks St. Joseph's r., which flows into L. Michigan, in 1760.
Yehah, above the rnpids of the Columbia in 1820; 2,800, with some others.
Yeletpoo, (Chopunnish,) 250 in 1820, on Weancum r., under S. W. Mountain.
Youicone, on the Pacific, next N. of the mouth of Columbia River > 7d0 in 1820.
^(
See Tahuacana.
lied Sonnontovans
I, in 1775.
t 30 in 1820.
reeled to them, 1840.
Missouri Rivers,
■ewiston, Niagara r.
of tJie Columbia.
ed by the Iroquoig.
BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
OP THE
INDIANS OF NORTH AMERICA.
? since extinct.
; 900 in 1820.
ver, in Maine,
ntinues.
BOOK I.
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BOOK I.
ORIGIN, ANTIQUITIES, MANNERS AND CUSTOMS,
' &,c. OF TliK AMERICAN INDIANS.
O roiiM llirir nnricnl Incin ri«(' neiin,
Mow wiiiilil tliry tuki' up iHrnt'l'ii iitiiiitiiig itrnin I
Art tliim liMi I'.illfii, llii'rm r l»i> wv Mrn
The nililiiT unci tlm iniinliTcr wnik iii< wn ?
Tlimi, Hint Imal wii'ti'd ciirlli, iiiiil (larixl doapiie
Alike ih() wriilli Hiid iniTi-y <il' llio MkiiK,
'I'liy |>(iin|i is ill I In- Krave, lliy tflnry luid
I.oiv ill llic liil" lliiiii' iiviirire Iiiih iimiln.
VVi^ ooini' Willi jiiy Ircim oiii clcriiiil rint,
To Hci' llio oiiiiri'HHiir in liin turn opiires^rd.
An lliKii llie tiiid, till' lliiiiiilii 1)1' wimsii hand
itiilliiil (HIT all (I'lr ili-iuhiliMl liiml,
Shmik prliH'ipiililic^ mill kiiiifiliiiiH iliiwn,
Anil in nil' lliii iniiiintain* Ireiiilili' at hit Crown?
Tliii Hwiirl sliill litflil iipiiii ihy IkhhiimI jiowers,
Anil wniln lliriii a-i llnv wailril oiirn
•'1 ,> Ihiid Oninipiiti'iii'i! liiM law liillilM,
And vengoiince cxci'iilon what juilico willii. — Cowpb»
CHAPTER I
Origin of the, namf Indian. — WInj applied to the people foi Ad in Jltnerica. — Jlnrirnt
UHthors siipiiosid to hare rrfcrrul to •■Imirica in tliiir irrilings — Tlicopompus —
Voijiigc of tianno — Diodorus Siculus — Pliitu — Aristotle — Hcncca.
Thk name Indlitn was orroneoiisly applied to tlie ori<;iiml iimii of Aincricn*
by its first discoverers. The attempt to arrive at the East Iiidii s by snilin^
west, caused the discovery ot" tiie islands and continent of America. When
tiiey were at fn-st discovered, Columhus, niid many after him, snpposed they
had arrived at the eastern shore of tlie continent of India, and lience the p(;o-
])le they found thtu'e were called Indians. The error was not discovt^red mitil
the name had so obtained, that it could not well be changed. It is true, that it
matters but little to us by what name the i:idi<jeiies of a country are known,
and especially those of America, in as far as the name is seldom used amontf
us but in application to the aboriginal Americans. But with the people ot
Europe it was not so unimportant Situated l)etween f!ie two countries, India
and America, the same name fo the inlialtitants of l)oth must, at first, iiuve
produced consiilerabic inconvtMiience, if not confusion ; because, in speaking
of an Indian, no one woukl know whether an American or a Zealandtu- was
meant, unless by the context of the discourse. Therefore, in a historical point
of view, the error is, at least, as much to be deplored as that the name of the
continent itself should have been derived from Jlineriais instead of Columbus.
* So named from Vespuliiis Aiiieririis, a Florentine, who mndft a discovery of some purl
of the coast of Soiilli America in I 199, two years after (^alwt had explored the coast of NorlA
America; but Americus had the fortune to coafor liis iiumc upou both.
ON TIIR OHKHN OF TIIK INDIANS.
[Hook I
It hns lii'cii till' |iriiflicf oC iilmoHt cxfry writrr, ulin \mn uriltrii nlioiit llir
pritnilivf iiilitihiiiiiit.M >>{' i\ ((iiintn, tn ^ivc hihim' \vil<l iliiotirH n|' oiImi-h, <-(in-
rciiiiiiff their dii^iii, mid to rliiMc the iicioimt wiih liisouii; which iinally
liiis hrcii iiiiir*' \ i>iiiiiiii-\, if jioH^ihh, llinn iho.Kr ol' hiN |irrilriTWM(ir-<. I.oii^',
Inhiiriiiiis, iiiiil, wr imhn luhl, iim'Iom (liM|ni«itioiiN hiivi' hccti iliiily laid hdiirr
thr woihl, 1111111 ihi" discitxcr} (iC Aninicii hy fultiinlins to the iiirfTiit linic, id
fii(h'a\tir to cviiliiiii \>\ uliiit iiii'iins thr iidinhitiiMts got Iroiii tlic old to ttic
new world. 'I'd iM'l, tlK'rcliin-, in iiiiisoti \\ ith iniiiiy ot' our |iri-drri'H<4or^>, wv
will lir^iii MM liir hiifk (is tiny Iiiim' dour, and ho hIiiiII coniriH imt with V'/ico
p<;f(i/;i/.y and otlitrs, I'i'oiii iiitiiiiatioiis in w Iiomi' writiiius it is alltgid the an-
cit'iils had knowlrd^'c of AnMrini, and tlnriliirr |i<'o|ili'd it.
'I'luopoin/nis, a li'arnrd historian and oriitur, who (loiiriHJinl in the time ol'
./?/r,r(/*i(///" tlif (inat, in a lioo|< ciilitli'd 'I'fiiiiimd.tiir, <^\\f>* n sort of dialojrin'
Ix'tw'crn .Mii/iis thr IMiry>:ian and Siliniis. 'V\ir hook itself is lost, hut Slnilm
refers to it, and .Kllniius has ^i\eii iis the snhstanee ot' the dialogue wliii-h i'<\'
lows. Alhr niiicli conMrsatiiin, SUniiis said to .Mi'iln.i, that llinope, Asia and
Africa were lait islands surrounded on all sides hy the sea; hut that there was
a continent situated iieyond these, which was of innneiise dinieiisinns, even
without limits; and that it was so liivnriant, as to |irodiice animals of prodi-
gioiis ma^rnitiide, and men ^rew to doidile the lieight of thi'msel\es, and that
tlii'y lived to a far jjreater aj^e ;* that they had many great cities ; and their
usages and laws were dilfereiit from ours ; thai in one city there was more
than a million of inhahitants ; that gold and silver wen? there in vast i|iiaiili-
ties.f This is hut an ahstract from .Kti(t>iiis\H extract, hut contains all of it that
can he said to refer to a country west of Einope and Africa.} .Klliin or ,'Eli-
mmt.i lived ahont A. I). WO.
Hditno flom'isiied wlieu the ('arthagiiiians were iti their greatest |)rosperity,
but the exact time is unknown. Home plac*; his times 10, and others 1-10,
years before tlu^ founding of Itonie, wiiich would lit; about HOO years before
our vru,!) He waH an olficer of great enterprise, having sailed around and ex-
plored the coast of Africa, set out from the Pillars of Hercules, now called
the Straits of (Jibraltar, and saik'd westward MO «lays. Hence it is inferred by
many, that be must have visited America, or Homt! of its islands. He wrote a
book, which he entitled Periplus, giving an account of his voyages, vvbicb wua
translated and |)ublislied about l.^^'Ci, in (ireek.!!
Miuiy, and not without tolerably good reasons, l)eliovo that an island or con-
tinent existed in the Atlantic Ocean about this period, but which disuppeured
ofterwards.
* Itiiiyim mid Riujmil either had not read this slory, i>r they did not liclicvc it to have been
America; for ihey laiijjhl ihal all aiiinmls (lejfeiierated here. Rlaiiy <>/ the lirsl aiKenliirers
lo llieroasls of iiiikiuiwii coiiiilries reported iheiii iiihabileil l>y i^iaiil'*. t^wift wrote (iullirer'a
Travels to bring sui'ji aceoiinls into ridicule. How well lie succeeded is evideiil from u
comparison of books of voyages and (ravels before Hud aAer his time. Dubaitas has this
passage ; —
Our fearless sailors, in far voyages
(More led by Spain's hope than ilieir compasses),
On t!i' Indian s'lorc have sometime noted some
Wfiose bodies covered two broad acres room ;
Ami in the South Sea they have also seen
. Some like lii^li-topped and liiige-arnied Ireen ;
And oilier some, wliose monstrous backs ilid bear
Two mighty wheels, with wliirliiifj spokes, that were
Much like the winded and wide-spreadiiiff sails
Of any wind-mill turned with merry g;ales."
Dh'ine Weeks, p. 117, ed. 4lo, 1C1.3.
\ if^lian, Variar. Historinr. lib. iii. chap. viii.
\ Since the te.xt was written, diere has come into niv hands a copy of a translation of .i1'',li-
an's work, " in Kiifflishe (as well accordiiiff to the trulli of the (Jreeke lexle, as of the I, aline),
by Ahralwm F/finiin;.'' London, lo7t!, -ito. It differs not materially from the above, wliicli
is given from a French version of it.
ft F.iicyclopieilia I'ertliensis.
II The best account of llainin and liis voyages, with wliicli we are ac(|iiaiiitcd, is to be
found in .1/unu«a'4 Hist, of Spain, vol. i. 93, lO'J, IIU, 122, 133, and 150, ed. Paris, 1725,
6 vols. 4to.
riui"
/Xo
i.^litiidl
'/»(■
f >
-^
MMHi
riup. i-l
ON Tin: OIlKilN OF Till". INDIANS
Ihithrux Slriiiii.f «">" lliiit HoiiM" " Pltu'iiicimi.t wire cnut ii|ion n iii»mf f ililc
iMlMiiii ii|i|M>^ili' to MriVii." (M'tliiH, lif?<ii.vH, Ihcy k« |it llir mitf«l smili.«| ^i iT.-cy,
whirli WiiM (|(iiiliilr>H (leciixiiiiiril !>> tin ir jriiltiiiHy uC ilic iul\/iniiiu«" flu' dixcov-
«T\ iinf:lii In' I" '•"' iM-ij-'lilxiriii;; iiiitioii-., iiiHJ wliicli iliry wi^-liiil in fn'ciin-
wImiIIv to lln'mHcivcy. IHitilorun Sinilu^ iivi-il iil)i»iif l(K) yrarn lii'litin f AnW.
IsI.iikI-. King »M'^t "• I'.iii"!"' III"! Atrii'ii hit nitiiinly iiHiiiiiuiril liy lluinrr
iiimI Htiiiiir. TImV VMif riiijcd , llliititi fi.i, iiiiil welt' Hii|)|Mini<l lo lie nlHiiit
lO.OOd rnilon^'s Iniiii MVitii. Ilcic cxi-it.ii tin' iio in' I'alilfij lliy-iiiii tirliU
I5iit li) Im' iMoif |iiirtifuliir Nvitli lUiilorns, wr \\\\\ \v\ liini f<|ii nk I'tir hiint^ilf.
*'.\t)i'r liasiiij.' iiiiNsi'il Ml)' iNJiiiiilN uiiirji lii' Ixyond ilir llrri'iijiiiii Stitiii, \v(
will siniik iirtliosr wliicli 111' iinii-li liiitliir iiilii tlic nnaii. 'I'liwards .M'lira,
tiiiil III Mil' \M'>I III' it| i'* <>■> iiDiiii iisi' i.<i|aiid in llii' liroad >*rn, iiiMiiy days' Nail
rmiM livliia. Its Mill isvrry 11 rtili, and ils Mirliirr varii'^ralcd wiili iiiiiitiitains
and xalli'Ns. lis cnastH ai'r iinlciilril with iiiaiiy iiaviL^alilr riM rs, and its lit his
air uill inlli\ati d : dcliciims jiardriis, and variiiiis kinds «if plants and tires,"
III- linally srts it ilnwii as the tiin st roiintiy knuwn, wlirrr tlif inlialiilants
liavr ■'pariiiiis d\vi'lliii>:s, and rvrry tliiii)( in tlir ^firatrsi ph iii\. 'I'lisiyllii'
Iiiin: III" this ai'iMMint nl" Din lonis, it roir sponds vrry ui II with that jriviii nf
till' .Mcvii'ans whrii lirst kiinuii to llii- S|iaiiianls, lint jiiriiaps ii will niinparr
a-^ well With the ("aiiarii's.
I'liilii'.i ari'iiiint has nmrt' woiglit, jti'i'liaps, than any of the anriiiits. Hi-
livi'd ahiint tOO yrars lii-tiii'i> tho ('hiistian era. A part nl' his a<-i-i>niit is as
liilluWH: — "In tliiisf fii-st tiini-s [liinr nl" lis lii'in>r tirsi kiinwii], tlir Atlaiilii-
was a iiiiist lii'iiad island, and tliiTi^ wen- <<\taiit must piiwirtiil kiii^'M in it,
wliii, with joint tiircrs, appninti'd to ni-cnpy Asia and I'liriipc: And so a iimst
;;i-i('\iiiis war was rairiid iin ; in which llir Athriiiaiis, with thr runiiiion
I'oiisciit III' thr (ii'i'i'ks, iip|iiisr(l thi'iiisrhrs, and liii'V lici'aini' thr ronipii'rorN,
JSnt that Atlantir island, liy a lloml and larthiiiiaki', was indi-cd snddiidy
disti-oyi'd, and .so that warlikr pi'opli' wi'rr swallow i-d ii|)." lie adds, in aii-
otlii'f plari', " An island in tin' niniith nf'tln' s-a, in thr passa^i- to thosi' straits,
calli'd till' i'illai's of Hirnilts, did I'xist ; and that island was ;;i-i>ati r and lai°;r*'r
tliaii l.yliia and Asia ; fnini wliidi tlifri- was an rasy passa^jr ovrr to oiIiit
islands, and t'roiii thus,' islands to that rontini'iit, whii-li is sitnatid out of that
rriiiiiii." * "Ai/^/a/if sitlli'd in this island, lloin wlinsi' hoii, .///rt.i, its niiniir
waH di'iivt'd, and divided it aiiioii^' iiis ti'fi 8oiis. To thr yoiin^'ist lill th"
I'Xtn inity ol" tin island, railed 6V/ /I'r, wiiirli, in the langiiiifre of the country,
siffiiitii s yJ'Wi/r or (tbouiiiliiiu' in shtcp, 'I'lie disreiidaiitH of Ac/^^j/ip reixneil
liere, from liither to son, Uir a frr 'at niimher oC i^encialioiiH in the order of
|iriiiios(enitiire, diiriiif? the spaee of !HX)0 years. 'I'hey also possessed several
oilnr islands ; and, passiii<; into l''iiinipi> and Afrira, siiitdiied all Lyiiia as far
us I'lirypt, ami all Kiirope to Asia IMiiior. At length the island sunk iiiider
watr; and for a loii<{ time nlierwarilH the sia tlnreahoiits was full of
rock.s and shelves." t Tl'is aeeoiiiit, nithoiijrli iiiixeil widi fahli', eaiinot, we
think, he entirely reji'i'ted ; and that the aneiiiits had knowledjre ofcoinitrieH
westward of Kiirope appoiiis as plain and as well aiithentiented us any passige
of history of that period.
Jirisloile, or the author of n book whieh is generally nttrihiit 'd to liim, ^
speaks of an island lieyond the Straits of (iiliialtar ; imt the passajj- savors
80IIII thing of hearsay, and is as follows: — "Some say that, licyond the Pillars
of Iliirulis, the ('artliaginiaiiH have l()iind a very feriile island, lint without
inlialiilants, full of forests, navigahle rivers, anil fruit in aliiindaiiee. It in
.si'Mial days' voyage from the main land. Sum • ("arihiiginiaiis, charined by
the fertility of the eoimlry, thought to marry and settii; there; hut soiiio say
that the governincnt of Carihage foihid the setilenient upon pain of death,
froiii the fear that it would increase in power so as to deprive the nioiher-
coiintry of her possessions there." It'Jlrislolle li"d iitti-riul this as a prediction,
* AmiTica known lo tin- Ancii'iits, 10, 8vo. Hii.slon, 1773.
t Imk ycloiiirdiii I'lTllit'iisis, iirl. Al'l.ANTls.
X Vt' niir.iliil. iiuscnllal. 0|)iTi\, vel. i. Xf/fniir siiys of ihis hook, " Oi) rn f«"<nil hnnnour
aux ( 'aillui;(iiiois, «'l on rilaU iiii li\ro il'.'Xri^loto <|ii'il ii'a pas coiniio.')!'. '' fj.v.vo/ siir let
Mofurs el I'espiit des nations, liiap. cxiv. p. 703. vol. iv. of his works. Edil. I'aris, 1817,
inSvo.
1*
G
ON THE ORIGIN OF THE INDIANS.
[Book L
Cma»^
that such a thinj? would tiike j)l«co in rrpard to soino future iintion, no one,
perliapt*, would Ikivc callud hiin a (hist; |)r()|)lict, for flin Aniericaii revolution
woidd have been its full'ilineiit. Tliis |)liih)so|)her lived about JW4 vears Itefore
Christ.
Srnecn lived about the coiiinieurenient of tlio vulgar era. lie wrote trage-
dies, and ill one of them occurs this passage: —
' Vfiiii'iil annis
SffTiila seris, qiiilius nrcumis
Viiicula rcriiin liixot, rl ingeiis
P.iU'at Irllus, 'I'vpliisiiiie iiovos.
Dclcjfat <)rl)is ; iipc sil tcrris
Ullinia TImiIc."
Medea, Art o. v. 375.
This is ncar(!r pro[)hecy, and may be rench-nid in Eii<rlish thus : — " The
time will coiue when the ocean will loosen the chains of nature, an<l we shall
behold a va,«t country. A new Typhis shall discover new worlds: Thule
;hall no, longer be considered the last country of the known world."
Not only these passages from the ancient antlioi-s have been cited and re-
cited by moderns, but many more, though less to the point, to show that, in
pome way or other, America nnist have been peopled from some of the eastern
continentis. Almost every «'onntry lias claimed the honor of having been its
first discoverer, and hence the progenitor of the Indians. Ihit siiu'e the recent
discoveries in the north, writers ujion the subject say but little about getting
over inhabitants from Europe, Asia, or Africa, through the diflicult wav of the
Atlantic seas and islands, as it is much easier to jta.ss them over the nanow chan-
nels of the north in canoes, or upon the ice. Grotius, C. .Mather, HuhharJ, ni\d
after them Robertson, are glad to meet with so easy a method of solving .i
questioa which they consider as having pu/zied tlicir predecessors so much.
guppi
oiicel
bo|H[
shoti|
over
or w|
per)pl
a stal
1st, \\
beiiif.'
sea ol
to (le|
gran
Trojil
ui)onl
overt!
liin'tl
and |l
comil
was (j
reasol
gU.Mgl
lie sal
of th
9ei0t
CHAPTER II.
Of modem theorists upon the peo])'infr of .America — St. Gregory — Hcrrera — T.
Morton — If'illiamson — U'ood — Josselijn — Thurow^rooil — /Jdair — R. Williirms — C.
Miithrr — Huhbitrd — Rolierlson — 'Smith — Voltaire — Mitchdl — M'Culloch — Lord
Kaiin — Swintun — Culirira .
St. Gregory, who flourished in the 7th century, in an epistle to St. Clement,
eaid that beyond the ocean there was another world.*
Herrera argues, that the new world cou'd not have been known to the
ancients ; and that what Seneca has said was not true. For that God had kept
it hid from the old world, giving them no certain knowh dge of it ; and that,
in the secrecy and incomprehensibility of his providence, he has been |!leased
to give it to the Castilian nation. That Seneca's prediction (if so it may l»c
considered) was a lidse one, b 'cause he said that a new world would be dis-
covered in the north, and that it was fomid in the west.j Herrera wrote
about 15!)8,t before which time little knowledge was obtained of North
America. This may account for his impeachment of Seneca^ s prophecy.
Thomas Morton, who came to New England in UfH, publisliecl in J()37 an
account of iis natural history, with much other cm-ious matter. In speaking
upon the peopling of America, ho thinks it altogether out of the question to
* " S Groffoire sur I'cpistre de S. (^^Iciui'iii, <lil que passe I'occaii, 11 y a vii autre mond."
(Herrera, 1 Dcciule, 2.) This is llie vvliolf passage.
t Il.i(l.;5.
t Ho died 27 MarrI), 1G25. at the aE^o of al)oiU C>(> years. His namo was Tordesillas Anlonio
de Iferrera—nuc ol llii' best Spanisli iiisloriiiiis. Hit liislory ol'llie voyaift-s lo, and sctdt'iiiciit
of America is very miiiiile. and very valiiaMi'. Tin" ori<;inal in .S|)iiiiisli is very rare. Acos-
ta's translation (iiilu Frencli) 3 v. 4to., IGliO, is also scarce and valuable. It is litis wc cite.
'U-
■ miT ek:' , ttMitsuaM
Chaf. II]
ON THE ORIGIN OF THE INDIANS.
'» autre inoiid."
mifipoHe that it was peopled l)y tlie Tartars from thn north, hrcansc "a people,
oiKV scttli'il, must lie n-iiiovi'd liy CDinpulsioii, or tiW ti'mptcd thereunto in
hopi s (if Itetter fortunes, npon coMiMiindatiiiMs of the place mito whieh they
should he drawn to reinovi'. And it it may lie tiionirht that these people eame
over the i'nr/.iu sea, then woidd it hi" hy <'omindsion. If so, then by whom,
or when!' Or what part of this main eontinent may he tliouijlit to honler
upon the eoinifry of tlie Tariai-s? It is yet unknown ; and it is not like that a
peo|>li' well enouffh at ease, will, of their own accord, undertake to travel over
a sea of ice, considerinff how many ditlicidties they slial! encounter with. As,
1st, whellier tlieri he any land at the end of their ..nknowu way, no land
hein;.' in view ; then want of foo<l to sustain lif' in the mean time upon that
sea of ice. Or how shall they do for tiiel, to ke:'|) them at night trom tice/ing
todiallir which will not he had in such a place. Hut it may perhaps he
praiited, that the natives of this country miirlit orii;inally come of the scattered
'IVojans; tiir ath'r timt /inf/K.f, who was the fourth trom Kmas, I. It I.atium
upon the eoiillict held with the Latins (where altlioujrh he gave them a great
overthrtiw, to the shiughler of their grimd cjiptain and m.-niy otlit rs of the
ht r<ies of Laiinin, yet he held it more safely to d.part iinlo some other pliice
and peojile, than, hy staying, to run the lui/ard of an uiapiier life or dotililful
conipa St ; w hicli, as history midieth mention, he performed.) This people
was (lis|)ei'sed, there is no tpiestion, hut the pcoi)le tImt li\ed with him, hy
reason of their conversation wit!i the (jlreciiuis and Latins, had a mixed liui-
giiage, that p!u-tici|)ated of hoth."* This is the main groimd of .Morton, hut
lie says much more ii|ton the suhject; as that the situiliuity ot" tlie languages
of the Indians to the (iieek and Roman is very gretit. rroin the examples he
gives, we presume he knew as littli- id)out the Indian languages as Dr. Mntlur,
.■llau;mni Houilinot, who thought them almost to coincide with the Ihhrew.
Though JMorlon thinks it very improhahle that the Taitars came over hy tho
north from Asia, hecause they coiiUl not s. e land beyond the ice, yrt he tinds
no difficulty in getting them across the wide Atlantic, although he allows them
no eoni|)ass. Thiit the Indians have a Ltitin origin he thinks evident, because
he fancied he heard among their wonis Pasco-pmi, and hence thiidis, v ' hout
doubt, their ancestors were acquainted w itli the god Pmi.\
Dr. WilliamsonX says, "It can hardly l)e <)nc iont d that the Indians of South
Atnerira are descended from a class of the Hindoos, in the southem parts of
Asia." That they could not havt; come from the north, !)ecausc the South
American Indiiins are unlike tho.se of tie north. This s 'ems to clash with
the more rationid views of I''atl)er Venegan.^ lie writes as follows: "Of idl
the |)iirts of America hitherto discovi rid, the Californians lie nearest to Asiiu
We are acquainted with the mode of writing in all the eastern nations. We
can distinguish luitween the characters of the Japiuiese, the (^hinese, the
Chinese Tartai*s, the IMogul Tartars, and other nations extending as fin* as the
Bay of Kamschathka ; and learned disstjrtations c^n them, by Mr. liojfcr, are
to be found in the acts of the iinperial academy of sciences at Peti ishiirg.
What discovery would it be to ju -et with any of ihesi; characters, or others
like them, among tl.e American Indians ik arest to Asiti! Hut as to the Cali-
foiiiiiuis, if ever they were possess(>d of any invention to perpetuate their me-
moirs, they have entiiclj lost it; and a!l that is now found lunong them,
nuKunts to no more thiui some obscure oral traditions, prohtihly mere tuul
more adidterated by a leiig succession of time. They have not so much its
retained any knowledge of the particular country from which they emi-
grated." This is the account of one who lived many y<;«rs among tho Indians
of (Jaliliirnia,
iMr. fl'Uliam ff'aoil,]] who lell New England in Ki:?;},^ at\er a short stay, says,
"Of their language, which is only peculiar to themselves, not inclining to any
of the refined tongues: Some have thought tln-y might be of the dispersed
t Ibid. 18.
* New {^niinnii. Iiook i, piigcs 17 niid 18.
t III iii-i llisl. N. (^arnliiirt, i. '21(i.
j llisl. Ciillforiiiii. i. (iO. His work was piiblisliod at Madrid, in n.W.
Il I'lic aiilluir (i( a woik riililled A'-'/c hiiv/nml's I'l-fis/'irl, piiMislicd in London, 1G3-), iu
4li). It is a viTV rare, and, in some rrspuclsi, u curious and vuluublu work.
11 Prospect, 61.
ON THE ORIOIN OF TllF. INDIANS.
[HociK I.
Jfi\TO, l)iciuis(> some of their words Im^ m-jir iinK) the llfltrcw ; Init l»y tlir wimo
nilr, liny may tniicliKli- tlinn to he somr oC the ^li'miin;us of all nations, Itc-
caiis^' llicy have words wiiirli sound ath r the (ircck, Latin, I''r<'nrli, and otlirr
tonfincs."*
.\lr. Joint Joxsrli/i), who r»'sid«'il sonio tiino in New l-njjland, (Vom the year
l();l"<, says, "'riio iNIoiiawks arc aliont AOO: ihrir s|)(fcli a dialrct of thr Tar-
tars (as also is the 'I'nrkisli tonjtnc)."! In another work,] he says, " N. I'lnjf-
land is liy some atlirmed to he an island, hounded on the noilh with the iti\er
of Ciinnda (so called from IMonsieur Cnnt), on the south \^ilh the KiMr iMon-
heuan or //lu/.voo'.v Kiver, so called hecause he was the lirst that discovered it.
Some will have America to he an islaiiil, which out of (|uestion must needs he,
if ihire he a north-east passable foiuid out into the South Sea. It contains
I, I. V,M()l »,()(•() acres. 'The discovery of tlie north-west passajre (which lies with-
in the liiM'r ot' Canada) was imderlakeii with the Ik l|i of some Protestant
l<'retichmeii, which lift Canada, and retired to lli stun ahout the yeiu° Kiti!*.
The nortli-i-ast peojile of America, that is, N. I''ni;land, iVc., are judfjed to he
Tiu'lars, called Samoades, Ik in^ alike in comph xion, shape, liahit and man-
ners." We have fiiveii here a larjr<'r extract than the immediate suhjt ct re-
quired, hecause we would It t the reader enjoy his curiesity, as well as wo
ours, in s( cinir iiow people understood things in that day. linrldw, Uh k\]\q
but a small distance heyoml those times, willi great t'lejiance suys, —
" hi iIkkc lijmik periods, wlicrc no iiinn cnii Irticc
•rii(
II
111 llioiiL'lil lliiil lirsl 11
iiiiicn Ins rare,
IS crriir-. luiiied uilli science, loiik llieir l>iilli,
And loi-;! il llieir liMlirs (or llns thiiil ol enrlli,
And wlit'ii. iis oil, he dnreil cxiniiid his view,
And
irk willi nature on the lii
sjic drew,
isonic nions
ter, gendered in liis I'ciirs, nnnianiuM
His oju'iii'i;; son!, and nnirrod llie works lie pliiiiiicd.
Fear, llie lirsl passion of his helpless slale,
ItiMJoiiMes all die woes lliat roiiinl him wail,
I'loc ks nalMre's iialli. mid sends liiiii uanderiiipf widp,
Wiihout n piardiaii, niid uilhoiil a guide."
Co!iimb>(id, ix. 137. Sic.
Rovereiul Thomas Tliorowffoort puhlislied n small qiinrto, in \()^ihi,§ to prove
that tiie Indians were the .lews, who had heen "lost in th«' world for the spncn
of near 'KW) years." Hut w hoever has read .'Hair or lUmdinot, has, heside a
good deal that is irraiional, read all thai in ThorowiSfx.xl vtwi he termed rational.
/'»
He\ rend R>f^<r If'illinms wh", i\t one time, as jippears from Tharowssooi,
work, 11 of the same opinion. Hi ing written to for his o| iiiion of the origin of
the naiv s, "he kindly answers to those I iti rs from Sii!« ni in N. I'lni;. t2tth
of the lOth inoiith, more than 10 yeers since, I'/i h(vr virhay That they did
not come into .\merica from the nortli-o'ist, as some had imfijirinei', heihoiifrht
cvideii! Hir these rt asi iis : 1. their ancestors aflirm tlay came from the soiith-
wesl. and n turn tin nee when thiydie: y. hecause they ".•sepaiate tin ir wo-
men in a little wiiiwam hy thems»lv( s in tin ir ti'miiiine seasons:" and M. "he-
side their god Ki.tlnnil to the S. VV( st, they lioli! that .\'cr*/rtiri7?i«ir?71; (a scod
over In ui!) made the heavens and the i-i,itli ; i.nd some last of ;dliiiii) willi
the llehrew I have found."
Doctiir Cotton Motlur is an author of such siufrniar <nialitiep, that we alnioHt
licsi;ale to name him, lest we he ihoufflit without seriousness in so weighty
niatti
won It
r. Hut wi' will assure the n'ad(>r, that he is an author with wl.oni wo
I ill 1
o w ise part ; a
lid if
-oiin tinit s we ajipear not st nous in our intro-
duction ot' him, w hat is of more im|iortance, we Ik lieve him n ally to he so.
And wi> are pei'siiadt il that \\v shoiihl not hu })nriloiied did we not allow him
to spi-ak upon the matter belore us.
• Il.i.l. 112. od. 171.4.
t His act (iMiii of UM) voynp^es In New rns;laii<l, prinleil London, 1(17.1, page 124.
j New l"n:;laiiil Harilie^, 4, 5. prinletl Loiidi n, l('i72.
lis title 1 iMiiiiienees, '■ Diisiti'K Dei : Nfw Disroveiirs, with sure Aigiimenls In prcve," Jcc.
I'affes h and (i.
Uttiuinitoiiit is <ro</ in Delaware.— Wfc^t^u'f/t/fr.
Chap. U]
ON TIIK OUKJIN OF TIIi: INDIANS.
IIo snyH " It sliniild not pasH vvitlmiit ri'inark, that tliir.r, most iiiiMiiorMlili:
tirm"'s whicli liavf ln)riic a vorv f,'n'at aM|iiil ii|i<)ii humitn ajfitirs, did, in'ar tlu;
huiii" tiiiii', iiaiiiily, at llir (•oiicliisioii ('f i\h- Jijhinth, and tlio liriflmiiiif; of tlio
.<ii.rli<iilli, (ciilur)', arisr iiiilo the world: tiic (irst was tin- ltisurri<llon of
Liliritlitir ; tin; second was tlir oixiiiii;,' of .'imcrint ; tin- third was iho
lirformiillon of Wlifrion." Thus (In- we havi^ an instructive view oC the suh-
jcct, calculated to lead to the conclusion that, in the dark a^'es, when literaturt;
was iie<rl('cted and t'orfiollen, discoveries inif,'ht liave heen also, and lience the
knowledj^e of America lost l<ir a time. 'I'he reader must now suiinuon \m
•'ravin. " Hut," this author continues, "a.s |>roh;dtl\ the />«r//, s.-riucin;,' the
(irst inhahitants of Ami'rica into it, thereii' aimed at the havin;,' of them and
their itosleiilv out of thi^ sound of tin! s'dvfr InimpHx of the i^osjiel, then to he
heard throiifih the Itouian empire.' If the Ihvil had any <'Xpectation, that, l)y
the peoplin;,' of Amerii'a, he should utterly deprive any I'.uropeaus of the two
henelils, /i/mf/«/T (iml rdii^'mn, which dawned upon \\\v. uiiseralile worlil, (one
just hi/hir, the other just oj'lir,) the first (iimed navif,'ation hither, 'tis to l»o
hopi'd he will he disappointed of that e\pectation."f 'I'lie learned doctor,
iiaviuf; ((ir;j;ol^'n what in- had written in his (irst hook, or wishing to inculcati!
his doctrine more (inuly, nearly repeats a passaire which he had at (irst f;iven,
in a distant part of his work ; [ hut, there heiuf; consiilerahle addition, wi' re-
cite it : "'I'lui natives of the country now possessi'd hy the Nc-wenirlanders,
had heen li>rlorn and wretched lnitlhcn evi'r since their (irst herdiiif,' here; and
thouj,'h we know not ivhvn or how tlase Indians (irst Iircanie inhahitants of
this mijriity <'ontinent, yet we may j^ness that pndtahly the IhvU decoyed those
niiscrahl(! salvaj^es hither, in hopes that the jjospel of the liord Jenus (Jhrist
would never cou)e hero to destroy or disturh his ahsolute emjiire over then.
ISut our Kliot was in such ill terms with tin; Ikvil,, iis to alarm him willi
soninliiif,' the siVir/- Inimpiis of heaven in his ti'rritories, and make some nohlu
and zi'alous attempts towards outinfi: him id' ancient possessions here. Then;
were, I thirds, 'iO several luilions {\i' ! may call them so) (d' linlians n|Min that
spot of fxrouinl which (ell under tin; inlhicrnM! of onr 'IVirif I'm'Icd Colonit'n ;
nnd our FJint \\as williufr to r(!s(!U(! as many of thini as he could (iom that
old nsuipin;f /««<//o/v/ of .America, who ]», hij the wvilh f)/" (lo /, the prince ,f
this world." In several |)lac(>s he is decided in the o|)inion that Indians are
tScythians, and is confirmed in the opinion, on meeting with this passa<re of
Julius Ctr.vtr : ^^ DIJfirilins Invcnire (jiKtiii inlfifian" \\'\\\v\\ he thus renders,
"It is hard<'r to find them tiian to foil theui." At least, this is a happy appli-
cation of the pas.saf^e. Vtvsar was speakinj? of tlu; Scythians, and our histo-
rian a|)plies tin; |)assage in speaking of the sudd(;n attacks of tin; Iiniians, ami
tlu'ir agility in hiding themselves from |)nrsuit.§ Doctftr Matln-r wroti- at tin;
close of the seventeenth century, and his famous hook, Mui^nnlia (.'hiisti
Jlmcrirnmi, was puhlished in 1702.
.fl.lm'r, who resided 40 years (he says) among the southern IndiaiiH, previ-
ous to 177.5, puhlishod a huge (piarto upon their origin, history, &c. He tor-
tures every custom ami usage into a like; one of the Jews, ami almost every
word in their language into a llehrew one of the sann- nn'aning.
Doctor lioudinot, in iiis hook called "The Star in the Wi'st," has followed
up the theory of Adair, with such certainty, as he thinks, as that the "long
lost ten trihes of Isru(;l" are clearly idiMititied in the American Indians. Sucli
* This, we apprciiciid, is not entirely orijjiiiiil with our author, hut l)nr(lcrs upon plap^iari'im.
]\'nnl. till" ri'lrhrnted aullior of (lie " l^iinple Colilcr nf A>;'X(untiii'' savs of the Irish,
" These Irisii (aurieiilly railed millirnjinptidzi, tiinii-ealers) liav<! a Iraililinii ainoiiir ijioin that
wiicu the Devil siiowe<l our Saviour till the kiii<fili)tns of the earlli, ami their i^lory, llial ho
would not sliow him Irelaud, iuil reserved it Cor liiinsclf. Il is, [)r(il)al>lv, irue ; l<>r he liaih
liept it ever sinre for his own peculiar: the uhl fox foresaw it would e(lip-.r' the ejhirv of ail
the rest ; he ihouifht it wisdom to keep the land for a liosfijarils for his unclean spirils euiploved
in this hemisphere, and the people to do his son and heir {llie Pfipi') that service for which
1,1'vis the .\l k("pt his Unrlior Oliver, wliich makes them so liloodlhirslv." — Simfilc Cohler,
8(i, !i7. Why so much i;-all is pcnired out upon the poor Irish, we <'aniiol salisfaclorilv account.
The rirciuuslance of his wrilin;;' in the liuu- of Craniirfll will explain a pari, if not ihe whole,
of the cnifrma. He was the first minister of lpswi<'li, Massachusetts, l)ul was born ami died
in Kns;land
t Magnulia Christ. Aincr. b. i
X Ibid. b. ill.
$ See Mag-nalia, b. vii.
10
ON THE ORIGIN OF THE INDIANS.
[Book I
tlicorifs liavc pnincd inuny suppoiirrs. It i« of niidi liiglu'r niitiqnity tlinn
Jldnir, mid \v;is trcfiti'd as siicli visionary spocidaiiims sli<tidd he hy anlliors ns
far Itack aw tlic historian Huhl)(ii\l, who wroto ahoiit l(!8(>, and has this anioii«>
otht.T passajrt's: " If any ohscrvation lu' inadr of tht ir nianiicis and disposi-
tions, it's easier to sav tioin v hat nations tiiey thd not, than from whom tl:ey
did, derive their orij.nnal. Doidniiss their eonjectnre who fancy tliem to Ito
doscen(h'd from the ten trilies of th;* Israelites, carried captive hy Salamancser
and EmrhntltUm, hatii the h'ast show of reason of any other, there heini; no
footsteps to l>e ohservcd tif their |>ropin(piity to them more than to any other of
the triht s of tiie carlli, either as to their hmgnage or manners."* This author
was one of tiie hest Idstorians of liis times; and, <xeiierally, lie writes with lis
luuch discernment n|)on other matters as upon tiiis.
That Ix'canse the natives of one country and those of another, and eacli un-
known to the other, have some customs and practices in common, it has heen
urjjed by some, and not a few, that tliey must have liad a common orijrin ; hut
this, in onr appreiiension, (h>es not necessarily lollow. VVlio will pretend tiiat
ditli-rent peoiije, when placed under similar circumstances, will not have simi-
lar wants, and hence similar actions? that like wants will not prompt like ex-
ertions? and like causes produce not like ef^i'cts ? This mode of reasoning
we think sutiicient to show, that, although the Indians may have some customs
in common with the Scythians, the Tartai"s, Chinese, Hindoos, Welsh, and
indeed every other nation, still, the f(irm(>r, for any reason wo can se(> to the
contrary, have as good i ight to claim to themselves priority of origin as either
or all of the latter.
Doctor Robertson sliould have proved tliat people of color ])rodiice otiiers
of no color, and the contrary, before he said, " We know w ith iididlible
certainty, that all the human race s|)ring from the same som'ce,"f n-' <u;ing
Mam. He founds this broad assertion u)ion tli(> false notion that, to admit
any (Uher would be an iiuoad U|»on the verity of the holy Scriptures. Now,
in our view of the subject, we leave them e<|ually inviolate in assuuung a very
ditft rent ground;}^ nami ly, that all habitable partsof the world may lane been
peopled at th(> sauH^ tim^, and by different races of men. That it is so peo-
pled, we know : tiiat V \'as so jieojiled as fiir back as we bave any account,
we see no reason to disbelieve. Hence, when it was not so is as futile to
inquire, as it woidd be impossible to conceive of the annihilation of space.
When a new country was discovered, much inquiry was made to ascertain
from whence came the inhabitants ibiind u|)ou it — nf)t even aski;i<r whence
cnme the other animals. The answer to us is plain. 3Ian, the other animals,
trees and plants of every kind, were placed tliere I»y the supreme directing
hand, w hich carries on every ojieration oi' nature by fixed and und(>viating
laws. This, it must be |)!!tin to every reader, is, at least, as reconcilable to the
Bible history as the theory of Robertson, which is tliirt of Grotius, and all those
who have followed them.
When it has been given in, at least by all who bave thought upon the sub-
ject, that climate docB not change the compb xion of t!ie human race, to hold
uji the idea still that all must have spriuig from the same source, {,^ihm,) only
renunds us Oi on:- grandmothers, who to this day laugh at us when we tell
them that the earth is a globe. Who, we ask, will argue that the negro
changes his color by living among u;', or by changing his latitude? Who
have ever become negroes by living in their country, or among ihem ? Has llie
Indian ever changed his complexion by living in London ? Do those change
which adopt our manners and customs, and are surround 1 by us? Until
these (piestions can be answered in the atHrmative, we discard altogether that
unitarian system of peoj)ling the world. We would indeed prefer Ocid^s
method : —
" Ponerc durilicni ropprro, simmque rinforrm ;
ft'dlliriciiic mora, tn<)lliia(nie (iiirore I'ormam.
Mox iil)i rrovprmit, iialuraquc iiiitior illis
Conligit,"' &,r. &c.
Mi'lamor. lib i. fab. xi.
* Hi^i. Ni'w Kiiulaiid. "il. t \\is\. AiiRTit a. Ixxik iv.
\ Why talk of a ilii-nry's rla<liiiijf with holy writ, and say iioiliiiig ol' the cerlaiuly of the
■ciciices of gtograjiiiy, aslronomy, geology, &lc. ?
ON THE ORIGIN OF THE INDIANS.
n
pon the smIj-
'■»<•(•, to Jiold
Chap. H.]
That i.>» Deucalion miil Pyrrha performed the office by trav(!Hinj? over tlie
country and picking "I' clones, wliicli, ns they cust them over then- heuda,
bccami! yoiiiifr people hm they striiek the eurtli.
We iiieaii not to he undei-stood tliut the e.xterior of the Hkiii of people is not
cliant'ed hy cliiiiatc, for this i.s very evident; hut that the ehildreii of p'-rsoiis
would he any li^'iiter or darker, wliosc residenee ia in a eliinatt; ditrcreiit frotii
that in which they vvcire itorn, is what we (h-ny, as in the former ease. .\s
astonishinfj as it inav ap|>ear to tlie suecinet reasoner, it is no less tnu', that
\h: Samuel Slanliope SmiUi lias put forth an oetavo hook of more tliati 400
paiies to prove the unit)/, as he expresses it, 'of the human raee,' that is, that
air were ori^inaliy deseended ti-om one man. His reasoning is of this tenor:
"The .Vmerieaii and European sailor reside ecpialiy at the ])oie, and under the
erpiator." Then, in a triumpliant air, he demands—" Why tluMi shoidd we,
witliout necessity, assume the hypothesis that originally there existed ditfertjiit
speeies of the human kind ?"* What kind of argument is eontained iitsre we
leave the reader to make out ; and again, when he would jtrove that all the
human family are of the same trihe, he says that negro slaves at the soulh,
who live in wliitt' tamilies, are gradually found to conform in features to the
whites with whom tlnsy live If Astonishing! and we wonder who, if any,
knew this, heside the author. Again, and we have done with our extraordi-
nary philosopiier. Ho is positive that deformed or distignred persons \yill, in
process of time, produce oflspring marked in tlie same way. That is, if a
man practise Huttening his nos;-, his ortspring will have a flatter nose than he
would have had, had his progenitor not flattened his ; and so, if this offspring
rep«!at the process, his ofl'spring will have a U'ss prominent nose ; and so on,
until the nose he driven entirely off' tin; face! In this, certainly, our iiuthor
has taken tpiite a roundahout way to vanquish or put to flight a nose. We
wish he could tell us how many ages or generations it would take to make
this formidahle concpiest. Now, for any reason we can see to the contrary, it
would he a much less tedious business to cut off" a meniher at once, and thus
accomplish the object in a short period ; for to wait several generations for
a iiishion seems absurd in the extreme. A man must be monstroiis'y blind
to his pri'judices, to maintain a doctrine like this. As well migiit h:> argue
that colts would bo tailless because it has long been the |»ractii-(; to shorten
tli<T tails of horses, of both sexes ; but we have never lieanl tiiut colts' tails are
in the least affected by this practice which has been performui on the lioi-so
so long, t Certainly, if ever, we should think it time to discover something
of it! Nor have we ever heard that a ftMiiale child has ever been born with
its ears bored, although its ancestoi-s have endnrei' tlie painful operation for
many generations — atul here we shall close our examination of Mr. SiuiMs
400 pages. •§
People d light in new tlieorie. , and of\en hazard a tolerable repntntion for
die sake of exhibiting tluiir abilities i'i)on a subj-ct on which they have vei-y
vague, or no clear conceptinns. Hud Dr, Smith read the writings of Sir
Thomas Brown, lie could hardly have advanced siicli absurii opiiiiors as we
have before noticed; it) Inilecd, he were possessed of a sine ni'iid. Dr.
Brown was of the age previous to that in wliic.h Bvffon I v d. In ^pe iking
of complexion, he says, "If the fervor of the sun were the so e cans > I ereoif,
in Ethiopia, or any land of negroes, it were also reasonable tliat inh birants
ol the same latitude, siibj-cted unto the sime vicinity of tie sun, the same
diurnal arch and direction of its rays, should also partike of the sniue hue
and complexion, which, notwitlis'anding, they do not. For the inh bitanls
of the sune latitude in Asia are of a different complexion, as are the inhalfit-
ants of Cambegii and Java; insomuch that souu^ conceive the negro is
pro|ierly a native of Africa ; and that those p'aces in Asia, inhabit.d nyw by
* Smitli nil romplex'on, N. Pnm<:\virk. N. J. 1810. p. 11. t T''i'l. 170, 171.
t Til" autlior |>lt'ails riol %wVy lo ilie clinrgp of pliis^iiirisin ; for it was nol iiiilil sooic months
afler the text w.is wrillcii. itiat ho kiio'v ihat even (his idea linil ooriirrc<l lo niiv one. lie has
silKO real an e\tr,i"l very similar in |)r. Lawrence's vahiahle I.erliires on Zcmlopy, iVr.
^ On reflection, wo have ilioinjlit our remarks raiher pointed, as A!r. Sinitli is iiol a living
author ; but what called tliem I'oriii must be llieir apology.
\\ I *
12
ON THE ORIfilN OF THE INDIANS.
[Rook I.
Moors, nrr> liiit tlio iiitnisioiic of nofjroos, nrriviiif; first from Africa, iis we
fi;^'ii(Mally (•(Uiciivr of .'Miu'ajfiiscar, and tin- adjo'miiif; islanils, who n-taiii llio
Hariic coinplcvioii iinro tliis day. lint tliis delect [of latitude upon roni|)le\.
ion] is more nniarkalile in America, wliicli, alllion^di Huhjectcii nrito liotli tli<>
tropics, yet are not the inhaltitants black between, or near, or under eitiier:
noitlier to the southward in Brazil, Ciiiii, or I'eru ; nor yet to the norib ward
in !lispanio!a, ("astiha, del Oro, or Nicarajjua. And altbouf^b in many parts
thereoi", tlcrc be at present, swarms of negroes, s<Tvinj? under the Spaniard,
yet were they all transported from Atiica, since the discovery of ("obnnbus,
uiid are not indij^^enotis, or pro])er natives of America." *
Hence it is tnident, that "200 years before Dr. Smith wrote, tho nf'tion that
situation of plact; affected materially the color of tho hmnan specii-s, was
very justly set down among the "vuljjar and common errors" of the linn R.
Anotiier theory, almost as wild, and (put(! as ridiculous, respectiiifj the
animals of America, as that Jidvanced by Dr. .S'. .V. Smith, seems here to pre-
sent itscdf. We have reference to the well-known assertions of Ihtffon and
f{nifnal,\ two pliilosophers, who were an honor to the limes of Franklin,
whii li are, that man and other animals in America dcfrenerate. { This has
bei M met in such a mast«'rly manner by Mv. Jefferson, § that to reja'at any
tbinjr here woidd be entirely out of place, since it has betui so often copied
into works on both sides of the Atlantic. It may even be foimd in some of
the bi'st Iwifilish Kncyc|o|);edias. ||
SmithM do s not deal tiiirly wilh a passa<je of Voltaire, ndatiuf,' to the peo-
pliufi of America ; as lit; takes only ;> part of a sentence to conunent U|)oii.
I'erhajts he thoujrht it as much as he was cajialile of manajiiii'r. ** The com-
plete sent«'nce to which we refer we translate as follows: — " There are found
men and animals all over the habitab'e earth: who has put them upon it?
We have already said, it is he who hiis ma<le th«! jrrass grow in the ti(lds;
nnd we should be no inore surprised to find in America men, than we should
to fli)d flies." ft We can disco\er no conlradiction I etween this passage and
another in a distant jmrt of the same work ; and whi(di S' ems more like the
p:ssage I\Ir. .V;;i(7/i has cited: — "Some do not wish to believe that the cater-
pillars and the sii,;ils of one part of the world should be orijiinally from an-
other pa't : wherefore be s'Stonislied, tluMi, that there should be in America
some kiials of animals, an 1 some r.ices of men like our own ? " \l
J'oJInire has written upon the subject in a nuimer that will a-lways bo
attr.icting, howi ver much or litt'e credence m ly be allowed to what he has
wrilt'U. We will, lhe;ebn>, extract an entire article wherein he engair' 8
more [iroiess dly upon ihe (pies i )n than in other parts of h s works, in which
he litLs rather incident, ,lly spoken upon it. Tie chapier is as fellows: §§ —
"Since miny (iiil not to make systems upon the nuuuier in wliich America
h:is been | copi d, it i-* I -ft on'y (or us to s:iy, thit he who creaM d flies in
those ngioiis, created man lliere ; Iso. However plea>-ant it may I:e to dis-
pute, it cannot be ('en ed that th- Supreme Being, who lives in nil natme, ||||
lins cria'e I abiut the 48° two-legired anim;;Is without f aihers, the color of
wlins • skin is a mixtun^ of white and carnation, with long bi-aidsapproixdiing
to red ; about the line, in Afiica nnd its islunds, negroes without beards ; and
* ■' Psriiiloilo.i ill Epiili .nirn : or Inqiiirips into very ninny Rorcivod Teiionls, nnd comnion-
ly rpi'civod 'rrnilis; lofifcilicr will) the Kkligio Mkdici. By Tliomas lirmvn, Kl. M. 1)."
Pajfi' ii'.i, () (MJilion, tlo. London, 1()72.
t Alter spcnkinoc of the cfVeci of llic clinmlo of tlip old world in prodnring man an(' other
anininis in prrffction, lie iidds, ■' (^omliien, an ronlrnire. la nalnre pnrnil avoir ncffliff'^
nonvcni! niond ! I,rs lioinmcs v soni moins forts, rnoins cournft'enx ; snn^ harhe <H sf ns poil,"
Stc—flhloiie rhllnx. d,-s ilenx Irnhj, viii. 210. Ed. (Jcncva. 1781. 12 vo!s. 8v'o.
f Kfi/Af/'v docs not nay quite as itinrli, lull says tliis: — " I,n nature onfin m ait donne aux
Anipri<'ancs heanroiip moitis d'indnslrin niiniix liomiiip'i do I'anripn mondc. Toule'^ rpsrau.sos
ensenil)lc onl pu nuirc honucoup A la populalioa." — [(Eiirres, iv. 19.] This is, however, only
in refereiire to the Indians.
^ In his Notes on Virsjinia. Qiier. vii. || Perthensls, i. ^37. (Art. Amfr. ^ .13.)
Tf fliiiniip/ Smith, who pnlilislied a history of New .leriey, in 17fi.'), prinle<l at Hurlinfflon.
"* See Hisi. N. J. 8. tt Essni siir les' Moeurs el I'Espril dcs Nalions. (CEuvres, iv. 18.)
tt Ihid. 703. ^ n':nvrps. 1. vii. 197. 198.
nil Will the reader of this call Voltaire an atheisl 1
'• [Hook I.
from Afrirn, as wr
iiiil.s, wli.) retain the
tilde iipiiii comiilcx-
jiM-tC'd unto liotli the
III-, or iiiuh'r cither:
<'t to the iiorihward
oiiffh ill many parts
MKh'r the S|mniard,
overv or('(diimhiiH,
rote, the nation that
imiiaii species, was
>i-s" of the timis.
nils, rcs|)ectiiip tlie
s(;ems lierc to pre-
ions of Huff'on and
limes of Frmiklin,
nerate.t This has
that to <-e[)cat any
Mui so often copi(Ml
! lotind in some of
rfdntinj,' to the pco-
to eommeiit upon,
rinjr.** 'Ihe com-
-" There, are found
•lit thorn upon It?
;i-o\v in the tii his ;
•II, tliaii we shonhl
ii lliis passasre and
ems more hke tho
'vo that the cator-
irijiinally from aii-
Id he in America
will a-Iways bo
to what he has
"cin he enjrasri s
works, in wliich
as f()ih)ws:^^§ —
which Ainirien
crea'< d tlies in
it may l;e to dis-
in all nainro. III!
IS. the color of
«lsap|iroi;cliinjEr
out beards ; and
ON Tin: OUKJIN OF THE INDIANS.
i;l
lonis, ami commnn-
liimi-n, Kt. M. I)."
iiig- man aii(l oihcr
irnrl avoir iif"o-|ijr(i
larlHMU .spiis poll/'
lis. 8i'o.
in mail cionne aiix
Tomes res raii.sos
s is, hovvovcr,only
t. Amkr. ^ 33.)
(I al I?tirlin!rlon.
(CEuvres, iv. 18.)
[Chap. II]
tin tlic same latitude, other ne<rroes with boards, fome of them linvln^' wonl
aii<' ■<oiiie hair on their heads; and anion;; them other animals (imte wiiite,
haviii" neither hair nor wool, but a kind of while silk. It docs imt very
clearly apiicar wiiat should have prevented (in I from placiiiir on another
eoiitiiieiit animals of tin; same species of a eoi)pcr color, in the s;mie l.ititiide
in «hich, in .ifrica and Asia they are foiinil tilack ; or even from making; tlicin
without beards in the very s;mie lititiidc in which others )>oss •.'-s tliciii. To
what lenirths are we carried by the raire for .systems joined with tli- tyranny
of pnjiuFice! We see tlie.-;e" animals ; it is airreed that (iod has had the
power" to place them wliere they an; ; yet it is not airreed that he has so
placed them. The same pei-soiis who readily admit that the bcavirs of Canada
are of Canadian ori^nii, assert that the men must have come tlicn* in boats,
and that Mexico must have been ])eo|)led l)y some of the descendants of
.'Wrtjrog-. As Avell mi^dit it lie said, that, if there be men in the moon, tliey
must hiive been taken there by ./i.?/o/;:>/irt on his bippo<jrrift', wlitii he went to
fetch Roland's sense.s, which were corked up in a bottle. If .Vmericn had
been discovered in his time, and there bad then i)een iikmi in F,uro|)e st/slem-
fl/iV enon^'li to have advanced, with the Jesuit Lnfilau,* that the Ca-'ibbees
descended from the inhabitants of Caria, and the llurons from the Jews, be
would have done well to liav(! broiipht back the bottle containing the wits of
these reasoners, w liicli he would doubtless havi^ found in the moon, alon"
with tlio.se of .hiffelica\<i lover.. The first thing done when an inhabited island
is discovered in the Indian Ocean, or in the South Sea, is to inquire, Whence
came these jieople ? but as for the trees and the tortoises, thej/ are, withotit
any hesitation, jironounced to be indigenous ; as if it were more diffictdt for
nature to make men than to make tortoises. One tbinjj, however, which
seems to coiiutenanee this system, is, that there is scarcely an island in the
eastern or western ocean, Avbicli does not contain juggler.^ fiuaeks, knaves,
and Ibols. This, it is probable, gave rise to the opinion, that these animals
are of the same race with ourselves."
Some account of wliat the Indians themselves have said upon the subject
of their orisriii may be very naturally looked for in this place. Their notions
in this respect can no more be relied upon than the fabled stories of the gods
in ancient mythology. Indeed, their accounts of primitive inhai)irants do not
a^ree b(>yon«i their own neighborhood, and often disagree with tlii>inselves at
ditlereiit limes. Some say their ancestors came fl'om the north, others from
tli(; north-west, others from the east, and others from the west; sonv from
the regions of the air, and some from und(!r the earth. Hence to raise any
theory upon any tiling coming from them upon the subject, would show
imly that the theorist himself w:'s aa ignorant as his informants. We might
as well ask the fore.«t trees how they came planted upon the soil in which
they grow. Not that the Indians are nmntelligent in other affairs, any further
tb.an the necess:iry conse(|nence growing out of their situation implies; nor
are they less so than many who have written upon their history.
" In one pravc maxim let ii.s all agree —
Nainro no'cr meant Iilt .seorcls sliould be found.
And nian's a riddle, wiiicli man cnii'l cxnoinid ! "
I'ainc's Ruling Passion.
The different notions of the Indians will be best gathered from then- lives
in their prop(T places in the following work.
Dr. iS. L. Mitchill, of New York, a man who wrote learnedly, if not wisely,
on almost every siiiiject, has, in his opinion, like hundreds before him, set the
great question, Hnw was Jltnericn peopled'? at rest. He has no doubt but the
in(!ians, in the first place, are of the s ime color originally as tho north-eastern
nations of Asia, and hence sprung from them. What time he settles them in
the country be does not tell us, but gets them into Greenland about the year 8
or 900. Thinks he saw the Scandinavians as far as the shores of the St,
Lawrence, but what time this was he does not say. He must of course make
* lie \vr»to a liistory of ilie savages of America, and maintained that the Caribbee Itui-
guage waj radically Hebrew.
' tW W'\ I
!
I
14
ON rilK OlMCil.N OF TIFF, INDIAN'S.
(Hook I.
tlirt'o prnpic' tlio buildcrH of tlir' mounds Hcnttoml nil over tlip wrstcrn roiin.
iry. M'tiT all, we ii|)|)rrlicii(l tlir doft'.r would linvf short timi- tor his ciiii-
^raiits to do aii that iiatiin' and art lia\c doin' toiii'hiii^ tlii's*> matters. In ilic
I'nst place, it is evident that many "ires passi d away tWuii the time these
tiimiiii were heumi until they were linisiied : 'Jd, a miiltitiidt! of aires must
have |).is-ed t iiiee the ns;- t'or whii'h they were reared has heeii known ; loi'
trei s iil'the a^'t; oC'^'XJ years irrow li'om the rnins of othei*s which must Iimm'
!iad as irreat up" and, .'{(i, no Indian nation or trihe has the least tradition
concernini; them.' 'J'his could not have liM[»|U'ned lia<l the anc' stors ol' llic
presi lit Indians l»een the «'r( ctnrs of them, in the nature ot'thiiiirs. f
The ohser\ation of an author in Dr. I{trs\i l',ncy(dopodia,t alilmuji'li saying
no more than has been already said in our synojtsis, is, neverthi'h ss, so ha|)py,
that \ve should not feel clear to omit it: — "As to those who pretend that tin:
hmnan rare has oidy ol' late found its way into America, hy crossiu!,' the sea
at Kamschatka, or the Straits of Tsclnitski, either upon the fitdds of ice or in
canoi's, they do not consider that this opinion, Ite.-ides that it is extremely
dillicult of com|>r<dieiision, has not the least tendency to diminish the prrdi-
ii\ ; tor it would he siu'prisinji' indeed that one half ot'oin- planet should have
remained without iidiahitants during' thousands of years, while the other hall'
\.as jiopled. What renders this opinion hss pniliahle is, that America is
snppoM (I in it to have lia<l animals, since we cannot brinjj those species of
animals from the old world uhicdi do not exist, in it, as those <d" the tapir, llic
i;lama, and the tnjactu. Neither can we admit of the recent oriraifi/atioii of
matter liir the western hemisphere; liecause, independently of the accnmu-
lateil dillicidties in this hypothesis, and w hieh can hy no means he solved,
wo shall ohserve, that the tossil hones discovered in so many parts of Ameri-
ca, tind at such small depths, prove that ceit;iin species ol'animals, so far from
ha\ iuf,' lieen lecently orfrani/ed, havi! heiii annihilated a lonjj while airo."
IJifore we had known, that, if \ve wcro in error, it was in the company of
|»liilosopliers, smdi as we have in this (diapter introduced to our readers, wi>
i'elt a hesitancy in avowin<j our opinions upon a matter of so ;rreat moment,
lint, after all, as it is only matter ot' honest opinion, no one should he intoh r-
ant, altliouifh he may he allowed to mak(^ himself and even his tViends merry
ut our expense. When, in the days of ('hninosliim, some venlun'd to assert lliiir
ojiinionsof the rotundity ot' the earth, that learned liitlier "did huitrii at them."-;
.\nd, when science shall liav(! proijrresst d sniilcieutly, (it" it he possible,) to set-
tle this (ua'siidii, thert; i.s ii possibilitv tli.it the ('hnisoslonin of theses davs will
not have the same excuse I'or their iutidcdiiy. lint as it is a day <d' jn-oili'^ii';.
there is some daiifr<M' of troiitin^' lii;litly ev. n the most seeminjriy absurd con-
jecturc.i. We (Ik reforc' li el very sad', and mor • es|»ecially as it retpiired coii-
siili rabli! hardihood to laugh even at thri theery of the late Mr. Xy
mmr.t.
When we lately took up a bonk enti led " /i'.tfff/v/ir.f, I'lnloaofihintl an I . hill-
qunri'iti, ronrrniimr the .I'xtrlirinitl IliMoni of .■hn-ririt, by .1. II. .M'Crr.i.on, ./;•.
iSl. I)."|| we di.l think, from the impo-injj; ap|».'arance of it, that some new
matt IS on the; sidiject had been dis overed ; and n oieparticidarly when we
read in the pref;ce, that "his fn"st objrct was to ovplaiii the oriiiin of the men
and aniinaU of Americ.'i, so lar as that (piestion is in\<ilved wiili the apparent
physical i'upi'dimeiits that liavf! so loiiij kept tli(i subject in total obscurity.''
Now, with what success this has be en done, to do the anther justice, he shall
siieak
I'or li
imsi if, and the reader then mav judire for bimsidf.
"Md'oniwe attempt to explain in what maiUKir tlie men and animals ot'
AiiKM-i'a reaclu'd this continent, it is necessary to ascorta'u, if |)ossil)ie, tlio
circimi.-tinces of their ori;rinal creation ; (lir u|ron this essential particidar d'-
))en(ls the jrreat interest of our present invesiiirjiiion. [We ar(' not able to
disi-over tiiat be has said any thing fnrtln r upon it.] ft must be evident that
we can arrive at no .satisfactory com Iiision, if it !);> doubtful whether the Crea-
tor of the nniver.SL! made inuti aiul the animals but in one locality, from
Cii w
elM'r
this ui
th'- on
nioial
what
ni:in,
Hpeei
['I'hat
white
Jjiitrn
this
Irom o
the
itiialw
paiu I.
show
ahsirar
(itli*
familx
it b- o
airree \
trac; s
of ("oh
with tl
betw.'e
entl\
other t
liin- til
specis I
and til
We liiK
ical CO!
one wi!
creatioi
as " ret
upon n
the sup
coidil 1
that a (
to tell I
wh\ lit
As ii
to ipiot
reinarl'
We
object
every i
(piestic
with ii
a sentt
|)ower
men, ;i
contai
* Or nniip lint siirti ns nrp al varianro with all iii-ilor}' ami rationality,
t Arcliiroloyia Americana, i. .'W."), :VH\, 'M\ . \c.
See Arosia's Mist, F. ami W. Imlios, p. i. cd. Loudon, 1G04.
I'iil>lislK'a al llaltiinore, 1829, in 8vo.
t Art. America.
^'Urf
fvcrflicli ss, so liii|i)iy,
\ Art. Ameuica.
tiian, iioiwilh.-^liiniliiii;' nil lln' divcrsilits
fipccii's, iw II tnilli iinw imivcr.silly iidiiiiiifd li.\ cmtv |ili\.''ii>l()::i.al iMtiirali^..
['I'lial \», iKtiuiili.-tiiiidiii.ir a iiff^ro he Id.ifk, tin liuiiiiii limwii, a l',iiri>i>> .iii
viiitc, .-lill, lIu'V an- ail iiifii. And (lien loilows a <|niilaliiiii I'l'dni lUicior
Ij>iirrnur-\<> i "orrolioralc tlir liirl that incii art" all ol" on.' s|».'cics.j ii is trnr.
this |iliysinlii'jirt doi's not admit that the liiiinaii spi'i-ii s iiad tin ir orijiin Imt
ironi oiii' |i:iir; lor ln' (disrrv.s, tin- saim- s|MM-irs miijlil have ln'rii cicalcd at
tlic .-line lime in very dilK rent |iail.s of ihi' cirili. IJiit wht'ii \\v liavc
itn:d\/i'd tlio in«)ral hi.-tory ol'inaiikind, In uiiicli .Mr. fjiiwiriirc .-;<•(•. ii.< In IiuM'
p.ii.i l.ttli' !itt;-ntioii, [and if oiir aiitlior lia.s doin' it, \\v would thank liini to
show ii.-< wlicn' w.' ciiii find it,] \v(! find siii-li titrongly-inarkcd aiialniiii-.s in
ali.sirait inallir,-i cxistiii;;- aiiioiiji' nation.^ the nio.-Jt widely separated (Voin eacli
dtlii r. that we eaiiiiot diinitt there has lieen a time, when the whule human
id\ iiave iiiiimately pariii-iiiatcd in on;- common s\stem of thiii;.;.^ winlhcr
timii
'i\< uiiimaK i> pill I II 1 1 'i'.i' 11 111 till. I iMiiiiiwii .-^t .-^iv III III iiiiii^i->, ,,111 iiiii
it !).■ <d' tnilli or of error, <if science or of prejuilice. [This does not at all
nsrree with what he .says atlersN aids, 'We have lieeii unable to discern any
traci s of .\siatie or of JMiropeaii civili/atioii in America prior to the discovery
of ( 'nhimhii.s.' And a^iain : * In comparing,' tin- liarhariaii nations of .Am rica
v\ilh those of the eastern continent, we perceive no points of rcsemlihiiice
lietw.'eii them, in their moral institutions or in their liahits, that are not appar-
lie necessiiies of liiiinaii lite.' If, then, there i.>< no allinily.
\^llll> |1'ltII\(V(l lit lilt Jl\\».^. -Iinn'-l IlKKIItll llivi ■I^>IIilI^((l<sr ••-^■•'^•■•■■■■■j
Other than what would accidentally happen from similar circiimstance.s, where
lore this jiratiiii; ahoiit 's/ro/i<f/i/-Hi'(/7.7Y/ «/i(»/oiriV.<(,' i^:e. just copied?] As re-
spects the orijjin of animals, [we liaveiiiven his hest proofs of the ori/iin of man
and llc'ir transportation to America,] the snhject is much 're ret'ractory.
AVe tlnd them liviiij; all over the surface ofthi; earth, and siiiteii hv their phys-
:... I c. :. :„ c ..e. .....i i:.... i..„..r.i'; . , i. "..".....
livery
iial
YVI lllill liiVIII ll>lll^ LI II Vf,ll lll«< L^llllll,^ Ml llll' 1. (lllll,Cllll|.^lll(\ll I' 1
ical coid'ormily to a {j;reat variety of climates and peculiar localilii ,
one will admit he impossihility of nseertaiiiiiijj the history id' their oriifinal
creation I'rom the mere natural history of the animals theinsf-lves." \ow,
as " refractory " as this subject is, we did not expect to see it liitliered off
upon a miracle, because this was the easy and conveifn'iit manner in which
l» ■ ■
tht
•rstit
„ .. , ......,...^. ...... ....V, V..^ !,,„,.,.... , V... . ^,,,, ... ... ....,.,1
nil- >;i|.. ir.iiiioiis of every a^o accounted t'or (;very thiiiii: which they at once
could not comprehend. And we do not e.xpect, when it is jj;ravely aniioimeed,
that a discovery in any science is to be shown, that tll(^ undertaker is s;oinp
to tell us it is accomplished by a miracle, and that, therefore, "he knows not
why be should be called upon to answer obj(>ctions," &e.
As it would be tedious to the reader, as well as ineompatilile with our ])lnn.
to (piote larger from lAIr, Ji'C'it//o/t's book, we shall finish with him alhr a lev.
remarks.
We do not object to the ca|)aeity of the ark for all nuima'.s, but we do
object to its introduction in the ipiestion undertaken by .Air. .1/'('i(//o/i ; for
every child knows that atlair to have been niiraeulons ; and if any part of the
question de|)eiide(l upon the truth or liilsity ofa miracle, why plagia^ tiie world
with a book of some 500 paj^es, merely to promiiljfate sindi a belief, when
a seiiieiice would be all that is required? IS'o one, that admits an overruliiiir
l)ower, or the e.xisienee of (Joil, will doubt of his abiiitv to create a mvriad of
: 1 1 .,11 1 1 .1 1... '.t. ... J- '. . I i
iiien, iiioiiuii>, and all matter, by a breath ; or tliat an ark ten liM't squure cnuk!
contain, comfortably, ten tlioiisaud men, as well as one ol' the dimensions
given in Scripture to contain what that did. Therefore, if one in thesi< days
slioiild make a book expressly to explain tiie cause of the diilirent leiifrths of
days, or the changes of the seasons, and find, after he had written a vast deal,
that he could in no wise unravel the mystery, and, to close his account, de-
clares it was all a miracle, such an author would be pn ciselv in the iir^'dica
inent of IMr. ArCidloli.
* Tlie colubralcd uutlior of Ijoclures on I'liysiulo^ij, Zoulogy, and the Natural Ilistonj of
Mini.
01
ON THR ORKSIN OF Till; INDIANS.
[Itiii.k I
Wf do not prctciiil lint tlii' Hiil>jiTt ciiii In- piirsucil with tlii' r rtniiity of
iiiailu'riiiitical (•jilcnlatiims; iind mi Ion;.' iis it is roiitt-iHlnl tliiit llif wlioir Hpc-
cii'!t ol" man spiiiiji from oik- pair, so limj,' will tlii' Miltjcct ailinil of cuntrii-
vcicy: liirrcron' it makes but little or no liiirerei wliellnr tlie inlial iiant-
nri) ;.'ot into America liy the iiortii or tlie soiilli, tlie east or the wisl, as it
re;rarils the main ipieslion. I'or it is \ery eertain that, iC tiiere were hiii one
pair <)ri^'inall\, ami these plaeed upon a eertain spot, all other pJiieeH white
peoph' are now lomid mnst have heeii settled In people tioni the primitiM
spot, who t'diind llieii- way thithi'r, some how or otiar, imd it is very iinimpui'
tiiiit llll^v, as we ha\e jiisl (diserved.
Lord hoimin, a writer «d' iireat ^'ood sense, has not omitted to say some
tliiiiir upon this sidtjeei.* He ver\ jndi<'ioiisly asks those who maintain tliai
America was pinpled Iroin Kimiskatka, whether the iidiahitimts of that re^'ion
speak the saoM' lan;;:ia^'e with their American neiirhhors on the oppo.^it«'
shores. 'I'liat they do not, he oitserves, is tnlly eonlirmed hy recent aceiPinit-
Irom tlietiee; ami "whence we may conclude, with ^'real certainty, that tin
hitter me not a colony of the rormer."f \\ <■ have conlirmation upon contirma-
lioii, that these nations s|)eak lan^Miajjes entirely ditrereiit; and lor tiie satisliic-
tioii of the cnrions, we will give u short voeidiidary of words in hoth, with
the Kngiisii against them.
/•J/ifif/w/i. KamitkniUife. »Veonlean.\
(•'od Nionstiehtchitrh Aghogocli.
father Iskh Athaii.
Mother Nius-kh Anaan.
Son Pa-atch L'laan.
Dimghter Songnins Aschkinii.
IJrother Ktchidsen Koyota.
Sister Kos-Kliou Angiin.
llnslmnd Skoch On^liini.
Woman Skoiia-nou Ai-ynpir.
Cirl Kh-tchitchon Ougoohilikinii.
Yonng boy Pahntcli Anckthok.
Child Pnhntchitcli Onskolik.
A man Onsknnms Toyocli.
The people Koiiaskon.
Pereons Onsknamsit.
The liead T-Klionsa Kanighn.
The face Kona-agli,. Soghimnginn.
The nose Kaankang Anghosinn.
The nostrils Knanga Goiiakik.
The eye Nunit Tluick.
After ohserviiig tliat "there are several cogent argnments to evince that the
Atiiericans arc not descended from any people iti the north of Asia, or in the
uoilli of Europe," Lord Kaimes continnes, — "I venture still further; which is,
to ennjectnre, that America has not been peopled from any jmrt of the old
world." IJiit although this last conjecture is in unison with tiiose of many
others, yet his lordshij) is greatly out in some of the |)roofs which he adduces
in its support. As we have no ground on which to controvert this o|)inion,
wo may \w excused from examining its proofs: but this we will observe, thai
Lord Kaimes is in the same error about the beardlessness of the Americans as
some other learned Europeans.
The learned Doctor Stnuton,§ in a dissertation u\Hm the ])eopling of Ameri-
* See his •' t<A'flclit's of tlie Jlistory of Man," a work wiiicli he i)iil)hsheil ia 177 1-, ui i'Am-
burgh, ill 2 vols. ko.
t Vol. ii. 71.
t The Aleoiitcans inhnbit llio rliain of isjantls which stretch from the nortii-wcst |ioinl of
America inio the iieishl'orhood of Kuinskat'kn. It must he renieinliered that these names .iru
in the French ortliogrnphy. fieiiiif taken from a French translation of Jiilliiigs's voyage into
those resfions. from 1785 to I7!ll.
5 Doctor John Sii>i>it<m. the eminent author of many parts of the Ancient Utiiversal Ilix-
tory. He ilicd in 1777. a^eil 71.
riiu'
^••ri
villi t)i(< riTlniiity of
I Jlldl III.' WlKlll-Nfl,..
!•••» ii.liiiit ol' (■(iiitro-
'•"•r tlic iiiliiiliitiiits
^t <<r tlic wt ml, lis it
tln'r<' Will- liiii oil,.
olltir plaiTH wli.r,.
lioiii ilic |)iimitiv(.
I it is vcrv utiiiii|ioi'.
i»y ri'ct'iif iiccuuiir>
' nilaiiity, tlmt tlic
ion upon coiidiiii,,.
mil lor tlic .satisdic-
kvunls ill liotli, will.
iii,ff of Aiiiori-
i» i'ili; 111 IMiii-
Cm » ••
11
O.N Tin; oKKii.x or Tin* indi vnh.
n
on,
III :tniir o
il
illiT Htatiiiir till' ililVcn'Ml o|iinioiis of various aiillitirs \\lio liavc advoratrd
t' ilic "ilis|icrHc<l |icii|i|c," tlic I'liti'iiiriaiis, ami oilier nan cm inti.tuM,
(lltsrrxt'-*
Home
lluil, ilicictiirc, till' Amcrieaiis in ;.'i'iicral were desei inji <l Irom
)icitiile \\lio iiilialiiteil a eiiiiiiiiy not so tJir ilislaiil liiim tic m as i'jL'ypt
mill I'Liciiiiia, our leaili is will, as we a|i|ireliciiil, naililv ailiiiil. Now, no
(•oiinUN ean lie piielieil ii|iiiii so proper ami coiiveiiiiiit lor lliis piiiposc as the
iiorlli-ea;-tern part III' Asia, pariieiilarly li'rcat 'I'ariaiy, Sili. ri,i, and nmr • es|
ni\\\\ llie penin
Ilia 111" Kainlselialka. 'I'lial niilialilv was llic trail l!iioii<rh
wliieli iiiaiiv 'raitarian eoloMi.s passcil into Aliieriea, and peopleii die most
eoiisidi lalile |>art of ihe new wurlil."
'I'liis, il is not to lie denied, is the most rational way of irelliiifr inlialiilants
into Ana rica. il" it niiist lie allowed that il was peojiled liiim the "old world."
Hill it is not ipiite so easy III aeeoiint lor the existence ol' i ipiainrial animals
in Ameriea, when all aniliors apce that they never eiuild have parsed thai
wa\, as iliev eoiild not have survived the eoldnoss of the eliniaie, at any m'a-
Hni of the vear. Mnicover, the Mieahid.iry we ha\e jrivc n, if it prove any
lliiii;'-. proves that either the iiihaliiianis of \orlh Ameriea did m t eomc in
from the north-west, or that, if ihey did, some iinkmiwn cause must have, liir
ages, suspended all commimieation helwcen the emigrants and tic ir amestors
upon the nci^'lihorini; shores of Asia.
Ill Ir^'**,', iliirc ajipeared in London a work which allracted soino alleiition,
as must works lane ii|iiiii similar siihjcels. Il was entitled, " Di seriplion of
the ruins of an aneieiit city, discovered near l'alem|iie, in the kin^zdoni of
(I'liatemala, in Spanish Ameriea : translated from the original maniiserii>l re-
port of J'apt. Dim .Inlnnit Ihl liio : t'ollowcd hy a critir.d inves;ifratioii and
research inlo the llistnni of Iht Aimricnns, by Dr. Paul I'lix Cabrera, of tin;
city of New (Jiial niala."
(aptain Ihl liio was ordered hy the f^panish king, in the year 17H(i, to
make an e\:iminatioii of ^vhatev(M° ruins he mi<;lit find, which he accordingly
did. I'rom the manuscript he left, which aOcrwards f 11 inlo the hands of
Doctor Cabrrni, his work was composed, and is that part of the work which
concerns ns in oiir view of systems or conjeclmes concerning the peopling of
Ancrica. We shall he short with this antlior, as his system dillirs very iiliJK
from some which we lia\e already sketched, lie is very confident that he
has Si tiled the i|nestioii how South America received its iiihahitants, namely,
froMi the I'hienicians, who saif'il across the Atlantic Ocean, and that the rninecj
city ilescrii'cd hy Captain Dd liio was hiiilt hy the first adventurers.
boetor Cahrtra calls any system, which, in his vii'w,does not harimini/e witi'
the Seiiptiiri s, an iiinovalion upon the "holy Catholic ri^ligioii;" and rather
than n sort to any such, he says, "It is lietter to li'licNc his [(Joil'sl work.s
miraculous, than endeavor to make an ostentatious display of our talents hy
the cimninir invention of new systems, in allrihuling lliem to natural eauses."f
The s line reasoning w ill apply in this case as in a fornu'r. If we are to at-
Irihnte everv thing to miracles, vvhercfon^ the necessitv of investiiraiion ?
T
lesc aiitlioiH are fond of investigating matters in their wav, hut are dis-
plcasfil if others take the same iihcrly. And should we liillnw an author in
Ills tlieiiries, who cuts ihc whole husii. "ss short hy declaring all to he a mira-
cle, w hell he can no longer gro|ie in the lahyrinth of his own foriiiiiiir, our
reader \voii!(l l)(> just in condemiiing such waste of liim\ \\'lieii »;verv thing
which w(> cannot at first sight understand or com|irelii nil must not he in-
quired inlo, from siipeot'tinus doulcs, then and tlicrewill he lixeil the ho. da
of all science ; hut, as l,oril Hi/ron said upon annther occasiun, ?k)/ till then.
"If it lo allowed (says Dr. I/.\wrk,.\ce) t ll">t idl men are of the same
81)CI
it docs not follow that llicv are all descended from the same finiilv.
We have no data lin- determining this point: il could indeed oiil\ he settled
bv
a knowl 'dire of ficts, w liicli liav" long jigo heen involved in the impene-
trahle darkness of aniiipiiiy." That climate ha.s nothing to lU) with the coiii-
pIc\ioii, he oHers the following in proof: —
' I'niversal His.
* UiiiviTsaJ llislory, XX. Ki'J, l(i;?. — Soo M,ili»ii'.s cililioii ol" linsiirll's Life Vi: Jolnison,
V. 271. eil. ill .J V. I'Jiiii). Loiiiloii, lu-'i.
t I'iigo .M>. { l.ccuiros oil Zoology, &c. U2. cd. Hvo. Saleni, lii28.
INDIAN ANKClMVrKM AND NAKUAIIVKS.
[MnoK I.
"Tlio I'Htnltlmliiiii'titH of till) r.iin>|)<>niiH in Ahiu iiikI Amt'rini linvo now mil)-
aJHtfil itlioiit thr«M; contnrit'N. yaaifutz tie (Sniiui luntltid at Ciilinir in ll!>H;
■ml (Ih< l'()rtu)(ii<>H4; i>tn|>ii'n in India wiin t'Diinilitl in tint Iti'^inniiiK of tin- tid-
lownif( (M'ntiny. Hra/.ii wuh disciivi>rnl and takm pDHNCNNion nf liy tin' Niino
nation in ilio v»'ry lirnt yi'ar of ilii< ititli ccniniy. 'I'owanlH tin- <nd of tli*>
irttli, hnd tliu l)"^innin^ of tin* Ititli iciitiiiN, T'o/itm/xM, Cortiz, and I'izitrro,
Ktili|ii;{;i(i>d for till* SjianiardH tin- Wrst Indian islandN, with tli*' i-iniiiirM of
Mexico and I'ciii. Sir H'ttUer Hulrsrh idanti'd an KiifjIiMli roloiiy in Virginia
ill 1.184 ; and tlio Frencli Hi'ttliMiii'iit of Canada \u\h rather a later date. The
colonists have, in no instance, a|iiir<iacliei| to the natives of these coiintrieN:
and till ir di sceiidantH, where the lilood has liien kept pure, have, at this time,
the same eliaracters as native Iviropeaiis." *
The eminent antiipiary l)e H'dl Cliiilon] siippoHeil that the nnritMit works
found in this eoimtiy were siinilar to those sii|iposed to he Roman liy Pennant
ill Walex. lie adds, "The Danes, as well an the nations vvliieh erected oiir
fortifications, were in all picdiahility of Scythian oriffin. According ?o Plinif,
the nami! of Scythian waH cuiiiiiion to uU the nations living in tiiu north of
Aaia and Europe." f
9000e
CHAPTER III.
Anecdotes, jyarrativet, S^-c. Uluitrative of the Mitnners and Customs, Anti^Uias and
Traditions, of the Indians.
IVil. — Ar» Ottnwny chief, known to tlio French by the n mie of ff'hilijohn,
was a great drimkard. Count t^ontenac asked him what In thought brandy
to \w> made of; he n'plied, that it must be made of heart.* and tongues —
"For," said ho, "when I have drunken plentifully of it, my heart is a thousand
Btrnng, and I can talk, too, with aHtonishing freedom and rapidity." t
Honor. — A chief of the Five Nations, who fought on the side of the Kn^lisli
in the French win's, chanced to meet in battle his own t'«ilier, who was fight-
ing on the side of the French. Just as he was about to ileal a deadly blow
upon his head, he discovered who ho was, and said to liim, "You have once
{fiveii me life, and now I give it to you. Let me ni( et you no more; fori
lave paid the debt 1 owed you." 'J
Rerklcisncss. — In Connecticut River, nliout "200 mils from Long Island
Sound, is u narrow of .5 yards only, formed by two shelving moiintaihs of
solid rock. Through this chasm are coinjielied to pass all the wat^ rs which
in the time of the Hoods bury the northern coiiiitiy." It is a friglitlid paijsiige
of uliout 400 yards in length. No boat, or, as my author expic sses it, " no
living creature, WHS ever kiio.vn to pass ibrongli this narrow, except an Indian
woman." This woman bad miderlaken to cross tlu; rivi r just above, and
aldiongli she had the god Bacclnm by her side, yi t Neptune prevailed in spite
of their united efforts, and the canoe was hurried down (be frightful gulf.
While this Indian woman was thus bun-yiiig toceriaiii desiiiietioii, as she had
every reason to expect, she seized upon In r bottle of rum, iiiul liiil in t take it
from her mouth until the last drop was ipiafled. SIk- w :s iiiarvellonsly pre-
so> vcd. and was actually jiicked up srveral miles bi low, float. iig in the canoe,
KiW quite drunk. When it was known what si.e had done, and bi ing asked
tiow she dared to drink so much mm with the | ros|)('ct of certain death befiire
licr, she answend that she ki ew it was too much for oni^ lime, Lnt she was
unw illing that any of it should be lost. ||
* I.erturns on /oology, &c. 4fil, 4<)5. rd. Rvo. Snirm, !fi'2H.
f A Mfinnir cm the Aiitiqnilie.i of the Western Parts of the State of N. York, pagc.i 9, Ift
8vo. Albany, I8f8.
t Uiiiversal Museum for 17C3. $ Ibid. || Pelers's llisl. Coiincclicut.
Jusll
dny, III
wigNMl
the cllj
two lii|
when
it lVo/|
"Sh-
(<>mI, \I
SI'tll III
iiiiliK
.\dini-|
una-
\tiii >ii|
III pio 1
a I'.itigil
W('ll'lil(
bciiii.' t
olVl'ICll
Indiin
agr.'i'iii
habitat
he liKil
lloiTor
inbuniii
rcipiiti'i
when
lainti'iu
dog!'"
" U is n
ofCliri
K.S.
[Hook I.
• ririi linvn now niil).
i«t Ciiliciif ill IDiH:
• riniiiiiX (.(• till' Jlil-
Nioii of liy ||„. K„„„,
iiIh tlif ,.|„| of t|,„
^'orhz, ami Pizurro,
viti) tlM( ••iin(in.,s «>(■
«'«>l()ny ill V'iijfiiii,,
• » lal.T (late. Tli,.
i>f tlicMo (■(iiiiitricN:
', liuvc, utt)ii8 tiinc,
tli<' aiiciciif works
lioiiiaii Uy Ptnnmt
wliicli «'rf<-to(l oiii
icconliiig to Plinif,
ig in tlio north of
Chkt. Ill
INDIAN ANK(IM»Ti:S ANI> NAllU\TIVKS.
Il>
WW, Antiquities and
in)e of ff'/iilejohn,
T tlionjflit brandy
i.< luul toiifrucH —
cart is u tlH)u^Ulll(l
i(lity."t
lie ofthoKiirrlisIi
r, wlio was hfrlit-
iil a (li-adly hlow
^'oii liavc oiic«
no more ; lor I
>iH Lon<r Island
r nioiinrairiH of
i; \vat. n* which
•i^liKiii pai-H.i^fe
prcHscH ii, "no
vcj" "n Indian
just ahovc, and
oMiili'd in spitfi
1^ rri<.ditfiil fjiilf.
i<iii, as sIh' had
dill IK t take it
rvciloiitsly pip.
a in the caiioc,
d 1)1 iii<r asked
n death beloru
<■, lilt shi! was
'O'/C, ();i;rp.s !)^ I0_
I. Coiiiicciicut.
jj,gf{ff,^\ iniio<io!inry ri-Hidiiij? anions iiri«rraiii irilM- of IndianH, wan ono
dnv, aOei- III' Imd Imm-ii pr«Mirliiii« U> tln-iii, iiniied l.y their rhirf (u \ .h-.I \u»
wiif'^Miii. AOiT haviiiir lieeii kindly entertained, and lieiii^ altoiii to depart,
till' ehi flc.i.k Idiii hy llie hand ai.d "said, " I liase vei'V Imil Mqiiaw. She hail
two liilli- ehililreii. One she loved well, the other she hated. In a eold iiiu'ht,
when I was ^'one hnntinu in the woods, she shut it out of the wiifwain, aiuj
it (io/e to de.ith. What iiiiist hedoni'with her?" The mis.Hionaiy replied,
"She inir-t he haiiKed." "Ah!" said tiio cliiei; "go, llion, and hung yoiit
(ioil, whom yon make jnst lik«! her."
Miiriiitiiiinili/. -A himler, in his wandiriii-.'s for frame, IMI anion^r the Jmek
sitti nieiits of"\ iifiiiiia, iniil liy reason of tin inelemiiwy of the weather, was
indue d to seek r 'fuffe at liie hoiife of a planter, ulioiii he met at his door.
Admis.ion was n fused him. M< in;; hotli huin(ry and thiixly, he asked for a
morsil of hreiid and a eup of wiiler, hut was aii.-iwered in every ('as:-, "No!
\ou vhall have nolhiii;.' here! dl iiaii fronr, i)(iu In linn (/oif.'" It happmed,
III pro 'ess of time, that this same plant r lost himself in the woods, and, aller
a tiitivuiui; day's travel, he eanie to an Indian's eahin, into whii-h he was
welcomed. < >n iiKpiiriiijj the way, and the distance to the white settlenentH,
heiiiLT told hy thi; Indian that Ik iild not ^o in the iii^lit, aiai hein^' kindly
olli'icd lodiriiif; and victuals, he <,'ladly refreshed and reposed li'iiisi'll" in tim
Indian's cah ii. In the morning', he ciaiducted him through the wildernesH,
a^r.-eahly to his promise the ni;,'ht h tore, until they came in slLdit of tliu
hahilations of the whitcH. .Ah he was alioiit to take his leave of tl.'e planter,
he jnokeil him full in the tiiee, and a.sked him if h«) did not kn:iw liin:.
Horror-struck at tindin;; hiniH If thus in the power of a man he luui ho
inhumanlv ti'cated, imd duiiih with shame on thinking; of the manner it wii!"
reipiited, lie hejraii at leiiffth to niako excusi-s, and he>; a thousand pardcniH,
when the Indian interrn|it<'d him, and said, " When yon see poor IiidiaiiH
liiinti'itf l(.r a cup of cold water, don't say airain, '(iet yon gone, you Indian
do;;!'" lie then dismiss.'d him to return to his frieiwls. IVIy author adds,
" It is not difViciilt to Hav, which of these two luid the hest claim to the name
of Christian."*
Ihrr/illon. — The captain of n vessel, linviii); a <leHire to make a prcsniit to u
Indy of some line orangcH which he had just hronght from "the Hii'ar I'^landH,"
gave them to an Indian in liiH employ to carry to her. Lest lie Hliou!d not
perli)riii the otiice pmictMally, he wrot ; a leit r to her, to he taken aloni; with
the present, that she might detect tin; hi>arer, if he should tiiil to deliver the
wh(d • of what In; waH intrusted with. The Indiiin. during the joiirnoy,
reflicted how lie Khoiijd refresh himself with the oranges, aimi not lie foiuul
out. Not iiaving any apprehension of tint manner of communication t>y
writing. In; concluded that it was only necessary to keep his design secret
from the I ttiM- itself, supposing tiiat would toll of him if he did not; he tliere-
f')r(! I.iid it upon tin! groinul, and rolled a large Ntone upon it, and retired to
some (list nice, where In; regaled himself with several of the oranges, and then
proceeded on his journey. On delivering the retnaiinhir and the letter to the
lady. slie asked iiim where t!ie rest ot' the orang h were; he said ho had
deiiv r 'd ail ; slie told him tliat the letter siiil there were sevend more sent;
to wiiic'i he aiiswereil thatthi^ l.'tter Ii 'd, and i;he must not heliuve it. IJul lie
was s.ioM confronted in his falsoliood, and, begging forgiveness of the oilince,
was pardoned. f
Slffw Inrss. — As Governor Joseph Dnllry of Massnelmsetts was superiti
tnnJiiiir si^ine of his workmen, lur nxik notiie of an able-bodied liMliim, who,
h ill'-iiak (I, would coiiK! and look on. as a pastime, lo see his men work. The
gov rnor t lok occasion one d;iy to iisk him whi/ he ilil not work nn I ssd anme
dolh a, ivhcr iv'th to rover fi'msc!/. The Indian answered by asking \un\ whf
he (II I nd work. Tint governor, |)oiiit iig with his finger to his head, sin. I, " /
work hint work, and so have no need to work with my hamls ns you should."
The Indian then said he would work if any <.no would employ him. TJio
* Ciiri-ii's IMiistMim, vi 'W>.
t Uiing'i. Voyage lo N. England ia 1709, 8vo. London, 1726.
v.*
20
INDIAN ANECDOTES AND NARRATIVES.
[Rook
3
govornor told l)im he wniitcd a calf killed, nnd tliut, if he wonh] go and do it,
he would irive liiiii a sliilliiiir. lie accciitcd {\,v otler, and went iimiicdiattly
and Uilli'd llie calf, and then went saniitciing almnt as hefore. Tiie froveiiior,
on olis(i-\iti!f what ho had done, asked liiiii why ho did not dress the calf
heforc he IcU it. The Indian answered, ".\«, no, Coponoli ; tiiat was not in
the harirain . I was to liavc a shiliin;^ lor killinjj; him. .'im he no diad, Copon-
ohP^ [^'overnor.] 'i'he <jovernoi", sccinfr hinisrif tlms outwitted, told him to
dress ir, nnd lie wonld jiive him another shilliiifr.
'J'his (lone, and in jiossession of two shillin<;s, the Indian goes directly to n
fp'og-shoj) for rum. After a short stay, he returned to the gcncrnor, and told
him he had given him a had shiHing-|)iece, and presented a hrass one to he
exciianged. The governor, thinking possiltly it might have heeii the case,
gave him an<!ther. It was not long hefore he letm'ned a si cond time with
another hrnss shilling to he exchanged ; the goNcrnor was now coii\ inced of
his knavery, hut, not caring to make words at the thne, gave him another:
and thus the fellow got four shillings for one.
The governor detirmined to hav(^ the rogue corrected lor his ahuse, and,
meeting with him soon after, told him he must take a letter to Hoston jitr him
[and ^'ave him a liitlf a crown for the service.] * The h-tter was directed to the
keeper of hridewell, ordering him to give fla; hean-r so many l!\slies ; hiit,
mistrusting that all was not exactly agreeahle, and meeting a servant of the
governor on the road, ordered him, in the name of his master, to carry the
letter iunnediately, as he was in haste to return. Tlu> consequence was, tliis
servant got egregionsly whip|)ed. When the governor learned what had
taken place, he felt no little chagrin at heing thus twice outwitted hy the
Indian.
He did not st e the fellow for some time nfler this, but at length, falling in
with him, asked him hy what means he had cheated and deceived him so
many tini(s. Taking the governor again in his own play, he answered,
pointing with his (uiger to his h(>ad, " Head work, Coponoli, head work!" The
governor was now so well [)leasi d that he foigavc the whole offence.f
EijuaUtij. — An Indian chief, on heing asked wlieiher his people were free,
answered, "Why not, since I myself am free, although their king?"|
Matrimony. — "An aged Indian, who for many yeni's had spent much time
among the white people, botii in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, one day,
about the year 1770, ol'served that the Indians had not only a much easier
way of getting a wife than the whites, hnt also a mon; certain way of getting
a goo I one. 'For,' said he in broken English, 'white man court — court —
may he one whole year ! — maybe two yean before he marry! Well — mav
be then he get very good wife — Jint may hi; not — may be very cross! Well,
now suppose cross ! scold so soon as get awake in the morning! scold all
day! — scol.l until sleep! — all one — he must keep him! — White people have
law forliidding throw away wi((> he be ever so cross — must keeji him alwavsl
Well, how does Indian do? Indian, when he see hulustiious scjuaw, he
go to him, place his two fore-fingers close aside each other, make two like
one — then look sipiaw in the face — see him smil" — this is all one he say
yes I — so he tak(> him home — no danger he be cross I No, no — s(piaw know
too well what Indian do if he cross! throw him away and take another! —
Squaw love to eat meat — no husl)and no meat. Sipiaw do every thing to
please husband, he do every thing to please scpiaw — live happy.' "^S
TnliraHon. — In the year 1701, two Creek chi Is accompanied an American
to Engl.Mid, where, as usual, they attracted gn at attention, and ninny flocked
around them, as well to learn their id(>is of c( rtain things as to hehol 1 "the
savages." B. ing aSAcd tin ir o|;inion of ri ligion, or of what religion thry were,
one made ai!sw( r, that tliey had no pri( sis in their country, or rstal lished
religion, f r they ihoutdit, that, upon a suhjeet where there \mis no postjh'.lity
of peophi's agreeing in opinion, and as it was altogether matter of mere
.■/■fi
S
* A "t'lilciice iidilcd ill a version oC lliis aiiucdoli' in Cmi'ii's Miisciiin, \',. 204.
■f f'n'nir. Ill siipni. 120. \ Carry's .^lu^jcum, vi. 482.
^ lltckeicdder's Hist. hid. Nations.
ES.
[Rook I
! woiiM ^,> jiiul do it,
III went iiiiiiicdiatcly
lore. Tlie irovci-iior,
<l not dress tlic (•■•ilr
lo// ; tliat was not in
III he )w dead, Copon-
lUviited, told liiiii i,,
III goes diroctly to n
' j(o\ cnior, anil toM
<'<! a lirass one to lie
lavo liccii tlie case,
a srcoiid liino Avitli
s now coMx iiicpd of
ft"
ivc liini anoili
t'r:
li>r Ills aliiisc, an(i,
■r toKostoM (ill- hiiii
■was directed to tlie
many laslie's ; hnt,
iiiff a servant of tlie
master, to enrry tliu
!ise(]iienr(! was^ tliis
li'arncfl wliat liad
e outwitted hy the
nt lenjrtli, (Idling in
d deceived liiin so
>lay, ho answered,
head icork ! " The
le off'ence.f
! people were free.
king ? " \
spent much time
V Jersey, one da^,
lily a innch easier
liii way of getting
in court— eoint—
rry! Well— ma v
ery cross ! VVcll,
orning! scold all
^iiite p(-ople iiave
'ep him always!
trions sipiaw, 'he
make two like
all one h(> say
') — sf|iiaw know
lake another I —
ever} thing to
'•I an Amerienn
d nniiy flneki'd
to helinl I "the
iiiion they were,
, or estal lished
iio |)os( ilillity
matter ol* mrre
482.
1
i
4
Chap. HI]
INDIAN ANIXDOTF.S AND NARRATIVEg.
21
4
opinion, " it was hest that every one should |)addle his canoe his own way."
Here is a volume of instruction "in u short answer of u savage!
Justice. A wliite trader sold a quantity of powder to an Indian, and im-
posed upon him by making him believe it was a grain whicli grew like wheat,
l)v sowing it upon the ground, lie was greatly elated by the ju-osjieet, not
oiilv of raising his own powdt r, but of being able to sup|)ly otiiei-s, and there-
by "becoming frnmensily rich. Having prejiared his ground with great cure,
he* sowed fiis powiler with the utmost exactness in the spring. Month after
month passed away, but his powder did not even sproMt, and winter came
before he was satisfied that Ik; had been deceived. He aaui nothing; but
.some timeafier, when the trader had forgotten the trick, the same Indian suc-
ceeded in getting credit of him to a large amount. The time set for payment
having e.\|)ire(l, he sought out the Indian at his residence, and demanded pay-
ment Ibr his good.s. Tlie Indian heard bis demand with great complaisance;
then, looking him shrewdly in the eye, .said, "wWe pay you tvhen mij powder
srowP This was enough. The guilty white man (luickly retraced liis steps,
satisfied, \\(; up[)reheiid, to balance his account with the cliagriu ho had re
c.eived.
Hiinlinu:.— The Iifdians had methods to catch gv.rne which served them ex-
tremely well. The same month in which the Mayflower brought over the
forefitliers, November, Iti^O, to the shores of Pliniouth, several of theiti
ranged about the woods near by to learn what the country contained. Having
wandered farther than they were ajiprized, in their endeavor to return, they
say, " We were shrewdly pu/zled, and lost our way. As we wandered, we
came to a tree, where a young sprit was bowed down over a bow, and some
acorns strewed underneath. Stephen Hopkins said, it had been to catch some
deer. Ho, as we were looking at it, fVilliam Bradford being in the rear, when
he came looking idso ujion it, and as he went about, it gave a sudden jerk up,
anil he was immediately caught up l)y the legs. It was (they continue) a very
pretty device, made with a rope of their own making, [of bark or some kind
of roots probably,] and having a noose as artificially made as any rojier in
England can make, and as like ours as can be ; which we brought away
with us."*
Preaching against Practice. — John Simon was a Sogkonate, who, about tho
year 1700, was a settled mini.<ter to that tribe. He was a man of strong mind,
geneially temperate, but sometimes remiss in the latter particular. The fol-
lowing anecdote is told as characteristic of his notions of justice. Simo7t,
on nc{!Oui;t of his deportment, was created justice of the peace, and when dif-
ficulties occurred involving any of bis peoj)le, he sal with the English justice
to aid in making up judgment. It happened that Simon^s squaw, with soino
others, had committed some oftenc^e. Justice -ilniy and Simon, in making up
their minds, estimated the amount of the oflence differently ; .^/mir/ thought
each should receive eight or ten stripes, but Simon said, "No, /our or Jive are
enough — Poor Indians are ignorant, and it is not Christian-ltke to pnnish so
hardly th^se who are ignorant, as those who have knowledge." Simon\t judg-
ment |)ievailed. When Mr. Almy askiul John how many his wife sJiould
receive, ho sidil, "Double, because she h'ld knowledge to have done better;''^ but
Colonel Mmy, out of regard to John^s fielings, wholly remitted his wife's
l)nni.-liment. John looked very si rious, and made no rejily whil(> in presence
of the court, but, on the finst fit opportunity, remonstrated vei-y severely
against his judgment, and said to him, " To what purpose do we preach a reli-
gion of justice, if tvc do unrighteousness in jn :'f;tmntP
Sam Hide. — There arc few, we imagine, who have not heard of this per-
,<oiiage; but, notwithstanding his great notoriety, we might not be thought
serious in the rest of our work, were we to enter serioufly into his !)iogrnpliy;
for the reason, that from his day to this, his name has been a by-word in all
New England, and means as iiiucli as to sjiy the greatest of liars. It is ou
urcount of the fiillowing anecdote that he is notieeiK
* Moun'b l{,i;lalioii.
22
INDIAN ANKCDOTES AND NARRATIVES.
[Rook I.
Sam Hlfc was ii notorious (;i(lt'r-(lriiikt'riis wril as liar, and used to travel tin-
.'oiintry to and li'o l)c},'jrinf!; it from door to door. At one time lu; lia()|)<'nc(i
ai a rcfiion of country where cider was \ery liard to bi- |)ro( nred, either i'rorii
Its scarcity, or iit)rn .S'a/n's f're(|nent visits. However, cider In; was determined
to have, if lying, in any shape or color, wonid ^nun it. IJeinji: I't't <J'i' ''oni
tlie honse of an ac(|iiaintance, who he knew hail cider, hut he knew, or va5
well salisfa'd, that, in the ordinary way of bejririn^', he conid not jret it, he set
his wits at work to lay y plan to insnre it. TJiis did not occupy him Iomj.'.
On arrivini,' at tin? house of the jrentleman, instead of a!<kin<f for cider, he in-
quired for th(^ man of the house, whom, on appearinj;', Sam re<|ueste(l t<» go
aside with him, as he iiad .sonK'tliin<; of importance to conmumicate to him.
When tliey were by themwelvi's, Sam told him he had that morniii",' shot a fine
doer, and that, if he would ijive him a crown, he woidd tell him w la re It was.
The gentleman did not incline to do this, but offered hall' a crosvn. Finally,
Sam said, as he had walked a great distance that morning, and was very d 'v,
for a iialf a crown and a mug of cider he would tell him. This was agreed
upon, and tlie |)rice |)aid. Now Sam was r(M|uired to point out the spot w hero
the deer was to bft fouiul, which ho did in this manner. He snid to his friend.
You know of such a meailow, describing it — Yes — You know a bisrash tire, with
a ii'g lop 1)1/ the little brook — Yes — ff'ell, under tlint tree lies the deer. This was
satisfactory, and Sam de[)arted. It is unn(!cessary to mention that the mcvidow
was H)un(l, anil the tree by the brook, but no deer. The duped man couli!
hardly contain liimself on considering what he had been doing. 'J'o look
after Sam for satisfiiction woidd be worse than looking after the deer, so the
farmer concluded to go home eontt>nted. Some years after, he linp|)ened to
fall in with tlu; Indian ; and he immediately began to rally )um for de<u'iving
bim so, and demanded back his money and pay lor his cider and trouble,
/r/ii/, said Sam, icoidd you find faidt if Indian told truth half the time / — No
— ff'ell, mxys Sam, you find tiim meadow'.^ — Yes — You find him tree'^ — Yes —
What for then you find fault t^am Hide, ju/ioi he told you two truth to one lie'}
Th(^ aftiiir eiuled here. Sam heard no more from th(> farmer.
This is but one of the numerous anecdotes of Sam Hide, which, could they
be collected, would fill many pages. He died ii\ ')edliam, 5 January, \7.V2,
nX the great age of 105 years. He was a great jester, and passed for an un-
conmion wit. In all the wars against tin; Iiidinns during !iis lifetime, he
served the English faitldully, and had the name of a brave soldier. lie had
himself killed 19 of the eneujy, and tried liard to make up the 20tli, but was
unuble.
Characters conlrasted. — "An Indian of the Keiniebeck tribe, remarka-
ble for his good conduct, received a grant of land from the state, and fixed
himself in a new township where a niniiber of families were settled. Though
not ill treat«'d, yet the common prejudice against Indians ])reveiited any sym-
pathy with him. This was shown at the death of his only child, when none
of the f)eo|)l(; came near him. Sliortly atlerwards he went to some of the
inhabitants and wiid to them, Jrhen white man^s child die, Indian man he sorry
— he help bury him. — JfTien my child die, no one speak to me — / make his s^rave
alone. I can no lire here. He gave up his fiu'ui, dug up the body of his child,
and carried it with him 200 miles th'-ough the forests, to join the Canada
Indians ! "*
A ludicrous Error. — There was published in London, in 17(>'-?, "Tiik
Amkrican Gazettf.eu," &c.t '" which is the following account of Uiusroi,.
|{. I. " A county and town in N. England. The ca|)ital is remarkable for the
Kinijc of Spain^s having a palace in it, and hrinsj: killed there; and also i()r
Crown the ]»oet's begging it of Charles II." The blunder did not rest here,
but is found in "Thk N. Amkiiican and the Wkst Indian (iAZF.TTFKH,"}; &'»".
Thus Philip of S|)ain seems to hav(^ bad the misjhrtune of being mistaken for
Philip of the Wampanoags, alias Pometacom of Pokauoket.
I
* Tiulcir's I,p|(crs on llic Enslorn Sinlcs, '.'14.
i '2<l edition, 12mo, Luatlun, 1788, ulitu uiumyinous.
t 3 vols. 12ino. wilhoul name.
;s.
[Hook J.
Chap. HI ]
OF CUSTOMS AND BANNERS.
23
(I used to travel tlu-
lime lu> li(i|)|)ciit'd
x'lirt'd, citlicr fmin
Im> nas (It'tcniiiiicil
Hciiiff not (ill- (roiti
It lie knew, or wmt
1(1 not jrct it, lie s('t
occiipy liiiii loMi'.
!■,' i'or cider, Ik; ii'i-
fiii r(M|ii('sti'(l to <^«u
iniiiiiiiicatc to liini.
iioriiiiii.'-sliot a (iiic
liiin wlicrc it was.
I crown. Finally,
and was very i\'\,
'J'liis was airrccd
[>iit tlie s|iot wlitTi'
! .sjiid to ills friend,
a biir ash tire, icilh
he deer. Tliis was
I that the meadow
(hipcd man conid
doin<;'. 'J'o look
r the deer , so the
'r, he happened to
him for de(U'ivini(
•ider and lroiil)le.
ilj' the fime \^ — No
him tree"^ — Yes —
i'o truth to one lie '}
r.
which, could they
5 January, \7,\%
passed for an un-
liis lifetime, he
soldier. lie had
:lio 20tli, but was
tribe, remarka-
stat«', and fixed
jsettled. Though
|vented any sym-
[hild, when none
to sont(> of the
nan man he sorri/
mahe his scrave
Ixly of Jiis child,
oin the Canada
Ji mp, "Tiff.
lint of Ukistou
liarkable lor the
]; and also i!»r
not resl here,
jKTTFKIi,"! &C.
i\g mistaken for
without iiiimc.
tied, m.//u»- here, an.l forthwith .leparted from the country. I he ndians,
Invin" iuard these words, retained them in tluMr memories, and, when the
I'VeuHi cam<> anion- lliem, made use of them, proimlily liy way ol salutation,
not uuderstaiidiii!; th.ir import; and l hey were supposed by the voyajvers to
b(. the name of the .■onntrv. It was only necessary to drop the hist letter,
,Mid use the two words as tw'o svllal)les, and the word Canada was compl.-te.
15ut as lon-r a<-o lus when Father Charlei'oix wrote his admirable History
Ol- Yew f'mwT, he added a not(^ upon the derivation of the name Canada,
ill which he said some derived it from an Iro(|iiois word meaniii!! an asseni-
l)la"e of hoiises.t Doctor J. R. Forster lias a learned note upon it also, in his
valuable account of Voijasres and Discoveries in the AoW/i. He objects to the
.■ka Mi:ht orijriii, becaiise, in Spanish, tltt; word for here is not ara, but nqui,
and that to form Canada from Aqninada would be forced and unnatural. Vet
he s:iys, " In ancient maps we oft(>u find Ca : da ,\ada," that is. Cape Notliing.
"Hut" from a Canadian [Indian] vocabulary, annexed to tl'ie orifiinal etlition
of the second voyajre of Ja(iiics Cartier, Paris, 1545, it ap])ears, that an assem-
blage of houses, or lial)italioiis, i.e. a town, was by tlu; natives called Canada,
earlier says, //: apinlknl une I'ille— Canada.'' Mr. Heckewelder is of much
the same opinion as Charlevoix and Forster. He says, that in a ))rayer-book
in the Mohawk languaf,'*', he read ".Ve K\y\D\-^ongh Komvayatsk .Vazarelh,"
which was Ji translation of "in a city called Nazareth."
Oriiri"" of the Xamc Yatikee. — Anbury, rtn author who did not resjiect the
Americans, any more thtm many otli(>rs who have been led captive by them, hns
tli<! following paraj,Maph upon this word |— "The lower class of tliesi; Yan-
jtfP,, — iipropos, it may not be amiss here just to observe to you the etymology
of this term : it is derived from a Cherokcje word, eankke, which signifies
coward and slave. This epithet of i/ankce was bestowed upon the inhabitants
of \'. I'jigland by the \irginians, ti)'r not assisting them in a war with the
Clierokers, and they have always been held in derision by it. But the name
lias been more jirevalt lit since [177;")] the conmiencement of hostilities; the
soldiery at Hoston used it as a term of reproach ; but al\er the alliiir at Hun-
ker's Hill, the Americans glorietl in it. Yankee-doodle is now their |)(ean, a.
favorite of favorites, played in their army, esteemed as warlike as the grena-
dier's march — it is the lover's spell, the nurse's lullaby. After our rapiil suc-
cesses, we held the yankees in great contempt; but it was not a lit;!.- morti-
fying to hear them play this tune, when their army mardicd down to our sur-
render." §
Hut Mr. Heckewelder thinks that the Indians, in endeavoring to pronounce
the name /•J/ig/(>/i, could get that sound no nearer than these lettei*s give it,
yengees. This was |)erhaps the true origin of Yankte.
.7 singular Stratngeni to escape Torture. — "Some years ago the Pliawano
Indians, b. iiig obliged to remove from their habitations, in their way took a
Muskohge warrior, known by the name of old Scra.-iiy, prisoner ; they bas-
tinadoed him severely, and condemned him to the fiery torture. Ho imder-
* The aulhors who Imvo a<lo|)U'(l this oninioii, are Doctor Mather, [Mnffiinlia, I?, viii. 71 ;]
Ilirri.. [\'oyii!;cs. ii.3-1-11 ;] .1/,.//, [Coos li. I'.ll;] ./. l.-uifr, [Voxa-jos a)i<l Travols, 2 ;J lioz-
man. [Maryraiiil, ',Vi ;] Motilttui. [Si. ^'ork, i. 131 ;] Martin, [Louisiana, i. 7.]
,fiissfli/ii and Jiilriis ^('( in lo In- willioiU company as well as aiilhorilies lor iheir (l'.'ri\aiiiiiis.
Tiic rornuT [N. I'^nu'land liarilics, .)] says, ('aiiada was '' so caihid I'roin Monsieiip- Cane."
Tlie l.illi-r [llisi. Aiui'rica, 1 j says. '• (^aihida, in llio bidiail laiiguajje, sigiiilies the Mtnilli of
Ihf t'oiiiitiij, I'rnni (■((//, inoiitli. and a<ta, llio counlry."
] (iiu'li|nt's-iuies derivont ee noni du iiiol Iroijiiois Karmaia,i\\x'\ se pronoiicc eav.ida, el sig-
iiilit' nn anias de ral>annes. Ilixt. Xoiir. France, i. !).
t Travi'Li lhrnii<rh tlir Inlrriar Parts (f North America, 1770, &c. vol. ii. M\,\l. A'i!<iinj
was an officer in Geneial liuriroijne's army, and was among the captives siiin-iidcicd ai
Saratdira.
^ Tins derivation is almost as ludicrous as that g-iveii by Iivitig in his Knickerbocker.
24
ANECDOTES, tie, ILLUSTRATIVE
[Book 1.
"illi
went a grent deal witliout sliovvhifr any coiiceni ; his countenance and beha-
vior were us if he siiHi-red not the least puui. He told his persecntora with n
bold voice, that he was a warrior ; that he iiad gained most of his martial
reputation at the exfjcnse of their nation, and was desirous of showinjr the ni,
in the act of dying, that he was still as much their superior, nn when he headed
liis gnilnnt countrymen : that although he had fallen into their liands, and for-
feited the protection of the divine povve«- by some impurity or otlier, whiii
carrying the holy ai'k of war against his devoted enemies, yet he hud so mucli
remaining virtue as would enable him to punish himself more exquisitely than
all their despicable, ignorant crowd possibly could; and that he would do so,
if they gave him liberty by untying him, and handing him one of the red-hot
gun-barrels out of the fu-e. The proposal, and his method of address, appeurcd
80 exceedingly bold and uncommon, that his request was granted. Then
suddenly seizing one end of the red-hot barrel, and brandishing it from sid;
to side, leaped down a prodigious steep and high bank into a branch of tli •
river, ilived through it, ran over a small island, and passed the other branch,
amidst a shower of bullets ; and though nund)ers of his enemies were in close
pursuit of bin), he got into a bramble-swamp, through which, though nakctl
and in a mangled condition, he reached his own country."
•
An unparalleled Case of Suffering. — "The Shawano Indians captured a
warrior of the Anantoocah nation, and put him to the stake, according to their
usual cruel solemnities: having unconcernedly suffered much torture, he told
them, with scorn, they did not know how to [xmish a noted enemy; therefore
he was willing to teach them, and would confirm the truth of his assertion if
they allowed him the opportunity. Accordingly he requested of them a pipe
and some tobacco, which was given him ; as soon as he had lighted it, he sat
down, naked as he was, on the women's burning torches, that were within his
circle, and continued smoking his pipe without the least discomposure: On
this a head warrior leaped up, and said, they saw plain enough that he wjus a
warrior, and not afraid of dying, nor should he have died, only that he was
both spoiled by the fire, and devoted to it by their la\vs ; however, though he
was a verj' dangerous enemy, and his nation a treacherous people, it should
be seen that they paid a regard to braveiy, even in one who was marked with
•war streaks at the cost of many of the lives of their beloved kindred ; and then
by way of favor, he with his friendly tomnhuwk instantly put un end to all his
pains." *
Ignorance the Offspring of absurd Opiniotts. — The resolution and courage of
the Indians, says Colonel Jiogcrs, "under sickness and pain, is truly surpris-
ing. A young woman will l)e in labor a whole day without uttering one
groan or cry ; should she betray such a weakness, they would immetliately
say, that she was unworthy to be a mother, and that her offspring could not
fail of being cowards." f
A JVbrthem Custom. — When Mr. Heame was on the Coppermine River, in
1771, some of the Copper Indians in his company killed a number of Esqui-
maux, by which act they considered therjselves unclean ; and all concerned
in the murder were not allowed to cook any provisions, either lor themselves
or others. They Avere, however, allowed to eat of othei-s' cooking, but not
until they had painted, widi a kind of red earth, all the s|)ace between their
nose and chin, as well as a greater part of their cheeks, almost to their ears.
Neither would they use any other dish or pipe, than their own. |
Another Pocahontas. — While Leiois and Clarke were on the shore of the
Pacific Ocean, in 1805, one of their men went one evening mto a village of
the Killamuk Indians, alone, a small di?.ance from his party, and on the
opposite side of a creek from that of the encampment. A strange Indian
happened to be there also, who expressed great respect and love for the white
Chap.
man ;
Tills \i
' dctcrmi
to niuf
him i>>
niiin hi
staiidinl
and
beranitl
man kii
1^
4
i
* The two preceding relations are from I.ontj^'s \'oiji'geii aTid Travfls, 72 nnd 73, a hook of
small pretensions, but one of the best on hidiiin liistorv, hs aiitlior lived among the Indians
of the North-West, as an Indian trader, about 19 years.
t CotwiM Account of N. America, 212. X Journey io the Northern Ocean, 206.
[Book 1.
intenance and bcha-
i persecutora witJi n
iiost of liis ijiartinl
s of sliowin^r tli'jin,
, as when lie lieadcd
lit'ir Jiaiuls, and thr-
rity or otJier, « Inn
ret he hail so niiicli
ore exquisitely th.iu
lat he would do so,
one of the red-liot
f addrcsh, uppofirrd
as granted. Then
lishing it from sid;
ito a hrunrh of tJi ■
I the other bnuioli,
inies were in cIosl-
ich, though naked
idians captured a
according to their
ich tortiu-e, he told
enemy ; therefore
of his assertion if
ed of them a pipe
[1 lighted it, he sat
It were within his
iscomposm-e : On
igh that he wjls a
only that he was
wever, though he
people, it shoidd
was markcfl with
indred ; and then
ail end to all his
and courage of
is truly surjjris-
r»ut uttering one
M inimediately
•ring could no't
OF MANNERS ANH CUSTOMS.
25
niine River, in
iber ol" Esqui-
ull concerned
lor themselves
)oking, but not
between their
t to tiieir ears.
4
e shore of the
ito a village of
r, and on the
strange Indian
for the white
nd 73, a hook of
long ihe Indians
n Ocean, S06.
:hap. Ill ]
^S^man • but in reality he meant to murder him for the articles he hud about him.
llTiiis'happoniMl to come to llie knowledge of u Ciiinnook woman, anil she
Wdctcrmii'cd at once to save hi.^ life : llieretbre, when the whiter man was about
^ to return to his com|mnions, tiie Jndian was going to accompany Inn;, and kill
him in the wav. As they wire alioii' to set out, llie woman caught the white
man bv the clothes, to prevent his going with the Indian. Me, not uiider-
staiiiliirir her intciitioii, i)ulle(l away from her ; but as n last r<'~. '. she ran out
and shrieked, wliicl. raised tin; men in every direction ;
became alarmed for his own safety, and made his escape
man knew he had been in danger.
. 1 the Indian
before the while
a noted chief of
his countrymen.
Sdf-commairl iti Time of />rt/!,i;Tr.— Tli-re was in C'aroliii,'
the Vamoisces, who, in the year I70*i, with about tlOO oi .
went with Colonel Daniel and Colonel .Voore against the Spaniards in I'lori-
da. His name was .Irratominakdw. When the English were obiiirid to
abandon their imdertaking, and as they were retreating to their boats, they
l)ecame alarmed, supposing the Spaniards wer.< niton them, .liratominitkaw,
having arrived at the boats, was reposing himself upon his oars, and was fisl
asleep. The soldiers rallied him for being so slow in his retreat, and ordered
him to make more haste : "Hut he re[)lieiL 'No .hough vour oovKiivoa
LEAVES you, I WILL NOT STIR TILL I HAVE SEEN ALL MY MEN BEFORE ME.' "
Indifference, — Archihau was a sachem of Maryland, whose residence Avas
upon the Potomack, when that country was settled by the English in ll>'{.'3-4.
The place of his residence was named, like the river, Potomack. As usual
with the Indians, he received the English under Governor Calvert with great
attention. It should be noteJ, that .'Irehihnu was not bead sachem of the
Potomacks, but gover;ied iiiLtead of his nephew, who was a child, and who,
like the bead men of Virginia, wjis called wirowance. From this plaro the
colonists sailed 20 leagues farther up the river, to a i)lace ca^led Piscattaway.
Here a werowance went on board the governor's jjimiace, to treat with him.
On being asked whether he was willing the English should settle in his
country, in case they found a place convenient tor them, he made answer,
^' I loili not bid you go, neither toill I bid you stay, but you may use your oivn
discretion." *
Their JVotions of the Learning of the JfTiites. — A* tin; congress at Lancaster,
in 1744, l)etween the government of Virginia and the Five Nations, the
Indians were told that, it they would send some of their young men to Vir-
ginia, the English would give them an education at their college. An orator
replied to this offer as follows: — "We know that you highly esteem the kind
of learning taught in those colleges, and that the maintenance of our young
men, while with you, would be very expensive to you. We are convinced,
therefore, that you mean to do us good by your ])roposal, and we thank you
heartily. But you who are wise must know, that ditferent nations have differ-
ent conceptions of things ; and you will therefore not lake it amiss, if our ideas
of this kind of education happen not to be the same with yoiii-s. We have
liad some experience of it: several of our young people were formerly brought
up at the colleges of the northern provinces ; they were instructed in all your
sciences ; but when they came back to us, they were bad runners ; ignorant
of every means of living in the woods; unable to bear either cold or hunger ;
knew neither how to build a cabin, take a deer, or kill an enemy; spoke our
language imperfectly ; were therefore neither fit for hunters, warrioi-s, or
counsellors; they were totally good for nothing. We are, however, not the
less obliged by your kind ofP-r, though we decline accepting it: and to show
our grateful sense of it, if the gentlemen of Virginia will send us a dozen of
their sons, we will take great care of their education, instruct them in all we
know, and make men of them." f
Success of a Missionanf. — Thosi; who have attempted to Christianize the
Indians? complain that tliey are too silent, and that their taciturnity was the
greatest difliculty with which they have to contend. Their notions of pro-
* Oldinijccn, [Hist. Maryland.]
o
t Franklin's Essay.;
2G
ANKrnOTEH, u:r., iM.rsTKA'i'ivr.
[Hook I
Oil V
pricty upon innltrrs of coiivcrsatidii an; so nice, tli;it tlioy dootii it improiMT,
ill till- liiirlicst (l('i,'nM', even to deny or coiitriilici any Unwj; that is said, at tin.'
time: and liciicc tlic dilliciiity of i<iio\viiij' ''at cllrct any tliiiiir li'is npoi,
tiicir minds iit tlio time of delivery. In \iu . tiiey iiave a propi r ad\anfai:c;
l<)r iiow orteii does it liappen tiiat p(!o|)le would answer very (litferently upon
a matter, were they to consider iijioii it l>iit a short time! Tlii- Indians sildijin
answer a matter of iinportanet' the same day, lest, in so doiiijr, tliey should lie
thoiii,dit (o have treated it as thonirh it was ot" small eoiise(pienee. ff'c oftein r
rejient ol" a hasty decision, than that we have lost tinu" in matiirinjr our jikIl:-
nu'iiis. Now li)r the anecdote: and as it is from the Essuys of Dr. i'V«)i^7ui,
it shall 1)0 told in his own way.
"A Swedish minister, liaving assembled the chiefs of the Suscpiohannali
Indians, made a sermon to them, acipiaintinj^ them with the ])rinci|)al historical
ficts on which our reliufion is tiiinided ; such as tlit; lidl of oiir first parents hy
oatin;^' an ap|)le ; the comiii<r of Christ to repair tin; iiii-t'liief; his mirailis
and siiir.'riii!;", «i;c. — When he had tiiiished, ai> Indian orator stood np tn
than!; him. ' H'hal i/ou have told its,'' said he, ')',« all vin/ ixooif. It is imlccd
had It) (III tipples. It is Intkr to make them all into ei'ler. fie are mvrh ohli^il
hit your kindm ss in coming so far to tell lis those things, which you have heard
Jrom your mothers.''
"When the Indian had told the missitmary one of the legends of liis nation,
how they had been siipjilied with mai/c or corn, i)oans, and tobacco,* he
treated it w ith contem|)t, and said, ' What I delivered to yon were sacred
truths; but what yon tell me is mere lable, fiction, and falsehood.' Tlio
Indian felt intlijinant, and replied, ^.My brother, it seems your frienls hare nM
done you justice in your education ; they have not well instructed you in the rules
of common civility. You see that we, who understand and practise those I'ules,
believe all your stories : why do you refuse to believe ours .' ' "
Curiosity. — " When any of the Indians ooino into onr towns, onr poo])!o aro
apt to crowd round them, gaze ni)on them, and incommode them wben; they
desire to be |)rivato ; this they esteem great rudeness, and the effect of tin;
want of instrnction in the rules of civility and good manners. ' Jl'e have,' say
they, 'a.9 much curiosity as ynu, awl when you come into our towns, we wish for
opportunities of looking at you; but for this purpose we hide ourselves l>ehind
bushes u'hire you are to pass, and never intrude, ourselves into your company.''"
Rules of Conversation. — "The business of the women is to take exact iio;ice
of what passes, imprint it in their memories, (for they have no writing,) and
commnnicate it to their (diildren. They are the records of tin; council, and
they preserve tradition of the stipulations in treaties a hundred years back;
whieli, when we compare with our writings, we always find exact. He that
would sjieak rises. The n -t observe a profound silence. When be has
finishi'd, ai.-d sits down, they leave him live or six minutes to recollect, that, if
be has omitted any thing he intended to say, or has any thing to add, he may
ris:; again, and deliver it. To interrupt another, even in comiiion conversa-
tion, is reckoned highly indecent. How diflerent this is iiom the conduct of
a ])olite IJritish House of (^onnnons, when; scarce a day passes without some
eoid'usion, that makes the speaker hoarse in calling to order ; and how dill', r.-iit
from tlie mode; of co:iversation in many ))olite companies of I'<uro|)e, where,
if you do not deliver your sent<iiee with great rapidity, you are cut otf in the
midilli! of it by the impatient loquacity of those you converse with, and never
sutiired to finish it!" — Instead of being better since the days of Franklin, we
apprehend it has grown worse. The modest and unassuming often find it
exceeding dilTicult to gain a hearing at all. Ladies, and many who consider
till nisidves examples of good manners, transgross to tin insuHcrable degree, in
breaking in upon the conversations of others. Some of these, like a ship
* Tlio slorv of llio licaiilifiil womnn, wlio dcsopiidcd to liie onrtli, and was fi'd hy the
Tiidian<, lili(vk-Ilitirk is made lo toll, in liis liCc. pam- 71). Il is lla- samo oflni told", and
alliidi'd lo l>y Fittii/rliii, in the lo.vl. 'I'o reward llic Indians for liicir kindness, siic canscd
corn to i;ro\v when- licr riglil liand touched the earth, beans where liie left rested, and tobacco
wlicre she was seated.
M.
^' [Book i
ipy doom it iinpropp,-
"',tr tli;it is .Slid, at thii
■•my tliiiiip |i;,s iijjo,,
' a |>rf)|M r (Kivniit.iirc;
v.-rv (li(i;>n.|itly ii|H,ii
ilif Iii(liaii.ss(li|,)iii
iloin-r, t.'it'v sIk.mM U.
!"|"""fi>. He olh-iirr
II iiiatiiriiifr (Mir jud".
sa^s ol' Dv, Frimklm,
)f tli(< Siis(|iiolianniili
';"|""'";'i|>.il liistorical
roiir lirst parents liy
i-fliicf; ills iiiimclu,s
I orator stood up to
II sj^ooJ. It it, tnilcfii
fie are murk uhli^d
vhich you have heard
'1,'ciids of liis nation,
■S and tohacoo,* Ji,,.
to you wt-rc sacred
id fiilseiiood,' TIk;
lonr frienis have not
cfcd i;ou I'n the rules
practise those rules,
wns, our i)onp|(! aro
lo tiieiii wlien; tliey
111 tile viYrrt of tlie
I's. ' He hnve,^ say
towns, we wish for
'lie ourselves behind
your compauT/.^ "
o talvc exact no; ice
<; no writiii'r,) and
'f tii(! council, and
'li-cd years hack;
<l '■■Vii<'t. I[(; that
Wiioii Jie has
rceidleet, that, if
';? t(» add, lie may
oiiiinou coiiversa-
" the conduct of
scs uiiiiout some
inid lio\v<li)i;r,.,it
f Kiiro|)e, w liero,
aro ('ut otf in tjio
' ■vvithj and never
of Franklin, \vo
'iiig often tind it
ny wjio considcT
eral)le de.r,.,.,., i,,
itvsc, i;ke a siiip
(Chap
III.]
OF CUSTOMS AND MANNERS.
27
Iff down the sniali cratl in her course, comn
I h
driv.n hv a iinrtli-wester, hcarii
upon us hy siir|irise, and if we atieiiipt to proc(>e(l by raLsing our voices u
litlle, we are sure to lie drowned hy a .'iiucli <rreater elevatio.'i oi
their
part.
nd wns fod hy ii,e
me oil. 11 loM', and
ii'Incs'j, >lio ciiiiscd
•eslL'd, and tobacco
it is a want of ffood hreediii>r, which, it is hoped, every youu<x person whose
V iiiei't, w ill not he <ruilly of through life. There is great ojtpor-
evi' this Ilia
tunit\
I'or many of mature years to profit hy it.
Lost ( 'onfidenee
. — An Indian ninner, arriving iiiavillagn of his countryrneni
re(|iiesled the immediate attendance of its iiihahitaiits in council, as he wanted
their answer to important information. The peoples ac( ordin^dy a.-isemhled,
but when the messenger had w ith jrrcat anxiety delivered his messaire, and
wait! (I fiiran answr, none was given, and he soon observed that he was like-
ly to be litt aloiit; in his place. A straiiffi^r present asked a principal chiif tlio
meaning of this strange proceeding, vviio gave tliis answer, "Jf/'j once lold
us a lie,"
Comic. — An Indian having been found frozen to death, an inquest of lii:^
oountrvmeii was convened to determine by what means he cam<! to such a
death." Their verdict was, "Death from the lieezing of a great (piautity of
water inside of him, which they were of opinion he had drunken for rum."
.'/ serious (Question. — About 1701, an oilicer presented a western chief with
a medal, on one side of which President If'ashingfon was represented as armed
with a sword, and on the other an Indian w',".s seen in the act of burying the
Ijtitchet. The chief at once saw tliii wrong done his countrymen, anil very
wisely asked, " If'hij iloes not the President hurt/ his sword too'/"*
Sclf-esterm. — A w liite man, meeting an Indian, accosted him as brother. The
red man, wiili a great e.\|)ression of meaning in his countenance, inipiirod
liosv they came to be brothers; the white man replied, O, by way of Adam, I
supposf. The Indian added, "«We thanli Idni Great Spirit we no nearer brothers."
.1 Preacher taken at his IVord. — A certain <dergyman had fin- his text on a
time, " Vnw and pay unto the Lord thy vows." An Indian happened to be
presc'it, who stepped u|» to lli(> priest as soon as Ue had finished, and said to
him, "Now me vow me go home with you, Mr. Minister." TIk^ piit>sl, having
no language of evasion at command, said, " Voii must go then." When he had
arrived at the home of the minister, the Indian vowed again, saying, " Aow
me voiv tne havesiijiper." When this was finished he said, "Me vow mo stay
all ni,Ldit." Tln^ priest, by this time, thinking himself sufliciently taxed, re-
plied, "It may be so, but I vow you shall go in the morning." The Incfian,
judiriiig from the tone of his host, that more vows wouhl be uocless, departed
in the morning sans ceremonie.
Jl case of sif^ncd Barbarity. — It is related by^ Black Hawk, in liis life, that
some time before the war of Jt^l2, one of the Indians had killed a French-
man at Prairie des Cliiens. "The British soon after took him prisoner, and
said they would shoot him next day ! His fiinfily were eni;amped a short dis-
tance below the mouth ot" the Ouisconsin. He begjicd permission to <;•() and
see them that night, as he was to die the next day! They iiermitted him to go,
after iiromising to return the next morning by siim'ise. He visited his (iimily,
which consisted of u wife and six children. I cannot describe their meeting
and pariiiig, to be understood by the whites; as it appears that their li'elings
are acted upon hy certain rules laid down by their /i/rac/icr.f.' — whilst ours are
governed only >)y the monitor within us. He parted li-oni his wife and chil-
dren, hurried throiiirh the prairie to the tbit, and arrived in time! The sol-
diers were ready, and immediately marched out and shot him down '.'." — If this
were not cold-blooded, deliberate murder, on the part of the whilis, I have
no conception of what constitutes tiiat crime. What were the ciicniiistaiices
of the murder we are not informed; but wiiatever they may have been, they
cannot excuse a still greater barbarity. I would not by any means be imder-
slooil lo advocate tilt! cause of a murderer; but I will ask, whether crime in
to be prevented hy crime : murder for nuirder is only a brutal retaliation, ex-
cept whore die safety of a community requires the sacrifice.
^ Elliot's Works, na.
28
NARRATrVES, &c,, ILLUSTRATIVE
[Book [.
m
Movnnnf; much in a short Time. — ' A yoinif; widow, wliost^ 1iiih1«ui(1 liml
beindciid altniit ri^dit days, was liastfiiing to liiiisli li<;i' grit;)', in order that
i»lie iiiij,'lit 1)0 married to a yoiiiij? warrior: slio waw dcttriiiiind, tlifrclbro, to
griove mucli in a short tiiin; ; to tliis cml she Ion; her hair, drank spirits, and
hoat licr lircast, to iiiai\i! th(! tears flow ahiiiKlaiitly, liy wliieli ineaiis, on tht;
eveniiv, of tlio eighth ihiy, she was ready again to marry, having grieved snf-
fieientiy." *
Huiv lo evade a hard ({uenlion. — " When Mr. Gist went over the Alleganies,
in Feb. 17.")!, on a lonr of discovery lor tlie Ohio (.'om|tany, 'an Indian, wiio
spoke good lliiglisii, came to him, and said that tiicir great man, tht; Urnirr,\ mnl
Captain Opixtmi/lunh, (two riiiels of the Didawares,) desir(;d to know wlien:
tlio Indians hind lay; lor tlie I'rencii chiimed all the land on one sidt^ of tlic
Ohio River, and t!i(! Knglisli on the other.' 'J'his (piestion Mr. Gist found it
hard to answer, and he e\ad( d it hy sa\ ing, that tlu; Indians and white men
were all sui)jects to the same king, and all had an ecpial |)rivilege of taking
up and possessing the land in conformity with the conditions prescribed by
the king." J
Credulity its own Punishment, — The traveller IFnnsey, according to his own
account, would not enter into conversation with an eminent cliielj !)ecause he
had heard that it had been said of him, that be bad, in bis time, "shed blood
enough to swim in." lie bad a great desire to become acquainted with the
Indian ciiaracler, but his credulity (U!i)arred him elH-ctualiy from tla; gratifi-
cation. The chief was a ('reek, named I''la.>ii\(;o, who, in company with
another called l)out>h-h((u!, visited I'liiiadi'lphia ;.s amiiassadors, in the sum-
mer of 17!)4. Few travellers discover such scrujailousness, especially those
who come to America. That Flnmin^o was mor<) bloody than other Indian
warriors, is in no wise probable; but a mere report of his being a great sbed-
der of blood kept Mr. Hausrjj from saying any mon; about him.
Just Indignation. — IIatuay, a powerful chief of llispaniola, having fled
from thence to avoid slavery or death when that island was ravaged by the
Spaniards, was taken in 1.jIJ, when they coiupiered Cuba, and burnt at the
stake. Alter being bound to the stake, a Franciscan friar labored to convert
him to the Catholic liiitli, by promises of immediate and eternal bliss in the
world to coine if he would believe ; and that, if he would not, eternal tor-
ments were his only portion. The cazique, with seeming composure, asked
if there were any Spaniards in those regions of bliss. On being answered
that there were, he n^plied, " Then I will not go to a place ivhere 1 may meet
with one of that accursed race."
Hamdess Deception. — In a time of Indian troubles, an Indian visited the
house of Governor Jcnks, of Rhode Island, when the governor took occasion
to request him, that, if any strange Indian should come to his wigwam, to let
him know it, which the Indian promised to do; hut to secure his fidelity, the
governor told him that when Ik; should give him such information, he would
give him a mug of flip. Some time after the Indian came again : " Well, Mr.
Gubenor, strange Indian come my house last night!" "Ah," says the govern-
or, "and what (lid he say?" "He no speak," rei)licd the Indian. "What, no
sjieak at all .' " added the governor. " No, he no speak at all." "That certainly
looks susoicious," said his excellency, an<l inquired if he were still there, and
being told that lie was, ordered the promised mug of fliji. When this was
disposed otj and the Iwdian was about to depart, he mildly said, "Mr. Gube-
nor, my squaw have child last night;" and thus the governor's alarm was
suddenly changed into disapjjointment, and the strange Indiaa into a new-
born pappoose.
Mammoth Bones. — The followuig very interesting tradition concerning
these bones, among the Indians, will always ]m read with interest. The ani-
mal to which they once belonged, they called the Big Buffalo ; and on the
* Acpoimt of the United States by IMr. ho'ic Ilolmai, .It".,
t Prohahly ilic same vvc have noticed in Book V. as King Heaver.
\ Sparks's Washington, li, 15.
[Book I
wlio.s(» iiiiKhniid Iiu,|
r finoi', ill oidci- ii,„t
niiiiK (I, thcrcroiv, to
ir, (Iraiilc .sjiintH, imd
'Vliirli iiK'.iiis, on i||,.
Iiuviiij,' grkvod huC-
ov(;r tiic Allofraiiics,
"y, 'an Indian, wlm
iiin,tli(! /ymm-,taii(l
■«'<l to know uliciii
i oil one si(l(! of i|„,
111 Mv. (ii.if loiind it
mis anil wliite men
|>rivil»'<,'e o/" takiii^
tions in-cscribed by
oordiiifr to Ills own
t cliici; hpcaiiso lie
tiiiic, "shed lilood
C(|naiiitcd with tlic
l.y n-OIII tllC <rrilfi(i.
in coniiiany with
iador.s, in tlio .siini-
iH, I'sjiecially thoso
than other" Indiuii
(iiiifr u great sJied-
iiim.
iiiola, Iiaviiijir fled
s ravaffc'd hy tJjc
. and burnt at the
|i bored to convert
I'l-iial bliss in the
not, eternal tor-
oinposure, asked
lieinff answered
ivhere 1 may meet
ndian visited tlie
or took occasion
wigwam, to let
his fidelity, the
lation, he would
Hill : " Well, Mr.
says the govern-
an, " What, no
"That certainly
still there, and
When this Avas
id, "Mr. Gn be-
ar's alarm was
«ii into a new-
)n
St
concerninjr
The ■
ani-
lo ; and on the
'3cr
IChap III 1
EXPLOIT or HANNAir DUSTON.
29
Iv maps of the connli
, ear
to lie li>nii(
V of iiie Ohio, we si'c miirkcd, " K!('|)b.iiits' liniics siiid
I Im'I'
rht'V wt'iv, for some lime, by many supiiosfd to baM- inrri
th
f that aiiimai ; but ihiy are pretty generally now lielieved t(( liavt
beloii;;e(l lo a species ot" animal long since exlinet. 'I'liey have been Ibimd
ill vailoiis |>arts of the coimlry ; l)nt in the greati'st abimdaiiee aiiniit the s;ilt
.icks or siiiiiigs in Keiiliicky and (Hiio. Tiiere has never been an enlire
tikeletoii fiiiind, alilioiigii ibe'oni! in 7'(y(/(',s' niiisenm, in riiiladelpliiM, was so
near perfect, thai, by a little iiigeimity in sii|»plying its delicts with wood-
work, it jiMssrs extremely well fi>r siieli.
'J'be tradition of the I'lidians eonceriiing this animal is, that he was caini\-
oroiis, and existed, as late as 17H0, in tiie northern parts of America. Some
Delawares, in the time of the ri'voliitioiiary war, visited the iinvernor of \ir-
gini I nil business, wiiicli having been (iiii.died, some ipii stioiis were put In
them cnncerning their country, and especially what they kiiesv or bad heard
respecting tin; animals whose bones had been found abmit the salt licks on
the (Hiin liiver. "The chief speaker," coiitimies oiir aiitlmr, Mr. Ji Jl'irson,
" imiiiedjately put himself into an attitude of oratory, and, with a pomp suited
to what be conceived the elevation of his subject," began and repeated as
follows: — "//I tinrivnt tiiiun, a herd of tlirse treinriiilo<i.i ttiiiiiiiili ramr to tin-
Jlii';-l)0)ic Lii'/i.i, an I livfiitn (tii nnivrrsal ilditntrtioii of the hiiti; (/rvr, <ll>n, IniJJ'd-
luis, nn t ollirr iiniiiKils, which hdd been rnati-d for the use of the lii'lidiiH : the
greed mm above, lookinix down and scelnfj; this, ic«>? so enraire'l, that he seized his
ti/rhtnin<r, deseend(d to the earth, awl sealed himself on a ijrhhonnjx mountain,
on a rod; nfichieh his seat and the print of his feet are still to he seen, and hurled
his holts amonjx them till the whole were slaughtered, c.rce/d the hi'i; hull, who,
presenting his forehead to the shafts, s' ook them off as they fell ; hut missing one
at Icmslh, it wnundel him in the side; whereon, springing round, he Iwunded over
the Ohio, over the ff'ahash, the Illinois, and, finally, over the great lakes, tvhcre lie
is living at this day."
Siiidi, say the Indians, is the account handed down to them from their
ancestors, and they conid furnish no other information.
A^arrativc of the Captivity and hold Erphit of Uann'th Duston. — The rela-
tion of this adiiir forms the XXV\ arlieli! in the Deceniiiiim I,iictiiosnm of the
ftlagiialia Cbristi Americana, by Dr. Cotton Mather, and is nin; of the brst-
wrilteii articles of all we have read from his pen. At its bead is this signiti-
t s'litence — Dux Finiiina Facti.
can
On the |'5 March, 1()!>7, a band of about 20 Indians came micxpecfedlr
upon Haverhill, in .Massachiisetts ; and, as their iiiimbei-s were small, they
made their attack with the swilVncss of the whirlw ind, and as suddenly disap-
[leaied. The war, of which this irruption was a part, bad continued nearly
ten years, and soon aft(>rwards it came to a cles;'. The lioiis,- which this
j)arty of Indians had siiii;led out as their object of attack, belonifcd to one Mr.
Thomas * Duston or I)unstan,\ in the outskirts of the town. I Mr. Duston was
at work, at some distance from his house, at the; time, and wlieilier he was
alarnr'd for the safety of his family by the shouts of tlc^ Indi.ins, m- other
cause, we are not informed ; but he seems to have arrived there time enough
before the arrival of the Indians, to make some arrangements for the jireserva-
tion of ills (diildren ; but his wile, who, but about a week b fore, had been
confined by a child, was unable to rise from her bed, to the distraction of her
ag(ini/ed husband. No time w^as to be lost; Mr. Duston had onlv time to
direct his childnii's Highf, (seven in number,) the extremes of whose aires were
le
le
two and si'vent(M>n, and the Indians were upon them. \\'iili his gim, tl
distressed fjither moimfed his horse, and rode away in the direction ol" tl
children, whom he overtook bur about 40 rods from the bouse. His first
int'ution was to tak(> U|) one, if |)i)ssib| ■, and escape with it. He had no
Sdoiier overtake n lliem, than this resolution was destroyed ; for to rescue either
to the exclusion of the rest, was worse than death itseif lo him. He therefiire
faced aliout and met the enemy, who had closely pursued him ; each fired
.Mr. Mij ielc's Hisl. Iliivcrhill. 8(i
'111 lioiisi", ucrc ilr-ll'(
roved nl ili s liiiu
'27 1
fliilflihison.
■1 13
lu Mr. B. L. iMijrirl;'s jlj.siory of Iluvorliilj.arc lliu iiaim;.s of liic slain. iSt
3*
cirnod uwi'y caj)livc.
80
KXIM.OIT OF HANNAH HUSTON.
[Book I
Upon the otiior, nml it in niriiosi ii mirncli' timt iioiif of the liltlo rptn-atiiij?
oarty \v» rf Imrt. 'I'ln- Imrmiis tltd iidt |iiirsiii' Imi^', from fear ol" rainitig tin
LoiglilMtiiiijr l'",iii,'lisli iM'forc iImv coiiIiI comiilit*! tlit'ir object, and hciicc tliin
part of the family escaped to a place of safety.
V-'if are now to enter iiilly into tlie relation of this very tragedy. There
was i'vin<r in the lionse of IMr. Diision, as ninse, Mrs. Munf .Veff,* a widow,
wliost heroic conduct in shariiifr tiie liite of her misiress, when escape wiis
in hei poucr, >\ill always he viewed with admiration. 'Phi' Indians were
now i.i the niidistinhed possession of the hoiisi-, .md havin;? driven the
nick woman from her lied, compelled her to sit (piictly in the corner of tlic
fire-place, while they completed the pillajje of the house. This linsiiiess
heiii>r fnii^iii'd, it was K-t (mi fire, iiikI I\lrs. Duslo)!, who hefore considered
hefM'lf iinahle to walU, was, at the approach of ni^'hl, ohlijicd to min-ch
into the wilderness, imd take her hed upon the cuhj j^roiind. .Mrs. .VV/T I'mj
late attem|>ti'd to escape with tiie infant child, hm was iiitercepicd, the eli>!(|
taken from her, and its hraiiis heat ont a<,'ainst a ik ifjhiiorin;.' apple-tree, while
'H» nurse was compelled to accompiuiy her new and fri<;htfnl masters also.
The ca|)tives amoinited in idl to 1.'}, some of whom, as they hecaine unable tn
travel, were murdered, and letl exposed upon the way. Although it was la^nr
night when they (pfitted Haverhill, they travelled, as they judged, ly miles
before encamping; "and then," says !)r. Mather, "kept up with their new
masters in a long travel of an liundred and fit\y miles, more or less, witliin u
few days ensuing."!
Arter journeying awhile, according to tbeir custom, the Indians divided their
Erisoners. Mrs. Duatoti, Mrs. .Yrff, and a boy named S.t:ri;d Leonnrdson, | who
ad been captivated at Worcester, about 18 months before, fell to the lot of
an Indian family, consisting of twelve persons, — two men, three women, and
seven children. These, so far as our acconnts go, were very kind to their
prisoners, hut told them there was one ceremony wliich tjiey eoidd not avoid,
and to which they woidd be sidijccted when they sho;:'d arrive at their |)lace
of destination, which was to run the gantlet. Tht! place where this was to be
performed, was at an Indian village, '^."jO miles from J laverhill, according tn
the reckoning of the Indians. In their meandering course, they at length
arrived at an island in the month of ("ontookook I{i\(r, id)oiit six miles above
Concord, in New IlMinpshire. Here one of the Indian men n sided. It had
been deteriifined by tlie captives, Ijeforo tlieir arrival, that an effort
should be made to free themselves from their wretched captivity ; and not
only to gain their liberty, but, as we shall presently see, something by way of
remimeration from those who held them in bondage. The heroine, Du'slon,
had resolved, upon the tirst opportunity thai ofl'ered any chance of success, to
kill her captors and scalp them, ;iiid to return home with such trophies as
would clearly establish her reptiiition for heroism, as well as insure her a
bounty from the public. She tlu itfore comnninicated her design to Mrs.
JVeff imd the English boy, who, it would seem, readily enoiiirh agreed to it.
To the art of killing and scalping she was a stranger :' and, that there should
be no fiiilurc in the hnsiness, Mrs. fJuslon instructed the hoy, who, from bis
long residence with them, had heconu- as one of the Indians, io inquire of one
of the men how it was done. lie did so, and the Indian showed him, with-
out mistrusting the origin of tlie inquiry. It was now March the 31, and in
the dead of the night following, this bloody tragedy was acted. When the
Indians were in the most sound sleej), these thret; captives arose, and sofily
arming themselves with the tomahawks of their masters, allotted tlie number
each should kill ; and so truly did thr^y direct their blows, that but one escaped
that they designed to kill. This was a woman, whom they badly wouniled,
and one boy, for some reason they did not wish to harm, and accordinjrly ho
was allowed to escape unhurt. Mrs. Duston killed her master, and Leonard-
son killed the man who had so freely told him, but one day before, where to
deal a deadly blow, and how to take oft' a scalp.
CHAf
.MI \1
leavinj.'!
b<-ing PI
thev eiil
thcMeil
ont aec
The
which
Indians,!
them fill
upon thi
tioii, SCI
Kiiihtl
says tlii|
defclldil
* Slie was a dau<i;lilcr of (leorcre Corliss, and married IVilliam Nfff, wlio went after the
anriy, and died at Pemmaquid, Feb lfi83. Mijrick, Hist, llavl. 87.
t Tlieir course wis probably very indirect, to elude Dijirsuit. J Hist. Haverhill, 89
(Hook I
■* flin littlo rptnntiii;?
II Jrar (iC mixing tin
>j<'<-t, (umI liciico tliis
••ry Uniivily. TIktc
'in/ .VV//;» a widow.
IS WllCII CSCaiK' Wjls
Till' Indians ucic
I'livin^' driven tlir
ill the (•(trncr of the
iHf. This hii.-incss
I licforc considered
, "hljovd to fiiarcli
Ml I. .Mrs. A>/r loo
iti'ie( |)icd, f.'i.'elpld
11^' a|)|)ic-tree, wliil,.
kIiUuI masters also,
y became imalile to
Itliough it was near
y judged, ly niilcs
lip with their new
jre or less, within u
ndians divided their
/ Linnardson, | who
\ fell to the lot of
, three women, and
very kind to their
py conid not avoid,
•rive at their place
iiere this was to he
E!rhill, according to
•se, they at length
)iil six miles above
II iisided. It had
I) tliat an efllm
•I'tivity; and not
•thing hy way of
heroine, Du'slon,
ice nl' success, to
Mich trophies as
us insure her a
■ design to Mrs.
ffh agreed to it.
that tiierc should
y, who, from his
to inquire of one
lowed iiim, with-
I ilie .31, and in
■'«<l. When the
arose, and soAly
)ited the number
but one escaped
badly wounded,
d accordingly ho
er, and Lconard-
helbre, where to
Chap FII
DF.STIU TTION OK S(MIF;Ni:('r \liV
:fi
wlio went after the
Hist. Haverhill, 89
)l All was over bi 'ore the iliiwii of day, and all things w.tc g<»t r. ady lor
Jleaviiig this |da >f blood. Ail the boats but t.iie were sciilile, I, '.o prevent
If being pursued, and, with what jirovisions and aru'S the liidiiui camp atlorded,
X' they embarked on iio.-.i! the other, and slowly and sihiiitiy took the rse of
the" Merrimack Kiver for their homes, where they all soon uller arrived with-
out incident.
The whole country was aHtonisbed at the ndatioii of the aflair, the truth oj
which was never (iir a moment doubted. The ten <'alj)s, and the arms of the
Indians, were evidences not to be (piestioiied ; and the geniTiil court gave
them (ith pounds as a reward, and numerous other gratuilies were showered
upon them, ("oloncl .ViVWso/i, governor of Marjlimd^hearing of the transac-
tion, sent them a generous present als >.
Kitjht other houses were attacked besides Dmton's, the owners of which,
says t he historian of that town, Mr. Mi/nrk, in every case, wer(^ slain while
deVinding them, and the blood of each st lined his own door-sill.
.Varrativi of Ihr De.ilnirfion of Srhin'rtnili/.* — This was an event of great
distress to the wholt; country, at the time it hap|)ened, and we are able to give
some new facts in ridatioii to it from a maniiscri|tt, which, we believe, has
never before been piiblis'ied. These facts are contained in a letter from (Gov-
ernor liradnlreet, of .Massachusetts, to (Jovernor Hincklrji, of I'limoiilh, dated
about a month aller the atliiir. They are as follow: — " Tho' you cannot but
have heard of the horrid massacre coumitted by the Krencli and Indians at
Senectada, a fortified and wel. comparted town 20 miles ulM)ve .Albany (which
we had an account of i>y an express.) yet we tl'ink we have not di.scnarged
our duty till you hear of it from us, 'Twas upon the Eighth of Fvhruanj,
[1(!H!M>0] at midnight wiien those poor secure wretches were surprised by
the enemy. Their gates v/erc; open, no wi'.tch kept, and hardly any order
observed in giving and obeying commands. Sixty of them were Itutchered in
the placi- ; of whom Lieut. Talmnge and four more were of Ca|)t. BidVs com-
pany, besides five of said company carried captive. IJy this action th(! French
nave given us to understand what we may expect from them as to the fron-
tier towns and seaports of New I'ngland. We are not so W(dl acjijuainted
what number of convenient Havens you have in your colony, besides those of
Plimoiitli and liristol. We ho|H; your priidenci! and vigiltuict; will lead you
to take such meiisuit^s as to pre-vent the landing of the enemy at either of
those or any such like place." f
We now |»rnceed to give such other facts as can be gathered from the
numerous printed accounts. It ap|)ears that the government of Canada had
planned si\eral expeditions, previous to the setting out of this, against various
im|t()rtiint points of the liiiglish frontier, — as much to gain the warriors of the
Five Nations to their interest, as to distress the English. (Jovernor De JVon-
villt had .sent over si'veral chief sachems of the Irocpiois to Fraiict!, where,
as usual upon such embassies, great I'ains were taken to caii.se them to enter-
tain the highest opinions of the glcry and greatness of the French nation.
,\moiig them was T(twfmkit,i\ renowned warrior, and two others. It aj)pears
that, during their absence in I'rance, the great war between their countrymen
and th(! French had ended in the destruction of Montreal, and other places, as
will be seen detailed in our Fifth Book. Hence, when Count Frontenac
arrived in Canada, in the fall of 1(589, instead of finding the Iroquois ready to
j in him and his forces which \f: had brought from France fi)r the coiKpiest
of New York, he found himself obliged to set about a reconciliaiion of them.
He therefore wisely despatched Tawcraket, and the two others, upon that
design. The Five Nations, on being called upon by these chiefs, would take
no step without first notifying tli!' iTuglish at .Vlbany that a council was to be
calliMl. Tli(! blows which had been .so lately given the French of Canada,
had liilli'd the English into :: fatal security, and tliey let this council |)ass with
too little attention to its i)roceedings. On the other hand, the French were
• This was ihe (Jerman name of a jiine barren, such as stretches itself between Albany and
Sclieiieolady, over which is now a rail-road.
t French ships, with land forces and munitions, had, but a short lime before, hovered upo«
the coast.
:w
Dr.STIMHTION or SCIir.MXTADY.
[lioDK I
fiilly (iimI iiltly nprcsciifcd ; iiiiil llic n-Hiilt wmh, iIic oxiHtinp hrcnrli \V(is nrt in
u liiir uiiv III !>•• rliisi'il ii|i. 'I'liis (iicnt iniiiicil was hc^riiii 'J'J .liiiiiiiirv, Hi'.H),
III
Oliritlfl cliictl
1)1 {•(iiisisinl dl' ri;^litj Mii'lii'iiis. ll wuH (i|i(iu'(l l>y .SVu/rAr((»i«/^''/(/iV,' a xruui
u'lr
Ml niiwliili', to (i'm; ciiiiiliiyiiKiit to tliir liidiaiiM wlio yi't rniiaiiiitl tl
frii'iid.-'. Hif r\|i('(liti<iii was liru'iin uhicli nidril in the drstriutinii dI'SiIhiht-
lady. ( liii iMiistiiT Sniilli\ uriitr liiH acroiint (il'lliat alliiir iViiiii a iiianiisrri|i|
li'thT U'\) \>y ('(ilniii'l S(lnii/lir,m tliat litiic iiia^ornf Mliaiiy ; and it is tlir
most |iai'lindar of any acconiit yrt |lnl»li^ll^d. It is as liillows, and licars dati
IT) I'.liniaiy, ltW»:—
Al'trr two-iiiid-twciity days' iiiarrli, tlit! <'ntiny IMI in with Sclifiicrtady,
F« hniaiy H. TImti! were iiliont yoO I'lmidi, and |trilia|ts r>() < 'aiigliJifWrua
IMoliawks, and they at tirst intrndrd to lia\t' sni-|)risn| Alliany ; lint linn
inari'li hail hccii so lon<r and trdions, orciisionrd hy the dcr|iiirss ot' thr siinw
and ciildni'ss of tin- wcatlii r, that, instrad of attrin|itin<j: any tiling ollinsiM',
thry had nearly drridi'd to surrender ihenisrKes to the tirst l'',n;;lish they
Nhoidil meet, such was their distressed sitntition, in a eam|i of snow, lint a few
mill's from tlio devoted setMenieiit. 'I'lic Indians, howe\er, sa\ed iheni from
the disgrace. They had sent out a small seont from their party, who entered
^'l■hl■llel■tady wilhont even exeitin;^' sns|iii'ion of their errand. \Vhen they hail
staid as lonif as the nature of their hnsiness niinired, they withdrew to the^r
fellows.
fsi-ein^'' that Schenectady offered such an easy prey, it put new coiirajre into
tlie French, and they came upon it as ahove related. Tlie bloody tra;,'edy
commenced hetwceii II and \2 o'clock, on Saturday iiijrht ; and, that every
house mi>,dit he surprised at nearly the >ame time, the enemy divided them-
selves into parties of si\ or seven men each. Althou^di the town was ini|ialed,
no one tlioujj;ht it nijcessary to close the jrates, even at ni}.dit, |iresuniinf; the
Heverity of the si-iLson was n suHicient seciiri;-' ; hence the tirst news of the .■[
approaidi of tiie enemy was at every door of l cry house, which dooi*s were '
liidken as soon as the |)ro(onnd slumhers of those they were intended to irnard. ;,
The same inhuman barbarities now followed, that were atlerwards per|ietrate(l
upon the wretched inhabitants of IMontreal.f "No ton<rue," said ('oloinl
Sfliui/lci; "can express the cruelties that were committed." Sixty-three ,|
lionses, and the church, § were immediately in a bla/e. ilwknte women, . .f
ill their ex|)iriiij,' ajfonies, saw their infants cast into the llames, beiitir firet :%
delivered by the knife of the midiiiirht assassin! Sixty-three || persons were ■
jiut to death, and twenty-seven witc carried into capti\ity. {
A {\w persons fled towards Albany, with no other coverin<r Imt their iiiirht- '4
clothes; the horror of whose condition was ffreatly enhanci d liy a jrreat tiill %
of snow ; 25 of whom lost their limbs from the severity of the frost. With I"|
these poor fugitives came the intelligence to Alliany, and that place was in aJ
dismal confusion, liavinj?, as usual upon such occasions, sii|ipi'se(l the enemy 's
to ha\t' been seven times more numerous than they really were. About noon, f
the next day, the enemy set off" from Schenectady, takinir all the plunder they
could carry with them, among which were forty of the best hoi-ses. The n st,
with all the cattle and other (lome'3tic animals, lay slaiijrhtered in the streets.
One of the most considerable men of Schenectady, at this time, was Captain
Jllexnnlcr Glev.M He lived on the o|iposite side of the river, ami was siillered
to escape, because he had delivered many French jirisoners ii'om torture and
slavery, who bad been taken by the Jndians in the former wars. They hail
passed his bouse in tlu; night, and, during the massacre, he had taken tli
alur
111, and in the morning he was found ready to defend himself IJelbrc
leaving the village, a French oflicer summoneci him to a council, upon the
shore of the river, with the tinder of personal safety, lie at h^ngtli adventured
down, and had the great satisfiiction of having all his ca|itured friends and
relatives delivered to him ; and the enemy cleparted, keeping good their
promise that no injury should be done him. ||
* S^ddngeeim'shlie in Powaai on tlie Colonics, I. .'J'.18.
\ Si'i! l5i)ok V. ^ Spajord.
il Charlevoix calls liim Tlie Sieur Coudre.
t Ilisi. N. York.
II Colden,no.
Chap I|
The
lid lioll
tnivellil
from \l
their n
oral I'liil
Blliliialr
do. Il-
IH plIM'
" I be
a vii'lni]
('anailMl
war N\"]
foriiiei I
lie bits II
formerly
on tlnnl
Acco
xvhii'h h
banileil
I'rench
We W
is very i
withslai
iicctady
laying it
(iovei
M. itv III
assure il
change i
to reiiife
who slio
lii-st assi
Indians,
le Moitu
dUhnrili
sioii to ^'
This
the Fiif!
il
Iff liicnrli wiw not in
III '-ti Jninimy, |(;;h),
'ihtuii^;l,liv,' a jrroui
yi't icrnniiicd tlirir
triictioM oCScImikt-
I* <'niiii n iii,'iiiii.Hrri|i|
l"iii.v; iiikI it ir4 III,,
l«JWM, (111(1 lM.tl|-.s (IdtP
"jlh ScliciKM-tddy,
s ."»0 ('iiil^'l:i.f»v.'!;ii'
■\"'''iiv ; Ihii iIii'ii
r|iii( '^.-i (iC tiic .<ii(i\\
iiy lliiii;j ()ni'iisi\(.,
(ii;Nt Ijlfrlisl, tlicv
orfiiiow, iidt II (('\\
, Huvcd ili(>iii Iniiii
|i-'iit.v, wild ciitcnd
I- WIm'ii tlicy li;i(|
wididnnv t(»'tlit'^r
t (M'w coiinip' iiiio
'Im! Iiliiody tnif,'cdv
f ; "11(1, tluii cvcrv
iiiv divided fluni-
towii WHS iiii|i(dc(l,
Jit, iircsiiiiiiiifr jli,.
tirsr iicwH (tC tli(;
vvliicli dooix Avcic
intended to sriDird.
winds ))ei|»eti(ite(l
It!," Hiiid ('dIoikI
<l." Si\ty-tlire(«
Ihi'-knte women,
ImiMH, heiiiir /iitit
|ii TMnis wei-e
r l)iit iheirniirlit-
I I'} a «.'reat fidi
tlie fW..st. With
IIU pl(|C(! W!18 ill
f'scd ilio eiieiny
Ahout iiooii,
ln' plunder tliey
irses. 'J'|„. n st,
I ill the streets,
me, was rnptain
nd Wfis siini'i-ed
•om tortin-c and
■•.•"•. They had
^ liiid taken fho
imselC I{er„|.e
iiiifil, npon thn
i^'th adventiinul
r^'d tVieiidH and
ing good their
jHAf. Ill I
DKHTHUCi'lON OF HCIIKNKcrrADV.
:t:i
r(
The jrreat Miihnwk ciiMle wim aliont 17 mileH fnnii Seheiierlady, and they
'did ii.it hem- III' the maHHiiere until two duys al\er, owinjf In the Htate ol"
triMellini,'. On r iviiijr the newn, they immediately joined n piuty <»r men
from Ailmnv.aiid pm>ui d the enemy. Aller a ledioUH pursuit, they fell upon
• their retu', killed and look •,'.'» id" them, imd did them some other dinnajfe. Sev-
orid .•hit! muImius soon assendiled at Alhan.v, to e(»ndole with Ih- oeop|(>, and
aimiiiite them iiiraiiif-t leaving the place, which, it seeniM, they \>ere (dtoui to
do. I'lom a speech ol'oneoCtlie ihielK on this occasion, tht; toilowinj^ extract
IM preserveii : —
" ihiihren, >\e do not think that wliat the rreiich have done (an Ix! called
a victory; it in only a rurtlier jirool' (d' their cruel deceit. The >.'overnor of
(,'annda"sent to < )no"nda>zo, and talks to us of jm (ice with our wliole house; hut
win- was in lijs heart, as you now see hy wotui e\|»erience. lie did the mimo
Ion h at t 'adaraci|ui, ' and in the Senecas' country. TIuh is the third timo
lie hiis acted so di itfully. He has hrokeii o|ten our house at hotli ends;
formerly in he Seiiecas' Country, and now here. We hope to he reveiigod
on ihein."
AccordiiiK'y) when mesMeiifierH caiiK! to renew and roncliido tho treaty
which had heeii lief,nin hy Tnwtmht, hefore mentioned, they W(Te seized and
haiiiled o\er lo i\\v llii^dish. They also kept out scoiitu, and liariw.sed iliu
I'rencli in every direction.
We «ill now proceed to draw from ('hnihi'uix' account of this atl'air, which
is very minute, as it respects tlie opi^ations of tht; I'lciadi and IndiiuiH. Mot-
wiihsiaiidin;; its jrreat importance in a correct history of the sacking ol" Sche-
nectady, noiK! of our historiaiiH «eeiii to liave given theiiiMclveH tho trouhlu of
laying it hefore thtdr readers.
(ioxeriKtr Frontnmr, having (h'tcrniined upon an expedition, gave notice to
,U. (/(• in Diirauttiije, who then commanded at iMichilimakinak, that he might
assure the llurons and Ottawas, that in a short time they would see a great
chaiigi! in alfaiis for the iietter. lie prepared at the same time n large convoy
to reinforce that post, : id he took measures also to raise three war parlies,
who should enter hy three different routes the country oi' tli«! Knglish, Tho
tirst as.seinhled at iVIontreal, and consisted of ahout 110 iiieii, rrencli and
Indians, and was put uiuhir tlu; command of MAI. iPjIiUeboxU de Mantel, niid
le Moinr de SI. Ilelene, two lieutenants, under whom MM. de Repenli^mj,
L'u periiiia-
sion lo serv(t its volunteers.
d'lliirvillr, m: Uonkkpos, dk la JJrosse, and i)e Mo.ntiom, rc(]ueHteu per
t Misi. !\. V„rk.
II Colden,lld.
This )KUly mandied out hefore tli(>y had determined against what part of
the Knglish frontier tlu'y would carry ilioir uriiis, though hoiik! part of New
York WHS imdei-stood. Count t\onlen(tc had left that to the two coiniiiaiiderH.
After they had marched rtv(! or six dayH, they called a council to deteriiiinu
upon what place they would attempt. In this council, it was (hdmted, on tho
part of tin! French, that Alhany would he tlu; smallest phice tliev ought to
iindeit;ik(.'; lint thu lndi(mM would not agree to it. They (contended that, with
their small force, an attack upon Alhany would he attended with extn^nio
ha/iud. The French being strenuous, the dilmte grew warm, and an Indian
chief asked them "how long it was siiic(! they had so much courage." To
this s<!ven; reliiik(! it was answered, that, if hy some past actions they had
(liscovenHl cowardice, tlu^y should se(! that now they would n^trieve their
character ; they would take Alhany or die in the att(!mpt. The Indians, how-
ever, would not consent, and the council hroke up without agreeing ujiou any
thing hut to jaoceed on.
Tiuy continued their march until they came to a place where their ])ath
divided into two; one of which led to Albany, and tlu; other to Schenectady:
here Mnnlel gave up his (hisign upon Albany, and they inarched on hiu-moui-
oiisly for the former village. The weather wiis very severe, and for the nine
following days the little army suffered incredibli! hardshi|»s. The men were
often obliged to wade through water up to their knees, breaking its ice at
ev<!ry step.
* Sec Book V.
34
DESTRUCTION OF aCHENE(;TAI)Y.
[Book I
At 4 o'clock ill the iiK/iiiiiifr, tlic licf;iiiiiiiii.'()rF«!lini!irv, tlioynriivcd 'vithin
two Iciiifiics ol' f^clifiicctndy. lit re iIk;} lijilti (I, iiiul the (Jiriit .litincr, cliid'
Dl'liic lro(|ii((is ol'tlic I'allj- nl'St. I.oiiis, riiiidf a s|)cccli to tliciii. lie cxlioitcd
evc'iA one lo loiirct the liiirdsliips llicy ii.id riidiind, in tin: liojn' of avcii^riii}.'
tii<^ wii iijfs tlicy had llir a loii^' time siiO'rrtd Iroiii tlic |K'ilidious Miijihsli,
who were the aiitliors ot' ihi-iii; and in tiic cl.i.si^ added, that they conUI iioi
doiiht of tilt) assistuiicc of Heaven ajj;aiiist the enemies of God, iji u caiiw
so J list.
JIardlyliad they taken ii|) their line of inareli, wlieii t!ieyniit40 Indian
women, who frave them all the necessary inHuination fir a|>|iroachinff thr
place in safety. A Canadian, named (liicitiar, was dctiiched immediately with
nine Indians ii|ion discovery, who ac(|nilt('d himself to the entire satisfiictioii
of his oliicers. He reconnoitred tscheuectady at hi.s leiftiire, and then rejoined
liis eomrad(\s.
It had heeii determined \i\ tiie ptirty to put otf the attack one day longer;
but on ;hearr'val of the .scout under Giguicn; it wa.s resolveil to proceed
without (((day.
Schenectady was then in form like tiiat of a loiif^ square, and entered l»y
two gates, one at each end. One opened towards Alliaiiy, the other ii|)on the
great road leadiiifj; into tlii! hack country, and which was now possessed hy
the French and Indians. Manld and .SV. Hiline cliarfred at the second
fjat«', whiidi the Indian women before mentioned had assured them was
always open, and they ibimd it so, U^Hxrvillc and li(j)ciili<i:ni jiassed to tliu
left, in order to enter hy the other fiate, but, after losiiifj' somi- lime in vainly
endeavoring to tind it, were obliged to return and enter with their comrades.
The gate was not only open hut unguarded, and the wh(de party entered
without being discovered. Dividing themselves into several parties, they
waylaid every portal, and then the war-whoop was raised. MmiM Ibrined
und attacked a garrison, where the only resistance of any account was made.
The gate of it was .soon forced, and all of the Kngli.sb fell by the sword, and
the garri.son was burned. Monlifrni was woundc'd, in forcing a house, in his
arm and hody by two blows of a halberd, which pnt him hors du combat; but
St. Hdrnt being come to his assistance, the house was taken, and the wounds
oi Montv^ni revenged by the death of all who had shut themselves up in it.
Nothing was now to be seen but massacre and pillage in every place. At
tlie end of about two hours, the chiefs, believing it due to their .sifl.'ty, jiosted
bodies of guards at all the avenues, to prevent surprise, and the rest of the
night wus spent in refreshing themselves.
Mnntct had given orders that the minister of the jilncc should be sjiarcd,
vnom i.e had intended for his own ])risoner; but he was found among the
pr^i.iisciious dfad, and no one knew wiieu be was killed, und all his papers
were burned.
After the \y\nce was destroyed, the chiefs ordered all the casks of intoxicat-
ing liijuors to be staved, to jirevent their men Irom getting drunk. They
next set all the hoiist^s on fire, excepting that of a widow, into which jMontigiii
had been carried, and another belonging to Major Cotidre: they were in num-
ber about 40, all well built and I'urnished ; iio booty hut that which could he
easily Ii.nisporti'd was saved. The lives of about (50 persons were spared;
chiefly women, children, and old men, who had escaped the fury "f the onset,
and .'io Indians who happened to he then in the place. The lives of the
Indians were spared that they might carry the news of what had happened to
their comitrynicn, whom they were reijiiest' d to inform, that it was not
agiiinst them that tli(\v intendeil any harm, but to the? riiiglish only, whom
the}' had now despoiled of projierty to liie amount of four hundred thousand
pounds.
They were too near Albaii}' to remain lon<r among the ruins, and they
deciimped about noon. The plunder — .Mnnl{<sni, whom it was necessary
to carry — the prisoners, who were to the nnmb'r of 40 — and llii' want of
provisioiKs, with which they had in their hurry neglected to jirovide them-
selves — retarded niuidi their retreat. Many would liave even died of famine,
hud they not had 50 horses, of which there remained but six when they
Chap, hi ]
MURDER OF MISS M'CREA.
35
'- arrived at Montreal, upon tlie 27 Mareli following.* Their want of jjrovision.^
i olilifriMJ tlieiii to separate, and in an attaek wliieli wan made iijion one party,
■ tliri e Indians and six Fn iielnnen wore killed or taken ; an attaek, uliicli, for
want of proper caution, eost the army more lives than the ea|)tun! of iSehe-
nectadv ; in whleli they lost hut two men, a rrenehman and an Indian.
Mnrilrr of Ml us Jane McCrca.—'Y\\\A young lady " was the s(>cnnd daughter
of Jdines McVrta, ministi-r of F-amington, iSfew Jcn-sey, who diiul Im fore the
revolution. Alter his death, she resided with hi-r hrother, Colonel Joliu.McCrea
of Albanv, who removed in 177;J to the neighhorhood of Fort Fidward. His
liouse was in what is now Northundierland, on tlie west side of the Hudson,
three miles north of Fort Miller Falls. In July or August, 1777, being on a visit
to the fiimily of Mrs. McJVeil, near Fort iMlward, ut the close of the W(;ek, slu! was
asked to remain until Monday. On Sunday morning, when the Indians came
to th(! house, she concealed hei-self in the cellar: hut they dragged \wv out by
the hair, and, jtlacing her on a horse, proceeded on the road towards Sandy
Hill. They soon met anotlun- |)arty of Indians, retin-ning from Argyle, where
they had killed the fcmily of .Mr. /irtuis ; these Indians disapproved the pur-
|)ose of taking the cii|)tive to t!ie British camp, and one of them struck her
with a tomahawk and tore oft" her scalp. This is the account givon hy her
nephew. Tin; account of .Mrs. .l/c.VeiY is, that her lover, anxious for her
safety, employed two Indians, with the j)romise of a barrel of rum, to bring
her to him ; and that, in conse(|uence of their dispute for the right of conduct-
ing her, one of them minden-d lu^r. (ien. Gates, in his letter to Gen. liurifoyne
of 2 Si'j)tend)Pr, says, 'she was dressed to receive her promised husband.'
" Her brother, on hearing of her fiife, sent his family the ne.vt day to Albany,
and, repairing to the .American camp, buried his sister, with one Lii^utenant
Van Vcchtcn, three miles south of Fort Fdward. She was 23 years ol<l, of an
anfiable and virtuous character, and liighly esteemed by all her accpiaintance.
It is said, and was believed, that she was engaged ii: i :urriage to Captain
David Joins, of the liritish army, a loyalist, who smvived her only a few
yeai-s, and died, as was supposed, of grief fi)r her loss. Her nephew, Colonel
James MrCrea, lived at Saratoga, in 1823." f
Under the name of Ludndn, liadoiv has dwelt upon this murder in a strain
that may be imitated, but not surpassed. We select from him as follows: —
"Ono (lord sli;ill loll wlial famo ajrcnt Alhioii draws
From llicsc niixili.irs in her hnrU'rotis cause, —
Liicinilii's fate. The tale, ye nations, hear j
Elenial aj;'('s, trace it with a tear."
The poet then makes Lucinda, diu'ing a battle, wander from her home to
watch her lov<'r, whom he calls Heartlif. She distinguishes him in the con-
flict, and, when his s(piadron is routed by the Americans, she; proceeds to tho
contested ground, fancying she had seen him fall at a certain point. But
' l>i. hurries to his lent; — oh, rajje ! despair!
No triiinpse, no liding's, oC the frantic (air;
Save that some carmen, as a-camp they drove,
Had seen her coursing for the weslern afrove.
Fi iiit with faliiifue, and choked wiili hurning' thirst,
Fo. th from his friends, %villi honndiiiir leap, he burst,
Vau'ts o'er the palisade with eyes on flame,
And li'ls the welkin with [.iicinda's name."
"The fair one, too, of every aid forlorn.
Had raved and wandered, till otlicioiis mom
Awaked the Mohawks from their short repose,
To glean the plunder ere their comrades rose.
Two .Mohawks met the maid historian, hold! "^
"She starts — with eyes upturned and lieelinij breath,
In their raised axes views her instant death.
Her hair, half lost alons^ the shrubs she passed,
Rolls, in loose tanffles. roimd her lovely waist ;
Her kerchief torn betrays the [(lobes of snow^
Tiiat heave responsive io lier weight of woe.
* There is no doubt but that they were oliliged to subsist chiefly upon their horses.
\ President Allen's American Biographical Dictionary, 374.
36
HEROISM OF MRS. MERRIL.— WHITE INDIANS.
[Book I
With calculating pause and demon erin
Tlicy seize her hands, and, through Iter face divine,
Drive the descending axe ! — the sliriek she sent
Attained her lover's car; ho thilher bent
With all the speed his wearied limbs could yield.
Whirled his keen blade, and stretched upon the field
The yelling fiends, who there ilisputing stood
Her gory scalp, their horrid prize of blood !
He sunk, delirious, on her lifeless clay,
And passed, in starts of sense, the dreadful day."
In a note to the above passages, Mr. Barlow says this tragical story of Miss
McCrea is detailed almost hterally.
from a
'^ Extraordinanj instance of female heroism, extracted fri
Col. Jaines Perry to the Rev. Jordan Dodge, dated JVelson Co..
letter tvritten ii/
Aiy., 20 Jipril,
1788." — "On the first of April inst., a number of Indians surrounded tlie
house of one John Merril, which was discovered by tiie barking of a dog.
Merril stepjjcd to the door to see what he coiihl discover, and received thiep
musket-balls, which caused him to fall back into the house witli a broken Icj;
and arm. The Indians rushed on to the door ; but it being instantly fastened
by his wife, who, with a girl of about 15 years of age, stood against it, tlip
savages could not immediately enter. They broke one part of the door, and
one of them crowded partly through. Tiie heroic mother, in the midst of her
screaming children and groaning husband, seized an axe, and gave a fatal
blow to the savage ; and he falling headlong into the house, the others, sup-
1)osing they had gained their end, ruslied after him, until four of them fell in
ike manner Iwfore they discovered their mistake. The rest retreated, which
gave opporninity again to secure the door. The conquerors rejoiced in t]ieir
victory, hoping they had killed the whole company ; but their expectations
were soon dashed, by finding the door again attacked, which the bold mother
endeavored once more to secure, with the assistance of the young woman.
Their fears now came on them like a flood ; and they soon heard a noise on
the top of the house, and then found the Indians were coming down the
chimney. All hopes of deliverance seemed now at an end ; but the wounded
man ordered his little child to tumble a couch, that was filled with hair and
feathers, on the fire, which made such a smoke that two stout Indians came
tumbling down into it. The wounded man, at this critical moment, seized a
billet of wood, wounded as he was, and with it succeeded in despatching the
half-smothered Indians. At the same moment, the door was attempted by
another ; but the heroine's arm had become too enfeebled by her over-exertions
to deal a deadly blow. She however caused him to retreat wounded. They
then again set to work to make tlieir house more secure, not knowing but
another attack would be made ; btit they were not further disturbed. This
affair happened in the evening, and the victors carefully watched with their
new family until morning. A prisoner, that escaped immediately after, said
the Indian last mentioned was the only one that escaped. He, ci' returning to
his friends, was asked. ' What news ? ' said, ' Plagiiy bad news, for the squaws
fight worse than the long-knives.' This afl'air happened at Ncwbardstowii,
about 15 miles from Sandy Creek, and may be depended upon, as I had the
pleasure to assist in tumbling them into a hole, after they were stripped of
their head-dresses, and about 20 dollars' wortli of silver fui'niture."
wliiti
the \v(|
UllNVill'l
white.
on ii
River
inforiiil
givinirl
Welsh or White Indians.
" JVarrative of Capt. Isaac Stuart, of the Provincial Cavalru of South Carolina,
taken from his otvn mouth, by I. C, Esq., March, 1782.
"I was taken prisoner, about 50 miles to the westward of Fort Pitt, al)oiit
18 years ago, by the Indians, and carried to the Wabash, with other white
men. They were executed, with circumstances of hoi-rid barbarity ; btit it
was my good forttme to call forth the sympathy of a good woman of the
village, who was permitted to redeem me from those who Iseld mo prisoner,
by giving them a horse as a ransom. After remaining two years in bondage,
a Spaniard came to the nation, having been ^ent from Mexico ou diBcoveries.
INDIANS.
vine,
[Book I
iCHAP. Ill]
WHITE INDIANS.
37
5 field
tragical story of Miss
om a letter written bii
on Co., %., 20 ^prit
lans surrounded the
le harking of a dos.
r, and received tJirer
se witli a broken Ic.r
iig instantly fastened
stood against it, tlio
»ait of the door, and
•, in tiio midst of Irt
"*, and gave a IJital
use, tlie others, sun-
four of them fell in
est retreated, which
•rs rejoiced in tJ.eir
t their expectations
cli tlie bold mother
the young woman,
n lieard a noise on
coming down the
; hut the woimded
filled with hair and
stout Indians camo
[ moment, seized a
in despatching the
was attempted hy
her over-exertions
wounded. They
not knowing but
disturbed. This
matched with their
Bdiately after, said
[e, c:. retuniing to
vs, lor the squaws
t Newbardstowii,
pon, as I had the
were stripped of
iture,"
f South Carolina,
782,
I"'ort Pitt, a!)oiit
'ith other white
barbarity ; but it
I woman of the
Id mo prisoner,
L'ars in bondage,
on discoveries.
He /iiadc application to the chiefs of the Indians fir hiring me, and another
' wliitc man wlio was in tli(! like situation, a native of Wales, and named Jolin
%l)(H'(% wliicli was complied with. We took our dtsparture and travelled to
15' the westward, crossing the Missi.ssijtpi near Red Hiver, up which we travelled
; uiiwardrt of 700 rnili-s. Here we came to a nation of Indians remarkably
white, and whose hair was of a reddish color, at least, mostly so. They lived
on a small river which emptied itself into Red River, which they (ailed the
River I'ost ; and in the morning, the day after our arrival, the W<'lshman
inli)rnic(l iiu; that he w'"< determined to remain with the nation of Indians,
giving as a reason that he understood their language, it being very little diHer-
ent from the Welsh, My curiosity was excited very much by this information,
and I went with my companion to the chief men of the town, who informed
hiui, in a language that I had no knowledge of, and which had no afVmity with
that of any other Indian tongue that I ever heard, that the forefathers of this
nation came from a foreign country, and landed on the east side of the Missis-
sippi (describing |)articularly the coimtry now called West Florida); and that,
on the S|)aniards taking possession of the country, they fled to tluMr then
abode ; and, as a proof of what they advanced, they brought out rol's of
parcliruent wrote with blue ink, at least it had a bluish cast. The characters
I did not understand, and the Welshman being unacquainted with letters of
any language, I was not able to know what the meaning of the writing was.
They were a bold, hardy, intrepid people, very warlike, and their women
were beautifid, compared with other Indians,"
Thus we have given so much of Caj)tain Stuarfs narrative as relates to tho
WniTE LNniANs, The remainder of it is taken u[) in details of several excur
sions, of many hundred miles, in the interior of the continent, without any
extraordinary occurrence, except the finding of a gold mine. He returned by
way of the Mississij)|)i, and was considered a nian of veracity by the late
Lieutenant-colonel Cruder, of South Carolina, who recommended him to the
gentl(!man who coiinnunicated his narrative,
I had determined formerly to devote a chapter to the examination of the
subject of the White Indians ; but, on referen»-e to all the .sources of informa-
tion in my j)ossession, I found that the wiioJe rested u|»on no other eutliority
than such as we have given above, an<l therefore concluded to giv(! the most
interesting j)arts of the accounts without comment, and let the reader draw
his own conclusions. There seem to have been a good many accounts con-
cerning the White Indians in circw'ation about the same jieriod, and the next
we shall notice is tbimd in Mr. Oiarles Beatty^s journa], the substance of which
is as f()llovvs : —
At the f!)ot of the Allcghnny Mountains, in Pennsylvania, Mr, lieaili/ stopped
at tiie house of a Mr, Johri Miller, where Ik; " met with one lieujaiuin Sutton,
who had been taken raptive l»y the Indians, and had be(!n in different nations,
and lived (uany years among them. When be was with the Choctaws, at the
IMississip|)i Rivei-, he went to an Indian town, a very considerable distance
fiom N(!W Orleans, whose inhabitants were of different complexions, not so
tawny as those of the other Indians, and who sjtoke Welsii. lb; saw a book
ainoiig fliein, which he suppo.sed was a Wel.sh Bible, which they carefidly
kept wrapped up in a skin, but they coidd not read it; and he heard some
of tiiosi' Indians afterwards, in the lower Shawanee town, speak Welsh with
one Lewis, a Welshman, captive there. This W(!lsh tribe now live on the
west side of the Mississip])i, a great way above Ntnv Orleans,"
At Tuscarora valley he met with another man, named Levi Hicks, who had
been a captive li-om his youth with tlic; Indians. Hi; said he was once attend-
ing an enibassy at an Indian town, on the west si(h' of the Mississippi, where
tli(> iidiabitants spoke Welsh, "as he was told, for be did not understand
thetn " himself An Indian, named Joseph Peepij, Mr. lieallifs interpreter, said
he once saw some Indians, whom he supposed to Ixt of tlie same tribe, who
talked Welsh, He was sun; they talked Welsh, for he had been acquainted
with Welsh people, and knew .some words they used.
To tli(! above Mr. lieaftif adds: "I have been iidbrtned, that many years
ago, a clergyman went frotii Britain to Virginia, and having lived some time
there, went from thence to ?. Carolina ; but after some time, for some reason,
4
38
WHITE] INDIANS.
[Book I
he resolved to return to Virgiuin, aiul accordingly set out by land, accoin.
puiiied witii some other persons. In travelling through the luiek |)arts oC the
country, whieh was then very tliinly ii'lial)ite(l, he; fell in witii a jmrty of In.
dian warriors, going to attaek the iiihahiuints of Virginia. Upon examiniiif!
the clergyman, and finding he was going to Virginia, tliey looked upon Jiiiu
and liis companions as belonging to tiiat province, and took them all |irisoii(rs,
and told them they must die. The clergyman, in preparation for anotli r
world, went to prayer, and, being a Welshman, prayed in tJie Welsh langiingr,
One or more ol" the Indians wius much surprised to hear him pray in their
own language. Upon this they spoke to him, and finding he could under-
stand them, got the sentence of death reversed, and his lift; was saved. They
took him with them into their country, where he found a tribe whosi; native
language was Welsh, though the tlialect was a little different from his own,
which lie soon came to under.-tand. They sbowed him a book, which lie
found to be the Hibie, but which they could not read; and on his reading and
e.\j)laining it, their regard for him was much heightened." After some time,
the minister proposed to these jx'opl to return to his own country, and prom-
ised to return again to them with oi crs of bis friends, who would itistrnct
tliem in Christianity ; but noi long after his return to England, be died, which
put an end to liis design.
It is very natural to intpiire how tbese Indians, though descended from the
We'lsb, fame by books ; for it is well known that the period at which the
W(!lsb must have come to America, was long before printing was discovered,
or that any writings assumed the form of books as we now liave thciu. It
Bbould be here noted that iMr. Bealti/ travelled in the autumn of 17G(i.
Major ifogcrs, in Ids "(.'oncisc Account of North America,*' published in
17()5, notices the White Indians ; but the geography of their country he leaves
any where on tb(! west of the Alississipi)i ; probably ninev having visited tliein
himself, although be ti-lls us he had travelled very extensively in tlie interior,
'This fruitful country," hr; says, "is at jjresent inhabited by a nation of In-
dians, callert by the others, the White Indians, on account of their complex-
ion ; they being nnich the; fairest Indians on the continent. Tliey have, bow-
ever, Indian eyes, and a certain jtnilty Jewish cast with them. This nation is
very numerous, being able to raise between 20 and 30,000 fighting men. Tliey
have no weapons but bows and arrov,s, tomahawks, ;uid a kind of wooden
pikes, for which reason they otl<;n sufior greatly from the eastern Indians,
who have the usi; of fire-arms, and freqM,.„t|y visit the white Indians on tiie
banks of the easterly branch, [oi" Muddy lli-cr?] and kill or capiivate them
in great nmnbers. Such as fall alive into th.jir Imiids, they generally sell for
slaves. These Indians live in large town.s, ainl liave con'iniodious hoeises;
they raise corn, tame the wild cows, and use both ihe'r milk and flesh ; tliev
kee|) great numbers of dogs, and are very dextrous in hunting; they have lit-
tle or no commerce with any nation that we at present are ac(|uainted with."
In the account of Kentucky, writtcni in 1784, by an (^xcelk^ni writer, Mr. Joint
Filson, we find as follows : — .\lier noticing the voyage of Madoc, Avlio with
his ten shijjs with emigrants sailed west about 1170, and who were, accord-
ing to the Welsh historians, luiver heard of after, be proceeds: — "Tlusaccoimt
has at several times drawn the attention of the world ; but as no vestiges of
them had then been found, it was concluded, |)erl;a|)s too rashly, to be a fable,
or at least that no remains of the colony existed. Of late years, however, the
western settlers have received fnujuent accounts of a nation, inhabiting at a
great distance up the IMissouri, in manners and appearance resembling tlio
other Indians, but speaking Welsh, and retaining some ceremonies of tlit
Christian worslii|); and at length this is universally btdieved there to be a fiat.
Ca[)t. Jlhraham Cltdplnui, of Iventucky, a gentleman whose veracity may he
entirely depended upon, assured the author that in the hite war [revolutiou]
being with his company in garrison, at Kaskaskia, some Indians came there,
and, speaking the Welsh dialect, were perfectly undei'stood and conversucl
with by two Welshmen in his compatiy, and that they iidbrmed them of the
situation of their nation as mentioned al)ove."
Htnry Ker, who travelkul among I'.i tribes of Indians in 1810, &C., names
one near a great mountain which lie calls Muacedeus. He said Dr. Sibley
Chai'. i|
had f'
chilli, till
/•\viiriis (j
jwindicattf
'> found 11
ad.l- ; '1
, aided U
"printfil
a ti-aditil
anotiierl
ly print|
casting
havf tiiil
Indians^
1 low-
not givtl
Thenl
after an I
of inti)r
safely
Missour
to estab
clloo^
to autho
d(d\awai
icuhoriti
■..js
[Book I
)ut by land, accoin.
lie Itack parts ol" tljc
witli u jJarty of Jn.
I. Upon oxaniiiiiiig
y looked upon liin,
V tlifMi all prisoners,
•uration lor anotli r
t.'io WfUli lanifn;ij.'p,
r iiini pray in tlioir
mg lie coulil undcr-
b was saved. Tlioy
I tribe wbose native
L-rent from bis own,
I a book, wjiicb lie
1 on bis readinj,' and
After some time,
roimtry, and proni-
wiio woidd instnict
and, bo died, wbicli
lescended from tiie
criod at wbicli the
ing was discovered,
ow bave tliciii. It
nn of 17G(i,
srica," ])ublisbed in
r country be leaves
liaving visited tliein
vely in tbe interior,
by a nation of lu-
of tbeir comjilex-
Tiiey bave, bow-
11. Tills nation is
gluing men. Tbey
a kind of wooden
eastern Indians,
ite Indians on tlie
or captivate tli( m
V generally sell for
iniodioiis boiisus;
Ik and Hesb ; tliey
ng; tliey bave lit-
aecpiainted with."
• I writer, Mv.Jnlm
Madoc, vvlio with
vbo were, accord-
; — "Tins account
IS no vestijrofj of
ly, to be a rabic,
irs, bow-ever, the
I, inbabiting at a
resembling tlio
renionies ol" the
lere to be a liict.
veracity may Im
war [revolution]
aiis came there,
and conversed
lied them of the
810, (itc, names
e said Dr. Sibley
AMF.RICAN ANTIQUITIES.
39
"Chap. TV]
'%,i,\ tnll biin, wben at Natcbitocbes, that a number of travellers bad fissured
f^ir. tint there wa- a strong similarity between die Indian language anil many
Cv iriis of tb<' Welsh. Mr. Kcr found nothing among any of tbe Iii.liaiis to
*indi(".te a Welsh origin until be arrived among the Miiacedeus. Here bo
■found many customs whicb were Welsh, or common to that people, am, no
ndd^- "1 d'idnot understand die Welsh language, or I slioidd have been en-
nble.l to bave thrown more light ujion so interestbig a subject, as they had
"Diint.'d books among them which were j. reserved with great care, they having
a tradition that tliev were bionght there by their forefathers." Upon this, ui
another i)lae(;, li(! observes, "The books appeared very ohi, and were evideiit-
Iv printed at a time when there bad been very little improvement made in the
c-is'liii" of tviies. I obtained a few leaves from one of the chiefs, suliicient to
b'av.' tlu-owi'i light on the subject; but in my siibseciiient disputes with tlio
IiidiaiH I lost them, and all my endeavors to obtain more, wen; meliectual.
llow'or at what time these Indians obtained " printed book.s," Mr. Ker does
not 'dve iis his opinion ; altbougb be says niiicli more about them.
There arc a great number of others who bave nftticed these Indi iiis ; but
after an examination of them all, I am unable to add much to the above st* ck
of intbrmatioii concerning them. Ujion the whole, we think it may be pn tty
saf'ly said, tl.at tho existence of a race of Welsh about the regions of the
fllissoiiri does .lot rest on so good authority as that which lias been adcbu-ed
to establish tlifc existence of the sea-serpent. Should any one, bowever,
cboo^ . i:i%e^uig.ne the subject further, be will find pretty amjile refere ices
to authors in which tin! subject has been noticed, in a note to the life of Ma-
dokawaiido, in our third book. In addition to which, he may consulv the
II' thorities of Moiilton, as pointed out in bis History of New York.
S0006
CHAPTER IV.
Amf.rican AN'TKiiJiTiFS — Fcio Indian J}nti<iuitks — Of Mounds and their contents —
Jiccount of those in Cincinnati — In the Miami country — Works supposed to hare
been built for defences or fortifications — Some at Fi(]ua — JYcar Hamilton — Milford
Deerfield — Six miles above Lebanon — On Paint Creek — At Marietta — £t Circle-
filllc — Their age uncertain — Work^ on Licking River — Ancient excavations or wells
near JVcioark — Various other tcorks.
To describe the antiquities of America would not require a very great
amount of time or space, if we consider only those wliicdi are in reality such.
And as to Indian antiiiuities, diey consist in nodiing like monuments, says
IVIr. Jefferson; "for," be observes, "I would not honor with that name, arrow-
points, sloiie hatchets, stone l)ipcs, and half-sbapen images. Of labor on the
large scale, I think there is no remain as respectable as would be a common
ditch for the draining of lands, unless indeed it would be the Harrows, of
whicb many are to be found all over in this country. These arc of different
sizes, some of them constructed of earth, and some of loose stones. That
they were repositories of the dead, has been obvious to all ; but on what par-
ticular occasion constructed, was a matter of doubt. Some have thought they
covered tbe bones of those who have fallen in battles fought on tbe spot of
interment. Some ascribe them to t!ie custom, said to jircvail among tlie In-
dians, of collecting at certain periods tbe bones of all their dead, wheresoever
(ieposited at the time of death. Others again suppose them the general S(>pul-
chres for towns, conjectured to bave been on or near tlicsi! grounds ; and this
oiiinion was supported by the quality of the lands in which they are found,
(tiioso constructed of earth being generally in die softest and most feriilo
ineailosv-grounds on river sides,) and by a tradition, said to be banded down
fioin the aboriginal Indians, that when they settleil in a town, tin; first |iei-son
who (lied was |)laced erect, and earth put about him, so as to cover and support
biin; and that wben anotlier died, a narrow passage was dug to the firet, tbe
40
AMERICAN ANTIQl'rni;S.
[Hook I
Chai'
ll
acM'oml rrcliiHid nfraiiist liirii, mid tlit! rover of earth rc|)luco(l,(iii(l so on. 'riiirc
lii'iiif,' OIK! ol' these in my in if-dihorhood, 1 wished to stitisty iiiyself wheilnr
any, and w hicii of these opinions were just. For this |nn-|>ose, I (h'terniimd
to open and examine it thoroii^dily. Jt was si*ialed on tlie low ".'rounds (d" tin;
IJivanna, alioiit two miles aiiove its principal fork, and opposite to some ,'iills,
on which liad heeii an Indian town. It was of a spheroidal form ol' aljom
40 tt'ct diameter at the- hase, and liad lieen of ahont I'i feet aUiliide, tlioM<;||
now reduced hy the ploiii,di to seven ami a half, having iieeii under enlii\:i-
tion ahout a dozen years. Jicfore this it was covered with trees of V2 iiidn s
diameter, and round the basi! was an excjivalion of live ll-et dejilh and width.
from whence the earth had heen taken of which tlu^ hillock was lornied."
In this mound my author fuimd aiiimdanee of human Itones, which, i'unn
their position, it was evident had heen tlirown or piled iiroinisciioiisly their
together; bones of the head and feet being in eoiitact; "souk; verticjij,
souk; ohli(pie, some hori/ontal, and directed to every point of the conijiass."
'J'hesi; hoiK.'s, wluiii exposed to the air, ernnihlcd to dust. Some of the skiilh,
jaw-bones, and teeth, were taken out nearly in a |)crfeet state. 1 lit would iidl to
pieces on being examined. It was evident that this asstMiiblage of hones \\;is
made ii|) from jiersons of all ages, and at difl'erent periods of time. Tlic
niouiid was composed of alternate strata of bones, stones, and earth. Heiicu
it would seem tlia*. barrows, or mounds, as they are most usually calhid, Wdo
formed by the Indians, wlio.-e custom it was to collect the liones of their de-
ceased friends at certain periods, and deposit them together in this munner.
"But," Mr. Jefferson observes, "on whatever occasion they may have be( n
made, they are of considerable notoriety among the Indians: for a jiaity
passing, about ;}0 years ago, through the part of the coinitry where this barrow
is, went through the woods directly to it, without any instriietioiis or iiKpiiiy,
and having staid about it some time, with exjiressioiis which were construecl
to Im! those of sorrow, they returned to the high road, which they had left
about half a dozen miles to {lay this visit, and jiursued tlieir journey."
In these tumuli are usually found, with the bones, such instruments only as
ap[)ear to have been usetl for superstitious purposes, ornaments or war. Of
the latter kind, no more formidable weapons have been discovered than
tomahawks, spears and arrow-heads, which can be su|)pos(!d to have been
deposited before the arrival of Europeans in America. What Mr. Jtffirxon
found in the barrow he dissected liesides bones, or whether any thing, he does
not inform us. In several of these dejifisitories in the city of Cincinnati,
which Dr. Daniel Z>ra^e examined, numerous utensils were found. lie has
given a most accurate account of them, in which he has shown Jiimself no
less a jihilosopher than anticpiary. IIo divides them into two classes, ancient
and moflern, or ancient and more ancient. "Among the latter," he says, "there
is not a single edifice, nor any ruins whicii jirove the existence, in former ages,
of a building eom|)oscd of imiierishable materials. No fragment of a coluniii ,
no bricks ; nor a single hewn stone large enough to have been incorporated
into a wall, has been discovered."
There W(>re several of tliesi; mounds or tumuli, '^0 years ago, within a short
space ill and about Cinc'iinati ; but it is a remarkable fiict, that the |)lains on
the op|)osit(! side of the Ri\"r Ohio have no vestiges of the kind. The largest
of those in Cincinnati was, in 17!)4, almiit .'W feet in height; but at this time it
was cut down to 27 by order ot General Wayne, to make it serve us a watch-
tower for a sentinel. It was about 440 feet in circumference.
Almost every traveller of late yeais has said something upon the mounds,
or fortifications, scattered over the sorth and west, fioiii Florida to tin; lakes,
and fi'oin the Hudson to Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. IJy some they are
reckoned at several thousands. Mr. ]}rn"k('nriilgp sii|)poses there may he
3000; but it would not outrage probability, I presume, to set them down <'it
twice that number. Indeed no one can form any just estimate in ns|>ect to
the number of mounds and foitiiications which have been built, any more than
of the period of time which has passed since they were originally erected, lor
several obvious reasons ; one or two of whicli may be mentioned : — tlio
1 dough, excavations and levcillings for towns, roads, and various otiuir works,
luve entirely destroyed hundreds of them, which had never heen diiscribcd
[DooK I
^•1, 1111(1 so on. Tlicrc
ti.sty liivscir wlicilnr
iii-|M>sf', I (IcfcniiiiKil
«'l()\v •rroiiiids (/(' i],,,
•|)l),>silu lO SOIIK! Iiills^
oidal form of aliont
<^«Jt flllillKlc, tllOllirl,
Ix-'fii iiiidcr ciiliiui-
til flVON ()(■ ly illclKs
I'-ct (lepili iiiiil widili.
ii'k was ioniK'd."
iKtiics, uliicli, /i„,|,
liroiiii.sciioii.sly III,. IV
■t; "soiiK- vcrlicjil,
iiit ol" tli(! compass."
WoDio of tlic skiillL',
it«.-.:. lit would fiill to
iblayo of Ijoiics \\;is
iods of time, 'I'ji,.
and cartli. IFcnce
usually calltul, wcio
; houes of their dn.
ler in tliis jiiaiincr.
ipy may have Ix, n
lians: for a jmrty
y where riiis banow
nietjons or iii(|iiiry,
eh were fonstriiuil
liieh they Imd letl
r journey,"
n«trunients only as
iieiitH or war. Of
n discovered than
sed to Imve been
^Vhat Ml-. Jefferson
any thin^r, he does
ity of Cincinnati,
■<• /bund, ]Ie luis
ihown Jiimself no
'o classes, ancient
'," lie says, « then;
L"e, in former af^cs,
rientofacohiniii,
)een incorporated
ro, within a short
hat the plains on
iiid. The larf,nst
Jilt at tliis time it
serve as n watcli-
HAP. IV,]
AMERICAN ANTKiUITIF.S.
41
11 were co
'0, to ai
,nd whoso sites cannot now lie ascertained. Another preat destruction of
Ihern ims lieeii efH-cted by the chaiifriiif,' of the course of rivers,
Tiieie an; various opinions about the uses for which these; ancient reinaiiiH
triii'ted: while some of iheiii are too much like modern fonilicatioiis
iiiiit of a <loui)t of their haviiif? been used for defence.^ odiers, nearly
^ Bimiiar in desi{,'ii, from dieir situation entirely exclude the adoption of such an
opinion. Hence we find four kinds «tf reinaius formed of earth : two kinds
of mounds or barrows, and two which have been viewed as l()rtilicati()ns.
Thi' liaiTows or burial piles are distinguished by such as contain articles
which were inhumed with the dead, and those which do not contain them.
From what cause they didi'r in this respect it is difficult to determine, Somo
have siipiiosed the former to contain bones only of warrioi-s, but in such
III, Is till' bones of infants are Ibuiid, and hence that hypothesis is ovtir-
thiowii ; and indeed an hypothesis can scarcely Im; raised upon any one mat-
ter concerning them without almost a positive nssiiranco that it has bcien
created to be destroyed.
As a specimen of'the contents of die mounds generally, the ifillowing may
be taken ; Ixiiiig siicdi as J)r. Drake found in those ho examined : — 1, (Jylin-
drical stones, such as jasper, rock-crystal, and granite; with a groove near one
end. y. A eireiilar piece of caiinel coal, with a laigi; oiieiiing in tin; centre,
a-i though made for tiu^ reception of an axis; and adeeji groove in the circum-
ference, suitable for a band. .'J. A smaller article of the same shap<', but
composed of |)olishcd argillaceous earth, 4. A bone, ornamented with several
carved lines, sup|)osed by some to be hieroglyphics. .'). A sculptural repre-
sentation of the head and beak of somo ra|)acious bird, (I. Lumps of lead ore.
7. isinglass (mica mcmbranacea). This article is very common in mounds,
and seems to have been held in high estimation among the peopk; that con-
structed them ; but we know not that modern Indians have any particular
attachme'it to it, A superior article, though much like it, was also in great
esteem among the ancient Mexicans, 8, Small jiieces of sheet-copper, with
perforations. !>. I^arger oblong pieces of the same metal, with longitudinal
grooves and ridges, 10. Heads, or sections of small hollow cylinders, ajipar-
eiitly of bone or shell. II. Teeth of carnivorous animals. 12. Large marine
shells, belonging, |)erliaps, to the genus bucciniim ; cut in sneli a maimer as
to serve for domestic utensils. These, and also the teeth of animals, are
generally found almost entirely decomjiosed, or in a state resembling chalk.
i;{. I'^arlhen ware. This s(;<'ins to have been made of tin; same material as that
employtid by the Indians of Louisiana within our recollection, vi«. pounded
muscle and other river shells, and earth. Some perfect articles have been
found, but they are ran;. Pieces, or fragments, are very common. Upon
most of them, confused lines are traced, wliich doubtless had some meaning;
but no specimen has yet been found having gla/ing upon h like modern pot-
tery. Some entire vases, of most uncouth appearance, have been fbimd. Mr.
Mwtihr of Ohio, who has jMetty fully described the western antiquities, gives
an account of a vessel, which seems to have been used as a jug. It was found
in an ancient work on Cany Fork of (/iimberland Kiver, about four feet below
the surface. The body of tlie vessel is made by three heads, all joined together
at their backs. From these places of contact a neck is formed, which rises
about tlin>e inches above the heads. TIk; orifice of this neck is near two
inches in diameter, and the three necks of tin; heads form die legs of the vessel
on wliith it stands when ujiright. TIk; Heads an; all of a size, being about
four inches from the toji to the chin. The fiices at the eyes are about three
inches broad, which increase iii breadth all the way to the chin.
Of the works calh;d fortifications, though aln-ady mentioned in general
tcrins, their ini|)ortance demands a further consideration.
At Piijiia, on the western side of the (Jreat Miami, there is n circular wall
oftardi inclosing a sjiace of about 100 feet in diameter, with an opening on
the side most remoti; from the river, '' The adjacent hill, at the distam-e of
half a mile, and at tin; greater elevation of about 100 feet, is tli<; site of a stono
wall, nearly cin-ular, and inclosing perhaps 20 acres. Tlie valley of the river
on one sii'e, and a deep ravine on the odier, render the access to three fourths
of this fortification extremely difficult. The wall was carried generally along
4*
42
AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES.
[Hook I.
lit
tlio brow of tli« liill, in oiii! |)Inco (Icscciuliiiij a wliort distimon so as to incliidi.
a H|)iin<f. Till' Milicioiis liiiicHloiio ofwliicli it was hiiilt, lllll^t liavo ht^cn tran.s-
|)(irt<'(l from tliu bed of llic river, wliicii, (or two iiiilt:.s o|i|M)sil(' tlicsc! works,
docs not at present aHord on»! of 10 |iounds wei^lit. Tliey exiiiliit no marks
of tin; liammer, or any other tool. Tin; wall was laid ujt williout mortiu-, and
is now in riiinH.
" [jower down the same river, near the month of Hole's Creek, on tli(! |>Iaiii,
tlierc! are remains of {i:reat «'Xtent. The iirincipal wail or hank, which is iif
(virtli, incloses ahoiit I'.'tO acres, and is ni som*; |)nrts nearly Vi fiMJt lijirli.
Also l)(>low Hamilton, there is a fortification iijion the top of a hi<;h hill, ont of
vi(!W from the river, of very ditficnit approach. 'I'liis inclos(!S ahont 50 acres.
Adjacent to this work is a mound 25 fiset in diameter at its hase, and about
seven feet perpendicular altitnde.
"On the elevated point of land above the confhience of the Creat Miami
and Ohio, there are extcjnsivt! and oonijilicated traces, whi<-li, in the o|»ini()n
of tnilitary men, eminently (jiialified to judge, are the remains of very strong
del
ensive
works
In the vicinity of Milford, on the Little Miami, in"e fortifications, the larf,'c.st
of which anMipon the top oi" the first hill above the <'oiifiuence of the ICast l''ork
with the Miami. "On the opposit(; side of the Miami Kiver, above; lloniid
IJottom, are similar anti(|nities of considerable extent. On the J;]ast l''ork, at
its head waters, other remains havi; been discovered, of which the piincijial
bears a .striking resemblance to those; above mentioned ; but within, it ditli'is
from any which have yet been e.\ainined in this quarter, in having nine
parallel banks or long parapets united at one end, exhibiting very exactly the
figure; of a gridiron."
"Further n|) the Little Miami, at Deerfield, are other interesting remains;
but those; which have attracte;el more attention than any e)the'rs in the Miami
country, are situateel si.x miles from Ije;bane)n, above; the me)Uth of Toelel's
Fork, an eastern branch of the 3Iiami. On the stuumit of a ridge at least 2(J0
foet al)ove; the valley of the rive-r, there; are two irregular tra[)ey.oidal figures,
connected at a point where the rielge is very much narroweel by a ravine;. The
wall, which is entirely of earth, is generally eight or ten fe;et high ; but in one
place, where it it^ conducted over level ground for a short elistance, it rises to
18. Its situation is accurately aeljusteel to the brow of the hill ; anel as tlie-re
is, in aelelition to the Miami on the west, deep ravines on the north, the; seiiuli-
east, and south, it is a position of great strength. The angles in this wall,
both retreu'ing and salient, are numerous, anel generally acute. The oj)eniiigs
or gate'ways are ne)t less than 80 ! They are rarely at cepial elistances, and
are sometimes within two or three rods of one another. They are not
opposite to, or connecteel with any existing artificial objects or topographical
peculiarities, anel present, therefore, a paraelox of some elilficulty." These
works inclose ahnost 100 acres, and one of the state roads from Cincinnati to
Chillice)the passes ov - its northern part.
On Paint Creek, 10 miles from Chillicothe, are also very extensive as well n.s
wonelerfid works. "The wall, which had been conducteel along the verge e)f
the hill, is by estimation about a mile anel a half in length. It was formed
entin;ly of undresseel freestone, brought chiefly froui the streams 250 feet
below, anel laid up without mortar or <rement of any sort. It is now, like all
the walls of a similar kinel which have been eliscovere;el in the western country,
in a state of ruins. It exhibits the appearance of having been shaken down
by an earthepiake, not a single stone being found upon aneither in such a man-
ner as to inelicate that to have been its situation in the wall. In several |)lace3
there are opening.s, immediately opposite which, inside, lie i)iles of stone."
Dr. Harris, in 1803, very accurately described the remains at Marietta, at
the confluence of the Muskingiun anel Ohio Rivers. "The largest square
FORT," he observes, "by some called the town, contains 40 acres, encon)pas.sed
by a wall of earth from (i to 10 feet high, and from 25 to 3(5 in breadth at the
base;. On each side are three openings at eejual distances, resembling 12 gate-
ways. The entrances at the midelle are the largest, particularly tliat on the
side next the Muskingum. From this outlet is a covert wav, formed of two
parnilel walls of earth. 231 feet distant from each other, measuring from ceii-
CllM'
tre' ti' c|
lie'i^'lilil
fe!i t liii
graihiall
Blrnctiol
from tl|
teiwiinl
a will-
e'lirriiT, I
hi;ih ; l|
ceiiin' il
the t(>|>,l
anotlieii
east e-oil
enek
with a il
is A simI
side> iUiel
The're
ne)t iiitc
all liiat
Harris
of the I
the me)S
Of fii
niagnilie
nearly
A te>WM,
of ("ircl
snrve;Vee
nally'li:
was !)07.
anel te) tl
of the ci
opinion
ditch be
"The ill
fe)rt. wh
part of 1
twe-eti tl
and snn
time Ml
but aboi
walls e)t
had eig'
feneled
most ex
gatewa;
the? sepi
seniieMr
^age wi
siele, ai
posite
preibab
nearly
they w
I being
' establii
- « Wha
exact 1
after e
measu
i!
X. I
IHoOK I.
innn so ns to iiiclud,.
|||^t liavi! Uh'u traiLs-
I'posito tli(!sn works,
<'}■ cvliil)!! Ill) marks
wiilioiit iiKirtar, and
Crt'vk, on flio plain,
r bank, wliicli is of
K'urly 1'^ fi'ijt Jiijrii,
>i'n lii^'li liiil, out of
«)s(!s ahoiit 50 nvirn,
its liasf, and about
^f tbo Groat ftliaini
• ii'li, ill tbt! o|)iiiion
laiiiB ol" very stroii"
fications, tbe lar<rc,st
iceoftbol'^a.sl l-'ork
{iver, abovo Jtoniul
1 the I'^ast J'\)rk, at
vliicb till! |)riiici|ijii
•lit nilliiii, it (lifR.rs
IT, ill liuviii<r nine
i)g very exactly tliu
itorostiiig roniuiiiH;
tlu'i-M ill the iMiairii
•■ mouth of Toild's
a lidfjo at least 200
ra[)e/oidal figiin's,
by a raviiK;. The
t high ; but in one
ilistanco, it rises to
liill ; and as there
! north, till! soiitli-
gles in this wall,
te. The ojienings
distances, anil
They are not
or to|iogrupliical
fliculty." Thexe
•oni Cincinnati to
tensive as well as
oiig the verge of
. It was formed
streams 250 leet
't is now, like all
western country,
en shaken down
■ in such u inan-
n several (liuces
es of stone,"
i at Marietta, at
largest squake
■f>, encompassed
11 breadth at the
'iiibling 12 gate-
larly that on the
, formed oi" two
uring from cen-
CiiM'. IV.j
AMERICAN ANTIQUITIKS.
43
iia
^f^, , ,1,,.,.. The walls at the most elevated part on the inside are 21 feet in
liij.'iii, and 12 in iMvadlli at llie basi', but on the oiilsidi! average only of fivo
(i'l rbi'"li. 'I'l'i-^ Ibrms a i>as.-.agi> of about UdO fct in li-n-;!!!, Iniding by a
inailiifil licscent to tin' low <:rouiid.s where it, probably, at llie lime of ilH cou-
gtrii.-tion, ivacbcd llie margin of tlic river, lis walls commence at (iO UtI
fro'ii ilic ramparts of the liirl, and iiicrcasi! in eleviitidii as the way dcscenils
tow.inls thr river; and tlie bottom is crowned in llie centre, in the nianntr of
a will-formed turnpike road. Within lite walls of the fort, at ibi! norlh-wrst
corner, is an oblong, elevated sipiare, IHrt feet long, 1:52 broad, and nine fct
|ii<.|i ; livel on the Miiumit, and nearly |)erpendiiMilar at the sides. At tbo
centre of eacii of till sides li.e earth is projectcid, forming gradual ascents to
the ti>p, eiiiially regular, and about six teet in width. Near the south wall is
another elevated Mpiare, 150 leet by J20, and eight feet high. At the south-
east corner is the third elevated sipiare, lOH by 54 feet, with ascents at the
ends. At the south-east corner of the Ibrt is a semicircular parapet, crowned
with a mound, which guards the opening in tli;! wall. Towanls thi3 soiitli-east
is A SIMILAR KOKT, Containing 20 acres, with a gateway in the centre of each
side and at each corner. These openings are di tended with circular mounds."
There are also other works at Marietta, but a mere description of them can-
not interest, as there is so much of sameness about tiieni. And to describe
all that maybe met with would till a volume of no moderate size : for l)r,
Harris says, " You cannot ride 20 miles in any direction without tinding some
of the mounds, or vestiges of the ramparts." We shall, therefore, only notice
the most proniinent.
Of first importance are doubtless the works upon tli>i Scioto. The most
magnificent is sitiiat(!d 2(1 miles south from Columbus, and consists of two
nearly exact tigures, a circle and a square, which are contiguous to each other.
A town, having been built within the former, a|)propriately received the naiiio
of ("irclevill-! from that circumstance. According to Mr. Jltwnkr, who has
surveyed these works with great exactness and attention, thi! circle was origi-
nally ll.'JHi feet in diam(!ter, ti-om external parallel tangents, and the square
was !)07i feet upon a side ; giving an area to the latter of Ji025 sipiare rods,
and to the circle •il'-f.) nearly ; both making almnst 44 acres. The ramjtart
of the circular fort consists of two jiarallel walls, and were, at least in the
opinion of my author, 20 feet in height, measuring from the bottom of the
ditch between the circiimvallations, belbre the town of Circlevillc! was built.
"The inner wall was of clay, taken up probably in the northern part of the
fort, when; was a low jilace, and is still consideralily lower than any other
part of the work. The outside wall was taken from the ditch which is Im;-
tweeii these walls, and is alluvial, consisting of jiebbles worn smooth in water
and sand, to a very considerable depth, more than .50 feet at least." At the
time ?i\r. Jllwattr wroU' his account, (about IHIil,) the outside of the walls was
but about live or six feet high, and tlie ditch not more than J5ft!et deep. Tlie
walls of the square fort were, at the saiiu! time, about 10 feet high. This fort
liad eight gi^eways or openings, about 20 fii t broad, each of which was de-
fended by a mound four or five (i'et high, all within the fort, arranged in the
most exact manner; ecpiidistant and parallel. The circular fort had but one
gateway, which was at its south-east point, and at the place of contact with
till! square. In the centre of the sipiare was a remarkable mound, with a
semicircular pavement adjacent to its eastern half, and nearly lacing the pas-
sage way into the square tijrt. Just without the square fort, upon the north
side, and to the east of the centre gateway rises a large mound. Jii the op-
posite point of the comimss, without the circular one, is another. These,
probably, were the places of burial. As the walls of the square fort lie pretty
nearly in a line with tbe cardinal points of the! hori/oii, some have supposed
they were originally projected in strict regard to them ; their variation not
being more than that of the compass; but a siiigli! iact of this kind can
establish nothing, as mere accident may have given them such direction.
"What siirjirised me," says my authority, "on measuring diese forts, was the
exact manner in which they had laid down their circle and square ; so that
alter every effort, by the most carefiil survey, to detect some error in their
measurement, we found that it was impossible."
44
AMI:HK'AN ANTIQUITIKH.
[Book |.
Am it is ."ot my (U'MJjfn to wiiHto tiiiic! in coiijoctiircB upon the aiitliurfl of
these .■iiiti(|iiiti)'s, or tlio rniiotiMM'Hs of the |icrio(l in wliicli tln-y w<;r*! cuii.
Ntnirli'il, I will I'oiitiiiiK' my (ircoimt of tli<Mii, iilh-r an uliH<>rvation npoii k
hint'le I'in'nnistiiiM'c. I itIIt to liir liict ot" the iinmcnsc tri'rs liniiid growin;,'
n|i<iM till- mounds nnti otiicr anciiiit workn. 'I'lirir liaviriir i-xistt-d !(ir a tlioii.
sand u'iiis, or al least i>.».i.: of tlicm, can scarcely Im; (juestioned, when wn
know IroiM unerring' data I, tr:'<s have lieeii cut upon them of iIm! a<;<! of
near odO years; an<l froni o ve.'.ntahie mould out of which they sjiriuL',
there is every a|>|i('arance oi .-ev(!ral generations of «leca\»d trees (»f the sauii'
kind; and no forest trees ot'tla; present <lay appear older than liios(; upon tin.'
very works under consideration.
lere are in th(! l'"oiks of l/ickinj,' Kiver, al)OV(! Newark, in tlio county of
¥
Liekiiifr, very remarkaltle nMuains of anti(|uity, said hy many to Ik; as nnicji
so as any in tho west. Here, as at ("irclevillr, tlii! same sin;rnlar fact is oli-
servahle, respcctiiij.' the openings into the forts; the stpiare ones having hcv-
oral, hut the romul ouch only one, with a singk; excepti(Hi.
Not far helovv Newark, on the south side of the Licking, aro found innrK r-
ous wells or holes in the earth. "TlHUt! are," says IVlr. ///»Y//<r, "at least a
thousand of them, many of which are now more tlian W feet deep." Thougli
called wells, my author says they were not dug for that purpose. They have
the app(^aranc(! of heing of the samt; age as the nioimds, and were donhtless
made hy the same |)cople; hut for what jtm"j)osc tliciy conid have been made,
few seem willing to hazard a conjecture.
Foin- or five miles to the north-west of Somerset, in tli(! coimfy of I'erry,
und southwardly from tlio works on the Licking, is a stone fort, inclosing
nitout 40 acres. Its shape is that of a heart, though hoinnled hy straight lines.
In or near its centre is a circular stone mound, which rises, like a sugar-loaf,
from ly to 15 feet. Near this large work is another small fia't, whose; walls
are of earth, inclosing hut about half an acre. I give these the name of
forts, although ftlr. Jltwater says he does not believe they were ever construct-
ed fiir defence.
There are curious remains on l)oth sides of the Ohio, above and opposite
the mouth of the Scioto. Those on the north side, at Portsmouth, are the
most extensive, and those on the other side, directly opposite Alexandria, are
the most regular. Tlasy are not more remarkable tlian many already de-
Bcribed.
What the true height of these ruined works originally was, cannot be very
well ascertained, as it is almost imi)ossil)le to know the rate of their dimimi-
tion, even were the space of time given; but there can l)e no doubt that most
of them are much diminished from the action of tempests which have swept
over them for ages. That they were the works of a ditii-rent race from the
present Indians, has b(>en pretty confidently asserted ; but as yot, proof is
entirely wanting to support such conclusion. In o few instances, some
European articles have l)een found deposited in or al)out some of the works;
but few persons of intelligence pronounce them older than otliei*s of the
same kind belonging to the period of the French wars.
As it respects inscriptions ii|)on stones, about wJiich much has been said
and written, I am of the opinion, that such are purely Indian, if they were
not made by some whitr maniac, as some of them most unipiestional)ly have
been, or other [)ersons who <leserve to be classed among such ; but I would
not he miilerstood to include those of South America, for there the iidiabitants
evidently had a hieroglyphic language. Among the inscriptions upon stone
in New England, the " Inscribed Rock," as it is called, at Dighton, IMass., is
doubtless the most remarkable. It is in Taunton River, about six miles below
the town of Taunton, and is partly immersed by the; tide. If this inscription
was made by the Indians, it doubtless had some meaning to it ; l)ut 1 (loulrt
whether any of them, except such as happened to know what it was done
for, knew any thing of its import. The; divers faces, figures of half-formed
animals, and zigzag lines, occupy a space of aboutyOscpiare feet. The whim-
sical conjectur»!s of many persons about the origin of the inscription, might
amuse, hut could not instruct; and it would be a waste of time to give an
account of them.
a le\l
[witii s"|
^ qiiiutz i|
'^f what m|
land.
In ad
of I lie
Htiiue, \\l
one Wil
coll;clii|
which
crews,
whii'h ^1
the liicnl
upon tliJ
these ml
in <'xistel
their ail
diaii ma
At Ha
did in h
thiin li(
'J'hey an
accustnii
They in;
sioii ; I'll
be settle
was chai
furmatioi
which tl
theniselv
A r(!vi(
to the pn
would be
my only
commen
hig the s
Every
a sultji.'Ct
nature o
volumes
is a most
argiimen
which w
liiit why
rived wi
is not sti
(lid not I
latitude,
roiild f<
twelves fr
jiave nol
son hetv
On th
come fn
same wi
into iiisi
10 tiieir
J niiiis ot
llllilC, Cfl
dicular
[Book |.
)on tli(! niitliurfl of
icli tlicy well! foii.
)liHi>i'vatioii ii|i()n ^
rci's foiiiid gru\viii;f
fxistcd fill- a thoii.
• Htidiicd, when \\i.
lurii of l\w )!<;(! (if
vliicli tlicy Kpriii:',
il trees of the sfiMii'
laii lii(),se ii{Hiii tin:
k, ill tlio comity of
any to ho as iinicli
siii;:iilar liiet is oli-
e ones liaviiig wiy.
are foiiiid iiiiiiicr-
'Uwalir, " at least a
I't deep." 'J'hoii-fii
•|»os(!. They have
lid were doiihth-ss
I liavfi heen made,
! county of Perry,
nnc Ibrt, iiiclosinif
I hy strai^dit linen.
; like u siifrar-loaf,
liirt, wlios(\ walls
icso the name of
re ever coiiHtriict-
liove and opposite
H-tsniouth, are the
Alexandria, are
nany already de-
cnnnot he very
of their diminii-
doiiht that most
licli liave swept
nt race from the
as yet, proof is
instances, some
le of the works;
lui others of the
I has heon said
an, if they were
lestionahly have
h ; hut I would
etlie inhahitants
ions upon stone
<,'liton, Mass., is
six miles helow
this inscri|)iion
it ; hut 1 doiilrt
lat it was done
of lialt-fi)rmed
et. Thewhiin-
icription, might
ime to give an
Chai- IV]
AMKIlirAN ANTUil ITIF.S.
45
Htm
one
cull
\ w|,,iie once thonjfht to contain some marvi'lloUH inscription, wns deposit-
(tcd 1 few vcaiw siiici' in the Aniiipiariaii Hall at Wdrcesler, Mass.; and il wnn
tviiii -om'' MU-pris.-, that, on examiniii!,' il, I foiiml nothing' hut a lew lines ol
' ,,„,„.,y. I, one of its siirllices. The Muiie was sin<,mlar in no respect hevond
^ wl'iat may he found in half the farmera' tields and atone funccH in New Kiig-
""I'n a cavf! on the iiank of th<! Ohio Ftiver, .-ihont yo miles helow the mouth
of llie Walmsh, ciiIIimI Wilsoii'sor .Murderer',:* Cave, are (i-funs engraven upon
. wliich have attracted ^'reat atu-ntioii. It was very early jxissessed hv
\Vil>oii, who lived in it with his family. He at leu;;th turned rohher, and,
dill" aliout 10 otiier wri'tclicH like himself ahout him, took all the hoati^
which passed on the river with any valuahle jxooils in tlirm, and murdered the
cii'WS. lie was himself murdered hy one of his own -,'ang, to f.'et the rewanl
whicii was otlered fur his apprcheoHioii. Never haviiij,' had aiiv drawiiifrs of
the |iieroj;lyphics in ihia cave, we cannot form any very concliisivf! opinion
upon theuN As a proof of their anti(piity, it has htseii mentioned, that anions
these unknown characters are many ti<rures of animals not known now to ho
in existence; hut in my opinion, this is in no wise a conclusive arj,'uinent of
their antiipiity; for tin; saiiie may he said of tiie uncouth fiffiires of the In-
dian manitos of tlic! |iresent day, as well as those of tla^ days of Powhalnn.
At Hainiony, on the Mississipni, are to he seen the prints of two feet iiiihed-
ded in hard limestone. The celeiirated linppv conveyed the stone coiitaininj;
tlieiii from St. Louis, and kept it upon his premises to show to travellers.
'J'hev are ahoiit the si/.e of those made hy a common man of our times, un-
accustomed to shoes. Some coiichide them to he remains of liif,'li antiipiity.
They may, or may not he: there are ar>,'iimeiits for and against such conclu-
sion'; liiit' on which side the weight of argument lies is a matter not easily to
he settled. If these impressions of feet were made in the soil earth hefore it
was changed into fossil stone, we should not expect to find impressions, but a
formation (illiiig them of another kind of stone (called organic) from that in
which the impressions were made; for thus do organic remains discover
themselves, and not hy their ahsence.
A review of the theories and opinions concerning the race or races anterior
to the present race of Indians would perhaps he interesting to many, and it
would he a |tleasing subject to write upon : hut, us I have elsewhere intimated,
my only object is to |)resent facts as I find thein, without wasting time in
commentaries; unless where deductions cannot well be avoided without leav-
ing the subject more obscure than it would eviilently be without them.
Every conjecture is attended with objections when they are hazarded ii[»on
a subject that cannot he settled. It is time enough to argue a subject of the
nature of this W(! are upon, when all the facts are collected. To write
volumes about Shein, Ham, and .Ta})het, in connection with a few isolated facts,
is a most ludicrous, and worse than iisehtss business. Some had said, it is an
argument that the first j)opulatioii came from the north, hecmise the works of
whicli we have been speaking increase in iuij)ortance lus we proceed south ;
hilt why they should not begin until the people who constructed them had ar-
rived within 40° of the eipiator, (for this seems to he their boundary north,) it
is not stattul. Perhaps this jieojjle canu; in by way of the St. Lawrence', and
did not need any works to d<'ft(iid them before arriving at the 40° of north
latitude. The reader will readily enough ask, perlia|)S, For what ])ur|)ose
could fortifications have been built by the first peo|)le? To defend them-
selves from wild beasts, or from one another? With this matter, however, we
have nothing to do, but were led to these remarks, preparatory to a compari-
son between the antiquities of the north, with those of the south.
On the other hand, it is said the original people of North America must have
come fiom the south, and that tli(!ir jirogress northward is evident from the
Buine works ; with this difference, that as the people advanced, they dwindled
into insignificance ; and hence the remains which they left are proportionate
to tlieir ability to make them. But there is nothing artificial among the ancient
ruins of North America that will comi)are with the artificial mouiitainof Aiia-
liiiiic, called Cholula, or Chlolula, whicli to this day is ahout 1()4 i'cet in perpen-
dicular height, whose base occupies a square, the side of which measures 1450
46
AMKUICAN ANTKUJITIES.
[non« r,
i'i
*il
ovrrniii till ir riiiiiin-.
(iO mill's runt ol' Alr\ii'o,
fci't. I'|ii)ii iliis till' Mi'.xifiuiH IkmI nil imiiiiiisi' wihmIcii H-iiipIr \\1i(ii Co,-/!;
till ir riiipifi'. A city ini\v lir.irs iIh- iiiiiiic ol' < 'Imliila, in I'lii'lilii,
\'i't it iiii|)i;irs liiuii Dr. //'/A'.y (•(./i.'llrrr oC lllinni^,
tlint ill! n- is staiiiliii^ iM'twn'ii Itrilivillr niiil St. I.iniis, a iiihiiimI (iOC yards in
ciri'iiiiirn-ciirt! iit itH Imisi>, (iiiiI !H) t'rrt in In i^lit. Moiitit Jolirt, mo iiaiiinl tnun
till' Sii'iir 7»/i'«Y, a i'l'i'iKiiiiiaii, will) tiavi'lli'd ii|ii)ii ilii' .Mississi|i|ii in Ili/M, Jm
u iiiiisi ilistiii^iiisliril niiiiiiiil. It is on a |ilain alimit (>()() yards wist of tL'
Ifivir di's I'liiiiHs, and l.'iO milrs aliovr l''(irt ( 'lark. .Mr. .SV/ioo/c/vf/"/ (•iiiiipiitcd
its luiirlit at (lU ti'i t, its Icn^'th ahmil i.lO yards, and its widtli 7.~i. Its siiiis iin'
Hosli'i'|itliat tliry an- asi-i'iidnl witli diHii-nliy. Its to|i is a licaiitil'iil |ilain, i'roiii
uliii'li a iimst d( li;;littiil prospiTt is had ol' llir snrroiiiidin^' coniitry. it si>i'ii>
to liavi' lii'i'ii roniposcd ot' tlio rartli of tlir plain on wliicli it stands, l.aki'
Jolirt is sitnatcil in front of it; hcin^ a small hudy of water idxiiit a mill' in
li>n<rtli.
Altlii)n).'li till' rt'iiiains of tin" aiwiinr inlialiitants of Hoiitli Ami'rica dilllr
consiiii-raliiy from tliosi; of Nortli Amnira, yet I liavi* no doiilit lint that tlio
jK'opli' arc of till! same rare, 'riic conilition cvimi oJ' savajri's chaiifrrs. iNo
liatiitn rrmniiis stationary. 'I'Ih- wrHtcrn Indians in ihr ni'i;;hl)orhiiod of iln-
lakrs do not mako pottery "t the present day, Imt earthen utensils are still in
Use anionfr the remote trihes of the west. 'J'his is similar to that dug np in
Ohio, iind hoth are similar to that linmd in South Ameriea.
In speakiiij; of "imcieiit pottery," IMr. Srhodlrnijl oliserves, " Ft is commdii,
in di;:<.nnsr at these salt mines, [in Illinois,] to Iind fra<;meiits of aniiipie pot-
tery, and ovi'n entire pots of a roarm; i-arthenware, at j^reat ili'|ttlis helow tiu'
surfaee. One of these pots, \vhieh was, nntil a very recent period, preserved
by a ^'entleman at Shawiineetowii, was disinterred at a tleptii of f^U feet, and
was of n capacity to contain ei;;ht or ten gallons."
Wi' sc(! Himounced from time to time, in tin; various newspapers nnd other
period ical.><, discoveries of wonderful things in various places; hut on exaiii-
niution it is generally foniid that they fall far short of what w.- are led to <'\-
pect from the descrii)tions given of them. \V(! hear of the ruins of cities in
the hanks of tlu; Mississippi ; co|)per imd iron utensils found at great de|)tlis
below the surface, nnd in situations indicating that they must have been ilc-
positiid there fur three, four, or iive hundred years ! Dr. McMurlric relates, in liis
"Sketches of Louisville," that an iron hatchet was found beneath tin; roots of
n tree at Sliip|iings])ort, upwards of ^00 years old. He said he had no doulit
that the tree had grown over the hatchet afh'r it was deposited there, hecanse
"no human power could iiuve placed it in the particular position in which it
was f()uinl."
Upon some other matters about which wo have already sjioken, the same
author says, "That walls, constructed of hricks and hewn stones, have been
dif.'overed in the western country, is n fact as clear as that the sun shines
w hen he is in his meridian s|)lenilor ; the dogmatical assertion of writers to
the contrary notwithstanding." My author, however, had not seen such re-
mains himself, Imt was well assured of their existence by a gentleman of lui-
douhti'd veracity. IJnfortiniately for the case he relates, the |)eisons who dis-
covered the ruins, came upon them in digging, at about 18 feet helow the sm-
fuee of the ground, and when ahout to make investigation, water broke in
upon them, and tliey were obliged to make a hasty retreat.
"A fortitied town of considerable extent, near the River St. i'^-ancis," upon
th(! Mississi|)]»i, was stiid to liave been discovered by a Mr. Savage, of Loiiis-
vilh'. He found its walls still standing in some |)laces, and "p; ;t of the walls
of a cUnild, huilt of hrirlcs, retnenlcd by mortar." Upon some of these ru'wis
were trees growing whose ammal rings mimhcred 800. Some of the hricks,
snys Dr. McMurtrie, were at Louisville when he wrote his Sketches; and
they were "comjiosed of day, mixed with cho|)|)ed and twisted straw, of
regular figures, hardened by the action of fire, or the sun."
Mr. Priest, in his " American Antii)uities," mentions the ruii-! of two cities
within a lew miles of each other, nearly o|>posite St. Louis; but from wiiat lie
pays of them I am un!d)le to determine what those ruins are composed of.
After pointing out the site of them, he continues, "Here is tituated one of
those pyramids, which is 150 rods in circumference at its batu, and 100 feet
I
Cine I
Igli."
my
wliiit is
U'acti'd I
for .■)() \
this pla
reiilMlk.-
nhoiit l(
which,
Cftiisiiler
"A
fall of
nt St. I,(
about
I found
and at a
One of
the hotii
Hiderahle
an area s
When
twei'li til
Clierokei
1(JU I SI
capalije ci
ancient
tiimla on
vation of
llartram (
the rotiiui
was raisei
UH w(! an
raised ; tli
to no nior
ha\e a tra
them in n
arrived fn
ing the id
nioniils w
livcriiig ll
llriice :
same as i
same also
At Otta
most sinir
lung sipia
at its liasi
reinnrkiili
Mick of \\
wiiat |iur|
III' the Ini
;i!iiiiit the
tlmse anc
wliiii rcf
ci\eii con
linking ii!
that no tr
to he iiiui
III tiie J
walls, v;ir
tori'.'iil ii-
trtiipio wlioii Coili;
Clioliilii, ill I'liclilii,
liu/vtU'vr oCllliiiiiis
IIIHIIIkI ))()() yiinls ill
»li(t, HO ll!lllll-(l lidlii
iM.sissi|>|)i ill IliT.'t, i^
yards west <i|" il.
w7ioo/rm/7 (-niiiiiiilnl
llli 7'}. Its sides an
Ix'aiitit'iil |il.'iiii, iViiiii
;r comitrv. It si'in >
icli it stiitids. I.iiki'
atcr iiluiiit a mile in
oiitli America diflit
I) doiilit lint tiiat tlic
vai:"s cliaii'res. Nd
iei^hl)iirli(i(i(l of liic
1 Utensils arc still in
ar to that dug up in
I.
,es, " It is coiiinKiii,
ruts (if aiitii|iie pot-
■at depths helou llic
It per ii)(i, preserved
L'|)tli .if HU loot, and
'wspnpors mid other
iaees ; hut on cxaiii-
luf w ;■ nro led to ex-
he niiiis of ('iti<'s in
iiid at great deplliij
iiiiist have he(!ii de-
Murlric relates, in liis
iie.itli the roots of
I lie iiad no doiiiit
ited tlic^re, heeaiisc
lositioii in wliich it
spoken, tlic same
stones, have heoii
lat the sun shines
•lion of writers to
not seen sneli re-
geiith;inan of iin-
peisons wiio dis-
UM't iielow the siir-
)ii, water brolve in
St. I'^rancis," upon
Snvnee, of Loiiis-
"jKit of the walls
line of these riiiiis
'onie of the hiieks,
lis Slietelies; am!
tw'sted straw, of
rnii's of two oitios
hilt from what lie
are composed of.
is ; ituated one of
bate, and 100 feet
i\r.
IVl
AMKIIICAN ANTKit/niKH.
47
iiilli." Me H|tonkH if "eitieH," lint di'seriheM pyrnmidrt and monndH. If tliem
iiv tiling' like il:.' >vorks of iiiiii, at the jdaees lie pninis out, ditlinnl fiom
Iwlmt is eoiiinion
Itriicti
in the WiM, it is ver\ siii;;iilar that they should not lia\e at-
I the notiee of some oiio of the many thousands ol' people who havi
for .")() \ ears pas d liy them. I^lr. Itnirkinriil^c speaks of the anii<piities
at
I sa\ any •!■ '"'.' alioiit eities. Hi' oltservc
•f
'I'l
le most
this place, hut dot s in
niufukiilile appearances are two /nips of mounds or pyramids, the one
ahoiit It) miles above Cahokia, the other nearly the saiin! distance helow if,
'' which, in all, exceed l.')0, of vurioiir' hIzos. Tho western side also contains a
considera' Ic number.
"A mere minute description of those about Cahokia, wliicli I visited in the;
full of l.~li, will give a tolerable idea of them all. I crossed the Missis-i|tpi
at ."^t. Louis, and al\er passinir through thi' wood •vhich bordei-s the riser,
nbnut hall" a mile in width, entered an extensive o|)en plain. In l.'i minutes,
I found mvself in tiie midst of a group of i mds, mostly of a circular shape,
and at a distance resembling enormous haystacks si-attered through a meadow.
One of the largest which I ascended was about \i(H) paces in circumference at
the bottom, iIh! (liriii nearly sipiare, though it had evidently undergone con-
sideiable altiiation li'oiii tin- washing of the rains. Tli«! toi» was level, with
an area sutlicienl to contain several hundred men."
When Mr. Huiintm travelled into South ('lud'ina, (ieorgia and Florida, be-
tween the \earfl I77.'{and 177(1, he saw many interesting antiipiiiies. At the
(Mieiokee town of ( 'owe, on the 'rennessee |{i\er, which then coniained about
1(J0 houses, he noticed that "The council or town-house was a huge rotunda,
capable of acconiiiiodating s(!veral hundred jieople: it stands on the top of an
nncieiit artificial mount ot' earth, of about 'JU teet perpendii ;:!:;i, and the ro-
tunda on the top of il being about 'M) feet mon , gives the w'hole fabric an elo
vatioii ot' about tiO I'eet from the conimon surliu-e of the ground. Hut," iMr
llttrtrum c'lntinues, "it may lie pro|u!r to observe, that this mount, on wliicii
the rotunda stands, is of a miieh ancienter date thuii the building, and perhaps
\vas raised for another jinipose. Thi. Cherokees themselves are a:« innoraiit
as we are, by what people or for what purpose thi'se aititicial hills were
raised; they have \arious stoi ics conci;rning them, the best of wliich aiiiount
to no more than men,' conjecture, and leave us (.'iitirely in the dark; bin they
hii\e a tradition common with the other nations of Indians, that they loimd
tliem in much the same condition as they now appi'ar, when their foreliithers
nni\ed *'roiii the W( si and possessed themselves of the country, after \aiMpiisli-
ii;g llie nations of .'ed men who then inhabited it, who themselves tiiiind these
nioiiiits when they took possession of the country, tiu! fornit'r possessors de-
livering the same siory conct iiiing them."
ilriice it is to be (d)served that the mounds in tin; south are not only the
same as those in tlics north, but Indian traditions concerning them are the
same also.
At Ottasse, an important town of the Cherokees, the same travi Her saw a
most sinirular column. It stood adjacent to the town, in the centn- of an ob-
I'Miir si|uare, and was about 40 teet high, and only t'roiii two to three feet thick
ai its liase, and tapered gradually from the ground to its top. ^\'hat is very
r 'iiiarkable about this pillar is that, notwithstanding it is foriiK.'d of a siiigii;
^ilck of jiiiie timber, the Indians or white traders could give no account fiir
w hat |Miriios(! it was (.'I'l cted ; and to the iiapiiries which Mv. Jiurtrttm made
ni' the Indians concerning it, the sanu! answer was given as when cpic^tioned
■ilidiit the mounds; viz. that their ancestors liiiind it tla-re, and the peoidr that
i!i( .-e ancestors dispossessed knew nothing of its origin. This is not singular
when n frciice is had to mounds of earth, but when the .same account is
':ivea conci ••ning pi risiiable material, the shade, at least, of a suspicion is seen
lurking in the back ground. As another singular circumstance, it is (disirved
ihut 110 trees (f the kind of which this column was made, (pin. paluslris) were
to he found at rliat time nearer than Vi or 15 miles.
Ill the great ( ouncil-honses at Ottasse were observed, upon the pillars and
: walls, vari(Mis |m,iitings and sculptures, supposed to be hieroglyphics of !iis-
'-1 tciri/al leg'iidH, and p'litical and sacerdotal afi'airs. "They are," observes
; Mr. Bartram, "cxtrv.ieiy picturesque or caricature, iis men in" a vuri>ty of at-
48
AMERICAN ANTIQl'ITIES.
[Book I
si:'
titudos, some liulicrous cnougfi, others linving the head of some kind of ani-
iiial, as tluisd of a duck, turkt-y, hear, fox, wolf, hack, &c. and ajraiii tho.si
kind f)f cnjatiires arc roprpsciitccl having tlic hiiuiaii licad. These designs arc
not ill execdted ; tiie outlines hold, free and well-proportioned. The pillar>
snpimrting the front or ])iaz7.a of the eonneil-house of the square, are ingcnl-
jyusly funned in the likeness of vast speckled serpents, ascending upwaids;
the Ottasses heing of the Snake trihe."
In the fourth hook of thi'^ work mention lias heen made of the great hiph-
ways in Florida. Mr. iiartmm mentions them, hut not in a very i)ar'ieiilur
manner, upon the "-'i 'nhn's River. As his sentimenis seem to he thos; of ?.
man of intelligence, 1 will offer here his concluding remarks upon the Indian
nntiquitics of the country lie visited. "I deem it necessary to observe as nv
o|»inion, that none of them tiiat I have seeii, discover the least sig.i^i of the
arts, sciences, or architecture of the Europeans or other inhabitants of thi old
world ; yet evidently betray every sign or mark of the most distant antiqnit}."'
Tlie above remark is cited to show how different different peojile niiikc up
their minds upon the same subject; it shows how futile it is for us to spcml
time in speculating ujton such matters. And, as I have before oljserved, it is
time enough to build tiieories afler factt* iiave been collected. It can add
nothing to our stock of knowledge respecting our antiquities, to talk or write
forever about Nebuchadnezzar and the lost tribes of jews; hut if the time
which has heen spent in this manner, had been devoted to some useful jnir-
suit, some useful object would have hecii attained. As the matter now stands,
one object, nevertheless, is clearly attair.cd, namely, that of misleading or con-
founding the understandings of many uiiinfr rmed people. I am led to make
these oliservations to put tlie imwary ii[)on t leir guard.
In tii<! preceding chapter I have given various accounts of, or accounts from
various authors, who imagine that a colony i.i Welsh came to America 7 or 800
yeai"s ago. It is as tridy astonishing as i .1/ thing we meet with to ohsrr.e
how many pei*sons had found i)roofs of the existence of tribes of Welsh in.
dians, about the same period As a case exactly in j)oint with that mentioned
at the begiiniing of the last paragraph, I oflo;r what Mr. Brackenridge says
upon this matter. "That no Welsli nation exists," he observes, " at present,
on this continent, is beyond a doul)t. Dr. Barton has taken great |>ains to as-
certain the languages spoken by those tribes east of the Mississippi, and tin.'
Welsh finds no place amongst them; since the cession of Louisiana, the tribps
west of the Mississijipi have been rsufBciently known ; we have had intt r-
course with them all, but no Welsh are yet foimd. In the year 1798, a young
Welshman of the name f Evans ascended the Missouri, in com|)any with
Mafcei/, and remained two yi'ars in that country ; he spoke both the ancient
and nK)dern Welsh, and addressed himself to every nation between that river
and New Spain, but found no Welshmen." This, it would seem, Ik conclu-
sive enough.
Mr. Peck, in his "Gazetteer of Illinois," has aimed so hajipy a stroke at the
writers on our antiquity, that, had I met with his rod before I had made the
previous remarks, I should most c.ertaiidy have made use of it. I shall never-
theless use it. Af^er saying something upon tli > nnticiuities of Illinois, he pro-
ceeds: "Of one thing the writer is satisfied, ti; very imperfect and inconeet
data hav(! Ih'ci, relied ujion, and very erroneous conclusions drawn, npon
western antiquities. VVlioever has time and iiatience, and is in other respicis
qualified to exi)lore this field of science, and will use his spade and eyes to-
gether, and restrain liis imagination fi'om running riot anmngst mounds, forti-
fications, hoi"seshoes, medals, and whole cabinets of relics of the "olden time,"
will find very littl(> more than the indications of rude savages, the unceslors
of the present race of Indians."
END OF BOOK FITIST.
[Book I
I of some kind of uni-
, &c. niid njraiii x\\n^,.
Hfl. TlioBi^ designs an;
portioned. Tlic i)illjir>
tlic s(iiiaiT, are iiifrcni-
9, ascending ii|)wuii|>:
ade of tiie great liijrli-
lot in a very par'icnldr
seem to be tlios ; of a
narks upon tlie Indian
ssary to observe as n y
the least sig..i of the
r inlmhitants of tin oW
nost distant aiitiqiiin."
[erent peoi)le make "up
lie it is for us to spend
3 before observed, it is
collected. It can add
piities, to talk or write
lews ; but if flie time
I to some useful ])\\r-
be matter now stands,
of misleading or coii-
)le. I am led to make
ts of, or accounts from
le to America 7 or 800
meet witli to obscr.e
f tribes of Welsh in-
It with that mentioned
Ir. Brackenridge snys
observes, "at present,
iken great pains to n?-
e ]Mississi|)pi, and the
r Louisiana, tl)e trilwj
; we have bad inter-
year 1798, a young
i, in company with
ic both the aiicicm
between that ri\(r
uld seem, is conolii-
)n
ia|»i)y a stroke at the
fore I had made the
of it, I shall uevpi-
es of Illinois, he pro-
perfect and incorrect
isions drawn, ujion
is in other respects
spade and eyes tn-
longst mounds, forti-
of the "olden time,"
vages, the ancestors
BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
OF TIIE
INDIANS OF NORTH Ax.IERICA.
BOOK II.
BI(
BOOK II.
BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY OF THE NOKTHEBN
OR NEW ENGLAND INDIANS.
" 'Ti« (food to muse on natiuna passed awnjr
Forever from the land we call our own."
Yamotdib.
CHAPTER I.
Conduct of the earhf voyagers toirnrds the Indians. — Some account of the individuals
Donaconn — A^uaa — Tasquantiim, or SquaiUo — Dehitmda — HhMicarrocs — Jissacu-
met — Miinida — I'eihmu — Monopcl — Pcktnimne — Sukawcslon — Epaiww — Munawet
— Wu.iapc — Conccunum.
The firfJt voyngcrs to a countrj' were anxious to confirm the tnith of tin ir
accounts, jtiid tlienfon! took i'roni tlicir newly-discovered lands wliaiever
seemed best suitiul to that object. The inhabitants of America carried off
by Europeans were not, perlums, in any instance, taken away by voyagers
nieri'Iy for this object, but that tn(!y might, in time, learn from them the value
of the country from whence they took them. Besides those forcibly carried
away, there were many, doubtless, who went through overpei-suasion, and
ignorance both of the distan(;e and usage they should meet with in a land of
strangers; wliich was not always as it slio\d(l have been, and lujnce such as
were ill used, if they ever returned to their own countiy, were prepared to
be nnenged on any strangers of the same color, that chanced to come among
tliein.
In the first voyage of Columbus to America, he took along with him, on his
return to Spain, a considerable number of Indians; how many W(^ do not
know ; l>ut several died on their passage, and seven were presente<l to the king.
Viiicente Yahez Pinzon, a captain under Columbus, kidnapptul four natives,
whom he intended to sell in Spain for slaves; but Columbus took thf m fi-om
liim, and nistored them to their friends. In this first voyage to the islands of
tlie new world, the blood of several Indians was shed by the hostile arms of
tlie Spaniards.*
There were three natives presented to Ileni-y VII. by Sebastian Cnhot, in
l.Wi, wiiich he had taken from Newfoundland. What were their names, or
what became of them, we are not informed ; but from the; notice of historians,
we learn that, when found, "they were clothed with the skins of beasts, and
lived on raw flesh ; but afler two yer.rs, [n^sidence in England,] were seen in
the king's court clothed like Englishmen, luid could not be discerned from
* My [>rcseiil ronoern not !>(<iiip will) ilip liidians of Soiiili America, I bt'^ leave to roCcr llie
rciidiT lo !i litlli! work lately pulilished, ciiiiilod Thk Old Indian CuKoNiti.K, in wliirli <ill
tlie iiroiniucul facts concerning the atrocilios of tlic tipuniurds towards llicin will be foiuid
stated.
CONDUCT OF EARLY VOYAGERS
[Book IL
EnglisliinMi."* These were tli<3 first Indians ever s(!en in Enplaml.t Tlicy
wen; liiouglit to tiir, English conrt "in tlii-ir country lial tit," unci "spoke "a
language never lieani hetore out of their own eouMtry."!
Tlic rreiieii discovered tiie River St. Ijiwrence in ir>()H, and liie captiiii,
of the ship who ina(h' tin? discovery, carried sivcral natives to Paris, which
weri! the iii-st ever seen in France. Wiiat were their names, or even how
many thi-y wi re in ninnhir, is not set down in the accounts of tliis voyag( .
The nanit! of tiiis cajitain wius Tliomas ,fluhert,§
John f'lriizziin, in tin' service of Enuice, in I'y'il, sailed along th'- Aniericaii
coast, and landed in several places. At one place, wiiicii we jialge to In
Home part of the coast of Connecticut,. "iiO oi" his men landed, and weni
ahoiit two leagues u|> hito the coiuiti-y. The inhahitants fled hefore thein,
but they caught an old woman wlio liad hid herself in the high grass, wiilni
young woman aliout IH years of age. The old Moman carried a child on Iki
hack, and had, hesides, twd little hoys with her. The young woman, tud.
carried three children of her own sex. Seeing thems( Ives discovered, tli(\
hegan to shriek, and the old one gave? them to undei-stand, hy signs, that tin
men weri' (led to the woods. They oftered her something to «'at, which sin
accepted, hut the maiden refused it. This girl, who was tall and M'ell sha|ie(|,
they were desirous of taking along with them, but as she made a violeni
outcry, they contented themselves with taking a l)ov away with them."i|
The name of i\k\v Fkam-k was given to North America in this voyage, hi
another voyage here, yerazzini was killed, anil, lus some say, eaten by tin
Indians.
Vvw of the «'arly voyagei*s were better than demi savagi-s, for they would
retaliate upon the Indians as though they had been onet|iial tooting with them,
ill respect to their <n\n ideas of justice. When Capt. Jfii'lson discoveri'd anil
sailed up the river w Inch nou hears his name, the most Hagraut injustice w.is
committed on the Indians hy some of bis men. To s<t that afhiir in a clenr
light befor" tJie reader, we will give the following passages fiom the journal (j|
Robert Jutl, one of the voyage.
1(>0!>, Scjtt. (). Our master sent John Colmnn with four men to sound tlr
river, lljur leagues distant, which they did, but in their return to the shi|t, iIm v
were set ujion by Indians in two canots, to the numher of'-iii; in which atlitir
John Colmun was killed by an arrow shot into his throat, and two othei*s were
wouuih'd. TIh! next day Colman was buried on u point of land which to tlibi
day be'ars his name.
What oHence, if any, was givi. to tb(^ Indians to provoke this attack from
them, can never l)e discovered; but from the course of proceedings of //itrfso/iV
men, there can Ik; l)nt little doubt of oll'ence of some kind on their part.
Sept. 8. The people came on board us, and lirought tobacco juid Indian
wheat, to exchange ibr knives and beads, and oflercMl ns no violence. So we,
fitting up our boat, did mark them, to s(!e if they would make any show of the
death of our man, but they did not.
Sej)t. !•. In the morning t>vo great canoes raine on board full of men ; one
with bows and arrows, and the other ui show of buying knives to betray us;
but we jterceived the'ir i'ltention. We took two of them, to have kept them,
and put red coats on them, and would not suffer the othei-s to conx; near us,
and soon al\er the canoes leave them. Immediately two other natives came
on board us; one wi' took, and let the other go, but he soon escaped by jump-
ing overboard.
* Rnijin's Ifi.it. Eu^lnnd, i. (i8."). ed. fol.
t 'I'liis is ii|inn ilic uulliorily of Iferkehi. bistrnd of /Jjjo/i/m/, however, lie snys Ki trope ,
but, l>y sayiiiff lliir si.r, wliicli ('dliimliii.s liud l>erort' lakcii from Si. tSalvailor, luaile llieir
esoain', lie >Ii()Wn IiIn siiiitTlk-ial kiiowlcdfjo oC those all'airs. Hear llrrreni : —
•' E?i .•^iiltli (IffiLi, Uhal i.s, u/'ler Volumbim luul replirJ /o the khiir's Iftter ahniil a srnmil
I'Oi/rtijT.] il f <.'()/«Hi/';«] partil pour allrr h Itarcilone dure sepi Iiidirn.i, pitrrr que hn tiiilres
estoifil morts en elu-mhi. It fit porter aiie(pir liiij ties perroqiiit.s verils. et tie rtintrex, el
dUmtres eho.ie.i tli'^w.i tl'iitlmirtttitin ipii n'lmoienl iiwuti.i t-.sl'' eeiii'.s en r,.ipa(riie." Hisl. ilt'S
Indos Ocrilciii. i. 102. ImI. Kilid, ;{ loincs, tto. See also //a;-'/,v, r((//i/(,'-cA-, ii. 13. od. 1764,
2 V. tol. ; liofiertsim, Anterirn, i. (It. ed. 1778, 'tto.
t I!erkely'.s j\avut Jlist. Jirit. '268. ed. llbC), Col. and Harris, Voyages, ii. lyi.
$ Forster, 432. || Ibid. 4^34, 4aj.
Chap.
Sept-'
rivrr.
gll\e il~
Sept.
W'oiMin I
of tin II
copper, I
Tlnil
s
[Book IL
ill Knpland.f 'I'lj,,,
lml)it," uiul "spoke a
I.WH, and the captaii,
itivcH to I>aris, \\|,i,.),
iiaitH «, or even |,„„
I'liiits ol" tliis vo\a"i
I aloiiir the Aiiicricn,,
lii-li \\r jiiilfrr to I,,
II landed, and \vem
Its fled heiore tliein,
III' iii^di p-ass, will, ,i
•anied a elijld on li,,
yi>iin;r woman, Uh,.
vcM disrovcrcd, tli(\
id, liy si-rns, that iIm
iijr to cat, wliieii sIk
tali and well shaped,
sIk' made n violeni
iNvay with tliem."!
I ill this voya^'c. In
!■ say, eaten hy the
iff's, for tiipy W'onid
d (ixiting with them,
hull discovered and
aijrraiil injustice w,i.>>
that afliiir in a cjenr
iiom the journal of
men to soniid tli'
m to tiie ••^hip, iliev
ifi; ill which atliiir
id two ofheix were
'land wliicii to tliLi
lif this attack frotn
!'diiiysof//Ht/so;i'«
III their jiait.
jhacco juid IiidiaB
vi(tlenc<'. So we,
:e any sliow of the
full of nion ; one
vcs to betray us;
> have kept them,
-i to come near us,
her natives came
scaped by junip-
er, he siiys Europe,
aKa<lor,"iiiaile llieir
litter (ihniit n sfnmd
jmrcf que hs (iiilres
/.«. rt ill- r<m<;es, ei
»7<«i!7?.\" Ilisl. (]et
[i^cs, ii. 15. eti. 17()4,
Jhap. I]
TOWARDS THF, INDIANS.
i. lyi.
6
le
uid
Sent. 11. The sliip bad now anchored nt consideraiile distance up tl
river. 'I'lie jieojilc of the country came on board, making show of love, an
live us tobacco and Iniiian whi-at.
" Sept. \'2. This moriiinir there came ei<rlit-and-twenty canoes full of men,
wiuiieii and children to betray lis: but we saw their intent, and sullired tioiie
of them to come on lM)iird. 'i'la y have irn'at tobacco pi|>es of yellow
f cojiper, and pots of earth to dress their meat in.
/ Tliat the Indians came "to betray th( in," wilh their women and childri u,
tiiki M notion of our voyairei-s, but they were not acipiainted with
was a mi^
the maniiiis of these peiiple. It is, and always has
custom to seial away <ir leave at home their liimilies wlieii they <ro out upon
an expedition.
Sept. !."). Uuihon sails '20 leairues firther u|» the rivr'c, " passiiif; by liifrli
mouiitJiiiis," probablv the bi'fh lands of West I'oint.
' . ' . L- _ . i" .1... .1.: I I
been their iiiiivei-sal
This
morniiij,' tii" two
cajitive savair" s <.'ot out of a poil of the ship and made their escape.
Sept. IH. 'The master's mate went on r>bore with an old Indian, a sacherii
of the couiiti V, who took him to bis bouse and treated him kindly.
Oct. 1. Tlie ship, haviii'r tlillen down the river "seven miles below tlio
mountains," comes to anchor. One man in a i-anoe kept liau<;iii^ under the
stern (tf tlie slii|t, and would not be driven oti". lie soon contrived to climi)
up by the rudder, and jrot into the cabin window, vvhicli had been letV open,
from which he stole a pillow, two irts, and two bandoleers. Tiie mine shot
hini in the breast and killed him. Many othei-s were in cano(<s about the shi|t,
who immediately fled, and some jumped overboard. A boat manned from
the ship pursued them, and coming; up with one in th" water, he laid laild of
the side of the boat, and endeavored to overset it ; at which one in the boat
cut otl" bis hands with a sword, aud he was drowned.
Oct. *2. Tliey (iill down seven lengties fintlier, and anchor again. Then, says
^lefi, came one of the savag s that swam away from us at our froinjj up tho
river, with many others, thinkiiifr to betray us, but we suffered none of them
to enter our ship. VVhireupon two canoes, full of men with their bows and
arrows, shot at us afbr our stern ; in recompense whereof we (lischarged six
muskets, and killi ,. two or three? of them, riieii above an hundred i^ them
came to a point of land to ."lioot at us. There I shot a falcon at them, an<l
killed two of tliem ; whereupon the rest fled into the woods, ^'et they
manned off another canoe with nine or ten men, which came to meit us; so I
shot at if also a falcon, and shot it through, and killed one of them. Tlien our
men, with their muskets, killed three or liair mor.' of them.
Thus are recorded the Indian events of Hit lion's voyage in the Rivor
Manmi-hntn, (as he learned its name,) in KiOlt.
Jhiiftronfi, a chief upon the |{iv( r St. Croix, was met with, in If):}."), Iiy tho
voyagvr /vmrs Cartiir, who was well receivt d and kindly treat"(| by birn and
his pe(i|il •; to npay which, Cnrticr, "panly by stratagem and partly by force,"
carried him to Trance, win re he soon afbr dieil.* Notwithstanding, Cariier
was in ill'' country five yeai-s afb-r, wh»re he iliiind .7^o»«, the successor of
Domtroihi, and c xchanged pres; nts with him, probably reconciling him by
some jilaiisible account of ihe absence ni' Doiincona.
T(ts lUfintiim, ov Tis(iuntitum, WHS our of the five natives carried from the
coast of New I'Jigland, in KiO"), by Capt. (jti)r<re ff'aynwutli, who hail been
siiil out to discover a nortli-west passage-. This Indian wius known afbrwards
to the settli i-s of I'limouth, by whom he was gen- rally called \Sjunnto or
'Siuantiim, by abbre\ iation. The names of the othi r four w;t.' Manilla^
SkiUwarrois, Dduimid and .^ssacunut.
Altlioiigh Gwr/^fs do. s not s;iy /hhuiwla was one brought ovir at this time,
it is evident that lie was, ln'caiis ■, so fiir lus we can discover, there w( ro no
otler natives, at that tim ' in Kngland, but ties- five.
Sir I'lrlinanh (I'lrirts .says, Unijmmdh, " fjilling short of his course, [in
SPi'kiiig the N, W. passage,] hap|)enrd into a river on the coast of America,
calli'd /Vmmar/ai/, from whence be broiiglit five of the native s." ".And it so
pliasi'd our gn-at (Jod that" tyaijimuth, on his return to Kiigland, "eami! into
!•
' Forslcr, 'MO— 4-^2.
CONDUCT OF EARLY VOYACJKRS
[Book II
II
h(Q
tJio hnrhor of Plyiiiniith, wln-n* I tlicii coiiiiniUKUMl." Tlin'c* of >^lios(
nntivt's, imiiifly, .U«Hi.'/rt, Sketlwarroes tiiut Tasijuanlum, "I wi/.ivi ii|mi|i,
Tlicy wen- all of mw nation, init oj' several parts, and sev( ral liiiniliew. 'l'lii>
accident niiist be acknowlcd^red the nu'ans, under (lod, of piittin;;' on liKj;
and ^'ivin^' life to all our plantations."
l'n\ inii ;rnat attention to tla sc natives, lie soon luiderstood enouffli liy tlicin
a')out the country li'oin whence they came to establish a belief that it wasdi
great value; not perhaps inakinifdue allowance i<)r its liein^ their homv. Ainl
Sir FtrdiiKuulo adds, " Aller I iiad those people sonietiuies in my (ustody, I
observed in them an inclination to tidlow the example of tiie better sort ; ami
in all their carriaf,'es, manifest shows of ^rcat civility, far from the rudeiiis^
of our common people. And the lonj^ir 1 conv< rsed with them, the betfcr
hope they jrave me of tliosi; jmrts where they did iiiliabit, as proper lor oin
uses; especially when I found what goodly rivers, stately islantls, and sjill
harboj-s, those parts abounded with, beiiifi tht* special marks I leveled at as tin
only want our nation met w ith in all their navigations iilong that coast. And
having kept them full three years, I made them able to set me down wlmi
great riv«'rs run ii|) into the land, what men ol" note \v( re seated on thim,
wiiat power they were otj how alli<'d, what enemies they had," iLr.
Thus having gained a knowledge of the country, Sir FtrJinaulo got ready
"a ship t'urnished with men and all nec«'Hsaries " H>r a voyage to America, aiul
sent as her captain iMr. Hciin/ Clialloung,\ with whom he also s«nt two of his
Indians. The names of these were jlssarumd and Maniiln. Chalons, haviiifr
been taken sick in the beginning of the voyage, altered his course, iuid hisi
soiiuMime in the West Indies. Afh-r being able to proceed northward, lie
depnrted from Porto Rico, and was soon aUer taken by a Spanish licet, and
carried into Spain, "wliero their shi|) and goods were contiscate, themselves
made prisoiiei-s, the voyage overthrown, and both my natives lost." Oiic,
however, ./Iss'ariimct, was atlerwurds rocovered, if not the other. This voyage
of Clialons was in KiOti.
It appears that the liord Chief Justice Pophain | had agreed to send a vessel
to the aid of Chalons, which wa« accordingly done Iteliin; the news of \m
b«!ing taken was known in lOngland. For Sir FcrJinauilo Gurfces says, " li
tdeased the lord chief justice, according to his promisi', to dispatch Capt.
Martin] l*rin from Jtristol, with hope to liave found ('apt. Challoxm^e •"
"but not hearing by any means what became of him, afti r he lia<l niaile n
p«'rf(fct discovery of all thosi! rivers and harbtirs," "brings with him the moMt
exact discoverv of that cojlsI that ever came to ni) haiKis since, and, indeed,
be was the best able to p( rform it of any I met wiihal to tiiis pn si nt, [tiiiii,]
which, w ith his relation of tlii^ country, wrought such an impri ssioii in ilit'
lord chief justice, and us all that were his associates, that (notwijhsianding our
first disaster) v\e sit up our r, solutious to follow it with i ilict."
Ikhain.a and SkcUwarruvs wi re with Prin'^ in this voyage, and were, with-
out doubt, his most i tlici. nt aids in surve}iiig the coast. It appiais Iniiii
Oo/g'c.v, that Ikhamda was si-nt by the chiif justice, who we suppose hail
considc red him his propeny,|| and SkcUwarrois Ity himself. They returned
again to Kngland with I'rin.
* ll M'ein^. iKiiii lliis I ill! ol his iiiiriiuive, lluit lie liiiil liul (liree ol llieiii. Ixil, f'loiii sul»e(|iieul
pa^sap's. It ii|>|>eiir'- he hail Ih.-iii all. See also Aimiiiii jminlitl In Ihf l.ijf.
\ l.'liiilioii\,\>^ Millie. f»()/;i'C.« has hiiii, sonieliiiies, (Vni/oinis, Chitlcii, \r.
I The same who presided at the trial iil Sir i^'. liiilei^U ami his as.-iieiates, in 1fi(!:i. Sec
Priwi's ll'i)/7/'(i. .V ()/■ Derail, CtTZ, (173. Fitltir, in his W'lulliirs of Hiii^/iuid. ii. 'Jiij., says,
"'I'ra\elers owed their salety to this jndffc's severity many years alter liis death, v\linli
ha|i|ieiieil .Anno Diiniiiii ll>* *," thiiikiii-;, no doiil)!, he hail inni li i>iili;;liti'ned his reailer hy
delinitely statiiig that Sir Jnltii I'ofiluiiii died some time within a liiiiid <(/ years. 'I'he severily
relerred to has relereiieo to his iin|iortiinin^ l^ii>n ■^""<'''''' »"' '" |iardon so many roliher" ami
thieves, wliieh, he said, tended to lender the jnil;fes eonteinplilde, and " wliieli inaile liiiii
more s|»ar,iiir atlerwanl.'
1^ (imms, one o( the main sprliif^s of these Iransarlions who wrote the aeronnt we ijivc,
makes no mention of any other eaplaiii aeiomiiaiiyiii); Inin; yet l)r nu/iinx's anthoriiii's,
Aiinafx, i. I'J.'), led him to reeord 'Ilioiinis llinimii as ilic |ierli>rnier ol this voyajte. Anil a
writer of jli'ii says, ILviam. or, us he ealls him, Hiini'in, went eommaiiiler, and I'rimie
master. See 2 (,'u/. Muis. Hint. tioc. ix. '.i. This at^rees with ilic uceuual of Cloigcs liio
younifer.
II Hu liud jirobiiblj' been givcii to liim by Sir FeniinaivJo.
The Ml
to tin' m~
30 Mii.\,|
pn >idiiil
jiriivisioil
for the
whom iij
and kiiii|
bccatiii' tl
"So as tj
the priiii|
who it
weallier,|
broken,
Baslieba:^
him. iiiid
Sevi nl
colony oil
ing most
dealii ol"
auspiiioti
broke do'
Hlli[) NVitI
which til
there is
friends,
mean dill
To retti
vhe coteii
of them I
away by
the accoiil
% by ffai/im
■^ alKvve.i
the iianiei
off by //i
nine yean
haviiui" ri
with SI .'111
think thill
of iiiiulvi
ratiiM'
who, it is
we sliall
we shall
coiini'ctei
It was
stipjios d
('ap;' ("<>
three Sit
Per h mo 1
'1.
:t
Chap 1-1
TOWARDS Tlir. INDIANS.
Tlin'(>» (,f Mi.os
H, "I W'i/.cd ii|i(i||.
n nsl liiiiiilits. Tliis
, of pllttilljLf oil li,„;
Olid I'lioiifili l>y tlii'ii,
Itcliff iliiit it "wasdi
iijj tlicir //owr. And
us ill my nistody, |
till' heller .sort ; i'lnd
r fh»iii tlie iii(leii,»
illi tlieiii, ilie |i,.|i(,|.
t, as prnper (or om.
ly islands, and smi;
kS I leveled at as tin.
If,' that coast. Ainl
set me down wjiai
re seated on tliem
lad," &.r.
'trJiiianlo f,'ot ready
ifre to America, anil
ilso s<nt two of his
It. Clialonn, \\ti\\i\<:
his Cdiii-se, and lost
I'eed northward, he
1 S|»anish (ieet, and
iitiscate, theiiiselvcs
latives lost." ihw,
itlier. This voya;,'!'
•ed to send ii vessel
V. the news of Ins
Gorfres says, " Ji
lo dts|iatcli Capt.
"apt. ChaUumifre ;"
r he had made n
with him the most
'ince, and, indeed,
is |ires< nt, [tiinr,]
iiii|>ri ssion in iliu
twijlislandini; onr
t."
and were, willi-
It a|»|i(ais lidiii
we sii|i|K)se had
Tliey returned
l>iii, fiojii snl)M'(iriciii
'/'■■
iVr.
lilies, in ICtKi, Sec
iiii/iuid, ii, 'JlU, siiys,
icr Ihs (Iciilli, uliidi
ilriK'd liis reader l)V
VCiiis. 'riie severity
> niiiiiy rolilier^ ajill
I " vvlneli made liim
The next vcnr, 1007, these two natives piloted tliefii-st New Knirliind colony
I the inoiitli of Sasradahock |{iver,shiei' ihe Keiiiieheek. They lell I'.iifrland
Mav, aiK
I did iiiit arrive lure iiiilil H Aiiffiist followinj.'
»s soon as
nresii
|(''nt had taken notice ol' the place, and friveii order (iir hindiiif; th<
he despatched away Captain (Ulhiii, with Skitwiinrs his ;.mide
??|proVIS|on>, 111 11.. -| ..'. -I ; ' . ; ,. , • ■" , "
Mlor the ihoriiii!.'!! discovery ol the rivers and haliilalions ol the nativts, li\
■'whom he was iiroiifrht to several of them, where he tiniiid civil enteriainiin nt,
^ond kind nspccts, liir limn hriitish or sava>:e natures, so as they siiddi iily
Ix'came tlimiliar ti-i.nds, especially iiy the means i\\' Ihlinnula and Skilii'(trnis."
"So as the president was eariKStly iiitrealed liy Simsinow, »//>f7Y»N/, and others,
thV principal Sa<:amores, (as they call tin ir^rreat lords,) to <ro to the Hashalias,
who it seems was tlieir kiiif.'." They were prevented, howevc r, hy adven^e
wealher, tiom that j<Miiiiey, and thus the promise to do so was iiniiiteiitioiially
broki n "much to the erii f of those Saframon stiiat were to atn nil him. The
Bashelias, notwilhstiiiidiiifr, heariiifr of his misfortune, sent his ouii son to visit
him. and to heat a trade \\\Ui him tiir furs."
Several sad and melanchcdy acciih nts conspired to put an end to this first
rolonv of New Knjflaiid. The first was the hiss of tin ir slore-hoiise, contain-
in'' iiiost of their supplies, liy fire, in the winter tidlowiiifj, and another was the
death of |,ord I'ti/ilnim. It consisted of !(,() men, and its hejiinnins,' was
auspicious; hut these calamili.s, tiif,'et her with the death of their president,
hroke down their resolutions. So many discourafremenis, notwithstandiii;,' a
nliip with supplies had arrived, determiii'd them to ahandoii the country,
which they did in the spring;.* What liecame of Ikhamdit and SkdlwarrMS
there is no mention, hut they prohalily remained in the country with their
friends, unless the ^)assaf,'e which we shall hereatler extract, he coiistriiid to
mean diliirently.f
To return to Tisjuiintum. There is s«ime disafrreement in the narrati\ es of
the cotemp ."ar\ w riters in ii spi ct to this chit f, w hich shows, either that soiiu;
of them are ill (iror, or that therp wire two of 'he same name — one carried
uway hy H'ai/muulli, mu\ ihe other hy Hunt. I"' rom a critical examination of
the aecoimts, it is In lit veil tin re was hut one, and that hewascaniid tiway
hy ff'iii/inoiUh, as Sir h'inh'iitrmlo (!aru:(s relates, v\ hose account we lia\e i;i\eii
alKtvi'.l Jt is impossihle that Sir Ftr.linaiulo should have hi en mistaken in
the names of those he received fidin U'ayiiioulh. The naiiHS ol' these carried
off hy HunI are not friven, or hut few of tin m, nor were they kidnapped until
nine years idler /r«//7/io)(//i',v voyiifre. It is, tin n Hire, possihle that S</u(tntiim,
haviiiii- returned home from the service of (lorfrt.i, wint ajraiii to Kiifjland
with some other person, or perhaps even with Utail. JJiit we are inclined to
think that there was hut one of the name, and his being carried uwuy an error
of iiiad\ertrnce.
I'atiiNrt, allirward cidled Pllnwittli, was the |)laci' of residence of S(iuitnlum,
■ • ■ ■ ' •' ' ' - ' '■ ' f whi
lie til
ily
I'atiiNrt, attirwarii cjuieii t'tiinomn, was iiie |)iaci' oi residence oi .'xiiiinitum,
who, it is sail, was the only person that esuipid the jireat pliifiiie of which
we shall pailicidarly speak in the life of jMnxsasoil ; win re, at the same time,
we shall take up asraiii the life of Squanlum, whose history is so intiiiiately
connected with it.
It was in Kill that Captain Eiwdrii Harloio^ was sent "to discover an lie
siippos (I alioiit Cape Cod," who " liilliiif,' with IMoiiajtfigan, they linmd onely
Cap:- Cod no lie hut the maiiie ; tin re [at !\lonhi.i;on Island] they detained
three Saluiiijes ahoord tin m, called I'crhmo, Monoptl and I'tkniimur, hut
Pcrlimc) li'iipt tiiierhoard, and f(ot away ; and not loiii; alh r, with his consorts,
cut tiniir lioat tidiii their steriie, j^ot her on shore, and so filled her with sand
uinl i^narded her with howes and arrowes, the I'jiglish lost her."||
This exploit of Ffchmo is us truly brave as it was daring. To have got
*'riiev iiail '• senlcd liienisclvps in n neniasnia, wliirh is at die moiilh of lliis river, (Sagadii-
nck.] wliere llii-y liiiill a liirtress lo iUdt'iid llieinsidves Iroin llieir enemies, wliicii lliey iiaincil
"> I''"'!- I'
III.
hoc I ,
iSV. (liiii-;[c'' Aiinridi imiiiUtt to tlii' Life, \<y I'l'iil. (ion
t Sec lile MiissitsKif
} ll IS |)laiii. lioiii I'liiice, Chron. \,\\. thai his aniliors had eonfonadcil Ihe imiiios of lliese
Iniliiiiis (iiie willi iiiiiilher.
is r Ft (I. (iori^es is (riibalilv wronjr in calling him llennj Ilaiietj.
Capt. Smith's dm. IlisL N. Eug.
HUNTS VOYAGE.
[Book II
.Ti '
umlrr tlic strrn of a Hliip, in tin- face of arniod iiipn, niul nt tlio wiiiic timi' to
liiiu' Miccfi (l( (I ill liis (It .siitii <>l" t'littiii;,' uwny niid caiTviiif; ofV tli* ir Ixiat, \\;a
nil net us hold and dariiiff, tu hay tlic l< uxt, lu-" tiiat |k rliiriiM d in the Imilor u(
Tri|i(ili l»y our ••(uiiilrjiiiaii Ihrnlur.
I I'liiii Mon! i^Dii Hiirldw, procrrdiii^r Miiitiiward, fell in uiiii an i>|jiiii{
rail; d tlii'ii liy tlic Indians .\o/io;io. I'niiii tiiis |ilacf " ilicy Untkc Sakiiins.
toil, lliat ;.(ii r lie had iivrd many y<ar,s in llnfflaiid, wt nt a soldii r lo tlic \\,ii>
()(■ KuliMiiia."' ^V licdii r lie ever ittiiriiod we arc not lold. rroin i|,i>
island tiicy luocccdrd to ('a|m\Nicl\, since called Cupofri,, [iMariliaV \ iiKyitnl.
lit IT "tliey tdoke VuKvconam i\\n\ Einnow" and "so, wiili line Saliiiifix s, dm
rctiirni'd fur lliifiland."
Kiirnuw, or, as sonic wrtitc, Epttnow, seems to liavc lieeii much sikIi •,
<'liaracii riL^ I'trhmo — aiKid, ciiiiiiiiijr, hold and <larii]f,'. Sir Firdhmndit (lOiisis
iscxidciitly (iioiHoiis in jiart of his statnnent al (lit this native, in as liir i;s it
rclati s 1(1 his Jia\iiii.' he( n hroiifrlit away liy Hunt. I'or Hnrlino^x Noyaire wit
in li ll,and H/ianaw was s< nt ovi r to Cape Cod willi ('aptaiii Hobsoii, in
Kill, Miinc nionlhs lu fore Hunt \vt\.
As it is |)eciiliarly f;ialilyiiii; to the writer to In ar such old vnicraMc writim
iui Siiiifh, (luri>:rs, iir. sp( ak, the reader |i( rhaps wciiiid not pardon him wnc
■ to witiihold what tl e inliniat(! acipiaintance ol' the intm sting Kpunow siys
/I iiim. Jlcar, then, fc ir A'cri/i'/i«Hr/o ; —
"Viiiilc 1 was lalio'ing hy what means [ niiiiht IksI continue life in mv
langii;-' i.njr hopis, iheie ( (inu s one Hinnj Harlnj] unto me, hrinjrinfr with hiiii
u native of the Island of Capawick, a jilace s<at((l to tin' soulhward of ('a|i(i
Cod, whose name was Ay;«?i<«'f, a person of jioodly siatiire, stionjf and will
propertioiK (I. 'J'his man wjls taken upon the main, [hy Hace,] wiih st me 'jilj
otli< i> hy a ship of London that endeavored to sell tlu m li)r slav(s in Spainc,
hut Ix iiig undd-stood that they wire AintTicans, iiid heiny lound to be iiiiii|it
for their lists, they would not meddle with tlu in, this heiiiff one of tlu in tlicv
refiis: (I, wh( rein they exprest more woilli than those that hroiij-ht them to the
niark( t, who could not hut known that our nation was at that time in travel tiir
Bctliiifi ol" Christian colonies upon that continent, it heing an act much tending
to oiir |ir(jii(lice, when we came into that part of the countriis, as it slmll
further appi ar. How Capt. Hnrltif came to he p( >*« ss( i! of tliis savage, I
know not, iiut 1 niuUrstood hy otiu ■>< how he had hedi shown in Jaiiu'.oii itjr
a woiid' r. it is true ( as I have sitid) he wi.s a goo«;ly man, of a hiave aspect,
stout iuid soIk r in his demeanor, and had leariu d so much I'.nglish as to hid
tlios ' that W(ind( r< d at him, Wki.come, wki.coiVK ; this h«'ing llu last and hot
use tluy could make of him, that was now grown oiil of the jit oph 's wondir.
The captain, liiHiligfiirthi r into his (iimiliarity, limnd him to he of ac(|uaintaiii'e
and (ri> iidship w itii those siihject to the liashal a, whom the captain \V( II km w,
being hinisi If one (d' the jlantation, si nt ov r by the lord chi. f Jiislirc,
[P<il>h(tm,] and by that nuuiis understood much oi' his language, limiul out
the place of his birth," &<■.
IJ. fore proceeding with the historv' of Epnnow, the account of Capt. Thomas
Jhiv.Cs voyage should be related ; bi«ause it is said lliat it was chi( fly owiiii,'
to his pi rfidy that the Indians of New I'.iigland wi re become so hostde to the
voyag rs. Neverth'.'less, it is plain, that (i.s we have air ady said) Hunt did
not (cminit Irs depredations until alt r Epanow had esca|)i'd out of the hands
of til ' I'liglisli. Capt. John Sniitk waa in company with Hunt, mid we wdl
hear him n late the w hole traiisjution. \ih r stating that tin y arrived at iMoii-
higoii in April, Ilil4,^ spent a long time in trying to catch whalis without
Bucct ss ; and as "ii.r goid, it was ratlii r the masti r's device to g< t a voyag",
tliat projected it;" that fi^r trifles tluy got "near JJCtO btavtr skins, iCO
*Cii|il. Sinilli\ (I'tn IJisl. N. llii'.r.
t P<ili.i|» not tlic ("a[pl. llarlKii- lul'orc mentioiiod, tlicii";!! Pi rice thinks Oorjucs incaiis liiin.
I h II •111-) 111' roli.TS to lliii'-c liiki'ii liy limit, iiv I ^ii|i| vsi\ lie m'Is llu- iiiiiii!n-r liijilicr thiiii
ollicrs. Ihs L'riiii(i»oii, /•'. fVoj-^'-cv, in Aineiiiu I'aintnJ, &c., says 'it vv;ls the iiiiiiilicr scizid
by III It
^Siiiiili had an Indian named Tuntum with hiin in lliis voyage, whom he set on slioru al
Cape Co<l.
HAP. I]
rtiii,'!
d his
"The]
M al
Imli:-I5|
thiiikiiii^
kerp III
Iiiercliaiil
C<)liii!i'>i|
most di
carried tl
silly salvl
more eliil
F. (!o[
OS well a|
selling tl
Englaiidl
ami consi
nun lo, d(
iliterestiii
m
[Rook II
[1 nt tlio wmic time to
iiK «.tr till ir |,„i,t, „,y
iii'd ill llic liailcr ,„
II ill uilli oil i>|,i,„|
•Ik'V todkc .SVMv/ic,,.
» M)l(lii r lo tli(. wiirs
i"t told. I'"n„ii iiij,.
[MtinlmV \ iiK \„ii|.
Ii liin' S(ilimf.(f:, tli,i
Im'iii iimcli siicli .,
ir t\rdinanil() lioims
iiiitivf, ill its liir ;,s j;
H<trl(tu\l \()V)n;(. v\;^
('"litniii hobsoii, in
)l(1 V( iicniMc writ, n-
• it |)iir<i()ii liiii, s\nv
n.siiiijr Epa now >ii[u
roiitijnic lif(> in ,„,.
', l)riii<riiifr \vitli lii,;,
wMMliWiinl vt' fajio
lit', KtlOl.g llllli u,||
nvi',] Willi M 111,. ^)(||
ill- sliivts ill SjHiiiH',
i; ((iimd to lie iiiiii|it
if <'ii»' of tli( III tlicv
l)|-Olliillt tilCIII to till'
Kit time ill iruvcl ii,r
II act iiiiicli tending
Illltl-itS, JIH it slijilj
d of til is sjiviifrc, I
>VM| ill J.oiidoji tlir
, of" a liiavr at*)i(Tt,
l-iifflitsli JUS to hid
fr iIm Inst and Ixst
pi o|!l( 's \voiid(r.
»<■ ofacfjuaintaiKT
aptain \vi II kiK w,
!•<! clii. f JiiMicc,
foliage, f()iiiid out
I of C-'apt. Thomas
was (hit fly owiiii;
no llOStilo to till'
ly .Slid) HiiJil (lid
out ol fho Imiids
finil, and wo \v,|j
V arrivod at iMoii-
I wliali s vvitlioiit
lo f,'<t a voya;."',
Kuvd- skins, ItO
(iiirnp.s means liim,
iMiinlicr liijjlicr lliaii
< lilt' iiiiiiilicr M'i/cd
liu sel on siiore al
lAi-. I]
EPA NOW.
larti.i, and as many otters, tlio moHt of tlioiii witliin tlie distance of iiO lea^nies,"
m\ his own (U^partiire i\>v Knrope, ( 'apt. Smilh proeeeds :—
"Tlic ntiier siiip staid to lit lirrscif for Spam with the dry <isli, wliieli was
)ld al .Malaga at 4 rials the i|nintal, each Inindred sveiyht two ipiintals and a
aif. — lint ime Tlwfi'is Unit, tlir master of this ship, (when I was ifoiir,)
thiiikinir to prevent that iiit nt I had to make there a plantation, tlieiliy to
ilTis alxniiidiii!.' I'oiiiitry slill in oliseiirity, that only lie and some iVw
k(*i')> ,..,. .■• , , . .
inerehants mor.- ini^dit enjoy wholly the lienelit of the trade, and prolit of this
cotiiitrv, helrayed limr-anll-twriity (if 'hose poor sal vaifrs ahoard iiis ship, and
most dishoiirstly and inhiiiiianly,"for uicir kind iisajre of me and all our iH^n,
carried llieni with him to Malaira ; and there, for a little private gain, sold thi'MO
HilK salvajT's for rial> of eight ; lint this vile act ke|it him ever atler from any
more eniplovmeiit to those parts."
/•'. dnrixrs the younger is rather eonfiised in his areonnt of llunCn voytige,
as well as the elder. IJiit tlie llirmer intimates that it was on account of llntil\i
selling the Indians lie took as slaves, the news (d* wliiidi having got into
England hetiire Ij/xttunv was sent out, caused this Jndian to make his escape,
aiKrcons'cpieiitly the overthrow of the voyagi^ ; whereas the latter, Sir FcriH-
nan III, does not attrihiite it to that. Wo will now hear liitii again upon this
interesting suhject : —
" The reasons ofmif un'krlftkinff the emphijinenl for Ihc in! I of Capnwick.
"At the time this new sjivage [EpanoH<] came imto m-;, J id recovered
Aiso.uinet, one of tlie natives I s nt with ('apt. Clialoi les li< iiis tmliappy
cniployniint, with whom 1 lodged Kjienaiv, who at tlu^ lii. Iianily understood
one tlie other's speech, till aHerawiiile; I perceived the dilferencc! was no
more than that as ours is Itetween the northern and southc'-ii peopi •, so that 1
was a little eas 'd in the use I made of my old siTvant, whoi . I eiii<!iged to give
ai-eomit of what he learned hy confereiico between themsidves, and lio as
liiithfully |)erforiiied it."
There seems hilt little doiiht that Epnnow niul ^'Issanmict had contrived a plan
of escape hefore they letl I'jigl.'.iifl, and also, hy finding out what the Hnglish
most valued, and assuring them that it was in ahundance to he had at a certain
])laee in their own country, prevailed ii|ion thiMii, or hy this pretended dis-
covery were the means of the voyage heing undertaken, of which we are now
to speak. Still, as will he seen. Sir FeriHnam/o does not speak as though he had
heen (piite so handsomely du|»ed hy his cunning man (d'tlio woods. (Jold, it
has heen said, was the valiiahle commodity to whiidi Epanow was to pilot tlio
English. (iorii;es proceiids : —
" They [("apt. Iloh.ton and those who accompanied him] set eail in June, in
Anno I()I4, heing fidly instructed how to demean themselves in I'very kind,
carrying with them Epcnow, .'h.mcomel, and iVanape,* another native! of thoso
parts sent me f>iit of the Isle id" Wiglit,f for my hotter information in the parts
of the country of his knowledge : when as it jiloased God that they were
arrived upon the coast, they v/ere [liloted from j dace, to place, hj' the natives
tlirmselves, as widl as their hearts could desire. And coming to th:- harbor
'■^penow
litants
I'
ipal
being his brothers, others his near cousins, [or relatives,] who, afhu* they bad
coiiiiiiuiied together, and wen; kindly entertained by the captain, (le|iarted in
tiieir canoes, |»roniising the next morning to come aboard again, and bring
sdiiie trade with them. But Epcnow |>rivately (as it appeared) bad contracted
with his fi-iends, how he; might make his escape without jierforming what he
had undertaken, lieing in truth no more than he bad tokl ni(! he was to do
tliough with loss of his life. For otherwise, if it were found that he had dis-
* I)(iiil)tli'ss thp same cnllcil l>y others Mamiire/, wlio, il would scoin Iroiu IMr. IfiMiard,
(//i\/. .V. rhiff. ;<il.) (lied Ix'Ibrc Kpiiiidir osoa|)i'il, " soon alkT llio sliip's arrival."
t How 111' raiiic there, we arc ai n loss to cl terinini'. unless natives were carried otV, of
wlioin no Mienlion is made. This was unniiesiionaMy the case, Cor when it cami! lo l)e a
lomniDii liiiji;,'- Cor vessels lo liriiiK home fniiiaiis, no menlion. of course, would be madu
of ihcin, cspcciidly if Ihey went volunttirily, as, no doubl, many did.
J>^ .
10
EPANOW.
[HodK II
Al'. II
^'' v^
covtTPd tlio HOPrc'tM of h'lH country,* \w wiih siiro to linvc \m l)rainH knorkt out
OH siHin lis he ciMiM' iisliorc ;f lor tlint ciiiisr i >,'aM' the captain strict cliaiL'ii,
cntlcuvor Ity all means to |)i-rvrnt liis escaping' tioin tlicm. Ami lor the iiim
Hiircty, I Kuvo onlir to have thrcr p'rillcnirn ot' my own kindrcti to he evern;
liand with him ; cjnthin^' him with lon^' ^'arments, tilly to he laid holil on, i:
occM>ion shonid reipiire. Notwithstanding all dii-', his triends hein>; all cdin.
al \\\r lime ap|ioint('(l with twent\ canoes, and lyioir at a certain distance \vli|,
their hows ready, the captain calls to them to come ahoani ; hot they iin;
mo\ in^', he speaks to tliiniow to come imto him, where he was in the fdii.
castle of the ship, he lieni^' then in tht> waste of the ship, hetween the iw.
gentlemen that had him in ifoard ; starts snddeidy from tliern, and coming' t.
the captain, calls to his friends in l'',n!;lish to come aboard, in the interim sli|,.
himself overhoanl : And althon^rh he were taken hold of hy one of the cciiii-
pany, yet, hein;,' a strong and heavy man, could not he stayed, und was
ii-
Hooiier in the water, hut the natives, [his friend
the hoats,l sent such
shower of arrows, and came withal desperately so near the ship, that dm
carrii-d him away in despifiht of all the mnsipietteers ahoani, who were, forth
iiimiher, as <roii(| as om' nation did atliird. And thus were my hopes of ihat
particular [voyajre] made void and frustrate."
Trom the wlmle of this narration it is evident tliat K/mnow was forcihlj
retained, if not tiircihly carried oil", hy the Knfilish. And some relatel that hi
attacked ('apt. IJiriner and his men, siip|M)sinj,' they had come to seize aiul
carry him hack to I'n^rland. It is more ])rolmhle, we think, that lie meant
to he reveiiijed for his late captivity, and, accordinj.' to real Indian custipm,
resolved that the first whites should atone f(»r it, either with their lilt- or lihem.
Gorixis doi-s not tell ns what his hrave " musciiietteers " did when Hpnimc
escaped, hut from other sources we learn that they fired upon his liherators
killinjj and woundinjr some, hut how many, they could only coniecture, Itiit
there is no rtM»m (iir conjecture uhout the damajre sustained on the part of thi
ship's crew, iJir it is distinctly stated that when they received the "shower nf
arrows," ("apt. Hokion and many of his mi'U were wounded.^ And .S';ai'//ii
says, "So well he had contrived his husinesse, as many re|K)rted he iiitemiiil
to have surprised the ship ; hi , seeiiifi it could not be eflected to his likiiiL'.
lieli)re them all he leaped oner hoord."
W(> next meet with Epunnw in 1(!1!>. Capt. Thnwns Dormer, or Dermcr, in
the employ of Sir f. G'or^fs, met with him at ('a|)oife, the place where, live
years liet(>re, he mad(! his escape from Capt. //o/«oh. Gorges writes, "TirK
savaije, speakinjj soinci r.nfilish, laiiiijhed at his owiie esca|)e, and rei»orted the
t'tory of it. Mr. Dormer tokl him he came from me, and was one of my str-
vaiits, and that I was mu(di pritived h(» had been so ill used as to he forced tn
steal awa\. This savajje Wiis so cmmiiij,', that, ath-r he had (piestioned liim
about me, and all lu^ knew helonjfed imto me, <'onceived he was come on pur-
pose to betray him ; and [so] conspired with some of his fi-llows to take iii.
ca|)tain ; thereupon they laid liands n|)on him. Jiiit he bein<x a hrave, stniit
ffentlemaii. drew his sword and fi'ced himself, but not without 14 wouinls.
This disaster forced him to make all possible haste to Virj;inia to be cured of
ills wounds. At the second return [he havinsi just come from there] he had
the misturtmie to fall sick and die, of the iidirmity many of our nation nru
stihject unto at their tirst cominjf into those parts."
The ship's crew liein;; at the same time on shore, a fifiht ensued, in which
some of Hjiitnow^s company were slain. "This is the last time," stiys a writrr
in the Historical Collections, "that the soil of iMartha's Vineyard was stained
with human blood ; l()r from that day to tli(^ present [1807] no Indian has been
killed by a white man, nor white man by an Indian.
In relation to the fiirhl which Dernier and his men had with the Indians at
the Vineyar<l, .1/oWoH*i relates that the English went on shore to trade with
tlioni, when tiiey were assjiulted and all the men shiin but one that kept the
* The si'crels ol' the siiiiily ishiud Ciipo^c, or llic Mciii;lil>()riii!r shores ()t'("ii|)(" ("ml. wliiilcvcr
they arc now, cxiNtpd only la tinlli ol such sanifuiiic iniads as Sir Frnliii'iii<liinin\ his iidhcrcnls.
t \\\' need no licllcr <hs|>liiy of Ihc cra(\ of Epanow. or proof ot' liis cininiag- ia dci'i) plots.
X tirlLui'p, Aaier. Biog. i. 'Mi. ^Smilli's New KiiprhirKl.
y Ibid. IT N. Eag. Mumorial, 5!t, 51).
^rririil "'|
«/«'.«( or"' ;|
— !ifiiiiiii\
HolioMol
MasHiiclil
In ItaC
invincibli! i
birth, and, I
tlie border
for ani:ht
But all dat
coinparisoi
once bivoi
These
settle in
the Indian
wems then
luiuls here,
adons, pel
le L'ranted
UA1> BKF.N
TUKKK HA'I
aKTHKR W
AMOl.'.NUST
rn>o, IS A
UI.ACION O
MANY I.K.AO
ANV KIM> I
not better, '
Alter nu
41, with 111'
in one sma
Their pas?
Cod, !> No
proceeded
coast. On
iiinonj; the
fiovernmei
arrival, vi/
armor, pro
not show
iiuthin<r to
woods as !
tlieiii m;ui
First B
give the i:
*This rl
J \ \Luinl
aflorwiircU c
1^ \ Tlierc V
[Hook II
is ImiiiiH knockf om
tain strict cliini.n (,
Ami lor the ninr
liiidnd t(i lie rvii-y
I 1)1' laid liold (III, i:
ends Itciiijf all nii,,,
•naiii distance \\)i\,
iiard ; but tlicv in,;
lie was ill tlic' tijiv.
|», lictwccn the lu,
Kill, and coiiiiii:;!,
in the interim sIIjk
l»V one of the com.
stayed, und wiin h
iMiats,] sent siidi;,
tlie slii|), that tiny
d, who were, Jill- ilr
•e my hojK-H of ilim
ixmow was forcihh
<otne relate} that li".
come to seize ninl
link, that he nn imt
•eal Indian ciisidtn,
their lite or liiiciiv.
did when Upaimt
upon his lilMi-atdi-,
y conjecmre. \\\\\
I on th<! |)art of tin
I'd the "shower 111'
led.^\ And Sm\lh\
jHirted he iiitemiiil
■ctt'd to liis likiii;;.
rmer, or Dernier, in
(lace where, live
ff) writes, '•Tills
Uld repoi-ted tlir
as one of my srr-
iis to he forced tii
(jiiestioned liim
was come on pnr-
ows to take 111,
11^' a hrave, stout
out 14 wounds,
a to he cured o|'
II there] he liiul
" our nation iiri;
Misiicd, in wliicli
' says a writir
iiril was stained
Iiidiun has hccii
th the Indians at
ire to trade with
le that kept the
iipi" <'<><l. wliiiicvcr
'ami Ills iidlii'rt'nN.
iiiiiiy ill ilccj) plots.
51).
fHAP. II
FIRST SiriTI.EMKNT AT rLIMOl'TII.
11
kcNit "Hill tl"' ['-"pl'ii") liiin'*''"* J^'" <>" '""""'I V"ry mm' wounded, and they
fall cut MlVhis head upon the cuildy of the hoiu, had not his man rescued hitri
^iili a swiiid, and so they >;ot him awa\." .Svim/i/o wiw with Cupt. Dinner ut
giJH time, iw will Im' Hftn "iii ihf liH' of .ilimasoit.
CIIAriKR II.
^rrirnl mid first Procrnrinirs of tin I'.nirlhh irho nrltlr nt Pllmnvlh — Tlnir fir.H
di.iionrij iif Itiiliiiiis— Tlnir I'll s/ Imltl irilli </i<m— SV/mo.s//— S(/h((h<h— M vssasoit
— hianoiiitli .Ifiiiiirt — Ciiiiiiiriiitinii — ('-.rNBlTANT — VVirn w wr.v — I'kksi ;ot —
Ho'noMoK TiiliiiiiKiltniiion — UblnUinrwut — Manehashamim — Squaw- Sac lum of
MasisiichiiHctls — Htbcoirel.
I\ lt!30 some determined wliit(5 people, with tfn; most astonishinif tuid
invincilile tirniness, undertook 'o wander MOOU miles trom the land ot' their
birth, and, in ilie nio.si ha/ardoiis manner, to take ii|) a permanent aliode upon
tlie holders of a lioiindless wilderness,— a wilderness as •ireat, or far ;:reater,
for aUL'lif they knew, than the expanse of oeeiin which they were to |»iwh.
But all danL'ei>< and ditliciilties, there to he eni-ountereil, weijrlicd notliint; in
comparison svith the lilierty of conscience which tiiey mijiht enjoy when
oiici; hcyond tlie control of their hifoted persecutors.
These sin^riilar people had lihirtij from their oppressor, Jiiims I., to jro and
si'ltie ill this wilderness, and to possess themselves of some of the lands of
the Indians, pj()\ tiled tiiey paid liiiii *tr somr of hin frienl.s toy \\\i'\)i. No ono
Bceiiis then to have ipieslioned how this kin^ came liy the rii;lit and title to
landM here, any more tiian how he cnnie by his crown. They were less scru-
niiloiis, perhaps, in this matter, as the kin<r told them, in a charter''' which
lie granted them, thonixli lud lilt iijlir lliirj had sidled for .\merica, "riiAr he
'<: HAU BKK.N (ilVKN CKKTAIM.V TO K.NOWK, THAT WITni.N THKSK LATK VKAKKS
TIIKKK HATH, HV (ioi)'s ViSirATION, KAKiNKH A « O.MIKKH 1,1, IM.AOl'K, TO-
/ OKTIlKIl WITH MANY HOIlHIKI,K SI.AIiiHTKRS AM) ML'RTHKRS, COMMirTKD
■•^ AMOl.NGST THK SVUAOKS AND lUlUTlSII I'KOPLF. THKKK IIKKRTOKORK I.NHAB-
jl ITIXl, I.V A MA.V.NKR TO THK I'TTKR OKSTRUCTION, DKVAS TACIO.N A.N» DKIMH'-
UI,A(:iO.V OK THAT WIIOI.K rKRRITOHVE, SO THAT THERE IS NOT I.EKT, !■ OR
MANY LEAGUES TOOETIIER IN A MANNER, ANY THAT DOE CI.AIME OR CHALLENGE
; ANY Ki.NU OK INTERESTS TiiEHEi.N." f This wiLs, doiihtlcss, as Well kllOWII, if
. * not hetter, to the PU^rima (as they were aptly called) as to Kin,Ji Jitmes.
'jf> Atli'r numerous delays and disappointments, the I'ilfjrinis, to tht^ niimher of
;y 41, with their wives, { chihlreii, and servants, sailed from I'limouth, in iMi^jlaml,
in one small ship, called the iMayllower, on Wednesday, the lith of Septemher.
Their passaj,'!' w.ts attended with j,'n'at peril ; hut they satlly arrived at ('ape
(,'od, !• iNov. tiillouin^r, without the loss of any of their iimnher. They iu)\v
proceeded to nmke the necessary discoveries t»( seat tliemselves on the iiarren
coast. One of the tirat thiiif^s they tiiiind neeessury to do, to preserve- order
ainoiij,' themsL'lvfis, wits, to form a kind of constitution, or fjeiierd outline of
pivirimient. Ilavinu: done this, it was si^rucd hy the 41, two days alter their
arrival, vi/. II Nov. The sjune day, 15 or Iti of their mimher, covired with
ariiKir, proceeded to tin; land, and commenced <liscoveries. The Indians did
not show tliemselves to tl..> English until tin; Ifnli, and then tlcy would have
uotliinsf t(( say to them. About 5 or (J at first only appeared, who fled into the
woods as soon as they had discovered themselves. The Englishmen lollowed
thi'iii many miles, but could not overtake them.
First Ualtk with tin- Indians. — This was upon 8 Dec. 1(120, and we will
give the account of it in the language! ot one that was an actor in it. " Wo
mill ranging up and down till Uic sun began to draw low, luid then we hasted
C:4
*Tliis charter hears ilule 3 Nov. 1C:!0. Chalmers, Polit. Annals, 81.
\ ll,i;tiid's lli.st, ColliM-tions, I, IO.J, wlieie the enlire charter may be seen. It
aAcrwariU calluil Th k (Jrand PuMoufU I'ATliMT. Ctialinert, ib.
\ Tbero were, in ail, liti Icmales.
19
FIRST HATTI.K WITH TIIR INDIANS— SAMOSET. [Hon« n
' ln(1innH ! Indiiin.i ! ! iiiiil wiili,
iiii-ii rail nut with all s|H'i'i|t
nut of tli«' wikmIh rliaf we mifflit rcirni- to (tiir Hliallnp. Fly thnt time v/i- \\^
iliiiif, ami Diir Hliall<i|i roiii*> tu iin, it was williiii night |7 l>i-<'.], anil wi> Imiih,!;
iiH to oiir rt'Mt, aUrr wr hail nrt oiir watrli.
" Ahoiit iniihii^hl \vi- hi-aril a gn-at ami hiilcoiiH cry, niiil our m>ntini'l i-iil|i,;
.hm ! arm I So wr JM'stirrril oiirsilvrs, anil .xliot oil' a roii|iit' of nlllskl't^*, an,
|llir| iioisi' iTaHi-ii. Wr ronrhiilnl that it was a roriipany uCwolvrs ami lii\i.
lor om> [ol'oiir roiii|iany| tolil iis In- hail hriinl sinli a iioisi- in iNrwtiiiimlliiii
Ahoiit .'» o'rlork in thi" iiiorniiiK [H Di-r.] wr hrj^an to he stirrinj;. r|iiiii
siiilili-n wr hraiil r. jjri'at ami stranj^i* rry, whiih we kiirw to Im' tlir sm.
voii-i'S, thoii;;|i thry variril thiir notrs. < >nr of our roiii|iaiiy, liring alirnn.
riiiir riiiiiiini; in ami rrinl, The}! nrr nun
llii-ir arrows rami- living amongst lis. Our
rnovrr tlirir arms. 'I'hr rry of our rnrinirs was liitaiirnl, rs|irfially wImi.
our mi'ii ran out to rrrovrr ihrir anus. 'I'lirir notr was allrr this maninr
Ifoarli wiiiirh hit hii lunh wimrh. Our nu'ii win- no soonrr I'onii- to their iirm.
hut tl nriiiy was rraily to assault tlifiii. Tlu'ri' was a lusty man, aiiij i<
whit Irss \ahaiit, who was thought to hi> tlii'ir ra|itaiii, stoml hrhiiiil a tn.
within half a miiski-t shot of us, ami tlirrr Irt his ariows lly at us. Ili- stuo!
tlirt'i* shots of a miiskt't. At li-ngth oiii' of us, as lir saiil, taking full aim m
him, lir gavi" an rvtraorilinary fiy, ami away thry went all."
It is not riTlain that any liloiul was siinl in this liattli* ; hut it was |ii'i'ttv
strongly |iri-simiril that tlir hig ni|itaiii of tlir Imliaiis was woiimlril. Tli>
Imiians having ntrratril, tlir roiii|uiiors wrrr IcH in possi'ssion of tin' hnllli-
groiiml, ami thry |)rori-i'ili-(l to gatiiir togrthrr tlii> tro|iliii's of this thiir lir-'
vii'tory. 'I'lii-y pirkril up IH arrows, wliirh thry sent to tlirir frirmls in Kmr.
Inml liy the ri-tiirn of tlii' Maytlowcr. Some of thrsc vvvri" curiously "hcailnl
with hiass, soini" with harts' horn, ami otlicrs with eagles' claws." •
It a|ipeareil af\erwarils that thi i attack was niaile liy the Naiiset ImliaiK
whose chief's name was ^Ispinrt. Whether he was the leader in this tiglil, i<
not known ; hut he prolmhiy was. The place where the atliiir happeneii nml.
called hy tlu; Indians JVamskckd ; but tlic Kiiglish now culled it The fYr«l
Unroimttr.
The I'-.M-WKNTH OF DKCKMHKR, ever tiieinorahie in the history <if
New Knghind, was now come, and liiis was the day of the LANDINii (II
TIIK lMli(ilMiMS. A place u|ioii the inhospitaiiie shore had heen tixed iipun.
and was tliis day taken possession of, and never again deserted. The siii|i
until then had Ikm.'II their permanent aliode, which now they gladly e\c|iaii!;i'il
for the sandy shore of the hay of Cape (^od.
Welcome, Englishmen! Welcome, Knglishmen! nro words so inseparalily
a.s.sociated with the name of Sitniosrt, that we can never hear tlii^ one w itliinit
the |)leasing recollection of the other. These were the first accents our pilgiiin
fiithers heard, on the .American strand, from any native. We mean int) lligilili-
accents, for when they were attacked at Namskekct, on their first arrival, tlicy
Imird only the frightful war-whoop.
The first tiiiw Indians were seen hy the pilgrims, wns tipoii 15tli Nov. KM
"They espied 5 or (> people, with a dog, coming towards them, who wvn
savages; who, when they saw them, ran into tin; woods, and whistled the ildi'
nilertlieiii."t And though the Knglish ran towards them, when tlu; Indiam
pi'rceivcd it "they ran away might and main," and the English "could not
come near them." Souii ailer this, Morton says the Indians "got nil the
powaws in the country, who, for three days together, in u liorid and devilish
mancr did curse and execrate them with tiieir cuiijurutiuns, which assenilily
■M
* Mourt't fMalinn, ill 1 Muss. Ifisl. Col. VIU, 218, 21<).
ilii'ldtiiinorJoiirmilofal'IdntiiUditsettlfilal Plijiiwulh,in N. /?. iisimlly cited Moiirt'i
Rf/atiiin. Il was, iiii doiilit, vvrillcii liv sL'vcrnl ol' llie rompaiiy. or \hc writer was assisicil hy
scviTiii. Mimrt st!ems to have bt't'ii tfi« [niMislK-r. 1 have no srru|)lc hul llial the suKS<'*lion
of Juilffc Diiris is correct, viz. that Richard Ganlrn'r was iho |iriiicl|)al author. Aliiml ibc
early scttlcinciil of any country, llicro never was a more important liorunient. Il was ))iiiileil
ill 1()2'2, ami is now re|irinte(i in the Miss, llisl. ('nl., and we hope soon lo sec il printed iiii
volume liy ilselliii a style worthy ol its importance. As 't stands in the llisl. Collections, il is
very dinicuit to cousult, a part of it being coiiiaiued iu oue volume, and (lie remainder in
auoUicr.
S*S
lAMOHKT. fHooKii
Hy I lint tiiiKt wn ||»|
' I ><•<•. |, aiid w« lNtiii,ii
mil uiir HciiiitH'l cull,,,
<iii|ilt' of iniiski'i--, III,,
y oCwoivrH aiiil l(i\i.
list" ill NfufDiiiKJIiiii,
Im- stiniiijf. I'lMMi
klirw to In' the Ml,,.
iii|iaiiy, liiiiij; iiliniii,j
Iniliiinn!! iitul wjii,,
iiiit Willi (ill s|M'i'i||,
iilliil, is|M'ciiilly wlni.
an alliT this innniiir
•r ('(iiiic to ilicir iiriii.
a liiHty iiiaii, and „,
, stood lii'liiiiii a (p.,
s fly at iiH. llcsiiHHJ
li'l, taking' t'lill aiuiiit
ill."
till' ; lint it was piim
was woiiikIimI. Tli,
ssi'ssioii of ilic liaitji.
Iiiis of this tlirir ti^
tlii'ir friends in Kn,;.
re curiously "lifudd
claws," *
tlic Naiisct liiilitiii',
leader ill this (i<;iit. i^
' atliiir lia|i|ieiie(| w^
V called it The First
hie ill the history nf
the l,Ai\|)L\(; Of
had heeii ti.xed ii|iiin, '
deserted. The sjiiji
17 gladly exchaiijriil
ords so iiiw'pai-jilily
lenr the one witJMiiii
accents our pilifiim
'i' iiieaii intellijrihic
ir fu-st arrival, liny
on IStli Nov. Vm.
s tlieiM, who wen)
ml whistled the do;-
, when the lndiiiii!i
liiglish "could nut
liaiis "got all the
horid and devilisli
IS, which osseiiililv
usually riled Mnnri'i
writer was nssislcd hv
l>iil dial die .suj;i,f('siion
)id audior. AImhiI ihe
iiiiciil. It was iiiiiiii'd
II l<) sue it prinli'ii in >
llisl. (N)lleclioris, il ij
and (be reuiuiiider in
Pmiv II I
Tim iM.Ani ;f..-ni:w iNTr.iivtr.w.
18
n,\ M i\ic»' they held in a ilnrk mid disiiiiil swamp. UelioM ln»w ^^ataii lalM)r
I,. j.iiMl.T III."' L'.Hp. I iVom iviiiiiniz ii.lo .\, w r.Mnliiii I!"
I, Nvis .III I'ri.lay, itiili Mmvli, MM. iliiil .Sp/iiw/ Middeiily nppiared nl
>liiMn.ilh,aiid, ^av.s MoiTl, "He MTV l..ildl\ caii.e (ill ainiie, iii.il almii: the
Lll- ^ mniit lolh'e nilili/VOMS wlielT we int'ivepl-d IllMI. tiol .-llllriiii;/ hilii
b u'l. in as nndi.iil.i.dlv In' w-'iil.l, out of lii.< Ih.I.IihhV 11- win naked, "unly
i l.uih' r alH.nt lii-< \\n\*U "ill' " •''"'-"' "'""" " ^1"'" '""f^-" ''"'"' "'•"!" '' "•■"'
•cr\ .mIiI. and tlii- aiillioi imI.Is, " We c.-i t a iiuivmiiiii's c.ml aliuiit him." 'I'o
^•\v,•l^(l llii'iii •""'I' their lii..|>italii.\ , .S'»/;r<.s(/ i'.i\c tlieiii \\lialev«r mloniuiliuii
the\ ili>ired. " lie iiid, say lln >'. Iiarmd seme lin.kt 11 llii^li-li a'lioiig-l lh<
Iji'di-lmnii thai came to I'isli al Mnnhi','Lr"M, tiinl knew l»\ name the must ot
tl'ie"iapiMin.scommaii.l<rs, and m:i>li rs, lliMl iiMially come [lliei<|. Ilewnsu
ninii tree ill speich, Ml liir as he toiilil e\pr ss his iiiiiid, and of seemly car-
rint'e. We fiin^ti d him <d" mai:> lliiiii's : he wa-i the lirst ravap' we could
irieei'wiihal. He siiiil In' was no! id" liiiiM- pari', Imt of Morali',";i.ii, aiid one
of liie sairamores or lords thereof: had liren h munilis in ilir . • parls, ii Iviiiu
heiiie |to the easfward) a da,\V sail willi a ;rri at wind, and live days h.\ land.
He ili .comsid ot" the whole country, and of every province, and of their sag-
ai (s, and ilnir nmnlier of nien.'and sln.iirlh." "lie had a Imw and two
arniu-i, the mie lieadnl, and lli' oilier iiiiIm mini. I h' was a tall, strait niaii ;
the Imir of his head lil.ick, ImiL' lieliind. only slarl \i U'Vr ; m on iii-i face at
all. lie asked .some heer, hill we y:ave him slrniii: >valer, niid Idscnii, and
biiilir. and cheese, and piiddin;:. and a piece of a mall nd ; all w hiili he liked
well." "He told IIS the place where we now live is called I'aliix't, and that
nliiiiit I years iil'o all the inhaliitanis died of an cMraor.linar.v plaj:iie. and then;
is neiile'V man, woman, nor iliild remainiii!/, as indeid we have fnimd none;
Kii lis there is none in hinder our posst ssum, or hy cliim iinio it. All the
nliiinoon we spent in commmiiiiitioii with him. W'e wmild f.'lailly 1m 1 11 rid
of him al niglil, luit he was not willing to ;;<• lliis ni;;lil. Tie 11 w.- lliou^'hl to
cany him on sliip-hoard, wherewith he was well i-oni,nl, imd went into the
fdialiop: lint the wind wa.-i hiirli and w;iler scant, that it could not return hack.
We ludi/rd [with lii:ii{ that nitdit at Sli/iliiii lln/ildits' house, and vatchcd
him."
Tims, lliriimrh llie im .ms of this innocent Indian, was a correspoiidencp
happily hen'nii. He li Ii I'limoiiih the le'M nioriiiiit; to ri turn In .t/a,swwoi7.
wlm, il' said, was a sachem haviiiir under iiiiiHiO men. The l'!ii;;lisli liasin^
|. 11 Mijiii' tools evposed ill the woods, on tiiidiiig tli.it they were inis.<inL', rightly
jihIl' d the Indian;-; had t;ikin tl.em. Tin y compl.iiu il of this to .SV(,(ia<(// in
raili r a llireat, ninir iiii". "We willed him (say liny) that liny sliniild he
hninvlit airMin. oilierwise we wmild ri'jlit oiirsi Ives." \\ In n he h |i iliem *• h(<
pnniiis il w ilhiii a night or iwo lo come again," and laiiig some of .Missiisi/ifi
11)1 11 to trade with them in heaver skins. As good as his word, Sunio.s-il caiiu;
llir iicM .-Sunday, "and hroiight with him r» other tall, proper men. They h.iil
(MIT man a i!>'iiV sicin on him; and the princijial ot' tliem had a w ild eat'^
skill, er such like. (Ill oiie ami. They had most of tin in ImiL' hosi'n up to theit
groins, eliise mad"; ami almiie tin ir groins, to tlair waist, another leaiher
they wire altoL'ilhi'r like tli" Iri-!i troiisi-rs. The}' ari' of compli\ion liki' oiii
IliiitUsh gipsies; no hair, or very liille, on their faces; on tie ir heads lonir hail
to till il siionld.'is, only cut hiditre; some trussed up helore with a lialher
liriia Iwise lik
an
oti
aiiotle r a
fo.\-Iail haiiiriiig oiit." The Miurlish had
elm (1 Sdinosrl not to let any who came with him hring their arms ; tlies('
thrr. r.', |i li "their hows and arrows a (|uaiti r ol' a mile (Vom onr town.
We <.':,\e them eiit.rtiiiimeiit as we tiioiiLfht was titling them. They did eal
In rally id' our Knglish victuals," and a|»peared very friendly; "sang and
(laiiceii
tier llieir manner, like aiitii
ticks
"Some of them had their li
piiiiit, il lila(d<, from tli" t'onhead lo the chin, limr or five lingers liroad ; others
ai'iiT oilier ihs'iions, as till V like
Thev liidiiiiht three or four skin , hut we
wiiiild not truck with them all that day, hut wished tiiem to hring more, and
we viHild truck for all ; which they promised within a night or two, and
weiilil leave these h(diind them, though we were not wiiliiiir thev should ; anil
tl
K'V IrouL'ht all our toids again, whirji wore taken in the woods, in <
nir
ulw( iicc. So, because of the day [Sunday], we distnissed them so sooi; us wo
14
CAPT. IIU^T.— lYANOUGII OF CUMMAQUID.
[HoOKl
could. Hut Snmmtcf, our first iirqiiaiiitnnro, oitlior was /i<'k, or f'cifjiicd liiiiisflf
8o, iiiul woii'.d not <'i) with tln'ni, and stavi'd witli us till Wriliiisdav iiioi
Tl
icri uc
lit hiiii to llii'Mi, to know ilic reason tlicv fan
w not accordii
'III'.'.
i-r ii
tli«'ir vords ; and wr fravi' liiiii a liat, a pair of stockings and siiois, a shirt, ,i,,
a piece oi'clolli to tic alioiit liis waist."
Siimoscl ii'tiirncd airaiii, the next day, lirinfr'n<j with liiin Siiuanlo, inentidii'il
i[i the last chapter, lie was "the only native (says Moiut's UKi.A'rioN) (,|
l*alii\et, wlier.' wc now inhaliit, who was one of the '-iO [or 2\] caplives, il,;,-
i»v lliml were carried awav, and iiad heeii in llni'land, and dwelt in Gondii
I'itli master Jaliii Sluinr, a inerch
and CO
iild
little l",n!rlisli, w]
tlirce others." 'I'licy hroii^dit a few articles li>r trade, i)iit the more iiii|itiii;ii;
news "that their ^n-eat sa-rainore, .Massasoyt, was hard liy," whose intnuhh.
tion to them accordingly liillomd.
In .lime, ItJ'JI, a hoy, JdIi.i l{llli)i<xlon, lia\ iiig heen lost in the woods, sevii-;,
I'Jiiilish, with SiiKDilt) and 7V^v/;/i,r'u/»(o;i, mid'rtook a \oyage to Maiisiiii;
search |iir him. .SV/i'«/(/() w;is their interpreter; "tiie other, Tnh'dimtJutmdn.x
special ii'iend." The weather was liiir when they set <:iit, "hut ere they liinl
been lon<i at sea, there arosi; a storm of wind and rain, with miiidi linhtnin;
and thunder, iiiM)miieh that a [water] spout arose not lar from them. Iluw.
'.'v<r, they escajied danirer, and arrived at night at ('iimma(|iiid. lien tlm
!iiet with some Indians, \\ ho int'ormed them that fiie hoy was at iN'ai.si;.
Tlii'se Indians treated the.'ii with great kindness, inviting them on shore to lai
with them.
li/iiiioii!!;li wassaclieni of this |)lace, and these were his men. "They hrniifrlit .
us to their sachim (sa\s .Moiiii) or governor, whom they ceil /i/f/zux/g/i," wIki 7
then ajipeared ahoiit 'it! yenrs of age, "hut \ery |>i'rsoiialile, gentle, courteous
niid tiiir-con(liti(^iied, indeed, not like a savage, save *(ir his atlire. His eiilir-
taiiimeiit was answerjihle to his parts, and his clieei |ilentilid and various,''
Thus is portrayed the amiahle character, Ij/anouir/i, hy those; who knt w liim, >.
We can add hut little of him except his wretched fate. The severity exrciiKd ~A
ii|ion H'!tluintiiu1 .and I'c/t.iiiot caused such consternation and <lri'ad of tin! |
I'lngli-ih among many, that they llirsook their wontel hahitations, lied inin IJ
swa.i ps, and lived in unhealthy plaei's, in a state of starvation, until many diril ^
with diseases which they had thus contracted. Among such victims vvn-' %
IifittU)iis;li, .Ispliut, CoiHCdnrim, i\in\ many more. Hence lla lluglish siipiiosul j
tliey were in AA'.VHo/'a conspiracy, ;is will he more particularly relateil Imr'. f
alh'r.
While tlie I'.iigllsli were with fifft)ioii<r/i, at ( "umma(]iiid, they relate tliiit
there was an oM wimi.-m, whom they judged to he no less than lUO years oh!,
who came to sec thi'iii, h( cans • she had never s;'en lliiglish; "yet (say tiny)
{she] could not heliold us without hreaking liirUi into ^n at passion, wci piiiir
and cryin<r e.\ccssiv<'ly." They in»|uir mI the reason of it, and wi-re told liiat
she h' ! thr 'I' sons, " who, when mastei Ifinil was in tliise parts, went ahotinl
Ifis s!ii]; to trade with him, and he cari'ii'd tliem captivis into Sjiaiii." SijiKinl')
being i'reseii!, who was earri'd away at the same lime, was acquainted vviili
tli(> eircimislaiKas, ami thus the i'.ngiish hecame knowing to her distress, jiiid
told her they wer«' sorry, that //'(»./ was a had man, iait that all the other I'.iii'-
Msh wf-re well disposed, and would iK ver injure her. They then gave la r a
fi'w trinke!s, which considi rahly ajipeased her.
ofl,
Our voyagi rs now proceed to .Naiisi't. accompanied Ity hjiwoutxh and two
is men. .I'^putd was the sacliem of this place, to whom Sijuanlo was Jiiit,
Iil'inrni<!;h and his men having gone hefiire, Sijuniito having iii(;)rined .Isimul
that his I'nglish friends had come fir the loy, he "came (they relate) with a '4
j^reat train, and hroiight the hoy v, ith him,'' one carrying him through this
water. Tlii^ heing .at or le ar the jilaee wliere an attack
■was made on tli
I-
nalisii, on their (ir.<t arrival in the coimtrv, as has liei n related, caused ll
ICIll
to he oil their guard at this time.
At t'lis time, ./.s'/ziar/ had in his ('(unpany "not le.-slhan an hniidred ;" |i;ilf
of whom attended thi' iioy to the hoat, and the rest "stoo<l .aloot'," with their
Iiovvs and firrows, looking on. .Ispiiul delivi r d up the hoy in a I'ormal iiiaa-
Iier, "helimig with heads, and made piace with us ; we Im stow iiig a knif" an
liini, and likowisu on aiiotliLT, iiiul lii'iit ciitc'tuiiied the boy, and brought liiiti
tliitlior."
Chap. H ]|
/■/.'/.l-e
fl'elit lioli
J''ri'i:l eni(
|«)iii-l! a'l
tild ill ' III
let, nliii
good, y et
the wiiliiel
men al^o I
brae let til
Th.v vvl
winds anil
BJiore alie
to hislovvip
done hrfoj
lK)nie in s|
Whil
carried olil
Jlllirtoii ai
Ahoiit t
testeil, hy
Jiimi \ as
other saeli
. J{y the
\ tioii of A
C)l"starvat,
very liide
C0)ise(|Ui II
, As the
I to go on a
whatevt r
expedition
death staia
"Hut he
make a se(
otherwise
there di 'd,
iuast(>r's s
not lit to
according
Iiurians n
him, that
Hundiy ot
have a gn
Thus (I
)iim the 1
folly and
dea'l of tr
Thus, i
dealii, ail
nioick an
tliat won
remark, t
strangers
other vie
" f^ hoiisli
i'roin
* ll VVil'i
J)(I>w /(/ lit:
litioiu lie
QUID.
[Hook II
'k, or flifjiifd liiiiisfif
Wfdiicsdiiy iiMiriiii,.,,
MIC iKir iicconliiur ri
111(1 wliocs, a siiin, iii,,
11 S<iua}ili), iiicntidii',!
hkt's Ui-.i.atkin) ,,|
[or 2\] c-ijiiivrs, i|„..
111(1 dwelt ill Tori, III,
■X little Knii-risii, w,:i,
t tlic iiiorc iiii|i(in,ii,:
ly," \vli()fi(' iiitnidiii.
ill the wddds, sever;.
V(i_V!i;re to Xfiiisel ill
ler, Tc/i'timnlKfindu. a
it, " iiiit ere they liml
vitli iiiiieh lii;linilit;
I'roiii tlieiii." Ildu".
iii:i(|iiid. lien rill, ■
Ixiy was at iN'ai.sii.
them on shore to uu
en. "'rii(>y I)roii<r|it
Ci'll ll/aUOUirll,'"' Ujji)
li , ^'eiitle, eoiirlcdii^
s attire. His ciiiir-
iitilid and various.''
ISC Wlio kiK W liiiii.
lie severity e.\( (mi|i,|
II •'ind divad oi' tl;.'
ahitalidiis, lied inNi
oil, until many dii,!
sneli vietims \vn\'
( l''.!i<:!ish sii|i|)(is(rl
ilariy related Ihtc
id, they relate iliat
than 100 years (ill!,
■Ii; "yet (say ilnyi
t Jiassioii, \vee|iii'i:;
lid wen- told iliiit
"arts, went aliojinl
> Spain." Si/iKiiih
s ac(|iiaintc(l wiili
I iier distress, .•iiid
all the other l]w:.
■y then f^ave litra
'jinmniixli and two
Sl'/iKinlo was ,i'iif,
inllirmed .h/iinit
hey relate) \\ iih n
him tliroii>i:h tlm
was made mi tin:
ted, caused tliem
1 hmidivd;" li.-ilf
|""K'' uiili iliiir
ill a rormal iiwiii-
<''i\ iiiU a kiiif" fin
ikI brouijilt liiiti
AT.
] lYANOUnil.— \SPINF,T.-DKATII OF StlUANTO.
15
1
4
i
i
luanovrh did not m-c.)m;.anv the evi.editioii in their r, turn In.m Nausct, !)iit
eiit home l«v land, and was ready to ent. rtaiii tiie eunij.any on their renirii.
rom eontrirv winds and a want of iVesh water, the voyajjers w.;re <.lm.!;-. d to
••loueh a-dn at <'m.im:i(|iiid. "Then- (say lli'V) we m t a.irain Willi ljinn,nr,;l,
«ad di •'most of his luwii." "He, iiein.ir sliil wiilin- to •rralily ns, took a rund-
"•Jct and I (lorn- men in the dark a ;jTeat way for w.iirr, hut eoiild lind iioiio
|r<M.d vet liroiiudit sneh -^ liieiv was on his n -ek wil!i them. In the m ■aiiiiint!
the worn. M joined hand in h;ind, sinunmr and daiicin.',' ImIoh- tlie shallop;' tho
men mImi >i'iowiiiir all the kindness they conld, l;iitni,U'^h himsill takiiif,' a
brae lei linin alioiii his n.rk, and haii-inir it alioul one of ns." _
'I'll, v were not alili- to ^"t ont of the harlior of ( 'imima(|iii(l Irom hallliii!,'
winds and tides, which liimicudi seeliiLMiie next meriiinj: lie ran aloiiii' llio
shoiv after them, and ih'ev took him into their shallop, and returned wiili hiiii
tohistown. where I ntertained tiiem in a miiinernoi inf 'Hor to what he had
done h.fire. .'J'hey now snccceded in p-ttiiifi water, and sliorlly aller retmnetl
home in safety. . , , ,
AVhile at Naiiset, t' I'aiirlisli heard that Mnssfisoil had lieen attacked and
carried (ilf hy the .Narrauanscts, w liieli led to the e\pedilion of .S7f/;i;/iA7(, and
Mnioii ai.'-,iinst CaunhUnnt, as will lie found r lated in his life.
Ahoiit this time, six f-achems of the neiirliliorinfr country had their fidelity
tested, hv heiiiir called upon to sii-n a tr -aty suhjectiiiir themshis to Kinji
Jaiw.u as will he luimd, also, in that lite. JJut to return again to .Isjiind, and
other s.ichems of Cape ('od.
\i\ the Miipro\i(''nce of a company settled at VV'essa<;ilscns, under tiie direc-
tion'of A "ViotiKta Ifmloii, in U\ii, tliey had been hroiijflit to th" very iniiik
ol'starvat. in the winter of that year, "in fact, the I'limonlh people were lint
very little iK'tter otl"; and lint for the kindness «d' the Indians, the v orst of
Consei|nt iices niiglit have en; iied to lioth these intimt colonies.
As the winter progresx d, the two ccionies entered iiii./ articles of nfrreement
to go '111 a trading voyage among th-' Indians of C^ape ("od to hiiy corn, and
■whateMr else might'condnce to their livelihood. Simtnti) was pilot in tiiin
o.\|>edition ; iiiit he died heforc it was accompli.siied, and the record of liis
death stands thus in Wivsi.ow's Uf.i.ation : —
" IJiit here [at Alanamov k, since ("haiham], (hoiiiih ihey lind determined to
make a second e>s;iy |t<t pass within the shoals of ( "ape (,'od] ; yetCiodlud
otiierwisi' disposed, wlio struck TiHiiu'vilum with sickness, insomiieh as lio
th( re di ■(!, uhieh cross'd their sontiiwani trading, and the more, liecanse ilio
master's snificieiicy was much douhted, and the season very tempestuous, and
not tit to go upon discovery, having no gtiidi! to direct them." His disorder,
according to Prinrr, was a fever, "lileediiig iinndi at tin; nose, which the
Indians reckon a tiitiil symptom." He desired the governor would |»ray for
liiiii, that !ie might go to the iMiglishmen's (io.l, "l»e(|ueathiMg his things to
Rindrv of his laigli.>h friends, as rememltrances of liis love; of whom wo
have a great loss."
Thus died the famous .VYi/ffo/o, or Tasquanlum, in Decemher, Iti'i'i. To
]iiiii the pilgrims wcri! greatly indelited, allliongh he olleii, through extremo
fully and shortsightedness, gave tliem, as well ns himself and others, a great
deal of trouble, as in the life of Missit.soit and Iliilmmuk will ajipear.
Thus, at the commencement of the voyage, tlie pilot was taken away hy
death, and the exiiedition came near lieing aliandoned. However, lieforo
tSiwinIo died, h(! succeeded in introducing his friends to the sachem of iMaiiu-
nioiek and his people, where they were received and entertained in a manner
that would do honor to any peojile in any age. It is the more woriliy of
nniiiik, ;is iioik! of the I'liglish h.id ever been there before, and wei-e utter
strangers to them. Alier they bad refreshed them "with stm*.' of \eiiison and
other victuals, wbicii thej iiiongbt them in great abundance," they sold them
"H lioiisliva !s of rum (inil Imtiis, llniitixli Uh mopU' it'crr lint few"
I'rom iManamoiek they jiroceeded to i\Jassachusi Its, but could do nothing
* It nils n riislnm willi most Iiiiiiiiii nnlioiis to diinoc whoii slraiijjcrs cniiio niiioiig I'lein.
Barmi l.nho/it.tu says ii was llic manner nt' the lr(i(|ii()is lo dance " /(irsii>if /c.v > inmsfri
jMssciit ildtis h'ltr /Kilv, (111 qw li'ins riini'iiiit; riiritii'iU lUa ainbansaUcurs pour faire dcs propo-
*ilioiu lie faix.'—M'jiiicires de L' Amciiquc . ii. 110.
to
SQUANTO.
[Book II.
Weston
¥
W^'''-'i.
went til the sai'lii'iii, tt'lliiiir liiiii wliat iiail lin|i|H'ii('(l, aiul n'i|iiii°iii^' lln' sii<
ajraiii, or tlic iiarly tliat stolf tlinn," ^'or ihc he iroiild n venire il vii Hum iijun
his (lijiifiiiire,''^ and so departed lor tiie Jiiulit, ^' refu.si ns: tvlidtsoever Init'liuna I'ikj
offered." However, the next inorHiiiir, .Ispiiut, attended liy iniiny ol" liis inui,
wont to tln^ I'^nulisli, "in a stately manner," and restored all tiie "trilles:" ilir
th(! ('.\|Misin<r of w liiili the Enjjiisli deserved ten limes as miieli rei>relieii>ii;ii
OS tlie man lor takim; tliem.
Siiiiitiitit l)('iii!>' the only |tei>on that eseaped the <rreat siekness at J'atiiMt,
iiii|nirei's tt)r ini aeeoimt ot" that ealamity \\ill very reasonaiily e\|)eet to llnil it
in a history ol" his life. We therelorc will relate all that is known ol" il, ii it
(elsewhere to he noticed ii; our |iroirres:!. 'J'lie extent of its ruvnffes, us ne-inb
wc can jndire, was from ,\arrauansef Hay to Kiimeiu.'ek, or perhups P( imh.
scot, and was supposed to have eomnieneed ahout I(il7, and the leiiijfth oi' ii.-
duration seems to have heen hetween two and three years, as it was nearl)
abated in Hillt. The Indians jjave a frijrhtlul accouni of it, sayinur that liny
died so liist "that the livinir were not ahle to hiiry the dead." W'h u the Kwj-
lish arrived in the eoimlry, their hones were thick upon th<' uround in many
j)laces. 'J'his they looked ujion as a jrreat providence, inasnnich as il liiul
destroyed " multitudes of the barbarous hoathen to niakc! way for the elicwcu
pco])lc of Uod."
"Some lind oxpirrd in fi^^iit, — tlio hraiids
Willi rusted ill llicir huuy liaiids. —
III plajfiic and I'ainiiiu soiiu>." — Camimikll.
All wars and disasters, in those days, were thousiht to be preceded by soiiio
ntian^i' natural appearance, or, as appeared to them, unnatural a|ipearaiici' or
phenomenon ; hence the appearance of u comet, in KJIf^, was considered iiy
some the precursor of this pestilence.*
We will jrive here, from a curious work, f in tli(! lanjrnnse of the aiithnr, nii
interestimr passaire, relatinir to this melanclioly period of the history of tlic
])eoi»le of M(i.tS(t.i(>iL in which he refers to .SV/i/(f/i/o. AHer relatinii the liiic nj'
II I''rencli ship's crew amouir the Wampanoairs, as cMracted in the lile of J/(/.s-
sasdlt, in i ontiuualioii of the account, he proceeds thus : "Hut contrary wise,
[the? Indians bavin;.' said "they were so many that (Jod could tiot kill tlieiii.'
when one of the Krenclu'ien relinked them li>r their "wickedness," telliiii.'
ihem <Jod would destroy iheni,] in short lime afler, the hand of (iod ll'll
lieavily upon iheni, with such a mortall stroake, that they died on heaps, iis
they lay in their houses, and the living', iliat were able to shift for themsclvis,
would ruiuie iiwav and let them dv, and li't their cnrkases Iv nhovc; the uroiiiul
* Till' Nfiir l(il!! scH'iiis to have Ih'cii v»'i'y rniill'iil in ctiiiiols, '■ as llii'rciii no l(-ss llinii lii'ir
wen; oh^crvcd." /. Miillirr's Di.icditise eniietniiin; Ctiiii-ls, Idt. I'oslon, 12iiio. Idl!.).
'J'luTo iiKiy lie Koeii a curious passage concorninjj llic nmu'l of h!ll! in lluslneoi-tli's JlUi,
Col. of that year.
tNcw Jinglisli Caiiain, i;3, by Tlianas Morton, "llo. Amsturdfiiii, 1G37.
%
witlKT't)
one l''lt I
|abl<' to
upon,
niaile si|
ill llial
Sir /'I
of N'-w
sent oyi'i
one yiiiM
mill I"' '1
biisin •>'
eeik by
I com •
eliniilil n|
there ibif
W.irf iia|
Biich m
OlHicled
inhaliit;'.!
cabins w
(Ji.d for
there."
taut liu'l-
1 mean 1 1
coniimni
above,
prolil," N
In ("a|
passu':; ' a
Mirt'ni.
tb 'y kept
tlii'irkiiiii
it that till
lie d •mail
had so m
kinir that
olV all of
by th ir '
they ^f:iv.
tbi'liia'/'i
b'^'s lo b
We h:
history.
i\l \ss\
or I'awk
tol, libo:
was, as 111
repeat 'd
Tliisc
m'' piin, i
(i!iii, v^: c
wliii'b u
, w
iTclin-c llicy n tl;ni,,j
lit used ill" ■.■n\. 11,,^
roi'ii iiiiii lirjiiis: ;.i„^
N'rIaiiiiDciii {111(1 (,,|.;.
im.'i^'rd llH'ir|iiv I, '
I'V made a Mai k 'i
and scd,v;(', , /,v ,„ •
U-nviiiir il, iiiiljl ',1
•nicd uiili. Ail li ,
lid, "rccci\iiinr J,-,-,..
en; was u lUTcai >i,|:.
I' |ila"fiic, if 11,, I ,;'
Vaiisct, ami, as imi::,
/'(/',v Mien liaji|ii Hi;..
I\ witlioiit •.nianl.l,"
irillfs," whii'li wl,,,,
ij'iiiiy witii liiiii, j;i,i|
rr((iiiriii,u' liic .sin;,.
nisc il oil III! Ill l,( fi,r,
'IsiHvcr l;iii!liu:i:ilhr.i
v iiiJiiiv of Ids 111! II
ill till" ""tnllrs:" il,r'
iiiiicli rcpri-Jioiisioii
sickness at J'alii\(f,
tly v\\wv\ to liiid j,
is known ol" it, n,,!
ravaircs, as iK-ir,!,
or fxrliaps IN imli.
nd tlic lcii,utii di' il,.
>, as it was ncarh
N ''•■iviii^' tli;it tlii'v
' Wli n the KiiJ.
)<• mniiind ill maiiy
asiniicli us il liiill
iiy lor tho (•hostu
LL.
ircrodofl by poiuo
nil a|i|)ciirancc or
as considered hy
of tli(> mitJKir, nil
le liistory of the
'latin:.' llie liitc nf
II till' lili' of J/ra-
it contrary wise,
il not kiH'tlieiii,"'
kedliess," tcllili!!
land of (,'(1,1 IMI
ied on heaps, iis
If fitr IllelllSl■|v(■^^,
iliovc tiio tfroiiiid
Chap. H]
SQU A NTO— Rr A SS A SOIT.
17
it:.
.J
■ill no less lliaii limr ^^
isiiiii, l.'iiio. I('..';,l,
liuihuoiilis JlLil.
without hiiriall. For in n place wlnre many inhihited, fhern Iiath l)Ofn but
one lell alive to tell what id'caiiie of the rest ; the livin;,' h:'iii>,' (jls it seems) not
alile to liiiry the dead. They were ii'lV for crow.s, kites, and veriiiine to pray
lipoii. And the itoiies and skulls, upon the si-verall places of their habitations,
iiiade siieli a s])ectac|e, atl'r my coiMiniiiir into those parts,* that, as I travailed
ill that li'ir '.-4 nen- the .Massacliiiss,ts, it s 'emcd to m ' a in w-foimd (;o|;.rotlia."
Sir lurlinan lo Gorges, as we liave s-eii, was well aeipiaiiited with th ' coast
of New l'>iif;laiid. Alh-r his desiirn (iiiled at ria^radahoek, h- tells iis that h(5
Bcnl over a sliij) upon his own account, which was to leavi; a company iiiid.r
OH" /7/i''.s-,+ t() remain anil tnide in th ' country. Tlies:! were his own s/rvants,
mid he iir.i.red "them to leave the siiij) and slii|»'s company, fir to (iillow their
biisin s- ill tlic usual place, (for, lie says, I kii'W they would not be drawn to
Beck bv anv ineaiis,) by tlics', and the le Ip ot'tliose natives f iriiieily s iit o\er,
I com ■ to iie truly iiifiriiied of so much as f^avc me assurance that in lime I
should want no undertakers, though as yet 1 was fori'ed to hire men to stay
there the wiiit'r ipiarter, at extr.'iiie rati-s, and not without danger, for that tho
w.irf had ((iiisiimeil the IJashaba, and the 'iiost of the great sagamores, with
such 111 '11 (if action as followed them, and those that remained were son;
nlilieted widi lie- pi i^fiie ; Ibr that th- country was in a maim r left void of
iiihaiiitsiiils. iNotwilhsianding, I'lni's, and the! rest with him lint lay in tho
cabins with thosi.' people (hat died, some more, souk- I: ss, mightily, (blessed bo
(led (or it) not one of th 'in ever fdt their iieads to ache while they stayed
there." Iba-i", although we are put in possession <if siiveral of the most impor-
tant tiicts, yet our veiieraitle author is deticient in one of tin- main particulars — ■
I mean ihat ol' dates, 'i'liereliire we gain no further data ha to the time or
coniininnct; of tjiis plague among the Indians ; for Sir I' r.linanio adds to tho
above, "and tliis coiirsj I held some ycai*s together, but nothing to my private
prolit," &c.
Ill ('apt. Smilh\s account of New Kmrland, piiblish-^d in 1(531, lin Iin-s a
passag ' about th' plague, wiiieli is much like that we have given above from
M)rt'tn. The ship cast aw;iy, he says, was a (isliiiig vess. I. and the man that
th'y kept a prisoner, on telling tlr-m II' f -ar 'd his (Jod would destr ly th 'in,
theirkiii:; madiHiim stand on tiic; top of a hill, and colli'cted his people about
it that the man might sim; how numeroiis they w.'re, VV'heii he had don.' this,
he d 'iiiande 1 of the l''r ■iichman whether his (Jod, that lie told so iniich about,
liail so many m 'ii, and whether they could kill all those. On his assuring the
king ihat li • could, t!i"y deri l-d lii:ii as U liir •. Soon alh'r, the plagiii' carried
olV all of the iMassiudius tts, 't or (iOO, I 'a\ing only .'?(), of whom 'iH were killiul
l)y th ir ii 'ighbors, th • ot!i r t\vo escaping until ih ■ I'aiglish cam", to wlioin
they gave their coiiiitrv. The haiglisli toll tin- Indians that tin; dis 'as ' was
the plagu '. (Japt. Smilk says t!iis account is s -coiid h;md to him, and tliereforo
b gs to be I'xciis d if it be not true in all its particulars.
We have now com • to one of tlii! most interesting cliaracters in Indian
history.
M \ss\sorr, chief of th ■ Wampaiioags, residi-d at u place called Pokaimkot
or I'awkuiiuawkut, by th ; Indians, which is now iiudii le I in th; town of Hris-
tol, IJIiod' ls!an I. II • wis a chid" renown il more in j) 'ace than w.ir, and
was, as long as \\<\ lived, a lii 'ii 1 to the i'au.disli, notwilhstandiiig they commiilod
repi'al 'd ii-iiriiali ins iipnn lii^i lands and li!) rti 'S.
This clii l"s name has be: n writt'ii widi yreat variation, as ]f'(
.Is
,v
osmncqmii,.l.'mfi-
nK'/in'/i, Oj.ifiiiiciuni, Osniiukiii, Ow'amc'iiiin,()i(>sniii(''iuinc,Us.viiiii(iii,cii, ICtfutni-
eg/a, (.Vc. ; but th ; nam ' by wliiidi li " is generally known i;i history, is ihat \\ itli
wliiidi we comui 'lice his lil'e.^ I\Ir. Priirc, in his Annals, says of that nam",
* ^]r. Mil inn tii-l c.iin" over in li)2.'. Ho scllled irnir Wi'ViiKiiilli. Aller ^nviMroiiltlo
Hii 1 lii..i("s linn ill 'S Mil' a (IiiI'ti'iI rcl i;i(iii. In; \v.\s li:ei;-lii"l inii of llic roiiiiirv. mil ImJ Wii
|)ro,)irv si'(| I's'i lo.l, lull sihui iil'ier rc'i^riiMJ. Hcilic(li;i York, i\!."> , llil'i. ll'it In? prcMcii !ej
lli;i' Ml t !■! Il I I )i,i rr/io-iiri. we s;iy. " .'n ly^< iml." lie |iriil("-s— I lo li:ive.
I Mr I!' 'nrl t'V'i •»•, .X'lii ir i n.iri'.'l h> ''ip l,ife,\\y Fi'ril. fi'.i.'.'riw, Rs'). 'jio T.oiil. Ifi.").').
} \ uT'Mi Wiir .nil 111'.'' l!u! In '! iiis :il llii ; li iv is in 'iiroiied liy nmsl of lIn- (ir-l wr'ics, lint
(III" |i.irlii!il l^^ (if il (MiiiKil lie kiiowii. It seems li> li.ivo lictMi Ix-lwceii llio 'riirr.i'.iiics an. I
Ifli ■> 1(1 ill • w 'a (>r l'ii^i'al;v,| H.
^Siiiic 'nvi! (I r'vcil iIk" iwene of M iix-w'iiiirih from lliis cliief, lull lli.it (■(iiH('clMr(" is nnl
to be Iil'oJl'J. If aav "Viii kaow, wu iiuy b(; alloW(j(l to suiiposo \.\\M. Itu'xnr WUUjuus diJ.
16
MASSASOTT.
[nr- >, 11
H,.' fj
"the printed ncRoimts jrcnorjilly spcil liitri Mirj.vvtr^t : Gnv, Bradford Vi^.
him ,^fl1ssft.1ol/l, iiiiil Massasin/ci ; hi.t j iiii>t i!n iici'-iif pnoplc, t\i<-' ;;„.,,
fathers i|i I'limoiitli coloiiv, pnmomiccil lii. narrin Jr/rt-.i^ty •o-il." Still wr tind
no inclination to cluni!.''*' a li'ttcr in a nanii-' «n vcii-'ralt!'-, ar.' wliii'li haslii'cnso
lonj,' ('staldislicii ; lor if a writer sniKir ilic spirit ot' iiinnv;Mi'>ii in himself, In
knows not when' to stop, and we. jirononne,. him no anfiman/.
Jt has olh'ii lieen thoii;:hl stranifi', that sf) mild a sadiem nt* Alassasoil slioiil,!
inve i»os
I) irrcat
onntrv, and onr wonder has hi'eii increasrd
mill
we consider, that Indian possi'ssions are tr<'m'rally ohtained hy prowess
p-eai personal conrajre. We know of none who conid hoast of such extensivi:
Uonfndons, when' all were conte;it<'d to consider themselves liis friends aiiij
•'hilih-eii. I'nii'lintdii, Pontiar, LUth-lurllc, 'JVnimsch, and many more that no
<'oidil name, have swayed many trih; ,-, Imi theirs was a temiiorary union, in an
rmerir''iiey ot" war. 'That .Mirisn.ioif should he alile to hold so many triln'.
together, without constant war, reipi.reil (pialities helonri; . <!iily to few. 'I Im;
lie was not a warrior no one will allow, when the testimony of .dnnawnn is «!
direct to the point. I'or that jrreat chief !,rave ("apt. Church "an account (if
what miirhty success he had had formerly, in the wars against many nations
of Fiiiliai'.s, when he s; rved . Ifulimrfpn'n, Phili]t\f father."
The limits of his cfumlry towards the Nipnniks, or iidaiid Indian? lu'e imt
precise, hut ii|)on the cast and west we are sure. It is evident, li<)W( .cr, fnun
tlie ti)llowing exti'aet, lliat, in I(i47, the Nipmuks were rather micert;iin jihniu
th»'ir sachem, and jirohahly helonged iit one time; to Massasoit, and at aiiotlnr
to the Narragansefs, or others, as cireintistaiices impelled. "'I'lie Nopiiat
(Nipiiet, or i\i|)nMik) Indians having iio(i sachem of their own an; at lii)i riy;
part of them, hy their own choice, doi- appertain!; to the Narragaiiset sachem.
nnd |>arte to the iVIohegens." " And certaiidy, in lliiJO, tlios(; of Qnahanir
lieionged to Mussanoit or IVassnmii^in, as \w. was ilieii called (if Ik; he tlio
Rime), as will h;' evident from facts, to he found i ) the life of Unras. Hi;
owned ('ape IJod, and all that part of iMa.ssaciiusetv-i and Kii()d(? Island hitwein
Narragansi't and Mas.-achusi-tts hays; <'xtending inliuid hetwceii I'awtuiku
and (Jlru'ies rivers, a distanci; not satisliietorily ascertained, as was said hrfmi',
together with all the contiguous islands. Ii was filled with manj trihes nr
nations, and all looking uj) to hin;, to sanction all their expeditious, and setiin
all their tlillicnltiijs. And wc; may reniaik, finther, with regard to tlie
Nipinnks, that at one time they were his trihutar) s. And this seems the more
jiroliahle, for in /^'i(7i'/>'.9 war then; was a eonstaiit iotercourse hetween tlieiii,
and whi'ii any i^f his men made an escape, their course was directly into the
country of the i\ipniid<s. No such inten-onrse suhsisted hetween the iNaira-
gans'ts and either of these. Ihit, on llu; contrary, when a messenger fn>m tin;
Narniginsi ts arrived in the country of the Nipmuks, with the heads of sonic
of the l''ngli.-h, to ' '.hat they had joined in the war, he was at first find
upon, tiiouuh afc nv,ji\iS, when two additional heads were brought, he was
received with them
.Miissft:i()il had s 'venii placesof r 'sidence, hut the i)rincipal was iMonrit llopf,
or I'okauokct. The l''.nglisli early gave it the name of iMoimt Hope, Inn finm
what cin-umstance we have not learii"d. Home suppose tin; wonis Mounl JIopc
corrupted Irom the Indian wor Is J/7«-/();;,f hut with what n'ason w" ar • not
inlor'iied. Since we have thus early noticed the si'at of the ancient cliiets ln'-
fon' |)n)e"e(rMig with the life of the, lirst of the Wampanoags, we will give a
description of it. It appears to die hest advantage Iroiii the village of I'all
River, in the town oi' Troy, iMassachnsetts, from which it is distant about liuii-
miles. Troin tlii.s place, ius top vtay much resembles the dome of the ytal>
IIo icaiiifil Croin llic luliaii llicm-ii'lviis. "lint I'lr '\T(<;s!irhiisr!ls wff nillid no from I'u' lUni:
Jlill.i." Ill liii' V(i' iiSiilai'v III' liiili.iii wiir'ls, l)y Ucv. John Cotton, llie dcliiiiiioii of Mdssd-
chiiS'lt is, '• ((// ///// ill I'll' /'linn o/' an nn-ow's hcaJ,"
»lli'Cor.ls (if till' IJ. ("<il. ill lli-iu-il, ii. \)1.
i Ali.'.'n's ( 'ollrctioii lA' r;|>il;i|)'is, iv. ()!!"). Prnsiiloiit S'/A's, in his nolos to tlio pmm I
eilili'iiiot (IlIlliK h'.-> lll.sr. Pilll.ll>'.s \V\U, |). 7, spells it ,1/)77-'i /(/;i / bill il is iml so ill ilii'
(exl ol eillirr i: liiioii. iM ir 'DV-T. w ) h IV ; iinl !) • "ii a'llj lo liiscover lli.il iMd'I-Io/i is iliiivcil
from Iiili.iii w.inl or woi U, niiil <!<> iiol lij:>italc lo |iruiiouiicu il u curruptiuu of tin: iwo
£n,",'.'>li v\ui<is cuiiiinuiily used ia luuiiii^ it.
;;tiap. II]
lOUHi' in ll
taiice.
■cry steel.]
'o its n
tnateriiiily)
mriiK'ip'''
'riiisnio;i|
;t|ie days
and //"'"'I
iniiianse
:oppi araiici
tj.e cniioli
indeed, till
This eiiil
whi'li •-i-i|
anil to tin'
that Ai/c'/il
Mn Ihrkiil
plai'c in M
of parlicul
Fouling I'
Sir h'nin
tipon the
he had tak
Albion, uji
tiiat I'riiici
gtaiitls ujioi
entitled to
ther than /
f.oiuitry .Ni
I'lnglaiid is
tlie South
voyage alio
('apt. Sii
land, and b
the same, i
stamp it an
.selflhe hoi
(Iocs lie giv
lliive done.
The nob
or siiillr I
due to liiin
New I'.ngli
It was n
lii; was vi:
liiiii, as //(
inide, and
gn'atly fitti
(if llie con
• knowing, ;
ions that tl
to be tliiis
ble to our
* VilllldV
\ S. his
i 'I'll.' (ir
Ni'w l'lii;;liii
l.iindoii, l^'il
A. r.ii'.;-! '.w
\i- •» ((inliiii;
i' ■ ■, V'W
[nr.KJi
!ov. Bradford vji,M
r (»(>ori|(/ii; ,., ;;,^,^
•o-ii.'" Still \s,. (i,|j
<' wliicli liiis lini, ^
'•'ti"M in liiiiiNcIt; ii,
lan/.
I tif^jMasMsoil slidiilii
■III ilHTcasrd u||,.„
• '(I liy prowess (iiu]
ISt ()fsilc||C\tClll«iV{.
•Ives his fnciid:, ;iii,|
many innrv ijiai m.
i|H)rary iiiiion, in j,,,
1)1(1 s(» iiijiiiy trill,.;
only t(i ll'w, 'Hi;,;
y <ii" .dnuawon is so
■rh "an account oi'
■.•linst JiKiny nations
III Indian; ai-c not
cut, liowc.cr, rroiii
I'j- imccrtai/i alioiii
oil, and at anotli, r
(I. "TJi.i Nopnat
own aro at liln nv;
iiTairansct wichci'i,,
tllO.SI! of (lu.-iliaojr
illcd (iC lie he tlijl
life of Ultras. i|,;
lie Jsland ixtwiMii
itwccn I'awiiickct
IS was said hclinv,
itii inaii_> trilns or
'dilions, and sciili'
ill rcirard to tlic
issi'oiiis llic iiKiiv
SI" Itclwccii thfiii,
tlinctiy into tlir
ween tlic j\aiT,i-
SSI'll^riT (VoiM the
I' heads oi" sonic
WIS at (iist liiid
brou<,dit, he \v;u
vasiMonnt Hop-,
t llop", JMIt lidiii
inls.)7,'>((/(/ Jlofj,:
•ason w" ar ■ not
leirnt chiefs, b,..
, ue will iii\(. a
■ \ illa^'i' of I'aJI
<tant ahont Ibur
III! of tll(3 stal'j-
(/ sn from l'\e llhie.
I'liniiioii ol' MdiSd'
)los (o llio p(>r()ii!l
I il is 111)1 so ill ili(>
\f.ri/n// i^ (li'iii'cd
iil)li()ii of lii:; Iwo
M
'A
jw in Boston, as seen
from
Btaiiei'.
Its iieijflit i>y adnifasiirenien; is sr
MASSASOIT. 18
many places in thn vicinity, iif fo.ir or fivn niihis'
d ♦«• hi
•Jt ':■'{) feet.
Ir
i.s
ti'r\ siecji on l.'ic s
id(> l<
y,.ar
.y I'oenssit, and its ai)pe;irance is v( ry i><rulur.
jf JJristol h
oiitril):it>(l t<
Id
,f;
.•itlenian ot Jinstoi ikis coiitrii);iii(i to aiK
aijnteiiallv, l>\ plaeiiii; iipoii its siininiit a circular suiiiiiier-hou! e, and 'his is u
iriiicipal reason w'iry >?so iniich reseinhles the iMassachnsetls state-house.
?riiis iiiotmt, ihendiire, since some time previous to IH'21, does not a|i|iear as in
*itlie davs ol' MaxuftMit, and as it did to his early friends and visitors, K iunloto
ond lliindtn. It was siilliciently iiicturestjiie without such addition, as an
ininiiiise stone orifriiuiiiy lornied its summit, and irompleted its domelike
appi araiice. The octaifoiiai summer-house heiii)^ placed upon this, completea
tiic cupola or turret. I'rom this the view ol' I'rovideiice, \Varren, IJrisiol, and,
indeed, the whole surroundini.' country, is very heautifiil.
'fills einiiieiice was known amoinj the iNarraiiansets hy the name Paknitokct,
whiih siiiJiilii d in their laii^uajfe the wood or land on the otiar side of (lie water,
and lotlie W'ampanoaL's hy th" v-mie Sowwams. And it is worthy remark hero
that hticiinini.kn was th(! name of the place where I'hiladelphia now stands.
Mr. Uirkiwiidvr says, it si^^'iiiiied the. f^nwe of the lowj; /tint trees. There was u
place in Middlehoroujfh, and another in llaynham, where Jie spent some part
of particular seasons, |)erha|>s the summer. Tlie place in Kaynham was near
}<\iurni<r I'ond, and he no doiiht had many othei's.
Sir I'hairis ihake is the first, of w liom we nave any account, tliat set foot
npon the shores of New I'.iiffland. Tliit: was in ir)Ht), about seven years alhir
lie had taken possession, an<l named the same countiy New lOuj^land or New
Alhioii, upon the western side of the continent. It is an error of lon<f standing,
that Prince Charles named tli<! country New Jiii^land, and it even now so
Btands upon the paf:es of history. Mut it is very clear that Sir I'Vancis is justly
entitled to til ■ credit of it. American historians seiMii to have lookiid no fur-
ther than Prince and Rohe7-tson, and li'nc(> assi-rl that('a|)t. Snitlli named the
country .New lOiiirlaiid. We will now hear Sniilk] on this matter. " i\ew
Kn<,daiid is that jtart of America, in the Ocean sea, opposite to JVona .dlliion, in
the South Sea, discovered hy the most memorahle Sir tVaneis Drak:, ui his
voyage aliout the world, in regard whereof this is stiled New Kiiffland."
('apt. Smith, in Kill, madi,' a survey of thi! coast of what is now New Eng-
land, and because the country was already named New I'iii/fland, or, wliich is
the same, N< w Albion, ui)oii its western coast, he thou;rlit it most proper to
Btaiiip it anew upon the eastern. Thereli/re ("apt. Smith neither takes to liim-
Bclflhe honor of namiiiif New lOn^Liland, as some wiiiers ofauthority ass i-f, nor
does he i^ivi; it to King Charles, as Dr. lioberlson and many others, copyiiiff hiin,
have done.
The noble and freneroiis minded Smith, imliko .ImTirns, would not permit
or siilli r his r( sp( cted li'iend and coti niporary to be depriscd of any honor
due lo him le his day ; and to wliich we may attribute tlie revival t)f th(; name
New I'.iifrlaiid hi 1()14.
It was upon soiMe pai-t of Cajte (!od that the great circimuiavigator landed.
ll(! was visited by the "king of the comitry," wlio sulimitti I his territories to
liini, as llioh had done on the w, stern coast. After sineral days of mutual
trade, and exchange of kiielness s, during which time the natives became
greatly .'ittached to Sir Frnneis, \w depart d llir Kngland. Whether the "king
of the country " here mentioned vv(>re .'Urt.s.wwiV, we have not the means of
knowing, as our accounts do not give any nami- ; but it was upon his doniin-
ioiis that this first landing \vas made, and we have therefore thought il pvojicr
to he liiiis particular, and which, wo venture to jjredici, will not be unaccepta-
ble to our renders.!
* ViiiiKiyiU n, ti'd.
t f;*; e lii- '• Di-sciplioii if N. Erfrlard:' niui llic error may l» nrerorlh lie «li-|p(i:s(tl v :ih.
'ir'^l iiiuliorliy wiiii h we I'ouii I for l!ll>^l! iiiicresliii;; t'mis, (iiilereslii'ir to I'rcni son of
Til.
N.nv Kiiyl.Mi'l,) is a woik ciililliMl "Naval l!ioura|)liy," &.<•. of Creal J'nlaiii, 2 voN. iivo.
I.iiiiildii, l.".i:,'), ami is III Uii>(; wofls :— ' The iir-l alloin|il lowanls a regular coldMi/.aiii.ii of
;N'. hliii;-! mil, occurs in llie \var hlOf). It will ea-l'v lie rec'ollocifl, lliai lliis pan of the Anmr-
ic'ii cdiilli.rul was lirsl ilistlii';iil-lio(ll,_v llii- cajilains />*,i/7r)«' and /( w/./-i,v ; that Sir /•'/>"/«*
/'■:■', wlu'ii 111' loiiclicil li('r<! (Ill Ills rcliirii (Vdiii the West IikIics. in i;;;ii;. was llie (irsl I'aiir.
;:.v.:<ui.' v\lio lumlcd in llico purls, and lo vvlioin oiio of llic In(Jlaii iiing.s iulunittotl iiis Icrrilory j
l;^^^
■r;-
^y^^:
MASSASOIT.
[Hook II
Smilli landed in ninny plnros ujiori the sliorcs of J\Ta.<isn.inil\'t doinininns, (,;,
of wliii'li |il,'ici's III' natiii!il JHiminUli, wliicii liappfncd to bi; llir Kaiiii> \\Li<;
lH)\v licarn lliat naiiir.
Our arniimts make ('ajU. tUtrlhiilomew fiosnolil llic next visitnr to tin' slicp,
of .l/«s.vrMoi7, alter Sir /''/7((i'/.v />m/i7. Mis voyairi' was in KiU'J, and lie w.,
the lirst who eanie in a direet eoiii-se from Old to New l''n;.daiid. He lainl,,
in the same |ilaee where Sir fVaari'.* did l(t year.s hefore. The ronle had Im
erto heeii hy the (.'anaries and W'l st lii'lia Islands, and a voyage to and li,,
New r.Mijrlaiid took np nearly a year.
XV'e eaii know nothing of the early times of J\f(is.tnsoil. Onr next visitmi,
liis eonntry, that we shall lii're notiee, was ('a|>f. TIioiiki.i Ihrinrr. This ui,
in IMa\, It!!!'. He ■'ailed liir iMonhigon ; thence, in that month, iiir \ ir;:ii,i.
ill an open piiinaee ; eonsetpieiidy was oliliged to keep close in shore,
found places which iiad liceii inliahited, hut at thai time contained no peiiji
dead, of a great sickness, wliicli was ih,'
leii he came to I'iimouth, all were diini
and firllii 1 onward nearly all wci
prevailing, liiit nearly abated. W ,
I'rom llieiice he traveled a day's journey into the country westward, to .\;i.
inasket, now iMiddlehorough. From this place lie sent a messenger to \i>i
Mitusnsoil. In this ex|)ediiion, ln' redeemed two l'"renchmen li'om .Mdssiimt)
people, who had heen cast away on the coast three years liefore.
IJnt to he more particular with (/'apt. Ihrmir, we will hear him in his dwi.
inamier, which is hy a letter lie wroti; to Samud I'lirrluisc, the compiler of il,,
Tilgrimage, dated '27 Dee. I(il!>.
"When 1 arrived at my savage's [.V/uaH/o's] native coimlry, (lindiiig ali
drnd,) I travelled alongst a day's journey, to a jil.ice called JS/'ummanldijuiii.
where (indiiig inhahitants, I despatched a messenger, a day's journey llnilHr
West, to I'ocunokit, which hordereth on the sra; whence came to see me iwf
kings, attended with a guard of .lO armed men, who being well salistied will.
that my savage and I discoursed unto them, (being desirous of novelty,) guv
ine content in whatsoever I demanded ; where I li>und that former relaiiuih
Were true. Here I redeemed a l''renchniaii, and alb-rwards another at iMas>i:i-
iiMil iliiil l'.i|)l. < 111/.1111I/, v\lii) iiKiili" il lillU' sliiy ill llic s.iiii.' |iLi(c, yiivc m cli a rr|i(iil i,| \
Kii;;Niiiil as lo iillnicl llic ;iiicmiI;(iii ol'liis ii'lvcninroii-i (•(iiiiiiiviiicii. muiic (iI'uIkhii iiiimcili,! ,
proi'iircd ;i clinilcr,'' <.Vc. — Vdl. I. |>. IJ.IT, if.il! IT we ('ijiijii hiidw from wliciire llic iili<ni'u.,
taken (lliiil is. llu' nv .mily llic writer el' lli:il woik iiiiiilc use nC), il inif;lil iil once, |i(ili:i;i.
Sflllc llir <|iic>lii)ii. Oliliiii.nm. I. 2."), Iiiis llic viiim' liicl. llmii^li iiol i|tiil(' sci cirrmii.iiiniiin
rcialcd. I\lr. Ilnin-nfl, in liis I Xdi. iif llic lli-.l. I'liilctl Sl;i!rs, mi|i|)«)si's O/ihiiiian, lliin,
fiinU'-^iio'i, ini>liikes Dnilo's liiii<liii^ ill ( 'iilsliiriii.'. in l.'<7!l. (cr llnil in N. I'.ii^hiinl. in l.V>
licciiii I', a^i '.vc sii| |)ci>.('. Ill- Iki'I ikiI si'cii llic IncI cIm'W licrc >l;ilc(l. Hut thuLf \\;\s W i\\\\~
from Vir';iiiin lo I'ImiidiiiIi, uliii h woulil ^Im- liiin lime cneiitili lo iiavo visilcd N, l"ii:;l;iii.l
See " 'I'lic l.ilc iinil l>.iiii;criiii-. N'oyajjcs ol Sir /■'ninris l)ij/,i\" &ii., small I'Jiiio., I.dinii:!
(wiiliiiMl iliilc), |'iii>(' 1.1.1. Sec also S. all's \ iri;iiii;i, |>. !(>.
\Vli;il IS siiiil in lllnmr's .iiciiiiin of A ni.ririi. |i. -10, is iiol very ronrliisive. lli^wir'.
nrc, " Tlie year liillowiiij; ( l.'i.'l.")). Sir Rii'!(trd (lii'iiivilf convcyi'il an I'.n^lisli rolmiv ik:li.:
[lliis nnllior iiiisi.il.es ilii> siiiialinii oCllic jiliices lie dcscrilics, in a v rclclicd niaiincr j, iiinlrr i.
govcriiincnl ol .Mr. liilii'i l.niir, wlio i iniiiiMicd ilicrc (vi'l lie is s|)ciikin^ iil' N. I'.iif;.) i il i!'
Iicxi \ciir (i,")l!(i), 1)111, ii|iini sonic cxlraurdiiiiirv occasion, rcliiincd, «illi Sir /''/(/i/c/.v Di, li.
ililii Kimlaiiil. Iiciiiif a( ((iiiiilcd hy sonic tlic iirsl ilisi (.\crtr llicrrof.'' I'loiin's wi ik \i,-
priiilcd ill l(i!17, and may liavc lircii Ohlmi run's ;iiillinrily. In die (ienl. ftlan., Vol. NW .
p. 'i\)\, il is said. '• Sir l-'runiiy Di^'lc. who imidc a disrenl on llic coa^l. eonliinied ll.crc Kmu
vcr»' sliorl lime, so iliai wlialcx cr had liccii knou ii of lliis cdiinlry was so mm h lornollcii in hiiJ.
thill <io^n(il(l till ill willi llic (diisl hy iiciiilcni. as he Wiis |iiirsiiin'r iinodicr dcsi[r|i." /■'/■,''..(
Cfor iihoiil Sir Fiiiiiris's heiicj on llic coiisl ill 1,")!!."), is >im [irisiii;; ; liiil il is slill moic ^iirj-r;-.
iiig lliiil iiiiy inic. prelrndai'^ lo he iin liisloriiin. slmiild coiiy il. Sec pmslrr, '2'.).'>, iiiid A'' ; "I'l,
jNcH fiiiiiidl.ii d, 'it. Ill I'lhiv/s Woilhii's ii/' Di'iim. an iiccoiiiil of .sJir Ilrni-i'd /»> ■/ i
cx|)edili(ni lo die New l'.iii;l.iiid si.;iv,in 1.^)1)."). may he seen; idso in I'lirrlinsr, v. 111112. (liinii
lUidlii.'li seiil ovei i^ir liriiinnl. «iih a naval (orce, lo diy|iossess iiny I'oiliigiiese, or cllur-,
tii'il lie mi|;lil li'id fi^hii^ llieie. lie roiiiid many \essils (m|iliiycd in llnil hiisiness, ^c ine nt
which he cii|iliireil, iiiid ili^perseii die resi, iiinl rclorncil ic Mn^hind « idi se\ eral l'orlMi;ii('-n
j)r'7,es. Now il is n<il al all riiiiirohaiilc lliiil I'Ji-iil'i lli had insipn lc<l Sir Fraiiiis lo n ,isi ii]i
mill llii'se .ciis when he h.id linivhed h s doiiins in Sciilli America iiiid A'iririniii, lo see il ilnri'
Wl'le iiav xesse's ol olher iKilicns iMir|i''ii!r die ri:rhls of her i ie/eiis ; and hciire iiinni ii'm'
Wrilers liiui- ((111(01111 h'd ill' inimes o( S'r liiiiiiiril and .Sir /•'i/"/civ, iliey heiny; hoili disiin-
gnislied (idmirids al llial I'liic. :ind holli iKlviiiir die s;ime siirinime. and oriir iiallv of die •iinu'
fidil'lv. Tlic c\;icdiliini of S r Ih'iui il w:is die year hcCore llnil «(' S r t-'r.mris. ami In iiri>
nrose ihe ;ui;\( liioiiiMii. ScK-ral I'tcjl -.ji iiav iijalor- had hceii (•!i llii-^ ccasi heO re |(i( (I. i';\\A.
fiioi-'f Diiilrc 111,1 le II \oMii;e lo die rixcr Si. I.iiwrciice in 1J"J;J; hut whcllicr any of ihcm
laiuloil la whiii n now New KiikIuIuI, i.-> al pregi'iit uiikaowii.
Chap. II ]
chii-^it. wl|
Cod."
\Vi' li.'i\|
oil" id' \\\i\
otiiir.
Ill aiiotl
J>;ill|.lsketl
[lie adds
Ixi.'ird, mail
(as ihiv sal
Mr. TArf
of III- I'i
Frnieliiii'
inlialiil at
the ,Mii.-s;i(|
bcMMl-, llllj
;*;, tla III, I'linl
niaiiy wild
. triliiiiiii- li
•J- ndjoyiiiii^r,
'rf 111 ilieiii, an
P llie L''"neral
■| the iTSt, In
'V- bloildy del
^1 woiilii ill i
ofllieirstn
kill them."
relateil alio
Dec. II,
tliems'lves
•§ |>roceedili!jf:
■:;4 Ilieii to olis;
fwi're seen 1
soiite time
y beck, and h
\^j was progre
M iiitrndei-s ni
I
'•fj
■'A
i^«» I
wojV'.t (lominioiis. (,,
» l)t! tllC Willie \\1j|,,
t visitor t(i till- slidp,
ill KiO'i, ami lie ,4 ,
Inji-laiiil. Ill' |;,||,|,'
Tlic roiitr liiiil liii;.
L voyugi' to anil ii„,.
Our iioxt visiidri,
Ihrmn: 'I'liis «.i,
moiiili, for \ iiirii,,.
close ill shore. |{,
•oiiiaiiieil 11(1 peii|,|.
rss, wliirli was il,,.
itiilli, all were (|i,i,|
ry westward, to .N;,.
fi iiiessfiifrer to \i,|
ii'ii rroiii Jldssiimt'i
M't'ore.
car him in his hhi,
tlu! coiiipiler oC il,,
'onntry, (fiiidiii!: ali
llfd J\/'nmin(tst(itjiiiil
ayV journey IhvWm
came to see me mn
ji well satisfied wn).
IIS of novelty,) ^-avi
lat Cormer relaiicm.
s aiiotlii-r at Mmsmi.
IV(> siicji a rcporl 1 1 \
f Olwlldiii illillli'di;:], ,
wliciue |||(> iiliip\(. u ,,
^lil 111 once, |M|li;ii.
lili' Ml circmn-lHiii,,;:;
C'S O/iliili.lOll, ill, in
N. I;ii!;I;iim1. In l.v'
Ml Dni/ii' «iis III ,l;n,
Visilcd N. |:il^l;|||,
Slllilll I'Jino., I.dlliii;!
mirlnsive. Ill, \\„i\
l!n^li-.li riil<inv l|: :||.;
I'll nwinnci |, innlir i,-
III' N. Mriy.) l:ili|:,.
Sir Fidiiris Dull,., •■
ii/itiiii'.i wirk Mu-
ll. M;ip., Vol. XW. .■
'•'inllnni'd ll.crr l.ii! i
Ml II liiryiillcn in lilii,',
T <l('-.lun." /wi/.'Vr'i
I'- still iiidii! >nr|,ri-
'•, '2'X'}. nml .()' inn,
<\r ll,rti,f;l I), ■,/./!
"■■'■. V. I!)!)'! (Jnirii
'Miiijiicsc, (ir (illiiTv
'I lMI>ll|(-i-<. SdhlCIll'
I M'veriil I'drlin,'i:i'-c
h'liniih lo cdiisi ii{i
irtrinl.-i, Id srr II ilirrc
'I licnrc innliriiilvc
<■>■ I'din^' hdil; I'iviiji.
rif nally dl' llir .;iine
/■^r:tjir!s. iiiifj In lire
liffcrc KilO. CmiiI.
Iit'ilicr niiv ol ilitm
Chap. II ]
MASSASOIT.
21
chiisit, ulio tlircfi years sinro oscupcd Mhipwrrek at the north-oast of Ciipo
We have mentioned his interview with Md.'iansoU, whom we sii|i|iose was
one ul' the kiiij:s mi'iitioiied in tin' letter, and ({mt li'itiiiia was no doiilit ilio
Ollli'l". , , ,. , , , 1 -ii 1 1 •
III niiDthcr letter, Mr. />/•;»'/• s:i\s tlf Indians would have killed Iniii nt
^,■•lil,•l^ket. had not Siiutnlo entreated hard titr him. "Their de.>ire ot'reveiijyo
he adds) was occasioned by an r'-ii'.dishman, who, haviii-r many of them on
twiard, made ^'nat slaii;:hler'ol'theiii wiili llu ir iiiiirderers and small shot, when
(as ihi V sa>) llicy otil'iid no iiijiiiy on ilieir |iarts."
Mr. Tliilniitx .iliirhiii,' the aiillior wiio inaile himself so merry at the r \|>enrto
of the I'ilirrims of I'liinniith, has the lullou iiij; |),iss:iiic coneeniimr iheso
freiicliiiien : — "It (iirtiined some (ew yeares liejiire the lliiiflish came to
iiilialiit at new I'liiiimonth in iNew Knjrland, that, ii|ioii some disla.st -.'iven in
the Ma>>aeliiiss; ts |{ay, ity rrenchnien, then tradim.' there with the natives for
be, I MT, liny set iijion the men, at such advaiila!.''', lliat they killed maiiii' of
tlinii, liiinied iheir slii|i|t, then ri.liiijr at anehui- by an i>laiid (here, now called
I'lJ'lo'h's Isldirl, ill niemury ol' LiDitanl I'l I'lmk that laiidid iliere, (where
niaiiv wilde anckiesf haiinled that time, which bee ihiiiii:lit had bin tame,) di.s-
triliiitiii!: them unto live sachems which were lords of the severall li'rritories
ndioMiiiii.', ibcy did keep them so loiiir as they lived, only to sport themselveH
111 them, and ii'iade ihes:' live I 'reiiehiiieii letch iheiii wonil and wati r, which is
the i^'iierall worke they leipiire of a s rvaiit. One of these live men oiilliving
the rest, had learned so much of their lammajr*', as to rebuke tlieiii liir liieir
Moiidy deede : sayiiii; that (iod wiaiid bs' aii;jry with them for it ; and that he
woiilil ill his displeasure destroy them ; but tlu; salvajfcs (it seems, boasting
of their streiiirlh) re|>lyed,aiid said, that they were .so many that (iod could not
kill ibeiii." 'J'liis seems to be the same .story, only ditlcrenlly told from that
related above from Smith.
Dec. II, O. S.,t ll!"i(), the iiiLnims bad arrived at Prniioiith, and poss".sseil
tliems.'lves of a portion of MnnsdnolCH country. \\ itii tiie iiaiiire of their
proceedin^rs, he was at first imaci|iiaiiiled, and sent occitsioiially some of his
men to observe their stran^'^e motions. Very few of tliese Indians, however,
were seen by the pikn-ims. At leiifrth li<! sent one of his men, who had been
sonre lime with the I'.iiylish lishiiiif vessels about the country of the Keiine-
beik, and hail learned a lilile of their laniruaire, lo observe more >lrietly what
was proiiressiiifT anioiiij the slraiiircrs at his place ol" I'atiixet, wliieb tiicse
uiinidei-s now called I'iimouih. This was in March, 1021.
* In his '^ X,;r Cnm.m." 22, 23.
\ Moilcrn iKiliir.ili^ls do not sei'in lo have Ikmmi acijaaiiilcd with tliisaiiinuil !
t'l'lii' li ii';lli dl' ;i yiMr vvns lived liy Julius Crs<ir at Jli.') days ■ind Ii hours, or M'l'. il.iys.
Tills I dl' n ciiiy lii'liis; diiillled lor 1- vciirs .iniounled lo a whdle day, and was llini addeil lo
Ihe .'^l,"i ill Ihi' iiidiilli of Fi-lirti ini, wliicli Itli year was calii- I /•■up i/rir. bccaiiM' li liMpiMi
ldr\v;ird one day. lint liy ihis sn;i|)aUillon il w.is porcoived llial llie vcar wa-. loo Ion:;, and
<'dnsi'i|nriilly ihc seasdiis were ni'lliiiij' out of |)lace. I'li/if (inironi liiniid. in I.'j!I2, dial llie
vernal (•c|iiiiidx, which at the liini! ol' llie Mcriie coiiiicii, \, I). ;i2,"), lell on 21 March, H II now
10 diys lii'Vond il ; l!- refdre he drdi're<l M) d.iys lo he slriirk out of OiloUer. l.-)!!2 ; ,iiid lo
prcvrni the recurrence urilio dlDiciilly in liilnre, ilorroed ihal 3 davs should lie alialed in every
■1(VI vciirs, liy reslorliiL;' Icip ye.irs lo connnon years al llie end ol ;i successive cenliiries. and
iiiMkiiiy- leap' year ;\'j;;un al llie close of every ith cealnry. Thus |70(). 1(!IK). I'.II.KI. 2100. \c.
lliiiM';li dlvl^illl(! liy 1, are conunoii years, lail 2IHI(), 2100, 2"()(), \c. nre le;ip vears. This
nicilidd dl' keepiii:;- iho year is called Nr.vv Srvi.K, and llial li( aire "e reliirnialion l>y
(irc^ory, Ol.ii Si vi.K, Mvon ihis Cdrreclloii (iocs not sel llaMcar c\;icllv rij;hl ; hiil ihe ('rror
is so Miiall that it amouiils lo scarce a day and a hall' in ."ilXX) years, ami we need not
Irniililc oarsi'lves aluiat a nearer appro>:iaiatida.
l'cc.iii<o ihis cdrreciidii had a ("nllidlic or Popish oriijin, I'rolestniils would iioi Cor a lon<'
timr adnpl il. Al leii^lh, in ihe year 1751, Ihe Kniflish I'arliaaieia eiiacled, llinl llie M of
Scpl. df llinl year slidiild lie called die 1 llh, thereby slrikinE^ oiil 1 1 davs, which their ralendar
at llial late pi>rldd re()iiireil, lo reduce il lo the (ircyiiriaa. And hence the reason of our
c;illln;,'lhi' II l>ec. ( ). ,'-< . Ihe 22 \ S. The reason also ot our ad<liiin: 1 1 davs in^tend of 10
isolivions, hecause, in ndopliiii^ llie ("rlholic nielhod 170ye;irs alter il had heea inlroduciMJ
by (in Rory. another day was !j-aiiied. a id llicn Core ll)-f-l=l 1.
My venerated friend. Dr. Thm-her of Plinioiith. makes an error I selllii!; it down thai
wo slmnld add lull 10 days, mvliii; lo a wron;;\lew lakeii of the niuier m his ///'.</. nf
Plimmitli. Anioii-r all our school-boolci, it is piiifal thai no oiio explulas ihi» iniporlaul
mailer. '
93
MAS.SASOIT.
[Book U
l'<(i
m- ^ !■
n-'%:
llMli
I'lllh
We Iinvc, in 8|iciiUinf,' of S:imos(t iiiid St/nnnto, (ilisfrvtvl that it was tlinin;],
the affciicy nt'tli'' (i)nin'r iliul a KimiwIciIit wasffaiiini liytlic |)il;:riiii.s n|".l/,„.
Sfsiiit. li was ii|Miii "i'i .Macfli, Idil, tiiMt ilicy l>nii!;;lil llic wclrnim' iicwsi
I'liiinMiih, iliat tin ir cliicl" was near at hand ;' " ami ihi y hidti-iht wiih il.i[„
(say till- I'i'iiriiiis) soiur li'W sMms to tniik,an(l siinir red hciiinus, nowly i,
und dried, Jiul nut sidtid ; aiid si<>:nilifd unto ns, that tlirir p-cat saicann,
Mwf.i.iitDil, was hard hy, with <^itiiil<iiui)iii, liis hmthi'r. Tlicy <uuld nol u
t;\|ii-<ss in llniiiisl.' what thry wunid ; hut alhr an linnr the Kin;: fuhic i<i i
top oi' ini hill |sn|i|)iis d Im h.' Ilial now calli d // V//.s7</(V, on th. soiidi :^:iii
'J'o\vn-l)rool\ j over a;rainsi ns, and iiad in liis train liO nun, tiiat
vvoh hchold tiirni, and they ns. \\'e w«'r»! not wiliinj; to send oin' f;o\(ii„r
to thi ni, and ihiy niiwiliiii;^: lo conn' to ns: so Sitifinlu went apain nnio |ii,
w ho iiroii^ht word that we shonid send oni; lo parjiy \\ illi him, w idi li v\,' il. ■
wliicli was Htwitr.l Wiiislow, to know liis mind, and to sii^nily tlic min.l .n,
Aviii ol' onr fiovcrnor, whicli was to have trading' and pcacf \\\[\\ him. \\,
sont to die kin^r a pair ol' knives, and a copper eiiain, widi a jeui I in it. In
(^ui li'iuiiKt we sent iiktuis;' a knili', and a jewel to hanu in his ear, iml
wilhal u pot of stronj; water, a jiood ipianiity ol" hisenit, und some hiuiir,
whieli were all wiiiinjily accepted."
'I'lir i",ni;lislMnan then ma le a speech to him nhoiit his kin<r's lovo mid ^'cioil-
liess to him and his |)eop|i', and that lie accepted ol'iiim as his t'rieiid and ::{lv,
'• lie liked well of the s|)eech,(s ly tin- l'in^disli.)and heard it a!lenii\eiy, tlinii^jii
the interpreters did not well expniss it. AHer hi; had eat ii and drunk hiins n;
and ^Iveii the rest to his company, he looked uiton onr im ssenp-r's sword ;iiii|
.iriiKir, whicli he had on, with intimation of his desiro to liny it; hut, on tin;
other side, onr messen;L'er showed his nnwiliiim-ness to i>art wit!i it. In iln'
rnd he kit him in tin; custody ol" (^iiu fi(jit!iiii, his iti-oihcr, and canii- oNcr tin'
hrook, and souk; 20 lueii Ibllowing iniii. We kept six orsL'v<ii as h«sta<res|nr
our niessenf,'or."
As Mitssasoll proceeded to meet tlio Eiipli.s!i,tliey met him witli six soldi r-,
who sainted each other. Several ol" his men were widi him, hut all I 'It ll.i'ir
bows and arrows hehiiid. 'J'hey were <'onduit. d to a mw lions;' which \\;;s
parily finished, and a <rreen rn<r was spi-ead upon the lloor, and several crsli-
ions for Mdssiisoit and liis (dii;fs to sit down upon. Then came the Ihi^li-li
governor, followed hy a drnmmeraiid trnmpeti'r and a t(;w soldiers, and aliir
kissiiifr one cnotlier, all sat down. Some srroni,' water la.'in,!: hrouirht, the
governor draidi to ,M'tssis:tit, \\\\n in his turn "ilraiik a iiri.ul draught, il i
made him sweat all the while aft«'r."
They now procei; led lo inak<! a treaty, wliicli stipulat'd, that iieiiler vVmw-
soil nor any of his peoph; should do hurt to the l'in;lisli, and that il'tlny
did tliey should he givcni iiji lo he pnnisia d hy iheiii ; anil that if the i'n; I .-li
did any harm to him or any of his p.-ophMhey (the /JHy'/Zs/f) would do ihe liki'
to them. That if any did unjustly war airainst him, ihe I'nulish were to jiM
liiin,and he was lo do the sann; in his turn, and hy so dolnjx King Jrn/ics would
CHtei m him his ti'iend and ally.
"All which (they say) the kin<; s:'emeil to like well, and it was appiaiiiln
of his followers." Ami they ad I, "All the while he sat hy the governor, iii
treinhh'd t'or fear."
.\t this time he is dosrrihod as "a \orvhistv man, in his hest year,-
l)Od
y, firave ot"countenai',Ci', and spareof spec
in his
aiiire little or nodiiii:
(litl'erinjr from the r( st of his |()l|owers, only in a ynat chain id" while hi
beads ahout his neck; and at it, hehind h
s net
k, hani^sa liltl'hair ol"toha(((
wlii(di he drank, und pivv- ns to (Irink.f His face was painted wirh a sad
red
* Miiiiii's ii;iri.ilivc is li<'r<" roiiliiiiiod iVdin llic last cxlrai'l in |i. 10. \villi(i\il any <)lnls^i(lll.
t I pre iiiiu' llial liy " drinking li)l)ai'( o." .siiii)kiiii; is meant. 'I'lir |>il;;iiins were prdliaMv
nnl a('(|iKiiiiti'il wiili till.' prai'licc ol' siiiiikiii<; at all. ami Iiimicc lliis soil ol' inisiioniiT is iiul
Slriiii>;(', llioii;;li it may he llioiii;lit a lilllc oiM. How Iniiij .s/,',v/A/;)^- weal liy tlx! iiaiiu'cif
dritdins :i\ I'lniioiiili I ilo not learn; Iml in IliKi lliis entry is rouiiil in llie Plinioiitli re('(ii<!s
— " Aiilliiiiiij 7V//((7ii7 iiiid (liiirii-e I'lili' were clio.seii a rmniiiiltce to draw up an ortkr luii-
cerniiif>; disonlerly drinkin;; ol "roliacro.''
Ron-r Willi, imx <iays. in his Key. "(ioiirrally all liie men llirouglioiit llic country iiave a
tohaeco-lia^^. wiili a pipe in il, liaii'.;iii^' at llieir hack."
Dr. Thucher says, thai uii aged inuii in I'iiinouih, who was a great smoker, used lo icrin
hike iniirrei
|fi.l|iiW.T- If
fsoiin' ri'il
Wtirks; sni
I' icariilice,
le niar\el|
W.ll a- lliej
reiii'iil iiil'l
V ut iii::lit "il
; Ihiiiii!.'
'■ during' ilie
\])>\\ !iiiii'h|
, otii .1 iii'i !'•
1 1 was aij
irw days, al
till IV wa:- III
,. caiiie o\( r l|
told 11- die
:| Isivr .llln-i
''f mr. lie
vet cimcru
iliry lia\e
' mill fowlili;
;.v dmie : and
'I that ar;' at w
■'■ hiiii ; tiir on
I or II of the
it with pea-
ended the fi
yx ever atier li
J was nndisliii
I treaiy, o|" wl
tliehavior, hii
The pilgr
;v| Ihii if this w
?|. skirmishiiiir.
I Meanwhil
■q Imw to live i
'! lYilirj, and
■,. from llieir h
|i.~'i [a day <
as iiiaiiy as '
Wire fat aiii
his lifintls, w
it Jrinl.iiis lo
lluir.
'I'lio iKilinn
miiii\. WliiM
llie «r Icr nl' 1
ba-kit made
;\|)|io;;rs. thai
IciiAP. n.]
MAssAHorr.
'23
llik'" iniimy, nml oilrd both liond and face, t lint lie looked prrnsily. All liis
Ifoiiiiw. •!•.■' likcwisi' wrrc, in tlii'ir ihnx, in pint or in wlioic, |t:iinl('d, sunn- hl.n'k,
Isoini' i-i'(l, •<onii! yt'ilow, and soim- wliitr ; sunn- willi crossiH and otln r aniii:
[works; stiMM" hail skins on tlii-ni, and sunn- naked ; all slronjr, tall nn-n in ap-
fntaniiii'i'. Till' kill!.' iiad in iiis liosoni, lianirinij mi a striiiff, a ^'nn] lon^' knii;-.
ill' iiiarMlit'd nmi'ii at our trnnipi t, and suinc ol" liis mm would sound it aM
Iw.'ll a> liii'V dd. Siiiiiiisil and S^iiKtnlii stayed all niirlif with lis." Mtitsn.viil
reliiid into ilie woods, ahont hall'a mile from the ilnjrlisli, !:nd tiii-ie eneamiied
at iiii'lit wiili his men, women and ehildren. 'riiiis ended Mtireji 'J'»d, Id'Jj.
I»iiriii;t his first \isit to the i;iiu:lisli, lie expressed irreat si;,nis of |!ar, and
dnriii:; the treaty eoiilil not refrain ti-oni tremliliiiir.* 'I'hns it is easy to seo
how iiiiieh lianil he had in making' it, iiut would lliul llicri: ha I iirvir hrin worse
OIKS mil li:
li \Mis iiirr I that some of his people siionid come and plant near hy, in ii
fi'W days, and fne there all summer. "'I'liat ni^rht u.' kept p>o(l watch, hiit
I tliere was no a|ipeai-aiice of danjier. The next niornini.' divers ot' llnir |ieopi(»
I came over to iis, hopinjr to j^et some victuals, as we imatfined. Some ot" lliein
told us the kiiii: wiMild have soini of lis come to see him. ('apt. Slitii'HsIt and
Jsii'i" ,11 liiioii went ventenuisly, who were welcomed of him alli'r their man-
ner. He j:av<' them three or liair ■:ioiind nuts and some tohacco. We caniiol
yet conceive, (they continue,) lint that lie is willimr to have pence with ns; for
tlii'y have seen oiir people sometimes alone two or three in the woods at work
and fouling', when as they olfered them no harm, as thi-y nii^dit easily liavs
done; and especially liec;iiisr he hath a potent adversary, the \arrohi;,'aiisets,f
(hat are at war with him, ai.'.iin^t^ whom he thinks we may he some stren-rth to
liiiii : liir our pieces are terrilile unto them. This niornin;; they stayed till 10
or 1 1 of the cloek ; and our f,'o\(riior hid them send the kiii;;'s kettle, and tilled
it with peas, which pleas 'd them well ; and so they went their way." Thiirf
ended the (irst visit oi' M'lssitmiil to the |(il^n-iins. NVc should hern note that ho
ever atler treated the l';n;,'risli with kiiidin'ss, and the pcnco now coiudiided
was iiiidistiirhed tor nearly 10 years. Not that any writing' or artiides of a
treaty, ol" which he never had any adt'ipiate iiha, was the cause of his friendly
behavior, hiit it was the natural <,Miodness ot' his heart.
The pilirrims re|iort, that at liiis tim" he w.is at war with the Narrnj^ansi-tH.
Hut if this wen; the case, it could have been nothing nioro than scjino small
tjkiriiiisiiiMir-
.Meanw Idle Squanlo and Snmo.irt remained with tbo Knirlish, instriirlin!.' them
liow to li\c in their country; eipial in all resp-cts to Itnliiiiion ('niso(\'i mmi
i'ri liiji, and had //• Foc lived in that a;;' he mi^ht have made as jroo:! a story
from ilii'ir history as he did from that i<i' .'llivni'lcr Srlkirli. — ".S'/i^ni/o went to
ti.'li [a (lay or two alier Mns.titsoit lelt] for eels. At ni.!,dit he came home with
as many as he could fill in one hand, which our neople were <;iad of. They
were lilt and sweet, lie trod them out with his feet, and so canj.'lit them with
his lianils, witiiont any other instrument."
il (Iririf.iiig loliucco.
lluir.
Tlio iKilioii lli;il l<>'i:irro is so nillcd Irom llio isliiiil 'I'dlin'^o, is rrroiieoii^lv piilcrl.iinc'l liy
nian\. W'licii Sir /'/k/hAv Drn/ii- (iisi'overe.l llu- ((miilry lo llie iiorili iif Ciilili riilii, in l.')7i),
llu' wr tor of iIk; ncroiiiit of liis voviif^e siiys, llii- liiiliiiiis prcsciiled llii? ailinir;il willi a Miiiill
l)it>-k(l nruio of nislii s, lilled wllliaii licrl) llicy cilli'd /.i/m'i. Freiii aiKillicr pa-^saifc it
ai)|>e.irs. llial die Indians of thai reifioii, like ihose of New Eiigjuiid, had bajjs in which loliucco
Wii- ( Mrric I. ISiinifii'.i l'i/f/'(;.'V',?, I. 31 1— 7.
' And, with liiis lad helori! hini. Ilii' author of " Titlf.i of the Indians" says, tlio Iroaly was
mad<> \Mih iliTilin-dliiiii and chccrfiilnrss <mi liio pari of Mitss<i.\oil !
t Ivw Indian imaics have hoiii spell iiioro ways liiaii ihis. I'roin liio iialiire of ihc Indim
laii;rii;i:;''. il i- evidi-nl lh;it no r shonhl lii! iis:rd in il. N.ihinon^ik and Naniinaii^ick. II.
Willi inii. — Nofdii-jransilt, (!(>(i{i,i. — Nanlyn'^-aiisiks, (' illf-ml,',- — Naiiolii^-^aiiMM, W'iiix/nir's
litwil Xrirx friim X. /ve;-. — Nanliyiraascl. Jml ■■(■ Jn'iti'ioii'n I, if' «!' (l>'ii. ({i;;-iif. — 'riicsL' are
but li'W of ihc |)('riiuilalion> wilhoiil tin; /•. and ihosi' widi il arc still more iiiimcroiis.
'I'ho mi'.-iMin;^ (pf ihe iianic is siill uiicerlain. iMadani Kiii^-hf, in her .FoMi-nal, 'i2 and 'J3,
say>. at a place where she liappciied lo piil up for a ii .;hl in ih.il ronnlry, she liisinl sonu' of
IIk' " Icwn liipiTs " dispnliniT alionl ihc orin'n of ihc word X<iri Hi^misi't " ( )nc xaid il was so
liami'lliy Indians. Ix-cainc ih Ti' jrri'W a hricr iIhtc o( a [iroili;; uns height and lii^nos. who
qiiolcd an Indian of so barliaroiis a iianiL' for his aiilhor dial sin; conid mil write il." .Annlhcr
said II meant a cclcliralcd spring', which was very cold in summer, and " as hot ai could be
ima'riaed m ihu w iiUor."
Hist. J'lim. 3^1. This we infer was williia he recolleclioii of iho au-
24
MASSASOIT.
[Book II
V't
tlic itiivfriMT uiis iilxiiit to ill) il, iIkv frri'W iinpaliiiii ,il llic (li-lay, mid \>.i
(iir ill (I Tii^'f. 'I'lir ilclny WHS occasidncd l>y the ii|i|h araiicc (if u liuat in i|.
Iiarltoi', \^ liidi tin- iroMTiior iirrtrmlcd inifrhl !><• tliiit i>l'i!!i enemy, as tlirre |iii,{
lieen a niiiioi- that the l''rei<eli had meditated hreakiiiL' ii|> the settlement ol'lln'
I'lnitli.-li ill this reiriuii. This, howeviT, was d(aiiilli'ss only n |ii-etenee, hihI
riii|iluyed til Wear "lit the patieiin- ol' his imweleome visitors. Ileiiee lljin
J\J(tssiimil should liir some time aller "seem to Ihjuti" on the l'",ii!?lisli, iis llm
pompiaiii, is rertaiiily no \\<iiiiler.
The next siiiiimer, in .lime or .Inly, Minn'innil was visited l»y seveml of ih'
Rn;rlisli, anion;.; whom w.is Mr. illwtinl Hiiislnir, Mr. Sliphiii fl'ijiltln.s: :
.S'i/(/«ii/(* as their inter(>ret( ;. Their olijeet was to liiid out his place of i ■
denee, in ease they should lia\e to eall ii|ioii him (iir assistance ; to keep ii.iibI
llie frieiidiv cor -esi
•ip
^1'
liim to prevent his men tVom han^rim; alioiit them, and li\in;; upon tl
wliicli was then considered xcry linrdensome, as they had liejiim lo j.'r<iw« I
of provisions. 'I'hai their vi-il mi^lit I
I'ln,
Min
(C IK i(
ptalile, they took alonir, tiira
present, a trooper's ml coat, \\ iih some laee upon ii, am) a copper chain : with
thesis .'l/a."i,««.f'.(7 was evceedintrly well pli'aseil. The chain, they told hi ii, hn
iim.-.t S( nd as i siirnal, when aii\ of his nn n wished to visit them, so that they
iiii;Ldit not he imposed upon hy stran<i'ers.
When the lliif^li.-li arrived at I'okaiioket, Afmt.tfisnil was iilis'Mif, lint wan
immediately sent liir. IJeiiiy informed that he was comiii<i'. the IliiL'lish Ifiian
to prepare to .-hoot oil' their
this so frii;liteiied ilie women and ehildr
that they ran away, and would not return imlil the interpreter assured tlicia
that they need not fiar; and wlun .Mustusoit arrived, they sainltsil him hyii
dischariTi', at which he was very much elati'd ; mid "who, alhr their nianinr,
(says one of tlu' company,) kindly welcoined lis, and took us into his Ikiiiso,
and set IIS down hy him, w here, havinir d( livereil our messa'.'e ami presi'iiis.
and liavinir put the coat on his i<'iek, and the eliain alioiit his ik ck, he wn- nut
n little proud to heliold iiinisi'l|| and his men also. lo see tln'ir kin^r so hravily
altirei
A new treaty was now held with him, and he very fro<td-nalureill\
assented to all that was d( sired. He then made a speech to his iik-ii, maiiv <>(
them iM'iiij.' assemhlrd to see the I'mxlish, vvhieh, as near as they could learn il-
liieaniii;.'', aei|iiaiiilrd them with what coiirs'- they mi;.dit piii-sne in reirarJ tn
the rinirlish. Anions' oilier thinirs,
d/' the niiiiilnf nhfiiil. i/s .' Is ii'il
said.
.'hn I nil .M is'idniiit, r(imm"irkr
I iiift siirh iddrvs mini , iinl thr pvnjilr nf
them ? Tluji slinll ir.ki llin'r sl,in li the l-hifrlish." This his peopii' !ipplaihlrll.
In his speech, "hi- named at least thirty places," over which he hail coiilml
"'I'his Iteiiijx ended, he liirhted toliaeco (iir ns, and fell to diseoiirsin',' of lliiir- ^^|
land and of the kind's maie^•ly, marvellinjr that he slioiild li\e without a wili."
lie scms to lia\e heen emliillrred afraiiisi the l'"reneli, and wislied "ns imi to
Bufli'r them to come to iNarraifaiiset, tiir il was Kill"' Jiinirs\i coiintr\, and lie
'c-iw. ill
wii- Kiiii.'.
Ii.~h, ai.d
Im.I, il" -" •!
iiiiil a thill
^ill', tli; \
^ Wiilll el' l'"'|
' lii.k'in:; lli.'!
••The ml
and niiiMN
skins and
chance in
HJKMll \Mlli
de-il-ed to I
rendered if
'I'lic li'xl
lieiled tiienj
Hlii.'tll, lis "11
it wa>, it ii|
i;ii!:ri>l" no\
" \ I ry il
|iili;.'rr. I»l
eidn r he li
)i;;r>' l"\rliai
williin i\i>'<y
Ik ilijr there
licit he ahle
iii^', 1» fore
jriievcd and
'f'ls liiitnliii'i
iiiMiilier, call
ami alt( r up
'I'his liiill
kinplom o|'
aiiaiiisi ('mil
In li;i:», .
was very di
rriior ihspa
ll,il)li<iiii k ar
l.iiiiiloii, wli
niy consort.'
INik iiKikct,
"\Vh' II wo
riicn, a.; we
way tiir ns.
Kiich a ialli^
to case him
liis arms, lej
of tin ir cliai
iiini. li ivi
wim mine.
Mourl's llclalion, in Vul, Alujis, llUl, Hoc,
m
[Hook II
ri^ ill TiiiliMii iMiHij .
il |>i)litiri,'iiis i<\' , > ,
.Inn llmf of .I/iv
<icca>ii»ii, .l/rc y//,
I'd (i<.'(iiii-t Tit'jii
>r lliJil I line, S
I lo liis licili;,' |iiil :
I'NV not liow III !_',
voiiltl spiirr" him.
I' m('s.icii;;cr iiiT'ii ,
n- tliiit TI.Hi/ii'inhi,''
iiaiMc of .If/.vs/r*./
'Ill- lii-l (iriirlis„i
i.xli, llicv uiiiilil ii„'
ivn iiiiili- fi> |m< i|<|,|
t to !,,in.
iroMTiior, r'hiii;.'ii:;'
I or not to tlic m ..
I- iinrrativc llj.it, n.
H' ili'lfiy, mill \v, !•
Hf of II l>oiit ill I|r
iifiiiy, IIS tlirri' liii,{
If WttlclMCIIt of l!|,
iy a |irririi('i . ,iii,|
■iitors. Ili'iii'i' i!i,it
\u'. Miif^lisli, as ilin
il iiy si'vcnil of III,
jilii II llufikiii.'i, .11, !
I Ilin |»Imi(' of r »;.
lu'c ; t<i krc|( fr,,,,,!
I<'s|ircially to (•■•iih,
liviiii,' upon tl.iii.
'Lniii lo irrow 1 ;,.ii
took aloiiir, (lir ,;
PI" r I'liain : \\r\
iliiy toll! Ill II. i|,
liciii, M) tl;ai llhv
alis'^nt, liiit \v,H
ir I'lllLriisii li, i:mi
rii'ii ninl cliilili' )i.
trr assiirt'il ilinn
saliiicil liiin Inii
\'r their niaiia r,
IS into his Ikiiis'',
:<• anil prrsi'iits.
Ill fk. hr w.-H not
r kin;.!' so hriiM K
y frood-iialiirnIK
lis men, many if
y roiilil li'ani ii-
rsiii' in ri'irarl to
iisnil, r(iniiii"ii!tr
III I the jHiij)!!' Ill'
I'oitii' appiaiiiln!.
I he hail nintiiil.
nursing' of ilriL'-
v\ ilhont a wili."
i>'ii'il " us niil III
•■oiintry, and he
^.,^,. II) M.\SS.VS()IT 25
wii- Kiiiir Jiimrs'H innii." Ih- had no virtiiaU at thi>« lime to uivc to the I'njf-
li-li, aid ni;rlil I'omiii).' on, thrv nlirrd In ii'st Mipjuil ss. lie had hut oiii'
Jk il if so il mi;-'ht ill' rail- d, " drin;.' oni\ planks laid a foot t'roni llir ;:roiind,
lamra liiiii iiiiil ii|"'i' iIk'Iii." ' " llr l.iid u-; on |!ii' Im d with himself ami his
Iwif, tliiN "I 'I"" """' < lid, and \\'' 111 tlir othii'. 'I'v.o ii">ri' of hi* ni n, for
[wjiiii iif rooni, priKsi'd l>y and u|ioii us; so that we w rr uoi-sc wrary of our
[lod^'iii:: tlui" "I '""■ .i' "11 I'll" '.v."
I """'I'Ih' 111 \t day, many of tlidr Kicliiiiis or petty fjnvernors faiiir to s^'e us,
land niiiiiN of til' ir men also, 'riiere they went to iln ir iniinni r ot" i;aiin s for
I skins ami knivis." Il is amiisiii}.' to learn liinl the Mn-ilisli iriid to p t a
ohniiee in liiis <.'amhliii^' aliiiir. 'I'liey say, "'I'lnre we ehall' iiLred them to
f BJiiMii \Miii tlieni liir skins," hut they were ton I'unnin^ for th( iii. ' only ihiy
'■■ de-ired to we one of lis Hlioot at a mark ; who slinoiin^' with iiail shot, lliey
Wi'lidi'lid to see the mark so lull of iiok'S."
The iMxt day, alioiii one o'eloeli, M.ixi^nviil hroiiirlit two Iiirjro llshe,^ and
iKiili d li'i:iii ; hut the |(ilirrims siill ihouirht ilieir i hane> jnr nfri'shment \ery
miiail, as "there were at leasl liirty ii-okiiiu' tor a share in tliciii ;" lint seaiitv as
if «as, it I'liiiie very timely, as they laid fa>ted two ni!,dils and a da\. 'J'iit
Lii^ilisli now li'O him, at whieh he was very .sorrowliil.
" \ I ry imporiiinalc he was (says oiir iiiitlior) to have us' ftay wilh Uiein
lon;.'ir. I»nt \\e desired to ki < ji ih;' sahliath at hipiiie, and lefiri d we should
riilii r he li;:lil-lieaded liir wapl of sli'i p; tiir what xvilh had lod^iii;r, ih" sa\-
ii^ii >' I ••! ilia roils siniriii;:, (for tin \ used to -in<; tlenisi h. i s asleep,) lire and lli as
>\ ill I in doors, and iniisketnes without, we eon Id hardly ^les p all the time of oiir
hi iiifr thei'e; we much feariii;.', that it' we should .stay cny loii}.'er, we siionld
not he ahle to recover home ti>r want if stn n<,tli. f'o that, mi I'riday iiiorii-
iii;:, I" liire simrisiiiL', we took our Ir.'iv, and d- part' d, .V/j/.'.f^.'roi// In injr l"'tli
^nii'ved and ashamed, tl>at he could no heil'r ent' rtaiii us, .And retaining
Tin juiiiUim lo siiid from place to phii e to prociiri' trn/k \'nr us, and appoiiilinff
aiioiher, called 'l\Jiiin\iihiimiin,\\\ his place, whom \\v. had fiiiind liiithfnl lit l! 're
uiid at\er upon all occasions."
'I'his lailhfiil sirvanl, Tokiuimhnninn, was in tin- liimoiis " voyugi! to the
kiii;rdom oj" .Naiisit," and was coiis|»icuous Uir his coiira;;i' in the e.'ipedil'on
lif;ailist (''iinihilitilt.
In \i'i'i'-\, .Mitssiixoll s' lit to his friends in I'linsonili lo inli'rm them t!:at ho
wa'\<r\ daiijreronsly siik. hisiriiifj to render him aid if possihie, (he f;ov-
criiiir ill spiitciied Mr. niiislnw iifraiii, with Home medicines and cordials, and
//ij'(/<o/;r A" as iiiti rjin ti r ; "ha\iii;f one iMaster Jo/i/i flumrkn, ii jL^'iitleman of
Leiiilon, w lio tliMi w inlered wilh ii.s, and desired imucIi to see the country, (itr
my coiisojt." I In tin ir w.iy tiny foiind many of lii.< Miliji els wire jioiie to
I'lik ;iioket, it I'lin'r tia ir cuslum for all frii nils to atti iid on such oecasioiis
"\Mrn wc eami' thilher (.says Mr. Ifliislaw) we loimd the hoiis ' so full of
men, a.i we could scarce i,^i t in, thou';ii they used tliiir h. r^l diligence to make
wav fir lis. 'rinr.' wcri! they in the midst of th ir ciiavms (or him, making'
tiii.'li a
Li i:
si I noise, as
it i!isteiii|ii n d us that wer.' wi II, Mid, iliereforr, unlike
to case him tliat w.'issick. Aliont liiiii were si\ or eiulii women, who eh;
lis arms, I'LTs .-ind lhii;!is, to krep heal in liiiii.
Win n th; V had i
nail
f'd
end
of llii ir cliariniiiir, one told him that his friends, the Kiifjlish, were come to sen
liiiii. I( i\iii;i' imderstandin;.'' hll, hut his sii>ht was wholly jronc, he asked, who
tm.H aimv, 'I'liey told him ft ins no w, (I'ov they cannot prunomice the letter /,
l.t Siillr f.w^ ( r,\|i('iliii(iii ill Am riia. |). If) oi'ltic liiili.iu^' :., lU
'l.'i
11) Willi -(IIIIL' pici'l'S (it" WOllil. Ill
for i!i ■ r riivi'riii.sf. llcv ini' llif fiiii-'sl sort ol
II" wliicli liii V l;iv skins liil
it «(
;in>
Ifi
Riliiiii.ii Till' IMr. Ifniidni mciilioi-
or i'l>e mills fiiiilv \\ ri:ii";lil.
:il, lli.il •■ llicy
ur str,iu, lull.
IS sii;)|iost"(l, l)V some, to
llio
col^'iriil''! Jii'iii II rinl''n, fimuiis in llic limi' of ('li,ii-l,s I., iiii I ulio ilied ol a woiiinj rei'('i\ eil
!'•
iiliiiiiil lo iiili'rri'|)l IViiici- Ixiiprr/. iioar Oxiord. wliJc .sU|ii)orliii;r lli(> caii^c oC l|
w' ... It ....•..♦.. I.-* 1 ... I !; 1-r* 1 /.- 1 :••. 11-7
II
I,' I'lijiiii's r.ii^liii.l. ii. 177, Hiiil Kfiiihi, iii
. 1,17.
ni'.bl ill KiiiuvIl'iIj
I 11' l|iir||ly irrilliCvi
mil ilii" rerlamly ol iliis mailer li:; known ; Iml, ns yet, wo
II nil is iiu'rc s|ii'riilatioii. i\i'xcrtliil<'-.s. we .nre pli'aM'il lo mcel wiili
llii' Miiii 's of Mirli valii'd iiiiirlyrs of jihorly ll|ioii ;iiiy |i im'. iiiid oven llioii;;li lliry
II ml.
tliul lio
..... ... iil'l
si'i'ia rallkT mil n/n-ajo.i lo llic* rax- m liaiiil. We (muiioI loani lliiil ;iii\ of
iiin;rii|)liL'r.s liiivc discovfroil llial lni vi..ili'd .Aiiicrira. Slili liiiiro is a prcjiiiiiiilioi:
" Till! vJllTji' Ufimnil '11, Ih'it, with (Iniiiilli'-'s lirc.isl,
Till.' litlle lyruiit uf liis fields witliiitouil."— C«k&y'( Elkot
S>^.%%
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
I.I
1.25
no
13.2
1^
Ui
lAO
1.4
2.5
M
1.6
V
<^
/^
^a
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
». ^
f/j
b^
r
m
36
MASSASOIT.
[Hdok ir
but ordinnrily n in llio placf tlinvor.)* llr desired to speak wiili me. Whrn
T c.'iiiic to liiiii, and tliey tnld iiiiii of it, liu |iiit liirili his hand to me, \\lii('|| [
io(!|<. 'riien he said twice, thoii<:h verv iiiwardh', Krrii If'inmiowJ \\\\\r\\ jstn
wn, .ht Uvni It iiislot
I answered, ,]lihr, that is, Y(s. 'J'lieii he dniili
th
words: Jlnlln lucn wonrkmui niniuti, hiiisnow
loir, / .>-■.'.'«// IK vcr sec line (tiinin
I "
\\u\
coiitrarv
-that is to say, O li ,
to his own e\|ieetalioii
his friends, liv the kind exerticjiis o|".Mr. fVinslow, he in a short i
iiiii'.
W( II as al
ontinly recovered. Tiiis l)ein<,'a pas-saire ofjrreat interest in the lill- of the <rn;.t
J»//i
tssiisoil, we will here iro more into detail eoneeriiin!.'' it.
\V
len Ik
had hecdiiM'
i some kiiiil
ahle to speak, lie desired Mv. fUm^low to pro\ ide liim a hrotli (i'oi
of fowl : "so (says he) I took a man with me, and made a shot at a couple ni'
ducks, some sixscore paces oti", and killed one, at whicii he wondered : so wc
retnrned t()rthwith, and iln'ts.'d it, makinir more iiroth therewith, which in-
ninch desired ; nc er did I see a man so low hronj^ht, reco\('r in that inea;
in so short a time, "'lie l()wl beiimextraordinju'v iiit, I told llohlximurl; I n
I". I
take oll'the top ihereol", saying' it wonid make him very sick aiiain if he did
it; this he ac(|iiainted Miissiissoivnt therewith, who woidd not lie persuaileil \i,
it, thomxii I pressed it very much, slio\\in;r the stniiirtli tliereoC, and the \\i;;|.-
N(
ness of Ins stomach, winch conid not (lossihly hear ... !■.>.,„ .,,,.-,.,,,,,,11;;. ji,
made a gross meal of it, and ate as much as woidd well have satisfied a man m
Jiealtli." As ff'iii.slow had said, it made him very sick, and Ik! von.ited witli
such violeuco that it made the hlood stream (i'om his nose. 'V\ih hleidin;;
caiH'd them lireat alarm, as it continued for flinr lioiu's. \Vlien hi> :i.)se ceased
bleedinir, he tell asleep, and did not awake for (! or H hours more. Alter!:"
awok(", Mr. H'insldtr waslied his tiice "and sup|ilied his heard and nose witlii;
linnen (doth," when takinir a cpiantity of water into his nose, hy fiercely ejiMt-
iuil it, the hl(j:)(l hej^an ajrain to flow, and ajrain his attendants tlionsrht he cduM
not recover, hut, to their great sati-liiction, it soon stojipod, and lie, gained
Btrenglh rapidly.
l*'or fiiis attention of (he lliiiiiish he was verv cratefiil, and alwavs lielleved
tliat
his presi
■rvalion at this lime was owiiia' to the henefit he received t'ni
Mr. If insloiv. In his Avav on his visit to Mus.msoit, iMr. Il'iuslow liroke a hollli;
e sachem s recuv-
coiitainiiig some preparation, aiul, de<'miiig it necessary tr) tl
cry, wrote a letter to the gov( rnor of I'limoutli fiir another, and some (diickeiis;
ill whicdi he gave liiin an account of his success thus tar. The iiiteiitinii v,;i::
no siioii' r made kinwu to .l/i/.v.sv/.foiV, than one of his men was sent ollj at \\\i)
t)'<dock at night, li>r IMimoulli, who retnnied again with astenishing fpilcknes-;.
Till! (diickeiis l)( iiig ali\e, Alussitsoil was so pleased willi them, and, heiii;'
better, would not siifli r thi'iii to he killed, and kept them with the id( a of rais-
ing more. ^VIlile at J/« '.'.9rt.'?o)7'.'f residence, and just as they were ahoiit to
depart, the saclis'iu told Hohomok of a plot laid hy some of his suhonrniiile
chi; Is for tli(> piirjiose of ciitlinu' olf the two Ijiglish jilantatious, which lii'
charg d him to acipiainl the Knghsli ^\'ilh, which he did. Mnxsitvnt statu!
that he hi'il heeii urged to join in it, or give his consent thereunto, hut li.'id
always r tiised, and used his ( ndeavors to prevent it. The particulars of iln'
evils wliich that plot hronght upon its autln.r.s will he found in the history ol"
Willi'W'imct.
Al this time the I'iiiglish became morn seiisi!»l(> of the real virtues f)f Mas
S't-
soil th;m ever hef(,re. I lis great anxietv f"ir the
we
:ire of his iieoph' win
inaiiif st'd hv his desiring Mi: //V;).s*/'>(c, or, as innslaw himself expresses it
II:
caused ni(
to go fi-om one to another, [in his village,] recpiesting iin' to
vvasii their moutlis also, [many of his peejil:- being si(d< at that time,] and gl\e
to eacii cf tlieiii s;)nie of the same 1 gave him, saying they were good fdk"
* ilvcrv ptMipIc, and (•(iiisot|iuMilly cvciv laiigimjfo, have llioir pocidiaritirs. P.ardii l.'ii'iui-
Ian. MiiiKil'-isilfIa Amoiiiiue, ii. i'ili, 'J;i7, savs, " ,/t dinii ilc la litii'jiie ili-s llin-inis I'l ilrs
liotfuiiis mil- c/iiw ((s.sc; niiiciisc qui est ijii'il iii> s'<j Ironre point ili' li llns loliinh's ; c'l si a (lire,
d^ I), f. III, p. ('/•) ftiilniil. rillf hitn^iir ill's llinciis juirnt/ I'iri- fort lu-llf rl ilr nil sun lout a
fail lii'aii ; i/nni i/ii'ih in' fi-nivn' iniiinis Inirs Irrrrs ru pniliiil." .' iid •'./'((( piissi- ijiiiilrfjniirs
(t viiiiliiir fiiri- jiiitiiiiiirrr 1) ilrs Ifiinnis li's h tin's lnlii.itrs. in lis ji n'ai }>') 11 r-'Hssir, it ji'rri<is
qn'in ili.r mis Us nr ponrrant iliir n-s inuls, lion, (il<. Mdii^iciir. F'oiiudiailraiii ; rnr nil lini ik
dill' lion, ils iliriiinit oiioii, nil lii'ii lie !'ls, iU prononriroit nt riU ; ,111 /irii ilr inon^icnr, raoiiii-
sioiir, lui lieu tie I'oiitcliurlruiii, Coiicdiarliaiii.' IIuucc il scums lliuir laiijjnaj;os are aiialo
gous.
I'lir at llio met
aiitiiinn of l<)J-"{,
Woosiiiitiijiiin to
Nnii<iliiggansetts
may he preserve
rest as of late : i
agreements betw
I'lider date ](i
inrck, on this si*
pnsi'iit of JH si
iicyond Connect
Avere about to 1
[r?i)OK ir
ino. Wlirri
iiic, wliicli [
i \\\\w\\ i-stn
1 lie ildiilili'd
siiy, O \S\m-
|>l'l'(!|ti<i|IS, ,'is
I a slioi't tiiiii.
i' of tlic ;.rn;:t
(■ had Imcoii!!'
i!i snnic kiiiil
it a <v)ii|i|(. (if
[lend : so \m-
fli, wlilcli he
tl at inriifin'.
(rmork \ miNt
I il'ii!' (lid (■:,!
Itcrsiiadcd in
lid till' \\i;.|.-
Iistaiidiiiir, li!'
lied a iiiaii m
loii.itcd Willi
riii? liliM din;;
is IlJSC (TMSCll
ire. Alter he
II IHISC -willi ;;
(iiTCciy cjrit-
lirlit ho CdiiM
id he. iraiiK'd
rays Ix'lii viil
(■('('ivcd In nil
ju'dkc a hdttl'
iciu's rcciiv-
MIC (diickciis;
iitcnlinii WW-
lit (ill^ at tv.i)
i;/ <iiiickiM>-\
, and, iiciii^f
idi a of rais-
Icrc aiioiit 1(1
siii)()rdiiiaH'
IS, wliicli 111'
sdwil statrd
[iito, hilt liiiil
iilars (if llii'
(; iiistoiy of
|s of Mnsfitn-
|)('(l|)l;' WiW
|(v\|)r('ss('s it,
-tiiiji IMC to
ic,] and f>i\()
Igood folk"
';ir(in l.'i'um-
llllililis I'l (li'S
f'lst It dire,
\in Sim loiil ft
• i/nitlri' joiin
Vir. it ji' croii
t'lir III! til It lit
^i<nir, r;i(iiiii-
Is uri: aiiulo
CinP. 11]
All .■ici'oiiiil
MASSASOIT.
'27
of iiis fhararti r as irivcn hv Ifohomok will ho found in iho lifo of
that ciii '■ <ii" l»ani. M'.
">hi!iv whilst wo wcr- tiicro (siys ir!nsli)ir) oaiiio to s(M' him ; sonio, liy
lliiir ri'iioi't, from a place not less tiian 1(0 iiiii.s from llionco."
Ill l(i;W, a sIkh'I \iar was oairiod on hetwoon .Miissasoil ami Canoninis, liio,
.■;;icli''iii ofil;!' .\.irraj;aiis( ts, hut the I'.iijrlisli interli riiiir with a liirce iiii(l( r
' d it witii \(r\ lilllo hloodslii'd. Afiist^nsoll
« 11- ii< ■■■■•• ' r' '
(• s]>iriteil CajHaiu >''t'ii'(lisli, eiidi(
ri(jiis c()iil(st; i.iid, as ii^iial on .'\icli occasions, chain;'.'(
III-
iiaiiK",
Our
ivv|M ( ll (I a s' , , _ , , _
;!iid was ever afti r known hy th ■ iiaiiie of Oirsiniu'ijin'i), or Oiiaitiiuijitiii
liistmical records furnish ikj {larticniars of his war w itii llie iS'arraL'ansi ts, fur
tJK r diaii wo have stated.
We may infer fnun a litter written liy ]{o<;:(r II itliiiiiiii, that some of
Pliiiidiilli iiislisraled .Mitssiisoit, or Ousitiiidiiiiii, as \\c siioiiid now call liioi, to
liiv el iiin to Providence, wliii li ji;a\(' tliat iiond man f-niiio troiihle, hooiuis", in
lliiit case, his lands were oonsiilered as hi loiij^iii;^ to I'linionth, in whose jiiris-
lot siillireil to resiil(! : and, moroovor, ho had honulit and paid
' - '■ •'■■■ ''' ' Jt was in ICT) that Mr.
(jictidii lie was IK
liiraiiiio possessed, of the; Nan"i'i:anset sachems .,.-
to avoid hi'iiifr seized and sent to |]iii:land. lie
liiiiiid llial Ciniuni' I
(/»('/(, iiut hy his jireat exertion
liiive
well ac
years' i
iisIeii'H
//(7/'Vr»i.9 tied to that country, ^
.1 ii\u\ .MinnlininOinoli were at hilior onmity willi Oiisainc-
.it exertions he restored peace, without whiidi In' could not
leeii seouro, in a horder of the dominion of either. ()itsii.:ir'iii!ii was
|uainted with Mr. It ilHttins, \\\u>i]i he had often seen diirin^r liis two
sidenco at IMiiiioiitli, and was a areat friend to him, and tiierellire ho
listened rciidily to his heiievolent instructions; givinj? up tho land in dispiito
feiwcen himself and the jVarrnjranset saihems, wliioh was tho island now
■ " ' iJliodo island, i'rudonco Island, and perhaps some others, totrellier w illi
And (says Mr. If'illl(i:iis) I lu V( r doiiiod liini, nor .)/(«);///)o;ii_(y,
Jloiieo their love and attachmont for him, lor
Clllf (I KIK
I'rovidi iu(
uliat!'\('r they desired of mi
this is tlieir own mode of li\ iiif^'.
It appears that, heforo JlitnliDuinmoIr:; reverses of (ortimo, ho had, hy soino
means or otiier, got possession of some of tlio dominious of Ousnmvpi'nx.
I'lir at llie meeting of tho <"oiiimissioners of ;!io I'liited (.'olonies, in the
aiitiiiiin of l(il:{, thiy order, "That Plymouth laiior hy all due means to r.storo
ihorties, in resix ct of any ore''oaolinioiits hy the
idiaiis
10
and
ft'oosiiinniiiin to his full lihorties, in respi ct of any oi'e''oaolinioiits hy tl
Naiidlilggansetts, or any otiior natives; that so tlu" propi rlies of the Indiai
may he preserved to thomselvos, and tiiat no one sagamore oncroaidi upon tl
rest as of laio : atid that If'ousiimeqiii)! lie nidueod to tliosi; former terms ai
.. - . I. . >l .. I I 1. !. . 11 :^
I'rreemeiits hetwoon iMvmouth and him
I'lKhr date KI.'JS, Civ. fl'intit
■op
ns, '• Oivsamekin, tlio sachem of Acoonie
iiiei
k, on this sid(' ( •diiiu'ctioiit, came to [him] tin ii-overnor, and hrought a
|ir( sent of J8 skins of hoiucr from himself and tl
•hems of .Alol
n-'jaii
heyond ("oimocticiit and Pakontuckott." They having hoard that the lji;.'.l.-li
wen; ahout to make war ujion liiom was tho cause of their si tiding this
pnseiit. Tho governor accepted it, and told Ouc.mcfiuin, that if they liad not
wmiiged the llnglish, nor Jissisti-d their enemies, they hail nothing to fear;
I, gi\ ing Idm a letti r to tlio governor ol" Connecticut, dismissed him W( 11
illK
satislied.f
111 Kitft, 0«9«mc(/i<m sold to Miles Slnndish, and the other inhahitrmts of
-Diixhiiry, " a tract* (if Inn 1 iisnaily called Sftui^hliirkd" seven miles s(piare.
This was Mridgmvater. It had hoon helliro granted to them, only, however, in
jirei'inption. Tli(\y agreed to pay Oi(fi(t)ncijtn)i seven coats, of a yard and a
liiill' each, nine hatchets, eight hoes, twentv knives, iimr moos
iins
:iud ten
and a half yards of (M)tton (dotii.
By a (\rtH\ hearing date !lth Mtindi, K).")-'?, Oiiscmn'iiiin and his son JfaiiifHtn,
[ll'iimsulla,] afterwards called .,//c.ra)i'/rr, sold to the llnglish of Plimoiilh "all
th
"vorall pai
Is of land lveiii<r on the soiith-easterlv side of Siiikim
alias Hehohoth, hounded l)y ;i litll(> lirooko of water called Moskitiiash W( slerly,
and s(i(; riming hy ti dead swamp eastward, and s'le hy marked trees as Oiisa-
miijuin and Ifdiiisilto directed, unto the great riuer, and till the meadow ahouf
* Records of llie U. Colonics.
t Journal, i. Stil.
Ill
1^^
md
iP"'v'**
d^.u
p- >t
1 ■■{>.; '.
'^■ri
>'!\;<;'
•m
^k i
■5*(f''
■%^ 'u
■',* '?•'
■<.^:. .
-<i.
ff 'W.
Vti.'s'.li-..
vm
\-A
28
MASSASOIT.
[Hook II.
w'
tho sitlrs ofbolli, jukI !il)niit tlm iipck rnllcd riiiicli.-iciist, iilso rfip;is<|iiiisli m ck,
iilso the iiicjidow from ihr Itay In Kcfiniiicuctt," <\:f. l''iir lliis llic fiiii>i(|( jy^
tioii \v;is " DM") stcrliii;.^."
H\ a wiiliiif^' licjiriiij;' (l.'itc " this t\V( iily-oiu' ol" Sc|it('inlM'r, K!.")/," Oiifsainf.
^ih'h s,"i_\s, " I /',s'.sv///(c7(/(» (III li\ ill! sc iircsiiils ratity iiiul allow llif .-air (in
ccrlaiii i.-^laiid called ( 'licsfwaiiockc, or llou^- Island, wliicli my son il'nn.siltn
sold to liirlinni Snn'lli, itt' I'ortsmoiitli in l{. I., with my (•oiiS( lit, which (!((i|
of sale or l»ar<^uiii made the 7th ol' l"'el;niary in the year Jfi.":}, 1 do ralily, ijv.m
and cdnfirm."
In !(!")(), /^)(,'•f'r Jfilliams says that Oimnmrfpn)), by <'iie of his !-;ich( ms,
"v.asat ilail_\ find with I'lunhaiu ahoni llie title aiul lordsiii|) at' Warwick;"
and that hostility was daily exiiecled. Jhit we are not inl'ormcd that an\ ijiii:;-
sei'ions took place.
This is the year in which it has lieen ^(Mierally sujjpfised that OitSDnicijuin
died, l»nt it is an error of Hi(lrliins())i\s tran<plaiilinf; tiom Mr. HiibhanPs wmk
into his own. 'J'hat an error slionid (ionrish in so jiood a soil as that of i|ic
"History of the Colony of iMassachnsi its Jiay," is no wdiider; I'nt it is ji
wonder that tiie "accinvUe Hiitrliliison " slienld .>-( t down that dale, J'rem tiiiit
passa.i'e of the Indian Wars, which was e\id(ntly made Mithont nlhclicn.
It hcinji' at tiiat time thonfrht a ciiriimstance of no conse(|neiice.
That tlie sachem of Pol;anok( t shonid lie scarcely known to our r(~c(>nl.-;
helwci M jlii")? and Kitij, a ^ pace of oidy aliout three yeai's, as we have shown.
is not very snrpi-isinjf, when we r; llect thai he was entirely snhserx ieiit 1<t thi!
I''n,i;lisli, and nearly or (piite all of his lands lieiiif,' li(>t'ore disposed olj or jjivcn
tip to them. Tiiis, tliere|(>re, is a |)lain reason why we do not meet with his
name to diieds and oilier instriiments. And, besides this consideration, anotlicr
sacJKMii ^vas kno\\n to lie a.-sociated with him at the Hiriiu r period, wliosci ms
to have acted as ()i!.<!itm((]ui)i\'! rejiresi ntalive.
lie was alive in KKil, and as lale in that y(\ar as Se])trmber.* 8e\('iiil
inonlhs previous to this, ())iik'>, with about seventy men, fell upon a d( li iicc-
less town within the dominions of Ousum<(}vvi, killiiiir tliro(! persons, and car-
lyin^ away si.\ ollieiv; caplivi;. lie r()mi)laiiie(l to the (leneral ('oiirt (if
3Ia.ssaciiu.s(;ttV, wiiicli interfered in his beliall", and the matter was somi
settled, t
l-'rom the " Relation" of Dr. /. Mathr, it is clear that he liv( d until ICCJ
His words are, ".'7/(.r7):r/(;-beiii<f dead, |haviii<j died in Kiti^,] his brother P/uVi)),
of lat(! cursed memory, ros(; up in his stead, and lie ^vas no sooner styled
Haclieiii, but immediately, in the year 1()<1'2, there were vehement su.spicioiisoi'
his bloody treacliery auainst the Fiiifflish." J
lleiiee, !!s we do not hear of ,<ll(X(inihr as saclieni until lGb'2, Avliich is also
the y(>ar of his death, it is fair to conclude that lie could not have been lonjr in
ollie(! at the time of his death ; nor could ho have been styled "rhi<;f Kaclani"
until alter the (l(\'itli of his Ijither.
Whether jMa.fsri.ioit had more than two sons, is not certain, although it is
conlidently believiMJ that he had. It is ))robable that his laniily was larac A
comiiany of soldiers from IJridjjtwvater, in a skirmish with Philip, took lii.s
sister, and killed a brother of Oit.idmajin'n, avIios(! name was Unkoinpodi,^ or
Mkompoin. || That he had another brother, called (^iiadcquina, lias bcdi
mentioned.
(jov. fCinfhrnp i:\vcs the following anecdote of Ov.tameojtin. As IMr. Ed-
tcnrd U inshic was r turniiifr from a tradiiifj voyai,'esoutlnvar(!, liaviiin' lel't liis
vessel, he tivneii'd home by land, and in the way stopped with his old fiicml
*l/«S5«,s'o(7, who aj^reed to accompany him the rest of the way. In the nican
time, OiLfftmequin sent one of his men forward to Plimouth, to surprise llic
peojile with the news of iMr /fuL^/oic's death. ]{y his manner of relatiiij>' it,
and the jiarticnlar circmiistances attendiiiir, no oni; doubted of its truth, aii(l
every one was grimed and iiiounitui exceedingly at their great loss. Hut
* t^'imc records wliicli !\Ir. Unis^iH coiisnllcd in |ircpniing' liis I/i.slonjol' Alllelioroiigli, led
him lo coiH'Iml'; llml Md.ssa.'ini/ dicil previous to .Fniic, KKiO.
t ()ri;;iii:d nuimism):! dor luncnls. Tlio |i;\rti('iilars of lliese niallcr'^ will bt; given al lurgc^
when wo eoiiie lo treat of the life of f'licii.t.
t Kclatioii, 72. ^ /. Mather, U. || Church, 38, edit. Ho.
» C,r-lrtttnf, Co
;fe.-.
Chap. H ]
EXPEDITION AGAINST CAUMUTANT.
20
iiirsi'iitly tlit'V ^v(M•n !is iniicli siirpi'iscd !it scriii^^ iiiin coiniiin' in coiiiiiiiiiy
\\\\\i ()ii,'<(im((jiiin. W'licii il wiis kiiowii !mi(>ii;r liir |i((i|:|i' llint the sjicliciii
lijul si'iit tliis Ui'ws U) thcMi. tlii'V (l('iii;iii(l('(l \\ liy lie ^lioiilil (liiis drccivc lliciii.
He ii'idicil tliiit il was to make liiiii tlic more wi'lconic w licii iu! did ri'tiirii,
iiiid lliat lliis was a ciistniii of his |ir(iiili'.
One ol'tlic most rciinwiicd caiilaiiis within the (hniiiiiioiis (ti\Mfis!iiis(>il wtia
CaiMUTant," whosi' rcsiih'rcc was at a jdarc ciilicd Alillitpn'^'il, in ilu;
iiri M'nt tdwn (li'Swiiiiscy. His character was much the same' as that of llio
IhiiKiiis .l/(/«'o'/"'. 'The I'Ji^lish were always viewed h\ him a.s i/ilrudi'iis
anil I'liemics of Lis race, and th.ere is little d()id)t hut lie inlended to wrest
the cnnnfi'V ont (iCtlieii- hands on the tifsl o|ij)(ii'tiinity.
In Aiijiiist, \{)'I\, ('(tunhUdiil was si!|t|io>ed to he in the iiiti'i-<'st (iflhe \nr-
riiaai:-i't'^> '"I'l plottini.' with liiem to o\erthi-nw- .1Af,v,sv/."0:7 ; and, hein::- at
Niiinasket scekini.% Miy the I'ilviinis, "to draw the heaits of .lA/.w/Moy/'.v sid)-
jccts lioin liim ; s|i(!akiii;;' also (lisd.iin'nlly oi'ns, storhMii.i;' at the peace iie-
twceii Naiiset, (.'iimma(|nid and lis, and at l'ls(iiim'Jitm, \\ii' worker ol" it;
j;ls() at Ti)l<ni>iali(!mo)i, ;\\n\ one l{(tlit)iii()!,, (\\\i> liuliaiis or l.emes, one of
uliicli he would treachei'onsly ha\(' iiinrdered alillle helln-e, lirinir a spicial
riiil tiiisty man of Mtusaxoi/rs:) Tokumdliitmon went to him, hiil the other
Iwi) w:iiild not ; yet put till ir lives in their hands, pri\ale'y W(Mt to see if
tlicv could iK'fif of their kii;?;', and, lod'.inir at iNaniaschet, were dicovered to
f'miliiitrint, who set a <;nar(l to heset the house, and took Ti.-i(jU/inlvii;,{i\>y ho
liiid said, if he wero d(!ad, tlio I'ln^dish had lost their tonjiiie.) Hohhfnnol: see-
iiifrtl.at Timiiianlitri \\;\fi taken, and Coiil/atdiil held [hohliiM;] a ki.i;e at his
liicast, hcin;.'' a stronji' and stont man, iirake Ironi them, and came to i\ew I'li-
niDiitii, tiill offtsaraini sorrow for yi.viiiiiiil urn, \\\t<'tii he iiion^ht to he ; lain."
I'jion this the I'limontli people si lit an e.\|)edition, imder Slandisli, of 14
iiii'ii.f " and Hohhamok (or their iiiiid(>, to rcvciiire the i-iip|iosed death of
Tisqnitnlum on Couhtiant our hitter enemy, and to retain J\'('i<ii)J\ another
su'iiein, or jcovcrnor, who was of this conli'deracy, till we heard what was
lici'diiie of our friend jMassasni/t."
Alter iniicli toil, the little army arrived near the |ilace they expected to find
Cdunhildnl, " JJel<)re we came to the town (says the narrator) wc s;cf down
iiiiil lat sncli as onr knapsacks alforded ; that heiiifi dont>, wi; threw thein
asiile, and all such things as mii:l;t liind"r i!s, and so wei", on a.nd heset tlni
lioiise, accordin<r to onr last resolution. Those that entered, demanded if
('oi/f,Y.7«)i/ wiM'e not there ; hut fi'ar had lierelt the sa\af2cs of speech. Wo
(■ii;ir<;eil them not to stir, lor li' Coitbdtanl were not there, we would not med-
illi' with lliem ; if In; ^v(M•e, we cami^ jirincipally l()r him, to bo avenged on
liiiii flir the snp|tos('d death of TiV/imjj/jrw, iini other matters: but liowso-
ovi'r, we would not -t all JiMit their women or children. Notwithstandinir,
mine of them pre«S(, jiit at a privat<' door, and escaped, hut with sonio
woim's. At leiiith P'erceivin^ onr |irii;ci|'i 1 eids, they told iis ('ouliutnnt
wv.s returned [home] with all his train, and that Tis(jvdiilitm was yet li\ injr,
!ii;i <> t|i(! town ; [llion] ofltrinj^ somo tohacco, [and] other, such as th(;y
lull III eat."
' I this hiirhy liiirley, (as they call it,) two <rnns won; fired "at random,"
til the j.reat terror of all lint Srjuanto and Tohnmahamon, " who, lhonj:h llioy
k i( \v 1 ot onr end in coniinj.'', yi't assured them [so fii<;iiten(!d] of onr honesty,
[f ml] that wo would i'«)t hint them." The Indian hoys, seeinj;- the sipiaws
] nitected, cried out, JVccnsqnttes ! JVcensquncs ! that is, / am a sijmtio ! 1 tnn a
biliiair ! and the wtnnen tried to screen lliemsolvos in JIobom()!:\i presenco,
n'liiiiidinu- him that ho was their friend.
Tl is attack I'poii a del('i:c< less hoi:so was n:ado r.t midiii^ht, a, id must
have hei-n teriihl(>, in an ii;r( i ceiv.-d le de}.i(e, to its ii ii ;,t( s, espcci: lly iho
MHiiul oftlu! I'iii^lisli f!iii's, which lew, if any of them, had ever heard helbro.
'J'lie lehitor jiiocceds : "IJntto ho t;liort, wo kept them wo had, and mi.do
tlitiiii muke il (ire tlmt wo niijilit sec to scaroli the lionso ; in the nioanlinic,
* Cii-h'idiif, Coitbatant, niid Conbitan'., were will's of wriliiig liis name also, hy liis con
U'ni|iiirniii's,
t Ten, suys tlio Uolalion.
3*
■i *',"'i,'nir>. II
.■■ii:i
'?&
i'm
mm
' 1,. ....l._,^
■' ■.(^ ■"'ii
•;;i^'''
mMw
' '; -'i ■;f"".!'!3
■■'?"t
If';;*:,.
30
TREATY WITH TIIK INDIANS.
[Hook II
Ilohhftmok <:nX on tlio top dftlic lioiisc, ;uul cnllcd Thiptnntiivi nnc
1 Ti>h
hai,
'rin'V soon cniiM', \\\\\, soinc ollnTs \\\\\\ tlniti, .'«iiii(^ iirimd
others naked. 'I'lie riiii'lisli took nwfiv the liovis .-ind jirrows from tliose ||
were nrnii'd, lint jji-on-if^ed to retnni tlieni iis soon iis it \v;is diiy, wliicli tln.^
}irol)nl)ly did.
'J'liey kejit possession oCtlic c.'iiitured \viy\\iiiii nntil diivliiflit, \\]u'\\ ili,.,
rc'viisi'd their prison, 'cs, iind n:aich<'d int.) the town (;is they eall il) of il,i.
N.nniiskets. Here, it !ip|ie!irs, Sijutmlo liad a hoi:se, to which they uert,;,ii|
t )ok hfeakliisi, and liehl a eoiii't Jilterward, liDni whicii tiiey issued l()iih i|,,.
foMo>\ iiifr decree a;.'jrnist ('(nmhilttiit : —
" 'I'iiither eaine all whose hearts werc^ iipri^rjit towards ns, hut all Ciiuhc..
/rtH/'.f IJK'tion were fled away. Tliere in the midst of Iheni \\e nianili'sii,!
!i":aiii onr intendnnMit, ;issin'inir them, that, idlhoii'ih Couhltniil had ikiw
vsr
iped
IS, ^■et there was no place slionid secure him and his lioni ns, if Ik
continned his threatiMiinu' ns, and prinokinir others ai:aiiist ns, who h;
kindiv entertaiiuMi him, and i:evei- intended evil towards him till he tn
l\V Ml
iir-
* Fmm !\fonrl . vt siipni , [\w\ siiriicd only willi tlio r.TpLil lolirr /I, wliit h is nip|-^<('(
stniid for fsiiitc Allfrton, who arccuiipniiiml Standis'i pcrliapf. P'roin llic use of the ),.uiii
in tlic first person, tlio willcr, whoever lie was. must have been present
t See chuplcr i. of b. ii.
justly deserved it. Moreover, if. V^w.w.foy did not return in safety Iroin N
rohiir^faiiset, or if hereafter he slioidd make any insin'rcH'tion ajrifmst him, or
oiler violence to Ti.'i<jii(inliini, Hohomok, or any of MnsttnaojiVs .snl)iecis, \vi
woidd revenue it upon him, ti tiie overthrow of him and his. As lor tiiosi'
[who] \vere wounded, [how infiny is not mentioned.] we were sorry lor it.
tiionjih themselves jirocnred it in not stayin;^ in the house at onr eominaml;
yet, if they would return home with us, our surf:eon shoidd heal them. At
this otl"er one man and a woman that were wounded ^vimt liome with us,
Tinquitnlxim and many other known friends aecompanyinji; ns, ami otlirinL'
nil help that nii^dit he hy carriajro of any thiiiir \,e had to ease us. So ihjit
by (iod's <.i-ood providfMicc we safely returned home the inoriow night altir
we set (brth." *
Notwithslandiiifr these roiiiili jtassafrcs, Cfnmbitnnt Iteramc in appearance
reconciled to the i'n^lish, and on the IHth Sept. followiiifr (Ki'il) wciit t(i
Plimoiith and signed a treaty oi'amity. It was throngli tlii; intercession of
Mn.sm.ioil that he became^ again reconciled, hut the l''nglisli always douhfcd
Ills siiieerity, as most |)rol)al)ly tli«iy had reason to. The treaty or snbmissiiiii
was in these words : —
" Know all men by these; presents, that wn whoso names arc Tinderwritton,
do acknowledije oiu'selves to b(; the royal sid)jects of King JffW'.';, king of
Great Riit.-.iii, France and Irelfii::!. deli-nder of the iiiiih, &c. Jn witness
whereoliand as a testimonial of the same, we have subscribed our names, or
marks, as lolloweth: —
OnquABTEiiui), Nattawahunt, QuADAqt i.\a,
CaWNACOMK, (^AUMiATANT, 1 IUTT.MOinKi\
ObBATINNUA, CllIKKATABAK, Al'A.N.NOW."
Of some of these sachems imthing is known l)eyoml this transtictioi), jir.il
of ethers very little.
Ohbniinvn is hup|;ose(l to have h(!eii sachem of Sliawniiit, wliere Ikistuii
now stands.
Cdicnnrome and ./Ipnnnow may l)e the same b(!(bre spoken of as Conernnam
and EfHtnoir, though i am rath(>r of opinion that Jlpannnw means Jl.ipiiirl of
Nimset.f A'ltltmvalmnt we shall again meet w i;li, luider the; name A'aslioonon.
Coneconam was s.ich' m oi' Manomet, on Cape Cod.
When, in the winter of 1(K;}, the Englisli traversed the cntnitry to triuic
with the Indians for corn, they visited him among other chiefs; who, tlun'
say, " it seemed was of good respect, nnd authority, amongst llie Ii;(li,ii;«.
For w hilst the governor was there, w ithin night, in bitter cold weath(>r, ciinii;
two men lioni Mananioyck, before spoken olj and having set aside their bows
I to
|,.uiiuua
rinp-
II]
r.M .M'.nANT.
31
mill (iiiivfi's, arronliiip to llirir iiiMiiior, siit down liy tlio fire, and took a \.\\<(}
ofiolcici'o, not iisiiif: any uonis in iliiif I'mic, nor any otiicr to llicni, Imt nil
rrtiiaincil silnit, cxiicclin;: wlicn tlicy uonid f-pi'iik. At It'iijilli iIh'v lookcid
iiiwuid CiDiitniiii ; iind ont' ot'tlicni nitidc a sliort siicccli, and drlivcrcd ii
nrt'si'Mt to liini, I'roiM liis sacliini, uliicli was a liaskct ot' tol)!irc<>, and many
Ih'.'kIs, wliicli tli<' otlitT rt'ccivcd tliankt'iilly. Alter w hicli lir iiiadc a long
s|ii.(mIi to liini," tli(! ni( anini,' of uliicli Hohomuk said was, tlint two of their
iiicii liH out in a <iain(S " for tlicy nsc j;amin;r <is nnicli as «ny lien', and
will lila\ anay all, even tiii'ir skin from ilicir backs, yi-a tlicir wivc's skins
jilsii," and "HI' killed the olln'r. Thai the min'ilerer was a powow, 'one of
stirrinl note amongst them," and one whom they did not like to |»art with;
\rl tlii'V were threatened with war, if tin y did tint kill the nnn-derer. That,
ihiTi'tiiVe, their saeliem deferred aelinir until the adviee of i'oiievonani WUH
lirst niitained.
At'ler eonsidtinj; with this ehief, and some ol'his head men, these messeri-
i.ri'is ili'sired //o/jf*n(o/r's JMili;nient ujion the nuilter. With some deli'renco
lie n'|ilieil, that " he thoM.'flit it was 'letter that oik! should die than irany,
siiire lie had desi'rved it;" "whi'ren|ion he jiassed the seiiteiiee of deaili
111)011 him."
\\V shall have occasion ajrain to notice this chief, at whose lionso the first
act of a tra;:ic sc(!ue was acted, which in its course liroiijiht ruin npoii its
pnijci'tors.
VVlien Mr. Edward IVinslow and Mr. Jolni Hamden wont to visit Mftsstisoit
in liis sii'kiiess, in Ki'JM, they heard hy some Indians, w hen la-ar CaunhidinCs
resilience, that Mnssnsoit was really dead : they, thereliire, tlion;rh with miicli
licsitiition, ventnred to Lis honse, lio|)inj,f they mifiht treat with him, lie heing
lliin tlionght the sncressor of Ahsmsoit. Hut he was not at home. 'I'lu;
si]iia\v sachem, his wife, neated them with <:reat kindness, and l(>arninir here
{\\;\[ Mnssdsoit was still alive, they mad(> all haste to l*oka:ioket. When they
ri'tiuMcd, they ttaid al' iii^ht with C(iunl)ili(nt,nX his iionse, who accomjiaiiied
tliciii there from j\Ia.is"m{l\f.
Mr. H'ins'ow i';ives ..^e iicconnt in these words: — "That niiilit, throtifrii the
rnnii'st recinest of Conhnlnnt, who, till now, remained at Sowajuns, or
I'uckaiiokick, w(! lodired with liim at IMattajinyst. Hy the way, I had mnch
roiifi'reiice with him, so likewise at his honse, he beiiifr a notahh; ])elitieiaii,
yet liiil of merry jests and s(inil)s, and never better pleased than when the
like are returned aj'-ain upon him. Amonrst otiier thin;is he asked me, if in
case he were thus daiiL'erously sick, as .Masmtsoit had biKMi, and should stMid
word liiereof to Patuxet, lor riwsliicst* [that is, physic,] whether their master
iroveriior would send it; and if he woi Id, whether 1 would come therewith
to liiiii. To both which I answered, yea ; whereat he jrave me many joyful
tliaiiks." HiMhen expressed his surprise that two Kn^lishmen shoidd ud-
veiitiiri! so iiir idone into their coimtry, and asked them if they were, not
afraid. iVir. Wlns'ow said, "where was true love, there was no fear." "Hut,"
said ('(ninh:l(tnt, '■'■ if yovr lore he .wh, and it hrititi: forth such fruits, how rnmelh
it to pass, that when we come to I'atu.ret, ijou stand ujion your iritard, with the
month of your i)i(ces prrstvtcd towards u.^'.^" l\lr. fyins'.ow told him that was a
Ti.ark of resjiect, and i hat they received their best friends in that manner;
iiiit to this he shook his head, and answered, that he did not like such salu-
talioi:s. t
When Cannhitant saw his visitors crave a blessing before eating, and
return thanks aiterwards, he desired to know what it neaiit. "Hereupon 1
took occasiori (says our author) to tell ihem of (lod's works of creation und
lireservatinn, of the laws and ordinanees, especially of the ten oominaiid-
monts." They (bund no particular fai;lt with the commandments, except
the seventh, but said there wiM'e many inconveniences in that a man should
1)(! lied III one woman. Aliout \\hiih they reasoned a good while.
When Ml". }yins\ow explained th(! goodness cd'd'od in bestowing on them
all their comlbrls, and that liir this rttason they thanked :ind blessed him,
* 111 WiU'nms's Key. Mn.tkH U Irini liinl. '■ (Jlvp mi" somu |)hysic."
t Uuod News Iroin N. Eiiglami, Coit. Mass. llist. Sue.
, 1 , . ;\''
^'
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irVAl
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)
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f
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4 *
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i^^m^SB
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U^Sm
1- r-^ ■
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w
32
WlTTUWAMirr— FM'.KSLiOT.
[Hook II
»■■' (•>"
mm
"lliis nil oftlioni ooiicliuh d tc» lie vciy veil; niid s.'iiil llicy liclicvril Jiliiist
nil llic MiiiK- tjiiii^'s, iiiul iIdiMIic stiriic I mwcr lluit we cidl d'dd llif\ i j.llui
Kiililitn." " llnr \\v rcii .■liicd (iiily tliiit iii<;lit, Idit in-vcr liud Ijcttcr iiiUr-
taiiM.ciit iui:<iii;'>t (iiiy <il ll.i'iii."
W hilt l)('ciiii:i' of this chief is iiiikiiouii. His iiimic !iii|)('iiriiifr ii<» iimhi ii,
our n <'(irds, hiids lis to sii|;;i»is(' lluit he rilhcr (led his ((iiiitiv on tin- ii.iir.
i\vr i\\' fl illiiinimct, Pclisiiot, and (itiicrs, or lliat lir <lit'd ;iln)nl ihut tiirc.
Wi'i'Tt « AMKT \\;iS 11 M(iys(irliiis(>Ifs cliici; is \Mis his r(:iii|i!ii,i<)ii /"</.. i.y,/,
lint llii'ir |)aili('iilar rcsidciicr lias not hccn' assif.'iM'(l. ft ilhnrnmit ^^a^ a ilis-
jx'ialc and hold li'llow, and, like most otli< r warriors, dfiiLJitrd in sIk iliiiri;
till' hlood of his I'licnrn's. It is not iiii|irohal)lc hut that he hccann- t'M;s|(i.
atcd a^ain^t tli<< I'lniilish from the many aliiiscs some of them had |irai li id
u|i<iii his I'oiiiitrymin. 'I'hiswili account. |icilia|'s, (or all the severity m.,!
inalij;nity |;oitiayed liy the lid'eliitiiers in his character, lie was one ol ihor,
they .-ay, w ho nmrdered scire of the cren ot' the I''rcnch ship, cast i.wir,
nj)oii ("ape ("od, as ViC have hclbre mentioned.
Thai It'illiiinniirl, Pcli.wdl, and some otiii'r chiefs, intended to have iVcril
their country of intruders in the year Ki'^'M, there <'an lie mo donht, and in iv-
latinjr the rise, jirotress ni:d termination of their leatne to etll-ct ihi.s ohjcci,
we shall, to avoid the charjie of partiality, adhere closely to the record,
\\'e have heliire, in ^pc,^kinl,'• of ('(tinunim, or ('oiicroiiitm, mentioned tjic
voya;:e of the uiivernor of I'iimoiith to that sachem's country to tiade Im-
c<irii ; that was ill .lai'iiary, Ifi'.'M. iVot hein'r ahle to Itiiiifr away all he ili.
tallied, ( 'aptaiii J/i'/fs Slnnd'sli wtx-^ sent the next month to take it to IMiii.iiiitli,
also to purchase more at the same jilace, hut he did not meet with v<'i'y ii id
HM-eption, which led liim to apprehend there was mischief at hand. Aid
immediately after, while at ('()iuroii<ii)t\<i house with two or three ot his c(,ii|.
pany, " ill .•ame two of tin; iMassachnsetts mt ii. 'I'lie chief of th.em \\ii<
called H'itlutrnvKil, a noialili- insiiltin;r villain, one who had (ormerly imhriicil
liis hands in the hlood of J'.njilish and l''reiich, and had olt lioasled of lis
own valor, and derided their weakness, es|iecially hecanse, as he said, thcv
died cryiiif.!-, making: sour fiices, more like children than men. 'J'his \ill;iiii
took a dai.'<;er ii-om ahont his neck, which he had f;otteii of jAIaster ft'tnlon's
jieojile, and presented it to the sachem, [Coiuronniii,] and after made a Imi;!
spr-eeh in an audacious manner, framin*;- it in sncli sort as the captain, th(iiii:li
]i(! lie the best liii^'iiii-t amon^^ ns, could not jjather any ihiiifr from it. 'liic
Olid of it was allerwards discovered to he as lollowcth. 'I'he JNIassrclii-
sciicks (lirmerly ronclnded to ruinate Mr. fi'vston^s colony;' and thoiii;li!
themselves, heinji' about ;J0 or 40 men, stroiifr ei.oiij;.': to execute the saiiic;
yet they durst not attempt it, till sncli time as they had j.allier( d ii oiv
stnMi^th to themselves, to make their party f;ood a;:iiinst ns at l*liii.oi:ili;
conclndiiijr that if we remained, thoiirh they had iio other ar<.'iii;ei;ts to i>i'
njrainst ns, \et vvc would never leave the dealli of vuv conntrymen i iiii-
von<red ; and lhtr(>(bie their safety could not he witi ont the overthrow of
both plantations. 'I'o this end they had (ormerly solicited this sac he m, ;.-^
also t!io other, called laiwiigh, mul many cihcis, to assist them; ai.d ikiw
nfraiii came t() jircsc cute the same; and since there was to (iiir nu o| poitii-
jfity oflere<l hy the cajitain's isresence, tliey thoii<^.ht best to n.ake sun; of l.iiii
and his company.''
Conccoiunn, alter this spoecli, treated Slandish with neglect, aid was vciv
iiartial to /rj7/i/irr;mf/, which n;i;cli incrciised tin jcalonsy of tl e h i n ir.
These Indians meantime contrived to kill i-.tnndish, having! cinplov( d a "li>tv
Indian of I'aomi't " to execute the |;lan. The weather was sevcreh c( Id,
an<l Slamlish ledj^cd on shore at nif:ht, and this was the time he wjis to I nvu
lieeii killed. IJiit the extreme coldness of the i.i{;ht kejit him trom -lcc| in.",
and thus Ik; avoided a,ssassii;iitioii.
W'e have liiid occasion, in the life ci' Mafsaroif, to mention that tl ■• t clicl
liad been solicited to eiif.'ai:!' in this confederacy, and o* his chaii iiMv I'clotrjik
to warn the Kn^lish ol' it. The peo| le et tl e | 1; ccs li n ( d )it tl f t tine hy
M(iss(tso:t, as in the plot, were Nais( t, P; en ct, Pi ceonet, AlaltJ el iest, Mt.t n-
inet, Aiciwaywam, i i (1 the hUrd ei' Capawi ck, "'J'lueloie, (>,v\s !\Ir.
IVinslow in Lis Rclutioi;,) as we respected llic lives ol" our couhtryn.eii ai.d
i^:;n
rii Ar-
il]
\vrrn;\vAMi:T— WHS IONS colony.
C3
oiir own s
nfi'ty, lu' iuhiscil us to Ivil! llic iii;ii uTM;
liiiM't, wlio were ll.
milliiiiH (
t" lliis intciidcd iniM'hirl! And w licrciis we wcri' wont to cjiv. wo
J,
Id not strike ii stnikc till tliry lii>t hi'irfiii, li; siid lie, [Mi
//.
(lIllllllO.
it.inmuil U)
i|ii)ii tliis int<'lli:;fM(T, llicy ii,iik<' lliiit (in>\\fi', tell tlinn, wlicii
llicirciinntniiMMi at \\ iclia^iisciissct an' killcil, llii'v not ln'injr ahh- tn dricnd
tlit'iiis hfs, lliat tlicii it vtill lie too laic ti) recover tiieir lives," and it v, oiild
Im' willi dillli'ully liial iliey |<re>,'r\ed their own; "and tli(!r(;!b;(' In; eoini-
si'lleii, >\iilii"i' '''■'•'>>'" '"'^^' "^^"y die |)riiK'iimls, and then the plot uoidd
»t
cease.
Mcainvhiic ffrxlon^a men had lidlcii into a inisernbh: and wretched condi-
jjdii; some, to jirocnre a daily sustenance, hecanie servants t(» the Indians,
"lltchinir them wood and water, (\e., and all tiir a meal's meat." 'i'hose
who \V( "e thus dejiraded, were, ot' eonrse, only a il'WV.'io iiad ai.andoned
tluMiselves to riot and dissijuition, hut whose conduct lad alli'cted ilic well
liiiM-r "fthe whole, notwilhstandin;:'. !^ome of these wretches, in their e.X-
trcniities, had stolen corn trom the Indians, on whose com|ilaint tln'V had
liiMii |int i.) the stoc!;s and whipped. Tliis not iriviii^" the Jndians satislae-
tjoii. one \\as han;.'ed. 'i'liis was in I'ehruary, If"*."}.
.AheMf this capital punishment much has hccn w ritten ; some donhtiiii; tlio
liK't lli'it any onii was hani'.et'. others that it was the real olli-nder, \:c. Itut
i)i our opinion the (iicts are ineontestahle that one was han<:ed ; hut w helher
the one really >:iiiity or not, is not tpiitc so easii\ -settled. 'I'he liict tliat oiio
wiis linnL''i'd iiir aiiotlier appears to have been e nmmoii notoriety, hotli in
Old find New l-n::land, Irom shortly alter the ;. ir until tin; he^innin;^- ol'
till' next century.*
.Mr. Iliilihiird-t has this jias^aire upo!i the athiir: — "Certain it is, they [the
IiidiansJ were so proMiked with their tilchim; and stealing', that lliey tlir;!at-
eiifd lliein, as the I'liiiistines did Sdinsuii's li.tlier-in-law, alter the loss ol' their
coin: in^•)nnlcll that tiie comi»aiiy, as some report, protended, in way ot'satis-
thction, to punish him that did tlie thelt. hut, in Lis stead, lian^'ed a poor, d,;-
crcjiit old man, tiiat was nnserv i( eahle to the coiii|iany, [an old hed-riJ
\vi'ji\('r,tl and litu'densome to keep idive, v. liich was tiie ^.round ot' the story
with which the merry iicntleman, that wrote the poem called lirniitiiAS, did,
ill liis poetical tinny, make so much sport." And liom tiie same author it ap-
|M')irs that tiie circumstance was well known at IMimouth, hut lliey pretended
tliMt the riu'ht person was haniied, or, in our authors own wdrds, "as it' tiio
pcrsoii hanji'ed was really f;i[i)ty of stealin;r, as may Ik; were many of tin- rest,
iiiiil it' they were driven Ity necessity to content tin; Indians, at that tiuH.', to
(!(i justice, then; heiufr soiiu! of Air. H'vstoii's eompany livin;;, it is possihle it
iiiiirlit he e.\(\ciited not on him that most desiM'ved, hut on him that could be
best spared, or who way init like to live lonji' if he had been let alone."
It will now be c.\[)e('tod that wc; produce the passage of iludibras. Here
it is :—
^flMi*'
'^!^
UpMO
,'
I'i;
m
';v.^•.!■
HI
.c
Hj
■i
Wui
'■ V-'i'
illl
■»■..',
•' 'riuiHiili nice „iicl (l-rk iho poiiil nppcnr,
(Qiidth l{;il|>li,) it may liohl up, aii!l clear.
Til. I ,'^iiiii:' '.v may supply llic place
():MilVeriiiir Siiiiils, is a plain (\tsi'.
Jihlice •;i\es Seiileiire, niaiiv limes,
Oil one .Mail I'or aiiollier's rrimes.
Our lirelhreii of .New l''iij;laii(l use
('li()ii-e .Malelaclors lo cxruse.
.\iil lidiiii: the (iiiililess in llieir sloafl,
orwhdin llie ('IiuitIu'.s have less need:
.\<l;ili'ly '1 happened . hi n town
'i'licre lived a Volililer, and bill oe.o,
Tiuil out ot' Doctrine eoiild nit f/.s._',
.\;i I mend .Men's Lives, as well as Shoes.
This precious Urotlier liaviii"' slain,
III liiiuv, ot' I'l-'U-i', an hidian,
iNni mil of M.ilice, hnl mere ?. a],
l!er;iiise he was an inlidel,)
'I'he ini;;hly Tollipoilijmoii,
Scnl lo our E/ihcs an I'.iirnii,
( 'umplainiiif;' sorely o! llu' Hrearh
Ol l,eai;iie, held tmlh by iJrolher Patch,
A^'iiiiisi llie Arlirlis u\ Ihrce,
J'elwecn bolh rhnrche-, his and nur«,
I'\)r whi<li he ciaved lIu' Sninls lo render
Iiiio his Ilamls, <ir hanij" ih' Olii'inl'r:
I'm llicy, niatnreiy ha\ ini; weighed,
Tlii'V Ikk' no m<)i<' but li'm o' ih' Trade,
(A i\laii dial served ihrii, in a double
Tapacitv, to Ti'nch and Cnhlile.)
]{esol\cd lo -iparc him ; yet lo do
'rill- liiilidii Uo's'uiii Mii^li:r,in. loo,
Impiiitial ,hi-lii('. ill his >tiail, did
Ilaiii; an old Weaver that was Hcd-rid.
Th ■!! wherfl'ore may iml \<>n be sl< pp'd.
And ill your Kooin ;inollier Wiiipp'd .' "
* See Col. N. II. Hist. Soc. iii. 113. and b. i. chap. iii. auli'.
, li.si. .N. Eiig. 7^ i Col. N. II. Hist. Soc. iii. MG.
1.K .■■'^'M.iiy
I'J ' I. Li
rW-
>i! 1
^'
34
WITTt;\VAMr/I.--Wr.ST()NS COI.ONV.
[niMiK II
Tin- fdlldwin^' iioti! \\iis curly piiiittd to tliis |iiihs;i<ri': — "Tlii- lli^t(l|•\l;
tlir (■ulili|<'i' liiiil liiTii iitlt'sti'il liy |i<'i's>>iis iir;:(iiitl irrdit, wlii) \m ri' ii|iiiii ;|,
jiliicc >\lii-ii it WHS tloiir." Mr. liiillir wvnir tliis |<art ol' lii.-> llidilr
Tliiiiiiii.H Miirliiii, wild WHS oiic nl' tlir cipniiniiiy, llniiii;li |m'iIiii|is iilix i i .j
lilt' lillH', |l|'('ll'll(ls tllllt tJK I'C Wll> IK) |ll(lt III' llic llllli.'lll.'-, illl(l ill^illllilll < Ij ;
till' i'liMii!iitli('iiiis (-aiis)'tl nil the ti'oiilil)', iiriil llial tiicir la.-liiM'ss riiiiM il i,
liiditiiis to iiDir-Mii'i'c SOUK' of tlitir turn, tis wc sliitll lU'L'scntly rclctr lining
l)o(ik wliich Wv. Morhtn |Mililislii (!.*
" Miislcr //(.v/o/i'.v |<l);iiliili()ii In iiiL' siIIIimI at Wcssiijfiisnis, his m'|-\hi,i,,
many ot'llifiii lazy |i(isoii.-, that would use no endeavor to take the Im i;,.|
ul'tiie country, son Ciheni fell sick and ili( d.
" ( )ne an;on^st the rest, an alile-hodicd man, that ran;:ed the \Noods, to m
what it would alliird, liLditcd liy accident on an Indian harn, and tVom iIiicim
did take a cap tidi of corn. The salva^ie ow ner of il, lliidiiijr hy the imi
[track] some Iji^lisli had lieeii there, cinue to the |dantalion, and made cui,..
jtlaint altci this manner, 't'lie chief commander of the conipany, on ihjs
occasion, called a {'arliament ol'all his |ieo|i|e, hut thox' that were siciv ;iiii|
ill at easi'.f And w isi ly now they nnist I'onsult, upon liiis lin;:e complaii;,
that a pri\y [[lallry] knife or sti'ini;' o|'|iea<ls wonhl well enoiijjli havi! <|iiiili-
lied: And ildward lolmson was ii special Jud;;!' of this business. 'Ilielici
was thei-e in repelition, I'onslnii'tion made, that it was lellony, and li_\ i!;m
laws of i'.nirland punished with death, .-Mid this in e.xeculion must he pi.i im
Jill example, and likewise to apjaase the sahairi'; when straii;lilwa_\s nn..
arose, moved as it were with some conipassion, and said he '"oidd noi \\i||
pdnsay the llirmcr sentence ; yet he had conceived, within the conipa.".- i>i'
Ills hi'ain, an eudirio, that was of special conseijuencc to Ik; delivered. ;<iii|
cherished, he said ; that it would must aptly serve to pacily the sahaLi's
complaint, and save the lili- of one that mi^hl (if nee<l should lie) stand iIkih
in some j^ood stead : liein;;' yoniiy and siroiij:, lit lin' resi>taiice a.naiiisi im
enemy, whiidi miiiht come uiie.\pectedly, hir any ihin^' ihey knew.
"The oration made was liked of tivery one, and he intrealed to show tlic
means how this may lie performed, i^ays lie, y<iii all a;jfree that one i!iii>i
die, and one sladl die. This yoniiu' man's clothes W(! will take oll| and |iiit
upon one that is old and impotent, a sickly person that <'annot (<scape dci.lli;
sucdi is the disease on him conlirmed, that die he must. I'lit the yoiiiii;
man's idothes on this man, and h t lli(> sick |)erson lie hanired in the otln r'-:
f^tead. Amen, says one, and so says many more. And this had like to have
])rove(l tiieir final seiitonre; and lieinj;' there conlirmed hy act of I'arlianii'iit
to alter ajres tiir a prei-edent. lint that one, with a I'aveiKiiis vcii'e, heiiuii lo
croak ;tnd liidlovv llir reveiijic, and jint liy that coii(diisive motion ; alleniiii;
Ruch deceits miulit he a means hereaiyer to exasperate the minds of the coai-
jilaininff salvaj:es, and that, hy his death, the salva,i;es should see their ziid
to Justice, and, therefore, he should die. 'J'his was concluded ; yet, luncr-
e was made; now to coimtermand this act did reiirescnt
a sen
pi
tliidi
itself unto their minds, which was how they should do to j;'et the man':
>vill : this was indeed a speci;d obstacle : fiir without that (they all arreeiijit
Mdiild he danixeroiis, llir any man to attemiit the e.xecution of il, lest mis-
chief should hefidi them every man. lie was a jierson that, in his wralli,
did s<M'm to be a second Sampson, able to jiejit out their brains w ith thi' j;'.\v-
hoiie of an ass: therefore they calhid the man, and hy persuasion irot liiiii
last bound in jest, and tliiMi hanjied him np hard liy in ;i<hu\ earnest, \\lio
with a weapon, and at liberty, wduld have put all tiiese Avise jud<;es of this
Parliament to a pittiful non plus, {i\s it hath becsn credibly reported,) and
made the cliie1"jiul;:'e of them all buckle to him."
This is an cntin' cha|)ter ol" the Nkw (Janaan, wliicli, on account of its
great rarity, \ve have j;iven in full. In his next chapter M\: .Morton iiroreeils
to narrat(' the circumstances of the; "massacn;" of If'iltunvniirf, PtLtvat, aiiil
other Massachusetts Indians, and the conserpienccs of it. iJiit wo shall Jiovv
* Eiiliilcd New Eiij^Jisli Cniiaaii, lio. Aiiistcrdain, li'iM.
t Against liiis sciilonce, in llio margin, is — " A poor comp'aint."
nnr. If] w
(Inivv iVoin th'
wr lillil occas
Vr. H in.iloi
tjic Indians h
1,11. iwii tn aiiv
time als(i_ an<
siii'jiiiii iif the
Ciiiliiitiinl, am
tiling'," |"s Mil'
It was now
wliich war w;
liiiiiiins. "\Vi
sliiiiild take so
„N^;iinst all th
rai'ii know Iha
vvilli ihciii upoi
liir (Ptiiers: ih
III the Miiiilish
I'liil of their
tiivMirils them,
Hike cipporiuni
|io>>ilpie, lill ;-ll(
jiiilii villain be
tJKil lie Jlii'jht b
\\\- will now
artinii. "Atler
(if line,"] some
willi Cliiriilitirlii
liiriiii'r (piarrel v
mm; I to take o
l(ishn\i arrival
n|iiie.',red hy the
tjii'ic pri'tendei
|iiirl,. ,'iiid ihin^^
cal diercof Willi
a u:il(iivvord <.'i\
wi'ic, liy the 1'
jiaiii' li up there
of Chi'iii'iiiihtirs
tlirir residence i
tjicir (■ountrynie
Al'ler SlaniHsl
set iiiil, one an
|ir(i| |e of IMillK
that not the leas
"wliiise boldnes
* As nwiilidiu'd i
t Krfi'irhiy-, il is
{ 'I'llC pCISdll \\\\
^ N.w j'nuli-li <
"i His iiiiiiic was
(Unci I'luh. llic lii'l
1(1 ;\ |n lilioii of /'/(/
mlivc (if llic siraii;
diili'Mvors Id jilaiil
il inrcl l<i iiraiil hi
.U,s'. (iiniDiis I'll' ftli'i
I liMM' iK>l licoii ;
pr(i'';\My iiscil il in
Al till" cdiirl, .'i iM
tlio raM n" I'm- !M, r;-
L'niiii Fill.-., lit Slip
I'ril ninrrieil, in
Soc. vii. 122.
■lllipw llllM'l I ,,(
ill.'-illllilll',- l|,;,l
>,S CllllM ll II:,
\ rcllMC llllll;,
'', Ilis HTMIM-,
kc till' Ik 111 , [
ri(\
r 11 1 WASSAriNKWAT.— .MAPSArnr, AT WF.SSAfirsfTH.
(Irinv I'nitM tin- I'liiiutiitli Iiixtoriiin, niitl iillrrunrils use .Uor/onV flmpti r oh
As ?n'
■iilionod ill our la-t extract from llii'< nntlior.
t \M\
irin^, It I'- '•ii|'
} 'I'lic (loi^dii «lio pro
(|M,iricl uitli i'liiiiiliilitnt.
h,iii"iiiir ii SICK III
111 iiisleacl c)( ilio real olTciulcr.
Ill
II
II
l> Milllll' «ilS
/'//,
I'liil. All Iiiilian fdllowcc
to kill liiiii. but, liv los'ni llio
(liri'cl paili, till-
I.i'l
laii iiiN-«<ii lull
1. Ill lllfl
I III
Id 11 |)i tit:oii o
(■ /•;,/
ifciicral court ol' iM.is-ai-liiisctts, la aii'-v,<;r
/'.((/. tlini of ('liarli'Siowii. wliicli wa< acci iii|.aa t'l
Willi II iiar-
(if llic slrai^lil-i aiiil liar(Mii|>>; tlial llic lirst |ilaiil(Ts of iliis coloiiv iiiidciwtiil in ilioir
ci|ilr;i\(irs to |iiaiit lliciiKclvcs al I'iiiiioiilli. ami siiict". wlicrcol lii' \va- one. Ilic coiirl j'lilifi'ili
It MKTt to yraiit nan
.'illO arrcs of hiiid, wiicii' il is to
.UN. (imoii's thr /ill's In our sln'i'-lioiiS''
10 liail, not li.iKlciin^' a pianlaiioii.
11
;)t licni able to (liscovir liio iiarrativp of F'ral, after loiii' search. Mr. Ifiihliard
prniinlilv ii>ieil it in coiiipilin'^ liis IlisI of New I'.i
.\t llic conn ;i iMav. Ilil'.'), land was ordcied to lie laid ,)iit for I'ntt, ''in llie \\llilenie'^s on
llio
C nil ft Fill
ca^i Ol iin*
ck ti-
er, iK'iir till' iiiiper end of N'aco
ikl!
rook, on the MUilli-eas
tof il.
(//
Pr.it
snpni
Soc.
i. ill I'liinoutli, a daiiglitcr of Culhberl Cntlibertson, in IG30. See 2 Col. Hist,
122.
I
:»' '■<
.■•<,■■<
i-' ■: • ■*'-iii..,i )t
p;'<'
Mx^'*
i^ ^-|
t'fe
!?v<'2
m
MAHSACIM". AT WHSHAJSrHrUS.
[n<iciK II
:'H *'
i- ■:
I ;;'
tlu'y fllir InilijiiiH] woiihl liiKr it out nl' tliiir |i<it.', iiimI nit [it] lu'lorc t|
iiiir
fiu-cs, ' mill tliiil it llii'v trii il til |'ir\riit tliiiii, tlit'> wuiilil I iilil ii kiiilt
tlii'ir liKiir'tH: mill ti> Miti>iy tin in. Iliry lutd Imi^mI hi <' ol' tlirir ciin | ni \ .
"Tlitit tliiy liiiil Milil llii ir fliilliis |iii' null, III, <l wni' ri mI_\ tii f-tiiiM' \,,'<\.
\\illi n-lil mill liiiiiyrr lilxi, lirnirM- tlii'\ niiilij iint n.ilnn' In i ft xirtiii.is !•
rni.-oii II
I'll
irll' |i|il\i'illlr
'riii> truly wiis ii «r»'li'linl |iirliirr nl' this siruiiil nijuny of A1iis>ii('Iiiim i
tlip Kiiii\>lnl>:<' dl" wliii'h (mim< Hiiisl(nr) "jiiivc lis ^mxl nicdiiiii;;! ii,n t
]iriirn'(l in our iiitiiKJimiii,-." ArrMiliii^ly, the M.\t tiny, ytdiii.'isli, \\ii|
/liihdiiiiik mill I'i^'lit l".ii;:li>liiiii'ii, Mt mit ii|.<m tlic cxik dilinii. \\\> liiKii
w
|r\\ llir
IlliW.'
L
(iw II liw Imi^Ii.-Ii ^\\l\> \\
ire \< t ii ;irnl \<\ tlir li
li.i;.|.
iNt'M rllirlos, tlic lii.-tiirimis \\iiiilil liiivr ii> iiii»!ri>ti.iiil lliil Stiunlial,
tiikr nil iiKirr, licrniiM- lir wniilil i.nl liiiM' tlic Inilimis iiii.>^lii.ht iLiit l.r rniiii
t(i li<jlit thrill ; mill tlii'v >miiiIiI in>iiiiiiitr thiit it \\n>* ii\>iii;; tn liis urnit Mi|i,r,
\\ lini Sliitiitlfih nrriviMl nt \\ rssii;;iiKiMiH, lie rmiiiit the |ini|ilr sn.ttrml
iiliiuit, ii|i|irrlirniliiiir ni> ilmi;!('r wlinti-Nrr, ('n<:tni'nl in tli< ir nniiiiiiry iiHiiiiv
V\ lull lir tnid thrill iif tlir iliili'irr \\\:\ Wrir in Inilll tl.r lliilimis, llii\
'tl;r_\ ti'mril lint tlir lliilitilis, hill livril, mill Mllli I'l il thrill tn l(i<l<
inn, lint Imsinir ^wnrd nr <:nii, nr iirnliiij; the i-mnr."' Sl<iiiili.tli mw
(uriiinl tlicin nl' tlir |il(it, ^^ili^h Wiis tlir first intiii iitinii, it iiii|inirs, tl'i y j
tl
<• Uilli
Mi-
nt' il. lit' nrilrrnl thnii to nill in their inni, miil nijniiinl irrrecy nl' l/h
ilitrnilnl inisMirrr. I(i:l it mtiiin 110111 It in,il(iir\'< K< liilinli, thin the !i.ir,;!!>
fSMt wnrilnril, nr ini>lrii>lril his (l(si;:n; |)rnh;ili|y mhim' nl" the \\ i>s,'.-i,>.
ens nun wmnril ihriii nl' il, who diil ml hi lirxc tin re \\:is miy pint.
iMnintinii', mi Inilimi rmnn In trtnlr, mul iiiti'rwmils went away in I'riri d.
ship. Stiiiiillnh, ninrc faj.'iirini's than tlir rrsi, .siiid he miw trniehery in |,1;,
f-yc, mid siisperted his end in eniniiiir tin re \\i\>* (iiynnernl. Slinrtly iiliir.
y'l/.sw/o/, " \'. hii was a paniese,' iiiinir a nimi nl" a iintaMe s|tiiii," ci.n.i' ii
lli>l<(',uitl,\ and tnId him, Ih inui'irstiKxf llir rafihiin ires conic In hill li'm (tnil ll»
rest of tlic liitlinim llicn: "Tell him. (said /'cL^-iuit.] we ki.nu it, hut liar I, in
lint, neither will we sliiin him ; hut li t him hei.in when he dare [sj, he will
not lake lis iiimwjires."
The Indians now, as we iiiiiiht 1 \|iect, l.e>;t;ii to | repare tn iiiret thi
daii:;er, and the l'!iij;lisli say many nl' ti.eni can e divi rs times into ilnir
|iri since, and " wmild whet aid sl:ar|ien the pnint of their kiii\ts," ";;i;il
use n:any nlher insiillin^' ^'csti'ies and sj enhi s. An ci .i;st the Wi'l. Il'illn-
H'ffHKf/ liraj;;.'ed ot'tlie exeellcncy 111' his knilc. Onthenid nl'the hmdle lli it
was pictured a woman's Ijice ; lint, said he, / luirc itnolhtr fil lioiiic, irlu n irilli I
haw killcil holli Fn ncli (iiiil I'liin-li.ili, (titd llinl linlli n mtnCs fare o;i U ; ami hij end
bif lliesc liro iiivsl iiuirni.'"' Tn this he iiddn!, IIiwaim .\.\aii:.\, iii.nn mm vi-
ciiiiN, -MA'i'rA ( I'rs : that is, //i/ and lii/ il y.honld ric. 1 iid Ijj and lij it .should ml.
(it siu '
re tlia
but a little man : and, said he, lliovsxli 1 lie no sarlnm, i/d I on a man of ptni
strcnicth and coil rairr. These ihiiiirs the captain (i|jser\nl, \et laie willi | a-
tience tiir the presiMJt."
Ir will he seen, in what we have related, as well as what we v.vv aliiiM In
ndd, that 'riiomafi .^lortnn's twroyiwl, \i\ snme nl' the n.aiii liicts, iij;re<'s will:
that ol" Jlinsloir. I'mmthe latter it aii|>ears that Slinidislus\\\vf cniisiihii.lilr
niaiuriiNerin!:, n^iild ^et advantaiic over hut li'W ol' the Indians. At leiiUli,
lia\iiii;' i;nt /'<A',s((o/ and tf'illiiiramal ^'hu\\\ tn^etiicr, with ainiher iran, .•iril
hat not siuid,-. "Also /V.-A'm/o/, (cnniiiiiies // rHN/oic,) h< in;;' a nan oh j n i.U 1
stature tliaii the captain, luld him thni'jh he were 11 iireat captain, yi t he w;..-
!1 MHilli nl snme ei
iihW
en vcars ot a;;('
which was lirntlier tn Jf'ill
incaim,
and, villain like, Irnd in his stejis, daily piitliiiL; many tricks npnii the wiikn
sort ol" men, and haviiifr ahniil as many nl' his nw n ecu ( ;iny in a riMHii willi
then
i\(' iIk- word tn his men, and, the drnr heint!- hist shut, hei'an hinisci
Avitli Pccksunf, and, snatchinii; his own knife from his neck, tlioii>;li with iniitli
* " 'I'lio raiiirscs lire men of rrcnl r<itiriij:f(~ mill wiscdcmic, jiiicl lo llirsc nlxi llirnmill
appciiri'ili in< II' rHuiiliiiilv lliaii lo oilier-, ami as woe 1 < iiiciiu'. inakctli 1 1 I'ciianl \\ iili 'An u. \"
pri";('riii' llicm !Vom (l( alli hy woiimls uilli airou-^. |,i;iM'>, lialrlirl-., vVc.'' M V/'>/r ic'.v AV/u-
timi. Ill s[i('akinii^ ol llif oriuiii of (•('/)/w/, (7m /•/ndjV says, sonic Incians lold liiiii lliut It
was pivcii by tlic bun to I'anis, a aalioii '.ijioii the Alissouri. Voijagc dans I'Amerique.
Mrii::i:h"V-'' "" L
j^ii iicnlle, all
liiiiii //('' "■•' ^''(
We I'liidd n^
tl. kc'p '-l"^''
;„„(' (/r(;i,7 "'"'"I
fiia-fd n'dsi; l'\
»7A)/</"("""'''|
llli'M ilrliiralieij
said to Sliii\!li\
Mature, said, til
|,iit tii-diiy I si'<l
Slmrli'ih Wiisj
to kill the liidiil
rioaii' lit" his ml
this hiisiiiess, ii|
iii'L'liirnice nl'
,<ro-sril their pil
.loiiicil hy -"I
nail |iiirsii d tin
oi'i'iijiVi and wli
nmrl; ''''i-t nil' h
chiisi'il lliciii SI
Oai' wlin iiiaile
wl.irli is ail the
,su;iiii|i, ami all
Allcr assisiiiiu' 1
ri'iiinml m IMiii
u|i ill their liirl.
Mraiiwhih' till
rroiii Maiinmi'i,
.si'l/nl and put i
.xaiil III' did, am
|iiol," and said h
fiiaity lit' all the
lil!' iiiiulit he spa
St ra aver amonjr '
fioiiulil liir him ;
liiiii, " the ratlin-
Till- mi'ssaj'e tin
to (leal so with I
tlirri'iire, tiiey n
hail MOW hepaii,
liiiii:" lh.;f he si
iiiiil, and nut kill
The r-n.irlisii I
scat a woman to
was smry that tl
lliat he \\islied li
The Kii-lisli leai
"haviiiir rnrsakn
|i('i'liiiir when wi
now fri'iienil mild
ti'ar and want.
* 'I'iiis, wo SllppO'
rapliy. ('id ("d.) wli'
liiJi'.-' It' slaiidiiii;
(IfC.l-lilll.
t Mm toil, ill his ]
hi'iirc Mciid'i very 1
Wi's'^ainiscii-: any g
ocgiiiiiiiig war ?
4
I lii'lluT tliiir
1)1 II kllill' ,M
I'ir roil, I (in ;
• htMI\r li'il ■•
ct \irliii,|s 1,
CiMP "1
Oin'AKir.ST— IIOUOMOK.
M
IllNMIcllll.-l 11.,
iirii^rii.t I I I,
^'l<nii,'!sli, \\]\\
\l\> llll.il L ,
k till- lln'i;.|..
tuniUftli \M,i i,i
ll j;t \ {' cnii,,
is iiiTiit \!;|i,r.
i|'lr fiCI tti'Kil
liiiiiiry iilliiii-.,
mis, I'lirv .; 1,1
l<> IikIlc uiiii
idisli i:«i\\ ill.
tills, ll'iv I, ml
rcrrcv nl' li-
II tl.c'li.ii;!:!.,
;<• \V(>siii;ii>.
1 |)l<it.
iMIV ill rriri{|
•rflii'i-y ill I,!'.
Sliirl'ly iilur,
iiil," ci.ii.c ii
7 /(."/« mill th
liiit li'iir liiii
n- [j.], lie will
to lllll'l tl,(
108 into llicir
,lli\(S," ";;|;il
(• lot, IVlHi:-
I. Ill (III ll I'll
\t\ iiln n with I
I ; and Iji ami
III.N.NAni Ml-
11 fl:oi:l(l ml,
|:iii (>r i n Ml I
I', \t t I (■ \\;.,-
man of uniti
lit' willl I II-
|j;i'(' iil'(!i:t III
ii^rccs Willi
|( (H!vi(!(li,l,|r
At Icnilli,
|('r ii'iin, iii'il
Jf'illuiidmal.
\\ ll.c \\( i.krr
a rcdiii willi
jiiii liiiix'ir
Asilli ii.iicii
f1
!
) ilicDiiiJl
III W illl llll II, lu
|V//,>/( >i's AV/ii-
V<l llllll liiutii
lerique.
. „,|ii,j_r, and kiUnl him Ihirrirllh -the |Miinf wlicrr-il" !i« hml nimlo iw >li;ir|>
",','i,,, ,11,., llllll LrioHliil llll' li.irk ill-o III (III cil'T. H'Uliiiiotinrl iiliil llir iiIIht
fil'lll llif '■'■*' loll*' I, mil t'lit'x Ihr iloiilli, irluiin tin rii|it.iili railcril to lir liilll!.'t(|,"
We roiild MOW Nsi-ii this lilnotls l.ili' Writ' liiii'iiril, liiit wi' liii\f |triimisrtl
to ki' 'I" '■'•""' '" ''"' '■'''■'''■•'• ■^'''' ffiiiiliiii' fttiiliiiiifs, "Hut II i.i iiirndildr
lii,ii,i,iilir(niiflslli(rrliri>f)iinli'<it inrit'iil Iw/hir Ilir:/ tllrif, nnl wnkiivx itivj
Ihirt'"' "'"■'''''' ''"' i'<il'h!iiiS id ll'iir iCKiiitins, nnd .ilrlrhi'C Id //"' luxl.
*-'l(„lil>iiiiii>'''' sIihmI lis llll llll- tiiiii',* llllll iiirdilli'il nut, <ili-.i'r\lii;jr liiiw our
iii,.|i (jiiiiraiitil llll iiisi'lvcs ill lliis iictioii." AliiT liu' aliiav was iiiiliil. In-
saiil fo Stiiii.llnli, " ^'l•sll•l•(lay l'iil;.iiiol ltrn,':;,'i'i| ol" hi.i own .-iitiiimIi iiimI
(.t.iliiri". s'li'li llioiiuli you wtTf 11 f:vvt\\ cfiiitniiuNft \oii wi'if Imt u lililc niiui ;
iiiit to-tliiv I SCI- \oii lire Iti^r <'iu)ii;.!:li to lay liiiii t>ii the •.'roiiiiil."
Slmili'^li ^vas now sent to u coniiiJiiiy of l('(sl<>n\i ini'ii, who onltrcil iIm'Im
til kill ihf Iniliaiis that witi- iiiiioiiir llniii. TIk if liU'id lin>. Iliiii -iir w illi
soiiH' of his www hdlid in\idhii% i\\ iiiiolliii- pLirf. \s liny witc |iiiisiiiii;;
thirl hiisiiii'ss, inti'iiiliii;; to kill nil lliry roiihl la\ hainl,^ ii|ioii, " thronirh lliti
ii,,^,|iir,.|ii'(> tit' out* iiiiiii, nil liitliaii fsi'iijiril, w lio diM'OM'i-iil [ilisrlostMJj tiiiil
(.riis,^iil thi'ir |irociriruii.'s."
.Iiiiiiiil liy ^oiiic of Mr. H'(slon\H iiii'ii, Slnudluli iliscovmil ii li'W Imliaiis,
anil piirsii 'I them. Slmidlsli i'liiiicd a hill whiidi the Iiiiliaiis iii,«n >lro\c to
(M'rii|i\, and who, iilliT >liiioiiiii;' a li'W arrow s, Mctl. " \\ Ik r('ii|ioii llnhUii-
mo'i I'l"' "''" ''"^ coal, and hcinir a known iiaiiicsr, thfiis liciiiir now killed,
rliiisi'il iIh'Iii so liist, as tiiir |ico|i|c wire not ahir to hold way willi him."
Oiii' who liiailc a staiitl to shoot Slaiidisli had hi,-> arm iirokcn \>\ n shot,
wl.irii is all thr advantai'i" t laimt'd hy thf llii^dish. 'I'lic Indians ;:o| into a
sw.iiiiji, and allir somi' liraviuloiny; on hoih sides, llie |iartiis separated.
ADi'i' ii-sis'iiitr the settlers of W essa;:nsei;s t(i|ia\e llie plaee, the lliiiilisli
rctiinn d to INiiiioiitli, lakiii",' alon^' the heail of H illiiir'imil, which they sei
u|i ill their lltrl.
Mi'.iiiw liile the Indian llial followfd I'nd from Wcssiiirnsciis, ii< he rcliirned
friiiii Maiiomet, cdled at I'liinoiith in a friendly iiianner, and smis thero
(iri/i'il and |»nl in iroii,<. it.'inir asked it' he knew the head of Ji illiiiriiiii>l,
.xiiiil lie dill, and "looked |iileoiisly" n|ioii it. "'riieii he confesstd tho
|i|iit," and s.iid his sachem, OhUikiiM, had lieeii drawn into it li\ the iiniior-
tiiiiit\ of' all till' peojile. lie tleiiied any hand in it hiins'. If and lie;:;:ed his
lili' iiiiLilil he s|iared. Said he was not a IMiissiiciiiiset, tint tmly resided as n
sti'.'inver aiiion^' them. Ifolmniok^^iAi'ofHwt' a jrood rejiort ot' him, and lie-
siMiiilil liir him ; Iml w is hrilied so id do it." They finally concluded to sparti
liiiii, '"the rather, h, 'cause we di'sired he iiii^rht carry a niess.-D.'c to (Hdifkiisl"
Tlic inessaj't^ they ciiariit'd him with was this, that they hail never iiiieiidetl
Iddi al so with him, until they wcro forceil to if by their treachery, iintl,
tliiTi' ore, liiey mii.lit thank themselves tiir their own overt lirow; and as lio
llllll now heiian, if he |>ersistcd in his course, "his coiintiy should not hold
hiiii:" lli,;t he slionid tortliwith send to Plimontli "the three I'-nvlishmeii ho
llllll, and not kill tlieiii."t
'I'lie Iwtiilish heard notliiiiir from 0/>/r//i-K'.'!M'or a loiiir time ; at leiiLlh ho
.■^eiit a wtnniiii to lliein, (proliahly no man would venlnre.) to tell them ho
was sorry that the I'n^lisli were killed, hefort; lie inward from them, also
that he wished for jieace, Itiit none of his men durst come to treat ahont it.
The riiijriish learned from this woman, that lii^ \vas in j^reat consternation,
"lia\inir forsaken his dwellin^f, and daily removetl from jilace to place, ex-
pci'tiii!.' when we would take further ven!:eance on him." The terror was
now ircneral anion;.'' them, and many, as we lia\ (< elsewhere said, died throimh
fear and want. To this tlismal naiTative Mr. IVindow atlds, "And certainly
* 'I'liis, we siippo-p, is tlifi nlTiiir lo wirrii Presi.lnit Alleti aliudi's, in liis .\ini'rir:iii \\w^-
rapliy, CJil I'll.) \vli"ii lio snvs, " lie \ll(il>i>mok\ fi>ii^!it hrarihi Uy \\\s f .'>>Vii»(//,vV,v] siclc. In
liiJI.' ir staiuliinj iiiul luokiiiff on 1)0 li^liliiii;', llicii diil llnlioiiKik /ii^lU bravelij on lliis
llflM-I'lll.
t Miiiton, ill his -Vi'/r (^iimtn. Ill, snys, llioso lliri'i' iiini went lo rc'.iilc Willi dii.'.-dtniiliiif ;
lii>iiiT Mi'i-lun viTV rcaioiiaMv sii;j',:;'i>sls, lli:il if llio I'lliimiiili pcofili; inli'iiilcil lIu- nii'ii of
Wi'S'^n^tmciis any good, wliy did llii-y not first sec that all ol'tlioin wore out of danger, before
Bcuiiininir war ?
^'M^
I ••-.^
■■■■>■ - '^^^^,;'^Ji
I'l;
My
JJ8
HOBOMOK.— SQUANTO'S PERFIDY.
[Book II
1 3'^'^^
'w 'f
4i'
if is stranfro to bear liow many of late have, and still daily (lie aiiionjrfu
tlicni, iicitlicr is llicrc any likfiilMioil it will easily cease; because tiireii^li
li-ai' they set little or no corn, \vliicli is the stall' ol" life, and nitliont wliiih
they caiMiol lonir preserve lieahii and streni;th."
These afliiirs call tor no commentary, that innst accompany every inimi
tliron^h every step of the i-elatioii. It uonld he weakness, as ap;-ears tu in,
to atli'mpt a vindication of the rasii conduct of the l']n<!lisli. Amid iIk ir
Bi!llerini:s, some jioor Indians resolved to attempt to npjioase the -wratii uf
the l!ni:lish ^^overnor hy |)resents. Fonr set ont l»y water in n \hki\ I'nr
Plimontli, hut hy accident were overset, and three ot' them were drowned;
tlu^ other reiin'ned hack.
When Mr. /^;^?/),*rH(, the liitlier of tiu- Plimonlh chnrcii, heard how his
peo|i|e had conducted in this atliiir with the Indians, he wrote to theiri, to
consid 'f of tlie disposition of Captain Stttnifisli, "who was of a warm tfin.
per," hut he hoped the Lord had sent him amf)n,!r them l(>r u j^'ood end. if
they used him as they onuht. "lie doul)ted," he said, " whether there u,i<
not uantiufT liiat tenderness of the life of man, made after (iod's iiniiLrc,"
which was so necessary; and alio\c all, that "it would liav(> b(;en liappv it'
they liad c(»nverted some before they bad killed any."
The reader has now passed lliroiii;b a period ei' Indian history of much
int("-e<t, w herein bt> will doubtless liave found much to admire, and nioio
that he could have wished otherwise. Our business, howevei-, we will
here remind him, is that of a dealer in liicts altoaclher, and he must tnko
them, (It .iS thi'V are, without any hibored commentaries from us. Althdiiiili
ive I .ve had fMiMsion to introduce Uohomok several times, yet there; reiiijiin
traiisactif)ns of considerable intciresr, in bis life ycst to b(! noticed.
iloiiOMOK, or Hdllxtmock, wtis n frreat paifu'se or war captain anif)n>r tin;
VVampanoa.irs, as wc have already had occa.<ion to observe, lie came to
I'limoiiiii about the end of .lidy, ItJ'Ji. and continued with the lOuiilisli ms
lonir as lie li\('d. lie was a prin<'ipal means of the lasting' friendsiiip ot'
Mass i.f oil, which jMorton says, he " nuich furthered ; and that he was ii
proper lusty younii- man, and one that was in account amonjr the Indians in
tho'^e parts l()r bis valor." He was of the ^rreatest service in leariunir llniii
how to cultivate such tiMiitr as were peculiar to the country, such as cdin,
l)eans, \: c. The accouct of bis nfission to ^hi.t.<)<rsoil, to harn the truth nt' ,i
report thai tiie iNarraaaiisels bad made war upon him, and his interri:|itiim
and trouble liom Cdvnhllnnl are already I'elated.
I?:'ini;' a liivoiile of Aliis.snsoil, and one of his chief captains, the |iibriiii3
found that they need not apprehend any tr(>acbery on his jiart, as lUihomnk
Wi.s so completi'ly in their interest, and also in that of the f;reat sachem,
that he would ad\ise tlniii if any thin;:' e\il were on i()ot a<;ainst lliiiii.
What streiiirtheiied th( in in this opinion was the liillowin^- circumstiiiici'.
'J'lie .Mas.-.o'hus. lis Indians had liir some time been invitiiiiv the llnrlisli
into their country to trade (Itr furs. When, in IMarcb, Wl% they beuaii to
make ready tin" the \oya,i;-e, Jloliomof; " told us, (says Jf'inslow,) that be linird
the .Abissaclmsetts, or iMassaclinseiiks, .)r they so called the people of thiit
place, were joined in coiid'deracy with the ]\aiiohi<j'<:anneuks, a peopled!'
Narohi'i'ianset, and tiait they, iherelin :', would take this opporlunity to cut
oil (",ipl. .S7(^f/i.'//.s/( and his company abroad ; but howsoever, in the nicjiii-
lime, ii was to be; feared, [he said,] thai liie Nanobijiuaneuks would assaiik
tin- town at home; <;'ivinjr mnny reasons for his jealousy; as also that 7Vs-
q^innlu n w;is in iIk; conli'deracy, w ho, [he said,] we should (iiid, would use
many persuasions to draw us from our shallops to the Indians' houses l()r
their better adxantaiK."
Nescrliieless, they proceeded on tln'ir voyajre, !md when they bad turned
the point called the (hinicrs Ao.w, a l!ds(! messeiifiiM- camo runiiiiiir into
Plimoutb town, ap|iarently in ii j:reat (i'iirht, cnit (.f breath, and bleediii},'
from a wound in bis ftice. He told them tli;it C(ftinh'itnnt,\\\\\t many ofllie
Narrajiaiisets, and he believed J\liissa.ioit with them, wcrt; ('(Unin^^ to ilc-
Kti'oy liu- (liuilish. \o one doubled of his sincerity, and the fust thouilitiil'
lh(! peop'e was to brini'' back their military leadei', who had just ;:one ill
the boat w itli Uohomok. A piece of cannon was ininicdiately djscliurjjod
m
[Rook II
y «lio nrnoii;'«|
I'caiisc tlinniili
without \\j|i,.|,
[my ovory iiiiml
■< fiitj'i'nrs Id IN,
li. Amid tiicir
!• the -wrulli di'
■ ill a lin;it ilir
,vcn! (IrowDci;
licard liow his
t»' to tllCIII, l^)
r a warm tcm.
a food end, if
licr tiicrc Way
(iod's illKlLfc,''
beni lia|i|iy if
istory of niiich
iiirc, and inon.
vcver, \vc will
iic iimst t;ik(;
I lis. Althoiidi
t tlion; ri'iiidiii
•i'd.
tail! amonir tlu;
. He vu'wt' tn
lio I'iiiiilisli IIS
;• li'inidslii|i uf
iiat li(! was ii
tlif Fiidiaiis ii;
Icarniii;: llicii:
siicli as (•(ini,
I tlic Irulli (if a
is iiiU;rrii|iti()ii
s, the pil-ri'iiiis
•t, as Ihihomiik
rcat sat'liciii,
i^aiiist tli('ii),
irt'iimstaiH'i'.
tlu- Kii^lisli
licy lid'aii to
liat lie liiiiid
ICOjilc of llillt
a people (if
limity to cut
ill the iiieati-
uoidd assaiilt
so tiiat 7V,?-
d, would use
s' houses l()r
y liad tiinii'd
nnniii<>' iiiKi
iiid iileediii;;
many ot'ilio
imiii;^' Id (le-
st thought of
just ^oiie in
y discharged
Chap H]
IIOnOMOK — SQUANTO-- Fr.RFIDY.
wliieli, to llK'ii" f'reat joy, soon caused tlii! Iioat to return, not havi;:;.'' jnt o:it
of licarin;;'. Tliev had i:o sooner arriviii, tliaii llohomttk told lliciii there waa
no tiii'li ill tiie I'eporl, and said it was a plol el" SfjiainU), who \vas then with
fhi'Mi iiikI <'ven one (d' llinse ill llie iioat ; that he knew .M(tssii;::)'.l would not
iiiideriake siieli ail enterprise willinnf eonsnlliiii;' him. Ilohomuk was eoi.ll-
(Init, liecaiisi' he was himself a <;reat < hieli ami <jiie of .Mdumm/iCs eoni s(d-
lors. S-iiiiinh) denied all knowledfic of any jdof, and tlms ended the alliiir.
Till' l"iiii;lisli, lio\\(wer, seemed W(dl salislied that Sijudiitu had h'id this shal-
low iiiol to set tlieni a.'iainsl jMiissu'-'iiit, thinkiiif;' lliey would deslrov him, hy
vliicli means he expected to h 'ci chief saclnuii ifimsidf; and this seems
llic more prii'iahje, as J/7,vs«soi7 \ .s tor se-ne time irrecoiieiiahle hecaiise
(jiev wiilihi Id iiiiii from h'la, when he had lorleited his life, as in onr iiar-
niiioii has been ss-t fortii. JJiit entirely to satisfy the l''ii;ilish, flohoinol; sent
liis wife to i'okanoket privately to jiaiii e.xact iiittdlijience, and her return
oah veiilied what her linshand had said.
'•'riiiis hy dejirees (continues If'iiisloir) we he;raii to discover TlsijuanlurrU)
whose ends wen? only to make himself ;;reat in the eyi's of his countrynieij,
liv iiieaiis ol' his nearness and (iivor with us; not cariii^^ who lidl, so ho
nlodd. In jieiieral, his course was, to persuade tlieni ho could lead ns to
iicai'iMir war at his pleasiin^ ; and would olt threaten the Indians, sending
llii'Ni word, in a private maimer, \\v. were intended shortly to. kill them, that
tl;''n'li\ hi' niifiht p-t <xilts t^) himself, to work I heir peace, insonmch as they
]iiid liiiii ill ifrealer esteem than many of their sachems, yea, they llieni-
st'lvcs sought to him, w!io promised them peace in res|)ect of us; yea, and
nrotectioii also, so as they would resort to him. So that wherc'as divers
well' wont to j'(dy on Afitsaassowal liir |)rotei'tioii, and resort to his ahodo,
jiiiw tliey hf'irau to leave him, and seek after 7''is<jiiiinliini. Hut when wo
iiiid.'rstood his dealing' , we eertitied all tia^ Indians of our iiiiiorancf: and
iiinoceiicy therein; assuring!- them, till they he^fuii with us, they should liavo
110 cause to ti;ar : and if any hereafter should raise an_\ such re|i(nts, they
should pimisli tiioni as liars, and seiduM'sol'thoir and our disturbam-e ; which
ga\t' the Indi. 'IIS "rood satis iictioii on all sides." ^^l'\)r tlies(! and the like
ahiisi's, the irovcriior sharply reprovod him, yet was he so necessary and
j)rolilal)!e e.n instrmnent, as at tiiat tim«? we could not miss him."
To the end that he mi::ht poss' ss his codiitiymen with j;reat l!:ar of the
Eiiiilisii, Tisiiiinntiiin told them the I'liji'lish \n'\n the plaifiie buried in ilieir
gtori'-lidiise, and that they could send it, at any time, and to any j)l,ice, to
destroy whatever per. diis or people they would, thouiih they themselves
i^tirred not out of d(; )rs. Amonjj the rest, he had madi; Holwinok hi lieve
this tale, wiio asked tin; J'iiij;lish if it were true, and being infoi'me<l that it
WHS not, it exploded fike his other iinpostiir<!s.
There is but little doiiltt that Squanlo wns in the interest of Caunbitanty
and lived amoiii!: the I'iiiiilish as a spy, while Ifohoinok Wiis honotly, us ho
})i('lende<l, a stroiij;" (i-ituid to them; but for souk; time it was nearly impos-
i^ihle tiir tiiem to know which was tiieir liest friend, as each seemed emu-
lous to outvie the other in good otiices. Tliey wfM'f!, however, at this time
B.t'stied ; liir, llobomolis wife having told jM",^sfisoit what had haj)pened, and
tiiat it was one of Siiu>inlo\i men that gave the alarm, satistied him that th.af
wigamore had eausiMl it, and he therefore dt!mand<'d him of the I'jiglish,
thiit lie niiuht put him to death, according to their law, as has been related.
IJiit lh(! Hnglish, regarding the bein-tit resulting to them h'om saving hiu
lill', inori! tlian kee|)iiig inviolate the treaty befort; made with Alassnsoit,
evaded the demand, and thus .Sf/itrnt/o was permitted to (!sca])e.
//o/iOHio/i'. was greatly beloved by jl/i'wsrt.foi/, notwithstanding he becaiiu! a
jiniti'ssed (Christian, iuid Mnsmsoit was always opposed to the I'.nglish religion
liiiiiself. It has been told in the lili' of the great .MassiLsoit, how vahiablo
was the agency of Jlohowok, in tiiill "ully rexcaling the mischievous plot of
Cannhitant, which terminated in the death of If'itI hnnml and Pclcsiiot. Ilo
was \h(\ |)ilot of the liiiglish when they visited JMnsstt.soil in his sickness,
whom before their arrival they considered dead, which caused great inani-
r''stations id" grief in Hohomok. Me olteii exciaimed. as they were on
tliL'ir way, " ^Yeen womasu Sagiinus, nctn woniasu Sagiimis" &ic., w Inch is,
ft''
ji^'f*!! V""
f^
'in
40
A VOYAGE— NANEPASHEMET.—OnnATmEWAT. [Book II
"My loving Snclinii, my loviiiir Snclinn ! many liavo T known, but never ,inv
like tlicc." Then, tiirninfr to Mv. If'inslow, stM, -'While yon live _\on v,ii|
never see his like iimoii^ tlie IiKJians; that he was no liar, nor hlnody mij
rrnel like other Indians. In iinjr<'r and passion lie was soon rctlaini! d ; o.^y
to he reconciled to^\ar(ls snch as had olli'nded him; that his reason \v;:'i.
sneli as to cause hiii to receive advice of mcjin men; and that he fi<i\i ri.i,]
Lis |)eo])le better with lew blows, than otlx'rs did with many."
Jn the division of the land at I'limontli anionj: the inliabitJiiits, Ilohcinok
received a lot as his share, on which he residtMl alter the I'njilish mam i)'
and <lied a Cin-istian among tiiem. TIk; year of his death does not: i;| |m;:i,
but was ]>r«nions to 1()4!^.
It has already been mentiimed tliat the ])iljrrims made a voyage; to M.isn;.
clinsetts in the antmnn of Kjy], It was in this vcnagi; that they iMH-iiim.
nc(iiiainted with the liimc of A''(inefn.'!hc)itet. 'J'he English had heard i!;;,|
the Indians in th(! Massachusetts had threatened tiiein, and they went (^i,\.
Mourl) "partly to see the country, partly to make iieuce witii them, iii.il
partly to procure their truck."
S(ju(tnto was pilot in this voyage. They went asliore in the bottom of tlio
bay, and landed under a clilf which some* liave suppo d was what Iih.s
be(!ii since called (opp's llill,t now the north part of Hoston. Tiiis ^\as cm
20tli Sept. Kiiil. 'IMiey saw no Indians until some time alter they \\f\,\
ashore, but found a ])arcel of lobsters which they had collected, with wliidi
they refreshed themselves. Hoon alter, as they ^vcre ]>roceeding on ;in
excursion, " they met a woman coming liir her lobsters." They toltl licr
what they had done, and paid her lor tliem. She tohl them where to I'rd
Indians, and Squanto went to them to ])rei)are them l()r mcjctimr with ilie
English.
Ohlmtineu'itt now received the voyagers. This stichem (if he be ijic
same) had mad<i |)eac<! with the Engii li at Plimouth only seven days pic-
vious, as we have had occasion to notice. He told them Ik; was sachem of
the place, and was subject to Massnsoit ; and that he dared not reniain Ion;;
ill any place, from li-ju of the Tarratines, who wen; "wont to come iit Jinr.
vest and take away their eoi'ii,and many times kill them." Also that Stjuim-
SacJwm of INlassachusetts was his enemy. This S(jvnw-S(irhcni,\ as ^\^' he-
lieve, was ciiief of those inland Indians since denominated the Nipnets, (ir
Nipmucks, and liv<'(l at this time near "NVacimset IVIountaii-. 'J'he ]'^niii>li
intended § to liave visited her at this time, l)nt found the distance too jM'ca
to proceed. 1'liey received the greatest kindness from all the Indians \\:v\
met with, and mentioned that of Ohbatintivat in particular. And they s;iy,
" WtMold him of divers saehims that had acknowled^'cd themselves to lip
King Jmnes bis men, and if he also ivould submit himself, \\ we wotdd be his
safeguard from bis enemies, wliieb he did."
At another i)lace, "having gone three miles, in arms, up in the country,
we came (say they) to a place where corn had l)een newly gathered, a beiisc
pulled down, and the people gone. A mile from hence, Sanepatihinnl,
their king, in bis life-time bad lived.H His bouse was not like others, but a
scalfold was largely built, with poles and jjlanks, some six lijot from [llic]
ground, and the bouse upon that, l)eing situated on the top of a bill. iNdt
far li-om hence, in a bottom, we came to a fort," built by ManepasheDiel. It
* Dr. litlfniap appeiiis to linve been the first who sii^fgcsted this. See his liio;;. ii. .2JI.
t We had supposed lliis cmiueiice to have been so called liom a ropse or elnnip (jI incs,
which for n long lime remained upon it, alter it became know n to llic whiles ; Imt Sliuir,
Di'srnp. liostoii, C)l , !ii\yi il- was named from one ('(>])j), i\ slioeniiiker. And ^?ivic, Ilisl.
liuslDii, IOj, says William (^opp was the proprietor of '• a porliim of the hill.'"
X " Sachems or sa;;;ainores, — which are but one and the same title, — the first more u>iml
will) the southward, tlie other wmIi the northward Indians, to exjiress the title of him that liiuli
the chief command of a place or people." Hist. N. K. (iO.
§ t^lutlliick (Hist. Concord, i!) says she was visited at this time by these voyapcrs, liiil I
am not able to arrive at any such conclusion from any source of information in my jos-
session.
II It does not seem from this that he is the sainc who before had siibmilled at Plinionlh, as
Mr. Prince stipjoyex.
M Mr. Shaltuck in bis Hist. Concord, says, this " was in Mcdford, near Mystic Pond."
■rr.
Chap H]
NANEPASIIEMKT.— HIS DKATH, Sec.
41
SJi^
was imulf' ^vitll "poles some ']0 <ir 40 foot loiijL', stuck in tlio irroiiiid, as thick
nx'tlicv "oiil'' lie set one l)y allot lier, and wiili these tliey eiiclDsed a lii ;^
fioiiie 4^ "■ '"'^^ '''"' •'^'''"* '^ trencli, lireast liiiili, was dif.'^-ed on each sid ■.*
One wav lh(.'re was to f^et hito it uitii a lirid^c. In tlit; midst ol" tliis jiali-
|„ stood tlie li-aine ol' mi lionse, wherein, iiein^x dead, lie lay buried.
A|„)Ut ;i mile ti-om hence, \vv canit; to Mich another, hut seated on the top
ot'aii iiill. H<'i't" -Vuncpaslieinet was killed, none dwelliiifr in it since llic
tiiii'c ol" his death."
Vcc'iniinir to Mr. Lemis, JVanrpashemet was killed about the year Kil!', ami
Ills widow, who was S(junw-S(tchcin bcilbre iianied, continued the trovernnu iit.f
II,, Icjt live childi-en,| Ibnr of wh<)S(; names we <:ather Ironi the interesting
i|j^,,,i-v of JiVnn ; aiz. 1. Montownntpatr, called by the Enj.'lish Sdirdiiiore
hiiiics.' lie was siicheni of Saii<f|is. 'i. .Ihiirail. ti ihiU'^liUy. 'X IVonoluujua-
htiiii called S<ts:<t>iiore John, sachem of W'iimesimet. 4. hinufpurkitt, called
^iintinorc (jeori^e, or Gronrc Jiuiinicifiii'irsh, the successor of Muntowampnle at
^'iH'fUS. Of most of these we shall speak in detail herealh-r.
Smiiiw-Sdchetn, accnrding to the authority last mentioned, was the s|i()iise
of fCdujutroirel,^ or It'chcnwit, in 1(>}5. She and her hiisband, ibnr years
j,j„.|-^ |(i:j;(, deeded to yo///r/»i (ithbours *' tlui revcirsion of all that |)arc(,'l of
liiiid wlii<'li li(!s against the ponds of Mystic, to^zether with the said jtonda,
all whicii we reserv(;d ii'om (Jliarlestown and Cambrid;;*', lat(^ called i\<!W-
towii, after the death ol" me, the said Siiiww-SnvJtein." The consideration was,
I'tlic many kindni'sses and lienetits we have received from th«! hands of
Cai)t;iin Edward Gibbones, of Boston."
The Sqi'a-Saciikm's mark ^^
Webcowit's imtrk -" — >-
JVehccwit was a powwow prifist, or masrical j)]iysician, and.vas considered
next in importance; to JVanrpashemet amoiif; the subjects of that chitifj atter
his death ; as a matter of course, his widow took him to her bed. It does
not a|ti»ear, that he was cither much respectcul or thoiij^ht nnich of; especiai-
Iv liv his wile, as in the above extract from tlicMr deed, no provision seems
to liave been made t()r him after her death, if he outlived h(>r. At all
events, we may conclude, without hazard we think, that if breeches had
been in fashion ainonir Indians, the wife of Wcbcowit would have been uc-
coiiiifahle for the article in this case.
hi Kll!^, Massachusetts covtmanted with " lVasmmeqnin,J^ashoonoi)i Kulrh-
amnipiin, Missaconomet, tmd Sf]uaw-Snrhem"\\ to tin; end that mutual bene-
lit iiiii;lit accriK! to each party. Tlie sachems put themselves under tho
m)vernn;eiit of the lOiifrlish, affiH'eiiiif to observe their laws, in as liir iis lliey
sliDiild he macU' to iiii(lerstand tln^ni. For this confidenct; and concession
of their persons and lands into their hands, the; Enj;lisli on their part ajjireed
to extend the saiiK! protection to them and their people as to their Jiii^lish
siiiiji'cts.!!
Vviiat had become of JVe.browit at this time does not appear; })erhnps he
was nirpoww()win<r, or at home;, doing the ordinary labor of the household.
We, hear of him, however, ibnr yetirs after, (11)47,) "takiiiir an active part"
ill the endeavors made by the Eimlish to Christiain/e his countrymen. " Ho
asked the Kuglish why some of them had been 27 y>-ars in tlit; land, and
never taught them to know (iod till then. Had you done it sooner, (said
lie,) wt! might liiiv<; known much of God by this time, and much sin might
have been prevented, but now some of lis are grown [too] old in sin."
* Mi'^lil not, liieii, tiie western mounds liavc b.; n formed by Indians?
t lli-i. byiiM, Hi.
} .S"i((7//f.l', lb. who (ixes iicr residence at Concord ; slie, doubllcss, had several places of
rc>:ili'lire,
v'l His iiainn is spoil Wi'ltroiril.s lo IMS. deed in my possession, and in !\Ir. Sliattuck's MSS.
Willi) Willi- ills MS a|)p(^■lrs (roin his II slory.
II III ilic llisln-ij of I'll' X ir -,1^ risi't 0)(tH< ?/. ihose names arc wrillen l\'itxsi)nrxiin,
I^iix'ir.v inoii, Cuts'iuinxc.'ii', Miissunniiiifll, and tiqua-klacliein. JSoc 3 Col. Mass. Hist. Hue.
i.'JIJ.
11 tioo Gookin's AfS. Ilist. Praying JnJians,
«\v*^^,
12
SOME ACCOUNT OF THE MASSACHUSETTS.
[Rook II,
The nnjrlisli siiid tlicy ro[)('iit((l of tlicir iic<;lcct ; but iTrollprtinjrflioinsolvps
tiiswiTcd, "You were not \viUi!!<,' to ln'uro till now," iiiwl tliat (Jod lutd not
turned tliuir liriirts till tlicn.*
Ot'tlM' suclicnis who tnadc tlic covcn.'int above liiiincd, llic first W(> fiipjuKp
to have been .Mitssdsoit, on the part o!" tiie Wanipanoaj^s, w ho at thir< lirm.
was, perha|)s, ainonj; tlie Ni|)ninks; A'm/(oo«o», a Nipinni< (diieli witli wIkih,
Ma.isasoil now ri!sided. His residence was near wiiat was since Ma^ns lli||
in Worcester connly. He was probal)i\ at I'linioutb, \\l Sejit., Kl'il, wlvr^
lio sifrned a treaty witli eijfht otliers, as we have set down in the liCe offV/ioi.
litanl His name is there spelt jYaltuwnkunt. In Winthrop's Jonnml,
it is JVdsharowHin, and wo snpjiosu lie was lather of JVas.^nminno, nienti(iii|.(l
by fyhiliui/.\ Kidcliamaqiiin was suchein of Dorciicster and vicinity, tinj
Massaconomd was Mascononomo.
H§tt
■r
,1 > rff;'»^^
CHAPTER ni.
Some account, of the, Mr.ssuchusctn — fleoifriiphij rf tltrir country — CiiiKATAunrT—
Wami'atiick — his mar icith the Jit hawks — Mascononomo — Canonicis — Mon-
TovvA.MrATK — Sniiill-poT distresses the. Indians — WoNoiiAqcAii am — Wi.nnki'ih-
KIT MANATAmiUA ScITTEUVrillSSET — N ATT AH ATT A WANTS — \V AlIGUM Act T-
jAlK-STEt^W Ja.MKS.
Not long hofore the settlement of Pliinonth, lie Massachusetts lind bpon
a numerous i)eo|)le, but were {rreatly reduced at this time; |)artly Ironi tlic
great piaiiue, of which we have already spoken, and suliseciuently from tlicir
wars witli the Tarratines. Of this war none but th<^ scanty records of tlie
first setthu's are to be had, and in them few particulars are preserved;!
tlierel 'le it will not be expected that ever a complete account of the territn-
ries and power of the JMassachusetts can be jjiven ; broken dow n as tin y
were at llie tune they became known to the Europeans ; tor we have seen tliiu
their sachems, when first visited by the Plimouth i)eo|)le, were sliiftin<r Ihr
their lives — not daring to lodge a second night in the same jjlace, from tlicir
fear of the Tarratines. Hence, if these Indians had existed as an independ-
ent tribe, their history was long since swe|)t away "in gloomy tempests,"
and obscured in "a night of clouds," and nothing but a meagre tradition iv-
iiiained. For some time after the country was settled, they would l!y lor
protection from tlu; TarLitines to the houses of the English.
It is said, by Mr. Gookiii, thut "their chief sachem held dominion over
many other petty governors ; as those of Weechagaskas, Ne|)onsitt. Pmikii-
paog, Nonaiitimi, Nasliaway, some of the Nipmiick |»eo])le, as fiir as Pokciii-
takiike, as ;he old men of Massachusetts atlirmed. This people cohh', in
former times, arm for war about 3C0O men, as the old Indians declare.
Th»;y were in hostility very oliv'ii with the Narragansitts ; but held riiiity,
for the most part, with the Pawkunnawkutts."§ Near the mouth of Cliiirli's
River " used to be the gei;eral rende/vous of all the Indians, both on tlie
south and north side of the countrv."|| Hutchinson ^il says, "That circle
which nou makes the haibors of Boston and t/harh'stown, rornd by 31;;!-
den, (^lielsea, Nantasket, Hingham, Weymouth, Braintree, and Dorcjiei-tci-,
was the <'apiial of a great sach(>m,** much revered by all the |ilaiit;uioi:s
round about. Tlu; trailition is, that this sachem had his prii!ci|)al si'at upon
a small hill, or rising upland, in the midst of a body of salt niarsh in tlie
township of Dorchester, near to a place called Sqiiantuin."|t Hence it will
* lliKl. C(.ii(nr(l, M. t Hist. Worccslcr Co. 174.
\ This w,ir w.H r,iiii(vl, says Mr. If/ibbiril, '■ t\\)on ili(> account of some trcai 1ii^r\ " on
the |>iiil ol'llip wislcni Iribes, i. c. llie tiiliCS \vi:st ol llio Moiriiuai l(. Jliyl. AV;c llii'': oi).
6 1 Coll, Ahiss. Hi. I. Soc. i. M.'!. II llisl. N. i:ii;r. 32
II From ,\f'al's Ifisf. N. /'.Vir., prohnlily, vvliicli see.
** Ii will lie a i^ooil wlillo l)i'lore the ptcsnil possessors of llie coiinlry can l)oiist of siirli a
ccpilal.
ft J list. Mass. i. dGO. And here il was, I supiioso, that tiic I'liiiioulh j eopio landed in llicii
m
m.
m
Chap. HI]
CHIKATAUnUT— VISITS BOSTON.
43
be obsrrvod, that ainonj^ tlio n. rnimts of tlir> (•■•irlicst wrifors, tlio (loiniiiiotiH
(litlt'iHMit saclii'iiis wiTi' coiisidi'n'd as coiiiini'liciKlcd within vi-ry
a kind <»t' jfcncral idea, ihiMcrorc, can only Iti" liad of tho
Jt is ('vi<hMir that the Massachusetts were cither
of IlK-
dilfcicnt limits; a
extent of llu'ir ])<)Ssessions.
siihiect to the Narrajransctts, or in alliance with tlietn; for when the latter
were at war with the Pcipiots, Chikdtaiibut and Sajraniore John both went
with inanv mh'Ii to aid Canoiikus, who had sent for them. 'J'his war began
ill |(i;W, and ciultd in 1().'M, to tli(! advanlaiTf! of the l'e(|iiots.
\Vc siiall now proceed to s|)eak of tlie chiefs ajrree.-dily to our |)lan.
Chikntnubul, or Chikkalnbak, — in l'iUi>lish, a Itoiiae-n-fire, — was a saclieni of
roiisiderahle note, and ffcneraily su|)posed to have had dominion over tlu;
Massachusetts Indians. Thomas Morion incntinus him in his Ni'.w Canaan,
jis sachem of Passonajresit, (about Weymouth,) and says liis mollier was
liinicd there. I need make- no coinin<Mits upon the authority, or warn the
reader concerninji the stories of .1/o>-/oh, as this is done in almost every
l)()ok, early and late, about New England; but shall relate tin; Ibllovving
from him.
In the first settling of Plimouth, some of the company, in wandering about
iiiioii discovery, came upon an Indian grave, which was that of the mother
of Chikatanbut. Over the body a stake was set in the L'roimd, and
two bear-skins, sewed together, spread over it; these the I''nglisii took
awav. When this caine to the knowledge of Chikatuuhut, be complained to
liis people, and d'tnanded immediate vengeance. Wiion they were ns-
gi'iahled, ho thus harangued them: "When last the glorious liglit ol"all the
sky was underneath this globe, and birds grew silent, I began to settle, as
my custom is, to tike reposi\ Before mine eyes W(>re fiist closed, me tbo't
1 saw a vision, at which my spirit was nnich troiil)|i'd, and trendjling at that
doleful sight, a spirit cried aloud, 'IJehold! my son, whom I have cherished;
see tiie paps that gave thee suck the bands that clasped th(>e warm, and fed
tJKM' oil; canst thou forget to takt^ revenge of thosi; wild people, that hath
inv monument detiuMul in a despiteful manner; disdaining our aneii-nt anti-
(jiiities, and honorable customs. See now the sachem's grave lies like imto
the conunon peoph>, of ignoble race d(>(;iced. Thy motlu^r doth complain,
iiii|)kircs thy aiil against this thievish pe()|)le new come liitiuir; if this be
siitfercd, I shall not rest in qi'iet within my everlasting habitation.'"*
Battle was the unanimous resolve, and the liUglish wen watched, and
followed from pla<"o to place, until at length, as some were going asliore in
a l)oat, they fell upon them, but gained no advantage. AII(m" maintaining
the fiirht for some time, and being driven from tree to tree, the chief captain
was wounded in tiie arm, and the whole took to tlight. This action caused
the natives about IMimoiith to look u|>on the l''nglish as invincil)le, and this
was t!ie reason why |>eace was so long maintained between them. Of the
tune and circimistances of this battle or fight we have detailed at length in
a previous chapter.
Mniifs Relation goes far to establish the main facts in the above account
It says, " We brought sundry of the prettiest things away with ns, and cov-
ei(!(l the cor;)se up again," and, "then; was variety of ojiinions amongst us
ahout tlie end)aline(l jierson," but no mention of tho b^^ar-skins.
From a comparison of th«! difl'ereiit iicconnts, there is but little doubt, that
the Knglish were attacked at Namskekit, in conso(]uenco of their ih'preda-
tions upon th" gravi's, corn, &zv. of the Indians.
In Kl'il, Chikataubut, with eight other sachems, acknowledged, by a writ-
tiMi instrumtnit, which we have already given, themselves the sidijticts of
King James. Ten years af\er this, 2U March, l(i.'ll, be visited Covcriior
JVinthrop at lioston, and i)resented him with a liogsboad of corn. Many o*"
"iiis sannops and squaws" came with him, but win-e most of them so...
away, "after they had all dim-d," allhorgh it thundered and rain(;d, and tho
govtirnor urged tlu^ir stay; Chikalaiihid proba!)ly feared they woidd bo
vova'fo lo Mas-iacliiist lis l)c!bro spoken o(, aii'l Iroiii ^i/utiito who was with ihL'iii it prohiilily
rei'i'ivi'd its nnine.
* il'this l>e tioi:oii. a mo'liTii ronipil-r ha'i (h-rfivol snmt' of his rpa'icrs. Tlio arij'loin
the Arui'rrHr M i!rti;inf may have lii-cii his source of iuloniuilioa, bul llie original may be
seen i^ mien's AVu' fjn'ijum, uw; ^^jui 1117.
^
■!'!
i
m
1
if
si
^■'■''i
1
I"
s
■|y
»i!?l
;i:^^'l.
m
.t^p
44
CITIKATAUnUT— ms nRATH.
[Hook 11
burdensome. At tliis titiie lie wore l'!iii;lisli clotlies, imd wMt at tlie jroMrti.
or'n Ifilile, " wliere lie lielmv.'d liiiiiself lis soImtIv, &e. us iiii l''-ii};li.N|iiii,iii,"
Not loiiy a
lor I
Iter, lie ealltMl on (iovernor tf'iiithron, anil desired to l)ii\ ridil
unisi
H': ll
use to tnieU :
Kl
le <ro\
hut ll
eriior inl<:rnied liiiii that " Mniiiisli
sa^ramores diil u,\[
illed his tailor, and r^ave liiii (inlcr to make
lit of clollies ; wli('reii|ion lie<:a\(' tlie rovciiior two Uir^v sliiiis of r
!IMli|
- . "'^
l)(!aver." In a few days liis clollies were iiadv, and ili;' ^roNci'iior "|hiI liim
into a \<'r_v jrood new suit liom head to loot, and alter, i c set meal In llud
them: lull he would not eat till the iiovernor had <;i\ en lliai'U.^, and alter itiint
hv desired liiiii to ilo the like, nn.i so departed,"
June I J, l(i;Jl, at a eoiirt, ChUiulaulnit v.as ordered to pay a small sKiiMif
beavt r, to satisly I'or one ot' his men's ha\iiiii' killed a jiij:', — wliicli he
A man l»v the name ol yVrf.sVofcc, and seme others, l:a\ in;:' >l(i|
I'll
plied with.
corn tiom him, the same year, tiie eoint, Sept. *27, ordered that Plusloivv sl;niiii|
restore "two-fold," and lose his title; ol" ^eiithniai!, and pay C'). This I r~\\\u
post! fliey deemed etinivalent to lonr-lold. His aeeompliees \\v\v uhipi'ij,
to thv siimc (tmouiit. The next year we find him eiiiiancd with other saclicins
ill an ex|K'dition airainst the I'eipiots. 'I'le- same year tvv(* ol' Ms men wtn-
convicted oi" assaiillini; some persons of l>orcli'"ster in tlie.r houses. " Tlicv
were |)iit ir. tin; Itilhocs," and himselt" reipiii-ed to It, 'at ihi'in, which he did,'
Tlie small-pox was very |»revalent amonir the Indians in liW, in which
year, some time in Novemlter, Clnftnlduhitl die<l.
The residence of the liimily oi' Cfiikdlduhut was at Telitieiit, now inch'diM
ill IVliddlel)oron<;li. lie was in ohediiuice \t} Massiisoit, and, like other I'liiil';;,
Iiud various |)laees of resort, to si;it the diU'erent seasons oi" the year;
Boinetimes at Wessajjiisciisscit, sometimes at Nepons(!t, and esjiecially ii|i(iii
that part ol" Namaskel f called Teliticnl. This was truly a river oi" siiira-
mores. Its abundant stores of fish, in the sprinjr, ilrew tiiein from all parts
of the realm of the chief" Hachem
III d»!eds, f,'ivcii by the Indians, the place of their resideiico is frenerally
mentioned, anil from what w»i shall recite in the progress ot" this arlicli-, it
will be seen that the sai;>o chief" has ditfenMil residences assifjiied to liiiii.
Anj^nst 5, 1005, Quincy, then Braiutree, was deeded by a son ol' Chili atau-
but, in these terms : —
§ "To all Indian people to whom tliese presents slinll come; ll'amjmluci
alias Josiali Sajramorcy of IMassathusctts, in Neweiii'land, the son iA' Cliihitmt-
but deceased, sendeth j;reelin<r. Know yoo that tlie said ir(tn:j)(ilur!:, Iiciii;;
of liill a;re and powiM', accordin;:; lo the order and ;'nstoni oi the natives,
hath, with the consent oi" his wise men, vi/. Sqiinm's;, his brother nnnie!,
anil Old Hiihi<tun, and Uillittm Maiuuvumnll, J ib J\'itss Jt, jMiimnilnsro ll'illiam
JV(ili(nitoii\\" " l''or divers f:oods and valuable reasons thernnto; ami in
special lbr"£21 10a. in hand. It was sidtscrilied a. id w itiie,-;sed tin s: —
JosiAii, «/ms VVampatick, /n",9 |0 marke.
Da .NIK I, 8quamog, mid n mnrk.
Oi.o Nahatun, and a vi'trk.
Wii.MAM IManumon, and a mnrk.
Job Noistkn.ns.
lioBKRT, idiits IVIamuntago, mid a mark.
WiLLI.iM UaJIATUN.
/» presence of
Thomas Kf.vahgunsson, and a mark O.
JosKiMi Ma.vu.mon, his . — - mirk.
Thomas Wf.vmous, his O mark.
* lldwfvcr Iriio tills miglil have been nl llio ;;i)M'riii)r, M Iciisl, \vc lliink, lie shinilil uoi
have ii>r(l llic plural
f " 'I'ln ni()~l usual rustom ani'insj^M ilinn in e.v(>r<'isiii!j piiir<limriils, is, for the >ai lii'm
cither lo Iti'ai, or wli J), nr put (u death aiiIi his own h.iu'l. to wliicli llie coiuiuoii s<irl iiiu>l
qiiieilv su'uuil." U iV'inmv.
J Nanianasiick si'tuilieil in their hmp\»n^ fis'n-s, and some early « role Naiiiasiliriii k.
^ Hisiiirv ol (tiiiiiey, l>y Kev. Mr. Wliitiii'i/, taken I'loiii the criminal in the possessi( iief llic
Hon. ./. ii. Ailaiiis.
Jl iV luiltin, or Aluilon, and the same someilinos wriJlen Nehoiden. See Wvrt!n,t^lnni
Kii'.. L\<li'ujL>n, 21. iis^ au.il iiuii.!> ipcu o.'.iu'.ca Uiver iu I6u0. ib.
There is n
jrrniulsoii of
coiiiitrv. and
town ol' Mosti
or siiiiie one./'
M-vcral aiK'i'i
till- fir.-t eoi.iii
Kiiiii! I d, my
of liiscoin'icil
all'. Jiiid conlir
|{ sides /).s'/
ktlmi. and A*''''
Jiisiiis, or
llii' iiecds w liii
soiilhwiird (d
JiiSiph Tildcn,
reij. a l,'ii'j:i' H'ai
'III Kitl-i, he
Naiiiiis-'Mkett r
\\cstirly (d" the
uise idi the nn
hounded by PI
other, extendiii
KHIO acres uive
deed was w itne
Alier the de;
In tlie I'mmoi't
(liiMi, that J()siii.<
kafeesi'tt to li(d(
111 ItillH, "Jf;.'
Studs. II (d" Scit
coi!sidei"i''">M,"
ra^t hy SciiOiite,
Jusids had a s
tiierace."t Of
ff'ar httwcrn ll
war liavin^r now
years, divers Iik
!in !iriiiy of aboi
take reven^'e o
wiilioiit the pnv
EHut and myse
re;is()iis aiiainst
liidians went on
(St •icneral in tli
named Josidh, al
M'i'y vicious pc
reliirion ; !ind so
lime; — l()r he v
nacliiin and his
Oftiios.' who
onl ; hut there w
This army arr
ulieii, upon b: si
sallii's, and sinid
wiiile the MoIkin
* Printed at lenq-t
i Di-niie'.s ///s7. ^
t llli.l. SlllKttlKII
u\ Ji'rrm'i. Dr. Hit
4 1 Coll. Mass. IJ
[Rook II.
iit I lie <r(iM ni.
() buy cldili,.^
ntn't's dill iidt
) make liim ;,
hiviiis of ctiiit
nor "pill liiiii
t iiK'iil livHin,
iititl iil'li'i' rmat
Slllllll ^l^i|l 111'
vhii'li iic riiii|.
, liiiv iiijr >li>liii
'IvxIoWC ^ll(l|||(|
. 'I'liis ! sup.
M'VV U lli;:| "ll,
»t!u':' siK iii'Miii
li'lS IlHMl Wen'
iiisi's, "Tlu'v
ivhlcli 111' liiil,*
l(i;i;3, ill wliii'li
now incli'ilnd
.(! other rliict's,
; of tlif yciir;
spcfially iiiioii
river oi" sii^'a-
froni till |i;iils
o is <:en(>rally
tliis III I it'll", it
lied to liiiii.
II ol" Chil;ittau-
' ; If'ampnlud;
11 of Cliikittnn-
rpalitv!:, lii'iii;;
li the iiiitivi's,
Irolher Dunk!,
nlnixo If'ilUmn
iiilo; iiiiil ill
d thi s:—
10 mnrke.
m a mark.
Til A I'
HI]
K, lie sliiHikl uoi
Jl'or llio s;iilii'm
IniniiiM Mirl inu>l
KcliiMiik.
posst'^sii II (if llic
WurUu.inton'i
WAMPATUCK— HIS HIOIIAWK WWl. ^.1
There is n (piit-eliiiiii (h'ed from '^('Inrlts J'w/ir.s-, nllas J(>.<i'<,.j Jfitwpnlurt:,
.riiiKlf'"" "• (^liik(itiittl)iit, dated !!• IMar. Kii);"), of Husloii iiiid the adjaeenf
niiiiitrv. and lie islands in the harlior, to the " |)iopri( laled inhaliitanls of ilie
tnuii (if IJostiiii,'' to he seen aiiinnt!' ihe Siilfnlk ri'i'iiids.* 11 'in/iihir!; says,
(ir some oiie/i//' liini, " l''oi'asiiiiieh lis I am iiiHnnied, and well assured from
several iineieiit Indians, as well these of my eoniieij as others, that, upon
ihi tirst foi.iinu: of the lln^^lisii to sji dow n and settle i;i those parts nf New
Mii-'iM ll. 'iiy ahove-iianied I'randfather, Chikdhnihvt, hy iind wilji the iidvieo
(if [lis (•iii,.ii'il, for eneoiira^reiiient thereof ino\iii;r, did ^ive, ;:raiit, sell, iilieii-
•ile. ami roiitirm unto the l''ini;lisli planters," tin' lands iiliove named.
|{ sides ii.s'/w, till -e siiined this deed with him, .7/i Nt'/oH, sen,, ff'illiam Ifa-
Imtmu and llolirrt M,mvnt(t\i'jr'\
Junius, or Jtisiiiti ft'umixititrk, was sachem of iMattake(>setl,t find, ti'om
(III- deeds w liieh he jriive, must lia\e been the ow ner of iiiiieh of the lands
siiulhward ol' Hoston. In lii.'iM, he sold to 7V;//')/,'n/ liitlivihj^Jitims Citdirniih,
Jusnili Ti!(l(i>, Uuiuphrc}! Tunwr, ffillimn Hnlrli, J<hr. Hi)ii>r, and Jdincfi Tor-
reii,t\ lai'fre traet of land in the vii iiiily of Accord I'ond and North Hiver.
"ill Jlid'i, he sold l'aehai;e Neck, [now called I'lchude,] "iyiiifi' hetwceii
\iiiiuissakett riiier and a hroi.k lidlinjx into Teiicitt riiier, viz. the most
^vl'stcrly of tli(^ three Slllllll hrookes that do fall info the said riiier ;" like-
wise ali llie meadow upon said three hrooks, for C'i\, Also, another traet
lioiiiided liy Plimoiith and Diixhnry on one side, and l{ridi;-ewater on the
(itliiT, evteiidiiii;' to tlie i;reat jiond INiaftiikeeset ; provided it ineliide<i not tlin
10(10 acres iiiveii to his son and (Icirijci //Wm/«;i/, ahoiit those iionds. This
(Icnl was witnessed iiy GVoriff: If (tmpii/ and J.ifiii ffdrnpoircfi.
Ath'r the deatli of his (iiilier, Josias was o!teii called Josia.i Cliiknlniihut.
Ill the l'j,nioi"r:{ Ur.coRns wi Iind this notice, hut without ihite: "IMenioran-
(liuii, that Jiisids Cliirkdliiill and his wife doe owne the whole lu'cke of Piiii-
K;itiM'Si'tt to heloinf:- \ iito IMymoiith men," &c.
Ill jlKIH, "7(i.'>'i"((.'( C/nV/,7(/,7/y»//, saciiem of N'aiiiassakeesett," sold to lii.hprl
SttiilS'ii ol' Scituate, a tra.ct of land cidled J\'imim<uiHuilly Ivv a " valiiahle
censiiiera'^o'i," jis tlie d^vd expresses it. TJiis tract was hounded on the
fast hy Sciiiiate.
Ju.iid.i had a son Jrirmi/ ; and " Chirks Jisinh, son of Jrrcvvf, wns the last of
till- iiice."t Of Jo.iifih, I\tr. G )okin tiiM's lis important intc)rinatif)ii.
War ytwccn the JMa.is'ichuscIt Imlians atuf ,Muhnir',s, In the year ItidiV'hc
war liaviiifr now eontiniied hetwv'en the IMacpias and our Indians, about six
vcars, divers Indians, our iieii^hbors, united tluMr Itirces to^r(>th(>r, and madri
iiii army of aboni (I or 700 men, and marchi'd into the Maipias' country, to
t;ike reven^'e of them. This enterprise was contrived and niidertaken
Mr,
wiilioiil the privity, and contrary to tiie advice ot' their Knirlish frieiid.-
r.llot and inysell", in particular, dissuaded them, and pave them several
son?
iiiaiiist it, but lliev would not hear i
IS." Five of the Christian
liiiliaiis went out with them, and but one only returned alive. "The chief-
cst jieiK^ral in this expedition was the ))riiicipal sachem of Massachusetts,
named Josiah, alias Chckatahutt, a wise and stout man, of iiiiddh^ aire, but a
1. lie had considerable knowledjre in the Christian
\ci'y VICIOUS persoi
ii'lijiioii ; and sometime, when he was youiiiier, seemed to |»rofess it for a
time; — i()r he was bred up by his uncle, Kuchnmnkm, who was the lirst
naciii 111 and his |)eople to whom ]\lr. Kl'wt pr; lielied."^
Of those who went out with U'amp(duk li'oni other tribi s we have no rec-
ord ; but there were many, jirobably, as usual uiion such expeditions.
This army arrived at the iMohawk fort after a journey of about 'iOO niihs;
ulii'ii, upon bi siejiiiifi' it some time, and having some of their men kilh d in
sillirs, and sundry others sick, they si'ave up tiie siege and retreated. Mean-
wiiilo the Mohawks pursued them, got in their front, r.nd, from an ainbusi),
* Printod at Icns^lli in ^nnw's flisl. Bosloti, 3S9, ct cot.
\ Ih'aiie's Hi^t. Scihiitli', M I.
t \\)\i\. i'>'V/»((;»(»(i;' was a liroilior of .Am/d/i, mid ruled '" as sachem during llio ininorily"
iiiJi'reiii'i. Dr. Hum's, Hist. Porchcster, Hi, 17.
4 1 Coll. Mass. liisi. Soc. i. 166,
m^
^tv;v^H:.
^■^v b
'iJ.t'dei*'; V
W^m
• jv^gi
'V ^1
A' S®
, . -^
' ^iMi
»i, W.n^f^
^ \K%1^
m^
r
'^iVjvjf^y'**
' 3 ' 'M
MASCONONOMO OF AfJAWAM.
fHonK II
'.■i, M'^';
nttfickod tlicrn in a dcfili', niid ii ^rnnf fij^lit ciisiicd. Fiiiiilly tlic IMciliMwk,,
were |int to lliiilit liv the < MiiKirdiiiiiiT luavi ry fiiul |ir(i\vi ss of Cliikahitiini
mid ills ('ii|it.';i(is. Itiit SNlict wiis iiio>t c.ili iiiitoiis in this disiislroius '.\|i<i!i.
lion, wjis, llic loss ol'tlit' jirriit cliii (" Cltihiiiiiiilnil, \\lio, .\li( r pi ilimiiiiij; iiidj.
gi' s ol" \;dor, \\!is kilii d in r( jn Hiii;r tin' iNlnluiw i\s in tin ir l;.^I iitt..( k, wit),
idin it^t idi inis ciiptiiins, in niiinliii" idiotit .")(), tis wjis sii|i|i()si d.* 'I'l.is \m^^
Si'vi re stroki' to tli'sc ln<li.iiis, iiml tlicy snlli re d iinirli li-oin cliiifMin (m
tln'ir n turn !ionn'. Tin- Moliiiwks tonsidcnd tin insi Ives tlicir iicstii,!^
UihI I illion>rli II priicc \v;is Itroiifilit ahiiiit iHturcii iIm in, In lli<' ni< 'iiiliun i,f
till' I'in^lisii jind Dntcli on riicli side, Mt llic 31ii(<sa(-linsi tts iind otii( rs ijH;|,
hidl' I'l (I iVoni till ir inc".ii>ions.
A rhii I'of nincli tlic saini' iniportaiici' i\^ Chilialaiibnt and liis ^()l;s, u;j
MiisnnwiKimu, or JMasconnwo, haclii in ol' Afiawain, since ralli d 7y„s'i/i'i/i,
W'lii'ii till' llrt t uliirli hron^lit ovi r tin' colonx that ^<l ttli d Ho.-ton, in ](;,o,
anclion d m ar (.'ape Ann, lie welcomed tin ni to Ids slion s, and spc nt s(,ii ,.
time on board one of the ships.t
On the '-^Htli .lime, Ki.'iH, Maxvanoiiomet I c xecnti d a deed of "all Ids laiid}
in Ipswich," to Jolni ft inihruf), jii:, for the siun of £"20. §
At !i com t in Jnly, J(;!iJ, it was ordi n d, tla.t "the sajramore of Afrawiiin is
banisin d from coniiii;r into any J'^i^dishinanV lionse lor a year, nndi r j.'i m lt\
often l);'aver-skins." I! This was pidhaiily done in retaliation tor his l;;\ii,i;
coniniitt:d acts of violence on the 'J'arraliin s, who ! non alter crihe i i,t
■with frreat fore ' against jMascononumo ; he h!;\iiifr, "as was nsnaliy M.id,
treacin ronsly kill, d sDine of those 'rari.iline ilimili s.'"1i It wuidd mmii
that he e\p( cted all attack, and had therelore calli d to his aid some of tlit
Bucln nis near JJoston ; li)r it so liappi ncd that jMontoivaiiipalc and li'i.mha-
quahain wire at Ajiawam when the 'J'arratiiu s ijunle an attack, hut wlailiir
by cone rt or aciMdt nt is not clear.
To the niinihi r of ]()() men, in three cfinoe.", the Tarrntincs came i i:t on
this eiitrrprise, on the !S An<!iist follow \\')s. Tin y ;,tt!;ckt d J\](isc(,)ic>ivnio vaA
bis jinests in his wi^'wani in the iiifrit, killi d si vi n nit n, wound, d .Mdiinno-
numo hims: If, and „Monlouuniipnti; i\\'.i\ fl'o)tvlHt(juaham,in\d seven. 1 otheis uiio
ofti rwartls di d. They took the will' oWMauli irawpnte captive, Init it s(. I:;;|i.
j)ein d that .Ibivhavi SIturd of I'l niniaipiid raiisonii d In r, iuid sent In r I.mm',
A\hire she arrived on the ]7 ."^eptend), i' the smiic antimin.** From 3lr. (U-
beVs account, it appears that they i-ame ajiainst the I'Ji^lish, who, lint Inr in
Indian, named Rubin, wonld liave been cnt <d>i as the idile men at ti.is tine,
b('lonj;in^' to J|!swich, did not excet d ;iO; Jintl mest o''tlii se wi re from l.()i;i'
on the day the attack was to have bei n made, Jiabin, lun iiiff by some iiii ;ii;s
found ont thi ir inti ntions, went to John Pu-la)is,jj and ti'id him thiit on muIi
a day itinr Tarratim s wonld come and invite the En<;lisli to trade, "iind draw
them down the hill to the water side," when -10 cano( s full of armed Ii.diiiiis
■would be nady, ni:di r "the brow of the hill," to liill upon tin m. It timiid
out I'.s liabin h;.d n |njited ; but the bidiai;s w( iv; fvifihttiud oil' hy a )il;-e
show of mimhns, an old drum, and a few gui's, without c tUclin^^ thiir
ohject.tt
We hear no more of him until 1()44, j\ra!('l) 8, when, at a court In Id ill
Boston, " CulshdmeUn .•ind Siiuaw-Sachcm, JMasconomo, A''<ish(!eowam and Ifas-
.ittmairin, two sju'ln ms near the great hill to the west, calh d Jf'aclntselt, cr.iiie
into the court, and, according to their li^rmcr tender to the govcirnor, disirtd
to be received under our protection§§ and government, upon the, same terms
» 1 Coll. iM;is-<. Hist. Soc. i. 1G7.
t Hist. N. Kii<;l;iii(l.
X 'Plii'i is (louhtjuss liio most correct spelling of liis ■lame. It is scarce spelt t\vic« alii, io
(lie M.S. ri'tords.
^ Kcconls of (icii. Ponrt, v. 381. || Prince, 357.
il HiillHtnlS N. v.. 14,5.
** \\'i}it),-i)ps .lour.— /.(•»•/,«'.<; Hist. I.ynn, ."9, W.—Frirs Hist. Ips vicli, 3.
tt Qii;iri<M-ina>ii'r. " liviii<; ilicn in a little nut upon iiis fatiicr's island on tli\s side of Jflof-
ry'.^ Neck." iV.*^. Adrratire.
it (^olihet's MS. Narrative.
§^ Tliey desired tiiis from their great fear of llie Blohawks, it is said.
phiiii that soiii
II il Wondof-work
r,;,,'.,*
tlic IMcilinwl;..
dt" Clhliiilin.iiil
hlrni:> ( .\|). ili.
■t(iiii:iii;i |.i((li.
:..-.! iill,.( 1<, v.iil,
.* 'I'l.is >\,,„
)lii «'li!i;:iiii ,1,1
tlifir li.i;si< I'.;.
I" lilt 'iuruiii 1 1
(I (ltil( IS (ill I;
Cdlli (I Jj.sii'<li,
{u^luii, in |(.;,(i,
11(1 .-^JK lit .-(,||r
■ "nil J;i.s l;ii;,l,
• of Ajrii\v;iiii is
r, iiiid* r jii 1,1 liv
I (or Ills l;i.\ili"j;
liter (Tllic 11,1
s l!sii::llv M.iil,
It would Ml III
;tl soiiK' ol' ihf
B iiln! Jfrnihn.
[•k, but m1i; ilur
cs piiiiic (lit oil
(isrcncnanio :.\A
ll!cl< (1 J\](t!Si-ino-
(•n,l oliuTs who
luit it M. !:;;;).
•lit In r I. (Hi I',
"roiii JMr. Cd-
lO, lint i(ir I'll
ilt tl.is till,!',
re rr(nii l.ciKt
Dy sonic iiir;ii:s
tliiit on i-i;c!i
(!(', "iiiui (Iniw
inncd Ii. (linns
111. It till 111 (I
ofl' by a fiJse
111 ctiiig tiieir
oonrt III 1(1 ill
•vam iiiid ffas-
acfntseU, Ci.im
eriior, ili ^-in il
same ttriiis
I twice alii. IB
r.s side of Jfiof-
MONTOW.VMPATE— WONdllAdUAIIAM.
47
^-
iliiit Puitihnm (11. (1 Sarononorn wci". So uc caiitiiiip tlicm to imdci-stniid tho
ni-iirlcf' mid all the t' ii (•(iiiiiiiaiidiiiriits of (iod, and liny frcrly iissinliiiir to
nil ' lli^V Wi'i'i' soli'iiinly i fivid, and llicii |iri'siiilrd ilic coiiil with twenty-
si\' tiilli'"" <"' \vaiii|Hiiii, and the coin-t "•;ive each of tlieni a coat of two yards
of cliilli, and their dinner; and to tlieiii and their mm, every one of tln'iii, a
ciiii ol'.'^ac at their departure; so tiiey took leave, and went away very jo\liil."f
III liie 'I'own Kecord.- of Ipswich, under (late IH.Inne lll.'iH, n irraiit is nmde to
till' \v':l w of AI(tsroiiini(>mii. ol' "lleit parci'i o|' limd which hi r hiisliand had
f iicrd ill," so loii^r as she shiaild remain a widow, lb liusiiaiid was ihe last
„f the siiclieiiis of ;\<.'awam, and with him, .says IMr. /•>//, (leseende(' "his ll'hic
and hrtil\"ii scepter to the p'ave." lie died on the (! March, IImH, and was
liiiiT'd (III Sairamore Hill, now within the bounds of Hamilton. His irim and
oijjir valuable implements were interred with him. " Idle curiosity, wanton,
sMcrili'irioi"* sport, prompted an individual to diji up the remains of diis chief,
.,11(1 10 Curry iii- scull on a pole thromrh Ipswich streets. Siieh an act of bar-
ImiitN w.is severely frowned upon, and speedily \ isited with retributive civil
■m.^lice."!
.M().\T()\V,\Mr.\Tr,, SMiL'amoreof Lynn and Marblehead, was known more
(riii('i;iilv aiiioiifr the '.vhitrs as Saicoiiitirc Jaim.s. I le was son ot' Aum/iaslirmrt,
ami hioll ' r ol" ff'oiio!iniiiir'<i(iii and Winiuiiurkill.^ lie died in \{'>-li, of tin;
siiiiill-j'a^t "^^'i''' '""^f "'" 1"' p''*'!''''- '' '•'' '*''"' '''"'^ these two promised, if
cvi r lliey recovered, to live with the I'liirlish, and serve their (iod."|l
Minldirnin/iiilf, liaxiiifj; bi'cii defrauded oi" '20 heaver-skins, by a man named
/(>(//,<, wlio had since irone to Kn^dand, he went to (Jov. li'iiilhrop on the '.2(i
iMiircli, Iti-'M, to kiKtw how he should obtain recompense. The frovernor /rave
jiiiii a li tter to Emiiniiet DDWiiii)!;, I'l.s(|, of London, from which circumstanco
it would seem that the chief derermined to <jo there ; and it is said that ho
Ht'iiiiilly visited I'liiiiland and •■•( ceiM'd his due.*i 'I'll • histories of those timers
n\\{' a inelancholy picture of the distresses caused Ity the sinall-po.\ amon;; tho
" wrctclied natives." "There are," says .Mdllitr, "some old pl.inters siirvi. inf(
tn tl.is (lay, who helped to bury the dead Indians; even uliole liimilii's of
tliciii iill (lead at once. In one of the wiirwamstliey found a poor iidiint siick-
iiiL' fit the breast of tiie dead mother."" The same aiithorobservesthat, bef()re
till' ili< 'lis;' befjaii, the Indians had be<iun to (piarrel with the MiiLflish about
till' hiiiiiics of their lands, "!>ut(»o(l ended the controNcivy by siiidinir tho
.■<iiiall-p(ix among tin; Indians at Saugus, wbo were belin'c that tiiiio e.xceeding-
ly iiiimerous."
We have mentioned another of the family of .Yanrpashrmrt, also a sacbein.
This \\:vi If ()iio!iiini'iliiii". ailed by the l''nglish Siiu:'i:!ioir Jnlin, of Winisimet.
His r sidiiice was .at what was then called Iliiiniici/ninrtih, part of which i.s
new in Chels/a and part in Saii<iiis.§ .\s early as l(l."il, he bad cause to com-
plain tliat som;^ of the l-'ii/flish selllers had burnt two of his wiifwams.
"WMch wigwams," says (iovi rnor I)nllri/,\\ "were not inhabited, but stood in
a jiLi'-i' convcni'iit for their shelter, when, upon occasion, they should travel
that way." Th • court, iijton examination, fliiind tliat a si-rvan't of Sir 11, Sil-
(m.tld'l had been the iir'ans of the misclfr f, wiiose master was ordered to
make salislJiction, '•which he did by s 'ven yards of cloth, and that his servant
pay liim, at tiie end of bis time, fifty shillings sterrnig."tf S:i-j;itnwre Jolm died
at \Viiiisim;'t, in \(\'V], of the small-po.\.-^§ ll(> desired to become actjuaiiited
with the l-'nglishnien's (Jod, in bis sicknes.s, and reipiesfed them to take his
two sons and instruct then in (Jhri.stiaiiity, which they did.||||
ll'iiinvj)iirl{ill,*f,M who inarri:'(l a daughter of /'awaro/iou'rti/, makescoiisidora-
lil" figure also in our In. ban annals, II;- was born about l(il(], and succeeded
Moiibwampate at his chuitli, in lOlJ^J, The English called him Georf^e Rumnejf-
* Tlie arlicli's wiiich llipy sub-TriHol, will he. seen ill l;ir:j(? wlioii the Munnscript Hist, of the
Prnir I's Inline. In/ Diiuii-l Gnokin, sliull Im; piihlislioii. 'I'licy <lo not roail precisely as
ren Icp'd liy Winl'irop.
t WiiiHirovx .Foiiriinl. \ Hist. Iji-wicli, .5. ^ l.cwis's U\<f. T,viiii. IT), 17.
]! liisl. Ill New Iviu'lnii'l, 1!).). II llisloiy of f.ynn, 3;i. *■* llclalioii, Otc. 23.
It l.rncr 111 ill • ("(iiiiii(>ss (if laiicoln, '2o, odilioii Ki'.Mi.
}t l'rinr,''s Clirniinldijv. ^^ llislorv .if New r,ii'^lnnl. 19.5. f).")0.
III! Wonder-working I'rovideiicc, Till Spell also Winuiiperket.
^M
irav'i. ,\
n^
Mm
46
MAN ATAIfQIIA.—N.VTT\ir,\TTA WANTS.
[HiiDK II
•IMS''
!'(H
fl|;W,
tnarnh, i\iu\ »l one tiiiio lie was proprK tor of |)i rr Islainl, in Hostoii liMrli(,r,
''III llir liitlt'i' |iiirl III' lii-i lifi', III' wt'iit to Itiirliiiiliii s. It is sii|)|iii.-<i'il ilmi |„
ill. t
was carried ilicrr wiih llir iuimmhis uIio w, re sold Im
I.I i;
■<lavi
■s, a
t tl
H' • 11(1
"M|,|.
y '/(/'/ //(',v war. Mr ilicil sdiiM alitr his i( Kirii, ill KiHl, at llir lioiisc iil" ,1/
fjiiiinh, ii^rid ((."^ vtars." . Iliiiiriij/ilsiiiiiiliir, liaiitrlil" r of I'dinniiium, is al«(i m,.
liiiiii'ij as his will', hv wlioui In- liai! si'mtiiI < hililnii.*
.MiiiKtldluiiiit, rtilli'il also llhick-irilliiiin, was a sarliriii, and proprietor of .\:i
hunt,
at Sw.iinp,-
IViil
ailjaniit n.iiiitry was si'tllcti hy tlir whites. His liiiher j
III! was also a Migaiiiori', hut piohalily was ileail heliirc t|„
I sett. till' coiiiitrv.t A lra\el!er in this then [ wilderness wiirlj
I'liii'^ notiiM's h ,,ii(im, aiiil his possessinj,' iNahant. "One lll<tili-ivilli,im,n]^
tiiili'in Dii'i, out of his ;,'enerosily jrave this place in >,'eneriil to the plaiii;iii,,||
of S'Miirns, so iliat no oilier can appropriale it to hiinsell'." Ilewasa^rn,!
Irieiiil to the whites, hut his rrienilsliip was n-pai<l, as was that of niaiiy oilin.
of that and even tniich later times. 'I'liere was a man h\ the name ot' Italh
IttttxniiU, nicknamed lindl //></, "a wicked fellow," who had much wmiiirni
the liiiliaiis,^^ killed iienr the inoutli of Saco Kiver, prohalily hy somr i,|'
those whom he had defraiideil. This was in Octolur, ItiMI. As some vcsm |<
were upon the eastern coast in search of pirates, in .laiiuary, KiMM, they put in
«t Michmoiurs Island, where they fell in with liUtk-wUlutm. This was il,.
place where Hdi^iinll had heeii killed alio-it two yeai's hel'ore ; hut wlie!!,.i 1,,
iiad any thin;; to do with it, does not appear, nor do I find that any one, i'\ n
liis murderers, pretended he was any way implicated ; hut, out of reveiii;v jiif
7y'rir/u///'.s' dealli, these pirate-himlers han^n'd KIik k-irlllliini. (Mi the coiitr;in,
it was particularly meiiliiui'd || that ISnfi-niill was killed hy Sqinilraysct und lii>
men, some Indians lieioiiirin^r to th.-it part of the country.
This S(jiiiifriti/S(l, or Sdllinii^ii.isit, for whose act .MniuthihiiKa sulfered, wns
the (irst sachem who deeded laud in I'aliiKailh, Maine. A ci'cek near t!i
inontli of I'resumpscot Kiver perpeiiiales his name to this day. !\Ir. If'ilHi
supposes he was sachem of the Aiicocisco triiie, who inhahited hetwi t a lli.
Androscojij'^nii and Saco rivers; and that from Ancocisco comes Cased,"
There can la; lait little doiiht that Itdixiutll desi-rved his liite,' < if any desi m
such ; hut the other was the act of white men, anil we leave tlii! reader tn
draw tlie pirall'l hi-tweeii the two; periiap'; he will iiii|uire, Were III
of yixy \r\miv\ UnnijxJd lujuHlh-v,
we can aiisw. r is
Th
V mur.hnr.
(■ nrofilN an
lent. I'eriiaps it was consiilered an offsil to tic murder of 11
iiiXnn
II.
,V(ill(th(illiiaunil.i, in the yi'ar l(ll'.\ sold to Simon If illiinl, in helialf of '-.Mr.
Ifhillini/), !\lr. Diillrii, Mr. ^Vnivdl, and Mr. .'II Icii," a lar;L'e tract of land iijiini
I)oili sidi s Concord l{iver, "Mr. Il'intlirop, omv prrsent ^'overnor, I'iliO iicn",
]Mr. Diill.i/, i.'iOO acres, on the S. V,. side of the river, Mr. Ao/n//, oOO ai'n-,
and Mr. .7//^», .■)()() acres, oil tiie i\. I',, side of thi' rivr,
Iieri'O
f til
I' sail
I N
uiion
iiueili to the said jVallahnlhiwnnh six fiidom of w
id .Y(ill(th(iltiiw:iitt
and III consiileratiiMi
1(M||.
,v (liila
painite^rc^ oiii' wastcoat, and on:' lireechrs, ami the sa
covenant and hind liimselt| that li e nor any other Indians shall s t traps with-
in this ground, so as any cattl.' mi^jlit recieve hurt tlierelty, and what callli'
shall receive hurt hy this nieaiii-s, liee shall he lyahle to make it ^'ood." [In
tile (iced, .Ydtttthittlawaiits is callod saidi'in of that land.]
It'ilncssc I b
three tvldles.
■y
The mark of Nataiiattaw.wts.
The ninrk of Q Wi.nmimx, an In Hun
that traJe.lfor liiin.]\
The namo of this rliief, ns nppeaiN rrom donnuipnts copied hy IMr. Sli(tllHrk,l\
was understood TdhnUdwtn, J'dlutttawtnln, Mlnvnn, .flllawanee, and Ali'd'iun-
nee. He was sachem of Miisketaipiid, since Concord, and a suj)porter and
\ Ilisl. N. Ell^r.
II Winthror, ib.
*IFisl. \.\\n\.
t I(i;i3. W'illi.tm Il'in;/, nnllinr of AV)(i Ru". Prpspecl.
^ WinHinip's iwu\m\. i. G'.'.t;;!.
1[("ol. Hhiiiio Flisl. Soc. i. (I.'i.
*' Iff liiiil. ill iiliont lliroc viTie^, hy rvlorlion. ;>s wo iiifiT from Wintlirop, arcumulalcd
alxMit .t!lOO Croin .'iiiioiiir l!io hiili.iiis. Sec .foiiriMl iil .■iipni.
it Suirulk Uccoriis of Deeds, vol, i, IVo. 3k \\ Iliiil. Coucord, Mass. passim chap. i.
:;;#
("#'
[Hook II
fl(isti>ii liiirlidr,
|ii)Sril lliiit
lit tlif (lid III
isr III' .1/'(M,',|.
Ill, is lll-il llii ; .
ipiictor (if \;.
is tillilCI' li,i,;
■ml licliuT III,
lilcriios Will! i.
ivk-ivilli'iiii, ,i;i
) tiic |il;ilil;ili'i|,
lie WHS II j.'n ,(
it' Miaiiy ollui'.
iiliif ol" Ifallir
iiiiicli \vr()iii:i(|
ily liy soiiji' III'
^S SdlllC VCSmI;
.■$;{, tlicy imi iii
'I'liis wii.s lip.
Iiiit win ".1.. I ||.
t iiiiy ttiif, cv. II
(if rcvciiiri' liif
II \\iv cdiitriin,
lilmijstl uiul ln>
1 siifrcrcil, Aviis
ciTck lu'iir til
!iy. !\li-. inilh
•(I ll('t\V('» II lip
coiiics Casiii,'
it' iiiiy (li'srrvi
I tii(! rt'iidcr tn
the iniir.linn
•(toi'ilit (tn si-
uiU.
•iialt'of ".Mr,
(it* lllllll ll|Mi||
ir, l'2(;()iicivs,
//, 5(;() liens
coiisidcnuiiiii
DIM of NMinin-
ttl(nc:l)tt.i (h'll.
■t traps wiili-
1(1 what ciilll'
it tfood." [Ill
TT.VW.WTS.
N, nn 111 Hun
idcJfor liim.\\
h: S!i(tllurk:i\
and ^^.'I'll'iiiit-
iipportcr ami
Eiiif.
., il>.
/), arriimulatcd
Km cliap. i.
WAIIOI'MACrT-JArK-i^TRAW.
49
,ri.|Mi;.'iit(ir cf ("iii'istianity iiiikui;: liis jtcoplc, iiiid iiii lioiicst mid iiprlulil iiiaii.
'iV irlcliriilcd /'"/""I iimnicd liis eldest diunilih r. Juliii 'rnliiilliiii'iin was his
oil wild lived lit Niisholiii, where Ik was ehiel' iider n\' the priiviii^f Indians —
il, ,i i\iii" Indiiiii. lie died iiliont \i\7U. His widow was (liiii).'liler of ./((/iii,
Hii 'aiiKii'' <"''' I'litncket, upon the Men iiiiack, w ho inairicd f>o/i(i//i(iir, iiikiIIkt
iiilif d' ilic pruviii^' Indians, dl' .Mailh(iniiii.di. Her (>iil\ sen li_\ '/'iilintldirnn'
iMis killed h_\ s()Mic white riilliiiiis, wild eiiiije Upon llieiii while ill tin ir w i^'-
ni^ „i„| I'lis Miolher was hiidly wounded III the -aiiie time. < )|" lliis iilliiir
vvi. >iiall lia\e dccasidii elsewhere td he iiKire partieiiliir. .V(Mii".v/i(/iif/»', iiii-
,,iIm r (liin^diter, iniirried >\'(t(tniHhruw, culled Juliii Tliomus, wIki died at Niitick,
„ir,,| IK) veiirs.
We kiidw very little of a siKdiciii of the niiiiie ol // <///<ri//Hrtr»M rxcfjit that
lie lived upon ('diine( lieiil Kiver, and eiiine to |{d>!dn in lti."{|, with a re(piest
Id the f.">vci"ndr "td have soiiie l'!iiiflish to |iliiiil in his ediinlry ;" and lis an
iiiihiceinent, Hiiid he would " liiid ihein corn, and uivo them, yearly, HO skins
of lieiivci'." 'I'l"' pivernor, liow('\( r, dismissed him without }:i\ ini;' him any
(.iicdiiriiacnient ; ddiilitiiiL', it seems, the reality df his friendship. Kiit it is
more prdhaltle that he was sincere, as he was at this time in ifreat fear (d' tlici
|»i(|iidls. and jii(li,'cd that if some of the I'jiiflish would reside with him. In;
.kIhiiiIiI lie ahle to iiiainlain his eoiinlry.
'I'licrc I'c-ompanied If'dh^-iiiiitinil to IJoston an Indian named J((rk.ilrinr,\
wild was his interpreter, and Sajxaniorc John. We have laliorcd to lind sonic
fiirllier particulars of him, hut all that we can ascertain \villi certainty, is, that
lie iiiid lived some lime ill lji!,dan(l with Sir Ifdlltr llali^li.^ How Sir Ifnlltr
"Mr. donkin wrilcs this name Tnhnlooner, (lint of ilm fiiilier Tiiliullawanr. MS. IIIsl.
I'r.iiiiiij- linliiiiin, Kt.J.
f W'ltli'Siiiiiiiciit. ii('c(ir(liii;r to IMr. Siivd'Sf'x rcinliii!;' of Wiiillir/'p. Our l('\l i-i arcnrding
(n l'iiiiri\ "liii iilso n>Lil W'itillirci) in MS. Il is li'ily ilivciliiij;' In .see liow llie imllier ol
'I'ulix of fiv liiiliiiiis has ili,|ihiy('(l iils iiivciiliiiii ii|iiiii the piissiiifc in Wiiilliri'/i's .Iniiiiial
hriiiiiiii!; Id "(ir liiiowh'i';;'' llii^ chiif. \\v will uive llie im-sii^jo of \\'iiillin'i<. Ihiil (he render
niiiv jiiilp.' vvhclher !j;rriil iifi 'irniice, or iMisr('|iri"-ciiliili<in ■' of scl piir|>iisc " he chnrnenliie!
to liiiii. "Me [(iev. U V(i//i(7i^i| ilis('o\cred nllcr [Wd'iisiiiiKinit \xns [■(iiii'j, Ihnl ihe sniil
sn:,Miniirn i.s ii very iriMi herons iniiii, nnil nl uni willi llio I'lhanlh (n li\r ■;r«nli'r sn^niiiorc.")
l\inv, cvi.'rv child thai hns rcnil nlmia die hidinns, it sccnis to lis, oii^hl In know dial iho
iTiriiniui; oi I'l/'iii'Hi was nli^lak(•ll liy the ifovcrnnr, and no more meant a chier llniii lh(!
MiiKsdxi'il" meant what the I'limniilh people lirsl sii|i|iose(l it to mean. In the one case, the
liiiinc I'l a Irihe was mislakeii liir thai of a cliiel', and in the ollie ■ die rliief liir liie Iriho.
.Misliiki's 111' this kind were iiol Mnrmmnon hel'ore our ladiers hei ,• ai'i|ualiiled willi the
connlrv. Wiiilhrnp says, too. the IMnhawks «as a j^reat saiiiein Now, wiioe\er tlioiii^ht
tliiTi' «as a cliiet' ol that name .'
} I'rohalilv so named I'roin die MaidstniK! minister, who llniirished in ]X'(it Tijli-r'n rcliellinu,
mill ulio^i" real name was .hJiii Hull. Init allerward. nirk-named Jik/: Strnir. He liecame
rhii|iliiiii to H'dl's nrmv. lliey having' let iiim out of prison. A lo.\l wliadi he made f^reat use
ol ill iireachiiij; to iiis liherators was this : —
When .Adam ilnlfi! nmi V.ve, sp.in,
Who was then a (jeiitleinnn !
Tlii'i wp apprehend was construed, Doirn vifli lite noliilihi! See Rupin's Ens;. !• 'lo7. la
Kniii.l.\.'l\l. .li'I'ii U Vine is calleil .Air^ Slmir. He was hejieaded.
v\" The inipiital'oii of the lirst l)rini;iii;f in oi lulnimi into I'",iii;laiiil lies on this heroic kni^lit."
W'hisliiiili'ii'.'i W'tu-lliifs. iV.). " l!e.~iiles the coiisiiinplioii of liie |)urse, and impaiiiiii; of our
iiUMird parts, die immoderate, vain and pli,'inta>liial abuse of the ill■lli^h weed, corrnpii di the
niiltiral sueetness of the hieath, sliipilielji the jiraiii ; ami indeed is so prejinlicial to die.
s;,iii'ral csleem o!' our coiintry.'' //'/</. 'Jll. Whether Jurk-.slnur were the servant who
arli'il a part in llie ollen-tnld anecdote '.;' Sir Wiillrr Riilcu.'li'a smokiii!^ tobacco, on its lirst
lii'iiiy; taken to Kii!;l;md, we shall not preiMm e In assert ; but, for tiie sake of the anecdnle, wc
will ailmit the fact ; it is variously related, li it is said to be, in substance, as follows. At ono
lime, il was so very unpopular to use tobacfo in any way in Knsland, that many who had ^nt
alladicd In il, used il only |)rivately. Sir iVdlti'i- was smnkini; in his stiiiU', at a certain time,
mill, heinu' diirsly, called tn his .servant to briny- him ;i tankard of beer. ,/i(c^- haslily nbeyeil
\\v siumnons, and Sir Wullrr. Hirsettins' to cease smnkiiii;'. was in the act of spoiiiinj;' a
viilninc of smoke from his mouth when his servant entered. Jtivli, seein-.j his master smokiiif*
[iriiilii;iou-ly at d e mouth, thouijhl no other fail lie was all on lire inside, liavinsf iievi^r seen
Mifli a pheiinineiuni in a" Kii!,Haiid before ; dashed the niiart of li(|iior at once in his face, ami
Kill mil screaininjr, " iVIassa's a fire ! IMassa's a fire ! "
lliniiii,'- dismisied the servant, every one mis:ht reasonably expect a few words concerniii!j
hi-; niasler. .Sir Walter Ritli-gh. niay truly be said to have lived in an fige fruitful in great anil
Horiliy characteis. Captain John SinilU comcn to our notice through his agency, aau tli*
5
v.tc
H
m
mr-
m
■ '■■''!;
I Mi ;
^!{V>-ti i.*
P'^
i'
b
'«i ',■•;'.:&'■"
('•''■mil
,ef;
a ■
>■: - jV
m^:mrl
fc^jBr.lijp-*"
50
JAMKSIRINTFJl, OR JAMEH.TIirmiNTF.R.
[Rook n
riiiiio by liim, <I«"h in«i r»iiiiHliirt<»rily a|i|Mnr. ('iiiidiiiiw Jimiiinx niid Wr/r/om
Hiiilrd til AiMi'i-irii ill lii:^ <'iii|i|iiy, iiiiil nil liii'ir irtiirii i-iinii-il c >'i' twn niuiM,^
Criiiii \ ir;riiiiii, wlnisr niiiiirs wrn- H'linrliisr n\\i\ .Munhii.* It !> Ii/irrly |iii»ili|,.
tli.'it oiH' III" llii'M' \Mis iiDi'i'wariU Jink-slniir.
A .\i|iitiiirk liiiriiiii, III' iiiiMiiiiill iintr ill liir< liiiii', it iiiii) in tin- iirxt |ilnn' u.
|ii'(ijiiT III iiiiiit><>.
iniiH I'riiitir, <ir JfiniiM-llir-nniiln; \mis tlic hum uf .Yiiofin, lirntlirr nf Tnhi-
1
V
I
tni'lllin] iiiiil , Iniiwiiiklii. W Ihh h rhilij, jii' wiis iiistnirtril nt tilt' Iml
l:ill
cliaiiiy I'l'liiiiil, III ( 'iiiiilii'iil;rr. In lil.V.i, lii< was put a|i|irriitir<' to Saitnul
iini II,
to I
riirii
th
|iriiiii
liii.Vii
irss
anil
III' IS >|iiiki'ii II
f a.- I
aw
a\ t'rniii his iiia.'-tri' in Ili7.*>. IT, tittrr an a|i|irriilii'r>lii|i ul' III ,\rai
ia\ MIL' in,
mil'
ciiiilil nut liavr liis niastrr witlinnt lln' rliar^n' nl' alisrniiiliii^', at !• ast, liutli ihi.
rniistrr and ii|i|ii'<'nti('c ^imnld hr |iitii'd. In iclatinn to this inattcr, ,Mi-. //i^/,.
ronowiH'il lirsl Mii^-IKh rir('iiinMii\l!;iil(ir wiis Ills ('i<iiliMii|inrnrv. Ilr, likt> llic la»t iiniiinl. 'a,^,
JKirii ill llii' ruiiiilv III' Dcvdii'liirr, in I.V).'. in llic |i:iri«li nl Hiiillrv, Sir lhnii}ihri'ii <lill„-ri^
Nil \M
II K
ninsii ill iinr JiiiiiiU, \«iis his Iniit-lirnllirr. Iii
liillirr liiiv iiii; niiirrn'il
'ir
////
niolluT, 11 willow*, liv \\\ 1 111' liinl \\'iil(ii\ w liiii
CoM'rii's 1)1' llii- ci'lcliriilril iidiiiiriil Sir /■'.
lh:ib
.t 'I'Im
">"
;rr:il siicii'ssrs um
Ufiivr II nr\N iiiiiii'liis In
lln- i:
I ilh
iilili.ii
rira ;
tliiliiin ill iiiiirilinii' allhirs, iiml t'iiiisi'i|ni'nl llirri'ii|Min nmi-' iIm' sclllrnii'iil nt' Nnrlli Ann
ns yri'iil iiii I'm, lo siiv lIn" li'iisl. ii> wiis cvir rrrnrdril in liislnrv. No mir slicmi' mur,.
(•iiii»|.iriniiis ill iliosi' ini(li'rliikiiii;s lliiiii .Sir W'nlh'i- l{'i/'\::li. AOi'r |ii'rsi'\ rrinif ii Idiii; liii,i>,
III' I'slMlili^linl ;i I'ciioin III Nir^iniii, in lii()7. II i' wiis n iiiiiii of i;rt'iil \iilor iiikI ^ulilrr^s. ,'ii,.{
aliiMirilr xvilli llii' yri'Ml tjiirrii /.'//m//' //(, lliw |iriini<ilrr of liii nniliriiikinns, our of w|iii.,>
"infills of lioiKir'" lie niiiiriril. In lliis nlliur sninc cliiirni' liiiii willi li.n iny lir^l ili^lMUKirnl E
tliiil liiilv. Mini wiis liir II tiinr iiniiiT lln' ijiii'i'ii's ili>|ili'ii'<iiri' in roii<ri{iii'iii'i', Iml iiiiirr\iii<,' lur I
ri'Niorril liiin lo liivor. 'I'ln' rily ol' linloyli in \'ir;;iiiiii wiis so imnii'il liv liis (lirorlimi. ||,.' I
Wiis ('OMs|iiriioiis willi l)iii/,i' iiliil Heir, nil in llir l|^^lrll^lion of llir •'^|i;iiii'-li iinniiilii in I.V:.!.
On llir ili'iiiji III' iIh' i|ni'i'n, lir wiis iin{iriMiiii'il nlniosl I,! vriirs in llii' lower of i.oniioii, npi.n
the rliMi;;!' ol' IreuMin. Il wiis iliiriin; his iin|irisoiiinenl lliiil he vvrole his <;Tenl Mini leariH I
\voik,//ii- llixldnj I'l' llh- W'ur/il. The iilleyeil crinie ol' Iri'iisoii liii-. loni; ^inee lieeii vicrtol
liv nil llie world lis willionl liinndiilii'ii, iind ihe |llnli^lllnelll of /^r/..;/l rellecls iill il> liliiikiu -<
U|Miii Ihe chiiriirler ol' .iiiifs I, 'I'lii' ground ol' liie rliiirue wiis. Ilial A'i'/<".'/i and ollier> wcro
ill II roii-iiirncv iiniiin-.l the / ///ir, mid were desiyiiinuf lo iihire on llie Ihroiie .irnln ll,t SliiiJii;
lie v\av never |i<u'(loned. nllhoiii;!! the kini; sel him ill lilierlv, mid oerniilleil him lo <;(> i
<'X|iedilion lo Sonlli .Aiiierirn in semrh of n uold mine of whii'li he had "mned some iniiiii.:.
lions III a |ireMons mmI lo ihooi mine
II
town o
t' Si. 'rii(
and esialilislieil iii il a
is allem|il lo lind ^old failed, Iml hu lixil,
Tl
IIS was u
dejiri'dalioii, ns Sn
and !''.ii'.^laiid were ihen al iiearc, Iml Rn/r-rh had ihe kiiii;'s cimimi^-ion.
Tl
le
fini'i.'i'<>ador eoin|>laineil luinlly a',;iiinst ihe Iraii^aclion, and ihi
il.K- J,
s|i;iiii.|i
llii
till
II. and aiiiii
del
se Iill
•pain
.h ki
mill's, lo I'xirn
tiii/i ■■'h lo lie seized on his relnrii. who, ii
larne ol lreason,was M'uleniedlo he
I'heiid
Iv hiiil," sa\s Dr. I'l'hilnh
Oil. IdlK-vN •• I sh.i
whom Jiiin'sWtW advised lo sarrilii-e lo llie advani'emeni ol' the peare wilh ."•pain. Iialli leli im
Oil. wliirli was exei'iiled upon hiia 1%\
' llial Ihe I'MTiilion ol' ihis "real iiiiiii.
inilelilile slain on ihe inemory ol'lhal mi-i;iiided nii
ih." Il
appears hum anolher arcuiiui'
hal .'<ir \\'iilli'i\ on arriv in^ al ihe moiilli ol Ihe Oronoko, u.is taken •' desperalely siek.
seiil liirward a coinpanv under one nl' his raplains in searrli o:
r iho mild mine. Thai ilii
I'l liv liie S
allacked them, and llial ihis was ihe eanse of their
111..
lii„' Si. Thnmas, and lu'iiijj olilifjed lo descend ihe ri\er willionl eU'eiliii"; the olijeit l
Acre upon.
The t'ollnwiiiij rirriiinslani'P rpspeotiiii; iho releliraled Historv of Iho World, mil In
gener illy known, rannol Iml he acceplaMe lo the re.ider. The Ii
nme ( w hirh is win
we havi' of il) uas |iiili|i»hed lieliire he wa~ imprisoned llie 1,-isl lime. .Iiisl litinrc his e.'
lion, he sent !'nr the piilill^her of il. W'li n he I'aine, Sir irnZ/iw inok him hv ihe haml
" aller >nnie di-iimr e. aski him Imw thai wnrk of his sold, .Ah', fliirn- [ihe name nf lln
pnl'li^liei] reliirnid ill!
answer, Ihal il had sold so slowlv Ihal il li.ul imdniie him
Al
ih
Mr. H
,1 Ins
iirrr. whirl
\\''i//i r Ix'ih'sh. sleppiiiir 1(1 hi
vk
hi
oilier part nl Ins liislery
nI, lie took llie oilier li
^lit down to llie limes he lived ill j ilappin^ his haml iiii Ins
nprmled pari ol In-
work s
s iiilo Ins hand. Willi a smh, sa\iii"
Ah,
my friend. Iialli llie lirsi p,-irl undone lliee. Ihe seroiid vol
nine slia
II mill
o no innre
nil
ijraleliil world is unworihy of il.' \S'lien, immedialely ijninsf lo llie lirc-.sidu, throw il in
nnd sel his loot on it iill il was roiisiimod
' See
<;„lli'
Life
11'. [{■f/i-j-li.l'i). ed. I,(
t ,'^ome a.nlhor of hidian lales m
lUlil delmiil Inn
UilO, '2 vols. .'!v(
iM'lf for a loii'.^' lime in riajfinij ohaiiiicx
this Indian preailier's name, w ilhoiil invonlinj; any now ones ; for il is nol, as I reniciiilx-r,
spelt twice alike in our aiitliorilies
t Till
Ilisl.
rmliii"
*"l)f OHIO nHhrl, of (■oiiiiiliin, r.<i|." Pi,lirliflc\i in I. />r«», ii. Qli).
t Siii/i, lll-t. VIrL'illia, T. SfLiniil sun, snys Mr. I'uhrliilr, tlcvoii, li, Oli).
VVI iiiihilV iinti's in Hap ii, il. 11),).
11 VVmstunley, V\'urlhies, aiij,
[{
'I II I II'
I'.IIL'. ii. lid.
II Hist. Devonshire, i. a'l'.l.
** Wiiistiwiloy, Wortliie.s, '2,")7
CiiAr.III]
[Hir/H.iyH/"ll'|
IIIIIII', iiad hi' nl
tinir >V''l- '""•'
mipii-mldi il '" dl
Dr. /..»/"'/'"•'
(lie I'liinicil at
Iiiil'mti!* as did. \l
divers III' ill' ' I
dtiier-', 7i(i'i'''i ail
Ihe art "<■ pniiliij
iiieri'V and iniill
|iroiiiisinjf l'<a- il
anil thi' "lla r nl
biiM'e this war In]
(,r ilisea.'^rs, Mu\i
Killril with till s
\\(. Thi'iiiiis >i\
leli his iiiastir
must liiiM' had til
It was in Ij'i.''
ciiiaiilt'ti'd. I''ii
liiiii'li till' siirnr
lln -jin Ilia: In I
Ni\s"l di-siiT III
I'liiiaitt r\|ii'i'l tit
iVi'/i/'.", tlial i'^ all
Hiiiiiliii^f." Ill 'II
"Our sliiw iiriijir
the sil'klH'HS till! U
I'ew hniids, (at pri
'I'jiis Indian w
"Saiiia lit' Jamai'
Imii'i' tlicsiiniaini-
Thi'i'c wa.s an I
fm\ iiiiliiiii III' 111'
llii^rlish 1)1" iMas.sii
WIIS slain in hattlr
was .Mr. moVs it
otiii'i' hiioks in tlui
III a liittT of
Cdrporation in l'',n
fiiriiirrly brought
riir|ii'iiti'r, th;- oti
folliiw tiifir laisiiii
Nisiilan, wr prcs
WHS dated lOtli St
III IliitH, Jaimi
III 170!l, lit" Sl'i'lli:
lifiil soini' illt^|•^^
jiMiri's (if tin' Jndi
" |{( >STUi\, N. I
^ulithntamwe Clia
W'l' sliaii now I
(ithi'rs, docs not U]
as iiiiirh so as iii^
Kiiklimnkln, kn
name ; as, Kutslut
■ .Narralive, dC>.
i Hist. Priming, i.
Il hiformalion from
a place of stones, 'i
fHooK n
nnd Itiirlm
IPXt plnrr Ir
KTof 7U,.
I till' llllllllll
I' ti) Siliinii!
Inn in<.' mil
l! \riilN, nil,.
list, Ixilli III,.
<•!•, Mr. //i,4.
il'<l Hi i|. H;n
iiyhn-ii (lili,,r>^
*\r Uniiiiilin ;,
i'r>M'>. iiinl ,1;,.
1(1 llir I'.lli;!:,:,
V'orlli Aiinrir,,;
111' sImiiic iiii>r.'
lis; II \imn liii.,.,
Ill illlllrr»s. ill;!
. line 111' \\li...,.
Iir^l lli^lll.lKil,.!
il iiiiirr\iiii; |,,f
iiilrrlli.il. ||...
iriiiiiilii ill l.'r,:
I.IMIlliill. Il|ji,||
'III iiiiil ji'iirii, I
CI' lici'u \i,'rt,,l
ill! lis MMi'kiii-<
ml iilhcr-. Hire
ilii//u Stt-ii-'n-l;
liiii 111 ;,ni III! :i:
II •Mlllll: illlilii;|.
III lie liiok I hi'
lii.ii, ns S|ii.iii
Till' S|i;iiii.li
.'•'. Ill I'Mrii ;iiii
jiini. wliii. ii|>i ..
Il|>l>ll llilll J:>'':
lis j^rrill 111:111.
ill, lllltll li'li ;iil
illirr iirciiiiiil".
Ilcl\- sick," mill
jr. 'I'luil ihc;
llirir ;is>iiii|i-
e olijui'l liii.'^
jrlil, iiol liciiii;
1\\ liirli is wlial
(irit Ills I'M'cii-
111' liiiiiil, mill,
11:11111' III' llii:
|iii. At wliii'h
liis liisUiry l«
|s luiiiil oil Ins
iiyiiisj, ' .\li,
ll iiiiirc ; llii'i
, threw it ill
lii rliiini;p< nii
I ri'MiL'iiil)i'r,
JAMr.S-Tlir. I'RIMT.Il.-KUTCIIM.VKIN.
61
Chap. HI.
horVMiVH,* "ll)- liiiil ntlaiiM-d himih- skill in priiiliiiL', uml iiii)zlit liavc attained
nil' IiimI lit' II"'. lil^'' " '''I""' ^ill"'". '■"" ii^MiN iVoiii liis iiinstrr Itcllii')' jiix
I ..,,, \mi- nil!." .Villi III'" siiiiii' iiiiilii>r (iIm'TM's lli.'it till' iiaiiii' priiitir wii.s
Mill I'liiliii ll '" ili'liiiK"!"'' '''"' ''■'"" "IImts iiiiiii>'i| Jdtiux.
III. /..•/<'//'"' f lili- liiis rrrnrl uf J((;/l(,it-y/n'(l/'/'. ".Illls H, [|tl7ll.) NVIirfrllH
t|i|. I'liiiiicil lit llostnii llilll liiti'l\ niiiltril II ili'i lai'iitiiiti, .«i;j;iiit\ in;:, tliat niicIi
Iiitliiiis lis di'l. »illiiii 1 1 ila\s, riiiiif in tn llir r.ii^fli.'li, iiii^'lit lni|>" liir Hurry,
lj\,i>ii|' ilu'iii iliil lliis day n'tiirii •ri>iii aiimii;;' llic .\i|iiiiiirk.i. .\iiii>ii)(
iiiIh i-' Jiiiiii.i, ■.m liidiMii, who fiiiild imt iiiil\ itmiIiiiiiI vmiIi', lint hml icai'iiid
liir ml I 'I' |iiiiiliii,!.'i ii<it\\iilistaiiiliinf ills :i|insiii \, dii! M'litnri- liiinsi'll" ii|iiiii ilic
iiirrrv ami tnitli <>t' tin' Ku;;'ii-<li ili'i'laratiun, wliii'li li" had si in ami r.'.iil,
iiiniiiisiiij.' I'lr till' I'liliiri' tu M iitiiii' his lili' a).oiiikt tin iniiinii riii'iii\. IId
tiiiil iIk' iitliir ii<nv niini' in, aliirin that vrry iiiaiiv nl' tin' Indians arc drad
biiii'i' this war hi'piii ; and that iimri' liavr died hy llir haml nf (ind, in ri's|ii')-t
dl' ili'^riisrs, tliiM'samI rcvi'i's, xshirh liavr lii'cn inniin;;st Ihiiii, than have hern
Killnl \\ilh lh< sword."
Ml', '/'hiiiiiii.i says, ( it was owiiiji to tin- tnudr /itilrlir o|' J(iiii«s-/ii'liitvi' that ho
\i\\ liis iiiasli'r and joiiii'd in I'lnliji'^ war. Ihit how nitiih miuir jtulniv lit'
liiii^t liiiM' had to iiiiM' krpt him an a|i|in'iitii'r l<> y ars is imt imiitioni'd.
It was ill lli'^'> tliat the si'comi edition o|' tlir liiinons Imii.in Hililc wan
c'oiiijilt'li'd. l''roni till' l"ollowiiiir ti'sliinony of .Mr. rjial will !»■ s'tii how
iiiHi'li till' siirnss ot' that iiiidi'i'takin;:' wtis niiisidrri'd to di'|ii'iid on JiimiH-
llii-iinnlir. In l*»'*''<, in writing' to ihe Hon. linUirl Hdi/Ii at Lomlon, .Mr. I'^Htil
Ni\s, "I di'sirc to SIC il dour lirliin' I dir, ami I inn so drrp in yrars. tjuit I
ciiiiiiiit i'.\|ii'<'l to live loiifr; lirsidrs, wi' liavf hilt oiii: man, viz. tli.' Inllan
yVm/'.", that is alilf to comiiosi' the shi'cts, and correct the prcMs with 'inder-
MMiiiliii;.'." Ill another, troni the same to the .siine, ilatrd a year allcr, he says,
'M llir slow |iroirress needeth an iijioloL'y. \N'e have hnn much hindered by
till' sickness tlu! last year. < liir woiknien have lueii all sick, and we lia\e hut
i'l'W liiiiiils, (iit printiiiif,) one l!n;^lisliiiian, and a hoy, and one Imli'i.n," il^c.
'j'liis Indian was iindoiihti My Jitmis-lht-iir!iil<r. .\nd iMr. 'JViamiitt iiddH,
"Siiiiii' of Jamr!i\'i descendants were not loiij,' siiici! liviii<,Mii (jrallon ; tlii'y
Ihhv the surname of I'rintir.^'^
There wa.s an Indian named Jolt ^Vr.sutan, \\\\(> \\t\H also concerned in the
fr.1l I'dition of the Indian iiihle. lie was a valiant soldier, and went with tliu
Kii^rlisli ot' iMassachiisetts, in the first e\|teditioii to .Mount I lope, win re ho
WHS slain in battle. " lie was a very irood linirnist in the l'',nj!-lisli ton^'iie, and
wiis .Mr. El'wCs a.'^sistani and iiili ijireter in liis translation of the IJihk^ and
other hooks in the Indian lan<;iiai;e."||
111 a ll Iter of the coinmissioiiers of the U. C of New England, to tliR
ciir|iiiratioii in I'^iifrlaiKi, we llnd this postscript. — "Two ol" the Indian yiMillis
fonucrly hroiiiiht up to read and write, arc put apprentice; the one to a
ffirpi'iiter, the other to iMr. (hrtn the )»riiitei-, who take their trades and
liillinv their linsiiiess very well," Jamvu-lliv-prinUr was |irolmlil) one ot' these.
A'<s»/«ii, we presume, wits only an interpreter. 'J'lie ahove-meiitioned letter
was dated lOtli Hept. KKiO.
Ill l(!!IH, Jiums was teacher to five Indian families at Ilassinaiiimisco.H
In 170!l, he seems to have ffot tliroii<rh with his apprenticeship, and to havo
Jiad some interest in carryin^f on the printing.' husimss. I''or, in the title
jKifrcs of the Imlian and Hn^dish Psalter, printed in that vear, is this imprint:
"HdSTON, N. E. Upprinlhomuiwc nu 15. (iiiKK.N, & J. PKLN'TI'IK, wukhe
frulitliintamwc Chapanvkke ut ^Vew Eiiirlaiifl, 6:c. I70!l."
We shall now jiass to notice a Massachiisetts sachem, who, like too many
(illiers, does not appear to the best ad\antai>e; nevertheless, we doubt not but
as niiicli so as he deserves, as by the seipiel will be seen. We mean
h'litchmnkin, known also by several other names, or variations of the sanio
name; as, Kutslntnunjiiin, Culslutmoqueu, Culrluinwkin, nnd many more, as, in
m
Hi
i
.r%v ■■if
» .
> -l'
T, !«„■:- '.r-
•1
* Narralive, %. t Hrii f Ilisl. 8!)
4 Hist. Priming, i. 2f1"2, 29.3,
ll Information t'roni Mr. E. Tiirkrnmin, it.-
a place of stones. Thomas, ut supra.
t Hist. Priiilinij:, i. 2'JO.
Ijnookin, //(.s7. I'raijinz Indimis.
Ilassinamniisco, Ilassaiiamcsit, &.C. signified
' y '.'
'■'mi
mmm
53
KUTCIIMAKIN.— WAR WITH THE PEQUOTS.
[BuoK II,
fi
(lifTcront, pnrts of our work, cxtractrt will nr-rrssarily show. Ifc was one ^f
tliosi; saclit'iiis who, in l(i4."5 — I, siifiioil a siihinissioii to tlio English, as Ija,
been iMi'iitioiicd in a |>rf'(;e(linj^ chapter.
In Jti.'Jd, Kiifslianutkin sold to tlio |)('o|)lo of Dorchostor, Uncataf|nissot
bfiiij,' the ]}i\n of that town since called Milton. This, it ap|H'ai*s, was at soim.
period his residence. Though he was a sachem under H'oosaiiuquin, yet, li|;,.
Cnunbitant, he was opposed to the settlement of the English in his coiintiv.
H(; soon, liow('ver, b(;cam(! riM'onciled to it, and became a (christian. Wln'n
Sir. I'jliot desired to know why he was op|)osed to his pi opie's becoinini;
Christians, ho said, then they woidd pay him no trii)ute.
VVlien tiie English of Massachusetts sent to Cunonicus, to infpiire into ilie
cause! of tl , murder of John Oldham, Kutshamakin accompanied theni as
interpreter, fighter, or whatever Wius requircMl of him.
As no satisffiction coidd bo had of tlr ; Pecpiots, for the murder of Mr. OW-
ham, it was resolved, in KilJti, to semi an army into their cotuitry "to light with
them," if what, in the o])inion ol" the English, as a recom|)ens(.', were not to In;
obtained without. The armament consisted of about DO men, These fii^t
went to Ulock Island, where they saw a f< w Indians before they landed, wIki,
after shooting a few arrows, which wounded two of the English, fled. Tin-
Indians had here "two ])lantatir)ns, three miles in simder, and about liO
wigwams, some very larg(! and liiir, and above 200 acres of corn." This iho
J'lnglish destroyed, "staved seven canoes," and aflcr two days spent in tlu^
business, and hunting for Indians without success, sailed to tin- main l,iiii|,
where Kiilshamakin ])erfornied his ])art in Jiastening on the Po'juot calaiMiiy.
Having waylaid one of that nation, he shot and scalped him. The scalp In
sent to Canonieus, who sent it about among all his sj'chem friends; tliiis
expressing his approbation of the murder, and wilhngness to engage lii«
friends to light for the l:]nglish. As a further proof of his approval of the act,
he not only thanked the English, but gave Kutshamakin lour fathom ol'
wam|)um.
Ca|)t. LAon Gankner gives tis some particulars of this affair, which are vorj
valuable for the light they throw on this part of our early transactions with tin
Pequots. The alliiir we have just mentioned happened inmiediately after
Emiicott, Turner, and Underhill arrived at Saybrook, from Block Island, ('apt.
Gardener then conunandcd the fort, who sjjoke to them as follows of their
undertaking: "You come hither to raise these wasps about my ears, anil tlicii
you will take wing and flee away." It so camo to pass; and although he was
much opposed to their gting, yet they went, agreeably to their instructions.
Gan/eHc?- instructed them how to proceed, to avoid being surprised; but the
Indians played them a Yinkee trick, as in the sequel will apjiear.
On coming to the Pequot towni, they inquired for the sachem,* wishing tn
parley with him: his ])eople said "he was from Iiome, but within three hoiii-s
he would come ; and so from three to six, and thence to nine, there came
non(\" lint thr; Indians came fearlessly, in great numbei-s, and spoke to thcni,
through the int(!rpreter, Kutshamakin, for sotne time. This delay was a strata-
gem which succeeded well; for they rightly guessed that the English liml
come to injure them in their ])oi"sons, or projierty, or both. Therefore', m liilr
some were entertaining the English with words, others carried off their eliiits
and hid them. \Vhen they had done this, a signal was given, and all tin
Indians ran away. The English then fell to bm'ning and destroying evi rv
thing they coidd meet with. Gardener had sent some of his men with tlif
oth.'rs, who were unaccountably left on shore when the others reembarkid,
and were jtursued, and two of them woimded by the Indians.
"The Hay-men killed not a man, save that om^, Kichomiquim, an Indi.iii
sachem of the Hay, killed a Pequit; and thus began the war between the
Indians and us, in these parts." f The Pequots henceforth used every means
to kill the I'.nglish, and many were taken by them, and some tortured in their
maimer. "Thus fin-," adds Gardener, "I had written in a book, that all men
* Sa.isanis, s;i_vs M'itithrir)) (i. 11M-.) ; l>iil boin;; told he was <;oiie to [.oiig Island, the gene-
ral demanded lo see " the ulher sachem, &c." which was doubtless MonunoUo.
f3 Coll. Ilisl. Sue. iii. 141, &c.
and posterity i
Hhed, yea, and
oniv because /
'i'o say llic I
infiriiwi of til
,v|M-escnt then
(;ipvenn»r
(•(instaiilly "til
Waierttnvn n
near Dorchesti
ot' h'ltt.ilutiiuik'
In l(i4f^, ('"'
t(i a deed ma(
(iriffin wer(!
The tract ol'
which Cato iv.
Of the arf.dt no
— Miami NNt
Scll.1 Rltodt. I
WKiimiiij and
rrpc. s it — Wa
Ills iicu/ilr — //
exiciiiion — /'(/
TniditloHS—^
— Clidriirler n
of plottinsr iri.
iViir liclirrcn ^
Farther uccoul
TiiK hounds
"I'aiitiii'kit Riv
hv a hriiok call
the sea, or niai
many ishuids, I
Niantiek, thoiif!
within it. Aci
ahniit :{0 or 4(
Rhode Islainl
tlicMi from the
at the /riiith ol
of thxrhj Ihous
fatlcr, lived, in
hi 17()(!, or
Narrairanset fi
sons. Mr. I),
pehoolmaster.
lisheil I cannot
A census of
Fch. 1H:V>, wii
theniselvi's ma
Of the earl
learned from t
iiaiiu'd Titshta
^Siill'dlk Reij.
picture i>r some I'
tSee3('oll. INI
j Sue Beattifs
[Book II,
lie was ()ii(. ,jf
Euglisli, as l,a,,
Uiicatii((iiissit
i-s, was at .■^iiiiii'
iiajuin, yet, lik,.
ill liis coiuitiv.
ri.stiaii. WIk'u
pie's becoiniiii;
ifjiiin! info ihr.
laiiied tiu'iii as
\vr of Mr. 0/,/.
^-"to lijrliiwi:!,
I wen; not to h;
1. Tlu'sc first
V landed, wlin,
isli, fled. Till.
and ahoiit IJO
ni." Tills the
s spent in this
tile main liiml,
i";ii()t ealaniitv.
The seal)) li.
friends; thus
to enirajre liis
oval of the act,
3iir fathom of
ivliicli are vvr\
ctions with tJR
lied lately altiT
Island, (.'apt.
lows of tlicir
ears, and tiiwi
longli he was
r instniotioiis,
rised; but the
n,* wishiiiirtn
n tliree iioiii-s
, there eamc
)oke to them.
was a stratd-
English had
refore, wliili'
f their elircts
and all the
royinsr every
neii with tlio
i-eoniljai'ked,
m, an Indian
between tiir
every ineaiRi
nrcd in their
that all nK'ii
iiiud, tlie gene>
Chu'. IV]
OF Tin: NAIUIAGANSETS— T.\Sirr.\.SSUCK.
53
i
ami posterity mijjht know liow and why so many honest mi'ii had their blood
tilii'd yea, and some llayed alive, others cut in |)ieees, and some roasted alive,
oiilv beeans(! Kiclinmukin, a May Indian, killed one I*<'(|iiot."
'i'o sav the least of our author, he had the best possilile means to he coireclbj
infurmc'l of these matters, and we know not that be had any motive to mis-
j-('|in'seiit iheni.
(ioveriior Wmlhrop meiitit.ns, under date l(i4t!, that Mr. FA'wl leetiired
(•(iiistantlv "one week at the wigwam of one If'abon, a new saehem near
WatertoNvn mill, and the; other the next week in the wif^wam of CutalKtnitkin,
mar Dorehester mill." We shall have oeeasion in another (-haiiter to speak
of Kulshnmakin.
Ill I<i4f*, i'ulchamckin, as be was then ealled, and Jojeiinji appear lus witnesses
ti, a dei'd niaihi by anotli(;r Indian ealled Cnlo, alias (ioodmiin. L(tnc and
ilr'ifjm wen; the grantees "in behalf of tin; rest of the people of Sudbury."
Till' tract of land sold adjoined Sudbury, and wius five; miles scpiare; for
which Colo received five- pounds. Jojeuny was brother to Calo.*
CIIAPTF.R IV.
Oj tht s^cat nation of the Xarra![aitscts — Gcogrnphij of their country — Canonicus
\liAXTrNNoM<JH — His relations — ^lids the Eni'lish in. (lestroi/inir the Pe(jU'ts —
.S'(7/.s- RItode Island — His di_(f>callics with the Em^lish — Visits Itosliin, — His viair,
ivinimi!ij and. iiide/ieHdince — Charsrtd leith a ronsjiirae'/ airainst the irhites — .JWy
rriir. s it — Wai.vmianck becomes his secret enenni—^Jlis s/ieecli .to lidiandancf and
uf idotling irith thcni — ."iljlij defends himself — ^../m.o .// ..<,r/.fo iyi,,.<> •unni,,^ —
War helicccn JViuiirrct and .Iscassassntich — Present condition of his descendants —
Farther account of I'essacus — Killed Inj the Mohawks.
The bounds of Narrngans^'t were, as described in the times of the sachems, f
"I'aiilwekit River, Cluenebage [Quabaog] and Niimiuck," northerly ; " westerly
by a hrook called We(piapaiig, not far| from l*a(|uatuck River; southerly by
tli(! sea, or main ocean ; and easterly by the Nanhiganse. I5ay, wherein Ileth
iiiaiiy islands, by det-ds bought of tin; Nanbiganset sachems." Cowees tt and
Niaiitick, though sometimeH applied to this country, were names only of places
within it. According to IMr. Gookin, "tlit; territory of their sacln'iii extended
about •lO or 40 mih's from Sekiink River and Narragansitt Hay, including
Rhode Island and other ishuids i'l that bay." Pavvcatuck River se|ijirated
tluMii from the Pecpiots. This nation, under Can iiicus, ha<l, in Kil'i, arrived
at tiie /eiiith of its greatness, and was siipposiul to have' contained a jiopulatioii
of thirtji thoumnd. This estimate was by Richard SniiUi, jr., who, \\itli bis
fatlcr, live;! in their country.
In 17()(!, or about that year, Mr. Smnuel Drake made a cr.talogue of the!
Narraganset Indians. This catalogiit; contajned the names of aliout •'{bi |)er-
soiis. Mr. Drake spent 14 y(>ars among them, chiefly in the capacity of a
prhodlinaster. He wrote an account of them, but whether it was ev(!r |)ub-
lislied 1 cannot l(!arn. §
A census of thosi' calling themselves n remnaiU of tlu; Narragansets, taken
Feb. iH:J'i, was 315; only seven of whom were unmixed. The Imlians
themsi'lvi's make their number 31)4. ||
Of the early times of this nation, some of the first English inhabitants
learned from the old Indians, tiiat they bad, previous to their arrival, a sicluun
named TaslUnssuck, and their encomiums upon his wisdom and valor were
'SiitViilk Ill's;. DimmIs. 'I'Iktc is no n-imc si|rii(>(l In the ik't-d, hill ni tlic phicc thereof, is iho
picluri' of soiiio foiir-iosjircd uiiiiiial (Irawii on liis l)acl<.
tSi'c ,5 Coll. >|,n^s. Hist. Soc. I. 210. t F'H'r "f f'^e miles, snvs Gookin.
^ Sue Ueaaifs Jou^ial, 106. I| iMS. leller of Kev. Mr. Ely.
54
CANONICUS.
[Cook II
1 m
m 'jpl
',1
1 ''8
&
■I ||Mm§L
i BH
li
much lli( y.mw. as iIk; Dclawuros reported of tlieir ffroat cliiof Tamanrj; tli(,|
•iiicc, tlicrc liad iu)t l)eeii iiis e(Hial, &n-. Tuslitassiick had Imt two eliildnri, a
Boii and daiiglitcr; these h(! joined in marriage, b(!eaiis(^ lie could lind nniip
Wortiiy ol" tiiein out of his family. The; product of this marriage was Whk
sons, of whom Canonicus was the oldest.*
Ca.vomcus,! tilt' great sachem of the; Narragansets, was contemporary with
Mianlunnomoh, who was his nephew. We know not the time of his hiiili, hm
a son of his was at JJoston in 1(>}I, the next year afhr it was settled. Hut ti|.
time of his death is minutely recorded by (Governor tVinthrop, in ins " Jouiiial,"
thus: "June 4, l(i47. Canonicus, tiio great sachem of Narragauset, di((l, ,,
very old man." He is generally supposed to have been about H5 years of a^r,
when he died.
The Wampanoags were in great fear of the Narragansets about tlie time tlir
English canu! to Plimouth, and at on<! time war actually existed, and Alftssimil
fled l)el()re Canonicus, and applied to the English for protection.
Edward /fins/oit) relates, in his Goon News from New England, that, jii
Feb. l(J2y, Canonicus stint into Plimouth, by one of his men, a bundli' nf
arrows, bound with a rattlesnake's skin, and tliere lell them, and retired. Tin
Narragansets, who were reported at this time " many thousand strong," liciiiini;
of the weakn(>ss of the English, "began, (says the above-named author,) lu
breath forth many threats against us," although they had the last sniiinni
"desired and obtained peace with us." — "Insomuch as the connnon talk u\
our neighbor Indians on all sides was of the preparation they made to coin..
against us." They were now imboldened from the circumstance that ilii.
English had just added to their numbers, but not to their arms nor provisimis.
The ship Fortune had, not long before, landed 35 pereons at Pliujouth, iinil
the Narragansets seem to have been well informed of all the circumstaiicis,
This, (says Mr. frrns/oj/;,) "occasioned them to slight and brave us with sk
many threats as they did. At length came one of them to us, who was snu
by Conaucus, their chief sachem or king, accompanied with one Tokamahammt,
a friendly Indian. This messenger inquired for Tisquanlum, our interpn iir,
who not being at home, seemed rather to be glad than sorry; aud leaviiijf tin
him a bundle of new arrows, lapped in a rattlesnake's skin, desired to dcjiait
with all exptidition."
AVhen Squanto was made acquainted with the circumstance, lie told tlie
English that it was a challenge for war. Governor Bradford took the riittii-
snakt^'s skin, and filled it with powdtir and shot, and returned it to Canonicus:
at the same time instructing the messenger to bid him defiance, and invite iiiin
to a trill' of strength. The messenger, and his insulting carriage, had tlio
desired effect upon Canonicus, for he woidd not receive the skin, and it was
cast out of every comnmnity of the Indians, imtil it at last was returned in
Plimouth, and all its contents. This was a demonstration that he was awcil
into silenc(! and res|)ect of the English, by the decided stand and iiostilo
attitude they assumed.
In l(i21, soon afler the war with Caunbilnnt was over, among 'hose who
sought the friendship of the English, was Canonicus himself, notwithstaiidiiiL'
he was now coiu-ting war again so soon. He had iloubtkiss nearly got rid ot'
the fear that the news of Stawlisli's conduct first inspired, and had taken \\\t
again his old resolution of fighting the strangei-s at IMiniouth.
Ih; is mentioned, with great respect by Ilev. /io^er H'iUiams,\ \n llie year
1(154. Afler observing that manij hundreds of tlu; English were witnesses to
the friendly disposition of ^he Narragansets, he says, "Their late famous loiii;-
lived Caunonicus so lived and died, and in the same most honorable niaiiiitr
and solenniity, (in their way,) as i/ow laid to skiCf) your prudent peace-maker,
Mr. IVinthrop, did they honor this their {)rudent uud ])eaceable prince ; yea,
*Hulrhinsoi), i. 158, who met with tills account in M.S. ; hut wo do not give imj)licil croclii
to il, its, at liest. it is trndilioii.
tTliis spcllin;^ does not convoy the tnie proninicialion of the name; other spellings will lie
noliei'd in llie rourso of his l)ioj>in|>liy. Its sound approachod so near the Latiu woid cuiioni-
cus, that il bocanio confmiiidod with il. Qmimmrie was early wriltuu.
^ Manuscript letter to the governor of Massachu.'selts.
tliro"!?'' all their
our Englishmen
'YUv ftillowiiijj
muiset, 18 .Muie
facts very i>ertii
and constant ilc
Canonkiis wiis t
of his youth) wi
uncle Canonicus
„„t for thf tiivo
not Ulioil'' W"'"
of Canonirus bii
When .Mr. Jol
pet III! toot '»>■ *•"
that Canonicus a
other Narragaiis
conduct of the E
gettlers consiihire
letter for Camni
lie had resolved
despatched mess
aiitlioriz'!'! the I
admit them into
although it was
iijMin tlicin, andj
to Pessacun. Tli
inessengei-s recei
of Mr. Oldham.
liusiiiess; oliservi
and marvel Ions
treaty, clearing h
of \U yet upon vc
This sachem if
"The chiefest go
Minntumiomu,a\u
tliis young man's
The old sachem '
young sachem wi
this passage befc
Whakheer : —
"At a meeting
Sept., K143," it w
"give Conoonacu
time" they have
notwithstanding
that they had co
which he lad inl
try, by gifts Jind
contrary to the "
Therefore, know
Mtiantcnomo, gov
oiitlireakings" to
more than to "ai
Notwithstanili
their confiulerate
* This w
ig Mioso will)
tvvitlistaiKliiiL'
rly j(()t rid ot'
lud taken up
I in the yt'jir
witiicssi's to
famous loii;:-
rahle iiiaiuur
pcacc-iiKikcr,
prince ; vi'a,
: iiiij)licil crcdil
spi'lliiiirs will he
in woitl camni-
[Book II
Tamai))/; ti,;,,
two cliiidnii, ;!
onid find a,,,,,!
riage M'as [',,<•;
einporarv win,
f liirt biiili, III;,
ttlcd. Hut tip
liis"J()iu-ii,ii,"
jansct, died, .,
35 years ol" iii.r,-
lit the tiino thr
, and Massusoil
GLAND, that, ii,
, a bundle nf
1 retired. Tl,,,
trong," lieariiij
led uuthoi-,) III
5 la.st sunuiMr
ninion tall; oi'
made to coine
tance that tlio
nor provisidiis,
Plimonth, jiinl
circuinstaucts.
ve us witii SI)
wiio was si'iit
Tokamahamiin.
iir intcrpn ti r,
nid leaving tiir
ired to depait
he told tlie
ioi< the rattle-
to Canonicus;
nid invite iiim
iage, had tlio 5
in, and it was
returni'd tii
he was awi-il
1 and hostilo
Chap- IV.]
CANONICUS.— MASCUS.
tliroii'di all tln'ir towns and countries how frequently do many, and oft times,
. |.;'],jriishnien travel alone with safety and lovini; Uindness?"
The Following statement of Ro^tr ff'illiaiii.'i \< in a deposition, dated Narra-
fT'iuset IH June, l(if^2, and, although varying a little from the above, eonlains
!•■ .ts v'erv pertinent to our purposes J It; .siys, "1 testify that it was the general
,1,1,1 constant (hMdaration, that Canonicus iiis father iiad three .sons, when of
(\vionii:us vV'is th<! lieir, and his youngest brothi r's son MKintlnonvj (because
of iiis voiith) was Ins marshal and executioner, and did nothing williout his
iiiicle Canonicus' consent. And therefore I liecian! to posterity, that were it
not for ;'"' ttivor that God gave nie with Cimonicus, none of tlie.se pjirts, no,
not Rhode Island, had been purchased or obtained; for I never got any thing
ot" Cnunnirus but i)y gilh"
When Air. John Oldham was killed near Block Island, and an investigation
set on foot '>.V the English to ascertain the iiiin-derers, tlcy were i'ully .suislied
that Cnnonic'us and Miantunnomoh had no band in the afliiir, but tiiat "the six
otliiT Narraganset sachems had." No wonder he took great offence at the
fondiK't of the English concerning the death of jMianlunnomoli. The Warwick
gt'ttlifs considered it a great piece of injustice, and lAIr. Samuel Gorton wrote u
letter for Canoaicus to the govermnent of Massachusetts, notifying them that
ho had resolved to be revenged upon the Mohegans. Upon tiiis the I'.nglish
despatched messengers to Narraganset to in(]uire of Canonicus vvli(;tlier ho
autliori/.ed the letter. He tr(>ated them with great coldne.s.s, and woidd not
udniit them into his wigwam for the space of two hours after their arrival,
although it was exceedingly rainy. When they were admitted, lit; frowned
niton tlicni, and gave them an,swers fontigii to the j)nrpose, and referred them
to Pessacun. This was a very cold reception, compared with that wiiich the
nii's.<engers received when sent to him for information respcjcting the dtNith
i)i' Mr. Oldham. "They returned with jicceptance and good success of tlieir
hiisine.>'s; oi)S(!rving in the sachem much state, great command of bis men,
and nianellous wisdom in his answers; and in the carriagi! of tin; whole
trcatv, clearing himself and bis neighbors of the murder, and offering revenge
of it, v<!t upon very sjife and wary conditions."
This sachem is said to have governed in great harmony with bis nephew.
«Tlie (diiefest government in the country is divided between a younger sachem,
Minntimnomu,i\\id an elder sachem, C«itnauH«cws, of alioutlburscore years old,*
this voung man's imcle ; and their agreement in the government is remarkai)le.
Tiie old sachem will not i)e olfendeil at what the young sachem doth ; and the
voung sachem will not do what be conceives will di,s|)lease his uncle."f With
this passage before him, Mr. Durfee versilies as follows, in his poem culled
Whatcheer : —
" Two niigiity chiefs, one oautious, wise, and old,
One yoiuia;', and slioiiij, and terrible in fig'lit,
All Narraganset and ('owesct iiold ;
One lodge tiiey build — oilo counsel fire lliey light."
"At a meeting of the commissioners of the United Colonies at I}o.ston, vij
Sept., lf>48," it was agreed that Massachusetts, in belnilf of tin; oth^r colonics,
"frive Conoonacus luid the Nanobiggunsets to tmihjrstand, that from time to
time" they have taken notice of their violation of the covenant between them,
notwithstanding tht; gretit manif stations of their love to them by tiii> English;
that they hfid concurred with .Miantunnomoh in his latt^ mischievous plots, by
wiiich he 1 ad intended "to root out the body of the English" from the coiin-
tn, by gifts and alhirements to other Indians; anil tlnit he had invaded Uncus,
CDUtrary to the "trlpartie covenant" between himself. Uncus, tuid Connecticut.
Tlii'ref()re, knowing "how peactiable Conanacus <uid Masrus, the late fitther of
Miiantcnnmo, governed thtit great people," they itscribed the late "tumults and
duilireiikings" to the malicious, rash and )imi)itious spirit of Miantunnomoh,
mmv than to "any adected way of their own."
Notwithstanding, Miantunnomoh being now put to death, the English and
their confederate Indian sachems, namely, " Fhcus, sagtunore of the iMohegins,
*Thi3 was wrillen about 1613.
tCol. 11. I. llisl. Soc. vol. i.
r
m
^V'5
i
&
■1
w ■': y
m
W'ji
56
CANONICUS.— HIS WAR WITH THE PEQUOTS.
[RUOK II
ll.
^1
nnd liis people, Woosamequine and liis people, Snrfiiioroe and liis people, P,,^,
ham and liis peojile, \ver(! disposed, tliey said, still to liave peace wiili i|,j
Narnifxansets; l)nt should expect a more Caithrul ohsei-vance ot" tlieir aiino
incnt tiian tliey had shown hitherto." 'I'iiis iletermination was to i>e iiiiiii,.
diately laid het'ure tliein, and a |)ronipt answer demanded.
In a ^rave assemlilv, npoii a certain occasion, Canonifiis thns addns,*!!!
Jioij^cr Jf'illiams : "I have never sidlered any wronjf to he otlired lo i|,j
]'ji,:udish since tli.'y landed, nor never will;" and olten repeated the wonl
ff'itnnfniniwtii/ean. "it" the l'.n<ilishman speak trne, if he mean trnly.tJRt,
shall I fj-o lo my },'rav(! in |)eact', and hope that tlio English, and my jiostiiitv
shall live in love and peace fo<j;etlier."
\Vh( II Mr. nillidms said hi' hoped he had no cause to ((iiostion tlie Eiiirlisl,.
men's wtni)i((tiiitW(iu()iii/;,\\u\t is, (JiithCuliiess, ha\iiii,f lonj; heen accpiainted wiHi
it, C'linoniriis look a stick, and, hreakiiri;- it into ten jiieces, related t 'U insianos
wherein they had proved false; layinjr down a piece at each instance. \|f
Williams satistied him that Ik; was mistaken in some ot" them, and as to dih-r,
lie aji'reed t<) interceih; with the goveriuir, who, he doubted not, would iiink.
satisfiiction for them.
\n ]().'}."), Rev. ftoyr/' /ri7/i'«m.9 fouiiil Canonicus muX .Minntiamomoli carninj
on a hloody war against the VVampanoags. Hy his intercession an eml \v;l<
put to it, and he grew iiiiich in favor with all the sachems ; ('specially Canmirus,
wlios(! "heart (lii^ says) was stirred up to loves nu> as his son to his last is;\<\,"
lie sold the Island of llhodt! Island to ff'illiam Codih'n<rton, fio<rcr If'illiniM.
and others. A son of Canonicus, named Mriksati, is named hy If'illiitmvM
inheriting his liitlier's spirit. This son is also called .Mcikii, who, atin- 1,|.
father's death, was chief sachem of the Narragansets, and was said in Inn,.
hvvu his eldest son. iMany particulai's of him will he t'oiind i: our pro^rns!
oiuvarti.
At the time of the Poiiiiot war, much pains was taker, to secure the friinil.
ship of Canonicus mon? firmly. Mr. fVilliams wrote to (jfovernor IVint'm
concerning hiui as follows: "Sir, if any thing he sent to the jtrinces, 1 tiiiii
Canouni us would gladly accej>t of a box of eight or ten pounds of sugar, mil
indeed he told me he would thank Mr. Governor for a box full." In aiieiliir
letter which Mr. Williams sent to the same by Mianlunnomoh himself, he sny-,
"I am hold to re(|uest a word of advict; of you concerning a proposition iimji
by CaunounicMS and Mianlnnnomu to uk; some half yea: since. Cannminm
gave an island in this bay to Mr. Oilham, by name Cliiharhuwcsi,, ii|iiiii
condition, as it should seem, that he would dwell there near unto them." Tlr
death of Mr. Oilham, it appears, prevented bis acce|)ting it, and they elUni
it to Mr. Williams upon the same conditions; but be tiixt desinul to kiidw
whether, in so doing, it would \w. jjcrfectly agreealtle to iMassacbiis 'tts, iunl
that he had no idea of accepting, without paying the chiefs for it; said Irtull
tbi'in "onc(! and again, that fi»r the |)resent he mind not to remove ; hiitit'in'
had it, would give them satisfaction for it, and build a little bouse and put in
son .' swine, as understanding the place to have store of fish and good tei'lin;
for swine." VVhen .Mianlunnomoh IkvunI that soiik^ of the Massachiis 'tts iiifii
thought of ((cciipying some of the islands, Canonirus, he says, d; sir.'d In'
voiild accept of half of it, 'it being specta(de-wise, and between a niilcrr
two in circuit;'' but iMr. fVilliams wrote to int()rin tlieiii that, if be had any,
he desired the whole. This was not long befon> the Peqiiot ww, wliidi
probably put a stoj) to further n"gotiation upon the siil)ject.
'I'liere was another (diief of tin? same name in Philip''s war, \\liicli Mr,
Hnhhar.l denominates "the great sachem of the Narragansets," and \\ii»,
"di,slriisting the proffers of the English, was slain in the woods hy the
Mohawks, bis sqiiaw surrendering herself: by this means her lit' was
spared." lie was probably a younger son of Canonicus, or an iinineiliiite
des<'endMit.
In ll);)'2, a war broke out between the Narragans'ts and the Peepiots. on
account of dispufi'd right to the lands between Pancatiick i{iverand Wecapaiii'
Brook.* It was a tract of considerabh; conse<|iience, being about ten iiiil'S
* •' Tlio natives arc very c.sacl and piniclual in iliu bouudi of llieir lands, belonging lu iliii
t Hy John Lathroi
CANONICUS.— SOKOSO.
57
CHAP. IV.]
wide and fiftwn "•' iwciity long. Canoninis drrw alcui!,' witli liim, lic^siilcs lii.!
own 'ini'n, f^i'Vi'nil of the >I!l.<^^iu•lMlS(■tts sijiiinion's. Tliiswa.s niaintainrd uitli
Irrocitv anil vari(>ii.-< siicccss, niuil Id;}."), when ilic I'(t|iii)ts wvn' (lri\('n iVum it,
lint wiio it ^^<||''<l seem, ('(Hisid; red tlii'insilvcs liiit liltlf worntcd : )i»r Ciuiuiilfun.
iloulitiii" Ills al)llity to hold possi'ssion limji', and aslianicd to have it fctakcn 'Voni
liiiii niaiic a jn't'st-nt ol' it, to one of liis captain.-i, who liad loiiglit luinically in
(.(ini'iucriiif; it; l)nt he ncvL-r held jiosscssion : liowdviT, alter tliti I'rijuots \vrn<
^iil„|ii,.,| liv lilt' Knf,'lisli, tli('ri(> lands wen- possessed l)y tin- Xarrajransct.s attain.
'['he iiiiiiir oC this I't'ipidt captain was SoKoso, sonii'tiincs cailfd Soso, Sofioii,
^,.. lie had killed one of liis countryini'n and tied to tlic i\arraf;ans,ts, who
[iroicc'ted him. Tliis tract of conntry was allcfwanis in dispntc liclwrcn lln;
Kimlisli. Solioso liavin<^ deeded it tosorni; of them, (!• June, ]()()(),)an llniiiish-
iiKiii allerwards ti'stified, tliat Sokosc had acdiiiowledifed, that, aUhoiif^Ii he iiad
|.,M'. ivcd money for it, he never owimm! it. IJnt, according to the testimony of
ll'(iiciiloaiii,x\i(' wifeofJl/iVoi/iuinomo/i, there was doul)tless .some iidse swearinj,'
iilKMit it. It was r<'ckoni;d to contain "20,000 acres, and tlit; following is atf .»ted
coiiciruiiis; it : — "I, fyaivalortm, iU> alfirni it to l;e ,Sor/io'.s or his a.ssigns', and
fiMllicr, wiii'iras my uncle A'tHfg/W sayotii that it is iiis land, 1 do utterly deny
it Ipcl'ore all men; lor it was con(|H(!re(l hy my hiisltand jU(Vn//o/io/n>/, iind my
uwk' Cmioniats, long heforo the Hnglisli had any wars with the l'e(|nuts; ami
iiiv iiM(de ^Yimij^rad had no hand in the war. This land was given and past
over to the valiant (captain Soclio, for service done for lis befon; the English
liiiil any wars w'th the Peqnots." *
It is said that, in the war between Uncus and Miaiilunnomoh, two of the
sons of Cnnonicus fought on the side of Miantannonwh, and were wounded
wlifii he was taken prisoner at Sachem's Plain.
Cnnonkns has been the subject of a poem which was published at .Boston,
ill le'03.t Among the tolerable passages are the following: —
" A miglily priiirc, of veiieral)le ag'c,
A peerless warrior, Iml of |)cacc ihc friend;
His hreiisl a treasury of maxims sni^e —
His arm, a host — to punish or clcieiKl."
Canonicits, nt tlie iige of 84 years, is made to announce his approaching
dissolutiou to his people thus: —
" I (lie. — My frionils, you have no cause to grieve :
To abler hands my regal power I leave.
Our god commands — to fertile realms I basic,
Compared with which your gardens are a waste.
There in full bloom eienial spring abides
And swarming fishes glide through azure tides ;
Continual sunshine gilds the riouilless skies,
No mists conceal Leesuckciuand from our eyes."
Aliniit lfi4Q, a son of Canonicus died, at which his grief was vei7 great;
insoiniich that, "having buried his son, he burned his own palace, and ail liis
goods in it, to a grefit ' alue, in solt'mn remembrance if his son."
Like other men ignorant of science, Canonicus was superstitious, and was
iriviitly in fear of the English, chiefly, |)erhaps, from ti belief in their ability to
iiiirt him by enchantment, which belief, very probably, was occasioned by the
story that Squanfo circulated, of which, in a previous chapter, we havc^ spnkeiu
Wiicii Rojrer Williams fled into his country, he at first viewed him with dis-
tnist, and would oidy frown upon him ; at length he accused him, as well as
the otiier English, of sending the plague among the Indians ; but, as we have
snid before, he soon became reconciled to him, gave him lands, and even
lirotccted him. Thf y became mutual helps to each other, and, but for ani-
iiiosifies among the English themselves, it may be fair to conidiido, friendship
would have continued with the Narragansots through several generations.
i, beluiiglii;; 1" iliii
or that prince or people, even to a river, brook, &r. And I have known them make bargain
.iiiil <nl(' amongst themselves, for a smnll piece, or quantity of "round ; nolwitlislandiiig a
siiil'iil opinion amongst many, thai Christians have ri^hl to iioallien's lauds." R. Willuuns.
*Sco Potters History of Narragaiiset, in Col. U. I. Hist. Soc. iii. 248.
t By John Lathrop, A. 31. in 8vo.
I
I
58
MIANTUNNOMOII.— THE PEQUOT WAR.
[It.iOKlI
IMiANTUNNOMon * WHS tlic SOU of 11 cliicf called ^fasrus, iirplicw of fdiumi.
CVS, limtlicr or Itrnllicr-in-liiw to ^Viiiii^nt,^ niid hrollicr nf Olaxli. And, Hnm
a iiuimiscript t aiiionji tlii' papers oC tin; late Dr. Tnniihiill, it appears ihnj
AIoxnuj), ov .Mos!/)i,§ and C(i)ij(i>i(i(ii(0)i(l,\\ wen; aliso liis brothers.
"Tliis Mididonimo," sHya Mr. //i(Wm/v/, " was a very .t'ood persoiiai;v, [t|,i„
ia, wt^li made,] of tall stature, sulitii ami ciiiininj.' in his eontriveiiieiits, us wul]
08 liaiij;lity in ids desi<,nis."1l
As early as ."{ An;:. H\'Vi, this eliief came with his wife to llostoii, wliiivli,.
Bfaid two niirhts. Ii<' was then known liy the name ol" .Mirumcli. ^VIlil(• h, ,,,
he went to ( imrcli with the Ijijirlish, and in iIk; mean while, some of his nuii,
twehi' of whom iuid accompanied him, it seems, broke into "i house, jind
rommitled a thefl, on 5 March. Complaint was made to the J-'nulisli <:„\.
erncr, nho "told tlie sachem of it, and with some ditficnlty cansi'd liim >
make one of his sannajts** beat them." The authors of the mischief w,,,
immediately sent out of town, l)iit Midntunnomoh and thu otliers, the goveiDcr
took to ins lionse, "and made nntcli of tliem."|f
Tlie liii^rlish seem always to have bcM-ii more flivorably incfinod tnwnnls
other tribes than to tiie Narra^^ansets, as appears from tlie stand they tudk ii
tlie wars between them and their enemies. And so Ion;; as ,>tlier tribes t-w-
ceeded a;rainst them, tin; English were idle spectators; but wlienevcr i||,.
Bcule turned in their lavor, they were not slow to intercede.
In the Life of Cdnoniciis, the part Miautnnunmoh exercised in tlio ^rovcni.
mei;t of the great nation of the Narragansets is related.
Tn ](i:M, Captains Stone and JS/orlun were killed by the Pequots, and in iil:ii;
Mr. John Oldham, l)y tlie Indians "near IJIock Island." Miitntunnomoli did nl!
in iiis power to assist in a])prehending the murderers, and was at miwli iJiiin,
and trouble in furnishing the English with liicts relative thereto, from tiincM
time. And ^vh( n it was told ai IJoston that tliere was a cessation of liostiliiii<
between the Narragansets iind Petiuots, iMianluunomoh was immediately nr-
dered to appear tliere, wliich he did without delay, am! agreed to assist tin m
in a war against the Pecpiots ; without whoso aid and concurrence, the Kiiudi-L
would hardly have dared to engage in a war against them at that time.
Early in i(v}7, (March 2\,) to show the governor of IMassacliusetts that lie
kept his promise of warring against the Periuots, Minntunnomoh sent liiin. In
2() of his men, a Peiiiiot's liand and 40 fathom of wanipom. Tin? war witii
tlieni now commenced, and tliougli of short duration,, destroyed them to sii.li
a degree, tliat they appeared no more as a nation. One hundred oi' the Nar-
ragansets joined themselves with the English in its accomplishment, and iv-
ccive(! a pait of the prisoners as slaves for their services.|j When the wm
was over, Mianfunnomoh still adhered to the English, and seized upon sm li
of the Pecpiots as had made their escape from bondage, and returiieil llifiiiiu
their English iiiastei"s; gave u|) to them his claim of IJIock Island, and (iihir
places wliere tin; English had found Pequots, and which they coiisideicd «<
belonging to tin in by riglit of coiKiuest.
About the same time, or in the course of the year 1(J38, troubles had gmwi;
to an aiarniing height between the Narragansets and 3Iohegans, and, as usiiiil,
*'riiis ^polling is jiccDrdiiii; to W'bilhrop: wo prefer l'7///((//i.v'\ mcdiod. as nmro nrrcri,
which !■; Miiintiiniiniiiu ; l>iil, haviii"- employed thi; former in our first edition, it i-; rel.iiiii'd in
this. It is, iiowever, olleiier written Miiitntoiiimo now, wliirli only shows iuiotlier proiiiiiiii,T
tion. The arcenl is usually upon the penultimate syllable. See Halkndi'rs Cut. l)h-
course, pa^e 1.
fMSS. of It. Williams. | Now piihlished in the Coll. Mass. Hist. l^oc.
^Called also Ciissiisiiwiich, or ^iirqinirirli, and I'atinis ; that is, Pfssants. He "wni
killed hy the i\IiK|ui, [Mohawks.] in the wilderness, aliout 20 miles ahove l'isata(|iin, in liii
travel eastward, in the time of the Fiidian wars, and other hidians with liini, and were huricJ
by order of .Major iValdron." 3 Coll. Ma.is. Hist. Soc.
II ■' llercaiied this First of luly, Kio'.), of Majr. Ilnin/ri'ii Adertnv, \Adicrton,'] and llic rrsi
of his friends, the sumo of li) pounds in Wainpam peaj^ w<'' seiicral other thiiii^s a.; "riiliiiiy
for oerlaiiio lands "■iucn y<' said .'^laj^ Aderlon\i\\i\ Ins friends,, a:; may appeare hy two seucrall
deeds of gift. 1 say rcceaued by me.
CoGI.^.\Q.UA^f .^^ his mark."
[.U.'s'. Dmiments.
IT ffist. Xeiv En<r. 4K">. ** A name the sachems g-ave their atlendaiiis.
ft Winthrop's io\in\a\. || jl/ianiun/icuno/i received eighty. Mather's Relation, Si.
licw of Caimi.
tail. Ami, t'ldiii
it apiM'ai's ih;^
pcrsoniiju'r, [tl,at
kt'uicnts, as wdi
lostoii, where li,.
fli. AVIiilc lure
lino of his iiiiii^
to n lioiisc, iiin!
ic ICiiuTisli cTiiv.
■ caused liiiii t,,
'■ miscliicf Win
irs, tlio «.ni\('n:,.r
iiclirird t(i\\ii|-,|;;
iiid liu'v took ii.
.)tlier trilii's sue.
t wlienovcr il,,: ;
1 in tlio jroveni- I
r)ts, and in ii;:!(;. |
funnomoli did ;ili i
s at iniicli |i;iiii;i
'to, tVoin liiiii' ti)
ion of liostiliiiis
iniincdialcly (ir-
1 to assist tlniii
lice, tlic Kii;:li>!i
lat tinit".
clinsctts tli.'it lie
oh sent iiiiii, hy
The Will- witii
d tlicMii to sii.li
'd of tilt' N;ir-
inu'iit, anil iv-
Wlicn the win
Tizcd ii|M)ii sihli
unii'd iliriiito
and, and dihir
considered as
It's had srown
<, and, as uscal,
ns more rorrccl,
on, il i-; ri'laiin'il in
iiiollier proiiiiiiiii-
i/di'r's ('lit'. Dii-
ss. Hist. S^or,
snrii.<!. lie ■• wn;
l'is;Uii(|ii;i, in his
and were biiricti
itoii,] and llii' roji
liinn's a< griilnily
iri! Il}' two scnerall
hit miirk."
[.)/>'. DociimenU.
laiils.
her's Relation, 39,
Chap. IV]
MIANTUNXOMOII.— INTUlfJUES OF UNCAS.
i9
Rnfcr If'ilHams cxfirisftl all liis skill ttj rcstort' trantiiiillity. ^Fany of tha
INimiits wlio liatl t'srapctl the swoni of liic uar of l(iM7, wen- anioni,' tlit;
^loliiMrjiiis, and sii'ni to have taken |»art with thfin inj:ainst Aliaiiliniiioiitoli.
T|ie\'*iriil t'l'^j "" <I""''N ''"'f ''"' '^I<»h<',i,'ans iniirht scrfcn tlicin fmni llits
I'lii'lisli, who wiTf still st'i/.in.<f on all of that nation a^rainst whom they coiiltl
,)',i,i",ii,v cans, of sus|)ifion c*' having Ihm'Ii cngagt'd in niiirdcring the Knglish,
i,r ill arms against thcni.
.Mldiitunnumoh, it is |)roi)al>lt', hati bniMi ortlercd heforc the inagistratos of
('(iiiiieetieii't '" r'^*' sonR> account of the l*t'i|not refugees in the lianils of the
Aldiieii-aiis, as well as of those in his nation; which may have lieeii a main
(••iiisc'iif the war they hail now waged against him. Tor, when he set out (itr
llarltiii'd, h<' had a guard of "upwards of 150 men, and many sachems, aiitl
liis witi' a:iil cliild'"'n." IMr. /ri7/i'«»!,? was with him, and strt)iigly iirgetl him
iKit te venture upon the jom-ney, even with this force, because of the hostility
of the Mtihegans; but the sachem w;)ulil not be dissuailetl, allliongh he had
iiodiiiilit that the Mohegans and their l*e(|inits were in great force not tjir oil".
\ii(h\iiiie tlit^ were ou their inarch, "about (it!0" of them fll upon the
Wiiiiiiasiiowatiickoogs, a trilte uiiiler Caiwmru.i, where they commitn'tl exten-
f.iv(' nilil>eri('S, and destroyed "r.bout 'i'J fields of corn."
.Ndtwitlistaiuling this great iMohegan army hail |)repareil an ambush to
inteici pt and cut otV MidHtunnomnli, and gave out a threat tlittl tliri/ would boil
km ill " lidllci .V<'t he went to, and returned sail- from, ('oniiecticnt.*
On this occasion he iliscovers great bra\ery, if it border not tofi closely
11111111 temerity ; for, when /ri7/i«m.s' urged him to retreat, they had perforiiiecl
liiilf tiieir journey, or about 50 miles; and .]/(V(H/i(/i.'io«io/i',s' answer was, alter
Imldiim' a council with his chiefs, "that no man should turn back, resolving
rallier all to die."
Till' Abihegan sachem, Unras, was at the same timt; ordered to ap[)ear at
Ilai'lliiril, to give an account of tlii' Peipiot warriors, or murderers, as tli(3
|',iii;lisii called them, in his keeping, as well as to elfect a reconciliation of
(lillireiices hetwcen him and vMiantunnomoli ; but, insteail of a|)pearing, lie
sent a messenger, with word that lie was lame and could not come. The
iriiviiiior of Connecticut, .Mr. Ifiiiines, at once saw through the artifice, anil
iilisirved that it was a /«/hc excuse, aiul immediately sent for him to como
willioiit delay.
Wlietiit r cured of his lameness or not before coming, we are not informed ;
lint, ill a few days afb'r, the subtle sachem appeared, not daring to fin-fi'it the
tVii'ii(l>iiip of the Knglish, which, it seems, he i)ri'ferri'il to hiirnig longer his
I'liilty tiice from the |)resence of the iiiagnanimons Jlidnliiiinomoh.
Niiw hefure the English, Unras was charged with the di'|iredations, some
of which were too well attested to admit of a denial, and othei-s were dis-
owned in part. The imiuiry seems to have ended after the jKirties were tired
of it, without any advantage to the injured Narragansets, ami we bear of no
measures taken for their relief.
Till next thing in order was a call upon Unras for an account of the
PeqiKits which he was sheltering, which resiiltetl only in a new series of
ialsi'liddds from him. When he was rerpiested to give their names, he said he
tiicic none of them, and that there w^ere but 20 in his tlominions. AVhi'reii|)oii
witnesses were called, whose testimonies proved, in his presence, that his
statement was false. "Then he acknowledged that he had MO." At length
Mr. Uin/nes nismisseil him, with orders to bring in their names in 10 days, or
lie Wduld take those Indians by force out of his country. IJiit, when .\lian-
lunmimdh was called upon for the names of those with him, nothing was
withheld.
At this time, at the request of the FjUgVisb, Miantunnomoh consented to lay
nsiile all animosities, and take Unras by the hand. When he had done this,
lie iii'geil Unras to dine with him ; but the guilty sachem would not, though
luessed by the English for some time to do so; and thus all efforts to bring
iihdiit a peace vanished, f
if *• J ' J
w
*Coll. R. I. Hist. Soe. iii. 115.
t Ibid. iii. 146, 147.
k.»'-V 5*\f Tf-f*
60
MIANTUNNOMOII SELLS AQUIDMCK.
[Hook II
Rov. Sitmurl Gorton mid liis nssocintcs juircliiiHcd Slmornrt, aflcrwards
ciil'rd Warwick, from the I'^iirl <>!' Wiirwirk, of .MiriiihiiiiKinioli ; l>i(i, [|<
Gorton could do iiodnii;^ riiflit in llir eyes ot" tin' I'mitaiis of .MjissiicIhis, Hj,
Pitinhnm was iiislii^'afcd to claim said tract of coiiMtry ; and, alilioi|if|| ;j
sacli'Mi' under Minutunnomoh,^ did not In .-•ilatc, wii'n sii|i|iortcd liy the I'.nj.
lisli, tt) assert his claim as chief sachem. And the fjrovernment ot" \lassiic||i|.
setts, to \x\\v to their interli'reiice t!ie a|)|)earance of disinterestedness, wiiicl, ,;
woidd seem, f"f)m tiieir own vindication, they thonirht there was a chance ;^
doiilii, 'rS.'nd for tiie fiiresaid sachems, [who iiad compL-fuK d of .^Ir. ihic\„f,
and odirrs, tiiron<:li the instillation of the l']n!.dish,] and n|>(iii e.xaniiiKiij, |,
find, lioth liy llnjriish and Indian testimony, that Miitntonomo was oiiiv ;,
iisin-|)er, and liad no title to th(! foresaid lands." f This is af,'ainst the |("m|.
inony of every record, and conid no n\\\Yo iitivo Iteen helieved //irw, than iIim
Philip was not sachcMii oi' I'okaiioket. In all cases of |iurchase, in iIhk,
times, the chief sachem's <.'rant was va'ld, atid maintained, in almosi cv a
instance, hy tin" purchaser or jirantee. it was customary, <;('nerally, to niiikr
the inferior saciiems, and sometimes all their men, presents, hut it was hy m,
ira'ans ii law. The chief sachems ofh'U permitted those under theiii ii,
dis|)ose of lands also, without iieiuif called to accoinit. This was prccisili
the situation of ihinjrs in the Warwick controversy, of which vvc; shall Inn',
occasion a<fain to speak, when we come to the lil'e of Pumhnm.
In Alai'ch, KiMH, .Miitnhntvomoli, with tiiiu' other sacln-ms, sold to ffilliim
CorA//?/,ir/o» and otiiers, the island now called lihnde Island, also mostiil'ili,
others in Narras^anset hay, "i()r the full |)ayment ot" 10 fathom of white pcii!!.
to l)(,' equally divich'd" hetween them. Hence .1/u/h/i/;iho*;)o/( received ciiiln
fathom. He was to "have ten coats and twenty hoes to jrive to the present in-
hahitjiuts, that they shall remove themselves from the island hef(.;e next wintir."
The deed of this pmvdiase, a copy of which is in my possession, is dain!
24th iMarch, and runs thus: ^''W'c, Cftiioiiirds and .l/i'««/i'HOHiiV, the two rhid
sachems of Narajjansets, hy virtue of our <,'en(>ral command of this l»!iy,;..
also the j)articular suhjeclini^ of the dead sachems of Aquednick, Kiliicki.
inucknut, themselves and lands unto us, have sold unto I\lr. Coddini^h>ii wx.
his friends * * the fireat Island of Acjuldu'ck, lyiuf? from hence [I'roviiidici
eastward * * also tlie marshes, ijrass upon Uuimonigat and the rest ol' tin
islands in the hay, exceptiuir Chal)atewec<', formerly sold unto Mr. Winlhruf.
the now (Jov. of Mass. and 31r. Willinms of Providence, also th<' ;:imv
upon the rivers and coves about Kitackannickqut, and from thence to hm
pusquat."
" The mark of ^ Cononicus.
The mark of ^j Yot.nksii, [Otasii,
brother of IMiantl'n.nomiui,
The mark of ^ Meantinojmk.
The mark of , — ■> Asotam.net.
The mark of vx^^ Mfihammoh,
Canonicus his m.
"Thi.s witnnssnth that I, Wnnamatanamet, the present saclKMn of the isliiml,
have received five fathom of wanq)um and cons(;nt to the contents.
The mark of 4> Wanamatanamet,
"Memorandum. I, O.tcmequon, freely (consent" that they may "make use
of any jjrass or trees on the main land on Pocasicke side," having recuiuvd
five fathom of wampum also.
The mark of ^ Osamkquen
take ef" his hei
iKx-css any part
As latt! as 21 Se))t. 1()38, the hand of Miantunnomoh is set to an instruniPiii,
with that of Unca.i. Said instrument was u treaty of |)eace, a bond tiir llie
settling of diHicullies between these two sachems and their men, and aii
r!
* " TIk! liiw of lliL' liidiiiiis ill idl Amcrii'a is, lliiit die iiifi~rior sachems and suhjorls diall
ant and remove at llie pleasure of llie lii^liest and snnreino sarhems." Roger Williams,
riiis is auUiority, and we need no oilier roninienlaryon liie arbitrary proceedings of llie cuuii
of Massarliiisetts.
t In manuscript on file, at the stale-house, Boston.
[Rook II
Iff, afterwards
tomali ; lid, n,
.M!l.<Silcllll>i(|ls,
1(1, illlll(ll|ir|| ^^
I'd l)y the Kii!;.
t Ot' MllSSIll'llli.
(Iiii'ss, which ii
ivns a cliaiici!,.
I of iMr. (('ijj'/,,,
1)11 ('.\aiiilii;iiii|,
710 was niily ;,
fiaiiist the ti'sij.
I then, lliiiii i!i,v
•cliaHc, ill iliiN
II almost cvirj |
icrally, to inakp I
lilt it was li\ III, ;
under tlicin i, '
is was jtreci>r|\ ,
I wo sliall liin. ;
I
sold to ti"illiiu'
ilso most (iI'iIk
I of wliito pcjij,
h received cii;!!!
) the pri'si'iit ill-
(lie next winter."
session, is (lain!
iV, tiie two cliid
of tiiis 15i\y,;>
•dnici<, Kilaclvn-
Coildins^loii aini
re [I'rovidciici'
tiie rest of ihi
Chap.
IV.] MIANTUNNOMOII.— TFIHATY WITH UNOAS.
(!!
I iMr. If'inlhriij.
al^() tll(; Ulil."
tliencc to I'aii-
"lONICUS.
r.NKHii, [Otash,
lANTl-NMIMIIH.'
INTINOMIK.
ITA1M.NET.
IHAiM.MOH,
<()Nicus his son.
in of till' i.-flaiiii,
[•nts.
LNAMATANAMF.T,
lay " make \i!>c
laving recuiiuil
AMEQUEN
I !•,,,, i„„ fV,,|ii Itdtli to appeal to tlie Kn!,'lisli when any ditVieiilly slioiild ariso
t .|\\v(ii llieni. 'i'lii'* treaty was done at llarlloni, liie siihslance of which
l^t I'cace and friendship is estahlished hetweeii .MItDiliiiinotiwIi on the part
t' till' .Nairajraiisets, and I'oiiulm, as Unrim was tiieii .sometimes called, on the
•lit of the .Mohe;rans. .\nd all fitrmer injuries and wron;.'s to lie tiirj^'iveii,
liiid never to hi' renewed.
'M. I'.Mi'h of the sachems a<,'ree, "that il" lliere lall out iii|uries from either
side llicv ^vill not reveii^re them, lini thai lliey will appeal to the llnvrlish,
wliiise decision shall stand; and if either party rtsfiisiMo siihiiiil, " it shall ho
linvliil liir the lln^dish to comi»el him."
;til. 'I'Ih' sachems further covenant with the I'iiifrlish, that they nor none of
.>,j,. I„.,,p|e shall liarhor any Indians who shall he enemies to them, or shall
liJiNc miinlcred any wliit(! people. 'They fiirtlier ajiree that they will, "as
<(i(p|i as thev can, either hriiif^ the chief sachem of our late enemies tho
PciKiiiols, that had tho chief hand in killiii;,' the I'.n^'lish, to the sd ilu-ilish, or
like (if " his head. As to tlio "murders that are now afireed upon amoufjst
iiH that an; liviiifr, they shall, us soon as they ctiii possihly, take otf their
I I . "
ll"'''"'^" . . ... . ^T
Itli. And whereas it is afrreed that there mv now anion;; the i\arrajrans(!ts
•111(1 .Mohcf-'iiis, '2(10 l'e(|uol men, hesides s(piaws and pajiooses; this article is
til iii-dvide, that the Narr.i;^ansets have enoii^di of them to make up Si), with
ilic II thev have already, "and Po(juiin(: his iiiimh.-r, and that aMer they, tho
l'(ii(|ii(il''( ••^hall he divided as ahove, shall no inoro he (•ailed IVsaipiots, hut
.shall he divided as ahove,
Xamciinsets and .MohcjU^ans." They ap-eu to |»ay fir every sanop i/ne falhoiu
,il' \v;iiii|»oiii, and for every youth half as iniich — "and for every sanop
paiiiiiisc one hand to he paid at killiii^'-tiiiK^ of corn at ('onnecticiit vearly,
:,„,| shall not sulllM-th '•• ' • '■-■ =■ '' •■■ i.'-'--^-
hilt
IK
an instnimpiii,
lioiid l(>r llio
men, and aii
nnd siihjocls shall
Holder WiUkms.
cdiiigs of llic couii
1 MMi.-^r win. ill..... ... .-XV I » .... ...^ - .^. ^. J,
1(1 shall not sillier them for to live; in tho country that was firnierly theirs,
It is now the l''ii^'lisli's. Niiithor shall tho Narra^ansets or Mohegans
)<st'ss any part of tho IViiuot country without loauo of them."
.Iiin.v IIai.nes,
|{(i(i'R Lunr.ov ,
I'Idw'ri) lIoi'Kixs.
MlA.NTI.\0!>niV, •)
PoiiiiiA.M, alias Unkas. -J-"
The wifi' of Miantunnomoh, named Wawaf.oam, was alivo as lato as IGdl^
as a|i|>i'ais liy an information which sin; gave, dated y."» .1 line, concerning tho
riiflit of Si)k(ist} to sell tla; lands adjacent to Wecapaiig.
On u time jirevions to l()4:}, /io^tr /r/Z/m'/is delivered a (Ii.scoin'S(' to some
[iKJians at tla.'ir residence, as he was pa.s.sing through their country. Minn-
tiimiomoh was present, and stu'iiied inclined to helievi; in Christianity. Mr.
ll'ilHumji, heiiig much tJitigiied, retired to rest, whilo Mutnlunnoitiok and others
iviiiaiiied to converse upon what they had heard. Oiu; said to the chief,
"Our tiithers have told us that oiir souls go to the south-west ;" Mldiiliuino-
mnh rejoined, "How do you know your souls go to the south-west-' did you
cviT s:'e a soul go that way?" (Still he was rather incliiKMl to hiilieve, as Mr.
iniHams had just said, that they went up to heaven or down to hell.) Tho
.illicr added, "When did he (iiKjaning IVilliams) over siio u soul go up to
licaveii or down to la^ll ?"
We have given the ahove anecdote, which is thought a good illiistration
i)t' the mind of man under the inHuenco of a super-stitioiis or prejiidicod
nhication.
When it was reported, in i(!40, that Minnlunnomoh was |)lotting to cut off
ilic I'liglish, as Avill he found mentioned in the account of ^Yinlsjcirf, and
"I'vcral Kiiglish were ss'iit to him in .Inly, to know the truth of the matter, ho
would not talk with them through a I'eipiot int.'rpreter, hecausi! he was then
at war with that nation. In other respocts ho complied with their wishes,
aiiil treat;'(l them resjxM'tfully, agriieing to coiik; to Hoston, f()r lli(> gratilicatiou
of the government, if tliey would allow .Mr. fV'dllnmr, to accompany him.
This they would not consent to, and yet he came, agreeahly to their desires.
We shall pi -ently soo who acted he.st the part of civili/od meu in tJiis ulKiir
G
WM
Bm'
^
62
MIANTUNNOMOII ACCUSnO OF A CONSPIR/rV.
[f-'IOK 1]
'lil'l
lf(> hail n'fiisnl to nsf a Prijiiot ititrrpri'trr fur ;,'(i()il rcasoriH, Init wlicii \\f «,,
nt Ittotiiii, and siinnniiiltMl Ity aniifil iiini, la- was iilili;ri'i| to siiliinit. ^'\\^
uiivci'iHir lirliif.' as rcsoliitr a.H he, n I'lisi'd to iisp any oilier iiitri-|»r(trr, tliiiikiii,.
It a ilislioiior to OS to ^'ivc so niui-li way to tliroi!" Tlii* ;L'rrat wisiluni ii|'|{„
jjoMTniiH'iit now ilis|ilay<'il iisrJC in tlir |ii'ison of (iom rnor Tliimnt.i ftnlln
It is not In 1)1' t'\|if'ct('il lint that .Miiiiihiniiiniioh shonlil resent their proreedinnj,
Cor to the aiiove insult tlii'y ailiieil othei-s; "wonlil show hini no I'Diiiitciiiiin',
nor admit him to dine at lair tahle, as t'ormerly he had done, till In
ncktiowiedu'ed his failini.', \'c., whieli he readily did." * Ky their own lii||v
the l''n'.r|is|i had made themselves jealous of a |iowerliii eliiel', and liny ii|i|Mgj
«nei' i\ ady aliersvards to i-redit evil ri'ports of him.
That an independent chief slioidd he njiliiri'd to eonlia'in to triiiisitnrr
notions ii|ion sneh an occasion, is ahsolntely ridieulons ; and the jnstiipssiii'
till! fullowiiif^ remark from him was enoujudi to have shamed paid nii n into
their hciisch. I |e saiil, " H hin i/niir poph. romr fo inr, tliri/ arc ptrmilti if in ^
their nicii /'itsliioiis, mil I i.rjnrl tlir .vtnir Hhvrli/ when I rmnc Id i/nii.''^
In l(il"i, Connecticut hecana' \»'ry suspicions of .l//'nj/a;(;io;;io/i, and w,j,^
.Massacliusetts to join them in a war a<.niinst him. Their li'.irs no douht mvii
iMit of' the consideration of the prolialile issue of a war with I'nras in ||ij
fiivor, W'hicii was now (»ii the point of iireakiiij.' (»iit. Kveii iMassachuscitsiliij
not think their suspicions well liHindi'd ; yet, according.' to tiair i'e<iuest, iji v
sent to .Mlinihninoinoh, who, as usual, i;-a\ c them satisliictoiT answers, ;ii,,j,
njjreeahly to their reipiest, eami' airain to Uoston. Two days were enipl'Hr,|
hy the court of Massachusetts in delilirralinij: with him, aial we ai-e iistiiu.
ished at the wisdom of the ;/reat chiel", evi'ii as reporteil hy his enemies.
That a simple man of nature, who la-ver knew courts or law, should ciiii-
such aekno\vled;.nni'nts as litiiow, ti'om the rivilitid and wise, will aKva\«
contemplated with intense admiration. "When he came," says h'iiilln-,
"the court was assemhied, and hefore his admission, we considere;! Iii\i
treat with him, tor we knew him to Ikmi very suhtle man." When l;c«,
admitted, "he was set down at tiie lower end ol' the tahl ■, over airainst li.
governor," l»ut would not at any timt speak ii|)()ii husiiass, iniless some at'li;.
oouiisellors were present; sayin^r, "he would have them present, that ili>
iniulit hear witness with him, at his return home, of all his sayiiiLr>;." T
same autlior further says, " In all his answers he was very deliiierati', ;ii,
slioweil "food imderstaudinii in tla; i»riiicipl.'s ot* justice and eijuity, m:.
iii'renuity withal."
lie now asked titr his accusers, iir^riiiir, that if they could not estalilisli tli :■
alienations, tia-y ouji'lM to sutf'i what he expected to, if they did; lint i'.
court said fhn/ knvu- of nnne ; that is, they kiiexv not whom tiny wfr , ,ii,
therefore jr.!'.;' iio credit to the re|)orts until tlu'y had advisid him aicnrln,.
to a former ajri-eemeut. lie then said, "If you did not jj-ive credit to it, win
then did yon disarm the Inilians?" Massachusetts ha* ini,' just then disiniin;
some of the Merrimacks under somo preteiic(>, '"lit; }iav(; divers reasmi*,"
says (fi)veriior /ri'a//iro/;, f " why we should hold him free cd' any sucji cnii.
spiiacy, and why we slauild conceive it was a repoit raised hy Cnrim, \-
find tJKMvior • oll'eri'd to meet Unrni, and would |»rove to his tiu'e his ireai'i it
aL'aiust the I'lmijisli, (S:c., and told us he would come to ns at any time," ;ii-
thou!.'li he said some had tried to dissuade him, saying that the lOufrlisli uoiiH
jMit him to death, yet he feared iiothinjr, as la; was iiuioc(!iit of the cliarL'-
a-tainst liim.|:
The punislmient due to those who had raised th<' accusations, hore In avili
uptn his hreast, and "he put it to om- consideration what damage it hail Un.
to him, in that he was forced to keep his na-n at home, and not suffer tlii'iiitij
go forth on huntiiifr, &:c., till he had given the l'',nglisli satisfjiction." At';';
two days spent in talk, the council issued to the satisfiiciiou of the I'.nglisl
^ ':>
During tin
••■ ■ T . .- -^ .
oiincil, a table was sot hy itself for tho Indians, which . l/iaii-
*}Vintltrop's Journal. \ See hook iii. cliap. vii.
jllero, llio readier amy "illi propriety exclaim, was anollier Michael Scmiiis : — '• /'■
q:i(>'j, if/i'.f.vr-(i;7»c«n-, /'e deimnide que man faiilx arciisahutr soil pun! pioiia lalioiiis/'<iSif.
lloscoc's Leo X. iv. 157.
'•Y.
[I'.ooK II
lilt Wlicil |„. „,j, I
t Mllltlllil. "'I'll,,
riMvtiT, iliiiikiin,]
It Vvisiluiil dl' III,
Tliomn.i />ir,'/„|
irir pr ciliniij. l
no roiiriiciiiiiiiv
IIIIC, till hi' ||;„j
tlicir own liijlv,
aiitl they ii|i|i.u|
I'lll t'l tlMiisilun ,
l\ ill'- jllStlH'S^,,. I
I H*>'n\ nil II j.|. .
[■ /iinnillidtd .
iiintili, mill ur-
s no tloiilii M|,
itii I'nciis ill
iliissarliiiM Its
rir rt'i|iii>i, I
ry fiiisurrs, ,ii
< Wert" <'lii|)ln\
III wt! lire ii.<iiii|.
lis ciiciiiii's.
llW, siionlil la;.
C, will lll\\il\« ,
," siiys If'iiillir,
)|lsii|r?T:l linwi
' Wiicn III' u,,
over iii;;iiiist i
nicss soiiii' ol'i
ivsi'iii, tlmt ili<
■< s!iyiii,L's." T'
\' ilrlilnTiiti', ;ii
111 ciiuity, III;; I
)t cstfiitlisli tliiq
■y iliil ; lint t!i'|
tliry WiTi', ,'ll|(i
liiiii ;ii-i'iinliii:j
•red it to if, wlivl
st tlii'ii (lis!iriii"<|
lis ITS rciisoiiV
Miiy siicii i'iiii-|
hy ('iniiif, \
•(' liis iri'.'ii'' i;
it any tiiiir,"iii'
l'',ii<rlisli \\m\\l\
of tilt' clllll'i
»■,
P- <■.
m
m.
%:■:
■)iis, Dorc iiNiviivi
iM^'i' it llc'lll lli'l
i)t siifU'r tin'iii!'
■itai'tioii." AtKl
the I'Jiirlisli. f
lis, wliii'li .Willi'
*^v,
xt'iia Uilioiiis, "'-i;
■;«)•■'
mm
ts,!?:
iL
A>
!
ay;*'!."
]
'U i'\
Chap. I^']
tuimnmoh nppo!\
been sriit liiiii fi
ConiicctK-iit, Mil
(liiiitly (IfiMJiii'lf
liiiii wliii iloi'
O.iiiii'i'iii'i" iiol
1),. to MS all, th
iiiiik" war Hix'ii
W had r<irmrrl\
last iii!'ssii«ri' to
III" Imd aiiswcn-
tiii'V Inrliarc to
pli'iiM'ii with iir
(Icciilr airaiiist w
cut] mia-lit arist
hctUTI'll ill'' ^'
ot' till' ival rai
Wdiilil, I'rom |)o
was constaiitl" ]
union witli some
'I'lirrc can hi' i
arts, to inlhifiic
jiroirn 'ss of th(> \
as tiic Indians 1
^r;di- (if victory,
fdi'a nioiiii'iit, ro
ujicnitions of thi
MiitiitunnD^noh
gnrhcni, wlio li
rcti-ciit. He n\\
GiirJnur, •' lie tc
liad hi'CM discov
liad d.stroycd V
"and Indians lie
would easily (lest
Mr. Gardener
W(mni{rtiin'\i cm
was t her I', as ffo
Tlii'rc wi'.'c otiioi
as follows: — •
" You mitst frii
none of their clul
pveii them. Tin
should lien I him 1
nor thank i/ou."
tlicy d,d tlio I'ci
them w'lmpum ai
and hilled them hi
thmfore 'jcive then
fcon'o tiine utt
sail, phu'o, and,
to Ifaiandnnce ai
" Hrotiiers, we
dcstroycHJ. Yf)U
plains wero full (
fish. IJiit, !»n)tli(
rut down tlio f.n
iiorscs oat lip till
wo sliuli sturvo 1
you, liiit rosolve '
mid west have ji
11
Chap. IV
.] MTANTrjNNO.MOII.— HIS WAR WITH UNCAS.
63
tinnu)
Itccii sriit
moll aitpoiirs not to liavc; liked, jiikI "would not eat, until some food litul
him I'roni tiiat of tlu; <r<ivi'rnor'H
Tll^ll \M^I1<'1"
■MIS to liavi' dii-tatrd to Massachusetts, in Ik r answer to
arts, til
Jll-Oi'l'I'S:
roMin'ctiiMit, must III' acknowli'djrcd ; lint, as justici' V.t .Minntiiniiomoli aliim-
M liMtIv (li'niandi'd sufh derision, en i!it in this case is due only to tin iii, as to
!' I'iiii \vliii does a fj;(»0(l act l)(3cans(! it was his interest so to do. They in-<re(l
('iiiiiii'cticut not to couinie-un; war alone, "aliefjin^i- how dishonoralile it would
|ii, til MS all, that, while wo were ujion treaty with the Indians, they shoidd
niiik'' war ni»on tlieni; for they would account tluir act as our own, seeiuij
\vc li.'ul fornierly |)rofi'ssed to the Indians, that we were all as one ; and in our
lu<t iii!'ssii<re to' Alidiitunnomnli, had renienihered I ini a;:ain of the same, and
lie hail answered that he did so account us. Ijion receipt ot" this oiu- answer,
llicv fiirliare to enter into a war, hut (if seiiiied) nuwilliniily, and as not well
iiji'iisi'il with us." The uuiiu consideration which caused Massachusetts to
Ilcciiji' airainst war was, "That all those inliirniations [furnished liy Connecti-
ciitl iiiiirlit arise from a false ifround, and out of the enmity wliich was
lictwi'cn llie Narraganset and .Slohigan" sachems. 'J'liis was no douitt one
of ill'' '■''"! fiiiises; and, had Minnliiimomoli o\ercome Unnas, the I'ltiiiish
wimlil, fnini poliiw, as irladly have leairued with him as with the latter; liir it
WIS coMstaiitl" jtleaded in those days, that their safety must depend on a
uniiiii witii some of tlio most powerful trilies.
'flicre can be no doubt, on i'airly examininir the case, that Unrns used many
intluence the J'wiglish in his fiivor, ;md airainst his erei.iy. In the
ri of the war between the two great cliiels, tiie I'.uirlish acted precisely
llic Indians have been always said to do — stood aloof, and watciied the
f victory, determined to Join the coiuiuerors : and we will here digress
tiir a niiinn'iit, to introduce a character, more fully to illustrate the cause of the
oiicniiiiins ot" the i'nglish agiiinst the chief of the iNarragansets.
Midnluiinihuok had a wretcherl en(Muy in lyaianitanre, i\ Long Island
gaclicm, who had assisted in the destruction of the' J*e(|uots, at their last
rcti'i'at. He revealed the ])lots and plans ot' .Miantunnoinoh ; and, says ]jion
fiw./cmr, '' he told \w many years ago," as all the plots of the N'arrairansets
liail lii'cM discovered, they now concluded to let the Huglish alone luitil they
had ilistriiyed Uncfts and himself, then, with the assistance of the iMohawks,
"anil Indians beyond the Dutch, aial all the northern and eastern Indians,
woiilil easily destroy lis, man and n)otlier's son."
Mr. Gan'kner next relates that Ik; met with Minntunnomoli at ^leanticut,
Wainndnncv^s country, on the east end of Ijoug Island. That Miantunnomoh
was tlicri', as Wauindar.cc said, to break up the intercourse with those Indians,
There wci'c others with Miantunnomoh, and what they said to Haiandance was
as ftillows : —
" You mn.it give no more wampum to the English, for thetj are no sachems, nor
none of their chililren shall be in their place if they die. Thcjf have no tribute
jriveii them. There is but one kins; in Ena;land, who is over them all, and if you
should sen I him 100,000 fathom of wampum, he would not s^ive you a knife for it,
nor tlinnk you^ Then said ffaiandance, "They will come and kill us all, as
tlicyd.,! tlie I'eiiuits;" but rejilied the Narragansets, " .Vo, the Pequnls i^ave
Ihcm w'lmpum and beaver, which they loved so well, but they sent it them (i!!:ain,
and liilled them because they had killed an Englishman ; but you lutve killed none,
thc>rfore 'j^ive them nothing."
fciMi'o time atler, .'IfmH<HH7tomo/i went again, "with a troo|) of men, to the
san. |)lacc, and, instead of receiving |)resents as formerly, he gave i)resenl8
to H'ninndance and his p(!ople, and made tin; follow ii'.g s[)eeeh: —
"Ih'others, we must he one as the English are, or wt^ shall soon all bo
(k'stniyed. You kuow our fathers had plenty of deer and skins, and our
plains were full oi dc^er and of turkeys, and our coves and rivers were lull of
iish. Hut, brothers, since these liUglish liav<! seized u])on oin* country, they
rut down the grass witii scythes, and the trees with axes. Their cows and
iiorsi's eat up the; grass, ami their hogs spoil our beds of clams; and (Inally
\\v shall starve to death ! Therefore, stand not in your own light, 1 beseech
yon, hill resolve with us to act like ukui. All the sachems both to tin; east
mid west have joined with us, and we are all resolved to fall upon them, at a
pi
'A'>. Si
5')!.
'A,
64
MIANTUNNOMOH DEFEATED AND TAKEN PRISONER. [Book Ii
i
pro.
duy a])|»f)iiitc(l, ami tlieivforo I Iiiivi; come secrftly to you, bpciiiiso you (jn,
porsiuulc till! Indians to do \vliat you will. Urotlicrs, 1 will tfiuid over ,l(.
Indians to Manisscs, and !30 to you from tlioiicc, and take an 100 df
Soiitiianipton Indians, with an 100 of your own licre. And, wlim vm.
see tlie llirce fires tiiat will \n', made at tiie end of 40 days iicncc, in j
cl(>ar nipiit, tlien act as we act, and the next day tail on and kill nieii, woimn
and children, but no cows; they must be killed as we ue(.'d them fur
visions; till the deer come again."
To this speech all the old men said, " Ifurre^cn," i. c. "It is wf.i,l." |}|u
tliis fxrejit plot, if the account given by ff'ainnilanre be true, was by liim
brought to the knowledge of the English, and so liuled. "And the pliMtir"
Bays Gardener, "next spring alter, did as Mab did at Ramoth-Gilead. — fii,\^y
to Mohegan,* and there had his f'dl."t
Capture and death of Miantunnomoh. — The war brought on between L'wa^
and Miantunnomoh was not within the jurisdiction of the English, nor is ittu
be expected that they could w ith certainty determine the justness of its ((iii- -.
The broil had long existed, but the oi)en ruptiu'e was brought on by Uiwus
making war upon Sequnsson, one of the sachems under .Miantunnomoh. Tii(
English accoinits say, (and we have no other,) that about 1000 warriors wn
niised by Miantunnomoh, who came upon Uncas iniprepared, having iml,
about 400 men; yet, atter an obstinate battle, in which many were kiljid nl,
both sides, th(^ Narragansets were |)Ut to flight, and Miantunnomoh Itik:,
prisoner; that he endeavored to save himself by flight, but, having on (ucii
of mail, was known from the rest, and seized by t\\(>| vi' his own men, wU.
hoped by their treachery to save their own lives. Whereupon they iniinc.
diately delivered him u|) to the concpieror. C/«ras slew them both instaiith;
probably with his own hand. This sjjeciinen of his braveri/ nnist have liaii:,
salu.tary eflect on all such as afterwards chanced to think of acting the \)m
of traitors in their wai-s, at least among the Narragansets.
The English of Rhode Island rather favored the cause of the NarraganspK
nor could a dillerent course be expected of them, satisfied as they were, timt
that nation W(>re greatly wronged ; while, on th(> other hand, Connecticut iiml
Massachusetts rather iiivored the Mohegans. That Miantunnomoh should noi
eurt'er in his person, in battles which, it was now seen, were inevitable, Sanml
Go/-/o)i furnished him with a heavy old English armor, or coat of mail;aiii|
this, instead of being beneficial, as it was intended, ju'oved the destruction of
his friend. Eor, when a retreat became necessary, not being used to this kind
of caparison, it both obstructed his efforts at resistance and his means of flight.
About 80 of his men were killed, and many more were wounded.
Being brought before Uncas, lie remained without speaking a word, tiiitil
Uncas s|)ok(> to him, and said, ^^ If you had taken me, I would have besoufxht jjou
for my life," He then took his ])risoner to Hartford, and at his re(|ii(st lit't
uini a ])ris()ner with the English, until the mind of the United Colonies should
be known as to what disposition should l)e made of him.
The sorrowful |)art of the tale is yet to be told. The commissioners of tlic
Unitt;d Colonies, having convened at IJoston, "tiiking into serious considcia-
tion, they say, what was safest and best to be done, were all of opinion that it
would not be safe to set him at liix'rty, neither had W(! suflicient ground fonL<
to put him to death." § The awful design of jiutting to death their friend t\w\
had not yet fixed U]ton ; but, callhig to their aid in council ^^fve of the must
judicious elders," ^Hhcy all agreed that he ouf!;ht to be put to death" This was
the filial decision ; and, to complete the <le(!d of darkness, secrecy was enjoin-
ed upon all. And their determination was to be made known to Vims
* This g-ocs to show Ihiit Minntiiniitwinh was not killed above llarllord, as Winlhrop stales;
for llio coniilry at some (lislanco from tlie mouth of I'l-qiiot Rivor was called Mohvgan. li
prolial)lv hicliided Windsor.
t;5 Coll. Muss. I/is/. Snr. iii. 155.
i In tiie records, (llozitnl, ii. M),) but onft person is mentioned as having taken Miantnmw
moll, wliosc name was Tuuliuini'son ; and there he is called a ,'>h)li(-<ran captain. That tlicro-
fore the Narrasnnsots tried to kill iiim ; came upon him once in the nisfhl, and dajigcrousl}
wounded him, as he lay in his wigwam asleep. See note In the Life of Ninigret,
§ VVi7ttlirop, ii. IJl.
privately, with
tion, !iii(i witli(
[■'roll! tlieir (
Hand coiidemi
i'ncis lifid III
injury;* ami
tuniwvt'tli had
(if i'ltrar, anil
or hi.-' Irii'iids
own course.
Vivus'-:"'t iin<
his wig\vniiis,
W'c will now
of tliis matter.
Minntiiiimwtoh,
(.„i,sid.'i-ai)le lit
OMriitieii, "eai
put liiiii lo dc!
Kiigii>li accoiii
tion ; and liiat t
The coiiiinis!
with a ceinpetP
or fi.-saiilt, of tl
f^liall relitsi! lo e
by s:'a to tilt; ]
iiiissiotiers may
Hire, then, w
gans had, by w
niiire in ti'tir of
woiilil never ha'
protrctiiiii of til
No one can rt
kon. \\'e do n
ol' .Mididunnomi
nttirwards; but
into w!iose pow
(k'liied.
When the det
to Uncus, he "
along ^^ith him
lifitli some men
his head with
liea(l.'\N
l>f. Trumbull
oinrht to ciititio
fc-ts on the Jiutl
lion-- ot' one con
of Ills shoulder,
iii!'at h ever at(
* Ihihhinl, N. E
I W'liif'irnp's Jo
sociii-i lo have hee
(lirc(iii)ii, iViini Um
f rti (> li;id nii'ii f/ici
A KCMllcinaii wl
lio;i|) of clones upii
ini'iilid |i'K' of the <
Ji'li'i'i-sn-i'.i Xiil'^s.
C(iiiiM') li.ive. not I
tlic N|i<il. Il is in tl
(\ M r,'':nl;,i.
'. 'I'li.il ilii< i« t
vrilcr'-i |.Ml)li»liiii!r
G
-CONDUCT OF TUF. ENGLISn.
Gi-
lt of iiKiil; aiii!
hi.s " i
CHAr. IV.] MIANTUNNOMOII
nrivatclv, u'''' ''''■•''■''"" '''"'^ ''*' ^''""''' ''xcciito liiiii within his own jiiri?;;lir-
n,,ii (iiKlwithout tortin-i!.
|,Y tiicii- own acconnt of this Jifthir, tho Eiiirlish (of th(! Tnitcd ('oioni("<)
maiid coiMlcMincd in the triml of time iit the; har of iiistory. It is allowod that
'('luas li"d niadi- war upon Scijiiiisson, in .Inly, KilM, and done him ninch
ininr ; * ""'I '''"'> »<■'■<"■•'"'?( t" " prcvions airn'cnu'nt witli the Kniflisii, Mian-
tuiiiKiin'ili iiad conipiaincd to the irovcrnor of INIassarhnsctts of tiic comhict
(if l'iiiii:\'Mu\ iiad received answer from him, "that, if IJnra.i iind (h)ne liirn
or his friiiids wronjr, and wonid not irive satisthction, lie was left to take hin
own course." No acconnt is iriven that SeijiKtsson had injin'ed Unras, hnt that
r'/iai.v "si't upon Sci/iKtsson, niu\ killed 7 or 8 of iiis men, wonnded 1.'}, hnrnt
..._\vanis, and carried away tin' hooty." *
\Ve will no^v' jio to tho record, which will enahle n.^ to jniljje of the justness
of this matter. When the En<,dish had determined that Unras shonld evecnti;
Miaiiliinnnmoh, Uncns 'Wtxs <ir(lered to he si'iit liir to Hartford, "with some
'c()nsiil''rai)l(! niinihcr oi' his hest and trustiest men," to take him to a place for
execiitieii, "carryinfr him into the next part of his own <rovernment, and there
pnt hull lo death: proviiied that soni" discreet and faithful persotis of tho
lliiirlisii accoini)any them, and see th<' execntion, for oiiv inor" fnll satisfac-
tion; anil that tho Knglish nr-ddle not with the head or l>ndy at all."t
Tlic (•(inimissioners at the sa'no time enlered, "that lhirtt()rd (iirnisli Uncns
with a ceniiH'tent stronjith of Kniflish to di'fend him against any present fury
or assault, of the Nanohiiifrnnset.s or any other." And "that in case Uncns
.sliall refuse to exocnto justice ii])on Mfjanltnomo, that then Mi/anttnomo bo s(;nt
bv s: a to the Massachnsetts, there to he kejit in safe dnrance till the com-
inissioui'rs may consider fiirthor how xo dispose of him."t
Hi re, then, we see fnlly (levelo|)ed th" real state of tlu; case. The I^loho-
mins had, hy accident, ca|»tnred JMimihnmomoh, alter which (ivent, they were
mere in ti'ar of his nation than l)of(>ro ; which jirovos, beyond doubt, that th<!y
wdiilil never have dared to put him to death, had they not boon ))romised the
protection of the English.
No one can read this acconnt witliont beinsr retninded of tho fate of ^"apo-
kon. We do not say that the English of New England dreaded the power
of MI<tntunnoi7ioh as viuch as those of Old England did that of .Yiipoleon
;it"ti iwanis; hnt that both were sacrifiited in consecpience of the fars of those
into wliose power the fortnne of wai"s cast them, will not, wo presume, be
denied.
Wlieii tiie determination of tlie commissiont-rs and eli!eri{ was made known
to Uiicds, ho "readily nndortook tho execution, and taking Minnttinnnmoh
along uiiii him, in the way between Hartford and Windsor, (where Unraa
liath some men dwell,) Unras' brother, following after Mini.iunnomoh, clave
liis head with an hatchet." J Mather savs, they "very fiiirlv cut off hi«
liea(l."^N
Dr. TrumhuUW records an account of canifihalism, at this time, which wc
oiisrlit to caution tho reader against receiving as true history, as it no doubt
rots oil the authority of tradition, which is wont to frHiisfl'r oven the transac-
tiiuw of one continent to aiM>thor, which is this: — " Uncas cut out a la'"g(' piece
of his shoulder, and ate it in savage triumph;" saying, "'it was tin; sweetest
iiiiat h' ever ate: it made his la
'If
* Ifii'ihiril, N. E. WO. t Ki'corils of llip U. Colonios.
I W'iiil'nnp's Journal, ii. ISt. As to llic pliK'O of Midutininnnioh's v\^'.c\\^\m^, Wiiilhrop
sociin 1(1 liavo been in a mislake. Il is not very likely linil he was liikcii in llic ')posile
(lirt'ilioii, iVuni Uiwas's own coiailry, as W'inilMir was Iruni IlarUord. ll is also unlikely lliat
f'vr (> li:iil iiifii direll so far from liis (■ounlrv n|ion the Thames.
A ;j('nlli'inaii who lalc'ly visilcil his se|)Ml( lire, siiys the wamleria!;' Tniliaiis iiave mailp a
lionp (if sioncs upon his j^rave. Il is a well-known ciisloin of the race, lo ailil lo a monu-
mi'iilal pill' (if (he dead whenever they pass by il. See :) (\ill. Mini. Ilhl. Snr. iii. W'j. and
Jrlifi-xn-i'x Xdfi's. ftj' ISome wrelcliedly ii;iior;iiit iiciu'libors lo lliis sacred pile (whiles, of
cd.ir-.!') have, not lontf siiiee, taken siiiii(>« from il lo niiilie wall ! bnl enoiif^h remain lo mark
till' -poi II is in the east part of Norwich. ('(i//s. Ihid.
i\ M i,ni:ilia. II History of Conneetieiil, i. l:i.").
' Til II iliis is tradition, may be inferred from the cir'-umsiniice of an I'liihh'iil/i/ obseure
Avriurs |,ul)li>liinir nearly the same story, which he sa\s, in his book, look place upon ine
i
^i'll
6'
CG
DEATH OF MIANTUNNOMOII.— TRADITIONS.
[r.oi.K 11
1*'^
J
W>' nro now ccitaiii that wlmt Dr. Trumhull lias fjivcii us as iinqiicstioiii;],!,
histiiiy, tViim a " iiiaiiii.scri|)t of Mr. Hi/'le,''' is only tradition. Ilavin;r Ih'ih pi,.
in jMis-cssion of a fopy of that luaniiscnpt,* we (Iimmm it liiirlilv iniportani ti
it hImmiIiI he laid lirforc the world, tliat its true wfijrht may Im; considcrcil I
y|| who would \n\ corrcrtly infonncd in this important transaction.
liy way of i)n'riminary to his comi'suniratioii, Mr. Hi/(k sjiys, "The fiill(,\i.
in^ facts hciiifr communicated to m<^ from some of the nncieni fathers of tin,
town, who were contein|)orary with Uncns," &c. "That before the settlciiin,.
of Norw ich, the sachem of tht; Narrajranset trihe [JMumttinnomoh] had a |i. .
soiial (jiiarrel with Uncas, and jiroclaimed war with tin? Mohefr[an]s: in,;
marched witli an army of 900 fiffhtin<f men, (jqiiipped with hews and armw,
and hatchets. Uncas he[infr] iniormed i)y spies of tlieir march towanls In.
eeat, Uncas called liis warriors together, about (100, stout, hard men, h;L'lit nf
foot, and skilled in tla; use of the bow; and, ui)on a conference, Uncns \i,\,\
his men that it would not do to let y« Nairajran.-iets come to their town, lii;i
tl: ,y must go and meet thom. Accordingly, they marched, and about tliri'i
miles, on a large plain, the armies met, and both balt^ul witiiiii Imw-shot. .\
parley was sounded, and gallant Uncas projtosiid a conference with the Niuni-
gaiiset sachem, who agreed. And being met, Uncas saith to his enemy woi-ii
to this etli'ct: ' You have got a number of bfave men tvith you, and so have I.
Ahit it a pitji that such brave men should be killed for a quarrel between ynu nn!
/? Oidij come like n man, as you -pretend to he, and ive willfght it out. If \jim
kill me, my men shall be yours ; but if I kill you, your men shall be mine.'' \j\w,]
which the Narraganset sachem replied: 'j% men came to fight, and they shi
fight;
" Thicas having before told his men, tliat if his enemy should refuse to fijrht
him, he would fidi down, and then they were to discharge their artiilcn
[arrows] on them, and fall right on them as fast as they could;" this was
dom;, and the Mohegans nished upon Miantunnomoh\s army "lik(! lions," jMit
them to flight, and killed "a ninnber on the spot." They "pursued the n^i,
driving some down ledges of rocks." The foremost of Uncases men ;.'iii
ahead of Miantunnomoh, and impeded his flight, drawing him back as tlicv
passed him, "to give Uncas op|)ortunity to take him bim.sc^lf."
" In the pursuit, at a place now called Sachevi's Plain, Uncas took him In
the shoulder, lie then set down, knowing Uncas. Uncns \\w\\ gave a wlio(i|i,
and his men r(!turned to hiiii ; and in a council then held, 'twas concluded hy
them, that Uncas, with a guard, should cairy said sachem to Hartfitrd, to iIk
governor and magistrates, (it beiisg before the chartei',) to advise what tlicy
shoidd do with him." " Uncas was told by them, as there was no war wiiii
the English and Narragansets, it was not |)ro])er for them to intermeddle, in
the afliiir, and advised him to take his own way. Accordingly, they bronirlii
said Narraganset sacluMii back to the same s|»ot of ground where he was timk;
where Uncas killed him, and cut out a large piece of h-s shoulder, roiistcil,
and eat it; and said, '/< was the sweetest meel\ he ever enl ; it made him hm(
strong hart.^ Then; they bury iiitn, and nuide a pillar, which I hav<^ seen hui
a tow years since."
This counnunication was in tlu" form of a letter, and dated atNorwicli. fl
Oct. 17()}), and signed Richnrd Hide. The; just remark of Mr. £/)/ upon it 1
cannot withhold, in justice to my subject.
"The aliov*' ^ J\[anuscri/d of .Mr. Hyde,'' na n //Wj'/jojj, is a valuable papor,
piiil worthy of preservation ; yet, being written IQ.'i yeai-s after the event
which it describes, it is sur|)rising that Dr. Trumbull should have inserted it,
in his History of Comiecticut, in its principal particidars, as matter of fact."t
In the ))roeee<lings of the comirf'.ssionero of the United Colonies, the iiiain
dentil of Philip. Omko, lie snys. out (iiit a pdiilid of Pliiliji's hlcciliiij; body mid iilc il.
Till' liook is liy (»»'■ Hryini 'l^riiiiiliii/l. iiiid piiqiorls lo ho a liiilory ol' llic discovery of AniiT-
ica, the liidiiiii wars, iVc. Tlie reiider will liiid il nUoiit stalls \t\ ilic slreel-side. Iiiil rarely in
a res|ie(.|ii!)le iiook-slore. It has liocii forced tliroiigli iiiniiy editions, but there is scarce a
woril of true history in it.
* Mv Rev, Will. /■'Ill, of (^omiert'nit.
t 'f'nimliiil/ snvs mfcl, hut the ,MS. is plain, and means meal.
^ Manuscript lulter, 1 Mar. 1UJ3.
facts in rcCm
accoinit, iU'c; c
bifiirc the Im
tiiiil in'^t i*" ''
tuniwmoh, " |ir
Imltlc." *
It (loc> not
.Mlantuniwmoh
lii,s rfinsoin.
ajijicars certai
Knirlisli, and tl
(|iiaiility or (pii
the lite of Unc
MNKiRH'
frlitil, .Vcnrgtld
times nientiou
whicli li«' was
Niniiticks, a tri
kai)iitiir, iio'
and is ctunmon
which iilways i
maiTicd a sistc
his uncle.
The reliition
tilt! rcjircsentat
selts in lt»42.
"Some (litHcult
cause of war w
by continiial in'
slioiiid do us wi
hiinse'.f could t
10 IIS."
On the 12 J
Winlhrop at thi
heiiiif stat(;d to t
tiie giivcnior, ii
J'e(|iiots, w ho h
demanded their
wiiii the denial
witlMiut, he cor
Tiic governor i
Eiiirlish cajitaiii!
On tiie !) M
deiiiity Jiiid trei
"We gave him
Wiqunsh Cook
would right ou
period, they wei
The next yeai
|mid tribute to tl
t'a|itain Mason
tioii. Jancmo'w
srttled. If
When it wai
* See Jfii:(ird's i
t So writleii by i
} Mr. I'liiire, in
nml urote .■lifK/icmi
Jour. i. i'i'2,'
\^ Priiire says h
lia\(' hi'eii,
11 WiiUkrop's Jot
*
Chap.
IV.] NINIGRET.— TROUBLE WITH .MI.VNTUN.NO.MOII.
a:
iinqiip.^tioimlii,.
f c'H ill rofi'i'i'iiccj to llu' (li'fitli of Alinnlinmoinoh, coiitaiiicd in flic iibovo
an'ipiiiit, an; corroltoratcd. 'TIk' n'<Minls of tiii' coiimiis.sioiicrs say, that i'nain,
Ixforc till' battle, toll! Mimitunnomohy ilvM lu' liad main way.s soiiirlit liis liti',
mill now, if lit' till'"*''') !'•' ^^""''' ''r'lt ''ii" '" ^i"frl«' ••oml>at ; lait tlia! .Umji-
lunnomoh "im'siiiuiiiir upon liis iiunilicrs of iiii'ii, would have iioliiiiii.' Imt a
battle. , 1 1 rr II 1 ,. •
It (loef- not appear Iroin tlitse reeonis, that Lucas had ai lea ol |)iiliiii'j;
Mimiimnomoh to death, hut to extort a jrnat price from his .•oiintrynien, )i»r
ills niiisoin. That a larjre ainomit in wanipnni was eolleeted for this |)iir|iiise,
niM"'''"'"* •'•''■f'"" » l>iili l'<'''"''' it \>as |iaiil, I'lirns received llie decision oi" ihc
Kii<'lisli, anil then pretended that he had made no siicli affreement, or that the
(iiwiiitit\ or iiiiality was not as a.ireed upon, as will more at leni^tli he : im n in
the liti- ol" Unms.
MNKiHI'iT was often called A''iincrfifl, and sometimes JVi)u:l;it)Htl,\ J\'ini-
sliul Mnei^dttt; and his iiami! was written almost as many other ways a.s
tiiiic's iiieiitioiii'd, by some early writers. Jnnimol was the first name hy
which I"' was known to the Kiij.dish. He was <reneraliy styled sachem of the
Nianticks, a tribe of the Narraf>aiisets, whose principal nsideiice was at W'e-
knpaiit', now Westerly, in Kiiode I.;laiid. lie wa^' . uiisin U) Mianluiinoinoh,^
uikI is Voninionly mentioned in history as the chief sachem of the Xiaiitieks,
wliicli always made a part of the jrieat nation of the Narrafiansels. j\'ini}/:ri:t
iiiiirried a sister of Cashawashetl, oiherwisc! called Harmon Garret, who was
liis ii'icle.
Tli«! relation in which tiio Niantic'us stood to the Narraifan.sets is plain, from
the representation given l)y Minnluiinomoh to the government of Ma.ssachii-
sclts in 1()42. In treating wii'i him, at that time, (Governor li'inthrop says,
"Some dirticnlty we hud, . i bring him to des -rt the Niantick.s, if we had just
ciiiiM' of war witii them. They were," he .said, "as his own flesh, being allied
by continual intermarriages, &.e. JJiit at last he condescended, that if they
sliniild do IIS wrong, as he could not draw them to give lis satisfaction for, nor
hinisc'.r could satisfy, as if it were for blood, tStc. then Iks would leave them
10 IIS."
On the 12 July, 1G.'37, Aifanemo, as his name was written by Governor
Jf'intlirop at this time, came to iJoston wi;li 17 me:;. The objects of his visit
beiiiir stated to the governor, Ik; promised him an answer the next day ; but
tjie iroveriior, understanding meanwhie, that he had nreived many of the
J'c(|ii(>ts, who had taken reliige in his i oimtry aiti r their deli'at at IMy.stie, fii-st
(Iciimiided iheir delivery to the iMiglish. .Yi/ni^-n/ was very loath to comply
with the demand ; but, Hnding he could get no answer to his propositions
without, he consented to give up the Pecpiols, after a day's consideration.
The governor shortly after dismissed liim, with instructions to treat with the
English captains then in the I'eqiiot country.
On the !• IVIar. JfiMH, ^^Aliantiinnomili came to Boston. The governor,
deputy and treasurer treated with him, and they parted upon fiiir terms."
"We gave him leave to right himself i'uv the wrongs which Jancmoh and
Wvqunsh Cook had doni' him ; and, for the wrong they had done us, wo
would right oui-selves, in our own timi\" || ll.'iice, it appears that, at this
period, they wen; not so closely allied as they were afterwards.
The next year, Jammo was complained of by the I.ong Island Indians, who
piiid tribute to the English, that he had committed some robheri s iijion them.
Captain Mason was sent from Connecticut with seven ini'ii to reqiiir-' satistac-
tion. Jancmo'W'out immediately to tli(> English, and the matter was amicably
sittled. If
\\ hen it was rumored tlijit Mlantunnomoh was plotting to cut off the
* Sci' lf'ir:(inl's Ilislorical Collcrtions, II, 7, 10.
t So urillcii by Roi^er W'illiitms,
{ Mr. I'liiice, in his odilioii ot Hii/ilidrd's Nnrr.ilivo, prnbnhly mistook }^'i>ilhrn]i'.t MS.,
anil vsroli' As^nnrmo iiistuad of Atjiinniiio. See llic cililioii HT.). ofNiir. p. 10, iiiid W'iiithrnp,
Jour. i. 'i'i'2.'
(Ji I'riitrr say.s he was uncle to Muintunnomoh, (Chronolo;;!!, ii. 69.) Ijul lliul could nol
haM' lici'ii.
II Winlhroii's Journal, i. 2J3. IT Ibid. i. 207.
1
m
r^
i
■i\
63
NrMGRET— DUTCH AND INPTAN WAR.
fHofiK II,
n ■ <
f'ii;;li>li, i'.Mil iisitij; liis ciulravors to unite otlirr tri!n'S in the (•nt( r|iri8(', thn
Kn;;lisli sent dcpntics to iiiiii, to Iciirii tl' 'itli of llic n'j)ort, iis will \>v t'oiin,!
Cis.wh: re Ciiliy stilted. 'I'lir (i<'|intics vv. i- well satisfied witli tlic i';iiTi;iirc of
J\Iiaii'':ni::iiii'il'i ; hut, tlii'\ sjiy, " J«n(Mio/(, the Niantirk .siclicin, ciirricd irnnsilf
proiiuiy, .•iiid n I'usi'd to conic to ns, or to yield to any tliinjr; only, he said, he
Mf'uld'iMil liann ns, i\ce|ii we invaded hini." * Tims we cannot hnt tiinnan
oxallcd I'pinion tA' .\'!iuu;nl, in the |H>rson nl' Jnuonn.
.7 f}'!rli and In linn war rajrcd at tliis time, and was roiahietcd witji
mm leiiliiii,' li.!''i'arity hy tlie fia-mcr party. It fji-ew out ot" a sinj.de nninhr
on Indian havin<;' killed a Dutchman in a drunken trolie. The miird^n r wtu
imm d'liitily d.i m.-uided, hut could not he ohtained : and the fiovernor wju
nrifcd to n ialii'ti, and oltcu called upon to take revenife. He waived ili,i
S'liij-'cf, |()i'esf'einfj;, no douht, that I'ctaliatii^u \\as a had coiu'sc^ to i)ursiie fur
satisl'ictiim, especially with Indians. However, it soon happened that tlm
jMohawks it'll upon those Indians, killed al)oiU IK) of them, and tiie rest ||i,|
their conn: ry : many of whom souirht |)rotection fi'om the Dimdi theinsehis,
Some evii-MMnded persons now tliouiLiiit to re\enire thcmsidves on ilnsi'
Indii.ns, without the daiij;er of sutllTinir ti"om resistance. It is n'j»ort;(l iliat
an inhuman monster, named Mamie, a Dutidi captain, ohtained the consi at of
the "Tovi'nior to kill as many of them as he pleased; and, acting under tliiii
nuthority, surprised and murdered 70 or HO of them, men, women, (iinl
eliildr.n. i\o sooner was this hlow of assassination struck, than the Indi.ms
flew I" t''eir arms, and heiran hostilities of the same kind; and, widi sinh
fniT ^^as their onset made, that they cut otf '-20 peixons or more, hetiirc the
alarm could spread : and they were soon masters of their s'ttlements, am! tlio
Dutch were confined to their fort. |}y employing ('a|)tain l^mhrliill, Iiowcmt,
an experienced I'-nglisli oHicer in tin; Indian wars, and some others of the
English, the Dutch were enal)led to maintain their ground; and, i!)rtiuiatt'lv,
soon after, Woff'r ffillifiyn.t ticcidentally arrived there, through whose mediiitjiin
a jieace was etlrcte<l, and an end was put to a hloo<ly war. This Marini; \\\w
was till' |irincipa! cause of it, (iiiarrelled with the governor, on account ot' his
employing UndvrhUl insteaci of him, and even attempted his iiti- on the
accoimt of it. 1I(^ presented a |)istol at his hrcast, wliicdi, heing ttn-ned iisiili'
by a hystcUider, the govf.'rnor's WW was preserved. A servant of .Marim'n
tlieii (lisidiarged a gun at the governor, i)ut missing him, one of the goveiiiiir'<
guard shot tlie servant dejid, and .Mamie was made prisoner, and forlliwiili
sent into Holland, ff'illiains, having heen denied a jtassage through N. V.m-
land hy the laiv of hanishmi'iit, was forc<'(l to take passage fi)r l'<ngland at .\,
York in a I)ut(di ship, iiy way of Holland ; and this was the reason of las
heifig there in the time of this war.
Hi't'ire this war was ii.ought to a (dose, Ca]»taiii Underhill, with his coin|)miy
of Dulidi and Knglish, killed ahont .'U)0 Indians on the main, and 1*20 more (in
Long Island. The Dutidi governor's employing the English was cliari;.'il
upon liim as a "plot" to engage the Knglish in his quarrel with the Indimis;
" whlidi," says Winlhrop,\ "we had wholly declined, as douhting of the JMstici!
of til'" cause."
It was ahout the beginning of this Avar, Sejit. M\A'-\ that "the Indians kilh'd
nud drove away all th" I'iUglish" on the coast, from iManhattan to Stamlind,
the extent of the Dutch claim to the eastward. They then |)assi'(l over "tn
Long Island, and there assaulted the \/m\\ Mnodcy in her house divers times;"
but she, having ahout 40 men at her |»lace at that time, was able to deliiul
b(>rs It". "These Indians at the same time," continues //'i';i//(/'o/j, t "set ii]Hm
the Dutidi with an implacid)le fury, and killed all they could come hy, aiil
burnt their houses, ancl killed their cattle without any resistance, so as the
governor and such as escaped, betook themselves to their fort at Moidiatoii,
und ill re lived and eat ii|) their cattle."
Among the English people who were miu'dered when this war be<;aii, ww*
a^lis. .7/01 /fi(/'7ii'/i«o?(, from whom was descended the historian of iMafisa-
ehiis tts. She, having given ofTenc(! to the Puritans of the Hay state, (;i3
Massatdiusetts was then called,) by her peeidiar ndigiou;- notions, to nviiiii
fii;;. IV.J
j)i rs.'Siitiiiu, ll
l^i,)|l^, not liir
broke lip till'
thi.-. woiiij.n, iv
ccpt one daugi
of two other
all 1(1 pi'rsoi,.-
liii'iM (111 lire a
111(1(1/ ;it this ti
was acting, in
tJK heat's cre\v
jicepl '. The
when she was
lirrtdlier ti-ieii
to lie taken fro
getleii, sent a
to get se\eral
iiiliiriiied their
girl was d(div
arcerdiiigly re
Notuitlistam
yet it was ol"sii
laid Iiid ill its o
'flic series of l:
my i-esiar(dies,
giiiiiaiy haltle a
York, ahout 'M
net known, noi
tiic ciirioiis tra\
'I'd return to
We hear lilth
the XaiTaganset
time (ililiged Ui
'I'liis alliiir pn
given ail the pa
iiy a letter from
tlie time, that tl
had liccii severe
"I, with your
dressed seventer
wiiimded in Un
cue (•(iininon so
and one coinmoi
lilllli'Is. Ultras I
won them the di
llii'ces out hy a '
liiisli, who piirsi
loiigiit vario mari
til.' Xarragansets
(iwii play. The
1/ /('Yw' men] lie
>':r. whatever in
iir.iNe the contra
(i;:e Tnnlhiidesor
.^tuntinomio, S(
'!'iiiil:(jineso7}^s wl
rladiigh the coat
liipe could be li!
••The English
I i ,1 to h/ swallo
IMittliiop's Journal ii. 8.
t Ibid. ii. 137.
t Ibid. ii. \M.
fill
IV.]
iiuliictcd witli
<iiii:li' iiiiinlir,
iiiiin!;Ti 1- wiis
Ic Wiiivcil ilr
^ to l>lll>llc liir
(MH'd lllilt till'
I tiic rest tlril
ell fli('ins('l\(s,
'Ives on iliisc
.-< rr|)ort!'(l that
till- fiiiiscin 111'
iig imdfr tlii.t
, WOllK'll, illlil
nn the Iiiiliiihs
111(1, willi siicli
ore, hftiirc the
iMCiitis, iiiii) the
rhill, liowcviT,
' others of the
11(1, I'ortiiiiJitcly,
hose iiicd'mtidii
is MaritK,, w ho
accoiiiit of hi<
lis liti' on thi!
I turned asidi'
it of Marim'x
tlie !fovt'riior\
tiiid tlirlliwiili
Olljril \. I'.lli;-
Hiii,d!Uid iit .\.
rciisoii of his
li his coinimny
d 1*20 niori' on
wjis cliiifiii'tl
1 the Indians;
of the justici!
Indians killiul
to StJiniliini,
issi'd over "to
ivers tilings;"
ili!t> to dt't'iiul
)/), I "set iiliiMi
come liy, Mill
ice, so iix the
Jit iMoiiliaton,
V
IS.'SlitMll,
M.MCiKCT.— MOIIEGAN WAR.
tl, d first to Ithodo Ishuid, iiiid fillerutirds io the Diiicli p
on
t^iilll."
iiut tiir heyoiid Stninliird. 'J'h
IS Wil.-
in U>\i. Wiien the Iiidians
l)^oi^e 111'
llii,. \v(»iii;.ii, iv
the sitiieiiieiits tliere, in i^e|)t. I(i-|:}, tiiej liii n|>oii the liimily of
iih'd h r, ii Air. Collins, \irv son-iii-hnv, tuid idl iiir liimilv e.\-
(•r|il 11)11' (
<il" nvo ot
laiiLdiIrr eiiilit years old, whom tiiey earned into captivity, and such
her liimilies, Tltrodi morion and ('(irnhiirn, as were at liomc
111
ill! H> persons. 'I'hey tiieii collected tlieir ctitlle into tiie houses and set
llii'in III! tire and Itiirned them alive! A jrreater siaii<;hter would have heen
iiiiid • iit this tiiiK^ and place, hut ibr the arrival of ii lioat w hile the tra;:eiiy
u,is ai'fiiiLS into which severtd women and ciiildreii escaped. Hut two of
ill. jii.at's crew wen- killed in iheir hiimiiiie exertions to stive these distressed
pciinj '. 'J'he (hniuhler of Mrs. Hiitrlilnson I'emtiined ti jirisoiier four years,
v.ia'ii she \V!is delivered to the Dutch iroveriior at \ew ^■ork, wlio restored
inrto her frieiid.s. She laid tiirirotteii her iiiitive lan,i;nai:e, and w;:s ninviliini,'
to 1)1' taken from the indian.s. 'J'liis <rovernor, with a kindness not to he (iir-
iretteii, sent !t vos.sel into (Connecticut Itiver, where its ctiptaiii contrived
to i^ct se\eral I'eipiots on lioard, whom he secured :is pris(<iiers. He then
iiileniied their friends, that th.-y would not he S't ;it liherty until the ctijitive
•'ill "as d(di\'ered to him. This hiul tin; desired etlt'<'t, imd sIk^ wjis
ai'conliiiidy rescued.
.N'otwith.^tandin^' a peace wtis l»roii!j:ht iihoiit in the manner lieiln-e sttited,
V( t it was ol'short dui.-ition, iind the sparks (d'wtir which had Uirti short time
laid hid in its own embers, 'ajis liy sordid spirits iiiiiiied ai^ain into ;i titinii;.
'flic series of murdei'ons acts which fidiowcd, tire now here r<'corded within
in\ researches, hut tin end wiis not put to it until Kiltl. It ended in ti stin-
<'iiiiiar\' hattle tit Strickliind's Plain, near wli.it is since Horse \eck in Xcw
Yerk, aliout ',i7 miles lidiii the city. The immhirs eni;":if.''ed on etich side aro
nut known, nor the iiumliurs slain, hut tlieir graves arc still jxiintod out to
the curious traveller.
'I'd return to our more immediate suhjert.
Wr hear little ntWinienl until iifter tiie death of.Mtftnfumiomoh. In ir)44,
the Xarraiiansets iind Niiinticks united ii^itiinst the .Molie;;ans, tiiid for some
time (ihliji'ed Unca.i to confine himself and men to his fort.
This alliiir prohahly took place (>iudy in the spriiij.', iind we liiive elsewhere
sriveii all the particulars id' it, holli iiutheiitic and tniditioiiiiry. It appetirs,
iiy a letter from Tfn). Pttcr.i, jiddressed to (Jovernor jyinihrop, written about
the time, tlitit there had been some hard li^litiiiir; and that the Mohegans
jiad heen severely beaten by tiie Xiirnigansets. IVlr. Peters writes: —
''I, with your son, [John Wmllirop of (/'on.,] were at Uncus' Ibrt, where 1
dressed seventeen men, iind left phisters to dniss seventeen more, who were
wniinded in linens'' brother's wijiwam before we came. Two captiiins and
one coinnion soldier were buiied, and since; we ciiiiie thence tw(» c;iptiiins
iuid one comnion nuiii more, iire dead iilso, most of wiiieli are wounded with
hiilji'ls. Uncus anil his iirother tolil me, the Narriigiiiisets laid .50 guns wliieli
won tlieni the day, else would not cure a rush for them. They dreN\' Uncos'
tiirces out by ii wile, of 40 iippearing only, but a thousand [lay hid] in am-
iiiisli, who i»nrsued Uncus' men into their own land, where the battle was
loii,i>lit vario marie, till God put fresh spirit into the Moheagiies, trnd so drave
liii' .Viirragansets back again." So it seems tluit Unras luid been taken in his
own pliiy. Tlie letter goes on: — "'Twoiild pity your hearts to see tlieni
[/■/('Yw' men] lie, like so many new circumcised Secheinites, in their blood.
r"ir. whatever intbrniiition yon liiive, I dare luddly say, the Narriigiiiisets first
iii'iik
one
T'wt
e the contriict they miido with the English liist yciu*, lor I lieljied to ciin
Tanliijtiicson, a 3Iolieagne captain, who first fingered [laid hiiiids on]
niomio.
?ome cimning sqiniws
if N;
irrairans(
t led two of them to
'!'(inl.'iiiilcsun\i wiywam, wiiere, in the iiiifht, tln'V struck him on the breast
Moieli the coiit with an liiitehet, and had he not fenced it with his arm, no
Mnlhcr,\ " not to suffer
iinpe could be had of his liti-," &c,
"The Mnglish thought it theirconceri
J:i!.i to hi.' swallowed nj) by those iulversaries, since lie had, (tiiougii for ids
SilVS
Dr.
It'iiUhrop's Jour. ii. 380, 381.
t Relation, 58.
I 1 "<
r
h\W^^^-(^
t:A
>rc-'
i
70
NINIGRET— NAURA(iANSET WAR.
fMouK
own (•M(1^,) fi|>;M-()V('il liimsclf liiitlifnl to tlic f'-rifrlisli I'ntiii time to tiinr." \,
nrmy was ticcordiimly raised tin' the celief of I'lini.i. " Hiit as tlie\ ui,,,
jii: I iii.'ircliiiiii' out (if Hostoii, many oftlie |>rinei|ial NaiTa^anset ln(iiaii>, s^/
J'rsscriis, Mixiino, * anil llilairtisli, sajzanioies, anil .iir(i.ir<iuin, (le|inly li>i' ii
Nianlicks; tlnse, with a larire train, eanie t<i Uoston, sninir tor |ii'aee, In j,
wiMinj.' to siilimit to what terms the llnylisii should see cause to iia; i..
ti|iiin them. It was ilemandetl oC them, that they slionid dctray the riiMi.,,
they iiad put die I'lifflish to, f and that thi' sachems slioidd semi theii'.Mi;.
to lie kept as liostajies in the hands of the l",nj.'lish, nntil snch time ;i- ii,
money ^lionid he paid." AHer remarkiiiir that (i'om this time the i\arriii;,iii.
sets harliored venom in their In arts ajrainst the Kniilish, Mr. Mtillid- |i|i,.
C(;t'ds ; — "In the first place, they endeavored to play lii^criliindhi in tliij,
feiidinj.' hostafres; fiir, instead of sachems' children, they thoiiLdit to >i i ,!
Home other, and to make the l']njrlisli lielieAC that those hase piipoosiK \\,|
ot'a royal pro;i'eiiy ; hut they had those to deal with, who were too wise to !«
so eluded. Atler the expecti'd hosta;.'es were in tlie hands of the l'.iii;li..ii,
the \arraj:ansets, iiofwithstandin;;' that, werc^ slow in the performance df
vviiat they stood enirajri'd liir. And when, upon an impartial discharirc nf
the debt, their hostajres w'(ir(? restored to them, they became more liackwiml
than formerly, until they were, by hostile prejiarations, ajrain and wjuln
terrified into l)etter obedience. At last, ("apt. .///ipWoji, of l)(»rchester, \\,i.
sent with a small party f of "20 l',n<rlish soldiers to demand what wasdn.
lie at fn"st entei-ed into the w ijrwam, where old ,Viiiii!;nl resided, \\itli (ii,|v
two or three soldiers, ap|iointiu^' the rest by de^'r«'es to liillow him, twdiir
three droppin^r in at once; when his small company were come abotit liinMlii
Indians in the mean time supposinir that there had been many more hcliim!,
he eau'dit the sachi'in by the hair of' his head, and settinjjr a jiistol id \,\<
breast, prf)testinjf whoever escaped be should surely die, if he did not faiil,.
^vitll cojuply with what was reijuired. Hereupon a frrcN'it trendilini: hihI
consternation sin-prised the Indians; albeit, multitudes of them wire tlni,
jiresent, with spiked arrows at their bow-strinifs ready to let fly. The cviiii
was, the Indians submitted, and not one drop of blood was she(l."§ Tiiis, it
iiiiist be confessed, was a hifrh-lianded proceediiifr.
"Some sjtace after that, .Vitilijcrit was raising new trouble against \\
amongst his IS'ianticks and other indiaiis ; but upon the speedy sendinir iiji
of ('apt. /A/ci'.9, with a |)arly of horse to reduce him to tin; former ]M'ii(i',
who, niton the news of the. captain's iiitiiroacli, was ])nt into such a piinif
fear, that he durst not come out of his wigwam to treat with the captain, in!
.secured of his lifli l)y him, which he was, if ho ipiietly yielded to his messfiL-i,
about w hich he was sent from the Hay. To which Iw freely consenting, iIm;
storm was graciously blown over." ||
Thus having, through these extracts, Hiimmarily glanced at some proniiiiru
passages ill the lifi' of .Vniiif/rf, we will now go more into imrticuiars.
The case of the Narragansets, at the period of the treaty belitre spoken m'.
had bi'cume rather desperate ; two years having passed since they agreed !> ■
pay :'(',{)() fathom of "good white waminim," as a remuneration liir tli-
trouble and damagi^ they had caused the llnglish and Mohegans, anil ilm
were now jiressed to fiillil their engagements. A'm/ir/T/, then called Jdmin
was nor, at Moston at that time, hut .lumstutqticn was liis deputy, and siiiiml
the treaty then made, with Pessncus and others. At their meeting, in .liih.
1(J47, Pessacus and others, chiefs of tlio Narragansets and Nianticks, win
* 'J'lic editor of Jiilitison's WoiKJor-workiiij;- I'rnviilciice, in Co'/. Mass. Hist. Sor. nuiki-a
prccil niislMki' in nolinj;' lliis rliii'C as AlidiiliiniKi'iiuli. Mnksai., Miraniio, Mi-itn. \c..;tti
iiciint's dl'ilK' saino ijcrson, wild was I In; iddcsl .-.dii of Cuiioiiiciu, A Her tlio dcalli ofliis Iniliif.
he was cliiil' s:iclieiii of llid Narraganscls, lie married a sister of Nbiiirrft, wlio was "a
woman of yrcat power," and no oilier llian llie I'ainons Qiuildfifii. at one lime called Mtliin-
iuc/:. Ironi uliicli. prolialily, wa.s derived Miintiiis. ]'y some writers mislakiiif; liiiii for Mi<'»-
tiiTiiKniKili, an ernir has spread, llial lias occasioned iniicii contusion in ucconnts ol' their j^iiif
alogy.
t A yearly IriluHe in wanipnni was agreed upon. Manuscripl Narrative of the Iluv. T
Cohlfl, wlii( h places the affair in Kilo.
\ iNIS. doennieiit amoiijr our slatn papr-.rs.
\ Reiuiiou ol' the Troubles, &.C., 4lo, IG77. || Cobbet's MS. Narrative.
rii.*p. iv.)
•jeiit III by tl
llciiig warn
tjirr into tro
draw lip, Ii'
leave all the
and we slial
iiii.-sioiicrs, !
".\iigiist .'
,ti' l'r.^siiik\i
fidiii I'eipiat
iiiis.siiiiiers a
(111 the lielial
only fur him
s|idke with /
lillil nut beei
fi-oiii .Mr. //■/
Jnuild hroiii
;| "it a|ipe;ireil
'2 in l'(.s.wrk\i <
to stain I to
ceedeil In del
ciiveiiaiit had
dill lint know
liis deputy e\
J try. anil his
I all tiiiii's read
$ "There coiili
f .Vinii^nt in
wampum ? I
. sinners then
i messengers, a
;• that lie knew
^ llartllird, hilt
that if the \]\\
kill tlieiii mill t
.\V»ig/v/ did 11
their iiie.ssi'iigi
I III (i.'der to '
or \\ islieil the
lie iiiiglil kiio
tliey had rece
wards some hi
some, was refii
gers had souk
, paiind. Thei
might lie led tc
'i'/.f Of the 1
, prohahly to del
Jill Kiiglishman
set liiiliaii."
.Viniisnt sail
waiiipiini (lid li
the gooii.s," and
rniiiniissioners
' kettles and wa
iiitlifini, [in all,]
and tlmiigh thi
governor, they
* Siirii://'/ Sh'iin
situated in lioslon,
t Heucc '!£. is.
Im
[Book II
ic to time." .\i,
lit IIS tlll'V \\i|,.
isi't lii(li;iii>, \;/
1, (lc|»iiiv liii- r
)(ir |)c;ici', III II
•misc to iiii;ii c
Cray tin- rli;ii.,,
scud tlit'ir Mil-
siicli tinic ;is i!,,
IC llic NiiiTii;:,,!;.
Mr. .Mtilhir |iii .
rdcnuiiv in tlm;
tlioiiii'iit to si'mI
SC yiipOOKVK Wllr
Tc loo wise lii!ii
S Ot' tilC 1'lll.li'ii.
|ici't()i'iMiin( I
tial «iiscliiir;r|. i,|'
i> more iiack\Mi!i|
a^Miii aii<l aL'i:i!i
|)or('licstcr, \\;i,
1(1 \vliat WHS (liiH,
•csided, with iiiilv
)11()W liiiii, IwiM.r
liic altoiit liiiiMlii
any more lieliim!,
ii;jf a |)istol Id III-
' lie did not I'erll,-
at trcnd)lin^ iiiiil
i" tlicm were llnii
I't tlv. 'I'Ih' evdii
slicd."§ Tlii<,ii
oidiic against n-.
•cdy scndiiiir ii])
\{\ IbriiKT iieiiri',
ito snrli a iiiiiik
tlm captsiiii, till
to Ids inessiip',
COllHC'lltillg, tllllt
some proniiiici;!
irtii'ulars.
Ii('t()rc siKikeii ti i
;'u tlicy aL'Tceil h I
iicratinn i()i' tli
icfrans, and tin;
•n called Jitmni'i.
mty, and sijiimi
inc'etinfr, in .liih. \
Niaiiticks, wiit
Hist. Kor. niakisa
lino, Mi-ikn, \-c..iire
RMlciillioI'lii-^liilliit.
iii'Xi'i't, y<\w ^^'''^ "'
e iliiK? called .lAi'-"i-
iikinn liim li'r -"i""-
(•0U111.S of llii-'ir gi'iK-
rativc of the Ilcv. T
Narrative.
Chap. IV]
NINIOHF-T.— MOIIKOA N C )NTROVnri.^ V.
Tl
■ Knfflisli
Ik- i;
d in the liC'uf A'
,1.W(/,?.
I!, iiii' wai-netl to comk? to IJosloii, Piftmuun, not lieing uiiliiig to <ii'{ ai;\ lin--
tl'iiT hilotronlilc l>y licing obliged to sign whatever articles the lOnglisli miirlit
(li'aw nil, tiigned himsell' sick, and told the messengers he had agreed to
jrjm'fiil the linsiness to .W/t/ir/'''- 'I'his seems to ha\e heeii well imder.-lood,
•iiiil we shall next see svilli what grace .Viiii^rd acli'd his part with the cmii-
iiiissiniiers, at liosloii. Their record rims thus : —
» \iiL'iisl Md, [1<>I7,] .Vinc^nilf, with some orihe \yantick Indians and t\v«)
A' I'lssdcli'n men, cami^ to Hostoii, and desiring Air. Jalni li'inHirop, that came
(idiii i'eipiatt plantation, iiiiirht he |treseiit, they were admitted. Tlie ce:ii-
iiiissiniiers asked \hu'i;r(ill liir nvIioiii he came, whilher as a piihlick person
(111 till- heliair of l'(:<i.i(trk\t and the rest of the Narragansets' coiiti'derales, or
oiilv for liinisell'as a particular sagamore? He at first answered that he had
siiokewilli I'lssiirl,; Itiit had no such commission li'om him;" and said ih' re
liiiil nut heeii so good ail imderstaiidiiig lietweeii tli(!m as lie desired ; lint,
liiiiii Mr. lyinlltrnji'a tesliiiioiiy, and the answer This. Simitoii and /{nmUrt
Irniild hroiiirlit from I'cs.snrus, and also the testimony ol" I'cssurns^ two men,
'•it apne.'ired to the ( (immissioners that whatever rormality might he wiinling
ill /V.M«fA''.? expressions to ^Vincf^nttt, yet I'vssiirk had liilly engaged liimsel!'
to stand to whatsoever AY/irg-/v(// should conclude." 'riieretlire they pro-
(•(Tilc<l to demand of him why the wampiim had not lieeii paid, and mIiv the
(•(iveiiaiit had not hetm olisi'rv(!d in other particular-'. . \ V/nifn 7 pretended Ik!
dill iKil know what covenants had lieen made, lie, \w:s ilnii reminded ihat
his (IcjMity executed the covenant, and that a eo|>y was carried into his enim-
trv. and his ignorance of il was no excuse (iir him, (iir .Mr. ftllUdins was at
all times ready to explain it, if he iiad taken the )iaiiis to reipiest it of him.
'•'I'liere could, tlieret'ore, he i>'., truth in his answere."
\iniarit next demanded, " /'o/* /(•//(// art- I lie ,Viiir(ii!:iinfirl.t to pni/ no miirh
U'ltmintm! I know not llial thfi/ nrr iii'lchlcil to ttnEntilh-li ! ''^ The eomiiiis-
sjiiiiers then repi'ated the old charges — ihr hreaeli of covenant, ill treiiting
iiM'ssi'iigers, and what he had said himself to the l''iiglisli messengers, namely,
that he knew the lOnglish would try to bring ahoiit a peace at their meeting at
llarltiinl, hnt he was n solved on war, nor wciiild lit impiire who Ik gaii it —
that i(' the l'',iiglisli did not withdraw their men li'oni assisting Unras, he would
kill tlieinnnd their cattle, t!v:c. According to the records of the commissioners,
XiniuTit did not deny these charges with a very good liice. lie saiil, however,
flieir iiiessi'iigers provoked him to say what he did.
Ill ii.-(ler to waive the criminating discourse, .Yitiifrrct called iiir documents;
or wished the l''iiglisli to make a statement of their accoiiiit against him, that
lip iiiiglil know " how the n ckoninge sIikkI." The llnglisli answered, that
tlicy had received of Pcs.tiii-iis, \7() J'lttliom of witiii/iiim at oik^ tiiiii-: — Atier-
wards some hilllcs and alioiit \'t Jhllioin ;(io;t, " which heinge a ronii niplililc.
MHic, was refused." As to the k(tt!es, tluy said, "The .\arragansrt imssen-
gers had soiild them to Mr. Shriinjitun,- a hrasier in Hostoii," (iir a shilling a
pound. Their weight was 'il-*.") //a*., (not altogiitlier so (onl(miililil( as oiio
might he led to imagine,) which came to 1 IC. "w., and the wampimi to IC. \s.
(ii/.f Of the anioimt in Mr. Sliriiiii>ton\s hands, the niessengers tnok up l£.
Iirolialily to deti-ay their necessary ex|)eiises while at IJoston. The r( mainder
iiii r.iiglisliman attach, d to satisfy "for goods stolleii from liiiii hy a Narragnii-
sct Indiuii."
A'nii»T(< said the attachment was not valid, "for that iieitiior tlio kettles nor
wampiini did helonge to l'issitil{s himself, nor to the Indian that had stollen
tiie goods," and therefore must he deihicted frdiii the amount now due. "The
pominissioners thought it not fit to jiress the atta(dinient," hut reckoned tlio
kettles and wampniu at 70 fathom, and acknowledged the receipt of 'MO
liillioiii, [ill all,] Itesides a fiarcel sent l)y JVinigret liinisidf to the governor;
and tlioiigli this Wiis sent as a present, yet, as it was not accepted liy tlio
governor, they leil it to AO'/ifgcet to say whether it should hi; now so coii-
* >'i/m;/f/ Shiiiiptnn. ))rol)al>ly. wlio liiiiiglil ii lioiisi" and lands of Ephraim Tnrri'r, hrasicr,
situaUMl in Moslon, in U)?!.
t Hciicc 4£. 'U. G(/. -^ 15 = 5s. 7 )^d. = value of a fathom of wampum in lGt7.
h
I
r-^^:
K'. ',■
■■%■■■
Mjt .::
44^
^d^'>
^X7 \
m
a*viT,i
-rt
u
-•'*>a
n
",' '■ 1
PI
Ur ^ ' 1
4-M
4 j;J
Im
Wif
t# ■is,"
MNinnrT— MoHRfSAN roNTRovnusY.
[n
I'liK
sidcnvl, or wli.'llicr it -Iioiild lie fiikni in |i;iyiri(iit (it' tin' ili'ht. .Yiniirrd ,,;|
til'- p>v- riKir ^lullll(l til) (IS Ik- |iI('ii>^i(I tilidiit it. It wis llirn iiii|iiiri'i| !,(,,.
iinicli 111' Irul H'lit ; (if liciiifj (l<'|i(isitc(l \\i ('iitsliiiinol,!ii\i \in\\t\t*, uh \\v \],^
"Is"V,li( re stnti'il;) he saiil lie liiid srtit MO liitlMiiii <i|" Murk, iiii'l I.') of u'lit"', Jn
\'i!iic t'l^riiiicr Id.") liitliiim. ('ulnliitinnliin \\^\fi sent liir to siiilc wlmf lir jiiul
rri'iivcil ill trii^t, lie li!,:l produced two ^rirdli'
'with !i siriii:,' <il' wnn
i|iiiiii.
all vhii'li liiiiisi'lf niti'd at l.l liitlMHii, alliniiiii^' he liiid ri'i-civcd no iikh,.
f'XiTDt K». wliirli he had iisrd, and would ripay." He was liroiijrlit lictlip!
.Yhii'Xrcl aii<l <ni«'stioii('d, as tlicrc apiicarcd a jrrr'it liiUl'i-i iicc in ilicii. .i,,.
coiiiits. "lie at lifst |>('rsist( d," says our record, "and addi'il to Ids lyis.lni;
was at last co)i\iiiced [coiilroiited] liy .N'nn'uvvY, and Ids nirssenjrers who ilnn
hroiitrht the present, and I lesides f'i(/.s7KoyK>A'i;/ had sent him at the sanr in.,,.
10 t'lllioni as a present also." [f still remained to he settled, wiiethir tlii*
U'am|iiiin should Ix^ received as a part ol' ihe delit, or as a present ; nud
jViuifrnt wns in"^<'d to say how it should ho. With jrreat inif^naniniity \v
answered: —
".1(// tuiiffiw slidll niif hrlic )»>/ hmrt. If hither the debt be pniif or nnt, ; l„.
tcndcl it (IS (I inrsfiil to the ^:<>rcni<tr."
It is unpleasant to crtntrast the characters of ihe two cliiei's, CulshmiKiliii)
and .VInlixrd, Itecanse the ((inner had lonji' had the iiflv((iit/i!xe of a civili/n]
Iiei.iihiioihood, and the latter was iVoni the depths of the forest, wheri' lie siiw
nil Mn^ilishnian hut seldom. We could .say iiiiich upon it; hnt, as ii i<
ihoniihl liy many that such disrpiisitioiis are improtitahle, we decline jrniiii'
into them here.
What we !ia\(' related seems to lia\(' finished the hiisiness of the day, and
donhtless the shades of nij;lit were very welcome to ('iitshnmokln, 'l"he mvt
day, J\^{vi<cret came into court, with the de|)nties ol" Pessactts, and spoke toilie
followinjj eU'ect : —
" |{:|i>re [ ('.imp lierr I PX|»ected the hiudeii had Iieeii thrown iipen nv,
Pcssacim not ha\in^ done what he a^'reed to do. However, I have consiiJnMl
ii|)oii ihe treaty .-if 1(!4."), and am resoJM'd to >ii\(' the I'lnjflish s.itistiictidii in
all thiiif,'s. I will send soiiio of my iiieii immediately to Narraiiansct iiiid
Niaiitick, to raise the wampum now due to them, and hope to hear what tlnv
will do in throe days. In ten days I think the waiiipnm will arri\e, jiinll
will st.iy here niitil it conies. I will tell this to tlie Narrajranset confediiatc*.
IJiit if Iherc! should not enoiii:h at this time he raised, I desire some tininar.
aiice as to time, as I assure yon lli;it ihe remaindi r shall ho shortly paiil, and
you shall see me true to the I!iijrlisli, heiiceforlh."
This speech ;iave the commissioners great satisfaction, and thoy proccciled
to other hiisii
less.
Th
iiessenacrs sent out hv
^''Iniirret did not return sf) soon as \\;is
(' was i;i\en of their arrival; .-;
pocted ; hut, on the l() Ain:iist, noti(
however, lo the disapp(3iiitment ot' the commi.<sioneis, for they hrouiilit en y
'200 liilhom of wampum. 'I'he feelinirs of the court wore somewhat chanirMl,
and th y rather sternly demanded ''what the reason was, that, so niuch In iii'
due, so little was hrouoht, and from whom this '200 fathom came." AV*i/ifc./
answered t!i;it he wt.s disap))ointed that more had not !)oon hroiijiht, hiil
if h
:.l
lia(
1 I
leen -It homo, more would havi; leeii ohtaiiietl: that 100 tiilJ!
wns sent hy Pcssdcux, and the other 100 liy his jieople.
The commissioners .say, that, "not thinking; it meet to hogiii a present war.
if s.atisliiction, (thoujih with a little forhear.'ince, may he had otherwise,)" tnM
JViin'irrcl, that, since ho had .«aid tlu.- wam|)um would have heeii jratliered :ih1
])aid if he had heeii at home liims(>lf, they \vouid now jrive him "20 days t" l'u
and get it in ; and, if he could not |)ro(ure enough hy -iOQ fiitl'.om, slill tli v
would not mo!" St him until "next s|)rinir planting time." That, as so ii u ii
was still (!ue, ihey would reckon tin; present hi ibro mentionod ; hut, if tiny
did not h]\\\<r \()C0 fiuliom in twenty davs, the coinniissionei"s would semi
110
more messengers into his country, "hut take cour.se to right theniselvc!^.''
That, it" they were "tiirced to .seek saristaction hy arms, he and his cdiilidi'-
rates must not expect to make their |ieace, as l;iti!y they h;id done, hy a lilt!'
wanijum. In the nie^m time, though for In ach o. covenants they niiglit [lUt
their hostages to death, yet the; coinniissionei's would forthwith deliver tiie
pliiltlnii to
niciiiii liilh sa
cliiii'ire all |!)
(run I .\'iiiii:-nl
whele remain
|)ri'nii"'i'd to |i'
.\(i|\villi-t:ii
5 till ir il' ht Ml I
"I n\ IHKIfii
.'t ''(lie ('"IMIIli-
i ft;mil!St the .\
?l si'i'liini;' his i
^ V|lp(l|l liiiM," \^
'■'■ A .Niirnigaiisi f
itivcr, ran a sv
Illir.'iil VMiUlld.
(1 ciHiNiilerahle
lljirti III atleni
Mi'illiwllile
n|i|M'ared siidi
ol'ili rnii|M"iiei'
it risji cted C
n. illier he !i"i
(Irnwii tln'reiiii
ii.oniliinl, iieliir
(JK'I was coiiii
ciiiiliniied, the
that were in 1 1
sine" lie hath i
oil" nii|Mrt,rniii
mill no provoc;
til s|i( iiite coiid
great eiiiiageini'
tiiv ol'waiiipun
lii.> lit;."
The judgniei
find ilniii ( i|Mii
got ilie I'liiiimis
Til. y say that il
rallioiii hath hi
iiiore !o appear,
wi.irli he aceoii
('oiiiiiiis.-iioiii rs,
(ami though hy
wir- willing lo
(llie \' 1^ fath'illl
eiiili'.'iNoiiiig lo
[ir ihis s, a sm;;
to ilii'iii, ihiiii;:li
ga\:' llilll to III!
niigiit Ml his oM
to their tn aly w
Til ■ ciiinmis?
atl;.ii's looked ra
ill r. .'.diiii'ss lo
pi'cs III to coiisii
ol'a marriage s
brollier's son o(
" (ilil '. lln (l(il|l:|
linrr.!. ihat ilic Kny
own e.xpcii.se.
ATm'aT'' - 1,!
1 iiKiiiiri'd |i(,u
IkIs, IIS \\C III;,
I.') '>r \^'lit'■. ill
Itl' Ullllt III' hiiil
ijj: (•(' \Miiii|iiiii|,
ri\('il III) iiinri',
l>n>u;rlit luliiri'
(•(• ill llirir iir.
I to Ills lyis, liii;
iiirrrs \s lid ilnii
t llic SUM" 111,,,.
■d, wlntlni- 1|,;,
II pn'snit; mni
iiMgimiiiiiiity h.
iiiil ttr nol, ! in. ■■
(s, (^iilshnmi'li'ui
irr ot" a civili/nj
t, when' lie s;iw '
t; liiit, IIS ii \, i
I' (IcciilH' fT'iilli! I
(if tlif (lay, Jiiid
ikin. 'VUv next
lllli SpdlvC to till'
I'OWII lipiHI 111',
liiiv;' coiisidrMl
ii s.'itistiicliiiii ill
i«'arrii!iiiii>i't iiml
liciir wlifit tli(v
ill iinivc, tiiiij I
let i'()lir('(|rr;il('>,
•<• .sonic rorliiiir.
lortly |iiiiil, mill
icy prociTili'il
inn lis w.'is i\-
iirriviii ; sully,
■y hfoiiji'lit cny
fWllIlt cIlMllL'il.
«) linic!i l):i!,l'
IIH
I "
.. , \imv:r4
uijiiit, lilt <iv\
lilt 100 rmlMiii
a piTSi'iit war.
lorwisi',)" tiiM
I fratlicrril .■ml
I -20 (lays tn ■:«
OMI, s'lill t':>y
lit, as so iriiJi
; liiit, if tli'V
^v<)lll(l Miiil nil
It tli'iiisclvt's."
I ills coiiliili'-
(iiic, by a litt!"
tlicy iii'iisiit |iiit
itU deliver tlie
riiM-
I\ I MMCRl.T.— TIIF, F,\(iI,IS|| I'llKI'Mli; lOIl WAR.
73
rlilMi'ii to
AT'i'.Tfr',* I'VprrtiiifX (Vom liiin tin' inon ctirr in -t r t'liirin-n-
niriiis lulls fn'
clinri."' "'
til Viiiiisn
^vlmir iriiia'
istit'ii. .\iiil, W til* \ liiiil liiiM real in lii- |m I't'oi'iiiiiiirc, tli.'V wil
iri'iiii"!'!
Niitwii
(iirilK'l ni'^rlifts lipiill /'(.Wfr/f.y," iiImI "ill Hlldl I'a.xr ill" \ cXIMTt
/ ITiH lust ii.-^si.xtiiiit'i', wIm'ii he hjiaii l>r i'<'i|iiiii>(! tii itM-iivir tlie
inliT iVimi liim. Allwliii'li ,Viiii'j.nl rliirrfiilly iicn ptril. anil
I III prrlipnii 1.. (•(iidiiij.'lv."
tlr if
nlioiii
.'till' IdlM
nL'niii.''t
Sri'lulltr
V|l|ii|l llllll
listaiiiliiijr all tlirir prmiiisi'.-, llir Narraj.'iiiisrt.'- Iiinl iml (li.-<'liiirj:('(l
d. lit at till' end n|' twii yrai> iinii'' . tlmii^rli in lliat tiiin tiny had paid
I lull liilliiini III' waiiipMiii. Al tin ir iiiretinir this year, llllll, at I'lo^tiiii,
iiMiiii.-'i'iMeiy wire iiiiiided iit' the cniitiniii d coiiip'aiiii o(' I'liiii.i^'
till' .\iiira>.'aiisets, that they were "still viidciiiiiniiii: liis piace and
Ills iniiic," Mild had lately eiideavor'd " to lirini' in tin- M<>\\liaiikes
w
hiidi liiilinu', lliev invf tiled tci take a\\av his liTr liv uiielnrat).
A Niirni;:n
nset Indian, iianied f i'//(/(/im';i, " in an llnulis'i vessel,
III
.M
nlii iriin
IliMT
ran a s\mi
id intn his hieast, win rli\ lee ri-eei'ved, to
appeiiranee, n
iiioliil wiiiind, wliieh iiiiirtheriis arte the assalant then eonfi ssed hee wan, foi
n ciiiisidi rahle sum of \viini|iiini, hy the .XniTaL'aiisetl ami Niantieke saehenis,
liirni t<> atlenipl."
Meaiiwhili' .Vii'ii^rrt, iinderstandinir what wi:s to he iirp'd aj;aiiist liini,
npiM .lied suddenly at leislon liel'ore the eoiiiniissioneis. 'I'he old eataloune
ot'ilt Tnaii'"'""'' *^ s\as ri a i o\er to him, with se\i'ral inwoiii s append' d. As
it nsn I'ted ('iillntiu!ii\'i .itt'inpt upon the lili' oj" I'lints, .ViniuTil said timt
nitlii'i- he tior I'lKsartut had any hand in it, hut that "he [f'i///(r/in'/ij wa.i
(Iriiwii ilereiinto hy torture li'oin tin' iMohe<;ans ;" "lint li<' was told, that tli(>
iissiilaiil, lieliir'' la eanie into the hands of the .Mohe<;ans, pn si iilly allrr the
liiit was eomniitted, layi d the charge upon him. with tiie n st, wliieli ho
(•iiiitiniicd, till" day liillowiiiu, to Capi. Mmom, in the pn s; nee of the Ijiirlisli
tji.'itwere in llx' ^>wk witii him, mid oiU'ii reiterat' d it at Hartford, thoiitrli
siiic' lie hatii denied it : that he \mis presented to Vnrim under the noiion of
dill' i'|i|Mrtaiiiiiiir to I'ssiimc'iiiin, wlnrehy he was a<d<iio\\ lediii d as his friend,
nail an pro\<ieiition i;'iveii him." Ciilht'iiiin liiul alliriiied, it was siid, that his
flisprnile condition eiiU"' d him to iittem|il the lit'e of I'nr/i.i, '•lliroiiuh his
(rn'at eii!ia,!.'ement to the said saelieins, lia\ iiii;' received a consider.ilil" <|iiaii-
tiiv iil'waMipiim, which he had spi lit, who olhi.'rwise would have taken a.vay
hi.^ lit!'."
'I'lie iiidiiiiient of the court was, tliat the sacliems were ^■iiilty, and we next
find llhiii I iii'iijied in settliii!.'- the old aceoiint of wainpimi. ,\'!iiiu;r(l had
Tdt the I'liinniisf-ii.iiiers didiited more than they al fir:' were w illiiij: to ;dlow.
Til' \ sa\ that it appear' d l»\ llie auditor's aceoinif, that no more than I.Tilt^
hath lieeii credited, "iiorcnnid .\'iiii<i'nl hv anv evidi le e inal'
Ke an
fiillimn
iiiore III ap|iear, oe!y he iilleucd that aiioiu (i(.() failioiii was paid l»y iiii'iisiire
Wliirli lie iiceo
riMiiiiiission rs, not w
niiti il l>v tale, when in iIm re was coiisideraliie differi iic
Tl
lllu
(llll
illiii'i to adii"
I tloiiiih 1)\ iiL-reeiiK lit it vs'as
re to riny striei ti riiis in that paiticnii
to he paid |)\ mejiMire and not liv la!
10
ir.
jiiii^' lo allow ()"2 fatliom and hall in that resp et, so that tlier • remaii
i.s
!:s|iithom. lint .V'uu'<;-;t/ persis
nil
in his lorn, er iilliriiiation, and not
ciiile!i\oiintr to 'Mve aiiv reasoiiahii- satisfaction to
i'le cDmiiiissioners in tin
leaver !■( iii''' all ihat was li iiderei
pr 11. is s, a small iiiconsiileral)le jiarcel of I
to till 111, tlioierh they understood he was hitter jirovided.'" They therelorc
piv;' liiin to iinili rstiuid that they were alto^fether dissatistied, and that In;
riii;:iit : () his o'.vii w!i\,as they %\('re determined to protecl r'/K«,9 arcordiii}^
to their tnatv witli liim
T
I • cemimssioneis now ex|)ressi'(l tiie opinion nino
1 th
lu- tl
ieins"lve«
tlint
atli.ir- looked rather tnrlail. nt. and advisi'd that each colon\ should hold itself
111 r> lalllie;
to act as circimistaiices niii
lilt
reiiiiil'i
w liic
h tl
lev th" rather
pres lit to coiisideralioii. from an mlorm.ition they reeei\'ed since their sittinjj,
ol'a iiiarriai.'-e shortly intruded betwixt .\'nu'ii;rrt\s daiii.diter, and a brother or
biollier's son of Snssiiqvns; th, mali^rnant, fiirious Pi cpiot, whereby probably
>||H ', 11') lUlll
lit. 1(1 rill llll I
.I'll
ic cxpeii-ic ()
idilic:
lk(
<'|iiiiC till 111 ; lor it iiiiisl he roinem-
hori'il, lliiit llic Eiiijli.>.li took tlicni upon llic loiiditicii that liiey sliould support lliuiii at llieir
own expcn,sc.
V't*:
■a©.
hm
!'»-*
■*%'";• '''^ . yi
if'r' ■.,'■';;, 't'^'S;'**
If,
^1^
'tu- '
74 WAIANI>AN( r, srJZMS MIA.VI'l'NNOMOUVS MFSSF.NfiKJl. [II
'i"K II
tiicir iiiriis lire to triitlirr tniritlMi-, niiil iriiiiitc tli
(jiiiitrs inio our IiimIn, mill m> I ihriit iin n^'iiiii iis ii ilir"!!!!!'! iiiitioii, uhirli |
c« HciittrriMl ••oiM|iicrti| !>.
Ii.iil,
ilwiiNs lii'i'ii w iiiicxscil ii^niii^l liy tiir I'.M^'liMli, tiiiil iiiiiy liit/iiiil tin' |
Dl'llif n>lnMii>,"
r
lie Idiii' _\('nrH iir\t MiiTi't (imjr HIT lull nl ivnitH, Init iis ilicy Iiii|>|h ii,,|
rlii) llv iiiMoii^r tlic liMlian." tlitiMHrivi w, it is vtry ilillifiilt to Inirii the jiiiiiini.
liiiN. J\'iii!iinl cliiiiiM'd iJiiiniiiKtn nf the Imrmiis (if n |mrt nC l.imi.' I.>liiiii|,,(
<li<l his |ir<>ili'ci Hsois ; Imt iIkim' linliiiiis, Mciii^ tlif i'.ii^iisli iliiinini rm,^,
«i\ri- till' i\iii'ni;riuis('ts, lii'i'aint' iiilo;.') iIiit iiiiU'|t(>iitit'iil uT ilii in, niiilr\i||
wiiurd wills upon liii'iii.
, l.'icii.i.iti.'iDlir/; WHS at this prrioil llir i-\t\v\' ol' tlioM' liiiliiiiis, n wiirliki' juni
('oiini;:'('oiis cliirll Imt as triMi'licioiis tuid liailiarons us lir was Iii'ik, :-. 'I'lio,,
islanili IS liad, troni tin- tiiiir of the l'('i|i(ot tnmhIi'S, Itrrii |ii'iiti rinj li\ (|„.
Kn.ulisli, wliiidi iniicli incrrascd their iiisolcin-r. Not oidv had AY/i (';.■•/•(/, i,i|,l
ihi' iTsi oftiif ,\aiTa;,'aii.--('ls, MiMrrcd from his iiisidls, Imt ihr -Moli('j:iiii> h,,,; '
also, lis we siiall inorr ful|\ m.ikr ajijirnr hi'ic.ilh'r.
\\ lien the l'ji;.di.>h roiiiiiii^.sioni'is litid iiitt al llartfiird in hi.'iO, r,i< ,
caiiic with a coiiiiilidiit to thnii, "that thr .Moii.iiisirk siu'hciii, in \.,ny,
Iriland, had kiiini soiii of his men; hcwiteiied diiars oihcis and iiiinxli
also," which was doiihti' ss as true as were most ol' his eharjres a^ftiiiiM il,,, <•
Narra^^■lnsets, "and d< sin <i the eoiiiiiiis>ioiii'rs that hee iniuht in' ri:;|{i.i|
thi rill. Km lieeiinsc the said Miehi in of l,oii;r Ishind was not there ii,;,,.
HWer liir iiimsi hi" se\eiiil I'li^lishiiieii were a|i|ioiiiled to e.\aiiiiiie iiiiu n, ;
and if liiey llmiid him •riiihy to h't iiim Know that thi y "will hriii;:' tnuilili; !
Ujioii theinselves."
At the same meetin^r unorder was passed, "that 'JO men well ariiinl Im
feiil out of the jiirisdic lion of ihe .Massaehnsi tts to I'l.isiciis; to di'miiiul ilii> ■
8aid wampmii, [llieii in arrears. j which is ''{(m"' ii'ithom;" Imt in ea>e iLiy |
could iioi j;ei the wampum, lliev we • ordered "lolaUe t!ie same, of \\i,,
Viillew till rof ill ihe liest aial iiid: t mi, alile <>oods they can find." Or, if
they ciaild not find eiion^h to satisly all demands, lhe\ were ordered to sii/ij
and " hrin^' away either /'(.vmci/.v or lis ehildn n, or such oilier considcnili.;
sachem or persons, as they prize, and may more prohalily how llicin :
reason."
I'roni I'issiiriis, they were ord. red to " to ,\'iiiifj'ril, and iiilliriii him ili.t
the commissioneis had heard "//((// lit liuil uiini liin ilmiii'lili r in m(tiriiii;i li
Siisrrus /lis hnillur, irlio ii'iilliirs I'iijiioIh iiiidvr liiiii, as if (il/icr he woulil Innuf
thiir sdrhdii, or iiti'iiin y/o.v.vi .v.v lln /'tijiint loinilni" which was coiitiai\ in
"(•n-raireiiK Ills," and what liny would iiol allow, and he must inform iImni
wIm llier it W( re Ml. To iiilia'iii him also that Hciiuisli Cook '• complMiiis ni'
uniidry w idiii's." And ilial, r;s lohis liiiniiii;: in the {'eijiioi eoimlrx, lo iiilinni
liiiii he had ho i i;:lit to do so, :is that ( oiiiitrs helmi^t'd lo ihe Mii^dish. Tin'
terminatioii of ihis e\p( dition, in wITh'Ii .\'/i/,'r/'/ was taken "li\ the li;ii,''
liiis lieen pre\ioiisly meiitionril in oiireMract iioiii l)\: .Milliir.
\\'e have in the life of .Midiihnuioniuli ,i;i\<'ii some aecoimt of the acts nl'ii
«'hi<'f c:ill. (I Kiiiiiiiilinirt, especially reLilinir lo liie disor^L'ani/arKHi (if l',i'
plans of that j;real chief We come, in ihis plac', to a parallel ad in reliilinii
to .\'liii!j:ril, Ahoiit a year ali' r \\\r dealli of Mianlnnnomoli, .yiniitnl iiiuln-
totik !o or>fani/.e a plan liir i xpatrialiiii;' the Mnj. lish ; and sent a iiie.>-seiii;ir
to li'i'innlttiiri, the Loiii,' Isl: iid saclieiiu to eii<;aji:e him in it. Iiisleiid nl'
iisteiiiii;- Id his message, It aiiiniliinir sei/' d upon .Vinifi'irl's me^sciifjd',
lioiiiid liini, and si iil him toC'aptiiii (I'/nA /('/• al Sa\ I'i'ook tiirt. l''roiii tlicini!
lie was sent, under a ;.'iiard ol 10 men, for Jiariliird. Ihit they were wiml-
bound ill their |)assa<r>', and wcr;' oMi^<'d to put in to Shelter Island, wini
an old
sacliem lived, wlio was
n'iiiiiiilii)iri\i eliler hroiher. Here tin v lit
A " ?n'/rn /'.v ainhassader escape, .Mid thus he had know ledjin ihat his plan «;ii
di
seo\ ireil
and
o\ertliro\vn
'in
ce wc liave here introdiici d the sachem IVmandnnrc, we will add tin)
account ol Ins last acts and death. On
/////
iitm
11,
lutvnii
ml I), inu' killed
a ^jiaiif-like Indiiin" near New York, ahoiit Id';??, Captain (lankiur tdlJ
//V/WH^/f/ji'T that he must kill that Indian: Imt this heinir a<:;iiiist the adviro
of tlio great saclioiii, iiis brother, he declined it, and told the captain that that
CMP. IV I MM*'
liiiliiiii was a III
tliat lie had inai
l-'iiirl>idiiii< •""'
iiiid.Mlook hi-* e
till' serMee of lli'
III' died, hill it V
idaiid died, else
lliuc."
,\V;;/ir'''' passe
'|'|,i. eiMs.'d the
llir Dutch at thai
lijid reporlnl thai
I'lll^iisli : coii-ei
Miiiiers al Utoloii
IiikI leii;:iied will
ii|ii>!i a letter wii.«
cniiiiiiiiinu' " dive
mill Mnin'im, llir-
til II" immediati'
Till' (|iieslioiis
1. Wliether the I
!». Whelher (he
;t. Wliether they
DiMeh.— I. What
trary to dieir eiiir;
(1. If iliey are so
tiny liail not heiii
wviv tlieir p-oiiiii
lull r cellie (H' sen
Jiiiil hired llie .Moll
"The aiisware o
(|ai'iii's anil letters
Jtiinrll, llie IHth ol
Ml ram seems to
lie siiiil : —
'• I speak imleiLfl
know 1)1" no such p
.jtiilfii ;.'(ivernor o
(.'Nils, powder nor
J'liiL'lisli, my frieiK
iiilratioii to me, I
frii'iiils. With res
I'liijrlisli sachems, i
linoils, Lrims, powdi
(if lis and ours? J
iif III) such plot bj
ri'|iiirts ajraiiist lis;
iii'ccssary to say m
iiirssriiirers should
iii}s III [ am old, ai
111 speak with the >
to sjieak to Mr. B
and all Eiidisliiiiei
' 'I'liL' ihird person s
llii- |irii|iiiiMiilfrs ihiil oa
t Kvcry one iiiiist In
worlliios. Josepli Jteed,
llinii;'li mil iniilor I'irci
HdiiM exert liinisolf on
'• I mil mil inirlli pnrclii.
to do II." Dr. (iiinlori'
i Valicniint WhitnMi
1. (HociK II
>IH|IH'n'i| IV
I, wliii'li liiiii,
III III'' |Miir,,.
i«'.V lin|i|i.|iM|
I till' |i;ii'iii'i|.
»{<: l>liiiii|, in
iliiihiin I'l'iiiir
III, ami cvdl
I wiirliki' niid
nivi-. 'riicy
In li'd In iL, f
,\V;ii'f:V(/, i,i|,| .
lolii'pili!* iim;
l(i.'»0, inr,i \
fill, ill l.iiii; '
mill liiiiiMlf
•S IliraillM III!' ;
III Im- ri;.'|il,il ;
I lIlCIT tiJ nil. t
iiiniiir' iiii'i ii, i
liriii^' ti'iiiililii I
icll ill'lllnl In!
I> lll'lllilllll llii>
ill rilM' ll,iy
StIIIM', III' llll!
liiiil." Or, ii
Icrcd III Ml,'!
• ciiiifiiilcri' ii
|liii\\ tlii'iii :
I'lii liiiii ilii.i
mitrr'i(if;( h
riiiilil linv.if
ciiiilriin III
iiilui'iii liii'iii
lll!|l|ilillSlit'
I'N.lii iiiliinii
i;;lisli. Til.'
ly till- li.'iir,''
tli(> acts iil'ii
liiiiii III' till'
i ill I'l'liiliiiii
;/;.'•'•'' mill' I'-
ll llll■^^^lli;l'r
liislcad III'
nii'-sciiiii-r,
''I'dlil liii'iii'i:
were wiml-
laiid. wlii'ii!
,'i'c liny lit
is |ilan wiii
will add tilt)
killed "liv
tinhiur tiilil
St the ad\H''!
aiu that that
. ,v|MM(ilir.T \('('('.'»F.!><)F A I'l.O r WITH Till' IK TiM 75
liiiiitin wiM» iiii}.'lity i-'i-fiil 1111111,1111(1 no ni'in liar-'il in ilillr wiili liiiii, 'hhI
il t III- lm*l Miiiiiv rrii'iiiji. Sniiii' lini" alli r, In- killnl aiinllirr, niii- 'I'/iomnit
r,',,,ii,'/nH mill ill tin- iiu'an liim', Uti'mit Imu'i'it ln-otlirr liaviiiL' iTh'iI. \w
fiftfft'im''"*^ ' I'll I* I I r|i| ' I ' I . . ■
iHl.iini'k liix i'M'<'"'i""- ^^l'"'" Ik' "'•''"Iii|iIi.'<IumI. Mum was Imh la>t iuM in
II I". Iri'Mi'i'"!''"' I "'!;-'''•''' '" "'"'■ '" •'"' '"'"' "'"" '-''■•■■'• ninilality anion:'- lln in,
I . licil lull il ^^'|^ l'> |"'ison; also i\\o-lliir(|s of llir Imlianx n|ion l.oiii^
Mii'iid I'lii'l. ''''"' ''"' Ni'i'i'iif-'aiisi N hail not niailr mh-Ii liavnc Iw ro a- (hey
' ViitiiXi'i'l pa"^!'*! ihr uiiiH'i' of U'l't'i — :{ iiiiioMu tlir Ihitchor New \iiyk.
'I'|'ii« I'Miisi'il th'' I'lnvlisli '.'11111 r-iiHiiirioii, cHiH'riMJlN as llii'y wen- ciifini. s to
ill,, hntih at thai liiiii' ; ami s'Mnil sau:anuir< s w ho n-MiIri! nnir llir Unlrh
li'iii ri'iinrliil ih'i' 'hr hiitfli yoM rnor was lr\iiiu' to hirr llicni to cni oil" lim
|"ii'iji>li ; «'iinM'ilii''nll>. till It' ^^a?^ a sjicrial inrctiiii: ol lIu' i'.iiL'lisli I'oimni.s-
MoMcrsat Hostoii, iiiAjiiil, Iti'i:!, i ;isi(iiif«! hy a iiniior that tlir .Niirranansct-t
liad lrii;:ii''il "ilh lIu' Miitrh to hnak ii|i iIk' l'",iiL:lis|i s iiIi'iik'IiIs. \\ lirrc-
iiiii>!i a friti'i' was si'iil liy llifiii to tln'ir iiifi-nt at \iirrii!.'ansrt, '/'Ininns Sluiitun,
cimiiiiiiiii-' '•iliviTs i|i,ri'ii's," liy liiiii to he intiTjircti-;! "to .Yiii'ii-nlt, I'r.isini.i
•iiid .l/"i,f'fm, till'"''' of the fhii'ti'sl .\an'ai;'aiis('t sai'hcins," anil tin ir aiiswi rs
to II" iiiiiiK'iliali'lv olitainril anil rr|>oi'ii'(l to the roniinissinncrs.
Till' ijiH'slions to he |inl to the saidiriiis wcrr, in siihslancf, as lidlows: —
1. Wlirtlii'r ill'' I'li'i'h had rimai.'cil llirm ' to lijrhl apiinst the l'",n::lish. —
!./ Wlirthi'i' ill'' Mnt'h j.'ov('rnor trul not mdi'iivor Hiirh a ronsjiirai-y. —
■"( W In ilii'i" ihi'V had not rrrriNcd arms and mimitiniis of war fi'oii: tlio
liiiiili. — I. What other Indians arc iiiL'aui il in the plot. — .'). Wheiher. coii-
Iijin III llieir I'lijiMiiemi'iit, liny wen- lesojvnl to liiilil a;.'aiiisl the lliti'lish. —
(I, If ijiev are so resiilveil, irhiil lli< i/ lliiiilt lln I'^im-Ush irill ilo. — 7. W'lieihcr
IJK v liaif not lieltcr he true lo the I'lmrlish. — K Similar lo the fust. — '.t. What
wi'i'i' llieir i.'roiinils of war a;.'ainsl Hie I'.nirlisli. — Id. Wlieih r they had not
III II r I'liiiie iir send ni'ss 'Hirers to treat with the I'liijflisli. — II. Whether tiny
Jiiid liii'i'd ill'' .Mohawks lo lii'lp lliein.
"'I'lie aiisware of 'u' sachems, \ i/. ^Yiniii-rtll, f^r.tsrnis and .Mintni, \iito tlio
rmi'iii's and letters miiI hy the iin sseii^ii'i's, Sarjeant Ifaih and Sarjeant ./nhn
Jiiimli liic IHth of the second inonlli, ltl."i.'t."
.l/'n(m si'i'ins to have heeii the lirst that aiiswired; and of the first ijiiery
lie said : —
'■I s|ieak iinfei^'nedly, from my he:irt, and say, witlioiit dissiiunlation, that I
kmnv III' lilt such plol airaiiist the Kii^flisli, my friends; implicaliiiir either tho
J)iili'li ;.'(i\eriior or any other person. 'riiou;:h I he poor, it is not fjruods,
L'liiis, |)iivvder nor shot, dial shall draw mi; to such a plot as this aixainst tho
Jliiirlisli, my frieiids.f If the Dutch jfovenior had made known any such
iiili'iitiiin to me, I would have told it, without delay, lo the I'liit'lish, my
fiifiiils. With respect lo your seooiid ijiiestlon, I answer, jVo, What do the
Kiii'lisli sachems, my friends, think of u^? — do they think we should preli
i'iiimIs, irniis, powder and shot, hefore oui' lives i^ our means of lixiinr!*' hot
(if IIS and ours ? As to the 4th (jiiery, I speak from my heart, and say, I kno
of no such plot by the Dutch irovernor. There may I'ome liilse news ai.,
ri'|Hiits airainst us; let them say what they will, they are tiilse. Jt is uii-
iin-cssaiy to say more. Kiit in answer to the lOili ipiery I will say, It is just
Mii'ssriiirers should he sent to treat with the Miiirlish sachems, hut as for
iiiys'ltj I am old, and cannot travel two days tofrelher, hut a man shall he sent
III speak with the sachems. I have sent to Mr. Smilli, and f'tilli his man,
Id .speak to iMr. Brown, and to say to him, that I love the l''.ni>lisli sachems,
and all Knglishmen in the Bay: Anil desire Mr. Brown to tell the sachems
r
h
\v
nd
** Tlic lliirtl pprsoii siiiifiilnr. Zip, is iiscd llirotijfhnul. in llio oriifiiinl, as il was sii|)pii-ic(l by
ill |irii|iiiiinil('rs lluil ciicli cliicf would In" (|ii('slioii('(l scpMriilciv.
t I'.vrry Olio niiisl l>c t'orcilily reiiiiudcd ol' the answer i^lvcii liy oiii' of our revdliilionnry
wiirlliics, Jiispph Rt'i-d, Ks(|., to il lUilisli af;<'iit. on readiiiff lliis answer of llie cliirt Mii'tin,
llidii^'li not iindor ciri'tlnislaiiri'S exactly similar. Air. AVii/ was promised a I'orlniie il' ho
wiiiilil oxcrl himself on the side of liie kiiiij. Vicwiiiif it in llie lifjhl of a l>rilie, he replied
" I iiin imt ti'itiili piirrhiisims', hut, siirh c.v I nin, llw liiii^ o/' (inn/ iirilniii is not rich tnougl
lodiiii." Dr. (liirddu's America, iii. Ml. ed. London, !■ vols. '!vo. 1788.
} Vdkntini WhitnMn, an interprclcr, elsewhere named.
4 .•»"','**il'.
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76
MESSAGi: TO NINIGRET.— HIS ANSWER.
m
3
of the Iky, tliat tin; child tlmt is imw liorii, or ilial is lo In; I
come, sliail SCI" no war riiailc liv lis ayaiii.st tlic Iliii'Tisli."
I Hook
)orii III tiiii, to
y
)kc to this |tiir|)c)S(
fSSCriiS S|l
"1 am virv ihaiikCiil to lhcs(; two men that caiiu; IVom the AlassiH In,
and to v"ii 'J^lioiiuis, nwd to vou Poll,- uiu) to von Mr. Smith, yon ihni
conic so liir as from the Ray lo hriiij; lis tliis messajrc, and to iiifo;:ii ii^nf
tlicsc liiinirs ^\ ! knew not of hefore. As litr the governor of the Diili'li, wi;
arc loath to invent any liilsehood ot' him, thoiii^h \v(; ht; liir from him, to pliuw,..
the J'Jiiihsh, or any others that hrin<( tliese reports. For nhat 1 speak uii!|
my month I spi ak from my heart. The Dulcli governor did ntjvcr piiij.i ,;;i,|
any such thinu' unto ns. Do yon think \vc are mad? and that sw li.u,.
forji'otteii our writinj; that \V(! had in tht; I5ay, which doth iiiiid ns in i|,|.
l''.iijiTisii, our Irieiids, in a way oi" friendship? Shall we throw a\va\ iliat
writing and ourselves too? J ia\e vvc not reason inns? Ilovv (•an tin- IJinil,
sill Iter ns, lu;in;j so remote, ajrainr-t the power of the Eiifrlish, onr frieinis—
wt\ iv iii^' close liy the doors of the English, onr friends? We do proli .>, ,,,
ahlior such thin^rs."
Lastly, v\(' come to tla; chief actor in this aflair, A'l/n'jr"'''. He lakis up
each (|inry in order, and answers it; which, for larvity's sak<', wi; will ;ri\i in
a little, more condeiisi.'d foiin, omittiiif^ iiothiiifr, however, that can in -.^w
deforce- .add to onr ac(|naintaiic(! with the <n-eat chiet". Ili' thus coinmc:.,! >;—
" I utterly deny tliat th(.'re has lieen any asret-meiii made lietvveen tic Diii;;,
governor and nivself, to tight against lIc' Miiglish. I did neser hear v
DiitclimeM say they would go and light iigainst th/ J'.nglish; iieiMier t\\.\ j
licar the Indians say lliey would join wilh them. JmiI, wliih; I waslhiivm
the Indian wigwaiiif', then; cami' souk; Indians ihat told me thi're \vasa.-lii|)
come in tl'oin Holland, which did report tlie Knglish and 1)iit<'li were liglnini;
together ill their owe. country, and there w"ei<! several oilier ships coming «iili
umimmitiiiii to light against the I'liglish here, and that there would h; a ^na
blow given lo the llnglish vvIm'ii ihey caiii''. Hiit this I had I'roei th'' Iii.liiiu.s,
and how ti'iie it is I caniKjt t<'II. I know iiol of any wrung the English li;i\i>
done me, thereloro why should I light against them? Why do the lin^iiiv],
saciicms ask nu! the same (piesiions over and oM'r again? l)o they liiiiik we
art! mad — and would, for a tew gnus and swords, s<:li onr lives, and tln' livi.j
ol' onr wives and cliildren? As to their tenih <|ni stion, it heiiig indilUrcnily
spoken, wiiether I may go or si'iid, thongii I know nothing mysell", whi'ivlnl
Lave wronged th(^ Mnglish, to prevent my going; yet, as I said hefore, it liriiii
lefHo my choice, that is, it being indillerent to the commistioners, wlutlinl
will sen(i some one to speak with them, I will send."t
To the letters which the Knglish messengers cju-ricd to the sachems, M:rim
and PiM'ariis said, " //e desire there woij he no mistoh:, but that we miiij k
understood, am! that there mm/ be a true wtderstandinfi^ on both sides. H< dim
to know where j/oii had this news, Ihd there wiis such a league made Inlwiii tk
Dutch and us, and also to know our accusers."
.Vinipret, fliongh of the most importani-o in this affair, is last nientidiu'il in
the records, and his answer to the letter bronglil liiii'. by the messengers isiu
follows: —
"Yon are kindly welcome to us, and I kindly thank the sachems of ^\i\<>i-
diiisetts that they" should think of me as one of the sachems vvorlhy to l)i'
in(|nired of concerning ihis iiutter. Had any of the other sachems licniut
the Dutch, I should have ftmred their folly miiiht have done some hurt, one
Wfiy or oth(!r, but tiiky have not been there, /am the man. Ihavrlmn
then? myself. I alone am answerable I'or what I hav<' done. Ami, as I iiav
already declared, I do utterly deny and protest that I know of no such plot as
has been apprehi'iided. WJiat is the stor^ of these great riiniors that I liniial
Pocatocke — that I should bo cutoff, and iitat the English had a quarrel iigainsi
* So priiiU'd ill //./•<//•(/, lull proliiilily iiii'.iiis tlie Miiue as Vcl/ ; V, in lljo lii'icr tahi;, lia\iiig
been lak<'ii liir /'. W'c have known micIi instances.
t Tiic pncodinn' si'jiiciici' of onr text. i!in aiillior of Tiili-s of tin' //((//a/(,\' lliiiiks, '• wiiuld
puzzle llio Jiiiisl mii''lil'iiiii^ |ioliliciaii o\ inodcrn ilnics." IikIi'ciI ! \\'luit! ii I'liilail.'l|ili)a
lanijer? kcally, we iiinnot I'lniccivc that it oni;lil in tlic least to ))iizzlc even a Il'SlM
lawtjcr. \( ajjuzzle u.\i.st any v^'hore, we uiiprelieiul it is in some mijsiifijing v^ord.
CH.U. IV.]
c „i,.;j I know of
IJiiliier to lake j»l
tMiterltiiiiiiii'ii' fwi
(.iicoiirageni.'iit to
It was winter tin
till' giivernor's d
it, I.) let ine in.
Irii'iids.
iN'iit long after t
jrhitiiiii of their
.Mtiirnt, Pessitrui
; was iinniedititely
*.:| till' tollowiiig aiisv
■& •• \ini'Sri t told
|i,,,.ii-jiijr there wa.>
llinllirop knew ot
(liictiir 10, and tin
Willi sleeves, but
'ri.iit, while M/iU
liiilitiii told him all
the Dutch by AV
liroiiglil him hoiiii
iioiiic wilh him ii
coiii|iaiiy was a ^
other side of Iliii
wiiiii|»iiiii, after A";
the two guns, but ^
was tlieii dii(! to I
heaver skins, tuid
ca|iiiireil by Uncus.
All liidiitn nam
one that accompai
f Milures told him,
leiii'iieil their laiigii
J,oiig Island. "A'f
lii'iiril that some slii
the KiiglLsh." "Tl
the Knglish, and cii
and irmis, liir tlr'tii:
allinii that the stiid
[slat 'li,] tliongh he
atliniied al.so that »^
tliey would give hit
On evaniining . ■.
was guilty of perfiil
piiiiisliinrnt, but (in
litre, desired ,/lwns!i
tiieiii agiiin, "the li
JhvnsiKiw ne.vt noti
iipiMi he vvtis S(!nl j
tiiatidcd how tlu-y
A7/nV;r/." They s
(llaii jiiid the Narra;
wild had conii'ss'd
deiii;iii(|ed rcstittilii
told hini 'hilt they I
wli It till y had tlioi
S(i, all this legislf
plot ihi're appt'iu's
giMil (l(!predation i
iiKluire into it, whit
7#
fitiV
cr cuhf, Imviiig
Chap. IV]
NIMORiyr.— AWASHAW.
77
III!
thillii'i'
s I know of no siioJi caiiso at all for my |)art. Is it bocuiiso 1 went
t(t lake pliysk
for iiiv licaltli ? or what is tli(! caiisft? I found nt) such
(.utiTlamiMciii
from tin; Dutch governor, wlicii 1 was there, as to giv(! me any
i It. '"
friciiil
(.iicDiinijri'm.'iit to stir mi; up to such a league against the Knglish, my friends.
It was winter time, and I stood, a great jtart of a winter day, knocking at
tl„. iriivernor's door, and he would neither open it, nor sutli'r odiers lo o|)(!n
""let nie in. I was not wont to find sucli carriagi; from the English, my
i\((l Ion" afh'r tins n turn of the llnglish mess(Migers, who brought the nhovfi
relation of ihi'ir mission, .hvashnw arrived at lioslon, as "liioseng.'r" of
Viu'Srd, Pi'SSftrus, and Mi.iain, with "three; or lour" others. An in<iui.--ition
was immediately held over him, and, from his (■ras.v-exaiuinaiion, we giilher
,|,i. lojiowing answers:—
••Xitii^nl tol<l m>" that he went to the Dutch to l)e cured of his disease,
licaiing there was a Frenchman there; that couid ciuv him; and Mr. .lulm
Hiiilhroi) knew of his going, lie carried .'50 fathom of wam|»um, gave the
(Inctiir 10, and the J>ntch governor 1."), who, in lieu therenf, gav<; him coats
with sleeves, hut not one gun, though tin; Indians there gave him two guns.
'|"|,(il while ^Viiiigrd was there, he cross'-d Hudson's River, and then; an
liiilian told hini aliout the arrival of the Dutch ships. As to the corn >ent to
till' Dutch hy ^\'inis:ret, it was only to pay his passage, tin; Dutch having
iiioii"iil him home in a vessel, l-'ive men went with ^Viini>;nt, Four ••ame
JKiMic with him in tin; vessel, and one came hy land l)et<)re. One; of his
I'diiiiiany was a IMohegan, and om; a (/'ont;clicott Indian, who lived du the
ntliir side of Hudson's River. A canoi; was furnished with 00 fathom of
wam|iinn, atb-r AT(i(g-/T/'s return from Monhatoes, to be sent tln;ro to pay ibr
till' two guns, but six Ihthom of it was to liuv(! been paid to the doctor, which
was then dm; to him. Then; wen; in it, also, two raccoon coats, and two
liravcr skins, and sevi-n Indians to go with it. Tliey a.id the canoe wore
ca|iiia-i'(l hy Unras"
An Indian nam<;d " Mwcom-Matuxcs, sometimes of Rhode Island," W!w
one tliiit a(;compani(;(l Jiwashaw. "One John L!p;ktJ'oot, of Boston," said
,M(ilit.r(s told him, in Dutch, (he had lived among them at Huiuhhold, and
Iciinicil tiieir language,) that tin; Dutchm-n would "cm oil"" the Knglisii of
1,1111^' Island. ".Vriirow also confesseth [to him] that .Viniirrel said that he
liianl that some ships wen; to come ti'om Holland to the; Moniiattoes to cut oil"
the Miiglish." "That an Indian told him that ih" Dutch woidd come against
till' Kiiiiii.-ii, and cut them ollj but they woidd save the women and chililreii
(iiid guns, foi- th'ins'lves. Hut Capt. Siiukins tind tin; said ljiu:htjMtl do holii
atilnn that the said .V((fTo/H told them that the Dutchmen loll /lixi, as belbre
[siatd,] tliongh h' now puts it ollj and sailh an In limi lold him so." SlniJcins
iiliiniieil also that .Vtwcom loM him that if he would go and .>•. ivt; the Diilch,
tiny would give him JCIUO a year.
On e.vamining .'■."cwcom, tin; emmrfissioncirs gavi; it as their opinion that ho
WHS guilty of perfidy, and that they should not hav(! let him (;scap(; without
pimishmrnt, but ;'ir his b(;iiig consid red as an ambassador. 'I'hey, there-
ilirc, desired ./lw'ts!>iiw to iidbrm ^\'ln!is;r(t of it, that he might send him to
tlicin iiL'fiin, "the b iter to clear himseli'.
■n
Jk'
us Wii appi'clK
nd wj
IS not (lone,
V.SllllW
next notih (I the court that he had not don ' witli them, " wli re
ii|i(iM In; was s(;nt i<)r to speak what he had furih r to propomnl." lb; di;
timiided how they <"
b\' tlieii- iid'ormation 'ot'all tli'se things toiiehing
A'/ii'ir.c/." 'rhr;y said from s(;veral liniians, jxtrliru! trly "tin; iMonh 'ag.; lu-
(liiin and the i\arragans(;t Indian, which wer.' both I dv ii by Unris his m(;n,
wliii had conli'ss'd the plot belbn; .Mr. /^t,'/i .< fit llarllbrd." ,'hv islitw iil^io
di'iii.'Miled nstitulion of tin; wam|)um taken by IJtvaf. The eonunissiou rs
tolil him 'hat they had not as yet un<l islood ot' tin; l.'Uth of that action, but
wli n tin v had thoroughlv exanuiii'd it, h ■ should hav ■ an tinsiurr.
•(», a
II this legislating was about . VV/n'i^vv/',
I'oin
u; !o the Dutch ; for a-^ to
I)li)t there appetu'S no (nidence of any ; but w h n Hit its had (;onniiitted u
ffnat depredation upon .Vini'irnt, why — "that all(;n;d the (Mse " — they unist
iJiquire into it, which doubtless was all right so tlir; but if u like com))luiut
SI
^'M
'li'.:* 'M'-v'-'-'i
;>'-
■"■vi
1 ■■■'■
• .!'■■ 1 i
'' V ;?' ■■
78
NINKJRET.— UNCAS'S PERFIDV.
[liorjK II
i
BI''"
m
m'i" I
had Itoen preferred tifjsiiiist JVini^ret by Unrns. we have reason to tliiiik ji
would have hceii lortliwitli "iiKiiiired into," at least, witlioiit an if.
Aistory, it <'aiMiot be railed evidence, told by Uncas, relatinjf to .Viniffref,
visit 'o the Dntcli, is r<'eord(?d by the eomniissioners, and \\hieh, if it tiiiiiiiin
to any thing, jjoes to |)rove liirnstdf irnilty, and is indeiid uu aeknowledirini.n,
of his own jierfidy in taking ,YinigreVs Imat and goods, as charged by ,lv:n.
slimv. Jt is as follows : —
" Unrns, the Mohegan sarhein, eaine lately to IMr. Unins^ lionse at Ifiirllhnl,
and inforin<!d him that .Vhuiifi-rctl, saehfin of iIk; Niantiek N.irnigan-citv,
went this winter to the Monhatoes" and made a league; with tlie Dufcli l'(h.
crnor, and flir a largf present of wampum received 'iO guns ami a great Imx
of |K)wder and Itullets, .Vinif^et told hiiu of the great injuries hr Jimi
sustained from IJncan and the Knglish. That on the other side of IIikIsnu'j
RiviT, .VY/dg-rfi had a confer»!ner' with a great many Indian sagamores. , mil
desired their aid to cut oif the Mohegans and English. Also, that, about twi,
yeiu's since, .Viniirrct "sent to the Moidieage sachem, atid gave him a imscin
of wampiim, pressing him to procure a man skilfid in magic workint's, ami
an artist in poisoning, and send mito him ; and he; should receive nioiv; on,.
hundredth iatliom of wampum, which was to have lu;en conveyed to tlip
JVloidieag<! sachem, and the powaugh at the return of him tiiat was to lnin;;
the poison. Unccui having intelligence of thes(! things, caused a iiaiinw
watch to be set, by scni and land, lor the apprehending of those persons; aiul
accordingly took th(!m returning in a canoe to the number of seven: wliiiini'
foin- of iliem wnn; Narragansets, two strangers and one Pe«p)att. This \\;»
dont^ in his absence, while he was with Mr. Haines, at Conecticott, and ciinicij
by those of his men that took them to Mohegan. Being thiire exajuined, iwu
of them, tiie [VVampeag*;*] sachem's brother, and one JV'arraganset freely (nn.
f(!ssed the whole |)lot formerly expressed, and that one of their company wa?
that powaugh and i)risoner, pointing out the man. Upon this, his men in a
rage slew him, feariiig, as be said, least he should make an escape, or otiifr-
wise do eitiier mischief to Uncas or the English, in case they should cnry
him with the rest before tluun, to Concicticott to be further exanfined. Anil
being brought to Conecticott before Mr. Haines, and examined, did assirl
these [tarticulai's."
An Indian srpiaw also informed "an inhabitant of Wethersfield, that tlie
Dutch and Indians generally were" confederating to cut off the JCnglisli, ami
that election day, [H>.'>4,] was the time set, "because then it is a|»preiii nln!
the|»lantations will be letV naked and unable to defend themselves, the sinii:;iii
of the Knglish cr)lonies being gathenid li'om the several towns. And liio
aforesaid squaw ad\ is(>d the said inhabitants to actpiaint the rest of the ['.wj-
lish with it, desiring they >V')uld remember how dear their slighting el' liir
former infonnati<ni of the l'e(piots coming upon the English cost them."f
It woidd seem, from a careful examination of the records, that soiiitlhins
had b:'en suggested eidier by the Dutch or Indians, about "cutting ell' the
English," whieli justic(> to .Vmijgre^ requires us to state, might have liccii ilie
case without his knowledge or participation. Eor, the testimony ol' the iiii!^-
sengers of "nine Indian sagamores wlio live about tlu^ Monhatoes" tie iiuw
implicates him, and, therefore, cannot be taken into account, any more tliuii
* St; ileclii;iti()n onward in die records, [Hut. ii 2-2.)
t Krlcrriii^- to an aiVair of Id.H, wliicli Dr. /. Mnl, fr relates as follows: " In llic iniiTiiii.
[wiiilo ("apt \l(tsoii was proiccliin^ Sayl)rook fort, J many of llio l'('t|iio(ls wiMil lo a jil.iie
now calU'.d iV^iihiu-.yii III on (.'oiiiKu^iiciit Jliver, and liaxing confederali'd willi dii^ liidiiiii-ul
tliiit place, (as il wa^ gvncrally liiouglil,) llicy laid in auibiish for llie lai^disii people (if lli.it
place, and divi-rs of llieui f;<>ing lo llieir ialior in a large fluid adjoining; to the town, were -il
upini liy the Indians. Nine of the I'.ii^^lish were slain upon the place, and some liur-es. and
two voiiiiif women w<'re taken captive.'' Relation of the Troiililo!, &Lr. "it't. — Dr. TniiMi
says this liappeneil in April. Hist. Con. i. 77.
'I'lie canse of this act of th(! I'erpiols, accordinif to W'tntlirop, i. 2t)0. was this. An Iiuiinn
railed S'l/iiiii had niven the lamli^li lands at WelJK'rslield, that he migiit live Ivy tlcni aii'l'o
1)roli'cled from other Indians. ISnt when lie came there, and had set down his wi;;«nm, llic
English drove him away hy force. Ami hence it was supposed that he had plotted thcif
destru::tion, as above related, with the I'cquols.
Chap, IV'.]
wliMt an bidia
aiiiitlier Iniliaii
was iMily It heat
,] Ilium also it
.s;iitli he came I
.Mdiiliatoes, wIk
i-ih-i\ the Indiai
vvilll tlieiii. At
roltraged hecatt;
.llilmii the in
1). r^.l the Diitc
went Id a place
llieiiC" to .Moniii
th lice to l'"ort
thrlM'e lie sent t(
uiili hiiii many
lo llie s;ig;imorei
lU' 11 ; .•!iid wiilm
lie ivoiild get al
siiiiii of' the Iiid
"III oil" ilie KngI
and lie was to fit
lie S'llt OIK^ (rOV(
the sagaiiiore, to
lint iliesagainon
(invert gave tiic!
Iiiid lint '10 men,
laii.'^e to tight fig.
the Diitidi goverj
.'itid tiiere was no
(if tire, t or th(! lil
hand, ami he carr
the i'livi'i'iKir hid
.Nevertheh.'ss, !i
tlic English, then
Ills |iliysiciiin \\n>
III it long letter
(lain, I'ikr Sliii/vt
III jiai't inie, as ;
MraiiL' ■ liiili:iii fre
.'■I'l-. Hilt hi' can
pii^-i, Its w,' remei
lie iMifed and heal
iiiu a.ss iiih'v or
[efit.l We'll an
lie liarli l)!>en liir
«:tli hi.'ii, hut wl
(inly t'lis w ■ kiio
ri'iiort.", anl (idgii
T!ie \v;u- witll .
pnss '<sioii, was 1
.V'ai;;v /.
I I l'>.")l, the go
timt tile list siimii
ii'l'iT', f'll ii|ioii 1
Iiid il III my ol'tJK
"T'.is siiimner |i
killed a man and
* \ Diilch oiricer.
t 'l''i I !iU lueir pii
Willi the Indians.
[Buck II
■ioii to tliiiik it
II iv:
si lo .Viniisrefs
li, it'll !iiii(iiii:t
kllC)\vlc(l<r|||(.||i
iirgcd liy Ji;,,.
sc at lliirlliinl,
NiiiTa;j;iii-('it<,
lie Dntrli •:u\.
11(1 a <;-n'iil Imx
ijlll-ics he Ii;i(l
l»i oC IIikIsiiii's
v'ljiaiiiurcs, aiiil
that, alioiit twij
> liiiii a jx-rwut
workiiiirs, ami
•Oivf IIIOIV! Ollc
oiivcycd Id ilic
:it was ti) liriii;;
iis(!(l a iKinnw
i> ])»!rs<>iis; ami
even: whcrcoi'
latt. This was
ott, and cairicd
cxaiiiincd, twu
iisct Ircflv I'nn.
r conipany wn,
s, his iiicii ill II
vsca|)e, or otlnt-
!y .should carry
xamiiHKl. Ami
lied, did iis«iri
Wiiield, that the
1 1, and
„!,'.i
E..j.dis
IS u])|)r('ii
■s, tlie sinii:;ili
WHS. Anil liic
St of the Kill'-
ifrhting of litr
tthem.'H
lat soiiii'lliiiit;
iittiiiir oil' till!
havi' lii'cii ill''
y ol' tilt' Mii'S-
itoes" no linw
my more tliuii
' In tlic iiiU'riiii,
wfiil lo a iii.iie
ill) llie Iml.aiiMjl'
lall lifoplc 111 lll.ll
111! loan. wiTi' 'I'l
simic Imr-cs, mid
,. Dr. 'J'riimliiilt
this. An Imli'in
. liv lli'Mii aii'i ';0
liis \vi;;uani, "ic
had plollod ilicu
Chap. IV'.]
MM(illCT.— AJJDA.M.
79
(vliiit an fiidian naiiiod Rnntien.ioke t<dd ^Yicholds Tnnntr, as interiirctetl by
niiDllicr JiKliaii called .7 ///(</H ; tlir liiltir, th(Mij.di n-laiiiii; lo A7.'/;>n/',s \ !.«:it,
ud." "iilv a hearsay alliiir. RonnKSSokr wa.s a sai^aiiion! of I, mi!,' Island.
.lldani al.so interpreted tin- story ol" aiiotlier liidiiii, railed l'<iii'(tiiqj;i; '• wiio
siitli Ik' '"UIik" from the fiidians ulin duell oyei- the river, over aj.'ain>t 'die
Mdiilialoes, where the plot is a workinji, that was this: that the Diitchiiieii
i<i;( il the Indians vvliether they would lea\f them at the last east, or stand up
wiiii tiieni. And tidd the [iidiaiis iln'V should fi'ar iiolhiiii;', and not lie dis-
I niiTcii heeaii.si- the p'>t was discovered," (!v:e.
.Ililiiin tilt! interpreter iiad also a story to tell. Me said, "this spiiii;;- [|(!."i:J,
i>. .-^.Itlie Dutch ^fovernor went to I'ort Aiirania, Lsinee Alhany,] and lirst
went tit a place called ./kkicksuck, [Haekiiisack,] a <,n-eat plac." of Indians, lioiii
ili.iif' to Alonnesick, [.Minisink,] thence to ()pini.':ona, tlieiicc to Warraiioke,
t!i lire to l'"ort Aiirania: And so liir he went in his own p'rsnn. l'"rom
i!niii'i' In; sent to I'ocomtock, [Deerlirld, on the (yonnecticiit,] and he .•.iirled
with hiin many note of sewaii, that is, ha;;'s of waiiipuni, and d Tivereii them
Hi ilic s;iiramores of the places, and they were to distribute them .iniin'rHt tlndr
,ii. I! : .itid withal ho carried |)owder, shot, (doth, leail and •:uns: and IkUI them
Im' uoiild iret all the great Indians under him, and the l',n<rlisli should have the
siiiiii of the Indians, and ho would havetlio.se sagamores villi their iinn to
lilt oil' the Knglish, and to bo at iiis cominand win never lie had use of ilnni,
anil he was to tind them powder and shot till lie had need of thciii. I'lirlher,
hf s lit one (Jovert, a Diittdiman, to Alar.sey, on Loiiir Island, to .ViV/a/i r/tKm,
the sa;,'an tore, to assist him and to do \hv him what he would liavi; [him] do:
liut tlii'Sfi;,'aniore told him ho would have iiothiiif,' to [do] with it: whereimon
(JoviTt pive the .sagamore a groat ketth; to be silent. ^Yillnvuhitm told him In;
had hut '10 men, and tin; laiglish bad never done him wrong, [and] ln' had no
raiise to tight again.st tlioni. Further, he sailli that AY/ucg/c//, the tiseal, ■■ and
the Dutch governor wen; u|) two days in a close room, with other sagamor.'s;
aiii
II
there was no s|)(!akiiig with any of them e.vcept wIiimi they came iiir a coal
ffii'i'tf or flit! like. And much .sewan was seiiii at that time in AT?i/iegre<'s
land, and he carried none awav w
rith li
im ;" and that Rniivsscob; told him that
till' iriivirnor bid liim tly for iiis lit!', for the plot was now discovered.
Ni'vertliek'ss, as (iir any positive testimony that .Vinifird was plotting ag.iinst
till' lliifflish, there is none. That he was in a room to avoid company, while
Iiis physician was attending him, is very probable.
Ill ii Idiiii letter, dated 'ititli i\Iav, I(m:|, wliiidi the iroxernor of Ni w Amster-
dam, I'dir Slinjv
t)\i) to the Knglisb, is the liillowiiiif p.issa
it is
III |);ii't true, as your woi'ships eonclude, that, about .lanwaiN, there came a
■iii'.iii;.' ■ lii(li:in from the noitli, called AT«)ii'g»'e//, coiimi'iiitl r of tic \iirragaii-
Hcls. Milt he c;iine hither with a pass from .Mr. Johr. ff'iiillir,,p. I'lion w'lieli
|ms..i, as w- rem '111
her, the occasion ol' his comiiij'
\|iri
d.
nam
•Iv, to
be nireil and healed ; and if, upon the other side of the rivi r, there hath been
;:igamores, we know not
ly .'i.ss iiib'y or meeting of the Indians, or of their
[iifit.] W'v li aid tliat \u' hath bi.'en upon l-ong Island, about .N'ayaeke, where
11 18
o IIS iinKiiown:
li;irli bi'eii t'or \'\i'. most part of the winter, and hath liad several indi;
\v:th l.i:ii, but •.\ hat In; hath n gotiat;'!! with them remains I
iiidy this w ■ know, tliat what your W(ii"sliips lay niito our cliarge are f.ilso
ri'imrts, an I feigned informations."
'I'll' war witli .h'catfdsot'r, <d" whi(di we shall give all the |)ir*'('u!ars in our
puss '>:sii 111, was the next affair of any considerable mom: nt in ti.e life of
.\*)u',';T /.
I I l'i.')l, the gov(>riiment of llhode Island coiiiiiiiiiiicat ■(! to Massa(dmsettH,
that till' I ist suminer, A'mi'gre/, without any cans:-, "that he doth .so niiieh ua
a'i'
f'll upon the hong Island Indians, our friends and trilnitaries," and
kill (I iiniiv of them, and took otiaus prison i"s, and wou'd not restore t
T
us suiiimer
b
.■It 1 1 made two as.saulis
|M.'i them ; 111 oil'' wlier o
lein.
f he
killi'il a inaii ;iiil woman, that lived u|)oii the land id'tlie I'.nglish, and within
' \ l);ii(li udiri'r. wlin(! iliily is s'milar to IImI iiI' 'r ii^iirrr amoiis IIki l\ii;;li<li.
I To I ijlr iii'.r |)i|)L's, (louleless — iho DiUcli a^ruuiiiif uell, in llii: funicular "f sin()l<ing_
Willi llii; Indians.
'if
■:<»■■ ';■■>.•'•■ '■■■Av
k.',i'4- ''J'1
80
NINIGRKT.— ASCASSASOTIC^K'S WAR.
[RODK II
ii
one of tlicir townsliips; and aiiDtlicr Iiuliaii, that kept tlio cows of tlic F.nj,.
lis!i." He liiiil dniwii many of llic lurciirii Indians down (Voiii Conii! cii,",,
fiiul Hudson I'ivcrs, who rcnd:'/.vonsi'd upon Winlhrop's Island, where ilnv
killed -Miiu^' fit" iiis ( iittle.* 'I'liis war l)ci,'an in 105.'$, and continued "sovcra]
years." t
The coniMiissioners of the United Colonies seemed blind to all coni|tliiiiits
afrainst I'rrii^ ; hut the Xarraffansets were watclied and harassed vi'luui
#«...l^'i...l- \V'l...|..lt-.>|. !«' . Ilk. .lit (fill. .Itl lllll \I|U Iw.lllld /l/.i.llt IIKIlt ilt' tltil^l. .
Illllt
..^...... . V . ■ .. . , ^. - - •• ..- ^- ^
ct ii.-iiny. W'here.ver \v>- meet wilh an unpuhlished document (»l" those t
tin: );i<-t is very apparent. The chief ot the writers of the history of
jx'iiod copy from the records of the I'nited Colonics, which accouiiis
their niakiuj: out a fjfood case for the Knglisli and ^lohe^'ans. The >■,„
which actuated the f^rave couunissioners is easily discovered, and I neeil ,i|,
rcli'r my readers to the ease of Mumlunnomoh, Desperate errors r: i|nii
1.1
■|iiril
ily
iliiiri'
others, ollentiihes s(iil more des|)erate, until the first ap|»ear small eoiii|i:ir ,|
with th'- ma-^fnituile of the last! it is all alonj^ discoveralile, that i'mn.
veui'rahle records are made u; from one kind of evidence, and that wlun.i
Nam;,' uiset appean>d in his vn deli'iice, so many of his enemies Mnod
ready to ^ive him the lie, that ins indi^Miant spirit could not stoop to contra.
diet or parley with them; auil thus his assumed jruilt passed on for lii<t!irv.
The lon^f-silenoed and horne-down friend of the Iiulians of IMooselijuisii,} i],,
lon^rr slei ps. Amidst his toils and perils, he t()imd time to raise his p "n jn
their deliiice ; and thoujih his letters I'or a .season sli'pt with him, they ar.'iinH
fiw.'tiL- iiiif .)' till. i-(tii>ii f.C.l.ii'
* Miiiiiisrri/il (lociii)iPiils.
t lt'<-r)(/'.s- llisl. l.riii;r l~hlil<l.
From the niij:imil Idler, in manusciipt, among llio lilos la our sttile-limisiO
Soil of Cliikatauliul.
I'roviili iHX'.
nwakinj; a; the voice; of day.
When (he Knj.dish had resolved, in 10.")4, to send a force against the W
rajraiisets, hecause they had iiad difliculties and wars with ^'Isrnssnsulir, ii< k,,
have relaleil, .Mr. WUlKtinn expressed his views of the matter in a letter to tin.
govt rnor of M^issachusetls as iiillows : — "The cause and root of all the pr s.nt
jni>cliii'ls is the pride of two iiarharians, .'/scrtssaso^i'cA', the Lou;f Island siclMiHi
and JS'entkunnl of the Narigeiiset. The l()rmer is proud and foolish, the Imtir
is proud and Herce. 1 have not seen him these many years, yet, from tlnir
sober UK'U, I hear he jileads, 1st. that Jhcnssasutick, a very inferior saclHin,
(bearing himself upon the Kinglish,) bath slain three or four of bis pcoiili',
and since that sent him cballeng<-s and darings to light and iiKUid liiinsilf,
2d. lli'fJK'eiukHnnl, consulti d by solemn messengers, with the chief of the Vau.
lisli goveriiois, !\laj. jE/i7ic«/, then gov«'rnorof the Mfussachusett.s, wliosi iit liiin
an implicit consent to right himself: upon which they all |)lead that the llii^'jisli
have just occasion of displeasure. Md. Alter he bad taken revenge ujion tlii>
Long Islanders, and brought away about 14 cajitivcs, (divers of them cliit'
women,) yet he n stored them all again, upon the mediation aihl desire of tin;
English. 4th. After this peace [v/as] made, th«> Long Islaiidei.-> pretciwlinir
to \'isit JVt nek wiat at Hlock Island, slaughtcr.id of his Narragansets n .ir :!0
pei-so US, at midniuht ; two of tlh'iu of great note, especially Ife/ntcniinwck's
Bon, to whom ^Vnihunal was uncle, ."ith. In the prosecution of this wir,
although he had drawn down the inlanders to bis assistance, yet, upon |iio-
testation of the English against his proceedings, be retreated and dissolv d his
army. §
The great Indian apostle looked not so much into these particulars, hcinj:
entirely engaged in the cans- of t!ie praying Indians; but yet we oecasinnnlly
meet with him, anil will here introduce him, as an evidence agaie.-t llie
proceedings of Unra/i, and bis friends the conunissioiKM's:
"The case of the Nipmiik Indians, so far as ny the best and most crc'lililiMii-
telligenc(.', I have undei'stood, pres nted to the honored general court, [ol .Mis-
eachu.setts,] 1. Un as his m(!n,at miawaics, set upon iin unarmed poer pedplo,
and slew eight p<'rsons, and cari'icd captive twenty-fbui- women and eliiiiiivn,
"^ " n of these were subjeicts to iMass cliiis(!tts ,;'overnment, by heiii:^' tiic
snbp'Ci.. ol' Jos'as. I| 11. They s :ed ior r( lief to the worshipliil governor and
nia!:istrates. 4. They weri! pleas (1 to send, (by some Indians,) a coniniissi:iii
to Capt. /)cnisoH, [of Stonington,] to demand these captives. 5. Unrislm
[Rook II
I'S of the Eiiff.
II Ct)llll;clii||t
III, Aviici-c llin
lined "scv, ;';;
all ('f.iiii'hrnii^
•ilSScd Vi'.liiii;;
1)1" tlldSI' I ,. ,^
hislory of tlim
I acfoiiiits inr
IS. Tlic siiirit
11(1 I ii'.'cd ,,|,|v-
errors r. iiujiv
mill! eonipnrd
)le, tliiit tliiw
id that wliriia
eiiemies ^tmul
itoop to ('(.iitni.
I on for liisriirv.
ooseliaiisir.t ij,,
•aise liis |i"ii in
;n, they ari' now
f^a'.iist the Xnr-
•nssasulic, !is we
II a h-ttiT t(i the
if all thcpr si'iit
r Island s'lclinn,
bolisli, the latlir
yet, from tlnir
iiferior saclii'in.
■ of his |)('()|ilc,
mend iiiiiisi'lf,
liief of till- Ell!:-
who sijit hiiii
at the Kii;rli>li
iij;e M|M)ii tli'^
of tlieiii clil/f
I desire of the
•1.1 pri'tciKriiij
insvts 11 ar :!0
H'e.i)itc<inrnock's
II of t!iis war,
yet, njioii |)ro-
iid dissiilv.d his
•tienlars. hcini:
we OCe<M<ioii;illy
•(!
I "■■ail! St the
lost cri^ililiii' ill-
court, [ol .M I-
,'d jiocr in'(i|il('.
Ml IIIkI (•ilililirll.
It, by iteiiiLi' till'
li ii()veri;or;iiiil
,) a {■oniiiiissiiiii
5. Unr IS li'is
I'rovlili lu'c.
Thai-
IV.]
MNRilll"!'.
81
;1I1SW
r was, (a
|)V iillliiiii'ss.
3 I iioard,) insolent, (i. They did not only aiinr-e ,lie wdinen
hilt have, since tills demand, sold away (as 1 hear) soj
lie <ir a
1
lllKist! capliv 'S. /. lilt' |Ki(ir iiereaved Indian., wail lo s.t; wliai win p'ease to
I H. Von \wrc pleaM d to tell them, yon would |ires( nl it \u ija; lice court,
• nil tlic\ slioiiid e.\|iect their answer liom tlieiii, which liiey now w.iit Hir.
'i VdiLiroJl, \ea, all the Indians of liic coiin',.'_\, wait to see the is-iie of this
' 'i liis iiH'iii'"''''! "^ •'"'''^' '-•'' May, I '>•">'• N and .-ji^iied \i\ John Eliot; from
uliicii it i^* ''^ "'''"''''*''''""' '"-''■" n''«'"f delay in r(!ie\injj- those distressed
liv ilir iiaiiuhly L'luas. And ynt, if he were caused to niako rciiiiiiicialinii in
;,Iiv u.iv, we do not find any accoiiiit of it.
ill i(i(iU, "tiie ^^eiK'ral court ol' ('oiinecllcii: did, hy tlu ii- letters direeted to
til,' ((inmiissioiiers of llie other colonies, this last .•^uinnier, represent an
jiildicrahii^ alliont done hy liie \arrai,anstt Jndians, and tlio same was now
i-iiiiiplaini'd of hy the lMi;;lisli li\ in^L;- .it a iii'W plantalion at ^Inheiian, vi/. :
tliiil soiiie Indians did, in the dead iiiiie of the iiii^ht, shoot eij^hl hiilhi.- into
an Knulisli lionso, and lireil the same; wlierein iiw l'"ni:lishmeii wen; .islecp.
Ol' wiiicii iiisolency the Niirra,"anset sachems luive so far taUeii notice, ar> to
.si'iiil a sli;,dit o-\c'iso by MaJ. h7Ap/7o/(, that they diil neitiier consenl to nor
alliiw of .-iich ])r.>clices, but make no tender of .satisl;ictioii.''f JJnl they
uskcil the p'-ivllcfio to meet the cominissiontiis at tlu^ir ni'.\t session, at wiiich
liiiie tln!\ jia.e them to understand that satisfaclioti should be madi-. This
I'l |piit liavi been odier than a reasonable reipicsl, but it was not granted;
C(i'
alio
H'(jqu(ica)ioosi',
.^eii,:iers wee forlhwith ordered t) " repair lo .Wa/'n'/i/, /\,s'i~i
us.
iiiid the rest of the i\airafian.si;t sachems," to di'inaiiil "at least
four (if the chief of them that shot into the Eii^rlish iiousi!." And in case
they should not he delivered, to ilemiind ll\(' iiimdred fathoms pf wam|iiim.
^Viiiiixrd with breacii of co\o-
Tiii'V were directi'd, m jiaiticular, to
•h
:iri;('
limit, and lii.iih neglect of their onler, sent them by Maj. ff'illnnl, six yeard
,>.iiici', 111)1 lo invade llie JjOin.; Island Indians ; and [^lliat they] do account tho
jiiii'prisiiiir the J^oiig Island Jndians at (iiill Island, and murdering' of tluuii,
to be all insolent carriajie to the r.niilish, an t a barbarous and inhuman act."
Tlicse ate only ii linv of tho most iirominent cliarjfi.'s, and fue hundred and
iiiiicty-li\e| liithoms of wampum was the yyrui; demanded l(>r them ; and " tho
■fciii'ial court of Connecticut is desired and emitowered to send a convenient
coaiiiaiiy u
f men, under some disi-rect leadi'r, to l()ree satisliiction of tli
•aiiio
ahov
e said, ant
d tlm charges ol' rocovu'iii'i' the same ; and in cast;
tl
10
pi'
isoiis he delivtut'tl, tliev shall be sent to Harliatloes,'
V
an
d stild l()r sliivui:
It a|ij)ears that tin; tiirce sent by Ooniiuclicnt conlil not ctillect the wampum,
lior secure the oU'enders ; but for the payment, condcsrcndcil ti/ t<d\t^ a inort.i; igo
of all the Aari'agaiiset country, with the prt)\ision that it siioiiid la^ w/iil, if it
were j/aid in I'oiir moiilhs. (^uissonuus, || ^Vincirlud, and iScnlluji,*!' .signed the
ileed.
Xiniu;rd did not engaiie with the other Narruiranset chiei's, in Phi!ii)\i war.
Dr. Mdllm
•lis!
lim an "old craftv sachoni, who had uith some tifliis mo
ia\i' been "an o
id
witlidrawn himstdf fron: the ri;st." lb; ninst at this tiiiic-
siiciiciu," for we meet with Jiim as a chief, as early us ll)."5"-J.
Although v^ '//HgTt/ A\as not jjcrsonally engaged in /'/t(/(',/',v war, still he
must have suiU red considerably iiom it ; often bt;ing ohligetl to send his
jieople to the English, to gratily soiiiu whim t)r caitrice, and at otln!r times
to appear himself. On 10 Sept. ItiTo, eight of his men came as ambassatlors
to JSoston, "having a ctutilicaie from (Japt. Smith,'''']] who owned a large
M'tim.
.scri}
I .ifiili' y,inirr
(liliolKll
•ir. /.'
mvsfr
k\\\
'ty-livo was for nnoliicr otl'i
] Hcconl of liio I'liilcd ("oloiiics. in Umanl.
' for the iiisoli'iu'it^s oonmiilU'd at
.\iiii >U':iliii"' corn, li
■n
liuliaii sorvani at .Mrs. /{.-.wsler's tcul, lo lier great ailri'vliloieat,
aiiit oilier a
iVroiits
Records of tiie I'liilcil ( '
The same (m
WllllCSSfS.
Till
Ici (I ilsclf n
nilits, ill [III
J'^'.7■,v^ llio i
llaz((nl, ii. 1,!
rtf .¥('
\i'iicnm an
I Ai.
iriishars were
seen on tile amoiii;' our Slitti l'n>ifi
' (iraiiilsoii of I'lm.iiiktis, son of Mii'juiis, ami lirotiior of (i'l ;-"' :." ■
" llricl' History, iO.
tt ("a|)laiii liiiliiiril ,S'»ii7/i, ])robalily, wliu si^llle. I <inilo (.'arlj in dial country. Wi' liiul
1,111 lliere 13 years before lliis.
m
82
NINIGIII:T.— DIVISION OF THE PKQUOTS.
[Rdok II
cstiitc ill N.irni^rarisct. Alh-r liaviii<r fiiiislicd tlicir hnsincss, tlioy r iv,,,
a pass Cniiii tin- aiillioritics to ri'tiirii to tlu-ir ow ii i-oiinlrv. 'J'liis (•crtitlcn,.
or pass was (iistciicd to a stall' and rarricd l»y oik; in Iroiit oC tin; i-cst. \<
tliry were j.volii^' out of Hostoii "a hack way," two men met tliciii, and sci^,,]
li|)on liini that rarricd tlie pass. These men wero hrotliei's, wlio had A,,,/ ,,
brother k'dh'd I)y Plnlip\f men some time beloro. This Indian tliey a('(ii>,,j
of kiliinfr liim, and in court swon; to Win identity, and he was in u few dmi
liaiiiifd.*
Noiuiihstandinjr tlirse afi'airs, another embassy was soon nrter scut i,,
Jifisinn. Ontiie i5 Septeinher "the authority of Boston sent a party " loiiii|,r
JVliiiu:nt to a|)|)ear llsere in jterson, to pive ai> acconnt of liis shcltdin-,
Qi(f/iV//je/(, tlie s(piaw-saehem of Narrafranset. J le sent word that he \V(j|||,]
come "provided he mifiht he safldy returned back." Mr. Smith, "ri\in>r ikvu
him, oMi-red himseW) wife and ciiihh'en, and estate, as liostajics" ii»r his mi;,
return, and the end)assy Hirthwilii tiepurted for Boston. A son,f howcvci, of
A'iui^rd, was ('epnted prime minister, "he liimself beiiip very a<re(L"
(.'aptain Smitli accompanied tiiem, and when they eaine to l{oxi)ury tln^
\vere met by a company of Knfilisii soldiers, wJiose martial appearaii(( .j,
frigiitened them, tiiat, liad it not been for the ]>resence ul' Mr. Smith, \U\
woidd liave "scaped as fnii:i an enemy.
Tiiey remained at J'oston several days, until " by defrrees they came to tlii,>
agreement : Tliat tiiey were to deliver the stpiaw-sa« hem within so main
days at JJoston ; and the league of jieace was then liy liiem confirmed, wliicji
was much to the general satisfiiction ; but many bad hard thoughts of ilum
fearing they will at last |)ro\(! trc^acherous." j:
A7«/g?r/ wasop|iosi'd to Ciuistianity ; not perbaps so niucb from ;i dislulii.f
of it, as fi-om a dislike «)f the jiracfices (*f those who pi'oft'sscd it. Win iiAJr.
Mai/hi ic desired ^''inif^ni to allow him to jtri-acli to his people, the sa^iarimis
chief "bid him go and make the Knglisb good first, afid chid Mr. jMaijhtw (,,;
Lindering liim from his business and labor." §
Tliere were; other Niantick sacliems of this name, who succeeded .Vi/ii'ot/,
According to the author of the "Memoir of the Mohegaiis," || one \\i)\\\.\
suppose he was alive in 171(1, as that writer Inui^rW mipposeit ; hut if tlif
anecdote iherc; giv»Mi be true, it related douhtless to Vluirles .V//ug/T/, wIid. I
suppose, was his son. He is mentioned hy Mason, in his history of the P('i|uot
■\var, as having rec<'ived a |)art of the goods taken from Captain Sioite, at ilie
time lie was killed hy the Peciuots, in 1(>34. Tlie time of his death has imi
been ascertained.
The hurying-|)laces of die family of A'/nigre/ are in Cliarlestown, R. I. It
is said that the old chief was hiiried at a place called Ibirying J [ill, "a mile
from the street." A stone iu one of the places of iuteniient lias this iiisciip-
tion : —
" Hi re kill the. Boibj of Gcorfre, the son of Charhs JVinlgret, A'f'jig nf tk
JVatlvcs, and of Hannah his Wife. Died Decern', y 22, 1732: aifer/ (> «io."
" lieor^e, the last king, was hrother of Manj Sachem, who is now, [h*'W,]
sol;' beir to the crown. JMarif does not know her age ; hut from data given In
ber liushaiid, John Harry, she must he about (i(). Her mother's fiitlier Wib
Gf or^e J\'inis;ret. Thomas his son was the tiext king. Esther, sister of Tkimm.
Cj(orirc, tlu! itrotlier of .Mary ahove iiaiiKMl, and the last king crowneil, <\\n\
aged about 20 years. George was son of Esther. Marij has daughters, hiiliio
sons." II
Oil a division of the captive Pc^quots, in 1()37, A'^nigrct was to liave tuci.iy,
" when he should satisfy for a mare o\' Eltwecd** Pumroye\i killed by his iiicii.''
This rtMiiained unsettled in Iti")!*, a space of twenty-two years. This ddit
certainly ivas oidlawed ! Poquin, oy Poquoiam, was the name of the man wJio
killed the mare.'it He was a I'ecpiot, and hrother-in-law to jMiantuniwmnh,
and was among those captives atisigiied to him at their final disiiersion, wIku
* ()M liMlinii <'lironi(l(>, .m t TrohaMy CalaiMzut.
X Olil liidiMii Cliidiiicli', ;j'2. ^ Doiif^liis's Siiniiiiary, ii. 118.
II III I (\i//. Afds.f. I Hal. Soc. ix. 83. H IMS. connmiiiionlion of llov. Win. Elij.
** Familiarly tallctl EUy, probably from Eliwood. it ilazard, ii. 188, 189.
Chap. IV.] PR.
the Pe<|ii(it wai
. were at an liig
Ills death pre
consiiliraiili' |ia
of \\iielil PtK/l
brother to .Ylnii.
I'r«isvi I , (it
of ii;iiiii'.«, \\,is
wlicii liis hiiillii
we have seen a I
Kiigiisli, as ha
towards .Vinigi
rt'r(ji(l of JiiiM :
WJMIII! .\T/N^'"/V/
war against thei
iiii'i't at J{()ston,
ijiiilcr .Mr. Ijev
roiiiiiiaiider ill c
"was (11 sdiiiid t
met liy deputies
took place, as m
'J'lie comiiiissi
ai'conliiig to Mie
liii'i/i'il in the lit!
ri'iiiaiiiiiig ditlici
ami iKiiie appear
fijioiilil he taken
ill all tlic articles
sriit, as if tiiev \\
; old kettl.'s." Th
tilt' .N'iaiiticks tlia
to flic \arrai;ansi
of .Ma.'^saclciisetts
wJKit was due to i
111' told thrin tl,
pi'iiiiriiied the re
foimiii.ssioiiers hi
s;i('li;iiis had raisi
a|i|i(an'(l, that hy f
iiiiii with the liidvi
till' Miiglisli and "/
o|H'ii to right tlieiii
tliH (irizc peace \vi
Ion;;' siilfTiiii:-!. to i
Jiivs lit siioiiid he I
At llie same con
'-.Mr. r, Ik mum h.
tiny had coiuiniltt
Ifi'lioiintli, pref'rrei
till' in'iici'diire, it w
Tliii,'< the Xarrag
year, and uc do no
"tliei's to assist th
'liiii:;<'ls" hut ,'i .son
l'i'ii''i|iail cans:' of
''if'.' Ii ini''," siy i
til" .\aiTag;iii.s(.t "ini
Ht^tho previous in
' Sc,. Iln-.tnl, ii. I;-,,
T MS. Iciior, siilxscrib
(.V:iv<.)^
\ .MS, Narraiive.
[Hook 11.
tliov rcccivcil
'Ills rcrtilii'iii,,
tin; nsi. \,
I'll), aiiii si'i/.|.,{
llO I Kill /((('/(I
I they acciiMd
ill a few (liiv,
alh'i- scut lo
)arty " to onlr
Ills slicltiriii;
tliat lie Wdiil.i
/(, "li\illLMic;ir
■;" lor Ills >:[i,.
, f llO\\('\ClMi|
ai:.>(l."
Koxliiirv tlii'v
a|i|)t'araiir(> m,
\\v. Smith, iliiy
ny raiiif U) this
illiiii so many
ntiriiR'd, whicji
Lights (if liiciii.
Voiii a dislii lief
it. Wlini.Mr.
', the sa^iai'iiiiis
Mr. .MoijIiLif k
coded .Xiiiiisnl,
:," II f)IU' Wduii
sed ; liiit il'ilif
'Inlirrd, wiin, j
oftlie l'('i|iiiit
II Stone, at liie
dcatli lias nut
town, R. I. It
Hill, "a mile
as this iiisurip-
"t, Kins; nflk
}-e(l (i Hio."
i;. now, [l-^ift]
n (lata frivciiliy
r's liitlier win
sterol' Tlwnm.
eroviu'd, died
lighters, hut no
o have twoi.lj,
■dhy hisiiii'n.''
rs. This dilit
[' the man wlio
Ipersion, vlifU
|iiary, ii. \^?'-
-V. 'Will. Ely.
, 181).
Chap. IV.] PESS.iCUS.— COMPLAINTS r.ROUGIIT AOAINRT HIM.
83
tlic Peqiiot war was ended ; at whieli time Pomeroy states " all sorts of horses
were at an liigh |irice." cMiantinDiomoh had agreed to pay thi' deiiiand, hut
his death jirexcnted him. .V'uii'/rn/ was called upon, as he inhniicd ii
CDiisiilcrahle part of .l/iVrj/i/>i/io//io/('.'» estate, es|iecially his part of the I'cipiots,
of ulii'iii PiiiiiKiiiiin was one. He was alh'rwartls called a Niatitii-k and
bntlicr to .\^m^nt* .... ,. . , ,
Pkss.u I , often inentioiK'd in tlie preceding |)ages, though under a variety
of liiiiiH'S, NN'is horn alioiil Iti'J:?, and, eonse(|iieiilly, \vas ahoiit 'JO years of ag<!
when Ills hroihrr, Minntiinnomoh, was killed. f 'I'he same arhitrary course, as
we have seen already in the pre.sent chapter, was [Mirsiied towards him hy the
KiiL'lisli, as had heen hetore towards .Miantunnomoh, and still eonlimied
towards Xinisii'it, and other iXarragansc t chiefs. Mr. t'ohhii I makes this
ri'coid of iiim : "'In the year l(i4.5, jiroiid Prssncus with his Narragans ts, with
wliiiN! .\7(n'g/''/ and his Niantigs join ; so as to jirovnke the English t'> a just
wiir against them. And, accordingly, forces were sent ti-om all the towns to
iiH'ct at IJostoii, and did so, and had a party of (ifty horse to go Avith them
ijiidrr .Mr. fjivnrt, as the captain of th(! horse." Eilwmd (lilihons wa.s
rdiiiinaiider in ehietj and Mv. Thompson, pa.stor of the chnrch in Braintree,
to sound the silver trumpet along with his ariny."§ Hut they W(>ro
« was
im'l
|)V deputies from Pvamcxis and the other chiefs, and an aceommodatioii
toe
k pi
ice, ar
mentioned in the aecoiiiit of .Vnii'gn/,
riie couiinissioners, hiiviiig met at New Haven in Se|)teiiil)er WAi), ex|)ected,
ni'iMinliiig to Hie treaty made at Boston with the Narragansets, as particii-
jaii/cd in the life <>f Unrns, that they would now meet them here to settle the
ri'iiiaiiiiiig dilliculties with that chief But the time having nearly expired,
and none appearing, "the commissioners did seriously consider what coiirso
should he taken with them. They called to minde their Itreach of eouenant
in all the articles, that when ahoue l:W() liidonie of wanipan was due they
sent, ns if they would put a seorne vpon the [I'liglish,] '20 fathome, and a li'W
old kettles." The iNarragaii.-ets said it was owing to the liaekwardness of
tlif Maiilicks that the wam|)iiin had not heen paid, and the iNianticks laid it
to llic Narragansets. One hundred liithom had heen s(.'iit to the govi riioi'
of Massachusetts as a jireseiil hy the Niiinticks, they promising "to s(>nd
wliMt was due to the colonies inry sjieedily," hiit he would not ace(^|)t of it.
lie told tlii'in thev might leave it with Cnchitnutkin, and when they had
(icii'iuiMed the rest of their agreement, "he would consider of it.
... '. . . . • th
'J'hc
coiMinissioners had understood, that, in the mean time, the Narraganset
saclnnis had raised wampum tiinong their men, "and hy good ( iiideiiee it
a|i|iiarid, that hy |»r('sents of wampum, tliiy are practisinge with the Mohawkcs,
and with the Indyaiis in those jiarts, to engage them in some desigiie against
the Diiglisli and I'nciis.^^ Tie refore, "the commission: rs haiie a cl.are way
open to right tliemseliies, aceordinge to instice hy war; yt-t to slcu how Iiighly
tliey |(ri/<' jieace with all men, and particularly to manifest their II)rheaianee and
lorn:- snU'.ringe to llirse harharians, it was agivede, that first ihi; iliremeniioned
]iivs Mt slioiild he returned," and then a declaration of war to follow.
At the same court, complaint was hrought against the people ot' Pissiicu/< hy
'•Mr. I\lhim on h half of Hi hard Woo hi and .Mr. Pinrham,^" [Pinchon,] ihat
tiny had eominilt.'d sundry theOs. Mr. lirown, on hehali" of If'in. S.iiltk of
Hi'lioliotli, preferred a similar charge; hut the Lidi;ins having no knowledge of
the procedure, it was suspended.
Thus the .Narragansets were siiITered to remain iinmole.sted until tlw- next
year, ami we do not hear that the storv ahout their I
iirinjr
II
M
oliaw Ks
and
"tilers to assist them against Unras and the English, turned out to h • any
lliinirels" hilt a sort of hughear, prohahly inventecl hy the Mohegaiis. "One
pr'nei|i;ill eaus!
of tl
10 eoim.ssioners mi
■etiiiire together at this time, \-}{') .liilv,
il'.! hi Hi!'," siv the records, "to consider what course shonl.l li.' held with
tlie \,
irragaiisi
t liid
vans ;
the charges heiiiir at this time much the sani" as
at ihe previous meeting. It was therefore ordered that j'liomns Stanton,
Ifn
rit, ii. 152.
(.Ml
MS. hiicr, siibscrib»;il with the mark of the sacliein Ptimluim, on tiio lilo at our ca|>ital,
t .MS. Narrative.
$ Mather's Relation, and Hazard.
I'
I'. -v;;;
itt^i,
<i;
^i-' '-■*., ■^- J-
81
l'F,SJ<Ari .S KILT.KD l\\ Tlin MOHAWKS.
fll
(mi( I
Bov !!)•! .j'lUitfi, mill H<Tpriiiit Jl'm'tc slioiilil he pent to I'r.tPiiflfs, .Vniarrni,
ati(! }i'i!hlit i.iifi, to know Avliy tlr-y Imil not paid llic \vimi|iiun iis tlicy iiirrn,'
luisl wliv tlicy liii! not conic to New llavr-ii; niid that now tlicy niiylit m,,..
Vihd.i \\\ Hosi'jti; and tln'rc(orc wci-i> advised to atfcnd tlicrc witlioiii d.i,,,
l»iit"\rtli y re|ii,«c or d lay, tliey intend to send no more," and they nij,,
alil,' llie cons( (|iieMC'v-;. W'leii ill" l''.njflisli niessen^'<'rs had didiviTeil il,,,,,
ineh,'a;.'e to Pissiirns, he s|iol<e to tlicni as rollo\\'s: —
"'I'lii' reason I did net niei t the I'.nfrlisli saelieins at New Haven last vir.r
is, they did not notify nie. It is trne I have liroken my eovf iiant tli(,<('itt,
yeai.j, and that now is, nn<l constantly lias lieen, the fri'ief of my spirit. \||i
the !■ iison I do not meet them now at Hoston is lieeanse I ai;i sick. If fwin
hill pi-i'tty well I uoiild <fo. I liav(> sent my mind in full to .Viiuirrd, ;i|„
wli;;: I;' does I will altidc \)\ . I liav<' sent Poirpjpiiniutt v.\\(\ I'omumstih,',,
and !ii ar, and testily that I have lietnisted my full mind with ^Vdinrnill. y,,,
know well, liowevcf, that when I made tli.'it coven.-int tun years a<ro, | ijiiii.
in li-ar of the army tliat I did see; and tlioiifrli the l''n<rlisli kept their n,,,.
nnntwitli nii', yet tiny were ready to ^'o to Narrairanset and kill iiif, imc
tin ( ommlssioners said they would do it, if I did not sign what tlicj |i;i,]
writi n."
Mni/rtnnn, anollier chief, said lie lind confided the l)iisiiio.«s witli JViniitnt Jnsi
s;ji:iii<:, and would now abide hy whatever lie should do.
When the Kn^ilish inessi-iurers retiiriied and made known what liiiii i«ii
(loin, the commissioiirrs said that Pvssdnis'' speech contained "s(ii(~iiill |)a.<.
sag' s of vntiiith and ^iiiie, and [diey] wei-e viisatisiyed."
What miasiires the Whiles took "to riLdit themsehu-s," or win tlicr nm
imiiiediati ly, is not very distinctly stated; hut, the next year, KMH, there \v(n
soiii,' miliiary movements of the l'!ii;;lish, iind a company of soldiers Wiissim
into Nana-ianset, occasioned by the non-payment of the tribute, and wiim
other less important matters. Pfs-sams, lia\ iiijr kiiowli'djre of their a|i|iiiiiiiii,
fled to Uliode Island. " A7//iT(;/"/ eiiliitaine.l them courteously, (tliere iIih
staid the Lord's day.) and e;i?iie back wn'i them to !\lr. ff'illi(tni.i\ and tjicr.
PfssKciis find Cdiioniriis^ son, beinjf deliven i' of their ii'iir, came to theni; ninj
beinjj demanded about hiriiiff the iMohawks ajrainst I'nnix, they snlinnih
denied if; only they confssed, that the ]\loli. wks, beinsr a great saclirm. mi,]
tlieir aneiint friend, and being come so near them, they .sent some ^0 iiitliiir;
of ^\alllpllm for liiiii (o tread upon, as tlii' manner of Indians is."' 'I'lif
matter seems t(» have rested hi re ; Pcssuviis, as usual, liuving j)roinis('(l wini
was desired.
Tliis chief was killed by the 3l<iliawks, as we liiive stated in the life f.t' f'l-
noniciis: His life was a scene of almost perpetual troubles. As lat<' ihSij^
tember, l(l(ii~', his name slaiuis tiist among others of his nation, in a eiiiii|il;iii;i
si'iit to ili( 111 by .^lassaehiis its. Tli" messengers sent with it wi re. /,',V':
//(////, Captain //'. //>(V/i/, and Ca|itain Sam. Mostb) ; and it was in tii:i-
tliiis : —
"Whereas Ca|)t. Wm. Huilson and John llall of Hoston, in tlio iiaiac rf
themselves and others, proprietors of lands and iiirms in the Nari;;!:iii!^i
ooniitiy, have eoinplaiiud iiiilo us, [the court of Mass.,] of the great iii-nl'ii-
cies and iiijiiiies ofii'red nnta them and their jx opie l)y several, as hiiinii,:
tlieir !iay, killing sundry horses, and in special manner, about one montii sii. ,
forced sonic of their people from their labors in mowing grass u|>on tlieirnttii
land, and iissaiilted others in the high way, as they rode about their occa^i(Hi>:
by ti'irowiiig many stones at them and their horses, and boating their heisisii?
tliey rode upon them," iVc. '^I'he remonstrance then goes on warning tlirni;n
desist, (/r otherwise they might expect severity. Had Mnneh/ \)i'iu a;; will
known then among the Indians, as he was allerwards, bis preseni-e woiilil
doubtless have been enough to have caused (piietness, as |)erliaps it did rveii
at this time.
M'tiitiirop's Joiiriia!.
[TloOK II
irk.l, .Vc/ifirrnl,
iis tlicy iitrriid,
irv lili;!-llt iiicr
\vitlmiit il'lin,
;iinl tiny iiiii.i
(Idivcrcil tlii'it
Invon last yipj
( n.'iiit tilt <!■ \\\,
my s|<in!. Anc
sick. If I Win
.Viiiiin'd, 111,;
I'nmumshs in;.
V( ncanill. Vni
ciirs It;:", I iliilr
U('i»t till ir ciivi.
11(1 kill me, imc
1 wlint tli( y lal
,itli .Vnii/rr'/iK,
n \Vlli\! llilll I'l.;
(I "scticrall [lav
or will thcr iiia
KilS, llicrc Win
solilii-rs WHS Mil!
riliiitc, and ><m
f tlicir iipiiniiiiii,
iiiisly, (llicn- ilicj
Hruims\ and \\n
iiic tt) llii'iii: iiiij
s, tliry s(i|riiiiil\
rcat sa(dirin, ii!ii!
soiiu" yO liillimr
liaiis is."' 'I'lif
io- proiuisi'd wliii!
In the life df f'j-
As late as Si ji-
|ii, in a ('(iiniiWn'i
1 1 it were, Rifh'.
it was ill ti I'M"
1 in tlio iiiiiar d
tli(> NaniiL'iii'^i
Jlif {Tivat iiiMil'ii-
Ivcral, as liuriiiii:
1IU' iiioiitli sii. .
k u|toii tli('irii»ii
their occjiriiii!^;
Iir tlit'ir iidisi'Siif
Iwamiiigtln'iiil"
1(7)/ 1)0(11 as will
J im'si'iicc wniilil
l-lmiis it did I'Viii
^P v.] UNCAS— HIS CHARACTER AND CONNECTIONS.
S5
(MIAPTKR V.
\Jtir\
i^fli.i rhnriirUr— ('oiiiirrtinns
-tlfoirnniliii (if ll(r Molirtran roil ill nj — flnir
ral
(irriiii
III II,
cltiifiil Sd'lii' Ill's
f' llint lull nil — I'liriis jiiii.i llir I'.iitilish iliritiiisl llir I'lijinls — I'lipl
II r I II n
llriiil — I'isils HosIdii — Ills K/iirrl: In (iorrriiiir ll'iiillini/i — S/irri-
■ii III' llir Miili'lfii'i liiiii'ii/iirr — Sriiini.s.iiin — '/'//( irtir liilirrrii I iiriiniind Mmiilinino
ilil-l'.niiiiiiiiiliiin of its rmisr — T/ir Siirriiiriinsr/g ilitrriiiiiir lo iirriii'r >hrii
■aril' Ill's il'ii'l' — l-'orirs riiisnl 1 1 /irotrrt I 'iirii.s — l'rss:iriis — (iniit ilislrrs.i of I'liriin
fjiiiilii ri'irf froiii Coiiiirrliriil — Truilij of l(iir> — I'miiirnt roiniiliiiiits iii!;aiiist
li,i;i.i—'ll'itjiiii.iii — Ohrrlii'Linid — Now Ktji ,\ — It'oosaiiinjuin.
I'x \s calif'd also Poquin, Poqvoiam, Poqnlm, siichcin of tiic iNIohiirans, of
wlioiii \\<' have already had oceasioii to say (•(Hisidcrahle, has \i\\ no verjr
fiivonililc (diaracter ii|miii record. His lill' is a series (d" (diaiijL'es, without any
„'f tliii.-r lirilliaiit acts of iiia;;iianiinity, whiidi throw a veil over niiiiieroiis
('iTi)i-s. .Mr. llookin irives lis this (diaracter id' him in the year 1(174: (.Mr.
Jnims h'ili'li iiaviiiir hceii sent alioiit this lime to preaidi anion;.' the M<die;raiis:)
"I am ant to liar," says he, "that a ;rrcat ohstriictioe imto his lahors is in thii
saclicMi (d' those Indians, wlMK-ic name is I'nkfis; an old and wiidscd, willh!
a drunkard, and otherwise very vitioiis; who hath always lieen an
I niiderminer of |trayiii;r to (Jod."* Never! Ii(des.<, the (diaritaldc.
aiii
ii|i|i(iM'i' aiK
Mr, lliihliiinl, when he unite his Narralive, seems to iiave had .«ome hopea
tli.'il lie was a ( 'hrisliaii, w ilh ahoiit the same ^rronnds, nay hetter, ]»erha|»H,
tJiMii tliese on wliiidi |{islio|> It'arhiirlnii (le(dared I*ojic to he sii(di.
i I'luxis liv(!d to a jrreat a;;e. lie was ii sa(diem Ixd'ore the I*e(iiiot wars, and
•' uii>; alive in KiHO. .At this time, .Mr. //i(W(«n/ makes this remark n|ioii him:
;i '-lie is alive and well, and may prohahly live lo see all his enemies linritul
I l)c)iiivliiiii."t
I Fidiii an epitaph on (>n(> of iiis sons, coijied in the Historical (^)llection8,
^ - I ■■•■'■■'• '"^ ''"• "'-iter there seems to have done, "that the race o*'
we il" IK
iid
as the w
f [/V(/.'! was" oliMox ions ii
wiiiririsli
liiiii.'^i'lf
follows: —
f
collonial history;" hnt rather atlrihiite it to some
l'",ni.dishiiiaii, who had no other design than that (d' makiiif,' sport for
and others of like humor. It is npoii his tomh-stone, and is as
' Here Mrs llic hody of Sinisrrto
()«ii sdii lo I'lii'ii.t {jriiiiilsoii lo (hiplcn[
iTi' llio liuiiiuis snclu'ins of INloiiKfiVN
lliov are iill di'iid I lliiiik il is irrrlim^
^
Till' cnniiectioiis of Unra,'! wer»> somewhat nnmerons, and the names of
I several (d' them will he (oniid .as we proceed with his life, and ( Isew hero.
' OiK^ko, a son, was the mest noted »d' them.
ill the heiriiiniiiLr ol" .\iiiriist. Hi?.'), t/?(rrt,9 was ord(>red tt> appear at Uoston,
.: and III surrender his arms lo tin' I'-nj^lish, and give siadi other srcnrity for his
:> iiciiiialiiy or eoiiperatinn in the war now hegiin hetwcen the Mnglish and
\\aill|i:
IS iii'irlil he reiiiiired of hin
'id
le messemrir who was sent to
Illlike this ri (|ii':sirKiii, socii reiiirin d to Hesloii, accompanied hy tliriM' sons of
Uiiras and alKUil (iO ol" his men, and a (inantity of arms. Tin- two younger
sons were taken into custody as hostages, and sent to Canihridge, where they
were reiiiaiiiiiig as late as the 10 XovemlMr following. They are said to have
lii'cii at this tiiiKi not liir from MO vi ars of age, iuit their names are not meii-
*I Ci'll. .l/'.vv. irixl. S-X-. i. '20!!. iMnlicrk. since Mi>ii'\ilh-, ('oiinecliciil, alioiit 10 miles
norlli III' \r« l.diiiloii, i^ llic place " wliere I'likas, and liis .miIis, and H'ir;///';(i. are ^ac liein-.."
hUl.
\ \\\A. \cu- iMiij. ICil. — ■' .\llliiiiii;li lie he n friend lo die F.iij;lisii, yol lie anil all lils men
conliiiiic |iay^ims siill, ' JliTli. Dr. /. Mulhrr. Uriel' Hisl. ■!;■).
} 'I'lic wriier or scnlpior no iloiibt moaiii ilie contrary of this, if, indeed, ho mny tie said to
liavo incaiil any liiiiiy;.
^\ gciiniiie iii(liaii werd. and, as il is used here, means, simply, tcf//. "Then lliey l)id
me slir my iiislcp, lo see if tlial wi^ro frozen : I did so. When ihey saw dial, ihuy siiid tliat
was mirregeii." SlockweU's Nar. of liis Captivity among the Indians in 1GT7.
mm
1 '' »■ ".
\\';
■'/.%■
■■ t>
!^'
'^ n-'>'^.''iM
' wnelfi^Kei-'l
so
UNCAS ASSISTS IN OFSTROYINO THE PFQUOTS. [Ho.ik ||,
an (
Vpr.
fioiii'd.* Oiiikn was niiployiMl with his (lO men, und proceeded on
ditidii, as will Im- timiid stated elsewlicie.
I'nriiH \vas ori^fiiiaiiy a i'e(|ii(>t, and one ol' the iiO war captains ot' ilin
fanions, hut iii-tiited nation. Ipon sume intestine eoniinolions, he ri'MiJinl
affainst his saeheiii. ' ' Hct np litr hiniselt'. This took place ahoiit the tim,,
tlial nation heeanie I. vn to the r;n;;li>li, perhaps in KIIJl or r»; or, ih it
would H'cni lioni soi circiiinstances, in the Ik ^inniiif; of the l*ei|ii(it um.
l'il(rs,\ an author <>!' . 'i niiieh authority, savs, that the "colonists dirlnn,!
Iiiin Kinj: of iMohcfran, to reward liitn liir <l( srrtiun iSVM.vdri/.'j," \Ve iin tnM,
Ity the same author, that, alter the di ath of I'nnis, Onk.ko would not deeil imy
lands to the colony ; upon which he was deposed, and his natural hroilur
Jlhiinihrh, was, liy the l'!n<rlisli, advanced to tlie ofiicc of chief sacliun,
Outkn,\u<\ acknow|i(!;riuif tin- vali<lity of this procedure, s(d<l, in process „)•
time, all his lands to two individuals, named Masun and Utirri.son. lint
iniantime, .'//;i;«»7rcfr sold the same lands to tlie I'olony, A lawsuit folluudl,
and was, at tlrst, di eided in liiver of the colony ; hut, on a second ti'iai, Manun
and Harrison fjot the case — hut iitil the prn/xrh/; i\u\ us P(i(ni tells lis, '-ilw
colony kept |>ossession \\\n\vr .lliimilirk, their created Kiiifrof Mohejjaii," iiii,|
''found means to confound the elaim of those competitoi-s without estahli^!li||(r
tlieir own."
Hy the revolt of Unras, the Peqiiot territories becnme divided, and thtit pjirt
railed Mohia!':, I'V .MohijXdn, M\ <renerally niider his dominion, and e\ii nii i|
from near the (.'onnecticiit Hiver on the south, to a space of disputed cdiinirv
on the north, next the Narrajtaiisets. My a recurrence to our account ei tlio
dominions of the I'eipiots and Nanagai'sets, a jirelty clear idea may hi' had
of all three.
Tliis sai'hem seems early to liave eoiirted the (iivor of the Enf(lish, wliiili,
it is reasonahle to sii|)pose, was occasioned hy the fi'ar he was in from his
potent and warlike neijfhhors, liotli on the nort'i and on the south. In .Mii\,
l(>-'i7, Ik; was prevailed upon to join the I'.nglish in their war U|ioii ilii;
Peqiiots. Knowiiifi the relation in which he stood to them, the Eiifrlisli m
iirst v.Tre nearly as afraid of Uiint.t and his men, as llay were of the l'e(|ii(iis,
Hut when, on tlie 15 of the same month, they had arrivi'd at Sayhrook tiiit, n
circumstance happen<'d that tended much to remove their suspicions, and in
r<'lated hy Dr. Jilntlur as follows : "Some of I'nras his men heinp tliin at
Sayhrook, in order to assistiii}:; the I'lifjlish against thi" I'eipiots, espied siviii
Indians, and slily encoinpa8sin}f them, slew five of tiiem, and took oni' jirisdii-
cr, and hroiight him to the Knplisli lint, which was {Treat satisfaction and ni-
coiira^rement to the Kiifrlish ; who, hi fore that e.xiiloit, had many fi'ars tein li-
iiifT the fidelity of the Mohi'afi Indians, lie whom they took prisoner was, i
IM'rtidioiis villain, one that could speak lli'frlish well, having in tinies |ia>t
iveil in the fort, and knowing all the I'lnghsh there, had heen ai the slaiiiriitn-
ing of all the I'iiiglish that were slaughtered tliereahoiits. He was a ceiitiii-
iial spy alioiit the i()rt, informing Sussnrvs of what In' could learn. Winn
tiiis hloody traitor was executed, his limhs were hy violence pulled fi'imi inin
niiotlier, and hiirned to ashes. Some of ihc Inilian execiitioicrs harlifireiisly
taking his flesh, they gave it to one another, and did eat it, withal sinking
uhoiil the fire."f
Noiwitlistaiuiing, botli Unras and Mimilvnnomnh were accused of lijirlifiring
fugiilve 1*1 (jiiots, after the Mystic fiirht, as our acceiiiits will ahunilanlly pidvc,
It is true they had agreed not to harbor tliem, hut perhaps the phi'aiillin)|ii<t
will net judge them harder for erring on the score of mercy, than their Kiii;-
lish frii lids for their strictly religious pi rseverance in revenge.
A traditionary story of Unras pursuing, ovi rtaking, and executing a Prqiiot
sachem, as given in the Historical (.'ollections, may not Ix' iiiiipialilli illy t
It was after Mystic fight, and is as (idlows: i\!o>t <<i' the I'liglish f(i"c(S|
sued the liigiiives hy wati f, westward, while some followed hy land wiili
Unras and his Indians. At a point of land in (inil(()rd, they caine ii|ioiiii
great !'( quot sachem, and u fi'w of his men. Kiiowii g tiiey were ]»uisim{!,
HIP,
Mir.
* Old Imiiaii (^liroiii<le, l.'i.
X Ucluiiuii of ilic Tfoii' 'js, &c. 46.
t In ills Ilisl. of Coiiiiuclitiil.
Cii*P. V.J
ihcy had gi
Jiiue paissi'd
|ii> iiieii to s
(4ii!'il, swam
>\,'i\laid, and
deiilli. i'lir
the crotch o
a gnat man
iiiiiii ' l!if lia
Ik.Matlai
i'liriis. Ilr I
|iiir.>iiit of the
(iC Ahiiionow
'•Siiiiie scalt
Hiilieiii, hetii
till' iiaiiie of'
/ '(I((m',« li'
thrill ; and w
iiii|irii\(ike(
rcliitidiis ; am
fi'iiiii ilieir mo
Ki.!,', '• Uii/ais
lliwy, came n
UiijiKS, and
Tills was at c
liail give n sat
liiiii'li (I'jeclei
al'ii'i', having r
iiiL' to siiiiinit
the (lilll'l-enCi s
Ami iiiioiit iia
iiig • »recli. .
"'iVii* hiarl
mnml me antj il\
aptinst the Eitfi
(leallif were lie n
"!5o the gov»
dii't, and gave t
tu all men, &n:
Tor the grati
tioiis on tiie Ml
(liiilect. " JVog
m-an-ne an-nu-
weli mil pum-mi
lie (tun-rliu-wut-
wm-nuh noo-noi
Ohq-ii-ut-ii-mou
mon-woi-e-auk i
qmu-rhth-si-ii-k
mtum-kh-keh.
an-woi ; es-lah i
in-mi-een."
Such was the
Nipiniicks; or s
stand tin; other 1
Unras was sa
iiicii, on the par
the infant settJen
* Hist, auilford,
t His iiariie is not
J WiiUhrop, Jou
?. [HoiiK II.
on an txpi,.
ptnins (if ilint
<, ln" rt'\()||(i|
llOlIt till' tilliM
ir r> ; < ir, ns it
' I'lMiniit War.
nists ilifliiriil
We an tiild,
I not ilccci iiiiv
itiii'ul liriiili.r,
•liicf saclii'iii,
ill |irtMi'ss i,|
iirrison. Iliii,
.VSIlit liillnuiil,
III trial, .IWiii
S Irlls us, "|li(>
M(>lii'}:aii,"'iiiii|
int t'Htalilifhiii!,'
1, (ind that juirt
, anil cxtiihi (I
spiiti'd fiiiiiitry
account III ilu!
L'li may lie liiul
Knplisli, wliiili,
as in li'oMi Iih
until. Ill Mil},
war ii|)tiM tlni
the Kntrlisli lit
of tllC I'i'lllHilS.
Saylirook tiii-t, a
isiiicioiiH, anil is
icinp llii'M lit
(■S|ti('ll S( Mil
ook one lirismi-
stiiction ami ni-
iliy li'ars tiiiirh-
; prisoiirr wassi
f ill tinn's jii.jt
1 the slaiijrlitir-
• was a coiilin-
Irani. Wlim
Hilled rnuii mil!
ITS liarliariMisly
withal siii;;iiig
'd of hiirlinriiii;
|iiiiilaiitl> |irinT.
|ilii'aiitliii>|'i?t
Ithan their Kni,'-
k'ntii^jl a Prqiiot
Jiliialitii lilv tnip.
lish fiii-cisinir-
fl by land wiili
>y came u\m\ti
"were iHirsih'il,
If Coiuicclii'iit.
Cm*''' V.J
U^CAS.— .M()lIi;«AN i.i.NCil A(iE.
87
■ \
a Ijaieiii |ieiiiiisiila, "iio|iiii;4 their piirMiierH would
liiii I'li'iin knew liidiairM eiall, and onlered wome ol"
,|„\ had ^'1 i"l'» »"
liaNc jiasseil h\ them.
li, iiii'ii to SI arch that puiiil. Tlie IVipioi- pi ieei\ in;; that llnN were piir-
wii'il swam over the moiilli of the har'ior, wldeli is narrow. Hni tlie> wen;
WiiNl'aid, ami taken as tliey landed. The saeli. in Was s.iil, need to lie shot to
' ' Uncus i-U>tl him with an anow, cut oM" his liead, and stink it up in
harhor. wliere tile >kiill ninaim d li
di'iilli.
the cnttch of a larjfe oak-tret! near the liarhor, wlieie tlie >kiill ninaim .1 lor
a miat many \''ais."' This was the origin of S.vciikm's IIkaii, hy wliieli
nam the harhor of (Jnillitnl is wrll-known to coa.sirrrt.
' Dr. .l/(i//icr n'lonls the e.vpi'dition of the i;ii;jrisli, Imt makes no mention of
iiini's. lie says, they .set out iVoni Sayhnrnk fort, and "sail •d w. stward in
niir.'uilof the i'eipiot.--, who were tied that waj. Saihii;; aloiij; to the w. siu.iril
',t' Miiiioiiowiiltnck, th'' wind noi answi rin;; tlair di sires, iney cast aiiclior.''
'•.-ioiiie scait •riii;; l'ei|nols were then taken and Nlain, as also the I'l ipiot
Hirlicm, l>eli>n' e\pn sseil,t had his head cm oli; whence thai place dal liear
the iiaiiicof Sa( iikm's IIkmi." J
t'nais'n li'ar of the I'eipiots was doidithss the cause ol Ins hostility to
tliiiii; and when he .siiw them vampii-hed, he proltahly he;;iin to n h lit hi.s
iiiiiiriivoked severity towards his comiir\iiieii, many ol' whom wi n' h.s near
rrlaiions; and this may account for Ins endeavors to screen some ol tiiem
fimii their iiion- viiidii't'ive enemies, 'i'lie mxt sjiriiifr after the war, 5 .M.iich,
Kvl,", '• (v'dAa.'*, alias Olioio, the Moiiali. Lian sacheni in the twist ot" I'eiiiiod
Uiver, came to iJoston with .■<7 m ii. lie came lioin ( 'onnecliciit wilii .Mr.
KiijiuSf and tnid. nd the f;overiior a prtseiit of 'M tiithom ot' wampum.
Till" "as at court, and it was ihonjiht 111 hy the eomicil to refuse ii, tiU hi;
liail ;iiv( n satisfaciion ahont the 1*. ipiots he kept, cVc. Upon tins he was
iiiiiili il jected, and made account We wdiilil have ki.l. il him; hut, twodi}8
iii'trr, having received jiooil satisliiclion of his iimoi-ency, «.Vc. and he piomis-
iiiir I,) siihmit to the order of the Ihi^lish, toiichiiig the I'dpiois he had, and
the ilitli'n'iici .s hitween tlie r>'.'.rrat:aiisetts and him, we aecepli d his jms iiU
Anil aiioiit half an hour after, li ■ came to the jfovi riior," and made tiu' lollow-
iji" • irecli. Layiiij^ his hand upon his hreasi, In; .said,
" 'I'lits licdrt is not mine, but ^ours. I luivr nu men : thctj arc all yours. Con-
maml mt uuji dijjirull /'ii/),ir, / "'''/ do it. I will not Itdure anij //ii imi.s' wonls
Ojiiiinst the Englisli. If uni/ man shall kill an Knglishman, 1 will put him to
dtath, were he never so dear to me."
"So the fioveriior ffiw him a fair red coat, and defrayed his and his men's
dirt, and pive them corn to relit;ve them homeward, and a letter of protection
to all men, <S:c. and he departed very j'»yful."§
For the gratiiication of the curious, we give, fi'om Dv. Edwnrds^s "Oh.serva-
tioiis (HI the Miilikekaiieew [.Moliegaii] Language," the Lonl's prayer in that
dialect. ".Vo^/i-7iu/i, ne spummuek oi-e-on, lau<^k mau-weh wneh wtu-k.i-se-auk
jie-an-ne nn-nu-woi-e-on. Taui^h ne aun-chu-wul-am-mun tva-wch-tu-seik ma-
u'ch noh pum-meh. J\'e ae.-noi-hit-leeh mau-weh aiv-au-7uek uoh hkei) oie-cheek,
ne uunrhu-wut-am-mun, ne au-noi-hil-tetl neek spum-muk oie-cheek. J\Ln-c-
nnu-nuh noo-nooh wuh-ham-auk tiptogh nuh uh-huy-u-tam-auk nf!:um-mau-weh.
Olui-u-id-n-mou-we-nau-nuk au-neh mu~ma-choi-e-au-keh he anneh oluf-u-ut-a-
muH-woi-e-auk nuni-peh neek niu-ma-chth an-nch-o-(ptau-kiet. Cheen hqu-uk-
qmn-ehth-si-u-keh an-neh-c-henau-ntth. Pan-nee-weh hlou-we-uau-nuh neen
vuium-teh-keh. Kc-ah ng-weh-cheh kwt-ou-wau-wih mau-weh noh pum-meh; kt-
an-woi ; es-lah aw-aun tv-tin-noi-yu-wun ne au-noi-e-yon ; han-wee-ioeh ne kt-
in-noi-een."
Such was the language of the Mohegans, the Perpiots, the Narragansets and
Ni|)iiiiicks; or so near did they a])i)roach one another, that each could under-
staiiil the other through the united extent of their territories.
Uncus was said to have been engaged in all the wars against his coimtry-
iiioii, on the part of the English, during his life-time.|| He shielded some of
the infant settlements of Connecticut in times of troiihh^s, especially Norwich.
* Hist. (iitilfoiJ, ill 1 Col/. Mass. Hist. Soc.
t His iiniiic is not montioiicd.
j WiiUlirop, Jour. i. 12Ga-6.
100.
t Ucialioii. I',).
H AlCs. toiinauulculiun ol lu;v. Air. Ely,
, i
88
UNCAS.— TKKATMK.NT OF MIANTUN,N()M()II.
[n.mK II
in
I.:
pniri'iilij
|iiiiii>||i,|:
To till- iiilial»itniitH ut' tliiN tnwii llir iMi>||)'^iiiiM Hrciiinl more |itii'tirii|tir|v
ailarlii'il, |iriiliiilil\ tViiiii (lif rirnihisiiihi'i' of soiim' of iis Kt'ltlrrs Imvin'^r
nlirvt'd ilinn wlirn Immh ^nl l),\ .Viiiifunt, as will lie liiiiiul nli.i.'.l in n,,,
riiMiiij,' liisi(»ry. 'I'ln' rciiiiiiuil "il" ilic .Mnlii'y:,'iiis, in I7tlf', ssa.x hiiiIiiI ji, ii,,,
liDi'tli-i'ii.'-l riii'iii'i' III' i\i'\> Liiiiiliiii, aliniit li\i' iiiilrs hoiith (if Koruicji; „(
wliicli jilari' till'} iiail ii I'rNrrxatioii.
'riir AI(iii('j,'ai!H luiil a l>iii_\ iii>f-|»lac<! callrd (lie lloyal Iniriiliifi-vrintnl, ni\
this was set apart t'ur ilic liirnilv of / 'nran. Il is closi' In tlir iiills nl' ihc Miium
calli'il N untie KivtT, ill iN'iiiwitlM'ily ; " a hraiililiil ami iKiiiaiilir s|mii." 'I'i,,
^'iKiiiul f(iiilaiiiiiiir till- ;.ni\c ol" I'luua is at |tn.-.<iil owmd liy ('. (iitilJunl, I. -
ul' iNorwifJi. This griitluimii litis, M-ry liiudahly, cuiisi'd tiii uiiUisiiii' toi,,.
ml aliiait it.'
Whin the ciiriiinissioiit'i's ol' tlir I'liitrd Colimii's had iiitt in llil'l, rum.
plaint was iiiailr to tlirin l>y riinui, that AliiiiihiiinDiiKtli had <'iii|iloyi'd a IN >{i;m
t< kill him, and that thi> I'cipiot wa unc of his (iwii sniiiici.-. lie slmi //» i,
with an ari-ow, and, not doiiliiin;; hut iliat he had an-i>nipli>iH-<l his pin'|i'..,
" llrd to th<- Nanohi^ruansclM, ur thiir ninli'diralcs," and proi'lainird tliiil li
iind Killt'd him. " Itut wlicii it was known I'lims was not dead, iIioiilI,
woundrd, the traitor was tauyht lo say that I'nnis had cnt lhriai;;ii liisnun
in'Mi wilh a llint, and hir< d ihr I'l (pint to sa\ he had ."hot and killril Im,,
.Miliiiih'iiitiiii) licini;' si'nt fur hy tin' jtom riior of llic .Mas.-achnsctts upim aimili. ;-
oiTusion, hroii^rht the I'ojMot N\illi him: lait when this <lis;.misc wuiiM
8(>rv(', and that tin' lln^^dish out i;f his Ithc I'cipiotV] own month I'oiniil
piiilty, and would have suit him to f'luus his ^ajiiunorc to In-
Uiiu\\is\, Mi/tinllnonio desired he nii;;lit not Im> taken itni of I;'', iiaiids,
[tiaitj III' wonid send [him] hiiiisilf lo f'iKUS to he .'saii.iiied tiiid
lilt, eiiiiirary to hi.^ promise, and li'arill^^ as it appears, his own tnni'liiiA
iiii;jht he diseoiiered, he widiin a <la) or two cut olf the I'eacoti's lieMil, i|ii,i
he ini^dit tell no tales. Aller this ;-(>me attempts wore made to |ioiso!i I'n'Uf,
and, as is reporteil, to take away his life hy sorcery. That i)tui:f( diM-ovi nd,
home of Si(iiutsstiii\'< company, an Indian >aL^ainore allii d to, and an iminiii'
confederate with .Mi/<i)iluiuiii(>, shot at I'liriis as he was jxoiii;,' down ( 'oiici tm, i
River with a arrow or twn. /'/(n/.v, aeeordinjr to ilie tiiresaid ajirn an m,"
which was, in case of ditliciilty hetween iheiii, that the Eiijiiish sJuiiiM !»■
applied to as umpires, complained to them. They endeavored to lirinij .\iii(iit
a peace hetween Uncus and .SV^yi/fM.so/i ; lint Srijiiii.ison woi.ld hear to no inii'.
tiires ol" the kind, !iiid intimated that he should lie born.' out in his rcsohiiinn
hy M'uuitunnomoh. The result was tli(> war of which we have j.'1m'ii im
acciaint in the lite nf .Mlitnlunnoinoh. We have also spoken there of ili
ujreiicy (if the Kiifjlish in the alliiir oi'JIiimhiiniinnoli^s death ; hut tiiat nn ii;;lii
niity h(> withiield which can in any way n lleet npun that im|iortaiit as wdlii^
nielaiiclioly event, we will i^ivc all that the ediiimissioners have recordcil in
tiieir records conccrninjf it. But lirslly, we slioidd notice, that, aller J/wii/ini-
no noli was taken prisoner, ilie Indians atliniied, (the adherents ol" I'nm:
(loiihtless,) that .MIiDitunnoiiioli had eiii;a;j;ed the ?doliawks lo join him in hi-
wars, anil that they wire then tiicamped only a day's jonriiey I'roin tlic Irmi-
tiers, waitin<j: for him to attain ]iis lilierly. The record then proccMuls: —
" Tli('S(! thiiiifs hein^f duly wei<f|ied and considered, the coinmis,>i(!ii r^
apparently see that /'/(ci/.y cannot he sali- while .Mi/anlinomo lives; hiil tlnii,
oitluT hy secret treachery or open I'orce, his liii! will he still in iliiMirir.
V\ herefore they think li." may jiisti_\ put such a false and hlood-thirsty cndny
to death ; hilt in his own jurisdiction, not in the En;r|is|| plantations. AiiJ
advisinj,' tliat, in the manner of his death, all nu^rcy and moderation he slmwil,
contrary to the |tractice of the Indians who exercisi; tortures and cniiln,
And /';ici/.<! haviiiji' hitherto shown himself a friend to tht; l')n<,disli, and in llii*
craving their advice ; [tin rellire,) if the Nanohig^ansitts Indians or olln i?
ehall unjustly assault fncus for this execution, upon notico and rc<|iicst tk'
lOnglish jiromisu to assist and iiroliict him, as far as they may, against such
violence."
We iircHiime not to commcntat(^ upon this affair, hut we would ask wlictlier
* 3 Coll. Mass. Ihst. Soc. iii. 133.
fll.MlK II
|tartini|iir|y
tins iiiiMii^
•liili-.l ill III,,
'illi'il ill ilii
^ilHU'uli; 1,1
■irroHiiil, ;iii,|
)!' llic hiruiiii
Sjint." Tl,,
idlliltird, y. ■;.
cluhiirc loU-
I Kit^l. I |.
i\t'tl 11 I'l i|i;',i
IC sllOt I'lir.ti
his |)iir|i'r:.,,
illll'il tlilll Ir
llcllli, llllill'.'li
llli^'il IllsilWii
\ kilK'd lu:,i.
iipiiii niiiiilMr
sc would i.ii
ill rnUllil li.i
III' prtiri'i ill J
ids, iinijniMii:.
lul |llllli^llMl:
iwii tniifli. n
ill's lif:id. ilii'..
poison I ;i II..',
\'ir (|i-;'llVI lr,|,
11(1 ail imiiiiii'
Ul ( 'ollfrtiir, i
li IIJilTI lllllll,"
isli slidiilil ill'
to liriiii; ;,Im'1,',
ar l<) nil ii'.i I-
his rcsdliiiinii
lavi- };i\i'ii iiii
tiioro of ill
t tliat no li:;l.i
taut as willii'i
(' rci'oi'dril 111
ill('r^Wi(/ii/iiii-
iits of Vims
ill him ill hi-
Voiii thi' frou-
ccds: —
oiiiinis.'-iiMi r>
■cs; Imt lh;ii,
ill ill diiiii'ir,
thirsty tm my
latioii.-'. Aii-1
)U hv sliiiw' il,
and cnii'ltv,
li, and ill llii^
lans or "tlni'^
i(l nM|iit'st till!
a^rainst siu'li
ask wlit'tlicr
CH»r. V.J
UNCAS.
80
,^:0*r^hf.
IH
a«l
it (lor-M not npjH'nr as proliaMi', lliat Tiir f,» had conr- rti-d ihr p| m wlili h
|»,(Miol Hiilij'ft lor til!' <l •^'l^l(•lio|| of .Miiiiiliiiiiiinii'<li, as ilmt tin' I iiti r lia
iil'ntiiil t'lr thi' iltstriHiion o|" tin- liirnnT. IHm-, why did Miitntunuitinnh put
tl ,. Pciiiiot to dralh 't Thf <M>iiiiiiir./<iiiiirrs do not say lii.il ili ■ IN (|ni>t had liy
Illy I'onli'ssioii anv how iiiiplifiili d .Mi'inhinnnmnli. .\ow, if ilii,* |'ii|iint hatl
lirciM'niplovi d h.\ him, it tloi'S not ..<(cm at all likclv ihil li.- w.mld lia\c put
1,1,, I 1(1 dralii, fspcfiatly as lir had not ari'iis d him. .\iid, on tin otlit-r hand,
if In- hail arkiiowlfdjfcd himsflf jfnilly of altiMiiptinu; the lit'- of his own
(wi'liriii. that it miirht In- rliar)fi'd upon oihrrs, it is to iis a plain reason why
Miiiiitii'niiom'ih shoiilil put him to dniih, h in;.' fully satif^lii'd of his i.niilt upon
lii^ ciWM confssion. It may he cfiiicliidcd, llirr. (on-, that thf plot afiaiiist
/ wits .vas of his own or lii.^ I'cipiol -iili)rct's planning', 'rin- l*i ipiot's f.'oiii<»
uwr {nMlitiitiiiinoninli tiir proticiion is no t'\idi iht ofiliat chi I",- pariii i|i iiimi
ill his plot. And it is hi;.dily proiiahh' that, atlrr ihry had I. Il llii' r'.iij:l:«li
(Miiiri his i-rini" was ajrifravatrd, in .Ui'(»i^(/j'iom>/i',< \ii'W, hy s,iiii' new ron-
(;.,.,i(iii or iliscovcry, which caii-i d him to he forihwith rvrciircd.
\^ tlioiiirh wi'llassiiri'd that the iiistncss of their iiilerfrr nee would I)«
riillnl in ipieslioM, the eommissio'ii Ts slmrily athr added aiioiji; r riaiis • to
their r cords, as mneli in exonenitioii of their eondiiei as th 'n emilj rmd
wards ill wliieli to express themsi'ives. 'I'liey ar;.'iie ih'it, " wh r.as Vncnit
WHS lahisi'd [liv them] to take away the lite of .Mlnnliiiiii'imoli wlios' lawful
ciipiive he was, til' y (the Narraiians Is] may well imihrsaiid that lliis is witli-
oiil \i"lalioii of any eovenani hrtweeii llein ami iis ; I'or f'luii'^ heiii',' in eon-
ti'ilnation with lis, and one that hath diliireiilly ohs"r\ed his euviiiants hi't!>rn
iiiciilioiied, for aii^'hl we know, and re(prninv' advii-e from lis, upon s' rioiis
(•(iiisideration of the premises, vi/,. his treaeheroiis ami iiiiir<lerons dispi siiion
niTiiiast Uivns, N:e. and how ijreat a distmher he iiath !»."!: of the coiimiori
iMiice (if the wliide comitry, we eoiild not in respect (»f the Jnstiee of the case,
tmti'tvof the country, and faidiftihie.s.s of our friend, do otherwise tli:ui approve
(/(■ the lawfulness of his death ; which ayreeiinj so well with llie Indians' own
iiiiiimers, and concurring with the practice ol' oiIk r nations with wln'in wo
ui'e iici|ii:iiiited ; we persuaded ouir.'lves, however his death may he ;,'iie\()U8
at present, yet the peaeeaiil • fniits of it w ill yield not only matter of safety to
tlie Indians, lint profit to a!l that inhahit this continent."
It is helii'ved that the reader is now put in possession of ev(^ry thiiijj that
the I'liiLdish could say for themselves, upon the execution of Mlitntu Di'iiinh,
lie will tlierefon! he aide to decide, whether, as we have stated, their judf^-
iiieiit was maih^ up of on«! kind of cvid 'iice ; and whether the Nairafjaiisi'tH
iiiid any lawyers to advocat(! their caiisii helon? the coiimiissioners,
A\h'v ^flalltllnnoml>h was ("xecnted, the Nirra^'ansets demanded satisliiction
of Viiran for the money tin y had raist'd and paid tin' the redemption of their
fliiet". This demand was throuj;li the Knjxlish commissioners; who, when
tlicy were met, in Sept. I()4I, depiitiMl Tliomns StitiU m to notily hoth parties
to appear hehu'iMheni, that they mi<;ht d, (-idi; upon tla; casi; a(;cor(rni<!: to
tlie evideiKU! which should \)o produced.
It appears that Kirncmo,* tlici Niaiitick sichem, imnuMliately de|)iit(Ml
Wtdowme, a sachem, Pnwp'amet and Pumniuiishe, captains, 1i-oiii the i\arni-
gaiiseis, with two of their m(;ii, to maintain tlnur action Ix'j'o!-- ihc commis-
siiMiers, and to complain of soiin; insolences of iJinn.t hesides.t On a full
lit'Mriiiff, the commissifuiers say, tliat nothiiifr was siihstantiated hy them.
"'I'lioiiffh," they say, "several discoiirs s had jiassed li'oiii Vwns and his
null, that f()r such (piantities of wampum and such piicels of other <:oods to
a ^'leat value, then! tni^lit have luien soin*! proliahility of sparing: his lili-."
llcnee it app(!ars that Uncas had actually entered upon a ncfiotiation with
till' Xarra<raiiset.s, as in the lile of wV(rtH<i//i)iomo/i has heen stated; and it does
not, it is tlioiif^ht, recpiirc! hnt a sli<;lit ac(pi.iintance with the ;reneral drift of
tln.si! afiiiin', to discern, that Uncas hud enconragtHl tlu! Narragunscts to send
* riit- saiTiR i^ftcrwards rallod Nim'zret.
at ilmi i' ■
Juiifimi was (ioalillc^s ihr proiiniirialioii, ./ Upiii"
1 111' samn inicrwarns raiiiMi lyiiuzii-i. ./Kz/CHif/ was doaniicss iiir proiiniiriaiioii, ./ npmw
at lli:il lime iiroii'iiiiicfd // , llicrclnrc .litnifmo in ulil liiivi; lii'cii .Minioliiiu's iimltTsldod Kiane-
vw. W'iiit'iron V. riles llic name AijiniPinu in one iiisiain >!.
t 'I'lii' aullior ol Tiihs of I'lf Iiidinns seems (iisiiially confused ill allumpling to narrate
iLcsc alfairs, but sci Iluzard, ii. 23 and 26.
8*
1 1'!
r'ti'^iii -.mm.-,-..,
:'^.^v::(.'ijj«M
•.■•.''l^i?,' :»,' ■■ ■
.JO
UNCAS.— PESj'ACUS.
[li
')0K I
wampum, that is, tlicir mnru^y, iriviii<r tln'r.i to niidcistaiid tliat lie \vonli| ,,^,
be hard with tlicni; in so liir, that tlicy liad inis rd to liis jr<'ii<'n)sity,;iti(|..|'i,
liiin a coiisidcralilc aiiioiiiit. 'J'lir Ncry liu'if ol" it .sjiows clrarly, that it u,i,<
tri('i< oC i'nrn.i to lca\t! tii(^ aiiioiiiit iiidcrmitciy slated, wiiicli f:avc liim i;,,
cliaiic(!, (that a kiiavt; will always s(^i/.(! i;|.oii,)to act accordiiifj; to tin; cijui,
of his own mind on any prctcncr at'triwards.
The commissioners say, that ''nosiicii parcels W(>ro hrou^lit," tl
lOll^
Ins
ll,i>
||iiii
a few lines aller, in their records, we read: " \iui (or that wanipn
goods sent, [to lJ)iciis,] as they wnc. hut small jxtrnh, and scarce considc
for snch a |ini-po; "," namely, tlic redem|)tion of their chii;!': aiai still,
add; " I5nt Uivhh denieth, and the Narrajranset depntitjs did net ail,
much less pro\e iliat any ransom was a;.'reed, nor so ninch as any i
bejjiin to redeem their ioiprisoned sachem." 'J'herelbre it app'.a
clear that Vncds had all the 1'jij.disli \\\ his IJivor, who, to |)nserve his I' in,;,
6lii|>, caressed and called him their I'ricind ; while, on tiie otl.'ii haiui. ii,i
Barents lioni the iNarrajransets were Irowned npon, and no doubt labon I lunLr
tlui (lisadvantaae of not heinjj jMirsonally known to the linirlish.
As to the uuoils which Uncus had ret-eived, the cominissioner.s say, •• \
pju't of them [wi re] disposed [of] by Miunlnnnomoh himself, to Vnois' cm;!!.
Keillors and captaii.,-', liir some liivor, either past or hoped ['m\ and pan wnv
gi\en and sent to IJnvns, and to his s(,iiaw for presi-rving his lili- so loni^. ;uii|
usinir him com-tconsly dnrinj; his imprisomnent."
Here ended this matter; but liffon; tlu! iNarrajfanset de|tntics left the com-t,
tli(! lOiifilish mtide them si^rn an ii<rrtM>meiit, that they woidd not mak; w .r
upon Unnis, "vinill after the next piantinjr of corn." And even tiien. ii:,!i
tliiy shonid jfivf! .'50 da\ s' notice t» the English before commenciiifr l.usti.i.
ties. Also that if "any of the Nuyant cii Peeotts shonid make any ai-sniji
upon Uncus or any ol" his, they would ileliver them u|) to the llnjilisli toll,
punished according to their (himerit-: And that they would not nsr ;,;;,
means to procure th(! IMawhakes to omK! against FHtY/s dining thistn,.,.
At t\\{> siime time the Knglish took cue ran; to notify the Narragansc i ^^^]^.
missioners, by way of iwing them into terms, that if they did iijoii ^i ti,
Mohegans, all the I'Jigl \i would be upon them.
The date of this .iirreemeiit, if so we may call it, is, "Hartford, the xvii|iii
of Septendter, l(iJ4, ' and was signed by lour J.idi.uis; one besides ti;(i>e
uumed above, called Chiinoufrh.
'J'hat no passage might be left open for excuse, in ease of ^var, it was ;;l>i)
mentioned, that " proof ol" the ransom charged " must 1> ■ .mukU; sulislJidur
to the llngiisii hefoiH! war was begun.
'J'he power of /'css'tnis and .Yiniicrct at this time was miieh (iiared I \ i|;f
English, iind tlu^y wi rv ready to believe any n ports of tin; hostilt; (!()iii!;-ii;'
tlie iS'arragans. ts, w no, since the subjection of tiie i'cupiots, had inailr !!,i:ii-
sehcs mast rs of all tiieir neighbors, e\<'ept the I'lnglish, as 1\h' l*e(|iii)i- iii!
done I) l()re them. '\'\\v. iMohejians were also in ureat (isar ol' tin in, as v, 11
after
bel
lire the death tti' .Mianlunnomnk : but for whost; iiiisloriiiM' in
I) iiig mad- a prisoner by ii stri'lagem of UnnJi, or his captains, the I'
might ha\e s' en far greatt.-r troubles from tlnMii than they did, judging ;ini
the known abilities of that great ehi(!f
There was '-a ni(<'linii extrjion'iiiiir' "'oftlm eommis^iriners ol'the I'liiti'
^ohniie-, in .liilv, Kil.^, at lloston, '-co... eniiiiir the I';-! ncli hiisine;
an. I \\\<
wars between I'i.ssii ifi and t'ncits being biignn." Their lirst business wisio
despatch away nn^ssttngers to recpiest \\\o, app('aranc<! ol'tiie head men el
llio
bellii>
•rents to appear
tlu!ins('lves at l$oston, or to send souk; of their il
liiv-n, that the dillieulti; s between them might be settled.
These messengers, S( rg'aiit J:)liii Ihtnus, [Davis .>] Hcnedicl Jlwol I. ■■■m\
Francis S:ii'illi, on their first arrival at Narragaiiset, w< r" welcomed li,\ ili'
sacln-ms, who oll'ered th<;ni gniiies t(i c.oiidiiet them to Ui.cas ; liiii, eiil.ci
lia\iiig uiidirstood tlmir intentions, or judging from th ir iippearai ce il.il
the llii'.lisli mess(>ngers meant them no go<nl, chaiified their di peitiiriit
altogether, and in ibo mean lime secretly d(>spateli<(l messeiigi is in \\v'
Nianlieks belore them, ^ iv ng them to nndersliind what wi.s fioing lliiuimi.
After this, say the mesdc.ngers, "there was nothing but pruud and iiiMilLiil
CI
CiiAi'. v.]
n,T-s:)ges [fro
tlieiii<i-om P
discouraged,
siiclicnis sai(
r.ML'lish won
U'll'oiit Unca'^
■ wei-e resolve
seliliers fnmi
fiiKJ \v(Milil pr
against tliem<
clnirgiiig it ii|
new, iflie (In
fdiv, not heinii
riiLMiisets, aiK
liiniish tliein
tliriM an old 1
'fli ■ mi
Aicird: "Ihn
siis|ii('iiiiis niai
uMil expressiii'
uillidiit much
I'issiicus, they
oll'tliaf night, a
to tiiein. In tl
tlii'iii \vitliguid(
to ri>-k the jour
!<'stili"d that thi
be bmic in mil
veracity of .7r«i
Meaiiwlfle th
liii/iirds. To jn
proKii-alions otl
ii|i(iii the Narro
\\"iii-|it and gent
til ail the rolonis
fillers of the !M;i
riii l' military I'l
Firsi. liiat our ei
.Siriiiiilly, that tl
Lis liirt or habi
ciivciiaiits or enjj
\'> aiil liiin as lici
tliis aid must he
aiiil so come too
" Ai'cnrdiiig til
roMsiilering ijie, |
l» I'll ilivi rs tinn
iiiiTi' (I to hiive I
truant .'llhirtnn ai
^•('idilmmnkin^s'"
"iKleiiipt upon tl
(irCoiiiiecticnt v
wi'ie orili red ii's
U-nii\A Scull/. In
iiou iiini at the p
iii'irleit'd to wea
of men, their can
tlic \i iiiticks as
.d.iil iliey might (
piirlinilirlv to b-
liaie that IMassacI
tu iiivad(! the Nai
it li(! Wfiii'.d in,.
•rofiiu , and m'ui
ly, 1 1 lilt it wiis'i
I f:iivf liiiii i;i„
;■ lo till' i-;i|iiii .
iht," thoii-l:. i:,
\Viim|iiiiiis ,j,ii
v.v foi:s'ulii,,i,|,
iiml still, li.iv
ill iK.'t all. il-i,
li as any Ihm,
apptars i,iiii'
icrvo his I'ii i,,;.
jtl.'i-i liami. li .
)t labon I iiiu;.^
•h.
ioiirrs say. ".\
to I'lliiis^ cniai.
, and |)ai't \\i\v
lili' so loni. !ii,i|
rs li'll tliiM'oiir.
il not mak:' \\;j
eV«'M tlu'll. !l:,il
ncncinjr l.usiii.
laUc any a>s,ii;l!
i(> l''.iiii|i>li iDJif
lid not MSI- iiiiy
I'iii^' tiiis tn;.T,"
aiTai^aiisrt ruiii-
■ did iiioli'^rt iii>-
[tford, tli«^ xviijiii
It! Ijesidt's i\i\H
war, it was ;ilso
ladi! satistiicturv
il (oared I \ ijic
(ostili! (ioiiii:- Ml'
lad niailr i:.r:ii'
Jlio l'iM|i;()l,~ li:i;
)!' till 111, iis V. II
]; ihislorliiiii' in
ins, tlio i'',iiL!'-li
|d, judfiiii.ii :iiiiii
Irs ol'tlu' I'liiii'd
fisinoss, and tin'
Imsincss \m.s Id
licad men dl'ili''
h ol" llieir cl.ii'l'
lid ./?ni((//. .'111(1
•Iconied li> ilio
|,'((,v ; Ilia, eiiliM
Ippearai ce ll.il
I'il- (Il piHlllMlst
Iseiiirers l<i iIh'
lj;oili^' |()i\Minl.
Li and iiifiiluiil
UNCAS.— DEFENDED BY THE ENGLISH.
91
1
Chap. V.]
p.i- xiire.'' [from JVinis^et-] Tho Indian pnideH which they had brontrht with
tlieiiiiViiiii Pumhami\\n\ Sukitkanoco were, hy frowns and threateninii; speeelie.s,
(li^eournL'ed, and returned ; no other ^nides could he olitaincd." Tiie
siiclicins said they knew, l)y what was done at Hartlord last year, tiiar tiio
Kii'disli wonld in"iro peace, "■hul tliei/ ivirc n.solvicf, they said, tu have no juacc
uuthDitl iiicn<i his hca'l." As to w ho hei^-iii the war, they cared not, hut ihey
were resolved to contiinie it; that il" the I'',nj,dish did not withdraw tin ir
Mdiliirs from Unrns, they slionhl consider it a hreacli of former covenanl.s,
jiiiil \MiiiM proirnre as many ]\!oliawks as the J']nfi;lish had soldieis to bring
(cainst them. They reviled Ibicas <br havi:i<i- wounded himselt| uMd then
(.fiiipnnir it upon them, and said lie was no friend of tin; lOnjrlisii, but would
ii((W,'"irFie ilnrsf, kill the I'.iifiiish nii-ssenirers, and lay that to them. There-
fdiv not heinj: aide to proci ed, the I'wiglish messi'iigers returned to the Niir-
niiTiinset.s, ami acqii;iiiited Pessdcus of what luid |)assed, desiring Iw would
!iinii>li them with guides; " he, (in scorn, n.s they apprelieiideii it,) otH.-rod
tlii'iii an old P( acott sipiaw."
Til- messengers now ihonglit themsi'lves in dang 'r of l)iiiig mas-
saiMcd : "three Indi.'ms with liatchcts standing biliind the intcrjjr t r in a
suspicions manner, while he was speaking with Pasarus, and the re.st, fr iwiiing
uiiil expressing much disti iiii>er in their conntcnance and carriage." rio,
uiilidiit much loss of time, they began to retrace their st:ps. On Icavin::
Pin.fdrii.i, they told him th('y should lodge at aLi l^nglish tr.'iding hoiis • not far
oli'lliaf night, and if he wanted to send any word to the I'jig'ish, he might s iid
ti) tliein. In the morning, he invited them to return, imd .said he woul.l furnish
tlicni with guides to visit Uncus, but he woidd not sus|)eiid hostilities, iNotda:ing
t(i ri>^k the journey, the incssengers returned home. ./IrnolJ, tin; interpriiter,
;.'stili"il that this wiis a true relation of what had passiui, which is neces.sary to
bi- ii'irne in niinil, as souK-ihing may apjicar, as we j)roeeed, impeaching the
vrnii'ity of .InioH,
.Miaiiwlflo the commis.><ionors sot forth an armament 'o definid Unra,^,;^ all
Im/finls. To justifv this movement, they d'claro, that, msidoring tin; great
pravDcatioiis otU-red, and th<; ncscossity wo should be |tut unto of making war
n|i(iii the Narrohiggin, &c. and being also careiid in a mattiu- of .^o great
w.'JL'lit and gener.'d concernment to SvM- the w.ay cleared and to givi; satistiictioii
to ail the colonists, did think fit to adviM! with such of the magistrates ami
elil:is of the IVIassacliiisetts as were then at hand, and also with som;- of the
I'lii •! 'military I'ommanders there, who beinjr as.send)led, it was thiMi agre;'d :
First, liiat our enir.agemcnt bound us to aid ;ind d(;f 'iid the i\Ioh{'g;m sa;'hi'm.
Si'i'cnilly, that this aid could uol be inteuil(;d only to def'iid him and his, in
Ills liirt or habitation, but, (according to lh(> conniion aciu^ptation of such
fdvciiants or engagemi'iits consilient! with the ground or occt.siou thereof,) so
tDiiiil him as lice might be pr. served in his liberty .ami es.'.-ite. Thirdly, that
tliis aid must bo sp oily, lea.st he might bi; swallow(;d up in t|i(> meaii lime,
and St) coino too lato."
"Ai'ciirding to tin; eoiinsel and determination aforosaid, the commission -rs,
roiisiilering tin; present danger of Umns the Mohegan s iclu;m, (his l()rt li.iving
h I'll divers times assaulted by a great army of tin; N.arroiiigguis ts, iVc.)
niiic (I to lia\(; 10 soldiers sent with .-dl exp'dil'ou for his defi'use.'' IJeii-
tcnaiit .'llhi Hon »\ii\ Sergeant Jo/ni Dnvi.i I 'd (his company, couduct d by two of
'^Ciilihamnkin^s^' Indians as guides. .'Uhrrlon was «)rdered not to inid<e an
"iiiteiiiiit upon the town otherwise I ban in I'nafi^ dr'feiice." (/a|)t;un .M iHon
of ('(innecticut was to join him, and take the chief comnrmd. !''ori\ ni';n
wi'ic nrili red a'so (i-oni ('ounccticuf, and ."tO from New llav(;n niidi r l,ieii-
tciiai.t Setili/. In their iiistrncliors lo Alasim, the cdiumissiouers say, " VVe so
iiowaini at the proleciiou of tin; IMohegaiis, that we would Invi' no opportunity
iicglcct'd to weaken the Narragansets and their conii'derates, in t!ieir mmibcr
(if men, their cam c.inoes, wigwams, wam|ium and goods. We look iijioii
the ,\i iiiticks as iIk" chiet' incendiaries and causes of the w.ir, and slimild bo
j:l;id iliey might (ir.st U'cl tin; snuirt of it." The Niaiiticks, therefine, wero
p.Mliriil irh to b" h;ul in view bv Mamii, and he was inliirmed at the s.imo
liiiie that Massachusetts and Plimoulb wen; forlhwilh to send " miulhcr army
tu iiivadi; the Narragansets."
^1
I'-'^B^'^iiM
Il
92
UiNCAS— BESF.IGED IN IIIS FORT.
[Book !I,
The coirimissioiicrs now prorendod to make clioico of a comniaiKlor ;,,
clii;!' of tlic two iinnics. Mniov I] Iw^rd Gibbons ^vns iinuiiimoii^Iy elect,,,!
Ill liis iiisiriii'tioiiH is llii.s |tiis.saL't' : " VVlieroas tlio scopo and caMsi! of thj^
oxpediriiiM is not only to aid tin' !Moli('i;aiis, but to offend tlio Narr;ij,'ansits
Niaiitirks, and ulln.-r their coidederaff." He was directed also to roiiclu li'a
peaee wiiii thoni, if they desired it, provided it wore niadc; with s|)i'(i;i|
rcflreiire to danin^'e.s, &e. And they say, "iJnt withal, accordiii;.' to (^j
enjraifi^ineiits, yon are to prf)vide lor Uncas^ futtn'o safety, that his piantatinis
be not iiivad (I, that his men and s(|i"iws may attend their plaiitin*^ and li,s||i||„
and other oeeasions without (ear or injiiy, and Vssamequine, Pumhul
Sokiikmoco, f^iilr'i<imakin,txnd other Indians, i'ricnds or subjects to the Eii;.|y|
be not molest 'd," tSj.e.
Pooii after the death of ^linnlunnomnh, which was in September, 164'}, lijs
brother Pe.t.iftcur., "the new saeheni of Narrafran.set," then "a youii^' iii;iii
ah^iiit 20," sent to (Governor fV'.nthrop of Massadnisetts, as a present, an ofte
coal, a i>ird'( of wampum, and some of that article besides, in value almiii
£1"). Th(! ne ssen;rer, namiv! Washose,* also a sachem, told the ffoveriior tliat
liis cidef desired to eontiniK! in jieaco with the Eii;.dish ; but that lie wnj
about to make war upon Uncns, to avcnp; the; death of his I)rother, and iiopid
they would not interiere, nor aid Uncna. The governor said they wisjnd to
be ;it peace with all Indians, and that all Iiu'/ituis would be at peace amnn;
thems(dv(is, and that they must agnse to this, or they coidd not accept tlnir
present. //'wAwc said he was insirneted no further than to make known lijs
mission and hiave the present, which he did, and returned to his own coiintu,
Tiiis was in February, l(i44, .N. S. Within the same month, the; same messcii;' r
appe-uv (1 again at Boston ; and " hiserrand was, (.says Governor fVin!hrnp,)[,ai
BOi>ing tluw, at our request, had set still this year, that now this next year we
would grant tlieir request, and suffer them to fight with Onku,i, with inanv
arguments." IJnt he was answered, that the English would not allow siidia
proceeding, and if they persisted all the Engii.sh would fall n|)on them.
PIrvnting tim ", and 30 days besides, had passed before the English sent an
Oiiny lo invade the Narragansets. Pessacus and the other chiefs had doin'all
♦Jicy could do to cause the English to remain neutral, but now (Icteriniiicil lo
wait no longer, and hostile acts were conunittcd on both sides.
Th(! raditionary account of Uncnsi's being besieged in his fort by the
Narragaisets will very properly be looked for in this connection, as it lias
not only adonnul some tales of the Indians, l)Ut has been seriously nrgoil as
truth in more imposing forms. What we are al)out to give is contaiiicil ia
a htt r, dated at New Haven, lU September, 17'J(), by H'm. Leffingivell, ami t\\-
rected Dr. Tminbull.
"At th(! timi! the IMohegan tri'ie of Indians were besieged by the Nanairan-
set tril>e, in a fort nf>ar the River Thames, between Norwich ami .NVw
London, the provisions of the besieged !)eing nearly cxiianstod, f/nra.?, llnir
sachem, found means to inform the settlers at Saybrookof their distress, ami iln"
dinger they woiill be in from the Narragansets, if the Mohegan tribe were nit
of]'. F<nsign Thomas L"ffingweM, one of the first settlers there, ioadiMl a caiiiie
with beef, com and peas, and in (he tiiglit time paddled from Saylirook iiiiotlie
Tham 's, and had the address to g t the whole into the fort of tlie besi;geil:-
received a deed fr'^m Una'i of the town of Norwich, and made his e<rii|if
that very night. In consequence of which, the besiegers, finding Unraf M
prociu'ed relief, raised the siege, and the Mohegan tril)e were s;ived. '"id liine
ever prov(>d strict friends to (he N. England s'ttlei-s."}
The above agrees very well with Mr. Hi/di'^s accoimt. "When Unriisn\\'\
tribe were attack -d by a potent (Uieniy, and biock-d up in tiieir Ibrt on a liill,
by the site of the great river, and almost starved to d ath, Li Mit. T/m
Lrffinfrwell, Capt. lieiij. lirciosler, of said Norwich, and otiuns, s cretly rani' J
* l'i'rlm|)< llin snine iK An^dnhfrs,
t Cupied Iroin llii? ori'^iiial. for (It niillinr, l)y Rov. Win. Ehj, who lliiii; roniarks npfii il
"This lr,\;lilioii, Croin a h i;lilv rc':|iniMn!>le source, Tiiimhull siales as liisinry ; yi'l. in >"'"'
minor poiiiN, al h-ast, il woiil'l seem ohvious ihul the Iriiililio uuld uut huvu iiuuii siricllv
prcbcrved (or loO years." MS. lelUi:
t MS. letter to Dr. 2
[Hook !I,
ornmaiulcr ;„
Oll-ly cll'Ctri.
raiisi) of tlii5
Nari"if.'ansi't>,
I to COllclu !l';,
) witll siiccinl
ordiii;: t(i dur
lis plaiitiuini^
iii<^ aiul I'lsliiii;
nine, Pumhna,
to tlU! I'^ll^'lisli.
liber, 104'!, his
'a yoiinji' ihiih
rcsi'iit, uii (ilkr
in value aliinn
LI <i;ov(M'ii()r tliiit
It lliaf 111! \v;is
titer, and liii|iiil
tlicy wislii (1 to
t peace aiiinnj
ot acce|it their
lako known iii-
lis own coiiiiiiy,
■fame messi'ii:' r
• /rm?/tro/),)t,i:i!.
s next ytsar we
kus, witll mam
lot allow siii'ha
poll llieivi.
('jiiglisli scut an
iet's liad doni' ail
V dcteriniiici! to
lis fort by the
tioii, as it has
ioiisly nrjicd as
is containcil in
(fingwell, and ili-
the Narrasaii-
wicli and Niw
tnd, Unra.% tin ir
distress, and ill-
trilit! were nit
loaded a caiine m|
aybrook inin the
t'lie Ix'si'^'cd;-
uule liis escape
idin<r Unrffi hail
saved- '"id iia\e
^hen Unrns ami
ir Ibrt on a iiill.
itli, Li'ni. 'Aw
s -cretiy caififJ
remarks iip<'ii ii
liKirv, yd, ill -"■';'■
have been sincilv
Chap- V]
INTEIirEUi:NCE OF THE ENCILl.SII.
03
i.-n-nrovisioii, intlic iiisilit seasons, U|)oii wliieli tlieeiieiiiy niised llie siejie."*
1 ,'<iM~i(lerutioii oi" \vlii«-li, " i'ncas fiiive sundry doiialions^oflaiid," vVe.f
\t liie coiiirress ol'tlie eoiiiinissioiiers at JJuMoii, in .1(1 1."), iiliove meiilioned,
• . < jiMM rtanied that the pn sent Iroiii I'lsmrus still reiiiained anion;.' lliein,
I' "' tilt retia-e he might think it was probable tiiat the i;n<ilisii had CDiiiplied
"":'| tlieir desires, as they hail not returned if. Lest this shoiiid ne so inider-
^^ I, I Captain Hitrdinp:, Air. tfclharne, and Ilmcdiii ^iniold, were ordered and
^■I'li'niiVi.-.-'ion'd to repair to the iNarrairanset collntr^, and to see, if possible,
I-'/'/.wKS' CtinoinutciiH, Jancino,^'' and other sachems, and to return the present
Ic-iiiv ineiilioned, and to intbrni them that the l',ni;lish were well aware of
tl'iclr hciiiiniing and iiroseeiitinfi' a >\ar upon IJnvcs, and their "ha\iii<f
(iMiideiFaiKl slain divers of his men, seized many of his ea: ■ I's, taken somo
nrisiincrs, spoileil nmeli of bis corn," refns'.'d to treat with liim, and ihreateii-
. i Ihc lii'ij;lisli. Neverthidcss, if they woi'ld coiik; ihemselves l()rthwitli to
I'io^tiiii, they should be heard and protected in their journey, bnt that ikhk;
'\cc|it'tliciiise]ves would be treated with, and if they reliiscd to conns the
I'll' li-h were prepar«d for war, and would proceed inunudiately against
y/Jn/ni? and ^rc/iornc proccodeil to Providence, where ./iniyW was to join
tiiciii. Ihit h(.' was HOT there, and they were int'ormed that be dared not
venture among the iXarragansets. ^Vbetller he bad been acting the tntllor
^^illl ijicni, or something (|iiite as nnieb to merit condeiiination, we will le;ivo
till' reader to jiidi^c Irem the relation. The two former, therellire, nia'le use of
KiM'icnd Mr. 11 illidins as interpreter in their business, bnt were reprimaiuh-d
liv ilic eoniniissioners for it on their retinn. On going to the Narraganset
sarlieiiis, and (ipening their business, it appeared that all they were ordered
to (■liiir"e them with was not true; or, at least, tlenied by them, '.riiese
(•iiaii;i's, it ajijiears, had been preti-rred by .Inmld, and sworn to njioii oailu
TlieVl.iels said '"that luiienxi, the Nyantick saela in, had been ill divei-s days,
lilt had iHiW sent six niei) to present his respects to the J'higlisli,and todecdare
liis a.-sciit and submission to what the Xarrohiggeiiset sachems and the Eng-
lisli lioidd agive npon."
h was in the end agreed, that the chic^fs, Pessacus, Mexam, and divers
others, should proceed to IJoston, agri ealdy to the desiri! of the Knglisli,
wliii h they did, in company with //an/i'/ig* and ff'dhonie, who brought back
tlic (lid present, and for which they also received the censure of tht; congress.
TIm'V arrived at Jioston just as the second levy of troops were nuu'cbing out
iiir their country, and thus the expedition was stayed until the result ol" a
treaty should be made know ii.
It apjiean (I, on a conference with the commissioners, that the sachems did
n.'t liilly nndt rstand the nature of all the charges against them beliire leaving
tlieir country, and in justice to them it should be observed, that, so liir as the
leeoi'd goes, tlu'ir ease appears to lis the easicf^t to be defende-d of thi^ three;
]iarti,s concerned. They told the commissioners of sundry charges they had
af:aiii?t Uiicas, but they said they could not bear them, for fJnats was not
' Sume very bcantitiil verses appeared scvorni years sinec in liio ('oiiiiec(iri,l Jlirror, lo
«liii'li il si'cins lilt' aliovo liad sjivcu rise. Tlii'V were prelacud willi llio liillowiiig- among
nihcriihservaiions ; •• bi the nei:;hl)()rlm()(l of iMunc^au is a rude r. cess, ciix irone I \>y rocks,
whii h slill relaiiis tiie name ol iho ' rhair of l.'tii\is:' and lliat the piople ot ('tira.s uero
rwn.liinir Willi llMlliri>r U'lll>n I .flhuiril-i'// lirilMo'llt llllll ri'lli't' \\ l> li'iv'i- tllfi InllnU'ilur vlnil'/»a
>rouuhl liini relief Wo give the lollowiiig stanzas
I
nilM II .^Illl IV^ICIIM.I llll. IKtIIIV/ \tt IIIV • mil
|ii ^l^llill!>■ ttilli iiuii-jer wlieii Lii!jui!^ut:ll I
i'ruia il; —
" The nionareh sal on his rocky ilironc,
iJeforo liim llie waters lay^
His afuards were shapeless cohnnns of stone,
Tlieir lolly helniels wilh moss o'orijrowii,
And llieii sjjears of the bracken S"'}'-
" His lamps were the fi.^klc stars, that l)ennied
Thronuh the veil of their niidiii!;hl shroiul,
• And die redchMiing flasiies liial lilliilly gleamed
Wiien llie distant tires of iIk; war-dance slreaincd
Where his foes in fianlic revel screamed
'Nealh iheir canopy of elond/' lVc.
t MS. letter lo Dr. Trumbull, before cited, and life of Miaiitunnomoh.
mm
tW
01
UNCAS.— TREATY MADE AT BOSTON.
[I^'llJK II
I !t
r ■'
!
then- In }|K:iik i< r liiinsclf; and tliat tlicy liad liiiulrriMl lii.s li('in;r iioliriiiinf
till ir CKiiiiii;;'. .'is to a liri'acli of covniaiit, tlii'y iiiaiiitaiiKMl, lor s(iini> |j|,,,'
tin y liail cuminilli'il none, and llial tli<>ir trcatnicnt of tint l''n^'li.sli li;i(| |„,.,'
niisr(|in'S( iilrd. "lint, (sayH onr record,) aftrr a lonjr dchalc ainl s(mi+
jiriiialc ( (iiili rrriici', tlicy liad with Srrjrant ('iillirull, llicy ai'kiio\\|(i|j;,,|j
llicy had hrnoki'M proniisf! or roiaiiant in tho afon; nK'ncomil u.'rrv
and oiiirrcd to inakr another truce with I'liais, either till m .\t |il;iii|j|,,
lyine, as they had (h)n«! last yeant at Hartford, or for u yeare, or a vrandiij
a (piMrler."
'They had heeii induced to niak«t tins ndinisHion, no doiihl, Ity the ikimij.
sion i>l'(nUinil, who, prohahly, was instructed to iid'orni them tliat tlicsiHi,
of tlieir country dejteuded upon their eoni|)liaiie(> with tiie wishes of ijiii'i,;
iisli at this titne. An army of soldiers was at that moment jiaradinir ij',
streets, in all the pomposity of a modern training'', which must have i'( aniii{i,|
them of the horrihlo di-striiiMion of their kiiuh-ctd at Mystic eiffjit mmi^j
b(!(()re.
The pro|tositioii of a truce iHiiif,' ol)j(!ct(;d to Ity th«! Enfilisli, "one oi'iii^
Bacliems olfered a slick or a wand to tlu; conuuissioiiers, expnssinfr liiii|.i||;
that tlirnnviih they put the power and disposition of tlat war into their iiiiini^
and desiicd to know lolud thr l'liiu;lisli would rej/iiirc of llirm." 'I'Ury wif,.
answ(M'ed that the expenses and troultltt they had caused the l'in<>:lisli \vin<
V«'ry ;rieat, "lioides the dama;;e f'nra.i had sustained; yet to show //,?„
mor/(77/ro/(, they would r<!<piire of them lait limo lliov.vtiid fathome of whii,.
wampoii for their owue satisliiccon," hut tliat they should restore to I'miri
tlie captives and canoes taken from him, and luakit restitution for all liiccdni
tliey had spoiled. As f<»r the last-mentioned ollenee, the sachems iissninl
there liad l)t;eii none such; lor it tons not the manner of tin: Ind'mmkik-
stroij corn.
'J his most ex<'olleiii and indirect reproof must liav<' liad no small eirrciiin
thds;- who lieanl it, as no doiiht some of \\\{\ actors as well as the ailvisrrsnf
the destruction of the Indians' corn, previous to and timing' the Pe(|ii(jt w.ir.
^vere now pri sent : Block Jslaiid, and tin; fertile fields upon the shores ul ij.
Connecticut, must have nia<rnilied hefore their iina<rinations.
("oiisiderinj:, therefoie, that this cliarp- was merely imafriiiary, ami ilm
Vnnis had taken and killed sonat of their people, tli(! I'',nff|ish ronsnilvl il,ai
Ilncit.i ''^ iiiif>;lil" restore such captives and canoes as lie had taken from llinn,
I'^inally, they a<;r<'ed to pay the wampum, "craning onely somct ease in iIk
manner and tymes of [layiuent," and on the <veninfr of "the xxvij//i of llm]
7Hoji.'/(, (Au^rust,) KilT)," articles to tlu; (i)ll. win},' ellect were si},'ne(l hy the
princijjal Indians jiresent: —
]. That the Narrajraiisets and Nianticks had made war ujmn the MdIhot*
rontrarv to liii'nier tr.ati(s; that the l'',n;rlisli had sent iiiesseufji'rs (nilnn;
without success, whicli had wuuU' them jirepare tor war.
y. That chiefs duly authorized were now at IJostoii, and haviu<f ai'louiwl-
<'d<red till ir hreacli of treaties, havinjf "tlierehy not only eiidama^fiil Inmi.
Iiiit had lirou^d't miicli ehar^ftt and trouhle vpoii all l\\v, Jiiiglish coldiijis
which they coii;'est Wi re just they should satisfy ."
;{. That \\\i' saclii iiiH aj;re(! liir their untions to ])ay to the I'nirlisli I'COt'
futliom "of ^roiiil white \\aiii|)imi, or <■( third part of <;ood hlack waMijinii'
peuue, in tiiur payments, namely," .IdO fathom in '20 days, 500 in liair mmmhIis
nOO at or hefore next plantiiif,' time, and TtOO in two years, which the i;ii:'li>l;
a;;ri'e to accept as full "satisliiccon."
1. That each party of the Indians was t(» restore to th<' other all lliiiii's
taken, and whert; canoes were d«,'stroyed, others "in the r(»onie of them, liili
as t'ood," W(•r(^ to be f,'iveii in retinii. The Mn^flish ohIifraKMl iheinsihcsjlir |
Uiints.
r». That as many matters cannot he treated of on account of thealisiiiri'nf
llnrii.t, they are to he delerred luitil the next nieeiin;.' of the cominissiimcrj |
at Hartford, in Sept. Idlti, where liotli parties sliouhl Im> heard.
(!. The Narrafiansrt and Niantie saithems hind themselves to keep pinn
with the lOiiglish and their siiccessors, "aial with yncas tlio Mohcgan sucIriu
[HllOK II
lili^' iiolifu.,] „;■
lor soiiic liii,,
,;;lisli liMii I,,,,'
latc aiiil soil,
iK'UnilWlcil;;,,:
ncinicd Will,
next |iliiiiiii,_.
or a vciirc i,,,,
by tin- \>nsK,
I tlial |Im's;i|;|'.
lu'S oCllll' I'.ii^
It parading' n.
have rciiiiiiiliii
lie t;if,'lit \i;,r,
ih, "oiif (il'il,,,
n'ssiiif: hiinMii;
iito tlicir liMih!.
II." ^ Tlicy «rr,'
i(! Fiii^jlisli Win
■t to hllOW lilt',
itllOIIH' III' wlii;,
tori! to Uims ill
I lor all llicchii
IcllClnS (ISSITlii;
;c Indians /o ilt-
I) small I'lliriii:,
I ilic advisiTMi'
tll«! I'rijlldt \\;ir,
,ho sliorcs of ilv
iiKiry, and ilwi
I (•(insinlcfl iliai
dii'ii tVoin tliim,
nuiv rasi' in ilir
.\.\vij//i of lhi\]
si;riit'd liv tilt
>ii tin' !M()lii'Biii<
cMfTi'rs In llii'iii
liiviii*,' ai'kiHiwl-
(lama^nMl I'm). \
ll<f|isll ('nliijihs
i<> I'wiirlisli m
^dark \vfiiii|iiiii-
ill liiiir iiioiiili-. I
liii-li llir l''li:'li>l
IdiIkt all diiiii" I
lie (d' tliiMii, I
|| tlii'iiisrlM'sWr
If tlifalisi'iu'i'iif
coiiiinissiniicrj |
II.
to kiM'|) piw'i
Kilicgaii sucln.ia I
CiiAP. v.]
UNCAS— MF,XAM.
I his iMcti with Vs.iamcquin,* Pomhnm, Sokaknoocn, Cvlcluimakin, Sfioannn,\
/"/',won"""V/' ""*' "" "''"'■'*• ■'^"'' *''"^' '" *■"***' dilliniltics ocniir, tlicy uro
to iipplv to iIh- Kiiirlisli.
7 riicv iiioinisc to deliver ii|» to tlio Kiifrlisli all fusjitivcrH wlio shall at any
,•„„. he fliiiiKl aiiioiifr thrill ; to pay a yt'arly Iriiiiitc, "a iiioiilh liclini' Indian
)'. msl cvcrvyiar allcr llii.<, at IJoston," "for all such rccdilsas live aiiion^rst
t'l .111 " iu'i'oi''l'"JJ '" ''"' """'y "' ••••"{'^;t "naiinly, oiic (iilliiiiii of wliito
Miiiiiiiii lor racli IN'i|iiot man, and iialf a latliom tor caidi IN acott youth,
lid (III.' hand l<'n;>'tli of \vam|»iiiii lor caidi I'racotI man-idiiid ; and if It'tck-
■ nh Ciikri' rt'lhsi' to pay this trilmtc Ibr any l*cacoils with him, liii- Narro-
1 i.Mr(iiiscl siifrainoics promise to assist i\\r I'lnglish aj,'aiiist him;" and lo yiidd
iIp ai till' I'-irirlish the whido I'lrniot ctinntry.
H Tlir sachems promise to d( liver lour of their children into the liniids of
tlic llnidisli, "viz'. Pinsnrus his eldest soiin, the sunn of 'l\inHtiiiiiinutivilt,
liiiillier to IHssnrus, .'iwitshamic his sonii, and HwnnirfHdi'it soiin, ii iN'yanlicdx, to
lie kept as idedf^es or liostajre. " until tlie wampum should he all paid, and they
lull! met I urns at llarlliird, and Ji, ,;;■;!'.'• i>".:\ h'lfpdock | had siiiiiid ihe.se arti-
cles. As till' idiildren wvre. to he sent for, It'iliiivash, I'diiiamsi; JtnruHSdr, and
ff)n,<rl,wnmino ollered their pcM-sons as security for tliirir <l( livery, who were
acri'|iti'd.
ii. JSiitli the soc.urities and hosla^'os W(!ro to bo supported at the (•harj,'e of
till' Kiiirlisli.
10. 'riint if any hostilities were -omtnitted while this tn-iity was niakitij»,
ami JMliiie its provisions were known, sncli acts not to be; considered ii violu-
tjoii llieiriif
11. Tln'y "fi'rP" i'"t "• s*'" »".V of tlieir iuiids without the consent of tho
coiiiinissidiiers.
I'i. If any I'etpiots should l)e found ainon<r them who had murd(M'ed lOng-
jisli, llicy were to bo delivered to tlie l'ji<^lisli. Ilert; iidlow the iianieH, with
u murk to ouch.
Pf.sskciis,
AuMSA.\«il!KN, IT ikpvtl)
for the JVinnlicks,
Ann AS,
I'oiMMnsii,
i (/IITCIIAMAKINS,
[ ^V^•.|■.K|•.S\N,NO,
WrrrowASH,
We do not see JUrram^s or J\fiT(ivvn\i name amoiijj the sifriiers, allhoiiijh
liris iiieiilioned as beinir |iresriit, unless another name was then applied to
liiiii. Tiiere were Ibiir interpreters eniploy< d upon the (x-easion, namely,
Scifreiiiit CuUlctil. and his Indian man, ('ulrlinmakiu and ./«s'?V's'.'*
I'loiii this lime to the next meeting of llic; e<iiiimissioiiers, the country
(ii'iiiis not to have been much disturbed. In the mean liiii", lio\\e\er, CiiraSf
willioiit any lep-ird to tlie promise 'ind ob!i;:ations the l'lii<:Tisli had laid lliem-
sIm sunder for him, undertook to chastise a Narra^raiiset SMcdiem for some
nllcirtil otli'iice. On openinjj; llieir coiif^ress, at New Haven, h tteis from IMr.
Mrlun and Mr. Pdrr.i, at Petpiot, were read by the comniissioiieis, fri\ in^
niTiiiiiits of Unnis^ii perfidy. Thi! com|daiiiaiils were siiil to, and iiiliiriiied
tli:it rums was shortly to be; there, and that they should briiif; their proof in
iirilir to a trial.
Mi'.iiiwliile Uncna came, who, aller waitinj^ n. few days, and his accusers
nut a|>|iearinjr, was examined and dismissed. It a|'pe,iis that the llii^dish at
N;iiiH'(ik<', since Saybrook, were the suH'eriiifr parly, as their ni'i;rliliorliood
WHS the s'N'iK^ of lJiicns\<i depredatioii.s. Of some of tli" cliar^res lie ackiiowl-
(•il;riil hiiiis"lf frnilly, especially of fi^ihlin;,' jVirkwiisii [Weipiaslil Cookv so
iii'iir til tli(> plantation at Perpiot ; altlioii<;li he alle;red that some of the Ijii^-
lisli there had encouraged ft'eiuasli to hunt upon his lands. He was informed
" (*H\(ivi'V/(//;i.
! Si'i- |iii!jc fll, ante.
11 /liii/iiiyMirt.
t l'rrli:\|is Shd.ilKtnini-, or Shchi'i.
^ iVf'luaiili Cook. II Wi-iiilfimwrk.
*• Sou of CItikitlaubiit, [jrolialily.
i
m
I: .ai:
mmiM^
mm
■ * H Vi 1** ■ i ,
'■■■'■■'■ ' B
m:-').
h'!:-)!
■l;,'.'t'l)l^-, : iff
90
IJNCAS.— NUMEROUS CHARGES AOAINST IlIM.
[Rook II
iff
tlinf liis lin>f!i( r lind also been jjiiilty of some olli'iico, Init neitlior flio aonisn.
nor tlic rcnisi'd wcrr iirc.sciit, >iinl, tlicrcl(in>, it cduld not lie iictcil upon. Sn
alter II k'\[u\ n\' rif/rliiKiiiil, I'mttn was dismissed, as wi- liavo just nM'!iii(i||,,,i'
Iliit l)e|()rc he had left the town, iMr. Win. .Morton arrived at court, with i|,r,''
Indiiiii.-, to maiiil.'iin the aetioti airainst liim ; lie was, therefore, called in. j|||,|,|
iieariiii,' was had, "luit the ciunmissioiiers fomide hoc cause to alter the tiinii.f
wiitiii'ie ,'iiiicii him." This was as rejrarded the atliiir with f^'cpirtsh. Vr
Morton then |ir'idiiccrl a l'et|uot powwow, named Unnipvslirf, wjio, in. ^.j,'
iiad charjicd Cnras with ha\iM<r hired him to do violence to another li;.li:i!i.,j
to proeiip- it to lu> done, whii-h «ccordin;.dy was effected, tiie indian !.(i,.
wonnd^d with a hatchet. 'I'his crime was at first laid to the char^'c oi ,i "
//i/f/.s'//, as I'linis had intended. " I5nt after [wards,], the I'eipiat's powwi,",
tronhled in conscience, conid have no rest till he had discom'cd /»)'■;(,? ii,|,
the anthor." lie first relat<'d his jrnilt to /{oliiii,' an Indian s( rvaiii of Vr
ff'inllirop; hut, to the sm"pris(! of the whole conrt, ff'<tmi>iislitt, t]\v onlv \m..
ness, on hi'iiiir (piestioned thron^di Mr. Stnnton, the interpreti'r, told a Min
tliamelrieally the reverse of what he had liet(>ie stal( d. "Il(? cleand / ,>■ ,i
and cast tiie plot aial i,milt \\}im ^Virkirit s It Coolie and Robin;" "and tliMiiji;
fhe other two I'ecpiats, whereof the one was Hiililii\'i hrol her, seemed iniiin
oflinded," and said I'nrns had hired him to alter his charire, "yet hi- porsiMiit,
and said ,\'( rkwnsli Conkr n\\{\ lioliin had irinen him a payre of hreechcs. ;iii,|
promised him 'i't liulome of wampnm, to cast the plot npon Inrnn, im{\ tli;itii|..
I'lnjrlish planlacon and l'ei|uats knew it. 'Die commissioners ahli(a'riii^'tj,|.
diiiili>!i lidshoode, and ad\isin<ic I'nnis, if he e\pected any liuoin'e and ns|!.vi
from ihe Kniilish, to liaue no hand in an_\ snch desiijiies or \niust wayes."
Jlence it appears that the coint did not doidn much of the villany of /'mw.
Init, for reasons not required here to he named, he was tnated as a liini)
jtannt ofhii treats a dis(diedioiit child : reminded <d' the end to whicji Mi,|,
crinKslead: and seem to thr<'al( n (di siisi-ment in their words, while tliiir
depoHment holds out 'piite diirereni lan^.niaL'c.
At ihe conirri'ss of the I'nited Coloni.'s, at lloMon, in July, 1(117, Mr.iiiii
(r/«/.'(ro/Mif Connecticut presented a p<'tilion, '"in the nana- of many I^■(|alm^"
in th(^ preamhie of which Citsniitmon aial OhcrliUjuoit are iiamed. re(|iics:iii;
that they mi;;ht ha\t' liberty to dwell somev> here imder the |)roteetioii nl'iiK
I''.ii!,dish, which they mijrlit appoint. They acknow ledired that their s,ii Imii.
and peo|)le had don>' \-ery ill a^rainsi the lln^disii fiirmci'ly, for w liieli tiny li.ni
justly sutrcred and hcen riirhllidly con(|Mered hy the Unulish ; hut that tlic) \n\
had no haial, hy consent or otherwise, in sheddinjr ih'' blood of the ilii^li^li,
and that it was by the advice of .Vmiuiiuli + that they fled fi-om their ceiinin,
beinj; promised liy him that the I'nulish would n^it hurt them, if tliey did iif.i
join ajiaiiisl them. The nami s of (;■* cr;i\inir pardon and prolection wcr'a!
the same time comnnuiieateil.
In answi r the commissioners say, that while ffc/wisli li\ed he had maili' ii'i
mention of "sucdi innocent i'eijuais, or from .any other person since;" ami mi
"enipiiry from Tlioman Stanton, fi'oni Fo.r.>n. one (d' IJnniH his men, and at In.-;
by eonli'ssion of tiie INipiats pres"ni, found that some of the |)etiti:inri*s mr.'
in .Misiiek fiirl in tlf;hl a:.'ainsi ili-' jji^iish, and fled away in the smoke," juiil
that otiii'i's \veiv at other times in arms aiiainst the I'ji.uiish and .MoIi'^'miis
and, llierei"ore, the ijroimd of their p'lition was fjdsi' and deceitful.
Jt app'ars tliat they had taken relii<xe imd: r I'nrns, who h.-id iM'orr.iscd tli'in
good iisajfe, wifudi was probably on condition tliat they should pay liiiii a
tribuii'. They resided a; this lime at \aiiiyok.
At the same ('(Hirt, Obnliujuol eoiiiplaiiied that Unran had forcibly tiihpii
awa\ his wife, !ind criminally obiiired In r to li\e wiih him. " /Vroe li in;
present, as Unr(ts\i de|»uty, was (|uesti(in 'd alioiit this base and inisidllnilil
oulrajfe ; he di nii'd that j/^a/r/.v either took or kept away Ohrrlii'iiio P.i wWvU
force, and afrirnied that [on] 0/«r//»7/?»o/'."} wilhdrawinjr, with other Peiinots
* His lailiaii iiaim; wis Cuxinitiiion, |)erlui|is llic same as Ciississiimiininri . m ^ Vrv.(sm'/'»M
Ate.
t Wfi/ii 's'l, (lie (railor. IFc liernme a iioird praviiiff biilina. afier llie l'i(|a()l war, and
was Mi|)|iusi;(J lo liuve died i>y |x,isoa. Fifiiuoul iiRiilioii will be Ibuiid ol' liiiii i'lsi'"liiic !■■
our wuilt.
r tlif arniwf
tl llllOll. >!,,
St iiH'inioii.,!,
rt, Willi ilii-,,
ilird ill, mill II
Id- till' tm-iHi-
fV'/i'rt.i/i. Vi.
wlm, lir si:,
licr lr..ii-i!i. ,;
liuiiaii I'll '
rliiif^'c (i| ,■
lilt's |)()\\ ,,1.",
<l /'»'■.'(.? ii.l
SI rviilit dl' '\'r.
, t!ic (111!;, \\i'-
r, toitl ii >ii.r\
I'lcitnd r," (,
' "ami tliMii:;
StMMllCll llllHi
ct 111' |i('rs:-i.'ii, f
r lin-ci'liis, ;iii,|
im, ami thati;.'
< aliliiirrliiL' n i-
iirt' and ns| i
ist waves."
illniiy (if Vii'i'/,
atcd as a i'ljul
to wliii'li >:\'i
rds, wliiji' llinr
1(H7, My.J.M
iiiaiiy l'riiii:in>,"
lilli'd. I'l'llMi'y'li.'
(itcrlidll ol'llir
tlicir Siirliiiii>
lilrll tliry liiiil
lit thai llir> lal
dl' till' r.ii!;li-!i,
tlicir (■niini!),
if tlicy dill »■'.
tli'cliiiii wri'ii!
C".tp. v.]
UNCAS ACCUSED OF PERFIDY.
97
(' liad mail!' II"
since;" aii'l ni,
iiicii, ami at I;;-'.
K'titi^iiiiTs wir
IC SIlKlkl',"' i'.ll'l
1111(1 M(lll"l'MII>.
fill.
Iimniisi'd tli'iii
idd pa\ liiiii a
forcihly lii!;'""
" /''m'')/' lii'iii!:
lid iiiisulVcnilil''
](-/i(o/',s will'!')'
[dtlicr I'djiiiiH
I. or (.'mitsinmM.
l'i<|ii()l «.-ir. and
ll' liiiii i'lso« litre 1=
from Vnrait, Iiis wifo ivfiisod to go witli liiin ; .mid timt, nmong the IndiniiH, it is
ml wlii'ii'a wiU; so dcsi'its her iiiisliaiid, anotlur iiifiy take Ikt. ()!><clii<iHod
ill'iniii'd lliat Uncas iiad dfalt criiiiiiially JK-forc, and Hiiil kept hm- against
.•11 »»
'"'i'lKiii'di not satisfied in |)oint of proof, tlic eoiniiiissionrrs said, ""\'cf ab-
jinriii" lliat liistfiil adulterous camagc of r«w,», as it is aeknowledged and
liiliimted liy Fornrt" and ordered tliat lie should restore the will', and that
OhiAiqmul have lilierty to s^'ttle under the protection of tin! F''nglish, where
rliiv should liirect.*
(''oiiiplaintH at this time were as thick npon the head ot j/nws as can well
li(. iiiiiccived of, and still we do not imagine that half the crinies he was guilty
iif nil' en rci'oi'd. Anoilier Indian named Snmtf)s,nt the sanic! time, coinplaiii-
cii that lie had dealt in lik(^ manner with tin; witi; of another ciiieti since dead ;
ihiit 111' liad taken away his corn and heaiis, and attemjited his life also. Tho
(•MiiH «iv they found no proof, " first or last, of these charges," still, as to the
fiiiii ami lieaiiH, " /'«xoh conceives Uncas sii/ed it hecanse .S'rt/uioy*, with a
Pciiiidt, in a disorderly manner withdrew himself from Uni-un." Ilence it
si'ciiis not niiich evidence was required, as IJnvns's deputy uniliirndy pleaded
.riiiltv; and the court could do no less th;ui order that, on investigation, he
^liimlihiiake r slitiition. As to .Vrtfmo/J, who was " n(» I'lVjuot," hut a "Con-
iiicticiit Indian," In; had liberty to live under the ))rotectiou of the; J''nglish
also.
'I'd the charges of the I'equots against Uncas, of "liis vnjustico and tyranny,
iliiiwiiiire wiiMipam from them vpon new jiretences," " tliey say they haue
iriiii'ii him wampam 40 times since they cami! viider him, and that they haue
sent wanipain iiy him to the Knglish 'i."i times," and had no account that he
cvci' ili'livcied it ; it was answered by Foron, that Unnts had received wain-
piiiii (livers times as tribute, but denied that, in particular, any had Ik'cii given
jiiiii for the I'lnglish, and that "he thinks the nomber of y5 times to be
nlmirt'tlier false."
Tliiie \.ere a long train of charges against Uveas for his oppression of the
Pciiiiots, which when the commissioners had heard through, tliey "ordered
that I'h'iin be duly reproved, and seriously enformed that the I'iUglish cannot
DWiii' or protect him in any vnlawful, much lesse trecberous and outrageous
coiii-si's." And notwithstanding the commissioners .seem not to doubt of the
niscalily of their ally, yet nolliing seems to have been done to relieve the
(Ijstii'ssi'il Peipiots, because that "after the [Peqiiot] warre they s|)ared the
liiirs of such as had not! hand in the blonde of tlii! I'nglisli." To say thi! lea.st
of wliirli, it is a most extraordinary consideration, that liecaiise some innocent
iiciiplc had not been destroyed in war, they might he liaras.sed according as
ihi' caprice of abandoned minds might dictate.
Mr. Jolin fVlnthrdj) next jiretei-s a eoniplaint against Uncas from another
(lii:ir!(r: the j\ipiiii:ks had been attacked, in KMii, jyy l.'W iMohegans, under
.\'iwrii)in, a brother of ['nras. It does not appear that he killed any of them,
hilt rol hi'd thciii of dli els to a great amount; among which are euumeratecl
.T) liiilniiii of waiiipuiii, 10 copper kettles, 10 " great hempen baskets," many
hiiii' skins, (leer skins, t^c. Of this eharg(> Foron said Uncas \vi\» not guilty,
lor that he knew nothing of Mw('iiitii\s proceedings in it ; that at tin; time of
it [^J: pti'iiiber] Uncas, with his chief couiiselloi-s, was at New Haven with tho
cniiiiiiisHioiiers of the I'liited Colonies; and that JS'owerjua had at tlu; same
liiii" I'ohhi (I some of Uncfts\<i own |»eople.
it was also urged by H'inlhrop, that not long before the meeting of tho com-
Mii-sicmis in September, 1()47, this same JVnivequn had been with 40 or '^0 men
In I'islirr's Island, wli(>re he had broken U|) a eaiioe beloHging to him, and greatly
iiliiiiiicd his man and an Indian who were there at that time. That A')(W'/i(a
mxt "hdvered against the I'Jiglish plantation, in a suspicious manner, wiili 40
01' no (if his men, many of them armed with guiins, to the allVightment not
nily of the Indians on the shore (soc that some of them lu^gan to bring their
goods to tilt! English houses) but divei-s of the English themselue.s."
* 'I'liis clin'C is lhi> same, we liolicvo, callod in a later part of llio records (Hazard, ii. 113)
iWhirhirk:riu>d. Hii was fiiu'd. with seven others, lea i'alhum of wampum for going tu light
llic I'ocuni|>iuc'k Indians with Uficas, in the summer of 1G5D.
i
m
k M
\M
98
UNCAS.— WAR WITH THE NIPMUKS.
[Rook I[
These chnrpos bciiijj ndtnittod liy FoTon, tlio comiiiissioiu'rs "ordered ii,,,
f'lirus froiii tlieiii lit! fiilly iiiCoriiieci, (liat lie iiiiist eitlicr n>i;iilutt! uiid foiiiimip
Ills hrotlicr in ii r"n;lit»MMiM iiiul iMWcaldi- I'riiiiic fcir tin- Ciitiirt^ viHlerstamlinm
(iiid |in>vi(lin^ tliat v|ioii due proof due rcHtiliitioii to lie iiiude to Hiieh as Im',,!
I)een wroiifjed Ity liim, or (.'ls(! wlioly disert and leauo him, tliat tin; i\arni",|,.
sett and otliers may re(|uere and reeoner satisfaetioii aw tliey eun."
We |»as.s now to tiie year Ki")!, omittin;,' to notice some few oveiits iniiriwr
less eonneeted witli our sidtjeet, wliieli, in anoijier eliapter, may projierlv |i,i>
jnder review.
un(
liast year, Thoma.t Stanton liad lieen ordered "to jjet an aceoiint of the iinn,.
beraiid names oftlie several l*e(|nots livinfj; anion;,' the Narraf{aiisets, Niantiik!
or Mohei,'an Indians, tVe. ; who, hy an agreement madi? al\er the l*<'i|iiot \\n\\ mv
justly trihutaries to the Mnfdisli eoloni.s, and to receive tlio trii)iile due foiilii.
fust year." Stanton now appeared as intei-preter, and with him cainc ,i!m,
Unras and wneral of his men, lVf(juas}i Couh and some of " jVi anrrrwyrs " umi
"Riiljcrt, II Peqnot, sometimes a servant to Mr. It'inthrnp, and sona^ "iijiliiin
B'al some Pefpiots living' on Lon^' Islaiul." They at this time delivered :j|j
fathom of wampum. Of this Unras l»roui;ht /!•, .XimffrtCs men !M, vVc.
"This wampum beiii^ laid down, l.'nras and (tthers of the l'((|iii,i<
demanded why tl is tribute was recpiired, how lonj; it was to coiuiinic, .hiI
whether th(^ ehilfiren to Ik^ born herealler were to jtay it." They win
'. svvered that the tril)uto had !ieen due yearly from the I'equots since |(;>
. account of tin ir murders, wars, &c. upon tiie Kiiffhsh. " VVherefon. ii,,
commissioiKirs mi^dit have reipiired both account aial payment, as of a |ik
dei»t, llir time past, but are contented, if it be thaiikfnily acct^pted, to nmii
what is |)asr, accountinjr oidy from 1()5(), when Thomas Stanton^s <;mpl()yiiiiiit
and salary besjan." Also that tin; triliite shuiild end in ten years inore, iiml
that children horoailor born should bu exempt. Hitherto all mule cliildnn
were taxed.
The next matti r witli which we shall proceed, has, in tiie lift* of Ousar.it-
quin, been merely glanced at, and reserved lor this place, to which it iiHire
oroperly belongs.
We have now arrived to tlu; y<>ar Idfil, and it was in the spring of this vrar
that a war broke out !)etween Unras and the old sadiem before naiiicil. \\
seems very clear that the Wampanoairs had been I'riendly to th<' NarnniiiiNK
for a long tinm jirevions; being si-parated from them, were not dlim
involv(Ml in tlii'ir trotililes. They saw how Unras was favored by the Knirlsli,
and were, therefore, careful to have nothing to do with the Mohegaiis, t'liiin
whom they wnv still fiuther removed. Of tla^ rise, progress and teriniiiaiiMii
of their war upon tin; (jualiaogs, a trilin of Ni|)nniks belonging to If'asamnm
tlu^ reader may gather the most important facts from some doeuin»!iits,' wiiiih
we shall in th<; next place lay before him.
"Mercuuii's de QiTABACoNK, or a declaration of t'te dealings of fVij
and th(> Moliegin Indians, to certain Indians tht; inhal>itants of Quaiiacoiik.
21, Ml! luo. Kitij.
"About ten weeks sinc(! Unras'' son, acconrpaiued with 70 Indians, set iipoD
the Indians at (tuabaconk, and slew three persons, and carried away six [iris-
oners; among which were one s(|uaw and her two children, whom win n lie
Iiad brought to tlie tiirt, Unras dismissed tla; s»|uaw, en conditions lliiit A\f
would go Ikmiii' and bring him il'-i.j in peag, two guns and two hlankiis. tir
the rele.-.se of h<'rselt' and her children, which as yet she hath not doni', l«'iii5
retained liy the sagamore of Wtshak(!im, in hopes that their league with the
Knglish will fre(! tliem.
"At the same liun' he carried away idso, in stuff and mojiey, to tlaMii'iie
of £.'37, and at su<'h tim<! j.s Unras received notice of the displeasmc of liie
Knglish in the IMassachiisetts by tla? worshii)ful IMr. ff'intlirnp, he insoliiitk
laughed them to scorn, and professed that he would still go on as In' Id
begun, and assay who dares to coiitroll him. Moreover, liiur days siiire
lliere came home a prisoner that esca|)(!d ; two yet remaining, whom f Voj
* lu manuscript, and never before published.
J
[Rook II
"onltTcil ilm,
V Uiul roiiiiiii,,,
'iul<'i-staii(lii|ir<.
(> Hiu'li as liini,.
, tilt; NaiTii:;( I .
I."
3V(!iit.s iniiri'fr
y properly |,;i«<
lilt of tlic mill;.
isi'ts, Niaiitii'L..
I*»'(pi()t war, iiiv
lite tliii' litrilii-
liiiii caiiK' ,'i!mi
nnrmjYn" mui,
some wiili liiiii,
IS (li'livcrcd lil'i
i-ni»l, iS.c.
)f' the l'(M|iiii|<
o coiitimic, mil
." Tlicy \Mr,'
lots HilllM- llfc',«.
" Wlierct'Dir tin
(!iit, US of a ji;-i
CCptl'tl, to ICIIlil
(h's tdiipliiyiiinii
years more, imd
il mule childrtn
life of OiMfl.iie-
) whifli it niiire
riiifj of tills yrai
fore luinitMl. li
lie NarniiriiiMK
weri> not (itii'ii
i l)y tlie Kiifrlisli,
Molieifaiis, timii
ami tenniiialinii
}j to fVasivhnm,
iiiiieiits,* wliuh
fnlinpH of riifflj
of CiiiaUu'Diik,
tinlians, set npnn
I'd away six |iris-
wlunri wlii'ii lie
litlitions tliiit slio
^\vo Maiiki'is. jir
not doiii', iH'lnj
lenf?iie w itli llie
liiey, to tl)o va'iio
[sp"leasiinM)t" ihf
f)/>, lie iiisiili'iitiy
to on as 111' liiiii
lfo\ir (lays siiire
lig, whom (VflJ
nnr. v.]
IIEFLF.CTIONS.— MESSAHE TO UNCAS.
99
tlirt'atf
Mill til
tiiiii \v
waiiilt:
■ns, the
rcateiis
hatsoev
r fiir fr<
one of them to kill, ami the other to sell away ns n slavo, and
to eoiitiniie his war aifainst ilieiii, iiotwithstanirm<; any |)roliilti-
( r; whose very threats are so terrihie, that our Imlians dure not
)iii the towns almiit the indiuiis tiir tiiir of siirjirise.
From the relation of
IVVMBASHUA,
oik! testimony of
Wahasiaoi.v,
Ul'AqUKm I .NSKT,
and others,"
rrniii this narrative it is very plain that I'lirns eared very little for the dis-
nli'Msiire of the Knglish : it is plain, also, that he knew as well as they what
ii(|it lliein from dealins.' as severely with him as with the Narruffansets, his
iiiiirliiiiii-s. They must siieemnh to liim, to keep him in a temp<'r to aid in
fii'liliiij.' their liattles when called upon. Ileiiee, when ho had committed the
('Hissist insiills on other Indians, the wheels of jiistiee ollen moved so slow,
tliiii tliiv arrived not at their ohjeet imtil it had heeome cpiite another matter,
ll must, however, hi- considered, that the lOn^rlish were very jticuliarly sit-
ii„l,.i|— iipiiii the very marjrin of an nnknown wilderness, inclosed hut on one
i.iile hv liidiai s whose chief hiisiness was war. Thev had destroyed the
l'r(|ii(iis, hilt this oidy added to their fi'ars. for they kni' 'hut reveiifre linked
still ill the hreasts of many, w ho only were waitinj; . >v i • o|)portimity t(»
p-iititV it; lliere((>re, so lony as one of ihe most numerous t . "s could possi-
!ilv he kejit on their side, the Kujilish considered then. 'Ivi-s in safi-ly. They
Jitid made many misste|is in their proeeediiiffs with the Indians, owin;; sonie-
tiiiits to one cause and souietimes to another, for which now there was no
rt'iMfdy; and it is doiilitfiil whether, even at this day, if ;ny set of men were
to iri> into an unknown reirioii and seitle amon<r wild men, that they would
gft aloiiij with them so much hetter than our tti. rs did with the Indians
licic, as some may have ima<iined. These lu-e eon. .lerutious which must he
tiiKi'ii into account in estimatiii<r the "wronjis of the Indians." They seem
llic more necessary in this place; for, in the hiosrraphy of Uncns, then; is us
niiicli, pt-rhaps, to ci^isure regarding the acts of the English, as in any other
ftrticle of Indian history.
The narrative just recited, heing sent in to the court of Mnssacliiisetts, was
refined to a select committee, who, on the 1 June, reported.
Thai letters shoidd hi; sent to Uncas, signifying how sensihle the court was
of the iiiiiiries he had done them, hy his outrage upon the Indians of Cluuhu-
roiik, who lived under their sagamore, JVassama^in, as set forth in th(!
narrative. That, therefore, tlu-y now desired him to give up the captives and
make restitution for nil the goods taken from tlieni, and to torhear for time to
ooiiie all such unlawful acts. Tliut, if It'assamagin or his suhjects had or
should do him or his suhjects any wrong, the Knglish wonhl, upon due
proof; cuiiso recompense to Ir; made. Also that Uncas be given to under-
stand and assured, that if ho refuse to comply with the request, they were
then resolved to right the injiu'ies upon him and his, and for nil costs they
nii;ilit he put to in the service. "That for the encouragement and safety of
the sayd H'assnmaf^in and his subjects, there be by order of Major IVillard
thne or four armed men, well accomodate in all respects, with n proporcoii
of powder, hulletts and match sent ti-oni Lancaster t(» Cliiabaconk vnto the
sayd ff'wisamap^in, there to stay a night or two, and to slioctte of their mus-
qiiits so often, and in such wise, as the major shall direct, to terrific the
ciii'iiiies of H'assamafcin, and so to return home again." To inform IVassama-
pn and his subjects, that the authorities of Massachusetts would esteem it an
arkiKiwIedginent of their regard, if they woidd permit them to have the
captives to be recovered from Uncas, to bring tlietn np in a proper manner,
that lliey might be siTviceahh' to their friends, &:c. Also, "uduice and re-
qnire //'(/.Mrtmn^iH and his men to be verie carefiill of iniuring or any ways
protioking of Vncas, or any of liis men, as he will answer our displeasure
V:' '.<:.
r^i i ;
100
UNCA.S WAR WITH ALEXANOKR.
[HiiDK II
!
I
thiTcin, niid iiinirr due niiniMliinnit for ihr Hiimc." 'Flint if flticwi ••oininittcj
nii\ oilier hostile arts, lie iiiiiHt (-oiiijilaiti to tli(!iii, &c,* TliUH hu/niinniifin
WiiH ii.s iiiiii-li tlireateiied as llnran.
iMiitters seem to liiive remained tliiis imti! the meetiii^ ol' tlie <'oiiiiiii.ssioi,.
<'rs ill Se|ilemlier ((lilitvviii;;:; when, in due rtiurse, the husiiiess was eallitj n,,
and aeted ii|mui as follows: —
" X'jion eoiiijilaint mad'- to the comissioiiai's of the Massacliiisctts a}.'iiiii«|
I'likas, this following' mess.iv't' «as sent to him: —
" ynras, woe haiie reeeiiied informiilioii and eomjilainl from the iri-iicrull
court of the IMasHiichiisetts of \ oner hostile invadini; of Itostimii/inn aiiil t|„
IndiaiiH of (tiialiakiitt, whoe are and loii^'c haiie hiiie siihjeets to tiie l'!ii>;li.||
killing' some and earrvin^' away others; sjiuyliii^' tlieiic }.'oods to the viilliicni
JJlHIi. as they allej.'*'." That he had done tiiis contrary to his coveiinnt^. ninl
had taken no iiotiee of the demands id' the iMassaclmsetts, tholl^ll sonu' tiim
flince they had ordered him to deliver up the nijitiMs, mak<^ reniiUM'niiinii,
&e. And to all he had returned no answer; " whieh," eoiitiniies thcldiir
"HeeiiH's to hee an insolent and proud earriajrc of yoiierx We eaimiii Imt
wonder att it, and must heare witness a^r'iiii'^t it." lie was, as liefore, iciiniivil
t<» return tin; captner:, Kr. and jrive reasons for his operations; and if [n
riejjieeted to do so, tli<; IVlassr •hiisetts were at lilMyty to ri<;ht themselvis.
In the mean time, as we apprelHiid, a letter from I'ncas wan rereived, writ-
ten Ity Captain .Mason, wliicii was as followH : —
"Whereas there was a warrant sent from the court of Hostoii, dated in mv
last to Incus, sacheni of Mohesren, wherin it was declared vpon the nuiI-
plaint of ff'vsnnieqnrn,^ a sachem siihject to the iMiissai hiisetts, tliat the siid
Vnrit/i had otli-red f,n-eat vitdence to tlieire siilijects at Hiialmiik, killiiifr some ninl
takiiifr others captiiie ; whiidi warrant came not to ('««m, not ahoiie 'i()(|iiii>
before these presents, who, lieiiif.' summoned hy IMajor John JMasi.ii, in lii||
Bcopeitf tin; said warrant, wherein he was deeply charfrcd if hi did not imira
the eaptiiies, and CSi diimajre, then th<' Massachusetts would rei'eiier it |i
force (d'arnies, wliicdi to him was iiery jrrieiioiis : prolissin;,' he was altojici'
ignorant that they wcr" Mihjects heloiiLfin^' to the iMassaclmsetts; and I'lirtlicr
eMiid that they were none of H'es(ime(iuen\<i men, hut lielon^'in;.' to Ormpe'iuinjm
deadly eneniie, whoe was there home; one of the men then taken was ln«
own cousin, who had fnrnu'rly liiu;;ht ai,'aiiist him in his own person; andjcit
sett him att lil)(Mlie ; and further saitli that all the captiues were sent lioinc,
Als<te that ff'esanu(iuin[^a] son | and diners of his men had fought iiiraiiist liim
diuerH times. This la; desired might hee returned as his auHwarc to lli"
coiiiissioiiers.
" . iV/n-anf/er allis Jf'amaiUta, saclieiii of Sowninsett, being now att Plyinoiitli,
bee challenged <.|ualmuk«; Indians to belong to him ; and further ^lid that iitc
did warr against I'ncas this Hiinuner on that account. §
Signed by
John Mason."
* Here cud our MSS. rnlalinj^ (o tills affair.
t liy tills ii wouKI M'eiii lliai .Uussasoit had, for some time, resided among the Mpmucks
He had, prohnMv. given up Pokaiiokct to his sous.
t 'I'lirre ran -( arcc Ix' a donlil that this rclers to Alexamhr, ami Uml die next parnirapb
conlinn^it; \wwc Massosoil \\n^ alive in May, Kif)!, as we have before slalp<l. Ami llie
above leitcr of Miisuii was probably writlcn in" Sepleinbcr, or while tiie cominissioufrs were
in sessidu.
C\ ll secins alwa>s to have been unrorlain to wliom the NIpmncks belonge<l. R'<:"
HWi«//i.v says, in l"(i(">f?, "That all the Ncepniurks were unqncslionably snbjcrt to the Nan-
liii^cniset sachems, and. In a speolal manner, to M iksith, die son of ('aunouninis, and hi'r
husband to this old SiiU'iir-Snrhriu, now only surviving. I iiave abundant and daily procil of
il," &.r. Ml^. letter. .See life Mcissasoil, b. ii. rli. ii.
At one time, Kutsliamakiu claimed some of the NIpmuf ks, or consented to be made a loo!
of by some oflheni, for some private end. Bnt Mr. Pynclioii said they would not own liiin as
a sachem any longer " than the sun sinned upon iiim." Had they belonged to him. Mil "sa-
chusetis must have owned iliem. whic h would have involved Uiem in much difficully in KV18,
by reason of several murders among them.
rns ••oriimittcj
IS lf'i(,i^iimi)fin
['. )'oiiiiiiissi(iii.
WMS Cllllcil ||||
iiisrttH uj»irni>|
II till- jri'iicrali
niiinin mill tin
to till' r.ii:.'li-li,
lo lilt' viilliii'iii
(•<ivriiiiiit>, mill
1 1^1 1 sill ill' tilii,.
I rciiiiincriiiiiiii,
MIU'S till' lltliT,
VVc ruiiiiol lint
icfori", rfiiuiiv:]
mis; 111 i| if III
iciiisclvi s.
I r«.'i"«'iv»»i, writ-
on, (liiti'il ill my
v|)f)ii till' ciiji,.
Its, that tlii'siiiil
kiHin^sdiiii'iiiiil
t lllllMH' 'iO(lllil>
i Mas(,n, ill liill
;■ (lid i;iit ri'tiirii
il rpi'i'iK'v it li
(• WHS iiltof:('i':
tts ; iiiid liirtluT
(> Onopt'iuin, liin
I tJikcii was \\\i
KTSoii ; aiidji'it
crc scut Ikmiic.
ji^dit at;aiiixt liim
aiisware to lli"
|\v att riyiiioiitli,
icr Kiid tliut liti'
OHN Mason."
Ciar. Vr]
UNCAS.— SASSACda.
lUl
long ll"' Nipmucks
|ho next pariisrraph
slaloil. Anil ilic
lominissioiitTi wcrt
lliclonsod. Ri/"
liilijcrt to the Nwi-
noiiniciif, and laif
[mid daily proof of
lo 1)0 made n Innl
liild IKll fiwii I'll" '^
ted to liim. Ma<-a-
{i dilliculiy iu \(y%
Till' iiartiiMiiars tif tl"' iHsiir of tlirsr trniilili-H wi-ro not rornrdcd, niid tlio
„i,,|,ii(iii is that IJnras iM)iii|dinl with tlii' rcasoniihlc r('(|iit'sis of the Kii;;-
L|' ,„„| till' old, pcarcidiii' Ouminnjmn, \n\\\<i iiiiwilliiiK to ;,'(t into (hlliniliy,
iiiit'iiji with tin- ii'siiit without avcii^iii;,' his Nvronn;s. Mis son, It'iimsiilln, hh
will hi' ►*'''"» idMiiit this tiiiit' found hiiiisi It' involved in ditiirultiis neanr
Ikuiii', whifli |iiohal)ly |>rcvt'nt«'d iiiiii from foiitintiin;,' lliu wur af,'a:iist Uncus,
littd lie hcuii otherwist! ilisjioHcd.
»###«
CHAPTER VI.
Of the PriiHOt nalion — flfosrrii/ilnj oftlirir rountnj — Sassiatiis, lhr.tr firs
III ihe Hill,'! -ll' — Tii.i.idi/iiiiiio't — ii'itr — Thi ntii.ii: of il — VVkhiiash — (
,Mi iiituiiuom II iiiTimril of hiirlwring J'liirilirc Pcqitulu — iiaaaainon — t
Sassiatiis, lhr.tr first, ehiff, hnnwn
'iinou'riis and
Mom ON OTTO —
Od/a/i— Cas»a»sinnamon
" Bill niiiiT I'vi" mcntioMMil Sn.imieii.i' grofit imino,
Tliiit iliiy Kii iiiiiili II li'rriir wlirrii II ciuiie (
l.«t nil', In iirii-iiM'iitiiiii ol' my Hliiry,
Hay iiuiiivtiiiiii; of liii iiriito unit kiii;{iluiii'ii glury." — Wolcott.
It is said hy Mr. IfubbanI* that the Pr(|iiots,f "being u more fierce, mud,
and warlike |ieo|)le than tlu^ rest of the Indians, eanie down out of tin; moro
iiiliiiid parts td' the continent, and Ity force seizin! upon one of the goodlicHt
nliu'i'S near tlie sea, and hecamo a terror to all their neighbors." The tiiiii- of
dirir emigration is unknown. They made all the other tribes "stand in awe,
tliiiii'di fewer in number tliuii tin; NarragansetH, that bordered next upon
Their coimtry, nccording to Mr. Gookin,§ "the English of Connecticut
juii.-dii'tion, doth now, (I(i74,] liir the most part, possess." Their dominion,
or that of their chii'f sacliem, was, according to the same nutlior, "over clivers
iirtty saL'ainores ; as over part of Long Island, over the Moliegan.s, and over
till- saL'ainores of Ciuinapeake, [now New Haven,] yea, over all the people that
dwelt upon Connecticut River, and over some ot the most southerly inhabit-
ants (if the Nipinuck country, about (iiiinab.iag." The principal seat nf the
safraii'ores was near the mouth of Pequot River, now called the Tliamea,
wlirc New London stands. "These Pe(piots, as old Indians relate, could, in
former times, raise 4000 men fit lor war." || The fii-st great chief of this
imtioii, known to the English, was
Sassacus, who.se name was a terror to all the neighboring tribes of Indians.
From the ti-iiitfui letters of t'lc; Reverend /Joafcr tVdimms, we learn that he had
a liiotlier by the name oi' Puppompos^cs, wdiose residence was at Monuhiganick,
[irolialily Mohegiin. Although Sasmcits\<{ principal residenct; was upon tho
Tliam 's, yet, in his highest prosperity, he had under him no less than 2(>
hucIk'his, and his dominions were from N.irraganset Kay to Hudson's River,
in the direction of the sea-coast. Long Island was u!so nndi r liim, and his
aiitliority was undisputed far into the country.
A hiother of .Srtw /cits, named Tansftquanott, survived the Peqiiot war, and
was one of those complained of by Uncus in 1047, for giving his comitrymeu
"oiooked counsell" about a presc^nt of wam|)um, which he had advis«'d to bo
pivcii to the Englisli instead of him. It appears that on the death of a child
of I'licai, the I'equots bad firesented him with 100 tatliom of wampum,1I
which, when Tassaqnanotl knew, he disapproved of it, politicly urging, that
it'tlie r.nglish were conciliated by any means towards them, it mattered not
nuR'h about Uncos.
* Narralivc, 1. IIG.
t \Vi' lii'licvo tliis namo meant Graij foxes, hence Oray-fox lu'lians, or Pcquols.
} Kisi. New Kn!,'lnii<l, 33.
* .Sic his (,'olleciioii.i in I ('oil. Mass. Hist. Soc. i. 147. H Ibid.
*i Uu:ard, Hist. Col. ii. DO.
9*
■■'M'yfy',:
i' ■■'*' ' '■ 'is? E^ ?M
k'5;t.:6|f|
•at''- ''"■■» '^Sf if
!«■'
102
SASHACrS— PF.aJMVr WARS.
[IllloK II
Wo nn; iiiroriii<*<1,* tliiit CoiimrtUMit wiim clHiiiictl l)y rifflit of niiKjinsi „;
9IW ti'iif l»y iIm> tiiHt while h( tlliif, wlio toiintl iiiiiih of it niltivatitl iuhI «,i
Ucd 1)}' itH liMlian iiihaliiliinls, alilmiii^ii tlicy iMiiliaMin il tliat it fliiinjij |,
Uiuirrstooil iitlii-rwiHr. The iiiiiiiIk is ol' tlir luiliMH in that ir^r,,,!, y^^^,
•♦ thoiiHaiiilH, whii liail tlino l<iii>fH, \i/.. ('onntrliruli, ({uiimiuio/f, niu\ Sah.,.
CUM." Coniurlirolc waH "ciiipi ror," or rhirf nl" rhirln, uii ••Irvatinn in \\|||,|,
hv anil his uii<Tnti>rH hud hUmkI for ahoiit KK) ytarH, accunliiig to their in,.
ditidiiH.
Ahiiiit tlie tiinr tlie l''ii<.'lihli liad th'ti-riniiicd on tht- Hidijnfration ot' ilic |v.
qnots, Uoffrr fHlllams wrote to (iovernor flintlirop of iVlassaehiiwetlr', ffumi,
liiin ini|ioitant diiectionH how they hIioiiM proeeed to advantajre, and HJmi
WU8 very important tiieii, gave llie ttdlowiiig rudu driill ol'tlieir foiintry :—
llivrr (tiiiinilitii-nt.f
O n I'lirt ul'llin Ninntui|nitt ninii, coiilcilcrato wild the l'('i|uU.
Miiliignnir River.
Oliiini
■ WUIII|I
ciwiiiikii,A llin
3 or 4 iiiilu* IVom
VVrin»lmiil<», wlioro
Sanaruun, llii- cliii'riinrliini, ii.
Mi*- O "'-''i wliiTc l< Mnmnh«,\\ ntiiillicr ctiinf ■acliini.
Kiviir.
Niiyiiii O tui|iiil,t vvlicri- in H'rpilriimmok nml niir fiinmlb
«x^ v%^ w\ %^^%^*wwvw% v^*%%^
Uivur.
In tlic Biiine letter, Mr. ffilliams nrgcH the neecHsily of eni|)|oyinj; fnitliful
guiih'S for tlie Knglish forces; "uk Hhuil hi^ hest liked «if [to] he taken iilmii!
to direct, eppeeially two I'eqntH; vi/. Weqtioiih, [whoHe naiiK; signified a swimi
and H'ltUmkquiarkommin, vuliant men, es|»eeially tln^ latter, who have JiMil
tlieHO three or four years with the Nunhifrgontieks, anil know every piissniul
poswige amongst them, who ch-sire armor to enter their houses."
In liilM, as has heen heliin; iiiridentally mentioned, one (^ipiain Stone \\i\i
killed hy the Peipiots, while ii|ion n trading ex|)edition in ('onneetleiit Kivir,
Without knowing the reason of their killing Stone, the Knglish deniaiiilti! ilic
murderers soon nOer, and as Sassacus was involved in tronhlis with the Nar-
niganscts and all his iieighhors, he thought it not Ix st entirely to slight iln'
demand of the I'liglish ; he thereliire .sent iin sseiig! rs to IJostcni, where ilitv
arrivod (> Novemher, with olli-rs of peaee, whieli, alter ronsidirahle deHlirrii.
tion on the part of thi; I'liglish, were accepted, und a treaty was entered inio
on the !Hh follow ing.
A messenger had hi^en sent, in October, upon the same errand, hut wils
dismissed with orders to inform Sassnais, that he must send |)ersoiis of grcaiir
quality, and then the English would treat with him. "lie hreiiglit," xns
H'intlirop, "two hiindles of sticks, wherehy he signifn (I how many heiiveniml
otter .sknis he would give us for that end, and gnat store ol" wamponiiuiiiic,
(about two bushels, by his deHcription.)" lie had a small present with liiiii,
which was accepted by the l<nglisli, who gave him in return, "a in<iOfii' oui
of as good value."
The treaty entered into on the 9 Novendjcr, 1(J34, between the Pe()iiotS!iiiil
English, stipulated that the murderers of Cajttain Stone sIk iild be given up to
the English, of whom there were at that time h ft but two, as attested Its llic
amiiassadorsof iSassflciw, who further observ( d in exphiniition, that the saiiicm
in whose time the act was eommitti d, was dead, having been slain in a \v;\r
with the Dutch, and that all the men concerned in it, except two, Iwid a'so
died of the small-pox. This, together wiih the facts given in concerniiii; llii'
death of »S7one, inclined the English to believe the account altogether; nml,
but for what happened afl(TV\'urds, it is probable that the historians of that
* Rut with what Imlli I know not, for il rests upon llir iiiilhorily of Priers.
t (^onncciictii. X Nianlick. ( A name s>ignifyia<; an Owl's tiesl.
II Probably Mononollo.
CiiAr VI.J
[H'riod would li;
(Till iiniKir. f^u
(iilc, Mil), the d
tiuiis:
Hut
Savu lelltr
fa the progn-i
mm llicii living
(lentil, they woiil
\\i> tit iheniJ'elves,
(if their ait wit
Hci/eil upon tW(
Kitiiatiiin, oltligei
(iir a."! he desirei
liidiaiis, went (tn
wild, when tln-y I
thi'iii and niassac
('(iii^idering tin
this act ; two of t
wliit, from every
nil net of pure he
hands of an iiivad
'fherefore, bein
|icnce with them,
wild for them ; "
mid -JO liiaver an
wild a vessel with
'I'lie names of til
with the mark of i
The same day i
who had marched
ilisi'iivery heing iiii
nt lliAliiiry, and th
the liinherancc^ of
with a jtonion of i
('(lining fntm then
The Narnigansets
retired satisfied.
Distrust soon gn
mid thusi; with hii
pine on hoard his \
Stone aslee|t in his
cxi'i'jit Ciiptain AT*;
ilercnded himsi-lf lij
which for tlii' mor
i'\|il(i(le(l, Ity which
cnilld hold out no h
This matter at I
mvitrdiiig to the hi
(■i"iiiiislances of a
M Jolni Ollliam \
Isl.iiJ, in a small pi
Hindi' his crew priso
Iiiiiiaii>. The saiin
inn hark of yO ton
soiiiig a vessel in
m((liat< ly knew hei
rorcivi'd no answer
full of men and goi
lier fustruiiug, and tl
(Hook II
it<'(l mill *(■[.
it r<liiiii|(| I,
ifjfiiiii v\iri
mill Sahm.
itiii ill wiiiil,
to lln'ii' iia.
>ll of till' \\:
lIHI'tl!', j:i\i|||;
frc, mill wjiui
uiiiitiy :—
Cii*r. VIl
SASSAf'irs — TRK ATV.
in:i
llin
ua from
oy'mp t'aitliful
tr tiikrii iilmii;
lifinl It swiiid
ho liiivr liviil
•very |mssiiiiii
tdiii Stone wiw
('(•liciit Kivir.
iilt'liiuiiilrihlii:
Willi llic Niir-
|y to slijrlii till'
II, wiicrc tlity
alilc (Icliliira-
< iiitcrtil into
[aiitl, lint w;is
Ions of friTiitiT
]r(iii<rlil," !■:!)«
iiy licavcr ami
|aMI|KIIII|H'll).'l',
'lit with iiiiii,
11 iiKiosc I'O'at
Pcqiiots mill
Im- }rivoii ii|t to
Ittfstcd hy tlif
U tllC Sllllll'lll
Isiiiiti ill a wiir
Itwo, hail a'so
liiii'crniiiir tli"
jgctlicr; anil,
jrimis of tliiil
y. Same letter
•rioti woiilil Imvr n'li«'«l more ii|ioii the I»r(|iiofK' own arroiitif tlimi tin- ^riii-
mil niiiio'' f^'""'' "'■" ''"' ''Villi* of liiiir — II cirniiiiNlmMT may rliaiixi' (lit)
Ihic iiiiv, till' cliaracliT of a iintion, for u |mthm|, in tliu tyvtt u\' inaiiy g^iiora
ttuiiH !
iiut
wo
f
■■ () 'riiiic! litr liritiililior of lli)< ili'nil !
Ailiiriicr 111' till' riiiii ' — iiiinlnricr,
Ami oiil^' Jii'iiiiT, ulini llii' lii'iirl liiilli l>li'il!
'I'liiic, liii' I'orfi'i'U'r wlii'ir mil- jmli;iiniii't vtr."
Ill the protfri'SH of tlio troaty, tlic I'l'ipiot aiiilmssailorM rtaiil, tliat if tlic twi
inrii iImii iiviiiK vviio liiiii Ih'cii ruuniiifd in Slonr\i lU'iilli, "were worthy o
iliath tlii'V woiilil niovr their Htirhriii to ilrlivcr tlii'iii " to tin- I'ln^iish, lint that
lUH to Il»'"l'**'l*'''*' •'"> '""' "" l'''^^'"'" '" ''" ^"N '""' "' ""•■'' '"■>>'' 'I ll"' jlli'^IIH'SH
of llii'ir ad without <|iialili('atioii. Stont; tin y wiiil, niiiir into thrir rixrr anil
Ni'i/iil iipoii two of thrir nun, and IhiiiiiiI tlii'in liand and liiot, .■mil, in that
Hitiialioii, oliligi-d tlinii to pilot him ii|> the rivrr. Wlirii he had puic np iih
liir as hi* di'Hiri'd, liiiiiHi'lf and two ollirr wliili^ iiii'ii, and tlir two iiianarlrd
jiiilians NViiit on HJiorc. !Mi-miwliili' tiny had lirni watrhnl liy nine liidiaiiH,
wild, wlii'ii tliry found the llii^lishinci) aHli;e|> on tlif foilowiii'x ni;;hl, fell npuii
tliiMii ami iiiaswicnMl tlinii.
Ciiiisiiltriiig till' Htatr of tli*< Indians, no lilanii' could lie attai'lii-d to tlinii ti>r
tlii.x ai't ; two of their roiintryiiiin were in the liands of an niiknown p<'op|i>,
wild from every appearance, were ahont to put (hem to death, aiiii it was hy
III! act of pnro heiievolenco and heroism that lliey delivered tlieni out of tlin
lianils of an iiivadiiur foe,
'I'liereforc, heiiiff satisfied with the account, the Kii^rlish a)rreed to have
iHat-c with them, provided they would give up the two men when tliry should
si'ImI ti>r them ; "to yeld up Connecticut ;" to give 400 fathom of wanipoin,
nnii '(0 hiaver and MO otter skins ; and that the I'lnglish should iinmediately
Hi'iiil a vessel with a cargo of clntli to trade with them.
The names of these amitassadors are not recordrd ; liiit one signed the treaty
with the mark of a how and arrow, and the othi r with that of a hanil.
'I'lii- same day alioiit '2 or .'KJO Narragaiisits wen- discovered at Nepoiiset,
wild had inarched out for the purpose of killing these aiiiliassadoix. ThiH
iliscdvery heing made liefore tiie treaty was concluded, the Knglisli met them
at llnviiiiry, and there iiegiitiated a treaty li tweeii the I'eqnots and them. For
tlic fnnheraiice of u liich, the I'ciiuots instructed the r'.nglisli to present them
with a poilioii of the wampoiii which tin y were to give to them ; Init not as
cniiniis; I'roin them, li:'caiise they disdained to piircliasc peace of that nation.
Tlie Narriigansets readily conceding to the wislies of tho English, all |mrtiu8
rtiired satisfied.
Distrust soon gnw again into antipathy ; it having Iteen reported that Slone
and those with him wer.' treacherously siirpris'd Ity the I'eiiuots who had
(Iiiiie on hoard his vessel in a friendly manner to trade; and seeing Captain
Stone asleep in his ealtin, they killed him, and the other men one aller the other,
cxnpt Captain JVorton. who, it seems, was with him ; he iiciiig a resolute man,
ilt'ti-iiiled liiiiis;'lf for some time in the cook-room, lint at length, soui«< powder,
wliicli for till" more n^ady ns" he had |»laced in an open vessel, took fire and
(■\|)ld(l('d, hy which he was so seriously injured, i specially in his eyes, that lie
coiilil iiold out no longer, and he vvius forthwith despatched by them.
Tills inalter at length having liecome lived in the minds of the Knglish
nci'diding to the latter ndatioii, they were the more ready to charge other
I'i iiiiistaiices of a like nature upon the I'eijnots. On the '^0 July, Ki-it!, as
M Mil Ollliam was on his jiassage passing ni'ar iManisses, that is, Hlock
isl.ih ', ill a small pinnace, M Narraganset Indiiuis attacked and killed him, and
made Ills crew prisoners", which consisted only of two hoys and two Narraganset
Indian^ The same day, as John iiitUop was on his passige from Connecticut,
in a liaik of 20 tons, an advei'se wind drovt' him near the wuiie island. On
seeing a vessel in possession of Indi ins, he bore down upon her, and iin-
m('diat< ly kiinw her to be Captain OZ/AamV lie hailed those on lK)ard, but
riTcived no answer, and soon saw u boat pass from tlic^ vessel to the shore
full of IIII'II and goods. As (Hallip ni'ared the suspicious vessil, she slifipetl
her fusteiiiug, aud tho winil being oil' the land drilled her towurda Nurragan'*
m
hh
m
^fri^fii^iltJifli
-•'V^
104
SEA-FIGHT.— JOHN GALLOP.
[Book II.
sot. Notwitlist.iiuruig some of thf Indians wcro arrrKul witli stuns niid swords
(i(tJ[lof), !ii injr ill ii stonier vessel, resolved on rnnninj? lli(!in down ; Ik' tliciv.
fore I'Kide .MJI sail, and iinniediately stennned the pirate vessel on tlie (|iiari(.f
with sneii tiiree as nearly to ovei-Si't lier, and in tlieir Iviijlit six Indians jiiiii|i,.,|
over'ooard and w re di'owned. Tim rest standin;j upon the lieli'nsive, jiinl
lieinfT \' lin'snperior in nnnd)ers to (^(tlloji's crew, which consisted ol'twoliiti,
boys and one man, to hoard them wa.s fli(>ni,'ht too lia/aidons; OV»//o/; thenliin
Htood ofl' lo repeat his hroadsidt; method ol' attack. iMeanwhile he conirivcil
to lash his anchor to his hows in snch a manner, that when he came <|ii\vii
tjpon the Indians a sec( iid tiiir'~, the f()rc(( wj's snllicient lo drive the tlukruf
the anchor throufrh tlieir (|iiaiter ; which, lioldinj; there, hotli vessels floati,!
alonfi tojj;etiier. 'I'lie Indians had now heconie so terrilied, that they stood nm
to the ti<.dit, hilt ke|)t in the hold of the pinnace. Gdllup fired in upon tlicn,
sundry times, hut «ilhont much cxeciition, and meantime the vessi-ls jroi Idd^,
from one another, and ilnllop .stood otfa^ain f()r a third attack. As soon as In.
was clear of them, fitiir more of the Indians jumped overhoard, and wenalsi,
drowned. (Stillop now ventured to hoard his |iri/.e. One of the reinaiiiinr
Indian.'' came up an,! surrendered, and was hound ; another came ii|i anl
euhmitted, w lioin the}' also lioiiiid, hut (''arin^^ lo hav<- holli on hoard, ihjs hsi
was cast into the sea. Two out of tii(^ II now remained, who had ffot possis.
sioii of the hold of the pinnace, and there successfully def nded the;iisflus
with their swords af,';iin.st their enemy. Captain OHIrt,:: wa.s found deai! in
the vessel, concealed under an old s 'ine, and as his body was not entirely colil,
it was evidi Mt tliat In; hud lietin killed uhout the time his piniiar-o wius discov-
ered hy (i I til op.
I'loiii the condition in wliich Ollharti's body was found, it was (jiiite iinnr.
tniii whether lie had fiiih n in an affray, or been murilered deliberately ; limit
is very probable that the former was the liict, because it was iincomiiMJii li.r
tlie Iiidi.ins to disfijfiir' the slain, unless killed as enemies, and 0////i«m's limiv
wa.s shockiii^dy mangled. lint Captain Ollhmn had iieen killed by the lii(iiai:<,
and the cry of ven^eaiic(t was up, and cool investigation must not he loiiki,!
for. The miird* r had lieen conimilted by the Indians of iVIanisse.s, hut >la.
nissi's was under the Narra<;atisets ; therefore! it \ .as lK;liev(;d that the Nain-
gnusi'ts had contrived bis death because he was carrying into cHect the ariidu
of the late treaty between the l*<'(|nots and Kii<rlisli.
The two b(>\s who w<'re with Mr. OUIinni were not injured, anil wm
Immediately fjiven up and siiit to Moston, when! they arrived the ."{Otli dl'iln
same nioutli. As .soon as Minntivinonwh li(;ard of tin; aflifuMd' Captain 01 Hum.
he ordered ^Vinifcrd to .send l(>r tin; boys and goods to Block Island. T'n
boys he caused to be <leliver.'d to Mr. If'illlftms, and the goods he held .sulijiri
to the onler of the l''nglish of Mas,saclins tts.
Meanwhile, 2() July, the two Indians who were in Mr. Ol (ham's pinnaci'
v.'lien she was taken, were s'nt hy Cnnnnirus to (jroverncr I ane. Tlnv
brought a letter from Hnfrrr ff'ilUnms, which gavi; an accoiinl <)f the wiidlr
affair, and soo;e circumstances li'd tht^ l''nglish to believe these mess ii!.'iri
wci'e ac<"essory to the death of Ollhnm ; but we know not if any thing tiiiilm
were ever doni' about it. The siune letter informed the governor tliat Mm-
tunuomoli bad gone, with i2C0 men in 17 canoe.s, "to take revenge, &(■."
These events and tiaiis;ictions soon caused tlii' convening of the governor
and council of Massachns 'tts, who I'orlhwith declared war againsi the liniiiiii'
of Manissrs. .\cc()rdiiigly !•() men were raised and put under t le coiiiiiiiiinl
of Captain Ji)hn Enhroft, who was general of the exjiedition. Jo, n I'nkiii
anil J\i^iilhnniri Tiirivr were captains, and Jruj/ioii and Davnpnrl eiisi;'!!*.
EnhvjWs instnictii lis were to put to death tin' men (m' IJlock Island, Iml in
make captives of tlie .vonien and children, riiis armament set l()ilii in tiirri
|tinii;ices, with two Indians as giiidi s, '25 September, l(i.'{(!.
On arriving at Maiiissi's they saw many Indians, but could not get mar
tliem. At Peipiot hari)or, a |)art of the armament seized a i|uaiitiiy of mrn
belonging to the Pripiots, :tiid were attacked and obliged to fly. However, llie
Narragaiis 'ts ri'porled that there wi re |:{ IV <|iiots killed during the exp.'iii'iini
Th(! Iliiglisli were s;'lisfied that they had harbored the mnrdeiers of Ollhmn,
Wliieli eccasion-d the i sailinif to I*e(|uot harbor. It being now late in llie
Bcutiun, tliu t.vpcditiun was given up lo be ruBuinud curly in the Hpring.
The I*e(|ll0tl
pver they ilan
S;i\ hi'ook wen
Wip' attacked,
uliirli circiims
l\Mi men were
8i\(irtlie whiti
lint two, Thii
JMiwsliot of Sa;
otiiers.
Oil the '2! Oc
C'lllir ti> I'oston
a!" lit W nil n.
• (it"s(il(ii(i's met 1
iiitii a treaty wil
sliiiiild make pe
|iiit to (li'titli or (
.Mxiiit tlie sa
niiist liarharoiis
liai'k, he landed i
(liwl, I'll- report
|iris(iiier tit first,
111-; liaiiils were <
liiiii the re|)iitat
flicis were report
Tilli^i < at till
Oi'it • -IVvh
f(ii'l,iiiiil were dm
(.sc(i|)i (I with gre
On April I'i, si
the Niiiie time kil
ihiiMi was noi
!);i\iiiL' sent a me
.Tiit a\\.iy their '
sf'iii tip Narr.'igim.'
el' liiiliiig upon tl
In tlie mean t
niiscd Iiy Coiiiie
[iiiiiii'd hy I'nrns
Siylu'onk, ir» i\Ii
I iiiir taken alive
IJiL'lisli caused h
iiiid >rt nil on the
hill liately al
liii'ls III" Snssants.
Imvii (if" (irotoii, (
"I .'^lay ; and on t
■•mil lirgiiii ji fiiridi
I'.ir nil apjiroacli
'liMv til attack it.
:^ilii;it('(l, Captain .
ii:''il>iiiga hall, sen
"liii was ;i fiigi(i\i
li'llim- hiiii at aii\
l^li-lisli llicy diiiv
<*llll|l| (inrji,; J/„
IIVh//(i-,7)'.v .fdiiri
lii'l'mi j,'lvi'ii in |||<- I
t The siiiiic, it i- Ik
IM'lh- ) «:,■. I,, jiiri
ri'H'ncil. Ii(. upiii (>,,||
M>antuniwmv!t."—.ti. I
1;
[Book II,
ns niid swdnln,
iwii ; lie tliirc.
on till' (Hiariir
iiidiuMs iiiiii|iid
(Icri'iisivc, aiiii
;t('(l oi'twolitii;.
liitUop tlii'iTtiin:
ilc he (•(iiilriviil
ill! caiiic (Idwii
VI' till- tliiki'iif
1 vi'sscls iloatcl
t llicy SldDll IKi)
in upon tlnn,
.M'SSI'ls {TDt 1(1(14,'
As SI II til lis III-
I, and wrrcalsii
f till' rr.iiiaiiiiiir
r i-aiiir up ainl
I I Mian I, 1 1 lis l;i>t
had fj;ot ikissc*.
iiii'd tlir.iisi'lvcs
< fiiiinil ilrad ill
lot ontiri'K idM,
mcu was disoov-
kvas qniti' iincir-
liht-rati'ly ; liiitii
i. uiii'oiiniioii li>r
il Olillinm^K lidiiv
d liy the liwiiaiis
ist not III' liKikdl
anisacs, Imt M;i-
I that thi' Nam-
etlect the aiticlts
PKQtJOT DEPllEDATIONH.
105
nri'd, and win
till' :Ultli iit'ilii
'aptaiii Ollhim.
k Island. T'l.
It! ht'ld sulijcc;
lhnm\i piniiapi'
I nne. 'I'luy
mt .if till' wliiJp
irsi' inrss^'in.'iT'
my tliinjr I'lnilicr
i-iior liiat .Willi-
njri', &!•."
of till' irovrrimr
iiist till' 1 11(111111*
Y t.ic roniiiiaiiil
Jn: n I'nhM
ivnpnrt riisi^'iK
k Island, Initio
set forth i" ''i''''*'
lid not iictncm
ipiaiitity 111' i'"ni
llo\VI'VlT,tilO
ir till' I'Xp.'lii'i"!!.
, TITS of OI//l"l1.
now latr. in tl'«
11! spring.
CHAP. VI.]
Tilt' Prijiiots, iM'iiisr now left to tliciiisi'lvrs, coiiinicnrid ili']iirdations wlicr-
.,• tiii'V dari'il appear. .Mioiit the l>ri;imiin<; ol' ( )rtohi'r, as fivr Mii'ii from
w-ivlintok wrri' (•olli'rtin;r hay at a iiii'aditw foiir iiiili's ahovr that |ilaci', tlii'y
' ■ "it altai-ki'd, niiii I'ln' o!" thiiii, iiaiiii'd Biiltrificlif, was takrii and killi'd ; froni
w'liicli riri'iiinstaiirr tin' im-ailow still Itiars his naiiic. .\hoiit 11 days alh'r,
null \M ri' takrii in a ntrnliild two niilrs iVoin iSayhrook lort. Thrrc wrre
Bjv 111' till" whiti's, ami tiny wrri' sinToimdi'ii liy 'JorUOO Indians, yrt all rscapcil
but two. 'I'hii- iiiih'ldi'iii'd Ity sni'i'i'.ss, tliry rarrird tlii'ir iKprrdatiitiis wiihin
li(i\v^li(it III" f^i'vl"""'^ ""'f> '^'"'"n *"'•' •'•»w and shootint,' arrows into .sundry
( III tlii-'^l ih'to\»'r, Miftntiinnomoh, I'rariii},' forthc snli-ty of his Eiitflish fririida,
caiiii' III I'oiston, aiTonilKinii'd hy two of ('(iiioniriia^i sons, anothrr sarhnii, and
(limit W Mil n. h'lihlinmdkhi had j,'i\rn notii-r of his roiniii!.', and a conipany
dl'sdldii IS nut him at |{o.\hiiry and csrortrd him into the town, llrrt' hi' rnti ml
iiiiit 11 treaty with the Kii;;lisli, Ity wliirli it was miiiiially ajiivi'd that ni'ilhi'r
.;|iiimI(I inakr prai-r with tin' l'ri|iints willioiit thi' ronsi'iit of tlir otlirr ; and to
nut til (hath or deliver up niiirdcrrr.s.
\liniit till' samr 'iiiii', John TUkij was takiii and killi'd, and tortiiri-d in ii
iiidst liarlianiiis im.-dMT. As he was .sailinsr down Connrrtiriil Uivir in Wm
balk, III' laiidi'd aliont tlirro mili's aliovi; Saylirook fort, and haviiiir shot at soiiuj
tiiwl I'll' ri port of his jr'in diriTti'd tln! Indians to tlir spot, 'i'liry took him
piisdiH'r at lii>I, and thru cut off his hands and ii-i't. llr livrd tlirrr days after
liis hands wen' I'lif odj and hori' this tortnri' witliont i-omplaint, wliirh frainrd
liiiii till' ri'pntation of hi'iiij,' "a stout man" amoiiir his tormnitors. Tlnsij
fjicts wi'iT ri'iiDili'd hytlit' Indians themsclvi's. .\noilii'r man who was with
7V//ii/ ^ "t till' .sami' time killi'd.
On I 'I I'l'liriiary, liiciitrnaiit (Snnlner and nini' mm went out of Sayltrook
|iiil,an(l were drawn intoan amhiisli, wlitrc foiirof thi'iii were killed, and the re.st
tsia|H (I with jrreat ditheidty.
(»ii April l'2, six nun and three woineii wore killed at Weathersfield. They at
llii' Miiiii' time kilhi! '20 rows and a horse, and e;irrieil away two yoimjj womiii.
Manii was now ;,ri'ni'ral tlirou,i;liout the Mn^lish plantations. .M'tnnlunnomiih
Ii.uiiiLT sent a nie.sseiiiri'r to j{ .ston to notily the r'n-flisli that the I'eiinois had
^iiit!iu.'i\ their women and ehildren to an island, 40 men were immediately
pint 1(1 .\arrai,'aiiset to join otliei"s raised hy Mianlunnomoh, with the intention
of tJilliiifr ii|iitii tlieni hy surprise.
In the mean time, Captain Mason, witii a eoinpaiiy of JtO iiicn, iiad heen
misrd liy ('iiniiec'tieiit and sent into the I'eipiot I'ountry. lie was aeeoni-
|iaiii((l Ity Unnts and a laifre iiody nf his warriors, wiio, in tiieir niareli to
Siiyhniok, l.") May, fell upon ahoiit .'{0 I'l'ipiots and killed 7 of them. One
I iiii: taken alive, to tluir everlasting disfrraee it will he rememhered, that the
I'.ii^'lisli caused him to he tortured ; lUid the iieads of all the slain wrre cut off,
uiiil sit iin on the walls of the fort.*
hiiiiM'diately alhr Captains JMiison and Undcrhill set out to attack one of the
tiiiis df Sdssiints. This fort was sitiiuted upon an eminence in the pre sent
idVM of (Jioton, Conneclicut. Tire Eiif,'lish arrived in its vicinity (tii the 2.'")lh
(if May ; and on the '2(itli, before day, with ahotit 500 Indians, cnconijtassed it,
ami bi'L'in a furious attack. The .\lolie}rans and Narrafiansels discovered jjreal
liar nil ap|iriiacliiii<'- the fort, luid could not believe that the English would
(laic til alt;iik il. When they came to tlie foot of the hill on which it was
sitiiali'd, Capiain JMdson was apprehensive of being abandoned by them, and,
making a hall, sent liir r'/nv/,'-, who led the Mohegans, and /r('i/»i».s'/i, tin ir pilot,
ulid was a fiigilive I'ecpiot cliieljf and urged them not to desert him, but to
t'dlliiw him at any disli.nce iliey pleased, 'fhese Indians had all along told the
Kiii'lisli they dared not fight the IV'ipiots, but boasted how tlirif themselves
wiMilil light. Mason told them now they Hhouhl see whether Englislinieti
' lfVH//d-.';v,v Jdurii.il. iiiiil ^f::.■^(lll's Ili,-.!. l'c<|n<)l War. — Dr. 3fallter's urruuiit oflliis alVair
lli■^ll<'l'll (;ivn> ill llic li(i' of Ciii'iis.
t I'll!' saiiic. il i- liclii'vi'd, I'UcwIicrc rnllcil W'ikjikisIi Cnnk ; •' wliitli ^Vcqiiash (says Dr.
l.Milh- ) w;i-. f.i liirlli :i sacliciii iil'llial |)l.i('i [alien' S'i:-iiiiru.s livi'dj, bill ii|idii Miinc ili(«iji|st
rcfcivcil. Ii(> Kvciii I'riiin llic l'e(|iidls to llie iNarriifjaiisels. and bt'Ciuiio a iliiuf" caplaia UJ.Mfcr
Mkiiluimunwh. '—U iulioii, 7I-.
»
'''•■^mmmSi
mmm
^H'^'Hii
lOG
DESTRUCTION OF THE PEQUOTS.
[Book I]
ir
i'V
III
would fight or not. Notwitlistaiidiiiji tlicir Itoastiiips, tlioy could not nvcrpoini
tht! terror wliicli tlio iiaiiui of Sassarufi liad iiis|»in'd in tliciii, and tlicy kept at
a Haf<! distance niitil tlu; fij^lit wan over; lint assisted eonsideraidy inn prllii,,
tlie attacks of tlie l'e(|uots, in the retreat from the fort ; — for tiieir warridis, oji
rocoveiin}( from their consternation, collected in a considcrahle hodv, aini
fou^dit the confederates for many nnles.
The liiiirlish had hnt 77 men, which wore divided into two ronippiiics, oup
led by .Mason, and the other hy UuderhiU. The Indians were all witliin ilnjr
fo't, a.sle<'|) ill their wigwams, and the barking of a dog was the first injiji,,
they had of the ap|»roacli of the enemy, yet very few knew the cause of i|,h
alarm, until met by the; naked swords of the; foe. The fort had two eiiinnK,,.
nt opposite points, into which each party of I'.ngiish were led, sword in ||;i||,|
^Jianux! Jf'anii.r!"* was the crv of .Vrts.wci/,?'s men ; and such wiis ilni,
surprise, that tiiey made very feebli- resistance. Having o\\\y llicir „\^
missile weapons, they could do nothing at hand to hand with the i;ii;.'li«||
rapiers. Tlmy were piii'siied from wigwam to wigwam, and slaiigiitfiriliii
every secret place. Women and children were cut to pieces, while eiidcaMir.
ing to hide themselves in and under ihcir beds. At lenglli fire was sit in iii.
mats that covered the wigwams, which furiously sprea(l over the wlmlc tlfl.
and the dead and (lying were together consumecl. A part of tlie I-nglisli liml
formed a circumference upon tii*; outside, and shot such as attempted in tlv.
Many ascended the pickets to escape tli(^ flames, but were shot down liy tlnw
stationed for that purpose. About (!00 persons wen^ supposed to have |ii ri-li-
ed in this tight; or, pi-rhajis F should say, massacre. f There wen; liiit i\ii,
English killed, and but one of those by tlit; enemy, mid about 20 W(iiiiii|i,{.
StviSdrus himself was in another tint; and, being informed of the raviifjis nf
the Kiiglisii, destroyed his habitations, and, w itii about 80 others, fled in ||„
Mohawks, who ireacheroiisiy beheaded him, and sent his scalp to the I'.w^I'h.
The author of the following lines in "Yumoyden," alludes to this nidiin-
choly event happily, though not truly : —
" And Sas.inriiiis . now no more.
Lord of a llioiisniid l)o\vnicn, tied ;
And all tlie cliicfs, liis Ixinst lii'fore,
Were min-flcd willi tlic unhoiiorcd dead.
ijaiinn|> and iSa^uinorc wcro slain,
Oi; Myslir's l>anks, in one red niijlil;
Tin- once far-dreaded kin;jf in vain
Wonylil safi'l V in iiii^lorions llif^lit ;
Anil rel\ of nil his r('f;al pride,
l\\ the lierre Ma(|na's hand he died.'
One of the most unfeeling passages flows from the pen of Hubbard, in liis
account of this war ; which, together with the fact lie records, fori ns a nio>t
distressing picture of depravity. We would gladly turn from it, but justice
to the Indians demands it, and we give it in his own words: —
The Narragansets had Hiirrounded "some hundreds" of the Pe(|iiots, iind
kept them uinil some of Captain Stoufrhton\H soldiei*s "made an easy cmi-
quest of them." "The men among them to the number of .'W, were pirscnilv
turned into Charon^s ferry-boat, under the command of Skipper Gallop, wh
dispatcla'd them a little without the harbor!"
Thus were .'{0 Indians taken into a vessel, carried out to sea, murdered, ami,
in the tigonies of death, thrown overboard, to be buried under tlic siimi
waves! Whereabouts they were captured, or "without" what " harbor" tliiv
perished, we are not informed; but, from the nature of the circumstiiiuisii
would seem that tiiey were taken on the borders of the Narragunset coiinln,
juid murdered at the month of some of the a<ljacent harbors.
That thestr poor wretches were thus revengefully sjieriticed, should liavr
been enough t(j allay the hatred in the human breast of all who knew il,
especially the /ii'.?/on'rt/i .' Ihit he must imagine that, in their passage to tliiir
grave, they did not go in a vessel of human contrivance, but in a boat hclonir-
ing to a river of hell ! thereby forestalling bis reader's mind that tiiey liad
been sent to that abode.
* Allin's Ilislorv of the recjnol War. Il sifjnilied, Kni^lislimpii! Knn;/i.iliiiirii .' In .Vii.wn'i
istory, il is written Owaiiiix A/lfii nvrely coided from Miisoii, wiili a few such varialimi-
f " h was si)|i|)osed," says Mittlwv. " thai no less than .''HKlor iKKI l'e<|iiol sonis were hrdiiflil
own lo hi-ll lliat day." tldatwn,'Vl. VVu in tliiirity snppose, that hy hell the doctor oulj
leant death.
do'
mean
[Book II
not ovcrroini
1(1 tlicy kept at
»ly ill Vi priliiij
ir wiirriors, oil
ible body, and
•nmpnuics, dm.
ill witlilii \y^f
the Itrst iiiniiv
IC CilUSC of tliH
I two niinnni.,
swoni ill liiiiiii,
Micli WHS ilinr
[)iily tlicir (iwii
til 'the i;ii;;li>li
Hliuijrliti'ivil III
vliiif «'iMi('ii\(ir.
• wiis si't ill iii„
tlif wliolc tiirt,
lie l''.iif;lisli liiiil
ittompli'd tilth,
down liy lliuv;
to have p'li^li.
■(' WtTi! llllt l«ii
lut yo wdiiiiiici,
tlio ravaftis ni
icrs, tied til til,
» to tli«' Kiifrlbii,
I to this ineluii-
nc red ni;;lil;
iiiir ill vain
Ills Ili>;lit ;
prido,
iiiid III' dieil."
Huhhnrd, in his
|ls, (onus a inost
11 it, but jiislioe
lie Pcqiiots, 1111(1
|(! an t'nsy m\-
wt-rc prcsi'iitlj
)cr Gallop, wliu
iminlcrcd, iiml,
IikU'I" tlif siliiii
"linrl)or"tluy
HiTiiiiistaiinsii
igaiiwt coiiiiliy,
>(l, jilKtiiid liiivr
|| who knew il,
i)assafr(' t(i ilii'ir
\\ a boat lii'ldin'-
that tlicy iiiiil
mini' 11.' hi.W'is"N'i
]■«• siicli viiri;i!i'iii-
Isoiils were hr(Ui|;iil
I'll du! doclotoulv
LETTER OF CAPTAIN STOUGIITON.
107
ClIAP VI.]
Notwithstanding the great slaughter at Misti''k, there were great numbers
f p.'ipiots in liie coiuitry, who were limited from swamp to swamp, and their
niiiiilieis thinned contimially, until a remnant promised to ajijiear no more us
The Eni:lish, muler Captain Stovirhton, came into i'eipiot IJiver about a
foitiiiiriit alter the .Alistick tight, and assisted in the work ot" their extennina-
tinii. "A'I''' ''i'* '"■'i^'''' '" *'"' '''i<'"iy'f< eoniitry, lie wrote to the governor of
Ajiissiiidiii.setts, as tbilows : " I5y this pinnace, you shall reeeive |H or 50
women and ehildreii, nnle.ss there stay any lier<' to be helpful, &e. Coneerii-
iii" wliic h, there is one, i formerly mentioned, that is the liiinst and largest
tliiit I .xaw amongst them, to whom 1 have given a eoate to (doatlie her. It is
iiiv desire to have her tor a .servant, if it may stand with your good liking, idse
iidt. There is a little srpuiw that steward Cnlacitt desireth, to whom he hath
irivi'ii a < oale. iAinit. Davenport also desireth one, to wit, a small one, that
Frnlli three strokes npoii her stomaeh, thus: — '| -j-. n<> desireth her, if it
Mill stand with your good liking. Sosomon, the Indian, desireth a young little
siiiMiw, whieli I know not.
"At present, Mr. Hmpus, Mr. Ludlo, Ca|)tain Mason, and .'W men are with
IIS ill I'eipiot River, and we shall the ne\t week joine in .seeing what wi- can
(Id iiiriiiiisl Sassarus, and another great sagamore, Afonowattuik, [Mononoh').]
Here is vet good work to be done, and how dear it will cost is niikiu .\n.
Simdfus' i>^ resolved to sell his life, and so the otjier with their i'ompany, ua
(Iciir as they eiui." *
Perhaps it will b.T judged that Stoughton was looking more afb-r the profit
arising (rom the sale of ca|)tives, than fitr warriors to fight with. Indeed,
M(ison\'i aecoiint does not give him mneli eredit.
Speaking of the English cmitloyed in this expedition, ff'okoU thus im-
mortalizes them : —
" These wore iIh^ men, this was the lillle hand,
That iliirsi llie force of ihc new world witlisiaiul.
These wore llie men thai liy llieir swords made way
i''or peace and safely in America."
V\CANT Hours, 41-.
There was a manifest disposition on the part of Unca.i, CniionimSf
.Wontinniomoli and JVinis^rct, and perhaps other chiefs, to .s<'reen the poor,
dciiiiiineed, and flying Peijiiot.s, who had escapi-d tin; flames and swords
of tlie Knglish in their war with them. Part of a corres|»ondeiiee about
tins' siichems' harboring them, between R. H'illiamif and the governor of
Mii.^^sfirliiisetts, is preserved in the Colleelions of {\n\ iMas.sielinsetts ilistorieai
Seriitv ; from which it appears, that IMassaclmsetts had reipiesied IMr.
lUlliiims to explain to the clii( Is the eon.se(pi( lures to lie depended upon, if
tlicy did not strictly observe their •'grecinient in regard to the fugitive l'e(|iiots.
Oliish^ carried to Mr. fyilliniiia a letter fidiii the !\lassachiiselts governor upon
this siiliject. After he had obeyed its contents, as fiir as he was able, he
niiswi red. *'tat he went with Otash "to the Naiihiggonticks, and having got
('(iiioiinlrus and JMIantunnomn, with their coimcil, together, I acrpiaiiiled theiri
tiiiilit'iilly \vi:li tlii^ contents ol' your letter, iVj/Zi griet'rtHa'.* and thndtrniniss ;
mill to deiiionstrate, 1 produced the cojiy of the league, (which .Mr. [Sir
llinni] I'ani' sent me,) and, with breaking of a straw in two or three places, I
showed them what they had done."
Tii'se ( hiets gave JNlr. ffUliams to luulerstand, that, when Mv. (Governor
iiiiih i-stood what they had to say, he would be satisfied with their conduct;
lli.'il they did not wisli io m»ke trouble, but they ^^rould relate many particulars
U'Inrnii thr hlni^clisb hal broken their promises" since the war.
Ill regard to some sipiaws that had escaped from the F.nglisli, Cnnonirus
fail! lie iiad not .seen any, but heard of some, and iimiiediatidy ordered them to
III' curried back again, and had not since heard of them, but would now have
tiic cdiintry searched for them, to satisfy the governor.
MianliinnoniDh s,iid he had never heard ol'liiit six, nor saw but four of them ;
'• Maiiii>'. ripl Idler of (?npuiin Slmi/rliloii, on lilc nuiong our stale papers.
t Yvtaasii, Mr. VVilUams writes liis name.
m
i
ii'S
m'^.''
\W'
'il
■■«■.?-■
Mm
m
V -:■ 'if 't
v^^:'".
:J:^^
,i\ .aw
108
OP THR CEQUO r NATION.
floOK II.
f4
m
II
m
wliicli Ihinp hrniiglit to liitii, he was nnjrry, .iiitl askrd tlios.^ wlio Iircij^ria tW
wliy tiii'\ dill not cnirv tlicii! to ■>].: " •','>'i •;) .. that ii(! mifflit cuiiv \' iliiin j
the iMiirJisli. They told him thr :<»|ii:n\rf wtfH luiiT', ant! coiiKJ '";i go ; u|K)||
wliich Mlfinlininomoh sent to Mr. H'iUlnn>.: to coin ; uinl take thiiiii. Mr. /iV/.
lidiiiH niiilil nitt attciul to it, nmi in his t""r\ '■rih^n'l ,Miniilunnomnlnit,\ii^,
who said he was hiisy and coidd not : 'aw n;d'«<-.! h was (says ff'illiinm) Jn ,
stninirc kind ot' sdjcinnily, win , tin the sa( hjnis "at ni«rhirif,' hut at ni;,'lii, i,.|,j
all the natives lonnd ahout tht; country wen; feasted." In the mean tiaic t||f.
.s(|naws escaped.
.Midiiliinnomoh said hv was sorry that the n;ovPrnor ^yiould think In; wnntpd
these s(inaws, <(>:• he did not. Mr. Hilliams told him Ik^ knew of liis si-ikIji,,,
for one. Ol" this charfje la; tairly cleared himself, sa iuff, the; one sent l(ii»,|"
not for himselt; liut for Sitssfvtwn,* who was l\ iiig lame at his iionsc ; ilim
Sa.isdmuii fell in tliere in his way to t'ecpit, whither he had heen s<'iit Itv i!,,
jfovernor. The s(|uaw lie wanted was n sjudiem's daufrhter, who had Inrnj
particular friend of Minntunnnnmh duriii}; liis iif. liii..; ; therefore, in kiiiilins.
lo his dead friend, he wished to ransom her.
Moreover, M'mntunnomoh said, he and his people were true "to th.- \\\v:\i.\^
ill Id'e .ir death," and hut for which. In* said, Oknse [Unkus'\ and his Ahilii^r;,.
nencks had loii^- since proviid false, as la; still fi'ared they would. I'm-, I,,.
wiid, they had never foinid a IV^cjuct, and added, ^^ Chawik fjuse wchinpiiii.
murks. >" that is, "Did (iver friends deal so with iHeiids?" Mr. /f(7/m,M
re(|iiirin!r more particidar e.vjiiaiiation, Mianluinioinoh proi-eeded : —
" .My hrolher, Yolaitsli, had sri/cd upon Puttaiiiip/)inw<k, (^lutmr, mikI ij
Petpiots, and ()'(» scpiaws ; they killed three and hiamd the rest, u hem il,,,
watched all night. T'.i'ii they >^eiit for tht; I'liglish, and delivered tlun, jj,
tlie morniiiir to them. I ruine hy land, a- rordiiifr to promise, with "iOO uku
killin<r 10 l'e(|uots !»y the way. I ilesired to see tin; j^reat sachem Pultnqnpjnt.
»(Hc^, whom my hrother had taken, who was now in the h',ni;lish lionsis, In;;
the I'liiglish thrust at lue with a pike niuiiy ti;nes, that 1 durst not coiui' ncr
the door.''
.Mr. Il'illidms told him they did not know him, else they would iidtilm;
Miaiiliiimoinoli answered, "All my company were disheartened, and lliiviiii,
utid (^uishtmoquine, desired to he ifoni ." besides, he said, "two of my iiicii,
If'ns'onrku'lnitf and .Mitunrimoh [,M>i!><t<!)oli] w<;re their f,niides to S('S(|ii,ui|,ji,
from the river's moulli." I'pon winc'i, .Mr, If'ilUnni.i adds to the frn\iriii;r:
"Sir, 1 dare not stir coals, but I saw them Wio nnich disrcfrarded hy ni!iii\."
Mr. ff'illi(tiii/i told the sachems "tluy r^'c, i\((l I'eipits and wamponi wiiliuiii
IVIr. (lovernor's consent. Cauiwunini.t replie(i, that alllioujjh he and MwvImi-
nomii had paid many hundred fathom ef wampum to their soldiers, jis Mr.
(io\!'rnor di(!, \ I't lie had not rcci ived one yard ot' heads noi- a l'e(|Mt. .NUr,
saith Mini '. 'in, did I, lait one small pr( sent tiom four women et' l.iiij
Island, wl ;. T v ere no l*'(pits, hnt of tliut isle, heiiig afraid, desired in \m
t;iema:|ves • ;i, , my protection."
The I'eqiiot war has <;enerally heen looked upon with regret, hy all >;<iii,|
men, since. To e.\terminat(> a people Ix fiire they had any op|)ortiiiiiiy ii
l)ecom(^ eniisriiteiied, that is, to he 'uade acipiainted with tin; reason of ml,' r
usages towards tlaiir fellow heings than tliosr in which they had heen \\rinvS'A
up, is a great cause of lamentation; and if it proves any thing, it pr(>V(,> ilmi
great ignorance and haiharism liirki d in the hearts of their e.Meriiiiiiiitois.
VVe do not mean to exclude liy this remark the great body ol" thi' pn'>(iii
inhabitants of the earth from the (diarge of such barh.irism.
In the r(,'cords of the I'nitiid (.'olonies for the year l(i47, it is nientioiud tiiat
"Mr. ./o/(» H'iiithrop making claim to a great ipianliiy of land at .Viaiitir In
purchase from the Indians, gave in to the commissioners a pijlition in ilmv
words: — '\Vliere,"s I had the land of Nianiick by a (\rvi\ of gill and piiiiliasc
from the sachem [Sassacus] before the [l*r(pioi] wars, I d»;sire tiie coiii'iib-
sioinjrs will he plea.sed to conlirni it unto ini-, and (dear it Ironi any cluiiii of
* Prol>al>ly the sniiic mcnlioiied aftcrward.s.
mon, or !ii;i brotlier Hniihiiiil.
\ I'Ofliups VVjJi!Tumu.cat, or Wah ■^nitaad.
He niij^lit have Ijccn ilie famous John Sass:-
Eiiglij^h and Ii
writing fi-oni .J
Frouudush, IVi
tlieir kiiowled
"' BJiclicm of Nifii
rc.siilved to giv
lived tlieii at i
(krhired iheni!
qurisset.s, and v
to liiin the sai<
he would send
liiai lie had rec
Tliis was not sj
htard Ihem say
considcnihle ap
Or. Divight tl
" UlK
As I
DoSi
Wii
Ant
Inilii
Tl
To.
Ai
And,
Acct
You/
J?vl\
Had
Anntlior, alreai
MoNO.NOTTO. /
fell into the hand
lion that two En
Connecticut Riv
liuniiuiity, the lit
\v!is in spopial rei
Monoiioilo Hed v
more ''liiefs. He
tlicin woiiiidrd, a
is tliiiH inentiouR
cy, &c.
On the .') .\nfriii
.jonnial .-—".'Mr. i
Coiinecticiit, and
Sa.i'tcv.s and his h
Mohawks for sli(>
ljy tiioin surprised
tiikoii, hilt escaped
nliicli had heen si
so that now there
The fii-st trouh
among the peoph;
to flow. Soinn E
tnnrder of a Peep
Iiuiiaii.s of IJIock :
Ji in, and tliey nej
JO
[Book II,
oiiv y iiii'ia iu
ii!m. Mr. /ii|.
inomoh lo dn ii
H'illidim) ill ;.
tit at iii^lil, 1111,1
iiii'tm time till
liink lie wantnl
/ of llis H'lldiiiii
inc si'ut tor wii,
his Ikiiisc ; iliat
OfM wilt by ill.:
vlio liiid liii'iia
'ore, ill kiiidiit".
"to tliO Kll!.'|l.l|
111(1 ilis Mnlilsi.
svoiild. Fur. h"
fjiisc tL'clnmpiilh
Mr. (♦i7/wiM
i!,l :—
(^iKimr, iiMil 'i;
rest, wIkiim tlnv
•iivcrcd llii'iii ii,
', witli *2(10 iiiiii.
iciii Puttwpijijm-
illisli liimsis, liii;
t not CDllli' l|i;i:
woulil not: liir,
10(1, iind tli('\ alL
two ot' my mill,
I'S to S('S(iii;iii!,ii,
to tilc fi(i\rnii;r;
|,-d liy iiiiiiiy.''
.vaiiipoiii wiiliiiiit
lie and M'wulin-
soldiers, .'is Mr.
.r a Pciiiit. \»i
WOllKll <»t' l.'H?
||, dcsiri'd to jiui
Lvct, liy 'ill sriioil
opixirtiiniiy \<\
reason of oil,ir
lad l)e<'ii liroimit
iir it nnivrrj lliat
fir cxtenniiiiitnis.
ly of the \m'<m\
Is iiieiitioiii'il iliil
]i(l at NiMiiiii'liy
l|»otitiiin ill til"-'
[ilt and ;)iiivli;w
tire tiie coiij!iiiv
[)in any claim of
lamous John Sass^'-
MONOxNOTTO.
109
Chap. VM
En 'lij^li niHl Indians, according to tlio o(niity of thn casp,: ' JVinilirop lind no
writiiifi
f\-omatu
gilrlicm of N'i'iii'ic did call liiciu and nil liis men togctlic
Ivcd to "ivi^ liif* .'oiintry to the gov(jriioi''» son of the i\lassarliiis*.'tts, wiio
Ir
writiii" I'rom Snssacits, and full ten years lied clnpse I -inn- t!i(3 trunwicti' ■), hut
fYomatii.ili, fVambenjnaskc, i\m\ Anluppo u ;ti*icd sonit" tiim; after, tint "ujtori
I .ir kiiovvi'Mlgc \m i.»re tlie wars wero Jigain.st '.ho l*c(|H(w., S(i,y.iaius their
and told that ho was
rved then at Pattaiiiiassat alias Connecticut Hivor's iiioiitli, and a!! his men
I .(-laii'd tlieiiiselvos willing therewith. Thoroiipon ho went to him to I'atta-
nuissi'ts, anil vvlien ho caiiKs back he told them lie had graiued all his country
tl) liiin tiio said governor's son, and said lie was his good friend, and he hoped
lio would send sonui l']nglisli diither some time hereafter. Moreover, he told
liiiii lie lin<l received coats from him for it, wliirli they saw him hring homo."
Tiiis was not said by those Indians themselves, but several English snid they
heard them say so. The commissioners, however, set aside his claim with
consulcnihle ajipcarance of independence.
Or. Dmght thus closes his poem upon the destruction of the Pequots : —
" Uiulaiinled, on lliei. foes they fierrely flow ;
As IkTce the dusky warriors crowd tlie fipht ;
l)i.<|)iiir inspires ; to combat's lace they k'hc j
With {'roans and siiouts, they rnu;c, uiiknowinaf lif^ht,
Ami close their sullen c^-es, in sliatios of endless night.
Indiilijo. my native land, indulge the tear
Tiiat steals, impassioned, o'er a nation's doom.
To nil', each twig from Adam's stock is near,
And sorrows fall upon an bidian's tomb."
And, O ye chiefs ! in jonder starry hon>e.
Accept the hiimblo tribute of this rhyme.
Your gallant deeds, in Greece, or haughty Rome,
J?v Maro suiiir, or Homer's har|) siil)lime,
Had charmed the world's wide round, and triumphed over time."
Another, already mentioned, and the next in eon.soquence to Sassacus, was
MoNONOTTo. Hubbard calls hitn a "noted Indian," wliosc; wife and children
fell into the hands of the English, and as " it was known to be by her media-
tion that two English maids (that were taken away i'rom Weatherslield, upon
Connecticut River) were saved from death, in requittal of whoso jiity and
linnianity, the life of herself and children was not only granted her, but she
was ill s|)crial rocommend(!d to the care of (Jov. IVinthrop, of Massachusetts "
Motmiuttto fted with Sossactis to the Mohawks, for protection, with sovoHv
inoic I'liiefs. He was not killed by them, as Sassnciis was, but escaped froiu
tliciii woiindrd, and probably died by the hands of his English enemies. }<i;
is thus inentioii'id by Governor IVolcott, in his poem upon fVinthrop^s ag i
cy, &c.
•• r.-inre Mononotto sees his squadrons fly,
And on our genera! having fixed his eye,
Rage and revenge his spirits quickening,
He set a mortal arrow in the string."
On the .T .\iigiist, 1G37, Governor JVinthrop makes the following entry in hia
journal : — "Mr. Ludlow, Mr. Pincheon^ and about 12 more, came by land from
Connecticut, and brought with them a part of the skin and lock of hair of
Sasncvs and his brother and .1 other Peqnod sachems, who being fled to the
Mohawks for siielrer, with their wampom (biding to the value of £500) wcjre
by tlioin surprised and sliiin, with 20 of their best men. Mononottoh was also
taken, hilt escaped wounded. They brought news also of divoi"s other Peqiiods
wliicli had been slain by other Indians, and their heads brought to the English ;
so that now there had been slain and taken between 8 and IK)0."
The fii-st troubles with the Pi^qiiots have already been noticed. It was
among the people of ^fononotto, that the English caused the blood of a Pequot
to flow. Some English had been killed, but there is no more to (^.vciiso the
iMiirder of a Pequot than an Englishman. The l^'nglish had injured the
Indians of Hlock Island all in their power, which, it sooms, did not satisfy
Jiin, and they next undertuoJi to make spoil upon them m tlieir own country
10
,j-:-'i-j :■!>.■
'^:^"^i^m
m
.1?'
^^■;-n
' ' vi^ J
^:h^M - '^
'' :M
' '-'^OffV^
Vs., 'WmyK'^filHM
'.I'l ' ^iMi^Hii
'< villi! v^^HH
■t YJiKSii^B^V;:^^
Is'^tralfflK.id^
K '' '*^'^ MH^^ffl
w ^''*' 'JHliWB
w " ^'t^IBS
m, ' ^' ylt^lH
lf«%^ ,^-
no
MONONOTTO.— CASSASSINNAMON.
[Rook I]
CUAP. VII]
u\ii)H Ojiinrrticiit River. "As tlicy wcro siiiliiiij up tlio rivor, sriys Dp./
Mullitr, many ot'tlic l't'(|ii(its on hotli s'kIi'h ol'llic river called lo lliem. ili .ji-, |j
to know what was their end in eoniinij; thither." ■ 'J'hey ansNven d, ilmt ti,,,
desired t(t speak with Sassmiis ; in ing told that .'' sxiinis had jrone to l.i.n'.
Island, they then demanded that MimoiuiUo should appi ar, .'Jid tiny iireicnij,,,^
lie win Irom home also. However, they went on sliori' and <leniii!iilci| ii,,!
rnni'derers ot' (.'a|>taiii SUnu; imd were tofil that il'they woidd wjiit lley vmiii|j
Kend tiir them, and that .Mitiioiwtlo woidd eona; innni'diately. tint nci'v \\'\^v'\
the I'efpiols, in the mean lime, "transported tln.'ir p)ods, wonaii and cliilili',
to another |ilaee." f One of them then told thi^ Jjiifrlish that .Mtntoiinll., u,ii||,|
not e(.me. Then tint l'Ji;r|ish hepui to do what inisehiet' they eonid to ilnn,
und a tkirmisli lollowed, wherein onu Indian was kiiltMl, aiul an Kn^ilii^liiiiai,
was WiMMided."!
The name of .l/o)io/io/<o's wife appears to have been WiveuMmiNK. Sli>
^*lloldd not [»' overlooked in speakinj^ ot'JMononotto, as site was instrnnicMialit
savin;.' the lill- of an lin^rlishmaii, as disinterestedly as Poc«/io7i/«s savid ij.^
of Captain .S'/;ii7/i. Some English had gone to trade with the I'eipiots, iiiulii
reeovir some horses which they had stolen, or picked np on their lands. T,vfi
of the I'.nglish \M'nt on shore, ini<l one went into the sachem s wigwiiin ;ii„|
demanded the horses. The Indians Avitiiin slyly absented themselves. ,iii!
ft imumhone, knowing their ititention, told him to fly, for the Indians \\,j,.
making preparations to kill him. He barely escaped to the boat, being tiillmv.
ed by a crowd to the shore.
Cassassi.n.namo.v was a noted Peqiiot chief, of whcin Ave have some iicpoim;
us ei.rly as Kl.l'J. In that year a difficulty arose about the limits of Hoiitijirton,
sine(> called Stokiington, in Connecticnt, and s( veral Knglish were sent tdsciil'
thi' dillieiilty, which was concerning the location of VVekapaiige. "Fun,,
In Ip lis (they say) to understand where Wekapange is, wc desired sonip I'.i.
(|ii;;tiieke Indians to go with us." Cassas-tinnamon was one who ussi.-tnl.
Tliey told the English that " Cashmmssd (the governor of Wekopangi) ilij
charge them that they should not go any further than the east side of a liiile
swamp, near the east end of th(! first great pond, where they did pitch down a
stake, and told us [the English] that Casliawasset said that that very plarcw.ij
VVekapauge ; said that he saicl it and not them ; and if they should siy tlwi
VV«'ka|)aiige ilid go any further, Cashnwassd would be angry." Cashnm.wl
jifter tills had contirmed to him and those under liiin, 8000 acres of land inii,.
i'e(|not coimtry, with tla; provision tliut they continued subjects of Massm Im.
setts, and should " not s(;ll or tdienate M>e said liuids, or any part therool", to iinv
English luaii or men, w'thout the court's ap|)robation."
'I'he neck of laiul callt^l (^uinicuiitduscc was claimed by both jiartics ; Im;
Cassassinnamon saiti that when a wiiale was some time before ctist ibhic
there, no one disputed Cashawas.'!el\<i claim to it, which, it is believed, sriilitl
the (piestiou : Cashawassd was known geuerallv by the name of Jlnrmi]
Ctiiren.§
We next meet ^vith Ccissnssinnamon in Philip's war, in which he cnniniaiil-
ed a company of Pe(piots, and accompanied Captain Denison in his siicc'.^ilil
career, and was present at the eai)tur<! of Cnnonchet. ||
In November, 1051, Cassassinnamon and eight others executed a sort otan
agreement "with tht; townsmen of Peipiot," allerward called ,\)w Lowh.
What kind of agreement it was w(! an; not told. His name was snlisciiliid
Can(:s>imamon. Among the other names we see Oblxtchirkwnod, JS^cesnitinim
alias Daniel, Cukhdmaquia and Mahmawamham. Cassassinnamon, it is said,
signed "in his own behalf and the Ix-half of the rest of Nameeag Iniliaiis,"'^
• Rolalion. U. \ Ibid.
{ ll)id. Ciiplaiii Lion f t iirdttur, who liad aomc men in this affair, gives qiile a diffcreol
aecounl. See lile of Kulshcmnqnin, aliaa Kulshamakin
6 Bevnral manuarripl documciiU.
TF 1 Coll. Mass. UUl. Soe. x. 101.
U Hubbard,
Of the Praii'mir
~ till 111— I'lihor.i (I
— ('iicii.>< /;/«/'>
rniirt iiil.>sioiii
'|"l Ktl'KWU.I.IN
— .MllllllJsOO '
It iiMist he e\
|M'ii|ili' Ki ahand<
riiisoiiiiiir powei
j»i ()|il.' inii.<t he (
liv (ili\ii)iis cau.^i
COM r a cause, tii
mice. And iM)t\
tliciiisilves, aial ^
|iriiccc(liiig li'om
one, iiiid which,
^\nlt\ (lithe mean
'i'lic-ic lia-ts iiavi
cause tlicni to In
time, llay would
ai'tnt Id perlitrm
reason, or the Ii
otliiT Hords, sn|
cxtrcine, to whieli
S'H, what (inee a|i
niid tlicrelin-c it i
disclnsL'd of a likt
ll so liap|)ens,
1 lids (if Indians,
tliiiii the one alrei
liiiii^'s t(i he reinej
\vli(i-e (iliserved in
friiiii tlieir aged m
lii'iic'c, that the sto
tlii'V liad h(!ard fiT
liavc iKi possible n
liirc nil ()M(^ will \\,
'ii'lii'\ers among tli
till' |i()WW(iws, con
oliicc is healing V
ciianns and iininti
fi'hcs, also, the im
t'lijiiy ;i1h'r death ;
a place ol'perpetiia
cvciT tiling tliai, tl
aiiv iitiier religion
sliiw in gaining ere
Considerations o
to wonder, as m;;n_\
mint of .New Kngh;
Tiie great dilii(^ulty
lii'cii slow in the(!X
of time must have
oliicc with any degi
oilier, and hea'iinir i
peculiar cilBtoni 01'
tliey would answei-
IROOK 1]
•r, s'lys Dr. /,
llioiii, (Icsir, i,j
•nd, llmi tin
plllC 111 |.„||';
;liiy prcic:!,,,.,!
(Ii'iiiiimlcil III,,
■Jiil llicy wmili
III \('ry wiM'!,,
II iind rliildi'.
'onoii(ili) \M]|i|,i
cnultl til liiciii,
III Kiiiilisluimii
:UMHO.\K. Slit
iiistrniiiciiiiilin
ll/«S SilVCll l!n;
l*f()iiiiis, aiiilii
•ir Itiiids. '!','(,
•s wijrwdiii iiii,i
licilisclvcs, lllil
V. Indimis wire
It, liciiig t'lillim.
^c some nrcniiK
ts of Bnuilii'rtHn,
(M'l! sc'iit to si'i;li>
muge. " Tiir ti
isiriul some I'.i-
iO who ussknl.
kVeknjMuigr) ilij
St side of a link
id ])itcli down a
t veiy Jtiarc wij
should say that
," Ca.ihdwib'M
'cs of land iiiil,.
ts of ^las-iii'lm-
t thereol", tiiany
pth jiartics; Ic
li()re cast iislne
behoved, sitilrtl
me of llm-imn
hi he cnnimaml-
|iii his siicci'sst'ul
iitod a son of an
]d J^'ew Lmhn,
was siilisi'i'iln^
|/, A'ccfoiuccfiriiH
\unon, it is saiil,
•asi liidiuiis.'"^
les qiilc a ilifTcreiil
id.
ClIAP. VII]
PRAYING INDIANS. HI
ClIAPTKR VII.
nf the Praiiins nr Chrislinn Indians in A'ric England — Difficiill to Christianize
■' I /,,/i()r'< ('/' J"'"' l''li"t — W\rii\N lln' Jlist Cliriitlidii iKii^aiiirrr — liidlun litirs
I'licas nioliytf iiiniiii.it tlir iitlrmpt to roiirir/ lii.s ino/ilr — .Xiiiiifri't nj'ii.fis to
Til) ire mi.-i'''on(iriis — The Indian liilih — Pi AMiioriiiti; — Spkk.n — I'inn \ii anmt —
'l"rK\l'KWIM'"< — Oo.NAMOC — AlIATAWANCK VV Al T A.-S ACO.M I'ON I'M iilACOOMKS
_Ml,lllliSUO — OCCUM — TlTLBA.
1 r iiiiist he exceechiifily ditlieiilt, us nil experience has sliown, to cause any
iicoiil.' to ahaiidoii a lielief or faitli in a iiialter, unless it lie one on uliicli the
•i;is(iiiiiiir iiowers ol' the mind can hr hroii-iiit to act. 'The most i;j:iioi'ai!t
Moiil'' iiii'st he eoiiviiieed, that many etfeets wliicli they witiii ss are produced
IV iili\i"iis causes; hut there are so many others for which they cannot dis-
cmi r a cause, that they hesitate not to deny any nutural viww for them at
(iiicc. And notwithstiwidini,' tliiir, from day to day, causes an; developing
tliiiiisilves, and sliowinjr them, that many results whieii they had viewed tis
iiriM-ccdiii<.' li'oni a super iiiilnral cansi; hitherto, was nothiii;^^ hut a natural
one, Mild which, when diseovt^red, appciu-ed pertt'Ctly simple, too, yet, t<>r the
want el'tlie means of invtistiifation, they would he looked upon as mira"iiloiis.
'J'licsc liicis have heeii more than enough, iimoiifr the scienlitlc world, to
(Miise them to look upon the most Ititent causes, with ti hope that, in due
tiiiif, tlii'V would iini<)ld the'iiiselves also; and, finally, leave, iiothiii^f I'or any
uirciit to perform hnt nature itself. When the Indian, therefore, is driven hy
reason, or the IJLdit of science, ii'oni his stroiiir-hold of i^'norance, or, in
other words, superstition, he is extremely lialili; to liill into tin; opposite
cMieiiie, to which alhiiion has just heen made, hecausi; lit; will imhesitatinjjrly
ha\, what once appeared ptist all discovery has heen shown to he most plain,
mid tlierelia'e it is not only jiossihle, hnt even prohahle, that otht;rs will ho
disclosed of a like character.
It so happi'iis, that in att«!mptinjr to snhstitntc one taitli for another, in the
I lids of Indians, that the one proposed admits of no hettiM' demonstriition
tli.ai the one already possessed hy them; lor their manner of transmi'ting
liiiii^js to he rememhered, is the most impressive tuid sacred, as will he e!se-
wlnie oliserved in oiir work. That any thing tlilse should Ik; handed down
fniiii their ajred matrons and sires, coiihl not be lor a inonient Ixdieved ; and
lii'iic'c, tlijit the stories of a stran're jieople should be credited, instead of what
they had heard from day to day Ij-om their youth uj), from those who could
have no possible motive to deceive them, coiiid not be expected; and there-
fore no one will vmmkUu' for a inonient that the gospel has met with so few
ijclievers among the Indians. All this, aside; from their dealers in mysteries,
the |iowwows, conjurers or |)riests, as they are variously denominated, whose
oiiiic is lieiiling the sick, appeasing the wrath of tin; invisible spirits hy
clianiis and imintelligihle mnnimery. These characters took u])oii tliem-
tilves, also, the imi»ortaiit atliiir of determining the lia|)piness each was to
enjoy :ilter (h'iith ; assuring the brave and the virtuous that tin y should go to
It jilai'i' ol'per|ietiial spring, where game in the greatest ])lenty abounded, and
{•very thing thai; the most pertect lia])])iness recpiired. \ow, as a belief in
any other religion jiromised no more, is it strange that a ii w one should be
glow in g'dning credence?
Considerations of this nature inevitably press in upon us, and cause us not
to wonder, as many Inive done, that, for the first thirty years tdter the eettle-
iiiciit of i\ew i'lngland, so little was eflected by the gospel among the Indiiins.
The Lireat dillieiilty of coiu.\iimiciiting with tlitjm hy interpreters must have
been slow in tlie extreme; and it must be eon»idere<l,alao, that a great length
of time must have lieeu consumed belbre any of tluiso cuiild perjhrm tlieir
oltii'c with any degree of accunicy ; th« Indian langnayo beiny unlike every
other, and bearing no tmalogy to any known tonyiie whatever j and then, the
peciiliai- ciiBtom of the Indians must be conaidered; Uieir luug deltiys helbre
tliey Would auBWei- io any propoaitioii ; but more than all, we have to coa-
m
m
..am
W" ;[■••• '■■'
'Mm
tn^
, < - j"^
r.:'
im
PRAYING INDIANS— NESrr.AN.
[!'w,K II.
m-
sidor tim nntiirni dictnist tlint must iiccfHsnrily nriHc in tl:<' jii'ik!?! (ifrvrrv
|MM)pl(', at llin siitldcii iiidii.x "I" stnm;r<'rs hiiidii;: tln'iii. \\ lini imy i.{v
tlnoiy wiiH prcwiitcd to tlicir iiiinds, flit! first i|msti<m.'< that woidd |piis(iit
tlii'ii!:<t'lv»'H, would most im(|u<'Hlioiial»ly he, W'lial arc the irnl molivrs oti;,^
now pt'opic? — Do tlicy really luvc lis, an tlicy pntciid.' — l>o tlicy /(v///:/ 1„ ,.
one another? or do tliey imt live, many t»t' tlieiii, upon one aimtlier !-— Isim
this new stiile of thiiij.'H, whieii they desire, to enable them to sllilHi^| ij\ ,.
and in time to enslave lis, or deprive lis of our possessions? — Doo ii i,,,,
iippi^ar that Ihesi! Ktriuijrers are full of selliHiiiiess, tjid, therefore, Imvctvir,
motive whii'h that passirm j;i\es rise to for deceivinjr lis? — lleiiee, we r<'|ii,i
that it can hardly he ihoiiifht strange that ('hristi;iiiiiy has made m) >|,,v,
pi'o^;n!Ss among the Indians.
IS'otwithstandiiif,' one of the osteiisihle ohjects of nearly all ihe royiil chir.
ters and |niteiits isKiied for British North America \\as the ( 'liristiaiii/iii;r,;
the Indians, few roiild Ik; found ecjiial to the ta.-^k on arriviii;.' here; wli,..
\v; >its of every kind reipiired nearly all their laliors, few could he fnn,,]
willing to lorego mery comtiirl to engage in a work which prcscnti i! >„
many difficulties. Adventurers were those, generally, who eminralcd \\;ii;;|
view to hitt(!riiig their own condition, instead of that of others.
At lengtii IVIr. John t^liot, seeing that litth( or nothing conlil lie cIllitMi
through the medium of }iis own language, resoKr-d to niak(; himself iii;i.;,r
ol" the Indian, and then to devote himself to their service. Acconliiij;|\ |,,
':ii"d * an oldf Indian, imiuvd Job .Vesutnn, [ to live in his (amily, and toii (|,
liiii; his language. When he had accomjilished this arduous task, ulijili],,,
did ill "u few moiiths,"§ he set out iijion his tirst attempt; luiviii!; i-ivtn
notice to some Indians at JVon(nUuni,\\ since; Newton,^! of his intentioi.. Witli
three others lie iiuit the Indians for tlie tirst time, i2H Octoher, Iti-I)!. U'wi..
boil,** whose name signified ji'iW,+t "'i vvise and grave man, thoii^'li im
Sachem, with five or six Indians met them at some distance fiom tlieir \u<r.
w.'ims, and hidding them welcome, conducted them into a large fipiirtn.iin
where a great iiiimher of the natives were gathered togetlur, to hear tliisn w
doctrine." \\. After jirayers, and an ex|>laiiation of the ten conimandiiifiits, Mr,
Eliot informed tliem "of the dreadful curse of (iod that would fall ii|ioiiall
lliose that brake them: lie then told them who Jesu.i Christ was, wlnnln;
was now gone, and how lie would one day come agai i to judg(' the woiiilm
flaming fire."
AtU'r nhoiit un hour spent in this manner, the Indians had liherf toasl-
any ipieslions in relation to wliat had lieeii said. Whereupon .>iie sKkkIiiji
and asked, How he could know Jesiia Christ J — Another, If'hellwr Eti'sltshnvii
were ever so ifcnorant of him as the hiilians' — A third. It helher Jesus Chiil
could understand prai/ers in Indian'/ — Another, How there could lie an immsKif
God, siiue it was forbidden iu the second commandnunt } — Anotlier, fl'lutkt.
according to the second rominandinent, the child Duist snjfir, thoui^h he he jrwi.
for the sins of its parents .' — And lastly, How all the uorld became full ofpuijit.
if they were all once drowned in thefood'J
The second jiieeting was upon IJ Novemher, following, ]\lr. Elinl met the
Indians again, and afier catecliising the chihh'iMi, and preaching .iii lioiirio
the congregation, heard and answered, among others, tlie following (|iiiii-
lions. — How the Enirltsh came to differ so much from the Indians in their hiwid-
et/ge of (Iod and Jesus Christ, since they had all at first but one Father /—An-
other desired to know, How it came to pass that sea-water loas salt and rim
water fresh'/ — And another. That if Ihe ividir was hifrher than the earth, Imt ii
hapftened that it did not overflow it "/
The third meeting took place soon afler, namely, on 2(i of the same nioiilli,
* Neal. Ilisl. N. Eiic:. i. 2iJ'J. \ N. Kii'V. Hio-r. Dirlioiiiirv, ml. Vav-\.
\ Seo p. 51 (if lliis book, ante. \ Neal. Hist. N. I',iit»-. i. Vii.
II "Near Walertowii mill, upon the soulli side ol C'liiirlos Kixor, ;il>onl lour or (iviMiiilfi
from liig own lioiiso, [ia Hoxhtiry,] wlicre lived a-t llial limp IT'i/juh. tjiic of llioir |)riiii'ipal
men, iiud some Indians with him." (Innkin, (Hist, ("ol.) IliJJ.
IT Noiiantum, or Nooimtomen, sigiiilioil a plaet of ri'jvkiii"-, or rejoiciiu};. Neal, i. ilfi-
** WauUaii, Magnalia, iii. 11)6. " ' \\ Ibiil,
X\ Day-breaking of the Gospel in N. Eiig., in Ned, i. 223.
hill was not so
HHiM'. mid liy
Siill lli'i"'' "■'''■''
\\w (lays iilh-r,
ot' Ins VliildiTii,
nitcil III iIm' <'
.■ollir.d their <
iijioi, iliis niolio
.Mr. FJiol, no'
sdiiii'tliing lii'siti
iiiid tli.it WIS, th
s'lviiig'^ *vas, 7'/
hi'tii'S, Vhrlslian
\Mis not carrii'd
(iitiN'iiii'iit slioK
tl aiisc hy as
aioili' of living,
tlic pi'diT llir a tl
iiL'ri'i'd to: — I. il
live siiilliiigs. — I
iiiiiimrricil, lie >
111- iiiind.' shall
jii.-jfin' to III' SI
.«.inaiit, anil if i
fiir liiiiisi'lli and i
hliall nor have he
.•iliall |iiiy five shi
^ll,■lll pav two si
^Iiilliiigs'.-Vlll.
five .•^hillings.
Ill .liiiiuary foil
flt Coiiriird ; and
lii'iil tiiniiiglioiit t
Kliol visited as m
Nii'i' in a letter wl
hi' l(Hiii('(l of the
liati' nut hcen dr
tixtli, bit so travi
iiiiil (III with tliein
'I'lii' cliicts and
to iiiive been gaiiii
lisli power. "No
.Mr. AW, "for if
more so to make
the icliirioii of the
lili> witlidiit the e.\
"Tlic .Moiiliegii
tlii'iii t(i jiray to U
to protest airainst
lecture, and openi
lisii. that all the sfi
lis to tell yiv. Elioi
(li> Mot pay me tri
wiieiias before th(
and t'ortiiiies hein,
tliDiiirhr reasonahli'
U|)on theiii, tlio.se f
' lliilfhinscii, TTisl.
^ 'rii:< word, when i
dersKind in ai, o|)posil(
and idolairv, is wlial is
10*
UOIllll |l|'l'M'||l
motives ()t;;.|^
tliry mill II 1(1 ,H
lUtllCI'!- — 1> li [
[> Sllllhirl li\ I,,
S? Docs il 1,,,;
ore, Imvc i\i r,
■iicf, we rc|i(i:t,
I lllixlf ^() >liv.
llic royal rlnr.
Iiristiiihi/iii:', ■
I!.' Imm'i- ; whp.
cnilltl Ik' [\\.\u]
•Il )t|TSC|i|l(! >„
ini,uriili'(l \\;ii;i
s.
)lll(l ln' Clliltiii
hiiiiHt'lt' iiiiiMir
Ac<Minrnii.'|j I,.
lily, iiiiil toiiMi,
s tiisk, wliich i„.
t ; lutviii!; L'ivdi
ntciitioi.. Will;
r, Ki-lti. liwi..
iiinii, th()n;.'!i no
ti-()iii tlicirwii!.
lar<.ro (!|>artii,(in
to iicar tliisiiMv
iiiiiiii(liiit'iits, Mr.
lid fall U|Kiii»ll
H was, wliciT lie
ilf^c tlic worliliD
ad liliiTt'' toiisk
)()|i ./lie sI(i(h1i;ii
tllitr Kv'J'mhwn
Ihrr Jeswi Chusi
he on imiiist 0/
llotlMT, M7l(//lff,
ii(i;"/( III lie irwii,
imefull ofptiijk
r. Kl'wl met the
liiii; an liiiiirio
(tilowiiiir i|iics-
.v ill tliiir kumrl-
tWnr :'-Aii-
yas salt and rim
I he cititli, hoic'i
Chap VII]
but wiiH not so well «lti'iid<'<l
PRAYINO INDIANS— TIIKIR LAWS. 113
riic powwows and sacliciiis lind dissiiadrd
tliii sai
le iniiiitli,
liiirv, iirl. I'll li'T
111 tiiiir or livo inilei
of llieir principsl
AW. i. ilfi-
r and l>v tliriin (Irlcrrcil oflicrs Iniiii iiiccimi!- iipiui sitcli ocrasioiis.
<i II I'ln i'c wi'H' coiisidcnililt' iiiiiiiiiiMS that ;:ol attaclird to ,\lr. tUiiil, and in ti
l;\vi!avs alti'f, ff'ii>'>P"-i< "» wise mid sa^it- Indian," ami two oilnrs, with hoiiio
ol' Ins rliil<li"'ii, <'"""■'"''"' '''""''"''• "'' dt-siitd that tlicsi- iiii^flit he odii-
ti'il in iIk" Ciii'i'^'i"" 'i'l'l'- A' dir iirxt iiiiM'tiii".' all tlic Indians |trfscrit
'•(illiii'd llK'i'' "■'''''''''" '" I"' •■"""'■li'^'d and in.stnii'H'il liy tin- Kiifflisli, who
iiiiiii. this motion rt'snlvcd to set ii|i a .-school aiiioiif,' thcin."
Mr tlliot, iiotwithstaiidiii}.' his zeal, srciiis widi to have iind'THtood, that
maii'iliiii" Inside preiirhiii!,' was ncccs.<iiry to rcl'orin tlio lives ol'tlic Indians;
Mild iliat WHS, their eivili/iition Ity ediieation. It is said that one of his noted
^•i\ ill"" was, The luiliinis must be civil I'z'il as well nx, if not in order to their
tinii"\ Christ iiini::e I.'* Thereliire, the re(|iirst of tli" iiidi.iiis at .Nomintniti
Uiisimt eairiid into etl'eet until a place eoiild he fixed upon where a rejrnlar
M'tileiiieiit slioiiltl l>e made, and the eateidiiitnens had shown tiieir zeal tiir
till' ciiiise hy assemhliii;: ihem.selves there, and eoiiHirmiii;.' to the lln^lish
iiiiHli">f liviii).' '" the end this was ajfrecd upon, and Natiek was fi.ved as
till' place for a town, and the lollowin;.' short code of laws was set lip and
j,ir||.((i In: — I. If any man he idle a week, or at most a fortiiifrlit, he shall pay
fivr sliillinjrs. — II. If i«iiy unmarried man shall li- with a yoiiiiL' woman
iiiiiiiiinied, he shall pay twenty sliillinjrs. — III. If any man shall heat his wife,
Ills liiiiiils shall h<> lied heliind liini, and he shall he carried to the |ila<'e of
justice to he severidy punished. — 1\'. I'Aery yoiinyf man, if not another's
sei'vtiiit, and if unmarried, shall he eompelleil to set u|> a wii;waiii, and |)laiit
till- liiiMseli; and not sliitl up and down in oilier wi<rwams. — V. If any woman
^liiill nut have her hair tied up, hut liim<r loo.se, or he cut as men's hair, she
chilli jiiiy five shillinirs. — VI. If any woman shall ;ro with naked hrensts, she
fiiail pay two sliilliiifrs. — \ II. All men that wear Ion;,' locks shall pay five
.«liiirni!.'s'.— V ill. if any shallkill their lice hetween their teeth, they shall pay
five fllillili!(S.
hi .liMiuary following another company of prayiiijr Indians was ostaldishnd
nt Ciiiieovil ; and tli.'re were soon several other places where moetiiifrs were
jielil tiiiiiiijriioiit the country, from Cape Cod to i\arra<raiiset.f Of these, Mr.
FJiitl visited as many and as oHoii as he was aide. From the followiuff pas-
snue ill a letter which Ik; wrote to IMr. ff'in.slow of I'liinoiith, some idea may
111' till iiied of the hardships he underwent in his pious lahors. Hi; says, "I
iijive not heeii dry nijrlit nor day, from the third day of the week unto tlie
!-i\tli, hit so travelled, and at nifflit pull off my hoots, wrinjr iriy stockiii'TS,
fiiiil (III with them a<raiii, and >c> contiiiiti'. itiit (>od steps in and helps."|
Tlie chiefs and powwows would not have sutVen^l even so much fjroimd
to liiivf! heeii grained hv the jrospel, hut for the awe they were in of the Kn;,'-
lisli power. "Nor is this to |je woiulered at," says the very jjfood historian,
.Ml. A"'r(/, "for if it he very difiicnlt to civilize harharous nations, 'tis iiiiich
more solo make them Christians: All men have natiu'ally a V(;neration tor
the leli^'ioii of tiieir ancestors, and the prejudices of educiition§ are iiistipcra-
lile witiioiit the extraordinary gract; of (»od."
"The ,Moiihe<;iii Indians wer»! so jealous of the freiieral court's (dilisring
tlieiii to pray to (Jod, that llnras, their sachem, went to tlu; court at llartliird
to pidtest airainst it. Ciitithninoquin, another sachem, came to the Indian
lectiii'c, and openly protested airainst their hiiildiiij>; a town, telliiifr the V.ui^-
lisli, that all the saidiems in the country were af^aiiist it. lie wr.s so honest
IIS to tell .Mr. Eliot th»! reason of it ; for (says he) the Indians that pruy to fJod
do not pay me trihiite, as formerly they did; which was in part true, for
whereas liefore the sachem was ahsolute tiiaster of his siilijects; their lives
aiKMiatiines heiiij^ at his dispo.-id ; they jrave him now no more than they
tlioiii'lit reasonahle ; hut to wipe off the reproaidi that CiUshamoijidn had laid
ujioa tlieni, those f(jw praying Indians present, told Mr. Eliot what they hud
' Uulfhinsoii, Hisl. iM,i,s. i. \r,X t Xeal, i. 2'2(i— '2.30. J Mii.sn^ili't, iii. \96.
^ 'r!i:< word, when !ippli«d In the ecliienlinn of ihe Indiana amoD';- tli«>..»>«lves, i» 10 be iia-
der»l(in(l ill an opposite simiso from ils cninnioii acceptation : thus, 10 instruct in SupCfBlilious
and idolairv, is wiiat is iwl meant by cducalion uinoiii; us.
10*
1;^. ^1
m
H7
■"if
mV
'fH
^^B^v.
"/'^^"'InnPi
■ •^.'■I^Pi
^^
' ii'i'^fl^^
K..
;\ilL|^ir
■P-C
'f^'^W^
B"''
^E ^
• 'wSlkta
^B'^'
..1 ''I'SnTltfl
^ff-L
■ ■^'■:%mm
W
W-
' ^*M
i
^Bh
, ■'>-)--»;? -K
8kcm
-•>t..?.tirv
' '■, ■.
-PMi
;'
■ :":-V'.-^.-';
">> -Oit''.
'■■■l'.>'
■^l^•*'jfc■'ii
*t!'\\
■,'^mM
»f'':5'..i;cii^
-I ■'■■<:*■''.''::
114
PRAYINO INDIANS.— INDIAN THHLE.
[Rodit ]]
if'ir
dono for tlinir Hnclicni thn two lust yiinrs, Icnviiif? Iiiiii to jiid^n wlintlicr th „
jirina? liiul uiiy roiuson to roiniilHiii." Tlicy miid tlicy liml f?ivfii |iii„ ^'
husiicU of«'oni at oik; titiut, and six at aiiotlicr ; that, in liiiiitin^' lor him two
days- thoy had killed him ir>d(!(<i>i; hrokc up liir him two acriN of ||||„{.
liiadu him a ^rrat wi^'wam; "tiiadc him '^0 rods of fi>iu;(t with a ditdi i,ii,|
two rails about it ;" |mid a doitt t<)r him ot'jCM, 10s. "()n<> o| them i^'uvi
a skill of bt'iivi-r of two pounds, lusidcs many days works in plantiii};
altoffcthcr ; v«'a, thny said tliry would \villiii;;iy do more if he would p
tl
Iflll JUS
dy r»y tl
10 word of (jrod, liiit the sachem swidliiii; with ind
at this iiiiiiiaiiiicrly disroiirHc of his vassals, turned his back upon tl
'lit
til
I'atest
d)ie; thoiigb
"' IIIIII
I'iMl
'vcni
>,«iiniii,||,
1" <'(iii|.
away
consideration, Jiimselt turn<;d iJlinstiaii not Ioiik albr,"
Mr. Experience .Mmjhiw met with similar oc.iMirri'iices many yearH ntt-r,
Upon a visit to tlie Narragaiisets, h(! sent for .M ■ifrrvi, t\\v sacliem, anj
dt'sircd of him leave to preaeli to liis peo|ile ; l)ut the s' i-liem told liitn tnug
and make the Kn^'lish ^'ood first ; and observed, funher, ;hat some of iL;
luiiglish kept Saturday, others Sunday, and others no day at all liir wiiisliii,;
HO that if his peo|)le siioiiid hitvi! a mind to turn Christians, they eould n,,;
toll what r;ilif{ion to bi- of. jVinif!;ret fiiither added, that Mr. Alaiiluw jin^k
try his skill tii-st with the Peipiots and Mohegans, and if thev siibmitti d tdiln;
Christian religion, possibly he and his people might, but they would not Ih;
the first.*
In the mounwhilo, Mr. fjliot had translated the whole Bible into Indian,*
also Maxtkr's Cam., Mr. ShephtrWs Sincehk Conn kut, and his Soind |if.
LiEVKH, I besid.'s some other perfbriiiaiices, as a Grammar, Psalter, Piiimrn,
Catechisms, the PiucricE ok Piety, &-c. §
Jt is amusing to hear what our old valued friend. Dr. C. Mather, m^i {,{
Eliofs Bible. "This Bible," he says, "was printed here at our Caini)n(||;r,
and it is the only Bilde that ever was printed irt all America, from tin; vor)
foundation of the world." || The same author observes, that " the wlmle
translation was writ with but one pen, wbicdi jien had it not been lost, wmilj
huvi! certainly deserved a richer case than was bestowed upon that pcii, with
which Holland % writ his translation of PliUarch"
It wa-s long since in(|uired, " What benefit has all this toil and siifTering
Erodiiced ? — Is there a vestige of it remaining.'' — Were the Indians in reality
ettereil by the great effin-ts of their friends?" "Mr. Elwt" says Dr. Done.
lass, "with immense labor translated and printed our Bible into Indian, h
was done with a good, |>ious design, but it mii.st be reconed among tliu Olio-
soriim Iwminnm negolia: It was (lone in the Natick [Nipmuk] langiiai;i'. Of
the Naticks, at present, there are not 20 families subsisting, and scarce any
of these can read. — Cui boni!"**
By the accounts left us, it will be perceived, that for many years after the
exertions of Eliot, Gookin, Mai/hew and others, had been put in opcralidii,
there was no inconsiderable progress made in the gieat uiuleitakiiii; of
Christiani/.ing the Indians. Natick, the oldest praying town, coiitaiiuMl, in
1074, 2!) tiimilies, in which periiaps were about 145 p(!rsons. The iiaine
JVatick signified « place of hills. IVaban was the chief man here, "wIkC
says Mr. Gookin, " is now about 70 years of age. lie is a jiersoii of great
prudence and piety : I do not know luiy Iiulian that excels him."
Pakemitt, or Piinkapaog, ("which takes its name from a spring, that riselh
out of red earth,") is the next town in order, and contauied 12 families, or
* Neal's N. EiiglaiKl, i. 257. f See book ii. chap. iii. p. 57, and.
t Moore's Lite Kliot, 114. § Mas^nalia, h. iii. 197. || Ibiil.
'^ Philemon Holland was mlled the Iranslator-ginicral o( his age; he wrote several ol' hij
translatious with oue pen, upon which he made tlie foNowin^ verses:
Wilh one sole pen I writ this hook,
Made of a gr«y f^onse (jiiill ;
A pen it was, when I il took,
And a pea I leave il still.
Fitilet's Worthies of Endand.
** Dfugla$t, Hist. America, i. 172, note. See also Halket, Hist. Noles, 248, &.c. Doug-
lass wrote about 1745.
almiif «!0 per
Stoii^'litoli.
is til)' third t
HI'COIliI, <>0 HI
:i) |ici.|>le, an
iiiiry, the i\\\\
conliiincd alio
the sixth, and
kiiitoii, .sigiiifi
tliii was the si
'riiere were
|jriiyiiijf towns
.siiKv Ovibrd,
six miles (i-oiii
and ('ontained
|mrt of \Vood^
tijiset, iil.so in \
the lilHi town
taiiM'd ir)0 KMii
in Ward, al.so
(■(iiittiineil ahoi
now liy llxhrid
Gookin, our ch
Hence it see
in the places ei
that even one
This ('(ilriilatir
war lieiriiii ; an
tliroiiirli that Wi
but iiijiiiy that 1
ters tlicniselves
At the clo.sf
jilaccs where
Nonatiiiii, at I'
River, (It \atik
Tiiere were, at
youth." But, ii
of l(i7il, on tliei
iiarhor, they we
senie striiirgling
10 conie within i
bernine ahandoi
We lifive seei;
the end of the ;
was proelainieci
theiiiHclves to ji
alioul ."jOO upon 1
and ofiier ways,
Imt about SOO i
•"oiilil claim bi
('Imcliiiiiliiinkkal
liefmc \v(' pas
acrotint of .some
Wnuban we he
of liiin. He is
time Mr. Eliot
•At Nutik, or Ni
ilcatli.
\\'\m\ a kind
made a ruler of f
ill-' iti suid to be
CMP. VIIl
rRAYIN(5 INDIANS— WAUHAN.
1115
nbniit <)0 ni'i-soriH. It wiih 14 iiiiles Month <il' HoHtori, niul Ih now incliulid in
m(iu"lil'>"' '''"■ I'"''""" '"'■'' •'•'iiiovtMl li-iuii Hit! N»'|)onm!t. lliiHsaiiiiiiicHil
\* thr tlilnl town, and is now inrlialctl in (inilion, and iniitain<'d, like tiiti
I'Ciiinl <>0 ."imiIh. OkDiiiiniikaincsit, now in .M:nH)oroii^li, containi'd aliont
■a) ni'tp'pli', and was iIk' t'nintli town. \\ anioit, h;ii(t ini-ludrd in 'I'rvvkrt-
linn tin' lil^'i town, wa^ npon a iK'ck of ianil in .Merrimack Uivcr, and
(•oiiiiVnii'd alioiit 7') Honln, of live to a laniily. Nusludiali, now Littlcion, wim
thr 4i\tli, and contained lait almnt .10 inlialiitantH. IMa^nnikatjiio^', now llop-
kintmi, .-iK'ii'ied n pl'tcr of frnnl trees, lien; were ahoiit .l."* personn, and
tlii< was the seventh town.
'I'll,,,.,, were, l)eHides these, sovon other towns, wliich wore cuUed the n w
iiiiiviii).' towns. These were ainotij.' the Nipnniks. 'J'he firht wa.s M.iiicha^n',
JiiiHv OxIonI, and eoftained aliont (10 iidiahitants. The seeontl was alxnit
six rnih'S tiom the first, and its name was ('hananakon;:koinnn, since Dndloy,
nnd ("Mtained ahont 4.') pei-sons. The third was !Maane\it, in tht! north-ea.st
.,„|., „f Woodstock, and contained ahont KM) s(tnls. The lonrtli was Unan-
tissrt, also in Wooilstock, and eontainin;; 1(10 pir.soiis iikewi.si . WalM|nissit,
till' lilHi town, also in Woodstock, (Itnt now iin-lnded ir 1,'onntictieiit,) coti-
taiii((l l.')0 s'lnls. I'akachooj,', a sixth town, jmrtiy in Worcester and partly
in Ward, also contained 100 people. VVeshakini, or \a.shuway, a seventh,
ciintJiiiicd ahout 75 persons. vVaenntii!,' was also a praying' town, inchiiUid
now liv I'xhrid^re ; itnt the innnher of peo|»i() there is not set down hy Mr.
Godklii, our chief an'horiiy.
Ilciice it seems there were now svpposvl to he aitont 1 l.'iO prayin;,' Indian.s
in tilt' jilaces eninnerated aliove. Th(!re is, however, nrit the least prohahility,
that I'ven one fourth of these were ever sincere Itelieverd in Christianity.
This calculation, or rather sn|)position, was made iln- y«;ai lieiore I'hilip^s
war licL'an ; and how many do we fmd who adhered to their profession
throiiirii that war? Tiiat event not only sh(M)k the faith of the coinnion sort,
hut rniiMV that had been at the head of the prayin^r towns, tlu^ Indian mini.s-
tprs tht'iliselves, were found in arms a-rainst their \vhit(! ('hristian iM;i;,dd)ors.
At the close «if Pbillf)\i war, in l<!77, Mv. dookia emnnerates "seven
places where they met to worship (j!od and keep tlie .sahltath, i/. ut
Noiiatniii, at I'akeniit, or l'nnka)io<;; at Cowat(!, alias tiie Tall of (JharhiS
River, at Xatik and Medtield, at i'oncord, ut Xamekeakt;, near Chelmsford."
Tlii'ic were, at each of these platres, he says, "n teacher, ami schools tor the
vonili," lint, notwithstandini; th<;y had occupied seven towns in tht; sprinj^
of l()7ii, on their return from imprisonment upon the hleak islands in Hoston
liarlMtr, they were too ieehle long to maintain .«o many. The ap|»earance of
sniiic strairifliiifr Mohawks <rreatly alarmed these Indians, and they were glad
CO roiiic within the protection of the English ; and so the romoto towns soon
beranie ahandoned.
Wf have seen that ll.")0 praying Indians were claimed Ixiforc the war, in
the end of the year 1(J74, hut not half tliis number could be found when it
wa.s proclaimed that all such must come out of their towns, und go by
tht'inselv(;s to a place of safety. Mr. Gookin says, at one time there were
alioul 500 upon the islands; but wh(>n aonw had been employed in the uriny,
and other ways, (generally such as were indiHerent to religion,) there were
hut about 300 reniuiinng. Six years utVer that disastrous war, Mr. Eliot
rnulil claim but four towns! viz. " Natick, Punkapuog, Wamesit, and
I'iiacimii I M I n kkakowok."
lletiHe we i*uss to notice other »owns in Plimouth colony, we will give an
account of some of tin; most noti 1 of the i)raying Indians.
ff'nubnn we have several times introduced, and will now close our account
of hini. He is supposed to have been originally of Concord; but, at the
time Mr. Eliot began his labors, he resided ut Nonuntum, since Newton.
At Nutik, or Natick, he was one of the most efficient officers until liia
dent 1 1.
\Vhi'n a kind of civil conununity was established at Nutik, Wauban was
nmde a ruler of fifly, and sid)3eqnently a justict! of the peuoe. The follow-
in;' is said to be a copy of a warrant wliiob he inued against 80ir» of tlio
k,m-M
\
• ■ i -.'^' ■•''?' las
; ■' '. -' i"'f , '"iJflS
. •*
■-•'■*■
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
I.I
lAa|28 |2.5
■ 50 ■^™ H^H
M mil 2.0
12.2
1.8
1.25
1.4
Photographic
Sdences
Corporation
//
///// / M ^^%S
%
^^^''^r
Q
,V
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;\
23 Wi *T MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
%
f/j
%
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%
116
PRAYING INDIANS.— PIAMBO.—TUKAPEWILI.IN. [Rook II V Chap. VII.]
iransjrrcssors. " loi/, you fdfr comtrthh; (pikk you cittch urn Jcreiniuli Oflk'ow
sironii you hold uin, sufr you hrin/s; um, a/ore nir, \Vali;iii, /i/s/iVp peurc." '
A yomiL' jiisticf! asked h'duhfin wliat lie would do when Indians ;rot driink
and (piaindled ; lie i( |ilicd, " 7Ve um (ill up, tind wliiji um plaintiff, and whii:
umfciidauf, and whip um uilncss."
Wo. hnvv, not liarncd tin; |)r('fisc titnn ol' fyau'ian''fi dcatli,-!- hut lie was
certainly alive in tlic end of tlie year |(>7<), and, we tliinU, in Mi77. i'oi- !;,.
was anions tlios(( sent to Deer Island, :{() ()('tol)"r, Ii7."), and was anioiii.' i| .
sick that returned in iVIay, 1()7(!; and it is particularly nicnti'MKid tliat lie \vii.
on<' tliat recovered.
Piainboulioul WAS tin; next man to ff'auhan, <iiii\ tlio next alter liini tlm;
rcc. iv(!(l the <r.)s|)f!l. At tlio wm-oikI nieetinj.' at Xonantuni, lie broiiu'lii ,i
great many of his yx-ople. At Natik Ik; was made ruler of ten. Wlun
the church at llassaniimcsit was irathercd, ll^' was called lo he a ruirr in it.
When that town was lir(tk»;i. ii|) in J'hili/)\i war, he return<Ml aifain to .Naiik,
when; he (lied, lie was on<; of those also contiiied to Dimi- Island ; licinii,
lie lived until after the war. Tlie riding elder of llaswananiesit, callcil hv
some Piamhow, was tin; sanie person.
John Spccn was another tciaelier, contem|iorary with Pinmho, and, like liim.
was a "grave and pious man." In IfidI, Timnlhy Dtvii^ht, of Detlhani, mhh!
John Spt'U and his lirother, IVujir.ax, for the recovery of a debt ot' .9u/;
pounds, and iMr. Kliot hailed them. 'J'liis Ik; prohaiily did with satlty, n,
Jo/m .S'/>ceH and "liis kindred " owned nearly all tlu; Natik lands, when ;!.,
Christian commonwealth wa.s estahlished there. This valuahle ])t)sscssiim
he jrave up fi-eely, to he used in common, in l(i50. .\otwithstandiii<: "h?
was among the; first that |)rayed to (iod " at Nonantum, and "was a (lili:;ii]t
reader." yet he died a drunkard ; having heen some time hisfore disciinlnl
from th(! church at Natik.
Pcnnahannit, calhid Captain Josiah, was " Marshal (jeneral" over all tlip
praying towns, lie used to attend the courts at Nutik; hut his residi'iifc
v»'as at Nashohah.
TukapeiDillin was teacher at Ha.ssaiiamesit, and his hrother, dnnwinkm,
ruler. He wa.s, according to Major (lookin, "a pious and ahh; man, mid npt
to teach." He siilfered exceedingly in Philip\f war; himself and iii'i
congr(!gation, together with those of the two |)raying town.s, "Magiiiikn:'
and Chol)on(>konhononi," having heen enticed away liy Philip^s followtrs.
His father, JVaoas, was di^acon of liis church, and among the niiiiilnr,
They, however, tried to make their escape to the English soon alter, awr.
al)ly to a plan concerted with Job KalUnanit, when h«; was among Phitips
people as a spy ; hut, as it ha|»peiied, in th(> attemjit, they I'ell in witli iiii
English scout, under Cajttain (iihh.i, who treated them as prisoners, and uiiii
not a little harharity; rohhing tliem of (-very thing they had, even the iiiiiii>-
ter of a pewter cuj) which he used at sacratnents. At Marlhorough, tiioiii'li
under the protection of ot!ic(!rs, they wt .e so insulted and abused, "csin-
cially hy women," that Tukapp.willin''s wife, li-oni fear of being niiirdiiiil,
escaped into the woods, leaving a sucking child to he taken care of In ils
fiiher. With her went also her son, VZ years old, and two others. The
others, N'aoas and Tukapcwillin, with six or pcveii children, were, sunn
after, sent to Den- Island. jVaoas was, at this time, about 60 years old.
Oonamog wils ruler at Marlborough, and a sachein, who died in tlie
summer of 1()74. His de.-ith "was a great blow to the place. He uiis a
pious and discreet man, and the very soul, as it were, of the place." Tlii'
troubles of the war fi;ll very heavily upon his family. A barn conliiiiiini:
corn and hay was burnt at Chelmsford, by some of the war l)arty, ms it
proved afterwards; hut some of the violent English of that place dctcnniniii
to make the Waniesits suffer for it. Accordingly, about 14 men anmil
* ^l//c7i'« ISiog-. Dirt. (i;7. \Va BAN.
t Dr. Homer, Hisl. Nfwioii, says h« clicfl in IfiTt, l)iii gives no authority. Wo liavc citw
several authorities, showiiijr that lie was alive a year later, (see I), iii. pp. 10 and 7'.).)
X Piam Boohan, Gookin's Hisl. Coll. \^i.--Piamboio, his Hisl. Praying Indians.
tliem.«clvos, and
WaMic.-^its. and
Iriiig chietly h
i-oiiM he iiiti^nd
live were woiim
lirli iiiiw tiiiled
iilrrady shed, is
Wiu- a little son I
whose Maine w;
,l;,iigliler '■ Snsx
uiir, " !i grciit fri
rtiis Oonamo^, 1 1
.Mii^ketaiiuiti.
Xiiinphmc was
v.ii.s teacher, "a
rejid and writt; E
the expense of tl
tiine of the wiir
iiiiinediiitely aftei
to he iiiiirdcred
^vhih' up and d(
ri'tiirned to Wan
iiciirliliors would
Ml, for ill Fehriiai
Canada. Siix or ;
froinir hy iidirmit
death ill their wi
called forth the d(
knowledge it sho
|)laee of pity, at b
i)y the savage hiii
iviiieiiiher ill sorn
Diiriiig the wiii
ilestroyed iiiany t
teacher, were niim
«( to avoid falling
fiirreiulered them
trouhles now caiin
llieni hiid heen in
or executed at IJot
barely escaped, an
Sijmon Jktokam.
Xumphoiv Wiis i
year, lie, John Lh
court," ein|)loyed
years after he acco
iiif-'thi; hounds of
li'annalancd, wl
hook, countenancui
(iookin held a met
Tails, on the Merr
|«.'rs(ni, and of yea
J'llm Mnlawanct
''"4. After his (
teacher. " His fat
"as lishing fijr eelt
lldllasacompnnu,
who was with him
"».>' ff'nllasncotnpai
^f the chief sacliei
Alteiis Hisl.
CHAP. VII.]
PRAYING INDIANS.— WANNALANCET.
117
tlienisolvPi?, and, midor a prct(!nce of scoutinp, went to the '\vif,'\vaniR of tl»e
WuiiH'sits. and ordered tiieni to eome out. Tliey obeyed witlioiit Ik sitation,
liciii" fliii'tly liel|)less women and children, and not coneeivinir any harm
luiilii 1)1' iiiti^niled them; hut they were no >ioonf,'r out than fn-ed upon, when
live were wounded and one killed. Whether the (;(tin-af;e of the bmiK Vav^-
\\^\[ iKiw liiijed them, or whether they were (sati.stied with what lilood was
iiliviiilv slied, is not clear; hut they did no more at this time. The oin; slain
\v;i.- .1 little son o[' Tahdtountr ; and Oimnnio^jfs widow w;ts s(!verely wounded,
ivhdsr nanii! was Santh, "a woman of j^ood re|)(!rt lor religion." Hlie wa.s
i!;,ii"lilcr '' Sa'j;n more- John, who livi'd and dii'd at the sam(^ place, before the
uiiiC "ii gi*''at friend to the I'Jifrlish." Sarah had had two huslmnds: tin; first
,\ii< Oonnmoa:, ihe second Tahaloontr, who was son of Tahatlawan, sachem of
Mii>kriiii|iii(i. This affair took placi- on tln' I.") Novemiter, \{u'^.
Xiiinphiiw wiifi ruler of thi' prayinj,' Jndians at W'amesit, and Samml, his son,
v,;is iraclirr, "a yoniif,' man of ^ooil jtarts," .<ays Mr. (lonkiii, "and can sp.ak,
iTiid anil write Euf^lish and Indian <'(iuipetently ;" l»ein<j oneoffho.se tauj^liiLit
the ('\|Mnse of the corporation. .Viimphow experienced wretched trials in the
tiiiii' i)f the war; Ik; with his peopli; liavin-,' Hed away from tln'ir Iu):i:c3
iniiMciiiately after th(! Iioirid harharily of which we have just spoken, f-aring
ti) lie murdered if they should continue there. llow(;ver, after wanderiui^ u
\\\[\li' ii|) and down in the woods, in the dismal month of December, tliey
ntiiriH'd to Waniesit, in a tltrloni condition, and lioptid the carriaj^t; of their
iiciirliliors would be such that they mi<rht continue there. It did not turn out
Ml, I'or in February they again quitted their habitations, and went oft" towards
CaiiJula. Si.x or s(!ven old persons remained behind, who were hind(.'red from
':(in\ii hy infnniity. These |)onr blind and lame Indians were all burnt to
lii.itli in their wigwams. This act, had it occurred by accident, would have
caiiiMl fi)rtli the (leej)est |)ity from the breast of every human creatun; to whose
kimwlrilge it should come. J$ut horror, anguish and indignation take the
|)l!U't' (if |iity, at being told that the flames which consumed them were lighted
liy till' savage lianils of whin; men ! ! It was so — and whites are oidy left to
it'Miciiilier in sorrow this act of those of their own color ' Jint to return--
Duriiit' the wand(>rings of JVuinphow and his friends, fuinino and ticknesa
destroyed many of them. Himself and Mistic George, or George Misttc, a
tt'iiclicr, were nund)ered with the (U-ad. The others, having joined Wannnlan-
cd to avoid falling in with war ))arties on both sides, at the close of the war,
fiirniidered themsi'lves to the English, at Dover, in August, 1070. New
iroulilcs now came upon them. Some English captives testified that some of
llii'in iiad been in arms against them, and such were either sold into slavery,
or executed at Uoston. Several shared the latter fate. JVumph.no's son Samuel
Iwri'ly escaped, and another son, named Jonathan George, was pardoned ; also
Sijmon Iktokam.
Xuinphow was in some public business as early as KJ.'SO. On 8 June that
ywir, he, John Line and George Mistic, were, upon the |)art of the "Indian
loiirl," eni|tloyed to run the line from Chelmsford to Wamesit.* And 23
ycai-s after he accom|)anied Captain Jonathan Danforth of IJillerica in renew-
iiifrtlie bounds of BnnUni's Farm, now Litchfield, N. H. f
If'annalancd, whose history will be found spoken upon at large in our next
liook, countenanced religion, an<l ir was at his wigwam tiiat Mr. Eliot and I\Ir.
(mkin held a meeting on the ') May, 1G74. His hons(! was near Pawtucket
lulls, on the Merrima<-k. " Ht; is," said Major Gookin, "a sober and grave
pi.'rson, and of yeai-s, between 50 and (iO."
Jiihn Ahntawancc was rider of Xashobah, a pious man, who died previous to
li)74. Alh'r his decease, Pcnnahannit was chief. John Thomas was their
tia(|i(>r. " His father was nnu'dered by the Maquas in a secret manner, as he
was fi.sliiiig for eels at his wear, some years since, during the war" with tlioni.
Hatlasacompamtm, called also Captain Tom, is thus sjioken of by Mr. Gookin^
who was with him at I'akachoog, 17 September, 1074. "My chief assistant
was ffallasacompannm, ruler of the Nipmuk Indians, a grave and pious man,
ul the chief sachem's blood of the Nipnujk country. He resid(!S at Ilassana-
Altetis Hist. Clielmsford.
t MS. loiter of Jolm Fanner, Escj.
■ ■■ , ' '
■■9" '
'■'■•I i:''!f'
B- .1 ■ - 1 •' i
4 r
118
PRAYING INDIANS.— IIIACOOMES.
[GooE II
w
iTiesit ; but by former uppoiiitmeiit, ralloth bcre, together witli sotiio otlurs."
C.iptaiu Tom was among TukapcwiUin^a eompniiy, tliat went otV witli tin.
eiieiiiy, as in speaking of bim we liave made mention. In tiiat comiiany tlnr..
were ai)out ^UO, men, women and eliildren. Tbe enemy, lieing about :jii
strong, obiigt.'d tb(; praying Inditnirf to go otf witii, or Ite kilhid by tiiein. 'I'lui.,
were, liowever, many wbo doubtless |)referreil tlieir comijany to tiiat of tlnir
fvicnds on Deer island. This was aixiiit the beginning of Deeember, It;;,';
Ci'ptain Tom ailerwards fell into tbe bunds of tbe Englisb, and, being tiic,|
auil condemned as a rebel, was, on Stl Jime, Ki/O, (wocuted at Jioston ; imnii
to ,be grief of sueb exr('llent men as Gookin and Kliot.
Altbongli sometbiug bad been done towards Cbristianiziug the Intiinns in
PlimoiUb colony, about a year before Mr. Eliot^s first visit to Nonr.ntnin, v-t
for some years after, Ab-issaebusctts was considerably in advance in tbis n spiVi.
Somi! of tbe jirincipal congregations or praying towns follow : —
At Meesbawn, since I'rovincetown or Trin-o, and I'uiionaUanit, sinro \]\].
lingsgate, were 7^ jtersons ; at Potanumaijunt, or Nauset, in I''astbam, 11 ; ;,.
Blonamoyik, since Cbatliani, 71 ; at riawkattukctt, in llarwicb ; Nobs(|a>sif, n,
Yarmoiitli ; at 31atakees, in Harnstabli! and ^ armoutb ; and Wee(|uak:ii, ji,
Barnstable, V22 ; at Satuit, l'aw|)oesii, Coatuit, in IJarnstable, Masbpee, \Vjikii.
qnet, near Masbpee, !t5 ; at Codtanmut, in iAlasbpee, Asbinuiit, on tiic wi«t
line of Masb|)ee, Weesipiobs, in Sandwicb, '2'2 ; I'ispogiitt, Wawayoiit.u ii,
Wari'bani, Sokones, in KalmoiUb, .'3(J. In all tbese |)laces wen.' Aifi souls; !|,'
of wbom could read, and 72 write Indian, and could read English. Tins
acc(junt was furnished Major Gookin in l(i74, by th<! Rev. Richard Jiuurm „\
Sandwich. Plnlip^s war broke up many of thes(! connnunities, but tlic uuik
continued long alter it dwindled to almost nothing in Massachusetts. In lii-j
there were 14.'il!> considered as Christian Indians in I'limouth colony.
3Ii'. Thonuts Mujjlmv Jr. settled in INlartba's Vineyard, called by the Iiidiaiis
JVope, in 1(J42, He was acconi|)anied by a few English families, who mailu
liim their minister; but not being satisfied Avith so limited nsefidness, he Icani-
ed the Indian language, and began to preach to tlu-m. His fii-st convert was
Hiacoomes, in Jti-l:}, a man of small repute among his own people, winw
residence was at Great Harbor, near where tbe Englisb fii-st settled. He was
regularly ordained 22 August, 1070, but he began to [)reacb in 1(!4(). Jok
Tokinosh was at the same time ordained teacher. His residence was !it \niii.
pang, on the east end of tbe island. He died 22 January, 1(>84, and Hiucnoms
preached his funeral sermon. For some years before his death Hiacoomes wa
Minble to preach. He was s\ii)i)osed to have been about 80 years oldr.ttiie
time of his death, which happened about KiDO.
Pahkelipunnassoo, sachem of Cliai)i)e(|uiddik, was a great opposer of the
gospel, and at one time beat Hiacoomes for professing a belief of it. Not Imii!
after, as himself and another were at work ujum a chimney of their cabin, tiny
were both knocked down by lightning, and tbe latter killed. Pahkehpunmism
fell partly in the fire, and but for bis friends would have perished. Win tli'r
this escape awakened him, is not mentioned ; but he soon after becaiiic a
Christian, and Mr. Mayhew aptly observes that "at last he was a brand plucked
out of the fire."
Miohqsuo, or M>)oxeo, was another noted Indian of Nope. Ho was a coiivcii
of Hiacoomes, wliom lie bad sent for to incpiirc of bin! about bis (iod. W-
asked Hiacoomes how many gods be had, and on being told but ONE, iiiiiiie-
diately reckoned U[) 37 of his, and desired to know whether be should tliiow
them all away for one. On biMng told by Hiacoomes that he had thrown a\v(i\ all
those and many more, and was better off by so doing, .Wo/k/soo rn'u], he wdiilil
forthwith throw away his, which he did, and became one of tbe most eiiiiiiiT.t
of the Indian converts. One of his children, a son, sailed for Englainl in
1057, with Mr. Thomas Mayhew Jr., in a ship connnanded by Ca])taiii Jaims
Garrett, and was never lieard of after. The time of tbe death of .Miohqsoo is
imknown, but be lived to a great age.
Among the Mohegans and Narragansets nothing of any account was cflirt-
ed, in tlu! way of Christianizing them, \hv a long time. The chief sachems of
those nations were determined and fixed against it, and though it was from
tiiue to time urged uj)on them, yet very little \va:s ever done.
[BtjOE II
some otliprs."
t otV Witll l',!,.
•(•iiiimny then'
'iiii^ alioiit :i(/ii
y tiifiii. Tlun
"to that of ilii'ir
(•(■(■iiil)('r, l('i?.'i.
11(1, iH'iiii: trill
IJostoii ; iimi-,
; tho Iiuliiiiisiii
Noiwuitiiin, V'l
I ill this r('s|M'(i.
caiiit, sinrp Hi;.
'.asthain, 11: ;,t
; Nohs(iassit, 111
Wi'fqiiak-.il, in
ilashiicf, NViiku.
lit, on the \vi>t
VVawavoutnt. in
;4(;2suiils; ni
Eujriish. Tins
•Jiard Boimii 4
es, but tiic work
lusotts. la liiNJ
•olony.
(1 l)y tlio Iiuliiiii?
lilit'S, who iiiaili;
liiliu'ss, hi' It'iini-
i-st convert was
'u |H'oplt', winw
settled. He wii;
h in lt)4t). John
ice was at Niim-
4, ami Hiumoms
h Hiacoonus \yii
years old i.t the
; opposer of the
of it. ISot li)iii!
their cal)iii,thiy
(Mchpunnasm
shed. AVIioth'T
after l)eciuiio a
11 brand plwkd
he was a commit
]t his God. He
lit ONE, iiiime-
lh(! slionld tliiwv
Itiirowii away all
|o f^'aid, he woiihl
lie most eiiiiiit'iit
J for Eiifiiiiiiil ill
ly Cajitaiii Jma
|[i of Miohqsoo \i
loimt was efl'pot-
hiel'saclienisot
jgh it was from
rii'
;.,Vil]
PRAYING INDIANS.— OCCUM.
110
•••vMPfo^ OccuM, or, na his name is spelt in n sermon * of liiti, Ocrom, was a
M ili'^an, of tiie tiimily of Bcnoni Ocaim, who resided near Xi'\\' Loiulu!), in
..',,, I, ("(.jiciit. lie was the fii"st of tliat tribe who was eonspieuoiis in nii'.'ion,
t'lin' iIk' ""'.v one. lie was iiorn in 17;i'{, and heeomiiifj attached to tin; Rev.
Flinzar IVhrdock, the minister of Iiel)anon in Connecticnl, in 1711 he iii'c.ino
•I'ci^ristiaii.t I'ossessiiiij talents, and frreat ]>iety, iNlr. ffheelo'-l; eiitertnini'd
!: ii"iiiiie liopes that he would be abl(! to effect much anionic his coimtryiii"M
iV;i iirciichcr of th(^ fros|tel. He went to I'iiijrland in 17()5 to itrocnre aid lur
ilr kci'i'i'ir "1' ^^ " ^'■''""' ^'"'' ^''*' instruction of Indian children, which wiis
!„ .riiii hv Mr. ff'lieclock, and furthered i»y a IMr. Moore, by u donation of a
;ih()(il iioiise and land, about 17(j;{. While in Enjjland he was introduced to
Ldiil IMrfmouth, i\Ui\ other eminent jiersons. lie ])reaclied there to crowds
(I,' iicoplc, and returned to America in Se|)tember, 17(18, havin;,' landed at
IjM-tdii on his return, t It is said he was the lirst Imlian that preached
jii !",ii<rliuid. lie was ordained, in 175!>, a preacher to tin; MoiitauUs on L.
i«!,'.iuC About this time he visited Mk; Clierok( es. lie finally settled among
tji ■ Oneida IndinIl^, with many of his iMolie>.'an brethren, about 17(!8 ; t!i(>y
ii, viim Iti'cn invited by the Oneidas. He died in July, 17!>y, at N. t^fock-
1 liiliTc, N. York, ajred tii).
T'tnha is noticed in the annals of New England, from her participation in
till \\it('li tragedies acted here in IG'Jl. In a vahuible work giving a history of
ti|;;t liorrihlc delusion, § mention is thus made of her. "It was the latter end of
rtliniiirv, Kii'l, when divers young persons bcdonging to [Rev.] Mr. Parris''}
fiimilv, and one more of the neigliborhond, began to act atler a strange ant
iiiii;<ii;il iiiaiiner, viz., as by getting into holes, and creeping under cjiairs am
stools, null to usf,' other sundry odd postmvs, and aritiir gestures, uttering fool-
i.-li,riiruMilous speeches, which neither they themselves nor any others could
iimkn sense of." "March the lltli, Mr. Parris invited several ntsighhoring
ministers to join with him in keeping a solemn day of jirayer at his own
limisr ; the time of th(! exercise; those; persons were, for the most part, silent,
l»iit after any one jirayiu" was ended, they would act and speak strangely, ;md
liiitiiloiisly, y<'t were such as had b'UMi well educated and of gooil l)cha\ior,
tlie one a girl of 1 1 or 1*2 years old, would sometimes seeiii to be; in a convid-
Hnii fit, iier linibs being twisted several ways, and m ry stiff, but presenrly her
tit \v;;iil(l he over. A few days befon; this solemn day of jirayer, .^Ir. Parris''
liiiliaii man and woman, made a cake of rye meal, with tin; children's watei:,
a!ii! baked it in the ashes, and, as it is said, gave to tin- dog ; this was (\o\w as
a liK-aiis to discover witchcraft. Soon after which those ill-afTected or aflllcted
prsoiis named several thai tney said they saw, wtien in their fits, afllieting of
tlieni. The first com|)laiiied ( -us the said Indian woman, nanuMl T'diiha.
She rniii'essed that the devil urged her to sign a booic, which Ik; presfMited to
In r, and also to v ork mischief to the childriMi, (!v:c. 8he was afterwards coin-
initti'd to prison, and lay there till sold for her fees. The; account sin; since
;rivrsof it is, that her master did beat her, and otherwise abuse her, to make
liiv cnnfess and accuse (such as he called) her sister witches; and thtit what-
soever she said by way of confessing or Jiccusing others, was the eflect of
siieli nsage ; her master refused to pay her fees, unless she would stand to
\s\\\\\ she had said."
We are able to add to our information of Titubn from anotlier old and
('iirii)ie. work,^[ as follows: — T' nt when sIk; was examined she "confessed
till' making a cake, as is above mentioned, and said her mistress in ln-r own
loiiMtry was a witch, and had taught her some means to be used for the
iliscdvcy of a witch and lor the prevention of being bewitcli<Ml, &c., but said
"that she hersidf was not a witch." The children who accused her said "that
she (lid piiich, prick, and grievously torment them ; and that they saw her here
* At iIk^ I'xeciuioii o\' Mi)Kf.<: Punt, for murder, at New Haven, 2 Seplcmlier, 1772. To liis
lelior U) Mr. Ki-i'ii, liis luinie is Occitm.
f l.i'o Dr. ]VheeliH-k. \G. I His bettor to Mr. Kem, in Life Wheelor/c, 175.
^ Wniiders of liic Invisible WorM, l>y It. Ctlef, 90, 91, 4lo. I.nmlon. 1700.
jl ■■Samiifl I'ttris, pnstor nf ilio cliurrli in Saloni-villnsje." Modi\tl f-'jirjiiirii into the Xahire
cf W'ilflicnif'. Iiy John Hair-, pastor of the church m lieverly, p. 23, KJiuo. Boston, 1702.
II Modest Enquiry, &c. 25.
*:i^f '!■*.)■ ■■'■■T^
'*■.■•• ■ ''■
\:^m
"1*
•^i
\\ '
v..
• '^%^-^
'r->.l
■'^ %
%.
' i-
ill
i.fB
120
TITUB A. —WITCHCRAFT.
[Book 1I
and tli'i-e, where nobody else could. Yen, tliey coidd tell where she was, am]
what she did, when out of theu* iuimnii niglit." Whether ilie nutlior \v,rj
witness to this lie does not sjiy ; but probably he AViis not. Co tliroiij.'li thi"
tvliole of our early writers, and you will scarce find one who witncssfil sikI
matters: (Dr. Cotton Mather is nearest to an exception.^ But they gpurriHv
preface such marvellous accounts l)y obseniiifr, "I am slow t(( beli((ve riiiiidr.
of tills nature, nevertlielcss, some things I have had certain information (it?' -
The Rev. Mr. Fe/^t gives the following extract from the "(inarterly Cmin
Pajiers." "March 1st. Sarah Osbom, Sarah and Dorothy Good, Titulm, sirvin.t
of Mr. Parris, Martha Conj, Rebecca JVurse, Sarah Cloyce, John Proctor mid In.
wife Elizabeth, all of Salem villuge, arc committed to Boston jail on chargt of
witchcraft."
Th(! other servant of Mr. Parris was the husband of Tituha, whose naiiM
was John. It was a charge against them that they had tried means to disoovfr
witches. But there is little probability that these ignorant and simple Iiulijim
would ever have thought of " trying a project " for the detection of witeln *,
bad they not learned it from some more miserably superKtitions wh'fi persfins.
We have the very record to justify this stricture. ^ Take the words. ".!/(,„
Sibly having confessed, that she innocently counselled John, the Indian, to
attempt a (liscovcry of witches, is permitted to commune with Mr. Panii
church. She had been previously disciplined for such counsel and appcan.l
well." We are not told tvho disciplined her for the examination. Was it Mr,
Parris 7
This is the oniy instance I have met with of Indirns being implicated in
white witchcraft.
» /. Mather's Brief Hist. Philip's War, 3-1.
t In his valuable Annals of Salem, 303.
I Danvcrs Records, published by the author last cited.
END OF BOOK SECOND.
m
BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
OF THH
INDIANS OF NORTH AMERICA.
BOOK III.
is
,,ii,
M ;>'i
•i;'S??^?^^
BIOGRAPH
Life of Alexande
Wkktamoo his
— Wcclavwo't, lai
SAMUN— //W COU
istcr — Settles at
the plots of Phih
condemned and i
Alexander wa
name appeal's at fi
lastly Alexander.
we tiiid liiiii notice
Jiis younger brotli
court of Plimouth
cnior called the el
two Macedonian In
tcred tlieir vanities
Akxandtr appeal
the course of this
saclietn of verj' (
IlcicrJlboi'S.
Namumpum, afle
tli(> wife of Mexani
willing to join Phil
by I iin that they ht
a |)rince as any rou
her comtnand."
Alexander having
a< has lieen related
came to Plimouth, £
the records.
"I, JVamumpum,
[l<Jo9,j before the g(
title of such lands ai
nppoeres by deeds
proniise to remoue l
court the F;.id fVanu
BOOK III.
BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY OF THE NEW ENG-
LAND INDIANS CONTINUED.
%. <'-
ml ..
■■•:i,i,'v?;i^«s
CHAPTER I.
life of Alkxander alias Wamsutta — Events which led to war with Philip—
Weetamoo his wife — Earlij events in her life — Pktananukt, hrr second husband
—IVcctamoo' i> latter career and death- -J^iuigret — Death of Alexander — John Sas-
sAMoN-rt(A country and connections — Becomes a christian — Schoolmaster — Min-
igttrSettles at Assaicomstt — Felix marries his daughter — Sassamon discovers
tlic plots of Philip — Is viurdereU — Proceedings against the murderers — They art
condemned and tyecuted.
Alexander was the English name of the elder son of Massasoit. His real
name appeal's at first to have been Mooanam, and afterwards Wamsutta, and
lastly Alexander. The name of Mooanam lie bore as early as 1639 ; in 1(J41
we tiiitl liim noticed under the name Wamsvtla. About the year IGSG, he and
jiis yotaiger brother, Metacomet, or rather Pometacom, were brought to the
court of Plimouth, and being solicitous to receive English names, the gov-
ernor called the elder Alexander, and the younger Philip, probably from the
two Macedonian heroes, which, on being explained to them, might have flat-
tered their vanities ; and which was probably the intention of the governor.
Alexander appears pretty early to have set up for himself, as will be seen in
the coarse of this chapter ; occasioned, perhaps, by his marrying a female
sachem of ver}' considerable authority, and in great esteem among her
neighhoi-s.
Namumpdm, afterwards called Weetamoo, squaw-sachem of Pocasset, was
the wife of Alexander ; and who, as says an anonymous writer,* was more
willing 10 join Philip when he l)egan war upon the English, being persuaded
bv I iin that they had poisoned her husband. This author calls her " as potent
a |)riiice as any round about her, and hath as much com, land, and men, at
her command."
Alexander having, in 1G53, sold a tract of the territory acquired by his wife,
as has l)een related in the life of Massasoit, about six years after, Weetamoo
came to Plimouth, and the following account of her business is contained in
the records.
"I, M'amumpum, of Pokeesett, hauing, in open court, June last, fifty-nine,
[KJo'J,] b(;fore the governour and majestrates, surrendered up all that rigiit and
title of such lands as Woosamequi.i and Wamsetta sould to the purchasers ; as
nppoeres by deeds giuen vnder theire hands, as alsoe the said JVamumpum
proDiise to remoue the Indians of from those lands ; and alsoe att the same
court the f; id Wamsutta promised JVamumpum the third part of the pay, as ia
* Old Indian Clirouiclc, p. 6.
ilLLlJ
'mm
':J^::^m
■•f5'j.n;ilj
"V 1(4
'^
1'' '
-fl
■'/•.' •
v4- tm-f
■.,■!•• •;,*^"";.c';ij
■•V:**S :.' ■ l^ilP
I fe»>a
ALEXANDER.— WEKTAMO.
al^^
[nooK III
PxprcHsrd in tlio (Icod of wliicli |tiijtiii'iit A'r;/(»m/<i/m hniic ncfiiicd nf J,,;,^
(V)()Ac, this (! (it'Oct. I(m!»: tlirsc |iartinilm-s as Inljuwriii : ilnii ; 'iO //'/n/,»/(/,|f
tradiiifr tl(ith,'2 i/arils ml iultuii,'i pnirc (iJ'.slioois,ll piiln iit(><lii>ifj;.i,ii lirmi,
hoes timl I <nr ; And doe ackimuh'd;.'"' irci iiicd liy nif, i\ aml.mi>l>i."
VVilui's,x('d by Squabscn, H'uhutntuhiiualt, and two llnj^disli.
WJl
TlniH this land affair HrcniH to iuivi- ixcn ainical)ly «rttlrd ; liiit llir sim,.
year t>i\llts(iiiihr\s dratii, wlictiicr lufurc or allcr wt; an- not assiind, Xamni}!.
iium apiicart-d at I'linioutli, and <'(irn|ilainrd tliat ff'amsiiltit had sold si)riii> (f
Im r land witliont licr consent. "'I'lic court a;frct.'d to tloc wiiat tlicy imiiii
in conncnicnt time ti>r her relict'."
Wt! ajiiirehend there was s<iine little difficulty between *1lexander niid ji^
wife about this time, especially if her com|ilaint were before his death, (iiii|
W(^ are rather ot' the opiifion that it was, lor it was June when her coiii|i|;iiii|
was made, and we should assi^^n a little later date for the death of her hnsliainl;
and therefore all dilliculty was settled in his deaih.
On the H April, KItil, ff'atiisullii deeded the tract of country siia-e call,!
Uehobotli to Thomas H'itUt " for a valuable considerati(»n."* What timi \\■,^^
the deed does not inlitrm us ; but we may venture to question the fact, tlirif
the consideration had in truth been valuable^ it would luive appean'd in |||,.
deed, and not have been ke|)t out of sif?ht.
What time jVainumpiim deeded land to Joliu Saiiford nm\ John Arrhrr, w,.
art! not informed, but it was |)robably about the be^fiiniiii};' of Uifi'i. ft v i>a
d<!cd (if },'ill, and ajipears to have been only <h'eded to tiiem to prcviii ||ir
liusband's st^llin^ it ; but these men, it ueems, attempted tu hold the laiuj a
violation of their promiw ; liowever, lieing a woincm of pcirseverance, she xi
managed the mattt^r, that, in the your lliOc*, she found vvitiu'sse.s who (1(|kwi|
to the true meaning of the (feed, and tlius was, we presume, restored tu liw
righttiil i)osHe.ssions.
Since we have been thus ptu'tici'lar in acquainting tlie reader with tlic nil";
of Wama\Uta, we will, l)efore proceeding with our account of the luisltiini!,
sjiy all that we have ti) say of the interesting IVeetamoo.
Soon afler the death of Alexander, we find JVamumpum, or fVeetamoo, as«n.
ciated with another husband, named Petonoivotvet. He was well known lo
the English, and went by the familiar name of Ben. Now, unless Ptto-tmi:-
owet, or Pe-ian-a-nutt has been coiTupted into Pkter Nunnuit, wc huh
allow her to liave had a third huslKind in 1675. We, howev(!r, are well satis-
fied that these two names are, as they ap])enr to be, one and the same iiiuiic
Thishvisband of fVeetamoo does not a[)pear to have been of so much iai|iiir'
tance as her first, Wnmsutta ; and as he only ap])ears occasit)iially in iln
crowd, we are of opinion that .she took good care in taking a second liiisiinnd,
and fixed upon one that she was better able to manage than she was the de-
tcrmined Wamautta.
On the 8 May, 1(573, Tatamomock, Petonowoicttt, and William alias Ijnml:'.
sold to JVathaniel Paine of Kehoboth, and Hufrh Cole of Swansey, a idt of
land in Swansey, near Mattajwiset, and Showamet neck, for £.'}.5 5s. }Vcet(tnm.
Philip abas fVagusoke, ami Steven alias JVucano, were the Indian witucssis,
About the same time, one Piowant was intruded tipon by some otlifrs
claiming his lands, or otherwise molesting him, and the business secnis to
have undergone a legal scrutiny ; in this affair both Wedamoo and licr liiis-
band appear upon our record.s. They testify that the tract of land boiinilifl
by a small river or brook callcui Mnstucksett, wliich compasseth said tract to
Assonett River, and so to Taunton River, [by trees, &c.] hath for many years
been in the possession at Piowant. The jdaceof the bounds on Taunton Hivir
was called Chippascuitt, which was a little south of Ma.stiicksett. Panlamd.
Qvnnomn, JS/'escanoo, and Panoivwin, testified the same.
It does not ai)pear that Peta-nnn-n-et was at all concenied in Philip^s war
against the English, but, on the contrary, forsook his wifb and joined tluiii
against her. Under such a leader as Church, he must have been ciiii)lo\ J
against his countrymen with great advantage. At the time he catne over to
* See the Hist, of Attleborough, by John Daggett, Esq., p. G, where the deed is preserved.
P
[Hook III.
M'f'lnrd 111" J„||,|
; '10 jl'lnl.ililnr
ill'LM."
; but llic smiic
iHiiri'il,A'(HiMm-
I sold siiiiir I'!'
k'liat tiicj mill,!
ixander and \m
'. Ills tlllllll, (lll^l
I liiT t'"iii|il;rnii
ul' lici* liiHlmml;
itry sii nilhl
VVIiiit timt \\;w
I tlic fart, I'lirif
apprarril in ilr
John .hrhr, w,'
' Mn. llv,«a
II to piTVi'M liir
11)1(1 tlu- land iR
wivi-raiiff, slic <ii
scs who dciMitiil
>, restored to hw
lor with tlic nil'.'
of the husliaiiil,
r fVeetnmoo, iis^n-
well known lo
unless Ptto-noK-
NNUIT, W(! nillJl
r, ani well satir-
ic same uniiic
so imicli iiiiiior-
■usioiially in iln:
second liiislianil,
she was the do-
am alias Ijimrb,
vvansey, a lot nf
}5 5s. jyeeUnm,
ian w ituisscs.
by sonic otlirR
nsiness scciiis to
100 and licr liii>-
of land lioiini'.iil
;('th said tract w
ii for many years
)ii Taunton Uivir
sett, Panlmisil
Id in Philip's war
]and joined tlioin
been einidoy?d
|in camo over to
I deed is preserved,
CM*r. I]
ALKXANDER.— WKETAMO.
. , I'liiflinh, ho no doubt e.x|M;cte(l his wife would do the wutie, a« slin j^nvo
('hurrh to iMidei-slaial as imifli. Alh-r the war lie was honored with a eom-
nil over (lie laisoiMTs, wlio were prrntitted lo reside in the country be-
i""(ii Seiiecaii and I) inioiith. jVumjm.'i, or JVoinpnsh, and Isanc were al«o
;,, ilie same ollici".
Viler iMr. Churrh lefl ^hviishouks^ coiuieil, n few dayH before the war brf)ke
lit lie met with both //'((/(jmoo and her husband at I'ocasset. Me first met
'\ It'll llie liiisband, /*<V("i""iu/, who had just arrived in a canoe from /ViiVi//*
I , 111 (luiutei-s at iMoiint Ho|»e. lie told CViun/i there would ci-rtainly Ih? war,
i;'n' liiat /'/'i7i7> had lndd a war dance of several weeks, and had entertained
llic youiif; men from all parts of the country, lie said, also, that Philip ex-
iMcifd to be si-nt for to IMimoutb, about Siu<tmumm\H death, knowiiif,' himself
L'uiliv of contriving lln't murder. Pctniuiniiii fiiil her said, that he saw iMr.
Jiimii Brown of Hwaiisey, and iMr. Sainud florinn, who was an interpiet(!r,
„iid two othi'r men that brouifht a letter from the governor of IMimoutb to
I'hiliii, /'/ii7iy''» yoiuif,' warriors, he said, would have killed JMr. Wroit>/i, but
I'hilip t(d(l them they must not, lor his liither had charj^ed him to show kind-
ii,.<s to liim; but to satisfy them, tolil them, that on tla; next Sunday, when
the I'jiirlish bail J?'>'i'' t" miieting, they might iihinder their bouses, and uller-
wards iiili their <'attle.
Mcanwliile H'lfUimoo was at her camp just back from Pocasset shore, on
tlic liiu'li hill " ''<•''' '" ^l'*' '"•'■''' •'*" ^vliat is now llowland's ferry, and Pdana-
nuet nijMcsted iMr. Church to jro u|) and see her. lie did so, au<l found her in
liitiicr a melancholy mood, all her men having lefl lier uiul gone to Pliilip'a
war (lance, much, she said, against her will.
Church, (dated with his sue. -ess at ^Iwashonhs^ camp, and thinking both
"(Miccns" secured to tlu! Knglish int(!rest, hastened to Plimouth to giv(« the
I iivcinor an account of his discoveries. — This was a day big to Philip ; ho
iiiinii'ditit(dv look meiLsiires to reclaim lyretamoo, and had nearly drawn off
.lu'iishonkiwMt the vivid hopes of coiui; st iiiid booty.
tf'niamoo could no longer remain neutral; iIk^ idea still Jiarrowed u[)on her
inind, that the authorities of I'liiiKMith had jioisoned her former husband,* and
was now sure that tla^y had seduced her present one ; theivfore, from tho
power of su( h arguments, when urg(Ml by the artful Philip, then! was no
(•sciiiie or resistance. Ilenc(! his fortune becaiin' her own, and she moved
witii liini from place to plac(! about her dominions, in tla; country of I'ocassiJt,
until the ."lO .liily, when all tin; VVampanoags escaped out (jf a swaiii|>, and
retired into tlu! (loiintry of the. i\i|)miiks. From this tiua; fyednmon's opera-
tions hccoiiie so blended with those of her allies, that the life of Philip takes
a|i the iiarration.
Whin, by intestine divisions, tin- jiower of Philip was destroyed among tho
.\il»nincks, '/rcc/rtmoo seems to hav(> been deserted by iilmost all her l(>llo\v(!|-s,
and, like Plvlip, she sought refuge again in her own country. It was upon tho
(i.\i|i,'iist, ll)7l), when she arrived upon the western bank of T(!hticut River in
.Mctlajioisi't, where, as was then sii]»i)ose(l, she was drowiied by acci(l(>nt, in
att(iii|iting to cross th(! river to I'ocasset, at the sumi! point she liad crossed
the year befon! in her flight w'llU Philip.
Her com[)any consisted now of no more than 20 men, whereas, in the; bo-
triiniiii!.' of the war, they amounted to 800; and she was considered by tho
Englisli "next unto Philip in respect of tin; niiscliief that hath been (l()ne."t
Till' Eiurlisli at Taunton were notified by a deserter of her situation, who
onircil to lead smy that would go, in a way that they might easily surprise Ikt
and her company. Accordingly, 20 men volunteered upon this enterprise;,
and succeeihul in ca])turing all but /fedrt/noo, "who," according to Mr. Huh-
hnrdl "intending to make tin escai)e from the diuigiu", attempted to get over a
rivi'r orarin of tb(! sea near by, u|)on a raf>, or some pieces of broken wood;
Imt whether tired and spent with swimming, or starved with cold and hunger,
sIk! was tiaiiid stark naked in Metapoiset, not fiir from the water side, which
made some think she was fii-st half drowned, and so ended her wretcb(>d life."
"Her head Ixiing cut off and set upon a jjole in Tainiton, wosknov/n by some
* Old Indian (^huonici.e, p. U. \1. Mather.
1*
X Narrative, 103 and 109.
/nj:-'- ill
':■ .'3. 'M\
" i
* ■; iM
. (.
''■yw mil
I'* ' V
':•■ :.t ,■• ijfl
■.ii.
6
ALEXANDER.
(Hook III
I'll -'J
Indians tlirn prwoiiiTH [llirn-,] wliii-li Mi>t tliciii into a liorril>li< laim niiirmii,''
Mr. .)/a//((r iiii|ir()v*'H iiiMiti tiiis ]iiissii^r, f^iviii); it in a Ht)lr iiinrr to miji ii,^
tOMttt of tlio liiniN: "'rlii-y iiiadr a iiiont lioriil and dialioiicai lanKniai,,,,,
crying' out iliat it was tlirir iiucmV litad."
Till' aiiilioi> of Yamoymkn thus rcprcHf-nt Philip ('iu-a|)in({ from liic cnl,!
gnu)|) of llu! ^lu)Htly lorni of htilnmuo: —
*' As ("mm tlic wiiler's (li'|itli sln> riuiii-,
Willi ilri|i|)iii;; loi ks iiiiit liloiilcil I'niiiic,
\\ ilil licr (lisrolorcil arim nIic llircw
'i'o K''<l><|' '■>■» ) '■■><li >l^ SVVlli III' tll'W,
Hit liolliiw <rri':iiii lie licard bcliiiiil
i'oiiir iniiinliiia; willi llii' lii>«liii;> wiri.j
• N\ li\ llv Irciiii WiliiiiKii' .' slic (linl
Hi'iiilii;; liir «iir-a\i' on lliy side' '
Altlioiijili ffWtnmou doiiiitlcHs «'sca|)cd from Porassct with Philip, yet i|
)i|i|i<'ars tliiit instead of llvintr to tjii' Nijininks slir .-^oim \<rnt dowiiiiifntlif
Niantic intry, and liit- I'ln^disli inimcdiati'ly had news of it, which ncra.
"nionrd till ir s('niliii>{ for .VtHi/f/'d to answer f«)r harhoriiif,' their ciieniy, as in
liis lill' has heen related.
In this I'onnection it should lie noted, tliat tho time lind e\|iired, in wliidi
JViniicni liy his deputies aj;ri'ed to deliver up H'lelamon, some tmie pre\iiiihtii
the >,M-eat lijiht in Narrafjanset, and henee this was seized npoti, as one \m\v\\
litr in\ailin}i the Narrajjansets. And moreover, it was sjiid, that if she wip:
taken hy that formididile army of a 1000 men, " her lands woidd ninii' than
|)ay all the eharj,'e " tiu3 English had heen at in the whole war.*
IVrdamim, it is |)resinned, lell .Vnii'fni and juined the hostile Narni>;iiiiviw
and the VVamp.'i!:<ni;'s in their stnui",' fort, some time previous to the lln^rji,!,
e.xpedn'on af.'ainst i', in Deeemher. And it was ahoiit this time tlim Av
conneettd herself with the Narrajjanset chief f^Hi'(i/i«/»';i, as will he tliiiiil
related iii his life. She? is mentioned hy some writers as Philip^x kiiisuniiian,
which ^eems t" have heen the case in a two-fold manner; first \\<n\\ jir
l)einf( sister to liis wife, and see»»ndly trom \\VY marrying JlU'xan(kr,\{\^ lirmlnr.
To return to Wamsutlc
.A lastiriji and permanent interest will always ho frit, and ]»eriiliar fi'clinirs
associated with the name of thiscliiet". Not on account of a career of lalilis,
devastations or murders, for there were few of these,+ hut tiiere is lell tiir w
to relate the melancholy account of his death. Mr. HubhariCs account oI'iIih
event is in tin; hands of almost every reader, and cited hy (^very writer ii|mii
our early history, and hence is too extensively known to he repeatiil Ihp.
Dr. L Mather agrees very lujarly in his nccoimt with Mr. Hubbard, hut hiiiig
more mimite, and rarely to he met with, we givi; it entire : —
"In A. 1). KkJ'i, IMimouth colony was in mmw danger of heing invdivniin
trouhle hy the Wampanoag Indians. Aller Massnsoit was dead, his two srniJ,
calletl H'ltnisutta ai\d Mvtaconut, came to the court ut Plimouth, prctriidin;'
high respi'ct for tiie English, ami, therefore, desired English names inijjlit !»■
imposed on them, whereupon the court tiiere named It'amsutla, tlie dilir
hrother, Alexander, and Metacomet, the younger hrother, P/u7i*». This.//m(;i-
der, Philip's immediate^ prech'cessor, Avas not so faithfid and friendly to tiif
English as his tatiier had heen. For some of IJoston, having heen occiisioiiiilly
at Narragaiiset, wrote to Mr. Prince, who was then governor of I'limiiiitli, iliiit
Jllexawler was contriving mischief against the English, and that he; had soliiit-
ed the Narragansets to engage with him in his designed rehellion. lleniiimii,
Ca|)t. }yilkl, who lived near to Mount Hope, die place where Alexamkr iliil
reside, was appointed to s|)eak with him, and to desire him to attend the iiexi
court in Plimouth, for their satisfaction, and his own vindication. He
seemed to take the message in good j)art, professing that tht; Niirnigaiis R
whom, lie said, were his enemies, had ])Ut an ahuse upon him, and he rcailily
promised to attend at the next court. But when the day for his appcannn'e
was come, instead of that, he at that very time went over to the Nariagaiisi'i,*,
his pretendtHl enemies, which, compared with other circum.stances, caiiNil
the gentlemen at Plimouth to suspect there was more of truth in the iiit'or-
» Old hidian Chmiiirle, ji- 31, 32.
t In 1G(J1, lie wiis forced into a war with Uncas, the account of which, properly beloiijiB;
to the life of ihal chief, will be found there related.
irovcrniir of tin
[I'mhiK 111
laiutntiuinii.''
I'<' U> suit llifi
I luiMiiiitatii'n,
roiu llif iiilil
il Ik'IuihI
ivliii;!; wiiul
!t|u! tlll'll
f itido.'"
Phlliji, \i\ ii
ttiiwil ilitu llii'
t, whir 1 1 iM'ca-
• ciiciiiy, as in
I'lrnl, 111 wliii'li
me |>n'\iiiihti|
iiH dill' iiri",) \t
at if kIii' wip'
llM IIIDI'C tllllll
I! Niirriitf'iiNH
to tlif \'.u)iM\
time llmi >lii'
will lie tiiiiijil
l)\i kiiiswdiiiwi,
, first tVdiii Wr
irfer,iiis hrotliti,
icculinr t'rdiiiri
an'cr ot' I atili<,
rt! is l('t\ tiir iH
I nccdiiiit 1)1' ilii<
^>rj- writer iiimn
rt'|H'ati'(l InTi'.
bard, hMU^
■iiift iiivolvciliii
|i(l, his twii si'ii^
Diitli, |)rct('ii(liii,'
liaiiK's ini^'lil l»'
\snlt(i, tilt' ililiT
, TliiH.i/fwii-
iViciKlly to tlie
'(•11 occnsiiiiially
it'lMiiiioiitli.tliiil
it h(! Imil ''oli'i'-
Ion. Hfrciiiiiiii,
Ahxaniltr iliil
attcml tlic iii'Xi
iiidiratioii. H''
i(< Narrajtaiis t<,
niui lie rt'ailily
his npiH'amni''
le Narragaiisii?,
Iistuiices, caii^'l
ith in tiic iiit'or-
properly bclongin;
ru*r I.|
AI.F,XAM)i;il.
iliiiii jfivr-ii, tllllll nt iirsi tin y wi rr awari' nl". W lie re fori' tin' >;n\(riuir t\nA
r|,irali> ilitrr unhri'd Majnr /ri)i.y/i)»', (wlio is siiicr, ami at lliis ilay [ |ii7i J
Mil
I
Ml<
vrril"!" ••'•''"' '"'"".'*') '" '"1^'' " 1""'^ "'""'"' '""' •''''■'' llowil , III. Villi /if.
MM ,,|iij((r (•(iiisiilrrinx lliat m injur imnnl ilij'irir /mntli.i, lie lunk liiii II) tiriiiril
with liiiii li'Hii Marslitlrlil, iiiti'iiiliiiK to liiur takrii iiku'i' at (lir tiiwii/i
I , |„y nearer .Mount llit|ii'. Hiil Divine I'niv iileiiee so (iiili ri tl,iis that \\ In n
liie\ w'eri' al'ont the niiilway helweeii i'liiiKiiiih and Uridpwater,' olisrr\iiii{
1,11 iiMiitiiij; lionse, they rode ii|i to il, and iherr ihd ihey lind .Uumhlir ami
■11' ,\ lit' liis nieiif well armed, ImiI tlieir jj;niis slandiiii; top'iher \>itli<iiil llm
iiiii-v. 'I"'"' niajnr, with his small |iarty, jiossess -d tin'mselves ol" ihe Imliaiis'
nriiis a»d liesi't the iiunse; then did he ;;ii in amon^'st lliem, aei|unintiii); ilin
^ii'JM'in ^villi ilie ri'asoii of his eoiniiiy: in sneh a way ; (h>iriiij5 „H(.iiiiiilir
\\\\U Ills iiiterpreter to walk oiii uiili him, who did so a lilllr distanee from tho
liiiiise and then understood what eoniiiiissi<iii the major had received ron-
(•(Tiiiiii.' Il""' '"'"■ I"'""'' saeliem till into a ra(.'iii},' passion at this surprise,
.jujiijj ihe irnvernor had no reason lo credit rumors, or to semi tiir him in
iirli a way, nor would lie ^ro to I'limoiilli, iait when he s<iw eansc. Il was
rciilicil to him, that his hreaeh of word loiiehimr appearanee at IMimiHilIt
(•(lurt, and, instead thereof, jfoiii;: at the same time to his pretended (iiiiniis,
aiiiriiH'iited jcakaisies eoneernin;^' him. In line, tin; major told him, that hin
(ii'ili r was to lirin^ him to IMimoiith, and thai, hy the help of (lod, he would
lid it III' else lie would die on the place ; also declarini; lo him thai if he would
.slllilllil lie mijjlit expect respective iisap', hut if hi; once more denied to j(o,
111' hIioiiIiI never stir from the irrouml whereon he stood ; and with a pistol at
llii' .sii'liein's hreast, re<|uireil that his next words should he a positive ami
(liar answer to what was demanded. Hereupon his interpreter, a discreet
liiiliaii, lirotlicr to John SitiiS(Viiaii,l lieiiif; seiisihle of jI[(.raiu{(r\H passionato
ilisjitisiliiin, eiitri'atetl that he iiii;.dit s|irak a (i'\ words to tht; sachem lietiiro
lii'tfiM' his answer. 'I'he prudent discourse of this Indian prevailed so f-u" as
that .7/i.n»i'/«'r yielded to f;o, only rei|uesliii;; that he iiii<(lit f;o ill:e u sacheni,
witii his men attending.' him, which, alllioiii;li there was some hazard in A,
tlii'V lii'in^' many, and the Kurdish hut a few, was granted to him. Tho
\M'ailii'r heiiii; hot, the major olll'ied him an lioi'se to ride on, hut his s<pia\v
aiai ilivers iiidiaii women heinu; in company , he refused, saying he could uo on
jiiot as well as they, entreating; only that there iniii;ht he ii complyinir with
liii'ir jiace, which was done. And restini; several times hy the way, .'llirim-
;.'((• aail his India.is were refreshed hy the 1'lnj.dish. No other discoiirsr hap-
iii'iiiii!.' while' they were upon tlu.'ir inarch, hut what was pheasant and amicahle.
Till' major sent a man h( 'fore, to entreat that Jis many of the mai^istrates of
liiat riiioiiy as could would meet at Duxhurv. VVhereforti huvinj? there had
soiiic treaty with Aliiiinilvr, not willhifi to commit him to prison, they eii-
livali'il .Major fi'inslow to receive him to his house, until the };overnor, who
tlicii lived at Kastham, could come up. Acconliiiffly, he ami his iraiii wero
I'oiirti'oiisly entertained hy the major. And alheit, not so iiiiici: as an an<;ry
wiinl jiassi'd hetween them whilst at Marshfield ; yet proud Jlkxau'lcr, vexiiij,'
ami I'reHiiifj in his spirit, that such a check was given him, li<; suddenly liii
sii'k (if a fever, lie was then nursed as a choice friend. JMr. Fullii; ihi;
|ili\sii'ian, coming |)rovideiitially thither at that time, the sachem and his men
lariiistly desired that In; would administer to him, which he was iinwiliiiig to
(id, liiit hy their ini|iortiinity was prevailed with to do the hest he could to
iicip iiiin, and tlierefon; gave liini a portion of working jihysic, which tlii!
Indians thought did him good. But his distem|)er alh'rwards prevailing, they
.■iiti'.'at('(l§ to dismiss him, in order to uretuni home, which upon engagement
• Williin six milps of the English towns. Iliihhard, 10, (Edition, lf)77.) Mansannit, anil
lihcwisc I'hilip, used to have temporary rosidenres in elif^ible plares for (ishiiii;. al v;irioiis
sii(< li'iwi'i'ii di(; two bays, IVarrai^aiisel and Massncliiisetls, as al Rnviiham. NalIla^k(■l, 'I'ili-
cul. [in JliildleUoronjfh,] and Muiipoiiset I'ond in Ilaiilax. Al which of these phices lie wiis,
wo I'iiiiiKit, with certiiinly, decide : that al Halifax would, pcdiaps, agree bcsl wilii Mr. Huh'
kiril's arconnt.
t i'ii,'lii_v. says IJnhhnrd. G.
J He had a hrolhcr by the nnme of Roland.
$ " Eatrcaiing those ihal hekl him prisoner, that he might have liberty to return home,
1""^/'
%Aik
■■■.'■,>#
■' . ';■■■■ 'ivi^'^l
Ilia
''i'''Kit«,
izmii
■J
1- '.-.'"aT^
■■ .,v:,r
"i- ymm
I- , '\:i■''J^l
■■ .. ■ • ,V ::■
'.'■■■ ■■ . i'»r.;,':;{s
■'''■■ ' y^
8
ALEXANDER.
[Book ni
of nppoamiicp at tlio next court was granted to him. • Soon after his bcinj
rotiiriH'd \i()\nv, lie died." *
Thus ends Dr. J/«//icr'5 "relation " of tiie short reign of Mexander. Am]
akhongh a deniinient lately published by Judge Davis of IJoston sets tiie ((m.
duct of the English in a very i'avorable light, yet it is very difficult to f,,,,.
ceiv(; how .Mather and Hubbard could hav(! been altogether deceived in iini,.
inioriuation. We mean in res|)ect to tlus tn-atinetit Alexandtr received at ili,.
hands of his capuu-s. They both wrote at the same time, and at (lilllnir
places, and ucntiier knew what the other had written. Of this we are (unti.
(lent, if, as we are assured, there was, at this time, rather a inisunderstainlinj
between these two r(!v»!rend authors.
This aflair caused much excitement, and, judging from the Avriters of that
time, particidarly Hubbard, some recrimination upon the conduct of the ([(,,.
ernment of I'limoiith, by some of tlie English, who were more in the JinJiii (,|
using or reconnnending mil;! measures towards Indians than the I'liiDoini,
jteople appear to have been, seems to have been indulged in. Altir iIhk
premising, we will ofti-r the document, which is a letter written by the R^
John Cotton, of Plimouth, to Dr. /. Mather, and now printed by Judge fJnii
in his edition of JMorton^s Memorial. There is no date to it, at least the ciliiijr
gives none ; but if it were written in answer to one from Mr. Midlnr u
him, desiring information on that head, dated 21st A])ril, l()77,t wc nun
conclude it was about this time ; but Mr, Mather^s " Relation " would not |i,v;
us to su[)poso that he was in possession of such inibrmation, and, tlnri.
fore, he either 'vas not in possession of it wluui he published his accoiait, or
tJiat he ha > other testimony which invalidated it.
Tlie letter begins, "Major Bradford, [who was with Mr. Winslow \\h\s
Alexander was sur|)rise<i,] confidently assures me, that in the narrativi' it
AlexandroX there are many mistakes, and, fearing lest you shoidd, tlinniLii
misinformation, print some mistakes on that subject, from his mouth I tiiis
write. Re{)orts being here that Alexander was plotting or privy to ploi;,
against tlie English, authority sent to him to come down. He caini' ni:.
Whereupon Major Winslow was sent to fetch him. Major BradJ'onl, \\\i
some othere., went with him. At Mimponset River, a j)lace not many niilis
hence, they found Alexander with about eight men and sundry squaws, lie
was thiu't! about getting canoes. He and his men were at breakfast iimlir
their shelter, their gims being without. They saw the English coniinjr, Imi
continued eating ; and Mr. Winslow telling their business, Alexander^ timlv
and readily, without the least hesitancy, consented to go, giving his rciixiii
why he cann; not to the court before, viz., because he waited for Ca|ilaiii
WUleVs return from the Dutch, being desirous to speak with him first. Tliev
brought him to Mr. CoUier^s that day, and Governor Prince living remote :.!
Eastham, those few magistrates who were at hand issued the luatter iinu-i-
ahly, and iiUiMediately dismissed Alexander to return home, whicli lie diil
part of the way ; but, in two or three days after, he returned and went tn
Major Winslow''s house, intending thence ' tmvel into the ba}i and so Imiiic;
but, at the major's house, he was taken . ry sick, and wius, by \vat( r, inu-
veyed to Major Bra tford\ and thence carried upon tlie shonldei-s of his im ii
to Tethquet River, and thence in canoes home, and, about two or three days
after, died."
Tims it is evident that there is error somewhere, and it would he very sat-
isfactory if we could erase it from our history ; but, at present, we ari' iiMi'
only to agitate it, and wait for the further discovery of documents Mnr^
Alexander's true history can be given ; and to suspend judgment, altlioiii'ii
promisiiicf to reliirii aijain if he rerovored, and to send his son as hostage till he cniild sc)'!o.
ijn llial consideralioM, he was fairly dismissed, l)Ut died before he got half way home. "-
JIiit)h(ir(l.
*■ It is a pity that suoh an alilc historian as Grahnnw slionid not have lieen in posso<sinii ol
other anlhorilies npoii this matter than those who have copied from the above. Sec liis lliit
N. Aiwrira, i. 'M)l.
t See his Memorial. 2R8.
X A paper drawn up by liie OMlhorilies of PJimonlh, and now. T believe, anion? ilio MSS,
in the library of the Hist. i^oc. of Mass. This was, probably, Mr. HitbLard's aullioriiv.
[Book ni.
on after his bcinj
)f Alexander. And
[Jostoii sets tilt' cdii.
•ry diflicult to Pdn.
■r (loci'ivt'il ill tlnlr
der recoivcd at tlio
HP, and at (litlini:'.
■ this wt' arc ciinti.
a inisundei-stiiiiirui;
the writers of tliat
conduct of till- L'ov-
iiiore in the liiiliit of
, tlmn the PliiniMnli
Igfd in. AUcr lliii>
written hy tlic Rm,
od by JudiTc Ihm,
it, at U'ast the ciliiijr
from Mr. Malkr tn
|)ril, 1077,t we may
ion " would not \n<[
rination, and, tliift.
shed his account, or
I Mr. fVvislow wiifii
t in the narnitivc ik
yon should, tliroiii'li
jin his nioiitii 1 liii;
ig or privy to iil«i>,
own. He caiiic m.;.
Major Bradford, wifii
blace not many iiiilis
sundry squaws, lit
■e at breakfast iimlir
<]nglisii coiuini;, Imt
ss, Mexanda; M
go, giving hi;* vciistui
waitcil for Caiitiuii
ith him lirst. Tln^
•nee living rcmoto m
id the iuattcr \w\a-
lome, which In' 'M
'turned and went t"
le bajl and so lidiin",
wiis, by water, mu-
ihoiddei^ of liis mni
It two or three (iiiy«
it would be very sal-
present, we are !iW''
of documents liil'ir'
judgment, altlioiisii
-(Stage till he coiiM sii;!"-
Ihc gollialfwav home. -
live lipcn in pnssp^Moii «
Iho above. Sec Ins //wt
Iclicvc, amons die MS
[lubbard's auilioriiy.
I]
eX
SAS3\M0iN 9
„ miiv rcadilv decide that the evidence is hi favor of the old i)rinted
.••oiiiits. It is the business ot a historian, where a pouit is ui dispute, to
" liiliit existing evidence, and l»!t the reader fiiakc; up his own judgment.
Wu are able, from the iirst extract given upon this head, to limit the time
nf his saclu-niship to u portion of the year l(JGi>.
It will have apjjearcd already, that enough had transpired to inHame the
liiiils of the Indians, and especially that of the sachem Philip, if, indeed,
' . (vidcuce adduced be considered valid, regarding the blainableness of tho
I'liclisli. Nevtirtheless, our next step oll^^;lrd will more fully develop the
causes of Philip's deep-rooted uniincsitie-
\Vc come now to speak of Joh.\ Sassamon, v.Iio deserves a particvdar
iiotiee • more especially as, from several manuscripts, we are able not only to
idinet some important errors in former histories, but to give a more minute
•iii'iiiint of a character which must always be noticed in entering \\\)u\\ the
vtuilv of tb''^ 1**"^ "*' "^"* bistory. Not that lit; would otherwise demand
more notice than many of his brethren almost silently pa.ssed over, but fur hi.s
ii'reiiev in bringing about a war, the interest of whicii hicreases in proportion
ib tiiiie carries us from its \ky\m\.
Jijltn Sassamon Wius a subject of Philip, an unstable-minded fellow ; and,
liviii" in the neighborhood* of the English, became a convert to (vhristianity,
leaimil tluMr language, and was able to read and write, and had translated
^Mie of tlie Bible into Intlian. Being rather insinuating and artful, li;' wita
ciiiiiloycd to teach his countrymen at Nutick, in the capacity of a school-
iiiiL<ter. How long before the \.'ar this was, is m t mentioned, but must have
|)(.i'n about ItjGO, as he was Philip^s secretary, or uiterpreter, in 1002, and this
was after he had become a Christian. He leil the English, from some dislike,
iiiiil went to reside with Alexander, and ailerwai'ds with Philip, who, it ap-
pears, employed him on account of his learnuig. iVlways restless, Sassamon
(lid not rcmahi long with Philip before he returned again to the English ; " and
he inauifcsted such evident signs of rei)entance, as that he was, alter liis re-
turn from pagan Philip, reconciled to the praying Indians and baptized, and
received, as a member, into one of the Indian churches ; yea, and employed
as an instructor amongst tlnnn every Lord's day."t
Previous to the war, we presume in the winter of 11)72, Sassamon was sent
to preach to the Namaskets,^ and other Indians of Middleborough, who, at
tills time, were very numerous. The famous Watuspaquin was then the
eluefof this region and who api)ears to have been disposed to encourage
tiie new religion taught by Sassamon. For, in 1674, he gave liim a tract of
land near his own residence, to hiduce him to remain among his people. The
deed of girt of this land was, no doubt, drawn by Sassamon, and is in these
words : —
"Know all men by these presents, that I, Old Watuspaquin, doe graunt
\iito John Sassamon, allies IVassasoman, 27 acrees of land for a home lott at
Assowainsctt necke. This is my gift, giuen to him the said John Sassamon,
hy iiK! till! said Watuspaquin, in Anno 1073, [or 1(J74, if between 1 Jan. and
'id March.]
Olo Watuspaquin {^ his marke.
William TuspAQUiiv dV his marke.
Witness, alsoe, Naneheunt § -f" ''** marke."
As a further inducement for Sassamon to settle liere. Old Tuspaquin and
his son deeded to Felix, an Indian who maiTied Sassamoti^s daughter, .58 and
an half acres of land; as "a home lott," also. This deed was dated 11
.March, 1073, O. S., which doubtless was done at the same time with the other.
" •' This Sassamon was hy birlli a Massacliusett, his father and mother i'\ iiig in Doreliestcr,
ami Ihry both died Ciiiisliaiis." — /. Mather.
\ Miithir's Relation, 71.
J The iiiluibiiants of liie place call it Neniasket, In the records, it is aiinost always written
SitmitssakdL
i Spelt also MemfheuU.
;^i->i'a
iPli
'^'•f'^^V'' ■•:?l
■ '''■' i
•■'4H-;,;
■ viv%i^B4l?
:MXi^'
10
SASSAMON.
[Rook 1||.
If
This (laughter of Saasamon was rall(!(l by tlin Englisli name Betty,* l)iit lur „ri,,.
inul name was Assowktougii. To hissoii-iii-law, Sassamon gave liis land, In",
kiud of will, wliifli lie wrote liiinself, not long before his death ; \m>\,n\i-
about the time Ik; became! tired of iiisn(!W situation, wliich we suppose wusali
about the time that h(! discovered the design of Philip and Iiis captains to
bring about tlieir war of extermination.
Old Tmpaquin, as he called himself, and his son, not only confirmed Hnsm-
moil's will, but about the sam(! time madt; a be(]uest themselves to his daiii-l,.
ter, which, they say, was "with the (consent of all the chieflie men of .\sso-
wamsett." This deed of giit fi'om them was datcul 23 Dec. 1G73. It was of
a neck of land at Assowa'ns«'tt, called Nahteawamet. The names of some
of the j)laces which l)ouiided this tract wen; Mashciuomoh, a swamp, !>:asiiii
kususett, a poml, and anotlirT largi; |)ond called Ch;ipii)oggut. Tobias, Qli
Thomas, Pohonoho, and Kankunuki, wen; upon this deed as witnesses.
Fklix served the FiUglish in Philip's war, and was living in 1()7!>, in wliici,
year Governor /fi/is/oit' ordered, " that all such lands as were fonrierlyjf^
Sassamon's in our colonic, shall be s<!ttled on Felix his son-in-law," and to re.
main his and his heirs "foreuer." Felix's wife survived him, ai d wilhl lur
laud to a daughter, named Affrny. This was in IGiX), and Isackt Jfannoww.
nessed said will. There was at' a lat<;r |)eriod an Indian preacher at Titiiini
named Thomas Felix, ])erhaps a son of the former.}; But to return to the
more immediate subject of our discoui"se.
There was a Sassaman, or, as my manuscript has it, Sosomon, known to the
English as early as lt).'}7 ; but as we have no means of knowing how old J„j,
Sassamon was when he was mur(lere<l, it cannot be decided with proi)aliiliiv,
whether or not it wen; he. This Sosomon, as will be seen in the life of Smn-
cus, went with the English to fight the Pecpiots
Sassamon acted as inter|)r«;t<'r, witness < scribe, as the case required, on
many occasions. When Philip and fVootcnekanuske his wife, sold, in ItfiJ,
Mattapoisett to JVilliam, lirenton, Sassamon was a witness and interpretir.
The same year he was Philip's agent " in settling the bounds of Aciislieiiok,
Coaksett, and places adjacent." Again, in l(j()5, lie witnessed the receipt ol'
£10 i)aid to Philip on account of s(!ttling the bounds the year before.
There was a Roivland Sassamon, who I suppose was the brother of Jok.
His name appeal's !mt onc(! in all tlu; manuscript records I have met witii, auj
then only as a witness, with his brother, to Philip's deed of Mattajioiselt,
above mentioned.
The name Sassamon, like most Indian names, is variously spelt, but tlie
way it here a[)|)ears is nearest as it was understood in his last years, jndffliii;
from the records. Ihit it was not so originally. Woosansaman was aiiioi:i
the first modes of writing it.
This detail may a])pear dry to the general reader, but we must occasion-
ally gratify our anticpiarian friends. We now ])roceed in our narrative,
While living among the Namaskets, Sassamon learned what was jroiii!;
forward among bis countrymen, and, when he was convinced that tliiir
design was war, went immediately to Plimoutli, and coinnumicated liis dis-
covery to the governor. "Nevertheless, his information," says Dv, I. Mathfr,^
"(because it had an Indian original, and one can hardly believe them wlieu
tliey do speak the truth,) was not at first much regarded."
It may be noticed Iiere, that at this time if any Indian appeared friendly,
all Indians were so declaimed against, that scarcely any one among tlie Eii!-
lisli could be found that would allow that an Indian could be faitldiil ur
honest in any aftiiir. And although some others besides Sassamon had niii-
mated, and that rather strongly, that a " rising of the Indians " was at Imml,
still, as Dr. Mather obs(!rves, 'jecause Indians said so, little or no attentiou
* The Endisli soinetinics added her surname, and hence, in the account of Mr. Hninfl.{^
Col. Afiiss. Ilist. Snr. iii, 1.) Hellij Sasernoir. 'I'he noted place now called Belltfit M,
in Mi<ldle!)orough, was named from her. hi !7!)3, there were eii^hl families of Jndiaiis diere.
\ Cotiihtiiut, Krlchiiiuul, Tflttinit, Krhf.ttirnI , KeHcitt, TiiolUuquid, Tetehquct,aiei\x\\'
ings of this name in the various books and records I have consullcd.
t Barkus's Middlehorouo^li, in 1 (^ol. Mass. Hist, Soc. iii. 150.
j Relation of the Troubles, &c., 74.
[Book 111
I,* but licr ()ri_,.
jc liis land, In ;,
L'lith ; proUil'ilv
Ul)pOSe\V!LSlil>o
his captains to
jnfirmpd Smn-
■S to his (lill|c;l|.
b men of As?o-
G73. It was (if
iiaines of sump
swuniji, Ha«iii.
It. Tobias, on
itlU'SSCS.
1 l()7!t, in wliirli
e foriiicrlv Mn
law," and to re-
, lU'il willed lur
ackt JVanm wit-
clier at Titiiiiii
to return to the
m, known to the
ii<f how old Mn
witli ])rol)!iliility,
he life of .S'asw.
3ase required, on
ifc, sohi, in ](1G},
and interpreter,
Is of Acuslieiiok,
d the receipt of
f before,
[brother of Joliii,
ve met with, iinj
of Mattaiiuiseti,
y spelt, l)\it the
st years, jiidL'in;
man was aiiiui:;
must occasion-
narrative.
,'hat was goiii;
iiiced tluit tlii'ir
Linicated liisdis-
/sDr./.jVo/k,;
ieve themwlieu
>peared friendly,
moufr tlie Ens-
d be llntlifnl or
ssamon bad mti-
s " was at hand,
or no attention
t of Mr. Ikimtl.{\
ailed ISemfs .Y.rt,
s of Indians there.
Mf liquet, are spell-
CHAf
I.] SASSAMON.— CAUSES OF THE WAR WITH PHILIP.
n
paid to their advice. Notwithstanding, Mr. Gookin, in his MS. history,*
* that previous to tlio war, none of the Christian Indians had " beim
'^^'thi clia'rged, eitlier with untaithfiihiess or treachery towards the English."
"Rut on tiie contrary, some of tiiem had discovered the treachery, particii-
, i^^ffakut the ruler, of PAiYip before he began any act of hostility." In
"Mother place the same author says, that, in April, 1075, JVauban " came to
"" . of the niagistra'is on purpose, and informed him that he had ground to
f-ir tiiat sachem Philip, and other Indians his confederates, intended some
'^^iscliief shortly." Again in May, about six weeks before the war, he came
"lid said the same, adding that Philip^s men were only waiting for the trees
to eet leaved out, that they might prosecute their design with more effect,
'f return to SassanwJi :
111 the mean time, some circumstances happened that gave further grounds
of siisi)icion, that war was meditated, and it was intended that messengers
should be sent to Philip, to gain, if ])ossible, the real state of the case. But
before this was effected, much of the winter of 1()74 had ])assed away, and
the Rev. Sassamon still resided with the Namaskets, and others of hia
countrymen in that neighborhood. And notwithstanding he had enjoined
the strictest secrecy upon his English friends at Plimouth, of what he had
revealed, assuring them that if it came to Philip's knowledgi!, he should he
immediately murdered by him, yet it by some means got to the chief's
](iio\vled''e, and Sassamon was considered a traitor and an outlaw ; and, by
the laws'of the Indians, he had forfeited his life, and was doomed to suffer
death. The manner of effecting it was of no consequence with them, so
Ion" as it was brought about, and it is probable that Philip had ordered any
of iiis subjects who might meet with him, to kill him.
Earlv in the spring of 1G75, Sassamon was missing, and, on search being
made, his body was found in Assawomset Pond, in Middleborougb.f Those
that killed hitn not caruig to be known to the English, left his hat and gim
upon the ice, that it might be supposed that he had drowned himself; but
from several marks upon his body, and the fact that his neck was broken,
it was evident he had been umrdered. J Several persons were suspected,
and, u|)oii the information of one called Patuckson, Tobias § one ol Philip's
counsellors, his son, and Mattashinnamy, were ap|)rehended, tried by !■ jury,
consisting of half Indians,|| and in June, 1(575, were all executed at Plimouth;
"one of them before his execution confessing the murder," but the oilier
two denied all knowledge of the act, to their last breath. The truth of
their ifuilt may reasonably be called in question, if the circumstance of the
bleeding of the dead body at the approach of the nuirderer, had any influence
upon the jury. And we arc fearful it was the case, fbr, if the most learned were
misled by such hallucinations in those days, we are not to suppose that the
more ignorant were free from them. Dr. Increase Mather wrote within two
years of the affair, and he has this passage : " When Tobias (the suspected
murderer) came near the dead body, it fell a bleeding on fresh, as if it had
been newly slain ; albeit, it was buried a considerable time before that." H
Nothing of this part of the story is ujjon record among the manuscri|)t3,
as we can find, but still we do not question the authenticity of Dr. Mather^
who, we believe, is the first that printed an account of it. Nor do the
records of Plimouth notice Sassamon until some time after his death. The
first record is in these words: "The court seeing cause to require the per-
• Nol yet published, but is now, (April, 183(5,) printing with notes by the author of this
work, under Uie direction of'llie American Anii>)uarian Society. It will form a lasting moiiu-
mciii nloiie of ihe best men of diose days. Tlio auilior was, as Mr. £/io< expresses iiimself,
''a pillar in our hidiau work." He died in 1()87, aged 75.
tSoine would like to know, perhaps, on what authority Mr. Gralwme {Hist. N. Anur. i.
402.) slates thai Sa.isainon's body was found in a. field.
\ Gookin's MS. Hist, of Christian Indians. This author says, " SassaTnand was the first
Chrisiiaii martyr," and that " it is evident he suffered death upon the account of his Christian
profession, and fidelity to the English."
\ His Indian name was Pos^apanossoo.
Mather's Relation, 74. Judge Davis retains the same account, (MorUm's Memorial,
I.) which we shall presently show to be erroneous.
U Muther's Relation, 76.
it',,
»-'!li
»S In 1U3
,> *
a
\M^«
V
1 (
■Jil. ■'
12
SASSAMON.
[Book in.
sonal appearance of an Indian called Tobias l)efore the court, to make fur.
ther answer to such interrogatories as shall be required of him, in reference
to the sudden and violent death of an Indian called John Sassamon, late
deceased." This wa.s in March, 1G74, O. S.
It appears that Tobias was present, although it is not so stated, from the
fact that Tuspaqidn and his son William entered into bonds of £100 for thp
appearance of Tobias at the next court in June following. A niortjrai'e
of land was taken as security for the £100.
June having arrived, three instead of one are arraigned as the miirdcreri
of Sassamon. There was no intimation of any one but Tobiar being jrnji,,
at the previous court. Now, ffampapaquan, the son of Tobias, and Maltii.
ahunannamo * are arraigned with Inni, and the bill of indictment runs as t'o|.
lows : " For that being accused that they did with joynt consent vpon 1),^
29 of January ann" 1674, [or 1675, N. S.l att a place called .^a«ow»a»weft Poiii
wilfully and of sett purpose, and of niallice fore thought, and by force aii(i
armes, murder John Sassamon, an other Indian, by laying violent hands on
him, and striking him, or twisting his necke vntill hee was dead ; and to Indp
and conceale this theire said murder, att the tynie and place aibresnid, did
cast his dead body through a hole of the iyce into the said pond."
To this they pleaded " not guilty," and put themselves on trial, say the
records. The jury, however, were not long in finding them guilty, whirli
they express in these words : " Wee of the jury one and all, both Englisli
ana Indians doe joyntly and with one consent agree upon a verdict."
Upon this they were immediately remanded to prison, " and from ilicncp
[taken] to the place of execution and there to be hanged by the head f \ ntiil
theire oodies are dead." Accordingly, Tobias and Mattashunannamo wire
executed on the 8 June, 1675. " But the said Wampapa^uan, on some con-
siderations was reprieued until a mouth be expired." He was, however, siioi
within th( month.
It is an error that the jury that found them guilty was composed of half
Indians ; there were bRt four, while there were twelve Englishmen. We
will again hear the record : —
" Itt was judged very expedient by the court, that, together with tliii
English jury aboue named, some of the most indifferentest, grauest and
eage Indians should be adinitted to be with the said jui^, and t(i lualpio
consult and aduice with, of, and concerning the j)remises: there names
are as foUoweth, viz. one called by an English name Hope, and Maskippam
Wannoo, George Wampye and Acanootus ; these fully concm-red with the
jui-y in theire verdict."
'the names of tiie jurymen were William Sabine, WiUiam Crocker, Edwd
Stwfris, William Brookes, JVath'. Wimlow, John Wadsworth, Jlndrew Rin^t,
Robed Vixon, John Done, Jon<^, Bangs, Jon\ Shaw and Benj'K Higgins,
That nothing which can throw light upon this important affair be pnsseJ
over, we will here add, from a hitherto exceeding scarce tract, the foilowiD»
particulars, although some parts of them are evidently erroneous: "Abii
five or six years since, there was brought up, amongst others, at the colleie
at Cambridge, (Mass.) an Indian, named Sosoman ; who, after some time he
had spent in preaching the gospel to Uncas, a sagamore Christian in his ter-
ritories, was, by the authority of New Plimouth, sent to preach in like man-
ner to King Philip, and his Indians. But King Philip, (heuthen-hke.l
instead of receiving the gospel, would immediately have killed this Sosoinon.
but by the persuasion of some about him, did not do it, but sent liini hvihe I
hands of three men to prison ; who, as he was going to prison, exhorted
and taught them in the Christian religion. They, not liking his discoiirsf,
immediately murthered him after a mo.st barbarous manner. They, return-
ing to King Philip, acquainted him with what they had done. About two
or three months after this murther, being discovered to the authority of |
* The same called Mattashinnamy. His nRtno in the records is spelt four ways.
t This old phraseology reminds us of the French mode of expression, couper le rmt, Ihalii
to cut off the neck instead of the head ; bin the French say, U sera pendu par sort cou, audii |
do modern hangmeu, aiiaa jurists, of our times.
in, on BOtne con-
m
\ '
liiif
nil
Slit- -I ^ >,i*|
'■tym
<(■.)■■;
T,'iiiiriiiv</ Irfiii /lif riiiiiiKi/ ii.s l'iil>/i.\/i,,l I'll I /ml ill.
CHAr. 11]
New riinioi
tak"ii to liii'
LIFE OF KINO I'll IMP
13
itli, Joiiidh Jf'iiisloir lifiiit;- tlicii jrovrnior oi" tliiit colony, care wna
I (Hit tlic iiiMrilicrcrs, \\ Im, iijioii scarcl', wcrr |i)iiMil imd :i|)|in
1 i ,,| anil, mil T u liiir tiiiil, \vci(! all liiiiifrcd. 'I'liis so cxiisitiTat.-'l Kin
\€:
.Si.)f«
, 7i>:.
^'li %
■•*».\''
; V
'^
u V
' ""t. f
[^^l
UfA
> , I
'i'^>.
'^'aM
i.',*!
,'( t/ > r« 1
4
-•;
1
. \%-.
I"'
1
f.
t''
.VI".
ak
riiAP. "•]
\(>\v riiiiionlli
tiikcii III liml •>
Iirll(|f(l, ;iM(l, !l
I'hiliji, I lull, li-<
jiiil-iriL' lliiit til
killin:.' aiiotlicr
Ufr nf KI.NC I
.v(;/(.v of his Inn
SntlllirliCt — I'.i
Siriiiii/i t'iijlit II
bij Ondiii — t'iiri
licrr.i — Inriilrnl
ciiitiii'iiiij — Fiali
nliris III ,\'iirrii
of lilsfiirlriss—
.ii'iiinflii's his CI
— I'iiliini.s (lod'ni
— Ilisrii'ifroiiii
flill into llir linn
7Hf« iif llti: li'inti
I.N Ti'iriinl to til
ways|in'viiiic(l, in
;i.: I': II lie ii;))ir();ic
(liscimi'.«(', irid lici
Ik'cii s(i; in iicjirl;
iiiiil tlicy arc jiiaii
y('!ii'.<, it is spolt \\
iifiii'ly till' saiMO s(
come. ;iii(l Pontelac
W'r llllVc aiKltllc
tlic IIJIIIII' t)t'tllC \v
WIS ilic name of I
Vliimii. .\() 'tvojii
towns nii'n told ('
tlifit was dear to I
li\^il, and lliii< mo-
an unknown land !
Jiiiii, iind d('S])air t(
llic iingiiisliinir crii
wv iiinst rlian^'i! tli
It sccins as tlioii;
iionrh all of Ids pec
si'lu'S. Tlicy ,«a\v
losdplicrs as iin; au
tin<! tlicir manner
poison, and wvro ca
Here only to In- oh;
Ibnn sonic idea of
colony wfii-e disposi
* Pie.ie,it fliute of
Jlloi'il'i Imlimi Wiii-s,
I'HiMi-'s War, (rov<.
rini.ivor.cKiv of iill l„
'■w.\'y,U.) lias i,i5il Ix'ci
t The niilhor d.^ls a i
llicrcal iKinio of i||(. g-n
perils, Woutonekantisle
2
Chap. H.]
MIT. or KING IMIIM"
18
Vi'W niiii""'''> Joi^i<i)i ff limlow bciiij,' tin ii ^ovi-nmr of ilint cdlitny, can- wns
fiki'ii 1" '"'"' •'"' ''"' "i'""''"''"'''"S ^^l'"t 111'"' sfiirrli, were roiiiKl ami a|i|iri!-
IhIkIiiI, 1111(1, alter a fair trial, u «•!•(! all liaii;L'c(l. This so cMisiH'ratcd Kiii«
i>l,illj,,\U;iU li'oiM lli'it 'l-'iv aUrr, lie stiidicd to he r('V<Mijr<'(l mi tin- I'liirlisli —
jiiil.li'i;;' iliat tilt' Miijfiisii aiitiiurity liad iiotiiiiij. to do to liaii^' an Indian lor
itillinjr aiiotlior." *
CHAPTKR II.
In icfrard to the mitivo or Indian iinino of Piiimp, it sorms n iiiistako lins r1-
wavsiiifvailcd, in printed acfoiints. PoMf'TACOM jrives as near its Indian sound
;i; I' II I"' aiiproaclied liy our 'ettei-rf. The tirst syllalde was dr -pped in tiiiniliar
(li<i'iMir.-i', a'ld hence, in u siiort time, no one iiiiajrined hut Aviiat it iiad always
Iktiiso; ill nearly 'jvery orij^iiial ^WviX executed hy him, which ve have seen,
ami tlicy an; many, his iianie so a|)|>ears. It is true ticit, in those of dilferent
vi'iiis it i'' i^i'clt with some iittii' variation, all Avhich, however, conveyed very
iiiinlv till' saiiK' sound. The variations are Piimntdrow, PdiiKttitconi, Pomda-
fOHir. iiiiil Pomeldcon ; the last of which prevails in the records.
Wi' Imve another important discovery to commuiiicate rf it is no f)tlier than
tlir iKiiiic of the wnh (if Povipfanoin — th(> innocent Wchitonkkanuskk ! TIfm
WIS the name of her who, with lii-r little son, fell into tlie hands of (^iptaiu
Chnnli. .\o wonder that Philip was "now ready to die," as some of his trai-
tmipiis iiiCM told Church, and tiiat "iiis !ieait was now ready to break ! " All
ili;ir was dear to him was now swallowed up in the vortex ! I5iit they still
ji\;,l, jiiiil this most harrowed his soul — lived for what r" to si>rve as slaves in
ail iiiikiinwn land ! could it !)(> otherwise than that madness should seize ujum
liiin, mid despair torment him in every })lace ? that in liis sleep he should hear
ihc iiiifruisliing cries and lamentations of fFootontkanmke and his son ? IJut
we iiiust cliaiijrf' the scene.
It st'ciiis as thoujfli, lor many years heforo the war of 1G7."), Pometttcom, and
nearly ail of iiis ])eople sold olf tiioir lands asfhst as purchasers presented tliem-
schcs. They saw the prosperity of the Eii<;Tisli, and they were just such plii-
liwiplicrs as are easily captivateil by any show of ostentation. Thej' wi're tVirsa-
kiiii: tlii'ii' iiianncir of life, to which the jiroximity of the whites was a deadly
piiisoii, and were eaiier to obtain suc'> things as their neighbors |)ossessed ; these
wi'ir only to be obtained by ])arting with their lands. That the reader may
i'lnii some idea of the rapidity with which the Indians' lands in IMiniouth
t'oiimy were disposed of, wo add the following items : —
I'lvsi'iif Siaff (if A'ew En'j;land, by a iiicrcliniit (if Hostoii, in n'spcrt ^) tlie present
IVfinhj Iwli.in Wilis, pap^d ,'5, folio, Lriiidoii, lliTli. This, willi Ibiir oilier tnicls ii|)on
i'luiir's Wau, (rovi^riiiff llic whole pi-rioil ol'ii, wilii notes hy inyicll, iicconipniiicil l.y a
r;ii;n\()i.oiiv of all Iiidiau events in America I'rom its discoverylo the iiresent time, (IMarcli
"ill. l'!.)ii.) has j.isl heeii piihlished under I lie title of the Oi.i) In in an ( 'ii tnisii i.k.
t The niilhor feels a peculiar salisfaction that it has fallen to his lot to lie the lirst to publish
llir real iiaiia^ of the ^rtivil sachem of the Wampaiioags, and also that of the sharer of Ills
perils, \Vootoiiei(mus/ce,
Im
1
•r';'-*<f,>,'i.; , ■
■,; «/"■',,.'■■'•
i;K.f '. ,*. v: ■■>. I' ."^ '
■f * ,' . ■ ■ -i' '
"' »■•'•: ii^ ■
;. '-V- -
'i.i;^f!iui|
• *'f:V' lit '"^>VtJ
Mjiii
i
M, *,, .,. -. ,■'.,('.. ;JH.iv-:i!r;
"■■■ ' }>m.t
'^■m-
14
rmi.ir— SALKs of his lands.
[Hook III
fii n 'Ic'pd (liitf'il Qf] JiiiH', KlfM, " WxUiitm Hrrnlon, of Nr-wport, l{. I. „„,r.
<'li;inl, ' " fin- a valiiuMc ronsidrnniiin " |ini(l li\ liim, Imys iMata|M)iM'it ni'l'liii;.,
'J'his (Ir'fd Itc^fiiis, '• I, I'umdtinnm alias I'liitlp, cliicl" saclii'iii nf iMoiint li,,|,„
("invsimipsit and 1)1" all tcrritori; s thrM'iiiilo l)rloin:iiijf." Pliilijn\\u\ liis \m;!
Itiitli si^riM'd this drcd, and 'l\irk(mniik, H'tro/iaiihlm,' ^YiniliKiini.idii, I'mmn.
(Iiiits-r, . Iixriiiiiiiili, Tiiiniiiiiks!rl;i\ I'lUjiioiiiick, Ihitaixttiihur, > liliii'lii<iiiisli,Jiii,i^
.SV/,s,w(»o« iIm' iiilcr" tcr, /{oirliiiiil Sasmtinoii, nin\ \\\n Jlii^rlislinicn, ^i^rn,,,] , ,
wiini'ssi's.
In 1(1(1"), lie Hild 'onntry almnt AcdwlHMui, [now New Hrdii iij,] ^m,]
C(ta\('f, [now in Cn: , i.] /'/(/////.'» liilJHT liavinsr prcvinMsly miM si)||||.,,|'
tin' same, £10 wnf n(i\v f^ivcu liini u> picvfiif any claim \h>\n liini, and to ||.,v
lor liis niaikini; <»iit tlic Hanii;. John If'oomnsman [oiu! ot'tlio iiaiiu's of Snssn
luoii] >\itnrsscd tlii.s i\i'rt\.
Tlic same year tlic cduit of I'linioiitli prcsciiU'd Philip vvitli a liorsc, hut mi
wlial acfonnt wr nn; not iniiinncd.
In l<l(»'2, Wrcntliain was pin-cliascd of I'liHip ity tlic Enffii^li of Dcdlinin
It was Ihcii called HiiltomotiomHii^, and, liy the amount assessed, appears to Ii,n,
cost £'21 lO.y., and was six miles sijiiare. l''or this tract of land tlie l!ni.'li>ii li;„i
bocneiideavorinj,' toiieirotiatc liv(! yeais.+ " In Nov. KM!!*, npon notice of/'/nL,
Sai,'ann)nMif Alonnt Hope, now at Wollomonopua^', oil! rinff a treaty of Iiisi,ii|,<
tliereal)onts, not yet piM'cliased,"lhe selectmen appoint li\'e persons to ii(;f(iti;i]i.
w illi him " I'or his remaining;' ri.iiht, pi'ovided la; can show lliat he has iim,'-
W nether liis rii;lit were (jueslionaide or not, it seems a purdaise was nuuli,;,!
that time, of the tract called iyui>Hi>mm(>nuppof!;uc, " witiiin the town hoiiiiilsiiii'
Dedham] not yet pin'chased." W'liat the full <'oiisideralion was, oin-doi'iiiiK'ni*
tlo not state, hnt li-om a manuscript order which he drew on Dedham afteiuunk
and \\\v accompanyinj,' receipt, some estimate may he formed. The order n.
cjiie-^ls tlu'Mi "/o piiji to thin ()vari:r,J'or the use. of Wis u I'iiimp, £">, 5s. in iiwimj.
and C') in //•i"7i //iic cloth at moncjj prircP In a receipt sifjiu'd liy an M|Lfiiit lif
I full s'ltinfartion with £10 thdl ha is to receive of jyinnamn I'win.
\Ve next meet with a Miiij,mlar reconl of Philip, \\u' authorship of wliicliH,.
nttriliute to John Sassamon, and which, ItesidcK extendinf,' our kiio\\|(i|(;c„i'
Philip into his earlier tina-s, serves to mako lis ucciiialnted with Scuisuimii''siv-
(iniremenfs in the !aiiiriia<i(! of tla; |)il<jrims.
" Know all men by these presents, that Philip Imuo giupll ])Ower viito /r,|.
tnchpoo II and Sampson and tliein; hrethren to hold and make sale of to uiiimi
tiny will hy my consent, and tliey sliall not liaue itt without they he williii'.' m
jett if j,'oe it shal he sol hy my consent, l)iit without my kiiowle<lffe tliey (miiiiit
Haleiyto: hut with my consent there is none that can lay clainie to lliiit lum!
which they haiie marked out, it is theires li)reuer, soo therefore none cmii sniilv
purchase any otlicrwiso hut hy Wntnchpoo and Sampson and their hrellnnii.
PiiiLii' llilid.'
^Vhotlipr the followinjff hitter wore written earlier or later than this we Imw
no means of knowiiiir ; it is plain, however, from its contents, that it viiHwritim
at a time when he was stroii,i;ly opposed to srllin^ his lands, and that ilicimi-
j)le of Plimoitth were (Mideavorinji to ^et him to their court, where tlnv li.il
reason to helievr- they could succeed hetter in ifetting them than i)y a iii'!.'"in-
tioii in his own country. Tlio letter follows: —
" To the much honored Governer, Mr. Thomas Princo, dwelling; at Plimnuth.
"Kin<f Pnir.iP desire to let you understand that la; could not come to the
court, for Tom, his iiiteriH-eter, has a pain in his hack, that ho could not tr.ivil
"■ I'crliaps Uiicoinpniii.
t Wortliina.'im's Hist, ncdliiini, '20 — from wliicli wmk il woidd sroiiitlial the ncgolialioii haJ
been r.irricil on willi Philip, hul I'liilip was not saulii'in until \\\\s year.
\ ll.id.
^ (icncraj Court Files.
II .Sometimes Tukpoo by abbreviation. A further account of him will be fouiifl in llic life of
Taloson,
[H<l(iK III
irt, H. 1. iiHT.
iMoiiiit rni|ii.,
milt liis \\i\,.
11/1(1)1, I'liiiijiii.
'(■/(((/l/l'.t/l, Juliii
urn, sij,'ii('i| iL<
Hi'dli'ril,] ;iii,|
f^dlll Sllliiriil'
111, mill III |i;,v
lilies of S(im
I liorsc, l)iit III)
ill of DriUiniii,
ijiprarstiiliiur
he l'",ll'j;li>li h,v!
loticiMir/'/ii/i'ji,
•iity of liisl;iii,:<
:)1IS to llt'J.'(ili;il.i
ln! Ims llll\,";
;r was iiiiulivil
iiwii ImiuiiiI>:m|'
1, oiiriloi'iiiiKHN
limn aftfruiink
'I'lio iirdir ii-
C'), i»s. in nviiuij,
hy all iiLTiim'
ICC lolliijKijimi:':
Is. in mtiiKji, iiiii!
ir?7/ miiki: it nj);
illiitnid PninL".
lii|) of wiiirhwi'
r Ullo\\lnlL'i''il'
1 SassanwiCs iv-
Dowor viito li'.i-
;al(' ol" t(i wlidiii
icy 1)<! williii': 1"
'("l<f(! tlicycillllial
liiiiic to thai liiiiil
noni! ciiii Mil'ilv
licir hn'tlit'ivii,
[•niLii> liliiti.''
Iiaii this wi'linv.'
liat it viiswriiiin
liid that till' I""-
luiicrc tlii'V liii'l
111 by u iicgom-
ms; at Pliimuth.
liot COMIC to llie
[could not troil
ilic nogolialwii ka
I'lIILII'.— HALF.M or Ills I.ANDH.
I II 1 rillMI". — MAlil.M m lll« I.A.^1I«. 15
,) l;ir and PlnHp J'i^t'''' '■"• *'''''.V nick. I'liili/) uoiilil iiiticat that favor of yon,
^'ii,|iii'i\ iiflhc niajcslrat.x, il'aiicy l''.n;;lisli or MiijU'iaiis sjicaU iiliont iiiicy laiii'|,lii)
ii-iv \ii\\ to ;,'inc iliriii no an-cwcr at all. 'I'liis last sinnincr ho maid llial
liiii'iiii-i widi yon that III' wonid not sell no land in 7 _\rars lime, (iir that Im
uiiiild lii'V "" '''"r''*'' "'"'dill' hini lii'fori' that lime, he has not liir^'ol that
y,iii iiniinis him. IW will comt' a snni" as |iossi'ltlt' he can to speak with yon,
mill M' 1 ri'<*^> , . ,. . ,
your vi ry lovcin;? nund
I'liii.ii' |>
(Iwcliin^r at mount iiopt^ nek." *
III l(;il7, 1'liHip ^«'lls to Coiifititnl So'.ilhirorlli, and others, nil the meadow
|.iii,|s t'lein Darlmonlh to Alala^ioisi'ti, for which he had .CI."). Particular
JHiiaiils to all tracts an; mentioned in the deeds, lint as they were ifcnerally or
(ilii 1) ."iiakcs, trees, and heaps of istones, no one at this liine iniii trace many of
Till' same year, lor " £10 sterling'," he sells to Tims. ICilld and others, " all
ijiiit inii'tiif land lyinj; between the irnier Wanascoltatjiiett and ( "awaloijiiissi'tt,
liriiiiT two miles loiijr undone broad." PtncstKinciis, tnn: i)l' Pliili/t\H connsel-
|,ii«. Mild Toiii alias Siiivsintt, an interpreter, were witnesses to the sale.
Ill U\i't!<," I'liill/i P<>nt(t(t<'()m,nin\ 7'((/(n/u//;i«(/»f'| alias ('(IsIkii'iihIiiiI, sachems,"
Ini'ii " valualili' consideration," sell to sundry l'".n;;Tisli a tract of some sijiiare
mill's. A part of it was adjacent to I'okanoket. In describiiif: it, iMemennck-
niiiii.'!' and 'i'owanselt neck are mentioned, which we conclude to be in Swuii-
s\. licsiilcs two J']n;ilishmi'n,»S'»)/i//»ui/(CH, alias Tom, and jVanannntncic, >n>n
^,{' Tlioinas Pianlti, were witnesses to this sale.
'flic iii'M year, tlie same sachems sell 500 acres in Swaiisey for JC!20. If'anuco,
ariiiiiisclioi', and 7'ow the interpreter, were witnesses.
Ill lliti'"^, Pliilij) and I'licom/iitmn laid claim to a pari of New-meadows neck,
!ill('!.'iiiir that il was not intended to be conveyed in a former (U'C(\, by Ossamr-
Hi/i'/i and /r<i;;(.»i/</«, to certain Miifilish, "altlion}j:h it appears, says tiie record,
iiivtiv clearly so expressed in said deed," "yet that peace and frien(lshi|) may
lirdiiiliaiu.'d," "Capt. Ifilld, .Mr. /irott'u and John .'lllin, in the behalf of tiii'iii-
Ml\,.<aiKl the rest," agree to give Philip uiid Uncompawen the siini of jCI I in
goods,
Itii
Tom Sansuwest, interpreter,
And Ni.MROD.
Philip Nanuskookk I /ijs mark,
V.vcoMPAWEN his X m rk.
The same year, we find tlie following record, wlilcli is doubly intcM-estiiig,
fioiii the plan with which Ave are abh' to accompany it, drawn by Philip him-
si'it'. lie contracts or agrees, by the foUowing writing under his hand, in these
wiii'ds: "this may inform ihe honoured court [of IMimoiith,] that I Philip amo
williiii;' to sell the land within this ilranght ; but the Indians that are vpon it
iiiiiy lino vpon it still; but the land that is [wastc]^ may lu! sould,and ffaltach-
1)00 is of the saiiKMiiinde. I have sed dowiie ail the priiicipall iiaiues of the
laiid wee are willing should bee sould."
" From Paoanaiikett Phillip ^ his markc.''^
the 24 of the 12 1 no, J GG8."
^ 1 Coll. Mass. Hist. Ncf. ii. 10. The oriniiial was owned by a iMr. While of I'linioulli,
alioul lid years asro. It is |)r(il)nl)ly another prodiiotioii ot' John Sassiimon.
t Written In anoliier deed, Alinifcaiiioiiiak,'. Tiiis di'cd was in the next year. It was of
ofKl aires (if land, '• more or lesse." in Swanscy ; and dC'20 the eoiisideratioii. Iliiish Coli',
j'lji /.< M'/H.s/cur, John Co^i-is-eshall, ami Constant Soulhworth were the purciiasers, and IVanueo,
a cuiiiisellor, one of the witnesses.
{ This double name, we suppose, v, '.s meant to stand for tlie signature of himself and wife
{) So in tlie records.
' V V ■■'■h\
found in tiic life o
?v'/
:''>y'
I
WaiiMcnhnrUnH.
IMIII.II'— SAl.r.S or MIS LANDS.
Wi'vviiiol.
[n)o« III.
Thiif line it a i)<ilh
Sepa-
cuuuti
Ascopoinpamockf.
i'ullllitllUl,
l'iitnu(att)iii>t,
Aieoucliuiiicit,
iMacliii|i<|tiak('.
Apoiicccll.
This is a puUt,
Aiiu(|uca8Sftt.
Cottoyowsckcpscii.
" Osamrtiuen" Imvirijr, "for viiluulilo cfiiisidcnitioiis," in flic yenr 1(111, miLi
to John liiDwn anil Hilwitril Itinshnn ii tnirt of Iniiil »'ij.'lit miles s(|iinrr, hiii-
ati'd on iiotii siilcs of I'lilinrr's Kivcr, I'liiliji, on tin' MO iVIar. Kili.-^, \vii,< p.
quired to siirn ii ijnit-claini ol'tlie same. 'I liis in- did in on ii'nct- i>\' VmjiU
kisiikc, J'hillif), and I'ccht,* vimutu'Wurf, Soncunnrlicn', I'ldlli^i^s hrotlicr, iim!
7'oHt the intri|tffti.'r.t Tiiis trart includes the present town ol' Hclmlidili.
Also ill 1 (!()!», Cor £10 " aiidanotlier vidiialile and siillieient ;-'r.Mliiiiy,"lM's('ll<
to John Cool; of Akiiseiiag in Durtinoutli,|; "one whole island ueie the lowii,"
culled Nokatay.
The saiiu! year, Philip mid Tusprniuin sell a eonsiderahle tract of Iniid in
Middlehoroii^ii, for £lli. VViohk/s the interpreter, jyillium, t\n-, son dl' 7W
paquin, and licnjamin Church, wen; witniisses.
In l(i7!, Philip n\ul " Jl/o»i;'oA-«wof ]Matta|>oisett," for Co, sell to HuifhCoh.i.i
Swiinsey, ship\vri<j;ht, iund lyiiijr near ii place called .lcftsh(w<th,h\ DartiiKniiL
In 1(l7"-i, Philip sold to If'illium Jirenton and others, of 'raiiiiton, a tnwi ii
the southward of that town, contiiiniiifj; twelve! sijiii,.' miles, for £\4'i: nin!,
a few days alter, adjoining it, four sipiare miles more, to Constant Soulliw "
Others wvre eoncerii(;d in the sale of the larger tract, as is jihIl'i ' '
deeds lieiiig signed liy .Winkdrnpnliuonett, Umnnlhinn, alias '"
viaua^lilon, and ('aptain jlnnuwani, hesides one Philip. Thoi
(I 11} III"
\'imrutl, (%i-
mas, alias Siiid-
">
svit, was among the witnesses. The sale of the last tract was witiieissiMl In
Mnwishiim, nWiis JVimrod, H'onckompawhiin,^ and ("a|»taiii .'Innowan.
Thi'se are hut a part of the sales of land liy Pomi lac.oni : many otiicr rliiil*
sold very largely, |tartieiilarly ff'atuspamiin and Josias ftampaturk.
At tilt! court of J'limoiitli, Ki/M, "Mr. Peter Talmon of Jthode Hand cnin-
phiined against Philip allies ff'ewasowanuett, sachem of Mount Hope, limili r
or ■ '•" ' ' ' ■ ■ •
h
ell «I\»1I \Hi HHy » »*ir'T,j l\J llHy VLItl ■ 1(«&^^^ »^1 l^t0\. \J\J JV/t t1. 11 111 V "A 11 »'V71|\1 </» |-»tl II II lllfi-,
bearing date, June the 28th, 10(51, giiien to the said Peter Talmun, ohlijiii.'
phiined against Philip allies U'ewasowumiett, sachem of Mount Hope, limili r
or prerlecessor of Pakanawkcll as heirt; adiniimostrator or .successor viitniii-
hrother or prcdi^cessor Wamsitta, Sopaqiiitt,\\ or Alexander deceased, in in
action on tin; case, to the damage of £rOO forleiture of a liond of such a viliii,
1. ! I - i T - 1 t^^wi I/./. I • ^ ,1 •! iij rwi I ,11'..:..
* C;ille(l, in Mr. Iliililmrd's liistory, Tiiehe ; he was afterwnnis killed at Swaiisey, in li.''
boEjiimiiij;' of tlin war. Tliero is a pmid in Niirniiraiiset of tin; same name.
t Mi. Bliss, ill his IIisroKV ov IIkhoiiuth, (Jl, Gj, has priulud this deed from l'.
original.
t The place wliere Cook live<I is now inclndod in New Bedford.
^ Prolialiiy " I'ldlip's old uncle Akkompoiii."
Il Tiiat is, nicknamed Alexander, acconlinglo the French mode of expression ; oiipar>cl~'
quel Alexander, as I imagine. Mr. lIiMiard says of J'InIi)), (Narrative, 10,) that, "for li*
ambitious and haughiy spirit, [he was] nickuainod King Philip."
[\\)'>tl 111.
I'llU.ir-MAKr.S A
anct.
utntoiivt.
mclmincit.
|iupc[iiak(<.
aiicccU.
JSftt.
jjowjckcoscU.
1 ycnr 1(541, wili
ilcs sqiiMrr, siiii
ir. l'>t'"''i WHS iv-
H'lii'c •'! f'ni|if-i-
I /s hi'Kllii'i', mill
I «)t" Hcliiiliiilli.
<.friitiiily,'MicMll'
iidt' till' I(iu:i',"
triK't of ImnrHi
tlu! him III' 7'i*
1 to 7/i(i,'/i Colt. Ill'
],i/i, ill Dai'tiiiiiHil.
uiiliiti, 11 ln\ii ii
lor .i:i4;j: iiH.l
[is jiitl^'i'd li\ til"
]ri „\'iinml, flm-
as wUiit's:-!'!! Iiy
• noifdrt.
iKiiiy othci'di'ii^
utlnrk.
[hoilt" Uaiiil ('"111-
lilt lli'ix', lii"'l;f
iicccssor vut'i i'!'
(U'cciiscil, ill i^n
1(1 orsiifliiivalii'.
at Swiuiscy/mw
fihis ilcccl irm ''■■'
Icssion •, o» pi''
S(lH-
MI>|1M'!"IIS III III" ' '■■ ' "."■. r-
„lUi"i'i""""""''' '"'"'"■''"'''*'"''/' "'"' '" '■''•■''''> "•■"ii'i'iviiifr iniscliii'ti"
I ,.,„,, I,, vciir oI'IiIh roiniii;.' in I'liiir.-^nciit'iii, niiuiiiiH ii (|iirf<tioii, to tliis dny,
with lliiisi' lii'?*t iici|iiniMt«'(l with tlir lii>t()ry oTlliosc liiiirH.
'I'lir (lid liriirvoli'Mt sdcliriii .Miissiisiiil, iiliiis n'oiiS'imniuiv, Imviiii' died in
tlic wiiiiiT ol" Hit>l-'^i '"* *^'' Ix'lirvi', lint H'W iiioiillis nl>n- dirtl iil.-m . Ih rnii'fir,
I'liillii'i I'l'liT lirotluT mid |in'd<'ci'ssor, wliiii I'hilij) llilll^'<'lt', l»y the onji r nl'
mi,Trr.:-i<'ii. "•""I'' "» '"' ••liii'l" ol' I Im' \V(iin|ianoiiys.
I'liiliit lifiviii;f In li'tttT (•oiiiplniiicd to llic roiiit ol' I'linioiitli of some iii-
niiiis (It tlirii" Oclolicr term, l(i<iH, tliey f^jiy, " In answer nnto a li iter (i-nni
l>l,lliji,\\\v sMclieni of I'okaiioUett, \i-., Iiy way of |ictiti(in reiineslin;;- the
nmr! iiir justife ajraiiist Fniiiri.i Ha.il, [h'tut,] liir wroni;' done hv liini lo oni!
i,l'|i'>i iiii'ii nliont a iiuu taken from liini iiy tlie said Hitst; as also tiir wron^
(Imii' iiMlo some swiiie ol' the said Indian's. The eoiirt iiave ordered tliM
i.;i„. til li<' liearil iiiid determined hy the sele<-tnieii orTannlon ; and in ease
Ml II i' ii» I 1 i» " » II • '^» ^1 II 1 • I I ■• I I < 'I ■ nil 111 < 'I I , iiiii ( ■• ■ » 1
iiem ended, that it he reli'rred unto the next iMareh eomt
r;iM' t
it !»■ iHit Iiy I
I'liiiioiilli to I"' ''iided." Ilou the case tinned we have not liMiiid. Mnt lor
Mil liiiliiin to ,i.'ain his |Miiiit at an I'ji^dish eonrt, unless his case were an e\-
(■(■('iliii^' stniiij: one, wiis, we a|i|>relieiid, a rare oceiirreiice.
"ill' was no sooner styled sachem," says Dr. /. .Mulliir,' "lint immediately,
ill till' \far KKi'i, there wen^ vehemi'iit snsjiicioiis of his hloody treachery
iii'iiiiii^t the I'lii^lish." This author wrote at the close of l'hilip\i war, when
yriv li'W I'oiild s|ieak of Indians, without discoverini;" ;.'reat hiiteriiess. Mr.
,V»rf')iit i''* 'I"' '"'■'*' ^^''"' iiientions .]/Wr(ro//i<7 in a priiiti-d work, \vliieh, Ik iii;r
iH'liiic Miiy ditliciil'v with him, is in a i. ire hecominij manner. "This year,"
(KKi'i,) ill' ohserves, " npon occasion ol'soine suspicion ol'some plot intended
In till' hiiliaiis ai^iiinst tiie r.n^dish, I'hxlip, the sachem ol" |'okan<ikci, ollier-
wix' culled .l/('/«roHi, made his appearance at the court held at I'hmontli,
AiiL'iist fi, did earnestly desire the eontiniifince of that amity and friendship
ih.il liiitii liirnierly heeii hetwcieii the f^dvernor of IMimoiitli and his deceased
liitlicr and hrother."
Till' ('(lint expressiii},' their willinj;ness U> remain his friends, he si^'iied tho
aitii'lt's iirepared hy them, acknowledjiini;- himself a sidiject of the kin^' of
Kiifriiuid, tliiLs : —
" Th", mark of i; Pmr-r.ip, sachem
of I'omwtkelty
The mark if <] V.\ci mi'owf.tt,
vnkill Id the abuiie said sacht in."
Tlif followiiii;' persons were present, and witnessed this act o\' Philip, and
liis L'li'at captain Uncoiiipuin : —
".Toii.v Sassamo.v,
Tlir mark III o/"1''ra.ncis, sarhein ofJVaiuiet,
The mark 1)1 o/'NiMuon aUn.t Pi'MPasa,
The murk y tf l*t >(K(irA.\KCK,
Tlie mark ^ fl/'AquETEQUEHii."!
Ol'llie uneasiness and concern of the Englisli at this ]ioriod, from tlie
hostile inmeinents of Philip, IMr. Hubbaril, we presume, was not inlbrmcd;
or so iiiipoitunt an event would not have lieen omitted in his mimitc' and
valiiiilile history. Mr. Motion, as we hefore stated, and Mr. Mather mention
it, lint neither of these, or any writer since, to this day, has made the niattei-
a|i|ii'iir ill its true lifrht, from their neglect to produce the names of those
that ajipearcd with the sachem.
■ ■ ^\ ■
^Uil
^^'■m
'^'"^^■M
■vi^jiiii.
. 10,) to, "
lot h* I
•Rclalion, 72. f In liis i\. Eiiglaml's Memorial.
2#
I I'"ri)iii llic records in vinnnsmpt.
18
PHILIP.— PURSUIT OF GIBBS.
[Book III
For ul)oiif, iiiiio yenns siircccdinji 1()()2, vvvy littlo is rofonlcd roiirrniino
Philip. Diiriiifr tliis time, lie iH-caiiic more; intimately iKMiiiaiiitt'd \\ii]| |,j^
Eii^'lisli iici;;lilt()rs, Icaiiicd tlirir WfaJiiiesw aiirl Jiis cmii stiTii^tli. wlii,!,
rather inereaserl than diitiinislied, until his liital war of 1(175. For, (Imji,,
this t)erio(l, not only their additional inunhers gained them power, hut tluir
arms were ;,rreatly strenirtheiied hy the Knfrli.xh instruments of war |iiii j|,|,j
their hands. Rosier IViUiiims had early hrought the Narrajiansets into liii ||,|.
ship with Afiissctsoit, whieh alliance gained achlilionitl strength on lliciH(i>.
sioii of the young .1/f/«come/. And here we may look f()r a main caiisc of 11,^1
war, although the death oi' .fikxander is generally looked ujton hy the (iiiiy
historian.^, as almost the only t)ue. Tlu; continual broils between tiic Kn '.
lish and Narraganset.s, (we name the English tirsi, us they were g(i;(.|;i||v
the aggressors,) could not her unknown to P/iiVyi ; and if his coniitiMmJi
were wronged he Knew it. And what fi'iend will see anotluir ahuscil, uii||.
out feeling a glow of resentment in his breast.'' And who will woihIicJ.;
when these abuses had tlillowcd each other, re[tetiti(ni upon re|)etiti(jii, ii,r
a series of years, that they should at last break out into open war r T||f,
Narragiuiset chiefs were; not conspicuous at the period of which we siicnk;
there were several ol"them, but no one a|)pears to have had a gencn;! (nn,.
mand or ascendency over the rest ; and there can Ije little donlit hut ilmt
they unanimously reposed their cause in the hands ol' Philip. j\'inlirnl w:,<
at this time grown old, and though, I'or many years after the miinlcr ,,(
Mianhnmomoh, he seems to have had the chief authority, yet liusilliuiijnjtv
was always rather a predominant trait in his character. His ago luid |ir„|i.
ably caused his withdrawal Irom the others, on th(;ir resolution to seiniiil
Philip. Cunonchct was at this period the most conspicuous ; Pmnhau \w\\:
Potok, Magnus, the s(|uuw-sach(!nj, wJiose husband, Mriksuh^ liatl beoi (l«ii|
tseveral years ; and lastly Alattatoug.
lielbre proceeding with later events, the following short narrative, illny.
trative of a peculiar custom, may not be improperly introduced. Philip.^f
tradition reports, made an expedition to Nantucket in 1()G5, to j)iiiiisli ar,
Lidian who had profaned the name of Massasoit, his fiither ; and, as it va
an observance or law among them, that whoever shoidd speak evil ot' tlie
dead should be jjut to death, Philip went there with an armed force to ixt-
cute this law upon Gihbs. He was, however, defeated in his design, fiiroiip
of Gibbs^s friends, understanding Philip's intention, ran to liim and gave liim
notice of it, just in time for him to e.scape ; not, however, without great n-
ertions, for Philip came once in sight of him, af\er jjursuing him some tiine
among the English from house to house ; but Gibbs, by lea|)ing a Iniiik, l'oi
out of sight, and so esca|)ed. Philip would not leave the island until tlie
English had ransomed John at the exorbitant jirice of nearly all the luoiuy
upon the island.* Gibbs was a Christian Indian, and his Indian iiaii:c wis
Jhsasamoogh. He was a preacher to his countrymen in 1()74, at which tiiuo
there were belonging to his church 30 members.
What grouiuls the English had, in the spring of the year 1071, for sus|icii-
ing that a plot was going for^vard for their destruction, cannot satisliicli lilv
be ascertained ; but it is evident there were some warlike (ireparatioiis ii.inle
by tlie great chief, which very much alarmed the English, as in the liirnf
Jlwnshonks we shall have occasion again to notice. Their suspicions win;
further confirmed when they sent for him to come to Taunton ami ii.'ike
Anowii the causes lor his operations ; as hv. discovered " shyness," and ;i iv-
li;ctance to comj)ly. At length, on the 10th of April, this year, he caiiif 10 ,1
place about four miles from Taunton, accompanied with a band of Lis \\m-
riors, attired, armed and painted as for a warlike ex|ie(lition. From ihis
place he sent messengers to Tauntoi!, to invite the English to come hikI
treat with him. The governor either was atiaid to meet the chief; or thm liit
it beueath iiis dignity to coni|dy with his refjuest, and therefore sent several
* For some of wliiU wc have g vcii above, see 1 Coll. Mass. [list. Soc. iii. 15!), Hiriii>liod
for tliat work by Mr. Zaccheus Macij, wlio^e anccslor, it is saiJ, o.sisled in Mintuij
AssasaiiMoe;h.
In a late work. Hist. Nantiiekctt by Olied Macy, an account of liie atl'air is given. Inn »iiii
some variatiuu from the above.
II]
PHILIP.— TREATY AT TAUNTON.
19
ClIAF'.
pr^diir' aiiioiiir wlioiii was Roi^er fnilinnui, to iiil'oriii liiui of tlioir dctcrmi-
■iiioii ami 'I'" '■' if"<Ji' disposition towards iiini, and to iir<!;t' liis attciidauc,' at
Tiiiiitoii. Ill" a^rot'd to go, and liosta^'cs w.ie ii'lt in the liands ol' liis
wiiiiiii's to warrant Iiis safe return. On coming' nrur the villafrc with a li'W
nt'liis warriors, lie made a stop, wliicli apjxars to liavc; Ix'cn occasionrd hy
the warlike parade of the English, many of uliom were Ibr innnediateiy at-
ft'kiii" him. Tiiese were the Piimonth peoph> that reeonmiended tiiis lasli-
iM'<s hut tliey were j)revented l)y thi" connnissioners from .Massacimsetts, w ho
iih't'iiere wit'li the governor of I'iimontii to confer wit'.i Pliili/).
Jii tiie end it was agreed tiiat a council sliould he lu>ld 'n the nieeting-
liou-ii' one side of whicli slionld he occupied hy th(! Indians, and the otiier hy
till' Kiiiiiisli. Philip liad alleged that tlit; I'nglish injun d th • plant( il lands
ol' iii^ p('oi»le, hut this, the English say, was in no wisi^ su:-taini'd. He saiil
liis warlike preparations were not against the English, but tla; iS'arragansets,
wiiicli 'he English also say was proved to his iiice to be lalse ; anil tiiat this
socoiifoiind.'d him, that he confessed the whole plot, and ''th.-.t it was the
j|,„i^,|iliii(ss of his own heart that put him upon that rebellion, and nothing
„t';iiiv provocation (i"em the English." * Tin refore, with iiiur of his eounsi I-
lijis whost' names weri' Tavnscr, Captain IHspukc, IVoonkapurehunl^ [Unkom-
n/iH,l and .Viinnxl, he signed a sul)mission, anil an (Uigagenicnt of 1H( lidshif),
wliiili also sti|)ulated that he should give u[t all the arms among his \n oide,
into llie hands of the governor of Piimonth, to he kej)t as long us the goveni-
ni.'iit sliould "see reason." f
Till' English of Massachus!'tts, having acted as umpires in this aflhir, were
looki'il to, l)y both parties, on the next cause of complaint. Philip liaving
(liiivircd tile arms which himself and men hud with them at T^innton,f
nniiniscd to deliver the n'st ut Piimonth by a certain time. JJut tliey not
bciiiir delivered according to agreement, and some other ditferi;nces occurring,
a III ssi'Uger was sent to IJoston from Piimonth, to make complaint ; but
Pliilij), jjcrhaps, iniderstanding what was intended, was quitch as early at JJos-
tdii ill jierson ;§ and, by his address, did not liiil to he well reci ived, and a
ta\ iiralJIe report of him was retm'ncd to Piimonth ; and, at the saim^ time,
]ii(i|iiisals that commissioners liom all the United Colonies should mei't
I'kilij) at Piimonth, where all dilliculties might be sittled. This meeting took
iilaci' the same year, September, l(j71, and tlu; issue ot the meeting was very
iicailv the same as that at Tainitou. "The conclusion was," says 3Ir.
Mttkr,\\ ^^ Philip acknowledged his otFonce, and was appointed to give a sum
of money to defray the charges which his insolent clamors had put lae colo-
ny unto."
As usual, several articles were drawn up by the English, of what P/i(7i/>
was to submit to, to which we find the names of three only of his captains or
cuiinsi llors, Uncompaen, who was his uncle,1[ fi'otokom, and Snmhtnut.
Great stress in those days was laid on the Indiuns submitting themselves
as "sulijrcts to his majesty the king of England." This the_ did only to get
ridoftiie importunity of the English, as their course immediately afterwards
invariably si lowed.
Tlie articles whicli the government of Piimonth drew u\) at this time, for
/'/ii7i"/) to sign, were not so illiberal as might be imagiueil, were we not to
produce some of them. Article second reads, —
"I [Philip] am willing, and do promise to pay imto the governna-nt of Plim-
oiitli £]0(), in such things as I have; but I would entreat the favor that I
miirlit liav" three years to ])ay it in, forasmuch as I camiot do it ut pri'sent."
And ill article third, he promises "to send unto the governor, or whom he siiall
aiipoint, five wolves' heads, if he can get them; or as many as he can j)rocure,
* ItiiblMid. Indian Wars, 11, 1st edition.
t The ailiilos of lliis treaty may 1)0 seen in Hubbard, Mather, and Hutchinson's historiesi
thin ainiiiiiii lo Mule, and we llietelbre oniil llieni.
: M:illu'r's llolatidn, 7;}.
v^ riTliiips iliis was tlie lime Mr. Jossflijn saw liim there riddy caparisoned, as will here-
alUTlio iiiciilionod. "|| Mallwr's Kid.illon, 73.
1; Calli'd by Church, Akkompoin. Hist. King I'hUip's War, 110 of my edition.
7V-* i'- itk-A
mm
1 »;('>»(;>»?
■ 1 '>■■ ' ,■
mi mm
■ . ^-4,' ■•.■. •^^* tv^
,. ?■
so
IMIIUP— PLIMOIJTH ACCUSATIONS OF 1071.
[lidUK 111.
until llicy roiiii' 1(> Civt' wolvt's' liciuls yearly." Tiicso uriicIrM were dm d'
2"J Sept. U>7I, iiikI wcri! sif^iii'd liy
Tliv murk P «/' I'mii.i.m';
The mark T o/' VVoiikou i-aiikmi,..
Tlw timrk V ','/" VViJ'i'TAK<M>sr,Kt.M'
7Vi«' /;i(/r/i- T «/'So.NKAMiii(»o;
The murk 2. o/' W oonahiium,
aliii.t NiMKoi) ;
The mark \ of WoonvAsvvii,
alias ('ai'TaIi\.
On ilic '\ Ni«\'. f'nllowiMfr, Philij) iicciun^anicd Titkmmmmn to IMiiiinii
inak<-
his snlimissinii, whicli lie diil, iind arkii(i\vl('(l'j:<'(l, h\ a wrilii
nil, III
wonid aiihiTc Id ili(i arti«"lcs si;:;ncd \t\ fhili/i and liu- ollicrs, liic -J!
, lli.'iil
bci;
Ti)kiiiii<))iii was l)i-()tlirr to .'Iwitshnnks, and, at this tinif, \\:\>
ol'Sccoiict, or S.'K'onclt. lie was atlcrwards kiili'd hv the i\aii'ai;ans' tsj
ii'iii
rral disarniinir of the ni'i<rldioi-in^'' Indians was undertaken diiij
iii::llin
I I \|iirl.
li|>iin;iiii
>iii|iii!i.
isprin^' and sunnner oi' hi? I, and nolhiii<j; hut troidile could have heei
ed to follow.
That nothiiii;- may he omitted which can throw li^dit u|toii this ii
era in the hioiiraphy ol" PhiUp, we will lay l)et(>re the reader all tli
lislied int'orniation i'nrnished hy the reconls.[ Having met in .Iniic, |i;;i
"'I'iie court [of I'limonth] determiiis all the <;uns in onr hands, that tliil h,.
lon;^- to Philip, are Justly litrli'it ; and <io at the present onler the dividinj: nf
thcin, to l)i> kept at the several towns, according' to their eciual |>ro|ii)rtiii|is,
mitil Oclolier court next, and then to he at tli(^ coinM's dispose, us reasdii inav
appear to them, and then to hi'long unto tlu; towns, if not otherwise (lis|i(wj
of hy the court.
"That which the court frroniids their judfirnent upon is, — h'or that ,ii tin
treaty at Taunton, Philip and his council did acknowledfre that they Ii;i(| linp,
in a jtreparation t()r war a<;aiust us; ninl that not ^n-ouiulcd upon any injury
sustaiuetl from us, nor provocation f^iven hy us, hut Irom tlieii- nau<fhty I
an
d hecausc he had formerly violated and broken solenni coven
iiJiris,
mils iiiiiilt
and renewed to us ; he then freely tendered, (not l)ein<;' in a capacil\ in Ik
kept tiuthful hy any other honds,) to resi<rii up all ins En<.dish arms, iiir nm
future security in that respect, lie tidied irreatly in the perl(>rmance iliiTiiif,
by Si'cret[ly] conveying!; away, and carryiufj; homo several ^muis, that niijrln iiml
siiould have l);'t!n then driivered, and not f^iviiif; tiiem up since, acconlin;: in
us enira"'emi "it : nor so fai' as is in
his p
Dwer ; as appears
in th
III lll.'IIIV
ure known still to hi< ainon<>:st the Indians that livt^ hy him, and [h
nuich
ivinir order to some of Ins men, that are under hi« iujinediat
mil Ml
I' I'Ulll-
(llll(IU<til
III lib
niand, about the brin<:in^ in of their arms.
" In his endeavoriiiL', since the treaty [at Taunton,] to render us
our nei<>libor colony iiy liilsi; reports, complaints and sujiifcstions; in
reliisiiif;' or avoidiiifi;' a treaty with us concerninji' tiioso an<l other malt isilmt
are justly otfensive to us, iiotwitlistanding his late "n<jragement, as wi II iMur-
liter, to submit to the kiiifr's authority, and the authority of this col(Miy.
" It Wiis also ordered by the court that the arir . of the Indians of Niiiiiiis-
sakett and Assowamseit, that were letched in by IMajor fVinslow^twA tluis ilmi
w<>re \\ilh him, are contiscatrd, and forfeit, b-om tll(^ said Indians, tiir ilif
{rrounds above expressi (I ; they beiiif: in a compliance with Phillipc in lii<
late plot: And yet would neither by our ffovernor's order, nor U\ I'hilllpu
di'sire, brinir in their arms, as was (nifiuf^ed by the treaty; and the siiid ;;iiii!
ar(> ordered i)y the court to the major and his company l()r their satisliilimi,
in that expedition.
" Tliis court have ajfnM'd and voted " to send "sonav jbrces to " Sacomlt to
fetch in" the arms auionyr tin; Iiuliaiis there.
* TluTf i^ no (liilc, liiil (lie year, set to iiiiy printed copy of llils treaty. Mr. IIiihlm:IU
ini.slitkc (iiiiiiicd it, and lliosi- wlici liavu .since wrillfii, have not given llienisi'lvcs lliu jikasure
of riMiirriiiir Ui llic records,
t See Cln/rcli, M, \ I'linioulli Colony Records, in manuscript.
[r.ouK 111,
wen- (liit.il>
'I'AIIKMTT;
tdOSI-.Kl.M;
iioo ;
111 M,
Ol) ',
SIK'K,
AIN.
i> riiiiKiiiiii, III
ivriliiiii', iIihI h..
s, 111'- --i!' S|„.
If, \v:is ^;ii'liiiii
I ra^iiMS'ts.l
iiUcii (luring \lio
VI' Ihtii i \|iiTi.
lliis iin|iiin;i:ii
r all till' un|Mil..
ill .liiMc, ii;;!,
(Is, lliiit dill III'.
the dividiiiL' (if
mil |in>|iur!iuii5,
r, as rciisiiii in;i\
nTwisr (iis|i(iMil
-|'\)r that ;it ili,
at iIh'V iiiul li:n
upon any iiijiiry
r iiaiifiiilv lii'iiris,
covt'iiaiits iiiiult
I ciipacity In k
I arms, \'m mir
iniiaiu'i' tliiTKif,
, llial ini;;!it ;iiiJ
ci', acronliii;; tn
tlia'i many i;iiiis
md [lie] mil m)
miiu'<liatr nm,-
Icr lis (IllidUsln
I'stioiis; iiiiil !ii!
lliiT matt rsiha
It, as well ;> i'or-
his coltMiy.
iliiiiis ol' N;iin;is-
)ir,aiitl lliosilwl
IlKlillllS, t'(M- tllf
PhiHipc ill III*
|uor Ity PIMfi'i
1(1 tla-'siiil yiii*
lu>ii- satisliii'iiii".
Is to " Sacout'itio
I. Mr. I/hM"""'.'
Iisolvcs ilio I'l'"!''""
ript.
ClIAI-
11.1
PIIIMI'.-l'I.I.MOL'ril ACCUS.\TI().\'S OK I(i71.
21
If'ilit'ii llK'n'l'"'*'' ll"'-'^'' Italians had not already hcciiiie hostile, no one would
I lij'iil it iidvv heeoino the ca-se. l$o\v,s and arrows were almost entirely
""t i"ii>e (inns had so tiir sii|Mr.'<ede(l iheiii, thai (iiidonhtedly many scarce.
ISor could it \tt;
"hiMii.-^'' ll"'"' ^^"'' ''"''''''"' |"''""'""iiif.' llaiKSeUes Kanie
'," ,,.|(.(| (itlieruise, for the llii^ilish had, liy marly 10 years' intercourse, ren-
'i .•• I lliiir arms liir more nece.s.<ary to the existence (»CtlM^ Indiansthan to their
"vi'r liciict^ their iinwillin^nie.ss to part with Ihein. I'liili/i, it is said, directed
"ic Mi(ldlchoroii;j;h Indians to <;iv(' up their ^iin.s. His oliject in this was to
.".jiv till' J'>nfrlif'li».i"djii"f,' dial if war should Ixfrin, liiesi! Indians would join
tl ■ Mii"lisli, or at least many of lliein ; and, iherel'ore, it all('(Med his cause hut
ii'ilc which party possessed them ; hut not so with his iinine(liut«j followers, as
„,. Iiiivc just seen in th(! record.
\ ('(iiMicil of war having conven(;d at IMiiiioutli, 2.'5 Auj^mst, Ki/l, the liillow-
ii,r lic.-iid •■• ill"' matters already expressed, they look into consideration : l'liiiij)\f
1. riiii'itJiiiiinir "f miuiy '''"■'"'ff*' Indians, which niif,dit portend (lanf,'er towards
111 special hy his eiilerlainiiif^Mif divers Saconett Indian.s, profes.sed ene-
,i,i(.s Id tliis '■"'"">'» '""' ''"'"^ a;j;ainst jf I eoiinsil ;j;iven him hy his li-ieiids.
'I'lic iirciiiises considered [the eouncil| do unanimously ajiret^ and eoiiclude,
tji.il ilic >"'''' I'li'll'P I'"''' violated [the] cuvoniml pliglit(Hl witli this colony at
Tiiiiiili'ii ill April last.
'••J. Jl is unanimously iif,'r(!ed and concliid(!<i Ity th(! said council, that we anj
iicci -.'iirilv called to cause iIk; said sachem to make his pei-sonal ap|)earane(! to
nmkt' his piiriratioii, in reference to the premises; which, in ca.se of his relii.sal,
lliiM'diiiii'il, accordiii"; to what at present ajipears, do determin it necessary to
(ii(i(iiviir his rediicement liy force ; inasmuch as tin; controversy which hath
«('(ini'il to lie more immediately hetween him and us, doth concern all the Mnjf-
lish nliiiilalions. It i.'<, theretiire, determined to slate the ca,s(! to our iiei>r|ihor
(■(ildiiiis of the Massachusetts and Kliode Island; and if, hv their wei^dity ad-
viir to the contrary, w II ai(! not diverted li'oiii our present deterniinalions, to
j.ji;iiil\ unto lliein, that if they look upon themselves concerned to eiifiii^i! in lli'i
ca.^f wilii lis a^rainst a common enemy, it shall Ik; \m'II accepted as a neiffli-
lidiivkiiiiliicss, which w(^ shall hold ourselves ohiiged to repay, when iVovii-
dciKC limy so dispose that we liav(! opportunity.
" Accaidiiiiiiy, letters wert^ despatched and sent from the council, one unto
till! .Slid Phillip tlie said sachem, to recpiire his personal aiipearaiKte at I'lymoiith,
oiiliic I'itli day of Septemher next, in reference to the |)urliculars ahove- inen-
lidiH'd ii.i;aiiist iiiin. This letter was sent hy Mr. J«;hcs Hulkci; one of the
coiiiicil, and Jio was ordeix-d to r(MiU(\st tlii! company of Mr. liofrtr nilliams
and .Mr. James lirown, to j^o with him at ihv delivery of tla; said letter. And
ai'i'tlicr letter was sent to tin; govenior and council of tin; Mas.sachiisetts hy tho
jiaiids of Mr. John /•Vcewaji, one of our maffistrates, and a third was directed to
till' fjavcnior and council of Kliodi; Island, and sent by Mr. 'J'honuis Ilinr/Joj
and .Mr. (.'onsUiid Soulhirorlh, two other of our maiiist rates, w ho are ordered hy
oniciiiiiicil with the letter, to iintldd our |)re,seut slate of matters relating t(i the
prniiiscs and to certify them, also, more certainly of the time of the meeting
tnifrtlii'r, ill refi'rence to engagement with the Jiidians, if tlusre bo a going forth,
wiiii'li will he on the ^0 of September next.
"It was further ordered by the council, that tliosi; formerly pressed shall
iriiKiiii under tli(3 samo impressment, until the next meeting of the said coun-
I'iljOii the 13 day of Sept. next, and so also until the intended (!X|teditioii is
i.S'iiii'd, unless they shall sei; cause to alter them, or add or detract from them,
as occasion may ri'ipiiri; : And that all other matters remain as they were,
in wny (if |ireparation to the said expedition, until vv(^ shall s(!(; the mind of*
God liirther by the particulars i()renamed, improved for that ))ur|)ose.
"It was further onhu'cd by the council, that all the towns within this jiirisdic-
tinii Khali, in the interim, be solicitously C!n'(!ful to provide for their safi'ty, by
I'liiiviiiicnt watches and wardings, and carrying their arms to the meetings on
till' hard's (lays, in such maimer, as will best stuiid with their particulars, and
tilt' I'dimnoii salety.
".\ii(l ill particular they order, that a guard shall In; provided for the safety
(if the governor's person, during the time of the ubove-nanied troiibleH and ex-
lii'ditioiis.
ii 'A A
4a ' ^¥W
> ^i •vY''^i5i|
: '.'0
1-":/
^J"* *-w
22
PHILIP.— PLIMOUTII ACCUSATIONS OF 1071.
[BuOK III,
" And the council wore suninioncd l)y tlic prcsidci r, [tlic governor of pij,,,
outli,] to make tlicir jieraonul apiicanuice at I'lynmutli, on tlie IMtli ilny i,|'
Sept. next, to attend .sucli I'urtlier husincs as shall lie tlicn presented hy |''ii„|.
dence, in reference to the premises. [Without any hiteriuediute entry, th,.
records procecul :]
"On tli(! KJ Sept. 1671, the council of war a^jpeared, accorduig to tluirsiin,.
nion.s, i)ut Pkillip the sjicliem ap|)ear(;d not; but inst(!ud thereof reimind kmIi,.
Massacluisett.s, and made complaint against us to divers of the gentliimn y,
place there ; who wrote to our govtjrnor, l)y way of persuasion, to a(i\ jsc liu
council to a compliance with the said sachem, and tendereil their help in ii,,,
achieving thereof; declaring, in sum, that tlH>y resented not his ofiiiii, .j,,
deeply as we did, and that they doubted wh(!ther the covenants and ciii;;!;;,..
ments that Phillip and his predecessors hatl ])liglited with us, would |iliiii j
i/nport that he had subjected himself, and ])coph', and country to us any fimlur
than as in a neighborly and fricjudly correspondency."
Thus, whether Philip had been able by misrejn'esentation to lead the cdiin
of Massachu.setts into a conviction that his designs had not been i'airly scttiirtli
by Plimouth, or whether it be more reiiKonabli! to conclude that that 1)()(1\ uvi,.
thoroughly acquainted Avith the whole grounds of conij)laint, and, tiicii inp,
considered Plimouth nearly as much in error as Philip, by assuming autlM.iiu
not belonging to them, is a ca.se, we apprehend, not diihcult to be settled livtlii:
read(!r. The record continues : —
" The coiuicil having deliberated ujjon the j)rcmises, despatched away litins,
declaring their thankful acceptance of their kind |)rotier, and invited tiic inn,.
missioners of the Massachus{;tts and Coiuiectieut, they [the latter] tlicii Iniii;
there in the Bay, [Boston,] and some; other gentlcMuen to come to PlyiiioutliiinJ
allbrd us their help: And, accordin<rly, on the 24 of Sept. I(j71, Mr. John fin-
ihrup, Gov. of Connecticut, Maj. Gen. Lcvtretl, Mr. Thos. Danforth, Cujn. /r»i.
Davis, with divei-s others, came to Plimouth, and had a fair and (Iciiliciaie
hearing of the controversy between our colony and the said eacliem PldllipM
being jiensonally present ; there being ;dso competent hiterjH'eters, boUi Enpist)
and Indians. At which meeting it was proved by sufficient testimony to the
conviction of the said Phillip, and satisfaction of all that audience, both [tdjtlie
said gentlemen and othei-s, that Ik; hud broken his covenant made wiili wa
colony at Taunton in April last, in divers particulars: as also carried vtn uu-
khidly unto us divei-s ways,
"l.Li that he "had neglected to bring in his arms, although " comppipnt
time, yea his time enlarged " to do it in, as before stated. " 2. That lie lad
carried insolently and proudly towards us on several occasions, in refusing' to
come down to our court (when sent for) to have sj)eech with him, to pruiiire
a right underetanding of matters in difference betwixt us."
This, to say the least, was a wretchedly sony complaint. That an indpiieml-
ent chit.'f should refuse to obey his neighbors wheiiever they had aiiiimlio
command him, of the justness of whose mandates he was not to inquire, siiivly
calls for no comment of ours. Besides, did Philip not do as hcagncilat
Taunton .' — which was, that in case of future troubles, both parties slioiilil i;iv
their complaints before Massachusetts, and abide by their decision?
The 3d charge is oidy a rej)etition of what was stated by the council of war,
namely, harboring and abetting divers Indians not his own men, hut ''viira-
bonds, our professed enemies, who leaving theu* own sachem were ImibuicJ
by him."
The 4th has likewise been stated, which contains the er iqdaint of his mm
to Massachusetts, "with several of his council, endeavorii'g to insinuate liini-
self into the; magistrates, and to inisrepresent niattei-s unto them," whicii iunmiiits
to little else but an accusation against 3Iassachusetts, as, from what lias lutii
before stated, it se ins that the "g(*ntlemen in ])lace there" had, at Ica.'^t iii|i.irt,
been convinced that Philip was not so much in fault as their friends of Plim-
outh had preter ded.
"5. That he had shewed great incivility to divei-s of ours at several tinirs; in
special inito Mr. James Broivn, who was sent by the court on special occibioii,
as a messenger unto him ; and unto Hugh Cole at another time, &c.
" The gentlemen forenanied taking notice of the premises, having fully heard
[Book III,
•ornnr of" I'l'm;.
10 llitli iliiy 111'
ciiti'il by l'iii\|.
liutc entry, ilii.
ig to tlicir siiiii-
frt'imircd toili,.
10 goiitlfiiini 111
1, to tulvisc iii(.
heir liolp in lii,.
it his otii'iicpsi,
Its and (■inriiL'c-
is, would jilnli.lv
to us any t'unli.'r
o load the court
•n fairly set ll.nli
it that l)()(ly w. r,;
t, and, thficiniT,
iiiniinfi; autlidriiy
) bosottloii liytiic
3he(l away lctiir>,
iuvitod lln' (111;,-
luttvr] then In ii »
> to I'lyindUtliiiiiJ
n, iMr. Mn l'\n.
mforih, €n\n. Hm,
lir and (U'liliiiiw
:acheni PliiUlpM
!tcrs, botli EiiL'lish
it testimony to the
ence, both [toj tlie
made with our
carried very un-
lougli " conipptfnt
« 2. Thai ho \d
s, in reliisiii': to
him, to prui'ure
DHf
'liat an indojioiiil-
ey had ainimiw
to inquire,. «uivh
o as he agivnlat
parti(H4 should lay
Msion?
10 council of war,
men, but ''vm-
;in were harbuiul
ilaintofhis ?oiii!
to iusinuiitf him-
^1," whifh iitiuiuiiis
|nr Avhat liasluiu
[id, at least in li:irt,
IVionds of riini-
J several tinirs; in
|i special occiisioii,
le, &c.
liaving fully licard
PHILIP.
23
Chap. H]
•1 It tiie saiil Phillip could .say for Jiiinsolf, having free liberty so to do witliout
^M'rniptii)") "''i"*'r'''' that he had doni! us a great de.d of wrong iiud injury,
/"•'.!;• .•tin" the premises,) and also abused theni by carrying lies and tiilsi.'
lie-' to diern,ai!d so misrepresenting mattersunto them ; and they |)ers'a(led
r' to make an acknowledgment of his liiult, and to si-ek H)r reconi-iliatioii,
,"i,n.<<in"' themselves, tiiat there is a great ditferenco between what h''assert( il
I till '"Vt'rnment in tiio Hay, 'uid what ho could now make out concerning
y< iircniKled wrongs; and such had bee-n the wrong and damage that ho had
I III' and |)rocured unto the colony, as ought not to l)o borne without com|)o-
' , |.|.|)jinitinn and satisfaction ; yea, that ho, by his insoloncies, had (in proba-
1 ,|jt\ \ occasioned more mischief from the Indians amongst tlu'iii, than had
j;,||,."ii out in many years before ; they persuaded him, therefore, to humblo him-
s.|t'iiiit() the magistrate.", and to amend his ways, if ho expected peace; and
tli;it it'll'' went on in liis refractory way, ho must expect to runart litr it."
'I'lic cniiuc^sioni'rs finally dnnv up the treaty of which wo have before s])o-
kcii md Pliil'P "1"^ '"^ counsidlors subscribed it; and thus oidod the chief
t'VHllS of Ki/l.
\ very' short time before tho war of IG/o commencod, the governor of
M;i-.-iii'li"^'''t'' sent an ambassador to Philip, to demand of him why he would
iiiiikc war upon the English, and recjuested him, at the same time, to enter into
■liiriitv. The sachem made him this answer: —
" Your soviriior is hut a suhjcct of King Charles * of England. I shall not
inni with a subject. I shall treat of peace onhj iviththc king, my brother. If hen
/,e romes, I am ready." t
Tliis is literal, although wo have changed tho order of the words a little, and
i,;\vortliv efa place upon tho same jmgo whhthe siioech of tho famous Porus,
wiirii taken captive by .Itexander. \
W'l' meet with notliing of importance until tho death of Sassamon, in 1074,
tJKMiccasion of which was chargtul u\nm Philip, i\ui\ was the cause of bringing
■ about tiie war with him a year sooner than he liad expected. This event pro-
iiiatiiri'lv <li.scover(!d his intc'iitions, which occai-ioned the partial recantatiiju of
tlio Narni^ansets, who, it is reported, were to furnish 4000 men, to Ik; ready to
, liill ii|)oii tiie English in 1tJ7(l. Concert, therefore, Avas wanting ; and altiiougli
iiiaiiv all the Xarragansets ultimately joined against tho English, yet the i)ow-
ciiiir I'tli'ct of a general simultaneous movement was lost to tin; Indians.
pliilip's own people, many of whom were so disconcerted at tho unex|)ected
' li'^iiiiiiii!.' of till! Avar, continued some; time to waver, (haibting which side to
^lll.\\ iliciii.selves in favor of; and it Avas only from their being whhout tho
vli niity oCthe English, or miprotected by them, that determined their coui-s*',
wi;i'!i was, in almost all cases, in favor nl' Philip. Even the praying Indians,
lull iiii\ lieen left to themselves, would, no doubt, many of them, have declared
ill i- tiivor also, as a great many really did.
I iitil tiic execution of the three Indians, supposed to bo tho murd(>r(!rs of
S«v'mo», no hostility Avas committed hy Philip or his Avarriors. About the
liiii/ of their trial, he was .said to be marching his men " up and down the
ci luitiy in arms," but when it Avas knoAvn that they Avere execnted, he could
II- luiic;cr restiain many of his young men, avIio, having sent their wives and
rl iiilii'ii to Narraganset, upon th(; 24tli of .June, jirovoked the peo|)le of Swan-
^ ' , hy killing their cattle, and other injuries,^ until th( y lired upon th(!ni and
' (Vi.irli'x II., wiiosc leisjii was from IGGO to 1G7G.
tOlil Imliaii Chronicle. Gi!.
"Tlio coiii|ocror askod liiin how ho would ho troaU;d, who, ill two woi(l>, replicil, " I-iko a
ikii::." lieinsf askod if lie had no oilier request to niako, hi^ said, '• No. Every thiin;' is
[c(i;;!|irf'licndod in that." (Pliitairli's lAfr af Alixumler.) \Vc could wish, that the Knglish
[coiii]iu'rors had arted with as nuirh nia^iiaiiimily towards the Indians, as Alexander did
[(owiirds llioso he overcame. I'lmis was treated as he had desired.
v^ ■■ 111 the mean time King I'liillp mustered up about .')(H) ot' his men, and arms them com-
jfit^i ; and had sjjottcn about R or '.MX) of his iu'i;;liborins;' liididii.t. and likewise arms them roin-
Ipli'iii; (i. c. ijuns, powder and bullets ;) l)iil how many he hath eiufaned to be ol' his party,
jl<iinkii(nvii to any amonsj us. The last spring, several Tiididiif: were seen in small parties,
labiiiii ll'liohnlli and Sirmiseii, whi(di not a little alVrififhted the inhabitants. Who demanding
jllii' ri'iisoii of them, wherefore it was so ? Answer was made, That they were only en their
lo«ii dolence, for they luiderstood that Ihc EiigUsk intciidud to cut llicm off. About lliu -0th
^s
'm-
24
PHILIP— BEGINS THE WAR OF 1675.
[Hook III
killeil nno, Avliirli wns a sijjnal to coinriu'iiff tin* war, and what rlicy Ikh) ,1,,
sired ; lor llic siipcrslitiuiis iKitioii prevailed aiiinng tiie Indians, tiiat tlic pain,
wlio llred tli'' first <s\\u woidd he eoiKiMered.* 'J'liey had j)rohahly Ix'cn n,,;;,
to iteiicve tliis hy tlie lln^rlisli themselves.
Jt wns upini a fiist day that this <;reat ilrania was opened. As the prui,;,,
were retuniinj^- Croni rueetinjr, tln'y wen; tired u|)on hy the Indians, wlii'ii i,,.,.
was killed and two wcMnuh-d. Two others, jroin<,' tin- a swrffeon, wen; ki||i,i
on their way. In another part of the town, six others were killed tlio s;iii,(!
day. Swansey was in the midst oi' Philij/s country, and liis men were as«ii;
ac<|uainted with all the walks oftlie Kiifflish as they w<:re themselves.
It is not supposed that Philip directed this attack, hut, on tin; other IkiihI, ,
has lieen said that it was against his wishes. 15ut there can l)e no doiil. df],^^
liostility and great desire to rid his country of tht; white intruders; for hadii,
not reastjii to say,
"Exnrsorc ijifiics aiiiino; suhit ira, rndoiilom
Ulcisci pairiiim, et sceleralas suinero jiu'iias ? "
The die was ca.«t. No other alternative a[tpeared, I)ut to ravage, luirii s,
destroy as liist as was in his power. There had l)een no (;onsideral le wni! -
a long time, either among themselv<'s or with the English, and, tlierefon, u,.
merous young warriors from the neighhorlng trihes, entered into his iii;]>,-
with great ardor; (>agerto ])erform .-.xploits, such as had heen recdimtiil ;
them hy tlw.'w sires, and such as they had long waited an o|)portunity tondiin.,
The time, they conceived, had now arrived, and their souls ex|)ande{|iii pr,,.
])ortion to tin; greatness of the undertaking. To coiKjuer the English! toifai!
captive their haughty lords! must hav«! heen to them thoughts of vast iiiiini;.
tilde, and exhilarating in the highest degree.
Town aftca- town fell hei'ore them, and when the English forces iii!uvliii!|'
one direction, they were hurning and laying waste; in another. A pun q
Taunton, Middlehorough, and J)artmoutli, in the vicinity of I'ocasscf, ii|»ir,
Narraganset Bay, soon followed tiie destruction of Swansey, whicli wfisimn.:
immediat(dy after the 24tli of Juik", on heing alian<Ioned hy the iniiai)it;iiiis.
Though now in great consternation, tlu^ peo])le of Swans(>y and its vicinirt
did not forg(>t to make known their distressed situation by sending runners v,ii
the utmost despatch to Boston and Plimouth liu" assistance. " JJut," snysm::
chronicler of that day, " hefore any came to them, they of hoth towns, Hii^
l)oth and Swan:,ey, were gathered together into three houses, men, Avnnioii.aM
children, and there had all jirovisions in common, so that they who had iioilnir
wanted notiung. Immediately ath'r notice her(>of came to Boston, dniaisln;;
lip for volunteers, and in 13 hours time were mustered u]»ai)oiit 110 men. C:i|C
Samuel .Moseli/ heing their commander. This (.'apt. J\lo.ie1i/ hath Imtm a
old privateer at Jamaica, an excellent soldier, and an undaunted siiirii, in.
whosi' memory will he lionorahle in New England for his many ciiiiiicm m-
vices he hath (hnie t'le public.
" There were also among these men, about 10 or 12 privateers, tluit Ii.'iil Iw"
then; some time before. They carried with them several dogs, tliiit pruv.i
si'rviceabU; to them, in tinding out the (>nemy in thi-ir swam])s; one wiiiii:
would, for several days together, go out and bring to them (i, S or 10 ymii.'
pigs of King Phitiplf herds. Tliere went out also amongst these iiii'ii,f«
Corndiiis,t\. Dutchman, who had lately been condemned to die for ])iniiv,li"!
afterwards received a pardon ; he, willing to show his gratitude tiiercHn', wiiiil
out and did several good services abroad against the enemy."
All who have sought afler truth in matters of this kind, are well awarent'tbl
of Jiinr last, seven or eight of King I'hilip's men oainc In Sirtrnsii/ on llie Lord's ilav.ar.;
would ^"-rind a lialrlict at an inhahilant's house tliere; llu; master lold them, il was llie -a-
batli day, and Iheir (iod would lie very ani',ry if ho should lei ihem do il. 'I'lioy reiiin.o:|
this answer: Tliey knew noi who his (iod was, and thai lliev would do il, for all liini. nr ci
God eillior. i'Voni ihenee they went to anolher house, and took awav some viclunls. Iml ir'
no man. Immediately they met a man Iravellin;;' on the mad, kept him in cuslody a ■1:1
time, then dlsmisi him (juielly ; giving him this eanlion, that he should not work on liistio''
day, and that he should tell no lies.'' Chromric, f), 'J.
* CMendar's Discourse on ihc ilist, of II. Island.
[Book \\\
nt tlicy lifiil ill',
s, tlmt the ii:inv
luhly luM'u ii,:iii'.
As till' iM(i|„
iliaiis, wliMi III;,.
you, wci-f killiil
Uillcd tli(' siiiiic
lien wrri; as wiii
lUHclvcs.
lll(! Otlicr ll!llli!,i;
in no (Iniil, iii'li;i
lulers ; lor had \\^
ravage, Imni a; .
iisidf'ral '<■ wiin ;
lllltl, l!n'''(l'nn', Ml.
•I'd into liis n:w
luMMi rcriiiiiitiil ;
:)rtnnity loarliiiv,
s oxpandfil iniir-
10 Eiiirlisli! till.;.
rlltS Ot" vast lUilLll;
I forces iiiai'clii'i! r
lollior. A p:in 'i
r ol" I'oCnSSl't, 111"';
y, which wiis Inin.'.
• tht' iidiahitmii>.
iscy and its vii'iinr;
ndin^f nuiiMTswi;!:
C. "Hut," Siiyv.r
' both towns, |{ilf-
s, men, W(iiiii'ii.:!a:
ny who liiwlimtliiii;
Boston, dnnu>!i
lioiitllO nirii.C;!!
Isclji hath !'"i'i> ;■'■
lida"unt('d sjiirii, >'<.>
many rmiiu'n' xi-
jitcei-s, tliatliiiiHw
Id doirs, thiU pv""
Imps; oni' wl"''''
Im <!, >^ or 10 \i'i":
Infest tlii'sc iiiiMi.i*
lo^lic i'of i)inu'y,l"'.
litudt) therefor,™'!
Inv."
n>" well aware nt I
Jnn ilio I-iir'l'* '';'>■'■
[l tlicm. il was ilK
I ,lo il. T;»\vrouiK;|
|„ il.ror all Imii.i'f-'^
1 s<m.<- v-H-tnals Imi »-
I not work on Ills C»^i
Ch/I- II]
extreme diffieiilty of invt-'stijration
rniLIP— 1113 WAIl OF 1C75.
25
Twi'iity porHons nmy write nn ncronnt of
i. iidjiir to the paHisjiae of wliicli all luav liavo hceii \vitn.;ss(!S, and no two of
[I " • 1""* ? I '-^ f , •• Fill 1 il'il I'l '
leiii aiiree in many ot its partieulars. I he aiitlior or tlie tracts wJiicli w ■ cito
iider the name of The Oi.u I.ndian Ciik(»mci.e, wroUihis accoimts in IJoston,
an '
till
I ^yp |,[iv(. 110 doiiht of liis intention to record evi-ry event with the strictest
ri'i'ard to trntli ; if 1' ■ hud erred, it is (ioubtlt;ss from his recoriling the first news
of iia event, which often varies in point of iuct afterwords. Hubbard und Ma-
ther, two contemporary liistorians, had tli(! advantage of a comparison of re-
ports, and of revising their works in their passage through the press; wlu'retis
tlieaiitiior of the tracts wrote them as l(!ttei-s to a friend in London, where they
>>ere iiiiiiiediately printed. With allowances for these circumstunces, as full
credit should he given to his relation, as to either of the others. His acconnts
of the first events at Swansey are detailed in his own words in a previous note,
Qjul we here proceed wi.a another jiortion of his narrative;.
" Ilv this time the Indians have killed several of our incn, but tin; first that
was killed was Jmie 28, a man at Swansc^y ; that he and his family had left his
house amongst the rest of the inhabitants, und adventm-ing with bis wife and
gon (about twenty years old) to go to bis bouse to fetch them corn, and such
like thinirs: (he having just before 8<mt bis wife and son away) as be was going
out of the house, was set on and shot by Indiuns. His wife being not far off",
heard the {iiins go off, went back." and fell into their hands. Dishonoreii, and
afterwards scalped l)y them, she immediately died, and her son was at the same
time scalped. "They also the next day [24 June] killed six or sev(!n men at
gwaiisey, and two more at one of the garrisons ; und as two men went out of
one of the garrisons to draw a bucket of water, they were shot and carried
awiiv, and aftenvards were found with their fingcre and feet cut oft', and the
skill of their heads flayed oft"," that is, sculped.
"About 14 days after that they sent for more help ; whereupon the authority
of Boston made Capt. Thomas Savage the major general in that cxp(!dition,
will), with (JO horse, and as muny foot, went out of IJoston ; huvhig presses! borsi's
for tlie footmen, and six carts to curry jwovisions with tbeni." " They traveled
day and night till they cuine to their gurrisons, and within three days ufler
inarched, horse und f"oot, leuving guards in the garrisons, towards Mount Hope,
wiicre King Philip mid bis wife was. They caiae on bim at unawares, so that
lie was forced to rise from dinner, and he and all with him fled out of tliat land
called iMount Hope, u|) further into the country. Tfiey pursued them as fur as
they could go for swamps, and killed 15 or l(i in that expedition, then returned
ami took what ho had that wt!s worth takhig,and spoiled the rest ; tuking all his
cattle and hogs that they couici find, und nlso took possession of Mount Hof)e,
wliich had then a thousand acres under corn, which is since cut down by the
Eiiffli.sli, and disposed of according to their discretion. Cornelius [before men-
tioned! was in this ex|)loit, and pursued Philip so hard, that he got iiis cup off
Ills head, and now weai-s it."
It was June 26, that the English marched out of Boston for Swansey ; and
tliey arrived there two days ufter, namely, June 28, a little Iwjfore night.*
Twelve men immediately inarched out to invade Philip^s territories, who were
attacked by uboiit the same number of Philip^s men. The invaders were i-e-
piilsed, having one killed, and one wounded, and bis horse killed under him.
Of the Indians two were killed.
The next day, June 29, the Indiuns nppeared boldly in view of the English,
and hy their shouts, it ivould seem, dared them to come out und fight. Mosely
sallied out at the head of a company of volunteei-s, and rushed furiously upon
them. They fled to their coverts, but even here made a stand only for a mo-
ment ; for after one fire they all fled. One of the English, Ensign Savage, was
ivnmided, the ball lodging in his thigh, and another pussed through the brim
of iiis liat.f Mostly pursued the Indians above a mile, and killed five or six of
them, as they were making th.eir retreat into a swamp. It was in this pui-suit
that the exploit of Cornelius took place, just related, and Philip was not seen at
•■ [fiihlmril, Narrative, 18.
t t'//wi(/), who was in tliis anion, says Sarao^e ■<vns wounded by his own party : having
divided dieuiselves into two wings, in their confusic.i one lired upon tlie other.
nm
fVTii
fee's;
m--^
■:'iT.l
15"'*,* V) '"I'l J
r«'...*i 'Jut
Ir^^^;*^' ;;MU
/ t^t^-:- '■ "iM
,»•.>■-
m
it- I •'■,■■ ■ ; . -'"j .■ v«
■' •■-'■■■■ ' m^^n
W-
Ilir
26
PHTLIP— BATTLE OF PTJNKATEESET.
[Hook II]
Mount FTopn afrnin until thd next yvnr. Tlio n(>xt day the Enplisli forrcs tniv.
ei-sod MitKiit llopo Nock, (omul Phihys wi^fuani, l)iit, liirnsolf and all liis |,i„.
pic had nKu'i' jrood their retreat. They loiin;. the heads of eijihtol" tin; lluiilisk
that had heen killed, '^et upon poles, atKeekaniuit, whieh they took down ;;ini
interred.
On the niorniiifr olMuly I, as Lieutenant Oukes was returning? to lieiul-r|ii;ir.
ters at Swansey, havinj^ 'enc;un|te(l at Kehohoth the iireeedin^r ni^dit, lie ,!i^.
e.overed a eonumny of Indians, and attacked them. How many were killdlj^
not stated, hut two of Pltilip^s chief ca|)tain.s wen; among the numlM r. diiint'
whom was named TnETtK, "a sachem of iMoimt Jlo|)e." Of the JjiLfli^li (i,,,
was killed. The scaljjs of three Indians that were killed were taken otriiyili,.
ilnglisli and sent lo lioston, which, were lh(' first taken hy them in this w'nr.-
At the solicitalioii of Benjamin Church, a eonijiany of !}() men wciv put
under him and Captain i\ilUr, who, on the 8 July, marched down into I'(hh.<.
set Neck, Church, who was well ac(]uainted with the Indians, had nrfrcd tlm
officers of the army to |)ursu(! Philip on th(! I'oci'iset side, heing fully pciMia.
dcd that there wen; no Indians in Mount Hope Neck, the part of the ((iiiiiin
they were taking so much pains to guard and fortify ; but they would not Inn,
to his advice, and the consequence was, Philip hm-ned and destroyed tlic idwnj
towards Plimouth. — Ihit to return to tla; force under Church and Fuller. Thi?,
though but small at first, was divided into two. Church had 1!) men, and /V/fo
th(! remaining 17. The party under CViwrc^ jn-oceeded into u point (if limj
called Punkateeset, now the southerly extremity of Tiverton, wlicic i|i,v
were attacked by a great body of Indians, .'300, as Church learned alicrwunl^
who nearly cncoujpassed them ; but alter a few minutes fight, the Kiifili^ln,.
treated to\he sea shore, and thus saved themselves from immediate (itstmr.
tion. Church gave orders for a retreat the very moment he discovcnd t|.;i;
the ohject of the Indians was to siu-round them. This proved thcii -iitln,
although, as they were now situated, they could expect but little else tlnin
to sell their liv(!S at the price of a greater lui/nber of their enemies. Tlitn'
Indians were well armed, " their bright guns glittenng in the sun," wliich u;>m
them a formidable ap])earance. Thus hemmed in, Church had a doiiliif ilmy
to perform ; that of preserving the spirits of his famished followers, nwny of
whom were ready to give up all for lost, and erecting defences of ^tdiics lo
defend them. Many were the hair-breadth escapes of iiulividuals in this liiile
band on this trying occasion. In the languagi; of Church, " they wcni insit
with nudtitudes of Indians, who possessed themselves of every rock, imj
stump, tree or fence, that A^as in sight," from which they fired without vvaAm,
Boats had been ap})ointed to attend upon the English in this exiudiiimi,
but they had grounded on tiie Rhode Island shore, and couhl not come to'inir
assistance ; at length, however, one got off, and came towards them, m hicli save
them hopes of escafie, but these were of short duration : the Indians tired into
it, and prevented their landing. Church ordered those in it to ride oiriHviiiid
musket shot, and to send a canoe ashore ; btit they dared not even to do tliij,
When Church saw that, in a moment of vexation, ho ordered the boat tube
gone in an instant oj- he would fire upon it ; she immediately left, and the
})eril of the English was greatly increased ; for now the Indians were tii-
cournged, and they fired " thicker and faster than liofore."
N ight was now almost enshrouding them, their aninuinition nearly spiiit,
and the Indians had possessed themselves of a stone house that overlooked
them, but as though ])reserved by a miracle, not one of the JiUglish in all this
time was wounded. But fortune's sport was now nearly ended : a sloo]) wdj
discovered bearing down towards them, and soon after. Church niiiiniiiioeil
that relief was coming, for that the vessel was coiumanded l)y " Cajit. Gold-
iNG, whom he knew to be a man for business." True, it was Goldin?. He
sent his canoe ashore, but it was so small that it would take but two at a time
to the vessel. The embarkation immediately commenced, and nieantirae
the Indians plied their shot Avith such effect that the colors, sails, aiul stern
of the slooji were fiill of bullet-holes. Church was the last man to cnibuil;,
• * I deduce liic facts in this sentence from a comparison of Hubbard, 20, witii "i'
Chronicle, 13.
[TlooK 111
sli forrcs trnv.
id all Ills |i('(i.
»)l'tli(! iMiuUsh
,()ok down ;;iul
; to li('ii(l-(iii;ir.
r iiiirlit, 111' ilis-
■ Wt'i-c killnl is
\llllllll'V, (IlllMlf
10 FiU^rlisli din;
akoii tilVliy the
11 ill tliis Will-;
llK'll WflT |illt
iwii intii I'liiiis.
4, had \ir!.'iil ilw
iiii t'nlly iiiiMia-
i ot" till- I'lllllilIT
woidil not liiiir
royt'd till' tiiuiii
idVullt'i'. Tills
I iiiLMi, mill l-'vlht
3 a jioiiit ot' limd
toll, wlltTf tl'iT
iiTiod illlcl-Willils
t, tilt! Kiii;li<liiv-
iiiicdiati' (It stiiii'-
; discovcrrd that
ovcd tliiii .-iility,
,t little L'lsy thiin
ciiciuii'S. Tiioe
Willi," wliicli ii«e
liud a doulili' iluu
jllowcrs, iiiuiiy «1
■uccs of t-toni's to
uals in this liillc
tlioy wcri' hM
ev(M-y rork, iiiiJ
witliout ('t'aHiii;.
tliis cxiMdiii'in,
notoonu! to'litir
hcni,ulii<li?i''«
iidiaiis tiiTil into
orido oil'l)iyoii(i
.,t cvoii to do ife
•od tlio l)oiit t('li«
itcly U-ft, »'"! '''«
Indians wvk on-
tioii nearly sptnt,
that ovii'ltx'l^'';!
'^nfllisli in »ll ''"*
ided : a sloon WK
'^hwrh annnmiceJ
, hv " ^i>l'^- f'"''"' ,
Ivas Goldim. 11«
1 but two at II time
Id, and iiiL'aniime
L sail><, '""l f ?
It man to cinbarn,
Cii.vv ni
I'lIIMP.— POCAS.SET SWAMP FlfJIIT.
27
aiiiM'il ti-oiii iiof'toi' "■''"'"'■•'•'•'** "■"'" tlie <;ov«'niiii(!iit tlicre, " tor tlu-iii to
iiass into iNarrafraiisct, to treat with the Kaeiieins, and if it luijrlit lie, to prc-
vi'iit tlieir joiiiiiifr "itiiP/ifVi/*." Aeeordiiifily they marched iiitotiiat country,
hilt all tlie ciiief men and warriors lied on their aj)|iroaeli. The historical
■ '" ■'''■' act was viewed hy tlnuu as a d((claratioy of"
lioiild have! so considered it; hucausi! the
lo us he was retreating Imckward to the hoat, a hall ^'la/.ed the hair of
r,' i'lcail, two others struck the caiio!' as he entered it, and a fourth lod^r,,,!
•""■■ <lakc which accidentally stood Just heliire "the middle of his hreast ! "
"'tIius this little hand, alter a ti^fht oi" ahout six hours, esi-ajii'd. The |tarfy
l,.i- (jiptaiii Fuller met with similar liirtimo ; they were attacked hy ^rreat
iiiiii'ihirs hut escaped hy fretting' i»ossession of an old house close n|ion the
,1, t,.i's e'djic aiitl were early taken oil" hy hoats. Ihit two of the party wi-rc
woiiiiiled. ^ Home of the Indians were killed and wounded this day, biit liow
iminv if* n'*t known.
The suite day this fijrht took place, a hont's crew went from Rhode Island
.|,jii„,„jij;('f to look aller souk; cattli-, and were tired upon hy tht! Itidians, and
oiii- of their niunher, a servant (if Captain Church, was severely wounded.
Siiiiic of the ai'ts of the English, in retrosjiect, do not discover that jiidf.'-
iiii'iit the circumstances seem to havi' elicited, csiiecially tliat in relation to
ill,. Nurrafiaiisets. They had now driven yVii'/i/; out of Alouiit llojie Neck,
.,11,1 not know in<r exactly where to tind him, the forces in that cpiarter re-
iiiai'iu'il doulitiii^' what next to do. At this juncture Captain Hutrhlnson
airiM'il ti-om JJoston W'itli orders ii-om the <;overiiin<!nt there, " for them to
vet
hilt - , . , ,.
ciiii'lnsioii is, therelore, that this act was
war tuid it is rational that they should 1
anii'v iissiimed a most hostile attitude, "resolviiijj they would fro to make
peai'i' with a sword in their hands." Havinjr arrivtsd in the Narrairanset
coiiiitiv, three or four days wen; sptmt in lindinjr Indians with whom to
treat :(li)r they could find none to fi;;lit ;) at length, tour men were Hiiind, whom
the Kii;.'lish styh'd sachems, and a treaty was drawn up at <rreat length and
gii'iitil hy the parties. To ensure itsohs(!rvaiice the Ibllowing hostages were
taki'ii into custody hy the army: John Wobkquob, Wkowthim,* I'f.wkes,
ami W iKNKW', "four of the sachems near kinsmen and choice i\\ -ds."
Aiiioiii; the stipulations of the treaty we find these:
Till' said sachems shall carefully seize all and awry oi' Philip^s subjects,
and (i<'liver thein up to th • English, alive or dead ; that they shall use all
acts of hostility against I hilip and liis subjects, to kill them wiierev(U' they
can he found; that if they seize Philip, aiul deliver him alive to the English,
tht'V sliall receive 40 trucking cloth coats ; and for his head alone, 20 of
said coats ; and for every subject of said sachem 2 coats, if alive, and one if
dead. This treaty is dated Petaquanscol, 15 July, 1()75;
la presence of and signed by the marks of
Daniel Henchman, Tawaokson,
Thomas Prentice, Taytso.v,
Nicholas Paige, Agamaco,
hstph Skinlon, Interpreter. Wampsh, alias
Henn/ Hawlaws, i [Indians, Cormas.
Peco'e Bucow, ^ probably.]
Job Xeff.
Philip commanded in person npoii Pocasset, where, upon the 18th of July,
he was discovered in a "dismal swamp." He had retired to this place,
which is adjacent to Taunton River, with most of his Wampanoags, and
such others as had joined him, to avoid tiilling in with the English army,
which was now jiursuiiig him. From tlK^ir numbers, the English were
nearly able to encomjiass the swamp, and the fate oi' Philip they now thought
sealed. On arriving at its edge, a few of Philip\t warriors showed them-
selves, and the English rushed in upon them with ardor, and by this feint
were (Irawa tiir into an ambush, and "about 1') were slain." The leaves
upon the trees were so thick, and the hour of the day so late, th:'t a friend
could not be distinguished from a foe, "whereby 'tis verily feared," says Dr.
Mather, '-that [the English themselves] did sometimes unhappily shoot Eng-
* ProbaMy the same called in another place NoWEquA.
l>^i(L'!|^ii*iP
iVd ■ ■ ■ *W ;Jw''l
m mi
If'-
^^.*1
28
PHILIP— rimiT AT RF.iiomvnr plain.
[ni.MK III
lislinifii iiistrnd of IiKriiiiH." A retreat was now onlen-d, and, «'(nisi(I(.ri;i|,
PhUip''n (SHcape iiiipossililc, the iiiDst of the forees \v\\ the phiee, a ti'w ,||,|^
reinaiiiiiifr, "to ntnrve out tlie eiieiiiy." 'I'lial I'hUiji's I'orc*) was irrent nt thj,,
tiiiio JH certain, from the fiiet that a Inindred wi^rwaniM were found mnp (1,^
ed^'o of th« Kwanip, newly constructed of fireen hark hi one of thiw the
Ennhsli found an ohi man, who iidormed tliem that Philip was there. \\l
lost but few mtMi in tiiu uncouiiter, thou^rh, it iu Huid, lie liad a \n-u\\wr
killed.*
The idle notion of building a fort here to starve out Philip, was surtj.
ciently censured by the historians of that day. For, as (^aptain ('Imnlic^.
presses it, /o build a fort for nothivs; to cover the people from nohodii,j was riiilur
a ridiculous idea. This observation he mad(! upon a t()rt's beinj; built iMKin
Mount Hope Neck, some time aller every Indian liad lell that side of the
country, and who, in fiict, were layinj,' waste the towns before mentioiK d.
The swamp where Philip was now contined, wiih upon a jjieiM! of coiintrv
which projected into Taunton River, and was nearly seven miles in cxtinf^
After being guarded here 13 days, which, in the end, was greatly to his iKKm,.
tage, and afforded him sufficient time to i)rovi(le canoes in which to iniikf ha
escape, lie passed the river with most of his men, and madcs good his ntnai
into the country upon Connecticut River. In effecting this retreat, mi ani.
dent happened which deprived him of some of his choicest and bravest cup-
tain?, as we shall proceed to relate.
About the 26 July, 1G75, Oneko, with two of his brothers, and about .'iO men,
came to Boston, by direction of Uncas, his father, and declared their (Icsiitti)
assist the English against the Wainpaiioags. A fewEnglisli and tlircn^ Nmicb
wen! added to their company, and immediately despatched, by way (if I'lj.
mouth, to the enemy's coimtry. This circuitous route was taken, |>(ih,i|i<,
that they might have their instructions immediately from the governor df
that colony ; Massachusetts, at that time, probably, supposing the war iiiiiht
be ended without their direct interference. This measure, as it |i:(i\«l,
was very detrimetital to the end in view; for if they had jn'oceeded diricilv
to Seekonk, they would have been there in season to have met Philip in his
retreat from Pocasset ; and this force, being joined with the other Hn^'jiih
forces, then in the vicinity, they in all jjrobability might have finislicd the
war by a single fight with him. At least, his chance of escape would Imve
been small, as he had to cross a large extent of clear and open roinitn,
where many of his men must have been cut down in ffight, or fought man
to man with their |)ursuers. Whereas Oneko was encamj)ed at sonip ili^
tance, having arrived late the night beibre, and some time was lost in rally-
ingj after Philij) was discovered. They overtook him, however, about iO
o'clock in the morning of the 1st of August, and a smart fight ensued,
Philip having brought his best men into the rear, many of them wei-e slain;
among these was JVimrod, alias Woonashum, a great captain rnd counsellor,
who had signed the treaty at Taunton, four years before.
From what cause the fight was' 8us])ended is unknown, though it would
seem from some relations, that it was owing to Oneko'a men, who, .seeiii'
themselves in possession of considerable jilunder, fell to loading thcniselves
with it, and thus gave Philip time to escape. FVom this view of the ciisc,
it would appear that the Mohegans were the chief actors in the otf'^nsive.
It is said that the Naticks urged immediate and further pursuit, which did
not take place, in consequence of the extreme heat of the weather ; and
thus the main body were permitted to escape.
Mr. JVeiwmtn, of Rehoboth, gave an account of the affair in a letter, in
which he said that " 14 of the enemy's principal men were alain." He also
mentioned, in terms of great praise, the Naticks and Moh'egans under 0«(i&
Philip havuig now taken a position to annoy the back settlements of
the KnglLsh, bv an
• This is upon the aiilhority of liic anonymous author of the "Present State," ii.t..,i \
which wo sliall elsewhere luive occasion to lake notice. That author seems to have co»
founded the fight hotwccn Theh,: and Lieut. Oakes willi that of Reiiobolh Plain.
t Hist. Phihp's War, p. G. ed. 4to.
X Goubn's MS. liiat. Praying Indians.
Cii*'" "1
AMiMISlI AT UIKAnvUO.
30
On il .Inly, tivi
Inixl hImmI in till
that were killcil were iilionf tlii'ir wink in tli*;
Miissiirlnisi'tts. Iiis wnrrims IMI vij;iiiiHisly to tin- work
mIiiIc an' killi'il at Mi-nilon, in .Mass., wliirli is tin- lirsl liliind hImmI in tin
J.'',[,',in in this war. 'I'Im'si
(•,1(1 Mini kni'NN not tlit'ir Minnlcrcrs ; niid wlirtlirr they wcrr killcil l»y
iiliihii's mi'ii is unknown,
^o'lii ath-r till' war lirj;aii, iMiisHiiclin *rtis, fearing' th<' .NipmiikH inirlit join
■i'lli /ViiVi'/', >"'"' iiirHsi'iifri'rs t<» treat witii tlii-ni. 'riir yoim;.' Indians wen;
toiiiiil "siirlv," l>nt the old im-n were l<)r a ri'iicwal of liicnd! hip ; Itiit tliu
iiii^nM or jit'isons sent npon tliis laisiiicss did not .ictitiit thcinsrlviw in u
iiiiiMcr that jjravc Miitisraclion ; and /'/uV/yy, liciiifr now in tlir country of tlio
ViiMiiiiks, it was conclndrd liy tin- aiillioriliis ol' .MassarhiiM'lis to niakc a
tin'ilii' ''■''' oC tlii'ir intt'iitioiis. Ari-ordinjily, on ihr '^H .lid\, ('a|iiniiis
Uiiti-liiitudii and iihicur, with a ronijiany ol' yo nioiintrd nun, and :{ ( 'lirislian
Iiiiliiiii^ as pilots and iiitcrprt'tcrs, \\/. Mrmfrhn, Joscjili, and Si(iii/).wn, went
witli siiiiii' ol' till' inhaliitants of Itrooklicid, a^rn-ahly to appointnirni, to
iin'i't till' Nipiniik sai'hi'ins. It ii, I lii-cn ajjrt'i'd liy tlicsi' sacheins to
III,.,'! the l'".n,!:lish in a trraty at a certain tree at UnahaoLr on tin- vi August,
on ;i pliiiii •'< niiles I'roin Itrooktield villaire. Having; arrived here ai-eordin^
to iiL'i'i'ciiii'nt, the Kii<;lisli I'onnd no Indians to treat wiili. It was now a
niii'stiiiii with all hnt the Itrooklteld men, w hether or not tlicy shonid pro-
cod tit a certain place where they helieved the Indians to Ic; at leiij;di the
iiiiiliili'iice of the l{rookfield |)eopl(' in the pacific disposition id' tin,' Indians,
iiii'vaili'il, and they marched on. The way was so had that they could march
(iMJv ill siiijrlc till', as they approached the place where they e.\p;'ci ■(] to find
till' liiiliaiis, and when they came near NVikahaii^' I'ond, lietwet.'ii a swamp
nil till' It'll and a very ni»ni|)t and hijrli hill on the riylit, siiddenlv 2 or oUO
liiiiiiiiis rose np, (Micompassed, and tired u|ion theni. i'.ij;ht wt're is/lled oiit-
riL'lit. fiiiil three ti'll mortally wound 'd. Of the latter iiinnher was Captain
Hulikinson, who, thoiifrli carried oil' liy the snrvivors, died on the I!) An^'iist
llillduiiij;. (Japtain Whctkr had ids horse shot under him, and himself was
gjidt tlii'oii^rh the body ; Imt his liJi' was saved throii^ih the liravery and presenco
ol' iiiiiiil of a son then with him. This son, thon^di his own arm was hrokuti
l)V!i liiillot, seeinjjthe jK'ril of histiither, dismounted from liis horse, and siic-
ciidi'il ill nionntin-r his father upon it. A n-treat now lH!jran,aiid, by cutting
tliiir way thronffh the Indians, tlie small remnant of Eiij,'lish got buck to
Brodkticld. \
Till' tlireo Christian Indians of whom we liave spoken, nwidered most
cniini'iit si'iTico on this day ; for hud tlioy not been there, there iiud been no
IHissiiiility of one Kiiiilislmiaii's escapini;-. One of them, Gcorire Meniecho,
ti'll into the liamls of liie Indians: the other two, by Hkill and bravery, l(!d
the I'liijrliHli, by an iinknow n route, in safety to Jirooktield. Vet these Ju-
(liiiiis we're afterwards so badly treated by tlie English, that they were litrced
to tly til Philip for |»rotection. Sampson was afterwards killed in a fight by
tJR' iOiifrlish Indians, and Joseph was taken in Pliinonth colony, and sold lor
a slave, and sent to .Jamaica. IL' al'terwards was suH'ered to return, at the
intt'iTcssioa of ftlr. Eliot. Meinv.cho escaped from his captors, and brought
be' 'licial intelligence to the lOnglish of the state of Philip's afliiirs. |
file i'liiglish having now arrived at JJrookfK'ld, us just related, the In-
(iiiiiis pursued them, and urrived almost us soon ; liirtiiiiutely, how(!Ver, there
Hiis liarely time to idurin tlu^ inhubitunts, who, to the miniber of about 80,
finrki'il into a garrison house, where, through persevering etl'orts, tlii^y were
eiijililcil to maintain themselves imtil a liirce under Alajor lyiuavd came
tu their relief, August 4. Hi; was in the vicinity of Lancaster, with 48 dru-
;;oiiiis and four friendly Indians, when he received the iiiKdligence of the
jiL'iihiiis condition rtf lirooktield, and hud just takiiu up his line of march to
siiriiri.so u lodge of Indians not tur from that pluce. He now (juiekly
•^ Aciordinj^ to all Iradilioii liiis place is at liio iiorlh end of Wickalioaif poiirl, and the hill
wa> a coiiKilory lor the bidians; tor wi.en eiihivaled al'lerwards hy the whiles, numeroui l)oiios
wai' (.■xhiimcd. FooCs Hisl. Hrooktiohl, ;50.
t Narrative of llie alVair l)y Captain Wheeler liiinscif, p. 1 to 5,
JUoukin's MS. History of the rrayiii:;' buliaiis. — Joseph and Sampson were brothers,
sousul" "old UoBiN I'jiiuuANiT, doceascJ, a good mail." lb.
I
.'|;'d
'■ ».;''* •(■"ill,
i^:''il^ i.
M, ■■'"!'• \ ■
m%
l^t''-;:Ht^;>r:^iii?
'A^'':mt
?,y'-'''-
-|--'^t-'''
10
lU'RMNCJ OF IMlOOKIinM).
[Hiios III
*hnii^'i'(l IiIh t'oiirHi' for llmoktii'M, iliMlaiit nlioiit 'tO iiiiIch, wliicli, Ii\ iiI'mii,,!
nmrcli, hr rt'iicliiMl in hiiU'Iv tin- nijrlit litllowiiit'. 'I'liat In- wiis inu iiitiii|j,,|
•N III' ii|»|»r<i(u'hiMl till- ilifOrt'HMcil >f«irisoii, \h iiinst rvtranrdiiiaiy, jiir ii,,,
liostilf IiidiaiiN art! naiil to liavr Kiiarilnl rvcry |iaNHa^'i' tii it ; ami ilni,. „,.^
ilitii-rviit rrasiiiis Htatril l<>r lliiit iii'^rjcct : oiii' in, that tint ^'iianl tliriiii;4|
wliirli till- Kii^'liMli |mns»'il, KiifrtTnl thrill lit pnicfrd, cxiicctiiiff niimli'f
friianl Hiatioiii'il ntill iirarrr thr piriirtim wimiIiI attack llii'iii in Ihrnt w],,;,
they »<lioiil(l ttill on lliriii in llir rnir; aiiothrr is, lliat they wnr ijcrcu,,!
MM to thi* ntiiiihcrH ut' the l'!ii<;lisli, thinking' tliriii many iimn- ilmii tlii^
rtMilly wi're, ami ilarril not atlark thnii. It wmihl hi'ciii, howrvi'r, iiii„y
prolmlilr, that tin* IiiiliaiiH hail mi ^iiaril at all at thr point in wliiili i|„y
n|iproa('lir(l nt tlii! time tlii-y arri.nl ; liir a ihovr of ralth-, uhirh Imd l,,,,,
rri^fhti'iird from Hrooklirld into tin' woods, roilowiid thi» ri'tir nt' HiUnnti
ronipany to thr ^riirrison,and wnc not iittacki'd, wliirli would not Iuim' i,,,,,
till* casi', in all prolialiility, had the Indians Imm'Ii aware of thi-ir ii,i|iii>ii,„
No NooiKT was it known to the hrsir^'i-rs tiiat rrlit'l' vviiH romr, Inii i|,n
fi'll with iiiort! fury, if possilili', upon tlm di-votud ^rarrison than iMilir,';
shooting' continually from all ijiiarn'rs ii|)on it, which shows that tlii'\ |i;„|
acridcntally let till! rcinlorciincnt ;.'<f into the f;arrison. Thus to a nin.i
foitiinatn circiiinstancc did this assi'inhiap' of 1'iiifrlisli owe their Mitii},
At the very time IVillnrd iirrivi'd at Hrooklield the Indians wi re nui.
triviii^ some machinery to set the ^tarrison on tire; and this niav anMJiiii
for their remissness in siiffcriiif,' him to come in unmolested. I'liij tii.|
endeavored by tire arrows, uiid rajis dipped in liriinstone tied to Idiij; jMii,,
spliced :o>,'ether, to tire the jrarrison, hut not siicceediiifr, those wiiiiin tiim.
upon tlieiii ofVen with s.ich deadly effect, they next, in the lan>;iui<if oi M,
/fuW(Tr«/, " used this deviiisli st|•ata^em, to fill a curt with hemp, Ha.\, ami
other combustihie matter, and so tlinistinx it lmckvvur<l with poles tojiitlur
spliced a great length, ufler they had kindled it ; but as ho »ii as it hud liipm
to take fire, a storin of rain, unexpectedly fiiHing, put it out." *
During this siege several of tlie whites were vvounde I, thoiigji but (iw
was killed. Of the Indians HO were supposed to liuve been killt'd,f liuttlnj
was doubtless sotting the number inneli too high, alth'Xigh they c\|i(isii{
themselveH beyond what was common on similar occnsionH. On tlic .i
August they quitted the place, satisfied they could not take it, uiul juiimi
Philip, who was now about tJ iiiiles from the jilace where Hutchinson was
ambushed.
Afh'r George Mermcho's return to the English, he gave the following' in-
formation : " Upon Friday, August 5, Philip and his compaiij' cuine to iisai
a swamp, 6 miles from the swamp where they killed our men. /'Hi)
brought with him about 4ri men, but women and children many im;re.
Philip\t men were, about .'JO of them, irmed with guns, the rest had liinvt
and arrows. He observed th(!re were about 10 of Philip^s men woiiiKitJ.
Philip was conducted to the swamp by tAVo Indians, one of tlieiii [ua,>'
Caleb of Tatumasket, beyond Mendoii. The Indians told Philip, ut liis t'r<i
coming, what they had done to the Englisli at Ciiiabaog ; then he presfiiieil
and gave to three Sagamores, viz. John, alias ApEyuiwASH, QuAP(A.Nsn,aiiil
Mawtamps, to each of them about a peck of unstrung womponi, wliiili
they acce{»ted. Philip, us I miderstood, told Quabaog and Nij)nnick Indians,
that when he first cu;Me towards the Ni|)imick country, and lefl his own, lie
liad in his company about 250 men, besides women and children, intliiilins
the Sipiaw-Suchem [Weetamoo] and her company; but now they Imd Idl
him, and some of them were killed and he was reduced to 40 imii. 1
heard also that Philip said if the English had charged upon him and liii
people at the swamp in his own country [IH July] one or two duys more.
tliey had been all taken, for their powder was almost spent. He also saiJ,
* Captain WJieeler does not mention the rain, l)ut says they snrrecdeH in setting the lioii<i
on tire, vvliich was extinguished at great peril l>y those within, who had two of their mei
wounded.
t Hoyl's Indian Wars, 101.
(Hii'ik III
it'll, li\ iiri>r<i,|
iiH not iittiniiil
limirv, liir li,
; anil tin n ;ir,.
^iianl tlinii.i,
M'Ctiii;; uimili.r
II ill t'niiit Willi,
^ WW' iln'ri\i(|
iiiort' tliiiii ili,^
Imwcvcr, iiii. li-
lt ill w I lie 1 1 i|„v
wliii'li liiiii liiiii
ri'ur lit' HilMi
Id lint hiivf iii'i'ii
' tlii'ii' a,i|irMiuii.
4 Clllll)', illll tl,<\
nil tllllll lirliin ;
VH tliat tlicy Ul
'riiUH t<i 11 iiiiift
tlifir satt'iy.
diaiis writ' riiii.
tlllH IIUIV IU'nii;iii
<n\vi\, riii'j iii<i
KmI to lollj; pull,
loso within linn!
i liuij;iuint' III' Mr
li hfiiip, tla.\, iiiiii
th jiolfs t(i;:iiliit
)ll llH it luul lll'IIIIL
t."*
i,\, thoiifili \)\\\m
i'U killt'(l,f liiitiliK
n^\\ tli»'y <'X|"Ni|
sioiiH. On the ,i
tukti it, ami jimnii
Hulchimon wm
tlie Ibllowiiiir in-
luiiy «'uiin! tn usal
joiiV men. /'fillip
jtlren inaiiy im^.
lie rest hail Ini«(
j's men womuii'i
fi\e ol' them [\n\
I Philip, nt his l'r>i
hen lie prfscnicii
1, (iUANA.NSlT,IUlli
wompoin, wliit'h
iNipmiicklmliiiiis
il h)\\ his own, lit
ihildreii, iiii'liit'i"?
low they hml I'l*
jd to 40 lilt'"' 1
upon him ami liii
|or two days ii*«;
ht. He also saiJ.
Id in selling lliP>«
lad l«o of iht'ir ma
FinilT AT HUOAP.I.OAI' IIILi..
:u
niMiiK
Cm*'. "I
tint if il"' r'HK''**'' '""' l""''^'"''' '"'" < l'>'*"ly," iiM lie rotreated to tliti Ni|i-
,',i,.k iiiiintrv, "lie i'iiir*t iiifils liavt) Imm-ii n.lit'ii." •
\ iMXiHiiltralile iititiili)'r of |iiirtlv cliiiHtiiiiii/.t'd liitliaiiM iiflonp'd to llit^
,j lil,„rl„MMl of llailify, iifiir wliifli tlit'j iiail a wootltii lint to |iictii't'l tlii'iii
."m,y liiisiih- liiiliaiiH. On tin' iiifakiii^' out of tlif lalaiiiitifM in that
,'„j„„j|i,.^,., with all otIitT IndiaiiH, wfif watfliftl, and hiispcftt'tl of con-
rwitli Philip, and an inti'iition of joiniii^' >Nitli liini. 'I'o tt-r^l tlit'ir pif-
aptiiinn //"'/i'"/' "inl //»;«• r,», who, will i a foift> of |H() nii'ii, WvTo
_^^ _ Ilcv, orilfifti tlifiii to Hiiirfiiilt'r tiu'ir ainiH to tlit-in. 'I'lifv Im'h-
llnti'ii til ilu Hti then, hut intiiiiatt-il that ihfy woiiltl iiiinifdiattly ; yet on tlio
I'lilliiwint' ni^fht, yr» ;\n>;nr<t, they It'll thrir tint anil lird up tlif liviT to-
wiiril'* Prrompluk, Hinee Deerlii'ltl, to join Philip. 'I'lif next tlay Lolhrnp
ml !(,.,. rs piirsiieil and overtook tlit'in ni'ar a hwainp a short tlistaiiee to the
^oiiili of .Siipirloaf Hill, opposite! to the presfiit town of Siinth'riand. 'I'ho
jniliiiii.i hiavt'iy stood tht-ir <;roiintl, and a sharp ant! lilootly t-ontt'st t'lisiiril.
Tiirv were tiiially roiiteil, iiavin^' '.^(i of tlii'ir nuiiilH>r slain, while tiie whiti'H
iirt> ri'|i<irtt'd to liiivu ioHt hut lU in killeii, and their iiuiiiImm' wouniled is not
Ilirlilielii''l'f
A (.'iirrisiiii hfin^eNtahlislietl at Northtiiiil, Oaptain Hirhitrd Iktrit, of WatiT-
Iiiwii, I with H() men, was attaeked while on their way to rtiinfoift' il, ^'l'pt.
;i iinir^O lit the .'{() wrrt! killeii. liohrrt Pep/ier, ol'Roxhury, was taken cap-
IJM', mill tlif others tiHtieted their eseape. PhiUp''a men hail the aiivaiitaf(o
(if iilimkiiijr them in a plaee of tlit-ir own ehoosiii>r, and their first lire was
verv (li'striirtive. lietrs retreated with his men to a small eminenee, anil
niaiiitaiiied the mieipial ti<.dit until their ammnnitioii was spttnt, at whieh
tiiiH' a rart coiitainin^r ammnnitioii f*dl into tlu; hands of tin; Imtians, anil,
Ihi' captain heiii^ killed, all who witre ahit; took to tli^dit. The hill to which
till' Kiiv'l>^l> "''*'« "' '''*' hegimiiii}.' of tin; ti^liti was known alterwards liy tlio
iiaiiir i)^ liters' a Mountain. "Here," says INIr. //uWan/, "the harharoiis vil-
lains showed their insolent ra;.'e ami eruelty, more than ever hefore ; eiittinx
oil' tlie heads of some ol' the slain, and tixin;; them upon poles nt;ar thu
JiiL'iiway, and not only so, l)ut one, if not mori!, was found with a ehain
liimki'diiito iiis imder-jaw, anil so hun^ up on the hoii^h of a tret;, ('tis fearttd
ill' was liiiiif; lip alive,) hy wliieii means they tliou^ht to daunt and disioiirairu
aiiv that iiii;;ht eome to their relief."
the pliieo where this fi<rlit ocnirn'd was witliin ahout two miles of the jrar-
risiiii nt ritpiakkea^, (Nortiitielil,) and tlie ])lain on which it Ix'^an is ealied
iifmV Plain. Meanwhile the ganison was reduced to the hriiik of ruin, and,
likr that at Hrookfield, vvas saved hy the arrival of a eompany of soldiera.
Twii (iavH afh'r Captain Beers was cut ofi'. Major Trtai arrived there with 100
men, and conveyed the f,'arrison safi' to lladley.
Wi'/i/) prohahly conducted hoth atiiiirs; this of Captain Beers, and that of
Captain Thomas Lothrop, ahout to bo related, although it is not positively
liiiiiwn to h'i the tiict.
Some time in the month of Aujjust, "King Philip's men had taken u young
Jmi ahvp, ahout 14 years old, and bounil him to a tree two nights and two
days, intending to be merr^ with him the next day, and that they would roast
liiiiinlive to make sport with him; but God, over night, touched the heart of
onr Indian, so that he came and loosed him, and bid him run grande, (i. e. run
apace,) and hy that mt'ans he escaped." §
Alimit this time, some English found n single Indian, an old man, near
Qiialiang, wiiom ihey captured. As he would not give them any information
rpsp'ctiiig his countrymen, or, perhajis, such as they d»'sired, they pro-
noiiiind iiim worthy of death ; so " they laid hini down, Cornelius, the Dutch-
man, lilting up his sword to cut off his head, the Indian lilted uj) his hand be-
! tAveen, so that his hand was first cut off, and partly his head, and the second
I blow finished the execution." 11
* Hutchinson's Hist. Mass. I, 2!)3 — ♦. n.
t Ihbhard, Nar.SC, 37.— Chronicle, ^.—Hotjt, 102, 103.
t Manu,script documents.
j Clironicle, 2d. || Manuscript in libraiy of Mass. Hist. Soc.
til :.|
rAi V„,|.Vrt
K't" i V :*'
U'V-
PHTLIP— LOTHROP CUT OFF.
[Hook Hi,
IKE
It was about tliis time, as tlio author of tin; " Prksk.nt State " rolatcs, t||«
"Kill;.' /^/((V/yj, now lK!<.Miiiiiii<r to want iiioiicy, liaviii<r a coat mad, all of
waiii|)am|U'a^', (i. e. iiidiaii mo.;-),) cuts his coat to jiicccs and di>iii|jiit,.^ jt
jdciititidiy anion;.' tiic Nipmoo^r sachems and otliers, as well as to tlic cijt.
ward as soiitliward, and all round about."*
On th.' 18 Sojit. ("a|tfain Lothrop, ot" Beverly, was sent ironi lladlcy witJi
about H8 men, to bi-inir away the corn, frraiii, and other \aliiahlc aitirlcii
from Dcerfield. llaviii;>' loaded their teams and commenced tiieir iiiarcii
homeward, they were attacked at a place called SusrarlunJ' HilL where iilii,i„t
cv«'ry man was slain. This comiiany consisted of "choice; yonii^i- incn, t),,,
very Hower of Essex county, ' none of wlioiii were ashamed to speak uitii tli(>
enemy in the jrate."'t lji,!,dit«,'en of the men helon^rinl to J)eerlield.J (^';,.,.
tain Ainsrii/, iieing not far otij n|)oii a scout, was drawn to the scene ot'jictiun
by the report of the guns, an<l, having with him 70 men, charged the liidii.n^
with great resolution, although he comjinted their numliers at ICUi. jjf
had two of his men killed and eleven wounded. The Indians dareil Jiim („
begin the fight, and cxultingly said to him, " Come, JMoseli/, conic, ijdu ,-,(i!; /,.
didjis, i/oii want Indians; here is Indians enou^^h J'oi' ifnu."§ On this occii.-jou
the conduct oi'Mosely^s lieutenants, Savas^e and Pickering, are meniioiKil jj
high terms of j)ra!se, "as deserving no little part of the honor of tiiat il,ir>
service." Ai'ter continuing a fight with them, from eleven o' cluck iimj|
almost night, he was obliged to retreat. || The Indians cut open the l)ii;;>„i
wheat and the feather-beds, and scattered their contents to die wiii(|>.
After Mosebj had commenced a retreat, Major Treat, with 100 I'.ngljsli jiy
60 Mohegans, came to his assistance. Their united liirces obliged the liuliim.
to r( treat in tlicir turn.H The Indians were said to have lost, in tiie vmiuii.
encounters, (Hi men. It was a great oversight, that Captain Lolhrop ^liinilij
have' suffered his men to stroll about, while i)assiiig a dangerous (Inil,
"Many of the soldiers having been so foolish and secure, as to put their hih;,
in the carts, and step aside to gather grapes, which jirovcd dear and tldnih
f rapes to them."** The same author observes, "This was a black iiikI li.ia,
ay, wherein there were eight i)ersons made widows, and six-aiid-twciiiv
children made ftitherless, all in one little plantation and in one day ; auJi
above sixty persons buried in one dreadfiil grave !"
The place of this fight and ambush is in the southerly l)art of Deeiticid, on
which is now the vilhige called IJloody Brook, so named from this iiu mord-
ble tragedy. A brook which i)asses through the village is crossed liviLf
road not iiir from the centre of it, and it was at the point of crossing tiiat it
ha|)iieiied. ft
Until this |)eriod the Indians near Springfie'd remained friendly, ami re-
fused the solicitations of PA?7jj[>, to undertake in his cause. Ihit, now ik
Northfield and Deerfield had liillen into his hands, they were watched closti
by the wh-tes, whose cause these great successes of Philip had oct asidiieil
them to look upon as rather precarious. They therefore, aoont 40 in iiiiiiiWr.
on the night of the 4 Oct., admitted about 800 oi' Philip's men into tiidr Ion.
which was situated at a place called Longhill, about a mile below tiic vilhiffi
of Springfield, and a jjlan was concerted for the destruction of that |iliice.
But, as in many cases afterwards, one of their number betrayed them. Toro::
* Old hid. Clironir.lo. If this were the case, I'liilij) must have had an immnise lii^' roal-
yca, even hisii^er tliaii Dr. Johnson's frrcnt coal, as repri'scntcd liy lioxirell ; llic .'•iilp purkeB I
of wliidi. he said, weri! large enough each to contain one of the huge volumes ol his lols I
dictionary !
t Jliili'hard's Narrative, 38. | These were the teamsters,
6 !\lai:us(ri()l lellcr. writleii at the time.
11 v.'!:'.'!-"";'-::;, ..i'lej liaviiifr killed several of the Indians, he was forced to re' real, and ooi:'
tinued tigliling lor all llie lime llial he and his men were relrealiii" nine miles, {"a|il. .'/"i
iosl oMi of his com|)iiny !). and 13 wounded." — Oln. hid. Cliron. 2[). Tlii.i aiilliur iif |
blended llie two accounls oi' lii'cis and /.otlirop logelher, and relates iheiii as one.
If /. Mather's History of the War. 12. ** Ihid.
ft l.asl year. (l)).i.j),ii splendid celeliralion was held nl Hl.ooDv Brook, vi conimcinoni
of the event, and an oralion was proiKiunced by our l'rinc(! of Orators, the prcseal govern:;
of this eonimonwealih. His Ivxrellency EuwAUD EvKKLTT, LL. D.
:f| Hnbhard. — Top, Hutchinson.
[Book \\i
\TK"rcl!itcs,tliat
(lilt. 11 mil. lill of
iiid (li>tiiliui(\^ it
■11 ilS t" till' ('list-
IVom lliitllcy with
viiliialilc articb,
icctl llii'ir iiiiin-li
HilL wlicn' iilii.i)>t
o youiii: iMcii, ihf.
t<) sjiciik Willi ilio
DctTiifid.t Clli;.
ho scciii' (il'i'.ctiiiii
liirjri'tl the liiilii.iis
hers iit 1U,(1. lie
liiiiis tliircil liliu tn
, come, yim ml; In-
On thlH OC('ii>inl;
are lufiiiidiinl ii,
liouor of tliiit iliii'c
ovfii o' clock lii.iil
It open tlic liiijiMii
iits to ilic wind?.,
th 100 Ku^'iisii iMiii
obliixed the Imliiin-
i lost, ill the viuioii.
tain Lolhrop ^Imiilil
a daiifrcrous tlnil.
, as to j)ut tiicii'iirifc
\'vA dci'.r and cliiiilK
van ii l>l!ick iiMcl liiiai
and six-aiid-twi'iiiy
Ind in om.' day ; iiuil
lart of Dccrfidd, oii
d from this iii» iiwni-
;o is crossed liyilit
it of crossiii;: timl i;
,ed friendly, ami re-
mse. But, now \h\
were watched c1(im!
Up had occiit^uiiifi;
abont 40 in munlKr,
men into tluir iWi,
lile below tlic vite
ction of that plim,
rayed them. Toro:.
il an imiiicnso l.ij; '"f- 1
osireil : llie ^>'''' l""''^"-
ugc volunios ol lib li-i.*
re the leamstcrs,
,rcc<nor.''rcal,amU«.
im- miles, Cniii.."-':
o(j. Tlin aullwt lit; 1
iheiii as 0111'.
|«ooK,Vicomnieiiin"'
Ls, ihc present goveiD:.
CH*!*-
II]
PHILIP.— SURPRISE OF HATFIELD.
33
I (liaii at Windsor, revealed the plot, and the people of Springfield lind
"■" Miiilv to escape into their garrisons. Tiie whole force of the Indiana
'"'" . like a torrent upon the place the next day, and burnt the deserted
?"^^\'-i and barns, in all 57 buildings. In this business, liowever, some of
ir nuniber were killed * by the people in the garrisons ; but it is not known
l'!v many. They would have succeeded against the lives of the English aa
II as a"aiiist their property, had not a force arrived about the same time
for tiicir relict. ...
\iiiinated by bis successes, Phihp aimed his next blow at the head-quar-
rs ( f the whites in this region. With 7 or SOO of his men he fell upon
llHttii'ld on the 19 Oct., which, had it not been well provided with men, would
1 ave shared the fate of Springfield ; but Captain Mosely and Captain Poole,
\vitli tiieir companies, were in the place, and Captain Samuel Jippkton was at
Hadiev on the opjiosite side of the river; and against such commanders they
(•mild liardly have expected success. However, they made a bold attempt
nil all sides at once ; but their greatest force fell on the point where Captain
)\j,Mon commanded. His sergeant was mortally wounded by his side, and
almllet passed through the liair of his own bead; "by that whisper telling
hiiii" savs Hubbard, "that death was very near, but did him no other harm.
Nii'iit corning on, it could not be discerned what loss the enemy sustained;
(iirers were seen to fall, some run through a small river, [now called Mill
jfiVer.l others cast the' ; guns into the water, (it being their mannifr to ven-
ture as much to recover the dead bodies of their friends, as to defend them
viien alive.)" And thus they were driven from the jjlace, after killing but
tiirce and wounding 10 of the whites, and burning a small number of
buii(liii''s. They had, before their attack on the town, killed three belonging
to sotiic scouts, and seven others of Captain Mosely's men. This was among
their last important eflTorts on the Connecticut River before retiring to the
coa.itrv of the Narragansets.
The Nipmuck sachems had well contrived their attack on Hatfield ; having
made fires in the woods about seven miles from it, to draw out the soldiers,
for wlioni they had prepared ambushes ; but only ten of MoseWs men were
seat oat to learn the cause of tlie fires. These were all cut off except one,
arcordiiig to the Chronicle, but according to Hubbard, seven only were
killed. The Indians probably supposed the main body was cut off, and
tlierefore proceeded directly to the assault of the town, where a new force
had jast arrived ; and hence they met with a brave resistance and final defeat.f
The Narragansets had not yet heartily engaged in the war, though there is
no doubt but they stood pledged so to do. Therefore, having done all that
, could be expected upon the western frontier of Massachusetts, and conclu-
,; diair that his presence among his allies, the Narragansets, was necessary to
|: ktei) them from abandoning his cause, Philip was next known to be in their
'\ coiuitry.
Aa army of loOO English was raised by the three colonies, Massachusetts,
Pliaioiitli, and Connecticut, for the purpose of breaking down the power of
i Philip among the Narragansets. They determined upon this course, as they
', had been assured that, the ncrt spring, that nation would come with all their
^ foice upon them. It was not known that Philip was among them when this
I resolution was taken, and it was but a rumor that they had tukcu jiart with
I hini. Itvvas true, thut they had ])roinised to deliver up all the Wampanoags,
iwlio should flee to ihem, either alive or dead ; but it is also true, that those
; who made this. nrr;;nise, liad it not in their ])ower to do it ; being ])ersons,
! chii fly in subordinate stations, who had no right or authority to bind any but
tlii'iiiselves. And, thei'efore, as doubtless was forese'ni by many, none of
I Philip's i)eople were delivered up, although many were known to have been
laii.imjr tlieni. Thus, in few words, have we exhibited the main grounds of
sti.' mighty expedition against the Narragansets in the winter of 1G75.
* A pcwicr platter is still exhibited in Springfield with a hole through the middle of it, made
|bv a liull I'roiii ilie garrison at this time. An hidian had taken it tiom one of llic deserted
; . iiiiil wire it licfore liui breasi as a shield. Thus sliielded, he ventured towards llw
;gair n; and was shot. Hoyt, \ 10.
t Ulu Indian Chronicle, 36, 37.
mm
34
PHILIP.— NARRAGANSET SWAMP FIGHT.
[Book Hi
I
Upon a .iiiiall iHlaiid, in an immense swamp, in Sonth Kinfrston, IJlimi,
Island, Philip had (orflHcd liimscltl in a niannt-r superior to wiiat was k,,,,.
nion amoHfr liis eonntrvinen. Here lie intended to pass tlie winter, with \C
chief ol" his friends. They hud erected ahont MO wigwams of n sii|,(.riiir
construction, in which was deposited a great store of provisions. l{;i>k:|,
and tidjs of corn* were piled one uj)on another, about the inside cil' il,,,,,
whicii rendered them hnllet ])ro()f It was 8upi)osed that about ^000 |i('rs(/i|.
had here taken nj) their rcisidence.
But, to be more jiuiticular upon the situation of "the scene of the (lisiii,r
tion of the Narraf,'ansets," we will add as follows from the notes of a ^ii,.
tlenian lately upon the sjiot, for the express ])urpose of jrainiufj intinuiiitiui,
"What was calh;d The Island is now an upland meadow, a lliw feet lijiflu.,
than the low m<;adow with which it is surrounded. The island, by nn oii.
mate, contains liom threi; to four acres. One lourth of a mile west, is t!,
Usc|ue]»auf;; a .small stream also at a short distance on the east." Tin; ci,,.
brated island on which the fort was built is now in the farm of J. G. (W.
Es(|. a descendant of John Clark, of R. I, and about 80 rods west of tlnlji,,
of tlie " Petty.swamscot I'nrchase." Wati-r still surrounds it in wet sriiji,;,^
It was cleared by the fiitherof the present possessor about 1780, and, altlmii;!
improved ii"om that time to the present, charred corn and Indian iniplciinni.
are yet ])]oufrhed up.f
President Stiles, in his edition of Church's History of Philip's War.
states that the Narraganset fort is seven miles nearly due west Cniiii i,f
South Ferry. This afrnu-s with data liu-nished by Mr. Eh/, in statiiiL' ii,K
returning march of the English army. Pine and cedar were said tii Ii,n,
been the former growth.}: An oak .'500 years old, standing upon tlie islniii,
was cut down in 1782, two li-et in dianuiter, 11 feet from the ground. Fion:
another, a bullet was cut out, surrounded by about 100 annuli, at tin; simr
time. The bullet was lodged there, no doubt, at the time of the ii^'lit. \\t
will now return to our narrative of the expedition to this place in Decem.
her, 1(575.
After nearly a month from their setting out, the English army arm od is
the iNarraganset country, and made their liead-quarters about 18 niilis tlnni
Philip's fort. They had been so long upon their march, that the liidim,,
were well enough a|)|triz»!d of their approach, and had made the lust ar-
rangements in tlieir power to withstand them. The army had alrnuh suf-
fered much from the s(!verity of th(! season, being obliged to encain|) in the
open field, and without tents to cover them !
The 19th of IJecenil)(!r, MuTy, is a memorable day in the annuls of Now
England. Cold, in the extreme, — the air filled with snow.— the Kiii;li>l.
were obliged, from the low state of their i)rovisions, to march to iittml;
Philip in his fort. Treachery hastened his ruin. One of his ineii, In Iki*
of reward, betrajed his country into their hands. This man had, |in)lm!iiy,
lived among the Englisii, as he had an English name. He was called P(/(r.
and it wa.s by acci<lent that himself, with thirty-five others, had just \wi»v.
fallen into the hands of the fortunate Captain Mosvly. No Englisliiiiaii \vii>
acquainted with the situation of Philip's fort ; and," but for their |)ilnt, Pdd
there is very little proltability that they could have even found, iiiucli li>>
eftected any thing against it. l'\>r it was one o'clock on that short diiydl
the year, betbre they arrived withir; the vicinity of the swamp. Tlitiv h;;s
but one jmint where it could be assailed with the least ])robal)ility ot'siir-
cess ; and this was fortified by a kind of block-house, directly \\: tioiit nt
the entrance, and liad also Hankers to cover a cross fire. Besides liijrii |kiI-
isades, an immense hedge of fidlen trees, of nearly a rod in tliii kii(':-».
* 500 biislicis, says Dr. 1. Mather. Hollow trees, out oil' about llie Icas'lh of a liarrcl, «ert
used hv the Iiidii'iis for tubs. In such lliey scriired llicir corn and oilier grains.
t M.'*<. comnuuiicalion of Hevercrid Mr. Ehj, accompanied by a flrawinj; of the i^linul. ii^
shape is very similar to 'ho shell of an oyster. Average rectangular lines tlirou'iii il iiKcWirt
one .'55 rods, another ,0.
I Holmes's Annals, i. 3711.
^ The name of Peter among the Indians was so rommon, that il is perhaps past cloicniiii*
tiou who this cue was. Mr. llubbard calls him a fugitive from liie Narrugansets.
[Book III
Ciiijistoii, Uli,,,],
what was ((in..
winter, witii t|,,
lis of a supcrihr
'isioiis. Haskii.
inside of tlniu.
out iJOOO person.
le of the (Icstnir.
J notes of ii L'l'ii-
iiiiifj inl'oniiiitiiiii.
:i lew i'eet JiiL'lirt
ihiiul, hy my on.
iiiiU,' west, is ill
cast;; Til., ci.
ill ot" J. G. Onri
s west of tlic lliii;
it in wet srasfi:,.,
780, aii(l,iiltliiin;i;
iidiaii iinpleuieiii-
>F Philif's War,
ue west fniiii \\,t
Ely, in stiitiiiL' liir
were said tn liint
ir ujion the ishin.l.
he frnmnd. I'm!!!
annidi, at tlie siimr
of the lijrlit, W-
18 place ill Deriiii-
sh army arrivf d in
loiit 18 iiiilcs I'm::!
1, tliat tlie liidiiii,!
made tlie lii'st ;\r-
y had alread) siif-
to encamp in tlie
Itho annals of Nmv
low.— the Kni'liA
lo march to iitiar',.
Ills iiu'ii, In W
tuaii had, proimiily,
e was called Pdu.
jrs, had jiift l"'l''«'
EnfilisliiiKiii wa-
[ir their jiilot, Alir.
1 found, iimch y^
that slioi't iliij "f
ami). Tlieiv«;.>
kirobahility of sw-
lirectlv ii'- li'ont "'
Besides lii^'li I'l''-
rod ill tlii('km'»
,11 PHILIP— NARRAGANSET SWAMP FIOHT.
Chap "J
uiirroiindrd it, ciicoinpassinj: an area of about five acres
Iciigili of al)ami,«':K 1
i>r grains.
Iviii" ol' ill'" '"''""'■ '"
Iios'lliroui'li it iiiwjurt
Icrliaps past (Iclcnni:*
Iragaiisols.
35
notwcen tlie
[•' "i" iiiid the iiiiiin land was a body of water, over wiiich a jrreat tree \nul
Til felled, on which all iiuist pass and repass, to and ;roni it. On coniini^
t"("tlii-i place, tlic linfrlish soldiers, as many as could i)ass upon the tree,
\vliicli would not admit two abreast, rushed forward upon it, but were swept
\f ill a Mionient by the lire of Philip's men. Still, the Knirlish soldiers, led
! ,l„,„. captains, su|)|)li('d tin; places of the slain. IJiit ajjain and ajiain
• |.,, ,|„,y swept Irom the fatal avenue. Six cajitains and a jrreat many men
I 1 (•;ii|(.|i,and a jiartial, but moiiuuitary, n'coil from the face of death took place.
Mcaiiwliilc, a handful, under the (iirtimate jMospIi), had, as miraculous as
. u|,,y seem, sTot within the fort. These wen^ contendin<r lumd to hand
willi till! Indians, and at fearful odds, when the cry of " Tliei/ run ! tkey
'"hroiight 10 their assistance a considerable body of their fellow-soidiers.
T|ii V were now enabled to drive the Indians from their main breastwork,
I'llnii- slaiiirliter becaiiK^ immense. Flyinij from wigwam to wigwam —
i,|,.ii wdMieii and ciiildren, indiscriminately, wen; hewn down, and lay in
heaps tiiKiii the snow. Being now masters of the fort, at the rccommenda-
tidii of .Mr. Church, w ho led tlu; second jiarty that entered the fort, General
H'inslow was about to (piarter the army in it for the |>resciit, which otlered
roiiifoi'tahlc habitations to tlie sick and wounded, besides a jilentifiil supply
of provisions. But oiif" of the captains * and a surgeon o|)posed the meas-
ure: proliably fi'oni the ap|)reliension that the woods was full of Indians,
wlio would loMtiniie their attacks upon tliem, and drive them out in their
ttiiii. There was, doubtless, sonii! reason for this, which was strengthened
fruiu the tlict that many English were killed ailer they had possessed
tlieiiisi'lves of the Ibrt, Ity those wlioin they had just disjiossessed of it.
Xdtwitlistaiiding, had Chiurh\>i advice been lidlowed, perhaps many of the
lives of the wounded would liavi; been saved ; for he was seldom out in his
iiiili!iMeiit, as his coiitiimi'd siiec; sses proved afterwards.
Ath'r lighting three hours, tin; English were obliged to march 18 miles,
before the wounded could b:' dressed, and in a most dismal and boisterous
iiicriit. I'iighty Kngli.sh were killed in the light, and 1.10 wounded, many of
wiioiii (lied allerwards. The shatteivd army left thi; ground in considerable
li,i>te. leaving eight of their dead in the fort.
/'/ii7(//, and such of his warriors as escajied unhurt, fled into a place of
f[\W\\, until the eiii'iiiy had retired ; when they returned again to the fort
The Kiiglisli, no doubt, ujipribeiuh'd a pursuit, but Philip, not knowing
their (listiessed situation, and, perhaps, judging of their loss from the few
dciil which they left liehind, made no attempt to harass them in their
niirat. Hefore the light was over, ui.iny of the wigwams, were set on lire.
liiio these, litiiidriHls ol" innocent women and children had crowded tliem-
si i\i's, and jierished in the general conllagiation ! And, as a writ(M" of that
d \ e.vnresscs himself, "no man kiioweth how many." The English learned
.rierwards, from sonic that fell into their hanils, that in all about 700
[lerislied.f
The suffi'rings of the English, filler the fight, are almost without a par-
«Hi 1 ill history. The horrors of Moscow will not longer be remembered.
The myriads of modern Europe, assembled there, bear but small projior-
■ ['roliahly Mosely, who liceins always lo have had a large share in the direction of all af-
Efair> »lieii prosciil.
• There is printed in Hntchimon^s Hist. Mass. 1. 300. a letter whicii gives the particulars of
Itlir N'iirra^-aiisot figlit. 1 have com|)ared il willi the oriffinai, and liiiil it corrert in the main
iparliiulars. Ho mistakes in ascridiiiu it to 3hijor Uradjonl, for it is signed by .laiws Oliver,
joiK'iif ihu Plimoutii captains. Hiildiinsoii copied from a copy, which was wiilioia siniialiire.
llii' iiinits a passage coiiccrnliig Ti/t. or /"///<■, who, Oliver says, confirined his narrative,
jTiial mini had " married an Inilinii. a Wompanoag — and, says Oliver, lie shot 'JO times at us
tin ihi' »wiiiiip— was taken at Providence, [hy Captain Fe7wer,] Jan. Itth — liroiiglit lo iis the
III ill— ixecuted the IfUii ; a sad wreteli. lie never heard a sermon hut once this 1 !• year-' ; he
llii'wr heard of the namo of Jesus Christ. His falhor going lo recall !<iin, lost his head, and
' iiiilmriiMJ." IliihbarU says, (Narrative, .")il,) that "he was condemned lo die the deaih of
fairailiir," and traitors of those days were iniartered. "'As lo his religion, he was iiiiui<l a.s
Mill as ail heathen, which, no doubt, caused liie fewer tears lo be shed ai his fuiural."
! X Mjrrowi'ul record !
iJt
^m
%i
mm
36
PHILIP.
[t'lioK in
> "ii'ni
f
lis.
itfH. r-;
Hon to th (5 iiumhpr cl" their countrymen, com |mrc(I witii iliat (if tlin arim
of Now l''ii<il;iii(l and tluirs, at tiic tifrlit in i\i!rra;;anN('i.
Colonnl Church, tlion v.\\\\ a volinitcer, was in this li;:iii, Jii.i! ui- wilj 1,,,,,^
a liiw of his ol)servati()iis. " liy tiiis time, the Enjilish people in tlie fort Im,]
bej^nn to set lire to llie wiifwiinis and house;', w'lieli Mr. Church \ii\)itj,.^\
hard to pr(!veiit; th(;y told him tiicy liad orders from the j.(.';i(:nii \u\n\^
them; lie he<f<fed liiem to iitrh.'ar mitii lie iiad discoiirs'. d the si'iicra),"
Then, hasteiniij,' to him, iic ur^aid, that "tiii; wi^'wams were muskct-pn,,,,'
being all lined witii l)aslvets and U\\)< of grain, and oilier jirovisioiiH, mhjj^
cient to siipjily tlie wiiole army imlil the s|iring of the; yi'ar; and even
wounded man might have a good warm lionsi! to lodge in ; which, mli,.,.'.
wises would necessarily ptnish witii the storms and cold. And. i;"ji('i)v,.f
that the army had no other jirovision to trust unto or depend upon ; tliiii u^
knew that I'lymouth Ibrces hud not so much as one biscuit leil." Tlic j/en
eral was tor acceding to ChurcKs i)ro|)osition, but a cujitain and a dcciot
prevented it, as we have bi.'fore observed ; the former threatening to sIkkj;
tlie general's horse under him, if he attempted to march in, and the laiipr
said, Church should bleed to death like a dog, (he having been badly \voii:i(le,i
on entering the Ibrt,) before he would dress his wounds, if he gave siiot
advice. CAurc/i then proceeds : " And, burnhig u|) all the houses und iir,,.
visions in the fort, the army returned the same night in the storm aad cold
And, I suppose, every one that is accjuaiuted with the circumstances of liu-
night's mardi, deeply laments the miseries that attended them ; especiallv
the wounded and dying men. But it mercifully came to pass that (.'ap^
Andrew Belcher arrived at Mr. Smith's, [in Narraganset,] that very niitlit frun.
Boston, with a vessel loaden with provisions for the army, who must other-
wise have perished for want." *
Alter the English army had gone into quarters at Wickford, the Coiiiit'cticii:
trooj)s returned home, which was considered very detrimental to the servit
by the otiier colonies ; and soon after a reinforcement of 1000 men was n-
sembled at Boston and ordered to the assistance of their countrymen, k
their march to Narraganset in the beginning of Jan. 167G, they suffered iinui.
erably from t!ie cold; no less than 11 men were frozen to death, and maw
others wen; taken sick by reason of their exposure in that severe season.
Meanwhile the Lulians had sent deputies to the connnander-in-chieftotra
of peace; but it was judged that they were insincere in their overtures, lunhn
terms were settled. While mattei-s were thus progressing, Philip reiiiovwl ins
provisions, women and children to a strong place protected by roeb, in i
swamp, about 20 miles from the late battle-ground in Narraganset, iiiiD
the country of the Nipmuks. At length, the weather having become niilii,aiiii
the Connecticut Ibrces returned, together with a body of Mohegans ihkW
Uncos, it was resolved to sii prise Philip in his rocky fortress. Aecoidinjlj
tlie army, consisting now of IGOO men, marched out on this enterprise. Ot
its a|)proach, the Indians abandoned their position and fled farher nonhwarl
They were pursued a small distance, and about GO or 70 of them killeil aai |
taken, (probably women and children.) The ai'my soon after returned Imiue,
and was chiefly disbanded.
On 27 Jan., while the army was pursuing the main body of the Lidians, I
a party of about 300 attacked Mr. JVilliam Ca/yenier's plantation, and atteni|iitii
to burn his house, wliich they set on fire, but those within succeeded iiiin
ting it out. In the skirmish, one of their number was killed, and two of i
whites were wounded. The assaulting party collected and drove off frcE I
this place 180 slieej), 50 large cattle, and 15 horses, and from a Mr. Hum |
another drove of cattl", and killed his regro servantf
Soon after this, Philip, with many of his Ibllowers, left that part of tkf I
* " Our winmded men. (in iiiimluT alioni \o'h) \>A[\g drrssod, were sunt iiilo liiiodcWid
as the ln'sl phice lor liu'ir accdiiiiiiochuioii ; wlin-e. iiiTor'linuiv. liicv were kniillv rectivK
1)V llio !;;<.v{ riior ;iiiil oiIkts. only siiiik ciiiuii^li Qii
('imi|i 11 I ! y III." <;()Vi'ninr. ( ll ><> in'iiliii.ijH', |
A';/'.' //.v, ;i,. iii'l 111 Viiiil'll.-il!o ( ivii'l V li' I'lc
wo(i .lU 11 llii:;f I'fl'iiro." ()/i/ i':.il. (!.'.■ „,....,
t Old Indian Clirouiclc, bo, b'J. — Ilulibu, d, i>"J
• ir;,ii I;m
■ .ir,'t', 74.
inijlv. liicy were
iikers were not I'hm; to (,'iikTl:iin llieniJiJil
\ Ml ;iM I iiiiUiw ir;l 11 ill-:|::iMr:oir aaMU'*[
VL'iiturotI llieir lives, and rt'ceiveddaiigewl
I
Chap.
nil L I p.— :.I KDFIELD ATTACKED.
87
oiintrv ami resided in (liriTciit plncos upon Connecticut River. Some report
tlmt lij'took n|) Ids residence near AIImimv, iuid tliat lie solicited the Moliuwks
to 1 id liini against the En},'liHh, but witiiout success.
The Htory of the foul .strut<-ij;i ni said to have heen resorted to hy Philip
for tins' ohject, is, if true, tiie (Iccpi st stain upon his ciiaracttr. According
to (lue ol" the historians * oJ'the war, it was reported at JJoston, in the end ol
Jiiiic or hcginninj,' of July, l(i7(l, that "tliose Indians wiio arc know < l>y the
^, of Ma'Kinawofrs, (or xMohawks, i. e. man-eaters,) liad lately iii. n upon
Pliilip, iiii'l killed 40 of his meii. And if the variance hctween Philip and
the MaiKiiiawogs came to jjass, as is commonly reported and apitrchendcd,
tlKiv was a marvellous finger of Clod in it. For we hear that Philip, being
tills winter entertained in the Mohawks' country, tnade it ids d(!sign to bn.'tid
a iiiiarnl hctween the English and them; to eflect which, divers of our
returned captives do report, that he resolved to kill some scattering iMohawks,
and tliiu to say that the English had done it; but one of tiicse, whom he
,ji,„i,r|it to have killed, was oidy wounded, and got away to his countrymen,
„jy,i"r thcni to understand that not the English, but PAi/)'/;, had killed the
jiiiii diat were murdered ; so that, instead of bringing the Mohawks upon
till' En'dish, he brought them upon himself."
The author of the anonymous" Letters to Londo:. ' lias this passage f
ciiiiceniing Philip\i visit to the Mohawks. " King Philip, and some of these
imrtlicrn Indiana, being wandered up towards Albany, the Mohucks man-luul
oiit very strong, iu a warlike jiosture, upon them, jtutting them to Higlit, and
niMsiiing tlicm as far as Hassicke River, which is about two days' march
Ihmi the east side of Hudson's River to the north-east, killing divers, and
briML'ing away some prisoners with g-eat ])ride and triumph, which ill suc-
P(ss (111 that side, where they did no*, exjiect any enemy, having latidy en-
(Iravorod to make up the ancient animosities, did very much daunt and dis-
coiini^re the said northern Indians, so that some hundreds came iu and sub-
iiiittcd tiieiiiselves to the English at Plimouth colony, and P/u7i'/> himself is
11111 skulking away into some swamp, with not above ten men attending him."
Althouirh Philip was sui)po.sed to be beyond the frontier by some, and by
ntlii'is to 1)0 "snugly stowed away in some swamp," yet his warriors, whether
(lincti'd Ity iiim in jieison or not, is immaterial, as every thing was done
airuiiist the Eiigli.sh that could well be under such broken circumstances as
li;' MOW labored. On the 10 Feb. 1070, they surpri.sed Liuicaster with com-
plitc success, the particulars of which we shall fully narrate; in our next
cliaptcr. Eleven days after, (21 Feb.) about 300 Lulians attacked Mi^dtield,
mill in s|)it(! of200 soldiers stationed there to guard it, Imrnt about jO houses,
killi'il \^ of its inhabitants, and woumled 20 others. Among the slain were
Liiitinaiit .7/a;,iS and his wife: the latter was killed accidentally by Cap-
tain Jacoi. She was in bed in a chamber, under which was a room occupied
bv till' soldiers ; as Cajitain Jacob was about to leave tin; house, his gun went
oh', ill!' hall from whicli jia.sscd through the chamber floor and killed her.
The Indians managed this attack with their usual skill ; having plac(>d some
of tiiiir iiiiiiilier prepared with fire implements in various parts of tin; town,
till'} set the liousrs on fire, " as it were," says Major Gookin, " in one iii.stant
oftiiiie." And as the people is.sued out of them, parties lay ready and shot
tin'iii down. As soon as the; whites were mustered to opposr- them, they
irtired over the bi'idge towards Sherbin-ne, and set it on fire, so that the sol-
diers could not jiursne them. In the |)ride of their succcfs, they now wrote
a li'ttrr 10 the whites, and stuck it up on a jiost of the liridge. It reads,
" Knnw hij this paper, thai the Indians that thou hast pmvolicd to wrath and
nn>(er will war this 21 years if you will. There are many Indians yet. Ji'e come
3110 o/ this time. Yoii must consider the Indians lose nothinsr but their life. You
must lose your fair houses and c(Utle.^^\
On the 13 March, the entire town of Crotoii, consisting of I ^ houses,
was Imrnt, except one garrison,§ by shots from which smcral Indians were
sniil to have been killed.
* Dr. 1. Ma/her, Brief Hist. 38. t Clironicin, >.)!).
} (IdoUii's ,MS. Hist. I'rnyiiin;- Iiidiaii-^.— Tlio aljove leltor was (ioubllcss written hy some of
the Christian Indians who had joiiic'l I'liilip.
J 111 our Chronicle, 80, it is said that Groton was burnt on the 14th ; that Majoi WUlard's
'1,'* <^ji
i r.
'M
h '
38
PHILIP.— SUDBURY FIGHT.
[Book in,
i
U, 4, J
Philip Imd for somo liiiio directed matters witli such address tliut hig
eiK'iiiies could not tell \\iiei'(! or liow to meet liiiii, or wlietlier lie iiriimiif
\v,?ro ill tlio vicinity of tiie froiitiirs !)r not. B' 'lero can he httle (lidiliinf
his .special jifrcncv and direction in all the ini|..)..ant eiiter|)ri.x(,'s. On t||,, |,
Manh, Xorllianiiiton wjis assanlted, hnt not with (piite as ffood siic('(>,;i<
was anticijiatcd liy the hesieffers ; for they lost eleven men, while the wliii,.,
had hnt three Uilicd and six wonnded.
On the 'i? IMarch, a lar<r(; hody ot" .'?00 Indians, as was snpjiosed, wcre
discovered encamped not fiir from .Marll)oron;rli, which they iiad iiinrit il,,.
day heliire. A com|)any of men iMJonirin',' to that town, attached tliiiiisi.|vK
to u mimher of soldiers under one Lieutenant 7(fro&.f, who, iidliiiji- upon tlnjn
ill the iiij.dit whih; they were asleep in their wij:v,um.-i, killed and woiiikIiJ
ahout 10 of them, without any loss to themsrdves.
The Indians seem to have resohed that this in!dnij:;ht assassination sIkiiiI,!
not no long nnre(piited, and events so determined, as what we are iiIkmh %
relate wilj fully evemplily. On the nioriiin;^- of th(> W April, tiie l,iiv„>,
body of Indians which had at any tini<! a|»peared, attacked Sndliiny, mil
l)ei()ro resistance could he made, set tire to several hiiildings, wliicli wi^;
consumed. The inhabitants, however, maih; a brave stand, and were mk,,,
joined by somo soldiers li-oin Watertown, under Captain Hugh Mason; mdJ
th«! Indians retreated over the l)ridj;e, and were prevented from doiii;' .mv
further misidiief dirrinjr the day, against Sudbury.
Some of the peoph; of ("oncord hearing of the distress at Sudbury, siilliiil
forth for its ]trot< ction. As they approached a garrison house, they discov(riil
a few Iiuhans, and ])ursued them. These, as it jiroved, were a decoy. ;ii!^
they soon found themselves ambushed on every side. They fought wiili
desperation, but were all, except one, cut off, being eleven in niuiiher. Tliij
affair iook j»lac<; iimnediately afVer Captain Wadsworlh had marclicd in-m
Sudbury \\ ith 70 men to strengthen the garrison at Marlborough ; inul || j
news of the situation of the place he h;ul just left reached his destiiiiitinnr,,
soon as he diti ; and although he had marched all the day and night hefoiv.jiiiil
his men almost exhausted with flitigue, yet, taking Captain Brockkhnn); m\
td)out ten men from the garrison at Marlborough, he marched directly Ii.mI;
for Sudbiu-y. On the morning of \\h'. 21st, they arrived within ahniii n ii,ile
and a half of the town, near where a body of about .'OO Indians liiiil |ir'.
pared an ambush behind th(! hills. From thence they .sent out two or iliroe
of their l)arty, who crossed the march of the English, and, being disiovircd
by them, af!(!cted to tly through fear, to decoy them into a pursuit. Thb
stratagem succeeded, and with grtiat boldness the Indians began tlie im.ut
For .^o me time the English maintained good order, and, having retrcntiil to
an adjacent hill, lost but five men for near four hours. j\Ieantiiue tlic Indi.i.s
had lost a great nunibrM', which so increased their ragC! that they resolvnl lo
put in practice another stratagem, which it seems they had not before tlidiii'lit
of. They inunediately set the woods on lire to windward of the Eiii:li>li,
which spread with great rapidity, owing to au exceeding high wind aiiil
the dryness of the grass and o'l.'er combu.stibles. This stratagem WVvw'h
succeeded, even better than the tir.st ; that, although it served to bring on ilie
attack, was near proving liital to its originators, but this was cro\Mii'(l «iili
complete success. The fury of the flames soon drove the English fVoMi tlnir
advantag(H)US |)osition, which gave the Indians an opportunity to tiiii n|"iii
them with their tomahawks! Many were now abb; to fall U])oii oni', miJ
resistance fast diminished. All but about twenty were killed or fi'll intotlie
hands of the coiKpierors ; among the former were the two captains; some
of those that «;scapcd took shelter in a mill not fin* off, and were saved liy
the arrival of a few men under Captain Prentice, and a company "i"''"'
Caj)tain Crowell, Both of these otlicers and their men very narrowly rs-
caped the fate of Wudsworth,* As the former was about to fall into a tiital
house was burnt (irst, and tliat •' aflorwards tiiey destroyed C5 more there, Icaviiij; but a
houses slandiiifj in llio whoU; town."'
* '' .So insolent were llie In(hans p^rown upon llieir first success against Captain U'i((/.«i''("''l
that they sent us word, to provide store of good cheer } for they iulended to diue with us[Jl
Boston] on the election day." Chronicle, 1)5.
[Book HI.
Iress tlmt his
fi- lin iictiiiillv
little tldiilii (if
cs. On tlic 1>
;o()(l siitT(ssii<
liilr- tlic wliit.j
<ui»|iiisr(l, wiro
' liiiil liiinit iLtf
iit'il thi'iiisclvi*
iliii^' 111)1111 tliiiii
I uiul woiiudcj
ssinution slinnlil
i\v iiro alidiit t(i
pril, tin- liir:'i>t
(I Siidlinry, iiml
i<fs, \\ liicli Wire
, iuid were M (,n
hi^h Mason ; iiiiil
from doiii;: ;iiiy
Sudlniry, sall'ml
:•, tli(>y discnvi ml
vcn'. a dfcoy. mi
riicy iuiiL'lit Willi
in iiunilu'r. This
id iiiiirclii'd In™
)oroiiirli; mid Ae
his dcstiiiatiiiii as
I niillit bi'loi'Miiiil
,11 Brodkhunf; m\
lifd directly kA
tliin about a mile
iidiaiis liad pre-
)ut two or ilira
bt'iii^ disi'iivi'mi
, a inirsuit. Tliis
icpiii till' attiiit
iviiiij rt'treati'il to
iiitiiiif till' liiiii'i^!
t tlicy rcsolvtil 10
not liVroiTlliiiiiit
(I ol" the Eii^ili^l!.
o- hi^li wii'd "'"1
rratajreiu lik(•^^i>e
id to hriiifrfiii'li'^
vas crowiicil with
■':n<rlisli iVciii tlitir
Imi'itv to 1'all "1"'"
all iipoii oiit>,niM
led or Jell intmlie
o caiitaiiin; !^"i"«
id ^vere m^vpiI 1'! J
coiiiimiiy i""l^''
cry narrowly «•
:, fall into a tiUal
1 ihcre, Icavin;
but a
CllAl
fiiiare,
|ir(iar
llidiirii
a 111
II]
LIFi; or KING PHILIP.
39
aj)-
he was rescued liy a (•oiii|)any from a <rarrison ; and as the latter
i,.il Siidliiiry, he saved himself hy piirsiMnj,' an ime.vpceted route ; and,
ittaeked, lie succeeded in fi<.'litiiiji' his way throii:;li the Iiiiiiaiis N\ith
(iiilv of six or seven of his men. Captain (Vojcf/Z's arrival at this time
"•. ^'iccidental, tlioiiiih fortunate ; l)ein<f on ins return li-oiii Ciiiahaojr, wliitlier
r''l'iil lici'ii sent to reiiitiirce that <rarrisoii.* Willi this jrreat achievement
ll'i'l llie chief operations in Mawsaclmsetta ; and \vc have now to return
tiiwanis riinioiith.
When success no ion<ror attoiided Philip in Massachusetts, those ot Ins
Hi .s wlioiii lie liad seduced into thi' war, upbraided and accused him of
Iriiii'in" all their mis(<»rtimes upon them; that they had no cause of war
ji"^,"tl„. Kii<rlish, and had not en;,fa<ied in it but Ibr his solicitati<uis; and
",' . „t' the tribes scatten-d themselves in ditferent directimis. With all
that »voiild follow him, as a last retreat, Philip returned to I'okanoket. The
l'(i(iiiii)tiick or Deertield Indians were amoiiff the lirst who abandoned his
caii<i' and many of the other Nipmucks and Narrajfansets soon followed
tlifir c.xaiiililc.
On the lltli of July, be attemiUed to surprise Taunton, but was repulsedt.
His camp was now at Matapoiset. The Kn;.dish canu; upon him here, under
('iiiitain Church, who captured many of his people, but he escaiied over
Taiiii"»" R'^'^'i'i "•'^ '"' '""^ done a year before, but in tin; oppositi^ direction,
and screened himself once more in the woods of I'ocasset. lie used many
Miatai'ciiis to cut oft' Captain Church, and seems to have watched and iiil-
jdwcii liiin from ])lace to place, until the end ol" this month ; but he wils
(■(iiitiiinallv losinj; one company of his men alter another. Some scouts
nsnrtaiiied that he, and many of iiis men, wen; at a certain jilace upon
Taunton River, and, from app(>aranees, were about to nipass it. His camp
uas now at this |)lace, and tlie chief of bis warriors with him. Somi' sol-
diers Ironi Bridgewater fell upon them here, on Sunday, July .'iO, and killed
ten warriors; but Philip, having disfruise'd himself, escaped.]: His uiK;le,
Akkmpotn, was amonjr th<! slain, and bis own sister taken prisoner.
The late attem|)t by Philip upon Taunton had caused the peo|il(!of IJridiio-
watcr to he more watchtiil, and some were continually on the scout. Some
time ill tiie day, Saturday, iJ'J July, four men, as they were raiiirinji the woods,
discovtred one Indian, and, rightly judging then; were more at band, made
all iiaste to inform the other inhabitants of JJridgewater of their discovery.
Cuinfort fVillis and Joseph Edson were " pressed" to go " post" to tin- govern-
or iV I'linioiith, at iMarslifield, who "went to Plimoutli with them, the
next day, [:iO July,] to sendCa|)tain CVnf/'cA with bis company. And Captain
C/iKCf/i came with them to Monjionset on the sabbath, and caiiu' no further
th;it day, lie told them he wouhl meet them the next day." Ht-re IVillis and
LAmn icft liitn, and arrived at home in the evening. Upon ln-ariiig of the
onival of Church in their neighborhood, iil men " wont out on 3Ionday, sup-
jKisiii!; to meet with Captain Church; but they cjune upon the enemy and
I'uuLdit with them, and took 17 of them alive, and also mucJi plunder. And
llii y all returned, and not one of them fell by the enemy ; and received no
III Ip liom Church." This account is given lru:>i an ohi manuscript, but who
it> author was is not certain.§ Churches account difters considerably li'om it.
Hi' says, that on the evening of the same day lie and his company marched
from Plimouth, " they heard a smart liring at a distance from them, but it
It Captain Wiuhu'A
•; OKI Indian Chronicle 79, 92, m.—IfnhlhinL 80.— d'ookin's MS. Kisl.— A son of < "apiain
I' idswoiik caused a monumeiil to l)c ercclod upon the place of this tiiflil, willi an inscription
upon il, which time lias discovered to be erroneous in some of its historical particulars. It
was recently slandinf; to tiio we.st of Sudhurv causeway, a!)ont a quarter of a mile from the
great road that leads trom Boston to Worcester. Hoyt, 1'2'2. //IVmcs-, i. 3.'!0.
t A captive negro made his escape from i'/ii'/i//.? men, and save notice of their intention ;
■whereu|ioa the mhabitaiiLs stood upon iheir {■iiard, and soukliers were tiinously sent in to
. tliein lor tlieir relief and defence." Prrvaleuctj of Pniirr, 8.
; ■• "I'is said that he had newly cut oil' liis liiiir, that he might not be known."' llnhharJ,
vUl i^ published by Mr. Mitchell, in his valuable account of Rridgewaler, and supposed to have
1 becu «raiuu by Cum/btt Willis, named above. See 1 Coll. Mass. llisi. Woe. vii. 1j7.
I
ipl
■■'li
^l' ■
■■■!''.i»
•m- ■ .
' 'iKiffil
h€:
'''^
"A "
,<«.' 'emft
■ '!'] Wm
^ j^Ru. ■
i>;*JA
Smif
I ■^r\
' 'Wv
^n'^-
1 '' ^j.lHlr
&,'i ,' . 'v'lH.'f
«*i <.■*>
49
LIFE OF KING PHILIP.
[ROOR III
tfi.il}
liiut
'■nrii
I mill
icing near iiifrlit, niid tlio firiiij,' of sliort contiiiiiiinco, they missod tlic plnpp
.a:(l went into llri(lf;c\viil(U' town." '
Oil tilt! 1 Aiiffnst, tlu' intri'pid Church mine upon Philip's li(!iul-r|imitprii
killed imd took nboiit IMO ol" Jiis people, Philip hiniHelf very narrow Iv v>i-,u'.
ui^f. Snrh was his jinjeipitation, that he lell all his wain]tinn beliiiid, ninl 1,,^
wile and son fell into the hands of Church.
No sooner had the story of the destruction of the Indians he<rnii to Mttrun
attention, (which, however, was not initil a long time atler they IkkI In,.,,
destroyed,) much inquiry was made concerning the fate of this son o
ikunma Metacoinet ; and it was not initil considerahle time had elii|i.s(.||,
it was (iiscovere<l that he was sold into slavtM'y! It is gratitying lo
what did become of him, although the knowledge of tlie liu-t must cause
ill every humane breast ; not more for the lot of young Metacoincl, tlmn i„r
the wretched depravity of the minds of those who advised and exccutrd ti,(>
decree o<" slavery upon him.
Great numbers of Philip's people were sold for slaves in foreign coiintriis.
in the beginning of the war Captain Mostly cajitured 80, who were (•(imin,,!
nt Plimouth. In September following, 178 were put on l)oard a vessel ^•n\^^.
manded by Captain Spragiit, who sailed Irojn Plimouth with them for !^|i,iiii,
Church* relates the attack of Aug. 1 upon the flying chief as followM^
"Next morning, [ailer the skirmish in which Jlkkompoin wuh killed,] l'ii|it,
Church moved very early with his company, which was increased by pmnvfti'
Bridgewater that listed under liim for that expedition, and, by tlicir |)il()tii|ff
he soon came, very still, to the top of the grc.-it tree which the enemy ki
fallen across the river ; and the ca))tain spied an Indian sitting ii|)oii iIk
stutnp of it, on the other side of the river, and he cla])ped his gun up, aiid ImJ
doubtless despatched him, but that one of his own Indians called iiastllvio
him not to Are, for he believed it was one of his own men; tipon wliiclitli»
Indiaii upon the stump looked about, and Capt. ChurcKs Indian, seeiii;' ins
face, perceived his mistake, for he knew him to be Philip ; clap])e(l up Iim
gun and foed, but it was too late ; tor Philip immediately threw liiins';!!' utf
the stump, leaped down a bank on the side of the river, and made his V!ir,\\»,
Capt. Church, as soon as i)ossible, got over the river, and scattered in (]ii(si m'
Philip and his company, but the enemy scattered and fled every way; iMiiiie
picked up a considerable many of th.;ir women and children, anionji wLioli
were Philip's wife and son of about nine years old." The remainder of ilie
day was spent in pursuing the flying Philip, who, with his Narragansets,m.<
still formidable. They picked up many ])i I oners, from whom tliey Icariit J
the force of those of whom they were in pursuit. At night, Church wusiiiiiler
obligation to return to his men he had letl, but commissioned I/ightfool, n]i-
tain, to lead a party on discovery. lAghtfoot returned in t!ie moriiiii).' wiiii
good success, having made an important discovery, and taken 13 prisoners
Church inunediately set out to follow up their advantage. He soon fame
where they had made flres, and shortly alter overtook their women niid eliil-
dreu, who " were faint and tired," and who informed them " that Philip, with
a great number of the enemy, were a little before." It was almost siin«ft
when they came near enough to observe them, and ^^ Philip soon ranie id a
stop, and fell to breaking and chopping wood, to make fires ; and a (.'rtat
noise they made." Church, concentrating his followers, formed them into a
circle, and set down " without any noise or fire." Their jjrisoners slioweii
,'jfreat signs of fear, but were easily put in confidence by the conciliator} oon-
iluct of Church. Thus stood matters in Church's camj) through the night m'
the 2 August, 1676. At davni of day, he told his prisoners they must reiiiaiii
.Still wlu^re they were, until the fight was over, (for he nov\ had every reasoi
to expect a severe one shortly to follow,) " or, as soon as the firing ceiii^ni,
they must follow the tracks of liis company, and come to them. (Aii luiiiaii
is next to a bloodhoimd to follow a track.) " f
It being now light enough to make the onset. Church sent fonvard tm
soldiers to learn Philip's position. Philip, no less wary, had, at tlie saiiie
time, sent out two spies, to see if any were in pursuit of him. '''''"
Tiie re-
* Hist. Philip's War, 38, ed. 4to.
t Ibid. 39.
[HuoK III,
!<S(!il till) |iliu'r',
lu'ii(l-(iiiiiiicr<,
larrouly ('m;i|i.
bt'liiiiil, iukI liij
H'<riin to atiriii'i
lliey lind liicu
this still of til,.
11(1 <'la|isc(l, thai
itiiyiii}!- U) liiirii
must cuiisi' |iiiiii
'tacomct, tliiiii inr
uul oxcriitt'd the
breif^n coiiiitrirs,
u) wt:ri; coiitiiKil
ril a vessel ciiin.
I them ior l^inuii,
ief as follow >:-
vas kili(!(l,] l';i|it,
eased liy I'wiiuDi'
by their pilotiiiir,
h tlie eiu'iuy liml
sittiii}{ uiioii tlw
,s gun u|), audliad
IB called imstih lo
; upon wiiicli ilie
Indian, seeiiii; Ins
; claj)i)e(l \\\t \m
threw liiiiis'.'ll' otf
II made his ('sr;i|ii;,
ttered in i\wA m'
ivery way ; but lie
Iren, among wliioh
remaiiidiT ol'tlie
Narrafians('t!*,\va;!
hoin they IwinuJ
Cfeurc/i wasmulH
lied Li^htfoot, n\>-
t]\e morniu): "ii'n
iken 13 \m*mai
He soon came
fr women mid eliil-
"that P/ii7ij),\viili
'as almost suii^rt
\p soon caiiie to a
fires ; find a gwi
Irmed them into a |
prisoners showed
le conciliatory eoii;
•ough the niglit of |
they iiuist reiiiiv
\\ ha'd every mm
the firing ceiiscil,
them. (An Into'
sent forward two 1
had, at the sa!i.«|
of him. There-
\m ..'.1.1' 'M ,
■■'*■ " , !«■''; ■'•■■'
i; ■-•■'■■!--, ■', .
.1
' • ■.At 'f. ■ 'I'V'
■ i- '■■'ri.'P"
-■".'''■'^fm
.f;'
; •syv'sti
■^f^l,
1
■:i r>i.
mm
w\
f
3i
5
I'll*
I
l*t^
({};•» :
■ffi^i
■■*•(,' r <!i,:
':te
lW.
'*."♦•
>i ;..;,'■.
*: 1'
'^..
'r y
'\.m
l'■>^ »• ' ,'♦::
riMi'
II
ii| livi' f\>
Mill.' liii'i'
cv.iil, uliilf I
llii'ir K I'l''^
iiitii II swiiinj
tr. iiii'il ilii'iii
.villi' III' ill'' ■"
|i,iin, lM)|iiiii:.
I (ill.' lliiil M
n III' till' f*"'!'!
H'llMi' I'llll'l' III'
liiiii ill >iii'li '
tliiiikiii!.' tliiit I
iiiiiiiiisli liii* t
llir MIIIH' tillli'
Ihiirli iiiid II
diitiiiii't' ; Itiil
Mli'll II Stl'|>.
//)( // urn nil </r,
liiili IMS, s(i mil
till' iriiiis out
llaviii;;' si'ciirci
tlii'iM, Churrli \
I'liil .il wliii'li I
of iiisiiiriii'f (
liail M'lit tiii'wa
vaiil.i:.'!' Ill' iIh'
Philip siDod Jii:
main hixiy of
Ih'^mii 10 apprcl
III ilii' |ioiiit wli
liiisli. Ileri! Ill
vi/. TItomn.i Lit
sninr of liJH b,
Aii;.'iist the ',Ul, i
tlir rxtTtioiis of
Philip, liaviii;;
mill lastly to ills
liaii I'liiiriivorcd
wiis jiluiiys tlio
dcalli Olio of li
lii'ijtlii'r, wliosn
ami f.Mvi! Captaii
to liis nuii|). J
s»aiii|i \vli('n> 1
placi'il a ^'iianl n
tk'ii oi'ilcR'd Ca;
iu Ills camp ; m
proarlifd, and, ti
frniii sleep, and
iiii;'lit. Coniiiiff
U|miT of tli»i aiul
tiri', liiit Aldennai
"Om- of Church's
t All iiiiprovidiMil
lieiii^'kilL'd, " „ui Up
lie "iTi' nol, al this
wlMppi'.l. (or senilis I
inasislriiitN, ami ollie
}r/„„r'i,.n. i„ I
, ^''i;|ii:iiii Rosier C,
'" "fi7o, lor Ills emine
ClMl'
111
urr, OF KiN<! I'liif.ip.
41
ictivi" Hiiii'H <>r till' two limiiHis cliii'ls <invi' tin- iilartn to Imlli ciinips nt tin'
tiiiic; Itiit, iiiilni|)|>il,v liir /'/ii7i/;, his iiiilaKiinist wiis |ir('|>ar('il I'm- tlit>
\\liilt^ li'' ^vas nut. "All lliil at tin' llri't tiiliii^'s, [of tiic N|)i)'H,| li>l\
I, ttjis liiiiliii;:, mill innit nciMtiii^' ii|ioii tiiiir \v I>'ii sjiits, ami run
|r III' III'' M\vani|i, wliih' Inn
iMiH. li'M'i"!.'' ">' •'"■ f*"'""!' ^^■•'"* small, U> prcvriit
liriiii-' ill"' wlifii l'hili/> sliniilil ili-rovcr ilu; i'ln;:!!
iillln' >w"i"|'i '"■ wimlil Imir liack in liis own Inick, ami so rsiapc a
h'iiih' I'lii""'' '"' •■"•'''■'''li Cliiifrli liail, tiiciTrort', stMlioiird an ainlinsli to n
liiiii ill ^ii''li "" ''V<'iit. Unt iIm' wariness of I'liilin ilisa|i|iointril him.
,«iiiii '
■ ii, a riNMiinii ^^ilh !"• olhrr iiicakllisl, than w hat i'ii\t\. Cfiiinli alh'rwariln
, It'll ilii'ni with." Chiirih smt his iii'titrnaiit, ,Mr. hmir lloivltiml, on ono
I, whih- liims 'If ran n|ion tin' other, i'a:'h with a small
till' cscaiH' of any. Ilx-
lisli lit the farther exirenii-
.■it the
nlr.i|i
''riiiii) iiisa|i|ioinieii mm. lie,
tliiiikiiiL' tliiit ih'' Knjriisli woiihl piirsne him into the svvam|», hail formeil an
iiiiiliiisli li'i* them also, lint was, in like mamnr, ilis:ip|ii)iiitril. He h:iil, at
till' siiiiii' time, sent forward a liinid of his warriors, who li-li into the hands of
(7ii/,i7i iiiiil U iir'anil. Tiiey, at first, Mltem|»led to lly, anil then ollered nv
!ii<i,iiire ; hut Chinrh onlered MiiUliinit* to tell tliem the im|Maeiieaiiilily of
mill II st('|i. II"' aceordini;ly ealled to them, iiiid said, " //' Ihnj J'ircil oni- iriin
thin wen (til ilrnd men.'''' This threat, with the presence of the Knf;iisli and
liiili ins, so ama/ed them, that they siiH'ered " the l''iifrlish to niine ami tako
ihc iriiiis nut of their hands, wlieii they were both ehar^'eil and corked."
lliviiii:' secured these with a friiard, armed with the <,'ims just taken from
llii'iii,V'/ii(;r/i press, s thron^di the swamp in search of Philip, towards tho
cnil Mt which that cliii^f had entered. Il.'ivin<.r waited until he hiid no JiopcH
III iiisMMriiiff ('.iptain rViH/rA, /ViiV//; now moved on atler the com|»any ho
liml >iiit tiirward, and thus the two parlies met. The J'ln^rlisli hud the ad-
viiiiiiiu'e of the first discovery, ami, covered l»y trees, itiade the first tiro.
i'/iiVi); stood his j,'ronnd lor a liini', and mainlained a desperate fijrlit ; lint, a
iiiiiiii iiiiily "I" Ills warriors havinir Ix'''" ca|»tnred, wliich, by this time, lio
iii'iriii 10 M|»prchend, as tlioy did not come to his aid, he, therefore, fled hack
til ilii' poiiit where he enten i the swamp, and thus fi'll into a second aiii-
liiisli, licrn tli(j Kiifrlisli were worsted, liavin<f one of their miinher .slain,
vi/. Thomns [jurii.i,f of IMimontli: thus escaped, for a few days, Philip and
80IIII' of his b, St captains: such were Tiwv'^/i/m and Taloson. This wiw
AcL'iist the 'U\, iiiid Pliilip\<i iiumlxirs had necrea.sod, since tho IhI, 173, by
the I'vertimis of Church. I
Philip, liavinjj now but few followers lel>, was driven from place to |)lHce,
nrii! I.istiy to his ancient seat near I'okaiioket. The I'^iiirlish, for a lonj; time,
liaii I'liilcavored to kill him, but could not find him off his irnard ; for ho
was 111 ways the first wiio was apprized of their approach, lie baviiif; jtiit to
(Icatli Olio of his own men for advisiiijr him to make |)eace, this inaii'a
liiDtlicr, whose name was .'Ihkrman, fi-arini^ the same fate, deserted biin,
uiid f.'ave Captain Church an account of his situation, and offered tfi lead him
to liis camp. Early on Saturday inorniii!:, I'i Aufr., Church cnmo to tho
swanip where Philip was eiicampcMl, and, betbr«! he was discovered, hud
|ilai'('(l a ifiiard about it, so as to encompnss it, except a small jdace. He
iIr'M onlered Captain Gol({in3;§ to rush into tin; swamp, and tidl upon Philip
ill ills caiiip; which he iinmediately did — iiiit was discovered as he np-
priiaciicd, and, as usual, Philip was the first to fly. ilaviiiir but Just uwuked
i'roiii sleep, and Imviiiif on but a jtart of his clothes, he tied with all his
nii<:lit. ('omin<r directly upon an En^lislimau and an Indian, who composed
u|i,ii't of the ambush at the edjre of tli<' swamp, the Kn<.dishmuii's gun missed
tire, hut .dklennnn, the Indian, wlios(! gun was loaded with two bulls, "sent
*()]ii' (if Citurch'.'i liiiliiiii soliliors, liiil of wlioiii /«■ in:ik<'s no iiicntion.
t All iiM|)rovi<lfiil lollow, jriveii In intdxiciilidii, iiiiil. Irom Church's expression about his
heiii^' killi'il, " not lieinij so carerii! lis ho iii'sjlit h.ivc lieeii," it leavfs room to doulil whether
he woro not, al ihis lime, under the <'l)(cl>i of liiinor. lie liiiil licen often ruicd, anil once
wlii|i|)('il, for s"ttiiiS ilruiik, ln-atinir his wife and ('liiidren, dcfaining the ciiaracler of deceased
niasi^iniiLN, and other iiiisdeuicaiiors.
\('hiiri->i. U. Ill ilie ari'ouiil of T'a'oso/i, (Vutrrh's narrative is continued.
^ ft t'ii|)taiii Ro^^er Goiiklen, of U. I. Pliinoutli fjraiiied him 100 acres of laud ou Pocasset,
"i iGTii, for liis cmiiieul services. PLim B'-rords.
1 1 "•'
y
'5^
42
LIFE OF KING PHILIP.
[Book 1||.
He fell
one thron<rli liia heart, mid aiiotlier not above two inches from it.
upon his tiiee in the niiui and water, witii his gun imder him."
" Cold, Willi llip beast he slew, lie sleeps ;
O'er him no lllial spirit weeps ;
Even that he lived, is for his conqueror'- tongue;
15y Iocs alone his ilcath-son<; must he sung ;
No ehronicles hut theirs shall tell
His nioiirnliil doom to future times;
May these upon his virtues dwell.
Anil in his fate forget his crimes."— SpRAOUK.
The name of tlie man stationed with Alderman was Caleb Cook,* who tiad
shared in many of Ckurch^s hazardous expeditions iK'fore the present. See-
■ng that he could not have the honor of killing Philip, he was dcsiioiis, if
possible, of liaving a memento of the mighty exploit, lie therefore invvaileil
upon Mdennan to exchange guns with him. This gun was kept in tlie liimik
until the present century, when the late Isaac Lothrop, Escj. of Plinioiitli dl,.
tained the lock of it froui Mr. Sulvamis Cook, late of Kingston. Sylvnnus
was great-grandson of Caleb.j The stock and barrel of the gun are still ip.
tuined by the descendants of the name of Cook.l Tliere is a gun-lock sIkhvh
in the library of the Mass. Hist. Soc. said to be the same which .Ikknnr.n
used in shooting Philip. This Alderman was a subject of Wedamoo, wlie, jn
the commencement ol this war, went to the governor of Plimoutli, ami ,le.
siretl to remain in peace with the English, and immediately took up liis le-j.
dence upon an Island, remote from the tribes engaged in it. But, after PhWif
had returned to his own country, Alderman, upon some occasion, vi^il^■(l
him. It was at this time that he learned the fate of his brother lieliire
spoken of; or he may have been killed in his presence. This caiistj Lisi
flight to the English, which he thought, probably, the last resort liir ven-
geance. He "came down from thence, says CAurc/i ; (where P/iiYiys camp
now was,) on to Sand Point over against Trips, and hollow'd, and niiuje
signs to be fetch'd over " to the isliuid. He was immediately broiifrlit ovi r,
and gave the information desired. Captain Church had but just arrived iipn!)
Rhode Island, and was about eight miles from the upper end, where Alia-
man landed. He had been at home but a few minutes, when " tliey sjn'l
two horsemen coming a great pace," and, as he proph'.'sied, "they caincvw.ii
tydii)gs." Major Sanford and Capt. Gelding were the horsemen, "who
iijimedlately ask'd Capt. Church what he woidd give to hear some news n/Phitiji.
lie reply'd. That teas xohat he tvanted." The expedition was at once entered
I'pon, ^ud Alderman went as their pilot. But to return to the liill of Philip :-
'•'liy this tiiiie," continues Church, "tlie enemy perceived they were way-
laid on the east side of tlie swamp, tacked short about," and were led out el'
their dangerous situation by the great Captain Annawon. "The man that
had shot down Philip ran with all speed to Capt. Church, and informed liiiii
of ills exploit, who commanded him to be silent about it, and let no iiiiin
more know it until they had drove the swamp clean ; but when tliey had
dro/e the swamp througii, and found the enemy had escaped, or at least ilie
most of them, and the sun now up, and the dew so gone that they coiild not
easily track them, the whole company met together at the place where the
enemy's night shelter was, and then Capt. Church gave them the news of
Philip''s death. Ujion which the whole army§ gave three loud iuizzas.
Capt. Church ordered his body to be jnilled out of the mire on to the upland,
So some of Capt. Churches Indians took hold of him by his stockings, and
* Baylies, in his N Plymouth, ii. 1G8, says his name was Fnmris ; but as he gives no auilior-
ity, we a<lhero to older authority.
t This Caleb Cook was son of Jamb, of Plimoulh, nni was bom there 29 Mar. 1G5I. He
had two or more brothers; Jacob, born II- May, Ki.W, and Fratiris, .') .Ian. 1(i()3— !■. llcuce
it is not probable that Frawis was a soldier at this time, its ho was only in his I3ili year.
X Col. Mass. Hist. Soc. iv. C,1\.
^ Eighteen English and twenty-two Indians constituted his army a week before ; i'ui W
know not how many were at the taking of Plilip, though we may suppose about tlie same
number. Hcucc this expedition cost the ccloiiy jQ).
11""?^'', near the bi
chaf. n.j
LIFE OF KL\G PHILIP.
48
oine l)V liis email breechns, bciiifr otiicrvviso imkod, juid drew him tlirangh
H (' 11111(1 into the u|)hiiid ; and a doli'l'id, jri i at, iiaiied dirty beast, he looked
1 1/,. " Captain Church then said, ^^ Forasmuch as he has caused many an En/f'
/■«Ahi«"'« ftorfy to lie unburied and rot above ground, not one of his bones shall be
Witii tiie preat ciiief, fell five of his most trusty followers, one of wiiom
was lii;* I'I'it'l ca|)taiii's son,* and the very Indian who fired the first gun at
til,, romnu'iicenient of tiie war.
>i Philip jiaving one very remarkable hand, being iniieh scarred, occasioned
hv tlie splitting of a pistol in it ibrmerly, Ca|)t. Chitrrh gave th(! head and
tliut liaixl to Aldermnn, the Indian who shot him, to show to such gentlemen
art would bestow gratuities upon him ; and accordingly he got many a
peiiiiv t)y it." t
Tin' Imrharous usage of beheading and quartering traitors was now exe-
fiiii'il upon tiie fallen Philip. Church, "calling iiis old Indian execiitiont^r,
bid liiiii iM'liead and quarter him. Accordingly, he came with his hatchet,
;,ii,l stdod over him, hut befoie he struck, he made a small sjieech, <lirecting
it t(i Philip" saying, " You haie been a very great man, and have made many a
mnn afraid of you ; but so big is you be I tvill now chop your ass for you." He
tlifii itrocccded to the execution of Iub orders.
His iiend was sent to Plimouth, where it was exposed upon a gibbet lor
20 vcars, and one of his hands to Boston, where it was exhibited in savage
triniiiiili, ai"l '•'*' mangled body was deniitd the right of sepulture. It having
U'vw (|iiurtered, was hung upon lour trees, and there left as a monument of
sliopking barbarity.
Church and his company returned to the island the same day, and arrived
with till! prisoners at Plimouth two days after, namely, Tuesday, August L*?,
"mnjring through all the woods in their way." They now "received their
preiiuiiiii) which was 30 shillings per head,'' for all enemies killed or taken,
''instrad of all wages, and Philip's head went at the same price." This
amomkd to only four and sixpence a-piece, " which was all the reward they
liail, •■xpept the honor of killing Philip."
Having in the year 1824 visited the memorable retreat of the Wanipanoag
siachciiis, we can give the reader some idea of its situation. There is a
iiiitiiral angular excavation, in an almost perpendicular rock, about G or 7 feet
froiii its base, where it is said Philip and some of his chief men were sur-
prised on tlif, morning of the 12 August. We have in the Life of Massasoit
disivibed Mount Hopv', and it is at the north part of it that the high rock is
situated ; variously estimated from 30 to 50 feet in height, and is nearly 2
miles lioin the village of Bristol. From the seat, or throne of King Philip,
as some have called it, a fine view of Mount Hope Bay opens upon us. Near
the loot of tiie rock is a fine spring of water, known to this day by the
name of Philip's Spring.
Mr. Mden, the curious collector of epitaphs, says " the late Lieut. Gov.
Bradford, [who died at Bri,stol in 1808,1 in early life, knew an aged squaw,
who was one of Philip's v; ibe, was well acquainted with this sagamore iu
her youthful days, and had often been in his wigwam. The information,
tliroiiiili iier, is, therefore, very direct, as to the identical spot, where he fixed
his abode. It was a few neps south of Capt. James De Wolfe's summer
Ikhisi', near the brow of a bill, but no vestige of the wigwam remains.
The eastern side of this hill is very steep, vat.ily more so than that at Hoi-se
Neck, down which the intrepit' Putnam trotted his sure-footed steed, in a
inaniier worthy of a knight of the tenth century." "When Church's men
w re about to rusii upon Philip, he is said to have evaded them by spring-
iiij: lioiii his wigwam as they were entering it, and rolling, like a hogshead,
down the precipice, which looks towards the bay. Having reached the
lower part of Miis frightful ledge of rocks, without breaking M? bones, ho
pot upon his feet^ a.id ran along the shore in a north-eastern direction, about
100 rods, and endeavored to screen himself in a swamp, then a quagmire,
but now terra firma."
mm
. -f ■
^M
Very probably a son of Uncompoin, or Woorushum.
t Philip's War.
^.«'y
44
LIFE OF KING PHILIP.
[Rook Hi
How nmcli of tlio al)ovc is apocryplial is tiiicertaiii, but that a pan of ;,
is 1 liavi! no doubt. That Philip^s ruui\) was near the to|) of Mount I loin (.1
tlie tinio h(,' was surprised, is contrary to rational roiwhision, but scniu
ratlicr to iiavn b«,'t;n fixfid tlifro l)y tlio imagination of some otie, Ibr tW
pleasure it might att'ord them in (•ontem|)lating the manner of the ('M\,.\\
escape iiy rolling down a rugged precipice.
During tlii; bloody contest, the pious fathers wrestled long and often with
their (iod, in prayer, that lie would j»rosper their arms and deliver i|i,ir
enemii's into their hands; and when, upon stated days of |)raycr, tlic Jmljau
gained advantage, it was looked upon as a rehuke of I'rovideiicc, and tnl
mated them to greater sincerity and fervor; and on the contrary, wlu.ii ilujf
arms prevaiii'd upon such days, it was viewed as an immediate intciiKbiij,,,,
in their favor. 'J'he |)iiilos()phic mind will be shocked at the expressions „{
eonie, very eminent in that (lay for piety and excellence of moral Iji;. ]),.
Increiisr MuUier,* in speaking of the efficacy of prayer, in bringing alioiit lii.
destrnclion of the Indians, says, "Nor could they [the Fiiiglish] cease pnji,:
to the Lord against Philip, until they had prayed the bullet into Jiis Ji I'm"
And in sp<;aking of tht! slaughter o\' Philip's peojile, at Narragans( t, lie sn^
"We have heard of two-and-twenty Indian captains, slain all of tluni, itinj
brought down to hell in on(! day." Again, in speaking of a chief who luj
sneeretl at the English religion, and who had, " withal, added a most \\\An\h
blas|)ii< my, immediately U|ion which a bidlet took him in the liond, miil
dashed out his brains, sending his cursed soul in u moment ainuiigst the
devils, and blasphemers, in hell forever." f
The low and vulgar ef»ithetsj sneeringly cast upon the Indians by liaj,
English contemporari(!H are not to be attributed to a single individual, liiittu
the I^nglish in general.§ It is too obvious that the early historians viiHeil
the Indians as inferior beings, and some went so far as hardly to allow tlum
to he human.
Lik(( Massasoit, Philip always opposed the introduction of Cliiistiimitv
among his people;. When Mr. Eliot urged upon him its great iiii|)oitiiii(e,
he said he (;ared no more for the gospel than he did for a button upon bis
coat. II This does not very well agree with the account of Mr. Colin,
respecting Philip's feelings upon religious matters; at least, it shows tliai
there was a time wlam he was willing to list(!n to such men as the exci'llcut
and benevolent Gookin. In s|»eaking of the Wampanoags, he says, "Tlicrt
are some that have hop('s of their gnsatest and chiefest sachem, nanied Philifi.
living at Pawkuimawkutt. Some of his chief men, as I hear, stand w.j:
inclined to hear the gospel : and himself is a person of good uiiderstmidiii!
and knowledge in the best things. I have heard him speak very good wmk
arguing that his conscience is convicted: but yet, though his will is bowed to
emi)race Jesus CVim/, his sensual and carnal lusts are strong bands to linlj
liim fiist under Satan's dominiijn.i.' '[ And Dr. Mather adds, "It was notions,
belbrc the liand which now writes, [1700,] upon a certain occasion took oii'
the jaw fiom the exposed skull of that blasphemous leviathan; and tlit ro-
Downed Samuel Lee hath since been a pastor to an English conjirppition,
soimding aivl showii g the praises of heaven, unon that very -;,»ot ol' gioiuid,
where Philip and his Indians were lately worshipping of the devil."**
Tht! error that Philip was grandson to Massasoit, is so well known tok
such, that it would hardly seem to have required notice, but to inform the
* In liis " Pfvalenry of Prayer," page 10. t H'iil. Piili'"
X ^iicli as rfoT.v, irolren, hlimil-liniinils. drmons, derils-inca, lat", caitiff's, liell-lioiimh,li(itii.
monsli'in, lifusls, iVr. Occasional (|ii()tatioiis will show what aalhors have used llicsu.
^ Till' aiuhor of '• Indian Talfs" has Catlieroii all he could think of upon Mr. IIMwrd. I!(
min/ /if- callod upon to pomi. out liie passatfc in that valuable author's works where lie lia
called one or (Uiij of the Indians " hell-hounds." Such loose, gratuitous expressions will w
do at liie liar of history.
II i'M:i;;iialia.
If 1 Coll AToss. I fist. Sor. i. 200.
** .Mr. I.ffl was taken l)y liic Frenrli in a voyasfc to Eastland, and carried into their couiilrv,
wliere lie iljod, in KiiM. This event, il was lhou;;ht. h.islened his end. I'erli.ips liif <"'•
vivin^;' natives diil not allrilaite llie disasler lo his usurping their territory, and leaching l 1
religion they could not believe; but iniglit ihev "ol with equal propriety ?
Chap- H]
LIFE OF KING PHILIP.
45
ue oni", Ibr tl,,.
n- oi' tilt) cliiifj
I T of itH origin. The following passiage froni John Josstlyn''s work *
'^''iMn'siflPS proving liini to be tlie author of tin; error, at least tiic Jirst writer
' ilciioininatcH him, furnish sojiie vaUuilde information. Speaking of
I iiinke many curious works with tliem, to udorn the persons of their sag-
^"Oics and principal men, and young women, as belts, girdles, tablets, borders
".'''li,!j,. ^voMU'ii's hair, bracelets, necklaces, and links to hang in their ears.
IViiicc Pkilip, « httle before I came lor England, [1G71,] coming to Boston,
Ida (""at on and buskuis set thick with these beads, in pleasant wild works,
■ 11(1 a broad belt of the same; his accoutrements were valued at £20. The
Fiii'lisli merchant giveUi them Ids. a fathom for their whitt;, and as much
,i„in. Or near upon, for tlieir blue beads." " The roytelet now of the Pocau-
■iki'tsis i)rince Philip, alias Metacon, the graudson of Massasoit." \
Willie iMvs. Rowlandson was a caj)tive in the wilderness with the allies of
Philip i^he mentions meeting with bun ; and although she speaks often with
liittciiiVss of the Indians in general, yet of him nothing of that nature appears
ill iier journal. The party she was with visited Philip on the west side of
tlie Connecticut, about five miles above Northfield, tlien called Squakeag.
Haviii" arrived at the point of crossing, Mrs. Rowlandson says, " W ^ must go
over the river to Philip's crew. When I was in the canoe, I could not but be
•iiiiazed at the numerous crew of pagans that were on the bank on the other
!;i,|c." She was nuich afraid they meant to kill her here, but, l)eing assured
to the contrary, become more resigned to her fate. " Then came one of
thi'iii, (siie »ays,) and gave me two spoonfuls of meal (to comfort me,) and
anotliir "avc me half a pint of peas, which was worth more than many
liuslit'ls at iinother time. Then I went to see King Philip ; he bade me come
111 and sit clown ; and asked me whether I wouhl smoke it ; (a usual compli-
ment now a days, among the saints and simiers ;) but this uo ways suited
llU'."sN
"During my abode in this place, Philip spake to me to make a shirt for
Ills liov, which I did ; for which he gave me a shilling." " Afterward he
a.-k((l 111(3 to make a cap for his boy, for which he invited me to dinner ; I
wont, niul he gave me a pancake, about as big as two fingers ; it was made
i)t' paiclied wheat, beaten and fried in bears' grease; but I thought 1 never
tiisied pleasanter meat in my life." |i
It is extremely gratifying to hear any testimony in favor of tlie humanity
of a chief who in his time wn« so much execrated. To say the least of
Vhilifs humanity, it was as great towards captives, so far as we have any
kinnviodge, as was that of any of the English to the captive Indians.
As the Indians were returning from their recesses upon the Connecticut,
ill what is now New Hampshire and Vermont,) towards \Vachuset, "having
iiiiiccd my life, (says Mrs. Rowandson,) but little spirit, PhiMp, who was in the
1 ):ii|)aiiy, came up, and took me by the hand, and said, ' Two weeks more and
tpu shall be mistress againJ I asked him if he spoke true : he said, ' Yes, and
luirkhi you shall come to yotir master^ again,^ who had been gone from us
iliiTu weeks." **
In bringing our account of this truly great man towards a close, we must
'i:'tl()igetto present the reader with a specimen of the language in which he
i)(ik('. The following is the Lord's prayer in Wampanoag : —
Xoo-shun kes-uk-qvi, qut-tian-at-am-unch koo-ive-su-onk, kuk-ket-as-soo-tam-
()':nk p&j-au-moo-vich, ktU-te-nan-tam-oo-onk ne nai, ne-ya-ne ke-suk-qvi
Acrounl of two Voyages to Now Englanii, 142, 1 13.
I or (his he was inisiiit'onncd. Tiiere was much spurious wampum, which became a sub-
jivi (il'lesfislation. See JIaxard's Hist. Co'., vol. ii.
; .\c<'i)iml oflwo Voyap'S to [^!ew Riip^!rin(i, I'Wi. He is also culie.l grandson of /t/a*«(i-
'' '. ;ii ihc \v(irk ciitilleil yri'sent State cf New En<rlav<i. in respect to llii' Iitdiiin War, fol.
I iloii, l(i7() ; the atidior of that work doubtless copied I'roin Josselyn.
X^ii;;ilii-e of her CaptivUtj, 38, 2 J. \\ Ibid. 40.
',, ^iuiiiiiapin. See his .Life ** Narrative of Mrs. Rowlandson, G3.
r%
'f'.;-
"-.''■klh
,.'■'■■ « ■
46 LIVES OF PHILIP'S CHIEF CAPTAINS.— NANUNTENOO. [1),,,^^ j,,
As-sa-ma-i-in-nt-an ko-ko-ke-siik-o-da-e nut-as-e-suk-ok-ki
P'-
hah ohr-ke-it
tuk-qun-neg. Kah ah-quo-an-tam-a-i-in-ne-an num-match-e-se-unir-un-tjn-m^
rui-wutch-e. ne-na-wun ivonk nut-ah-qito-an-tam-au-o-un-non-og nish-noh rmii.
noo-na-nwn-tuk-quoh-ioho-nan, kah ahque 'ag-kom-pa-gin-ne-aii en (yu/c/i-e-L
lu-ong-a-nit, qut poh-qua-ious-sin-ne-an iviUcli vmtch-i-tut*
Since we are ii|)on curiosities, the following may very projjcrly l)c addwi
There is to be seen in the library of the Mass. Hist. Society a larffc skiniinH,
wJiich some have mistaken for a bowl, cut out of the root of ash, tljiit wiii
tiold about two quiu'ts. On this article is this historical inscription, in .-jit
letters: "*3 trophy from the toisivam o/" King Philip; ivhen he w(is skin !,
1076, by Richard ; presented by Lbeiiezer Richard, his grandson." \
9H>9<t
CHAPTER m.
LIVES OF PHILIP'; CHIEF CAPTAINS.
Nanuntenoo — Reasonf! for his aiding Philip — His former name — Meets the Enaliti
and Indians under Captain Feirse — Fights and destroys his whole company ut Kit-
tucket — Incidents relating to that fight — JVotice of Captain Peirse — JVanu/itenoo sur-
prised and taken — His magnanimity — Speech to his captors — Is executed and hi'
body burnt — Cassassinnamon — Cutapazet — Monopoide — Annawon — His fjcqI
from the swamp token Philip was killed — Captain Church sent out to capture liiin~
Discovers his retreat — Takes him prisoner — His magnanimous brhariur—Hij
speech to Church — Presents him wit/i Philip's ornaments — Description uf tli(m~
Church takes Annaiconto Plimouth, where he is put to death — Qu innai'in— //,i
connections and marriage — Jit the capture of Lancaster — Account of his wim~
Weetanioo — He is taken and shot — Tl'spaquin — His sales of lands — His ojim-
lions in Philip's War — Surrenders himself, and is put to death — Refections nm
his executioners — Tatoson — Early notices of — Captures a garrison in Pliju.
outh — Trial and execution of Keiccenam — Totuson dies of a broken heart— Bin-
Kow cruelly murdered — Tyasks.
NANUNTENOO, son of Mianttinnomoh, " was chief sachem of all the
Narragansets, and heir of all his father's pride and insolency, as well as ui
his malice against the English." | Notwithstanding this branding cliaiaeter,
drawn by a contemporary, we need only look into the lil'e of Miantimmmk
to find excuse for '' malice and insoleucy " tenfold more than Avas coiitaineJ
in the breast of JVanuntenoo.
The English had cut to pieces the women and children of his tribe, biiniH
them to death in their wigwams, and left their mangled bodies blcacliin^' in
the wintry blast ! The swamp fight of the 19 Dec. 1675, could not \w for-
gotten ! Minuntenoo escaped from this scene, but we cannot doubt tiiat lie
acquitted himself agreeably to the character we have of him.
The first name by which he was known to the English was CanoncM,
though, like others, his name was written with many variations. In l(i74, lie
was styled "chief surviving sachem of Narraganset," and in a decdimviiirli
he was so styled his name is written " JSfatvnatonoantonnew alias Qiianawhlt,
eldest son now living of Miantomomio." § He had been in Boston the Ocin-
ber before the war, upon a treat}', at which time he received, among other
prosents, a silver-laced coat. Dr. Mather says, speaking of the Narrucaiiscts,
"their great sachem called Qttanonc/i€<, was a principal ringleader in the
Narraganset war, and had us great an interest and influence, as can be said of
* Eliot's India.i Bible, Luke xi. 2-^.
t No mention is made to whom, or when it was presented. It does not appear to us to be
of surh anti(]iiity as its inscription pretends ; and the trutli of which may very reasonahlv In
questioned, in this particular, when the more glaring error of the name of the person said to
have killed Philip, is staring us in tiic face.
X llmbard, 67. — Mr. Oldmixon calls him " the mighty sachem of Narraganset,"— 5ril
Emjnre.
$ Potter's Hist. Narraganset, Coll. R. Hist. Soc. iii. 172.
OO. [liooK 111
z-suk-oli-kc p,.
-unir-un-un-dnh,
nisli-nolt jmsuk
en ijutdi-t-hd-
j)erly be addid.
. lai-frc skiimiiHr,
;)t' usli, tlmt Will
icriptioii, ill ...jit
I he w(is slain in
NANUNTENOO.— PAWTUCKFT FKJIIT.
INS.
-Meets the. Eii«Hsk
e compunij at Pqic-
— Kanuiitrnoo m-
■h executed ami hi
AWON — HisFsmfi
ut to capture hm~
oils beiKir'ior—Hij
scription uj tlnm-
— Qf INNAl'lN— ifli
unt of his virff-
lands — His opm-
h — Refections tqm
garrison in Pl'm-
broken /(Cflr(— Bar-
acheni of nil tlie
ncy, as well iii- uf
anding clumicter,
ot' Mianlnnnoimk
ail was coiitaiiKii
his tribe, biinif'l
dies bleaching' in
ould not bo for-
ot doubt tlmt lie
n.
ih was CanoncM,
ons. Ill Iti'-l^ li«
. a deed in wliicli
alias Qiiflnaticlii'.
Boston tlie Ocio-
'ed, anioiifl other
the Narrugmisets,
•ingleader" in tlie
as can be said of
bt appear to us lobe
L very rcasoiiaWy l«
bf ihc person sa^ '«
<arraganscl."-B"'
„ jjj 1 iNAiNurM ii!iAuu. — I'A v\ 1 uoivr. 1 riiiiii. 47
. nnion<' tlie Indians ;" * and that, " when he was taken and slain, it was an
rmiziii'^ f'troke to the enemy." t
'i'lie nanio of Canonchet stands first to the treaty, to which we have just
Ijiuicil which was ei'*ered into at Boston, Iri Oct. I(i7."». Jiy tliat tn-Jity, tlie
Vrra"»nsets agreed lo deliver to the Kiiglisli in 10 days, "all and euery one
ii'tlie~;<ai(i Indians, « hether belonging vnto Plulip, tiie I'orasset Scjva, or the
iiiiconett Indians, Quabaug, Hadley, or any other sachems or people that
I iiiic bill "'■ '""<' '" lioi^tdlitie with the English, or any of their allies or abet-
t',rs"t The names to the treaty are as Ibllows :
" Quana.xchf.tt's \/ iiuirh,
Witnesses. sachtm in hthalf of himself am\ f'onanacus und the Old
RiciKRU Smith, Queen am romham and Quaunapeen, (seal)
Joir.s Browne, ]Ma.\ata.\.\oo coH?ife//er his -\-
.Joii Et GoRTO-v, Jr. mark, and Caniuniacus in his hchtilf (seal)
Interpreters. Ahanma.npowett'h -[- ;»(«/•<•,
John Nowiie.nett's X mark, councellcr and his (seal)
Indian interpreter. Coknmax, chcifft couimllcr to
Ninnegrett, in his behalfe, and a seal (S.)"
Tilt; Indians having carried their whirlwind of war to the very doors of
Pliiiimitli, caused the sending out of Captain Peirce, (or as his name is uni-
tmiiilv in the l■ecord^^ Purse,) n divert them ii-om thest; ravagi>s, and destroy
its many of them as he was aide. He had a large company, consisting of 70
iiion 'iO of wlioni wem friendly Indians. With theses, no doubt, Peirsc
tliniii'lit liinib. sale agaii:st any ])ower of the Indians in that nsgion.
Meanwhile this most valiant chief ca{)tain of the i\arragansets, Aonim/e-
tioo,^^ learning, we jiresume, by his spies, the direction the English were tak-
iiisr a!?!!enibled bis warriors at a crossing place on Pawtueket River, at a
iMiiiit adjacent to a jilace since called Mleboroiigh-Gore, and not tiir distant
tioin Pawtueket tiills. It is judged tlmt J\hniinienoo was upon an expedition
to attack IMiniouth, or some of the adjacent towns, for his force was estimated
iitiiiiwardsofBOO men.
()i, arriving at this fatal place, some of JVaiiuntenoo^s men showed them
Hclvi's retiring, on the opposite side of the river. This stratageiu succeed-
^>t\,—Pcirse followed. || No sooner was he ii|»on the wcsstern side, than the
wanidis of jVamintenoo, like an avalanche liom a mountain, rushed down
ii|iiiii liini; nor striving tor coverts from which to fight, more than their Iocs,
|ljii:lit tlieni face to face with the most determined bravery.
A jiait oiWanunlenoo^s force remained on the east side of the river, to pre-
vent the retreat of the English, which they most eft'ectiially did, as in the
wilt will apjiear. When Captain Peirse saw himself benuned in by iium-
iicis on every side, he drew up his men upon the margin of the river, in two
ranks, back to back,1fandin this manner fought until nearly fill ol'them were
sjjiiii. Peirse had timely sent a messenger to Providence for assistance, and
aitlidui'h the distance could not have been more than six or eight miles, ii-om
smiio inoxplicable cause, no succor arrived ; and Mr. //i/iiwt/ ** a(hls, " As
Siilonion saith, a faithful messenger is as snow in iianest."
Tliis (Ireadfni tight was on Sunday, 2G March, Iti/li, when, as Dr. Mather
! Kivs, " Capt. Peirse was slain and forty and nine English with him, and eight,
more,) Indians, who did assist the English." The Rev. Mr. jWuv/wm of
I Ri liobotli wrote a letter to Plimouth, dated the day aller tho slaughter, in
* Brief Hist. t^. t Prevalency of Prayer, 11.
: Ii may he seen at large in Hazard's Collections, i. 536, 537.
} Thai Nanuntenoo commanded in person in the fight wilh the forre under Capt. Peirse has
[b«en a qiieslion ; indeed, our only aulhorily is not very explicit upon the matter. (Ilnhliard,
|Posiscrij)t 7.) who observes lliat when Denison surprised him, he " was, at that moment,
jdiveriizing himself with the recital of Capt. Peirse's slaughter, surprized by his men a few
iday? before."
'! Dr. Mather (Brief Hist. 24.) says, " a small number of the eneir ,' who in desperate
tiutnli'ty ran away from them, and they went limping to make tlie Liigli m believe they were
[lame," and thus effected their object.
H Deane's Hist. Sciluate, 121. "* Narrative, G4.
m
ilf.lfipR-'.ili'il
.■.•.■'■*''.?^''''..'?f'y
fmm
i4* s K.V. ,." 'ii»iv
I
mm
mm
I
t
i
• tt'
. ^*^l
.¥:'.
,0* Vi
f.iii
HI"
48
NANUNTENOO.— PAWTUCKET FIGHT.
[Book III
fmi'
which he snys, "52 of our P^nplish, nml 11 Indiana," were slain.* Tho pn,„.
pany was, no (i»)iil)t, increased by some wiio volunteered as they iiiarplici
tliroujih the country, or by such as were taken i'or pilots.
.Y«)n(n/(noo'.? victory was eotn|»lete, l)Ut, as usual on such occasions, tlu
En^fjisli consoled themselves by makinj; the loss of the Indians a|i|i('iir a^.
lar^^! as possible. Dr. Mather says, that some Indians that were altciwnnl.
taken confessed they lost 140, which, no doubt, is not far from the triitli.i
An En>:lishman, and perhaps li.e ordy one who escaped Irom tiii.s djin..
trous fight, was saved by one of the friendly Indiatu) in this manner; T|„
friendly Indian beiiiK taken for a Narraganset, as he was pnrswinf; with ,,;
iiplitled tomaha'vk the English soldier, no one interfered, seeing liim |iiir« ,
nn unarmed Englishman at such great advantage. In this manner, covdin,
themselves in th(! woods, they »!sca|>cd.
A friendly Indian, being i)ur8ued by one of JSTanuntenoo^s men, got liiliiiKi
the roots of a fallen tree. Thus screened by the earth raised upon tiicin,;!,,
Indian that pursued waited tor him to run from his natural fort, knowin;-],,
would not dare to maintain it long. The other soon thought of im ny.
dienl, which was to make a jjort-hole in his breas-t-work, whicii he ciisihili,;
by digging through the dirt. When he had done this, he put liis ;;ii[
through, and shc^ liis i)ursuer, then fled in perfect salety.
Another escaped in a manner very similar. In his flight lie got boliinj i
large rock. This afforded iiim a good shelter, but in the end he saw iioihii.
but certain death, and the longer lie held out the more misery he must siititr.
Jn this deplorable situation, lie bethought himself to tiT the iijllowiii;; i\vm.
Putting his cap upon his gun, he raised it very gradually above the rock, a,
though to discover the position of his enemy : it had the desired effici-l-
fired upon it. The one behind the rock now rushed upon him, before k
could reload bis gun, and despatched him. Thus, as Mr. Hubbard sjiys, '•ii t
worth the noting, what faithfulness and courage some of the Christina him
showed in this fight." That this most excellent author did not approve of |},(
severity exerciseil towards those who api)eared friendly, is abundantly provfli
by his writings. In another i)lace he says, " Possibly if some of tiie r,ii|;li>i:
had not been too vshy in making use of such of them as were well atlictcil k
their interest, they never need have suffered so much from their eneiiiit!',"
A notice may be reasonably expected of the unfortunate Captain Mkkm
Peirse, of Scituate. lie was one of those adventurous spirits " wlio mvet
knew fear," and who sought rather than shrunk from dangei-s. lie wiLslike
his great antagonist, in the NaiTaganset fight ; and in 1673, when die govim-
ment of Plimoutii raised a force to go (igainst the Dutch, who had eiicromlW
upon them in Connecticut, he was appointed ensign in one of the cnm|t;iiiif!.
He resided in several places before going to Plimouth. Mr, Deane, in in
Hislonj of Scituate, gives a genealogical account of his family, from wliirliw
learn tliat he had a second wife, and several sons and dauglitei-s. Of wk
family he was, there is no mention.| He possessed considerable esuite,aiiii
made his will on engaging in the war with the Indians.
The "sore defeat" of Cai)tain Peirse, and the tide of the Indians' success« |
about this time, caused the United Colonies to send out almost their wli
strength.
JVanuntenoo came down from the country upon Connecticut River, earh ii
Mart h, for the purpose of collecting seed corn to plant such ground as lin
English had been driven from, and to effect any other object he niigiit me«|
with. Whether he had effected the first-named object before failing in «ii'
Peirse, we are not able to state ; but certain it is, that he was but few <lays afer I
encamped very near the ground where the fight had been, and was there falki I
* See tlic letter giving the nnmes of the company in Dearie's Scituate, 122, 123.
t Mr. Hubbard's account is the same. „, .
{ III the Reconls of Plimouth, under date March, 1(>()9, there is this entry :— "^''f" I
Peirsr of Sciltnatc" was presented at the court for vnseemly carriages towards »Si<ni/i M'WI
of Scittuatc," and " rorasniuch as there appeared but one testimony to ilie p'seiitim'iit. an^ I
that the testimony was written and not read vnio the deponanl, Uie court saw cause lo reii>|
the said p'sentment."
111.] NANUNTRNOO— HIS CAPTURi; AM) DEATIF.
49
tiiU
.n\
Cii'.p
upon at iinnwai't's, when but a frvv of liis rin'ii wcro iirosciit, imd tlicn
]»i'i>oiM'r.
S'iputntcnoo was iirarly as iinicli (Ircadcd as Philip liirnscir, and consrijin'titly
lii." ciiiiliiii' causcfl great rcioicinf,' aiiiunf,' liis cneiiiics, and rciinircs to lie \mr-
tiiiildi-lv ivlatfd.
I'oiu' volniitcer r(ini|)anirs from (/Dnnccticiit licf^an tlicir rnarcli into the
cnciin's i-niintry the next day al^er I'aulneket tifrht. Anionjj tlie captains
(it' iliiVe iMHiipanios, Genrftc Dcnistiii ot' Soiitherton was tlie most rons|iicn<His.
'I'lic otlici"s were eonnnanil'Ml \>\ Jiiincs. 'inn/, John Stdunlon, i\\)i\ .Major I'iilnm,
wild iilsi) liad tlie chief eoinniand. With these were three coni|i;niiis of
ImliiiMs; one led hy OnfAro, composed of IMoiie<fans ; on(! of l'e(|iiots, i)y (Vm-
sdsiitimnwti ; and the other ol' iNiantieks, hy (.'nUtpiizrl ; in all ahoiit HO.
\\li('!i this formidahie army came near to .V«)ii//i/(»oo','j camj), on the tirst
«rik ill April, l<>7(!, "they met with a stout Indian of tiie eneniie's, whom they
pirsiiilly slew, and two old stpiaws," who inf()rmed them ol" tin' situation of
Xiinunkiwo. At the same time, their own seontshroni^ht the same intellijrcnct!.
Till' iit'ws of the enemy's approach reached the chief in his tent when hut
s\(ii iif hi'' men were al»oul him ; the rest were prol>al)ly in the neiuhhorhood
Hit'iiiliiii? to their ordinary aliiiirs. And al!houf,di he iiad stationed two senti-
iiils iipeii an adjacent hill, to <rive Jiim timely notice if any ap|)eared, their
siinirisc was so great, at the sudden ai)proach «)f the l'",nglish, that, in thi'ir
fiiL'lil, tiiey ran hy their sachem's wigvvam, "as if they wanted time to tell
wli.it llu'V saw." Seeing this, the sachem sent a third, lo learn the cause of
till' llijrlit" of the two first, hut he fled in the same manner; and lastly he sent
two niiire, one of which, " either endued with more courage', or a hetter sense
of his duty, informed him ill gr«'at haste that all the I'uglish army was upon
liiiii : wlien'iipon, having iif) time to consult, and hut little to attempt an escape,
ami Mil means to (leti'iid himself, he began" * to tly with all speed. Unuuing
with irrcat swiftness around the hill, to get out of sight u|)ou the ojtposite side,
lie was (iistinguished by his wary |)ursuers, and they immediately f()llowcd
liiiii with that eagerness tli<'ir important object was calculated to inspire.
Tlii 'piii"siiers of the flying cluef wen^ Catapazrt tuu[ his Nianticks, "and a
fu (if the Knglish lightest of fi)ot." Seeing these were gaining upon him, he
fir<t cast off iiis blanket, then his silver-laced coat, and lastly his bi'lt of peag.
On sn'iiig these, a doubt no longr'r renuuned of its being JVitnuntenoo, which
iia'cd iheiii, if ])ossible, fiister in the cliase. Then' was in tlu^ company uf
Cnldjinzet, on(> Monopoidc, a Pecpiot, who outran all his com|)anions, and who,
riiiiiiiir upon ATanunknoo, as he fled u|)()n the side of the river, obliged him to
at! iiiltt to cross it sooner than he intended. Nevertheless, but for an accident
ill his jiiissage, he would dou!)tless have effected his escapi'. As he was wu-
diii.Mhrdiigli the river, his |()ot slipped n|)on a stone, which brought his gun
111! li- water. Thus losing some time in recovering himselt", and also the use
«! his gun, it i»robably made him despiiir of escaping; fi>r Monopouk came
ii|iMiii| seized ujion him, " within :{0 rods of the river si<l<'."
Xnmintenoo, having made up his mind to surrender, made no resistance,
al!iiMii:!i he was a man of great physical strengili, of su|terior stature, and
BikiKiwIedged bravery ; and th(M)ne who seized upon him very ordinary in
tli'i respect. One of the first Englishmen that came up was Robert Slnunton,
yniiig mati, who ])resumed to ask the captiireil chief some fpiestions. He
A\S\\ r,R." And, adds ]Mr. Huhhrird, he " was as good as his word : acting
111 i'lii, as if, by a Pi/tharrorcan metempsychosis, some (dd Roman ghost had
Ipi -oscd tlie body of tliis wi'stern pagan. And, like JUlilius Ii£gulus,\ he
liiK ol(<2;;iiit pnssnif(; of IMr. IIiilih<ir<l Nriiiir-^ I" our iniiid that inimilnlije one of
■'■''"(), ill |ii< ai'coiiiit of lh(.' wofiil (l:\ys of ilic Mfxicniis ; '■ 'Chcy liiid ncilhcr arms to
■I ilic miihiliKlc iiiid fury of llicir ciK'iiiic^. slrcris;tli lo ih'fcinl ihcuix'lvcs, nor spncf to
' • ' 111 ; the ijrodiid of llir city was covprt'd willi dead hodips, and llic walor of vvv,ty
<'' I MiHil imrplcd widi lilood. Uisl M\rici<, iii. 7.5.
^:ii Atliliiis lieguius, a Roman consul and general, taken prisoner by the Cartha-
5
/^f
1* ,"■ ■ ■' < ■ I
'• is ■•■':! ■'•"v|
\ ■"■ .'i( . ■ .1
Mm
'■Mm
;y^c:r
!
"'.'fij^ ■■ .
"■ ^i
Mm.
h
mm
.«
50
NANUNTENOO.
[Boog HI
would not ncfopt of his own lifo, when it wnw tcndnroil liim." Thi>< tf iuNn,!
life to .Yaiiunlcnno wfis, no doiiiir, upon the condition of jiisolitainiricr tl,,. ^,,1,
niissioii of his nation. Mr met thr idea with indignation; and ^Nlnrir,
Kn;.disli told him tliat ho shoultl he put to death if h<; did not eouiply, in i|,
most <-oniposed manner he replied, that killinir lum would not einj t||,. ^^.,,
Some of his captors endeavored to reflect njtou him, by tellin>: jiini, tl,,,, ,,,
had said he woidil Inirn the Etifrlish in their horise.t, t\i\i\ that he Jiad ii(ii|,|,,
in defiance of his pronuse last made to the Ent'lisli, \vhi(di was to dclivi r Mi
WampanoafTs to lliem, that he would not deliver up a f(iiwp'i»oit<r o/- Ih n,:f]„..
of a }yitmp(inotti^''s nail. To this he oidv re|)lied, "O'l'llKUS \\ I'.HI' \^
KutWAHl) FOR 'I'llE WAR AH AH SELF, AND 1 DESlKi: 10 III \h
NO iMOIlE AHOFT IT."
Had thi^ Eufrlish not hnrned his poo|)le in their houses? Did tlicyiv.r
deliver uj) any that had couunitted depredations upon the Narrajransits- \,;
— Who, then, will ask for an excuse (itr tlx; ma;rnnnimous JViinuntcmn! >„
indi'rnant was he at their conduct, diat he would lit<ar nothin^r alidiit |U';i<,;
"refusinij to send an old counsellor of his to make any motion that >vav,".;
a promise of life if lu^ would do so.
Under the vyc. nl' Denison, JS/anuntenoo was taken to Stonifirptoii. win.,
by the "advice of the Eiifrlish commanders, In; was shot." Ills jicul «„>
cut off and carried to Hartford, and his hody consumed hy fire. Tlie Kii^li,;;
Rrevaih'd upon some of each tribe of their allies, viz. Pecpiots, Moliciraiisiii,!
lianticks, to be his executioners, " thereby the more firiidy to eiiL'iiL't' il^
said Indians a<;ainst the treacherous Narrajransets." * "Herein," sm
another writer t of that day, "the Enirlish dealt wisely, for by this niiniiMi.'
three Indian nations are become abominable to the other Indians." Ainl a
resp(!ctablc writer | of our own times says, " It may be pleasing to the mitt
to be informed " of the fate of jVtinimtenoo !
When it was aimounced to the noble chief that be trnist be put to dcul),
he was not in the least daunted, and idl Ik; is report»;d to have saiil is tlii< -
"I LIKE IT WELL ; I SHALL DIE BEFORE MY HEART IS SOFT
OR HAVE SAID ANY THING UNWORTHY OF MYSELF." Wiia
JSTammtenoo, fell into the hand.s of the En<rlisli 4:J others. §
The author of tlur anonymous ^^Ldtera to London" || says the Indians \vh[«
"ronunanded l)y that famous but very hloudy and cruel sachem, ({uoimnM
otlu'rwise called Miptntonomi/" whose "carriage was stran<;(;ly itroiiil mi
lofly afler he was taken : bein<j examined why he did foment that war, wliHi
woidd certainly be the <lestniction of him and all the heathen Indiiiih i:;
the country, &c., he would make no other reply to any interrofratdriis I",;
this: that he was born a |)riuce, and if princes came to speak with liiiniie
would answer, but none present being such, Ik^ thought himself olilii'd,!!
honor, to hold his tongue;" and that he said he would rather die thm
remain a prisoncM'. and recpiested that Oneio might put him to death, ii>k
was of equul rank. " Yet withall threatened, he hail 2000 men, [who] wmV.
revenge his death severely. Wheref()re our forces, fearing an escajic, piitllw
stoutest men to the sword, hut preserved Myantonomij till they retiinndu
Stoneington; where our Indian friends, and most of the English sdldinv
declaring to the; commainlers their fear that the English should, iijion c li-
ditions, release him, and that then he would, (though the Engli^sli iidii
ffinians, 251 years 15. C. They sent him lo Rfime to use iiis endeavors to piTcct apeafe.b'l
his siilcmn promise lo rolnru wfliiiii a given ))erio(i. 'I'he most excruoiatinir tornirt's n«T!i.
him, sliould he not exooiile his mission accortlmir lo his instructions. Wlien arrived at liic
he exiiorled his couiilryiiien to holdout, and maintain the war asjainst the ('ard]a?inia:/ 1
stating their siti\alion, and the groat advanlagcs that would aecrue. He knew wliai ""'■I
be his fate on returning to ( "arthage, and many a nolile Roman besought iiim not to mi.-. |
and thus sacrifirc his life ; but lie woidd not break his promise, even with his l)nrlmri)ii-' ■
mics. This is what is meant by not nrcepting his own life when tendered him. Ilcri'lunr
and, if history be true, no hidiiui nation ever tortured a prisoner, bevond what lliel'sri>l
ginians inflicted upon Afarciis Alliliiis Reixnliis. See Echani's Rnman Hist. i. IRS— '.'■
* Itnhbard. t /• ^M>ith^r. { JMvie, Hist. Sciliialc, lit
$ Manuscript letter in Hist. Library. Both Hidibard and Mather say 44 j perhaps they ;3-l
eluded Nanuntenoo.
II i:^lsewhere cited as The O'd Indian Chronicle.
oi.»p. i/ri
have peace \vi
MS tin' sn'u\ Ii
llicrs he had (i
all iiiiirht slmn
llic idilii.''firiiiii
cut oil' his hen
lii'i' ami hiiriUM
Kiii'lish, presei
.ixxiffuy
.vi'ljors and i'a|)
\\:i> a licairi of
iic ;m\c liiinsell
iiii.'a('C(iiint.
At the s\vaMi|
a.< has heen rel
enemies. "Per
llie swamp, fack
;'reat sin-ly old (
I'A l-o')-t(ish. (
wlio that was tin
(:n at captain, ca
"Captain Chui
(if I'liHip,] befitr
(dd .IniKiwon, PI
ilieir Woods, aiii
Swaiisey. Capta
to ('ii!.'iii.'c in OIK!
so poor, he fi.'ared
a lieni'ly fi-ieiKl to
old lieiifeimiif, an
tlieiii how tiK' cas
Mimcon^s walk a
w.iiit much entre
llieic was an Iiali;
ivoods to Pocasset
III tlie early jn
fcoiiis raptured a
I'oiild Icurii notliiji
jildce."
''.NW a certain
t>en" },is side, pi
iiitlicr, who, he sai(
tin other than a y
i tiiiiikiiig it might b
«i taking one En
I I'i'i''', he went witi
[ tlif swamp, he hid
Hits 11(1 .sooiK!r gone
wit of tin; woods, II
one side of the tr
IfMiermakiiigalK)
I 'iiim; hut while the
' towards them,
OM Ids shoulder, and
I'.V They let them
1 01 tlii'iii both. Can
Itli'iiiwhat thevmiiv
hvoMiaii whatcompa
|"wiV He asked h
* This seems to u
t lliesoaof^ita
[Hook III
Tliis tciiilcr iif
HinliiL' till' vii|,.
mill vlini !'
(•()in|ily, ill i!
>t <'nil tlic w.r
)>: liim, iltiii ,;.
he liuil Ihiiimh,
IS to (IrliviT '1,
nt<! or Ihi /ici'i'ii •
KS WV.WV. \^
IHK 'roiir.\K
Dill tlii'V IV. r
rnifraiisits • Nm'
fiinuntcnon! >•<
iiifi aliimt pt'iiiv;
uii timt \vay"ii:
oiiiliptoii, \s\\']\
." llislirail'.M.
re. Tlif Kiii'liMi
ts, Moln'iriuisiiri!
IV to CIlL'ilL'l' tW
'"llerciii," su,
by this iiii'iiib li:.;
Indians." Ami a
iHing to the nmlit
ist he. ])nt to diii'.i.
live said is till" •-
IEARTlr*:^t)lT
lYSELF." W;.
s tht' liidiiins wnr
idu'ni, ({iwmmy.
[Hiijrely iiroiiil 111 i
111 tiiat war.wlii'i:
iciithcMi Iiiiliiiii> i:.
|iiit«'n'0}ratiirii'sl":'.
jpeak witli \m !;«
[inuisflt' olihi"Vi.i!i
Ihl rather dii' iI'M
liin to dentil, as lie
men, [who] wml'': 1
uu escui»e, l)iii i''^ 1
jdl tlirvretiiriiHlwl
e En-jlishsiililitrv
should, iil>oii '■'"■
lie Eiigli^li n^H
lrstoolTcclaiie.vf.''
tiatintj tormros n« ii--
IVheii arrivrilailvr-
Inst llio ('nrilw!"ii'^'
llle knew wIkh ""■■
lu^hl him not lo rfii'
Ivithliis harliaroiiM'i
Ircdhim. Ilcretumrtl
i-on<l wl.at tlio 'W^l
I, Hist. Scimaic. !•»
by 4^1; perliaps il"^; " I
("HAP
nil
AN.\.\\Vi)N.
51
haw I
leai'i
• willi liiiM,) Im! vei'v pcrnicioiis to those Indi.'iiis that now assisted
d the
ndsehiets and iinir-
,* And that
; III,, said Indians, (on these consideriitinns, and
'.|> lie iiad done din'inir this war,) |irriiiitt('d to jiiit him to tieatii
it siiare in the <iUtv\' of desiniN inir so irre.it a prinee, and eomc under
n"-ation ol' lidelity, eaeji to other, the Peipiods shot him, the Mohe^'ins
nil III
(lie I
•111 oil' iiis head and <|iiartered his hody, and the A7Hni'm;/?,« men made tin
III,, and hiirned his (piarti-rs, ami, as a token of tlieir love and (idcdily t(t tiie
Vii.'iish, jiresented iiis head to the eoiineii at Hartford!"
/.V.V.y/' ^AV* was a \Vam|ianoai;-, and one ol' Plilli/)\<< most famous eoiiii-
si.||('irs and eii|>tains. He was his tiist friend, and I'esisted as loni,' as then3
\\;,<aiieain of liope ; and when at last every eiianee of sneeess had liiiled,
li,. .r;ive himself up in the most heroic maimer, as will u|tpcar in the follow-
jiiir arcoiiii'- _ _
"\t tlic swamp, when Pkitip was killed, he csenped with most of his men,
•(.i has lieeii related, l)y his thoroiijrhly niiderstandinji' the siiiiation id' hid
(■iiiiiiies. "Perceiviiifr (says ('fci<r<7i) they were waylaid on the cast side of
ill,' swamp, tacked short about. Oim" of tlie enemy, who seemed to he a
.rrt'iit sarlv old lillow, hallooed with a h)Md voice, and (db-n called out, l-oo-
luih. l-o')-li'sli. ("aj>tain Church called to his Indian /V/fr,f a!id asked him
\\|i,illiat was that calh'd so. Ife answered that it was old .himtwim, I'hillp^s
irpiii caiitain, callinjr on his soldiers to stand to it, and tiirlit stonily."
'' "('a|itaiu Church had been but little wliih^ at I'limonth, [alb-r the de-ith
1,1' />/,;//m ] before a post Irom Uehohoth came lo inlt)rm the <rovernor that
(ill! .hinawon, Philip^s chi(d' captain, was with his company ramriiifj al»ont
lliiir woods, mid was very otfensivo and perifu'ions to Kehoboth and
J.!\vaiisev. Captain Church was immediattdy sent liir ajraiii, and treated with
tdciiiraire ill on(M'\pedition more, lie t<dd them their eiiconrajreiiK-nt wius
i,iipiior, lie feared his soldiers would be dull abont ^'oin^r a^'ain. IJiit heing
!i iicarty friend to th" cause, he rallies ajrain, jroes to Mr. Jahez Howlanil, his
(il,| lieiiteiiaiit, and some of his soldiers that used lo jro out with him, told
thrill Imsv the case was circumslaiiced, and that he had iiitellifren<;(! of old
Wn/iwon's walk and haunt, and wanted hands to limit him. They did not
wiiiit iiiiich entreatiiifr, hut told him they would jr«< with him as long as
there was an Indian leil in the woods. He moved und raiig(;d through the
woods to Pocasset."
Ill the early jHirt of this expedition, some of Capttiin Church's Indian
fcniits raptured a mmiber of Jlnnawoii's company, but from whom they
criiilil leurn nothing of the old chief, only that he did not lodge " twice in a
plaee."
'• Now a certain Indian soldier, that Captain Church had gained over to
he 0" lis siile, jirayed that he might have liberty to go and fi^tidi in Ida
lather, who, he said, was about four miles from that jilace, in a swamp, with
im other than a young srpiaw. Cajitain Church inclined to go with him,
thinking it might be in Iiis way to gain some intelligence of ^^nnawon ; and
so taking one Englishman and a few Indians with liim, leaving the rest
tlii'ie, lie went with his new soldier to look his father. When he came to
the swamp, he bid the Indian go and see if he couhl find his father. Ho
was no sooner gone, but Captain Church discovered a track coming down
uiit of tli(! woods, upon which he and his little company lay close, some on
one siile of the track, and some on the other. Tln^y heard the Indian
[ fiihiier making a howling for his father, and at length somebody answered
him: hut while they were listening, they thought they heard somebody com-
hiL' towards them. Presently they saw an old man coming u|>, with a gun
Ion his siioiilder, and a young woman following in tlu^ track which they lay
hy. They let them come between them, and then started up ami laid hold
of them hotli. Captain Church immediately examined them apart, telling
thi'iii what they must trust to if tln>y told tiilse stories, lb; ask"(l the young
nvoinan what company they canu! from last. Siie said from (Japtain Anna-
iron's. He asked her how many were in company with him when she left
* This scorns lo us liie most probalilp arcomit ol'ilic allair of all we have scea.
t The son of Awashonks, it is uuppusod.
m
M'i-
mm
[fffml
'• '■■<•',■• ■'. ', .' v
■ e *, -J ■ ,.\\-
' ,i>'. .ill*!
■4 'mil
■- ■;
■I'ilti
'.■ ■' '>■■'■ vii
52
ANNAWON.
[n<'<iK III
him. She n;iiil 'lifly or ni\ty.' He iiskt-d Iht Iiow iriiiiiy iiiilrs it \\;i« i
pliict' \N lici't' nIic IcI'i iiini. Sill' said sin- iliil iioi iindt ixtiiiid iiiilo, Inn In
iijt in S(|ii.'iiiiian)iik swniiip. 'Tlic old iri.'iii, wiio liad Ixcii iiii< ui' /'/,
(Mtiiiii-il, ii|iuii «-\aiiiiiiiiti<iM, ;rav<> r\ar-tly tin; HaiiKt acrMiiiit." On I
u,sk(;d wlirlliiT tln-y coid.i !,'■ ' iIhth llial ni;:lir, mi nvrrd, " IT \\i
nitlv, and Iravd simitiv, wi 'av ir<'t llirrc In siiiisi'l." 'I'll.' ujd
" 11.
..■ilMP
lie was of . //(;i'Mro;r.i cniiiin '. aitd lliaf .Inuniron had sent liini d
lllllli ■:,
find
ioinr
Indians that wrrc ^onr tliiwn into .Monnt ll(i|ii' iiccL to k
IIV.I, |,|
visions, ('aptain Ckxirck let him know tliat thai coniiiany \vi ic
lirisoncis.
'I'lic Indian who had bfcn piTinittrd to <ro alliT his liithrr, now nt
with him and another man. Cirnain Cliinrli was now at ifriat U»s \\\t:\\\
irii'i
Hhonhl do. Il(! was nnwiliini>' to miss ol' so ainni
'\i\ o|)|ioi-tnnjt;.
lilt
SI'llill
u linisiiin<; hlow tothr Indian power, lie had, as himscil' says, I
(lo/cn men ix'siih- himscil'," and yet was iindrr tin' necessity nf
.som*; oiu! hack to jrive l,ieiitenaeil Jlowlaiitl, whom he ieO at the niiji
I'oeasset, notice, if he should proceed. Hut, wilhont witstiii^' tiiiii in
deriiiiif upon what course to |Mirsue, he put the (piestioii to iijs
"whether tliev would williii'dv tro with iiim and ''ive .1
iirt HI
t.;"\i,
inutiron n \i
lew
All ttnswered in the aliirmative, Imt reminded him ''that tiiey ki
(-'aptain .Innnwon was a ;i-real s(ddier ; that he had been a valiant r(i|ii;iiii
Ulul(!r •Isuhmcijuin, [Ifoomimcijiilii,] I'liHiji's liithei'; and that he liiuj Imih
P/ti/j/Ay chieltain all this war." And they rurther told Captain Clnnrli. u,\
tlicHe m<Mi knew him well,) that he was "a very siditle man, ol" fricni n-i,.
tion, and had oHen said that he would neve
taken idi\ i' hv tlie I
'J'liev idso remiiuled him that those w ilh .Inntiiriiii were
iliiti'
1' 11.
some of I'hU'ni's chief soldiers," and very much feared that to nink
uttcmpt with such a haudfid ofs<ddier.s, would he hazardous in the i'Mimi,,],
But notliin^M-oidd shake; the resohiti<»ii ol" ("aptain (' lui rch, \s\w iiiiiiirk'l
to thuni, " that he had a lonir time soii<dit for Jin
uawon,
hilt
in \;iiii, iiiij
!,
d*uiht(!d not iu the least hut Providence would |)rotect them. All \vii!iiiiie
consent now desired to proceed.
A man hy tlie name of Cook* heloiiirinj? to I'limoiith, was llic (ink
Englishniaii in the company, except the ca|)tuin. (Japtain Cluirclt ,i.>M
IMr, Cook what his opiiii(Ui of the uiiderlakin<j was. lie made; no other n|iiy
timn this: "I am never afraid of froinj: any wlusre when you are witli im."
Tilt! Indian who hroii^ht in his father inf'rmed Captain C7ii//r/i, that it w;,<
im|»ossil)le ft)r liim to take; his horse; with liim, whiedi lie had hii)ii;,'lit ilnis
fur. lie therefore sent him and his father, with the horse, hack to 1.
ant llowland, and ordered them to tell liiin to take his ])risoners iininnl
to 'raiinton, and then to come out the next morninir in the Reliohotli
H'llIiH-
liih iy
I'lial
where, if alive, he hoped to nu-et him.
Thinjrs lK;injr thus settled, all were ready for the journey. Captiiin VhvrA
turned to the old man, whom lu; took with tin; y<»u!ijr woman, ami a>ktil
him whetln;r he would ht; their |)ilot. He said, "You liavin;,' fiivcii im' my
life, 1 iun under ohiiijfations to serve you." They netw murciied lor Si|ii;iii-
naconk. In leading the way, this old man would travel so much liistir ili;ia
the; r»;st, as som<;tiii''. s to ho nearly out of sijrht, and conseiiiiciitiy :iiulii
liavi; escajied without tear of lieinir recaptured, hut he was true to liis '.\"nl.
and would stop until his wearied followers came up.
iii;.
Having traveih;d througii swam|)s and thickets until the sun was selii
the itiliit ordered u stop. TLo captain askeil liim if he had iiiadi; aiu i
covery. He said, " Aiunit that hour of the day, .7>in/<»'o?i usually sent mt
Ills scouts to st;e if the; coast was cl(;ar, and as soon as it heir.Mi tojuw
dark the scouts returned, and th«;ii we may move securely." \\ Ikmi it "..-<
snlliciently dark, and they wen; ahoiit to proceed. Captain Church asktii
old man if he would take; a i:nn and fight for him. Hi; howvil vcn
and said, "I pray you not to imjiose such a thing upon nu; as to light h'S
Captain .Innawon, my old friend, hut I will go along with you, and Itc in ij'
to you, and will lay hands on any man that shall oiler to hurt you." i'
* Caleb, (louhilc^^^, who was present at the tiino Philip was killed.
low,
ii.>t I
linil |iri»f(<ede
rmi'liidi'il to 1
werr ill III"' V i'
til ;.'ivc a (lesr
Ki'lioliiitli, alio
hIiii'Ii lends to
Ijiir Wffr draw
(HIT tlii< jilacc
nciv«, ilirri' is i
lii'iiiik, wliicli i
iii'iirly ciivfred
IM. Its SOI It
ris'.x to the liei
ami easy of use
^'liiiiiiA and hi
Wii\e.« iivi r it, c
W hen they ai
of ills liiilian fl
ili.-tiiietly til,' s
Tliey were divii
aiielliel'. .Inilill
Milli hiiiilieij »et
' 1^ '1 'Miridiis (;iet
|a;'i'Mliali(iN: Ihiis, ttji,!
!ta»..ailio,.,„lorL.i,i.|,
[M iwcica.
'^^ I.*', Ilo L,„
[ll'MiK 111
IcS it. WMS til t;„.
lili't', lull lie v.i,,
1 (ilir tit" /'/ii'dyj
int." Oil l.iiii;-
" II' we '.'11 |ih..
I>' old lllllll -;iil
It illlll llliUh lu
iK'cU to kill |ir».
iiy \vc|-f nil li.
■r, iHiw rctnriiMl
rrat lo.-S \sli;il ill'
rtiinity nl" ^,'i\ii,.'
StlVH, lillt "hiilt' :i
I'ssity lit' si'iiiliii.'
Ill iIh' iilil tiirl i!i
liiij; liiii* ill |"'ii-
tidii 111 liis 1,1111,
.Iniittiron ii \i<ii.''
t tlii'V kiii'w ilii*
II valiant i'ii|il;iiii
tliat In- liiiti liim
plain r/iiin7i, ';i.l
II, (>r ffll'lll ll-"i'r
• by till' Kii^'li-li.''
" rcstiliitc Ml'Mi,
tliat to make li.e
Ills ill tllC lAllMh".
•eh, NviiK riiiiiirk'l
, but ill \aiii,"iiiiJ
leiu. All with one
itli, was llii' I'lily
itiiin Clinirh :i>kii|
iiul<! in> "tl"''' I' t'y
you an' witii im "
Church, iliiit it »;,,
lad bniii;,'lii ^\»'i
, back to Li'iiirii-
toners iiiiiiii'iliii'''J
lie llflioliotli mi,
Caiitiiiii VhM
Kvoiiiau, ami a^U
liviiiir {liven nil' mj
uutIiimI I'or Siiiaii-
lo umcli fasUi' lliaii
loiis(M|Ufiitly MiUi.i
lis true to Ills "'Til.
lo SUll Wa.H Sl'tt'.lli.':
Iiad iiiatif all} ili-
Ifii usually si'iii ^^-i
it licir.-.n to;:-*
l.ly." \Vl!i'iriI->i
lu"C'/iun:/i iisknhif
L bowod vfry lo«,
|. as to tifilit iii.''"'''! I
.oil, and Ix' I" ■ij""' I
Ill
I ANNAWON.—IIIS ( M'I'I lU; AM> DI'.ATIl.
O'
liurt you
Ivas killoJ.
." 'I'lii'J
I ml |iiiHi'''<l"''l '"'^ " ^'i"'"f space, when tiicy heard a noise, wjiieii lliey
li„|,.,| to lie tie' poiindinijr ol' a mortar. 'I'liis warned lliem that liny
«,. re ill the \ieiiiity ol' ./'I'l^/zco/i',* n treat. And here it wiiibevtry proper
1,1 i'i\e a (lesiriptioii ol" it. It is situated in the south-" asti'riy loriier ol'
Rchiilii'tli. alioiit ei^rlit iiiijis Troiii 'I'aiintoii (ireeii, a |i'\« rods lidiii ili • road
wliM'li leads lo I'nn ideiiee, and on the .-oiitli-easterly side of it. It'a slrai;.'lit
line \M'ie diiiNvn I'roiii 'raiintoii to I'rovideiiee, it woiihl pii.ss v«'ry nearly
(Hirlliis place. Within the liinits ol" an iniineiise swamp of nearly .MOOO
it('ir>, tiii'ie is a small piece of iiplanil. separated from the main onl\ by a
liriHik, vvliicii in some seasons is dry. 'This i.-laiid, as we iiia\ call it, is
iH'iirlv foM'red with an enormous rock, wliicli to tiiis day is called . Iini(iii'<)>i\i
Hnfk. Iff* south-east siile presents an almost perpendicular precipice, and
ri^stollic lieifrht of 'i.') or MO ll'et. The north-west side is very sloping',
ami nisv of ascent, bein^' at an lllllll' of not iikmo tiiaii M.! or 4U°. A ninrii
I'ldoiiiN iiiid hidden recess, e\t'U now, altliou;rh the liu-est tree no lon:,'t!r
^Mivi's iivi r ii, could hardly lit; found by any iiihahitant of the wilderness.
WJHii tliey arri\ed near the foot of tiie rock, Captain Chtiirh, with two
III' Ills Indian soldiers, crept to the top of it, from wluMU'e they could seo
di>liii<tlv the situation of the whole eoiiipaiiy, by the ii^riit of their tires.
Thi'V were divided into three bodies, and lod;;ed u siiort distance from oiio
aijiitliir. .lnniiivoii''s camp was formed by lelling ii tree ayaiiist the r<jck,
witli hushes set up on eucii side.
•' lie passeil, in tlio liourl of that niicicut wood—
*******
Nor paasi'd, lill llic rock Mhorc a vnuiU'il lied
lliul hettii lu!wii ol'dlil Ibr Ihe kiiif;lv dciid
Arose (III his iiii(liii;;la wiiy " — IIkm.vns.
Willi liini lodjred his son, and others of his principal men. Their puns
winiiiscovcred staiidin<r and leaiiin;j: against a stick resting on two crotches,
sililj covered from the weather by a mat. Over their fires were pots and
knlis lioiliiijr, and meat roasting upon their spits. ('a|»tain Church was
i,ii« at siuiic loss how to proceed, sci iiii,' no possibility of jrettiiif,' «lowii tho
ri"k witlioiil discovery, which would have bei-n filial. He therefor*! crei^pa
tiiiiiily hack again to the foot of the rock, and asked the old man, their
jiilipi, if then,' was no other way of coming at them. 1I<! iinswenul, " No ;"
ami Slid lliat liimstdf and all others ludonging to the comimiiy were ordered
luniiiK; that way, !uid none could come any other without danger of be-
iiii; sliot.
Hir tiiiitfiil niiud of Church was no longer at loss, and tlu; following struta-
piii was put in successful practice. Ili; ordered the (dd man and t'le young
Wdiiian to go fltrward, and lead the way, with tliisir baskets upon their backs,
aiiJ wiii'ii .hinawon should discover them, he would take no alarm, knowing
lliriii to he those he had lately sent forth upon discovery. "Captain Church
• mill lii.s iiaiidfiil of soldii.'i-s crept down also, under tin; shadow of those two
am! tiicir baskets. The captain himself crept close behind the old man, with
Ills liaichet in his hand, and stepped over the young man's lieud to the arms.
Till young ./un/iicoH discovering him, whipped his blanket over his head, and
i ."liniiik ii|i ill a heap. 'I'he old Captain .'hinawon started up on his breech,
j aiiii cri.'il out ' /fo(fo/i ." which signified, 'Welcom.'"* All hope of escape
I Viis MOW ll, (1 forever, and he made no ;trort, but laid himsidf down again in
j jwrf'ci silence, wliili,' his captors secured the rest of the company. For ho
Mi|i|iiisc(l the English were far more numerous than they were, and before he
Was iniilecuived, his coiii[mny were all secured.
' il Is a (iirioiis I'iiol, Ihal ;iinoiig the trilies of the west, the same word is used lo signify
Ujinriilmliiiii ; llms, win n a speecii luid Ikmmi made lo sonic in Ihal region, which pleased
tlKinaiiheendofeafh paragraph i\wy would cxilaim, '• I (oak! Iloah!" — Weld's Travels
I in Amfrka.
iiiL' tad becomes slill more curious wiien we fin<l the same word used yt't farther west—
jtvi'ii on ihe Norlh-wesi ("oasl, and wiili very nearly the same sig-nificalioa. Hec Pi.ron'a
\,<„rre^ l!!|), Ito I,ondon, I7f!'.). In iliis work il is spelt Wlwali. See, also, Burney's
'uvajjes, i. SU'i. and Colden's Five Nalioiis, ii. iio.
5*
mm
1 '■>'' ■ \ ,w
'tM ■■M
• ,' ■ e'>"i>**»i
"■Vj
■ i' "' '.
■V,'
'.M
^
*■■-.?■■:
^-m
p
' '>m
'J^
bM
m
n
m
'^Wfi
w
V*
%tii
- 'f v'
^^^
w
'■'.'■'■i'l'.'.i'ig
U
■*%i^.k
ANNAWON.
lltooK III
rmr.
Ill
One rirniiri'^lancc min-li liuilitalrd ihin ilaniii.' pnijccl. It Iwim Imth Imi;,^^
■<ftciiliiini'il, ihiil iIm'V iH'artI ilic |Htiiii(liiii.' of a iiiiiiiar, (ui ilnir ii|ihri> i
riiirt ciiiitiiinril ilui'iii): llair dcTint iIdnmi iIii> rix-k. A hipiaw wur^ |h>iiim.
grri'ii ilririj ciirii tor tliclr Mi|i|ii>r, ihk! \vlit>n hlit ascil itdiiiiijin:;, lu '
the fiirii, thry ci'iisiil In |ii'iiri'('il, aihl \vli>'ri slir |i<iiiii<li'il a^'ain, llii'\ ii,,,^
This wasilir rcasun llir\ wrri' not lirard as ilicy jowcnil ilMinsrivis i|,,v,||
from cia;; to craj.', Hii|i|ii)rlr(l liy Hiiiall ImisIh'h that j:n'\v li'iiiii tlic m,,, .
of tlin rock, 'riic poiiiulrd (-orti m'rvcil utlcrwanlM tor a Hiippcr ta i|,
ciiptorH.
jiunau'on would not liavi' liiiii taken at tliis tiin*' hut liir llic trciKtrt
of iliosi' of liiH own company. And well may //jciV Lucan oxoluiiu, «.« i,,'
tlio J{oiiuiii,
" A riicp ronownpil, llu; wnrl'IN viriDrimi'* lunN,
Tiirufil oa llienisflvos with llicir (iwn liostilo nwonls. "—WwccVv Ti-mis,
Till! two ('(DnpanirM sitiiati'd at a nluirt distance from iIk^ rock kiicwiini 11,^
fate ol'their captain, until tliose si lit Ity f 7(i<n'/t aiinoinieed it to tln'in. \ii
to prevent their iiiakiii},' nsistaiice, tiav were told, that Captain Vhunj, , „
mcompasKcd them with his army, and that to make resistance wciiilil 1,
inmieiiiiite death ; iiiir it'tlay all siihmitted peaceahly, they slMMiid liiiv> i:i».h
•jiiartir. " Now they liriiijr old ac(piaiiil;iiice, and many of them nliiiim,
readily consented : deliv< rinj; up tli< ir L'niit* and hatchets, they were nil i,,,.
ducted to head-ipiarters.
"'J'hinjis heiii;; thus tin* settled, (."aptMin Churrh asked .'hinnmn w'.r:
lie had t'or supper, 'for,' said lie, 'I am come to sup with you.'" .Imwt.n
replied, " Tanhiif,''^ with a " hiir voi<"e,'' and, lookin^r around ii|ion liis wiim ;
ordered them to hasten and provide Captain f'/iarr/i and his coiii|i!iii\ ., i,
8ii|)|»er. lie askcil Cjiptaiu Church "whether he would eat cow li d yt
horse heet." Church said he \\(aild pretir (;ow beef. It was soaii n nl,
and, hy the aid ot' some salt he had in his pocktit, he inadt.' u ^oail iimiL
Ami here it should he told, that a small Imj? of salt (which he ciiTiid ii
his pocket) was the only provision he took with him upon this exiirdiiion,
VVlieii supper was over, ('aptaiii Church set his men to watch, t( llin;' limr
if they would let him sleep two lanirs, they slionld >leep all the rest nt' ili.
iii;;ht, he not liavinjr slept any for ;j<! hours Infore; hut atler layinf; n Imif
hour, and ti'elin;; no disposition to sleep, from the iiKMnentoiis cares u|i(iii liij
min(l, — fur, as L)r. l'oi»i<c says in the; Reven<:e,
" Tlio ilcnd alone, in surii a night, can rest, — "
hn looked to sop if his watch wore at their posts, but tlicy wcro all fiist nslcip,
Jlnnnwon felt no more like sleepinu' than Church, an I they lay for somr lini
lookiiiff one upon tiie other. Church spoke not to .Innnwon, Icivuim' \f
could not speak Indian, and thoiitrht •'?n»rnr»/i could not s|)eak ]'lii<rlisli. Iiiiti:
now appeared that he could, from a conversation they held to^retlier. ( Inini
had laici down with .^HJKnron to ])revent his escape, of which, liowivmiif
did not seem much afraid, for atb'r they had laid a consi(leral)|eiiiiii',./(iii.'ir,K
got n|i and walked away out of si<;lit, which Church considen d \v.i> nn 1 j
common occasion ; Jiiit beinjr jrone some time, "he be<ran to siispcrt mhiii'
ill desifrn." He therefore gathered all the <:iins close to himself^ ami I ly ;i>
closi' as he possibly could under youn<r .•hvi(tu'07i\'i side, that if a slmt slini
be made at him, it must endaiifjer the life of yoiuifr , hmawitn also. Aii r 1
laying' a while in jfreat suspense, he saw, by the lifilit of the moon, ./;i»'(k
cominjr witii somethiiifr in his hands. When lie had ^'ot to (^'iptaiii ('lrjr<i
he knelt down before him, and, after presentinjr him what he hail lini .'-
sj)oke in iln^lish as follows: — " Grrnt captrtiu, i/iu have killed I'hilip, «»(/"•
quertd his couutn/. Fori believe that 1 (Did mij compiniy are the laul llml ir.'
ti^aiust the Emrli.ih, so suppose the ivar is ended by i/our means, and Iknhnl
these things belonsr unto you." lb; then took out ol' his pack a hi'iiiiliiiiH) |
wroiifrht belt, wliich bclon^'cd to Philip. It was nine inches in hrcMdih. ami
of such leiifftli, ns when put about tlic! shoulders of Captain f'/iH/''A. i!|
reached to liis uiiklcs. Thia was considered, at that time, of great vuliif.
iN'iii^ I'liiltroii
i-(i|ol>, Clirioll:
In ll, III' III! Il '■"
,l|,o Id I'liitip.
'mi'K |i.'irt III "
u -iiiiill"!' one,
All ilif'' ^'•>i<
iiilMlIn ol" llie
iii.'iiii, lit this d
!ij> jiiick tuo
,i|i(ii;i|-.s were
CqiiMia Church
liiiii-i'li' »illi, 1
an ii|i|iiirtiiiiil\
Till' ri'iiiaini
••ir.'iM' (III accii
,i-,iiii>i (iiany
.'■■iilii'i."
Mmliiliy hell
liii'} III''! liieilti
|i i-c. Tliey III
iii'ik iilil . Innaic
ui'iii to Khode
lliillldllil.
. iiiiKiirnn, it is
i:iii.'li>li, tliat hi
lliiil «ii|iie ofthe
i'\(inlr(i (|-(ini til
Clatriii, did not 1
iri'iifcd liard llir
u;is ri'iMorselessi
rvi'iilioii (>{\lnn
o/'ji siii'lieni of II
(ill.VXJPL\
iimiii, iitlicrwise
.Miitntunniiimdi w,
Ue liad his 1
.IMlllsrllicilt of ij
(ImiKi/iin, (^urn
lli> ii.'iiae lias alsi
|||'\<'a'rai.'aiiset.
Ill U't7'>, quinm
uim>\\ i;raiited h_
Tills sjiclieiii t(
'III' |iilliislinieiit u
ilii'ii' liaiids, we m
lillli' is recorded c
littiilnn's account i
'" till' liiir sex, as
lfici'oiie/{'inu.i/,i' ;
I'iilriil.'iliiiir reliitioi
<iii!nnaitin was
'!"■ 10 Fel). Ii;7.5, (
"'t ladiiui who ha(
''"' ''aii'ives ol' till
'"iiii'lccliiiii in I,,.,
i"fr«\tiact, as his
''I the winter of
froiii the iossofthi
" \n (KKjiiois word s
t tlidibard, Sar. 108
1*'^ *'
|r..ink 111
las lii'i'ii li, ;',,r,
llit'ir ii|i|ii'<i .
iiiiiliiii;, In ' '
lill, tlli'\ lii<n
■IMHflvis il.A
tl'oill t||i> >,
Slipilir In '
ir lilt" iivii.i
CM.'la'iiii, u^ I
)Ck kllCWIHll llir
t ti> llu'in. .\i;i!,
itiiiii C/ii/rc/i I'll'.
stJinci' woiilil \,-
■lioiild liiiM '.'iH.i
tln'iii I'claliui.,"
iry wen; nil ii n-
I ^Innnwnn wk'.
yon.'" ./iiiMin:
ti|i()n Ills wiiiiin.
"iH cnniimnj m ii,"
('lit r(i\v Itni' ui
wiirt soon n:ulv,
mule a ^'iioii iiiitl
ii'ii 111' caiTiiMl iL
tllis t'Xlirililioli.
atcli, t( Ilin;' ih'ir
II till! rost ol' ilif
Icr layia;.' ii lialf
lus cares iipnii Li*
'crr all fust iisic-p,
lay till" soiiii' till:'
ja'icon, li"i'!iiiM' ii'
'ak Kii^iisli.linri;
|tt)<:i'tlii'r. (inml.
iiiicli, liDWi'vir.iif
[l)l.'iiiii(',.i»».'«
.;i(lcn (I WHS im i
to siis|)('rt H'liif
Jiiiisclt; :iiiii I'l; :i-
lit if a slint s'lHiK
\(iwmi also. ^''"
iiiooii, ./nii''"'''^
|) ("aptain Clivf-
he liail liriii'.'-
[d riiiliji, ""'''"•
the liisl Ihiit i; •
leans, and //nr'/;''- 1
Jack a bcanlii.:!')
Ju[)tain Chirrh. «
lie, of gi-wit value.
Cinr.
Ill
QPINNAIMN.
* ol' vriiji iiM
iiiai
lii-
;i|i|M';irs
discoiifsc, in whicli .I'liidiron
II' liail hail liiinii riy in wnrs
SI rvi'il jlsiihmKiuiii, I'lilli/ia
, ,|,i^ ,.„il,i-(,i(|i'ri'il all iiM'i" witli Mioni y, that is, uninpnni|Hnir,
1,11'. ciii'innt'K' \Ni'on;rlit into (iiiuri w nl' liliils, lira.-lH miuI llowri'H. A H' i
I .1 (iV iio li'XM <X"|"'^'''' >\"ikiMah.'^lii|i, was nr\l |ii'r>.i'iit' il, which h Im il
Lii'lo /''"/'/'• 'I'hi?', lliiii chii'l' nsnl III Kill. iinciil \t]> hcinl willi; rnun iIj'
I'liilx iiiiif lit which lloucil l\M> lla;.'H, which i|ici>niti il his li.ick. A ihiiil wha
.iiiiill'i' one, with a star n|)oii the cml nl' it, whicli he wore n|ion his lir :(i>t,
i|| ilii'c' were cd'.'cil >\illi ri'il hair, whidi, . ////cm/'oh siiil, whs ;:ot in ihi-
. iiiiiir\ III" llic .Mohawks. 'I'licsi' hills, or sonn' of thiin, il is li li. v il, rc-
1 iittlii.-* day, iIk' |>ro|icrl\ III' a tiniiily in Swan.'.cu He iir.\t took rroiii
park two horns of ;;lii/,<il |iiiwdci-, and a ndchilh Maiiki t. 'I'iii ■>■■, it
,,ni^, were all liiat ri'inain. d ol' ihr illrcls ol" the final chii I', lie inlil
c'l'lii.iiii r/ii/r<7i that those were /Vn"/i//.'»ro\aliiis, which lie wa.s wont tondni'i
•iiiii,,|i' with, w,icn lie sat in state, unil he thought hiinscll' ha|>|iy in lia\iiii;
III! i,|i|iiirtniiity lo present thein to him.
Thi' ri'iiiaiiider ol' the nijflit they spent in
■ iravi' iiii account ol' what niii:hl\ success
niraiiii''t immy nations of Indian.-^, when hi
ijltlllT.
Miii'aiii;r hciit); come, they took up their iniircli for Taiiiitoii. In the way
llii'\ iiM'l liiciitenaiit Hoii'hinil, according' to appointineiil, at his no small Mir-
ni'iH'. Tlicv lodged at 'raiinlon thai nii;hl. 'The ne\l day " ( 'apt. r/n//'c/t
liiuk iiiil '/""""""i o'nl iialf a ilo/eii Indian soldiers, and his nwii men, ami
^u'lit III itliode Island ; the rest were sent to I'linioiilh, nndcr l/ienlcnant
lliiuhinil.
./iKii/i/'oii, it is .said, had confessed "that he had put to death several of tlio
Kiiofi^li, dial had lieeii taken alive; ten in one day, and could not deny Imt
ihat «iiiiic of them had heeii tortured ;"•!• and iheri'lnre no inercv was 'o ho
(<\|M'i'ti'il from tho.sc into whose hands he had now liiilen. His ca|itoi', « 'aplaiii
Churdi, iliil not mean that he should have lieeii pnt to death, and had eii-
trcati'iliiard for him ; lint in his alisence from I'jimonth, not Imi^r alter, hu
was namrsclessly cxfciitcd. VVt! shall au;aiii lia\e occasion in advert to tho
('\iriitiiiii i>i\liin(iivon, and shall now puss to consider the i'\eiits in the lifo
ol'a sai'iicin of nearly eipial interest.
Or/.V.V. 7/^/.V' was liy hirth u nohle N«ria;.'aiiset, heiii;; the son of <'()<nna-
(iiiiiit. ollicrwise donjitnanuond, who was nephiiw to Canuninm. Tlierelorc
Miiinlunmnnnh was nncle to Quir.nniiin, and Cnnonicim s\as Jiis ^ireat nncli'.
\\i' liiiil his name spelleil in almost every po.-^sililc way, and for tho
aiiiiisriiii'iit of the reader will otl'er a few of them — (^niino/nii, (hionopiii,
(linwijn')), (^iKfiinopin, ({w.noiiuin, P<moifu\n, Smci^onisli, and (luiiii(/)in.
\\i> iiaiMi' lias also lieeii confoimded with that of Qh«i'm/«7i, the "old ipieeii"
ol'N'arniiraiiset.
Ill I(i7'2, ({uinnnpln confirmed, liy ;i writing, the sale of a tract of land jire-
viiiiL-iy firaiili'd hy Cnu;inniiuan, his father.
'riiis sachem took part with the W'ampanoafrs in /'/ti'/i'/;'s war, and from
ilii' |iiiiiisliiiient which tlu' ICn^lish execnted upon him, on Ills falliii;: into
ilii'ir liiinds, wi" may suppose he acted well his part in tiiat war, althoiiirh hut
litili' is recorded of him by the historians of tiiat period. I'rom 3Irs. J{ow-
/((H(/«'jrt',» account of liiiii, we must conclude la; was not wantinjr in iittention.s
III till' fair sex, as he had ci^rtainly three \viv»!s, one of whom wjis a sisier of
Wii'i'meknnuslie ; conseipieiitly he was, accordinjf to the F-nirlish nicthod of
I'aii'iilaliiiir I'elationsliips, hrotlier-in-law to the iiimons Metdcomei himself.
({iilmtiiiiiu was one of the chii'i's who directed the attack on I^ancaster,
till' 10 I'eh. 1(17.'), (). S., and he |inrcliase(l IMrs. Rowlnmlsim from a iNarafian-
:<i.'t liiiliitii who had seized her when she cami! out of the j^arrison, among
till' raptives of that plu(;(\ And it was this circumstance which caused her
loiKPiice him in her Narrativi!. f ff'ettiiiwre, whom she mentions in the follow-
iii}.'i\tiact, as his wife, we liavo said, was H'eitnivio, the "(pjeeii of l*ocasset."
Ill till! winter of 1G7(), when tlie Narrajransets were at such "frreat straits,"
fruiii the loss of thuir provisions, in tlie great .swamp tiglit, (" com being two
o". ',
', Jir,^
^'^n
■:5'>1
\ii li(H|iiiiis word siirnifyng a 7niixrl'\ fw<inlfiti'.i llisl. Poiiii'^vK ;i;rri. pru'i' W".
t Hubbard, Sar. 108. X .Mr. WilUiid'n edllloii oCit, (ji. Jj.) LaiicasUT, lo28.
I Ma
56
QUTNNAPIN.
[Rook III,
sliilliiifrs a ])iiit witli fliein,") tlio Eiijclisli tried to lu'iiif: uhoiit a pence \vitl,
iIh'Iii ; hut their terms were too hard, or some otiier cat se prevented, "f;,.
nomhd and Pmioquin said they would lifxht it out, to tiie last tnaii, nitl;,.,.
♦haii tiiey would heeome servants to the I'lniriish."* A truly iiohle resdlnii,,,,
and well worthy oftlie charaeler we hi • e oi' ('(inonchet.
'IMy master (says IVIrs. liuwUnulsoii) \\iu\ tiu-ee sipiaws, livinir sfuiietii,;,,,
>Vi!!i one and sometimes with another. Omt.r, this old scpiaw at ujidse \\\„.
wam 1 was, and with whom my master [(^tnnnapin] had heen these i| |.,^,
weeks. Another was H'eltimnre, with whom ] had lived and served ail i||j,
while. A severe and |)r .I'd lame siie was ; hestowinjr every day in dn v.j, ,,
herself lu'ar as much time as any of the jrentry of the land — iiowdei'm^- i,,,".
hair and |)aintiMir her i. ■ ■ , ;j(»ing with her neeklaees, with jewels in hci- ,.;^j,
and hraeeli'ts upon her hands. When she had dressed hersellj her wurt
was to make girdles of wampum and heads. The third isquaw [or will] ,(;,,
a youn<r one, hy whom he had two pa|iooses."t
While the Narrajransets and Nipmueks were onfainped at a place on c,,,,.
lieetieut Uiver at eonsiderahle distanee ahove Northampton, perhans ihui;,,
liu- as JJillows Falls, Mrs. HiHclandsoii says, ".My master's maid came Iimih,.;
she had heen trone three weeks into the? Narrajianset country to letcji (H|-,|
where they had stored up some in the {rround. She hrovghl home abml ii
perk mid a half of corn " .'
W<' shall relate, in th" Life oWXepnnet, the mission of Mr. Hoar XoPhUn^
rpiarters 1(>r the r<'deni|»tion of Mrs. RowlandNou. This was jiot luirir mnr
fc^udltiuT li^dit, and the Indians were preparin<: to commemorate it hy a ltiiii
dance, "which was carried on hy ei<rlit oi" them, (as Mrs. II. relates,) liim- inii;
and I'our scpiaws ; my master and mistress [ipdnnnpin and ftednmon] Imihj
two. \U\ was dressed in his Holland shirt, w'tl; <ireat .stockinjis, liis t'iiri,r<
hun<r round with s/iiV/niir.?, aiul had jrirdles vfwampom iijion his head ;ii,i
shouhh'rs. She had a kearsey coat, covered with jrirdles of irompom dm
the loins upward. Her arms, from her elht'^' s to her hands, were enviinl
with hracelets; there wen? handfids of n.( cKlaces ahout her neck, aiid xv-
oral sorts of jewels in her ear-^. She iiad fme red stockinjrs, and « hite >| .,
her hair powdered, and her tii e painted red, that w.is always hellire lil.nL
And all the dancers were alter the sau'e manner. Then; were twd ntlwi
sin}fin<r aiul knockinjj on a kettle for th(>ir music. They kept lio|i|piiii: nii
and down one a.ler another, v>ith a kettle of watt'r in the midst, slamliiif
Avarm i.pon some endiers, to drink of when they were dry. 'I'hey lielil m]
till almost nisrht, throwiiifr out their tvitmpom to the standers-hy. At nisilit
I asked them again, if 1 slioidd jro home : they all a.s one said. No. except iiiv
liuslmnd would com(^ for ')n'. When we were lain down, my master viuii
out of the wigwam, and h, and hy sent in an Indian called James-tlie-pmlir.
who told Mv. Horn; that my master would let me <ro home to-morrow, if Ik
would l«!t him have one pint of lirpior. Then Mr. Hoar called jiis imi,
Indians, Tom and Pelqr, and hid them all go and see if he would pnnniMi:
bclijre them three ; and if he would he should have it, which he diil.iiinl iiwl
il. Philip smelling the husiness, cal'ed me to him, and asked me wliu I
would give him, to tell me some good news, and to speak a good wonl tor
me, that I might go home to-morrow? I told J ,m I could net tell what m
give him, I wouhl any thing I had, and asked h.'ii what he would have. Il'
said two coats and 20 shillings in motiey, h..'; a hushel of seed eoni, iiiiJ
some tohacco. I thanked him for his love, hut I knew that good nrwsa>ui||
as that crafty fox. My master, afier he had his drink, quickly came niiiiii.'
into the wigwam again, and called for Mr. Hoar, drinking to him and .snin.'
he ivns a eood man ; and then again he would say, Hang him a rofcuc. Hiiiis
almost di Mi'k, he would drink to him, and yet presently say he slioiilill»'
lianged. 'i'hen he odied for me; I tremhled to iiear him, and yet I wiislliiii
to go tn him, tmd he drank to me, shewing no incivility, lie was the tir«t
Indian I saw drind<, all the time 1 was among ihetn. At last his siiimw riiii
out, and he after her, round the wigwam, with his money jingling at lii!
Iili'i)!' Taioson it
* Hubbard,
t Narralivc, G3, G4.
^ k/
DF.ATIl OI' QUINNAPIN.— TlJSi'AUUIN.
57
oiAP. in.]
, ,^,^ i,|,t filir <'^<'a|i(Ml liiiii ; hut liaviiii;- ,tn old Kiiiiiw, lu- viw, to Iit-r," ■ juul
iiiV.I tlM- <.tlirrs no m.nr tliat ni-lil. , , ,
V (liiv •>!' ''•^" <■>'"''■' ''"' .''ii;r:imon s liatl a cotiiiril, or tcncral roiirl, as llicy
,||.,,| 'it, in svliiclr the L'ivinir n|i ol" .Mrs. It. wr.s dcbali'd. All sicni' d to
.„<,.|it for JH'r to tro, (.-xci'iit Philip, \\\m wonld not comic to tin- council.
llMUfVcr f-ln; ""^ soon disniissciljUiid sonic who wci'c at lir.st opposed to lnu*
,„jii(r. sccined now to rcjoire at it. Tlicy sliook luT Ity the hand, and askud
f T i"i s.mhI tiicni soiiK! tobacco, and sonic one tliiiif; and sonic anotlicr.
U'liiii •''•' t'^'*'!'"^'^'' ^\'~t<'ni ol" uar carried on li_> Philip wjus liiokcn in tlio
,,,«ili\ iiiirsline liickcrin^s, (^uiiiiiapin returned witli I'liilip to his conntry
,1 1,1; \Vanil)ano.i)is. Aliout tlie end ot'JnIy, l(u(i, Captain Chuirli learned liy
'i,,,,i[n-,. sijiiaw that iluinniipin and Philip w<rc in a "j;reut c(i«iar swamp"
' ,'^\■ \|ioiiaf;aMSct with "ahnndanee of Indians." This news, togetiicr with
. ,lj.ii)V(i\ the captain soon alh-r made, indiietul him to leave that country
rtiiidiit (listiirhinjf so lormidiihlo an (■ncmy. Soon alh'r, (^uiiitutpin escaped
11,111 a company of |{ri(|i;cwatei' men, who killed .Ikkumpuiu, as he and
/'/ij/i//s •■oinpany were erossinif Taunton River. Tiiu no.vt day, Church piir-
.ii,,| liiiii, l»ut lie cHecrted his escape.
Viit liiiiir alhr this, lu; was taken, and, immediately utler the war, 25
\w:\h'.. was shot at .New port in 1{. Island. It appears that (^uinniipin had
IiiiiIniiul' ifilliculty witii tli(; 1{. Island jieople, who, some time li'd'ore the
wiir, li;itl '''"^f '"'" '""* Jirison ; imt that i>y some iiuians he had escaped,
,111(1 liiroiiie active in the \var. lie was reported "a younjr lusty sachem,
jiiiil a very ro^fue." f A court-martial was held at Newport, 11. 1., on the
■i4 Aiii'Mst, lti7(!. !y the jfovernor and assistants of that colony, for the trial
ii\ ({viiiiuipin, w 'sutvni!;unish, as he was sometimi's called, and s»;veral others.
||i. u.,s iharircti with adherin>; to Philip in th<; war, which he ctmti'ssed,
i,ii(|(i\\iumI ii;' was in the .Narrajfanset Swamp li^lit of December, Ki?."), and
iii\t ill coniniaiid to Canonchit ; whereupon he was sentenced to be shot the
iii\i(lav. -V hrolh(!r ol' his, \\iioliad but one eye, namtMl iiunkecjunusur, had
ilii >;iiii(' .sentence passed upon him, .'hhainallan, another 1' iher, wjis
iriid. Imt at that time rcceiviul no sent(!nce.|
rf.N'P./f^L'/.V*, whose ltio<iTapliy we shall next jHirsue, was oneoi' Philip'' s
iiiiKi liiitliliil captains, and sacheni of Assawoniset, as we have belin-e had
,M ■ inii to notice, in speakinj;' of John Siissdinn. His name in jtrinted
aniiiiiits tlitliMs hilt little, and is aiihreviated from ft'tttuspiKjuin. Also in our
littiil' Tatoson it was necessary to speak of liiis chief From a survey of
ilr (liM'ds wiiicli he executed of various larfi(! tracts of land, it is cvidtrnt
liis>.i('li('iii(loni was very extensive. It will Ix; necessary to frlance at scniio
of till' coiivcyaiicescjf hittiisprK/uin for several reasons, tin? principal of wliiidi
isili:it the ]iart lit.' acted in the great drama of 1()7<> and l()7(l may not he
mull iTiitcd. His conveyuuces to the KevereiidJo/m Snssainon m\d his liimily
I !iiv;iliv;i(ly related.
Oil !l .Vii^rnst, ItKI/, " Ti/.f/^rf/Htji, otherwise called the Black-sdditri,'^ for
lI.mHsIo Hinrji ff'ooii of I'limoiith his rifjlit and title to the h'.iid on the
[(islsidc of ".Namassakett" I{iver,§ bounded "on one end " by the |iond
|i;il|i'il }il(irk-n(irhein\i Pond, or, in Indian, fhtnpnwcuU ; on the other end, liy
liltlc pond called .htieiiisr.utt. How niueh was included in the friveii
ll«iiiii(ls, is not mentioned, nor could we now by the description possilily
It'll how tiir said tract extended back from the river. With Tiispiupiiii,
■ \\\l\', .hurt/, siirned this deed, uiid it was witnessed only by two Enirlish-
jiiii'ii.
On 17. Inly, l(J(i!l, Ttt.yxKpnn and his son li'illinm sell for £10 a tract or
Ipiirivldf land near " .Vssowampsett," halt" a mih^ wide, and "in leiiirih from
jRiiil|"iii(ls to Dartmouth patii." JJesides two i'tiii'lish, iS'i/Hii/f/ Hi nn/, Daniel
\m\ OM llitrrij were witnesses. Kvpcricnrt' Mitrhil!, Ifcnn/ Smnpson, oI'Diix-
jlxiiiiii^Hi, Thonids Liltlc, ot" jMarshlield, and Thinnds Paine, of Mastham, were
III"' |Miri'liasers.
Narrntivo. 7;J— 75.
t <'a|il;iiii Mon's iiocouiit of '■ The Wiirr in N. F.. visihly Piidoil,*' &r. in our Ivmiaw
iCHUnvKi.K. " { /'or/.r'.v .Nairaguiisci, 'Jo.
j Ik', iiowcvcr, reserved the riy;hl '• to getl ceder barke ia llie swamps."
v» &>■''■ At
.'li* ': . r ■ ii
., • - ■.•,•,» .-•!{%
'.'''I'-'vfi
' -'■-'\* ^-i 1,*'
■' ■■ 'I* Viil
u
\*._ .;;.• .■c?5''^i':"<1
58
TUSPAQUIN— DURNS BRIDGEWATER.
[Book III
JiiiHi 10, 1(!70, TuapfUjuinaiul his son H'illiain sold for £(5, to flilumr'l V,m
"ill tli(! ln'liiilC of till! cuiirt of I'liiiioiitli," "all that our iiicddow tlmt h,,jj!
ill or iifiirc the town of MiddlclM'rry," on tlir west side of a tract I). l(iiii,j|,|
to John .llden and Coimtanl Soulhwirlh, "and is hclutiiii Assow.uii^cit IVi,,]
niid 'ranMt<»n path, licinj^ in tliro«; parsclls \ poii tlin«! Iirookis;" also (iiidtlier
parcel on tlii! other side of Taunton path. Witnessiul by "^J/ui't," tlic u,;,.
of TiispiKjuin, and two Kiifrlish.
.'JO June, l()7y, Tunpa'iuin, "sachem of Naiiiassakett, and Mnnhwmiri
alias H'llliiim his son," s(!ll to Edward Graij and Josius If'inslou; huuU m
the •■astcrly side of Assowaiiisett, to lM;<riii wiusr" Naniasket Hivcr liJi,;
out of the |iond, and so south hy the poiiil ; the ice l»y perisliahic Imhh,,]"
to Tiispaauvi's Pond, and so lionie to the lands formerly sold to //,,|r,
Mood. '
;} July, ir»7;i, Tuspaqvin and his son JVillinm sell to Benjamin Chunk u\
Dn.\l)orou^di, house carpenter, and John Tompson cd" Uarnstahle, ImikIs iili,,,;
Middlehoidu^fh, l()r which tliey paid him £15. It is descrilied as " lyin;;.;!;
and iieare the towiis!:ip of .Middle herry," Itoiiiided westerly l»y a rivri- calih!
Monhi^^en, \\\\W\\ rims into a pond called (^uisiiuiisett, ni\i\ mi In n ndii;
ewanip to Y'l/syw^iuVs I'ond ; thence l»y Henrif //'oo</'s land td ii iii,;,,.
called Pochabo(jii(U. Nahiids(!t River is named as a northern hoiuuljin; liiij
the two "places" called Tusconinnesl niu\ Mtsnapnnoh urv also ii.iiii(i|, iii,,.
M'isc a pond called Snip(Hdt,nm\ a "river's mouth called Tnppatinlt \\\,n
riuineth into a pond calliMl (^uiltuwaslielt." Two English, Sum //(/m/, aini
Joseph of Namasket, wen; witnesses.
1 Novemher 107;}, If'illinm H'atuspaqntn, .'hsawela, Tobias and Bewnl.uj
£10 sell to three English of Jiarnstable a tract of land hoiindetl li\ ({ij..
tacpiash I'oiid northerly, hy Uiietuquash River easterly, Hnepetuitt PoikI, iV.
14 May, 1G75, the two 7\t^pmpiins, father and son, " make ovrr lo jrij
Tompson, Constant Southworth and others, of iMiddlehoroiigh, "all lliiitirai
of land which we now have in possession, called (commonly .7«mhviii,j>;
neck or necks, aiid plai-es adjacent," as a security against the claims otdiliiri,
&r. of other lands dcseded at the same time ; itj thereibre, they are not div
tiirbed u\ the possession of the former lands (h'(Mled, then they "are not lo
be oiited of A:<sawamsett neck." Poituwo, alias Daniel, Poyman, PagatI,' aliaj
Joseph, were witnesses.
For the land deeded they received £!J.'J, " sterling." It consisted of iiiilaiid!
and meadows about tlu; pond called JVinipoket, (^mticus,\ Scv., and, jud™:
from the price paid, was, no doubt, a very large tract.
Thus are a few of the acts of IVatuspaquin sketched previous to tin; war.
VVe are now to trace his operations in cpiite another sphere, hi our (i|miiiiii,
Mr. Huhhnrd was right in styling him "the next noted captain to Pliilip^ki
erroneously calls Old Tuspaipdn "the JJIack-sacliem's son." He (juts iiji
appear to have known of the son WiUiarn. Indeed, we hear nothing uriiiiu
ill the war, but it is probable In; shared the liite of bis father.
In the spring of l(i7<l, Titspaquin wun marching from place to pliiccMviili
about tlOO men, and was doubtless in high ex|iectatioii of hiiiiihliiiL' tlit
jiridi^ of his enemies, and, but for Philip's western disasters, occasioned k
the disatlection of his I'ocomptiicks and tithers, his expectations ini;:ii! liav- 1
been r(>ali/ed. it was doubtless under his direction that \\) hllil(lillL'^
Scitiiate were burnt on iiO April ; and on the 8 May, had not a shower |ir
vented, most, if not all, the houses in Bridgewater would have sliaml i
Hanie liite. Tuspnipiin was known to have led his men in this Jittai,,.. ,
The inhabitants exerted themselves to repel the Indians, but, coiisriiiii«
their strength, they maintained their ground until the next day, wlicn il
retreated. Notwiihstanding the raiii,tliey succeeded in burning 17 bnildiiiM
befon- they d«!cainped.
On 11 May, l(i7(i, there were eleven bouses and five barns burnt in I'lim-
outh, and a f»!W w<;eks aftfjr, seven houses more and two burns. TIm-i'I
* Two ninni"s, proUahly ; bul ia llic M.S. llierc is no comma between, as is often ilic ci''
t Titinil, proliiibly now.
{ iMr. Iliihhiinl suyi, {NaT. 71.) the Indians were led by one Tusguogiii, but \\c arc ji"
ficd Tuspaquin is uicaut.
nl' Pliinoiith to 1
Cj,,y HI] TUSPAQUIN.— HIS TOMPANY SURPRISED. 69
wrri' prnbaltly siicli ns wore at a considcrablo distance from the villajio, and
1,1 1 cliicfly li<'<!n deserted. This " nuscliiuf" was attributed to Tuapnquin
mill Ills 111''"'
Vhoiit tills time, Benjamin Church was commissioned by tlie t^overmnent
nt I'liinoiitl' to lead parties in dirtbrent directions over the colony; and Croiii
,1,,. time lie coiiimeneed ojierntions, tlic Indians found but few opportimit-es
„ ii iscliief in Plimoutli colony.
fidtinujuin still kcjit his frroimd in the Assawomset country, and for a lonjf
•iiiic Imllled all the skill Captain Church was master of inhisendeavoi-s to t!il\<!
iiiiii piisoiier. Church n-ceived his eommission i24July, 1()7(!, and the same
iiiiflit set out on an exj)e(lition aj^aiiist Tuspaquin. His Indian scouts brouj^lit
|;jm licfore ilay upon a company of his people in Middleborough, every one
It' wliDiii fell into his hands. How many there were, C'/ii(rc/i does ni.t say.
Ill' look tliem directly to Pliuiouth, "and <lispos(!d of them all," except "one;
J,//(n/, who, provinjf very injfenious and liiithful to lim in iniormiu}^ where
iiilici [liUTcIs of the Indians harbored, Capt. ChurcX iiromised him, that if
i, ((iiitiiiiied to be fiiithfu! to him, Ik; should not be sold out of the country,
illlt^ll(lll!(l be his waitiu}^ man, to take care of his horse, &c., and aecord-
ii,;;l\ lie served hinifaithlidly as long as he lived."*
iiiiis strengthened by Tuspaquin^s own men. Church pursued his successes
witli iiiiiiiifold advantage. Ihere was a small tribe residing near Munponset
I'miil, wliicli was next ca])tured without loss on either side, and there was
liincct'oitli scarcely u week passed wherein he <lid not capture some of tlx'se
|ii'(i|ili'.
.Not long after this, it was found that Tiuipaquin had encamped about
A^siwDiiisct, and Church set out on an expedition there ; but tinding Old
7'iW/w('/Hin was ready t()r him at the neck Iwitween the two great ponds, f ho
\\:i< ulad to make the best of his way on towards Acushnet and Dartmouth.
A> III' was crossing Assawouiset neck, a scout from Tuspaquiri's camp fired
ii|mii liini, but did liim nn injury.
Miaiiwhile the great Annnwon having been surprised by the indefatigable
('/ni/t/i, Tiispr.rnin saw no chance of holding out long; he thenifore a[»pears
iiltrwanls only intent tipon keei)ing out of the wr.y of the English. This
fiiiilil not lie long reasonably expected, as their scouts were ranging in ev«!ry
liirci'tioii.
On 4 Sept. 1070, according to C/iior/i's account, TuspcLquin^s company
WW t'ncani|)cd near Si|)pican, doiug "great damage to the English in kill-
in;' ilicir cattle, horses and swine." The next day. Church and his rangers
«c ic ill their neighborhood, and, after observing their situation, which was
"siitiiiir round their ftres in a thick place of brucb,"| in seeming safety, the
iM|it;iiM "ordered every man to cre(;|) as he did; and surrounded them by
(■n(|iiiiir as near as they could, till they should be discovered, aud then to
mil oil upon them, and tak(! them alive, if possible, (for their prisoners were
tliiir pay.) Tlu^y did so, taking every one that was at the fires, not one
iN'iiliiiiir, Upon examination, they agreed in their story, that they belonged
\'t TiKpaquin, who was gone with John Hump and one more to Agawom and
r'iliii in to kill horses, and were not ex|»ected back in two or three days."§
C/ii/fc/i pioeeeds : "This same Tispaquin had been a great captain, and the
liiili.ins lepoited that he was such a great pouwaii, [priest or conjurer,] that
iioliiilli't could entiM- him. Capt. Church said he would not have him killed,
lirtJH'ie was a war broke out in the eastern part of the country, and ho
wiiiilii have him saved to go with them to fight the eastern Indians. Agree-
alilv. lie li ft two old s(|uaws of the prisoners, and bid them tarry there until
till ii' Captain Tispaquin n;turned, and to tell him, that Church had be(!n
iliiiv, and had taken his wife, children and company, and carried them
luwii to Plymouth ; and would s[)are all their lives, and his too, if he would
■ Chiirrli, Narrnlive, 31.
* .liisi liclow when! f^amvsnn's tavern now stands.
; I ■-i^iK.Tt Mr. Hiililntiil mistakes llic siuialinii of this plare. in snyinp it was "in I.akci-
lum. ii|Hin I'ocassol neck."' Cliiiirli is so uiiri'jfardiiif^ of ail p;(!og;ra|>liy, liiat it is (|iiiu,' iin-
rrriaiii wiiprc" it was. ICit wore near Sippicaii, it was a long way iroin any part of Pocasset.
j By this it seems the place miglit have been as far oil" as Pocasset.
vf.«'«^
■1 '-if ,«'(.•.-,■
•.'.4.; ,:■:■ /Sl-^jH*]
^ 1 '. J '^'
GO
TUSPAQUIN 'MtJRDERED AT PLIMOUTII.— TATOSOX. [n„„K i ;
CHAP. III.] TA7
iC'V.
coiim (Imvii to tlu'tii ;m( 'iriiiir tin' otlmr two tliat wore with Iiim, and ti,,,,
plioiild ■><• his sohlicrs, & r. ('jipt. Church then n'tiinicd to I'lymoiitli,
ii)^' till' iiid sijiiaws wii! provich-d for, and hiskct for Tisp(tqu\n wIm-
rctiiriitd."
This Church (•idl<'d hiving a trajt for Tvupaqnin, and it turned out ,„ |,
expected. We siiall nov see with what (iiith the Mnjrhsli acted o?i iM.
occasion. Church had assured liitn that, if h(! frav«> Inniseh" ii]), lie j,|,„|,|i
not he killed, hut he was not at I'linionth when Tiispnquin came in, |iav:|
iU'one to lioston on hnsinoss for a few days; "hnt when he returned i,,,
l()nn(!, to his <;rief| the heads oi' Jlnnawon, Tispaquin, Sec. cut i<tY, \\\{^,:._
were the last of Philip^s friends"!
Jt is true tiiat those who were known to have heen personally eiijrn!.'('(! ■;
kiHiiig the English were, in the time of the greatest danger, cnt otiiivH
pardon hy a law; that time had now passed away, and, like ninny mli .
laws of exigency, it should then have heen considered a dead letter ;'|p,ivi,
out of the case t)ie faith and promise of the:'- hest servant, f'/ijHrA. \j,„
it, thei-efore, in any light, and notl'ing can Ix' found to justify this fliimi;
im-oad upon that promise. To giv(> to the coiKhict of the Plinuaitli jidwi,
iu( lit a pretext Utv this nnn-der, (a milder expression I camiot iisi',: Vr.
Huhhiml says, Tuspaquin having jjh tended that ah diet could not pcmtiiit,
him, trial of his invuhi(>rahleness was resolved u|)(.ri. 80 Ik; was pl!iciil:;>
a mark to shoot jit, and "he fell down Jit the first shot"!
This was (h)uhtless the end of mnnerous others, as Ave infir frnm t||H
fidlowiiig passage; in Dr. Mather's Tm-.v alkncy ok Pkaykh. lie nsks,
"Where are the six Narraganset sachems, with idl their cajytains and 00111,.
sellors ? Where are the Nipmuck sachems, with their captains nnd nii;i,.
sellors ? Where is Philip and Si/iinw-nKchem of Pocasset, with nil tlnir
caj)tains and coimsellors? (Jod do so to all the implaca))l(> eiicniic^ m
Christ, and of his jteople in N. England"! ! The next of Philip's ciiiitiiii,.,
in our arrangement, is
T.'1T0S0y, also u great captain in the war of 107.'). It seems ratlicr im.
certain whether he were a Narraganset or Wampimoag. He (or niif
bearing the same name) .signed the treaty made w ith the NarragiiiiMts in
the heginninjr of the war. It is cpiite certain that his residence ath'r\viiri|>
was in Sandwich, since Rochester;' and Aslien he signed the treaty jn-i
named, it is prohahle he was only among the Narragansets upon a nii<>iH|i
or visit. H(! was a son of the " noted Sam Harrow," hut of Ids ohh
flimily, or whether he had any, we are not informed.
We first meet witli Tat()Son,\ ...-, as his name is conunonly printed, Tofc-
so?J, in 1(I()(i, in the respectahli' com|iany of Mr. .'■Secretary .il/or/oH iil' I'lini-
onth, and Acnnnotus, If'annoo, two "giaiie and sage Indians," aiida Diinliir
more, of whose characters we are not so well prepared to sjuak. Aiiidi!:;
this assemhlage he is oidy conspicuous, however, as a witness to a di iil ni
the lands upon H'eequancdt nock. Mr. ^1/or/on's name follows Trt/oso/iVii
tliis instrument.
There was a general disarming of the Indians in 1(571, ns will elsi \vi .r
be mentioned. Among a great mindier ordered to appear i.t IMiiiKiiiili tli
sauic year, to bind themselves more strongly in allegiance to the Kii^li-li.
we lind the name of 7'«/oso??, or, as his natne was then written, 7'rtii/6; 11.
Also Tohy, alias J\/'auhnocomwit,\ and ff'ill, alias Washnwmma.
On th(! ]2(h of June, 1G70, several Indians, who had !>een sent in !;.
Dru>lf(rrd i\m\ Church, were "convented hel'oi(> the councell " at Pliiiiniitli;
beit'g "such of them as were accused of working viisufl"erahle inisdiiit'i
vpon some of ours." Among tlu-m was one named Watukpoo, or, ii> Ic
1^1
* On tlio rii;lit of llio niniii road, as yon pass from IMatapoisol to Rorlirstor yilln;p,Jirij
al)ont two mill's from tlie former, at a small di'-lniicc froiri llie road, is a kind of i>lciii(liiii
miry swanij). I'jioii this, it is said, was 7'r/<i,v(i;/'.v camp. 'I'liis island is coiinci'lud liv as j
isthmus to llic main liind.
t So almost always in die MSS.
I Sonietimos railed 'I'olnj ('oh. The same, wo ronrtudc, wlio joiinul Philip aflcrnarii!
and fell into the hands of Captain Church, as did his mother, and many moreal (lie same lint
TATOSON.— TAKES A GARRISON AT PLIMOUTII.
01
Hj Ills
Chap. "I.]
often called, Tukpoo.* Af^aiiist him, several charges were brou^'ht, such
is iroiiifi: off to the enemy, aiul trying to deceive the governor uboiit tlie
igm'Ct ot" war ; telling him that P/u'/i/Zs men had deserted him, and that
h liad only a few old iii'jn and hoys remaining. At this time wen; present
t'l ree other Indiana, whose names were IVoodcock, Q^tutnnpawhan iiud John-
The two Hrst were accused hy a squaw of destroying Clnrk\i garrison
t iVi River •" Plimonth, and murdering the inhabitants. This had bien
ilmif on the 12 March previous, and witli such secrecy and effect, that the
I'liirlisli knew not whom to accuse of it. Many supposed that JVatusmuiuin
Muuliii'tcil tlie affair, and Mr. Hubbard charges it upon him without liesita-
ijoii hut it is now ([uite certain that he hacl nothing to do with it, as in the
<m\c\ we shall show.
Till' two just mentioned, finding themselves detected, accused their fellow
iii>iiii('r, John-num. It ap|)ears that JVum not only ovvnod himself guilty of
this cliarfre, but acknowledged, also, that he was concerned in the nundcr of
- jncob Milcbel and his wife, and John Pope,\ and soe centance of death was
nroiioiinced against them, which accoiJingly emedintoly was executed."
Hi'fore tliese were executed, they implicated a fourth, whose name was
Kf.wee.nam. Although Taloson commanded the company that put to dfsath
(lie peoiiie at Clark's garrison, yet Keweeimm set the expedition on foot. He
lived at Sandwich, and was probably one of Tatosoii's men. However, on
Satnnlav, the 11 March, he was at Mr. William Clark''s,imd observed how
,.virv pint of the garrison was conditioned. He then went to his chiiif,
TirfMO", and told him that it coidd be ej. ly taken, as it was but sliglitly
toriitied; and that the next day, being Sunday, would be the proper time to
ixcriite their plan, as the residents would mostly be gone to nieeting; "and
incase tiiey left a man at home, or so, they might soon dispatch him."
This intelligence was pleasing to Taioson, and he foiuid himself ar. the
liemi often warriors the same day. Their names were asiollows: fVoo-
nmhcnah, Musquash, fVapanpotoett, Tom, "the son of Talosori's brotlHT,"
I'ilsooweest, and Tom Piant ; which, with the thre») before named, made tip
the whole conipany. Commencing their march before night, they arrived
ill ihi' bordei-s of Plimouth, where they lay concealed until the |)eople had
piMi' to pnhlic worship. About 10 o'clock in the morning, they came ujion
till' iranison, which fell e^ ./dy into their hands. Atler killing all they met
with, they took what jdunder they coidd carry, and burned the buildings ;
then Hfrain ilispei-sed into the woods.
Tiieie were some of two other families in this garrison, mostly women
and cliiidren. Three only were of Mr, Clark^s family, but there were eight
otliirs belonging to the other two. Mrs. Elizabeth Clark, t one of tlie heads
of tlie family, was among the slain. §
* This Indian, whom we shall have ocrasion several times to mention, was not one of those
i<ea\\n\fy Bnulforil, as appears from Mather, (Brief Hist. 40 ) but they "informed that a
bloudv Indian called Tiickpno, (who the last summer murdered a man of Roslou, at Namas-
1 liei.) wilh ahout 20 Indians more, was at a place within IG miles of Plimouth." Kif.lit
£D;li)h and fourteen Indians succeeded in takmg them all, and Tuckpoo was immedia'dy
I eiecuied.
t The murder of these people is supposed to be referred to by Mr. Hiihbard in his
'■Ta''le " The passage follows : " In June, l(i7G, [1C75?] a man and a woman were slain by
I llif Iniliaiis ; another woman was wounded and taken ; but because she had kept an In.lian
I tliilil kforc, so much kindness was showed her, as that she was sent back, after they had
Idrp^scil her wound ; the Indians guarded her till she came within sight of the English." Mr.
1 .ViWif/ iiilbrins us that the name of the wounded woman was Dorothy Haywood. See 1 Coll.
\Miss. [list.t^or. vii. 1.51).
■ Wlin was the daughter of a go<lly father and mother, that came to N. Englan<l on the
I acrniinl of religion." '• They also killed her sucking child, and knocked another child (who
|»a>al)(mt eight years old) in the head, supposing they had killed him, but afterwards he
|(amc lo himself" /. i)f,ith,'r, Rri<-f Hist. 24.
4 \Vc relate all that is to be found in the MS. records, but the author of the Presmt folate,
tf. Iiiinishes the following valuable farts , " About this lime, [his Inst dale mentioned being
jiniari'li,] one Mr. Clarke's wife, children, and all his family, at his farm-house, two miles
Ifroin I'limouih, were surprised and killed, except one boy, who was knockt down, and left for
liltail, liut afterwards taken up and revived. The house they plundered of provision and
hoods to a great value ; eight complete arms, 30/. [lb.] of powder, wilh an answerable quan
6
1mm
-Mm
':K' ■,■'11 ''f'fl^S
. .■,*■ .-'a*
yi rji'"
63
TATOSON.— SWAMP FIGHT.
[noiiK
Keweenam was behendml, but liow tlio other tlirno wpit (liHj)os((| dt; „,
am not iiiforirind ; it is v(!rv jtrobahic that tlic; whoh; iiunilier siitrcicd in ,|||^
tiiiie. At tlie trial of Ketoeenam and tiio otlirr thrco, some ot" tlicin pIcKU
tliat the jrovenior's proclainatioii was now tlieir jd'otcction ; i'min wlii, ), :,
vvouhl 8(!eiii tliat tliey bad surrendered themselves. ]bit tliere was nom ,„
plead their ease, except their aecuser.s, and they e.\|)lained things jn i||,,|^
own way. The conrt said, "Forasmuch as th(^ council had licfoii. ii^j,
en<;afjed to several Indians desirous to come in and tender tiieinsclvis ij,
mcu-cv, that tiioy should find tiivor in so doing: it was fidly iiindc kmiwino
sncii Indians as were then |)reHent, that tht; said enp»>r»'m<Mit iww to ),c i/,,,;,^.
stood with exception agains: »U(di as by murdcu' as above said laid so ,||.|,,,|
und not a<^ainst such as killed his en(;mi(; in the iield in n souldierlikiwav'
This kind of argument woidd answer aitiong duelists, but wlicii iljil ti,,
Lidians agnje to fight the Enjrlish according to </i«iV rulers of war? pi,,,
former might with ecpial [)ropriety demand that the English should roiiliirm
to their manner, and not depcuid on their mimbers, forts, and siiiKrinr
weapons.
Although the murder at Clark's garrison was one of those horrililc wu
in Indian warfare, which would Justily the most rigid retaliation, t^till, (i.^iii,,
English began the war, they had no right to expect but that it wiiii|i||,f
prosecuted by the Indians in all the ways at their command. On this irroin,,!
the philanthropist will ever condenm the severity of the English.
When C'aptain Church came upon Philip and a great number of liis|iioiil(.,
the 3d of August, 1()7(), " Tispaquin, Totoson, &c." preventfid the emir,.
destruction of some of them, by condjating the English while tliciniijif
and others extricated themselves from a small swamp into which thcv haj
fled. "In this swamp skirmish Caj)t. Church with his two nun wliiih
always ran by his side as his guard, met with three of the enemy, two of
which surrendered themselves, and the captain's gnard seized thcin; tut
the other, bei ig a great stout surly fellow, with his two locks ty'd ii|i wiili
red, and a great rattlesnake's skin banging to the back ])art of lii.s luaj,
(whom Cu[)t. Church concluded to be Totoson,) ran from them into tlie
Bwamp. Capt. Church in person pursued him close, till, coming pretty mai
up with him, presented his gun between his shoulders, but it missiiit' tire,
the Indian perceiving it, turned and presented at Cajrt. Church, and nn>yiii»
fire also, (their guns taking wet with the fog and dew of the niorniiiL',) l«
the Indian turinng short lor another run, bis foot trip'd in a small «rn\)e.
vine, and he fell Hat on his face. Capt. Church was by this time up witli
him and struck the irnj//de of his gun an inch and an half into tlie hiiek
part of his head, which (lis|)atched him without another blow. But Ca|n,
Church looking behind him saw Totoson, the Indian whom he tho't lie lifj
killed, come flying at him like a dragon ; but this happened to be liiir in
sight of the guard that were set to keep the prisoners, who sjtying Totom
and others that were following him, in the very seasonable juncture inade
a shot upon them, and rescued their captain, though he was in no sii
danger fiom his friends' biillets, for some came so near him that he tiioiislii I
he felt the wind of them." * Tlie celebrated Church, in the skirmishes lie |
had in these two days, August 1 and 2, took and killed 173 Indians.
Little more than a month after the fall of Philip, Church surjirised Tdo- 1
sons whole company, about 50 pereons. He was the last that was leil of '.lie j
family of Barrow; and, says Church, "the wretch reflecting upon tlie nii»
able condition he had brought himself into, his heart became a stone «itliiii
him, and he died. The old squaw [that Church had employed to perMdel
him to submit] flung a few leaves ansl brush over him — came into Suiidwifli,
and gave this account of bis death ; and offered to show them where she \m
his body, but never had an opportunity, lor she immediately fell siek anilj
died also."
The late of the father of Tatoson does not so much excite synipathViaij
tity of lead for biillnts, and l.TO/. in ready money ; ihn said Mr. Clark himself narroalj
escaping liieir cruelly, by Ueinar at that inslaiU at a meeting."
* Ihsi. PhUip's War, 41.
[P.OdK 1!I
(lisytoscd nt', «,
sniVcnMl ill (111,.
r tliriii |i|ciii|i,l
; iVoin wli'nli |,
n-i'. WIIS 11(1111. In
tliitiirs ill i|||.|r
liiid Itcfiiri' till*
r tliciiiscKis i„
iiiiidc kiKiwiiK,
f was to he iiiK.'/r.
lid liiid s(i iicti.il
nuldicrliki' Wiiv."
ilt wlicii dill i||i.
s of war ? Till
I slioiild riiiil'iirii,
•ts, and siipcriiir
ose liorrililc iku
iutioll, Htill, listl:!^
that it wiiiiiill..
1. (.)n this irrmiii,!
,i)f!;lisli.
nber ol'liis jicniili.,
ventcul tlu" ciiiin.
1 while tliciniiiff
to wliicli llu'v liaii
two iiu'ii wiiiii,
the enemy, two m'
seized tliciii; lii,i
locks ty'd 11]) Willi
: ])art of hiK luail,
om them into ilit
coming jn-ptty mai
but it iiiissiiii tirf,
Church, and iiiis^in'
the niorniiiL'.j'iiiit
[l ill a small !;ra|if-
this time up wiili
half into tlie Imii
blow. But l'H|it.
mi he tho't lie Id
lened to be liiir iii
ivho spying Toloson
fble juiiclure made
lie was in no ^^lall
,iiin that he tliousk I
the skiniiisliP;' lie j
3 Indians,
fc/i suriiriscd Jfflo-
that was left of the j
ig upon the niisT.
trie a stone within I
[ployed to ]wmm
tune into Saiulwick
.leiu where t'lieW
[iately fell sick anil
excite sympathy, aj I
^Zartir himself narro«lj|
fiiAi-
III.]
MUIIDKU OF BAUROW.-TIASIIQ.
68
liw tliiit of the son, luit is one of those cases iiinro calnilnted to aroiino the
.•.rcir imssion.x. The old chief (idl into tin.' hands of Captain Church, in one
r liis successful expeditions in the vicinity <>f Cape Cod. Church says, in
I ■ |,|;;torv, that he was " as noted a ro;.'iie as any among the enemy." Caj)-
iiiii Cliitr'rh told liiiii that the jjovernnient would not permit him to jjrani
I iiii iiniirter, " because of his iniinmaii murders and barbarities," and there
llirc (ijiieied him to prepare for execution
' 77./.S7/Q,* ">• TlV7.S'A'.S't"wasthe next mnii to Philip,^^ »nys Church ;t\
Hviv iiiliers also said to be " next to iiim," and it may be all recoiicijt'd
Harrow ri'plied, that the sea
• .iii'i' III' death a^'ainst him was just, and that indeed he was ashamed to live
iiiv iiiiii'er, and di'sirt.'d no more liivor, than to smoke a w hill' <d' tobacco
lii.iorr ills execution. When be had taken a few w hill's, In; said, 'J am
,,,|y.' ii|)i)M which one ul Captain Churches Indians sunk his hatchet into
i« hraiiis."
tliero
. '-y
tiiniKisiMf: these ciii<'ls as havinj; tiie chief command over particular tribes.
Mr. \iul)ha>''l\ says only this of the famous Tiashtj : " In June last, [l<i7(i,] one
TiWw, " jrreat cajitaiu of Philip^s, his wife and child, or children, bein<^
|.il;, ii_ tlioiifrh he escaped himself at first, yet came siinv? and siirrenderecl
||i,iiv ll!" l)f. /. Mather, writin<,' under date of '^2 Jidy, I(i7(), says it was "this
jj,, 1<" that (>aptain C7iitrc/i and his Indian soldiers Itdl upon Tiashq and his
idiiiiiaiiy. It appeai-s therefore that iMr. Huhhnrd is in error, as tiie account
i-iviMi In Church corroborates that otMulhe.r, who spcsaks thus of his o|)era-
[joiis: "It having been his manner .vlien he taketb any Indians by a promise
ul Taviir to them, in case theyac(iuit themselves well, to set tiiem an hunting
at'tii' Mioie of the.se wolves, wiien^by the worst of them sometimes do sin-
jiiiliii' "ooil service in finding out th(! rest of their bloody fellows. In one of
till..;' skinnishes, Tinshq, Philip^s chief captain, ran away leaving his gun be-
liiiiil liiiM, and his squaw, who was taken." § These Indian soldiers, who
iiiitiiriii'il this exploit, were forcerl upon it by Church. Tiiey had be(?ri
siikiiiL' Indians about Aponaganset River, and discovered that a large coiii-
p:iny of tlieiii had ju. c been gatiiering the apjiles at a dese-ted settlement on
ill.' ciist side of it. The English ami Indians immediately pursued in their
track. I "Traveling three miles or more, they came into tlie country road,
ivlierc the track parted: one parcel steered towards tiie west end of the
p-pat codar swamp, and the other to the cast end. The captain halted and
till his Indian souldiers that they bad heard as well as he what some men
liail said at Plymouth alioiit theni,1[ &c., that now was a good ojijiortunity for
eaiii [laily to jirove themselves. The track being divided, they should fol-
low imi, and the Engli.sh the other, being ecpial in number. The Indians
drliiicd the motion, and were not willing to move any where without him:
I .«iii(l /% should not think themselves safe ivithout him. But the captain insisting
iipdii it, tiiey submitted. lie gave the Indians their choice to follow whicli
track till \ pleased. They re[)lied. They were light and able to travel, therefore
Ufhfulense'd llmj would take the west track. And ajipointing the ruins of John
(mil s house at Cushnet ** for the place to meet at, eacli company set out
[biiskh to try their fortunes." ft When the jiarties met, " they very remark-
ilily t'oiind that the number that each company had taken and slain was
|e(|iial. The Indians bad killed three of the enemy, and taken Gii pri.soiiei-s,
ilic English had done before them."||: Both ])arties were much
irjiiiced at their successes, but the Indians, told Captain Church " that they had
Iniisseil a brave ojiportunity by parting. They came upon a great town of
Itlii.' enemy, viz: Captain T^cwAm' company. {Tyaskswiis the next man to
* UMiird, Mather. f Church. X Nnrralivp, lOG.
ii llrcl' llisl. 42. II Church, Si.
' Till) (loiosiaiioii in which the Iiulians wore iielcl by " some men," in many oihcr |ilaccs as
|«''!! IK ill I'limoutli, will often appear in this work. Such people could know nolliing of
Ikiiiiiiiiiiauirc. and many wonid not have believed the bidians capable of f^ood actions, though
|(|'i.' '"iji the dead had assured them Ihcy wore.
" AWirovialed from Acu'hnet. See Doiinlass, Summary, i. 40.'}, who writes it Acciishnnt.
ITiiiis many Indian names are changed, bisteiid of Aponaganset, we hear Ponaoaiixet, and
Ifcr AvciiKi, iSo7?e/, &c. Cushnet is the river on which New Bedford and Fairhaven stand,
i\(!'irch,il. UlL)'J-3<>-
<m
4i
V
!\'^-%i
>■ I'l
64
MA(iNU.M.— IIER sruriMSE AND DEATH.
[Hook III,
Philip.) Tlioy finul tipou tlio niPiiiy h(A'i>t\' tliey wore (IJHCovprrd, nn,! rm,
upon tliiiii witli a slioiit. Tlir iiicii run iiiid l((\ tln'ir wivrs and clulilni,
and iiiuiiy ofthcin tin ir friiiis. Tlicy took TijaM wifi- and sun, and tli(iij;.]t
that if tlicir ctiittain and tlic Kuf-disli <Miinpan) had hrcn \vith tliini t|",,
niifrht hnw taken Hoinc li'mdrods of them, and now they dttt iininiil iMt ;;
part any more."* This transaction, in the o|)ini()n of Captain ('Irnrh, w. .
"n-tnarkahio iirovidcncr," innsniuch, perhaps, as tiio r'<iiialily td thi ir m,,.
cesses prevenK'd either party from Ixiastinjr, or ehiiniiiij; superiority ovnii,.
other. Nevertheh'ss, Clivrrk adds, — "But the Indians had tlie iyrtiim :
take more arms than tiie Eii<;lisii." It wonhl a(hl not a little, |ieilin|i.. i,
the jjratitieation of Uie render, couhl lie know the nana^ of the Indian niin,,,,,
iu this far-famed exploit, or ev(Mi tliut of one of his men; but at present tlu\
are hid alike from us and from him.
CHAPTER IV.
Ci-tf' women conspicuims ui Philip's wnr — Maonii» — Her country and rehitlnm-
'(><■ r,apturr. and death — Awasiionks — Is ffreatlij aiinoijrd iu the rrinis of |i;;i_
Her ■': ■<■ disarmed — Philip's endrarors to nurnge her uirainsl the Kni;li.-:li~(:ki„,i
previ, her — IsJinaHijiithe power of Philip — Reclaimed by Church — Suim mr.
ticulars of her family.
Although, before we bad finished the life of Weelamoo, we dpciind ji
proper to have deferred it to this chapter, but us W(! had been led ratlicr im.
perceptibly into many particnlars concernin}>: her in that place,! we cniiH
not break off our narrative without a fjreater imp.'opriety than un (imi^idn
here would have been, and shall therefore bejiin here with one ol" lur oon.
temporaries, the bare fiicts in whose life are sufficient to maintiiia u liisli
int<!rest, we believe, in the mind of every reader.
MAGJ^'US wii^ sfpiuw-sacbein of some imrt of the extensive roiintn nf
the Narragansets, and was known by several names at different and tiic suite
times ; as Old Qiieen, Sunk Squaw,\ (^uaiapen, and Mfitantuck. Slu; iimrrinl
Mriksah, or Mexam, a son of Canonicus, and was sister to ,\iniirret. Hlic Lul
two sons, .ScwMm/j and Qiieqiutqueniid otherwise (luequesruneni, cu\\i'i\ hu\if
English Gideon, and a daughter named Quinr7niqneL Tiiese two dit-d yuiiiij
Gideon was alive as late as IWJl ; Scuttnp, and a sister also, in IGtM. I'iie
was, in 1()75, one " of the six present sachems of the whole Narragaiwi
country."
In the l)egimiing of Philip''s war, the English army, to cause tlie Narrajiaii-
gets to fight for them, whom they had always abused and treated witli i m-
temi)t, since before the cutting off of Miuntunnomoh^s head, niarclied liiin
their cotintry, but could not meet witli a single sachem of the nation. Tin)
fell in with a lew of their people, who could not well secrete tlioinsilvo,
and who concluded a long treaty of mere verbosity, the imj)ort of wliiclitliH
could know but little, and doubtless cared less; for when the army lefttlieir
coimtry, they joined again in the war.
We hear no more of her until the next year, when herself and a law
company of her men were discovered by Major Talcot, on tiie 2 JiiKjiil
Narraganset. The English scouts discovered them from a hill, iiavin»
{(itched their tents in a valley in the vicinity of a swamj), as was iisualh I
their custom. About 300 of the English, mounted uj)on fleet horses, iliviiltJ
into two scpiadrons, and fell u|»ou them before they were aware of tlii'ir a|i- 1
proach, and made a great slaughter of them. The Mohegans and Pecpiots caiiit
upon them in the centre, while the hoi-semen beset them on each si(le,a:iJ j
* Chiirrli, 3Ct. t Book iii. oliap. 1.
\ Trumlmll, i. 347. from Hubbard, I suppose, i. 51. Female rliicfs were rallod sauvki}') I
the Indians, which signified wife of the sachem; but writers, Ixiiiiff iifnorant of lhalla'i.|
thought it a proper name of ?. particular person, and hence the appellations of Unuke, Sum f
Snake, dtc. applied to Magnus,
If'itnesned at the si
[Rook III,
rcrrd, nud m
iiiiil cliililnii.
I, mill tlmii^; '
itii ilii'iii i|[ .
'I'liiiiii'il III I '.i
I Clnrrh, \\i,
ly of tlnir M,i.
riiir'ily (ivirtLi
tilt' t'uiMiiiii' •
tic, |ifrliiiii«, !>
L* IlldiiUI i':i|il;[i!.
; at present ilm
nj and rrklmf-
e rrtnls of It'Tl-
R K/ii'''."/' — ' /iiirfi
Clturck—Soim (m--
00, we (Iceiiii'd it
[!U led nitlHT iiii-
plare,^ we cnulil
than an (Hiiissinii
I one <>r Ik'I' fill-
) inahitnia u liiali
ensivn roiintn nf
rent anil llit' suw.
ick. Slie miirrini
'iniii^rel. r*!"' 1*1
^e two (Vieil yoiiiii'.
[iso, in UM. >\x
[vhole NarragaiiMi
Use the Nnrrafiaii-
[treated witli \»
E?ad, nuirelieil iiii"
J the nation. TIih
lecrete tlieinsclvfN
Tinortol'whkli'lif)
[the army left tl'fif '
Ici-self and o \m \
,011 the 2 Jiily.i"l
Ion, a hill, lmM"2 1
1,,), as was (i^tif!
leet horses, (liyi>W
1 aware of tlieir ni*- 1
jandl'efiuot8cai««
on earh side, &
I were called .■""'"*:'• I
i,rnoranl oi ^^
\\VASI10NK.S.— rilKATS WITH THE ENCMSIF.
When all were
65
CHAP. IV.]
I M preveiiled many from eseai)iii<,' into the swamp. When all were killed
""itiken within tlio eneami»meiit, (^iptain ,V>«'/>i/n/, who commanded the
r <riiii'ii, disinoiinteil, and with liis men rushed into the swamp, where,
'[lidiil resistance, they killed a hundred, and made many prisoners. In all,
I'.v k lied and took 171 * in this swam|» tij,'iit, or rather massacre. Not an
vlflMiiimn was hurt in the atlair, and hut one lMohe<raii killed, and one
miiil'il which we can hardly snpi»ose was done hy .V/cjirniM'a jieople, as they
.i|i. Ill) rcsistnice, hut rather hy themselves, in their liiry mistakin<; oiio
'" tliii- \iiietv ot" the captives were |»iit to death ! anion;; whom was .Mas;-
,1 'I'lic swamp where this afluir took pi -e is near the present town ot
Wiiwek, in Ilh<)de Island ; and thus ends our sliort history of MfUfniut.
jH'.iSIIO.VKS, s(|uaw-sachein of Soirkoiiate,t was the wife ol" an Indiiui
,. 11 . 1 Tor.o.vv, hut of him we learn very little. From her im|)ortant stand-
, r MMioie' the Lillians, li'W deservi; a mort? |»articular attention; and wo
I'lj therefore, go as minutely into her history as our documents will
llr*
fill' lir.-it notice we have of ^i/Wionfr.^ is in ](i71, when she entered into
■rini 's of a^'reeinent with the court of Plimouth as follows: — "In udmittin^
",i;,t the eoiirt are in some measure satisfied with your vcduntary coming in
i,.\v ;it l.ist, and suhmission of liers»df unto us; yet this wt erpcd that she
!ivi. siptiie meet satisfiiction for the charore and trouhle slur has put lis upon
hv lier too hm^' standinsf out a^'iiin.st the many ttJiiders of peace we have
I'liiili' to her and lier people. And that we yet se<> an intention t jm'iavor
till' iviliie 'iiient of such as have been the incendiaries of the ti. ibh and
ili<iiirli:iiiee of her peophi luid ours. And as many of her peo'de ai . 'mil
I'ivf llieiiiselves and arms unto us, at the time appointed, sliai. receive no
liiniiii-'e or hurt from us, which time apiiointed is ten days from the date
lieri'of. Thus we may tin; better keep ofi" such fi"om her lands as may
liiriiifter hriiii.' n|)on her and its the- like trouhle, and to regulate si li as will
lint 111' ifiiverned by her, she haviii!.' submitted bt^r lands to the authority of
the soveinment. And that, if the lands and (^states of such ti ve are neces-
.itatiil to tak(! arms against, will not defray the cliargf! of i.,e cx))e(lition,
that she shall hear some due [)roportion of tlii^ charge. In witness whereofj
Pill! ill testimony of the sachem. Iter agreement hereunto, she liath subscribed
her liaml in presence of Samuel Barker and John .fllmty.
Mark X of the squmv-mchem Awasuncks ;
the mark X o/'Totato.met, and Somaoaonet."
}Rnesaed althe same time hy " Tattacommett,
Pamponcut, anil
Tamoueesam, aZias Jeffert.
Plmoxiih, 24 Juhj, 1671."
The last-named witness appeared again, in the same capacity, 4 September
Wlowin^, when "between 40 and ."^O Indians, living near or in the town of
j Dirtiiioiith, made a like submission." JlshawanomiUh, JVoman, Marhorkum^
I hmr\ nnd John, were other witucsses.
.himhonks was at Plimoutli when the frirrner (iitirle.s were execnted, from
j wliicli it appears there was considerable alarm in Plimoiith colony. There
wpri» ironiit this time many other submissions of the Indians in different
Iplai'i's. This step was taken to <lraw them from Philip, or at least to give a
jcliii'k to tli<;ir joining with him, as be was now on the point of attacking the
|En;rhsh settlements, under u pretence of injury done him in his planting
Not only the chiefs of tribes or clans subscribed articles, but all their men,
I that ('(mid he prevailed with, did the same. The August following, 42 of
jidicw/ionAs's men signed a paper, approving what she had done, and binding
• Tnimtvill. 200 savs Cobhet's mnmisrripl ; 2W, Iliilihard.
' tri'i^innl. Iiul. VViirs, i. 97, 98. I. Mather's Brief Hist. .39. Tnimbull's Hist. Con-
iKfM'Ml. i. ^Vl.
I'lii' |)(iiiii of land helow Porasset, and now chiefly included in the town of ComptoD,
|8iK) (' Island, aii'l rommonly called Seconet.
6»
ill:
WW
, -^^m.'^
. -^^ '^K !
V': k
'H>-
& ■Mm
'. ;■■■ # ' '■'
GG
AWASIIONKS— IIKR CORRKHPONDKNf'K.
[lliiOK III
themsf'lvcs in liko iiitiiinor. Out of 42, \v« cnii give iintiioH of tliroc onlv-
Tolntomei, Timnokum mid Snu.mmnn,
It a|>|M'arM from tlic folluwiiijf Ifttcr from JlwaslionkM to (Jovi'riior /'nW, ii,.,,
thoH<! vvlio Hiil)mitti>d tJu'inMcivi-H, (iciiv»T«;d ii|> their nriiiH to tlic Kiij;li.s|,;_
"Aujrnst 11, 1(171, Iloiior«-d wir, 1 Imvt- rccfivi'd n very jtri'iit iiivor f,,,,,,
your honor, in yonrs of the 7th iiiHtiuit, and an yon are ph-ased to muhj,,
that if 1 contimie f.iilhfid to the a^treemrnt ma(h' with ynnrNclvi'.x m pi,,,'
oiith, I may «v\|M!Ct all just favors from your honor. I am liiljy rcMilv,,!
wiiilo 1 live, with all tidelity to stand to my (•n<.'a>.'ement, and in a |i(iin;i|,i
HnhmiHsioii to your rommanilH, according' to the hest of my iioor nlijln,
It is true, and I am very seuhihle thereof, that there are some IndiiiiisHl,,,
do seek an advanta^n- a^rainnt me, formy Huhmitting to his mMieMy'saiitiiiini,
in your jiu'isdiction, hut hein;^ <'onHcious to myself of my intejirlty tuid ni
intentions of peace, I douht not hut you will atford me all due enidiini',
ment and protection. I had resolved to send in all my jruns, hcini; si\ m
numher, according' to the intimation of my letter; lint two of thern utn v
lar<fe, tlio messengers were not altle to carry them. I since pniHiivih,,
leave them with Mr. liarkfr, hut he not having: any order to receive ilm,
told me he conceived I mi>;ht do well to send them to Mr. Jilmji, wlini,
person <'on<-erned in the jurisdicticm, which I resolved to do; liiit Ih,,
then an Indian, known liy the unmv oi' linrnd-faced-will, stole one nf ilm,
out of th(^ wijrwam in the nijrht, and is run away with it to IVloiirit I|ii|i,
the other I think to send to Mr. »'?/mJ/. A list of those tliat are olieijieni k
ine, and, 1 ho]ie, and um persuaded, faithfid to yon, is here enclosf d. ||„|.
ored sir, I shall not trouble you further, hut desiring yoiu* p«ace ami |ir(„.
perity, in which I look ut my own to bo included, I ruinain, your niitiiL'url
servant, X Awasu.mks.'
This letter was voiy probablv written by Mr. Barker, nnmed in it.
October 20, 1()71, (Jovernor Prince wrote to ^loas^nA'.*, that he had recciuv
the list of names of her men and husl)and, that freely sid)mitted ilienisih..
to his majesty's authority; and assured her that the English would lieiinij
her on all just occasions ; but intimates lier disappointmi'iit and liis dHit,
that she had succeeded no better in procuring the submission of Im
sidtjects. "Though," he contiimed, "I fault not you, with any fniiiiiL' i
endeavor, only to notice jour good persuasions of them outwent tl ir
deserts, for aught y<!t appeareth. I could have wished they iiad been \M..r
Ibr themselves, esp«!ciaily your two sons, that may probably succeed ymiii
your goverimient, and your brother also, who is so nearly tied unto yen I.,
nature. Do they think themselves so great as to disregard and artrunt lii>
majesty's int(!rest and authority here; and the amity of the English? Ot.
tainly, if they do, I think they did inuch disservice, and wish they vm\<\
yet show themselves wiser, before it be too late." He closed by roffiiii-
mending her to send somt; of hers to the next court, to desiri; their ani^
that Iter people might have the use of them in the ai)proacliing .siiismi,
Desires her to let him hear from her and her husband.
On the 20 Jime, 1(572, the following writing appears on record : WIh'to
Jlwashunrkts., sciua-sachem, stand indebted vnto Mr. John Jllmeii the siiincii
£25 to be paid in porke att three pence a pound, or jieage att 1(1 ijencv.iiiil
20 pole of stone wall att £4, which stone wall, or £4, is to be viidc'-.stodd i
be prte of the fine and twenty pound," theretbre Awnshonks, having tliil '
to pay agHM-ably to her promise, agrees to set oft' land on the nortii siiln-f
" the Indian field," next Punkateesett, on the east line till it meets witli "i
great runing brooke," thence northerly to a fresh meadow, thence hoiuidnl 1*1
the river by a salt cove: — this "ismorgaged vnto the court of Plyinonili''k[
tiie payment of said debt, which debt is to beiiaid 10 of February, lti72, (^,!.|
"TTtc mark X of Awashu.nkes."
To illustrate the troniiecfions and genealogy of the family of ^irfla/ionkj
we give from the Records of Pliinouth the Ibllowing exceedingly vuluabl«j
facts : —
[U'H'K III
tlircc (iiil)-
mr /'nncf, tliiii
Ik' r.M).'li>|i;_
•lit i'livdr I'nui.
Si'll 1(1 >i','lii|v
KCIVCS III I'liii',.
fully ri'scphdi.
ill a pt'iiniil'
y |»<i<ir iilnl '
i*> liiiliiuis \\||M
)r(ity'siiiitliiirif.
ti'tiiily ami rn
llllf CIICOIIIli;,
iiif, lifiiii; MX |,,
f tlinn Wen .
lice |>l'lltli'|ri| |i,
I) rcfl'ivc tin;
, JUmji, \\U> i>
I) do: lull ih.
oic one III' i||i
tn Mniint ||ii|»:
arc olifdiciii ii
♦ •IlcloSCll. Ilnli.
jinicc iiikI [ini-
,, your iinr('ii;iin|
; AWASU.MKS."
nod ill it.
at lie li!i(l rppi'ivpii
nittcd ilit'nis(|\i>
fh would Ih'IVihj:
KMit and liis nvn,
ibinission of li'i
lith any ruilin': '
in ontwi'iit tl' •
ly had Ih'cii wirr
lly siK'cccd yniiir
tied unto ymili,
ird and iitVnini l:-
En<!lisli? (••••
wish tlicy wmii
loscd hy rt'fnii-
lU'sin* their am,-.
jproaching k'iwhl
crord : Wliprea«
lime;! the siiiiu' <{
att'ld iHMicy.iiil
\W Viul<">tll<|l'; ■
^nks, iinviii;.' liiil- '
I the noith siil'"!
it inct'ts witli ":
Itheiicf hoiiiiiinl'
L ofPlyiiioutlr'MJ
|hriiaiy,lti*'^.'^*;-|
AWASIII-.NKES,
lily of Jii'nalioiilil
teedingly valuubi«|
IV.] AWASHONKS— Urjl".< TH I'lIILII'S OVKRTIJRES.
CHAi.lvi A"»— - ' W
J I 14^ i(J7;j, » Whrri'iiH Mnmitncwivj [a son of .'hrnshniiku] lintli hy full
I ri'iirV stiiiioiiy proviMl to this court, in hcliall' of hiiiiscll and hntjircii,
il '. tuw "' Tolonrji, and a kiiisiiiaii of theirs called .Iniimpitiih, Icuiiiiiionly
ritrii .\'i""/'"'''''l '*"" '" /'"^""""'"ifiTi lliiit they are the ciiief iiro|irieior.s
Ihh'Iiciiis of Saconctt, or places coiniiioiily so called; and >ct it hcin;;
'[.(i iiriiliiihl'' '''"' Titlitckdinna ' .lu'it.iliunrkin anil those of that kindred who
'rr 111 tlic .s.iiiie stock, the more remote m.iy have some ri^ht to lands then',
■'. llicN arc relations tt) the ahove said .Mnmiiiwiniii, i!vc. and have heeii loiifj
! I ■iliit.iiil'* of that |)lace. 'This court adviscth that convenienl |>ro|iortions
'. jn||,| 1),. (;, itled on the ahove said 'ruliiniiiiiinii ^lituisliinik.t, \c. at Snconetl
liifisiiil ; coiicernin;jf \>liicli, the ahove said Mitm(innrii;i and his lirellireii
I l^j,,^,, mil who have proved their ri;i:ht to thost^ lands do not or caimol
\ n I', this court do ap|>oiiit that some meet persons, hy order of this court,
«h:ll n piiir to the place, and make settlement <d' the said lands liy certain
.|,„I kiiiiwii hoiindaries to intent that peace may he continued i.iiioni; the
.\ Indians, and they may all he accommodatiMl tiir their siihsistin;.,' and
lilt of tlieir dchts in an orderly way."
Sj'^'(?
j'lir
,,„ same year, we hear aiiaiii of Tukitmonn, or, as he is then called,
Tiiliiiimiiiiii, who, with his lirother S(iiutmfilt, havinjr «'ndeavorcd to hinder
till' |'.ll"li^ll Irom possi'ssin;; some lands in Dartnioiith, was, lioiii soiiu;
lllll^illl'^ltlon, not named, induced to n linipiish his ri^ht to them. And the
ii,\t vinr, Ili74, Aliiiii'ininviirhii, or, as ids name was lieliin; written, Mittnit-
iitifiiu, surrendered his ri<;lit also. The ri^ihts of these Indians, it is said,
y |,irii Htdd hy others.
Wf hear no more of .hvanlionks tintil ahoiit the commencement o\' Philip''s
wur, The year heloie this war, Mr. lienjamin Church, afterwards the limioiis
ami well-known Coloiud r/u/zr/i f »<ettled upon tlu; peninsula ol'rSo;;koiiate, in
llio Miiiixt ol' ^hixtshonkn's peo|)le. 'I'liis peninsula is on the north-east sidt: of
Niiirav'iiiixet Hay, ajrainst tin; south-east end of tin; island of Hhodt; Island.
Iliri' III' lived in tlu; greatest friendship with these Indians, until the Hprin^' uf
the vt'»r 1(17.'), when suddenly a \\ar w.is talked oljaiid messen^^ers wen- sent
|i\ i'hilipUi ,'iwa.ihonks, to eiifrai'e her in it. She so liir listened to their persuu-
i^iiMis as to call hi^r principal people ton^ether, and make a ^reattiance ; and he-
caihc she respected IMr. CViitrc/i, she sent privately lor him also. Church took with
hiiii^i man that well understood Indian, and went tlirectly to tlu^ ))lace a|)poiiit-
nl. Here they found hundreds of Indians •rathered to<rcther from all parts of
JiirdDiiiiiiiiiiis. j]w(tshonks hers'di; in a toainin^ sweat, was leading' the dance ;
iiiitwiirii it was announced that IMr. Church was come, she stop])ed short, and
Mt ildw.i ; ortlered her cliitsls into her presence, and then invited IMr. Church.
All liriii^' seated, she inlorined him that Mitaromet, that is, Philip, had sent
sixdi his nicn to ur^tc her to join with him in |iro.secutin<j a war ajjainst the
i;ii;;lisli. She said these messeiijfers inliirmed her that the Umpnmes,\ that
i>, I'liiiioiitli men, were frutherinj,' a jireat army to invade his country, and
wis-liid to know of him it this were truly the case. He told her that it was
rutin l\ without i'oimdiition, lor he had hut Just come Irom I'limoiith, and no
pri'panitions of any kind were makinjr, nor did he helieve any thoughts of
war were entertained hy any of the liiiad men there. "He asked her
wlii'tlii'r she thought he would have hrouirht up his ^oods to settle in that
[iliici," if he in the least ap|)rehended u war ; at which she seemed some-
wiiat convinced. Jlwashonks then ordered the six Pokanokets into their
liristncc. These made an im|)osin<.^ ajipearance, haviiiff their faces painted,
j ami their hair so cut as to represent a cock's comh; it l)ein<r all shaved Irom
eiuli side of the head, lelt only a tult ujion the crown, which extended from
tlie ibreliead to the occiput. Tlii'y had powder-horns and shot-bags at their
* Or Titkamntut, killed by llin [VHrrnganscls, not lonj iifler, probaMy in Ifi?!-.
t AliiT an active hie. spoilt ciiieHy in Ins country's servirc. he died smldeiiiy at
leiiri' ill Comploii, then railed l,illle ("omplnn, H Jan. 1718, in the 78 year of his a
liadlitcome curpuleiil, and seemed impressed with llie idea that he should nol live long. 'I'lie
miiniiii!; licl'ore his death, he rode t miles lo visit an only sister. On leaving her, he bid her
"n la-t larrwell." As he was relinning home, liis horse stumbled and threw liiin. hi the fall
I llj|(]()il-vessel was rnplnred, and he died in about 12 hours.
Umpaine and Apaum were Lidiau names of riimuulh.
at his resi-
gc. He
mi
:-.4 U'.
>» '■t{\
'■•-.'■' k* r
08
1*^^ K
AWASHONKS.— TUIIATS NVnil <nUUCH.
tlirir nation.
[''">"K III,
pi;,'C()nn uitli." Church then tolil ^Iwaahonkit that, il' rhiliit wvyv rcMilM,|,,|
war, " Imt licst nay wnnid he to knock iIiohc mIx IMoiuit Mo|trH on ijic In,,;
Imrks, wliicli (Ii-noti'd wailikr inrKHfnj:rrH of tlii-ir natirtri. Hlir now „
firirnir«l tlicni of wlial ('njilain Chiiirh liailsiiil. I |ion uliirli tli<>y iliNnivirid
(liHHntiHliiclion, and a warm talk lollownl, lint .linmhnnkii Mion pnt iia tinj t„
it; allrr wliicji .she told Mr. r/ii/;Wi that I'hilip liad told Imn mri-scnw, ,■, ,,|
tt'll her, tliat, indr^s slii' joined with hini, lif would nt-nd ovt-r sonn' ,,| |.^^
warriors, privately, to kill tlir rattli* and liinii ilif houst'M o|° ilic I!iim|„|^
which they woidd think to Ih- done hy her men, and c(Misci|ncntly \miii|,| |;,{|
upon her.*
Mr. Chiiirh asked the Mt»nnt llopeH what they were ;.'oin^ to do wjij, ,1^
linllels in their poMHcssion, to which they scollinjflv answered, "tn >|,i,„t
I' I'hilw were r(
lomit lioprs Oh
and shelter hersell'nndi'r the protection of the l';n>.'lish." When they 1111,1,^.
Htood this, they were \ cry silent, ami it is to he lamented (hat hi \miii|i\ ,,
man as (Viiz/r/t shonid he the first to recommend nnirder, and a liisiin^ n.
nu'inhrance is dne to tlu> wisdom of .'hvashoiiks, that Ids nnad\isei| kuiumI
was not pnt in e.\e<'ution.
Thi'si- six l*okanok«'ts came over to Sojrkonate with two of ,/lifa,ilmi\i<\
men, who seemed very favorahly inclined to the nieasnres of Philip, j j,,j
e.xpresseil themselves witii ^reat indi^'iiation, at the rash advice ol' r/mrri.
Anotiier of her men, called IjiUle-eifru, one ot' her coimcil, was so t'lirii;;.,!,
that he wonid then have taken Churches lite, it' lu> had not licen prcviiiiiij.
His desi;,ni was to pet Mr. Church aside li-om the rest, und r a prt tinii m
private talk, and to have assassinated him when he was otl' his <;nari|. Hm
Home ot' his friends, .seeinsr throii<;h the artifice, prevented it.
The advice of (.'hurch was adopted, or that part which directed ilmi
^»v(.s/(o>iA'.s slionid immediutely pnt lierselt' under the proteciion ot' tlic Ijj^r.
lisli, and Hhe dcHired him to go immrdiitely to I'linionth and make tin ar-
rang! inent, to wliicli he agreed. Alter kindly thanking him lor liiN imoniia-
tinii and advii't;, sIm; sent iwo of her men with him to his l.onse, tii L'linril
liim. These urged him to secure his goods, lest, in his ah.sence, the cimihv
should come and destroy them ; hm he would not, h cause such a st |) iiiiM||t
1)0 thought a kind of pr(;paration lor hostilities; hut told them, tlitit in n^f
liogtilities were Itcguii, they might convey his eHiv ts to a place of 8iiHt\.
He then jjroceeded to IMimonth, when! i\v. lUTived 7 .lime. I(i7r).
In his way to IMimouth, he met, at I'ociisset, the hnshand «)]' //Vftoiw.
He waH just r(>tunied from the neighhorliood of Mount Hope, <• nd coiitirnd
all that had been said aliout Philtii's intentions to begin a war. ISiit lictiin
Mr. Church could return again Xo Awnshonks, the win* commenced, aid nil m\\-
miinication was at an end. This he very much regretted, and the iiciiivdlini
Jiwitnhonks was carried away in the tide of Philip's successes, wliicli, us nj,^
was cireumstane! d, was her only alternative.
Mr. Church was wounded at the great swatnp tiglit, ]}) Docerriiier rnllim-
ing, and remained upon Rhode Island mitil about the middle of Alny lii*>:.
He now resolve«i to engage again in the war, and, taking pussagi- in u Am\\
bomid to Barnstable, arrived at Pliniouth the tirst Tuesday in Jiiiir. The
governor and other officers of government were highly jtleased to sic iiiin.
and desired him to take the command of a co- .pjiuy of men to lie iiniin'-
diately sent out, to which he consented. We thus notic<! ChurcKs jhimchI-
ing, because it led to inif)ortant matters coimected with the history otJc-
shnnki. Before lie set out with the soldiers r.ised at I'limoutli, it wns ii;.'r(Til
tbat he shoidd first return to Rhode Island, lor the pur|)nse of raifiii;' (iilicr
forces to be joined with them. In his retin*n to the island, as he |)as«((l irnm
Sogkonesset, now call d fVood's Hole, to the island, and when hecaniciiL'i.iiH
Sogkonate Point, some of the enemy were s«!en fisiiing n|)on the rocks, ilc
was now in an open canoe, which he had hired at Hogkoi esset, iii il two
Indians to paddle it. He ordered them t't go so itcMr the n ckstliat lio iiii;.iit
speak with those upon them ; being persuaded that if be could havo iin n|)-
portunity, be might still gain over the Sogkonates to the side of the Eiii;)!.*!!.
("iM imiiitci! (ud
* 'fliis may slrcnsfllipn tin; belief timl Philip jiai la praclice a similar expcdiuui logaiu il)«
Mohuwks to his cause, as we have seea in his lile.
IV
, ,v I AWAHIIONKS.— CIIUUCII.S llA/AUIM)rS VIHIT.
C III' kiH'W tln'V never liail any renl iill.icliinrnt tu Philijt, niiil wcif now in
" ||.|,.|crit "iilv lioni nrrc.-'sil). 'I'Ihn iicnndinj^ly |milillril luvviinls tliciii,
"id iiiaili' "iif'"* '"'■ ''"'"' '" .'ipl"'" "'■!' ; I"" wlii'ii liny IiikI jjoI pri-lty
i- ijh \ T<kiilk (I ('.way iiMionir flir rorks, ariil nmlil iinl lie seen. 'I'lic canot)
['" ' ,i|i||i.i| oil' ajrain, I si tiicy .•ijnuijil In- liri'il ii|i(im ; wiiirli \vlnii tlioMe
"iih' tl>'' 1'*"''^'* oiipiervt'*!, tlii-y r^liuwi'il tlirnisi'lvcs aprm,an*t rallril to tlicm
'' ^.,, *, , iiMliorf ; anil H.iiil they wishcil to H|)i>ak witli them. The Iniiiann in
,1 , 1'liiiii' niiswei'eil them, hiK those on sliiire inliirmeil them that the wave.^
I I. ...I Mil iiiMiii the iiii-ks that tliiv eiiiilil not nnilerstanil a wonl tlie\ ^4aill.
/...,,/, iiinv niaiii- siifns lor two ol tlieiii to 'jut ali.iii.' M|ion the shore to ii
1 'irli, wliere one eoiiiil sees a 'rooil s|taee roniiil, whether any otheis wei'e
mar. haMH'iliately two ran to ihe |ilaee, one withont any arms, lnit tlic
oilici' Imil a lanee. Knowin^f Vhuirh to he in the ho.it, tliey nr!.'eil him to
,„iiir I'M shore, aiui s.iiil they wanted to diseonrne with him. He tolil liini
lliiil liiiil tin- lanee, tliat if lie woulil carry it away at consiileralile ilistanr-e,
iiiiil icavi' it, he wonlil. 'This hi' reailily iliil. .Mr. Clntrrh then went aslmre,
|,,{t iiiic ol' his liiiliaiiH to <.niaril the eaiioe, anil the otiier he stationeii ii|ioii
111, Ih'iii'Ii to ffive notice il any shonlil a|»|iroaeli. Hi was snrpriseil to tinil
ih.it (itvrat waH one of them, a very ^'uoil man, anil the last So^'konate ho
liail ^iiiiki'ii with, heiii;; one of those si'iit to ;;iiaril him to his house, anil to
wliiiiii III' liuil V''^''" '■''•■"')-'"'*' ''•'' !.'ooils wlien he nnilertook \\\n mission to
pliiiiiiiitli. On liein/ askeil what he wanteil that he called him ashore,
jiii.wi'iril, "that he look him li»r Chiinli, as soon as he he;u'd his voice in tlio
riiiiiii', iinil that lie was ;;lail to see him alive." He also told him tliat>/uv(-
jAuiiA.nviis in a swanijt alioiit three miles otf, and that she had lelt I'hilli) and
iliii not iiitcnil lo reinrn to him any more; and wislied Mr. Chtiirh to stay
wliili' III' sliiiiild }.'o aial call Iter. 'I'his Cliiirrli. did not think prndenl, hut
Kiiii III' WDiiliI come a;.'ain and speak with . ht< tiilionks,n\\i\ some oilier Indians
lai III' sliDiild name. He thereli)re told (hon^e to notily .liniHltinks, her sou
/'.
certii
niv iiati'il place." It was provided lliat if that day shonid prove stormy, th«
111 \l |ili'iisaiit day shonid lie iinproved. Tiiey parted with conliality, (itorffe
turariv the news to .Iwitshonks, and Church lor Newport.
Oil liria^Mniide acquainted with Chnrch\<i intention to visit tliono Indians,
till' s.'iivi'niinent of Rhode Island marvelled much at his |iri'sninplion, and
wiiiilil iiui ;rive him any permit under their hands; assuring; him that tlio
Imiians would kill him. They said also that it was madness on his part,
jliir siaii »i;rnal services as he had done, to throw away his life in such a
iiifiiiiirr. NeitlHir conid any entreaties of friends alter Ins resolution, and
lit' mule reiuly for his departure It was his intention to have taken with
liiiii (iiu> Daniel tVilcox^* a man who well understood the Indian laii<.nia<re, hut
till' ;'iivi<riinient utterly refused him; so that his wlioh; retinue, in this ini-
|mitiiit eiiihassy, consisted only of himself, his own man, and the two Indians
will) roiiiiiicted liini from So^rkonesset. As an importunt item In his outfit,
must lin mentioned a boUlt of ruin, and a roll oflohncco.
The ilay a|)poiuto(l havinjr arrived, aller paddrm<r about three miles, they
raiiic to the ap|)oiiited rock, where the Indians were ready to receive them,
aiiil frave him their hands in token of friendshif). They went back froin the
jlmri' about filly yards, for u convenient place for consultation, when all nt
oiii'i- rose up from tiie hi<tli firass, a jjreat many Indians, so that they were
eiilinly oncompasaed. They were all armed with };uns, spears and hatchets;
tines imiuU'i! iiid hair trimmed, in complete warlike array. If ever a man
k'li'w linu", wi hould apprehend it would discover itself u|)on an occasion
liki' this. But, judjrinj^ from bis conduct, we should say lie was one of those
"who never felt ti ir."
As soon as he could be heard, Mr. Church told Jlwashonks tliut Georfce had
Bail! that she desired to see bini, about inakiuf? peace with the English. She
* liiliT, " Dttnii'l fVillrnrlci's tooke llie oalli off fnlelilie this court. "' Pliin. Rer.
ill liili. oiie ^KiVco.r set u|) a Iradiii;^ house in ilie Niirraifaiisol rouiilry. Sec Callriuler's
L'tiil, Discourse, 38. If lie were llie saine, il will well accoual for his beia{( au ialerprulor.
Ul-U IMW'IM'""" ■•"■■•' . • •' "^ ..-.». ..r... ,,,,,, i^ I .1^. . .r....U, ..^-. .."»•
/Mfr, their chief cajHain, and one .Vom/w,'*//, to meet him two days alter at a
certain roek, "at the lower end of ('apt. liichmonrs fiirm, which was a
'M
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t i;
o'
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r^if-tfiV9
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1
70
AWASIIOMvS.— CHLRCll ENGAGES IIER MEN.
tl5"uk i;i,
m^
said, "'Vos." Then, suid Mr. Church, "it is cnstoirmry when pooplr niict |f
treat of peace, to lay aside- their arms, and not to appejo" in siicii hostile h,,-.
us your peo|>le do." At this then- was niiich niMrniurin<^ anion;: 'ln'in, mi
Awnslumks a ;k«!d him wliat arms they shfiuid hiy aside. H«HMn^' their di,
jdeasnre, h'j said, oidy tiieir ;rnns, im Hirm's sai<(!. With one consent i||,
tlien hiid away tiieir jruns, and came and sat down. lie timn drew out In,
bottle of rum, ind asiied ./(ww/ton^a whetlier siie had lived so lonjr nj, "
Wachnseft * as to lor;(et to di ink occapcchcs. Then, drinking to her, lie ,i'l
served she watched liiin very narrowly lo s«!e whether la; swailowi d, ,,^1
on oHi-rin;? it to hvv, she wished him to drink a^'ain. Jle then told lieiti. ,
was no poison in it, and, pour!ii<r so.: '! into the pa'ni of his iiiind, siiiinii ,.
up. Altt.'r he had tuktni a second hearty drain, Jhmtshonks ventured lo ,\l
likewise ; then she |)assed it ;Mnon;r her attendants. TIkj tobacco was m \|
fmssed round, and they bcf,'aii to talk. Jlwnshunka wanttul to know w!n i.,.
lad not eoine, us he promised, the year before, observing tiiat, if he IiikI, .,,,
and her people hud not joined with Philip. He told her he was picvenini
by the breaking out of the war, and Jiientioned that he niad(> an fitti-iuhi
notwithstjinding, soon uller he left her, and got as liir us I'linkatesse, wIn!,
a multitude of enemies set .i|)on him, and oldiged him to retreat. \ ^^^
niurmiir now arosi; among tia; warriors, luid one, u tierce and gigaiitic \,\.
low, raised his wa.' club, with intention to have killed Mr. Church, hiit Mm,,.
laid hold on him ami prevented him. They informed him that this ii'l|ii,\\
brotlier was killtjd in the figiit at Punkateese, and that he said it was Clturrlt
that killed him, and he would now liuve his blood. Church told Iheiiitntill
him tiiat his brother begun first, and tliut if he bad done as he had iliiirhil
liini, he would not liav«! been hin't. Tin- chief captain now ordered sihi
telling tiiem they should talk no more uboiit old matters, which put iiii nni
to the tumtdt, und vu agreement was so(ni cojiclnded. Jlwa-ihonkn agiciil lo
serve the English "in what way she was abh,'," provided '• IMinioiitli wcnlj
firmly engage lo her that she und u!l of her peoph;, und their wive> m\\
children shoidd huve their lives spared, und nont; of th(!i>i transported oiiioi'
the -ountry." This, Church told her he did not doubt in the least but i'liiiniiiiji
wouid consent to.
Things being tIniK matured, the chief captain stood up, an«l, allcr cxijnv^
ing the great respect be hud lor Mr. Churchy said, " Sir, if you will plciji
accept of me and my men, and will head us, we w ill tight li)r yon, aiul will
help you to PhiliiPs lu-ad before th(! Indian corn b(! ri|)(!." We do not ex-
pect that this chief pretended to possess tht! spirit of pro|»hecy, hut certaiulv
ne wus a truer |)rophet than many who have made the pretension.
Mr. Church would have taken a few of the men with iiiin, und gone ili-
rectly through the woods to Plimouth; but .tumshonks insisted that it udiilil
be very hazardous. \\y\ therel()re agreed to return to the island and \mm'4
by water, and so would take in sonu! of their company at Sogkonate i'dint,
which was uccordingly l)rought ubont. And here it should b(i iiientinncil
thut the li'iendship, now renewed by the industry of Mr. Church, Wiis hrvir
afVerward broken. M.:ny of these Indians always accompanied Church in lii<
memorable expeditions, and rendered great service to tlie I'^nglish. Wlirti
Philip's war was over. Church went to reside uguin among tlieiii, iiiid ilie
greatest bannony ulways prevailed. Jiut to return to the thread of onr i;ar-
rativ(! : —
On r(!turning to the island. Mr. Church " wus ut greut pains and chnrf!' to
get a vessel, but ^»'itll miaccountable disappointments; sometiiiies li\ 'lif
falseness, and sometimes by the fiiint-beartedni^ss of men that he harpiiii I
with, and sometimes by wind and weather, &c." he was hindend a \m
time. At length, Mr. Anthovij Tmw, of Swansey, bap]teniiig to put into tin'
harbor, and altbotigb bound t.) the westward, on being made accpmiMlt'dwiili
Mr. Churches case, said hv, Wfiidd run the venture of his vessel and ciiijin to
wait upon him. lint when they arrived ut Sogkonate I'oint, altlioii;rli the
Indiaii.4 were there according to agreement waiting upon the rocks, tlicnnet
* She lm<l passed llie urceediiiE; winter, it would seem, with Philip's people on the fron
tiers of Massaclmsctts
;n. [Ho.jk i;i.
ImOplc lllci't to
iii'li hostile |(,|-,||
iiioiiv' llii'iii. ;i:i(i
>(!«Mtij: tlifir ill,.
lU! fOllStCllt lliiy
(!11 (llTW out Ills
(I M) loii^r llji i,;
fi' t(t Ik r, he uV
sWiiUdwcd, iii„|,
(!ii told iicr till ;v
S ilillld, si|l|liM| 1;
s ventured u, ,\„
:ol)!icc(i was iu\i
to know \v!iy !,|.
lilt, if lie liiid. «:„.
le WHS |)revi'iiiiil
made uii !itteiii|ji,
I'lmkatesse, wlnu
retreat. A tri'st
and ^ii'iiiitir i.l.
(.'Iiurcli, liiit siiii,!'
tliat tliis i'ellnw's
sa'ui it was Clniri
h tol<l llieiM to till
is lie liad diiiiMiil
w (tfdered sili'iii>',
wliic.li |Uit iiii I inl
owihonks afrrci'il to
'• IMiinoiitli winlii
(I tiieir wive> Mil
transported oiii m'
I least but IMiiinMiih
nutl, al\er exjin'ss-
it' you will |il('ris<;
it I'or you, and will
W«i do iwl M-
diocy, but certiiiiiiy
tension.
bim, and froiip ili-
listed that it wmilil
lisland and iii'inwil
it Soj;konate I'liiiil,
uid be iiieiitiiinril
Chinrh, Wiis i.ivir
Imied Chuirh iiilii*
Kn-.disli. WliHi
tlircud of our uar-
liins and plmr(!' w
1 sometimes liy '^
jtliat he Imri'aiii'l
Is hindered a In"!
iifl to put into 'li''
Ide acciuiiiiitedwitli
lessel anil <'iii'l-'" '"
|»(,int, altlioii;.'li llie
be rocks, they m\
,'s people oil the fron
Chap. IV] AWASHONKS.— SURRENDERS TO THE ENGLISH. 71
ffith a contrary wind, mid so roufrb u sea, that none l)iit Pder ^wcuihonks
Miiild !r<'t "" board. Tliis be did at ffreat pcsrii, liavinji only an old broken
"..iiioi' to iret otl" in. Tlie wind and rain now I'oreed tliem up into I'oeasset
'^diiiid, iiMil they wen? (d»iif>('d to bear away, and nsturn ruimd tin; nortii end
ofthe'island, to Newport.
C'i/r'-i now dismissed Mr. Low, as be viewed tbeir efl'ort a^rainst the wiU
of i'rovideiice. He next drew up an account of what bad passed, and de-
,,,i.|i,.,| Peter, on the !» July, iiy way of Hojrkonate, to I'limoiitb.
M:ii"i" lirwlford* baviiiji nc" arrived with an army at J'ocasset, Mr. Church
nimiii'd to him, and told bini of iiis transactions and en<ra>rements with
hmshonks. lirndford directed bim to go and inlbrm her of bis arrival, wiiicli
|ii. did. .hcnshonks doubtless now discovered inucb uneasiness and anxiety,
jiiit yU, Church told her "that if sIk; woubl be advised and observe or(h'r, she
„„r lier people need not iear beiufr hurt." He directed her to f?et all her
iit-ifle tofiether, "lest, if they should be found straj^gliiifj about, mischief
iiiiirjit liiflit on them;" and tiiat the next day the army would inarch down
ji,,"il)ie neck to receive her. After begging bim to consider the short time
jihc had to collect tiiein together, she promised to do the best she could, and
ill. \A\ her.
Accordingly, two days alu :, she met the army at Piinkateese. Jlwnshonhs
Miisiiow niinecessarily perjdexed by the stern carriage of Major Bradford.
I'lir she expected her men would have been employed in the army; but
iii.itcad of that he " presently gave forth orders for AwctslMiiks, and ail lier
snhjci'ts, both men, women and children, to repair to Sandwicb, and to be
lliii-c upon peril, in six days." Church was also quite disconcerted by this
iintx|M'ited order, but all reasoning or remonstrance was of no avail witli
thf ciiiiiiiiander -bief. He told Mr. C'/i urcA be would em|)loy bim if be
ciiiisc, Imt as tor Indians, "he woidd not be concerned with tliem," and
aiTinlimrly sent tliem off with a flag of triice, under the direction of Jack
Hmnit, an Indian who bad nev(!r bijen engage'i in the war. Mr. Church told
,hc(i^h<inks not to be concerned, but it was best to obey orders, and be would
sIkihIv meet her at Sandwich.
Aii'iirtliiig to promise. Church went by way of Plimoiith to meet the Sog-
koiiMics. The governor of I'linioutb was highly pleased at tlie account
Chnrrli irave him of tlu! Indians, and so nnicb was be now satisfied of bis
sii{ii'ri«r !tbiliti(;s and skill, that lie desired bim to be coimnissioned in the
(iiiMiiiv's service, lie l(!tt IMimoutb the same day with six attendants,
a;ii"ii;r wlioin were Mr. Jnbez Howland, and Mr. JVathanied Southworth. They
all jit at Sandwich the first night, and here taking a few more men, agreeably
til till' frovernor's onUn's, procetided to .^erawam, a small river of Kochester,
HLt'it' they ex|tect(!d to metjt the Indians. Some of his company now
hi'iaiiie (li.scoiiragcd, presuming, |)erb!ips, the Indians were treacherous, and
liall of tliein returned home. When they came to Si[)pican River, which
I'liilitios into Muz/ard's liay in Rochester, Mr. Howland was so fatigued that
tiny were obliged to leav(! bim, be being in years, and somewhat corpulent.
('/ii/(t/i left two more with bim as a restjrve, in case be should be obliged to
Mivat. They soon came to the shore of lUiz/ard's Ray, and, hearing a
tna' noise at considerable distance from them, upon the bank, were pres-
' Out of a carious book we take the following note, as, besides q^iviii"; us nii inten'sliag
Ifa.l 'oiiicniiii^ iho major, it coiilaiMS olliers of value. It was wriileu in !()'.<7. Al that
I tiini' <imii' pretended llial llie af^o of people was much shorter in America ihaii in Kurope;
l*iiiHi save rise lo what we are al)onl to extract. — Alarij firoiim was the lirst-l»)rn of New-
bury, Ma^s., who married a (ioitf'nj ; and, says our book, she '' is yet alive, and is become
llhe niiiilicr and uraiidmotlier of many children." ''The mention of it/ur;/ liniirn lirliif^s to
iourmiiKJ ail iijle whim.sey, us if persons Itorn in New l-]n''lan<l woiil.l be short-lived ; whereas,
jihu natives liv(' long. And a ju<lgment concerning iMiglishmen cannot well be mad* till 20
lor W years hence. Cnpt. I'eri'^rinc Whitf, born [on boanl ihe Maijjlower'\ Nov. Ki'iO,
lis yet alive, and like to live, [He died 7 ytuirs after, in 17(W..J iMajor William lirail/'ord
Ifc iiioro than 7.5 years old, ind nalh worn a Imllel in iiis flesh above 20 of them, [which he
|diiiilp||i'»< received in Fliilip's war. Ife died aged 71).] Elizuhi'tk Aldeii, (now I'mjlioilij,
|*liii>e '.,'ramhlaughler is a mother,) ("apt. John Alihii, her brother, Alej''. i^laiidisli, and
mJohit IIuiiIiikI, have lived more than 70 years." S. Sewall's Nem Heaven upon tlie Neva
li'art/i, ay, GO.
■.■Mi • M
'i-.v/'' ■ '.tilit,
■^y WA» 'i ''Ifc^
; !jwi|«^||
,. ' i '
.;:l:vMp^^^
.» *
Im
' '.'^' \
■^■^^i^^M
1-
■m
72
AWASIIONKS.— MANNER OF M\KING SOLDIERS. [ro.,K m
i
ently in siffht of a " viiHt coiiipniiy of Indians, of all nges and soxes, soin!. m
horsrhack, rnnniii;^ races, soni(! at foot-liali, sonu; catcliin;^ »;«'ls and tl,,t i;,,
in tinj wait!!-, sonn! clannninjr, &i<'." Tiify now liad to fnul out
Indians these were, before they dared make tiicuiselvcs known in
C'hurrh therefore iialloiMl, and two Indians that were at a distance iniim),
rest, ro(l(! u|i to him, to find out wiiat the Jioise meant. 'I'iiey wciwip.
miicli sin'prised wIkmi tliey l(>nnd themselves so near Kn<;lishmen, and turn,,!
their horses to nm, hut, Clnirch makinjr himself known to them, tlicv i',;;,.
him the d(!sired information, lie sent lor Jack Havens, who iiiinicdiii, ,
came. And when he had confirmed what tiio others had rehittd, tlmi
arrived a larjfe nundter of them on lior.seltuck, well armed. '1 Ik sc ti>(,ti,
the I'n^'^lish very respectfully. Church then sent Jack to ^twashonks, to i:!),,,,,
her that he would sup witli her that ni^lit, and lod^e in her tent, Im;!
mean time, the lOn^lisli returned with their friends th(;y had left at ^'i|l|lil,,^
VVIieii they came to the Indian company, they "were immediately coiiiliin,,,
to a shelter, open on one side, whither jhvasiionks and her chiels soim ijin,.
and paid their respects." When this had taken place, there w-rc ^iivu
shouts made by the " nndtitudes," which "made the heavens to riiijr." ^i,,,,,,
sunset, "tlui AWo/« * came ruiminj,' Irom all (lunrters, laden with the t(i|i>,
dry pines, and the like <-oudiustil)le matter, makinij; a hu<re pile tlicrtoi; ii,-
Mr. C1niirh\i shelter, on the opt^n side thereof. I5ut hy this time .sii|i|m.|\\ ,
hrou^dit in, in thre»i dishes, vi/. a ciuMous yonnjr bass in one dish, tds;;!,,;
fiat lisli in a second, and shell fish in a third;" but sidt W!;s wjimin
When the supjier was fiifished, "the mii;lity pile of pine knots imkI iii|,>
&c. was fired, and all tin; Indians, •ireat and small, <;athered in a nii<r tinii,:,:
it. ^^washonks, with the ehh'st of her people, men and women mixed, km.l.
in<,' down, made the first riii<r next tlu; fire, and all the lusty stipiitnn:
standin<r U|) made the next ; and then all the rabble, in a conliistd ir.u
siUTounded on the outside, Tnen the chief cai)tain stepped in lictwiin n,,
rings and the fire, with a spear in on(; hand, and a hatchet i'l the mlnf
danced rotnid the fire, and began to fight with it, making mention ot allni,
several nations and companies of Indians in the country that were cmiiiii.
to the l''.nglisli. And at nannng of every jtarticular tribe of lii(li;iii>, I,.
would draw out and fight a new fln^-brand, and at his finishing his tinLi wii;
each particular fire-brand, wouhl bow to Mr. Church and thank him." Win
he had named over all the tribes at war with the English, be stuck his>|«;,
and hatchet in the groimil, and left the ring, and then another stepimlii,,
and acted over flu; samt! liirce ; trying to act with more fury than tin' lii-
Alh'r about a half a dozen bad gout; through with the perfornmiicc, tin,
chief captain stepped to iVIr. Church, and told him "thej were inikiu;
soldiers lor him, and what they had been doing was all one sweaiiii: "
them." .'I wdshonks i\iH\ her chiefs next cam*! and told him " that now ilm
were all engaged to fight for the Knglish." .\t this time .Iwnshunks |in'si nii i
to M\: Church a very fine gini. The next day, July 'i'^, he selected a iiumlNr
of her men, and |n'oce(!(li!d to IMimouth. A counnission was fiiveii liii.
and, being joined with a mimber ol" Knglish, volunteer.'', commenced ii mi ■
ccssful seric's ot" exploits, in which these SoglrMuntes bore u coii>|iiiiiiii>
part, but bav(! never, since the days of Church, been any where iioiitid u
they deserved.
It is saidf that .///wm/ioh^.» had two sons; tin; youngest was Jf'Ulmm Mnif-
miinrwlt, who was [)Ut to a g •'imniar school, and learned the Latin Iiiiil'iiii;<.
and was intended for college, but was prevented by being seized wiiliii*
jtidsy. W(! have been abh; to extend the interesting memoir of the tliiiii;
of .iwnshonks in the early part of this article much biiyond any M*^
print<>d account ; of Tokamona we have no i)rinted notice, except «l,ii
Church X incidentally mentions. Some of his Indian soldiers re(|iii'«:'il
liberty to jnirsuo the Nurraganscts and other enemy Indians, iiiiiiiediiiiil)
* ^\g\\\W\\\>i fiiniit.s. ill liiiliiiii. t Coll. M(i>s. ///>/. .'•'
{ llisl. I'liili|)'s Wiir, .i'.l. Il is iisiinl 111 rile Ciiptnlii Cliiirrh as llie luillmr nr icii'r '
liis on II iicliuii-i ; il i^ so, allhoiiirli his son 'I'Ikiiiicis upbears as llic wriler of the li^lnn. i
iriilli is. ilio I'ullicf (Jic'lutvdlo llie son, uiid conecled wlial appoaroii orfimoous ulUr iliov
wan wriUvu.
:RS. [P.odk 11!
;l 80X0S, S()ii;v (11,
(M'ls ami tliit i',.|.
liiid out will.;
known to tlici,
ilislancf iWnn t|.,
'riioy were vi r.
Iiincn, and tnriii.'
tluMii, tlicy '.'lA,
wliu inini('ili;ii,.
iul rcliitnl. il,i|'.
(1. Tilt fie tivia,,:
uislionks, to iiitdii;
liiT tent, lilt-
1(1 Iflt at r^ipliic;::,,
I'diatt'h t'oiiiliniM;
f cIiu'Is soon rini..
tlicn- W'-re iiivi,i
ns tt) riii;i." Alii.iii
■ n Nvitli tiic tii|i>.
! |)ill' till'l't'i)!', iM-
'iH tinif sii|i|iii' \\ .
one ilisli, »il>Mi,:
salt wcs wiiiiiiii.,
ne knots luui iu|i<,
ed in a riii;r mniii;.;
)nu!n niixi'd, kiml.
lu! Inst}' stout iiMi
11 u conriiscil iriK,
)jM'd in li<'t\viMiiii,r
lUrliet i'l tlid iiilnr.
if mention ot'ulltlif
>' tiiat were ciiciiiii'*
rilu' of liidiiiiis lif
iishinjll'i'*t''r''' ^^"'
thank' liiiM." Willi
I, lie stuck lii:< ?|»ii:
anotla'i" stt'ii|"M hi,
i'ury than tlic lii-'.
|)orl<>rniaiin'. \\\ti
they wciT iiiiikiii;
II one swcariii; ":
iiiiu " that now liuv
.lwrtshonliS]nr<y\\\>\
1(1 selected a iaiiiil»i
lion was iiivca liii-
coinineiu'cd a sii'-
liiore a coiis|iiHio'i-
ly where iiDtitTili!
„ was U'iUuvn Mm-
the l.atiii lanL'uii;''.
|i,i<r seized wiiliiwj
j-inoir of tlic liiiuil;
J beyond any l'i'l"f^|
Inotiee, except «!.»
soldiers \rt\wO'
lidians, iiiiiiiciliiii^«l
fro//. ;!/<"••-■• "'■■"■'■'''"
l|„> ;u\ili<ir or itim-I' r
orroueousalU'ril";"
li
au?. V] PUMiiAM. 73
fivr tliev liiitl rai>tin-C(l Philip's wife and son. "Tlioy said the Narragartsota
" .i(. .rn'at roiiUi-'S, and they wanttd to be revenged on them, for killing some
\' 11(^1- relations ; named Tokkm)wn<t,[.'lwa3honk\s brother,) and sonu; otiiers."
" \|i()iit \'iO years ago, i. e. 1700, there were 100 Indian iikuj of tin; S^og-
koaiite tribe, and the genend assembly apjiointed ^\'umpftus their captain,
iio lived to ho an old man, and died abont 174d, after tiie taking of Cape
Brttoii 17-15' At the connnencement of the eighteenth eentury, they made
nuitc a respoet'ible religious congregation ; had a m(!eting-bonse of their
own iu whiiM they were instructed by Kev. 31r. JiiUing.% once a month, on
finndavs. l^iey had u steady preacher auiong themselves, wiiosc name waa
}o/iH Simon, a n"ian of a strong mind.
Vbout 17 >0, a very distressing fever carried ofF many of this tribe, and in
1803 there »verc not above ten in Com[)ton, their principal residence.
CHAPTER V.
} furt!icr account of chiefs conspicuous in Phill.i/s war — Pumham — Taken and
slain— His son Qi^ACiUAi-n — Ciiickon — Socononoco — I'otock — His residence —
Coiii'ilainl against Wildhotn's encroachments — Ddircrs himself up — Put to death —
Sro.vE-WAM.-JOH.N — Jl great captain — A mason — His men greatlit annuij the
Kin'lish nnnij in j\arragunset — Kills several of them — Theij burn a gt.'rison, and
liilfjiftrcn persons — A traffic in Indian prisoners — The burning of liehohoth and
Proridrnce — John's discourse icith Roger Williams — Is killed — SA(iAMOKE Jiurv —
f,j(co/' Matoonas — Put to death on Boston Common — His son hanged for mur-
j(r_MoNOC() — David — Andreir — James-the-printcr — Oi.d-jktmkih) — Saoamoke-
i\yi, alias Shoshanim — Visited by Elict in IVib'-i — Anecdote — Pk.t i-jkthkho.
Pl'MIIAM, it may be truly said, "was a mighty man of valor." Our
history lias several times heretofore brought him befort; ns, and we shall
uow inocoed to relate such liicts concerning him as we have been able to
coili'ct. lie was sachem of Shawomet, the country where iIk; old stpiaw-
saoiioin Mas;nus was tak(!n and slain, as in her lifl; we have shown.
As ill almost every other case, we can only learn how to estimate the
coiisi'iiiience of a chief from the story of bis enemies. It is j)eculiarly so in
tlio hioirraphy of Pumlutm. When it was r(;|)orted that he was slain, every
c.'iKiiiiclcr seems to have stood ready, with the ink of exultation in his p(!n,
tonroiil all the ])articulars of his fidl ; and to make it a|)pear the greater, it
IS ;o be feared, they have sometimes raised many to a height to which tlujy
\v(.'ie not entitled, for that object, ihit it was not so iu the case ot' Fumlianu
Wlii'ii it was rejiorted at lioston that he was Lilled, an author in our Chronicle
said, '• If it is s(- the glory of that nation is sunk with him forever."
Tills cliici" was brought into consid(!rable difficulty by the I'highsh as early
as liI45. In U')\'>, the iiev. Samuel Gorton took refuge in his country, and
was kindly treateil by him ; and in January th(! next year, Miantunnomoh
and Vannnlcus (leed(!(l to him Mishawomet, or Hhaomet, winch he afterward
called /r«wi'c^, after the carl of that name. This settlement was grievous
t(i the Puritan iiithers of Massachusetts, as they soon sliow(>(l by their
ri'scntiiient to Minntiuinomoh; and here we cannot but discover the germ of
nil tlic siihsetiiient disasters of that sachem. 3Ir. (joHon was kindly treated
by liiiii, as well as riimhmn, in'il fli(^ latter was urged by Mr. (Jorton^s
fiii'inics to hiy claim to the lands he had purchased of Miantunnomoh, whom
tlic court of Massachusetts declared an usin-per, "^ as in his lili; has been told.
liy the letters of the uifunpeachable Jioiirr iniliams, the above conclu-
sions will appear evident. )n ItMti. he "vrote to Mas.satdin.setts, showing
liicin tlie wretched state Warwick was in from thcur difliculties with the
Indians, as follows: — "Your wisdoms know the inhuman insultations of
tlii'sc wild creatures, and vou may be pleased also to imagine, that tln^y have
not lici'ii sparing of your name as the patron of all their wickedrcsa against
* MS. state paper.
''"^
74
rUMHAM.-flOCONONOrO— dUAfiUAMT.
[DooK 111
our Kiifflisli i)!,'n, wonioii «i;<l childnMi, nin. ml. It' to tlu ' cnrly djnmiirr; pi
(iO, HI ail'.! KKtJC. 'I'll" rniif.ly is, (iiiidcr (io«l,) only your |ilt iiniinr ||
y'Hm/i«Hj sliiiil foiiK! to nil ii^-rcfiiii'i!? wits th<' ' r.vn o' colony." < ,\inv
flioiild Im> r;'iii('Mil>"!cd, that wIh-ii NVnruIrk whh |<.'rciiaH. <I, l';t:uhiiin ;i, ,
soiiu; other iiitrrior wirlifiiis rrccivcd |ircHciil.-. )'<iv In iriut • cidar iiii(i(.;,|^
wliat was 8old, ajirccahly lo llic laws niiii iisiiisi h <i'' tl.c f •kIi.'ms.
'I'lio I'liiiioiilli |tco|ilo iiad llicir sliaro in tin Warvvjrk (•inidovrrsy, lm\iiif;
raiisi'd ()ii.i<iin(i<iitiit to lay claim lo tin-, buiiio pluco, or ;. tmchciii wlio |ni.,|
witli liiiii, iiaincd .Vainii'ii.tliitw.'tiirk ; iH'twcm wlioiii and Pumliain ilic (|iiurrt|
run HO lii<>li thai tiic loniicr stahhcd th(> lallcr.
'•"lie allliirs of Warwick had hccii iiiidcr consideration liy tiic niiniiiig.
nioncrs of tho I nitcd Colonics lor several ytiars before this, and In |(;|i|
tiiey say, " V|»|ion a (|iiestioii hetvvi.xt the two collonicrt of tlie ftlassaclmsci^
and riyinoiilli, t<)rinerly nro|(i>iindeil, ;md now af;ain renewed hy llic ((im.
niissittners of the iMassachiisclls, comerninfj a tract ot land now or limly
lieluni.nn;.' to I'liinliiim and Snroiioro, 'wo Indian sa<:ani"res who hiid sni,,
milted tliemselvcs and their |ieo|de lo liie iMiissachnsell.-- j;>>»('riiiciil, v|i|iiii|
part of which lantl som I'.n^dish, (liesides the said Indians,) in anno Itll.j, v^,,.,.
|ilanted and sellled." The decision was, that lhon>;li the >ii''ni tract (if \-,„^\
fall wiliiin I'linioiith hounds, it should hencel()rth iielonj^lo iMassiicJnisiiu^
AI (lilt Kill!, we find liie follow inj.' record f of Ihesi? chiefs: — '' I'omikn
and Sitrtniiiuoro cnniplainin;; to us |the court of IMass.] that many IikIi.uij
dwciiin;; '20 miles heyond t.heiii, (licinjr friends aia! heljiers to the .\!iit,im;..
Hetts in their |iresi'iit wars with I'liras,) are conic upon their liiiids, ;iii,|
planted upon the same ajfainst their wills, they not heiiifi able of tlicmsilvis
to remove ll'.em, and liieiefore desiri! oiir counsel and iielp. We slmll
tliereliire advise them, if the de(»uties af(ree thereunto, lo send a iiMss(iii,rir
to the sachem tif those inlrnders lo coiiui to us lo jiive an account oI'mhIi
his intention ; and if Ik^ come to us, tiieii to oIUm' him pmtectioii ii|iiiii the
name terms that I'limliiiiii hath it, provided they salisfy Uvra.i liir any injiin'
they have done liim. If he refuse to come, then vv-' would have eiii' nui
Hcnirer charire llieni to depart t'rom I'mnliam and "Dcoiutiiorlio their Iihk^
which also il' they refuse, then we siiall acc(Mml llieiii our enemies."!
'rhoii<ih. In the aid of the iln^disli, I'uinlmui Jiad heeii ahle lo iiiiiiiiiiiina
kind of independence for some yvars alter llu; death of the ciiief .sicliini,
yet he was aiiionj; the fust who espoused ihe cause (A' Philip in iiis Har,
as it wdiild seem from his not attendin^r at tiie i<°eaty in June, iniini'di.itily
alter hostilities commenced. The army wiio wci.l lo malvc that treat\ |iii>Mil
through his country in their march, and, :is .\!r. //if.V-^r/v/ states, "They fdiiiiililn;
Jndiaiis in f'omliam's country (next adjoiiiiiifr to /'lii!i}'\i '(orders) all ticil, uml
their wigwams wilhoui any peojtie in them."' The ilnulish army aJM) la.ini-
ed ihroiiirh his cout'tr'-. m their return from tlu> attack on J'hitif) and his rim.
feiK'riili's in Narra, :;,s:i in Decemher, Hi/."). At this time a small lif.'lil louk
pla'*e 'letwccn soiue o'" 'he I'lnsrhsh and a nuiiilu'r of l'iiiiiliiiin\i men. iimlir
a chii f wiiose name uas CilAUrAMI, w ho jrained some advaiita;;!' ul llu;
I'liiirlish, woundinii linirof tlieir men. The whiles, however, report tliiiiilny
killed five of the IndiaiiH. ({iimiiKilh himself was wounded in the knee. At
th" itaiue time they hiirnt Pitiiiluini's town, | which contained near lOd wi;.
waiiis. The l''n<:lish were commanded hy ( 'a|)tiiiii I'lriitirrA
l'iniih(tm\yn>i notti hief captain in the (ii-ht at lh»^ ureat falls in tlic t'"i!-
necticut. wliiidi took place I!' AFay, itiJii, although xve presume, friMii ilio
known character of him, tiiat he was the most conspicuous in it on the >iilc
of the Indians; lieiii;f a man of vast physical powers jind of extrauidiniirv
bravery. In this alfair the Ijiulish acted a most cowardly part, liavin;.' ivny
atlvMMtn^c" ot' tlicir enemy, who acijuired credit upon the occasion, cvtii nt
the tine, from the historian. The l'n<,disli came upon them I'eforc (l;i),
while noii(> were awake t') ffive the alarm, and, " tindin;r them secure iiniiii'.,
yen, all asleep, without liavinj? any scouts ubioud, so tiiut our sold iii's mine
* Ifiitrlnnsnn'.i paprrs, ami Iforard.
t 111 .■".iniiiscriji/. iiuioni;; (he p,i|)i'is on llic in tlio si'crctai v".i ofTioo, Mass. williout
t O/il liiili.ni ('hro)i. T)!!. Tliis aiiilidr has iiis ii.inic 'lliimh<iii\ There were
8tB;.ces, at Uiis time, of the use of B. lot P. J Hubbard, N;u. 57.
dale,
many m-
CH.*f. v.]
„.„i I'lit tlieir J
•Im'im, and mil
llii'ir fri;;lit rai
\\liiiiii, ildiilitle
C'ljil. litis '/'((nil
)i;i\iii;i licsriin
iililiiiii:.'li llicy I
cm' w.is »v<iiin(i
jndiiiMS, ill our
Malkr'H Ifrief
i-biid, (wliose (
.s.riilirrs, lielliro
I'-nv .'ilMiiit that
l!iii:li.-<ii, a (i'W I
iiiiiiiiicr near tw;
killrii. ;iS lie Wfil
vJiir, mikI seem;
liiMi' nl' no other
jiiir (i.'is.xa^^e con
lliiiiii;.' the fi;rht
tiniird.j.-'.iKl chilli
lli'liiikr (lisi'oven
ami I'M," lodeail
i:i>l, liir, hy his •;
of \(hii'li he dii'd
Il wiiiild .>Jeei)i
f;:illy disfrcssei!
'ii.-^s ; wliicli, says
II. V. ill some res
'•\Vc (ic.-troyed ji
Clin iiiinlly be so
with men. We
tlirir (inii.«, took a
iiili) llic river, w hi
of llirii^, (iiitende
iiicii ucre retiirni
jiillicicntiy aware
viilliy, t\n) said c
altrr;li('y had disi
Im ivliitiiii'- tlie
ua.-<iiii' (if the sto
r,ii';iii.-i'is ; whose
iii<iri;iliy wounded
iiiild of an Mnirli^
iiiisiliici; if he ha
Tills ujis on o~) .(,
liiiif secreted ihei
"(Tc "almost sf;i
"iTe fiilleii njion b
' lylLithrr, .10.
f Wc caiiiiot a'^rcc «
f,''*. alliiiiii^rl, wo OlICI
f'jlis- If, indoecl, tlieir
'.'iitoi Ihll.s is pvea
Ufolojv (iC Alass.
} r. M.iili,-, ;jn,
' Manv of III,. Iii.iiai
f'^'o li)j;oi)d iicedinil
™ilMvasiiii|,.,| w||,,„ ;|
'"'""'.V "lui ainoiitrsi il
^>2 ''""11 lis, (Icniolish.
^i .'fvii e 100. .ko
w.
[HllMK 111,
y <iMiii!i!."' ('
|>lt iiHiHf iliin
v." * .Now .
I'tiUilidm iiini
iir iiitfrcjiis m
1.
•viTsy, Iwivinj
■;m wIiu liviii
iin llif iiiiiiri\l
tin- iMiimiiis.
iiiul ill |i;|!i,
iMassiu'liiiscis
1 l>y llic cdiii.
imW (II- liilily
wlio liail Mik
ITllH'Ilt, V|l|iiMi
linn lt>i:{, Win:
I iHH't ot' l:,I:.|
Massiiciiiisi'U..
18 : — " I'iimihiin
t iiiiiiiy liiiliiiiH
> llic Niiliii;;;!;..
icir liiiitls. iiin!
• ol" lliclMSrIvis
lul ii iii('ss('ii;:ir
ic('<niiit »)!' Miiii
iM-tioii uiHiiiilie
(.f lor any iiijiin'
I lia\f fill- mis-
i(7i(i llifir liiuils,
|iciiii('s.'"t
U'. i<> iiijiiiitaiiia
(•llicl' SMclll'lll,
iji in iiis wiir,
', iinnn'tliiilily
it treaty \m>>n\
Tlicy ruMiiihlii;
all llnl.Mli.l
iiy also lUMrcl.-
ij) anil liis I'liii-
nail tl^'liitiiuk
rm'.s ini'ii, iiiiilir
vaiita;:!' nt' the
n'|)ori lliii' iImv
II \\\v kiit'c. At
near Um wi:-
iallsinllirC"!'-
•siiinc, li'i'iii tlio
ill it on till' >'il''
)!' (>\traonrni:ify
irt, liaviiiL' ivi'iy
ccasion, I'vrii ^^i
H'lii Im-Iovi' ii;i},
11 srciirc iniW,
111- soltlii'i's ciinie
!. willlOllt'lalO.
ere were many m-
Chap, v.]
PI V.I AM— Tin; VWA. rifMIT,
m^
f^
i iiut tlii'ii' trniiH info tin ir ui;:\\aiiis, iK'Ton^ liir Iniiians Wfrn nwaii' of
j','.iii iiiiil iiiado a ^n'cat ami iiolahic Hlaii;;lilrr niiioiiusi lliciii.' ' JSIniiy \u
.1
al
V
HOII.'f;
f>r
tii,ir'iiii.'lit ran iiitotlic river, and wcrt; liiirlcd dov
j iiiii (|lllllltl^•^'-', wi'Vr droniicd. Ai-' soon as tla.' Kiif^lisli, uli«. \v<'iii If! Iiy
('•iiit.iiiis 7'((r/i«7' and H.iliolt, hud niiirdcrcd llic inircsi.'tiiiL', and tiic Indians
I'niiiT lii'iriMi to riili_. t" o|i|)<iso lliciii, tliry Mod in llic ^Tcalcst coiiliis.oii,
ililiiiu"ii llii'V iiad '■aliiiiit an liniKircd and linir srorc" iiicn,| of whom hut.
dill' wjis Udundcd when ih;' llifrhl hc^aii. 'Tfiis enhances the valor of ihc
liKJi.iiis, ill oiir mind, especially as we read the (iillowiiijr |iassaj,'c, in JMr.
MithifK ItiicC llislor : — "In the mean wl'ile, a |i,irty of Indians from titi
i-biiil (whose coniinj; on shore mi'riit easily have heeii |irevcntcd, and llio
viiilii'i:-' hcli'i'c llicy set out li-om lladley, were earmslly admoiii.^hcd to t;ike
i..i,.|, iilidiit that iiiatlcr,) assaiihril our iiieii ; yea, to t!ie ^Tcat dishonor of the
I'll 'li.>ii, II 1''^^' Indians piirs, i d our soldiers (iair or live inih-s, who were in
iiiiin'ii'i' iiearlwice as nianynstlie eiiciny." In thistli^dit ('a|it,iiii 'I'tiniir was
kilji'il. iis li'' ^^•'"^ cntssiiiir <irccn Uivcr. Hollokc exerted himself with j;reat
v,;|iir. mill seems well calciilaled to ojipose such ii diief its I'nmhnin. We
liiMi ol" no other hravery amonirtli> 'iii;.;lish in this massacre, hut the jiillow-
jii.r M.issa^'c conceriiinjj; Holiahc, which we are sorry is so sadly ecli|>se(l,
lliiriiiL' the fi;.dit, some old |icrsoiis, (w helher men or women is not meii-
iii>iiril,)".nil chililri II, had hid themselves niider the hank of the river, ('ajitaiti
//(./iii/n ilisiovered them, and with his own hands put live ol them, "yoiinj^
;,ii,iii|(|." to death. § This I'lnu-lisli cajdain did not loii<r survive his anla;.'!)-
];j, I, liir, hy his jrreat exertions in this li^'lit, a fever was hroiifjht upon him,
(if whirli lie died in Sepleiiiher liillou iiijr, "ahoiit liostoii."||
It wiiiild seem from the several ticcoiints, that, alllioii;;li IIk; l'Ji;:Tish wero
Hi'.illv ili.^frcsscd in this fi^rlit, the Indicns ronld iievi r liiivr; repaired their
'ii>>: wliicli, says the author of the I'ki.sk.ni' Stati:, "was almost as much,
ii: V, in sonic respects more coiisiderahle, than their lives." He continues,
>'(',!' ilrslroyed all their ammimition and provision, whicji wi; think they
c;:ii liiinlly he so soon and easily recriiiled with, as possihly t'ley may ho
with iiii'ii. NV(^ likewise liere demolished two lin-Lres they had to mend
till ir .•iniiH, took away all tlii'ir materials and tools, and drove; many of theiri
iiiiu llic river, where they were drowne*!, and threw two <,n-eat pijis of had
of ih'iis, (intended for makinir of hullets,) into IIk; said river."*! — " As our
jiiiii were rcliirniiif,' to lladley, i'l a daii^'croiis pass, which they were not
.Hiliiiii'iitly aware of, the skiilkiii:; Indians, (out of the woods,) kille<l, al one,
vi'lliv, the said captain, and ei>rht-and-thirt«- of his jiieii, hut immediately
allij- tiicy had <liscliar>red, tlu-y lied."
Ill ri'latini' the capture and dvi\\\\ ni' Pitmhiim, Mr. Hvhhttnl says,** "Ifc
u;i.- mil' 111" tiic stoutest and iiio;' valiant sachems that lielonur'd to the Nar-
r.ii'.'iiisrts ; whose coiira<re and streii<:tli was so <.ireat that, after he had heen
iiiiirt.iily wdiindcd in the li/Ldit, so as himself could not stand ; yet catcliiii5»
Imlil of an I'liiL'lislimaii that by aci-ident c.inie near him, liad done hiiri
iiiisrliii'f, if he had not heen preseiitly n;scued by one of his lidlows."
'J'liis was on f2.') .luly, l()7(i. Pitmhdm, \\\t\\ a few liillowers, had llir some
tiiiii' secreted themselves in Dcdliam woods, where it was supposed they
Will' "almost starved for want of victuals." In this sad condition, they
WfK lallc'i ujioii by the Kngiish under Captain Hunliiv^, who killed fitleeii
• /. Mithfr, .10.
t Wc camiot ag;roo willi our fricii<l (ii'ii. Ifn'jt. lli;it liicse fiills slidiild he imincil Tvi-uer's
Fi//.*. nillii)ii;;li we once UioiikIiI il well oiMHi^li. We would rallicr call llicai llie Massacre
f'i//v. IF, indeed, their liidliiu iiaiiie caiiiiot be recovered. A Ipeiiiililiil view of ^hese cele.-
Itr.ilcii I'all.s is f;iveii hy I'roCessor Hil.i:hcor/,\ in llu; volume of jdales arcom))aiiyiiij; his
Gt.'olci;;v of iMass.
t /. 'M.itlier, M. i lliManl, Nnr. V.'.l \] Ibid.
' Many of the Tndinas learned trades of the Kiifjlisli, and in the wars liiriied their knowi-
c 1,'C In flood aecouiit. 'I'liey had a lor fife in their fort al Narrajfaiisel. and the Indian lilack-
siii ill was i<illed will 11 dial wa.s taken. The aiilhor of the /'rrs'iit Sliili\&:r. says, he wa.s
ilii' "Illy 111 111 amon(;sl them Ihi.t lilted their nuns and arrow-iieads ; that amon-j other housoi
tilt')' Imriil lis, demolished his (orgc, and carried away his tools.
" ^i.•'^?li^« W). -Uo. edition.
mi'$.
**^?^3*'-
'!»-"i'; v;^
I- f>§
^lii
,.. .;«',
im^4-^'
76
I'OTOK.— DEATH OF PUMHAM.
[I!
I'oi;
and took tliirty-five of tliein witliout resistniu'C.* Tlicy foiiiid lien,. ,,,
siderahli! i»liiiuliT ; "besides kettles, tJien; was iiImmU liulf a biislnl (,.' ,..^ ''
puiiilioafr, wliieli the enemy lost, and twelve i>oiiii(ls ol" jiowder, uiiici, ,
cnptiveH say tliey had ree<!ived ln)ii) Albany but two days bet'uie."+ \ ,',
of Puinluim was ainons' the eaptivt's, "a vt-ry likely youtb " tsiiys Jlulji,,,,-.:'
" and Olio whoso fountenanee would have bes|M(ko iiivor for him, l)a,|
not belon^^ed to so bloody and barbarous an Indian as iiis fiither was.' i
woidd seem from this nnleelinf,' aceoimt that he was put to dculli.
J^f«//icr says ho was carried jtrisoner to JJoston. IVoiii tiie same aiiilidi, !
must add to the revolting' pieture ol' the father's <leath. "This I'umlr:.
alter he was woimded so as that In; could not stand njion his lejis, ;iin| ,4 „
thou<,'ht to liave been dead, maile a shilt, (as the soldiers wen? jximiji,,
otliers,) to crawl a little out of the way, but was Ibund ajjrain, and win 1, ;"
Englishman drew neiu* to him, though he could not stand, lie did, (lii^, ,
beast,) in rage and revenge, get hold on the soldier's head, and had lil„.i„
have killed luni, had not another come in to his help, and rescued liim nm
of the enrage<l ilying liands of that Moody burbariany \
That it may be seen how the same story, recorded at the same linii, ^
the same place, and by dirt'erent individuals, varies on conijtarisoii, wi' 'S;\(,
here the account ol' the fight in which Pumham was slain, from an ai:;l„ii ju
tlie Chronicle; in which it will be observed that a ditferent date is jrivniiu
the event. ''Upon the ii? of July it was, that about 20 Indians wen «|;i
aiid yO taken prisoners. We had 5 anil 'iO Knglisii, and 20 of our Inmyl
friends in this ex})loit. One of these that were slain was Pomliam. .\ih.r
he had received a deadly shot in his back, he w ithdrew himself from |,i,
men, (for tiicy were ail his relations and subjects that w ere slain iiml ub-n
at this time,) and tiiought to liide himself in a bushy hole, but was liiimd mit
by an Englishman, who, as lie went to apprehend him, Ibuiid that tlic >tiii;;
eacliem was unwilling to lall into the liands of the English, for he ^javiliim
a stunning blow with his hatchet, which he had reserved of all his \M'aii(pns,
and perhaps had slain the Englishman, but God orderetl it so that liclmda
sudden revival, and took courage and grapjiled with liim, [PHmlim,]m\
threw iiim under liini, and others coming in to his assistance, PHHi/i(;«Mvas
8oon desiiatched. There was aluiut £20 of Indian money found in tiuir
baskets," which the English gave to tlieir Indian friends, and their ^\m<. tlipv
took to themsclvcH.
A short time before this, a grandsoii of this chief was killed by ;-. ]innv
under Denison, § " who was also u sachem, i-nd another sachem calkil
Cfrckon."
POTOK, a NaiTagansct chief, we may projieiiy, in tlie next jilace, notice.
None of his acts in P/iiVi'y;'* war are recorded, at least none have (.oiiie'o
our knowledge, but they itoiild not have been iiiconsideral;le, in the (i|iiiiiiiii
of his enemies, as his life atoned for them. We lind liiin lirst iiicutioiiiil,
on account of hi?: opposition to the introduction of Christianity intu liis
nation. When, in tin; beginning of Philin's war, the English army iikiitW
into the Narragansct country, to treat or nght with that nation, as they miL'lit
be Ibund inclined, Potok appeared as the principal chief. In tlio trcity
which was concluded at that time, a condition was urged by him, "that tlie
English should not send any among them to jireach tlie gospel or (^all ii|»in
them to jiray to God." IJut the English would not admit such an aitiili';
but if an article of this character had been urged on the other liaiid, we
doubt whether there would liavc^ been any objection urged by tlu; Indians.
On this policy of the English Roller ff iltiams should be heard, as, at ilii?
day even, we need no better coininentary on the matter in hand. It is luu-
taincd in a letter || to the governor of iMassnchu.setts, and is as follows:-
"At my last dejiarture for England, I was iinjiortuned by y^' Nanaiiaii*!
suchems, and esptu'ially by Mnccunnt, to present their petition to the lii^'li
* MS. Narrative of Ruv. T. Cobhet. f Mather's Brief Hist, 13,
t Narraiivp, ut supra.
fe Many \m iic lhnni\im, but his own signature, in my possession, is as in tiie lc.\l.
i lu MS. Ualod I'rovidente. 5:8: KiM.
■ '»• >t.- Ill ;
loI'llifSaleiM men,
iidi.ii's, creeping im<
pninijar, a commai
STONE-WALL-JOIIN.— OLIVERS JOURNAL.
lioiu till ir r»'lij;i(iii ; nnd,
l'"<»r tlicv said llicv wcio
p v.] STUIM">>VAIiL-JUIIi\.— Ul.lVKIlS JUlJKI>Ali. 77
ln.„igof Eiifeduiul, tliiit tliny iiiiglit not Ix; iorcfd
^riiot cliaiifriiiK tlu-ir icliuioii, lio iiiviidiMl l)y war.
1 ilv vi!*itt'd with tlireutniiii^s l»y liidiaiis, that caiiic Iniiii aiioiit ihc iMassa-
i'liVlts ; tiiat if thi-y would not pray, they siioidd he dcstroyrd hy war."
Villi iiiriiiiit '" ^''i^' •'*"'"" l«'ti«'i': "Arc not all tiic Kiijriish of this land, (;;riicr-
jL. I „ liciscriitt'd pcoplt; from their native soil-' nnd hath not the (iod ol*
I'n'Jc iiiul l-'atiier of mercies nia<le the native."-' nion; Iriendlyin this than our
"live loiaitrymen in our own land to uh? have they not entered leagues of
imi, iiiitl to this (lay continued peaceal)l(! conunerce with us r" are not oiu*
liiiulics f-'roWM uj) in peace anion;ist them I' Lpon which I liumhly ask how
ii (Jill .-iuit with Christian inpienuiiy, to take hohl of tsome seeniinjf occasiuna
tur tliiir lU'struction."
WViur aide to fix the jilaco ol liis residence in the vicinity of Point .Fiidith.
]„ (lie year JiKil, /"o/oA, with several other chiels, complained to the court
01 Ma8sui:lins(^tts, that ".SVojiwc/ IVildhow, mii\ others ol'his compaiiie," claimed
uiii-ilii'ti"" at J'oint Judith, in their country, and lauds adjacent. 'I'hey (-amo
liiijiiiil pofsessed themselves forcihiy, hriujiiiuir their caitle and other eHi'CIs
witli tliciu.* What order th(! court took upon it does not appear. Alioiit
lilt' tliise (if PliiUji's war, Polok came voluntarily to Kliode Jsi.md, no doiiht
Willi tlu! view ol' makinjf friends a^'ain with his enemies; hut was sent to
r,iwt(iM, where, after answering all their in(iuiries, he was put to death with-
out CflTIIKII'V.
]t is related hy an author in th(^ O/.n I.NniAN ("iikomc.i.k, that Polok was
captiirctl hy the forces inider Major Talroi, in June, l()7(i, at or near the
kaiiif tiiiiL' A'/oHe-Lrti/c'"-^o/'" ^as. In cl()sin<r his account of the capture of
Mn lie adtl.s, "J^ikewise Po/«cAe, tli(! jrreat Indian counsellor, a man con-
fiilci'iiiir his education of wonderful suhtlety, was brought jirisoner into
KIkkIcL^IuikI."
Jii the iiccouiit carried to London hy Cujifuin More, mentioned in the last
clmptiM, is this notice of Po/oA; — "'J'herc is one /^o/hcA", a mischievous Kn-
ciiie.iiiHiaCoun.sellour, taken formerly, said to he in Goal at Rhode Island, is
now sent te JJoston, and there shot to death." f
ill tlio detail of the great N'arraganset expedition of 1(175, we have omitted
to iiotii'c u hy-no-nieans-unim|)ortanT Indian captain.
Slom-wall-Joltn, Slone-lmjer-John, and sometimes simjdy Slone-wall, were
b:iiiii'.- I>v which his English friends knew him, and we have not discovered
wliiil WIS his Jjidian name. One writer of his tiiiK- observes that he was
ciillcil the Slone-l<t)fer, "for that, being nn active, ingeniotis fellow, he had
hniiil the mason's tra(l(% and was of gn.'at use to the Indians in building
tliiir tints &*'•" llenc(> we may hazard but little in the conjecture that Ikj
wiistlip cliief engineer in the erection of the great Narraganset tint, which
liasliccn described in the liteof /*//i7j/>. Although but little is known of him,
liewas (loiihtless one of the most distinguished Narraganset captains.
The tirst notice of Slouc-liijirr-Jolin, which we now remember, is con-
tniiiid ill a letter of Captain (Hivtr,\ which he wrcte while on his march
niilitlie English army to attack the f()rt, which we have just mentioned. He
Siivs " Dec. l.") ca[nie \n] John a rogue, will i a pretence of peac(>, nnd was
diMiiisscd with [this] errand: That we might s|)eak with sachems. That
eviiiiiiir, lie not being gone a (prirter of an hour, his company, that lay hid
bchiml a hill of our (inariers, killed two i^aleni men, and wounded a third
vitliiii a mil(! of us, that he is dead. And at a house three miles off, where
1 liiii! ten men, they killed two of them. Instantly Capt. Moschi- ".lyself
and dipt. Ganlncr were sent to H<tch in Major ./lpplrton\'i company, that
Kft three miles and a half of^" and coming, they lay behind a stone wall,
lliiltiivd on us in sight of the garrison, we killed t!ie captain that killed oiio
|ol' till' Siilein men, and had his cap." Mr. Huhbard says, "Aiinv desperate
iili;iiis, creeping under a stoii(!-wall, fir(-d twenty or thirty guns at Mosfli/ in
iiiticiiiiir, a commander well known amongst them, but tiie rest of the com-
* MS. Sl;ile Papers.
t Old hidiaii Cliroiiicle. 11L
i In tii:iniiscript. See an account of it in a note to the life of Philip.
■s.V ■ • Vi,,
^ .i^n
■
r
^''1%A
I m'4
* 1 %^ » ■
*^m
P /; .
>) J
••1 * f * 1 11
78
STONE-WAr.I.-JOIIN.— PROVIDKNCE, Stc. BURNT. [H
"ui; li;
nnny ninniii;,' 'lowii upon tliftn, killed (»iiu of tliciii aiid ^icaltrnd tlir i,,., -
riiiis (lid tilt! wonts Ihiiii the iiiiiiii ImhIv ol" ilic Indians, nndcr sncli cniiiin,
U8 tlio Slonr-liiiiir, aiHioy tin- lln^disli in llicir march into tiicir couiitiv, j, !.
nicdialrly aCli'i- llicsi! Hkinnisiirs, "tlicy \nm\l Jirri/ Itttirs'^ 'ioiihc, mnl |;iii,'i
Htivcntiini (|)t:i>ons.] f Dim-. I(i, came that ncvss. Di-c 17, canii' iim\mj
C-'onMccticnt litrcfs were at I'ctaiinaniM-iit ; killed loin* Indians iin.l ;i,.,i, ,,,,
jirisoners. 'J'liat dav wo sold Ca|)t. JJavinport 17 Indians, vonii^ und iii,i |,
JtfiO in money." {
How mncli John had t(t do in the devastations which had heoii |irr|Kii;v,i
till! |in'\ioMs season, is nnknown, hnt we are told that he hml i,ii ^{,,;^
ajrency in " ihe sackiiifX ol' l'ro\id(;ni"e,"^ and UeLoholli al.-e, wiilmut li,,,, ,
lij tiie rormii' iiliMiit ;{() honsrs j| were bnnietl, and in tin; latter iijiicr -i,.
upon 10" houses and :{() harns.
Sloiic-iritll-Jolin was donhtless one who conversed with the iScverdnl ^|,
jnitium.i at the time I'rovidonce was hnrned. The snlistance ol'iliat nnwi-.
pation is related hy onr anonymous author, already cited, in these \\(iii|<;_
" I5ni ind> I'd th«; reason thct \\u' inhahitants ot" the towns o|' SincDiii, |., ;,|
I'rov ill iico j^iiierally escapi'd with their li\es, is not to he attriliiitcil tn ;,m,
fompassioii or f;ood naturt; ofihe Indians, (whose very mercies are inlnciii,!.
crni'ities,) lint, [the anthor soon comr.idicts himseli; as will lie seen,] immim
(jod's |>roviili:nco to their own priidenci! in avoiding; their Inry, whnuli,,
fonnd theinselves too weid<, and imahU; to nsisl it, l»y a timely lliul,; mV
Kliode Island, which now hecaine the connnon Zo(fr, or place of ii I'li:;! i
the di-;.e:sed ; yt!t some remainijd till their comin;; to destroy th(> s.iiil iin\i|,;
0. m parlii'idur Mr. llUlinms at Providence^ who, knowing; sevenil m' ;i;
rhief Indians that came to tire that town, discoursed wiili them a (oiisiilir.
ahle time, who jiretended, their jrreatest tpiarrel was apiinst I'liinoiiili; i.int
as for what tiiey allempted against the otlmr colonies, they were coiisiiiiu .j
to it, hy the sjioil that was done them at i\arrai;anset.*i They told Lini, !!,•
wlien Capt. Pierce enirajfod them near Mr. litack.il oiic^h, they wi re Iimiiij
lor I'limonth. Thoy jrloried much in their su(!cess, promising,' tin iiis(Ki>!iir
coiKfiiest ot'the whole conntry, and rootinir out of all the Kniflisli. Mr, lli].
Hams reproved their coididiince, minded them of their crimllies, mkI iiil
them, that the Hay, vi/. Jiostoii, coidd yet spare l(),(J()0 men; ami, if ii,..
should destroy all them, yet it was not to lie donhted, but oin- kiiii; uniil;
send as many every year from Old l''n;i;land, ratlmr than tiiey sIkhiM mw-
the country.** They answiired proudly, tluii they should Ix; ready Hiiihnii,
or to that effect, hut told Air. ffiliiams that he was a jjood iriaii, luiil liudUto
kind to tiiem formerly, and thurcdbru they would not hurt him."
This agnu'S well with Mr. Huhhanl's account of the carriaire of John iitiiie
time he wont to tin; English army to talk about jmmic*', already iiiciitini. ,|,
His words are, -yet could the messenirer, [Jo/ui,] hardly forbear flirciinii!.,
vaporing of tlieir numbers and strength, adding, withal, that the Ij,;:1.m
durst not fight them."
Wo have now to close the career of this Indian cn))tain, for whirli ii n-
quires but a word, as bo was killed on the 'i July, l()7t>, at the saiiu! liiiic \k
old siiuaw-sacliem (^uaiapen and most ol' her people were liillen iipun k
Major Talcot, as wo have related in a Ibrmtir chapter.
IMany Indians boro the name of John, but when they wore any Wii\s (i-
8l)icn()us, some; distinguishing prefix or affix was generally added, us «i> 1
Lav(! seim in several instances in tho preceding chapters. We have aliead)
* Jerah was ])rolial)ly ills name.
t 'iVii iiiou ami live women and children. IltMard, 50. "About II." I. .)/j("r,)}. |
" Eiglitocii, men, women and eliiUireu." Chronicle, 4<J.
X ('a|iiain Olivers MS. letter.
6 Oi 1) Indian Chkoniclk, 98.
11 The Iniil(liii)? conlainiiif"' the records of R. I. was consumo<l rit this lime, aiid pari of 'i I
conlenls. i^ome of them were saved t>y lieiii;;;' thrown out of a window iiitn ^(lnl(■«Vl^I
Theylu'iir to this lime the marks of their immersion. — Oral informalion of A'. A'. >'(.■;,■
Esq. of I'rovidence.
TI \m\ who couhi ask for a hclter reason ?
** This was rather {rasconatlinjf for so reverend a man ! Had he lived since the rcvoli- 1
tiouary war, he would hardly have meant so, whatever he might have said.
liuiiiscripi among- l
MATooNA.s.— RXF,ri;ri:i) at liosro.v.
10
il'c ot" one Sitsi-amon-John, Imt uiiollicr (if timt iiaiiic, 8till luoro
,.,,iiH|miii)iis (ItT liis tnwliery lo liis tiwii nation,) licro prtsfnts liimsilf.
Thi-i SiVj^niiwrc-Johii was a Ni(iniiil< saclnMn, and a traitor to iiis coinitrv.
ji„ tl„. -j/tli of July, l»l7(i, «lonl)tlt'ss Inini « conviction of ilic lio|iclr.-.-nrsH
ot'liin cause, lio ••anic to Uosion, aiitl liircw liinisrli' on the nicfcy ol' the
Kii-'lisli. 'I'lH'y i)iinlt»ii»'<l liiiii, Its lie enticed alony; with liiiu alioiit \^()
otjicrs. Ami, tliat he niifflit have ii stroni.'er ( laiin on their clemency, ho
jM'i/iMl .lirt'oo/UM, and his s»»n, ajjiunst whom he knew the llnfilish to he <rreat-
Iv ciirajrcd, and delivered them ii|i at the same time. On death's hein^r im-
iii(ili:itcly iissi;i;ned as the lot ol' .l/(//r>o;i*M, Sitiriiiiton-Joliii re(|nestcd tiiat he
Illicit execute him with his own hands. 'I'o render still more horrid this
j.,,irvo!' hlooil, his rei|nest was (.'ranted; and he took Muhionitu into tl om-
niiiii, Ixiiind liiin to a tree, and there "shot him to death." To the ahove Dr.
^/„|/ot- adds,* "Thus did the Lord retaliate npon inm the innuceut hlood
wiiiclt lie had shed ; ns he had done, so (Jod rcMinited him."
Altliii"!,''' •""•■'' l"'*l '"'I'" idle^'ed a^'ain^t Jiilm, lielon; In; cam(! in,
wwl?' the most favorahle coiiistna-tion was |iiit n|ion ins conduct. Mr
(„,;.,/ says, he ''alHrmed that he had n(ner intended any mischicj" to th(
|i<|i at Hi-ooklield. the last year, (near which viliai,'(! it seems his place
liiittliat Vhibp, comini,' over nij,dit amon>;st them, lie was lorced, lt)r tear ol'
liisowa lilt', to join with them afjainst the Kn;flisii."t
MATOUNAS was also a Nipnnik ehiet! A son of iiis was said to have
niimli'icil an Kiif^lishman in 1(171, when "truveliiii!: alontr the road,"uhicli
Mr. Hubbard says was "out of men; malice and spite," hecausc; he was " vexed
ill Iiis aiiiid that tlu; desi>,Mi a^'ainst the l'ji<;lisii, im 'iided to hefiin in that
voar, iliti ""t '"k<-' place." This sou ol" Miiloonas was lian^red, and afterwarda
iHliwulcd, and his head sot u|)on u pohr, where it was to In; seiin six years
altii, The iianic of the murdered I'lnjjrlislunaii was Zwliwy Smith, a youn^r
mall, who, as he was passiii<( tlirouf;h Dedham, in the moi'itli of April, put
ii[) i.\ the house of Mr, Caleb Church. Ahout liidf an hour aller he was
jTom, the next inorninj.', three Indians jiassed the same way; who, as they
passed liy Churches lionsc, behaved in a very insolent maimer. They had
itpcn ('iii|iloyed as laborers in J)orcliester, and said they belonged t(» Philip;
tliivlpll their masters imdera suspicions i»reteuce. Tin; body of the murdered
iimli «ay soon alter found near \Uv saw-mill in j)e(lhain, and these Indians
were a|i|)reliended, and one put to dtuith, as is stated above. |
Mr. Hubbard sitpposcs that the father, "an old malicious villain," bore "an
oiil i.'niiiii;o against them," on the account of the execution of Ins son. And
llii'iiist mischief that was done in Massiiobusettscolojiy was charged to him;
wliiili was the killing of four or five j)c'rsous at Meudon, u. town u|)on I'aw-
tiickit River ; and, says /. .Vai/ier, " had we rtme)i(/«/ our ways us we should
have (loiic, this misery would have been prevented." §
Wlieii Maloonas was brought before th(! coimcil of Massacluisctts, he
"ooiilt'ssed that he had rightly deserved death, and could exi)ect no other."
"He liad ollen seemed to favor the praying Indians, and tin; Cliristiun redi-
friiiii, hut, like Simon Mcu^us, by his ailer practice, discovered quickly that he
liiul 110 part nor i)ortion in that matter." ||
Tlie following is the statement of this affair in the Oi.n LNniANCnnoMCLE.
Mn "declared himself sorry that lie bud Ibught against the English, and
proiiiiKHi to give some testimonial to them soon of his fidelity ; and at his
iiliirii now with his men, women and children, be brought down, botmd with
I fi)rils,ol(l MaUoomis and bis son prisoners. This Malloonus' eldest son bad been
I iricil at Boston, and executed, 5 or (! years ago, for an execrable unirder by him
j coiiiiiiitted on a young maid II of the English ncur Woburn, and his head was
• Hrirf History of the War, ■«.
I N.irraiive, 101. Ito I'diiioii. If (his be true, Philip lind ilio chief direrlion in the ambushing
[of IhikhitiwH and Wheeler al W ckabau<;, as relaicd in tlie life of Philip , but in our opiuioii
[tol much credit should be given to any thiiiir coniintf from a traitor.
state of Massaclnisclts.
be given to any thiiiii coming from a traitor
the files in the ortice of the secretary of the
Miiiiiiscript among _. . . _ _ _
fi Brief Hi>t. 5. II IhMard, 101.
I li This anilior is evidently in error nboul the Woburn munlcr. Dr. 1. Mallur s.iys, Rela-
Jlion, 75, " Some few private murlhers there have been, as namely those at Nantucket, and
Itbat by Matooruis his son, and that al Woburu." No other particulars are given by Mather;
It/:S^J^':>*^
f-->im
!
1
m
^B
80
NE'ITS— MONOCO— MrilDHRS AT SUDmiriV
fiiHt.nrd to a poll- nl one nul dt'tlir jl'.iIIuus. 'J'liis old Mdlloonus' ll.tli,). ■
iriv.'ii it nut that lie would hfiivciip-d ol'iis lor ITih mhi's dcatli, wliicli (oinu
llic know U'(\yt' oC til,, couiiiil, lie was sent lor and «'\aiiiiii(d alionl it ; mid |i;.|
dciiii (I if, and tlicrc not iMiii^; Hiitruicnt ividtiicc of it, he was (iis|,j„|'
liHviiiir oidv roiiti'sscrl tiiis, that runsiiliriiii! thr tlttilli (if liln mil. In J'otiiid I
hritrl so hl.'S lu,l within him, hiil that hi rc.vilird to nhidc a Jiiitliful Jrimil U, //'
I'htirli.ih, and .so that acciiNation ended. J{ut aller haehein Phili]i liml I,,,,,,,'
IiIh iinn-derM in I'linioiith eulony, lliin Havap' ln>t a|>|)eared an eneiay to'.
lual slew the two liiMt mm that were killed within tin; limits o( i, in" c,,],,,"'
ftu wi:, at .Meiidhain) and in that ernel and ontra^reoiiN altenipl at (^a:,l>i,i
this old MiitttKiiiiiK was the |)rinei|ial rin^dea«ier. Jieinf^ now hnni'lii
prisoner to Koston, he was liy the eonneil the same day, \'it< ,\\\\\,\ ail|ii"|^,,
to he shot to death, which Was executed in Koston common, hy three Indiin^
His head was cut oil' and |)liu-ed upon ii ptde on the jrallows, opposji,. t„ |^
HoiiV that was there formerly hanjfcd. Jlis son, hroiight rloiig wit], in
remains still a prisoner."
While .W(//o(;;irM heloiisred to tlir Cliristiim IndianH, Jiis rosidei c «(,>;■
I'akachooL'. Hi're he wiis made constahle of the town.* On joinin^r \^^ ,i^|
war, he led parlies which conunitted several depredatiotis. lie jdiac,] i| .
limiii hody of the iNipmiiks in the winter of I(i7'), when Jamis ({uiiiuiiii,li,i
was anion,',' thi-m as a spy, who saw hitn arrive there with a train of tuluu
rrs, and take tiie lead in the war dances, f Jioiihtle.ss l{uaua/iohit\i cvidci,
drew forth the conli'ssiona which lit; ukuU;, uiul uddcd to thu Kt'Vi'rit\ ex,;.
cised at his execution. |
A Nipmuk captain we will in the next place notice, who makes a jiiidilii
inroad upon tlut frontier of Muusuchuuetts, and who as Hiidduilv u,-
iij)pe.irH.
K K'J'l^S, (m the 1 FebriiaiT, I<)7(), with al>ont Id /'oIlowerH, altnckulilie
hoii.se of one Thomas Karnes, \ or .'i miles lieyond ftjiidlniry, and took liisi.nil l,|.
Bon's families ))risoners. 'I'liey then destrojed every tiiin;; upon his liiru,,
burnt lip liiH house; and his harns with the catth; ai.d corn in tlicni. uul
withdrew hoyoiid the reach of the Kn^rlish, hh Totosonhtu\ done at IaI |ii\,r.
When this onset was made, Eamts himself was alisent at Ho.ston in luin.iv
ammunition. In all, sevens^ iiersons were killed or fell into the hiiiKlsdHLiii
party of Indians. About three; luontliN afterward.s, one of llie chiidn n i.ikni
at this time esca|)ed, and alter wanderiiif,' ;{0 miles alone throujih the \\M,[.
iiess, under extreme siiHerinus, arriM'd anionj; the llnjflish setllciiitiits. (ii.
the "27 Marcii (idlr)W inp, J\'rliis was killed near Marlborou}.di, by u imm ^
En>.'lisli under Lieutenant Jacolts, with almut 40 others.||
We have yet to notice a diwtiiifruished Nipmuk sachem, cidiiid
MONOCO by his countrymen, but, by tin; llnjilish, ficneraliy,
lu-nihi-
John; HH thou^di delicient in the orjians of vision, which pridjahly «;> in
case. He wa<, says an early Mrilcr, "a notablt; hdlow," who, wlan /Vn/i',
war bejraii, lived near liaiicasti f, and conseejiiently was aniiiiiiiiiMl wnii
every |»art of the town, which kiiowiedp' he improsed to his ilviiiitiiii. i.i,
two occasions, in that war. On Sjimday, '22 Anguist, l(i7o, a niuii, his \\\k
but FfiMaril, v.i the preface to liis Narrative, edilioa of 1('>77. says, " a miirliiiT was rommiiied
at Fiirmiiiijion, anoiluT nl Wolmrn, l>y soaie hidiuas in llicli liriiiikea liuiiiors ujioii a i.iaJ
servaiil or two, wiio dfiiicd llicin drink.'
* SliaUiirk'sU\s\. Concord, .i I. t 1 Coll. Ma.>!s. Ifist. for. \\.'iti'.
i 'I'lie Mpinuks were at tins limn riiiclly under five siiriicnis, wliicli, Mr. /iV'/'iDd -w
were " liiur too manv to jrovcrn so sinall a i>('o|do." 'I'lic !an;o aullior savs, '• 'i'ln Ni|i«
were nnder llii' roiinniuid of die sarliem <i(' Nloual Hope," uliicli I'ai'l is vcrllicd liv iiiiimrij
passages of our liistory. Tiic names (d'llie iive principal saclieins were MoNocii, Jhl i.iMf.
•Shoshanim, Matdonas, and Sagamoki^ John.
§ According: lo llie Cotlon .MSiS. se\ ' ii were killed and two cliildren nni.v taken. Tiii«nfTP«
■with our C^HKONMCI.K, 77, where il is said " lliey killed sexen people in a liarharou" luaiiiier,
and carrie(l some awav caplive." Unl'/iurd. HI and 'I'alde, says luiiiies' wile was killtil.W'i ]
his son's wife died the next day, Iml says nollniiff of liie ninid)ef killed or taken.
II Com|)are Hnblmnl. 7'J anil lit.— This was the alVair which lie says «as (Umc "wlifii-l
^va^ so dark that an bidian coiiM hardly lie discenuil from a heller man." See IS'im. I">
Chap. II. On 21 Sept. lollowinj;, three" Indiaus were Imaged as coiiceraed in llie inurdcrol
Eanits'a faniih ,
oiiiiV (i. till 1
i\ liit'li I'liiiuii
lit it ; aiiilli. \.,
NMlS »li-ii,i- .
0)1, In JUHIhl ,
/■»/ Jhi ml to II,,
'liilip iiiiil licpii,
III! flU'iiiy til i;.,
itp« ol mil' ciiliiii,
iii|it at (111!, Inn
luiw lirdiiiilii
( ,liil\,| iiiljiiilpi.,
by tlirt'i' luiliiiir,
(ti, upjldsilr til i |.
flong witli liii.,
rci-iiUtt "c WHS m
On jo'iiiiiii: ill ilii'
s. lit' jtiiinil il,'
Jainvn ({uiiiuimk
a train of IhiIhw.
[Il((/w/li/',1 tviili ir
Iho HL'VlTit) c.V;.
mak«'i< n !^\M:.
, u:i Hll<l(l< III} I..V
)\vt'i'H, attiickiil ilic
iiul totik liisiiipll,!-
illjj \||)(ill liis tin::;.
corn ill >li"iii' '"'i
1 doiu' at I'aI lli\ir.
t lloSlOIl 111 IIIIKI.IV
ito tilt' liaiiilsulll;,*
tli«> cliiltlii'ii liil^ni
irt)U};li lilt' ^^'1''"-
S( ttlt'lllfll''^- "I
null, liy u imiij '
calletl
Micrally, Om-'i/i'l-
, in-tiltalily \m:> 'w
wilt), ^vlifii /''li'iy'
as at't|imiiiiitl ^M'Jl
J, (,is . (lvmitiu'''."ii
(0, u mini, lii^ vMle
,uiuri\ii'r« as "'"'"'•''*";
;ii Imiuors iii'iii' a '■''"
,«./fW. •'''"•■ ^■'■^*'
l,ors»vs, "Th^^1«"
isvlntW(^ liyiii'iu'no
,;eMoNnt.i,MM.A'"
(oalvt«kcn. Tlii-?-;^
1 in a l'»f""''''":, '" iLJ 1
Cm'' ^1
MONOCO— I'UAVINCi INDIANS PKIlsrcUTi:!).
81
Hi iiri'
\Hit:i
lilri'ii <\'"t' killt'il at tjint plafc.* At this time tln^ Ilassniianit'rtit
"' ir liiiliaiis \vi If plat-i'tl al Al irlli<>ii»ii:.'li liy aiilhoiily. No sooiiir was
!"^"* ~ , ,|,,,t a iiiiii'ilt'i' was ciimiiiitiiil at LaiicastiT, tliuii not a li'W wiTu
" tut to chariTf it ii|>tiu tlio llassaiiaiiit'sits. ('a|ttaiii MdhiIi/, wiio ';• t i-nis
* '" atlif iM'i>:lil><>i'li""''i *"'"' '" 'l"'ii* i|iiart<'rs, and Ibiiiul "imtfli Hiispicioii
^^il" *iflivfn til" tlii'Mi, li>i' siiiiriiiL' anil tlaiifiii!:, aiitl haviiijr liiillit-i ami siii;;M,
''•". ' ,|| powijir liiti ill tlu'ir haskfts." I''i)r liiis it[l'rn(r, tiit^sc ('lrv<'ii wcru
' "I't'it |{i>-<t>" •"' -^"J-''""' "" J^iif^l'ifi'ii". '"'IkI tlirri' Irlitl. " Milt iipon iiinj, tlio
' "l iiritioiit'r!* wi'i'i' »" "' tln'iii acc|iiitliil ti'uin tlic I'art, ami wrri' <'itlii'r rdiasi'd,
' llii' well", witli otiii rsol" tliat I'ort, M-iit roilifttiT siTiirily, and liir|irt'v<iitiii;f
tiimlilc in tlif liki' kimi, to soiiu- ol" tlir islands lit low Uostoii, tovMirtis
iki't."' riltffii was tilt! iiinniifr lirou^dit ilown to Uostoii, liiit tkven
w wiTi' siL-tiii'i'lt'tl til' till' alif^'i'd oir.iiirc. Tiic otiifi's, anmn;.' wiioin were
"n'n Smii ntu[ Joliii r/ioo, ut it lakfii iilonjr ami iin|irison('tl, for no olIiiT
' !(iii liii' tlii'ii" lii'in^' acfiilfiitally, in that tinif, at .Marllioroiij.'h, or thf nimi:
il iVni!.' hiiliaiis. It ajipt-ars some tinit! hail tla|tscil altfr thf nnirilcr was
''niiiiiiittt't', hfliirt' tln'V wore sunt down Tor trial, or inoit' prohalily tlicy were
jiti. I'ttl '"' I""'""'" 11"""' lit'ioi't' liiiiifr sfiif to IKstT isliuid. For Hiiliraini
'/•i,r,i(riiiiil lfilli"»i f^'"f wfi-c not sint ii|i to timi out whcrtj '• tlioy all Wfir,"
ml what aiiswrrs tlit-y ronld f.'it iVoin ihost" tiii-y shoiilil meet, until the
', ,,,i,„ii,^f of Oftolier ; at whit-li tinie thesi; ehveii liiilians were seattiii'tl in
viiiMi-^ tiirt'i'tituis, ahoiit their tiaily caliin;;-. Ami all the inrorination Tunur
" I i^Vii/ liamlt'tl intt) court was, tiiat they were thus dispersed. HHImn and
Mr J'i/i)i lldl-ioii, wliii hail heeii apjiointed to n'side ainoiii,' tliose Indians,
'\\,'\-c till' "Illy Jiersons i|iiestioned. What steps tim court took ii|ion this
iiiiiniiiutitiii, Wf are imt informed, hut they wert; ahont this time sent to Deer
kbiiik -ill- -1 .• 1 • •
'I'lic imiiifs f»l these Indians, coneernm<^ whom more purticiilar impnry
iiiiiv li('ri'al\er he inailti l»y the hemjvoieiit antiipiary, it i.s tliou^rht should
b,'""ivi'ii; csiiecially ud they may iiot elsewhere be jireserved. They
()M-)((/iro and two ntmH,J(im(ii-llir-pr!nlci; Jitmcx Jlcompamt, Dtmid .Muntips,
Mil C^miiiiiifoiirl, Jiilin .'l.i(iu(iiet, (ivorj;v .\'onsc(fU(Stwit, Thomas Maiuuxuii-
OKJ, iiiiil Jusrpli It'atapacoson, alias Joseph Spoomut.
Mii'ia trial of ffreat vexation to tlitise innocent liitlians, Dnvul, the main
fliliii'«sairaiiist them, aekiiowli'ilfrcd he hail perfidiously jiccnstnl the-m ; and
at the s:iiai' time, a ]irisoner was broufrht in, who testified that ho /mew One-
niitjdliii hail ciiiiimitted the murder at Lancaster, and u short time alter
Biiiiilicr vas taken, who coiilirmed his testiiiiony.
Tlii'sc liitlians broiiiriitall these trtiubles upon themselves by reason of their
ittiiliiiinit to the Kn<.disli. It was in their service that they diseovereil ami
M|iiiri'il .Inilreit', a hi other of' /hiviil, wiio, on b('in<j delivered to the soldiery,
«>sliiit liy tiiciii with l'en)cit)iis preci|iitancy. 'rhereitire, when tlur Lancaster
BiiirJir liaii|it'iii'il,('aptaiii J/(w '//, iiavin^' alrt'acly siiiiilry t'liar-rt'S a.-raiMst />(/i'irf,
hrlihiii iiii|iilsitii)n upon him to make him couli-ss relativi; to the Lancasti^r
alfiir. The ini;tliiid taken to mtde him eonfi'ss, (a<rreeably to the th-sirc
lOl'liis iiHiiiisitors,) was this: they bt)tiiid him to a tree, and levelled frims at
ii'ast. In this .situation, to avert immediate diMitli, as well as to be re-
Tiii.''(l liir the death of his brother, he jiroeeetled to accuse the eleven Indians
iiiri' iiaiiied. For thus tiilsely aeiMisinj,' his countrymen, and shootinjs at a
\ who was lookiiifr atler sheep at .Marlltorou;.di, Dttcid was condomiuMl to
aviry. anil accordiiifrly sold, as was one of the eleven named fi'uiapacoson.
lis last act bein;,' entirtily to calm the clai' nvs of the multitude; after he
ml 'it'tii once aciiuitted, a new trial was got up, and a new jury for this
rtii'iiiiir ciul.f
.kinic's history is as follows: lit" had been gone for some time before the
ar. nil a limiting voyage towards the lakes; ami on his return homeward,
le liii in among Philip^s men about Ciuabaog. 'J'liis was about a month
I'hc aliove is !\lr. Ifnhhdrd's accoiiiil. Mr. Willanl, in his excelloiil history of l.aii-
I ■'■?, jives us liic iiiiinus of six. nii'l says imj^IiI wore kiilcil. Hal in his ciiniiioralioii 1 toiiul
i ;iiiil (loiiliin siiys si'vcii. t)iir text is aocoriliiig to Hubbard, Nar. M.
I • Uivkiti, .Maiiuscript llisl, I'rayiiig liiihaus.
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23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
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82
MONOCO.— FIVE CHIEFS EXECUTED.
[Book III
bcforf tilt! affiiir at Lancaster. The reason he staid amon" the Iiostilc Indi,;. ^
is very olvioiis: h<; was ulraid to venture into the vicinity of tlie wliitcsj^.^.
lliey siiould treat him as an enemy, lint as his ill ibrtune leil o.it, lie iv,,!
fonnil in tiit; woods, hy liis countrymen of Marlhorou^di, Aviio conducted i,;,,^
to (iie Enidish, liy whom he was siiot, as we have just rehited, Tlic iitj;.
cer wiio presided over and directed tliis affair, wouhJ, no douht, at am wl.ir
time, iiave ret-civcid a reward |)roi)ortionate to the malignity of tiie oliln,,.
Lut in this horrid storm of war, many were suffered to transgress the Inl
with impunity.
From one account of this affair,* it wouhl seem that one of tlic Indiiiru
seized hy Mosdji at this time vvas actually executed ; " for," says the wiiii 1 1,,
whom we reiei', "the coiiimonalty were so enraged against Mr. A'/i',,/, ,,;,i
Caj)t. Guggins especially, that ('apt. Guggins said on the hench, [lie In in^-j
judge,] tiiat he was afraiil to go along the streets ; the answer was niiidr,\iiii
may thank j'ourself; however an order was issued out I'or tiie exi'ciiiioiioi
that one (notorious above the rest) JLndian, and accordingly he was Icil lnj
rope about his neck to the gallows. When he came there, the exociitidiim
(for there were many) flung one end over the i)ost, and so hoisted liim m,
like a dog, three or lour times, ho being yet half alive, and half (lend; \\ri
came an Indian, a. Iriend of his, and witli his knife made a hole in Jii.s lin-;.;
to Ids heart, and sucked out hi;-' heart-blood. Being asked his n.'ason tjiir,.
for, his answer [was] UmJi, Unit nu, me stronger as I was helbre; me l,i «,
strong as me and he too ; lie he ver strong man lore he die. 'I'liiis «iiij
the dog-like death (good enough) of one poor heathen, was the ituopjc r,:>
laid, in some measure."
AV'e have yet to add a word concerning Monaco. When (^unnapohil «i«
out as a spy, Monaco kindly entertained him, on account of former iiii|iiiiiii;-
ance not knowing his character. They had served together in tlieir war-
against the Mohawks. On 10 Feb. 107(5, about GOO Indians fell 11)100
Lancaster, and, alter burning the town, carried the inhabitants into ciijitivi:;,
Amoi.g them was the family of Reverend Rlr. Rawlandson. Mrs, Rn-
landson, after her redemption, [)idjlished an amusing account of the atiiiir
Monaco, or Onc-eijed-jolm, it is said, was among the actors of this tnii'tdv.
On 13 3Iarch following, Groton was surprised. In this affair, tun, Jok
Monaco was i)rincipal ; and on his own word we set him down as the di >irtiy-
er of Medfield. Alter he had burned Ciroton, except one garri.son lioii.-i, lie
called to the captain in it, imd told him he would burn in succession Cluliiiv
ford. Concord, Watertown, Cambridge, Charlestown, Roxbury ami IWdl
He boasted nnich of the men at his command ; said he had 4rO wimioij;
and added — " ff'liat me wilt me da." The rej)ort of this very nnicli eiiiaal
the English, and occasioned his being entitled a " bragadocio " hy the in to-
rian. At the close of Philip's win; with others, he gave himself up to .Mnjo-
Waldron at Cochecho; or, having come in there, at the recpiest of l\kt-
jethro, to make peace, was seized and sent to IJoston, where, in the hiiiL'ii;.'
of Mr. i/((66an/, he, " with a few more bragadocios like himself, Stiirnm"-
sam, Old-jethro, and the sachem of (iuabaog, [Mautamp,j] were taken b} tlie
English, and was seen, (not long before the writing of this,) marching towapii
the gallows, (through Boston streets, which he threatened to burn i:t liij
pleasure,) with a halter ai)out his neck, with which he was hanged at lue
town's end. Sept 2(), in this present year, 167G."]:
On the 24 July, 1G75, five of the i)rincipal Nipmiik sachems signed an
agreement to meet the governor of Massachusetts to treat of peace soon iilii r,
but not a])pearing according to agreement Captain Hutchinson was soiit tut
* In tlie Indian Chronici.k, 2r>, 27.
t Compare Hubbard, 35 tind 7.5. — The same, ])robal)ly, called MatlaKam}tpi\ \\\\'\ '
16G.5, witnessed the sale of Brooklield, Mass., deeded al that time by a rhief iinmcd >' ' ■
toockqiiis. Mantamp claimed an interest in said lands, and received part of the pay.— K«'
Mr. Foot's Hist. Br uikjkld.
X This, so far as 'i goes, ag-rees with an entry in Scwall's MS. Diary, cited in Wn/'"";
Concord, (ilJ — " t^(,gamorc Nkw goes, One-eij'd John, Maliompe [Mdiitaiiip] Sagamore • I
Quabaog. General at Lancaster, &c. Jethro (the father) walked to the gallows. O-'' I
John accuses Sagamore John to have fired the first gun al Quabaog and killed Capt. i/"'*
illSOH."
m
Chap. V.]
STIOSIIANIM.— OLD JETIIRO.
83
to ascertain the cniiso, niid was nmbiislied hy tlioin, ns we have in the lifo of
j)/,i/iM related. At this tiiiK', " Sam, saclicin of Weshanim," aiu' Nktaump,
ar ■ |iiiitieiilariy iiientioncd as liaviii^' l)f'oii hanpod at I5o-Jtoii.
It was reportnd, (no (h)iiht Ity the Indians, to vex their rneniips,) that Mrs.
jliiclnmlson Utid married ;V/oHoro. "JJnt," the anthor of the J'kksknt Statk,
\i', says, "it was soon contradicted," and, " tiiat she ap|)cared and iieiiaved
|,!,i!t' ainoiifrst tlieni with so nincii courage and majestic ffravity, tiiat none
1 ir<t (irt'iT any violence to lier, bnt on the contrary, (in their rude manner)
, riiiiil to siiow iier griuit respect."
Ill ilio al)(»ve (juotation from Mr. Huhhnrd, we liave shown at what time
5.'vt nil "f the i\ii)ninck chieis were put to death l)eside Monaco.
(l|,|)-JETlIKO was littUi loss noted, tliongii of (piite a (hflenint character.
II -Indian name was Tantamom. lie was present at the sah; of Concord
\| ,->.) to tiie English, about which time he lived at Natick. In 1(574, he was
:)i|iiiiiit(d a missionary to the Nipmuks living at Weshakim, («ince Sterling,
but liis stay tiiere wtus short.* He and his family (of about 12 jiersonsj
wi ri' among those ordered to Deer Island, on the breaking out of tiie war
ilip next year. Their residence then was at Nobscut Hill, near Sudbmy
||;> spiiit could not brook the indignity otiered by those English who were
..HI to ronduct the jiraying Indians to lioston, and in the niglit he escaped,
witii ail ills timiily, into his native wilds. His son Peter had been so long
uiidiT tin; instructioii of the English, that he had become almost one of
tliHii. He deserted his father's cause, and was tlie means of his i)eing e.xe-
niteil with the other Nipniuk sachems already mentioned. This occasioned
hT.lMulher to say of him, "That abominable Indian, Peter-jethro, l)etrayed
Us own father, and other Indians of his special acquaintance, unto death."
It seems lie had been employed by the English for this puri)ose.
Alioiit a month before the fall of Philip, the Nipmucks became fully
aware uf tiieir wretched condition, who, on the (J July, 107(3, sent an Indian
ni'sstufier to the English with a white flag. He came, says our Chronicle,
Mroin Snsamore Sam of Nussoway (a proud Salvage, who two months since
iiisiiltfd over the English, and said, if the English would first beggc; Peace
! of liiiii, liewould li" tlie'n haw Peace, but that he would never ask it of
i till in;) Tills hulian was sent from bim with Letters, desiring Peace of ns,
[ ami e\|)ressely |;raying us in th(! name of Jesus Christ, and for his sake to
i gr.iiii it whoso holy name they have so much blasphemed. Thus doth the
iLnil Jisiisinake them to bow before him, and to lick the dust. And having
I niaile mention of his letter it will not be unacceptable to transcrilx; some
[Cti|Mesut" the Letters sent by him, and others on this subject, which take as
follomtli. The read, r must bear with their barbarisms, and excuse tlie
Iciiiissinii of some expressions in them, that can hardly admit of good
[EuL'ii.sll."
.mMM
'■■■■ . ' .^M^^^^-ml
" The first Letter, July the Gth, 167G.t
"Mr, John Leverett, my Lord, Mr. Wahan, and all the chief men our Bretli-
j^ii, Praying to God: [T/ii's .1/r. Waban is a Priuiins; Indian, faithful, and a
miirnmonsl them; hi/ their Brethren nrnifing to God, they mean those of the same
|A'(lif/H.] We beseech you all to help us ; niy witi,' she is but one, but there
|l)eiiinre Prisoners, Avhich we pray you keep well : Mattamuck his wife, we
jnireat you for her, and not onely'that man, but it is the Keepiest of two Sa-
* HIS %»! Sachem of tVeshakum, and the Pakastwaif Sachem.
■ Ami that further you will consider about the making Peace: We have
ken to the Peo[)le of Nashobah (viz. Tom Dubler and PeterA that we would
h;
Jiie witii you, and make a Covenant of Peace with you. We have been
fr^troyed by your Souldiers, but still we Remember it now, to sit still ; do
I |fr. S/ia»„cFs Hist. Concord, 30.
I III' tenor of liie lollowin;j letters, is very (iiflereiil from those in April previous, wliirh I
Bi.Movcreil 111 MS. and printed in the former cdilioiis of the Book ol the Indians. These
F"'; iiiuii unknown to inu.
84
SIIOSIIANni.— INDIAN LETTERS.
[EOOK III,
you considrr it npfa'm ; we do earni'stly entreat you, that it mav ]w m, i,
Jesus Chiid, O ! let it ho so ! Jlmen, Amtn.*
It was signed
Mattamuck, hisMwh \.
Sam Sachem, 1m Mark -i:,
Simon Pottoqiam, Scri't,
UpPANIPPAQUF.M, /(),? — (■,
Pakaskokag his Mark >:■;'
" Superscribed,^^ " To all Englishmen and Indians, all of you Jiear Mr. Wi.lj .
Mr. Eliott."
" Second Letter
« My Lord, Mr. Leveret at Boston, Mr. Waban, Mr. Eliott, Mr. Gookin. rii; |
Council, hear yea. I went to Coiuiecticot about the Ca])tive8, tliat I mj..!;
bring them into your hands, and wlien we were almont tliere,the A'hit/maQ
destroyed tiiose Indians : when I heard it, I returned back again ; then wlin
I came home, we were also destroyed ; ailer we were destroy'd, tiicii Pi,,],,
and Qiianiptm went away into their own Countrey againe ; and I knew iIkv
were much afraid, because of our offer to joyu with tiie English, and tlnrp.
fore they went back into their own Countrey, and I know they will iiiiik< u
Warre; thcrelbre because when some, English wpai came to ns, i'Ai/i^,;,,,,!
(^uanapun sent to kill them ; but I said, if any kill tlienj, I'll kill tln'in,;
Sam Sachem.
Written by Simon Boshokum Scribe." §
Tliird Letter.
" For Mr. Eliot, Mr. Gookin, and Mr. Waban.
Consider of this I entreat you, consider of this great businessc that i? Hmt-.
and my wonder concerning Phil'p; but his name is fVewesnumnil
he engagetii all the peo|)le that were none of his subjects : Then when hvas
at Penakook, JVumpho John, AUine,^\ Sam JVumpho, and others who were iiiiin.
and jYumpho very much angry that Philip did engage so many ])oo|)l(' tn lii;i,;
and JVumplu) said it were a very good deed that 1 should go and kill him tint
* This surpasseth any thills', '" supphcatlon, that wc have, from the poor Indians. Ttt
were truly sensible of their (leplorable condition! Little to subsist upon — tiio norllimd
western wilderness so full of their native enemies, that a retreat upon those iiuii'!'i;-'.'rfi; ■•
was cut oll^ — all the fishing places near and upon die coast wiit(dicd bylln. ■■:.;
enemy — hence notiiing' now remained but to try the ctVect of an otVer of unrondiiinml -j>
mission! — This letter, however, must not be regarded as th( language of the warrior,;.
was the language of the Christian Inilians, in behalf of them and tiiemselves.
t The name of this sachem approaching nearly in sound to that of the place sinco f-i'';
Worcester, of which Sas;amore-John was chief, almost induces the lielief that he is llie^a^^
A sachem of liie name having deeded Worcester to the whiles in 1lj71 is additional pr^ .
See the elaborate history of that town by ^Vm. Lincoln. Esq., now m < oursc of puliliralre
\ This letter will be regarded as an admirable specimen of Indian sentiment, amiiisiw
IS much enhanced, as it unfolds truths of great value — truths that lay open the silimiio;!:'
things at thic period that will be gladly received. S-nn was a magnanimous sachem. S:
was Monoco. We doubt if any thing can in :uth be brought against either, that would r.s
comport with a warrior of their lime, but they did not come within the liniil.s '• a |iarfe
offered in the Proclamation ! When messengers were sent to treat with the Indians for i'.
redemption of prisoners, to prevent the evil such negotiation was calculated to prcidiiof. id
which Philip, doubtless, foresaw, he ordered such to be summarily dealt wiili. Qimi'i: :
was suspected for a spy, and Philip had ordered him to be killed, but Monoco said, "["j
kill whomsoever shall kill Quannponit." »Si/io.s/ianm afterwards said tlie same when vi-fJ
by Mr. Hoar and Nepanet, who were sent to treat for the ransom of Mr. Roirtimilsoiisu3-\
ily. " If any kill them, I will kill them," that is, he would kill the murderer. l!ut ilicsc i"*'
ofP.'es were forgotten in the days of terror I
§ The same person, whose name to the last letter is spelt Potloqiiam, and in Book ii. Ciia;
vii., Bctokam.
II This stands in the MS. records, Wewn.ioiramiett. See Book iii. Chap. ii.
TT There is some error concerning th'- person's name. John U. Line moans the samep
son, I think, in Gookin^s MS. history. ' -'c Book ii. Chap. vii. ; an account of several oiher I
here mentioned may there also be found.
[Book Hi.
it mav be so l.v
K, hisMnrh N,
M, his Mark '/■.
TOqiAM, Scri'rr
iG /lis Mark •,.'
lU /i«ar iMr. Walm
itt, Mr. G(joJ-i)i,r!!:l
i])tivPH, tlmt I iiii::!;
jre, tlie Evs^lish h,\
r again •, then wiiir.
stroy'd, tlicn PHf:
! ; and I kwv. tlm
En<!;lish, and tlicrp-
if they will iiiiikc r I
110 to VIS, P/ii'/i/) mil!
I'll kill i\mi\.l
Sam Sachem.
.ban,
isiiicssc that i? Am:
IVewesnnmni
s : Then when 1 w
lers who weiv ansn,
many i)eoj)l(' tn lii;ii;
iro and kill liiniiki
I the poor liiiliaii*. Thtv
pliipon — till" iiortlicmad
[on tliose Iniii'^Mj-itioiiM
t.'hcil by till. '-'i:l
(llL-r of iiiiciiiuiilionsi •j>
Igiia^i; of ll'e «a"i»'^-''
]iiisulvcs. , ,
i of llie place since c* I
[holiff that lie is il"" «:
KHl. is additional \m:
.n loiirsoofpublifaW;
In sentiment, anditsva.i'.
1 lay open the situaiMU'.
laKiianimous saclicm. 5) I
Viiist either, that wouW n
Ii„ tlie limits ;• a pai»
i with the Indians lot 'k |
.alculatcd to produce.!:!
dealt with. Qf "f ■
, but J/oJiPfsaid. ■■'"'J,
li,l the same wlicn yi-:*'
)f Mr. Rou-lim(lms:i>\
uirdcrer. But itec ^al I
Ln, andiuPookiiCiia?!
li riiap. ii. ,
1/,V means the si^f I'M
account of several oiW
Cii.iP. ^'l
SHOSIIANIM.— AMOS.
85
to himself without canse : In like manner 1 said ho too.
a|i
jovned so many
TlVii liail von Ibrmerly said ho at |ieace, and il' tlio Coiintnl had .sent word
II kill /'/(i/i/MVC shoidd have done it: then let ns clearly ,><|ieak, what yon
Ij we ahull do. O lot it bo .so speedily, and anHwer ns elearly.
J*U.MKA>IL.\,
Po.V.NAKPLKC.V,
or, Jacob Mutta:maxoog."
''Tlie answer the Council made them, was, 'That treacheron.s i)er,-;on,s
.jio l),,^riiii tilt! war and those that have hetni harharonsly hloody, nitist not
pxpi'ot to have their lives spared, hut others that have been drawn into tlio
wi'r, anil artini; only as Soiildiers suhniittinjf to be without arms, tiiid to live
niiiitlvaiid peaceably lor the Ihtiin! shall hav(^ their lives spared.'"
Siv'nimore Sam was one of those that sacked Lancaster, 10 Febrniny,
liiTii.^ His hidiaii name was iit one time Shoslianim, but in Pli}l!j)\t w.tr it
.mi'iirs to have been chanjied to Uiiknluhs;un ; at least, if lit; In; the same, it
iviisji) sui)Si'rihed by Feler-jetliro, when the letter was sent by the Indians to
tlie blii"iifili about the exchange of iMrs. Rowlandson and others, as will be
fiiiiml ill the life of JVcpantt. He was hanged, as has been belbre noted.
^k'^hmwn was successor to Mutlhew, avIio succeeded Sliohm.
TIiIh liist-nientioned sachem is probably reli'rred to by the author quoted in
Mr. 7'Aoroirgoo(/'s cm-ious book. In the summiir of l(i;V^, R(!verend John Eliot
iiitriuliMl to visit the Nashuas, in his evangelical capacity, but under.standing
tlicrc WIS war iu that direction among the Indians,* delayed his journey f()r ra
liiiu'. The sachem of Nashua, hearing of iMr. ElioVs intention, "took '^0
nun, armed alter their manner," as his guard, with many others, and con-
iluilid liiin to his country. And my author adds, " this was a long journey
into the wilderness of (iO miles : it proved very wet and tedious, .>«> that he
«as nut dry three or four dtiys together, night nor day." f One of the Indiana
atthistiiiK- asked 3Ir. Eliot wiiy those who prayed to (Jod among the
Kii'libh loved the Indians that prayed to (iod " more than their own breth-
nn." The good man seemed some at a loss lor an answer, and waived the
fiihjcct by several scriptural quotations.
We iMcIy ho incorrect in the supi)osition that the sachem who conducted
Mr. Eliot I'll this occasion was iSholan, as perhaps Passaconaway would
f'jit the time as well.
'^iiie
CHAPTER VI.
Frimllij Indians — Captain Amos — Pursues Taloson and Pcnachason — Escaprs tho
fliui^lilrr at Pmctuckct — Commands a covtpany in the custf.rn inar — Cai'iain'
Lii.iiTiooT — II'S birciccs iii Phil'p's war — In thr. eastern war — Kktte.na.nit —
His S'lrrcx — Q,rA.N.NAPOHiT — His important services as a spy — Mautamp —
.Ifcflora— Nkpankt — Employed to treat with the enemy — Brinas letters from them —
l§icU an exchange of prisoners — Peter Conwav — Peter ICpiirai.m.
AMOS, commonly called Captain Amos, was a Wampanoag, whose residence
Iwasiilioiit Ca|)e Cod, We have no notice of him initil PhiUp\<i Avar, at which
Itiiiic he was entirely devoted to the service of the I'lnglish. Alter the Plim-
loiith i»co])l(' had foimd that Tntoson Wits concerned in the destruction of
JfW's frarrison, they sought ihr soine friendly Indians who would under-
jtakc to (li)liver him and his abettors into their hands. Captain Amos ten-
|dt're(l his services, and was didy conuiiissioned to prosecute the enterprise,
' I'l l'i^''', three Indians were kilieil between Quabaog' iind Sprin/rficld, by otlier Indians,
i|i'.'^'"'>^i >"ar, live others were killed abdiit midway between (Inobao^j and Lancaster.—
|ll»i/'im;)'? Joiirmtl, ( iSdiY/ne'*' ed.) Such instances were coninion anions the Indians.
! >!ure .Vrsrnmenls to prove that the Jews inhabit now in Amerira. — l?y Thomas Tliorow-
V^l tin. London, Ki.W. Sir Roger L' Estrange answered this book by another, entitled
T^HK Americans NO Jews.
8
m
■I.
m
itrJoStH
'i'^';t-i
-''^'Mfll
^r--'%
imfln
^i'
M'.'Ui
■■nH]
1
:'f
V
m^:i
I*
86
INDIAN STRATAfiCMS— IJGHTFOOT.
[Book in.
and to takn into that snrvico any of his friends. Moatitiuio, Tntnsnii hu] fl,.,]
to Fili/al)('tli Island, in coinpaiiy with I'lii'iclinsoii, ainithcr chief wlm u,,,
also to be taken, if ho ronid he found. 'I'liis /'rnnrlKi.son was |troiiah|v To/r
Son\i hrother's son, sometimes called 7'o»i, who, if th(( same. Was also at tlifi
destroying; of Vl(trk\t <farrison. Vet the wily chietJJ (duded the vi^iiJunci' (,f
Captain .Inms, hy Hying from that region into tiu; NipmiiUs' coimtiy, wlur..
they joined Philip.
'i'o encoin'a<re fjreater exertion on the ])art of tlio Iri 'iidiy IiulianM,,
execute tiieir commission, it was ordered, that in case; they eaptiii-cd ,n,|
broujrlit in eith(>r Taloson or I'enn/.hitson, "they may e.\|)OCt for their icwnnl
for each of them four coats, and a coat apiece lor vvvvy other Indian \y,
shall prove mendiantahle."
W<! have mentioned in u former chapter the horrid catastni|i||p i,f
Captain Peirsc and his men at I'awtiicket. Captain Jhnos esra|it(| ii,,;
dreadful slaughter. lie fought there with 20 of his warriors, ami wh,!.
Captain Pcirse was shot down by a hall which wouiuUm! him in tlic tln.ii,
he stood by his side, and defended him as long as there was a gleam if
hope. At length, seeing nearly all his fri«!nds slain, with admirable prcscinY
of mind he made his (.'scaiK', by the following subtle stratagem: —
JV*o>i((7i/e?joo'.? warriors had blackeiMnl their faces, which Captain .'?moj|is,|
observed, and by means of |)owder contrived to discolor his own uiidIimh,,!
by them. When he had done this, he managed, by a dextrous maimiivrp.
to pass among the; enemy for one of thetn, and by these means esra|ir'il.
What wer.' Captain Jhnos\'i other acts in this war, if any, we iiavc m;
learned ; nor do we meet again with him until I68!>. In that year, iawui
Avith Col. Church against the eastern Im'ians and French, in wliicli cvimii.
lion ho also had the command of a company. Church arrived witli l^
forces in Se])t. at Casco, now Portland, and, having landed secretly iiiid'
cover of the night, sin-prised, on the following morning, about four iiiiinln |
Indians, who had come to destroy the jilace. Although the Indians diiiii,;
receive much damage, yet, (Governor SuUivan says,* the whole eastern c ,ir,
was saved by the timely arrival of this expedition. In the light at ('i-ki,
21 September, eight of the English were killed and many wounded. 'IVoiif
Captain Amos's men were badly wounded, and Sam Moses, another fricniiv
Indian, was killed. There was another Indian company in this expcilitifi;.
connnanded by Captain Danir!. out of which one man was killed, wlm m
of Yarmouth on Cap(^ Cod.f
LICIITFOOT, of the tribe of the Sogkonates, distinguished in Phiilfi
war, was also in the service under Church at Casco ; a memorable e.\|)('iliiinii,
on more than one account. On«! circumstance we will name, as it well iii.ii
proved the ruin of the undertaking. When, on the following niorniii!.', aiw
the arrival of the; forces, the attack was begun, it was, to the inexpivsMliI*
snr|)ri«e of the English, tbniid, that the bullets were nnich larger tii;iii liif
calibre of their guns. This was a most extraordinary and innu'coiiiitali'
occurrence, and great blame Avas charg(;able somewhere. In this wrilcimj
dileimna, the fight having already begun Church set some at work iiiakiii' j
the bullets i'.ito slugs, by which resort iie was able to continue the fisiit. Ii
being high water at the time, an estuary se|)arate(l tin; battle-groniid tiointi;''
town. Tlie bullets were to be carried to the army engaged, in buckets, alw I
being hammered. When the first recrint of slugs was mad(! ii|), Ciil'%1
Church ran with it to the water's edge, and, not caring to v(!iitiire liiiiisill'i)
wade across, called to those on the other side to send someone to take ituvfr
to the army. None appeared but Lightfoot. This Indian dcxtroiisly rifiivfi! j
the estuary, whh a quantity of powder upon his head, and a "kettle" nl'W-
lets in each hand, and thus the fight wiis maintained, and the cncniviiutwl
flight.
In Philip's war, LiorhtfooPs exploits were doubtless very nuineroiN, biitt'-nl
of them liave come down to ns. Tie volimteered to fight for the Eni'li^luj
Aioashonk''s gran dance at Buzz rd's Hay. already mentioned. When Lftf
eyes was taken at Cushnet, in 1()7(1, Lighl/oot was sent with him to what ij|
* Hist. District of Maine. 102,
t MS. l(;ticr of Captain Basset of the cxpcdiiion.
[Book III,
, Tntoson had flcil
■r cliifl' Willi Win
as itroliiilily Tnlr,.
If, was also ill tlio
il tlif vi^iilaiirc iif
is' country, \\iiiT»
fi'.'udly ludiniis, ti
lit'V caiitiiriMl ;ii„|
t lor tlii'ir rcuiml,
other Indian tliat
rid catastroplic nf
hnos t'sfa|)i'(l il,,;
•arriors, and wii.i,
I iiini ill till' tin:!',
ro was a irlcinii i.f
adiniralile prcs'iioe
tajrciii:—
:i Captain ^'Jmo.i \w\
lis own iiii(ilisi'r\. !
oxtrous inaniiii\rp.
inrans osfapcil.
f any, we liavc w;
I tliat year, y wn.i
li, in wiiicii ('V|iiiii-
ch arrived with lii<
idei'. serretly niidir
al)out four iiiiinlii!]
the Indians iliil loi
ifhole eastern c ir.
1 tlio li<rlit at ('asm,
? wounded. Tmoiii'
)ses, anotiier tii<in,y
y in iliis exiiciliiiiii!.
tvas killed, wlio wa
njrnished in Plil!i)'i
icnioral)le cxjiediiMii,
name, as it well niiii
owin<? ninrniiig.alk
to tli(! iiu'xprt'ssible
nueh larger tlian tiit
y and uiKircoiiiiial«
■(<. In this wnti'li-^l
ine at work inakii,;
>ntiniip the tiii'.it. Il
ttle-promid Iroin'ii'
irrd, in hnckets, al'iP! I
iis inad(! up, Colnikl
to vijnture liini*i'lfn
lueone to take it over j
n dcxtrouslv rcpavw!
nd a" kettle" ot'W
nd the enemy imttoj
ry nnnieroii*, bittNJ
It for tiie EnglislMJ
oned. When L*
with him to what ;
Basset of the cxpcdr
not.
CllAP.
vi.i
KATTENANIT.—EASTERN WAU.
87
ow culled Pahnrys hlamt, near the mouth of Cuslinet River, where he hel
I'„, in iniard until In; could lie salidv eondiieted to IMimoiith. Ahoiit tli
Id
,mi' .Ikkoinpoiii was killed, and I'hiliji\s witi; and ,■^011 were taken. Church
,rni' liiiii a captain's e.)niiuission, after which he i..ade several successful
"\iH'ililiiiiis. — 'We now [lass to characters hitherto less known, though perhaps
!.I iiiei-'' interest. .... , , r ■ ,.
Vtiv little was known 01 certain "'uportant characters aiiion<!; the iruMidly
Ills ot' Massac husetts, which should have by no int:ans Ihtii overlooktjd,
the discovery of Mr. Gouk!>i^s manuscript history of tlie prayi
liiiiii
iiiiti
liiiliaiis, not long since, and to which W(! have often relirred already. We
shall, therefore, devote tlie rtMiiaiiider of the present chapter to their history.
JUl5 KATTENANIT seems tirst to demand attention,
liiiliaii, and lived sometime at iNatick, hut was at one
lie was a (Christian
time a preacher at
Mai'iiiikog, and belonged originally, w<! hilieve, to Hassanamesit. However
ihanimv have been, it is certain he lived th(U'<! in the heginiiing ni' PhUii)'s
wai. "lii'ii that chief's men nuuh; a descent upon the |)lace, with the intention
111' raiTvinff awaytlio.se Christian Ijidiaiis prisoners. Job made his escape
Irniii tlii'in at this time, and came in to the English at i^I ■ndoii. He had still
ihre.' rhililren in the enemy's Iniiids, and he was willing to run any venture
tiui'lt'iise them. He th(!ruli)re applied l<ir and obtained a ])ass, assuring bin:
•ali'tv, provided that, in his return, he should tidl into the bands of the Kng-
li,>h sroiits. ik'sid s liberating bis children, considerabK; hopes were enter-
tain 'il, tliat lie might b(! (Miabled to liirnish inHirmation of the enemy. It
imliirtmiately ha|)pened, that, bel'on; he bad ]tassed ihe li-ontie'r, he iell in
with some I'luglish soldiers, who tr.'ated him as a |iiisoner, and an enemy,
pviii taking trom him his clothes and gun, s uiliiig him to the governor of
liusiuii; "wl. >, more to satisfy the el.imois of the jieople than for any offeiico
(■nininittod," assigned him to the common jail, where lu^ siifl'.'red exceedingly;
hiiiisi'lf and many others being crowded into a narrow and filthy place. Af-
liTalioiit three weeks, he was taken out .'iml sent to I) er Island. The cliim-
orsot'thi' people were indeed high at this time, and many aceusi'd M.jor
Goo/i-m, who gave him the pass, of being guilty ol" furnishing the enemy with
iDtf'ili^'pJiPC.
Alter the Narragaiiset fight, 1!) December, 1G75, the English were very
anxious to gain inlbrmation relative to the po.sition of the enemy, and accord-
iiinlv instructed Major Gookin to use liis endeavors to em])loy some Iriendly
Julian spies; who, aller considerable negotiation among those at Deer Isbinil,
ciiirat'cd Job again, and James Quannapolit, alias Qiianapaiis^. Their reward
iv,.s to i)e/i'e pounds apiece ! They departed upon this service before day,
llip :lOth of Decendjer, and, during their mission, behaved with great pru-
dciipr, and brought valuable intbrnmtioii to the English on their return; but
wliicli, from intestine bickerings among the English, turned to small
aocoimt.
James Q!tan?irt/?o/u7 returned 24tli of January following, nearly worn out and
tiiiiiished ; having travelled about 80 miles in that cold season, upon snow-
.sliDcs, the snow being very deep. The inlbrmation which he gave was wiit-
li'ii down by Major Gookin.* Among other matters, he stated that the ene-
my had taken up their quarters in ditiereiit places, probably near Scattacook ;
and iiiaiiy others, including the Ni})muks, about Menumcsse. The Narra-
I'ansiits had not yet joined Philip openly, but while James and Job were among
the Xipimiks, messengers arrived ii-oni Narragaiiset which gavti them much
joy, for they expressed an ardent desire to join them and Philip in proseciit-
iii!.' the war. They said their loss in the great swamp tight was small. In
tince weeks, James learned, they would assault Lancaster, which accordingly
rame to |)ass, upon the very day which he said they intended it. Ilo
learned and thus divulged their plans to a great extent. A circumstance now
ocviiired which obliged him to make his cscajie, which was this: He found a
fiii'iul and protector in Mautamp,\ one of the Nipmuk chiefs, who, it seems,
* The same published iu Coll Mass. Hist. Soc. 1. vl. 205—208.
f Tiie same, probably, called Nctaunq), who was afterwards executed at Boston, at the
same lime wilh Haganwre-sam. See Hubbard, 35.
mi
■. ' ,.■ ..'•;''i',- I'.f.u
wmmp
i' ■■■ '■ ¥^vi'A
■■■' -^t^'^^^t
(■■ • , '■■ W
.■'<:•■■ ^f "i? '
•■'•4 ■'^' ,
88
KATTENANIT.
[Book Ii;
intended slinrtly to visit Plnlij) : miiiI insisted tliat QumuutpdhH flioiild ,,,..
(•<»;n|(!iny iiini, find it was with nu sinidl dillicnity lie was alih' to iln,!,. ,|,,
vifriiant eye (if Mnithiiiiii, and inai\e liis eseajM', wiiicli, Imuever, wax cfilii,,!
only iiy a cininiiifr slralny:eni, as (ijIIows:— lie told .Mdvtdin/i \\\!\i \„. i,;,|
loufrlit iiL'ainst Philiii in the ('(iinniencenient ofthi' \sar,aiid that Phillpltiiv.
LiiM, and that, unless he eonid iin to him \\itli some im|i()rtaiit tm|iliy, /'/,;;
wonld not lielieve him, and uoidd immediately kill him. And njurm^
TukitinwiHin had inivalidy told him that Pliiliji had i:iven out wdid ijuit ,ir.
tain prayinfjT Indians shoidd he soii;;ht utter, and, if |)(tssilili', >ei/.i(| ;,,,|
bronjrhi to iiim; (or he wanted to |)Ht them to dr.ith in a crnel maiiuir, uni;
IiIh own hands, and that /ic was one of them, lie therefore told .!/«»/»
that he would ^r(), in tin; first jdaee, and kill some Knfrlish, and tiikc in, i
Leads ulon^r with him, and tiien he should consider liimsell' siili', T; .
bt.'in;: consented to, lie lost no time in n^tracinj,' liin stejjs to the fmiitlci. ,•
the Kurdish.
lit! mentions JMoiioo. or One-ci/ed-jolDt, as a jrreat captain amon;r the n.,.
my, who also treated him k-ndly, and entertained him in iiis wij.'Viini iliini.-
his stay there; they hein^' old ac(|uaintani'e, having' st'rved toiretliei- in t! ;,
wui-s ajrainstthe IMohawks, ten >e.irs lieliire.*
And Jiere also Mr. (lookin jrivi's a favorahle a-count oi".l/o/ioco. Pl;ilijj\.'
ordered that the persons j'.hove named shoidd he hroufrht to him, il' i,iki!i
alive, "tlint he mi^ht put tlu in to some tornientinii death, whirlt hml hiihri,
boon prevented hy th" care and kiiu'iiess of a frreat captain ainiii:<r tli,;;.
named John-ifilli-oni-rijc, lieloniriiiff to i\ashna,f \\lio had civilly tniiicil mi:
protected Jitmts, and ontortainoil Jiini at his uigwam, all the tiini' oilis
bein<x tiiore." J:
Job was i-ei|ueste(l to come away with f^uannimhit, hut saw no \\!\\ iif
gottiufi away his children, whici' was a main ohject with him. He kinH,
too, that James could ^'ive all the iid()rmation they hoth jmssessed at iliSi
ftoriod, and not consitlering himself in imminent rlntignr, preferrcil to turn
oiig«!r.
At Wanoxit, or Manexit, they fell in with srven Indians, who tudk tlun
and oonvoyoil them ahout twenty miles, across ti:e path leadiiifr to Coiiiiiii.
cut, northward iWtm Quahaoj'. Thes(; were some of the (iiialim^its iii:!
Segiuiesits. At this j>lac«! wore three towns which contained j lioiit ijdj
warriors well armed. Mere they wore threatened with death, their iiii>siiiii
being truly guessed. Ihit going to th»! wigwam <jf One-e;/eil-john, " Sairaiiiore
of Nashua," ov Monaco, \h' charged his gun and said, "I will kill ^ln'iii- j
soever shall kill (^uaiutpohit.''^ § rtoino said ho had killed one of Wi/J!
counsellors II at Mount Jloito, and Philip had hired some to k'll liim; M^i
James Speen, ^Indrew Pitimij, Captain Hunter, Thomas Quanapohit, ami /V't
Ephruim. On being order(!(l to visit Philip, '■^ Job and he pretended to ^niiii
a huiiling, killed three dear quickly, and j)erceiving the/ were (loi.'!:('(l In
some other Indians, w out over a ])ond and lay in u swun']» till heforc day, «! '
when they had ])rayed together he ran away." Job was to return to i!
enemy, and tell them that James ran away because they had threatcncil (i
kill him. Job, not being jiarticulurly ohnoxiotis to them, coiicliideil n
remain longer for the end of ransouiing his children, as we l.'ave said, il'
returned to the English in the night of the 9th of February, and siid. ;;
James had before, tliat on the next day Lancaster would be attacked, t'cr he
knew about fbiu' hundred of the enemy were already on their nianli, iuni it
so resulted. He further informed the English, that the enemj would simrliy
attack Medfield, Groton, Marlborough, and other places, and that the .\ar-
ragansets had joined Philip and the Ni[)muks.
While James was there, "a Narruganset brought to them one Englislilitaii:
they allot at him, and said the Narrugausets were the English frieiult all'i^
* Of this war we have ffivcn an arrount in Book II. ciiap. III.
f Called sas^amoro of Nashua, in liic Cotton maimscripls.
i Hist. Praying Indians. J C( Uou Manuscript
II Ivjferring' probably, lo Thebe. See Book III. chap. II.
■ ."l
I!
[DddK IK
ullll (-11111111! hi:
1' to fllllir ll !■
IT, WHS rll'i iM. '
Hjt lilill lie !;,;
lilt /'/ii7i/) kill '
it ll(i]>li\. I'lilJ:
Ami iii'ivi mi ,
t WOnl llllll ri r.
lllif, H'i/.Cll „Im|
I'l nmiiiii'i', uiii;
e tditl .Wrtl((«;'|;
I jiiui take tliiir
sell" sHli'. Tl.h
till- Iroiiticis nl
OlllOllfr tlic (I;.-
I wiixviiiii (liirii ;
loirt'tlii'i- ill tl,';;
noco. Phjljpbil
to liilii, it' l:iki!i
ifhirli had /lil'.nlj
aiii aiiiiii'.<.' tliia.
■iviUy iri'iili'il iiiii!
I tlic time ol' Lis
t. saw no wi'.y "f
1 liiui. Ill' I'll™'
iMisst'ssctl at tlii.l
lircl'cn'L'il to turn
IS, wlio tdiik ihin;
•,n\\\\\l to Ciiiiii'iii-
ic UiKiliiii>it> ar.il
iitnint'tl i:l"iut '-^
Icatli, tlieir iiii>-i"i'
I will kill \\li""-
.(I one of P/iil|'!
R to k'll liiiii-'-"
^napohii, aiid /'•'"
[n-etfii(li-'*l to ;:i' "Hi
were (lo,ii!.'<'^l ^
I till belbrt- day. w ',
lis to ri'turii II' i:
had tlin'atciiiil i'
i,e,„, coiirltuW'"
Iwo l;avc said. H'
.■uarv, and f^i'i^'' f
be atlai'kcd, Iit !*
Itlipir niarcli, ami '.
leur. would A\M:
;,aud thultheNiit-
..oneEngli^lili'f-
tlish Iriendt all ^^
O '.tou Manuscripii-
CB*f. VI.]
KATTKTAN'IT.
tuminrr. Afterwards two iricHHci.ffiTS rniin! with twt;l\c liciuis, craving
(iiiir assistant ■, tlioy tlifii arccptc d tlniii." *
1{ liiH' lit' I'll tli<' t'luiiiy, hi' a|i|ioiiit<'(l a iilace ol' saflty for his children,
;u,il siiMilrv others of his li-iends, captured at Hassananiesit, xiinre lie wonid
uliiiwards imet and conduct thrm to tlie Ihi;,dish. lie tiierefore |»etitioni d
till' cdiiiicil for liheriy to iiieet them, which was ^'ranted. Hnt lie now liad
iiiu ilitliculiies to encounter, owin;; to "the rnde teiii|»ir of those tin. i.-;," as
,,ii,. di' ilie wis!' men of that a^'t- express'd il. f Alihonjrii hoth tlies • men
had aiijiii't'd ihemsrivi's to tlii; entire .satisfaction of the authorities who
x'lit tlii'in fordi, yet the |M)|iidacc accused them uf j,nvinf,' iid()rmation to th((
iiiniiv. niid diat lliey were seen tiy tlieir advi.sers, or else they iiad not
r mnii il in sati'ty ; to a|i|»ea.sc which they were confined ajiain to the island.
Tlli:*^|| iiiterltTed witli the time set hy Joh to meet his ciiihhcn and friends,
tliiit :.'mit siitli'iiiiirs ovrrtook them, as well as himself; and he knew not
tli,.l cwr lie shoidd have an opportmnly to see his children a^xain. Ihii it
iiiucli sodiier liapi' 'tied, no doii!)t, than he ex|ieetrd. iilthoii>.di in an indii'ect
Wiiu Al'oni tie- tnn" lit; was sent to the island, a vote |»assed in the ;.'encrul
rmiri of .'.lassachnsetts, t(» rai.so an army of i-'w hundred men, ami Major
Thumnx S(tvn<lfW'i!^ apiilied to, to eoiuhict th(Mn in tiie war. He refused,
niilts^ lie riiiild h;i\e some o|' the friendly Indi.ii.s from the; island f<)r assist-
niiiN OaamciS' L'er hi'inj: sent amoiiir tliem, six of ilieir |trinci|ial and
\n\vA men \«l' red in lh.it servii-e, amoni.^ whom was Job Kiillctimiit.
Tlicuniiy inii-rchi ahont the hrst of March, l(»7."), (). S. Hut wheii at Marl-
iKiriMiL'ii, Jiiit f;')t liberty of Afajor Siiviiirc and Major-<reneral IJennisnn, to
alti'iii|it tiie fni.hn^' of hi.s frienils and children, whom he had a|)|iointed to
iiKftiirarllassaiiainesit. W'iieii it was known to ('a|ttiiin Mosili/, lie behaved
liiiiisilt' very inii)ecominf; towards tin; cominandin<f otFicer, ami nothing; but
Ills |i(i|iiilanty with tlu; army saved his reputation. Indeed, his conduct
sciiis i|nit' as repreliejiHilile as that of a more modern Indian hunter in tlio
FInridas, wliicli all friends of humanity joineil to comleirui. .Vo.w///, it
appeal s, would place no confidence in any Indian, and doubtless tiioiifrht he
was aitiiiL' for the best intiM'ests of the country. IIi' iirf:<'d that it was a
iiios! iiapiilitic measure to sulli;r any Indian to <io away at this time, knowing
tliiir natural treach(;rousness ; and he doiilited not but Job (altlioiigh a tried
tniiid) would infonu tlu! enemy of the approacii of the army, which would
fnisiiati'ull their (h.'signs. The groat asccMidency wliicfi this officer held in
tlic army can best be under.stood by a simple' statement of the fact, that Major
Snmse and dfeneral Dennison were obliged to send after Job before the
fiildii'iT would cease their clamors, ('aptain fWuhicorlh and Captain Sijll,
aviiiiipaiiied by James (^ii/tnnnp.'tliit, went in pursuit witli the utmost sjieed.
Rut ila y (lid not overtake; him, and la; soon icturned to the army without
liiiMiiijr Ills friends; they, from fe.ir of discovery, having changed their
I III: tliu tiiiii- having bi^eii much longer than was set, and their consequeut
[ eiiti'niiL^s were indescriljable.
\Vi' shall only add hen; concerning them, that tliey afterwards fell into
tlic liaiiils of a party of English, who treated them in a savage manner,
pkiiii,' every thing from them. Ihit when they wore brought to Major
mtn'se, 11') treat(!(l them kindly, and had them sent to lioston, all except four,
jvlin ran away fi-oin Marlborough, where they stopped for tlie night, fiom
jtlii' ti'ar ofheiiig inurdenMl, some; of tlie people so abused and insult<'d tlietn.
jAlfliit two iiioiths ath-r that, they were fbimd and brought in ny JVipanet
jFiiially. Jo!i recov(!ro(l all his children, and, marrying again, lived happily.
|lli< w;t(; was one of those; whom he hfid managed to deliver out of the
llaiuls of tlie enemy at such iiazard and pains. She had, during their wan-
iriiijis, nursed and kejit alive his childrt.'ii, one, especially, which was very
JOIIML'.
\\lii'ii the Ilassanamcsits went off with the enemy, Jamen Quannapohil
p i> 111 the neighborhood with tin; English forces. Captain Syll seiit out a
Itnut, and James and Elizer Pegin accompanied. Seven of the enemy were
* Ciiiii).| Maiiusoripis.
t .Major Diiiii.-l (Joo/cin, wiio wa-i at least a hundred years in advance of that age.
8*
■.'p
^^^'^fa
00
KMBAHSY TO THE NIPMI <KS.
[IlooK Ilf
li
soon (liscovcrt'd, one of wlioiii was li'iidin;; an I'".nf;lisli iMisoinr, '||„^
iliscovcrcd the llii^'lisli scout, and llrd. Jdmix and I'ltliir |iniMircl iImm,, ,„■
rri'ovcrcd ilic |irisonrr, wIiosk nainr uas ('lin.ilnjiliir .Minliiii, w I Im,! '|„.,
taktri iVoin Mai lli(nonj.di. Janus also took one ol" tin' ciuniN's l'iiiin'
'I'lic I'ln^^lisli liavin-:. hy means of spies, as in llii' preeedin^;- life wc |i;n,,
stated, learned the stale ol' l'eelin<r arnon;: tlieir eiieniie.s, lilt llicinvl,,
l>repared, as llie spring' of I(l7(i advanced, to make overtures to iIkm, ijf
peace, or an oxeliaiifre of prisoners, or liotli, as they nii;:ht he tiiinid iiiiljinL
'I'oM Np.pankt was fixed upon as plenipoti'Utiary in this hu.-iness. .\|„|
altlioii^rh nnjusily sutferiiiff with many of his hrethren upon a hlmk j,!;,,,.'
in Uo>ion liarhor, consented, at the imminent risk of his liti, to pnindl:,
meet the Indians in the western wilderness, in the service, aiul I'm- ;,,
benefit, of those who had caused his sidferinjfs.
AV/wHf/ set out, :{ April, 1(I7(!, to make overtures to the enemy tiirilni..
lease of |)risoners, esfiei-ially the family (»f Mr. Itowlmidson, which wiMij,kMi
at Lancaster, ret miied on the 1*2 following, with a written answer fnnini
cwiwy, st\\\\\<:,^^U')Houf';ii'e answer hif this otic iiutn, hiil if i/ou liki /•(// (//m,,.
seal one more mitn hvsidvs this one Tom Nepani'f, and send with nil Inn \„,,rt^
anil with all i/i)itr viind Itif two men; because you know and we know jidurL,:,-',
frrtat sormuful with erifinu; for your lost many many hundred man itml nil \i,,i,
house and all your land and woman child and cuttle as all your thin^ tlinip,
have lost and on your backside stand.
Signed by Sam, Sachem,
KuT<iUEN, and
UuANOHiT, Sai!;wmres.
Peter Jethro, scribo.
At tho same time, and I conclude in tlie same letter, tliry wmti' iifiw
words to others, as follows: "Mr. Kowlandson, T/our imfeand allmtrMlii
well hut one dye. Your sister is well and her 'i child. John Kitteli, i/onn/ri
and all your child is all well, and all them prisoners taken at Xashua is d
well.
Mr. Rowlandson, se your loving sister his Imnd Q Ilanali.
.find old Kettel loif his hand. -\-
Brother Rowlandson, pray send thre pound of Tobacco forme, if you caninj
lovinjr husband pray send thre pound of tobacco for vie.
"This tvriting hy your enemies — Saiuuel Uskattubguu and GuuiiL^liiUifo
Indian sagamores."
Mrs. Rowlandson, in her account of "Tiie Sixteenth Remove," rtlatcs 'la: 1
when they had waded over liaquangf River, "Quickly there came up im;;
an Indian who iulbrmed tlictn that I must go to Wachuset to my niasidMr i
there was a letter come from the coiuicil to the saggamores about rcdin imiu'
the captives, and that there would be anodier in 14 dayt", and tiiiit I iiiii<t!-:
there ready." J This was doubtless after the letter just recorded liiulino |
sent to the English. "About two days after," Mrs. i?. continues, "ciiiiii'
company of Indians to us, near 80, all on horseback, fliy heart skipf wiilut I
me, thinking they had been Englishmen, at the first sight of them: Forili'v
were dressed in English apparel, with hats, white neck-cloths, and sibli-
about their waists, and ribl)ons upon their shoulders. But when tliey ciiin-
near, there was a vast difference between the lovely faces of Cliristiaii!-, mJj
the foul looks of those heathen, which much damped my spirits a^'aiii." i
Having, after great distress, arrived at Wachuset, our authoress m
"Then came Tom a.w\ Peter w\t\i tho second letter from the council. alrf. I
the captives." " I asked them how my husband did, and all my friends aicj
* Gookin's MS. Hist. Clirisiiaii Indians.
t Or I'ayquage, now Miller's River. Its confluence with the Connecticut is bew«i|
Norlhfielil ami Montague.
I Narrative of her Caplivil}', 59.
§ Ibid. (JO. The regimentals in whicii they were now tricked out, were probably laial
firom the Enghsh whom they had killed in balUe.
Cii*P
. vr.]
NEPANET— SECOND EMBASSY.
91
urnimiiiliinfi'. Tliry wiid tln-y wvrv wi-ll, lint very iii'laiiclioly." 'I'licy
I lUjIit licr t\v(i l>if<fiiils mill a |miiiiiiI of lolmccn. 'I'lic luliaccii slic i.'a\c to
llic Initial's "•"'' ^^'"'" '• ^^"'^ "" i.'<'iii', uiif tlirrati'iM'il In r liccmisi' slic hail
„„ iiiiiif til ;.'iv<'; |iriilialily not licliivin;; li< r. Slir tulil liiiii win n licr
liii.lmiiil caiiic, hIh' uiiiild ;;ivr liiiii hi;iii'. " Haiijr liiin, rufiw, says lie, 1
jjjil l^iidck nut liis liraiiis, if lir rniiics licrr." " \f:aiM, at tlir saiin- linatli,
ll,r\ Nviiiijil say, it' thrrr slimilil rniiii- an liiiiiiln-il wiliiniit ;:iiiis tliry \miiiIi|
(liiilirin no iiiiit. Sii iiiistalili- ami likr iiiailtiirii liny wcrr." ' Tlirn' liait
liirii siiiiit'lliiiiii lalkfd nimiit .Mi'. Iiint'l<mtlsitn\i >.'oiii;,' liiiiisi'lC tn raiisiim Md
will. Imt slit' says she (liircd imt send liir liiiii, " llir tlnrt- was liillr iiioro
tni.i'io liii'in than to the iiiastcr tliry scrvvd." *
X mini I IrariHil hy tlir ciitiiiy that tiny Inst in the lif^lit when ('ii|il. I'drxe
Wh killi'ili "srorcs nf tlu-ir iiirii that salihalli day." f
.\. liirv ii'I'iiscd III treat widi Tom .Wpitnd aluiir, I'lkr Conu'dj/ was jiiiticd
with liiiii "11 II st'i'iiiid cxiu'iiiiiiiii, as \\r have srcii, uliirli li'il In srv i nil
i,iliii>, to wliicli sniiH' I'.nfflisli \riiliirrdtn add ihi'nisclvis, whirli riMillid in
ir iiili'iii|ili<in (»r Mrs. Howliindson and smrral ntlirrs.
"Wlii'ii llu' h'ttor was «'(iiii(', (says Mrs. Ii.\ llin sa^rpininn's nut In cuiisnlt
jiluiiii till' i'a|itiv<-s, and calli'd iiir to tliriii, In ini|nirr linw iiiiirh my hiishaml
wmihl jrivr In rcdi'i'iii mi': When I rami' and sat dnwn aiiimif; llii'iii, ;is I was
Hunt tn till, as llii'ir rnaiint'r is: 'I'licn Ihcy hid mr stand up, (Ui^/ siiid thvij
tnn the i!i'iicral court. They hid mi- spi-ak what J llioiiLdit he would jfivc;.
Now kniiwinf? that all that wo had was dcstniyrd hy tlir Indians, I was in n
jniit stiiiil." t Hlic viMiturcd, howovtjr, to say JC'20, ami Tom and i'dc/- hnro
till' (ilFiT III Boston.
Ol'tluii' ictnni tho saiuo writer jirorocds : "On a snhlmtli day, tlin sun
biiiij.' tilHiiit nn hour hijrii in the af\eriiiiiin, came Mr John Hoar, (the eotincil
lirriiiitting liinii "lid his own tiirward spirit inclinini; him,) tn^'elher with the
Hvi) tiire-iiii'iilioned Indians, Tom and Piiir, with the tliiid letter from the
.iiiiiiril. When they mine near, 1 was ahrnad ; they presenth called me in,
aiiilliiil 1110 sit down, and not stir. Then they eatelu'd up their ^uuh ami
mvuv llity ran, as if an enemy had heen at hand, and the f.'iiiis went off
apiHT. 1 iiianifcsted sonie <;reat trouhlo, and asked them what was the
iimllcr. I told them I tlionj^lit they had killed the En^lislmian ; (for tlioy
Imd ill llic mean time told me that an I'^.n^rlishman had come ;) they said, JVo,
thui shot over his horse, and under, and before his horse, and they pushed him this
icwi iiml tlud way, at tlieir pleasure, showinu him what thkv could I)o."§
Tiicy would not at first suffer lier to see Mr. Hoar, but when they had
p"iititi('(l llieir tantalizinf,' whim sufficiently, she was permitted to see him.
lie lii()iif(lit her a pound of tohacco, which she sold for nine shillinfrs. "The
iiixt iiioriiiiifr, Mr. Hoar invited the sugjianiorps to dinner; but when we
ivi'iit III frit it ready, we found they had stolen the frreatest |)art of the provis-
inns Mr. Hoar had brought. And we may se*; the wonderful jMnver of (iod,
in that one pas.sage, in thut, when tln;rc was such a nuniber of them togellier,
anil so ffrcedy of a little good food, and no English there hut IMr. Hoar and
iiiysoir, that there they did not knock us on the head, and take what we had ;
tliirc being not only some provision, but also trading cloth, a ]iart of the
20|inund8 agreed upon : But instead of doing us any mischief, they seemed
to lip aslmiued of the fact, and said it was the nudchit [bad] Indians that
did it." II
It is now ciertain that this negotiation was the imniodiate canse of their
final (ivertlirow. For before this time the Pokanokets and Narragansetts
wilt hand in hand against their common enetny, and they were the most
pouiitiil tribes. This parleying with the English was so detestable to Philip,
lliat a separation took place among these tribes in coiiseqiience, and he and
till' Xiinagaiiscts separated themselves from t le Nipmuks, and othen- inland
trilips, and went off to their own country. This was the reason they were
H) easily subdued after the separation took place.
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■' Niirrniive of lier Captivity, 64, 66.
} .Niirrulivc, ut supra, G5.
t Manuscripts of Rev. /. Cotton.
5 Ibid. 71, 72. II Ibid. 72, 73.
,---*•'(■' ■''■■M
02
PETF.IlF.IMIUAIM-fiUANAI'OHIT.
lllooK 111.
It \viis tlii-oii;;li ,V)/)(iinrii iiM'iiiis tliat a |mity nf r.njrliKh, iiihIit ri.|i|„|»
Ilrnrliin(in,\\fi'i' rt\i\\t\< <l to Mir|iiisr a Imdy (il'liis nmntrymcii at \\< >liiikiiiii«
I'oikIs near l,niii-a>trr, MO Alav, I<i7<i. I'dllnuiii^^ 'ma nark |Miiiitti| i^m |,y
A'(/)iiiul, till' Indians wnv I'alirn njinn ulillf /isliin>.% and, !» in;r < |lli|■,.|^ |,j|_
|)ri'|iai°i'd, si'vm wrrr killrd, and 'i!' taken, rliii llv SNonirii and clnldrcn
l'i;'n;iM,l'lll{ AIM aiul WDUIAVI'I'INMi: w.ir al>u IM(, "oiliir
(-oMHidi'ialilN distiiiv'inslicd i\i|iinnk Indians. 'I'Im'v ri'iidcri'd uiiicli hi'r\ii'i<
tu the I'.njjiisli in I'hill/)\t war. 'riitv wrnt nut n Janiiarv, 1(17(1, and linnilii
ill many (i|' iIk' Ni|iniMs, wIio Imd cndcavni'i'i! to slirltrr llicinstUts u\,'\,f
L'niiin. Mm, .Mr. //i//</>*^»y/ idiHcrvcs, that /'/kv/.v, lia\in>.' "slialilu'd " iji,,,,, „,]•
"llii'y wcji', in (lie licjiinnin;.' nl' tin- uintcr, [1(17(1,) lirun^dit in tn Humi.i,
many nl" iIm'iii, liy P)i>i-(f)liitiiint\\\(\ ^'Iviln ir-ii'liinif." I'/ilinilm <'iMiiniiii;i|,,|'
(III Indian coinjiaiiy, and liad a rnininissinn Iroin ^'(iM-rnmnit. 'i'lic ||,.t^
that many of the iMiciiiy were doin^Mniscliict'aliniit Kiliiiliotli I'liiist'd ii hintv
of l'',n<rli,s|i of Mcdiicid t<» inarcli out tn tlicir rrlicf; i'/iliraini wtni \^'^i\^
tlnni, \\illi his coiniiany, which Cdnsistcd oC 'j!l. The snnw la'iny di i ii, ij,,.
J'liiiilish siKHi frrcw disc(»nrayfd,and rt'lnriicd, hiit Cajitain /•/'/i/vn'wM'diiiii iii,|
tin- march, and caiiii' upon a lioily of th< ni, cncanijird, in the ni;;lit. Kiiii;
tht> nest m(irniii>r, he siiccrssfully siirroiiiHh'd them, and oH'cn il them iiniir'.
ter. " Ki;iht res(dnte fellows reliiscd, who were presently shot;" the ,i\\\n*
yiidded, and were hroii;rht in, lieiii<; in niimlu'r 1*2. (.)ther minor <-.\|i|(iiIm,|'
this Indian captain an; recorded,
'I'llOMAS UrANArOliri', called also Rnmneif-mnrsli, was a liiniliii„f
Jfimr.i, and was also a (Christian Indian. Jn the 1)eHiniiin<r of lMi>iilii|,s
n^rainst Phil!/), Major (lookiu received (aders to raise a c<iinpaiiy nl" |irii\ii,;r
Indians to Ito eiii|iloyed apiinst him. This com|iiiiiy was iiiiiiii'iliiii,|v
raised, and consisted of .V2 men, who were condiicli d to Monnt ]|(j|ii' j'v
Captain Isaac Jofiiuiot). (luauapohil was oni; of tiiese. Tiie ofiiccr.s iimlir
whom they sr'r\(Hl testified to their on (lit as liiithfnl soldiers; yet iiki;i\ nf
the army, officers and men, tried all in tlieir power to lirin<; them into (li>rt.
j)iite with the country. Such proccM-diiifrs, wo should naturally coiichnloi
would tend much to dishearten tliont; friendly Indians; lint, on the contraT,
tliey used every exertion to win the idlectioiis oi" their oppressors, f^i/dim.
pohil, with tiie other two, received from ^'overimient a reward lor tlic m;i1]ij
which they hroiij^ht in. I'luuif^'li not exactly in order, yet it must he iiun.
tioiied, that when Thomas was out, at or near Swaiisey, 'n the hej:inniii:'o|'
the wur, he by accident liad one of his hands shot ort! He was one ol ilm
troo|)erM, and carried a fjnii of remarkable 1< iifitii. TIk; weather Ijcin;; n-
cessively hot, his horse was very uneasy, beiiijr disturbed by flies, iind >\m\
tii(; lock of the ^miii as the i)ree(di rested u|ion the f;ruuiid, and ciiiisd it lo
CO otfj which horribly mangled the liand that held it; and, iiotwitlistiiiiiliii.'
It was a long time in fretting well, yet he rendenMl great service in tlir wir
afterward. The account of one signal exploit having been |)reser\t(l, >liiiH
here be related. While Ca|)taiii i/«ifA?nan was in the cuemy's c(iiiiitn, li?
made an excursion from Ilassanamesit to Packaciioog, wITudi lies tilxiit Kii
miles Morth-west from it. Meeting hen; with no enemy, he nianlKd npiiii
for Hassanamesit; and having got a few miles on his way, discovi nd tliat
be had lost a tin case, wiiich contained his comm\<sion, and other iiistriiciiinij,
lie therefore despatched Thomas and two Englisl'iieii in search of it. Tiny
made no discovery of the lost articli; until they < am*; in sij^ht of an olihvii-
wam at Packaciioog, where, to their no small siir|irise, tliey discovcicil suino
of the enemy in possession of it. Tliey were !)nt a few rods from tiidii. mihI
being so few in iiuml)er, that to have given them battle would iiavc Ihtii
desperate in the extreme, as neither of them was armed for such an occiisimi;
Btratageiii, tiierelbre, could oidy save tlieni. The; wigwam was sitiuitf d iijion
an emiiuniei! ; and .some were standing in the door, when they ajipreiu'luil,
■who discovered them as soon as they came in sight, (^ne protiitrd Lis
gun, but, the weather being .stormy, it did not go off At this iiioinciit mir
chief, looking back, called, and made many gestures, as though h" wcit' iliv
posing of a large force to encompass them. At this maiicfiuvre tl:ey all lleJ
* Roger Williams sols down sea as llie tli'tiiiijoa of Wechecum.
V5 1 « "
:!f «i
VIII I'ASSAf'ONAWAV. 03
1 ■ f /ix ill niimlHT, Ii'nviii": <»iii" Ihtoci to |tiirHiio tlu-ir olijiTt. TIiiih ilnir
...rviili"" ^^""' '''"' '" ^^""""/"''"' >■ '""' ij*'!"' Mioii- lt» III- iiilmirt'tl, ns tiny
'^'', jii s" till' 'l«'"*"""'' "' ''"' Mniiiis dl" (li'li'iicf. ('ii|itaiii ({iiiiniiiKiliil liiid
I '.I'll' (iiilv » jiistol, iiiui 1)111' of Ills iiirii a •.niii witliiiilt ii '''it, tiiid lliu
ntliiiim U'l'ii '" ""•*
lt«iu*»l"'"' •'"' ''""' ''"'~^'' •'\''m'< "(•(•iiriTil, thai ('n|itiiiii 7o/;i, of wluiiii
Lny,,ji|„,ki'ii, liin tlim^ililrr, and two cliildrt'ii, nm'ic taken hy iiM-inil snit out
I ,.,.i,„iii //(;i(7tm/»;i, alMiiit lOmilfs Hoiitli-cast of .M!irlliorc»ii<rli. 'I'Ih-v a|i|in.r
i!iliii\i' !>*'<''■ t.'iki'iion tilt- 1 1 .liiiic, and on iIk; '.ill of tlic fiiiiii" iiiontli ('ii|>t:iiii
Turn ttus executed.
ciiAPrioR vir.
nl thrhulidDsinNeir ffainpshirr iiiitl Mahir prfrious to (hrlr viirs irilli tlir irliiirs —
' thmiiiion.i iif lli>' Iki^Ii ill" — I'irisliis in iriir — 1'a>s vcuv \\\ \v — ///,\ slniiii.iioiis —
Un la-il flii'i'i'li t(i Irx /iii>i)li — llin iiji' — Us dti itrlilir innniis H'^kiihiiiii l,i/ — /'(//-
liimf llii' ((lurl <'/ M'ii'<iii'liii''"'t'-i — Liiiiils iilldHiil lit ':im — t'lurli.sli .siml ii fiiiir lu
ihiurm liiiii — I'liiii' J'l' 'fx iij lii» I iiinilij iinfoiiniliil—tln i/ s) he ami illlrviil liis .<«« —
Iff ifniiii.t — I'nnsiiroiiitiriiii ililinm lits iiniis. iinil iimlns piiiir irilli tin i'.iii^liKh —
iriidU'dnn ciiiinrniii<! — Lifi i>f \VaNiN\i.\m i r — lli.s s'/iiititni in I'liili/is irar —
l/i.<.«(Hi"'.< iiikI lil.li rs .iciil liiiii. hij ihi I'.iiitlisli — l.iiiri.i liis risiili mc — lli.t liiiiiniiiilii
— f'li/t ()/' .Ici-iivn Noi Kr, — ll'iiiiiiiildiint n/nrn.s tn his roiiiitn/ — His Imnls siiziil
\n III) itlnti lilt — lie (iijitiii rilins into IIk n'lilirniss — .Masili/ ilistniii.i his riHiiirr,
i.f -.tmpiiaonid for dclil — I'linirs Chiisliinuhj — .7 spirrh — Wiiiwowsiiw i r,
nKhtm of .^''«' Hampshire — RdiiiNiiDoii — llin sitlrs of land in Muinr — Mumjiink
— KivNKHis — As.sniiN.vs(ji- A — AiiiiKiAUAssG'r — Their rcnidtnccn and mhs of land
-Mildinliiilijfatc of Ciioc miA.
Pome kiinwlcdfri^ of tin; Indians eastward of tlio Maflsnclinsctts was
voiv iiirly olnaincil liy ('aptain Jnhti Smith, wliicli, liowcvcr, \vas \('ry
(.'(■iiinil ; ii^ 'li»t tln-y wen" divided into several trii)es, eaeli of wliieh had
their oivn saciieni, or, as tiiest; nion; northern Indians pronounced that
wiini, siirhcmn, which tiio Kiifjlish unch'rstood .<iii<r(iinorc ; and yc^t all th(!
Kiclii'iiiiw nclcnowludged Hubjcction to one still frri;ater, which they called
huliiilin.
Ill' ilie dominions of tlio bashabn, writers differ much in resju'ct to their
(Xlt'iit. Some suppose that his authority did not exti-nd this side the I'as-
ratiii|iia, hut it is evident thut it did, from ("ajitain Smitli's account.! War.s
awl ju'stileiice had fjreatly wasted the ea.stern Indians hut a short time l)el()ro
tilt Kiijilisli setthsd in the country; and it was then ditficult to determine the
riliitioii the trihes had stood in one to the other. As to the hashaha of I'enoh-
s'li, tradition states that he was killed by the Tarratines, who lived still
liirtlicr cast, in a war which was at its liei>;ht in Itil.l.
I'ASSACONAWiVY seems to have been u bashalm. Uc lived u|)on the
Mirriiimrk River, at ii jilace called Pennukook, and his dominions, at tlio
HTiud of the English settlements, were very extensive, even over the sachems
iviii!; upon the Puscataqiui and its branches. The Abenuciues inhabited
ti'tH(!('ii the Pascatatpia and Peuo!)scot, and the resilience of the chief
whcia was upon Indian Island.^ Fluellen and Ca|)tain Sundaif were early
known as chiefs among the Abenaqiies, and SquanJo at a later period ; but
* (I'noim'.v MS. Hist. Praying Indians.
t "'riie ])rinci|)al h&bitalions I saw at northward, was Penobscot, wlio nrn in wars with the
j TlTCIIlil ■' ' " .-.•.. . •
i foiiii'l Mi'oailacut, Segockcl, Pcmniariuid, Nusconcns, Sa({a(laho<>k, .Sal(|uin, Auniai)<rlicaw-
;i'u imd Kenabeca. ro lliose belong the countries and iieopio of Scffolaaro, Pauhunianuck,
\\rL\.: M „ '._ ir.. i ?. -i. \\r .; ;_i.
•%^
f
1 iiv III iiiL iiicii iiai^iiciiiuiia I »avv ui iiui III wai (I, t>an i ciitii'^^v'ii. »iii. .tii. in »iii:^ »iiii ill
iiics, llieir next northerly ncif^iibors. Southerly up llie rivers, and alonf? the coast, w
Mi'cadacut, Segockel, Pemniariuid, Nusconcus, Sa({adaho<>k, Sal(|uin, Auniau<r|icaw
Lw, , Mid Kenabeca. ro lliose belong the countries and people of Segolago, Pauhunianuck,
mopassum, Taughianakagnet, W^bigganus, Nassaque, iMa»herosqucck, Wawrigwiok,
.Mo>linqupn, Waccogo, Pusharanack, &c. To those are allied in confederacy, the countries
i>\ Aiicocisco, Accominticus, Passalaquak, .\ngawoam and N.iemkeek, alf these, for any
liiiii; I could perceive, differ little in language or any thing ; though most of them be sagiunos
1 aiil lords of themselves, yet they hold the bashalles of Penobscot llic chief and greatest
; amoiisst ihcm." 3 Coll Jftcuis. Hist. Soc. iii. 21, "22.
t ^'illiamon's Hist. Maiue, ii. 4.
'''mm
V.l:' tit*
,t.'.V (ilji"|ivSgl
,> ■ J. jft , •' iT"
94
PASSACONAWAY.
[Rock 111.
of tlioe we simll he more particular licrcaOcr: tho first Karlicin vc >||,|,|i:
nutic(! is PttHmtmnawiUj. He " lived to a \v\\ frroat ajjc; ; f()r," says i|],. ,,| ,■ ^'^
ol' my iiifiimscript, "1 saw iiiiii alive at I'awtiickrt, wlu-ii lie \v,i,s ulMii,;
liiiiidrcd and twenty y'''''^* old."* Uefore iiis death, Ik; delivered the |i,||„„.
ini; speech to his children and friends : " / nm now .fiToiJiic the icai/ of iiUj',sl, ,.
rendji to iliv, and not liheli/ to nee you ciur meet loictther any more. 1 u'ill noirk'r',
thin word of counsel with you, tludyou may take hiedhowyou quarrt I with the £(iir/,v
for thousilt you may do them much mischief, yd assuredly yon ivill all be dalmu,,!
ami r',"liil nff the earth if you do ; for, I was as much an enemy to the /•Jiif/.s/j , i
their Ji. si lomina; into these parts, a.\ anyone whatsoever, and did tn/ alt wum (/„*i
7tieans pos.iilde, to have destroyed them, at least to have prevented Hum •"///uilr (/o,-,
here, hnl I could no way effect it ; therefore I advise you never to conttml wiih ly
Enirlish, nor vuthe war with them." And IMr. Hubliard adds, " it is to lie ii,i|,,,i
that this Passaconawa wtis the most noted jioNNOwuiid sortxner of all ||,!
country."
A story of th(! nian-iajre of a danfrhter ot' Passaconaivay,'m KiOS, js ij,,,
related. Winnepurket, commonly called Georiir, sachem of Saii>;iis, 'i,,,,!,.
known to the chief of Pennakook, that he desirt!d to marry his dMi^lihr
which, hiinir a;freeahl(! to all |»arties, was soon consnmniated, at ilic riM. I
dence of Passaconaway, and the hilarity was closed with a f>real feast. .\i-
cordiiifr to the usa;r«'S of the chi( fs, Passaconaway ordered a si lect iininl.irii'
his nu.'n to accompany ihe new-married coupi.i to th(> dwellinj: (if i,,.
hiishand. AVIien they had arrived there, several days of feastii)<r rojl.iwi.j
for th(! entertainment of his iHeiids, who could not ht; present at tiic d ..
summation ut the hride's father's, us well as for the escort; who, wIkji i1,>
was ended, returned to I'ennakook.
Home time after, the wife of IVinnepurket, expressiii}? a desire to visit Lr
father's house and friends, was permitted to sro, and a choict; coiii|)iiiiv ,ui;.
ducted her. When she wished to return to her hushaiid, her iiitlii r, iiiMt.,]
of conveyiiijf iier as helore, sent to the young sachem to come and laki ^r
away, lie took this in lugli dudgeon, and sent his father-in-law tlii.s auMvcr:
*' When she (h'parted from me, 1 caused my men to escort her to yoiinlwil).
iiig, as hecaine a chief She now having an intention to return to iiic. liii,!
expect th(! same." Tiie elder sachem was now in his turn unirn, iiiui
retiu'ned an answer which only increased the diU'erence ; and it i.s Ijilinnl
that thus te'rminated the connection of the new hushand and wife.f
This samc^ y<'«i', [1<)(>2,] we find the general court acting iip'in a |M't''!;iii
of Passaconaway, or, as his name is S|)eit in the records ihemsi Ives, /'«/;,;«•
concway. The petition we have not met with, hut from the answer f;i\iir;i)
it, we loarn its nature. The court say: "In an.swer to tla; petition if
Papisseconeway, this court, jiidg(!th it meete to graunt to the said Pniiissmnt-
jiw/ and his men or associates alM)ut Naticot, | ahove Mr. yi/r?(/o(rs liimls,
where it is fr«!e, a mile and a half on either side Merremack Kiuer in liiiaihli,
*'ree mil(!S on either side in length : j)rovided he nor they do not aliiii,*
rii y part of this grant witlmat leave and liceii.se from this court, lir-;
ohtained."
'Governor Jf'inthrop mentioii.s this chief as early as J();32. One of liisiiira.
having gone with a white man into tlu; country to trade, was killoil k
anotner Jnditin "dwelling near the Mohawks country, who Hid away wiiii
his goods;" hut it seems from the same account, \\v,it Passaconaway \m\f\vi
and took the iniu'derer. In 1(542, there was great alarm throiijiiiout ilie
English settlements, from the belief that all the Indians in the coiiiitiy wm
ahoiit to mak(^ a general massacre of the whites. The goveriunoiit ot'JIa,--
sachus(!tts took prompt measiu'es "to strike a terror into the Indians," Tlify
therefore "sent men to Cutshamekin, at Braintree, to fetch him and liis|riiii.s
* (iookin'.i Hist, of Prdijiiiii- Indians. This history was drawn up diirincf tlie year h'
and liDW li)ng lioCore this the aiillior saw liirii, is unknown ; lint llicre ran hr no doiilil 'lui- ,
was (it-ad some years lictbrf! Philip's war. Ncvcrlhcltjss, with Mr. Ilnhlnuil and mir loi
Ix^lori! Iiini, the author of Tali\s of Ihe Indians lias iiiaiio Passaconatcuy appear in lliepcr>ci;
of Aspinijiiid, in Kiii'i, al Affainentacus in Maine.
t Deduced I'roin laeis iii Alurlnn's N, Canaan.
\ Aiiollicr version of Nalium-keag.
[Ho. K II!,
Kaclicin vc ^Ikih'ii
DF," siiys llic III i',,,,P
■n 111' \Vil^ (lliiii.I :;
L'liviTrd tlic liilldu.
Itc wall of (ill fish,, J
ore. 1 will lundtr.,,
m"< / it'i7/i //ic L';iir/;,.
, U'iU (ill he it(strii,j,i',^
mij lo llw L'ii<r/,s/i, , ,'
did tni (til wmjn ini.i
ed till III S('///i")if i/orn
;r to coiilcnil with ik
s, " it is to Im' ii(i|,..:,
I sorcerrr of all ij,,.
cay, ill W)% is tin,;
111 of Smiiiis, !i,ii,|,.
iimrry liis tlMiiilii.r,
tiiiiiatcd, at ilic iiM.
I a ^rcal itast. .\i-
(I a silrct iMiiiilci'i'
lie (Iwflliiiir nf il..
of I'castiiijr liilliwil,
present at tin' n ■
ort ; will), wlicii ti,:-
ir a desire tr, vi.-itLir
•lioico coiiiiiaiiy .n:;-
\(i, lier tiitlnr, iiiMid
to come and takr \*r
•r-iii-luw tlii> aiiMvw:
ort lier to your duiH-
to return to iiif. 1 liid
his turn antiv), uiu!
•e ; and it is biliiMil
[1 and wife.t
ctiiij: n\yn\ u ))(t''in
tlieiiisdvfs, /'«/;.'*•
tlio answer pi\ HI ■it
to till! petition ii
tli(! said Pnpisstm-
\\v. lirailon's liiiuK
u-k Uiucr ill liivailiii,
tliey do not alii'ii;*
ouk'tliis court, lir-i
32, One of lii!* mfz
trade, was kiilnl Iff
wlio Hill aviiywiiii
assacomnvitii \mmfi
ilarui tliroiiiilioiit ihf
s in tlic coimtry wtf
•vovornniciit of Mav 1
tlic Indians." TlifV
tch hiiii liiitl 1''^ !^""*' I
up (luriiie; il'c yoar V-
re ran tin no <l<»il>t ''"'",
Mr. IIiM'ii'' and "ur wi ]
awaij appear in the pcr>t'-
Chap. VIM ^VA^'^'ALA1»CET MADE PRISONER BY THE ENGLISH. 95
hows &c., wliicli was done; and he cnme willinf?ly : And heinfr late in the
ni'lit'wlioii tliey caiiH! to JJoston, In; was put into the prison ; lint the next
imiiiiiL', liniliniTi ii|»>ii exaiiiiiiatioii of him and divers of Ids men, no ^M-omiil
oi'*ibpii"it>" of his partaking; in any such conspiracy, he was dismissed.
inoiiilK' warrant which went to Ipswich, llowley and Newhiiry, to disarm
to(i"'"""'/> ^^''" 'i^'^'l '*!^' Merrimack, they sent forth 40 mi'ii armed the
[„xt ilay." These Ei:;jlish were hin(h!red from visititi<j the wi-rwani of
/tovi'O"""'^'/' ''y ''"'".V weather, " hut they came to his son's and took him."
'I'lil.; soil we presniiK! was WttnnaUmcet. This tln'V hail orders to do ; hiit
l^iiiir 11 squaw and her child, they had none, and were ordc-rcd to send
,,,,,11 back air' ill inimediaiely. Fcariiif,' /Fcni»a/«»ifd',? escape, they "led iiiiii
jiHilini', 'ill' 'lis taking an opportunity, slippiid his line and eseaped from
lliciM, liiit one very iiidl'^creetly made a shot at him, mid mi.s.scd him nar-
niwlv." TiiCf'e were called, then, "unwarranted proceediiifis," as we should
sav tlicv very well iiiijfht have l)een. The Eiifrlish now had some actual
reiusdii to fcai" that Passaronnwdij would resent this outrajje, and then^t'ore
.^iciit Ciitsliivnekin to him to li't him know that what was done to his son
aiul s(|Uii\v was without order," and to invite him to a jiarley at IJostoo ; also,
-10 sliow liim the occassion whereupon we had sent to disarm all tlie In-
diiiiis, and that when we should find that they were innocent of any siicli
fniisiiirac;, we wonlil restore all their arms ajrain." Pn.tifnconnwaif titud when
lie sliinild have his son and sipiaw returned safe, h<^ would f^o and speak
wiili tiiciii. Tiie scpiaw was so much lri<{litened, that slit; ran away into tlij
Wddils, iiiicl wiii-'iihsi'iit ten days. It seems that ffantutlanrd was soon lih-
(RivC.!, as II. within a short time went to the Eiifjlish, "and ihdivc^red up his
Lniiis. vVi'." * Thesi.> were the circumstances U> which M iantunno mo h iihmlcd
'iv happily ullerwards.
Atat'iiiirt in Massachusetts in l()4t, it is said, '^ Passnconawai/, th<» Merri-
mack saclicin, came in and siihmitti'd to our irovernment, as i^uinhnm, &ic.
iiiiii (li)Mi' lietiire ;" and the iie.\t year the same entry occurs again, with
tlic additioa of his son's suhmission also, " together with their lands and
people," t
Tills ciiicf is supposed to have died ahout the same time \\\th Mnssasoit,
a sachem wiioin ill m:iny respects he seems to have much resemhied, | He
vasiilleii styled the £f/r«/ saclicm, and, according to Mr. JIubbard, was con-
sidcnd a great powwow or sorcerer among liis |)eo|)le, and his fann: in this
rcsp ct was very exti-nsivc ; and we know not that then; was any thing that
•Jit V thoiiglit him not ahle to jjerform: that he could cause a green leaf to
grow ill winter, trees to dance, and water to hurn, seem to have; h;H;n feats
of I'oiiiiiioii notoriety in his tiiiii".
WA.WAL.XNCET, or li'onolnncet, in ohedience to the advice of his father,
always kept peace witli the English, Me njsided at an ancient s;>at ol' the
sairaiiiores, upon tin; Merrimack, called at that time JVaamkvkv, hut from
vlioiire he withdrew, in the time of tin! war with Philip, and toidi i'm It's
'jiiarters ninoiig the I'emuikooks, who were also his people.
.Vlioiit the heginning of Septemher, 1()75, Captain Mo.ie'', \\\th ahoUv 100
Mil, was ordered to inarch up into tin; country of the Merrimack to ascertain
;lii' state of artairs under Wnnna'aivd. The,s(> men scoiiti-d in warlik(! array
a.<l!ir as Pennakook, now Concord, N, II. Tiny '-ould not tind an Indian,
it'itcaiiie ii|)on their wigwams, and hiirned them, and also a (piantity of dried
isli and othiT articles. Although this was a most wanton aiul imwarnintahle,
lotto s;iy iimiecessjiry act of tlies(> whitens, yet no retaliation took place on
lie part of the Indians. And whether to attrihute their t()rhearance to cow-
iirdirc,or to the great respect in which the dying ai'.yi'u'i'.oi' Passaconawnii waa
' U7»?/iro;/,s- J()iir7ial. f ll>i<l.
t A (in;; (iihor stanzas in Farmer aiul Moore's Colkctions, the following very liappily
uUoducc'i Passacommnij . —
" Oiiei liid my tlirot)hinf;' l)osom deep rocoivo
Tilt" sketcli, wlilcli one iil' I'lissiicoiKiirivj drew.
Well may the nmse his memoiv retrieve
From (lark oliiivion, aiul, wilh pi-iieil true,
Retouch (hut picluic strange, wiili tiuts and houors due."
■«'.!, :K <^
:.''v.'||'fi^^
M
\^l :^ f f
m
■■■■ '■•'■■i^'m
..,1.,
i^;^iiii^,<'
ll
ilul
90 WANNALANCET.— INDIANS SEIZED AT DOVER. [Book Hi
held, is not cnrtaiii ; for JVanalnncd and his men lind notice of the approao
of MdscIi/, and lay CDiiccalcd wliilo li(! was dfstroyiii<r tlicir eHi'cis ; ;,||^
inif,dit liavc cut oil" his (MJiiipaiiy, wiiicli the young warriors adviM-i'l U
jyannnlancd would not [x'rmit a gun to ho tired.
Having ahun(Uuit reason now to fi;ar tiie resentment of the Pawtiickctt nriil
Pennai<ooi< Indians, the council of Alussachnsefts, 7 S('i)ternher, Ki/o, {,|,|,!|.„|j
that Lieutenant Thomas Henchman, of Chelmsford, should send sotne micsmh.
gers to find him, and persuade him of tlieir li"i<uidship, and urge Ins ntnin to lij
place of residence. With this order, a letter was sent to fVannalanctt ,it tlie
sanjo time. They are as follows : "It in ordered l)y the council tliat Li,.,,,
3'Ao». Henchman do forthwith endeavor to procure by hire, one or iw,
suitahle 1 idians of Wamesit, to travel and seek to tind out and speak wiiji
Wunnnlanrel the sachem, unci carry with them a writing from tiio coiukji
being ii sale conduct unto the said sachem, or any other principal nicn I,,.!
longing to Natahook, Penagooge, or other |)eople of those northern Jiiijin,.
giving (not exceeding six persons) free liherty to come into the house (ifiiip
said Henchman, where the council will appoint Capt. Gookin and Mr. Eliot \(i
treat with them about tc ins of amity and peace between them and the Kii'.
lish ; and in case agreements and conclusions be not made; to nuitiial sni".
faction, then the said sachem and all others that iiccompany him sliall h.n.
tree liherty to return back again; and this ofi'er the council are indiiccil n
make, bi'causc the said IVannalancet sachem, as they are inlbrnied, liath i],.
olared himself that the English never did any wrong to him, or lijs liithtr
Passaconaway,but always lived in amity, and that his father charged him <iim
do, and that said Wunnalancet will not begin to do any wrong to the Eui'lijli."
The Ibllowing is the letter to Wannalancct : —
"This our writing or safe conduct doth declare, that the governor ani
council of Massachusetts do give you and every of you, j)rovided yon cvi'ml
not six i)ersons, irce liberty of coming unto and retm-ning in satltv liim
the house of Lieut. T. Henchman at Naamkeake, and there to troiit witli
Ca|)t. Daniel Gookin and 3Ir. John Eliot, whom you know, and [wlinin] «e
will lidly empower to treat and conclude with you, u{)on euch moot timis
and articles of friendship, amity and subjection, as were formerly riiddi' id
concluded between the lO'iglish and old Pnssaconnway, your fatlun-, and Iih
sons and people ; and lor this end we have sent these messengers \hlm\k in
the MS.'\ to convey these unto you, and to bring your answer, ulioia we
desire you to treat kindly, and speedily to desi)atch them back to iis wiih
your answer. Dated in Boston, 1 Oct. 1075. Signed by order ot" ilie
council. John Leverett, Gov.
Edw '. Rawson, Seer."
The messengers who went out with this letter, to find Wimnalnncd, rniilii
not meet with him, but em|)loy«!d another to find him, and nturnrd: and
whethrr hi; evrr reccuved it is not distinctly stated. IIow(;ver, with a liu
followers, he rc'tired into the wilderness near the source of the CoiincrtioN;.
and there passed the winter. The next summer he was joined hy partus nf
Ni|)nuiks under Sngamnre sam, One-ei/ed-john, and others, who, coniiiii.'in
wiih him, W(>re in hopes of receiving pardon, but their liite lias keu
stated.
JMajor Waldron of Cochecho had many Indians in his interest diirin;: tL-;
war with Philip. Some of these were employed to entice men from tne
enemy's ranks, and they succeeded to a great extrnt. And hy tiie l)r}rimniiJ
of Septendi-'r, !()/(), about 400 Indians, from various clans iiu' and iirar. U
been induced to come into Dover. Among these was /Frt/nm/rt»cf/ and Ins
com|)any. They came without hesitation, as they had never bieu (MI!:ii:'iJ
in the war; and many who had been engaged in hostility came aloM!.' «i:!i
them, presmuing they might be ovi-rlookt d in the crowd, and so csicapo tlio
vengeance of their enemirs ; but they were all made prisoners on tlie tit^op-
temiier by a stratagem devised by si'vi'ral officers, who with tlieir nii'ii liii|'-
pened tlieti to be at Dover with Jl'atdron, nud somewhat more tiian lialt'm'
the whole were sold into foreign slavery or executed at Boston: about 'M
were of the former number.
VER. [Book III
Cbap.
VII]
WANNALANCET RETIRES TO CANADA.
97
mg to the Euglisi
JFannalnnceL cniild
flio stratngem mado iiso of to trepan those Iiidians was as follows: It was
p,|,o>i<(l by the English that they should join with the Indians in a training,
andlii'V' sliam-fights. While pt rforniing their evohitions, a movement was
made hy the whites, \\ Iiich entirely surrounded the Indians, and they were
all secured without violenee or hioodshed.
On tlio 3 May, 1()7(), Thomas Kimbal of Bradf()rd was killed, and his Avife
811(1 five diihhvn carried into the wilderness. From the eircumstanee that
H'dnnalancet caused them to he sent hoiue to flitjir Iriends again, it would
gpi,,n tliat they were taken oy some of the enemy within his sachemdom, or
livjoiiii' over whom he had som<^ control. From a manuscript written ahout
ll'ic liinc,* we are ahle to make the following extract, which goes to show
that WannaUincet was ever the friend of the Englisii, anti also his disposition
toliiinmnc actions. Mr. Cobhet says, "though she [Mrs. Kimbnl,] and her
sufkins child were twice condemned hy the Indians, and the lires ready
iinulc to burn them, yet, lioth times, saved hy the request of one of their own
irramlecs ; and afterwards by the intercession of the sachem of Pennicook,
fiirnil iijt tiiereunto by Major Wnldron, was she and her five children, together
with Philip Eastman of Haverhill, taken captive when she and her cMldren
were, set at liberty, without ransom."
The 400 Indians surprised at Cochecho, by Hathome, Frost, Sill, and Jral-
ilm, inrlmled Wannalancet with his people, who did not probably exceed
lUO. This chief, then, with a lew of his jjcople, being set at liberty, was per-
fuaded to return to his former residence at Naamkeke, but he never felt rec-
oiK'iii'd here afterwards, for it had become almost as another i)lace: some
hiwIcfS whites had seized upon his lands, and looked ujion him ^^itll envious
fvi's.!u-i though he had been an intruder and had no right there. H(;, however,
rliiitiiiiied for about a year afterwards, when, upon the 10 Septcnd)er, 1()77,
ho wati visited by a party of Indians from Canada, who urged him to accom-
jiaiivtiieiu to their country. He finally consented, and with all of his people,
(wri'jit two, in nund)er about .lO, of whom not above eight were men, «h'j)art-
ed tor Canada, and was not heard of attei\ \
It WHS on this very same day, viz. 19 Se[)tember, that a i)arty of Indi/uis fell
i!|ion Hatfield, the jtarticulars of which irrui)tion, though in one view of the
case does not strictly belong to the life of Wannalancet, we give here in the
words of'Mr. Hubbard. \ « vVbout Sept. 10th, 40 or 50 Kiver Indians § fell sud-
diidy upon the town of Hatfield, whose iidiabitants Avero a little too secure,
and ton ready to say the bitterness of death was past, because they had neither
seen nor heard of an enemy in those |)arts for half <i year before. Hut at this
time, as a considerable nmnber of the inhabitants of that small village were
emploveil in raising the frame of an house without the palisadoes, that defend-
ed llieiV houses from any sudden incursions of the enemy, they were violent-
h (iiul suddenly assaulted by 40 orSOLidians, whom they were in no capacity
to resist or defend themselves, so as several were shot down from the; top of
the house which they were raising, and sundry were carried away captive, to
tiic iimiilHr of 20 or more, which was made u]) 24 with thein they carried away
thesaiiio or (he next day from Deertield, whither some of the inhabitants had
inadvisedly too soon returned. One of the company escajjcd out of their ha?id3
i«o(ir three days after, who informed that they had ])assed with their ])oor
cajitives two or three times over the Connecticut to prevent being ]»ursued."
At first this attack was supposed to have been made by a party of Mohawks,
acponling to Gookin, because it took j)lace the next day after some of that
nation had passed through the place with some Christian Indians i)risoners,
and a seal'), which was afterwards found to have been taken from the heatl
of anhulian ntuned Josiah .Yoiiel,]] near Sudbury. But one of the captives
* By Rev. T. ToAM of Ipswich.
t (iociKis's MS. Hi a. I'rayiiijj Indians. t Hist. N. England, fi3().
^ Tliov inlinhiiod rhii fly in New York nloii;^ the Hudson ; a few in the N. W. corner of
Coiiiu'ciiciit, and a few on iho Housaliinmili Kiver. Hotkin's Memoir n/' /lie Ifoii.td/ininuk
IiMiiis,\).]. — " Tiie Wahini^a, sonioliinos callod Rivor Indians, someiimes Moiiicaiidrrs,
and who had their dwellings iM'tween iho west branch of Deiawarn and Hudson's River, from
tlie Kittalinncy ridge down to the Rariton." JeJJ'erson's Notes, 308.
I By his death four small ciiildren were left i'aliicrless. Nnuel and James Seen had been
"e;:.i
^mm
i' i'; ,
''MM
..•,!;ii#i.v: ;-u.=
93
ASHPELON.— STOCKWELL'S CAPTIVITY.
[Cook III
taken nt Hatfield escaped, and returned soon after, and reported tlmttlippdm
paiiy of Indians tliat attacked Hatfield consisted of 23 men and four woi,,,.,
and were some of those who had belonged to Philip's party, hut Imd t,||^, '
np tlieir residence in Canada, from wlience they made this cxpcditj,,,!.
Another jiarty left Canada at the same time, wlio, after sepurutiiifr fr„||| j|'
former, directed their course towards Merrimack, and this was the coiniiiiiiv
who persuaded or compelled ff'annalancet to go with them. That lit; \,\m
not by compulsion is very prol)able ; for the party with whom he went ot]
" were liis kindred and relations, one of them was his wife's brother, aiid \{u
eldest son also lived witli the French" in Canada. f
While at Pawtucket, mid not long before his final departure, WnnnaimM
went to the Reverend Mr, Fiske of Chelmsford, and inquired of jiin, |.„^.
cerning the welfare of his former acquaintances, and whether tlie plapi; i,,,^
suffered much during the war. Mr. Fishe answered that they had In).,,
highly iavored in that respect, and for which he thanked God. "Mt iii.j)-
said the chief, thereby intimating that he was conscious of having prevemed
mischief from falling ujjon them. X
In 1059, WannalansU was thrown into prison for a debt of about £45. jijj
people, who owned an island in Merrimack River, three miles above hn'.
tuckett Falls, containing GO acres, half of which was under cultivatidn
relinquished it, to obtain liis release. About 1C70, he removed to Pawtiukiit
Falls, where, upon an eminence, he built a fort, and resided until PhiUp)
war. lie was about 55 years of age in 1(574; always friendly to the EiiBii>ii,
but unwilling to be importuned about adopting their religion. When lip )iaj
got to be ver) old, however, he submitted to their desires in that iisiMrt,
Upon that occasion be is reported to liave said, ^^ J must acknowledge Ihandl
my days been used to pass in an old canoe, and now you exhort me to change aid
leave my old canoe and embark in a new one, to which I have hitlierto been mini-
ing, but now I yield up myself to your advice, and enter into a new cano(,mi
do engage to pray to God hereafter.
Reverend John Eliot thus writts to the Honorable Robert Boyle § in Englaiii
together but half an hour before the former was Ivilled, and by appointment were to have me:
again. But when Speen came to the place, he could find nothing of his friend. Tlicywers
brothers-in-law.
* It seems from the narrative of Quinlin Stockwell, that the party who comniliied ibis
depredation was l(:d by a great and magnanimous sachem called ASHPELON, of Hbcm,
further than the events of this inmous expedition, I have learned nothing. " Scpl. I'.i, lb".
about sunset," says Stockwell, " 1 and another man being together, the Indians wiih ;rea;
shouting and shooting came upon u:, [at Deorticld,] and some other of the English iianl hv, i;
which we ran to a swamp for refuge ; which lliey perceiving, made after us, and >l:ni aiu;,
three guns being discharged upon me. The swamp being miry I slipt in and I'cli duwi;
whereupon an Indian slept to nie, widi tris hatchet lifted up to knock me on the head, sup-
posing 1 was wounded, and unfit for travel. It happened I had a pistol in mv pockci. whir;
though uncharged, 1 presented to him, who presently stept back, and told" me, if Iwciiia
yield I should have no hurt ; boasted that they had destroyed all Hatfield, and that the worfi
were full of Indians ; whereupon I yielded myself." He was then taken back to DccrlieU
vherc he was pinioned, and with other captives marched into the wilderness. Their siiS'er-
ings, as usual in Indian captivity, were most cruel and severe ; for many nights tofcihcrtb
were " staked down " to the cold ground, in this manner : The captive being laid upon m
back, his arms and feet were e.xlendrd, and with cords or withes lashed to stakes drive:
into the ground for that purpose. Besides lashing the arms and legs, the neck and hodywert
also secured in the same way, and often so light as to cause swelnngs and the most cvcrio
ating pains. While on their march, the captives had frequent opportunities of e<fap:n! i
singly, but would not, for fear of endangering the lives of* the rest ; but at length /?('i|ici':iij
Sh'/ihins, in a .journey with his Indian master to VVachuset hill, made his escape. Wliemiie
rest knew this, they were for burning the remaining cE.ptives, but some being opposed wife
measure, they agreed to have a court, and debate the subject, Ashpdon told liic Engli-li r.c;
to fear, for he would speak last, and would frustrate the design of burning, fur he would >ho»
that it was not Sffhhins's fault for running away, but the fault of the Indian who had himia
charge ; and he brought it to pass, as he liad promised. Having at length arrived ainoniite
French, Ww^K'c// was pawned to one of tlicm, and in the end sold for 21 heaver skins. anl
some lime the next vear got home again. Remarkable Providences. lilome's ylmcnro, -1.
t Cookin's IMS. I'listory. % Allen's Hist, ("hclmsfonl, lu".
§ For many years a' the head of the Society for Propagating the Gospel among the liidiaiii.
He was a great benefactor of N. England, and one of the foiuiders of the Royal Socictvoi |
Loudon. He was by birlh an Irishman, but settled finally at Oxford, England. lie died iiiLo"
[Book hi
rU'A that llip com.
nnd four woincn
■ty, l)Ut Imd iiikin
tliis expcilitui::,'
punitiiif,' IVoiii tlie
WUS tll(i COlillnuiy
n. That lie wint
horn li<! wont nff
;'8 brother, and his
irttiro, Wnmakmii
Hired of him ion-
ithcr the jjlaci! Imd
lat they iiad Imp
God "Meni'M,"
if having prevcutid
of about £45. }li>
miles above Pnw.
; under cultivaiiiiii,
lOved to PawtiK'kut
csided until PhUifs
iidly to the Eni!li>li.
lion. When iio Imil
ires in that rcsina
cknowledge Ihunii
ort me to chans^t ak
hiOierto been muA
Into a new camt, aU
i, Boyle § in Englaiii
nlmcnt were to liave me;
his friend. They mie
irty who cnmniilleii ikii
ASHPELON, of wU,
idling. "Sept. 111. Ki".
r, tiie Indians with grca;
nl'thc English hard hy, a;
after us, and '■''"l ''"'•
slipt in and fell (!u«ii
»ck me on the head. «;p-
)istol in my pocket, wfe
and told me, if Iwouii
tfield, and that the «w'i
taken back toDeciiicii.
wilderness. Their ^uwi-
nany nights topcdicr tkev
ptivc being laid upon v.
lashed to slakes Ar.w.
s, the neck and hody «ere
igs and the most cvodc:-
>nportunitics of e<oafir,!
; but at length Ihi''^>'
dc his escape. \Vlifn;»t
omc being opposed WW
wlon told the EnKli-li r.>:
urniii"-. for he would >w«
le Indian who had lnm.J
leinrth arrived amoiis'M
1 for 21 beaver skui«. k
, Blomr's AmeriM. -^-^^
Hist. Chelmsford, Isi.
Sospel among the Imi«
n
of the Royal Societv oil
Ingland. HediediiiLos
CHAP'
VII.]
WANNALANCET.
99
. ,.j-ij'.__"\Ve had a sachem of the greatest blood in tiie coinitry submitted
'" |.,,v to Got!, a little belbre the wars : bis name is ffanalnuncct : in tlio
' '.(It' tlie wars he fled, l)y reason of tlie wieked actings of sonu; Finglish
' "itl: who causelessly and bast.-ly killed and wotnidcid some of them, lie
' '.; ,,',,itiiiaded to come in again, lint the Englisii having plowed and sown
" lii ive all their lands, they iiad but little corn to sul)sist by. A piu'ty of
f 'mil Iiidiitns, (of whom some were of the kindred of this sachem's wife,)
' |.,n,iv fell tipon this peoj)le, being but iew and unarmed, and jjartly by
rsiiiisitiii, ])artly by force, carried them away. One, with Ids wife, child
!llkiii!*wonmn, who were of our jiraying Indians, made tluiir escape, came
1,1 tlic Eiiglii^h, ami discovered what was done. Tiicse things keep some
■ I ('111''"""' <l''*o"**'' '^'"^ jeidousy of all the Indians." *
"it iiiav be proper to add a word upon the name of the ])liice which we
I y({i.ii mentioned in this lile, as the same word, diflerentiy pronounced,
^^'j,, „,,|,|iod to a great many places by the ladian.s, and is the same word
tfliiili !)'■• '• •'^^"'''*'' "'"' some others made many believe was made up of
lleiirew words, to prove that the Indians were really the de'sceiuhmts of
till disiHi'^^ed Jews ; but for which purpo.^e, if we arc not misinformed, any
,tli,r Indian word would answer the siune i)m'pose. The doctor writes
iliciiauw Xahumheik, mid adds that JValium signifies consolation, and keik &
iiiism, t"' Iteaven ; and hence the settlers of places bearing this name were
V iit'd in the bosom of consolation, f He jioints out this etymological anal-
11 V ill spiaking of the settlement of Salem, which was called by the Indians
Xiaimkeit", JVamkeg, jYaamhok, jYaumkuk, or something a little somewiiat
like it. Asarf bosome of consolation, d\d it ])rov(! in the days of Tituba, (to
sav iiotliiiig of some more modern event.s,) and even in Dr. Mather^ s own
davs. [Though a digression, we shall, I doubt not, be pardoned for insciling
liirr Dr. C. Mathet's account of a ciu'iosity at Amoskeag Falls, which be gave
in I jitter to London, and which allerwards ajjpeared in the Pbilosophical
Tiiiiisii'tions : I "At a place called Amnuskeag, a little above the hideous §
fails of Mi'iiniack River, there is a huge rock in the midst of the stream, on
tlie lop of which are a great number of pits, made exactly roiuid, like barrels
or liiH'.-lica(l.s of difierent capacities, some so large as to bold several tuns.
Till' imtives know nothing of the time they were made ; but the neighboring
Iiiiliaiis liave been wont to bide their provisions in them, in their wars with the
I Jhiijiiiw ; affirming, God had cut tb ^'n out for that use for them. They si.'cm
iilaiiii.v to be artificial." It could certainly have reciuired no great sagacity
I to have siipposed that one stone placed upon another in the water, so as to
have ijeen constantly rolled from side to side by the current, would, in time,
occasion such cavities. One quite as remarkable we have seen near the
fource of this river, in its descent from the Franconia Mountains ; also upon
tlie .Moliawk, a short distance below Little Falls. They nmy be seen as you
I pass upon the canal.
Early purchases of lands bring to our notice a host of Indians, many of
lion. lii'Jl, aged til' years. The following lines are no less well conceived by the poet than
Idejerved by this benevolent philosopher ;
How much to Boyle the learned world does owe,
The learned world does only know.
He traced great nature's secret springs ;
The causes and the seeds of things •.
What strange elastic power the air contains,
What mother earth secures within her secret veins.
Athenian Oracle, i. C7.
■ 1 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. iii. 179.
R'liilinn (if the Trouhli's, &c. 20. Dr. Increase Mather was the author of a great many
|»orks, rhierty sermons, many of which have become cur . for their singularity, and some
Biliers valuable for the fads they contain. His sermons, like many others of that day, had
kry liiile meaning in them, and consequently are now forgotten. He was son of Richard
p:!hfi; preached in Boston above GO years, died in 1723, aged 84. years. See his life, by his
W, Dr. Cotton Mather, who was born 12 Feb. 1G62— 3, died 13 Feb. 1727—8, aged''G5. See
kislifehy l<{imiiel Mather.
; Vol. V. of Jones's Abridgement, part " '04.
^ We cannot say what thov were in those days, but should expect to be laughed at if we
luuld call them hideous at the prcseot time.
^^i
:sM
^■'HMijH
mimm
i> iU. :■
■<■ i
100
\vl:!I\^«)\v^()\vn'.— lumiNuooi).
Illm
K 111
III'Vl
wlioiii, llion^Ii Ni'iclicriis, hill lur sr -li lirciiiiiHtniHTM of tnulc, woiil,!
li(i\f fiuiH' lu dill' I»;i:'\\li'(li;c. 'I'luii' HIT Slim ', liowcvcr, <>!" \>li(iiii wc ^iiji
ill tliis cliiiiHi'r liiKr ■itilirr, iis Midi iKiliccs jishIhI in ciiiiliiiuu ns l<i |ii(l:;i' 1,,^
tlic iialivcH r.'f;);i.l(Ml lliiir IiiiiiIh, iiikI iIh- Irn'ioritH of ihrir iifij,r||||,i|.j,|„
fOlllltlVIIICIl.
\Vi;il.\\<)V»X()\VI'r wiis a N.-w lliimiisliirr sarli.-in, >vli';sr i
iiiiiii'
h«<i>ii (Miiisiilcnililv IiiiikII.'iI tvitliiii ii li'W vi'iirs, Iniiii its luting; liiiiiul |
11 111.'
-I'l'llriiKif
llillt'll-tlllJM'd-dr iliM'd «'<>li.i>\iii,<; lailils ill New I iaill|iHllil r Id (lie It
John /r/i(</(/';-iifA/, ami ntlicis.M April, IliMH. If lyrlutnDwnoii'il uiic
tin* tnicl said to lia\i' (it(;i by liim ctiiivt'yrd, his " kiii^'duin" \\,is
tliaii somr ran hiiast of at this diiv who rail lliriiis*<lvi's l\in;:s. || -.
t'Kiilain .'10 miles siiiiarc, and its liiiiiiularifs wcrr iIiiih di'st rihnl: " l_\iiii.',iiii|
iiv.vr
sitiiato within tiin-c inilis on tiic noithcrnt^ sidi; of y Kivrr M
''ivin.ik,.
t'Mrndinjj thirty Miilcs alon;t' I'V tli«' river (lom tin' sea side, iiml lidm ^\^^
sa>d river side to I'lss'-alanna I'alenls. ;!() miles n|i into the coiinlicv iinrili,
est, and so from llie l-ilis of l'isratai|iia to Oyster Itiver, "iO iniii
w
every \\i\\.
The oiifjliial is in itossession of S\r. Jolin Fiiniitr, i\{' ('
Ti'MMAiMUKiOM was a soim:!" fi ilKnioii'iioirll, t\iii\ his i
iiiiiii'
N. Il
to the d(M d ahove mentioned; and aiiotlii r Indian, heloniiin^' to tlmt
roiinliy, named if itttliinoivct : these both reliininished tiieir title to,
I'lirrt'd in liie sale t»f said tract.
KoitiMioonf was the liither of ;i move noted chief, vviiose Iml
^i|iiiiri'
Miriinl,
lr,ici„i'
iir (Ml).
will IIIIIII,
was Ifohaica, hut commonly known anion;;- llie l'n;:lir-'i as llninlKmil,
territories, as will appear, were upon the Keiinelieck Uiver in the tiistsiiili.
uient ol' N. I'n^land.
Our lust notice «>f //o/x'/i/kW runs as follows: "He it known"— "iliinj,
liiiimiriii, I soti called liy my Iiidi.m name, or Itohiitliinid, s.ie cjiHnl |r,
I'liifilish name, sji^amore of iNe^iiissei, [or l\e;;:iiasseat!;,| doe freely sell m,
Jamtn Siiiitli" — "part ol' my land, he^imiiiifi alt IMerry-meetina ('iniMiiiii
soe downwaitl the maiiii' liner vnto u rocke, called fyinshivr's Horke.'mik
longe n>ach, and in lireadlh eastward oner tlu; litth^ riiier, milium' thimiji
inntiii'r, Urn
liiii'f,
tiu' f;r«'at mersh, with the priiiiliiljics [reserved to m
fishiiijr, and other jrames." Smilli was to pay liiiii or liis (leiiy, on tiic 1 .\
MMiiher animally, "one peck of Indian corn." This «leed hears date t Ma;
1(>-18, anil is sifTiicd uiul w itiiossod an follows : — §
Nkowims his — mark,
So.NoRKKiioon his \' mark
and tii'o Unirlish.
KoitiMioon VJ his mark.
Mr. TiiosiAH ^ hlsmnrk.
PK.\VA'/-K.liSAKK
Tlie mark w^ of Robi.n
h
his murk.
Tlni iioxt your, 1(>4!1, he sold the island of J«'reiiiyt*qiiam, on iIk- castjiile
of the Kenneheck, ami in 1(i")4 we liiid him seilinj;: I'if* l»liu"c of rcsiil
which was in what is now Woolwich, lo Edward Hatimnn and John tin
111 l(i(v}, Rohinhood is moiitioiied as oiio ot' the principal chiefs aiiiuiij;
ll'lU'f.
•(iirii,
fiLstern Indiai
In lti()7, the iiiliabitaiits iiiuiii Connectioiit River, about Uadley, siiAiiiitii
some injury from Indians, in their lands and domestic animals, and siitislk-
tieii therefor was deinaiided of Jiobinhood ; at the Ante time tliit'at('Miii!;liiii.
witn the utmost severity, if the liko should be repeated. I$iit wlicllirr lii*
people were the jti'rpetrators we are not told ; but from the foilowiiiirW
it may be thought oMierwiso. " To promote amity with them, lifciitii' wi> a!
lengtli given to the traders in fur and iu peltries, to sell uuto /;irf(«;i /rieiual
Chac. VI!. I
pina and mii
Hiinlc, " liy "
lioliri'.
On tlie lire
ti. jnin ill it, I
llii' li'i'lings (I
Millars iind slid
(iiiniiinttiiii \h
MllXil I.VK,
Kciilirlieck Ki
>iili's of said i
sill' liiire dati
knitilit." Tlie
Tmiitir, tlie
IMfwd, /'add
IWWKHIM H
w'lii'i'k Kiver
iiiiin's dl' lliis II
Vvrr so calltid
i«i'('ilfiiii, liowi
|iiir(iM('iiiiHly \v
riilrnlcd tJK! la
I'liiii'il in his HI
! Ill' "^iilil to Chri
lii;;ii as Tacoiiin
'•liii'f Kmininas
.s'liMc linii', lie s(
ri'sidi'iici' (if Kci
:li.it "!' ,'Miiriid<
till' iiortlirrii lior
"f AhhiittiiUtssd i
Mn Davi/. n xvrj
Wi' sliull proc
l.ili' li;is long siiK
^■■^'niif time pn
I'ti'i. flicre reside
wii' /iani('<|
''IKICORUA, aiK
Till!* region vvas
'''"nil in its pellii
I'liiiiifiij gaiiK!.
"I tills region, mi
"itii DtJiers of hi;
s'^litaiy man had
■ijiil sliot. The V.
fcliest iiioiintaii
fm of siirroiii
MS n|)|)eared in
! retrwit.
I 'Msafiict wel
I cattle cannot loii<r
"" 'liut is iiecessu
* IMS. conuiumicalion ol'ihal goiillcman.
■f 'I'liis name %\as ailojitod, 1 liavo no iloubt, as il came soincliiing' near llie soumi ofcji
Indian nanio, as was iho case in several inslanees vvliieii we liave already reenrdocl; I'n' ■
English robber ol" lliat name, or fables coneerniiig him, are among ihe lirst iu the iiawn.!
Even ai tliis dav, ihe curious adult will disjicnsc with Mr. liUson's colleclious of lcgeuiijcci>l
•crniiig him wiili peculiar regret.
i The same. I suppose, called in S'lllivan's Ilisl. Rogomok.
From a nutiiuscript copy of ihc original deed.
y By Jossclyn, who visiieii ihe coiuiiry at lliis time. See his Voyages,
* jyHlianisoti's Ma
' 'I .i|i|iears from tl
[ >">'!iK was also one
■'"'""""•'■'7«« in our n
. f.opeofPlimoui
[ ^c, rijWmh under Uie c
l,i^'g"'«'-"'«»n, i. 33j
9»
_^^
■( (u'liY', on till" I N'l-
h1 bravs tlate t May,
("HAP.
VII.
KKNNKniH.— CIlOCOtUJA.
101
,„ ,„),/ ammunition." * IIciiim' tlicsn /ricm/.f roiilil nrv, no ri-asnii, allcr-
uiiriLs >vliy ai'iiiH W(M'i! |H'()hil)it)'(l tlitwii, uh wo uliall apiiii liavu u«;i;a.HiuM tu
lldticc, . . , _ •
Oil tlic liri-akiiig out (tf y/ii/i//.* war, Holiinltood was in no wisr iiidititMl
t(, uiiii ill it, i"i<l "licii a |iarl_v <tl' I'lifrlisli wa.s sent at that limr to learn
ill, li'i'lin;;.'^ <•!' Iii^^ |)ri>|i|c in tliat n'H|H>c(, li<> nttulc a irrrat (lam-r, anti l>y
s„ii:.'stiii<l slioiit.s r.\|ircsH('(l liis HatiHliu lion that tlio Mn;r|iNli wrn; (liH|i(>.s(!(l
(I, iiiiiinliiiii pimcr.
Miix^iiM'^ " alias JVtiUthanndn, llic son of old A'fj/f/KWHiW/, Haj;anior«! of
Kriiiirlii'f'k Kivrr," w>l"l to lyUliitm Itnidfonl i\\h\ otjicrs, all tlic land on liotli
.jilrs III' saiil iiviT, "from ('iissfiiockn iipwanls to Wi'sscriinHickc." Tliis
,;,!,, Iiorc (lafi! H Aiijuiist, l(>IH. 'I'lii' siffnatiirr is ".Ifo/K/i/i'/i/', alias Dnin-
hmitilii." 'I'Im'ii liillows: " VVf, Jlv;(iilon(k)iut<<;o, tin; soiiiic of IVmshviiitll, and
Tnmcki, tlic liioilicr of ^V)//«/i/j»«(/(/, f do conHniit fnsuly unto tin; nalo to
limilliirtl, I'lM/, and olli('rs."t
K( vNKiiis was a saciicni from whom it lias h«'(!n HU|i|ios*'d that tho Kv.u-
i,i.|m.i|< jjivcr derived its name, lint wliellier tliern wv.iv a line of sa^'a-
iii,i|.(.s (pf tliis name, from whom the river was so called, <ir whether sachemH
;vir(' !<o <')ill*'d ti-(/in their living at a certain place upon it, is uncertain. It
Mirtiiiii, however, that there was niw of this name residing,' there, eontem-
niiriiiii'iiiiHly with Hi>l)iiih()tnt, who, iiesides several others, deeded and
ri'ili'i'ili'il the lands ii]> and down in the conntry. Hi; was sometimes asso-
iiiiicil in Ills sales with Jihhifritilassd, and sometimes with others. In HM!>,
|ii. siilit til VhriitlopluT LmvsoH all the land on the Kemiidieck Kiver up an
liii;li iis Tariiniiet tiills, now VVinslow, which was thi! residence of the great
iliiif EmminnsniKt, or Jlssiininitsijua, elsewhere mentioned. About tluj
siiiiii' liiiie, lit! sold the same tract, or a part of it, to Niiencer and Clark. Tiio
nsidiiicc of Kcnnchi.i was npon Swan Island, "in a (ielif,ditfiil situation, and
:liiit 1)1' ,'ihl>ii!;itil(ts,icl between a rivi-r of his nanx! imd tln! Kciiinebeck, upon
llic iimllicrii borders of JMerrv-meetin<; |{ay."§ Swan Island was purchased
ii( ,M)!rwln.<isd i\\ l()()7, by flumphrij Oavic, mu\ allcrwards claimed by Sir
John Ihvji. n serjount at law. |(
UV .xliiili proceed to notice here one, of another nj^o, wJioso nicluncholy
fate liJi.s loiijj since commanded the attention of writers.
Soiiii' tiiiie previous to tins settlement of Hiirtoii, N. II., that is, prcvions to
l'iii>, there resided in that rejj[iuM u umall tribe of Indians, among whom way
one iiiiiikmI
Choi ORUA, and be was the last of the primitives of those romimtic scenes.
Tliix icfjiiiii was attracting to them on acconnt of the beaver which were
Iniiiii! ill its pellucid waters, and its c!agg<Ml cHHm afforded salt; retreats to u
|iliiiiitiil game. It is banded to lis by tradition, that Chocorua was the last
of tills region, luid that be was murdered l>y a miseralde wbitt; hunter, who,
with otliers of his complexion, bad wamhired lujre in tpuist <<f gam«!. This
solitary inun hud retired to a nciighboring mountain, and was there discovered
ami shot. The eminence to which it is said this Indian Jiad retired, is the
liiL'lii'st inoniitaiii in Burton, and commands a bi^anfifiil view of a gn.'ut
extent of surrounding country. One of the ni(>st su|H'rb engravings that
lias appeared in all our annuals, is that representing Chocorua in bis last
retreat.
It is 11 fact well known in all the neighboring jmrts of the country, that
cattle cainiot long survive in Burton, althoiis,'li there appears abundance of
all that is necessary for their support. They lose their appetite, pine and
* Wlliamso7t's Maine, i. 428, from 3 Mass. Rec.
t Ii appears from the " Ar-noer to tlie Reimtrks of the Plijmoitth Compavy," that Es.seme-
j ^osiii K was also one timt consented lo the saJe. lie is liie same wliom we shall notice as
\ .Uimimi.s-qiia in our next clinpter.
! I'i'ople of Plimouth. — William PaJdi/ died at Boston. His gravestone was dug out of
I llio nilihisli under the old slate-house in ISM.
i Williamson, i. 461.
,.}. "''W"«iso/i, i. 331. Dr. Holmes, in liis Annals, places the sale of Swan Island under
9*
lim
-3.
.'♦:::
102
SUUANDO.— BURNING Ol- SACO.
[Book III.
die. It in said tliat Choronut ciii-scd the Eiijjlisli bclbn; lie expired, and the
8iij)er.stiti()iis, to this day, attiilMite the (hsease of cattle to th(! cnisc of (\,
corun. iV^t a iiiii(di iimrc rational oiin, wc uppreiiciid, will he found in tL
ailectioii ul' the waters hy iiiiiieruls.
9igte
CHAl'Ti:il VUI.
Suv.KSVO, sachrm of Snco — Mtiicks the toirn of Suco — Sin^ulm acrouiit of hinlnn
conUwiioriinj — Tlir. ill ireatmv.nl vfhin inife u rauscof irur — lliskuouinitij in f,,f,„.
hi<r a ni/itice — Madok awando — Caiisrs of his liusliHtij — Assiminashia— //,
S])v.reli — Sprrch of TAiuMiiiN — Mrofi — Is carriid lu Boston to txrctitf. a /hy////-/^
Mtidokawuiido's amimssador — llrlidsr of Thomas Cohhit — .Mudokuwnndo's lundni^i
to prisoners — M»\< s attiichs Wells anil, is heutcii off — Atttickr.d the nejt ijeurhntii
Indians under Madolcaininn'o and ii company of Freiirhmen — .ire repuhul 'ir,>j^
great loss — Incidents (f the slrire~-M)ns. Castrin,. — .7 further areonnt of Mnjug^
Wanungonet — AssACoMHi IT — Farther acrount of Mai;ir — His di'atli—.i^^^,,:^
Andkew, Jeokfuev, Fetkk and Joseimi — .'kcount if their deprtdations~l.:ir„i
Kankamaous — Trcutci'. icith vesrieet — flics his country — Ificomcs an turmii-
Surprise of Dover and murder of Maj. Waldron — Masandovvkt — Wokhmhm-
His fort captured by Church — Kanliumairus's wife and children taken — Hoi'kiiii,j|i_
Conspiawus in the massacre at Hahnuit Falls — His death — Mattauamju-
Megunnlwav.
The first chief which will here he properly noticed is Sq\inndo, a Tar-
ratine, sachem of the Socokis, conimoniy called sa^minore of Saco. IMs
mentioned with a good deal of si-^gularity by the writers of his times. Ami
we will here, by way of exordium, extract what Mr. JWaWer, in liis liRn,-
HisTORY, &c., says of him. "After this, [the burning of Casco,] tlu'\ [the
Indians] set upon Saco, where they slew 13 men, and at last burnt tin "lowi,,
A principal .actor in the destruction of Saco was a strange enthusiaslicnl man-
more called Squando, who, some yeara ijeibre, pretended that God apiicuriil
to !iini in the form of a tall man, ui black clothes, declaring to iiiiutlwilip
was God, and cof.imanded him to leave his drinking of strong li(Hlnr^', iinl
to j)ray, and to keep sabbaths, and to go to hear the i,vord iireaclicd; ;ili
whidi things the Indian did for some years, with great seeming (Icvdriiii
aiid conscience, oi)serve. But the God which appeared to iiim said iiotliiiii!
to him about Jesu3 Ch,isi ; nid therefore it is not to be marvelled at, tliiitai
last he discovered himself to be no otherwise than a child of him that .,,5
a murderer and a liar from the beginning." Mr. Hubbard says that ho was
"the chief actor or rather the beginner" of the eastern war of KJ/")— <i;
but rather co iradicts the statement, as we apprehend, in the same jmra-
fraph, by attributing the same cavM to the " rude and indiscrete act of some
InglJsh seamen," who either for mischief overset a canoe in wliicli was
Sqtmndo's wife and child, or to see if young Indians could swim iiatiiraliy
like animals of the brute creation, aa some had reported. * The child wciii
to the bottom, but was saved from drowning by the mother's diving down
and bringing it tip, yet "within a while alter the said child died." "Tlio
said Sqiiando, father of the child, hath been so i)rovoked thereat, that lie liatli
ever since set himself to do aU the mischief he can to the English." Tin
whites did not believe that the death of the child was owing to its iiiiiii.
sion ; still we must allow the Indians to knov/ as well as they. As tiif
most metnorable exploit in which Sqiiando was engaged was the Imnilns
of Saco, it will be pro[)er to enter livro more in detail into it. The two piiii-
cipal inhabitants of the ])lace were Captain Bonithon and Major Philhfi
whose dwellings were situated on opposite sides of Saco River ; the former
on the east and the 1 itter on the west. On 18 September, 1675, Captain Won-
Uhoii's house was discovered to bo on fire, but himself and family had jusi
* " Thfiy can swim naturally, s..ikinuf their paws under their throat like a dog, auJ mi
spreading their arms as we do." Josselyn's Voyage to N. E. 142.
**T' « ' . ■'•
[Hook 111.
!X|iinMl, and the
i(> iMirisf of (V
DC Iburnl ill iii^
Cmai-
VIH.
nURNINO OF SACO.
108
rcuunt of him hj a
kumuiiihi in nthr.
.SSIMINAMU V— j/,j
fXrrtiU II Iriuhj—ij
kinciiniln's liimlniss
' thv, iiift iji'inhiiil,,
-Jirr ri'/iulsril V/';,
arroiint of Mmiis-
Uis //(«//(— Svii'.v.
jireiliitidiis — IJi'r ,/f
t comes an enrmih-
)WKT — WiilliiMlVr-
itlicn — Hoi'KiKwii-
h — Mattaiianuu-
s Squando, a. Tat-
re of Siifo. Ill is
:)t' his times. Ami
tlher, ill liis IiRitr
r Ciisco,] tlH'\ [the
list burnt tiic tuwii,
enthusiasliml si^n-
[tliut God apiiciiml
i'.ig to liiiu tlmtlic
dtrong rKHinrs,.uii|
voi'd i)reiicii('(l ; ;\li
soeiiiiiij,' (ii'Vdiii'ii
D liiiii said iiothiiii!
iiurvelled at, tliaUl
(I of him that ■ .5
\d says tliat ho was
In wur of lOTo-Ji:
in tlie same piira-
liscrete act ot' mi(.
moe in which was
mid swim naturally
* The cliild went
jther's (hviiig duwn
ehihl died." "The
hercat, tliat he liatli
;he Euglisli." Tlif
)wing to its iimii
fl as they. A;; the
Id was the hiiruin!
it. The t\v(i i^iu-
xiid Major P/iil'f'
, River ; the former
1075, Captain ifon-
Ind family Imd j»it
Lai like o dog, and «•
'■»fore C8Cii|>f"l arrows tlie river to Major IMiillipV, and thiiH lorliinately de-
.■ ,,,,1 a part of the drniuii of their enemies. I'or this fdrtiiiiate eseajic,
liinvrver, they were under (hiep (»hlif.'alion to a friendly Indian who fived
,„. |,v;ht! having; lieeii some how made ae<|iiainted with the design of
^miinhi, ''iiiiie(hate|y imparted his inli>rmatioii to the Knglish.
Tlif '''re of IJoiiithoirs house, says Mr. tltthbiml,'^ was to them [at PhilH/m^s
'iirrifi'i')] "** t'"' '''ing ot'a Iteueon," whieli t;ave them "tiiiu; to look to th*;m-
![i Ives" A sentinel in the ehamher soon gnvi' notiee that lie saw an Indian near
itliaii(i,iiiid .Major Pkillljiii g<niig into the top of the Jioiisi^ to mal«? liirther
jl.rovi'iy, received a slio' in the siioiilder; hut it proved to he only a tlesli
wmiml. Knowing I'liillips, and siipjiosing him lo hi! slain, the Indiana
piisi'il II great shout, and instJintly diseovi-red themselves on all sides of tlio
'iirri^'iiii ; liut the English, heing well pr.'|iiu-ed, fu'ed upon them from all
(iiiaitcrs of thtiir works, killing some and wounding others. Among the
liilitr was a ehicd' who died in his retreat, three or four miles from the plaee.
||i'iiilvir<:d his lellows to di-sist from the eiiter|)riHe, hut thcsy reliised, and
^tiHitiiitinuiiig the siege for about lui hour longer, they began to devise
.diiii' iiii'iiiis to set the garrison on fire, lint in order to draw out the men
fniiii it ill tli(! hrst jilaee, tli(;y set a house un tire near it, and also a stiw iind
prist iiiiil ; that not having the desired effciet, they ealled to them in tin
Miiltinjr tone, and said, " You cowardly English dogs, come out and put out the.
Tiipattuek hud begun alioiit 11 n'cloek in the day, and though the night
narlialiy put an end to it, y<!t the English were alurined every lialf hour,
iiiiiil aliout four or five o'clock in the morning, when the work of the jireced-
iiijriiiirht discovered itself. A noise of axes and otiier tools hud been heard
ill thi' iifiglihorhood of the saw-mill, and it was expected the Indians were
jircpaiiiii,' some engine with wiiieh to accomplish their object, and it jirovcid
true. .\ curt with four wheels bad been constriieted, and on one end they
Imd erected a breastwork, while the body of the cart was tilled Avitli birch,
straw, jiowder, and such like matters ibi the ready eoiisimunation f)f tlu.'ir
strtitmreia. The approach of this formidable machine dismayed some of
the Kiiirlishiiien in the garrison ; but being encouraged by their otlicers, they
stood tu tlieir quarters, and awaited its approach. Their onhirs w(!re not to
lire imiil it came within pistol shot. When it had got within about that
distance, one cf the wheels stuck fast in a gutter, which its impcdlers not
objierving in season, they longed the other wheels onwani, and brought thein-
silve.-. into a position to be eff'ectuully ruked by the right Hunk of the garri-
smi. This mistake of the enemy was improved to great advantage by the
Eni;li!<h. They poured in a sudden lire upon them, killing six and wound-
I'l;' I.") more. This sudden and unexpected reverse decided the fate of the
L'arrison. The Indians immediately retreated, and the garrison received no
liirilicr molestation.
As was generally the case in sieges of this kind, the EngliBh learned what
(laiiia;re they did their enemy, their nuinbens, &c., some time alter the affair
liajijieiied. In this case, however, nothing more is related concerning the los.s
ot'tlie Indiiuis than we have given, and theii nui/ibers Mr. Hubbard does not
e\|irtssly state, but says the peojile in the garrison "espied 40 of them
marcliiag away the next morning at sunrise, but how many more were in
llicir eonipuiiy they could not tell." * There were 50 persons in the garri-
son, thmigli hut 15 of them were able to act in its delencc.
Kilt lew days belbre the affair at Saco, viz. on 12 \ September, the family of
Thonmx Hakctif at Presumpscot River were massacred in a revolting manner.
Tlie " (dd man," his son, and his daughter-in-law, then enfcm^p, with three
j grandchildren, were all murdered, and when discovered by their neighbors,
partly burned in the ruins of their habitation, to which the Indians had set
tire on leaving the plac<'. One of the faitiily was tnken cajitive, a girl about
11 years old, who, alter having passed through all the trdies from the Sokokia
j to the Narrugansets, was restored to the English at Dover by Squando. But
* Mr. Fohom, Hist. Saoo and IVuldeford, 155, says they were computed at 100.
t Williamson's Hist. Maine, i. 520.
>'lii
: 'if '7
ft i*-4^ f'-'-ir y'mi
I ...'•»
4 f j:J, ^i >j
id
104
M.VDOK.WVANDO.
[Hmh III
it (Iocs not appear \\lii'tlit'r this ('liifl' liail any tiling; iiirtliir to do jn ,[,,
inattrr, alllioii^li it may Ix' inli'irctl, iliat li*> liad >onir rontrol oi ('(iiiii„|,|,j
«)\rr tlior^v tliat lu'lil licr priHoni'i'. l''i-orn tlitj circnnistanct; that ilii^ (.|,j|,|
\>a.s .sliown to til*; lioHtili; irilicM throii^li tli*> conntry, it would st-t-ni ilim i|„.
oantnn IndiaiiH were in eoncert with llio«e to the wewl ; and it is prolml,!,,
tiint tliis captive waH thus exiiiliiied to prove tliat tliey liad taken im d,,
liutelu.'t. I poll lier l)eiiij; retnrned, Mr. lluUmrd remarks, " Shti liaNinj; |,|.,|
carried up and down tlie eonntry, Nonie linndredM of miles, as liu- ii!< \m:[.
ganset (ovt, was, this last June, returned haek t<t IMajor fyatdron's h\ m,,
^VyiffDu/o, tiie sajramore ot" rtaeo ; a strun^e mixture of inerey andiriii'lu •
And the historian of Maine ohserves, tlii.t iiis " eonduet exhihited at liillciint
times sucli traits of ernelty and eonij)assion, as rendered Ids rimriHiir
ditfieiilt to he portrayed."
lie was a ffreat powwow, and acted in concert witli Madokawmuln. Tins
two chiefs "are said to lie, hy tiiem tliat know them, a strange kind ot' mdr.
ali/.ed savages ; frruve and serious iti tluiir speech anti earriajre, iiml i,,,,
without some sliow of a kind of religion, which no donht hut thiv Im^p
learned Irom the prince of darkness." In another place, Mr. y/i(W((n/|.|||,
liim an " enthusiastical, or rather diuholical miscreant." His ahililiis in w,,;
gained him this e])ithet.
MAi)OKAWA.\no, of whom wc have just made mention, was ch'tf ii|'i|„,
renohseot trihe. He was the adopted son of a chief hy tlu! iiaiiie oij,,,,.
viinasijua. Some mischief had heen done hy the Androscoggin iiiiliaii> m
PhUijPs war, and the Knglisli, following the example of those wlioin il,, v
tso much rc])rol)ated, retaliated on any Indians that tell in their way.
JMndokitwmido was not an enemy, nor do we learn that his people ||,„|
committed any depredations, until uller some English spoiled his cum, umI
otherwise did him damage.
Many of the eastern Indians had been kidnai)ped and sold for slau*,
about the time Philip's war commenced. This, it will not he (|ii(sti(iiiiil,
was enough to cause a war, without Philip's instigation, or the atlroiitdtiiinl
to the wile and child of Squando. The English had prohibited the sali' nf
arms and amminiition to them, as they had bet()rc to the western iiilps,
as a ineuiis of lessening their power, provided they should declare tlicinstKvs
hostile ; thus j)roperly regarding their own safety, and totally disn^'iinl-
ing w hatever evils might accrue from the measure to the Indians. Kmrnnn;
enough had heen done to excite their resentment, agents were sent td piirliv
with them, in the spring and summer of IG70, to hinder, if jHJSsible, iluir
taking ofleiice at these proceedings.
Bleanwhile the liidians had complained to some friendly English nl'ilie
outrage upon their triends, who were unacquainted with the circiinistiiMif,
and hardly believed it ; still, told the Indians, that il" it were so, tlmsi' kid-
nap|)ed should he restored, and the perpetrators ])unished. lint kiiimin:
the circumstance to be as they had re])resented, it is rather manellonsiliiii
Indians, instead of at once retaliating, shoidd hearken to unsatisfnctoiv par-
leyiiigs, as will a|)|)ear ; lor when the English agents went to treat with tlinii,
or rather to excuse themselves Ibr what they could not, or pretended tlipy coiilJ
not, amend, the Indians, in the c((urse of the interview, said, " //e af/frfrirm
from our com last year hy the people about Kenneheck, and many of ns died, "f
hud no powder and shot to kill venison and fowl vnth to prevent it. If you EnsUf'i'
tvcre our friends, as you pretend you are, you woidd not suffer us to starve ns we did"
" However," says Mr. Hubbard, " the said agent, makins; the best he could nj'u W
catise, used all means to pacify the complainants.^^ The gi'eat "a// means" «a<,
that they should try to get the Androscoggin Indians to come and hold a tniibj'.
so that if the English (lould effect a treaty with them, then there woiiiil lea
general peace with the eastern Indians. This talk, it was said, tliey rei ii\eJ
with joy. "Yet," adds the same author, still by one liital accident onithtr.
jealousies still seemed to increase in their minds, or else the former injuries
began to boil afresh in their spirits, as not being easily digested," \i'.
A meeting had been agreed upon at Totononn'ock, or TaconiiPt, ami
immediately after the meeting just mentioned a runner was sent down trmii
thence, with word that Squando would be there with " divers Anioiioscoj;gaD
ornor; "some
ndly English of ilie
1 tlic circuiiisiiiiiie,
were so, tliose kid-
<lie(l. Hut kiiowin;
ther intinellous, iliai
inisatistiictory inu-
n to treat with llii'w.
(reiendedthpycnulJ
iaid, " he umdrim
many of us died, "f
ntii. 7/"i/o!( L'lie'i'i
ts to starve ns m Si'
e best he could nfaU
■eut"a// meff)i«""ii^
me and hold a tmhj:
leii tliere would I'PS
iw said, they recciuJ
tal accident or ntliiT.
e the Inrnier injuries
igested," ^. ;'•
c, or Taconiiot, ami
was sent down l'r''iii
ivers AnioiioscoggM
('HA''
Vlll]
MADOKAWANDO.
Iftj
l,Mi'
,1 *l
•iidi<'iii''t'' '^fi'^' '"'viiiU !"'«» HiMit aH a iiicHHenjrnr tn liiiii. Accordingly ilio
rliKh nriicceded to 'I'licorniet. On their arrival, they were h()niire<l uiili
jii>c. Mild coiidiicled into the I'diincii house, where they loinid .Mii'lukn-
iln .hsimliKi.tiiinh 'l^ininiliin, lliijuhoDil., .Mmsv:, and many atleiidaiits.
\iihkii(fiin(lo was orime net'otiatur, and .hsiininn.viiia chief speaker, who
.iKiii Miter proceeihid to make a speech, and amoiiu other tliiii;.'H s.iid, —
" // M not our ciislom whin messfmrers roint to In at of pi art, to seizv ii/ion Ihiir
yrtflii.i. '(.» soinillmis thi Mohawks ilo ; j/rii, as Ihr I'.iiiilish have liiuti; si izhiif ii/ion
''•iii7(T)i Indiaus, our mm, nho ivrul to trcal with i/oii — srltiiiu: a ixuanl ovir thriii,
' .11,1 Ink Ins au'iii/ thiir truns. This is not all, but a sinmil time i/ou rniulrnt our
f^nn.nnd demaudeil us to romr iliiwn unto i/ou, or elsf i/ou would kill us. This
'eii.i lh( I'duse of our Iravinn- both our fort ami our rorn, to our u;rrat loss."
riiis Hpcecli caused considerahle emharraHsinent to tlie Kiij/iisli, "yet,"
.iivs llidtliiiril, "to put the hest consfriiciion mij/ht he, on snch irre<.mlar
iiiimiiH, which coidd not well he justified, thiy told tluMn, the jiei-sons who
|i;;,| ^(1 (lone * were not within the limits of their jrovernineiit, and therefore,
lli(iii"h they conid not call thi'iii to an account li)r so actinii, yet they did
iitliriv disallow thereof."t And to he as expeditions as pos>ihle, the llnjilish
iiiiiiiirhsioiiers told th<"se elfu'is that they came to treat with the Andro.-"oj(-
.■iiis 1111(1 were sorry that Squamlo was not there. And it appi'ars tliuT,
i"|iiiiii.'h the Kiiulish reported a peace with tla^ I'eiiohscots, yet Mailokawanih
nmiliis coadjutors scarcely nii(ierstood as much ; and it is also evident that
tli.' Iiiisiiiess was hurried over uh fant ns possihlo by tiio English cominis-
AssiMiNAsqUA, it will he proper iiero to ohserve, was n Kunilms suehem,
villi"!' ri'sidtMice was at or near the |)lace where the treaty was held.
Wliiit liiul heeii said hy Jlssimhmsqua in the niorniiif,' was inendy prelimi-
iian.iiiid it was his intention in the aneriioon to enter more |mrticiilarly into
Jdiiils; Itiit the Enijlish cut the mutter slior*, and proceechMJ to treat with
Hicli lit" tiie AiidroscofT^ins us were present. Tarunikin was tlioir orator, niul
lie siinke to this effect : —
'•/kie been to the westward, where I futve found many Indians nnwilllnfi: to
nnkf pence ; bid for my own part, I am ivi7/»iff," which he eonfh'iiUHl hy takiii;^
till- LiiL'iisii hy the hand, us di<l seven or eiffht of his men, anion<» whom
ui'iv .Uhe'I,'" luid liobinhood^s mm. Tho Enfjlish hud now, us they siipiiosed,
L'ot iiiiittcrs into n re<.'ulnr fain ; Imt Mculokawando, it njipeiu-s, wus not will-
iiiir til leave things in quiv so loose a luunaer, as it regarded his jieople.
Ill' tlirretcMe interrupted :- •
"H'lntarewe to do for powder and shot, ivhrn our com is consumed'} what
shnll we do for :t ivinter^s supply "? Must ive perish, or must we abandon our coun-
inj, and fly to the French for protection '} "
Thi' Eiiglish replied that tlioy would do what they could with the gov-
ernor; ^^some mis;ht be allowed them for necessity." Madokawando added:
• ll'( have waited a ip-eat while already, and now we erpeH you will say yes or Jio."
TIm> English rejoined : " You say yourselves thut many of the western In-
dians would not have peace, and, therefore, if we sell you jiowder, and you
I'ivis it to the western men, what do w(! but cut our oicn throats'? It is not in
iiiir jiower, without leave, if you should wait ten years more, to let you have
powder." Hero, as might reasonably have been (expected, ended the iiego-
liiitioii, and massacres and bloodshed soon afler desolated that part of the
I'.Ouii'ry.
.U the close of the war of 1G75 and G, this sachem's peojilc had nmong
then ahoiit 00 English cayrtives. When it was known to him that the Eng-
lish desired to treat about peace, he sent Muffif, one of his '."hiefs, to Pascata-
ipin, to receive jiroposals; and, that he might meet with good acceptunco,
sent along with him u captive to his home. General Goii/rt/, of Massuehu-
Sftts, heing there, forced Muiss; on board his vessel, and carried him to Bos-
ton, (or which treacherous act an excuse was pleaded, that he was not vested
"itii sufficient authority to treat with bin. Madokawando'' s ambassador,
being now in the |)ower of the English, was obliged to ugree to such terma
■ m
li;-^V>
'■stv^\
'm*:mu
^N?ifei:vi«
" That is, those iviio luid kiilnappocl ilioir friciiils.
t Hubbard, jinrt ii. 38.
iOG
MADOKAWANDO.— DESTRUCTIOM OF YORK. (iv.o, |„
HH tli(! Miik'UhIi (lirtiitrd.* It i no woihIim-, tliiTrCun', il' tin- jfri-nt cliu-i' „„,,|
ii|i|tciir.s M),'aiii tlirir cnciny. .Still, \>ln'ii Mnf(i( vmih Hi-iit liunn-, Mtulitknuiuuli,
ajircfd fit til*; treaty, iiioro readily, |M>rliu|)H, uh two uriiiud v«!>4m«!Im of tin. j;,,,,.
littli ruiivoycd liiiii.
A son oniovfTi'iid Tlninuin ( 'uhbtl had Imtii takni, and was aiiioiij; tlic IikIih,,,
at iMoiiiit Di'Ht'i't. It HO lia|i|M'ii*'d that IiIh master had at that time sent Im,,
down to ('it,ikln\i tradiiig-liouse, to liiiy jiowder for him. Minru; Utok jijn, |,
the hand, and told him he had lu'eii at his liither's house, and imd |ii-iiiiii„i{
to send him hoiiu!. Miulukitwanilo demanded a ransom, |)rolmlily to i^nihi^
the own»;r oftlii! rajitive, "yWrnHx-," he said " to be killed hi/ fiim, ij'lii- 'juiMln'm
up u'illioul kf urrr there to coimnt ; for he wajt a dexiierote nutii, If nonnnl, «,,/
/«/(/ cram hdf /iro or //(/PC in Ihul icaij." Wvuift on fioard one ol' the v,sm|.,
and treated to somo rKjiior, "he walKcd awhile," says T'o/Wm'/, " toiiiMl iiiriuiiii,
the deck, and on a sudden made a stand, and said to Captain .Woon, -Will
captain, yince it is so, take this man: I fn^ely frive him ii|i to yon; mm In,,,
home to nis friends,' " { A rod coat was g\\vu to Mudokuwundo, wliich ^^u,
liim ^n'(;at sutistiiction.
The historians of the war have all ohscned that the prisoners uiidrr .l/n-
dokiiwaiulo were remarkahly well treated.
In Fidiniary, 1(177, Major hiddron, and Captain Front, with a Itody (it'iini,.
Were stJiit into the eastern coast to ohserve the motions of the liidiiiiis, u;,,
Htill remained hostile. At Pe'inmaqiiid, they were invited on shore to IkiMi,
treaty, hilt the IOn>;lif<h fnidinj!; some weapons concealed ainon^r tlieiii,tli()ii:i,i
it a siilHcient iimhraffe to treat them as enc;,iies, and a consideialilc tii..|,t
ensued, in which many of t\n' Indians were ki-led, and several taken |iii.(,|,.
ers; amoiiff whom was a sister of jt/rtz/oAvn/v/H^/o. lit* had no kn(i\vl((l;;i(i|'
tlie alliiir, having heen f;one lor aevorul inoiitliH at a great distance into tlic
cotintry, on u limiting voyage.
We hear no more of Mndoknwnndo until U\',H. It will he found niciiiiiMiK]
in the account of E^creinel, that in that year a tn^aty was made wiili iiim ,ii,|
other eastern chiefs. This was in November, and it was agreed liy ilii:ii,
tliiit, on the first of May lidlowing, they would deliver all tlu; captives in tin t
l)ossession, at Wells. " IJiit," says Dr. Malhcr,^ "as it was not upon i he /inn
land, hilt in tlunr canoes upon the water, that they signed and sealed ilii< ii,.
Htriiment; so, reader, we will he jealous that it will prove hut a fliictiiiiiinj
and unstable sort of business ; and that the Indians will do a lie as tliuy iimJ
to do."
Meanwhile Madokaivando, among other important expeditions whidi he
planned, attempted one upon York, in Avhicli he succeeded nearly Id Ls
wishes, if not beyond his expectations. Such was his manner of attack, that
the English scarce knew their enemy ; fi'om whence thoy came, or tliei'
numbers. But it was afterwards found by tlic Indians' own confession, imd
some eajttives they had liberated, that Madokawando was the leader in ilie
business. Whether he had during the winter been to Canada, and jrot tlic
assistance of some Frenchmen, or whether Castiens, his son-in-law, and sonie
other Frenchmen who then resided among his people at Penobscot, were
with him, we cannot take it upon us to state; but certain it is, some Friinli
were in his company, but how many is also uncertain, btit tlie nnniber uf
Indians was stated at about 250. It was on Monday, February 5, in tlin year
1G!)2, early in the morning, that York was laid in ashes, all except tliiTf nr
lour garrisoned houses, and about 75 of its inhabitants killed, and 85 tukeu
cai)tive.
Such only escaped as reached the garrisons, and these were siinmioiicd to
surrender, but the besiegers dared not to continue long enough to make any
effectual assaidt upon them, and thtis they escaped. The wretched captives
* A treaty was signed 9th of Dec. 1G76. Manuscript Nar. of Rev. T. Cobbet. It maybe
seen in Hubbard's Narrative.
t The Indian word for killed. Wood's N. E. Prospect.
X Manuscript Narrative, before cited. Perhaps tliis was the -htip Captain Afoore wlio rar-
ried the news o( Philip's defeat and death to Londoa afterwards. See Old Jnpia.n Chko.i-
ICLE, 105.
( Magnalia, vii. 76.
[Houi III
r»'ut cliii;!' wHii,
', Muihtkiimiiuii,
■H'\h of tilt; r.iiij.
loiiKtln-IiidiiiiH
t tillir sent liiii,
ifjf took liiii, |,v
il iiiid iinuiiiMil
)l Ml Illy to SHl|.|\
, ifkr ;iui(kil Iniit
/I, (/" rrimtil, ml
J of till' VI!<m|,,
"tiMitiil iitraiiMiii
liii MiKirr, 'Will
Vdii ; nim liim
tmlo, Wllich j;;i\,.
)iicrs uiiilit .Ui.
Il 11 body of :iiiii.
tli(! Iiidimis, »l<j
II shore to IkiIiIii
111^ tlit'iii, iIiihilIii
■olisidrllllill' li;;|,t
ml takt'ii pii'ui,.
no kiiowliMlL'f iif
(Imtaiu'e iiitu iln;
! found niciitidiiid
iiidt; w'uli liiiii iiiil
I «giT»>d liy i1m':ii,
i(! cinitivc.s ill ll;i';r
not upon till' firm
1(1 scuifd this ill-
but u fliii'tiiiiiiiij
a lie us lliey iistJ
■ditions \Yirnli h*;
tU-d ni'iirly to li,>
|ner of attack, thai
i<y cuiiu", or thi'i'
[n I'onfessioM, mill
tbe leader in ihe
[ladu, and jrot tlie
|-in-luw, and stmie
Penobscot, were
is, some FiTiuh
|it tlie niiiiilier of
iinry 5, in tlio ycur
I except three or
[led, and 85 taken
^'cre Hiiniinoiicd to
jugb to make any
Lvretched cuptivcj
Cobbi't. Il nwy !*
plain Moore wlm rw-
(.„»,. VIII] MAFMIKAWAMK). 107
»rn' litirrie<l int«» tbo wilt!»>rne«H, and many HiifTen-d nml dii'd by lln^ «ay.
Tht' Ke^eri'iid Shulutrl Diimimr, minister of lli«> |iliii'i>, a man in bi^li estima-
iiiiti !'•>' bis \irtn<'s, was about tbe tirst \ietim; be was sliot iis be \mis nioimt-
M.i! Iiis liorse at bis own lioiir; bis wife was aniiin^ tbe eii|itiM's, and died in
,iiiiiiviiy. York was at tliis time one of tbe most important towns in tbu
'""""')•* , . I ■ ■ ■ ■. I' I ■ • ■■ ■
CiniinistaiK'es bavin^ thus transpired, the r.n^'bsb bad very little reason to
Illicit nil observance ot' tbe articles of tbe treaty before alluded to, yet per-
.iiiiK were sent to Wells to receive tbe ciijitives, |i|-ovi<led tli"y sboidd be of-
jind. 'I'liey took care to ln' provided witli an armed liirce, and to liave ilio
plmi of niei-tiiiK '>t a stroiif^ place, wliicb was Slurer^s garrison-bouse. Ibit,
a. ilitiiiitlior just <'ited observes, "Tbe Indians lK!in>r iioor mu.tiriitnn lor kiij)-
iiii' "/ '"'"'' •'"""' ""' 'iccordiiif^ to tbciir ariicles." I'be reason of ibis wo
niiiiiiit cxiiiaiii, imb^ss tbe warliki^ appearance of tbe lln^disb deterred tliem.
\ll(r wiiitin); a wliile, ("aptain Vunvirse surprised some of tliem, and brou^riit
ilirin in by force, and bavin^ reason to belit^ve tbe Indians provoked by tbirt
tiiiH', iiiiniediately adib'd Ilfi men to bis force. Tliese, says Malliir, " were
iiiitidiiic linlf an lioiir to Storrr's bouse, on tiio i>tli of June, ItilM, nor bad
llii'V jfot their Indian tired tiiirly lighted, into their mouths, before lierco
,Vi>j'ii.«, witli '-iOO Indians, made an attack upon the garrison," f but were re-
niilxidiind soon < ire w ot!'. Miidokdwanilo was not lier(> in person, but when
lieknt'W of the disaster of bis chief captain, be said, ".'/ly hrothcr .Moxun has
nmil it now, but 1 will go myxelf the next ifear, and have the doir Converse out
of his hule,
' I'lie old chief waa as j(ood ns his word, and appeared beforo the garri-
son tJJinie, 1(!!*2. He was joined by PortmuJ' and Labrocri; two l-'rencli
ottin'r«, with a Ixxly of their soldiers, and their united streiij^th was esti-
niiilid at uliout r)OG men. They vv.'ie so contident of success, that they
ai:reeii Iwl'ore the attack, how the jirisoners and property should be divided.
('(/inrrse Imd but 15 men, but fortunately there ;.rrived two sloops with about
ii!! many more, and supplies, the day before tiie battle.
,\lml(tk(m'andn\<i men bad unwisely ^iv(!n notice of their a{)jiroach, by firing
niKiii soiiiu nitth) they met in the woods, which runniiijj in Avoiinded, pivo
the iiiimliitimts time to tly to the garrison. The Indians were not only
.*eii)iiilt'd by the two French officers and a company of their men, as beforo
iiliMiTed, but .Uoriw, E<reremet and fVoromho were also amorijr them.
They liepiii the attack before day, with frreiit fierceness, but after continii-
iiy II li)r some time without success, they tell upon the vessels in the river;
iiiid hero, although the river was not above twenty or tbirtv feet broad, y(!t
iliey met with no better success than at the fijiirnson. They tri(ul many
slriiliirenis, and succeeded in settinjr fii'e to tiie sloo|)s s(!veral times, by nnaiia
III' tire arrows, but it was extiiifruished wiiboiit j;reat damage. Tired of
tliiis e.v|i(isiiig themselves and tiirowing away their ammunition, they retiirn-
Hl.iL'iiiii to the garrison, resolving to j»racti?e a stratagem upon that, and
ihnMiKJed tiie first day of tbe attack. They tried to persuiubi the Knglish
to surrender, but finding they could not prevail, made several desperate
Hiiiires, ill which they lost many. Ucgiiming now to grow disconragcjd,
llieysrnt a flag to the garrison to effect a capitulation, but Com^o'se, being a
11 II III' great resolution, replied, " that be wanted nothing but men to come
1 1| tiL'lit him." To wllich the bearer of tht! flag said, " lieinf: i/nu are so
f'wl, iihiidonH you come and Ji^hl in the open Ji eld like a tnan, at'd notjiirht
il' 'I snrrisnn liie a squaw ? " fhis attempt pn ving inefb-ctiial also, iliey cast
I out iimiiy threats, one of which was, " tVe will rut you as smalt as tohbaco,
yitjun t'l-morrow morning." The captain ord. red them " to come on, fiir he
' wiiit'd work."
li.iving nearly spent their ammunition, and General Lahrocre being slain,
I tiev ntired in the night, aflcr two days' siege, leaving several of their dead
jljihiiid; among whom was the general just named, who was shot through
f the head. They took one Englishinan, named John Diamond, who had ven-
• Ma/rnalia, vii. Tl. —Williamson, Hist. Maine i. G28— 9.
t Magiialia, vii. 76.
!
'i"'.,>'t:.
> "•. , 9' ,
,|. 1 >'Hf<„
106
MADOKAWANDO.
[Book 111
tiirnd out of tlm parrison on some occasion, whom they tortin-ed in a ,||,|j,,
harharoiis maniitr. Ahoiit liio tiino of tiieir rotri-atinjr, they fired uiion ti,,.
sloops, and killed iIk; only man lost liy tli<! v(;ssels during the assault, |i
the attack npon iIk! v<!ssels, anionf? otlusr stratairems, they prepared a hii,i>i.
work npon whiiels, wiiicli, not^\ithHtanding their previous e.\|icri(iic(Mii tlrs
kind of en^'ine, at Mrookfield and Saco, they again resolve<l to try, and ilicrc.
fore endeavored to hring it close to tho edge of tlu; river. Wlien liny
had got it i)retty near, one wheel simk in the ground, ani! a I'rencli .Mildnr
endeavoring to lilt it ont with liis shoulder, was shot down ; a sicoinl hj,
also killed in the like atttinipt, and it wuh nhandoned. 'I'liey also liuiiianiii
in the creek ahove tin; v*;ssels, and ]ilaeed on it an inunense pili> of romlms.
tihies, and, setting theui on fire, floated it down towiuds theni. Um wi,,,
within a fiw rods of the sloops, the wind drove it on siiore, and thus il^
weie delivered from the most dangerous artific(! of the whole. For it «(,.
said that, had it come down against them, they could not have saved linnj.
selves from the fiiry of its flames.
As lat(' as I7;3(i an attcm|)t was made to jirove that Madokainmth wns no'
chief sachem of the J'enobscots, wliich it seems no one in his Jiiitjn,;
thought of (piestionhig. Nor had the fitct at this time h(;en <|nesti(i!i(i| Ln;
from mercenary motives. A claim having heen set up to lands ii|i(in ^^i
(ieorgr's Uiver, in opposition to that of the heirs of (Jovernor l,(nn//. ilu;
ijdsehood was nisorted to, to maintain it. Tin; foundation of LevirittVcLniii
was in a (h'ed dated I'emniacpiid, !> May, l(ii>4, hy which MmUikmmnik u,\\.
veyed to Sir Jf'illiam Phips »!u5 tract of land on both sides of St. {Wn^^\
Kiver, hounded east by VVessamesske'k Uiver, west by llatthctt's (Jovt; l^laiil,
th(Mice by a line to tie upper lidls of" St. Georgc^'s iriver; also Miist(iin(|ii(i(if
Isliuid ill the mouth of said river, and St. (ieorge's Islands. A vaiiiiililcdin.
sideration is sahl to iiave been j)aid. but v\hat it was does not appeiu iKiiMik
d( (;d. Tlu! (h'poiientrf called upon afh rwards to prove Mudokawnmkh \m\e\
to sell that tract, state tin; consideration variously, though none of tliiin dtii.
nitely ; soiik; said Sir ft'illiam Pliips gave a large amount in inom v,' iU
one that he gave u hatfulL] To this deed were the following signatures ;-
Tlic mark of
Madokawanoo, ^ Sngmmrt
of Penobscot, ^^ uiul a sui
Signed, sealed and delivered in
presence of
The mark ^ of IIdgar Emit,
Sniramore of Kcnmhck,
Tlie mark if^ of\\ r. y k m o v k t,
cozin to Madokaicando.
The mark X ©/".Ioun Sauumork,
of Sheepsgut River, interpreter.
Also G or 7 whites.
From an examination of the various aflidavits before mentioned \vp(l(riH
the following interesting historical fiicts in the; lite; iA' jMatloknwnndii; mlI
that he died in l()!)y, and was succeeded by Henamouet, or, uh liis iiiiiin' u>
sometimes sptiiled, Hcnoggonet. This a|)|)ears lioni the de|iositi(in nl (.i|i- j
tx\'m Cjiprian Soidluick, who fiirther savs "that he was with Ahiilohimnk ,
when a |)resent of JO barrels of gnifpowder, a <piantity of fire-arms, miii |
some clotin's, were delivered him by (Governor Hillehune, which wiisainwii!
sent him by the; King of France." "And that Monsieur CWai/i iiiiiiriiiii
the said Mndokawando^s daughti r."
Joseph Bane de|)Osed, " that, in ]()i)l, he was with Theodore .lUkhmnMX
of Newcastle, in N. Hampshire, Fs(|., said JUkhison\i wile, and Mrs. Kl'rM
.filrock of Portsmouth, widow, and many others at the house (itiVJ
Moullon of York in the county of York, '.vlien they were taken riijitiM l^j
a large mind)er of Indians," that Madokaicando was then coinniiiinlii''
said hnliaiis, and was then reputed chief sachem of J'enohscot. &KJ
furthc^r relates that lie was sold to an Amrwoscoggen Indian, with wliniiiKJ
lived till Kiit'J, and that ho was present wlie.n Madnkawando ordered Tkoilonl
• DcpositioB of John Phillips, 2 July, ITafi.— U'aWo's Defence, 3.
t Ibid. oJ
fiiAP. vrii.]
.'iVmson, will
iciiil a vessel
liirmiiingly t
rcdcrllli'd.
Jiihii Longl
tu Mmlokawai
The iiiliahil
I'l'mnwido, as
III Kif'O T
Hiiicli lime he
sii'li.iii of Ke
,l/o/i« who vi.
wii.s llicii clii(!
s,ii'lii'iii of I'e_
piirtiis under ,';
iiilicr H'oiii I'eji
livi' siiclienis ;
III the treaty
ri'iiiiiiiii|uid, IJ
iiiii'lisii to ensi
Wk.vdmouktt,
J.II.V."*
.\ il.'iiigliter o
iims, liy whom
In all (if our f
iintc, and in the
lliat it should no
I iiiiprdvo the o|
Till' Miiron *'
alidiit '.'0 ycjirs n
tliat they rcafanh
t'ai'i;'iiaii rccrj,,,,
I'asI \nmsv\( ain(
loii'v li'OIM them !
t" the ryreiieaii
•liiriii?.' III!" first
mill a iv.sjicct hi
\ pvitciiiff; whic
III' has wor
I'l ;'(i(iii fic'ounf,
I iIhnis'iikI crown
I 'W'lvlmndi.sc, ^,x[
«lini they refiir
|iri>viifs vvith
I I'ii'ct him, and
I "l" whom are
|''""'y. He has
Itv.iiiijile fl,,,t (,',„
Ifiiiii'avored to
]f;""l li-iiif. and |„"
Klinstianity to th
Iwi'toronilcr ha
Ifirinwmidprivat
|"'."///,(, vii. ;),■).
* *V(. vlidiild iiiiiik
pfi'i'iiiii,"
llni ,' i'"" "'"'' '^inoniit!
? Mettunns de I' An
10
C(
CUAP.
VIII]
MADOKAWANIX).— I5AR0N GASTRINS.
109
■I'-iinson, wlio was his rnptivo, to write to tlio {rovoriior of Massnchusctts to
iinil a vessf'l to Siigadaliok w itii jroods to rcdccin the c.-iptives ; that ii was
iMi)iiiiiiJ,'Iy ^i^"*^ tluTc, and Jitkimou, liis wili^ and ahont 40 others were
ridiTiiu'd.
J„hn Longky was taken prisoner at (iroton in July, 1(i!M, and was servant
[u Mmlokawamlo two years and a iialt;
Tlif iiiliahitaiits of JJhick I'oint <fave, yearly, a peck of corn eacli to Ma
,',il;inv(tiido, as an acknowledgniiiit that h(! was saclieiii of I'enohscot.
Ill Klf'O Tobias Oakvaii was tak(!n by tlie Indians at Hhick I'oint. At
wliicii time he w<y« ''e " iicrsonally knew Eiliritr Emd who was then chief
s;iili. Ill ot" Keiieheek and Squando wlio was then eiiief sachem of Saco, and
Mom >vho was tiien ciiicf saehcin of Noridgawock, and Shcpcot John wiio
w;is iIk'H chief saciieni of Shepseot and with Oorumby, whfi was then chief
siilitiii "f i'ejcnisc.ot." Oakman was taken prisoner liy IJO Indians in 3
iiiirfii s under >) chietii ; one from Penol)scot, one from Norridi,'(;wok and tiie
i.iln r li'iiii J'ejepscot ; Mndoknwando, Moxiis and Oorumby heinjif the res[)ec-
tiw sicliciiis ; lience Mmlokmonndo was saciiem of l*enoJ)scot at that time.
Ill the treaty wliicli tiie eastern chiefs made witli Sir. Willinm Vhips at
IViiiiiimiiiid, 11 August, WX\ the followiiif^ liostasjes were (hdivered to the
r.iiL'lisli to eiisuH! its observance. " Aiiashamuamkt, hrotiier to Kd^cr Emd ;
WrviiMOUETT, cousin to J/c;rfoArt«'«nf/o; JJAOATAWA\voNaoN,andSnKErscoTT
J„1IN."*
A (laiigiiter of Madokatvando, ns Ave Iiavi; seen, married tlic Baron De Cas-
itins, liv Aviioin lie hud several ciiildren.
Iiiiilliif our former editions w(! gave Lnhontmi's account of Casteins in a
note, 1111(1 in the French language ; but it having been suggested by friends,
ili;ii it slioiild not only occupy a place in the text, ))ut be rendered in English,
liiiiprovo the ojiportunity to make the change.
rill' Huron Oe St. Casteins, a gentleman of (Heron in llearn, having for
ali(iiit'JOy«'!irs resided among tlie Abenakis, gained so much of their esteem,
tliiit thiy iPirarded him as tlieir tutelar deity, lie had been an oftii-er of the
raiii.'iiiiii rcj'iment in Canada; but wlien that regiment was disbanded, ho
I'ibt liiiiisclf among 'lie savages, of whom Im; learned their language. He
look lioiii thiiii a Wlio af^er their manner, preferring tlie forests of Acadio,
to the I'vreiiean mountains, which environ his native country, I hi lived,
(liiiiii;.' llie first years of his abode with the Indians, in such a manner as to
tain II ivspect from them, abc e what can be imagined. They made him
j:ri',it(lii(i; which is the same as sovereign of the nation, and by little and
litili' lie lias worked np a f(>rtnn<>, which any other man would liav«! tiiriK;d
tuLdiiii ac.'oniit, and withdrawn from the country with two or three hundred
! tliiiiis;iii(l crowns of gold in his coffers. Ilowcner, lit; only uses it to buy
iiinriiiiiKJise, with which to make presents to his Indian brethren, who,
j wliHi liny return froi, tlieir hunting excursions, reimburse him for his
j pn <i'iits with a tri|)le amount in beaver.f The governors of Cana<la
('.in it liiiii, and those of N(!w England fear him. lie has several danghters,
I all (I)' whom are advantageously married to EreiMrlimen, with each a rich
Hmn: Ho has iiev«a' changed his wife,| showing the Indians by his
lt\;iiiij)l(' that (ioil is not fdeased with incoiiBtant men. It is said t.iat he has
jciiiliavorcd to convert tiuise poor jxiople, but that his words |)rodiice no
Ipiiiil rniit, and hence it is of no use f()r the Jesuits to preach the truths of
jniiistiaiiity to them ; yet these fathers relax not their labors, and c< nsider
Jtiiiiitiiconrer bajitism upon a dying infant rejmys them ten fiild for the suf-
Ifiriniwaiid privations they experience in living among tjiat pcoj)le.§
* II r/i/,i'., Dcfi-iirc, ;!'.). — Tlio names of these liostagrs difTcr mateiially from lliose in tho
lllini'iliit, vii. '),■).
I M\ !• shdiild ihiiik iliat to a man of a sordid mind, this was " tiirninc: a fortune to eood
|lcn,iiiil." ' ^ *
I,' "i"' lliis amonnts to a denial, as Mr. Ilnlkrl reads '\\,(Notrii on the Amrriran Indianf,
|s*i.)lliiit rus^'iH.s- had hut one wife, wc do not agtcc. Ills not chauniiip his wife, (// n'a
im,nschivvj;i' dc femnu',) might lie true, if, as some assert, lie had several at the same time.
} ilemoires de I'Amerique, ii. 2i), CO.
10
mJ
ii':»
IS
■1>
M
'V '?'»>'
) ■If
^w
no
MOXUS.— DEATH OF MUGG.
Hook m.
The town now called Castine, on the Penobscot River, was the place of
the residence of the French haroii, uiid a son of his succeeded him in tL
sachemdom of the Peiiobycots. He was witli Iberville at tiie captnic nf
Pennnacpiid in KJlKi, in which expedition lie led 200 Indians. C"a|ttaiii Chuhlj
of whom we liave spoken belbre, commanded tlie fort, wiiicJi was W( ||
manned and supplied, having 15 ])ieces of cannon and !!0 men, hut siniin.
dered it in a cowardly manner, lie heii)ed defend Port Royal in 17(;(; ju
defence of which lie was wounded in 1707. He finally retired to lii> ^.^l^^^,
country, where he ended his days. In 1(!88, Governor Andros, with ;iii aiiii.v
ment, took possession oiCastahi's village, plundered his house, and ooininin,',!
other depredations, but himself escaped. In 1721, his son was seized hy
the English, and carried to Boston ; but they not long alter set him at Ijliertv.
Some have endeavored to ground an argument upon the similarity of the
name of this chief to that of Mculock the Welshman, that the eastern In-
dians '.vere descended from a Welsh colony who, in 1170, lelt tliut conntri
and were never heard of after. The story of some white Indians !S|i(i,kiii r
Welsh, on the Missouri River, has gained supporters in former and laitu
periods. *
Moxus, or, as he was sometimes called, Jlgamagus, was also a noted cliicf.
We can ad(l little concerning him, to what has already been said. \\\^
Madokawando was dead, and the war between the French and EnglLsJi nations
had ceased, the eastern chiels were ready to suomit to terms, ji/onis secinj
the successor of Madokawando, and when delegates were sent into tiie ('(l^t•
ern country to make peace with the Indians, in 1699, his name stood tira
among the signers of the treaty .f He concluded anotlier treaty with Govi rnor
Dudley, in 1702. The next year, in company with Wanungonet, ^^hsammhni
and a number of French, he invested Captain March in the ibrt at Cusal
After using every endeavor to take it by assault, they had recourse to the
following stratagem. They began at the water's edge to undermine it In
digging, but were prevented by the timely arrival of an armed vessel iimlir
Captain Southack. They had taken a vessel and a great quantity of piunil.r,
About 200 canoes were destroyed, and the vessel retaken. From wimli
circumstance it may be inferred that their number was great.
Moxu^ was at Casco in 1713, to treat with the English, and at Georgetown,
upon Arowsike Island, in 1717. There were seven other chiefs who atteiiditi
also at the time and place last mentioned.
MuGG was a chief among the Androscoggins, and very couspiciions in tk
eastern war of 1G7G-7, into which he seems to have been broiigiit In ilic
same cause as Madokawando, already stated. He had been very jiieudh to
the English, and had lived some time with them.
On the 12 October, 167(), he made an assault u])on Black Point, now iu
Scarborough, with about 100 warriors. All the inhabitants being gathered iiitu
one fortified place upon that point, a few hands might liave defended it afraii.jt
all the Indians on that side of the country.| While the captain of tiie pini-
son was f one out to liold a talk with Mugg, the people fled from tlie jtiutoju
and took all their efl!ects along with them. A few of his own servants, how-
ever, remained, who fell into the hands of the chief, who treated tliein kindly.
When Fruncis Card was a jirisoner among his men, he told him "</«/ he hd
found out the tvay to bum Boston," and laughed much about llie llngli«li;
saying he would have all their vessels, fishing islands, and whole oouni;v.
and bragged about his great numbers. He wos killed at Black Poiiit, on jii
May, the same place where, the year before, he had had sucii goodsurces?:. He
had besieged the garrison three days, killed tln-ee men, and taken one ca\m.
The celebrate'^ Sifmon, who had done so much mischief hi many jilaces, wm
with him here. Lieutenant THppin, who commanded the garrison, "iiiades
* See Janson's St?-a)igerin America, HO, cd. Ito. I.oiifloii, 1807; I'liirersul ^fas(l:we^^\■
xciii. 21 ; Dr. Soulhey's Preface to liis Mndock ; B<Hicjuot's E.rptil. af^aiiist Ohin tmlian-i.'J.
ed. 4to. London, nOfi ; Ker's Travels in America, I(>7— 172 ; Burk-, Iliit. I'lVfinw. "■ ;-|
Bealty, Jour. 21; Moulton's New-York, i. 45,; Barton's PIn/sical Jour, i, pt. ii. •:
Columb, Mag, for 1787.
t Magnalia, vii. 94. Il is dated 7 Jan. 1698—9. 1 Hubbard, Ind. Wan, ii. ^-
CiiAr.
VIIT]
SYMON ATTACKS BRADFORD.
Ill
successful shot upon nii Indian, that was observed to he very l)nsy and bohl
in the ussmdt, who iit tliat time was deemed to ))e Syinon, tlie areh viUain and
iiiccndiury of all the eastward Indians, but jjrovcd to he one almost as good
:ij hiniselt; who was called Mogg." *
SvMON, just named, was a troublesome fellow, who continued to create
consideruhle alarm to the inhabitants ui)oii the Merrimack River, in tlie vicin-
ity of Newbury and Amesbury, about which j)art seems to have been his
residence, as late as the month of July, 1G77. On iheDthof July, six Indians
were ?et'n to go into the bushes not far from tlie garri.', :i at Ames!)ur}'; two
(liivs before, several men had been killed in the neighborhood, and one woman
woiiiuied, whose name was (^mmfty. Symon was the alleged leader of the
jiiirty which committed the depredation. Mrs. (^in'mhy was sure that it was
l,i. who " knocked her on the head," and she knew the names of many of the
rest ^^ itli him, and named Andrew, Geoffrey, and Joseph. She begged of Si/mon
iHit to kill her. He replied, " H'/iy, goodwife Q^uimby, do you think that 1 mil
hill \\nnV She said she was alhud he would, i)ecause be killed all the
kiiffiisli. Si/moji then said, "I will give quarter to never an English dog of
vou all," ana then gave her a blow on the bead, which did not bajjiien to hurt
iicr iiiucli ; at which, being a woman of great courage, she threw a stone at
liini; lie then turned upon her, and "struck her two more blows," at which
slie fell, and he lell her for dead. Before he gave her the last blows, she
(ailed to the garrison for help. He told her she need not do tl-it, ibr, said
lie, "I will have that too, by and by." Symon was well known to many of
the inhabitants, and especially to Mrs. Quimby, as he bad formerly lived with
jior t'athcr, William Osgood.\ In April, 1()77, Symon and his companions burnt
the house of Edward Weymouth at Stm-geon Creek, and plundered the house
of one Crawley, but di '
f^ijimn's grandmother.^
of one Crawley, but did not kill him, becjiUse he had shown kindness to
i
id
. j.ioii was one of the Christian Indians, as were Andrew, Geoffrey, Peter,
and several others of the same comjiany, a circumstance which, with many,
iiiuch aggravated their offences. The irruption just mentioned is thus re-
lated by Mr. Hw66arrf ; § ^^ Symon and Andrew, the two brethren in inicpiity,
. itii a few more, adventured to come over Pascataqua River on Portsmouth
^i(Ie, when they burnt one house within four or five miles of the town, and
took a maid and a young woman captive ; one of them having a young child
inher arms, with which not willing to I o troubled, they gave leave to her
that held it, to leave it with an old wonuai, Avhom the Indian Symon spared
liccaiise he said she had been kind to his grandmother; yet one of the two
captives escaped from their hands two days after, as did the other, April 22,
who gave notice of the Indians, (being not so narrowly looked to as they
used to do others.")
It was in 3 May, 1G76, that .S'l/mon, Andrew and Peter fell upon the liouse
of Thomas Kimbal, of Bradford, killed him, and carried off his wife and five
children into the wilderness.H Having on the whole concluded to make
peace with the English while they could, did, before the end of six weeks,
restore the captives. Instead of imjiroving the opportunity of securing their
friendship, the English seized Symon and Andrew, and confined them in the
jail at Dover. This treatment they considered, as very naturally they should,
only a precursor of something of a different character ; and therefore found
means to break jail, and make good their escape. They joined their eastern
friends, and hence followed many other cruelties, some of which we have
already related. About the first depredation which followed their flight from
Dover, was committed at Greenland. One John Keniston was killed, and his
honse burned. A writer of that day, after observinrf that the perpetrators of
the outrage were Symon, Andrew, and Peter, observ. rhat they were the " three
we had in prison, and should have killed," and closes with this exclamation,
i'Jfi
t MS. Documents.
X Belknap's N. Hampshire.
* Hist. N. England.
« Hist. N. England, 631.
I See the very creditable History of Haverhill, (p. 63.) by Mr. Myrick, for other iiitereslinj
particulars respecting this aflair.
112
SYMON.— ESCAPE OF CAI'TIVES.
[Hook III.
i
'■I'liiiiiiis
visited In
"The good Lord jtardoii its." * Tims Kouie coiisidcrcd tlicy liud need ol'nur.
don lor not dealiii,',' with more rijior towards the Iiuhaiis !
One of the most important actions in whirl' Sjjinon was enpujicd
to he related. Mr. Anthony liruckell, who lived at JJaeU (.'ovc, upon
estate now owned in piu't by Mr. JJccrinsi; of Portland, l:!ul hecii vi
Symon, occasionally, who, like Tot^son, in the case of Clarke at Eel l\i\(r^|ji
Plimouth, had made himself well actpiainted with the situation of his IkjIu^.
and limiily. On the 9th of Au<fust, KiTli, some Indians had kilhul one of Vjo/ci
dCs cows. Bmckett innnediately complahied Xo Symon of tiic oiiti;i;rc, ^^i,,,
promised to brinj,' to him the j»erpetrators. Meanwhile a comphiint \vii.Ml(.
spatched to Blajor Waldron at Dover, which migiit have been tijc ciiUM(i!'t|i,
course Symon immediately alter pursued; for, ifl when he had promiMd i,,
aid in adjusting the affair, he learned that, at the same time, a l()n;e Imd Im,!
secretly applied <br, it is u sufticient reason, in this ruHIed state of tliiijs,
that he shonld show himself an enemy, as he did, on the morniiii; of ii,,!
11th, two days after the injury was done. Friday was the 11 Aufjiist, iaiil ji
was early in the morning that Symon appeared at thc! head of a jiiirty, nt tin
house of Captain Anthony Bruckdt. " Ihesc are the Indians," said ii(V'tliat
killed the cow." No sooner was this said, than the house was eiitcnd,;!!,,!
the guns sei/ed upon belonging to the tamily. limckdt then asked what A\;i>tl;i'
meaning of their carriage, and Symon rei)lied, "i^o it must be," and (iciuiiiKled
of him whether lie would go with them, as a captive, or be killed ; to wliidi
he answered, that if thc case were so, he preleri'ed to serve as a inn.
tive ; Symon then said they nnist be bound, and, accorduigly, T\Ir. IkmM,
his wife, (who was a daughter of Michad Mitton,) and a negro, were IkjuiiJ.
Mrs. BrackdVs brother JVaHutnid, only son of M. Mitton, was ol' the
family, and made some resista'c-e when they were about to bind liim, am]
was killed upon the spot. The rest, Brachett, his wife and five children were
carried away prisoners. They continued in cajitivity until the NoveiiilKr
following, when some of them found means to eliect an escape ; wliioli wa
singularly fortunate, and worth relating. In their wanderings, those wliu
held th»m captive, came to the north side of Casco Bay. Here news reiiclml
the Lidians that Arowsike Island had been captured by their bretlireii, ami
they fit once determined to share in the booty ; so, in their liurr} , their eairer-
ness for tlie spoil of Arowsike outweighed their fears of losing tlicir |)ii-oii.
ers. Therefore they jnomised Captain Brackdl and the rest, that if tin. y wdiiM
come after them, they should have u share in the good things wliicli iiaJ
been taken ; and accordingly set off and left them. Mrs. Brackdty tukini' ad-
vantage of their good feeling, just before they left, asked them for muih
meat, which was readily granted; she found an old birchen canoe, wliiclihail
been prol)ably abandoned by the Indians, by reason of its being nearly Ijmk-
en up, but in which it was resolved to attempt an escape ; and with the liel|) of
a needle which Mrs. Brackdt also found in an old house at that place, s^k
was enabled so to mend the canoe, that it wafted herself and child, her liu.<-
band and the negro man to the opposite shore of the bay, a distajice ot' eigl.
or nine miles, in safety. They hardly could have exjiected hut what, on
landing near Black Point, they would have been in the vciy presence of Li-
dians, yet it so happened that although they had but just destroyed the .-^ettlt-
ments there, they had all lefl the place. And a vessel, which happened very
fortunately in that neighborhood, took them in safety to Portsmouth.
The wife of Captain Anthony Brackdt should not be overloolvcd in emiiiic-
rating t,be hero 'les of our countiy. Her name was Ann. Site did alter tins
war, but the tin;e is not ascertained. Her husband married again, a daiigliter
of Abraham Drake, Senior, of Hampton, wliose njimo was Susauna'i,^ In whom
he had several children. When Colonel Church had tiie meniorabh' tiL'Lt
with the Lidians at Casco, 21 Septeiiibcr, 1089, Captain Brackdt vvas kihnL
After this his wife and children went to her father's at Hami)ton, hut fiimily
returned to their possessions.
We are now to commence upon the recital of one of the most horrid mas-
sacres any where recorded — the sacking of Dover by the famous chief's Ahii-
* Hist. N. Ensland, i. 158. f Hubbard's Nar. and Willis's Porlland, i. 143-laJ.
[Book IIL
hud uoL'd of par.
oiipugcd rfiimiiij
)v»', upon 11 luijjc
I lit'cii vi.sitnl liy
■e at r.t'l Ui\(r, 111
,tiuu «)!' Ills lidusi..
ll(;d one ol'VJmd-.
tlic ()iitru;:c, wlio
•oiii|iliiiiil wasdi'.
II tilt' raiiftC! (iftlii:
liiul pniiiii.v'il Id
, a {\m:v Imd Imn
(I htutf l)t' tlui:;;s,
c iiionrui<!; ot'ilie
1 1 August, ami it
of u party, lit tlif
us," said lit^"tliiit
•i was entered, ;iii,|
iiskcdwliatwa^ilif
l)e,"«nd deinaiided
e killed ; to wliich
;o serve as a ('iii)-
iiigly, l\lr. limckitl.
legro, were iuiuiul.
Htton, was ot' tlie
: to l)lud liiiii, and
1 five eliildrun \vm
ntil the NuvciulKr
3scupe ; wliicli m
deriugH, tlioso uliu
Here uews reiicliril
tlieir brethren, ain'i
• hurry, their eat'ei-
losing their iirjjun-
it, that if they wmU
things wliioli liad
Brackdt, tukini: ad-
i.ed them I'or mw
•n canoe, wliicli had
jeuig nearly biok-
ad with the help of
at that place, sl.e
and child, her Im-
a distance ot' oid..
cted but what, on
i-y presence ol'Iii-
estroyed the scttk-
lich haiipened very
ortsutoutli.
erlooked in eiuimo-
Siie di'dullcrthiJ
d again, a datigliter
^us(vina'i,\ by whom
.10 inenioralile ti^Lt
Bmckdl ^vas killwL
anipton, but hnaily
ic most horrid urns-
famous chiefs Knn-
Portland, i. 143— Iw,
CHipVni] KANKAMAGUS.-INDtAN LETTERS. 113
y^rus and Massnmlowet, and tho barbarous murder of Major Wcddron and
iiianv'of his jieojile.
K\NK.AiMA(ilJS, commonly in the histoi-ies culled Hopkins, Hawidns, or
Hikitis was u Pennakook sachem, and an artful, persevering, faithful nmn, as
, J as he eould depend upon th.; English for prot'Ction. lUu when (Jitveriior
Cmfidd of New Ham[)shire, used his enueavors to bring down the Mohawks
10 destroy the eastern Indians, in 1(584, who were constantly stirred up by the
French to (;oinmit depredations upon the English, Kankanuurtis, knowing the
Miilmwks made no distinction where they cana;, tied to the eastward, imd
joined the Androscoggins. He liad a fort upon tliat river, where his tanuly
and that of another sachem, culled JVorotnbos, or IVorombo, lived. But beibre
lit' tied his country, he addressed several letters to th(! governor, which dis-
(DVir ids fidelity as wedl us his fears ; and from which there is no doubt but
ii. would always gladly hav(^ lived in his own cotmtry, and on the most jnti-
iiate and friendly terms with the English, to whom he had become attached,
iind liad adopted nnich of their manner, and could read and write, but for
the reiu^ons just stated. The Ibllowing letters fully explain the situation of
his mind and his feelings, at the time he expected the Mohuwks would ravage
his country :—
'•,V(ii/ 15</i, 1G85. Honor governor my friend. You my friend I desire your
mrskip and your power, because I hope you can do som great maiters this one. 1
am poor and naked, and have no men at my place because I qfraid allways Mohogs
k will kill me every day and night. If your worship when please pray help mt you
m Id Mohogs kill me at my place at Malamake River called PanuMog and Jvd-
tukkoe, I wM submit your worship and your power. And now I want ponder and
such alminishon, shatt and guns, because 1 have forth at my h >a, and I plant
Ikare."
This all Indian hand, but pray you do consider your humble servant.
m
anil
Simon Detogkom,*
Joseph X Trask,
Ki.no 5 Harry,
S.\.>i Co LiMS,
Wapeguanat n)j Saguachdwashat,
Old X Robin ,
AIamanosoues $ Andra.
JOHN HOGKINS,
Petef oHo Robin,
Mr. Jorge X Roounnondkgcs,
Mr. Hope X HoTH,t
John Toneh,
John do Canowa,
John X Owamosimmin,
Natonill i{ Indian.
The same day, as appears by the date ot it, Hogkins wrote the following
'tter, wliich bears the same signature as the above : —
" Honor Mr. Governor, — JVoto this day I com your housf, I vant se you, and I
imn? mji liand at before you I want shake hand to you if your worship when please,
Hen receive my hand then shake your hand and my hand. You my friend because
Inminher at old time when live my grant father and grant mother then English-
wn com this country, then my grant father and Englishmen they make a good
pmnment, they friend allwayes, my grant father living at place ccUled Malanutke-
nm, other name chef JVatiikko and Fanukkog, that one rever sreat many names
md I bring you this few skins at thisfrst tim£ I toill giue m 'fnend.
" This dl Indian )ianrf."
The two following are from the same.
" Please your worship, — / will intreat you matther you my friend now [ ]
this if my hulian he do you long pray you no put your law, because som my Indiana
fool, som men much love drunk then he no knotc what he do, may be he do mischief
ichen he drunk if so pray you must let me know what lie done because I toill ponis
The same called Betokom in Gookin, probably. — See atUe, Book ii. Chap. vii.
10
m
m
m
Wt
4'.
e ',
i&\
'.t
J j^
\ ^,
\ Perhaps Hopehood,
|-
■nhm
114
KANKAMAGUS— INDIAN TREATY.
[Book III,
I!
want go horn at this day,
"May IG, 1085.
him ai^at wha: he liaue done, you, you my friend if you desire my 6i(#j),f,,,, (;,
sent me I toill help you if I can, John IIookix;,"
"Mr, Mason, — Pray I want speak you a few words if your worship tvhen iilu-,,
because I com parfas t will speake this governor hut he go away so he saii «( /„,,
night, and so far I understand this governor his potvcr that your power nou; su h
speak his otori imuth. Pray if you take what I want pray com .. me btcaim /
Your humble servant,
John IIoukins, Indian sagimrP
About tlie time these letters were written, persons were sent amoiv th,.
Indiuns to iiscertuin wlietlier, a was reported, they were nssuniini; a \vaijj]^|,
attitude. Tliose to wlioin tli<! inquiry was intru-sted, on thiiir return ifiiort^
ed, "tliat lour Indians came from Ibrt Albany to the Ibrt at Penaoo(';,aiidiii.
formed them [the Indians there] that all the Mohawks did declare tlicv woul,!
kill all Indians from Uncus at Mount Hope to the eastward as liir us Pciryiixnt
" The reason oiWutombamat, sagamore of Saco, departed his place Was, u'.
cause the *!ame news was brought there, as himself declared, upon roudin^
my orders at Pcnacook. JVatomhamai is gone to carry the Indians down to
the same place, where they .vere before dejjarted from us on Suiuluy main.
Ing, and desired Ca])tain Hooke to meet liim at Saco five days alk'r. lidti,
sagamores of Pcnacook, viz. ff'onalansel and Mesandoivit, the latter of wlm ||
is come down, did then declare they had no intention of war, neither imli ij
are they in any posture lor war, being about ^4 men, besides s(|uinvs ami
papooses. The reason, they said, why they did not come among the Eiii'IMi
as formerly, was, their fear, that if the Mohawks came and fought tlieni, mid
they should fly for succor to the English, that then the Mohawks would ki||
all the English for liarboring them."
Notwithstanding this state of afiairs, commissioners met the Indians nn
the 8 Septend)er, 1G85, and a peace was concluded "between the subjects of
his Majesty King James II, inhabiting N. Hampshire and Maine, and the In-
dians inhabiting the said provinces." The articles were subscribed on ilie
port of the Indians by
7%c mark ^ of John Nomo.m,
alias Upsawae
" of Umbesnowah,
alias RoBLf,
I%c mark ^ of Mesandowit.
" X of Wahowah,
alias HopEHOOD.
" v^ of Tecamorisick,
alias JosiAS.
The following signers agree to comply with the terms of the treaty "aj
their neighbors have done."
The mark '\S of Netambomet,
M
C
of Wahowah, alias
HoPEHOOD.
of Ned Hiogon
of Newcome
KANCAMAGUS, alias
John Hawkins, saganwre.
signed this instrument, 19th 7ber,
1685, his □ mark.
Bagesson, alias Joseph Trask,
his g* mark. And agreed to all
within written.
Whether Hogkins were among the Penakooks seized by Major Walim
about ten years before, is not certain, or, if he were, it is liot probable any
resentment remained in his breast against him on that account, as the Pen-
nakooks were all permitted to return home ; but it is certain that he was the
director and leader in the dreadful calamity which fell upon Waldron not
long afterward, and which is as much chargeable upon the maltreatment
they received from the English, at least, as upon any agency of the French,
It may be true that many belonging to the eastward, who were seized with
the Pennakooks, and sold or left in foreign countries, had found their way
back among their friends again, and were glad of the first opportui'ity of
revenging themselves upon the author of thoir unjust expatriation.
Major Waldron lived at Dover, then called by its Indian name, (lmckt}['h
ns of the treaty "as
("hap
Vlir.] KANKAMAOUS — ni'.STHUCTION OF DOVER,
115
suiprist' "1 t''*' pl'icr, and had otiua's hosiiK' tlic Pciii
iiliiicf rt'iuly hi gioat immheis, to proscn-uto th«; imilcr
i,, Xcw IhitiipHliirp, hi a strong garrisoii-hoiiHi', at wliu-li place wertf also
•others. Kiinknmitu;us liad artfully contrivtnl a stratagitiu to eilhct the
Pciiiiakooks I'loni ditlurunt
■rtakiii<jr. Thu |ilaii was
ilii.". Two squaws were si-iit to each garrisoii-liousi" to get lihcrty to stay for
the ni"lit, uiid when all shouhl lie ash'cp, they were to o|)(!ii the gates to tiic
warriois. Mcumtulowct, wlio was next to Kaiikatmifrus, went to Miyor JVal-
irnns^mA iiit()ruied him that the Indians wouhl come tlie next day and trade
Hiili liiiii- Wliile at supper with the major, Musandowd said to lum, with an air
^ij' tiimiliarity, " Brother WuWroH, what wouhl you do if tin strange Indians
.liKiiJil coiiio?" To which he vauntingly replied, "that In couh! assenihle
Ml imiidicd men by lilling up his finger." In this security the gutca were
iiiniifd at midnight, and the work of death raged in all its fury. One garri-
Miii only escaped, who would not admit the scpiaws. 'J'hey rushed into
l((f/(/ro»'s house ill great numhers, and while souk? guarded the door, others
(•(iiimiciiced the slaughter ol" all who rcisisted. H'aldron was now tJO yiars
uta''(', vet, Hci/ing his sword, defended himself with great resolution, and at
lirsuli'ove tli(! Indians bufore him from room to room, until one getting be-
hiiul liiiii, knocked him down with his hatchet. Tiny now seized upon, und
(lr;i|.'f.'t'(l liiiii into the great room, and placed him in an armed chair upon a
tiilik While tht'y were thus dealing wit)i t\u\ master of the house, they
olili"e(l tiie family to jirovide tlu-ni a supjier, which when they had eaten, they
took off Ills clothes, and proceeded to torture liim in the most dreadful man-
ner. Some gashed his breast with knives, saying, "/ cross out my account;"
otiiers out off joints of his fingers, and said to liiin, " JVow wUl your ftst weigh
a pound')"
After cutting off his nose and ears, and forcinj? tlicm into his mouth, ho
became faint from loss of blood ; ami some holding his own sword on end
11(1(111 the floor, let him full ujion it, and thus ended his misery.
Tlie Indians had been greatly abused and wronged in their trading with
tliewliites, and it is a tradition to this day all over that jiart of the country,
tiiat Major Wcddron took great advantage of them in trade, and did not cross
out their accounts when they had paid him; und that, in buying beaver, his
fist was accounted to weigh a pound. Although he may have taken no more
advantage of the Indians than the majority of Indian traders, yet, ut this dis-
tant day, extenuation will not be looked for in impartial accounts of tlie
transactions of our ancestors with the Indians.
To enumerate the villanies practised upon this devoted people, would be
to expose to everlasting odium the majority of frontier traders from the
earliest to the present time ; but true history, uow-a-days. is but little read,
and little indeed where the facts militate against the pride of ancestry. A
history of wrongs and snflferings preserved only to be read by those who
iiave coiiiniitted them, must be an unwelcome record ! It was, and to this
day is, iu many places, a uniform practice among speculators or land-jobbers,
to get the Indians drunk, and then make their bargains witli them ! Li the
time of Philip's war, an Androscoggin Indian said " that he had given an
kndrcd poumihr water drawn out of Mr. P. [Purchas] his well."* But to
return to our narrative.
i^everal were killed at each of the garrison-houses that fell into their hands.
They kept the place until the next morning, when, after collecting all the
plunder they could carry, took up their march, with 29 captives, into the wil-
derness towards Canada ; where the chief of them were bought by the French,
and in time got hojne to their country again. Twenty-three were killed be-
fore they left the place. This affair took place on the night of the 27th of
! June, 1689. Several fiiendly Indians informed the English at Chelmsford
of the certainty of an attack upon Dover, and they caused a letter to be de-
• Hubbard, ii. Tl.—Ttiomas Purchase's house at Pegypsoot was among the first that fell a
I prey to the eastern Indians in Philip's war. In tlic beginning of September, about 20 of them
I will there, and at first offered to trade, but Mr. Purchase and his son being from home, they
I look what they liked without even asking the price of it, killed a few sheep auid calves, and
Vned. Ibid, 14, 16. ^ f > i- >
■;_>?;.*:'a
■• i I It"-'!'.
■vmw
S?i-<«
W:
' V: '■ ^ < 'lf.j'
'■4*-
.Mm
116
HOPEIIOOD.— ATTACK ON NEWICHEWANNOK. [Book m
spotchod in srasoti to liiivn notified the people, but on account of hoiik! delay
at Ntwbury ferry, the IxMiefit oftliat int()rinatioii was lost.
Four years after, ('oloncl Church took Woroinbo^s fort, in wliich woro f(m-
kamagus^a \y\^v. uml children. This fort was upon the Androscojrjrin, „|„„u
25 or IJO miles from its inoutii. In another place, we have given a |,i.t„r\
of Churches expedition to tliis Ibrt. The prisoners taken here infornicd Chunl
that there had been lately a great council held there by tne Indians, in wlii,!,
" many were for peace and many against it;" but they finally agrccil i„ ,,,,
with JOO warriors to Wells with a flag of truce, and to oft'er the Knrrli"),
peace, whif'h if not accepted, they wonhl then fall upon tlieni. "If "tin
could not take Wells, tiien they resolved to attack Piscatarpia. The wliicl,'
says Church, when we were well informed of, we left two old 8(]im\vs tli;,l
were not able to inarch, gane them victuals enough for one week of tluirdwn
corn, boiled, and a little of our pruisions, and buried their dead, and IcU iIki,,
clothes enough to keep them warme, and left the wigwams for them U) \w
in : guur, them orders to tell their friends how kind we were to tlicin, liiiiinj.
them doe the like to ours. Also if they were for peace to come tt) iiooiliiian
SmaWSf att Barwick, within 14 days, who woidd attend to discourse iIki,,.
then we came away with our own five captiues, [English that they liml i|,.
livered,] and nine of theirs."*
In the same letter we are informed that among these prisoners wrrr-
Kankamagiui's wife and four children. His brother-in-law was taken, Imt I,,
" ran away fiom them." Among the slain was Kanknmagus^s own sister. \
girl was brought away whose father and mother had been slain bit'ort' Im
eyes. Two of the children of Worombo were also among the i)risoners,allof
whom were carried to I'limouth. This expedition upon the Androsiowin
was on Sunday, 14 September. 1690.
A few days after this. Church landed at Casco, where the Indians fell n|ioii
him by surprise, and were not beaten off for some time, and then oiih In
hard fighting. This was on the 21 Septeniber. Church had seven inun iillleil
and 24 wounded, two of whom died in a day or two after. The Lidiuiiswlio
made this attack were probably led by Kankamagus and Worombo,
HopEHOOD was a chief nearly as celebrated, and as much detested in iiis
time, as the chiefs of whom vve have just spoken. He was chief of tiie tribe
of the Kennebecks generally known as the Nerigwoks. He was the son ol'
Robinhoodf a sachem of whom we have spoken in a former chapter. Accord-
ing to some writers Hopehood was also known by the name nohnwa.\ The
career of his warlike exploits was long and bloody. Our first notice of liim
is in Philip's war, at the attack of a house at Newichewannok, since Berwick.
in Mauie. Fifteen persons, all women and children, were in the house, and
Hopehood, with one only beside himself, Andrew of Saco, whom we iiavc !»•
fore mentioned as an accomplice with Symon, thought to surprise tlieiii, and
but for the timely discovery of their approach by a young woman witiiin,
would have effected their purpose. She fastened and held the door, «iiile
all the others escaped unobserved. Hopehood and his companion hewed
down the door, and knocked the girl on the head, and, otherwise woiiiidiiif
her, left her for dead. They took two children, which a fence had kept from
escaping. One they killed, the other they carried off alivs. The younj
woman recovered, and was entirely well afterwards.
One of the most important actions in which Hopehood was engaged was
that against Salmon Falls in New Hampshire, which is minutely detailedliy
Charlevoix, from whose history we translate as follows. Three expeditions liad
been set on foot by Governor Frontenac, the troops for which had been raised
at three places, Montreal, Three Rivers, and Quebeck. Those raised a!
Three Rivers were ordered against New England ; and such was the iiisij-
uificance of that place, that but .52 men could be raised, including 5 Algon-
quins and 20 Sokokis : these Indians had lately returned from an eastern
expedition. They had at their head one of the officers of the colony, lo
* Manuscript letter written at tlie time by Church, and sent to Governor Hinckletj of
Plimouth.
t Harris, in his Voyages, ii. 302, who says he was a Huron; but as he cites no aulhoriiiei,
we know not how he came by his information.
CB»r. VIII] HOPEIIOOD— DKSTRUCTION OF SALMON FALLS.
117
ttiioiii i'<»iil<l be iiitriiHtt'd lli«! cvf) iit'iDii of an (enterprise of siicli ii natin-e,
^jill, (lie gn-atcHt confidi nn- ; Mucli in the testimony wliicli Count Fronltnitc
,,;ni. la a letter wliicli Ik; wniti; at tin- time to .M. dt Stii^nilaif. Tliat ollicer
*.i,l|i,. riieiu* //c/7t7. In the small company uliieli lit; i-omlnaMileil, lie liad
thri'i! t'l ''"* '''""^ "'"' ^^^" of his ne|the\vs ; viz. The Sieur Crcviei; Lovd
oi'S. Frnncoi-i, and the Sieiir (tutiimtu.
He Icl't Three Kivers tin; tiH .lanuarv KiOO, procccdinj,' direetly Hoiith into
till' ciiiintry, leavin;; Lakt; (.'hamphiin to his left, then turniii*; to the east, and
iiitirii loi'k "'"' i'"fif-'ed march he arrived on the '^7 * Marcli, near Salmon
I'liils.t which he had reconnoitred hy liis spies, lie then dividtul his men
ii;i(i llirt'c companies ; the first, (H)mposed of 15 men, was ordered to attack
;i liir;.'!' I'lirtiricd house. Tin; scsc.ond, consisting' of 11 men, was ordered to
„i/r iijioii a li)rt, defended hy lour bastions. The third, which Ilerkl com-
„i;iii(lt(l ill person, marched to attack u still jrreater tort, which was delendtil
U ("iiimiii. All wus e.vecuted with a conduct and bravery which astonished
:,,. I!i:"liflii ^^'bo mad(! at first stout resistance; but they could not witli-
«i;iinltlif fire of the as.sailants : the bravest were cut to pie<'es, | and the
iH, Mtlio ininiber of ."il, were madi! |)risoners of war. It cost the victors
ill mil' iTcnclmian, who had bis thiffli broken, mid who died the next day :
.Hidusos were reduced to ashes, and 2000 § domestic animals porished in
;ic hiiiiis, which bad been set on lire.
SaliiKiii Falls tvas but six leujfues from a f^cat town called Pascataqua,|j
ir . Ill wlii'iice men enough mi<(ht be sent to swallow up Heiiel, mu\ cut of!
I> rctriat. In fact, upon the cveniii}; of the same day two savajjes gave
iiiiiict; that 20011 Kiifrlish were advancing to attack them. Herfel exjiected
ii, iiiiilliad taken his measures to frustrate tliosc of li''s enemy. He drew
i;|i his iiK'U in order of battle upon the edge of a river,** over wiiicli there
wiis ;i very narrow bridge, one extremity of wliicli he liad secured, and it
Hiis iinpoWihle for the English to come upon him at aiiy other point. They,
liimever, attempted it, despising the small nmnbers of the French, whom
tiny piiiragcd with great confidence. Hertel suflered them to advance with-
out tirini; a gun, aiid all at one ell upon them, sword in hand ; 8 were
killed ami 10 wounded in the first shock, and the rest fled with precijiita-
tiuiuft He lost in this encounter the brave Crevier, his nephew, and one of
llie fiokokis. La Freaniere, bis elder sou, was shot in the knee ; the scar of
wliicli woiiiul he bore for 50 years. \\
As Hertel ^^ was returning to Canada, he fell in with another party of his
coimtniiien, which proved to be that raised at Q,uebec, before mentioned,
\u\ier M. de Portneuf, WW uud with him agreed upou an expedition against
• Bflknap, Hist. N. H. i. 132, following Mather, Magiialia, vii. C8, dales this afTair 18
Minli: ilicrc; is in roality no error, allowing I'or llie ditTerence of style, (except one day ;) the
Kii:li,<ii not yel having adopted ihe Gregorian melliod, which the I^rench had. — See Book II.
I Itp. 11.
* I'rrs d'une bourgade Angloisc, appellee Sementels.
; .Mmui 30 were killed, according to Belknap, Mist. N. IL i. 132.
i Cktirlt'eoir has been misconstrued by some authors, and made to say 2000 head of cattle
I «pro huriicd. — See Williamson, Hist. Maine, i. G19, who probably did not refer to the text of
(' :rlmii.r. or perhaps used an exceptionable translation. " Detix mille pieces de hetail peri-
I r-'!'Lmsles elables, okl'on avoit mis le/eit." Nouvelle France, ii. 51.
Somciiiels n'oloit qu'a six lieuCis d'une assez grosse bourgaile de )i Nouvelle Angleterre,
In :;imi'o I'escadotif't. Nounelle France, ii. 51.
' ■■ About MO men." Belknav, ii. 132.
■" Uoosier's River, in Berwick. Ibid.
'< The English advanced with ^reat intrepidity, and a warm engagement ensued, which
;.' il lill niglit, when they retired with the loss of (our or five killed. Sid.
:: The English, although warned by the fate of Schenectaday, " dreamt," says Mather, " that
jwhili' the deep snow of the winter continued, they were safe enough; but this proved as vain
j»> a ilream of a dry summer. On March 18, the French and Indians, being half one, half
ll'oihcr, halflndianised French, and half Frenchified Indians, commanded by Monsieur Artel
ttiiij U''np.I{ood, fell suddenly upon Salmon-falls," &c. Magnalia, vii. 68.
ji The English called him Artel, as his name was pronounced. See Magnolia, ibid.
iiil The French wrote English namn'; (|uecr enough, but really I should be sadly puzzled to
ltt!l which should laugh at the other : however, inodt;rn writers should not copy old errors of
jKiiorance. It is easy to see how we come by the name of ButTteffe in our Histories of Neio
tEnglMd.StiC Hist. Maine, i. C21 .
iV^'
ti*-.|.'':J. lis
-■' ■ 'i'-ikY'A
'*3^!»''''lcitSS||f
'.-■•?. .'.4 ■J..TjajA'\-
lis
ii<)i'i;ii(i()i— i)i:sTia'< Tio.N oi' CAsro.
[Boos III
CiiHCd. A- /'o//;iri;/' iii.'iri'licd tlir<iii;rli ll oiiiifry of tlic AlM'iiakis, n,,,,
it|" tlinii joiin (I liiiii, iiikI lit! cnmi' iiilo the iii'i;flilMirli<iO(| ol" ("iiNCd, aViimf
in;; lo tlic I'lciicli nccoiiiit, on tlu; '2."> iVIay. On tlic l»illo\viii;r "i;;lit, lie ,,,,'
arcil an anihiish, and towanls niornin;^ an Kn;.'li.slinian till into it niiiUt.^
ilii'd. Tli«' Indiana then rained the \var-\vli()0|», ami altont noon .">() Ku^i^J
inarclicd onl I'roni tli(! j^arrison to learn what was the occawinn nf ji; |||| '
in:idc no discovery nntil they were within u few paces of the aMiiiiiHJi, Vi„j,
tiny were fired upon: and hefitre they <"oiild rewist wen; fallen n|Miii hvn,!
■''niicli and Indians with their swords and toniaimwks with ^'reat s|iii|Mi,t,,..
lint four escaped, and tlies«i were liadiy wunnthd.
Tiu! Kniflish seeing now th(!y ninst stand a siege, al)andone(I fiiiir ^'i,),-,.
sons, and all retired into one, which was providt^d witii cannon. liiDiiiMii,.
were abandoned, an attack was made ujton one; of them, in wliicli t ,
I'rench were repnised, with the loss of one Indian killet! and one I'ldi, .
man wounded. Portneuf hepm now to doiiht of Ins idiility to take (j,,,,,
i'earing the issue ; for his coniniission only ordered him to lay wasti' iji.
Knjilish settlements, und not to attonipt fortiHed places ; hut in tiiis (lilcinn,;,
y/er/c/ uiul llopKHooi) arrived.* It was now determined to press iIkm,,.,
In the deserted forts they found all the necessary tools for carr\iii;'oiiiii,
work, and they befran u mine within 50 feet of the fort, under a st((|i junii,
which entirely protected them from its frims. The I"'nf,'lisli hcciuiii' ili.!
coiirajied, and on the 28+ May surrendered themselves prisontis of w„r
'J'liere were 70 men, and probably a much {greater number of Wdiiiin ,1,1
children. All of whom, except Captain /)auis, who commanded the f.'iiinM,;i.
and three or lour others, were given up to the Indians, who nuinlcnMJ iiin.|
of them in their cruel manner; and if the accounts be true, Hojdm'
excelled all other savages in acts of cruelty. In the course of tlm nm'^
month, with a small party he fell upon Fox Point, in New IlanipwliiiT, kilW
about fourlleen jjersons, and carried away six, alter burning several Iioim.
This was as easily done, says Cotton Mather, \ " as to have sfioiled an (iniinm
hen-roost." Two companies of English soon collected and pursued tlicin;
came up with them, killed some, and recovered considerable ])luii(ler. hi
this action Hopeliood was wounded, and lost his gun. §
Many were the horrid acts of barbarity inflicted on the prisoners tiik'i,
at this time. Not long after this, Hopehood went to the westward, 'Mviilu
design, says Mather, to bewitch another crew at Aquadocta into liis iissi-t-
ance." The Indians of Canada and the Five Nations were then ai war,
and he being in their country, was n>"t by some of the Canada li;ili:iii<,
who, taking liirn to be of the Iroquois nation, slew him and many of lii>
companions. He had been once s captive to the English, aiid served a tiiiiH
in Boston ai a slave. There appears to have been another Nerigwok riiii!
of the same name, who treated with Governor Dudley at Casco, in 170:}.:
We have, in narre ,ing the events in the life of Mndokawnndo, noticid il p
voyage of Major Ji aldron to the eastern coast of Maine, wl.icli wusiittb
close of Philip's war. How much treachery was manifested at that tiiiif li;
the Indians, which caused the English to massacre many of tlicm, we sidl
not take upon us to declare ; yet this w; should bear in mind, that we liii\>
only the account of those who performed the tragedy, and not that of \\mt
who suffered in it.
Captain Charles Frost, of Kittery, was with Waldron upon that cx|)e(litioii.
and, next to him, a principal actor in it ; and, like him, was killed by tiie j
Indians afterwards. || Mr. Hubbard gives this account of his taking a notiJ j
warrior as follows: — " Capt. Frost seized an Indian called Mtgummmy
notorious rogue, that had been in arms at Connecticut last June, at the fall^
* Madokawando was also at the taking of Casco, as were the Dnneijs and tlie Ilw'i'i
[Higgins] Captain Dains's Nar. in 3 Coll. Mas. Hist. Soc. 1(H, 5. — Hopehood had been lakei |
prisoner, and held as a hostage, with about a dozen others, and was set at liberty by Andrfii.
Kome time before. Ibid,
t This agrees with the English accounts, abating 10 days, as observed in a note on the iastpajt.
V t Magnalia Christ. Americana, b. vii. 73. . ■■ i i
i " An heathen Indian would rather part with his head than with his gun." iiOsW,ii.21l |
y At his native place, 4 July, 161)7. MS. letter of John Farmer, Esq.
ciiAf' 'X.;
nOMAZEEN.
Ill)
upon that cxiiediiion,
m, was killed by tlie
t of liis tukiii? a iiotci!
called Megmmmu
last June, at the lalU
I M\w tlint i)rnve nnd r«!Molutt', (/'apt. Tvmrr, wlion he was nlaiii about
Tr I'll Kivi-r; and lirlncd to kill Thonuuf linuktt* iit ("uHro, [lllh] An^Mist
,' i|(;7tl.| And with the liflp of 1/u'iit. A'l///", iifrordinn U) the niajtti'rt
jir, iiirrit'd hiin alioard " their vcmscI. '• Hy tliH time," the sanu author
iiiiiimM'S "'*•""""' ''"' •■"•'«'"''■" wero j,'ot anhort', and instantly, aiM-ordinj,'
ilii'ir iiiiijor's ('oniiuand, jiurHurd th<> nifiny t^iwanls their eanoen. In the
lii^c Ht'Vi'Viil of the enemy were Klain, whone bodies these Isiildirrs] lound
itiiiir rt'tiirii, t<> the lunnher of seven ; ainoiiffst whoiu was Mdllfdininlo,
ill, «)iLfniinire, wi i an old |iii\v(>w, to whom the thvil had revealed, as some-
(jiiii.i hcdid t(» .Sn(/, that on the MamiMhiy he slioidd he with him; l«»r he
liiiil II little liefort! told tlu! Indians, tliat within two days the i'lnglish woidd
,111111' iiihI kill them all, whieli was at the very same timo veritied upou
Iiiiii:*i'lt'." Here we must aeknowledge, iiotwitliHtandinj^ our ffrt-at respect
i;,riliismitli(»r, that his eomuientary upon that passable was ratlier ;rratiiiti>us.
ill' iiii)riit li"^<' considered that Sauls amon>? the I'^njilisji woidd not he want-
iiii: 1)1 whom parallels mi^lit he made. Indeed, the historian of Kankdiniiirun
niHit siiV the Devil was less deceitfid with this powwow than h(! was aller-
Hi'nis ill the case of Major fVuldron.
The Kurdish took nnich plunder from the Indians at this time, amon^
wliich were about KJOO lbs. of dried b(!ef, and various other commodities.
.Ifriri'ii'ieit'i'/) "t^**'* having itillen into their huuda uh wo havu st<itud, was shot
without cfreinony.
CHAPTER IX.
BoMAZCF.M — Treurhery of the wliilrs towards him — Is imprisoned ttt Boston — Saves
lilt liff of a female cavtice — Captures Sneo — Is killed — Akhiiu awikwabemt —
Wis rapture and death — Eokremet — Seized at Pemviaijaid — Uarbaroanlij mur-
jfral— Treachery of Chuldi — Its requital — Captain Tom — Surprises Hampton —
On^Y— ///.</<"■< captured InjColonel Church — Hreats of Church's ciprdition — Captain
jJnixd—'frM^s with the Knfrlishat Casca — His speech — WATTANiiMMiiN — Captain
^wir.i— His fi!(ht at Damaris Cove — Hecjax — One of the name liarbaropslij dc-
'he
ither
-Bounty
nlfrml for Indian scalps — Captain John Loveircll's first expedition — His second
iiuiitfor Indians — Falls in with Paugus — Flights him, and is slain — Particulars of
llic uffuir — Incidents — Songs composed on the event.
struijd by the whiles — Mooo — Westhrook burns JVrrigwok — Some account of the
Jf.initRasIc — Moul ton's expedition to JVeriffirok — Death tf Moirg — Death of Father
i\iiilr—.\otice of Moullon — Charlevoix's account of this affair — Paugus — Bounty
We will continue here our catalogue of eminent chiefs of the east, which,
tlioii^li a remote section, has no less claim than any other ; and the first of
tliciii which we shall introduce was called, by the whites,
Domazeen, who was u sachem of a tribe of the Canibas, or Kemiebecks,
\vlio»e residence was at an ancient seat of sagamores, upon a river bearing
their miitie, at a place called JVorridgewock. \ Whether Borwizeen were the
leader in the attack upon Oyster River in New Hampshire, Groton in Massa-
chiisptts, id many other jjlaces, about the year 1094, we cannot determine,
but Hutchmson says he was " a principal actor in the carnage upon 'he
' Uf was hrotlier to Anthomi, and was killed tlie 1' August, as wc have mentioned in oir
a.-rouiii ol' fiijmnn. These Indians, or some of their p.. ly fthat captured Anthony lirackd]
' w,iii oviT upon the neck, where they shot John Munjoij and Isaac \^ukely. Three men, wtio
»i'ro going to reap at AiUlwny Bracket's, hav'tng hearfl from Munjoy and W^u/te/j/of the trans-
aciiiin ilicrt', It'll them lo return, when, hearing the guns, they turned towards Tliomas Bracket's,
»iio lived near Clark's Point, where they had left their canon, having probal>ly crossed over
[ from Purpooduck. Here they saw Tliomas Bracket shot down, and his wife and chihiren
j jakcii; they then made their escape to Munjoy's garrison, at the lower end of the neck, which
bad become a place of refuge. Willis's Hist'. Portland, i. 144. — This was an extensive depre-
oaiion, 3l persons having been killed and cariicd into captivity.
t yeris;wok is believed to be the most proper way of spelling the name of this place, as
U^reeinghest with its orihoeny; at least, with that heard at and in the vicinity of it, at this
Jay, as pronounced by the oldest inhabitants. It is a delightful place, and will be found else-
»herc described.
ill
•..J.,V ^ .*r ''*+^H( ■*■*■».
■ ■■■• ■ ■ W'tiS
, V : '.'I ^»«W' 'i'lji
• :"t.<
■ ?, '_.vm.
?^>1
120
ARUUIlAWIKWAnn.MT— TAKEN AND KILLED.
the firiilv wIi'mIi Im- IiikI imidr witli (Jovcriior Phi
[ronx III
I r the frriily wIimIi Im- IiikI imidr witli Uovcrnor iviijm, in ](>«
niiiD' to t!i*- lort at l')'iiiiiiai|iii<l \\'u\i a lla^' •''' l>'iii>*>,'(iiii| i''
. IJI:>|
Knjrlisli," nO
Jii KlJtl, Ik . , ^.^^
trcarlirroiiHly H<>i/.t><l liy tlioHt; wlio r(iiiii|iaii(li><l, and H«>iit iiriHomr to |{,,.t„
wli(>r)> lif rfiiiaiiK-tl soiiir inoiitliH, in a luatlinoiiH' prison. In l7(Hi, |||'^^
baritifs wrro ronimiltcil. ('lii'lniHtiiid, f^ndlmry, (imton, llxrtcr, iJovcr
many (iiIht places, siiMl'iTil inon^ or less." .Many captivcH were Inkin i,,,,!
carried to Canada, and many killed 'in the way. .\ poor uonian, our //,/,„^
7Vn//or, who liad arrived at the Hive. St. I.awrenee, was ultoiit to he ||,|||„,.,|
hy'iier master, an " overgrown Indian," named Sumimm. 'I'lie liinli ,11"!
tre«' on whieli lie was exeentinfj his jiiirpose ^'uve way, and, while jn' „ ,
makinjr a second attempt, Itomitzfvn happened to he passinjf, iuk] 1,.
cned her.
We hear of liini just atler the death of Jlmilinwikirnhrmt, in Ortd,,
1710, when he Tell upon Saco with tiO or 70 men, and killed severiil jun !,
nnd carried away some ca|ttiv'es. He is mentioned as a " 'otorimi.s |r||„t,
nnd yet hut ti'W of his acts ar" upon record. Some time aOer the pcnn ,|
1701, it seemed to he conHrmed hy the appearance of Homnztrn, iiiid iiiimii,,
{trincipa! chief, who said the French friars were ur^iiij? them to hniik ilmr
nnioii with the Kn<.'iish, "/>»/ /Art/ llifif had nuulc no unpnusidn o//Mfw. ;•
lliei/ were an firm us the mouniitins, itnd mould nmlinuv so as loin( as Ihi minnn,!
7)10011 rndiiird.''^ On peace hein;r made known to the Indian.s, as li(iviii(i tik,,,
place hetween the I'Vench and Kuf^lish nat'»ns, they came into ('aso, mj;],
a flajt of truce, and soon after concluded a treaty at I'ortsnioiitli, .\. ||
(lated {."{July, I7IM. Wom/fZfrH'.s name and mark are to this trcniy.
When Cajitain Moidton was sent up to Nerijrwok, in !7'.i4, they till iimiij^
liomazecn ahont 'I'acoimet, where they shot him as he was escapin;; liirniii;!
the river. Ntmr the town of Neri^'wok, his wife and daufihtcr wcri', iii\
bnrliaroiiH manner, tired upon, tlie dau^'liter killed, and the mother tnkin.
We purposely omit Dr. ('. Mnthtfs account of liomazmi's coiivciNitkn
with a minister of Jloston, while a jirisoner there, which anioiintM td Iml,.
else than his recoimtinjf some of the e.xtravajfant notions which the I'lin,
of Canada had maile many Indians hilieve, to their jtrcat delrinM'iit,,i<l,
suid ; as that Jtsui> Christ was a French man, and the; \ irj^in Munj a In mi
woman'; that the French jrave them poison to drink, to innnnie tlicni npiii.,
the Fn<;lish, which made them run mad. We liear of others, who, tutMn.
them apiinst tlut l']n<.dish, endeavored to make them believe, iininni: oili.r
absurdities, that they put Jisus Christ to death in London.
AiiKUiiAwiKWABKMT, just mentioned, was a sacluMu of tho same trilic, am!
was said to Ik; of Nor i(|i;ewock also. Wo ran find but very fi-w iiiirtiniW.
of him, hut, tiom the fiite iie met with, it is ))resume(l hi) had lircn \m
instrumental in conti?minf,' or la'iufrinjjf about the eastern war of 171(1. li,
that year, Colonel ff'alton made an expedition to the eastern coast of .M.ib
with 170 men. As thoy were encamped upon an island, the smoke (j| tin ir
fires decoyed .some of the Indiatis into their liands, amonff whom was ./mi-
hawiku'ithemt. Penhalloiv says, Ik; was "an active, bold fellow, and one dl an
undaimted spirit; for when they asked hiui several questiov.s, he niadclhiiii
no n!ply, and when they tlireaton(>d him with death, he laughed nt it irilhm-
tempt! At which they delivered him up unto our Iriondly In(lian.s, wlidsiinn
became lii.^ executioners. Hut when the squaw saw the destiny nf Inr
husband, she became more flexible, and freely discovered where r.n'ii jmrty
of them encamped." The savage perpetrators of this act called tlicii •'ihi>
Chrisiian warriors ! and it must be ackftowledged that civiiiziition pii!!<
nothing in contrasting the conduct of the whites, under h'ulton, and iliti
of liomazecn towards a captive, just related.
Er.F.aKMF.T, as we have seen, was cliief sachem of Kennebeck in Iftt'.
and his princi])al n!sidence appears to have been at Machias. Tiii.s cliiif,
and IIoNQum, with three or four others, having been invited to a cnnfrrninat
Pemmaquid, were treacherously murdered there, KJ February, KilM). 'I'licir
Beiztn-e and murder could not have been outdone, by tlie greatest barbnrinii?,
• Bomaternwnx supposed lo liavo li'il llic parlv llial altnrkcd tlie soiitli pari of 0)Slcr Kivii
now Durliain, in wliicii 10 persons wurc killed. 'I'liis was on 27 April.
;nj,ED. (p,„„„ II,
vrrnor r/i/yi.f, in |i;.<^
Iiif,' of Inicr, 1111,1 „,„
•lit priMiiin- to |j,„,„|
)ii. Ill I7(M;, iirw \^f,
)Il, r,\ct(T, Dover, i„,|
ilivfrt were tiikcn i,,,,!
•r woimiii, dill' Idi,,;,
IIS IllHMlt t(l Ik' Iiiii _,,i
son. 'I'lic liiiih III I',
ay, iitul, wliilc I,.. „ .
Ik; |mHHiii}f, mid |,.
ikirnhrmt, in Ortnlwr.
killed Hcvrriil |i(n||,
t II " 'dldrious l('||f,«
line iiHcr llif pcucr if
Homdznii, 1111(1 aimilur
ip tliciii to lirciik 111, r
imprissian on Ihnn, <„■
» its lonif (IS Ihr mm ni<,!
iiiliiiiiH, tiM liMviii;; tilriii
CIIIIU' into CllSCII, \\i;||
lit INirlsiiKiutii, \, II,
to tlTiH treaty.
II 17*24, tliey rcll ill Will,
! wiiH eseiipiiifr iliniiii:li
III (laiit-'liter wen, in a
il the mother tnkcn.
iomnzr('u\<i coiivrrsitidn
kvliieli iiiiioiiiits til liiiV
ions ^v!^lell tiic I'r, mi,
r fjreat (letrimriit, i,«lii
\ irjjiii .Marji a rnini,
iiiHaiiie tiieiii a^inin-;
if others, \\liti, tuiArii.
[1 believe, aiiionir mhr
Ion.
1 of the sjiuie trilic, am!
•lit very li'W iiiirtii'iil;ir«
iH'd he liml Im'iii v,r\
stern war of 1710. In
eastern roast of Mnii'
uitl, the smoke nl lluir
nonfj whom was ./mi-
d fellow, niid niirnl ;ic
lestioMS, lie iiiailc iIih;i
c IdUf^hed at it wilhm-
nilly Indians, wlioHinn
iw the destiny <it' liw
ercd where r.'cli |iiirty
3 act called thenxhr
that civilization L'nis-
ndcr Wulion, and tliti
of Kenncbcck in KIlD.
Machias. This cliiif,
ivited toaconferrnnat
[''ebruary, KiiXi. 'I'lifi'
the grcutost barbnrinii?,
rmr
IX.
F.f3F.KF.,MF,T.
121
io.souilipartofO>slerKivci.
A|iril.
f,)r liiitlilessneHH ; and we nIuiII learn that its author |iaid for it in due tiiii<>
uith \\\* li''"- ^^'' '"''' ""' dis|iosed to add to iriinsiietioiiH which are in
iluiii'i'lves siillieieiitly horrible, lint we will viiitiire to ;xivn the iiecoiiiit iw
.,, Ilinl it in Mr. ('. Mtilher'n (linnnium hirtiiosiim : — *
» 1,1't lis, before the jear be <)iiite ^.'orie, see some vefiffeance taken npon
,L. hmiU in Oir hitu.v of Ihr wirkrif. Know tiieii, reader, that rapt. .U/f/'7i
ni'iiliiHiiiif! to '"' diHtnissed from bis eommand ot' the tiirt at I'emniaipiid,
ill,. ('All'' succeeded him. 'I'liis f7ii//» found an opportiinitv, in a pretty
(kuhlitil iiiaiiiicr, to kill the fiiiiioiis llilirnimil and .lliiiniuiii, a couple of
iiriiiiil'''' sii^tii mores, with one or two other Indians, on a Lord's day. Sonio
iliiil \M II eiioii;;li liked the Ihinff which was now done, did not alto^rether
likr liic mnnnrr of doin^ it, beciiiiso there was a pretence of Inntii between
(Iiii/miiiiI the sagainorcH, whereof lio took liiii advanta^'o to lay violent liandri
nil tlit'iii."
I'liiis tlio mnnner ih Hccn in which tliiH horrid and rold-blooded net i«
rrliitcd ! ! I''<'W nro the instances that we meet with in history, where Indinn
trfrif/wri/, as it is termed, can p) before tlii.s. The reverend aiilhor adds, " If
iIhti' vvcre any nidiiir dealing' (which I know not) in this action of I'Imh,
tlnrc will be another Fibniun; not llir oil", wherein the avi mcirs of bhxtil will
teki' tlu'ir .vtlinfartion" Hy this innuendo, what beli-ll ("aptain i'hiilili aller-
«(iril-i is understood, and of which we shall presently jrive an iiccoiint.
I'll,. |i()iiit of land called Trot fs ^ Ark., in VV'oolwi-b, in the stale of IMaino,
\viis.«iild, ill l()H.">, by fJj>T«mc/ ami several other sachems. In Idlt.'l, on the
11 AiiL'iist, with 12 other chiefs, he machs u treaty f with Sir ffilliiiiii Phipn, vA
|Viiiiimi|iiid, to which their nuiuoH Htood uh foliuV.'S; and without marks, in
iL,. jirintcd account.
Kl)UKRK.MF.TT.
Mauoi KAWAXnO.
WvssAMHOMKT nf JVomlfrwock,
Wk.nobso.n of Teconnit, in behalf
of M OKI'S.
KKTTF.RRAMoms of ^Ydiridgwock,
AiiAXiiin of Penobscot,
BoMASKK.V.
NlTAMEMKT.
AWA.NSOMKCK.
RolIIN l)o\Klf.
]Mai)ai;meis.
I'Am'AiiAKKT, (tlins Nathaniel.
John l[ornybrook.
John Ha<.;atauawoii^o, alias
Sbee|»scott John.
Pliill. Duiisaki.s, Sijuaw, in-
terpreters.
Itd'orc this, in U!9I, "Now England being quite out of lireatb," says Dr.
r. .(/(///icr, a treaty, or truce, was entered int() between the eastern sachems
Slid .Messrs. //it/c/inwou and 7'ojf7WfHrf, of JJoston, and others oi in<, . • ♦••rn
mist, at Sa<,'adaliock. Here ten captives were given up by them, and the
Kii;;li.s|i gave ii|» eight captive Indians. One was a woman by the name of
Hull, who had been of great service to them, having written letters on
various occasions, such «s their afliiirs required, and with whom tlasy ro-
pnltcd iiiucli to part. Another was JValhnniel Hhilr., who bad been bound
and tcirtiirod in a wretcluid manner. Ilia ears were cut ott| and, instead of
liiud, lie was forced to (!ut them, al\er which, but for this time y treaty, the
si'iiii'iicc of burning would have been executed upon bini. This truce
siijiiilatcd that no hurt should be done the Knglisb until May, l()!>'i, and that,
on till' first of that month, they would tlelivcu-, at Wells, all English captives
in ilit'ir hands, and, in the mean time, would inform of any |i)ots that they
iniirlit know of the Frencb against the English. E<!;eremri being tin; chief
sii'liriii, and most forward in this business, Dr. Mather utt(M"s bis contemi)t
tiirliiiii by saying, "To this instrument w»'re set tha paws of Egeremet, and
live iiimo of their sagamores and noblemen." \
Tills treaty may be seen at length in the Collections of the Mass. Hist. Soc,
liiit is (luted one year earlier than il is in thi; Magnalia. TIk; fact that it was
inadc upon the water, us Dr. C. Mather says, and as we have (pioted in tho
life of Madokawando, appears from the lust paragrai)b of that instrument,
* Masnalia, li. vii. 89. f It may be seen in the Magndia, vii. U5.
t Magnalia Christ. Americana, book vii. art. xxviii. p. \)\.
11
ai' fir f^
'•"'■■ .■'';J *■■■•■.",
I i' "'
1'0
■VJi
122
EGEREMET.— KILLED AT PEMAQUID.
[BooE III.
which 13 in these words : — " Signed and sealed interchaiigeahiy, upon the
water, in canoes, at Sackatehock, when Uie tvind hlew" It whs licadtid, "At a
treaty of peace witli tiie eastward Indian enemy sagamores." Tlie othpi- tiv(;
sachems, bosidt; Es:eremet,vfere Toquelmut, Jf'atumbomt, fVatombamet, h'alumk
[fVorombos,] and John Hawkins, [or Kankamagus,] The places for wliicli the,'
stipulated are, according to the treaty, " Pennccook,Winnepisseockeege, Osscih'
Pigwocket, Amoscongen, Pecheftscut, Kcnnebeck River, and all otlier piwyl
adjacent, within the territory and dominions of the above-named saganioriV
The witnesses wero, Dewando, [the same called Miwando, by Prnhnllov:.
probably,] J^ed Higon, John Alden, jr., and N'athaniel Jilden.
The next year, Egeremet was with Madokawando, Moxus, and a body of
French nnder Labrocre, and made the notable attack upon the garrison at
Wells, which will be found recorded in the last chapter.
We will now inform the reader of the wretched fate of Captain Pasco CM.
It was not long atler he committed the bloody deed of killing the Indian sjij.
aniores, before he and the fort were taken by the French and Indiaiist. He
was exchaiiycd, and returned to Boston, where he suffered much disgrace
for his treachery with the Indians.* He lived at Andover in Mnssacliusptts,
where about 30 Indians made an attack in IfJOH, on 22 February, in wliicii
he, with others, was killed, and five were captivated. It was not tlionglit tliai
they ex{)ected to find him there ; but when they found they had killed hitn,
it gave them as much joy, says Hutchinson, " as the destruction of a whole
town, because they had taken their beloved vengeance of him for his perfidy
and barbarity to their countrymen." They shot him through several times
after he was dead.
In his characteristic style, Mr. Oldmicon speaks of this event.f He savs,
" Nor must we forget Chub, the false wretch who surrendered PeniniaqiiiJ
Fort. The governor kept him under examination some time at Boston, and
tlien dismissed him. As he was going to liis housu, at Andover, the Indians
surprised him and his wife, and massacred them ; a just reward of his trea-
son." The author, we think, should have added, according to the jurispru-
dence of savages.
The most favorable account given of the conduct of Chub, and indeed tlie
only one, follows : " An Indian sagamore's son appeared with a flag of truce, and
Capt. C7iu6 went out to them without arms, man for man. An Indian asked fir
rum and tobacco: the captain said, '.Yo; it is Sabbath day.'' Tliev saiJ,
' We tvitl have ruin, or we vnll have rum and you too.^ Two Indians laid hold nil
the captain. Then he called to his men, to fall on, for God's sake. Tiieii he
made signs to his men, to come from the fort. One of the Englisii iiad a
hatchet under his coat, took it out and killed an Indian ; and tiien oiirs
killed two more Indians, and took another alive, and wounded anotiier, s.'p-
posed mortally. Then many of the enerny came near to the English, wlic
retreated all safe to the fort." \
There was another sagamore of the same name, noticed in the followins
wars with the eastern Indians, who was friendly to the whites ; it was
bly he who sometimes bore the name of Moxus,
* Harris's Voyages, ii. 305, (ed. 17G4,) says Chub was arrested by Colonel Gedimj, who was
sent cast with three ships of war, on hearing of the surrender of the for'., and that no French o:
Indians ooidd be found ; that after he strengdicned the garrison, he leturned home.
" Col. (jcdnnj had been by land with 3(X) men, to secure the easte-n frontiers. Fiiuiinjik
enemy gone, he strengthened the garrisons, which were not taken. He also arrested Pnu
Chubb, tor surrcndenuf,' Pemaquid Fort, while under his command in July, and had hini
brought to Boston. Here Captain f/iuAA was confined, till it was decided that ho should
lose his commission, and not b(> oligible for any other. This unfortunate man, with his wJe
Hannah, and three others, wore .lilled by the Indians at Andover, Feb. 22, 1698." i?er..Ur.
Felt's Anvals of Salnn.
A naval force was sent at the 'lame lime ; hence the accounts are not altogether irrecon-
cilable. Three men-of-war wen; sent out in pursuit of the French, " but meeting with con-
trary winds, they could never get sight o" hem." Neal, His. N. Eug. ii. 651.
t British Empire in America, i. 77, 78.
i ^Manuscript letter in library Mass. Hist. Soc. written in the following month. A? il '^'^
written at a great distance from the place, and from a report of the day, Iiltle reliance canb*
placed upoQ it. It may have been Cliub's repor' of the case.
Chap. IX.]
CAPTAIN TOM— DONEY.
123
III tlie Indian war of 1703, there was n great Indian captain who resided
foiiicwlierc to tlic oast of Pascataqiia River, who made his name dreaded
,111)011" tlio settlements in that re<rion, by some bloody expeditions whicli he
0011(11^011(1. He was railed, by the English,
Captain Tom. On 17 August of this year, this daring war-captain, with
about 30 others, surprised a part of Hampton, killed five persons, whereof
oue was a widow Hussey, " who was a remarkable speaking Ciuaker, and nnich
linieiited by her sect." After sacking two houses near tlic garrison, they
drew off.*
Many Indians bore the name of Tom. Indian Hill, in Newbury, was owned
liv Great Tom, He is supposed to have l)een the last Indian jiroprietor of
lands in tiiat town. Iv. written instruments, he styles himself, " / Great Tom
/fl,/i'aH."t
We eonie, in the next place, to an interesting portion of our eastern history.
It lias been generally supposed that the name Donjj, or Doney, was the name
of an hulian chief, but it is now quite certain that he was a "Frenchman, wlio
took lip his residence among the Indians, as Baron de St. Ca.iteins did. There
apiiears in our liistory, in 1()45, a "Monsieur Dony^'' who had some difficulty
witii Lord de la Tour, about their eastern possessions, and he was, doubtless,
tin same of whom we have an acconnt afterwards, in the war of 1690, with
the eastern Indians. At this time, there were two of the name in Maine,
fiiliier and son. The son, perhaps, like Casteins the younger, was half Indian,
but of this we are not sure ; nevertheless, to jireserve our narrative of the
events of Colonel Churches expedition of 1690, we shall notice them among
otiiers.
Church landed at Maquait, 12 Septeml)er, before day, and, afler a wet,
fatiguing march into the woods of about two days, on the south-west side of
the AiK&oscoggin, came into the neighborhood of a fort. They came upon
an Indian and his wife who were leading two captives ; and immediately pur-
suing and firing upon them, killed the Indian woman, who proved to be the
wife of Young Doney.\ We can only hope it Avas not theii design thus to have
kdled an innocent woman. Which party it was that fired U|)on them (for they
ilivided themselves into three) is unknown, and we in charity must suppose
tiiat, at considerable distance, and in mucii confusion, it was difficult to know
an Indian man from a woman.
As Church expected, Doney ran into cue gate of the fort, and out at the
otiier, giving the alarm so effectually, that nearly all within it escaped. They
found and took prisoners " but tAVo men and a lad of about 18, with some
nonieii and children. Five ran into the river, three or four of which were
killed. The lad of 18 made his escape up the river." The whole numVier
killed in this action was " six or seven." The English had but one wounded.
They took here, at this time,§ a considerable quantity of corn, guns, and atnmu-
niiion, and liberated Mrs. Huckings, Avidow of Lieutenant Robert Hackings,
taken at Oyster River, Mrs. Barnard, wife of Benjamin Barnard, of Salmon
Falls, Anne Heard, of Cocheco, a young woman, daughter of one Willis, of
Oyster River, and a boy belonging to Exeter. These captives, says Church,
'•were in a miserable condition." They learned by them that most of their
men were gone to Winter Harbor to get provisions for the Bay of Fuiidy In-
iliaiis. This infbruiation was given by a j)risoner taken in the fort, who also said
tliatthe Bay of Fundy Lidians Avere to join them against the English, in the
spring. " The soldiers, being very rude, would hardly spare the Indian's life,
while in examination ; intending, Avhen he had done, that ho should be exe-
Hited. But Capt. Hucking's wife, and another Avoman, doAvn on their knees
and begged for him, saying, that he had been a means of saving their lives,
and a great muiiy more ; and had helped several to opportunities to nm away
and make tlieir escajM; ; and tiiat never, since he came amongst them, had
liiught against the English, but being related to Hakin's \\ wife, kept at tlie
* Penhallnw, (ml. Wars, 8 ; Farvier's Belknap, i. 167.
t Manuscript Hisl. Newbury, by J. Coffin.
\ And the same called in the Afagnalia Robin Doney.
!Says my record, which is a manuscript letter from Church, written at that time.
The same called Kankamagus.
. 'X
,«*
^ -
124
DONEY.— CAPTAIN SIMMO.
[Boog III,
foitwitli tliem,
ward ofJJofitoii.
Two old
boim then; two years; l)Ut his livinjrwiiH to tluMve., H ,„;,,««/
)oii their r«u|ii(!st, his life was spanul." '" ■ pinbuent
Having
So iipoi
s(|iiaws W(M(! ietl in the fort, provided with provisions, and instnict
0(1 to tell tli(»s(! who retnrned who they were, und what lliey were di'teiniiiK.i
to do. Tluiy then pntyour ovjive to d(,'atli, and decani|ied, 'J'jios,', we nm,.
sujipose, were (diielly women and ehildren ! " Kiiocktd on the htailjhr an ,2
ample" We know not tiiat any excnse ean be {j;iven lijr this (uiniinal (iit;.,,,,!
it is (U;<rradinf; to consider tiuit tins civilized nnist he snpposcd to iiiia},'iii( i|| i
tliey <'an jtrevent Itarharities hy hiiiiiff wretchedly harharons thenisrlves.
Oij) DctM'.v, as he is called, was next to l»e limited. As they wci-,. i,,.
barking at Macpiait, Mr. ^hdhoivj Bracket * came to the shore and cailcj i,, ii,, '
to take iiim on board, wiiich they did. lie learninj^ tiiat an Kni^lisli ium^ (,.,,
tliercabont, made his i-scapt; from the Indians, with whom he had hi'di'snii .
time a prisoner. Tiie fleet now iiroctjeded to Winter Harbor, from wUxc-
tliey despatched a detachment of (iO men to Saco Falls. When liny laini.
near, they discovered Dunexfst coin|)any on the opposite side of the river, wIk,
chiefly made their escape. A canoe, with three Indians, was oiiservcd ciiininr
over the river ; they did not see the Enf,dish, and were fired npon, iind • .ii]
three perished." This f,'ave the first alarm to Doneifs company. '\'\wy ,|j,i
not, however, leave their ground without returning the fire of the IjifiJi^h, |,v
whicdi Lieutenant Hunnewell was shot through the thigb.f VVIkmi (Ik; pimj,,^
fired ujion each other, Old Donuj, with an English captive, was liiiriur i,,,
the river, who, hearing tiie firing, came down to see what it meant; and tlms
lie discovered the English time enough to escape. Doncy fled fiom t),,
canoe, leaving his captive, who came to the English. His name was Tlwmu
Baker, who bad lived before at Scarliorough.
There were many other movements of the English afler this, in ulii,!,
they got much pbmder, and which tended to cause au uneasine!=s iiiiion;
them, and their final determiiiution to return home. Church urged a loniiir
continuance, but was outvoted in a council of officers, and thus ended ilic
expedition. Many in the country n'proachetl Church with cowardiic. aiul
almost every thing but what we should have looked for. If putting to dtnili
cajitives had been the charge, many might have accorded Amen! IJiit wcdu
not find that urged against him.
Two years alter this, in l()!*8, Rohin Doney became reconciled to tin; V.n;;.
lish, and signed u treaty with theui at Pemmacpiid. ibit within a year al'ti r,
he became suspected, wbctlier with or without reason, we know not. aiul
coming to the fort at Saco, jirobahly to settle the difficulty, was seized In iln:
English. What his fiite was is rather uncertain, but the days of forgivcmsj
and mercy were not yet.
Among the chiefs which we shall next proceed to notice, there were seve-
ral of nearly equal notoriety.
Captain Simmo's name should, jicrhaps, stand most cons[)iciiniiiS. V.e
shall, therefore, go on to narrate the eventu in liis life, after a few jircliniiiiiiry
observations.
Whenever war commenced between the English and I''rench in Eiii(i|ic,
their colonies in America were involved in its calamities, to an unknown iiinl
fearfid extent. This was the aspect which affairs wore in 170;{. AVitii ilic
first news, tlierefbre, of its flame, the New Englanders' thoughts were tiMiml
towards the Indians. Ciovernor Dudley immediately despatched niess(ii;:(rsto
most of the eastern tribes, inviting them to meet him in council upon the |ii u-
insida in Ealmouth, on the SO June. His object was so to attach tlicni tntlie
English, that, in the event of hostilities between the rival powers on tliis>iilp
of tiie Atlantic, they would not take arms against them. Agreoalily in the
wishes of the English, a vast multitude assembled at the time aiipoinnil;
the chiisfs Jldiwmuh and Hescnn fVir the Pennakooks, Wtdtitnummmi fiir ilie
Pecpiakets, Mesamhoimll and fVexar for the Androscoggins, JMorus and Ilojit-
hood (p(!rhaps son of him killed by t!ie Mohawks) for th(! Nerigwoks, limi'.-
zeen and Captain Samuel lor the Kennebeeks, and JVarrungunl und If'aMik-
* Son of Aiilliotiij. who w;is killcnl by the Indians, as wc liave related, oh<«.
t OiKci 'A lultcr in MS. rruin tiie expedition.
Chap.
IX.]
CAPTAIN SAMUEL.
125
onciled In llit' Y.w;-
ce, there were sevc-
PenobBPOts. After a Bhort speech to tliem, in whicli tlie
inhittTd Cor iiie renobBcots. After a Bhort spcecli to thei
^veriior expreBHcd brotlicTly uft'ection, aud u dcBire to Hetth! ov«!ry diiiiculty
t«l)icli hud happened ninco the last treaty," Captain Simnio replied as
•• He ihank you, f^ood brother, for coming so far to Utlk with us. It is a vcrtnt
favor. The dowlsjlu and darken — but we still sing ivith love the sonfrs of peace.
'Rdine my tvords. — So far as thk hu.n is ahovk tiik eaktii akk our
TIIOLUHTS KROM WAR, OR THK I,KA8T RUI'TIIRK BETWKK.N US." *
Tin; "ovenior was tlien presenttul witii a belt ot" w.inipiini, was to eonfirm
the triitli of vvliat had been said. At a prcviou8 treat\, two lieaps of small
vtoiu'H li"«l l'*"'^" thrown together, near by the treaty ground, and called the
Tim-brothers, to signify that the Indians and llnglisli were brothers, and were
nmsidcri'd l>y the |)arties in the light of seals to their Iniaties. They now
rcirairecl to tiiese heaps of stones, and each increased their magnitude, by the
addiiiiiii of other stones. Thus was ha])pily terminated this iiunous treaty.
Son II' parade and rejoicing now connneneed, and a circumstance transpin^l
wliicli tiirew tlie Knglish into great fear, and, perha]is, greater susj)icion. A
miiul 8ulute was to be fired upon each side, at parting, a)id tlie Englisii, ad-
viadlv, lUid very warily, it must be confessed, but in appearance compliment-
nrv, expressed their desire that the Indians woidd fire fu.><t. The Indians
re('i'ivt.d the compliment, and discharged their guns ; to their great surprise,
tlie English found they had been loade(! witli bullets. Tlusy had before
doiil)tc(i of their sincerity, but, owing to this discovery, conaidtired their
trciicliery certain, and marvelled at their escape. However, it can only bo
presuiiied, that, according to the maxim of the whites, the Indians ha«l come
prepared to treat or fight, as the case might require; for no doid>t their guns
Here charged when they came to the treaty, otherwise why did they not fire
upi tlio English when they saluted them ?
Wiiat became of Captain Simmo we have as yet no account. Several of
the other chiefs who attended this council were, perhaps, equally con-
spicuous.
WxTTANUirtMON being absent when the council first met on the 20 June,
no busiiiess was entered ujion for several days. However, the English
alkrwuriiij said it was confirmed that it was not on that account that they
di'lavcd the conference, but that they expected daily a reinlbrcement of aOO
Frciicli uiid Indians, and then they were to seize upon the English, and
rava;ie tiie country. Whether this were merely a rumor, or the real state
of tiie cuse, we have no means of knowing. H'attanummon was 8up])08ed
to have been once a Pennakook, as an eminence still bears his name al>out a
mile from the state-house in New Ilampshire.f
Captuiii Samuki. was an Indian of great bravery, and one of the most for-
ivard ill endeavoring to lull the fears of the English at the great council just
I nieiilioiied. What gave his ])retensions the air of sincerity was his coming
! with Bomazeen, and giving some information about the designs of the French.
I They Huid,
'Mhoufrh several missionaries have come among us, sent l>y the French fiat
I to brtttk tlie peace between the English and lut, yet their words have nuuk no inipres-
Imiipnvs, We are as firi« as the mountains, aso will so continue,
pi! LONG A) THE SUN AND MOON ENDURES."
Notwithstanding these strong expressions of friendship, "within six weeks
I after," says Penfmllow, "the whole eastef-n country was in a conflagration,
I BO house standing nor garrison unattackcd." Tin; Indians were no doubt
I induced to commit this depredation from the influence of the French, many
jcfwhoiu assisted them in the work. Ai.l it is not probable that those
llidians who had just entered into the treaty were idle spectators of the
JKetie; but who of them, or whether all were engaged in the affair, we know
[not. A hundred and thirty people were said to have lieen killed and taken,
[within that time.
Captain Samuel was either alive 20 years after these transactions, or another
* This is Mr. Williamson'i; version of the speech, Mist. Maine, ii. 36.
t MS. coinmuuication of J. Farmer, Esq.
lit
::?^Ki
*;
iK.ii
'1 J 1 /'I
126
IIEGAN.— MOGG.
[Book III.
of the nnmo nindc himself roiispiciious. In Juno, 1722, tliis warrior chief m
the lieiid of five others, boarckid Li(iit<Miaiit Tilton^ iis he luy at anchor u tifilm,,,
near Dainaris Cove. Tliey pinioned liim and liis hrothjr, and liciit tlm','
very sonsly ; hut, at last, one got clear and released the other, \vho tlicn i;|i
with great fiu-y ujjon the Indiaii!<, tiirew one overboard, and mortally wninni.
ed two more.* Whether Captain Samuel were among those killed is i,,,;
mentioned.
There was a (-aptain Sam in the wars of 174r). In the vicinity of,.;,
George's, Jiieutenant Proctor, at the liead of IJ) militia, liad a skirmisli with ilc
Indians, ^^ Sept., in whicli two of their huulers were killed, viz. Colonel M,„i^
and Captain Sam, and one Colonel Job was taken ca[)tive ; the latter hcjnjr ;;,.,,,
to Boston, he died in prison. To quiet the reBentment of liis relutivi^ji, the
government made his widow a valuable present aller the peace, f
W<! siiould not, perhaps, omit to speak se})arately of another chief, wlo
was |)resent at the iimioiis treaty mentioned above •, we refer to
IIegan. His name is also spelt Uegon and Heigon. There were scvirai
of the name. Ojie, calhid Mogghdgon, son of haller, was a *siicii,.|ii a;
Saeo, in 1()()4. This chief, in that year, sold to fym. Plnll{ps,"a tnici of
land, being bounded with Saco River on the N. E. side, and Kciiiicliiini;
River on the S. W. side." To extend iron- the sea up Saeo River to l«!!iliiii)n
Falls, and u|) the Kennebunk to a point opposite the former. No unKnimis
mentioned for which the land was sold, but merely "iv certain sum ji,
goods."! One Sampson Hegon attendcul the treaty of Pemtna(iui(l, in inuf..
Jolm, that at Casco, in 17'27 ; jVed was a Peimakook ; fValtir, brotlu r df
Mogg ; § TJie fate of one of the name of Hegon is remembered aninni; t||,.
inhabitants of some parts of Maine to this day. He was tied njion a Imrse
with spurs on his heels, in such a manner that tlie spurs continually iriwiy
the animal. When the horse was set at liberty, he ran furiously tliioi;;'li an
orchard, and the craggy limbs of the trees tore him to pieces. Mnthtr.h
his Decennium Luctuosum, || seems to confirm .something of the kind,
which took place at Casco, in K)!)4, where the Indians, having taken liome
horses, made a bridle of the mane and tail of one, on which "a son of' the
famous Hegon was ambitious to mount." " Rut being a i)ititiil horseiniin, k
ordered them, lor fear of his falling, to tie his legs fast uin\vr the iiorse's
belly. No sooner was this beggar set on horseback, and the spark, in liis own
opinion, thoroughly equip])ed, but the nettlesome horse furiously and pioseiiiiv
ran with him out of sight. Neither horse nor 7nan was ever seen any more,
The astonished tawnies howled after one of their nobility, disapiieaiin!' liv
such an unexpected accident. A few days after, they liiinid one of his ksl
(and that was all,) which they buried in Capt. Bracket s cellar, with abiindmice
of lamentation."
Here we cannot but too plainly discover the same spirit in the narrator,
v/hicli must have actuated the authors of the deed. He who laughs at iil,;;:
is a j)articii)ator in it.- -From these, we pass to affairs of far greater notoriety
in our eastern history ; and shall close this chapter with two of the most
memorable events in its Indian warfare.
MoGG, the chief wichem of Norridgewok in 1724, may very appmiiri-
ately stand at the head of the history of the first event. How long he iiaJ
been sachem at that ])eriod, we have not discovered, but he is nientioiipil
by the English historians, as the old chief of Norridgewok at that time.
Notwithstanding Mogg was the chfef Indian of the village of Nerigwoii, nr,
as Father Charlevoix writes it, Narantsoak, there was a French ])riest sittleil
here, to whom the Indians were all devotedness ; and it is believed thai
they undertook no enterprise without his knowledge and consent. Tiie
name of this miin, according to our English authors, was Ralli, btit accord- 1
ing to Ins own historian, Charlevoix, it was Rasle.% The depredations of
the Abenaquis, as these Indians were called by those who lived among tiieni, I
• Penhallffio's Intl. Wars, 86.
X MS. among the files in our State-house.
11 Magfnalia, vii. C7.
IT Hi«t. Gen. de la Nouv. Fr. ii. 380, et suiv.
t Williamson's Hist. Mc. ii. 241.
$ MS. letter of John Fanner, Esq.
CUAP. IX.]
MOGG.— DESTRUCTION OP NERIDGWOK.
127
norc therefore, dirortly clmrj^od Ity tlin Eiifrlisli iij)(»ii Fatlior Ri(sh: ; lion
tliiiiViist stop wus to urt't!!- ii reward for his liead,'' 'I'lit! oltjcct of tlu; cxi
tlitioii of Colonel If estlirook, ti\ 17*22, was ostciisil)ly to seize ii|)oii liiiii, hut
hence
<|»c-
ilitioii ol UoloiHM n esiuruoK, tti 1/ 4.c, wum (imi-mmdiv 10 sci/.t; u|)uii iiini, out ho
tiiiiiui the villafje deserted, and iiothinff was etfeeted hy the expedition hnt
tlie liiiniiiig of the place. Father It'isle was the last that left it, which he
ifid a! the same time it was entered hy tlie enemy; havinfi; first secnred the
birred vuses of his temple ami tlie ornaint-nls of its altar. The Kiifflisii
iimilt! search for tiie fnjiitivcs. '>nt without snccess, althon<i;h, at one time,
llirv were within ahont eif^ht I of the very tree tiiat screened tli ohjecl
I'lirVhic'li they songht. Tims the French eonsichiriMl that it was hy a remark-
,,1,1,. iMter|)osition ol" Providence, or, as Cliarlevnir ex|tresses it, ^ar une main
im'mlile, tliat Father Rnsle did not fall into their hands.
Ueterinined on destroying tins assemblage of Indians, wliicii was the
Iieiui-(|i'»rter8 of the whole eastern conntry, at this time, the English, two
veins alter, 1724, sent out a Ibrce, consisting of 208 men and three Moiiawk
liKiiaiis, under Cajmiins Moullon, Harman, and Bourne, to hnmhle them.
Tlii'V i-anie njmn the village, the 2.'J August, when thcire was not a man in
arms to opimse them. They iiad lelt 40 of their men at Tecoiiet Falls,
wliifii IS now within the town of Winslow, upon the Kennebeck, aiul ahout
;wo iiiilos below Waterville college, ui)on the opposite side of tlie river.
The English had di.ided tliemselves into ti)rec s(juadrons : 80, under Ilar-
man, proccMled by a circuitous route, tlunking to surprise some in their
corii-fields, while Moidton, with 80 more, proceeded din^ctly lor the village,
wliicli, helng surroiuided by trees, could not be seen until they wer(! close
upon it. All were in their wigwams, and the English advanced slowly and
in perii'ct silence. When i)retty near, an Indian came out of his wigwam,
and, accideutly discovering the English, ran in and seized his gun, and
givinj.' the war-whoop, in u lew minutes the warriors were all in arms, and
advancing to meet them. Moulton ordered his men not tc fire until the
Indians hud made the first discharge. This order was obeyed, and, as he
exjiectud, tiiey overshot the English, who then fired upon them, in their
mm, and did great execution. When the Indians had given another volley,
tliey fled with great prcci|)itation to the river, whither the chief of their
women and children had also fled during the fight. Some of the English
piiiMied and killed many of them in the river, and otiiers fell to pillaging
and burning the village. Mogg disdained to fly with the rest, but kept pos-
srssinn of a wigwaai, from which he fired upon the ])illagers. In one of
liis discharges he killed a Mohawk, whose brother observing it, rushed upon
and killed him ; and thus ended the strife. There were about (10 warriors
in tlie place, about one half of whom were killed.
The futnous Rasle shut himself up in his house, from which he fired upon
the English ; and, having wounded one, Lieutenant Jaqnes,j of N'iwbury, J burst
open the door, and shot him through the head ; although Moulton had given
orders that none should kill him. He had an English boy with him, about
14 years old, who had been taken some time before from the frontiers, and
wlioni the English reported Rasle was about to kill. Great brutality and
ferocity are chargeable to the English in this affair, according to their own
account ; such as killing women and children, and scalping and mangling
the bod)' of Father Rasle.
There was here a handsome church, with a bell, on which the F]nglish
comniitied a double sacrilege, first robbing it, then setting it on fire ; herein
suri)iu>'si[ig the act of tlu first English circumnavigator, in his depredations
upon the Spaniards in South America ; for he only took away the gold and
* " Ajirh plusitmrs tentatives, d'abord pour engager ces sauvages p-ir les offres et Us
proiiKsses les plus seduisantes a le Iwrer aux Anglois, ou du vwins a It renvoyer a Quebec, et
a prendre en sa place, un de letirs ministres ; etisiiile pour le surpendre et pour I' eider er, les
Anzlois lesolus de d'en defaire, qumqu'il leur en dut coCUer, mirent sa tile a prix, et promirent
nille Hires sterling a celui, qui la leur porteroit." Charlevoix, ui supra.
t Wlio, I conclude, was a volunteer, as I do not find his name upon ihe return made by
Moulton, which is upon file in the garret, west wing ol'our stale-house.
} Manuscript History of Newbury, by Joshua CoJJin, S. H. S., which, should the world
ever be so forkuiale as to see in print, we will insure them not only great gratification, but
a tuiut of amusement.
\h
m
Ml
» '' I ';
I , ■ ■''
^'iikn
ill
v;:SilS|l
ti^it
f
i».
^\^'
\\'-\
128
PAUGUS.— LOVEWTLL'S FIGHT.
[Book II).
silver vessels of a church, and its crucifix, hccauHe it was of massy gold, s^,
about with diaiuondij, aiul that, too, upon the advice of his ciiupliiin. "'fiiy
might }) " says a reverend author, " for sea divinity, l)ut justice Im i|||j,g
aiiothei I -lug." Perhaps it will he as well not to inquire here wimt kind of
divinity would authorize the acts recorded in these wars, or indeed any warji
Upon this memorable event in our early annals, Father Clutrlcmix slmulj
be heard. There were not, says he, at the time the attacsk was nmdi-, ulnjve
50 warriors at Neridgewok ; these seized their arms, and run in (lisonlir,ii(,t
to defend the place against an enemy, who was already in it, but to tiivor ihg
flij^ht of the women, the old men and the children, and to give theiu time to
gam the side of the river, which was not yet in possession of tlie Kiii'lisli
Father Rasle, warned by the clamors and tumult, and the danger in wiiiilj
he found his proselytes, ran to present himself to the assailants, lio|)iiiir ](,
draw all their fury upon him, that thereby he might prove the sulvatiuiruf
his flock. His hope was vain ; for haidly had he discovered himself wIri)
the English raised a great shout, which was followed by a shower of .shot
by which he fell dead near to the cross which he had erected in the centre
of the village : seven Indians who attended him, and who cndeuvorud lo
shield liiin with their own bodies, fell dead at his side. Thus died iLij
charitable pastor, giving his life lor his sheep, after 37 years of painful luliors.
Although the English shot near 2000 muskets, they killed but '.M) and
wounded 40. They spared not the church, which, after they had indignantly
profaned its sacred vases, and the adorable body of Jesus Christ, tliey set ou
fire. They then retired w ith precipitation,* having been seized with a sud-
den ])anic. The Indians returned immediately into the village ; and their
first care, while the women sought plants and herbs [)roper to heal the
wounded, was to shed tears ui)on the body of their holy missionary. Tiiey
found him pierced with a thousand shot, his scalp taken ofi", his skull frac-
tured with hatchets, his mouth and eyes filled with dirt, the bones of hij
legs broken, and' all his members mutilated in a hundred difiereiit ways.t
Such is the account of the fiill of llasle, by a brother of the faith ; a deplo-
rable picture, by whomsoever related! Of the truth of its main particulars
tliere can be no doubt, as will be seen by a comparison of the above transla-
tion with the account preceding it. There were, besides Mogg, other chief
Indians, who fell that day: "Bomazeen, Mogg, Wissememet, Job, Car*-
BESETT, and Bomazeen's son-in-law, all famous warriors." The inhumanity
of the English on this occasion, especially to the women and cliildreu,
cannot be excused. It greatly eclipses the lustre of the victory.
Harman was the general in the expedition, X and, for a time, had the honor
of it ; but Moulton, according to Governor Hutchinson, achieved the victory, and
it was afterward acknowledged by the country. He was a prisoner, when a
small boy, among tlie eastern Indians, being among those taken at tiie
destruction of York, in 161)2. He died at York, 20 July, 17(J5, aged 77,
The township of Moultonborough, in New Hampshire, was named from
him, and many of his posterity reside tliere at the present day.
Under the head Paugus, we shall proceed to narrate our last event in the
S resent chapter, than which, may be, few, if any, are oflener mentioned ia
"ew England story.
Paugus, slain in the memorable battle with the English under Captain
Loveivelt, in 1725, was chief of tlie Pequawkets. Fryeburg, in Maine, now
includes the principal place of their former residence, and die place where
the battle was fought. It was near a considerable body of water, called
Saco Pond, whi«'h is the source of the river of the same nan;e. The cruel
and barbarous murders almost daily committed by the Indians upon tlie
defenceless frontier inhabitants, caused the general court of Massaclmsefii
to offer a bounty of £100 for every Indian's scalp. Among the excursions
* Tljcy eucamped tho following nighl in the Indian wlgwains, uudcr a guard of only -W
men. Hutchinson, ii. 312.
t Histoire Generate de Nouvelle France, ii. 382 — 1.
X He did not arrive at the village till near night, when the action was over. Huicl»
ton, ii. 313.
[Rook 111.
»f massy gold, set
chuiihiiii. "Tliu
It justict! is iiuite
lerc wliut kind of
iiidt'ed uiiy warii.
Clmrkvoix flioulj
wiiH inudi', ulxive
jn in (lisui'dLM', nut
it, hut to I'uvor the
give tlieiu tiint to
on of tliH Eiiijiisli,
c danger iu whiWi
isuilants, liopin;.' to
; tlie sulvatiuii of
ured liiinseir wlim
u sliowcr of sliot,
ected in tlie centre
^lio endeavored to
}. Tlius died tliu
rs of painful lul)ors.
killed but 'S and
liey liad indignantly
I Christ, they set on
seized with a sud-
} village ; and their
[)roper to heal the
niissionary. Tliey
oft', his skull frHc-
rt, tiic hones of liij
different ways, t
f the faith; adeplo-
its main parliciilars
\ti' the ahove transla-
8 Mogg, other chief
MEMET, Job, Cara-
," The inhumanity
omen and childreu,
victory.
time, had the honor
eved the victory, and
i a prisoner, when a
those taken at the
uly, 17G5, aged 77,
was named from
.it day. .
lour last event in the
ften«r mentioned in
Iglish under Captain
jurg, in Maine, now
and the place where
Ldy of water, called
ie name. The cruel
lie Indians upon the
lirt of Massacliuseta
Inong the excursions
under a guard of only «
Chap. I-^-l
PAUOUS.— LOVEWELLS FIGHT.
129
ton was over.
/futcto-
nerforincd by Lovewell, pnn-ioiis to that in wliich ho was kilh'd,
^iliortniit was that to tlio head of Sahiioii-fall JJivcr, now VVai
\,.\v HanipHhire. *
With 10 iiicn, lie cauic upon a
tlio most
ikofifld, iu
siuall company ol" tea
Imliaiis, who were asleep by their lircs, and, by stationing his men ndvan-
t;i(re(ms'ly, killed all of them. This bloody deed was per(brnu;d near the
vliiire of a jiond, which has over since borne the name of Lovcweirs Pond.
\rtir taking oft" their scalps, these 40 warriors marched to IJoston in gnat
iriiiMi|)li, with the ten scalps extended upon hoops, disjdayed in the Indian
manner, and for which they received £1000. This exploit was the more
liuiiled, as it was supposed tluit tli(!se ten Indians were upon an ex|)edition
.|,rainst the English upon the frontiers; having new guns, much ammup'-
lion. and spare blankets and moccasons, to accommodate captives. 'Inis,
however, was mere conjecture ; and whether they had killed friends or
ineinit'S was not (piite so certain as that tla^y had killed Indians.
It is said that Paugus was well known to many of the English, and per-
sonidiv to matiy o^ LovtweWs men. That his name was a terror lo the
troiiticrs, we have no doubt ; and that his a])pearance at Pequawket, when
nut bv Lovewell, was enough to have struck terror into all that beheld him,
niavuot be questioned, we will let the poetf describe him.
. Twas Paiipis led tlie Pequ'k't tribe :
A> runs llie lax, would J'aii^us ruii ;
As howls die wild wolC, woulil he howl ;
A huge bear-skin had J'uugus on.
2. Rut Clunnberlain, of Dmisiahh,
One whom a savage ne'er shall slay,
INIel J'uiioiis by the water-side.
And shot him dead upon that day.
The second in command among the Indians on that memorable day wa?
named Wahwa, but of him we have no particulars. Captain LoveioeU
iiKirclied out from Dunstable with 4(j men, about the IG April, 1725, of which
event the poet thus speaks : —
3, What time the noble Lovewell came,
Wiih fifty men from Dunstable,
The fruel Pecju'k't trilie to tame,
U'i'h arm.' iuid bloodshed terrible.
4,\Viih LcifwellhTaveJohn Harwood came ;
From wife and babes' twas hard to part j
Young Hat wood took her by the band,
And bound the weeper to his heart.
J, " Repress that tear, my Mary, dear,
Said Harwood to his loving wife ;
It tries mc hard to leave thee here,
And seek in distant woods the strife.
. ■When gone, mv Mary, think of me,
And pray lo God that I may be
Such as one ought that lives for thee,
And cojne at last in victory."
7. Thus left youn^ Harwood, babe and wife 5
With arcent wdd she bade adieu :
It grieved those lovers much to part,
So fond and fair, so kind and true.
8. John Harwood died all l)athed in blood,
When he liad fought till set of day ;
And many more wc may not name,
Fell in that bloody batde fray.
9. When news did come to tlarwood's wife,
That he with Lovewell fought and died ;
Far in the wilds had given his life
Nor more would in this home abide ;
10. Such grief did seize upon her mind.
Such sorrow fdled her faithful breast,
On earth she ne'er found peace again,
But followed Harwood to his rest.
They arrived near the place where they expected to find Indians, on the
(May; and, early the next morning, while at prayers, heard a gun, which
flipy rightly suspected to be fired by some of Pmtgv^^s men, and imme-
diately prepared for an encounter. Divesting themselves of their packs,
iliov marched forward to discover the enemy. But not knowing in what
I direction to proceed, they marched in an opposite direction from the In-
; dians This gave Paugus great advantage ; who, following their tracks,
I soon fell in with their packs, from which he learned their strength. Being
1 eiicouruged by his superior numbers, Paugus courted the conflict, and pur-
sued the J^nglish with ardor. His number of men was said to have been
In December of die previous year, (1721,) with a few followers, he made an expedition to
j Ike norih-east of Winnipisiogee Lake, in which he killed one and took another prisoner. For
jlliese he received die bounty offered by government.
I t The editors or publishers of the N. H. collections have inserted the above lines, in
I unitanon of the ancient Chevy Chase; but whence they were obtained, or who was iheir
Uutlior, ihey do not inl'orm us; perhaps, like that of which they are an imitation, the author
[remains unknown. We give it entire.
130
PAUGUS.— ia)ve\vi:ll'S fight.
IBOMK 111
80, wliilc that of tlio Eiif,'liHli coii.sitstcd of no iiioro thun 34, liavinj; ]^,^\ ^^,^
in u fort, wliicli tlu'y Ixiilt at <)s.xi|it'(!; and one, an Indian nanit-d 7Uiy, imj
before returned liome, on account of lanicneHH. The fort at Uswipcc wa'siiir
a retreat in case of emerKcncv, and to Merve an u deposit of part of tjnif
provisions, of wiiich they disencuniliercd themselves before ieaviii<; it.
Aller niarchini,' u considerable distance from the i)lacc of their t'll(•ilI|||^
ment on tiio morning of the 8 * May, Ensign tVyrnan discovered an lihllai,
wlio was out bimting, having in one hand some iovvls lie had just i<il|i'(|, ■^^^^^
in the other, two guns. There can be no probability that he tliou,\'hl of iiktih,,.
un enemy, but no sooner was he discovered by the English, than scvcnij ^uifs
were fired at liim, but nfissed him. Seeing that sure d(;ath was his lui, i|,|,
valiant Indian resolved to defend himself to his last breath ; and the uctiun \\,,j
as Hjieedy as the thought : his gun was levelled at the English, and Loniw/
was mortally wounded. Ensign H'ifinan, taking deliberate aim, killed tlii'iinur
hunter; which action our poet describes in glowing terms as folluws:
11. Seth ^VlJman, wlio in Woburn lived,
A marksmnii he of rourajfe true,
Shot tlic first Indian wiioin ihuv saw ;
Sheer tlirough his heart tliu bullet flew.
12. The savage had been seckiiie itrinii';
Two ^uns, and eke a knilc, he lidrc,
And two black ducks were in hisliai;,!-
He shrieked, and fell to rise iiu iiiuri'.
He was scalped by the chaplain and another, and then they inarrlihl
again by the way they came, to recover their packs. This moveiiiciit ««
expected by the wily Pauous, and he accordingly prepared an aiiil)iL<li m
cut them off, or to take them prisoners, as fortune should will.
13. Anon, t'lerc eighty Indians rose,
Who'd liid themselves in amlxisii dread ;
Their knives they shook, their guns they
aimed,
The famous I'auffus at their head.
M. John Lovexifell, captain of the band,
His sword he wav«d, that sliilcrodbrirt;.
For the last time he cheered his mcii.
And led them onward to the tiglit.
Wlien the Indians rose from their coverts, they nearly encircli'd tlie
English, but seemed loath to begin the fight ; and were, no doiiht, in liajH j
tlmt the English, seeing their ninnbcrs, would yield without a Imttle : anj,
therelbre, made towards them with their guns presented, and threw away
their first fire. They then held up ropes which they had provided for spciir-
ing captives, and asked them if they would have quarter. This only eiicuur-
oged tlie English, who answered "only at the muzzles of their guns;" unJ
they rushed toward the Indians, fired as they pressed on, and, killiiij; iniuiv,
drove thenx several rods. But they soon rallied and fired vigorous!) in
their turn, and obliged the English to retreat, leaving nine dead uiid tlirw
wounded, where the battle began. Loveioell, though mortally wouiuieu be-
fore, had led his men until this time, but fell before the retreat.
Although we transpose the verses in the song, to acconnnodate tlitin lo
the circumstances of the fight, yet we cannot avoid entirely their imi'iilar-
ity in reference to it. By the next that follow, it wottld seem, that Loifinii
received a second wound befoie he fell.
15. " Fight on, fight on," brave Lovewell said ;
" Fight on, while Heaven shall give you
breath ! "
An Indian ball then pierced him through,
And Lovewell closed his eyes in death.
16.
Good heavens ! is this a time for prayer!
Is this a time to worship (iod;
When Lovewell' s men arc dying fast,
And Paugus' tribe hath fell (lie roJ !
In this 16th verse the poet, perliaps, had reference to the morning prayer,
which Mr. Frye, tne chaplain, made before marching, on the day of ihe
battle ; c>/, perhaps, more probably, to the ejaculations he made on the field
after he was mortally wounded. In the morning he prayed thus iiatrioticiiHy:
"We came out to meet the enemy; we have alt along jirayed God w ini?!*
find them ; we liad rather trust Providence with our lives ; yea, die for oiff I
country, than try to return without seeing them, if we miglit; and be ral
cowards Ibr our pains." f
t
This was O. S. and corresponds to May I'J, N. S. — Sec note in hist chapter.
Address of C. S. Dams, (p. 17,) delivered at Fryeburg, 100 years after the fignl-
IBu.iK 111
Jl, hiiviiic i("t\ tin
nuiiifti Tubij, liiiii
It 08wi|H!e wib liir
it of part of ihtir
(! lotiviiif; it
(tf tlieir t'liciiiiij).
•oviTLul an lihliiiii,
md jiwt killed, and
tli<)u;;htot"iinTtiii!;
, tliuii Ki'Vfi'iil ;;iiii<
,th was Ills lot, i!ii,
; uml tlieuctiun wiis
[{lish, uiid LoviKii
uim, killtul tlifimur
•1118 U8 follows :
ocn seckiiiR umuu ;
ie a kiiilc, lir l«'ri'.
icks were in liisliaml;
fell to rise iio moro.
then they niarchcj
rhiH nioveiiH'iit wm
pared aii mulnu^i lo
1 will.
aplain of tlic baml.
ived, ihat sl''i'«"^'"''*'
. he checrcil liis moii.
Iward 10 llic f'g>"'
nearly encircknl the
[e, no doubt, i" l'"!**
ithoiit a buttle : ami,
ted, and threw a«ay
id provided for senir-
r. This only cueuur-
J of their puns;'' Mi
)n, and, killing mimy.
I fired vigoroujily in i
r nine dead and thrte !
inortallywoundeulx-
. retreat.
cconiniodatc tlifinio
itirely their irregular.
■ d seem, that Loiwtl.
is this a lime for p;"'
p worship tied ■)
t'smenarcdymslas.
fribe katli fell Hie xoi '■
lo the morning prayer,
g, on the day otie
.heinadeonthetieli
Ived thus putnotu'ullv
Krayed God %vo.n«?hi
■ might •, and be rail
'^Ijears after UicfighL
CBif. IX.]
PAUGUS.— LOVEWELL'S FIGHT.
101
.- 11^ chapliiiii'*< name was Jonathan Fnje ;
' III Aiidover Ills fnlhcr ilwnll,
\ii,| (il\ w itli /.(»<i-wi-l/'.i ini'ii ho'd prayed,
Btl'ore the iiuirlal wound he fell.
13 A man was he of romelv form,
('iilislii'd iiiid brave, well learnt and kind ;
Olil Harvard's Irnrni'd halls he lull,
K.ir in ilic wilds a f!;ravc lo find.
1) All! now Ills l)lood-red arm he lifls,
' 1|:< closiiis; lids he tries to raise ;
Ami speak once more before he dies,
ill Miiiplicaiion and in praise.
•Jl. lie prnv' kind Heaven lo grant snrcess,
llmvp Litvni'fl/'s men lo fjiiide and bless,
Ami when they've shed their hearts'-blood
true,
To raise them all to happiness.
21. " Come hither, FarwfU." said voting Fnje,
" Yoi' see llmt I'm about lo ifio;
N.iw for the love I bear lo you,
When fold in death my bones shall lie ;
22. " (Jo thou and see my parents dear,
An<l tell ihem you stood by me here ;
Console thein when they ery, Alas'.
And wipe away the falling iear."
23. Lieutenant Farwell look his hand.
His arm around his iicek he threw.
And said, '' Hrave cha|>lain, I roiild wish
That Hearen had made me die for you.'"
21.. The chaplain on kind FanceWs brcaiit,
Hloody, and laiic^uishiiig, he fell ;
Nor alter that, said more but this,
" 1 love thee, $oldi(;r -, fare thee well I ''
"The fijflit continued," snyH the Reverend Mr. Sjjmmes, " very furious and
oltfiiiiiite till towards iiipht. The Indians roarinjf' and yellinj? and iiowliiig
Iiki> wiilvcH, harking liki; dogs, and making all sorts of hideous noises : the
KiiL-iisii t'reiiuciitly shouting and iiii//aing, as they did after the fir.st round.
At line tiiiu! Captain H)iman is confident they were got to I'owawing, hy
their striking on the ground, and other odd motions; but at length fi'ifmnn
rrijit lip towards them, alio, firing amongst them, shot the chief i'ovvaw, and
brnke iiit their meeting." *
!o. (iiio heavens! they danco the powow
ilancc.
What horrid yells ihe forest fill !
The );rim bear crouehes in his den,
The tagle <iceks the distant hill.
2G. " What means this dance, this powow
diinec?"
Slern M'ljmnn sa\(\ ; with wondrous art.
He crept fidl nenr. his ride ninied,
And shot the leader through the heart.
Tlip first of the following etanzas is very happily conceived, and althondi
i not ill tjie order of the poet, is as appropriate here, as where it originally
(loud.
'. Thi'nilidlhccrim.son strcains, that (low'd,
Sipiii like the waters of the brook.
Thai lirij;htly shine, that loudly dash,
Far down the cliffs of Agiochook.f
28. Ah ! many a wife shall rend her hair,
And many a child ery, '' Woe is me,"
When messengers Ihe news shall bear,
Of Loi'i'iceU's doar-boughl victory.
' .N'arralive of the fight at Figgwaekel, vii.
t The Indian name of the White ftFounlains, or, as the people of New Hampsliiro woidd
lev. While Hills. The natives believed the summits of these mountains to be inhabited by
■■M'iMo beinjfa, but whether good or evil we arc not informed. Nor is it of much importance,
iorp ihi'v reverenced the one as much as the other.
Ii i- always highly gralifying lo the curious to observe how people primitively viewed
iN which have become familiar to them. We will here present the rearler with Mr.
■'to s description of Ihe White Mountains, not for its accnractj, but for its curious e.xirava-
I' " Four score miles, (iipon a direct line,) lo the N. W. of Scarborow, a ridge of
( I iiniiK run N. W. and N. E. an hundred leagues, known by the name of ihe While
' "ii.iiiis. upon which lieth snow all the year, and is a landmark iwciily miles ofl'ai sea. !c
: r;.iiij (tround from the sea shore to these hills, and they are inaccessible but by the gul-
ifMihich the dissolved snow hath made. In these gidlies grow saven bushes, which being
•iilioldof. are a good help lo the climbing discoverer. Upon the top of the highest of
■' iiiiiimtiiins, is a largo level, or plain, of a day's journey over, whereon noiliiiig grows
^1 ill^.^. At the liirther end of this plain is another iiill called ll;c ^n<;ur-loii/, to oiilward
JMiioc a rude heap of massie stones piled one upon another, and you m.iy, as you
•iri'iiL slop from one stone lo another, as if you were going up a pair of stairs, but winding
Kil iiSoui tlic hill, till you come to tlic lop, which will require half a day's lime, and yet it is
Tl al'ove a mile, where there is also a level of about an acre of ground, wiili a pond of
Var ttiiier in llie midst of it, which you may hear run down, but how il a^eends is a mystery.
T)in this roi'ky hill you may see the whole country round about ; il is far above the lower
i'i<. and from hence we beheld a vapor, (like a great pillar,) drawn up by the sun-beams
tol il »reat lake, or pond, into tlio air, where it was formed inlo ? cloud. The coiinlry
T"iid these hills, northward, is daunting terrible, being full of rocky hills, as thick as mole
in a meadow, and cloalhed with infinite thick woods." Nt'ir F.iinlinirl'n Unnfifx, 3, 4.
I recollections are associated with the name of these mountains. The destruction of lives,
, v i»it'> •■-fjj.r/. > ■«?,■,
''- i:l^felii
^mm
. ... . ,.?3
132
PAUGUS.— LOVEWELL'S FIGHT.
[Book III
29. Willi fonislcps slow shall iravrllcru go, 30. Old ninii shall shake ihoir lieadj.anJ sav
WliiTc /.(ir.'ii'iVr.v pomi shines clour and •' Sad was ilio hour and Icrnlilc,
l>ri!{ht, Whon l.ovneeU, biavo, 'gainji ;>jj^^
And nmrk \.\w plnro whrrc those are laid, went,
Who fell in LoveweWs bloody (igiit. WiUi fd\y men from Dimstahle."
If iniraclr'H Iiad not tlioii rniiHod in tlin land, wo hIiouUI Ih> induced to „i,m
to tlinir credit tlu! cxtraordinaiy cscaiMi of scvrral of the wonndtd KukIj,),.
mm. Solomon h'fi/cs, liavinj,' rcrcivcd three; woinuLs, Huid lit; would liiilc im,,.
Htdf, and die in u secret place, when; tlu; Indiani^ could not tindiiim in jt
hirt scal|). A.s he crawled upon the nhore of the pond, at souk^ di^ijihc.
from the Hceno of action, he ibund a canoe, into which Ik; ri)lli'(| Inn,.
seltj and was drilled away by the wind. To hin great a.stoni.sliiiHnt, 1,^
was cast ashore at no great distance from the fort at Ossipee, whicli Iit> lum,,!
means to recover, and there met several ol iiis compunions; and, jtuimni,
strength, returned home with them.
Those who escaped did not lenv.; the battle-groi'iid until neiir iiiiilniirln
When they arrived at the; fori, they expected to have Ibund refresliincm, miij
those they had lell as a reserve ; but a fellow, whose name is not iiiiiitiuiihl,
who deserted the rest when the battle began, and fled there, so ('ri;;liiiiir,!
them, tliat they fl<;d in great confusion and dismay to their homes.
The |)lace wiiere this tight took place was .50 miles from any wiiitc inhiib
itnnts; and that any should liave survived the famine which now Miirm
them in tht; face, is almost as miraculous as that they should liavi- i'si';i|iii{
death at the hands of the courageous warriors of Paiigits ; yet 11 livnl j
return to tiieir friends.
Fifty men, from New Hampshire, afterwards niarclied to tl:e srnn' if
action, where they found and buried the dead. They found hut tlirir Ie-
dians, one of whom was Pauxus. The rest were supposed to have Iw
taken away when they retreated from the battle.
Thus progressed and terminated the expedition agnin.st the PpqimwkiN
And althoug!' The whites coidd scarcely claim the victory, yet, u.siii ilu a^
of the Narragansets, the Northern Indians received a blow from wiiicli ihev
nev(;r recovered. With the Androscoggins, the Pequawkets soon iillcrntirHl
towards the sources of the Connecticut River. After remaining; in ilii*
regions al)out two years, they separated, and the Androscoggins ninovcihi
Canada, where they were afterwards known as the St. Francis tribe, 'Wv
Pequawkets remained upon the Connecticut, who, in the time of tiie revolu-
tionary war, were imder a chief named Philip. In 1728, a tract of cduiitn,
sinc(; Pembroke, N. II., was granted to the men that went out witii Lortmi.
and it for some time bore the name of LovewtWs Town.
We had here nearly concluded to close our account of this affair, k
caimot relieve ourself easily of the recollection of the following sonjr, «iiii-
out inserting it, although we, and others, have elsewhere published it. lit* I
said to have been composed tiie same year of the fight, and for several ]
years afterwards was the most beloved song in all New England:
1. Of worthy Captain Lovewell I purpose now to sing,
How valiantly he served his country and his king ;
He and his valiant soldiers did range the woods full wide.
And liardships they endured to quell the Indian's pride.
2. "Twas nigh unto Pigwacket, on the eighth day of May,
They spied a rebel Indian soon after break of day ;
He on a bank was walking, upon a neck of land.
Which leads into a pond, as we're made to understand.
3. Our men resolved to have him, and travelled two miles round,
Unlil Ihcy mot the Indian, who boldly stood his ground ;
Then speaks up Captain Loveioell, " Take you good heed," says he;
" This rogue is to decoy us, I very plainly see.
occasioned by an avalanche at the celebrated Notch, in 182G, will not soon be forgwwl
Mr. Moore, of Concord, has published an interesting account of it in ihe Coll. N. H. Hbi.^l
vol. iii.
m Dunslatilc'
iiiioii!); and, uuiinn^
, will not soon be to*:
'iaiheColl.N.H-""'n
Ca^r. IX.) PAUOUS.— LOVEWELL'S riGIIT.
4. " Tim Inflians lie in amhiish, in some p'.'ice nigh nt hand,
III (irdrr lo siirrciiiiKl iit "iion thi« iierk iif liiiid ;
Thcrct'orc we'll iniirrh in ordoi, uiid rarli man l"nve his pack,
That wo may liri>kly (ii;lil di.'ni when tlicy sliull us nltack."
lid lliiMii llms defy
111' mull
Wliiili \voiinil*-(l (;a|)iaiii i.ovi<rrll, and llki'wiso one man more;
133
Thry I'nmn unto this Indian, who iliil llii-m llms iloty ;
As .soon as llicy rami" imkIi liiin, two pnis ho did U-l fly,
Hut whon tins ropiu was runniiiir, ihvy laid him in his gore.
6. Then having' srnlnod (ho Indian, ihcy wont back to the spot,
Where Ih -y had laid tlicir packs down, Iml there they lonnd them not;
For the In.'ians haviii<r spied them, when thev them down did lay,
Did seize them for their plunder, and carry them away.
7. These rebels lay in ambush, this very place hard ' ",
So that an English soldier did one of them espy.
And cried out, •' Here's an Indian ! " wilh that ihey started out,
As fiercely as old limis, and hideously did shout.
8. With that our valiant English all gave a loud huzza,
To shew Ihe rebel Indians they feared them not a straw;
So now the fight began, as fiercely as could be.
The Indians ran up lo them, but soon were forced to flee.
9. Then spake up Captain Loveivell, when first the fieht began,
" Fight on, my valiant heroes ! you see they fall like rain."
For, as we are informed, the Indians were so thick,
A man could scarcely fire a gun and not some of them hit,
10. Then did the rebels try their best our soldiers to surrounu
But they could not accomplish it, because there was a pond,
To which our men retreated, and covered all the rear ;
The ro; lies were forced to flee them, although they skulked for fear.
11. Two logs there were behind them that close together lay,
Wilhoiit being discovered, they could not get away ;
Therefore our valiant English they travelled in a row,
And at a handsome distance as they were wont to go.
12. 'Twas ten o'olock in the morning when first the fight begun,
And fiercely did continue till the setting of the sun,
ExceptinjSf that the Indians, some hours before, twas night.
Drew off into the bushes and ceased a while to fight.
13. But soon again returned in fierce and furious mood.
Shouting as in the morning, but yet not hnli'so lourl,
For, as we are 'nformed, so thick and fast they fell.
Scarce twenty of their number, at night did get home well.
14. And that our valiant English, till midnight there did stay.
To see whether the rebels would have another fray ;
But they no more returning, they made off towards their home,
And brought away their wounded as far as they could come.
15. Of all our valiant English, there were but thirty-four.
And of the rebel Indians, there were about four score.
And sixteen of our English did safely home return;
The rest were killed and wounded, for which we all must mourn.
IG. Our worthy Captain Lo\^ewell among them there did die ;
Tlicy killed Lieutenant Rohhins, and wounded good young Frye,
Who was our English chaplain ; he many Indians slew,
And some of them he scalped when bullets round him flew.
17 Young Fiillam too I'll mention, because he fought so well ;
Endeavoring to save a man, a sticrifice he fell.
And yet our valiant Englishmen in fidit were ne'er dismayed,
But still they kepi their motion, and IVyman captain made ;
18. Who shot the old chief Paugus, which did the foe defeat,
Then set his men in order, and brought olT the rcireal;
A.id braving many dangers and Imrdshiiis in the way,
They safe arrived at Dunstable, the thirteenth day of May.
13
134
ST. FRANCIS DESTROYED.
(Book III
CIIAITKR X.
77ir St. Frnnris hidiunit — RojTorH' frpftlition iiirninH thtim — Pirii.ip — SAiini._
Arniild'M rr/iidition — Nai'anis — Thr iiwilira I'mdlmrtitu — Ai r i kon — Nicn s|_
Cai'iain Fii\N(is — Sisi 1" miinlirs nil F.nirli.n/imiiii — Sprrimni nf ihr hnukuij
luni,'inijrr. — Riiwi.r.t — liin /irD/iliirii—Wiftu vVii.i. — Killrd Inj llir Miiliiiicliii~\,.
8A( \Mni ir — Vi.iits France aiuL in kiuf(hud hij the kiiijf — AUarlia awl hums liar,,.
lull — ills driith.
Towards tho cIomo of thn Ia;it ohnptor, mnitior) wns niiulr? of i|„. <,.
Fraiici.s liidiaiiH, and, as tln)y wen;, n ;mit of tlitMii, tlio ruinnunt of the urn,.
r«!H|i«'rtal»l<! Aii(lroH('o;.'f5iiis,* their li'iHtory will hero bo rcBuirH-d. \\^. ii,,,^
ulrt'adj rclatfd Home of their hurd.shi|).s and Mutroriiigs, botli in PhiUtis w^j
and lh(; French wars aflerwardH, wlieii 'hey liad to rontend wiili tlir „|,|
experienced chief, Colonel Church ; and ahso tiieir scvoro diuuHtcr in o|)|iiis|||.
Love aril.
Atler their arrival npon the Lake St. Fruncis, from which their villiij;c [,4
its name, tliey were under the influence and gnidance of French cnl'siK-
tics. Their villupe, in 175.'), consisn-d of alnrnt 40 wigwams and a cliinv';,
and a friar resided anion;,' tiiem. What tinii; the An«iroscoj.'(,'ins jiiiiinl ||,..
St. Francis triiio hu8 not been discovered ; but whenever war existed Iicuvcd
France and Fin<|;land, they ^'enerally iiad some ])articipation in it, thr In-
qiient occnrrenee of which at length ended in their utmost total deHtriiriid'i
in I7.">!».
J{(l(»re the capture of Quebec, in that year, aiul while the En^'lish nnm
luider (icneral ^Imherst lay at Crown Point, an (expedition against St. riiin ij
was o lered by him; being so "exasperated," says (Colonel lioirers, ";it t!i.>
treatmt lit Capt. Kennedij had received froni those Indians, to whom iic |;;„]
been sent w ith u flag of truce, and proposals of peace, who had In 1 n !,v
them made prisoner with his jtarty, that he determined to bestow iipi i:i.il.
a signal cliasti.sement." This does not appear, however, to be all iit m
charged against them, for Major Rotters continues, "They had, wiiiiin iiiMmn
knowledge, (hiring the six years jmst, killed and earned away imoit lia
(JOO [)ersoiis." Accordingly Major Hoppers was despatched upon tliis rihr-
I (rise with 142 efl'ective men, including officers, and a few Indiims (ilik
*e(piawket tribe, under Philip, their chief. It was a most perilous iiiKliiink-
ing ; near 300 miles of wild country to be passed, lute in OctoiiiM'. \l'i[
VViien they came iii sight of the town, towards eveuiii", on tiie 5 Uitnlir.
the inhabitants were dancing about in great glee, celebrating a wcil.liiii'.
Half an hour before sunrise the next morning, the Englisli fill siidiliiiv
iijion them, in three divisions, and completely surprisecl thein, killing il*'
Lillians, and captiu'iug u few women and children.f With sucii secncv aiiJ
})ri)niptitude did the English act on this occasion, says our author, "tliat ili»
enemy had no time to recover themselves, or take arms in tiieir own (Iclliice,
until they were mostly destroyed." Some few ran down to the river n is-
cape by swimming or in their canoes, but were pursued and drstnml,
Tiieir village, except three houses, was burnt, and many persons in it. Hy
seven o'clock the butchery was ended, and a retreat was ininiediati'l} n'ln-
menced. 'J'wo Indian boys were brought away prisoners, one of wlioiii hm
" '• At Si. I''ran(,'iii3, from some of Zanghe'darankiac, or people from the mouth of Ih'n r"".
I Icnnioil, iliiil ilicy call il, or rallior its banks, AmilcungaiUiqitoke, or banks of Ik "'■'
alioiuidin^- ill dried meat." Kendal's Travels, iii. 143.
t I liilcly r<M;eivc(l a letter from a ^cnlluinan who subscribed himself ^'Joseph Akt.
Md'itii. an Indian of tlie .St. Frniicis tribe," complaining of liie inaccurate acroiiiil fivfii !,'
Major Rogers of the destruction of lliat tribe ; but as the author of the letter dors ncil fM
an account himself, nor direct me where I can olilnin one, belter thnn I havcuscd, I anion-
Strained to reprint mv account without much emendation. 'I'he only facts wliirli lonnsrte
from his letter, are, that, " before this event [Roa^ers's Expedition] look place, the Si. Fraiiou
tribe numbered from 1800 to 2000 inhabitants ; but since, this number has made rapid (ledint,
aa<l at present on the point of total dissolution." Letter, dated Vincennes, Vt. 25 April, i^
[e the Enjilisli iirmy
11 against St. VrM\ .<
oiitl Rollers, ";it i!'
1118, to wlidMl 111' l;:iJ
e, wlio liiul 1" III !')
to biKtOW \\\<' lli'Il.
;r, to 1)0 all i.iii! »M
y liu(l,wiiliiii Mijiiwn
ietl away iimi''' ilaii
lied upon this ri.M-
I f»!\v Indians "t'tlie
)st |it'ril<»us umlcriiik-
xte in Oc'tolicr, lT"i''.
.', oil the 5 Uriiili'r,
Icbraliufr a wMm.
•'.iijllisli 1(11 siiililiiiy
m\ tliein, kiHini-' '^1*'
^ith hiifli 8f (•rccy uiiJ
our author, "tlitit the
in their own ilt'l'i'in'f, I
vii to tho river to is- |
irsufd and clestrini''i.
ly persons in i'- 1"
mn iininediatclj ("in-
i-s, one of whom was
1
»p. X] riHMP OF I'KiWOKKT— AKNOI.nS KXl'I'dHTION.
ir»
,i,,il .VWi.T. 'rin' I'nL'liHh roirirnander sajn, " We found «i(K) walpn liang.
i,f iMion iiohn over llie doors of their wijiwiuuf*."
*\|ihoii<.'li die Kn^dinli had made hiiiIi hnvoe ainori); the Indiann, vet n
fvri'ii'iieil eaianiitv awaited thrill in their hoiiiewMrd iiiareh. 'I'hev had hut
„ii,. .it" their nuiiiiiir killed, \\lio uasan Indian, and >i\ uoimded, iliiriiitr ihn
„i;i..iiin', I'lit on llieir retnrii many «eri' IokI in the wilderness, ftarved and
•ni/iii tmleath. The scenes of individual sidl'iin.', eoiild they Ik- known,
i,iiiilci priihi'hiy exceed those whieh followed /wxvKvV/'.t tiiflit. Ilaviii;.r iiiis-
'iliiM the I |>|>er (or the l,o«er ( 'oos, some set off ity |ioiiit ot' eom|»iiss, and
i,ri' iieMr heani of aOer, and the eiii'iny followed and cut oil' others. Kill
/>/ii7J», lit tlic head of iiio company, inadu f^ood his rrtreat without iorting u
iii'iii ill llie way.
|{ sill H this expedition, i?i which Philip wnH one id' " Kojfcrw' ranjierf*,'' ''"
iva^ lit the eaptnie of Louishiiijrh, un»fer (Jeneral ^linlHrsf, and wan tlio
tir«t mail tliiit took posHission ol" the fortress.*
Ill tliP winter of MTtl, wlii-n the I'jiyflish and Freiudi armies had trone into
filter qiiarterH, Colonel Uofsers wa.s h l> in coiiimand ot" Tort lldward,
aiiil liiiil several severe battles with the French and Indians in wonting
lAiulitioiis. In one ol" these, li« fell in with a superior force t(» his own,
i,nr riei>n<lero<ra, and lost many of his men, in killed and prismiers. 'I'liiM
\s-Mi I'll ','1 .lannary. The chief, Philip, wa« in that idliiir, and acted as ser-
i'liiiii. t'oneerniii"; this chief, it is liiither said that he was hut " half Indian,"
sii.l liiat in tlio revolution, lie joined the Americans, Bayinj,' " lit! was a "hig
liiiliaii."
Miiitian lins boen made (d" an Indian of the nam« of Skbatis or Sabatis.
Tliiriwere several of the name, an<l doubtless it was |)ecidiar to the Abona-
iinii-: 1111(1 liencfi that Snlmtis, ea|>tiired at St. Francis, was descended
tmiii an Aheiaapfis family, who ha*l settled there. It is possible also, that
1,1 niiiv he the samo who al"terwar<ls resided, near the head waters ot" tho
Ki'imelM'ck, with a brother named JVntaim, who is broiiijjit to our notice
ill the aeeoiiiitst of (Jeneral .'/rnoWa expedition tliroii!.'li that rejrioii in tho
tiiil III" 177.'); but this is conjecture. However, what is known of tlieso two
linilliers follows.
"iiienil .'/nioW havinf», on his arrival in the Kennebeck Hiver, ordered a
Miifill liaiul to proceed in advance of tla; army, to discover and mark out a
route l"or it, <;ave strict orders that JVatanis should l»o eaplnred or killed. Tins
iriliT liiid been given, becaiiso th«; general had been informed that he had
kill tixed there by tho English of Canada, aa a spy, to giv«! information
il'iiii eiiPiny shonid a|)|)roach in that direction. But this, as it pr<<ved, waH
tiilie iiirornmtion, and JValnnis was the friend of the Americans, as also was
liis brother iS'aftn/w, who lived about seven miles higher uj) the river, above
tiim.
Tlip rnsidonco of JValnnis was a lonesome place, u|ion the bank of the
irivor: liis rnhin, situated in the centre of a green, the border of which was
InniKJ musket shot from it, was a discovery whicli added to th« suspicions
of the party, who, having arrived in tin; neigiiborbood, 4 October, surrounded
itat every |)oint, and run in upon it with great eag«Tness; expecting, without
doiiht, to have taken him prisoner. In this they were disa|»pointed, l"or it ap-
Ipinred that the place liad been deserted a week. Near by, at the shore
ot' tliR river, a map drawn upon birch bark, was found in the top
cl' II stake, very accurately delineating the courses of the rivers towards
jCiiiiMdii, and lines denoting jilaces of crossing from one to another. This
Igri'iitly surprised them, but they [irofited much by it. Nothing was seen of
jam Indians during t le excursion of the exploring party, who, after about 22
|days, ill which they suffered every thing but death, rejoined the army.
U hen the army had arrived within the bounds of Canada, which was on
jtlii' 4 November, "we for the first time," says Mr. Hvnrif, "had tjie pleasure
lot seeing the worthy and respectable Lidian, JVatanis, and his brother, Sabw
' Ri'irfrs' Reminiscences, Apj)cndix to new odilion.
t Set' that of" Judge Jolm J. Henry, S2, to M, and 7-t, &-C. See also Sluillu's Tables, ii.
IKJ, aiid Col. Maine Hist. Soc. i. 3L»4.
?;,
.1
*• •l''*lll wi* ^'
■ " i'-
}fw
4'' ml
'-'■
"' \^:in
■\
' , '-v
-■■''i'V.''Mlj
i,r^^%f^M
^/«
;<-• ''■'■'J^ra'J^
'•■■TT
136
NATANIS.-SABATIS.— PENOBSCOT INDIANS. [Book Hi
tis, with somo others of their tril)e." J^atanis went to eacli of the cninimnips
of Hi)ies, and shook them i)j- tlie iiaiid, as thoiifrli he liad hccn Huiiiirlv
acquainted witii them. He exphiined liimself l)y telliiifj iheni, tliat he ||,.J]
kept close to them all th(! time they were makinjr their discovery liivoiid |;i.
residence, and until they returned, but did not dure to niuke * liimji'ii'
known, for tear tliey would kill him — a wise resolution.
Natams and Sabatis, with 17 others of their tribe, joined the nrim
on the River Chaudi(,'re, and mare'ied with it to Canada. When tlit> MUaii
on Quebec was made, ;}1 December, 1775, JVatanis was wtnnuled inii>lii,t
through the wrist, and fell into the hands of the IJritisli freneral, Cwkk,]
who inunediately sit him at liberty. These were the first Indians eninlinid
in the revolutionary contest by the Americans.*
We cannot puss over the momentous undertaking of ^flrnold, without re
questing the reader to notice how many men of note and eminence .survival
its ruins — General Daniel Mors;an of Virginia, then a captain — Geiu nil Ikm
Dearborn of Massachusetts, of like rank — Timothy Bigelow of Massacli>iM ii>,
a major — Return J, Meigs, futher of the lute postmaster-general, of the i;m-
rank — Samuel Spring, D. D. of Newburyjmrt, u chai)hun — Jlaron Jiurr ot'.dCiv
Jersey, and General Benedict ^moW of Connecticut.f Numerous other, de.
BevvG equal notice ; but it is not our ])rovince to eniunerate tliei-i here. And
from this digression we return to notice another chief nearly similar in raiuc
to the last.
At the treaty of Georgetown, on Arrowsik Island, lield ])y the eaMirn
tribes with the English, August, 1717, Sabbadis, as his name was then writ.
ten, api)eared for the Androscoggins. Also at the treaty of Casro, (liiicl
25 July, 1727, we find among the signers Sabatists of Arresagoiitaciiiik.:
What part Sabatis acted in the tragedi(!s from 1722 to 1725, does not !i|i|ii;,r.
In the History of Mai.\f.§ we find the following passage concerning' .Vii.
batist, as he is there called. " In 1730, a chaplain was allowed at Fort Genrfie;
and it was in this place, where Sabbatist, the Anasagunticook sagamore, re-
quested government to keep some supi)lies: for, said he, in ^cold wintm ani
deep snows, my Indians, unable to go to Fort Richiitond, sometimes suffer.'' "
We now pass to our own times to notice some modern Indians in tlip
state of Maine. In 1810, the Penobscot tribe at Old Town,|| having lost its
Bachem, entered upon the election of another. It was some iniiiths i)efore
they could agree upon a successor, although it is their custom to elect aim
relation of the deceased. At length party spirit liaving run uiirensoiiablv
high, their jiriest, who is a Roman Catholic, interfered, and they forsook ilie
rival candidates, and elected John Mteon. This man, it is said, was a Ji-
Bcendant of Uaron de Saint Castiens. The induction into office took jilace
19 September, 1816. At the same time John JVeptune was constituttii liis
lieutenant, and Captain Francis and another were confirmed as chief
captains.
A specimen of modern oratory among these Indians is given by Mr. Wii-
LiAMSoiv, who heard it, in his IIistory ok Mai.ne. It was made in a conn
by John JVeptune, in extenuation of the; murder of one Knight, l.j, Peol Susvf.
The case was nearly as l()llows : In thi' evening of 28 June, 181t!, this linliiui
Wfis intoxicated, and at the tavern (f said Knight at IJangor, (w! ether lie kl
prociu'ed liquor there with which to intoxicate himself, wc are nit uit'oriiinl.
and being noisy and turbulent. Knight enih'avored to expel hiia i'mn hi-
house. Having thrust him out of door, he endeavored to drive i'ini iwkx
and in the attempt vvivs stabbed, and immediately died. On his arres-'. .Sn-iv
acknowledged his guilt, but said he was iu liquor, and that Knight abiwJ
* Jii'.,,e Henry, In.
t /.'' M)(/, oar cuilhoriiy before mciitioiicfl, was a private, aged but IG, who ran awav iror.
his father, unci joined the army claiidcstiiicly ; ho died in IHIO, aged b'i. Morgan iK" ■>
1802, a'l. (i.'j ; tharborn in IfSaj, tpt. 78; Meigs in 1823; ^priii^'m 18111, (Et.73j ylmcWal
1801. at London, lei. (il ; linn- <y^-x\ in New York, in 18.%.
\ Coll. N. H. Misl. Soc. ii, 211 2(iO. ^ Williamson, ii. l.W.
II In 1811, this tril)e consisted of but til families, and 241 persons. In 1820 there were i
souls. Tiieir increase, says \)r. Morse, Appendix to Inoian IlKPonT, 65, is owing lo a I
obligation of the ciiiefs imposed upon their young men to marry early. '
Ciup. X]
liiiii, or lie h
('ii.»liiic, !»}■ I
lii« trial, a
slnu^hler. S
iiiiillier, were
niJKliioddy, h
.\tler sent*
thiiiL' 10 say f
m." Sf-ptv
eraiely said, i
" Yon know
nrji much — -^e
Tliii makes mi
kilund wicfxi
time iifTo a ven
sureltj he shouli
to Iks day. C
lilmilji man go^
dl— Peace is g
Tlie white men
fSir.—Ispem
^Susup was
fiiniies ior kei
wlii'ii John .Yep
Inmi I'as.sunintj
liis .Mircties in t
t'a|itai;i fVai
niio, according
til.' iiiliirmation
wp see no caiisi
Ksiircd Mr. JFi
Johns, both inc
eaoli tribe is yo
tlioiijrli the oile
tliose upon the 1
wimtand ail th
Die >1liconquins, (
Belbre disinis
specimen of the
^ Metunk^senah,
! mw-el'j'-sch, kea
kmnh, spum^-k(
[ w, ms'-cool, at
I w4eunah, num
I li-W-uh-lah-ke-n
■ '■ He aliuded l{
[fa whirhwascor
J An hidjan name(
I Ifcssi'd liy ilie war i
I S!ils and erected a
J '""I- .\l length s(
I shot linn while he w
I Jndia,, crawled from
J??"".v.ai)dheexpir
IfaWioriosnIlymy
p-e'lUKlconcfemncc
t The Indians
M7' *"'!/. eag,,,
■ y renops, rocks ,
S(
,/«
1
SS. [Book HI,
but IG.who rauawavlro.
u,181'J,Del.73; ^l™*^'
OnP.
X]
AITTEON— NEPTUNE.
137
liiiii. or lie had not done it. Bein<r brought to trial in June tlie next year at
Ca>tiMP, l>y a(ivi<'e of counsel, lie pleaded not guilty; and a<ler a day sjjent in
Iji- triiil, a verdict was rendered, accordinj^ to the deti'nce set ii|), mnn-
^nushier. Simip liad a wife and several children ; four of v/hom, witii their
iimthir, were present, as were nir.ny other Indians from St. Jolins and Passa-
[j,.,i|iio(|(iy, hfsides a great crowd of whites.
\tler sentence was declared, Suatip was asked by the court if lie had any
tiiiiiirio siiy li)r himself; to which be replied, "John Neptiwe tvill speak for
j^." Neptune rose up, and, having advanced towards the judges, delib-
erately said, in English,
« I'oii know your people do my Indians great deal iirong. Theif abuse them
m much— yes they murder them ; then they loulk right off— nobody touches them.
Tki makes my heart burn. Hell, then my Indians say, we tvill go kill your very
y and widxd men, JVo, I teWcm never do that thing, we are brothers. Some
Im I'So n verij bad man * about Boston, shot an Indian dead. Your people said,
svrtlijhe shoidd die, bid it was not so. In the great prison house he eats and lives
io this day- Certainly he never dies for killing Iiulian. My brothers say let that
Uwii'j mm so free — I'eol Susup <oo. So we imsh. Hope fills the hearts of us
uljJl'tace i» good. These, my Indians, love it well. They smile under its shade.
The white men and red men must be always friends. The Great Spirit is our
fStr.—Ispeak what I feel."
^Smup was sentenced to another year's imprisonment, and require(Uo find
siiriiit'!^ tor keeping the peace two years, in the penal sum of 500 dollai-s ;
wliiii John .Yeptune, Squire Jo Merry JS/'epfune, of bis own tribe, Cajit. Solmond,
I'miii Passamatiuoddy, and Capt. Jo Tomer, from the River St. Johns, became
hi:^ i^iircties in tiie cognizance." f
{.'aptain Francis, the first ca])tain of the tribe, has been mentioned, and
wiio, according to the historian of Maine, is a man of good understanding. If
tlu' inliirmation he has given concerning the eastern Indians l>e correct, — and
w !ipe no cause to dordjt it, — it is of much value, and no less interest. He
assured Mr. fViUiamson, " that all the tribes between the Saco and the St.
Johns, both inclusive, are brothers ; that the eldest lived on the Saco ; that
each tribe is younger as we pass eastward, like the sons of the same father,
tl](iiii;li the one at Passamaquoddy I is the youngest of all, proceeding from
those upon the River St. Johns and Penobscot.^ ' Mways^ he affirms, ' / could
ukntand all these brothers venf tvell ivhen they speak ; bid when the Mickmaks or
k .ilscnquins, or Canada Indians talk, I cannot tell all what they say.'' "
More dismissing the interesting Tarratines, it may be proper to present a
specinien of their language.
.Wunk^senah, ouwa^ne, spum'^keag-aio, kee^nuck tle-we-seh, keah^-dabeV-dockj
mw-d'i'-sch, keah^-olct-haiUta-mon-(t, numah-zee, m^se-tah''-mah, fhah-lah-wee^-
kmmh, spam^-keag-aio, me-lea^neh, neo^nah, ne-quem-pe-bem-gees'o^coque, maje^-
w, sm^-cool, arvon, mus-see-aHos^see, neo'^nah, commont^en-esk-tock, H-kah-lah-
I me-humh, num-e-se-comele^ent, tah-hah-la-we-u-keah-ma-che-ke^-cheek, a-qne-he\
a-fit-uh-lah-ke-me-sah'^coque, n^gah^ne, numa-zee\ nea-nah, neo^je, saw'-got,
' '• He aiiiided to one LiverTHore, who had received sentence of death for killing an In-
I diaji which was commuted to hard labor for life in ihe state's prison." Williamsmi.
An Indian named Crkvay, a Penobscot of the tribe of St. Francis, to avoid being dis-
j Iressi'd liy ihc war on the frontiers of Canada, with his wife wandered down into Massachu-
s?il\ and creeled a wigwam on the slioie of Spot Pond, in the town of Stoneham, where they
liwi. At length some abominable while rutVians, on the night of the 23 November, 1813,
shoihim while he was asleep, and badly woundcil his squaw. Not being killed outright, this
Indian crawled from his wigwam, and was foil ml the next day almost lifeless and in great
asmiy, and he expired in a lew days after. The names of the murderers I will not give, for
I ablinr to sully my page with thfi!). Four were guilty. One fled from in.ftire two were
Ificil mid condemned to be hanged. December i!5th, following. Report of the Trii'l.
I t Ihid.
I ! The Indians ssiA.Pascndum-oquon-keag. Paspodum meani pollock ; oquo ,, catch 'em
jr'"' "xwy : eag, laml or place.
J Peniips, rocks ; keag, & place of.
i^m
:^^*rl!^"«
'^ mm
, i]
138
ROWLS.— BLIND- WILL.
[Book Hi.
woo-saw^me, keah-dabcld^-ock, ego-mah, keeloah\ noa^chee, done-ahHe, sazoos'
neahHeta, quoa^-que.* " '
In speaking of tlie New Hampshire sacliems, it was not intended t||,.,t .^^
conspicuous u cliief as Rowla sliould have l)een silently j)asis(;(l owr. i,iii|
therefore we will give him a place here. This chief has of late yt-iiis licion,,.
noted, from the circumstance of his name's heinj? found to the c(;kl)r,itii|
fVhee! Wright dvAid of IGQi). That deed, it may l)e proper to remark, jjuiiionfd
to have been given by Paaaaconaway, Runaamtt, Wehanoicnowit, ami l{,„[ig
The tract of country conveyed was included between the Pascutmjim iuni
Merrimack Rivers, and bounded iidand by aline from " Pawtuckft" Fail.
in ti.'e latter, and Newichawannok in the former. It is pretty certain, now
that these sachems gave no such deed at the time specified.
RowLs was sachem of the Newichawannoks, and his dwelling-pjaco w^
upon t'le nortli side of the Pascataqua, not ftir from Qnampeagau Fails, in
Berwick, then Kittery. "In 1()43, he conveyed the lands of his virjnitv k,
Humphrey Chadhourn ; and others afterwards, to Spencer ; the former hv\},«
the ea'liest Indian deed found upon our records. It is certain that all ti,"
Indians upon the river to its mouth, were his subjects, though ho was iimlir
Passacoi iaway."f Mr. Hubbard \ says, " There was within the compass olili,.
seven years now current, [about 1(570,] a sagamore about Kittury, vi[]h(\
Roula 01 Holies : who laying very sick, and bedrid, (being an old niaii,) Im ix.
Sected some of the English, that seized upon his land, should have sliown
im that civility, as to have given him a visit in his aged infirmities and sirk-
ness. It matters not much whether it was totally neglected or iiot;t()lr
sure at the last, he sent for the chiefs of the town and desired a liivor oCtJiem,
viz. that though he might, as he said, challenge [claim] all the pluiitntinn ili
his own, where they dwelt, that ye* they would please to sell or give liim a
small tract of land, possibly an hundred or two of acres, and witliali desired
it might be recorded in the town book, as a public act, that so his cliildrm,
which he left behind, njight not be turned out, like vagabonds, as destitiiiedi
an habitation amongst, or near the English, adding this as a reason : That lie
knew there would shortly i'all out a war between the Lidians and tlie Eiifilisli,
all over the country, and that the Indians at the first should prevail, and do
much mischief to the English, and kill many of them : But after tlie third
year, or after three years, all the Lidians which so did, should be rooted oiii,
and utterly destroyed." This account, the same author says, " is repomd In
Maj. Waldron, Mr. Joshua Moody, Capt. Frost, that live upon, or near tlie
place."
A chief named Blind-unll was successor to Rolls, and in PMip's war son ed
the English. Why the word blind was pi'efixed to his name is not iiientinucd,
but probably he had lost an eye.
In 1677, the wretched (sxpedient was resorted to by the whites, of einployin»
the Mohawks against the Tarmtines, and two messengers. Majors Pinckn
and Richards, were despatched to their country. They were kindly recei\d
by them, and promiprd their assistance. " Accordingly some jmrtiis ol'
them came down the country, about the middle of March, and the tiw
alarm was given at Auiuskeeg Falls ; where the son of Honolansd luiii.'
hunting, discovered 15 Indians on the other side, who called to him in a lan-
guage which he did not Understand ; upon which he fled, and tiicy find
near 30 guns at him without effect. Presently after this they were discovi red
in the woods near Cochecho. Major Waldron sent out eight of liis liidiiiiiN
whereof iilind-wUl was one, to make further discovery. They were all
surprised together by a company of the Mohawks ; two or tliret! esniiHil,
the others were either killed or taken. Will was dragged away hy liis liiiir;
and being wounded, perished in the woods, on a neck of land, formed in tlie
confluence of Cochecho and Ising-glass Rivei-s, which still bears tiio iiuiiie
of Blind-ioUPs Neck."§ Such were the exploits of the allies of the Engli'li
* Williams(m's Maine, i. 513.
$ Belknap, Hist. N. H. i. !23.
t WUliamson, i. 4C0. % Indian Wars, ii i\.
Ch*p. X.]
ASSACAMIIUIT.
139
ni-'i
ai tliii* time ; nor do wc find tliiU any otliors wore pnrformcd of a (lifFf'rcnt
rhiimctcr. Nolwithstainlin^', tli<! sjimiu niiHeral)l(! policy was talkcil of again
iilmiit iiiiif years uller ; l»iit we do not learn that it was carried into practice.
It wiw, pcrliaps, ut the time of which we have becin spcakinjr, tiiat the i\ar-
^tjiiisit cliief Pessacus was murdered, as has been mentioned.*
'W'e liii'l ""' thus long delayed our notice of oik! of tin; most renowned
piijil's, but from the untoward circumstance of haviuL' mislaid a vahialile
cuiiiiiiuiiication (concerning him.f The sachem of whom we lu-e now to
Miiiik was known among tlu; French hy the name of JVcscamOioiiit, but.
aiiiiiii}; tlie English he was called
AssACAMBUiT,! and JlssacomlniU.\ This chief was as iiiithfid to the
|r iicli as one of their own nation ; and our account of him begins in 1()!)(;,
\\ hull, with Iberville and the liimous Montignif, he rendered important survicie
jiiilic reduction of the English Fort St. Johns, 'JO Novendx'r, of that year.
IkiiiL' apprized of the a])proach of the Frtiuch and Indians, tlm J'iUglish sent
niiir<8 iiit'ii to oppose them, wiio, on the 28, were met and uttackcid by a pai't
of fiea'i//«'s army, under Monligny nud JVescnmbiouit, mu\ deii-ated with the
i,i<s of 55 men. On tht; night before St. Johns cajntulated, Iberville, with
Xtscambioiiit as his second, at th(! head of '.iO men, made a sally to burn one
iiiirt of the town, while D\Muus nm] jlfor fi£|7i_?/, with (JO others, were ordered
ti lire it at another point. Both parties succeeded. §
III !()!•!•, he is noticed for some cruelty, which, it was said, he inflicted ujton
adiilil, named Thomasin Rouse, He having ordered it to carry something to
\b water side, it cried ; he took a stick and struck her down, and she lay
tbriii'iul. He dicn threw her into the water, but siie was saved by another
Lillian. She was an English captive, and was soon alver restored. This
accoiiiit was handed Dr. Mather, by one who had just returned from Casco
Bay, "here he had been to hold a treaty ^.■ith the Indians. The account
closi's in these words : "This Jissacomhuit hath killed and taken this war,
!iii.'y lull nie,) 150 men, women and children. A bloody Devil." |]
ii is said that Mauxis, Wanuns;onet, and Jlssacomlmit, were " three of the
ninst valiant and puis.sant sacli(!ins" of the east.1I Th(>ir attack uj)on the fort
at Casco, in August, 1708, has been mentioned.** In 1704, some of the Abe-
iiaqiiis, having established themselves in Newfoundland, were attacked by the
Eii|!lisli, and some of them killed. Whereupon they a|)plicd to Governor
Vmdnml for assistance to re\ie\ them, and he sent Montigny with a few
Canadians, who joined themselves with about .50 Abenaquis under JVescambi-
oiii/. anil attacked the English with great success. They pillaged and bin-nt
cni' tint, and took many j)risoners. ff
In r/05, M. Subercase, having succeeded M. Brouillon in the government
of Xcwtbundland, endeavored to make thorough work with the remaining
EiiL'lisli there. Tiieir success was nearly complete, and here again JS/escam-
iioui/ is noticed as acting a consj)icuou8 part Subercase^s army consisted of
40(1 iii(n,t| in all, an(' they set out from I'lacentia 15 January, uj)on snow-
slioi'!!, with '20 days' jjrovisions. They suflTered much from the rigor of the
wciitlicr, and did not fall u])on the English until the 20, which was at a i)iace
caiiil Rchoii. They next took Petit Havre. At St. Johns they found some
ffiiistaiiii', where the English now had two forts, which. were supplied with
caiiiiiiii and mortars, and, after losing five men in killed and wounded, were
oliliL'fil to raise the siege, in consecpience of want of powder ; having <!am-
a^iil uiueh of what they brought with them in wading rivers. They next
attacked Fonillon and took it. §§ This was 5 March. Here was also a fort,
li>\
WMm
■ 'If,;' :4!.M'>'',*|
, .' 'M \\i bis
* Sec B. II. p. 68. note §.
\ Clmrlerflix, ii. 193.
t From Rev. Mr. Felt, of Hamilton. \ Penhallow.
II Maenaiia, vii. 95. IT Penttallow, 6.
I'njrc 101., Ill,, iii. tt Charlevoix, ii. 29'1.
)J This is nrcording to Charlevoix, hut I'cnhalloiv says 500, aiul Ansp»ch,(HhU Newfound
land, la.) iihotit .500. Charlevoix is, doubtless, nearest the truth.
yi' ''•■ lionrfcfiU lirlil'', apnKt quoi Montionv, qui avail anient h cette c.rjMilion son Jid^U
Pitsf AMBi(iuiT./«? ,lrc(irlit (7"cc les siiiivaffrs, el line partie des Canndiens, peitr idler dii cW
if I nrhnnniere, et de lionneviste, avc order de hrhler et de dHruire toule le rot'', re qti'il
ii'cuhx miiif perdre un seid homme, tanl la terreur ^loit erande parmi les Anslois. N.
France, ii, ;)00, ' h r ^
140
ASSACAMRUIT.
[Book in,
into wliicli tlio inlmbitants at first retirnd, and endeavored to defend themselves
but soon snircndered j)riHoiu;rs of war.* '
Not loiij; after tliesi! services JVescambioiiit sailtnl for France, and in ]70tj
visited liis majesty, King Louis XIV, at Versailles. Hero, among otiier ciui.
nent personages, he became known to tlie iiistorian Chahlkvciv. f '[\^^
king having |)reSented him an elegant sword, he is reported tf) liave said
holding np liis hand, "This hand Juts slain one hundred andforti/ofyour nuijes.
tjfs enemies in JVew En!i;lnnd;"X and that wheren|)on, tlie king fortliwiiii
knighted him, and ordered that hencef -nh a pension of eight livres u day be
allowed him for life.
JVf^cambioiiil returned to America in 1707, and the next year nccornimnied
Rouvillo to attack Haverhill in Massachusetts. The FVench had iiitciidcda
iniich more formidable con(|uest, and had engaged bands of Indians t'roiii
lour nations to cooperate with tlieni, and all were to rendezvous u\ Lj,|^p
Nikisipique, as they called VVinnipesauke or Winnipisiogee. But nil except
the Algonquinsand Abenaqiiis under JVescambioiiit, having failed and dcsiiiid
them, they w(;re on the point of abandoiung their enterprise nltoirciiicr
laving made known their situation to Governor Vaudreuil, and n(|ii('sti'i|
.lis orders, he directed, that though aU the Indians deserted them, tiicy should
not give over the expedition. Des Chaillons having cormnimicated tlijs ini(|.
ligence to the Indians, they entreated him to lead them forward, an*', said tliev
would follow him wherever he chose to go.
From Nikisipique they marched, at last, with 200 men, fell upon Haer-
liill,§ and sacked it. The attack was made, sun about an I'oin- higli, jy
August, 1708. The contest was short as the oppo "ni was i"!ebie. Vhe
English lost about 100 persons by this irruption, 40 or 50 of wiicn; were
killed at Haverhill. JVebcambioiiit, in this aflair, fought by the side of ihe
conuTiander-in-chief, and performed prodigies of valor with the sword wliicli
he brought from France.
Having burned the fort and many of the buildings in the village,! 'Iifj
began to retrace their steps, with precipitation. The English, having rallied,
formed an ambush in the edge of the woods, about a mile and a hull' tioin
th^ town, attacked them vigorously, killing and wounding many of tiieiii. In
the ambush were 60 or 70 English, who, after hanging upon tiieir flanks for
near an hour, retreatc' In this last affair the French suffered most In
both encounters, 18 men were wounded, three Indians and five Freuchnieii
killed. In the ambush fell Herlel of Chambly, and Vercheres, both officers of
experience ; and the renowned Jlssacambuit. as though, elsewhere, like .Mil-
les, invulnerable, was wounded by a shot in the foot. This last attack had
the happy effect of innnediately restoring many of the prisoners.
J'rom 1708 to 1727, we bear nothing oi' Jissacambuit. In June of the latter
year, his death is recorded, accompanied with a short account of him, ma
newspaper of that time. Mention is made, among other things, that, like
Hercules, he had a "famous club" which he always carried with him, oo
which were 98 notches, denoting the number of "English " he had killed;
that he was knighted while in France, the insignia of which, on his return
home, he wore upon his breast in large letters. In this newspaper coiniim-
nication he is styled "Old £scawifri«7," " f'o'''ncrly the principal saguiiiore of
(the now dispersed) tribe of the Saco or Pigwacket Indians." He piohahly
went to reside among the St Francis tribe about 1700. He was restless when
there was no war, and our account says, " when th(;re was something nf a
prospect of jettled peace, about 30 years ago, [1700,] he marched oti" the
» Anspach, 124. t Hist. Gon. de la Nouv. France, ii. VS).
X I'i'niudlnw, 40. This must bo, we think, a e;real misrepresentation of his rml >|«i'fk,
as suliscqucnl clctuils will lead one to suppose. Perhaps lie niii^hl liavc sa\i\foit>j.
§ " Us prirent alors le parti de marcliei contre un village appelli' Hawkkijii., f("«P''.*''('
vintcinq <) Irenle imiisons hit'n halui, avfc nn fort, oil loirenit le gouiieilieiir. Ce fort atoil iii»
garrison de rrenle snidats, et ii y en aroit an moins di.r dans chaqite maison."
II Cliarleroi.r sftvs, " Toittes les vutisons se defendireul aiissi tri's-bien, et eitrait le mlii
sort. H'y eut environ cent Anirlois de tws dans res diJI'ereiUes altaques ; plusieurs autrf^,'!"*
cUtendireiit trap tard ti sortir (bi fort et des maisons, y turei\l bri'lles." None of ihe Kngliii
accounts mention this, and it was doubtless supposition, without Ibuudalion ui fact.
n the village,! tliey
frlisli, haviiijf ralliei
iiile and a Imlf liom
s many ol'tlieiii. In
ipon tiieir flunks for
1 suffiTed iiiosu lu
md five Freiiclinieii
teres, botli officers of
dsewliens like Achil
This last attack had
irisoners.
In June of the latter
account ofhiin, ina
her thiiifrs, that, like
;arri('d with him, on
ish" he had killed ;
which, on his retiira
nowsj)a|)or couiiiiu-
•incipal sagaiiKne of
ians," lie prohably
He was retitlesswhen
was sonietliiiia of a
he inarched oil" llie
^^I.] DESTUUCTION OF DKCKFIEI^n. 141
iiiiiul as a disbanded officer, left liis brethren and travelled towards the Mis-
' • iii, where lie was constantly eii','af;ed in wars, and never heard of till
ist tiill he returned to tliosa [eastern] par's." This was probably the
iiiiit aiiioMf? the Enf?lisli of New Enjfland ; but in truth lie was with the
iLich in Canada, as we have seen. Had Pknuai-low published his Lndia.n
Wars one year later, he would not, probably, have closed his viccount as he
lid concerning him. He says that, at hi*' return from France, he was so
viilied that he treated bis countrymen in the most haughty and arrogant
' iipr^ "iiuirdering one and stabbing another, which so exasperated tliose
ti'tlieir relations, that they sought revenge, and would liave instantly exe-
cuted it, but that lie fled his country, aiid never returned after."
CHAPTER XL
Dtstruction of Deerficld, and captirity of Reverend John Williams and famihj,
in 1704.
Sometimes in a volume, and sometimes in a pamphlet, the narrative of
this affair had often been given to the world previous to 1774, by one of the
|irimi|ml actors in it, whose name is at the beginning of this chapter, and
wliicli is doubtless familiar to every reader of New England legends. The
eilitidii of Mr. Willinins's work, out of which 1 take this, was jirepared liy the
rt'iiowiicd New England annalist, the Reverend Thomas Piince, and was the
oili, printed at Boston " by John Boyle, next door to the Three Doves in IMarl-
boroiigli Street, 1774." It was a closely printed 8vo. pamjdilet of 70 pages.
It \vill be necessary to relate some important facts of liistorical value
bet'ore proceeding with the narrative. As at several other timcp, the plan
was laid early in 1703, in Canada, for laying waste the whole English fron-
tier, l)iit like former and later plans, laid in that region, this but jmrtially
fiicceeded. Though the eastern settlements from Ca^.-^'^ to Wells were
destroyed, and 130 people killed and captivated, the summer before, yet the
towns on the Connecticut had neglected their precautionaiy liity. And
altlioiigh Governor Dudley of Massachusetts had but little while belbre been
Dotitied of the design of the French, yet it was impossible to guartl the
eastern coast against the attack. Deerfield liad been palisaded and 20
soldiers placed in it, but had been quartered about in different houses, and,
entirely forgetting their duty as soldiers, were surprised with the rest of the
town. The snow was deep, which gave the enemy an easy entrance over
ilie jiickets. The French were commanded by Hertel de RouvUle, but the
conmiaiiders of the Indians remain unknown.
.Mr. Williams thus liegins his narrative : " On Tuesday the 29tli of Feb-
niaiy, 1703-4, not long before break of day, the enemy came in like a flood
ii|ioii ns ; our watch being unfaithful : an evil, whose awful effects, in a sur-
prizal of our fort, should besjieak all watchmen to avoid, as they would not
liriiijr the charge of blood upon themselves. They ciuiie to my house in the
lieL'iiiiiing of the onset, and by their violent endeavors to break open doors
and windows, with axes and hatchets, awakened me out of sleep ; on which
I leaped out of bed, and running towards the door, [terceived the enemy
making their entrance into the house. I called to awaken two soldiers in
tiic cliainber ; and returning toward my bedside for my arms, the enemy
iamiediately brake into my room, I judge to the number of 20, with ])ainted
Ijtds, and hideous acclamations. I reached up my hands to the bed-tester,
lor my jjistol, uttering a short petition to God, expecting a present pas-sage
tliruii!.'li the valley of the shadow of deatli." "Taking down my pistol, I
rocked it, and |)Ut it to the breast of the first Indian who came up ; but my
pistol missing fire, I was seized by 3 Indians who disarmed me, and boimd
i iiie naked, as I was, in my shirt, and so I stood for near the s|mce of an
I lioiir," Meanwhile the work of destruction and j)illag<! was carried on with
great fiu-y, One of the three who ca[)tured Mr. Williams was a captuiu,
■h 5l
142
DESTRUCTION OF DKF.liriELl).
[Book II),
jijiaiiist wliom, s;iyrt o\ir cnittivt', "tlic jiidfrmciit <»i' <Jn<l <IhI not lnnsr .sliiiii|i,,p
f<)r lij siiii-risiii<; lie rcccMvcd a iiiDrtal shot thiiii my nrxl in'i<;lil)()i"s Ikih^, -
Tliis, tlioiifili not a garrisoii, ami contaiiiin^ hut sovcn imn, \\itli>t(i(„| ,|,,,
I'flitrls of tJKi ;U)0 FiTiicli and liidians which now beset them, 'rimi l,,,,,^,
remains to this tiay, l)earinfj upon its front <hior the marks of tiie ii.itiliH
Alter alioiit two lionrs tiie «'nemy took up their march iidin tlit> tdwi;
linvinjr ))linuiered and burnt it, and put 47 iiersons to deatii, inchulinK tlmJ,
killed ill makinj,' tlefence. Mrs. U'illiams iiavinff lately lain in, was llcjii,
which, without the scene nowactiiifj belbre her, rendered her case li(i|i(|i;,
but to this was a«lde<l the most sliockinfr murders in her preseiic-— m,,
ol" her children were taken to the door and killed, also u black woniaLiln.
lou^in<; to the family.
"About Sim an hour hi<;li," continura the redeemed ca|itive, "we wciv ;i;
carried out of tiie Jiouse for a march, ami saw many of the houses of n.
iiiijfbbors in flame.s, perceivinjr the whole I'ort, one house e.\ce|it(Ml, loli
taken!" "We were carried over the river, to the foot of the nioiiiitaiii, iilmi::
a mile from my house, where wi' found n fjn'iit number of our cliiivi; ]
neighbors, men, women, and children, to the niimlier of 100; iiini'tnii m
w bom were afterward murdered by the way, and two starved to dcatli n,.,-
Coos, in a time .>f jrreat scarcity, or famine, the savages uiiderwoiit ijun
When we came to the foot of our nionntain, they took away our slioes, ,ii ,
pave us Indian shoes, to pre|mre us for our journey." Tlie army Iwidlii
tlieir packs at this place, and while they were fretting reatly to decuiiiiMl;.
few Knirlish that bad escaped at the town, and a few from llatfuld, wjio Imj
been iiotiHed of the fate of Deertield by one or two, who had escaju'd iIkt',
pursued, and in a meadow lietween the town and the main liody, met a |);!n\
of the enemy, and u sharp fight ensued. The small band of Kiiglislnmii
did not retreat until the main l)ody under Houville were about to I'licirdi
tliem, and then tliey left nine of their number slain. Such was the sii(its>
of the English in the beginning of the fight, that, fearing a defeat, Ruudk
Jiad ordered the eaptiv» s to l)e put to death ; but, fbrtunutely, the boarur of
the liital message was killed by the way.
'J'hreo hundred miles of a trackless wildcrnes.? was now to lie tinvcrsifi,
and that too at a season of all others the most to be (h'eaded ; hoiifrhs dI'
trees formed the beds of enceinte women and little children for 40 davii,
which was the time taken for the journey. Tht; first day's journey wiishut
about tour miles, and although one oliild was killed, in general the cliildrfn
were treated well ; probal)ly, the historians say, that by delivering then at
Canada, the Indians would receive <i valuable ransom for them. l\lr. fl'iUkm
!)roceeds : " (iod made the heathen so to pity our children, that tlioii^'li tlipy
lad several wounded persons of their own to carry upon their sluMildirs,
for 30 miles l)eforc they came to the river, [the Connecticut .'JO miles i\\me
Deerfield,] yet they carried our children, uncapable of travi ling, in tlieii
arms, and upon their shoiddiers."
At the first encampment some of tlie Indians got drunk witli liquor tiny
found at Deei*field, and in their rage killed 3Ir. ffllliams^s iie;;ro man, iii:d
caused the escai)e of a Mr. .llexander. In the morning ^Ir. JVUIiams \w
ordered l)efbre the commander-in-chief, (he considering him the principal of
the captives,) and ordered to inform the other captives, that if any iiimi'si-
tempted to escape, the rest should be put to death. In the second day's mariii
occurred the death of Mrs. ff'illiains, the affecting account of which we wilhivi'
nearly in the language of her husband. At the ujiper jmrt of DciMiiili!
meadow it became necessary to cross Green River. The Indian iliat r;i|-
lured Mr. tf'ilUams was unwilling that be should speak to tlie otiiercniitivis;
but on the morning of the second day, that Indian captain being «|ii)(iinteil
to command in the rear, he had another master put over him, who not niily
allowed him to speak to others, but to walk with his wifi;, and nssist lier aloii!;.
This was their last meeting, and she very calmly told him that her stroiiL'tli
was failing fast, and that he would soon lose her. She spoke no discoiira-
* See Col. limit's Ant. Rosc.ir. wliioli. wo arc
EiiglaiKJ Lidiaii wars that lias yet appeared.
:!lad to oHscrv 0, is the best voluino of Ne*
[BODK 111
I not loiisr slniiilii r;
iii'i«;lilnii's Ikium."
inrii, witliMcioil i|,,,
tlu'lM. 'I'hllt |i,,||„
ks of tlic liiitcli.i.
ell iVdiu tlif tdwi),
itli, iiicliuliiiir tli(K
lain ill, wns i'itI; ,
I licr case Iiii|h I,,,.
luT iircsciic"— iMii
a blufk woiiiHii Ik .
ptivc, " we wiiv :
r the lioiiscs iit'::\
use cxft'iitcd, 111 ''
tlio inoiiiitiiiii, iiliii'
H'V of our clll^'.,;,!.
ol" 100; iiiiictiTi, 111
Iirvcd to (Iflllll 1;. .;
!H uinU'rwciit iliin
awny our si iocs, , a .
The nruiy liiul lifi
'July to (IfCllllili, il;.
in ilatlirld, wliokil
o hiid fS('a|U'(l iliir ',
\iu body, nii't a \\i.n\
l)aud of Kuglijiliiiii'ii
re about to I'licirrlf
iirb was tlit' siicio!
■iiig a dcii'at, Ruiaiilt
iiately, tlie bearer df
low to be trnversrd,
(b-oaded ; boujib of
bildrcn ibr 40 dnvi!,
ay's joiiriipy wnii but
general tbe cliildn-n
dcliverins; tin :ii at
tbem. IMr. If'tlmi
•en, tbat tliougli tiicy
poll tlicir slioiikiiTs,
icut ;iO miles alnw
of ti-avi'liiig, ill theii
ink with liquor linn
lamx's iw/ro man. su\
ig "^Tr. JVillims wa*
bim the primM|iul oi'
, tiiat if any iv.m :.i-
le second day's inard:
ofwbichwcwill«ivf
per jmrt of Deeitiili!
Tlif Indian t!mt c^'-
to the other <M|itivr5'.
;aiii being mmiM^
r bim, wiio not (nilj
0, and assist iieraloii!.'.
lim tiiat lier stiTHirtli
sjioke no discmini-
is the best volume ol Ne*
CiuP. XI]
DF.STIll.UrriON <1F DKERFIEl.D.
143
ji,i,» words, or romplained of tiie bardness of her lorinno. Tiie roinpany
iiHiii fame to a halt, and iVIr. ff'illiams\H ohl master rcHiiiiied bis former
stuiioii. 'I'l'l <"'<b'red bim into tb(! van, and liis wif(; was obliged to tiavid
iiMiili'il- 'ri'«'y '""' ""^^ arrived at (Vreeii Kiver, as W(! have related. This
ilivimssrd ity wading, altboiigb tiie eiirreiit was very rajtid, (wliicli was tbe
,.;,(,'<(■, no doubt, of its not being frozen over,) and about two li-et in depth.
\ii,.r passing this river, they liad to aseeiid a steep iiioiintain. "No sooner,"'
j,.\< Mr. /'iV/iVim.?, " bad I ov(!reoiii<! the ditlieiilty of tbat ascent, Itiit I was
..'iiiiltlfd til sit down, and lie iinltiirtbened of my pack. I sat pitying tlioso
Hiiiiwfie hcliind, and intreated my master to let me go down and help my
f,i\y, liiit he refused. 1 asked each of tbe prisoners, as tlu^y passed by me,
giti.i Ikm, and beard, that passing tlirougli tla; aliove siud river, she fell tlowti
;iii 1 was iihiiiged all over ill tlie water; aller wbicb she travtdled not fiir,
i;,|.;ii ijie foot of tbat moimtain, tbe ernel and bloodthirsty savage who took
i, r slew her with bis hatcliet utone stroke." Tlie historians liave bdl ns no
r.niiilor the characttT of this lady, but from the account letl ns by her
Li^kiml, she was u most amiable companion. She was tbe only daughter of
lli'v.niiil Eleazer Mather, minister of Northampton, by bis wife Kstlicr,
,|,,iiriiti'r of RevcriMid John fVarhum, who <'ame from Kngland in l(l;U).
Till' second night was spent at an encainpmitnt in the nortli(>rly part of
wliiil is now Hernardstown, and in the course of the preceding day a young
iMniiiiii luid child were killed and scalped. At this camj) a council was held
upun the propriety of jaitting Mr. IVUlutms to dcjath, but his master jnevailed
on tilt' rest to save his lite ; lor the reason, no doubt, that he should receive
a idi prifc for bis ransom. Tbe fourth day brought them to Connecticut
Kivt r, about HO miles above PeerfiekL Here the wounded, <liil(lreii and bag-
mrwire put into a kind of sleigh, tind pass;<l with facility upon the rivt^r.
Kvory day ended the suffering and captivity of one or more of the prisoners.
Till' case of a young woiiiiiii named Mttnj Brooks, was one to excite excess-
ive pity, and it is believed, that bad tin; Indians been the sob; directors of tbe
fsjiiivis, such ciises could hardly have oecurnul. This young woman, being
t,'"'iiilc, and walking upon the ice in the rive r, ollen ftdl down ii|)on it,
prulaliiy with a burthen upon her; which caused premature labor tiie fol-
luuiii|i iii^'ht. JJeiiig now unfitted for the journey, her master delibi rattdy
toll! Iiir she iiiiist be jnit to death. With great composure she got liberty of
liiatofto and take leave of her miiuster. Sr^be told bim she was not afraid of
(iatli, and after some consoling conversation, she returned and was executed I
TLis was Alarcdi d.
At tiie iiioiith of u river since known as WiUiams's Rivci , ujion a Sundtiy, the
captives wen; permitted to assemble around their ministir, and be fireticbed a
I STiiion to tlieiii from Lam. i. IK At the mouth of White River Rouville divided
i>ibire into several parties, and they took different routes to the St. Lawrence.
Ina ti'w iiistjuices the captives were jiurcliascd of the Indians, by the
I Frcmh, and the others were at the ilifferent lodges of the Indians.
l)uiin<r his captivity, Mr. IVUliams visited vm'ious places on the St. Law-
IrCiCf. At Montreal be was liuniaiiely treated by Governor I'nudnuU. In
lii> iiiiervievvs with the French Jesuits be uniformly found them using every
iHidiavorto convert bim and others to their religion. However, most of the
ca; lives remained steady in the Protestant liiitli. And in 170(i, fifly-seven
oiiJH'iu were by a flag-shij) conveyed to Boston. A cf/nsiderable number
JMiiJiiiK'd ill Canada, and never returned, among whom was Eunice ff'iUiains,
jdaiii;hter of the minister. She became a firm catholic, married uii Indian,
Iby wlioiii she had several children, and spent her riays in a wigwam. She
|vi>ited Deertield with her Indian husband, dressed in Indian style, and was
Ikiiidly leeeived by her friends. All attempts to ngaiii her were ineffectual.
Illi'verend Ekazcr ff'illianis, late a missionary to tbe Greeiibay Indians, is a
Idisniidaiit. He w.is educated by the fVi'iids of missions in N^ew England.
I" die History of Canada by C/u(r/«uoi,r, the incursions undertaken bv the
ynwh and Indians arc generally niimitely recorded ; but this against l)(!er-
fic d lie lius unaccountably summed up in a dozen lines of bis work. The
[following is the whole passage :
In the cud of uutunui, 1703, the English, despairing of sccui-ing the In-
■■'i'S.A''.'
.'M."
I , .-,1 A-.t ^V 'fi
::.|
>■■,'
iu^lQ
^il'
y;l''fi|s| w
'' ■■'■'^pi
PiiTIf'
:4i'"
^mw'i
.; t
♦
r -''rity^
'
^'■•:!!;- ^H
^'•'■M
Kfi
■UilK
i-v^jyi^y
#V jS'^'flyiH
5i^;l^
*||^
144
MONEY OF THE INDIANS.
[Booj III
diariH, made snvornl exciirsioiiH into tlicir country, utul ninssncrod all sii,<|
tliey could surpriBO. (Jpoii tliiH, the cliielH (Iciiiuiidod aid of'iM, de. /V/m/rn,"/'
niKl lie sent tlioni diirin;^ the winter ^50 men nnder the crunniiuKi m ,'1''
Sieiir Ilertel dc Rouville, u. reformed licuteiiunt, who took the iilncu of |,
alriiaily renowned lather, whose af,'e and infirmitieH prevented Ins umi,
takinj; such fjreat expeditions. Four others of his children acroiiihjiiiJ
Houville, wUo \ii their toin- surprised the Knglish, killed many of then, ni
made 140 of th»!m |)risoners. The French lost hut three soldiers, (uu) jj,|j,,
savages, hut ifouvi//e was himself wounded.*
9i00e
CHAPTER XIL
Various incidents in the history of the JVcio England Indians, embracing smml
important events, with a sequel to some privious memoirs.
He felt tiU nr^'ii lildoil rrnoziii;; r.i<it ;
Ilu ^Tjniiftd liiH Ihiw, IiIh I.iiico, utul Btoel;
III' wuK (it Wiuiip:ino:i;!'N lu^t.
'I'o (lie wcro eiwy — not to yiiilil.
Ilin Kyus wiTo (ixuil upon tlit' xky \
Ilu Kimpoil MS on tliu (ground li» fell ;
None lint liix lu»g to sou him die —
Nono lint IiIh l'w» IiIh drath tu toll.
The performances of one Cornelius, "the Dutchman," in Philip's wnr.^r'
very ohscuiely noticed in the histories of the times, none of tlifiu !.'iviii!;i,
even his surname; and we have, in a former chapter, given the (iiiKiiimr;
what has before heen publishid. I am now able to add coiic<-rniii;f liiin. ii;:
his name was Cornelius Consert ; that the last time he went out itiiiiiiiM 1 -
Indians, he served about six weeks; was captain of the lorlorn Jio|i(i ini,-
Quabaog expedition, in the aiitunm of tlic Hrst year of Philip's wiir; iiiiirr hi
also to Groton and Chelmsfonl, and was discharged from service, "liin;
ready to depart the country," October 13, 1075. It was proliahly in i:
Quabaog expedition that he connnitted tiie barbarous exploit u|)(iii" an >
Indian," the account of which has been given ; it was doubtless diirim; ;w
same exjjedition, which ai)p(!ars to have terminated in Septeinlicr, iliiU ■
brought round five Indians to Boston," who, being cast into |)risnn, wm I
afterwards "delivered to Mr. Samuel Shrimpton, to be nnder his (iniiloiij
Noddle's Island," subject "to the order of tlie council." I shall here \>&f>i',\
somi; further account of the money of the Indians.
We have quoted tlie comical account of the iiionry of the Indians of V,i
England, by John Josselyn, and will now (juote the graphic and seiisilu' mi'
given by the unfortunate John Lnwson, in his account of Carolina, dt' lit I
uiontiy in use among the soiiihern Indians. "Their money," he says, •is";
different sorts, but all made of shells, which are found on the const iil'C.r-
lina, being very large and hard, and diliicnlt to cut. Sonn; Englisii .<iii;':.|
have tried to drill this sort of shell iiioney, and thereby thongiit toL'it,,i
advantage, but it proved so hard that nothing could be gained ;" and .l/orli I
in his New English Canaan, says that, although some of the Enfilisli in N«j
England have tried " by exam|)Ie to make the like, yet none hath eviratiaii'
to any perfection in the com|iosure of them, so but that the salvairis Iw I
foimd a great difference to be in tlw one and the other; and have known i>
comiterfeit Ixsads from those of their own making; and have, and dm' sliil'
them." Hence the conclusion of Josseh/n, before extracted, iianitlv, il '
"neither Jew nor devil could counterfeit the money of the Iiuliaiis." )l:
Lawson continues: "The Indians often make, of the same kind of sliill*^-
those of which their money is made, a sort of gorget, which they wcarainKl
* Ilistoire Gcucraic dc la Nouv. France, ii. 290.
[Book III.
lasHiicroil all mc\]u
1(1 ofiM. (If I'muirmil,
tlio citiinuiiiul (ii'tiii!
aok tlu! plm't; of Im
)rcvt;iit<'(l lii!< nmii.f.
liildren iifc()iii|iaiii,.,i
(1 iiiuiiy (if tlifiii, 1111,1
ce Holdiers, uml somi;
Hans, emhracing sntri
IS mtmoirs.
1;
an" in Philip's war, ap
none of tliciii tiivin; ,
■r, given tJH! miiniiiitii'
lid conccniiii;; him, ife;
he vveni out iisninsl i ■■
the forlorn hope in i:
I" l'hilil)'s war; iiiinv i!
from service, "linii;
was i)rohiil)ly in !;
lis exploit upon "mi i;
aa donhtU'SH ilurins: int
in Sopteinlier, lliiifi-
cast into prison, wm I
)o nnd«u- iiis i iiiiil')}'.]
," 1 sliall liereim>>io
y of the Indians of V«
jrapiiic and seiisiiile nii'
unit of Carolina, ef H'
money," he says.-i-".
iid on the const of l''f -
, Some English ^iii;t:.-
lenihy thought to l-h-l
he gained;" and .^Wi
c of the Knglish m >•«
none hath evir atliuu";
that the salvages lay
,or; and have known lu
and have, and doe M.\
(;xtrarted, naiiiciv,
.y (,f the Indians. .M'l
rsainc kindof sl*ii|
t,,\vhioh they wear iiWi
i
' I '■;
ii. 290.
144
MONKV or Tin: Indians.
[Rm>i 111.
IR'ioi 111
■ t ■ ....
i.s'
«'
ii
J ,•>*,
■««■
■ f :H,
I'J".-"'
ftl
II
-f't;.
S^:,
Ci«r. XII.;
tbeir nerkfl
ciDfravt'ii u c
Tlitrt' are «(
forilirt'o (ir
thtm fu roiu
Imliaiit) in C
Mi'xico, id tl
TIiIk in tlint
oiirri'tit inoiK
of this nurd
skill. To III
they rould j{i
no vulue itpui
olliere will Ui
lilt' jiieceM of
pijH', or lurfff
one is to be t
beads ure. /
Hill roarli IW
til i|Ml'Stioll, u
H;iiii|Miiii-]ieai
luice thu vuli
iiianufuctiire.
ii|wu llicir tlii,
liii n( shell to
hIiIcIi will 8CI
liiijiiiiis, with <
money it) to u
lii> ir CHpiives
ciiastity. Wit
is ill, this watr
aiiil virtuous, tl
Of fhe Nam
noticed before
"clieiKb couiic
III the month
Ixrn sent 08 ni
•Ni/ii.irret ; aui
lioiv ii;i))licatc
iiie tif-'uinst a
"iiong them to
2'ili of Septci
'jfilie streets,
laiiicd fVilliam
fr'Mi those abo
in sucli a man.
' llie prourd, vc
tlie euvcrnor a
ilieiii th,' next
''"• evi(ience
'■'"»•'. in Icuui
' siali abuse, an(
I sum of forty g
i Corman for his
I "lit to understi
1 tiiey seriously t
'lurt lour times
'"rty shillings [
'^ new local
|P'"inasiiuatl
H reflected v_
f ftiioo at tlie bal
c
Cii«f
XIII
CORMAN— NANdNTENOO.
145
(j„.ir ncrlu in a strinfir; so it liaiigH on tlirir collar, wliorrnn Hoinrtiinon jg
eiiL'ruvt'ii u crosH, or hoiiic odd Nort ot'li|{iin^ wliicii conii'tt next in tlittir tiinry,
fliiri' arc otiiitr HortH vulued at a d<M>Hkin, yut tliu (jorgotH will Hoint-tiMM'H mdl
fiirtlirifl or four l)nckMkin8 roady <lroHH(;(l. Tlirru ho otlu'ro, tiiat iM^'ht of
tlitiii K" I'""'"'}' '*"' '^ (l<><'t*l<>i> ; l>»t tlx' K<Mii>rai and nirrt'Ot Hpi<<-i«>H nf all tlin
|ii(|miii« ill Carolina, and I iM^lievo, all ovor tlio contiiuwit, hh tiir aH tlio Imy of
Mixico, is that wliicli wo call Peak, and Honoak, imt I'euM nioro t'K|i«'<'ially.
TliiH \i tlint which at Now York they call H'ampiim, and have iimuI it ad
ciirrriit iiioiioy auion^Ht thu inhaliitantH for a great many yearn. Kivo ruhiti)
ol'tlli^) uurchase u drcmud doeHkin, and Noven or vight buy u dn^Mst'd liuck-
jkiii. To niakn thia Peak it coHt tho EngliHh tivo or ton tinicH uh niiicli an
ilicv rould get for it, wheroae it coHt thu liidianH nolliing, hrcaiim) they Hut
nu vuluo upon thuir tinio, and thureforo havo no competition to lear, or that
otliim will take ita maniifacturu out of thuir liandH. It iH niadu hy grinding
till' piuceH of Hhell upon atouo, and iaHniuller than thu ttmall end of a tohacco-
pi|)t', or large wheat-straw. Four or fivo of thoNu mak<( an inch, and evory
one ij tu be drilled through and niadu uh smooth an ghiHri, and ho Htnmg, at)
beads urc. A cubit, of tho Indian nicamirc, contairiH aH much in length as
mil rntrli from the ulltow to tho end of the little fnigur. 'I'liuy never Htand
tiM|iu-!<tion, whether it Ih) a tall man or u nhort one that ineaHiireH it. If tliit)
w;iiii|)iiin-])eak bo blaok or purple, as Homo {lart of that Hhell Ih, thun it is
Kvice the value. The drilling is the tnoHt ditiicult and tedioiiH part of tho
nianufactiirc. It is done b^ sticking a nail in a cane or reiul, which they roll
ii|kju their thighs with their right hand, while with their letl they apply the
hii of shell to the iron point. But CHoocially in making tlieir rommk, tixir of
Hliicli will scarce make one length ot wampum. 8uch is the money o.' tho
Iniiiiiiiij, with which you may buy all they have. It in their mammon, (aH our
iiioiiiy \a to us,) that entices and ncrsuadcs them to do any thing, part with
tlhir cuptives or slaves, and, Hometim(vs, even their wives' and daughters'
cliastity. With it they buy off murderers; and whatever u man can do that
li ill, this wampum will quit hitn of, and make him, in their opinion, good
and virtuous, though never so black before." To return to the cliiefs,
Oi'tlic Narraganset Indian Corman very little had been itxind when he was
noticed before, and it is but little that vvo can now add concerning tho
'•dicili'e counceller" of the "old crafty sachem" of Niantik. It appears that
III ihe month of September, 1675, Corman was in Hoston, whither he had
iM't'ii !>eiit ns an ambassador by the NarragaiiHet sachemH, and especially by
Ninii;ri't; aud although Ninigrut was a peace-maker, and had not been any
liow ii;ipiicated in the war then going on, yet, such was tho rage of the |)opu-
bif ;i)ruinst all Indians, that it was not deemed safe for even a friend fi'om
among theui to walk alone iu tlie streets of the town. On the evening of the
2?tli of September, as Corman, now an old man, was walking through ono
'j| the streets, guarded by persons on each side of hiui, a certain miscreant,
nhiiied WiUiam Smith, ran furiously against him, and thus separating him
Iriii those about him, did, by another motion, strike his feet from under him
in such a manner that his head and shoulders came in violent contact with
till' ^rour (I, very seriously injuring him. Complaint having been made to
llie L'uvcrnor and rouncif, they had both Smith and Corman brought before
itinu th i next da' , and the charge against the former being established by
tlic evic'ence of Mrs. Sarah Pickering, who saw the fiict committed, "the
I'ciirt, ill I.caiing of the case, judged it meet to bear due testimony against
siidi abuse, and sentence tho said Smith to pay, as a fine to the country, the
™i of forty shillings, or be whipt with ten stripes; also to pay the said
('wiTum for his damage the sum of ten shillings in money." It is very diffi-
fiiltto understand the grounds of the decision of the honorable court, unless
tiny M'riously thought that the ground on which poor old Cormnn fell was
. liurt lour times as much as he was! If tliis was not its reason, why should
I lurty shillings be paid to the country and only ten to Corman ?
^i new local and other histories appear, and the decaying mantiscripts are
j put in a situation and condition to be conveniently consulted, new lights are
I daily reflected on the dark passages of our history. The presence ot'JS/anun-
I'nux) at the battle of Pawtucket, or, as it is more couunonly called, Peirse'a
13
y\
Mil? m^
M
146
COLONEL CHURCH.— INDIAN LETTERS.
[Book Ilf.
fight, has ])epn niestionod l)y a very c.xrellent local historian, Mr. Bliss in
his history of lU'iohoth, hut, as 1 apprehciKl, fi-oni a misoonstruction ot'„|m„
passages in Hiihlmrd's Narrative, especiallv Ironi that jjassago whdv Jt ;.
said that iXaiiuntciioo, nlicii surprised hy Deiiisoii's men, "was (iiv(itisii|,r
himself with the recital of Captain Pcirse's slaughter, surprised hy hjs mij,^
few (lays before." It is true tliat this sentence will admit of two construe.
tions, either that the chief was diverting himself by n . ounting to his hiom
his jiarticular acts in that tragedy, or by u general account of its proirn .<s, or
that they were diverting him; the lorni""- would be by no means iiiiproljuiili.
especially if some of those about him had not been in the action, whi,),'
would "ot be at all strange, as ntunbers of them were, doubtless, stnillinf
'ipou hunting and other expediticiis when the battle was Ibiigh:. T||,"t
Nanuntenoo did not leave the Connecticut River until the "first wtek in
April" cannot be true, nor by that loosely stated date does Iluhlmrd nil r to
his leaving the Connecticut, but t.) "anout the time" of his capture. It |;e
refers to the time of his leaving the river, he refers to his men also, wIki. |„i
says, did not leave until after he did; » 'it it was his men that defeated I'dr.p
These are all the lights we are able to throw on that great event, iiiui iiiu^t
here leave it in the same doubt we found it, and which is ever, most liki lv,
to shroud it.
It would bo highly gratifying to be able to give sketches of some of tlic
prominent English captains, or others, who were conspicuous in liiilian
history, but our design and limits both preclude such digressions, and we
cannot Indulge in but a few. in a recent ramble in the Hill buryinL'-i'imnnl,
in Middleborough, I discovered the grave of a Lieutenant NathunielSomli-
worth, ui)on the head-stone of which it is inscribed that he died jjiiiiiarv
14, 171 J, in his (J2d year; he was therefore about 28 in the time of Piiiliiu
war, aid is, very probably, the same who distinguished himself on luiiiv
occasions under Captain Church. He lies airiong a group of graves i.; Iii;
family onnections. We did not intentionally omit to notice the death oi ii.
commatider in another chapter. Colonel Church died on the 17 of Jiiiin.i •,
1718, in the 78th year of ids age, ind lies buried at Compton in .Mo*
chusetts. He was born at Plymouth in 1 ().'$!>, and not long alter renimtdiii
Duxbury with his father.* He was a housewright by trade, as were histiiilur
and one or two c f his brothers. How many he had I am not sure, l)iit Culili
and Joseph arc mentioned, and a sister who married an Irish, and Imd m
Compton. In 1(574 he bought land of the government and rcinoMvl to
Sogkonate, the then Indian name of the tract of country since Cniii|itiiii.
Here he was prosperously making a farm when Philip's war broke oiii. mul
was obliged to quit his improvements. Possessing a remarkably active iniiil,
vigorous body, and glowing i)atriotisni, he was not long an idle s;|)ectiit(inii'
the war, engaging in it without reward as a vohmteer; and our iircvimii
pages have shown that he raised himself to the chief military place in tk
country, and several civil offices of honor. After Philip's war Colonel I'liurcli
resided fit Bristol, then at Fall River, and, lastly, again at Sogkonutc; in wli
of which places he left a good estate. In his latter years he had litcdiiio
very corpulent, and burdensome to himself. The morning before his (hili
he visited his sister, Mrs Irish, about two miles from his residence, on liorso-
back; re. u-nin<f home, his horse stumbled, and threw him with siicii Inrco
ypon tl. rroimd that a blood-vessel was broken, and he died in ahoiit li
hours after. He married IMrs. Alico Southworth, l)y whom he had five sons
and one daughter. One of his sons, Thonias, piddished "The Entertaiiiiii.;
History of Philip's War," which has been published in 4to., 8vo., ]2nio.,aiiil
is authority in all matters where Church was himself concerned.
We have next to recur to the subject of the Indian htters, i)cn(1ini: lli'
redemption of IMrs. Uowlandson. Those given in the tiiird chapter of iln?
book were copied fiom a transcript iiia<l(! at the time they were received liinn
the Indiau.s., but a recmrence to the originals has supplied the followii;!
additions. JVepnnet, when sent out on the 8 Aj)ril, IG7(), as noted on pap;
90, had with him the fiillowing letter from Governor Levcrett:
* His biographers have said that he was born at Duxhury ; but Judge Davis infdrnH'il iM
tlial lie was buru ut riyiiiuudi, and that some records he had scca there were his auiiiuiiiy.
ERS.
[Book III.
Iiistorian, Mr. Bliss, in
lisconstnictioii of'snine
it ))assuu;o win ic it j^
inen, "was divcitisuff
surprised by liis m,.,! I
idiuit of two construe.
rcrountiiig to his mpu
omit of its profin xs, or
' no nifiins iiii]iroi);ilili.,
I in the uption, whu-i
ere, doubtiei^.^, stnillinj
tie was fought. 'Unit
itil the " tirst \veoi< in
! does Hubbard relirto
of his capture. If l,e
I his men also, wlm. ji,;
en that defeated INir-o,
t great event, nnd imnct
icii is ever, most iiJMly,
ketches of sonic of ilic
conspicuous in ludiiui
icli digressions, iind we
he Hill buryin^r-i'iuiiiiil.
enaiit Natlianicl SimiiIi-
(1 that he died Jainiiiry
in the time of j'liili|i'>
ished himself on miiiy
group of groves i.l Ins
3 notice the detitli m I -
jd on the 17 of Jiiini. ;,
at Cotnpton in Ahissi-
ot long at\er reiiiovi il tn
• trade, as were liis f;ii!ii r
I am not sure, i)ui CuMi
d an Irish, and li\nl iii
intent and rciiioMii to
country since Coiii|itiin.
ilip's war broke out, iml
. remarkably active iiiiiiil.
long an idle sjtectiito, nf
iiteer; and our \m\\»y.i
ief military place in the
p's war Colonel Clmnii
in at Sogkoiiate; itit'iirli
er years be bad lici'dine
lorning before his dinlli
. his residence, on hmt-
ew him with such f»rce
and lie died in ahoiit li
whom he iind ftve mi
,she(l "The Entcrtiiinin.'
1 in 4to., 8vo., 12ino., and
f concerned,
dial! btters, ppmlinstli'
tlie third chapter ol ite
' tliev were received InMii
supplied the foilowii!?
1()7(), as noted on pagt
Leverett:
y
CHAP. XII.l
INDIAN LETTERS — MADOKAWANDO.
147
bm Judge Davis mhmdnt
oca there were his auilwiiiy.
. ror the Indian Sagamores and people that are in icarre against lis. — Intelli-
wiice {>* come to us that you have, some Englisii, especially women and
ciiildieii, ill captivity among you. VVc have tlierofbre sent the messenger
otiirinir to redeem them, eitlier for payment in goods or wainpom, or by
fV(liail"e of prisoners. We desire your answer by this our messenger, what
,irioe voii demand for every man, woman, and child, or if you will exchange
lijr liiliiiiiis- I^ >'"" iiVLve any among you tliat can write your answer to this
uiir message, we desire it in writing; and to that end have sent paper, pen,
and iiickc by the messenger. If you h;tt our messenger have free accesse to
,uii, lieedoine of a safe returne, wee are willing to doe the like by any mes-
seiisiei" o' yours, provided he come unarmed, and carry a white Hag upon a
stiilii', \isii»le to be scene, which we tuke, as a flagge of truce, and is used by
fiulizcd nations in time of warre, when any messengers are sent in a way
of treaty, wliich we have done by our messenger. In testimony vvliereof I
have set to my hand and seal.
John Leverett, Gov^r.
Boston, 31 March, 1G7G. Passed by the counc'l.
Edward Rawson, Secretary."
The answer returned to this letter is that printed on page 90, which does
lint dirter essentially from the original; and the English at Boston imme-
iliiitelv complied vviili the re<|jest of the Indians, by sending two messengera
to renew the negitiation. liy these messengers an answer was returned,
writtiii by James the Printer, as Ibllovvs :
* For the Governor and Council at Boston: — The Indians, Tom JVepenomp
and Pder Tntaliqun-a, hath brought us letter from you about the English
(•,i|)tiv"s, especially for Mrs. Rolanson. The answer is, I am sorrow that I
have don much wrong to you : and yet, I say, the fault is lay upon you ; for
nlieii we begun to quarrell at first with Pliniouth men, I did not think that
voii should have so much trouble as now is: therefore I am willing to heare
your desire about the capt s. Therefore we <lesire you to sent Mr. Rolon-
soMiind goodman Kettle (i' . their wives) and these Indians, Tom and Peter,
to redeeine their wives: They shall come and go very safely : Whereupon,
ivee iisk Mrs. Rolonson, how much your iiusbaiid willing to give for you .'
!<liee give m answer, '20 pound in goods : but John Kettel's wife could uot
lei. And tiie rest, captives, may lie spoken of hereafter."
Wh^n this letter was taken to Boston, the governor immediately desppiched
aiKither. " To the In Han Sachems about IVachuset. — We received yoi',' letter
liy Tom and Peter, which doth not answer ours to you ; neither ia it sub-
jcrihed by the sachems; nor hath it any date, which we know your scribe,
kmtn Printer, doth well understand should he. We have sent the said Tom
and Pfler ngaiiie to you, ex|)ectiiig you will, speedily, by them, give us a plaine
and direct answer to our last ht'icr, and if you have any thing more to pro-
poiiiid to us, wee desire to litive it from you under your hands, by these our
nicsse iirers, and you shall have a speedy answer. Dated at Boston, 28 April,
lii'ii." Such are all the additions we are able to make to that memorable
nesmiatiiiii, which was one of the immediate causes of Philip's reverses and
filial nverthrow.
Of a chief so prominent as Madokawando, we are glad to be able at any
lime to extriid our tnemoir, for, in our opinion, few leaders of any country
a|i|i''ar to better advantage. Taking nothing but what his enemies liave said
of him, we have much to admire. No warrior was ever more humane to
[nsniicrs than Madokawando, where he commanded in person. He entered
iiitn the v.ar jigiiiist the English with the greatest reluctance, but when he
hnii (iiiee "stepjied in," they found him no comiirm foe. Repeated depreda-
tions rioin the whites at length brought him into the fiidd ; the desolation of
^rk followed; its inhabitants were nearly all killed or led into cajitivity, the
particulars of which we have already related. Before Wells he was not so
siiecessfid, but for that fiiilure he is not accountalde, as the expedition against
iiwas under the direction of two prominent French ofiicers. His prese"va-
tion and liberation of Thomas Cobbet were acts of pure humanity.
tii
1j
mm
I
.'»' v'f 9 0)1
148
RIOXUS TAKES PEMMAQUID.
[Book III,
Whether the expedition aguiiist Groton was under the immedinte direction
of Mudoliawundo, or not, we ure not iiifoniiod, but it was, witiiout doulit,
executed under the cotritnand of one of !.'i«i chief captains, the noted Mozm
or, as lie was sometimes called, Toints. That place was laid waste on the
27th of July, H)y4; 22 people were killed, and 13 led into captivity. The
scalps of the unfortunate slain were said to have been presented to Governor
Froinitnac by Mndoknwando himself!
At the destruction of York was taken the family of the Rev. Mr. Bitmrntr
and our authority made us say that Mrs. Dummer died in captivity, but we
are now assured, by other testimony,* that she lived to return out ot'c!i|)tivitv
having beei- redeemed. For such termination of a wretched fuie she wa'i
no doubt, indebted to Madokawando.
This chief seems to have had unlimited control over the country upon the
Penobscot River, as has been seen from what we have already before statfd'
judging from the amount of property paid him, from time to time, for siimlr)'
tracts of his countiy. Yet, though we are satisfied that the inioimts he
received were large, still they are expressed in such vague terms timtitii
impossible to arrive at any thing like a tolerable notion of their extent, due
testifies that, for a certain tract of land, Madokawando " received a luri'e
amount of money;" another, that he received a hatful; and a third states n
to have been "a hatful of pieces ofeight.^'j
We have said that the great sachem was succeeded at his death hy /Hna-
movet, and at the same time "Morus seemed his successor." We find noihin?
yet to vary this statement, but in explanation we would note that Hmmonl
appears not to have been a war chief, or in any other way very ronspicuoii^i,
except as a counsellor ; and though in name the successor of Jtfaf/o^nni/o,
yet was willing to let " fierce Moxus " bear his well-earned title of cliiet" in
all matters of war.
One of the most signal exploits oi' Moxus was the capture of Pemmaqnid,
on the 3d of August, 1689. From this place his men led 16 of the English
into a most miserable captivity, whence but very few ever returned. A con-
siderable number were killed before the fort was taken, among whom was
the worthy Captain Gyles ; three otiier captains were also slain, and tlie fort
capittdated the second day, and all within it were suffered to leave it and
return to the English settlements in safety. |
We have seen that the chief Bomaxeen was intrapped and thrown into
Erison in Bo<*ton, in 1694. He was also a prisoner there four years atier,
aving probably been retained all this time to restrain acts of barbarity on
white captives ; and it was rumored that he had been the leader at Groton.
which probably had some influence in lengthening bis captivity, but it is not
now a question who the leader was in that sanguinary exploit. Mt.Juk
Gyles returned out of a ten years' captivity in 1698, and on the 14th of Octo-
ber of that year, he says he was sent for by Lieutenant-Governor S/owgWon,
to interpret a conference with Bomazeen an^ other Indians then in jail. Thij
same Mr. Gyles, afterwards captain of Fort George, went as interpreter with
Captain Southack in the province galley to the eastern shores, for tiie ransoin
and exchange of captives. Our chief was at this time exchanged, and the
galley returned to Boston in December, 1698.
Whether, upon mere suspicion, injury was added to crime in the case of
Bomazeen, we cannot, upon our slend"r evidence, aver; but if it were a parallel
case to that of the seizure and death of Eeeremet and Honquid, or, as others
write his name, Jlhanquid, Abenc"-'', &c., it could scarcely be surpassed in
atrocity. There are no facts to shovf thsX Ahenquid had been an eminyto
the English, or, if an enemy, that he had been engaged in any dcprediuioni
Notwithstanding it is a custom among some tribes of Indians to obliterate
all remembrance of the dead, their near connections, it was hy no mnm
common among all tribes, for we have had occasion to mention many
instances where the name of a noted chief has been perpetuated, both
* Greerileiif's Ecclesiastical Sketches of Maine, p. 10.
t The prinied treaty of 1742, and authorities vt iritprn.
X Narrative, ji John Oyles, as published in our " Indian Capttvilies."
Chaf. Xll] ABENQUID.— INDIAN TREATY OF 1725.
149
Bmong the western ns well ns nmong the eastern Indians. Jlbenquid was
killed by Captain Chubb in IGiKi, and in 1725 there was another chief of tlie
same imtne, of equal distinction. And he deserves some notice in this place,
ji do irmny others. While Captain Z«o«cj«;e// was on his march against the
Pe(liiu\vkets, measures were heing devised in Hoston for a peace with the
(nsiprii hidians. There were, at the same time, several Indians there, some
ji |iri*oiiers and others as hostages, ..nd the English coi:"luded to send some
oitliPiii out to invito their countrymen to come to Boston tc "^etlle difficulties;
arroidiiigly Sitquarexis and JVebine, one a hostage and the Oi " a captive,
«vrf ilL'sputched upon that husiness. They, "alter sonio time," rei.irnetl and
rpiiDrit'd, "that the Indians were generally disposed to a peace, for that the
lossts tliey met with, and the daily terror they were under, made their lives
nii<enil)le. After this they wen* out again," and meeting with several others
of their countrymen, received lurther nssurances of a general desire for
iieace. Whei'.'upon commissioners were sent with tho^je two Indians to
Fort St. Georj.e, to procure; a meeting of chiefs and to niake a treaty. They
arrived there on the 2d July, and on the 14th thirteen chiefs had assembled,
not lit the fort, but at a safe distance therefrom, fearng treachery from their
white brethren on a more extended scale than they had experienced not
many days before.* However, after considerable parleying, in which the
Indians made the English swear by their God, in the most solemn manner,
that their intentions were of a tenor with their pretensions, the parties came
tojether.
the battle of Pequawket was recent, and it was evident that the Indians
liad become conscious of their weakness, and did not urge their wrongs at
this meeting, although, as it were, in their own country, but seemed deter-
mined to have peace on any terms. They did indeed, to the demand of the
EnL'li.<li, " Why they had made war upon tliem?" reply, that it was because
tlifv had taken up their land, even to Cape Newagen ; and not only seized
upon tlieir lands to that j)lace westward, but tiiat they had there beaten two
of their men to death. To this the English commissioners answered : " The
Ian Is are ours, and we can show you they were fairly bought of your fiithers;
am! if your men were beaten to death by the English, it was your business
tfl(oini)lain co our government, and not to make war." This seems to have
i\k\Ki\ the poor Indians, ami we hear nothing further from them at this
lime but an earnest desire that peace might be concluded, or that a cessation
of arms might take place. The commissioners informed them that they had
not power to grant a cessation of arms, but said that, probably, if a deputation
of their chiefs would go to Boston, it might be granted by their government.
It was tinally agreed that the two chiefs, Loron, or, as he was sometimes
caled, Sa^uaarmn, now an old and venerable chief, and Ahniiquid, sbotdd
return with the English to Boston, and see what could be done towards a
gfiieral |)eace.
LoRo.N and Ahanquid having come to Boston, it was soon after settled
that these two chiefs shoidd go into their coimtry, and return in 40 days with
a sntlieieiit nuinhor of chiefs, with whom a proper treaty might be made.
Mwiiiwliile several depredations having been committed on both sides, the
mill' of the return of the Indians was considerably protracted in consequence;
ami, as wo have in a previous chapter mentioned, the forty days had nearly
t«ii'e expired before their reappearance; but, in the beginning of November,
I the I'aitht'iil Loron and Ahanquid returned to Boston, bringing with them
.frmw, Francis Xnv!er, and Me3;anumba, representatives from the eastern
Indians, clothed with fidl power to negotiate of peace. More than a month
Uas|msse(l by these chiefs in Boston before a treaty was signed. This was
done oil the 15 December, 1725, and peace was thereby restored to the
eastern frontiers.
~S:iHi
.'" And indeed they had rniisc of lioiii;;; so, for thai about 10 days before, [JO June, says
JH iliaiiKoii, ii. in.,] iiiiiiiT a tliiff of Irucp, some of llie Kiiglish Ircarl.croiisly altoiiiptcd to
jlavvi,lint hands ii|ion Iboin, but lost one in the skirmish and had anollicr wounded, which
l*3s ihe occasion of ihc like unhappv disasfer that afterwards happened unto Captain Saunders
IfclVuobscolUay." Peiiliallow, I'iO.
. '<■ ■'•••r •■(>•■ <;-lF'
150
CAPTAIN TOM. — WAHWA.
[Boo« m
In our notice of Captain Tom in a previous chapter, and his depredation at
Hampton, it should tiuve L»eon stated that he had ahundant excuse fur retalia
tions of the nature there described. Lengili of tune, to whatever nuiiiher
of years extended, is no guaranty that an injury will not be rejmid hy gn
Indian, with Lidian interest ; and Hannibal did not more strictly observe hk
vow to war against the Romans, than the savage of America adhered to \m
resohition of revenging an insult, even though its origin were reinovej
several generations from him. In the cliapter already referred to, we have
detailed the expedition of Colonel Church upon the Androscoggin, and ),;j
capture and destruction of a fort some 30 or 40 miles up that river.* Tlii*
fort was the residence of Aoamcus, more generally known among the Eiieli.4i
as Great Tom. This chief, according to my authority, was taken captive at
the time of the assault by Church, " but he slipt away from the hands of hjii
too careless keepers, which was a disaster they much complained ot; Bm
if this piece of carelessness did any harm, there was another which did some
good; for Great Tom having terribly scared a part of his men with tlie
tidings of what had happened, and an English lad in their hands also teilini;
them some truth, they betook themselves to such a ^^W '^ their /n^/i/^ jj
gave Mr. Jinthony Bracket, then a prisoner with them, an opportunity to fly
four score miles another way." Btit we have recorded the escape of poor
tMhony Bracket, who, says Dr. Mather, ''if he had not found one of Churcli'!;
vessels aground at Maquait, would have been miserably aground liiniseji"
after all his severe travel and sufferings to effect an escape.} And now vt
have arrived at the extent of our information concerning Agamcus.
Wahwa shall here receive additional notice. He may be the same spoken
of before,! though there the name, if it be the same, has another syllable in
it He was the renowned Hopehood, doubly celebrated by the stroke of
oblivion aimed at his head by the classic Magnalian. But ff'ahwa rould
hardly have been Hopehood of 1675, § as he would have been very old at
LovewdPs fight, in 1725; yet it is not impossible, notwithstanding lie is made
to die, (I by the hand of the Mohawks, not long after the capture of Salmon
Falls, in 1690, "while on his way westward to bewitch another crew at
Aquadocta." His name of Hopehood had, very probably, been manufuetiired
out of an Indian name approaching it in sound, as are many others we
possess.
He did not leave the scenes of his exploits until the summei of MIO, .is
we have seen;iy he was the leader at Fox Point, in Newington, in May of
that year; and he very probably had the direction of the party, if li,; didiiot
lead it, who, on the 4th of July, killed eight people as they were inowiii!; in
a field nca. Lamprey River, and took a boy captive. On the 5th they
attacked Captain Hilton^s garrison at Exeter, but Lieutenant Bancroft, arriving
to its relief, beat off the Indians "with the loss of a few of his men." One
man they were forced to leave without sculping, oiid though shot in 9
places, was still alive. To these desperate wounds they had added two
blows with tlie tomahawk at his neck, endeavoring to sever his head from
his body; '•which blows, you may be sure," says Mather, "added more enor-
mous wounds unto the port-holes of death already opened, and from which
his life was running out as fast us it could." When discovered hy his friends
ho was looked upon as dead, but on being stirred was observed to giifip;
"whereupon an Irish fellow then present, udvised them to give him another
dab with a hatchet, and so btiry him with the rest." Yet this man recovered,
and was afterwards well. His name was Simon Stone. There are daily
occurrences, which in those days would have been viewed ns miracles, or a«
retaliations of the Creator upon miserable wretches for thoughtless acts or
expressions. Upon all such as came to the knowledge of Cotton Mathtrk
laid his potent hand with manifest satisfaction. Doubtless the poor Irishniaa
tliought it would have been a favor to the wounded man, who could not live,
to put liim out of his misery ; but this weighed nothing in the mind of the
* Fort " Amonoscoggin," acrordin|r to the Magnalia, about 40 miles up the river.
t Magnalia, ib. f Pago 105, 114, 124, ante. 6 Page 116. || By Matlier, Magnalia.
If Page 118.
hiiiiorian. " Teagu<
Cfl*p. xn.i
HOPEIIOOD— SEVERE BATTLE.
151
liijjtorian. "Teague," he says, "aa he was foolislily pulling a ranoe ashore,
about this time, with the cock of his gun, it wont off, hrcaking liis arm with
a fearful wound, by which he was made a cripj)le ever after."
Bv a council of war held at Portsmouth, occasioned by these depredations of
mhat inciiiorablc tiger HopehooJ" it Wiis decided that Captain JViswall should
jfl out in search of him with a largo scouting party, several other prom-
inent men, being emulous of the service, ofli'ring to join him in command
ffiiliaiiotiier party, it b^ lot fell on Captain Floyd. Having rendezvoused at
Dover to the number of about one hundred men, they marched into the woods
on the since memorable day, July 4th, 1(J90. On the (Uh, having sent out
iheir sfoiits " before breakfast " in the morning, they " immediately returned
vriili tidings of breakfast enough for those who had their stomachs sharp <et
liir tifrliting" The parties inunediately met at a place called Wheelwright'a
Pond in Lcc, and an obstinate battle ensued, which lasted Irom two to tJiree
\\(\m. Owing, however, to the Indian mode of fighting, adopted by the
fjijrlijili, comparatively but few were killed. Neither party could boast of a
virtory, for, as at Pequawket, each was glad to retreat from the other. Of
tlipwiiites al)ove 30 were killed and wounded, of which 15 were of the former
Dunilier. Among these were included Cajrtain Wiswall, his lieutenant, Flag^,
and Sergeant tValker. Captain Floyd maintained the fight imtil most of his
nu'D liad retreated, which obliged liim to retreat also. " For this some blamed
|iini,wlio, ])robably, wotdd not have continued it as long as he did." Captain
Coiiifrje visited the battle groimd the next morning, and brought off' seven
wniiiided still alive, but the Indians had removed all of theirs, and it could
i„ ibe known how many of them were killed. There was no doubt about
ilie precii)itancy of their retreat, as they lell much of their i)lundcr upon
the field.
Tlie same week " these rovers made their descent as far as Amesbury,
where Captain Foot being ensnared by them, they tortured him to death.
Thi? so alarmed the other inhabitants, that they flew from their beds to their
rirrisoDP, otherwise before the next morning they had found their beds their
pve?. However, they killed three persons, burnt three houses, and many
cattle. In fine, from the first mischief done at Lamprey-eel River, (on July
4tli,) to this last at Amesbury, all belonging to one Indian expedition, forty
Ensflish people were cut off."
Thus Hnpekood is considered the leader in all these transactions, although
our chroniclers of that day do not mention him, exceirting where we have
limip so, nor do they mention the names of any other Indians. He was the
coniinander of his cotmtr}'men at the taking of Casco, on which event the
.farrisons of Pm-pooduck, Spurwink, Black Point, and Blue Point, drew off
in Saco, and in a few days from Saco they retreated to Wells, " twenty miles
within tlie said Saco, and about half Wells drew off as fiir as Lieutenant
Sorfr's. But the arrival of orders and soldiers from government stopped
them from retiring any farther ; and Hopehood, with a i)arty that staid for
fartlier niiscliief, meeting with some resistance here, turned about, and having
lirst liad a skirmish with Captain Sherburn, they appeared the next Lord's-
h\ at Newicliawannok or Ber>viek, where they burnt some houses and slew
a man." This last event was three days previous to the massacre at Fox
Point, hefore related.
We now are to speak again of Wahiva, and as we have before considered
liiii\ a different chief from Hopehood Jl'ahowah, we shall still do so, yet the
ciiaracter of his exploits agrees well with those of that chief; but tiiat argues
nothing as to his identity, for numerous other chiefs correspond equally
as well.
On tlie 27th of October, 1796, a band of seven Indians surprised the family
of P/i'Vip Dvrell at Kennebunk, cimttiring ten persons, eight women and two
children, and carried them off. The attack was made late in the afternoon,
while Mr. Durell was absent. On his retimi he found his house in flames,
ehiiirs |)iled on the fire, trunks split to pieces, but no traces of his wife and
eliildren. The Indians had been watching for an opportunity to attack when
Mr. Dvrell should be absent, fearing, it was thought, his powerfid arm, if made
when he was at home. Twenty-three years before Mrs. Durill hud been a
MiMM
«8' if'- ,>-- Jifci*!
152
ACTEON.— WAHWA.
[Book III,
captive,* l)iit unlike most of her sex in like circumstancca, Blm fordKMJod no
evil of n like kind from the Intliuns, but looked ujwn her former cuptim' hy
Uieni us we do upon a niulady that never attacks u second time ; l)ut in tli^
case it was otherwise.
The i)erpetrators were pursned with vigor the next uiorninji, which pmisfd
the Indians to |)iit most of their captives to death, by which means tlivy were
able to make good their flight. •
It was lor some time donbtfnl what Indians, or Jiow nuiny, had coiiiinitif.,!
tliis horrid act, but it was finally ascertained that the bloody " ff'nhwn, I'mi-
caunavmpoijte, formerly a Mohegan, Adcon, aflerwards known as (,'ji|itaii,
Moses, an Arisaguntacook, Omhorowees, Manneenhoichau, Pier, Sutifrebitugumji,
probai)ly of the same tribe, though one or more was of Wowenok, hut tliin
residing among the St. Francis Indians. Ytt fivc-and-twenty years or mm
afterwards. Colonel Job, a noted orator and chief bpeaker at CJovernoriVAiV/fi/,
treaty in 1754, denied that Jideon was an Arisaguntacook, and said lie wasan
Albany Indian ; but as Job was accused of telling lies in his talk at tlic irentv
by one of his own party, not much dependence can be given to wlun y^^
say.f Hut it appears that he was a Norridgewok, but having taken un Arij-
aguntacook woman for a wife, became one of them. He was the sunc cliid'
who, on the 28 April, 1752, with a party of 10 or 12 of that tribe, fcH ,||)on
four men on a branch of Contoocook River, shot one of them dcud, ym
escaped, and the other two were taken and carried to Canada ; but tiiis aifc
we shall notice more at large presently.
We hear of but one that ever returned of those taken at Keiuiehiiiik. Wm
name was John Durell, son oi' Philip, whose family were flestroyed; uiid lif,
though li(^ was redeemed in about two years, was, according to tho liijitorian
of Kennebimk, "ever after more of an Indian than a white muii." Himvus
alive when Governor Sulliv(m wrote his history, and resided therf. It wlj
not long after Withwd!s depredation, that two friendly Indians, Qmnowf, of
WowcMiok, and Ogicsand, were sent by the governor of MassaciiiiM'itji lo
learn the fate of the cajHives, as well as what Indians had t' 'iie the iiiisiliii'i;
these ambassadors, from causes not explained, though doubtless no unconumm
ones on such undertakings, were not heard of for nearly a year after, and tkn
could give no satisfactory account in the business they un<lerto()k. At ilie
treaty of Casco, in 1727, Jluyavmvioxvett, chief speaker of the Arisagiintacooks,
said he had learned that a boy taken at that time was among tiie Fremii.
This was probably John Durell.
After peace was made, and intercourse commenced again hrtwcpn ilie
Indians and the settlers, it seems fi'nhwa used freijnently to visit Keiineliuiik,
and olt(>n talked fiimiliarly with the friends of those he had massacred. Like
most other Indians, he would get drunk when he could get li()uor. On o;ip
occasion, as he lay drunk at the house of a Mr. Baxter, vvhos(! wile wasunioii!;
the murdered in the exploit above related, some of Baxtcr^s ac(|iiaintiiiiri's
advised him to tumble him into the well,| but he had too much hiiiimniu in
wish to immortalize his name by an act so dastardly. And U'ahwa rcnmiiiHl
a monument of his own cruelty, but not a more desjjised oik! tliiui the
advisers of his death; while the nijured man, deprived of his nearest Irieuds,
remained a monument of humanity.
We now return to Jlcteon, and his expedition to Contoocook. A small
company of young men, four in nund)er only, went out early in the spriiii!
of the year 1^52, to hunt in the north-western part of Nev/ Ilampsitiic Tinir
names were, Jlmos Eastman, of Concord, John and William Stark, of Dnnliiir-
ton, and David Stinson, of Londonderry. What we are about to relatn will lie
of more interest to the reader, doubtless, if he is told that John Stark, of iliis
party of hunters, was the same who afterwards defeated Colonel Haum at
Bennington, in the early part of the revolutionaiy war. These yoiiii|; men,
wandering fiir beyond the confines of civilization, were, on the 28th of April,
* Pr.irllmry's History of Kpiiiiohunk I'ori. I'iO, 121.
t Ho wiis n ft-arlcs'i, bold (cilow ; iicnisod fiovornor Stliirley of " Ipttinp his yoims '"''i""'
the Devil' a pari by (icing misohici' lo iho hidians," iiolwithslaudiiig hi.s protesta'lions ol' justice
to thrm.
X Ilislory of Keiinebuiik Port, 121.
wip xn.i
STARKS CAPTIVITY.
153
nursuing their arduous cinploynicnt on a brnnch of the PemigownHet, called
Llier's Rivor, in wlmt is n'mcv, Riii'iney, when Niiddenly tiiny won) Htirprised
hvieii liuliiiiis under the fanMHis Jkleon, who at tliis time waH known hy tho
jjiin,. of Cuptuin Moses. The whitcH liad, hnf little while lK!lbre, dincovorcd
~fes of Indians, and had Ijoconie alarmed, and were determined to leave
.jipjr position. Accordingly, John Slark went out vtuy early in the morning
to foiled their traps, and while thus He])arated from his companions, wjis
"lailp prisoner. As soon as he was secured, he was ordered to direct them
ii) his friends. This ho undertook to do, but piirposy ly led them two miles
jjriiier from them, hoping that, by some means, they might take the alarm
aiid f i<ca|)e ; l)ut it was not to be ended so. They seem not to have im-
j,-nie(l that John was taken by Indians, and soon began to shoot off their
jiiw to direct him where they were. This also directed tho Indians, and
ilicv immediately proceeded down the river, beyond the whites, and taking a
•lation, waylaid them as they came down. All that had now passed had not
fflkeii up much time, for alwnt sunrise the party appeared, two in a boat, fi'il-
Im Slark and Stinson, and Eastman on the shore, who next fell into the In-
dians' hands. They now ordered John to hail his iriends in the Iroat, to d«!(;oy
ijjfiii to the shore ; but, with a boldness characteristic of great minds, he
railed to them, and instead of requesting them to lend, told them he was
lakeii, and ordered them to save themselves by pulling to the opposite shore.
They pulled accordingly, and were (piickly fired upon by four of the Indians,
wlioW guns were loaded. Like a truly heroic spirit, without regarding tho
n<k!ic ran, at the moment of the shot John knocked up two of tlie Indians'
jiiiis, and repeated the mancBUvre when the rest of the party fired a second
volley. He then hallooed to his brother in the boat to fly with all his might,
fnrail tiie guns were discharged. lie did so successfully; regained the shore
ami escaped. Poor Stinson was killed, and the boat and oars were pierced
Willi bullets. John was sorely beaten and ill used at first, for the liberties he
hail taken in giving their shots a false direction ; but tliey afterwards used
him kinilly.
The whites had collected a considerable quantity of furs, of which the In-
(iir.iis possessed themselves, and conuuenccd their retreat. They made a
3opat Lower Coos, about the present vicinity of Haverhill, N. H., where they
y left two of their party to prepare provisions against their return. After
one ni^it's stay here they proceeded to Upper Coos. From this place Cap-
tain .V/ojm despatched three of his men with Eastman to St. Francis, while
the rest of the company hunted on a small stream in that neighborhood.
M was meantime closely watched, and every night confined. They al-
lowed him to hunt, and he, having shot one beaver and caught another in a
I trap, was approbated by a present of their skins.
At length, on the 9 of July, Captain Moses returned with his prisoner to St.
Francis, Here the two captives were compelled to run the gantlet. East-
I iwn fared hard in that business ; but Stark^ understanding Indian play Iwtter,
I seized a club fl-om an Indian at the head of one of the ranks through which
Mvasto nm, and laid it about him with such force, that running tho gant-
I let was wholly on tiie part of the Indians; for they were glad to escape and
be the ground to him, much to the delight of the old Indians, who were
I sealed at a distance to witness the sport.
Fortunately, Stark and Eastman's captivitj' was not a long one. In about
I six weeks from Stark^s arrival at St. Francis, there arrived Captain Stevens, of
I .No. Four, and Mr. WheeliorigM, of Boston, in search of soirje captives, who
1 been taken from Massachusetts, and not finding any, redeemed Stark and
|£(u/fflnn, who arrived home, by way of Albany, in August following. The
I Mine Indians accompanied them to Albany, where they sold the furs they
Jhail taken from them, to the amount of £.')()0, old tenor. Stark ]m\([ for his
pnsom 103 dollars, and Enslman (iO dollars. The names of two others of the
jlndians who did this mischief, were FVancis Titigaw, and Peer, a young chief)
Ifaeii of whom has been mentioned as chief in the capture ; but it is not
I material.
At the treaty of 1727, which the preceding relation required us to notice,
Inieatiou was made by the chiefs, at that treaty, of a great many Indians, and
r
1:
11
m
'
HI
'1 i
«■
vi
HI
i
>■ ■ ■ V;,
'■'^ '. : ■■ . ■:
f; / ..■•■-■ ■rJL
154
SIEGE OF WALPOLE, N. 11.
[Boox III.
amuiig otlicrH, of onn of roiiMidrrublo note, of whom wo Imvn IM-Iorf!* said
eoiiii^tliiii^f, if, iii(l«'»Ml, li(! 1)0 iho shiiic, iiaiiifly, SnlxUis. This iiuhan hml pr,.
vioiisly, llioii;,'!i |i<'rliu|>s not Umj,' hetoro that Ircaty, with others, inkcn |||„|n"
captives in their (h-prechilions on the I'lnjflish frontiers. At this timr hi' «.,;
liviiif; at St. I'Vaneis in (Canada, and liad two eaptivtis with him; luit il,,!,'
uunies wo cannot h;arn. Me was of a hh)o(ly (fisposition, and tla' mt \\\„,.i^
terminated his career waw hy a liand not hss Idoody, thoiiji;ii, perhaps, inon.
necessarily so. We liave, on anoth(!r occasion, and m anotlier worit.t nliit,,|
the circumstances of it, and shall therefore pass it over here. l\v wim kili,|i
in ITiVJ, and we have helon; expressed the opinion that Ins was the liitliirdf
him hronjfht awny a captive from St. I"'ran<'is hy Captain Hojrtrs in I7.")ii,,„|j
who in 177.5 followed the fortimes of Arnold's expedition against UiitlMc.
As noted an exploit as we have passed over in om- history is that vvlijii
was enacted at Walpole, N. If., in the year 17.15. if I'niijp, tfie lendnoiiij
Lidianson tliat occasion, he the same that we have hetore given some iiTOjimt
of, his patriotism as well as his conragJ' must have nndergoni; an iiii|Hiaiiit
change ; hut as we caimot settle that matter to the satislaction of tin; criiiral
ontiqnary without spending more time than we shall get credit for, wc will
relate the affair at VVal|)ole as we iiave heard it.
One John Kilbum had settled at that place in 1749, and though fur U'vnnd
any other settlement, and frequently watched, and sometimes aminycd liviht.
Indians, yet no hostile act was attempted upon liim until 17.'),'>. W'Ikii i'l I,,..
came certain that war would soon Ixjgin hetwcien Kngland and Fr-m c, iii,,,.,^.
ures were taken hy (jeneral Hhirkij to warn the settlers along the exiin-ne
frontier of New England of the approaching calamity. \\\\\ the huliniisMini
to have known or expected it sooner than the English, tor helbre the Jmitr
had receive*! word from General Shirley, the cuiming Philip, in the cupiu in
of a spy, had visited every principal settlement, under the pretence ot'truilini
for flints an(1 other hunting munitions, all along the Connecticut Hiver; w'i
it was not until two Indians, employed by (Jeneral Shirley, had iii)i)riii('(l iln
settlers that 400 or 500 Indians were preparing in Canada to make u desnut
upon them, tliut Philip's expedition lor trade was understood in its reul tliar-
acter.
Kilbum lived in a good gairison-house, and on the day Philip npitoarcd
against it with sonic IJOO Indians, he, with three other men, were ut work
some distance from it ; but keeping a good watch, the Indians were discov.
ered in time to afford tliem sufficient opportunity to regain the garrison wiiJi.
out molestation. The timely discovery was made about mid-day, Aiifiiisi 17,
and in less than half an hour after, they were surrouiuled by 1U7 tierci' Hiir-
riors, tiushed with confidence of an easy and Hjjeedy victory; the reiiiaindtr
of the Indians forming an ambush of reserve at the mouth of Cold Kinr,
about half a mile froiu the garrison.
M(!anwhile Philip had endeavored to cut off Colonel ^e//oit'», who, with
30 men, was milling about a jnile east of KilbtirrCs; but in this lie was foiW
by a masterly manojuvrc of the colonel. His men were returning frniii ilie
mill, each with a bag of meal upon his back, when his dogs by their jirowiinj
gave timely notice of the neighborhood of an enemy, and the tlioiiglits nl an
and)ush at the same moment passed through his mind: he as soon kinv
what to do. lie ordered his men to throw off' their bags, advance toaccr-
tain eminence over which their path lay, and about which he douhted iioi ilie
Itidians were j)repared for him. The groimd contiguous was covered with
high sweet fern. Up to these Bellows and liis men crawled, into tiic vtn
presence of the enemy. They now, agreeably to the plan proposed at tlie
discovery, sprung upon their feet, and giving a tremendous whoop, ul'ttr the
manner of tlieir adversary, dropped down again the same instant. Tlic In-
dians at the very moment rose up, forming a thick front across the path in a
semicircle. Each of liellows's men had now an Lidian in his jmwer; luiJ
such was the effect of the first fire of these 30 men, that Philip and hiswiiole
party precipitately retreated, and the victors, without waiting for a I'urtlur
* Ante, page 13,5, l.'Ki of this Hook.
t In the Appendix to my editiun of Church's Philip's War, dtc, page 337.
Ca*f'
XII]
SICGE OF WAl.rOLE, N. H.
155
li.plav "f tactics, rngaiiind tli«ir |(arriHoii, not liuviii^ one of their miiubor
[111101° woiiiitlcd. Of tilt; loHH of tlic liiifiaiiH no iiifutioii is iiiutlu.
^^limliii),' HO warm a reception Ironi (Joloncl Jkllows, Philip^ it wonUI mcciii,
. Will as tiu; (colonel, liail no notion of taking a second hand at tiic saniu
,^,ii,, „ii(l, as w«! Iiav»! saiil, ininiiHhately a|»|M;arod Ijcforo Kilburn's {;arrist)n,
jji,iri' lie iioped l()r lietler success, Philip was an old ac<|iiaiiitance here,
ill a|i|ii'(mciiii>^ tiie lioiisi; as near as he could find a trtie liir shelter, called
','i Id kilburn, " Old John, Uoaiig John, come oiU ficir. tt'e give you good tjiutr-
( .' Philip ii^t representou as of fjruat stature, and |iroi)ortionate streiij^th;
iilKilliurn was not his interior. His answered the warruj. witii a voice of
;',i,iiil, r " that flowed over the adjacent hills, "Uiiartcr I y u hluck rascals !
;,,,oiic, ..r we'll iputrlcr you."
riiiH .stood the allliir which was shortly to decide the fate of Walpole,
IkIwicii isix Kurdish, four men and two women, and ahout 400 Indians, at the
"liiiiuMU'ciiieiit of lli(! si«!f,'(!. Philip returned to his men, and, aller a short
,,ii.i', tlic silence was hroktin hy yells and whoops of the whole hody of lii-
,;,;iii<, which appeared, as we have heard the olil people express it, "<«( tlwiigh
/illlit dtvils in luill htid broke loose." A furious onset was now Ite^'iin, and iu
jfiw iiiiiiiitcs the roof of the house was perforated like a sieve. As usual in
;j,ir iiltat'ks on garrisons, they eiii|)loyed stratagems, but wluui the whole
.hniiiuii was spent, tlu.'V loiiiid they had made no impression, hut were
.'ii.iilv w(M(keiied themselves, and at night drew off, thus ending their inglu-
,i„ii,V.\|M'(litioii.
»iiili deeds could a few ill' , well |>rovided, perform, well know ing it was
,;,! imiiilicis that could save .en "' times of jieril, while many others, rely-
;i,.' ii|i(iii their iiunihers, negl.i.'ti; Uieir duties, have fallen an ea.sy prey to
ill iiuMiy not half etpial to t 'iiise've.-t. Kilhuni had extra guns in his liou.se,
;i:iil liis will! and daughter cast bullets, and iierlbrined every other service in
•,ii,ir|i(i\vcr. When one of the iii(!ii's guns became too much heated to be
J. il witii safety, a woman «;x •hanged it for another, so that every man was
iwrv iiiiiiiicht at his place, tVlien their lead began to grow short, blankets
«iT.' suspended in the r ' A\ to catch tin; balls of the enemy, with good suc-
tf'K and thus many ol \'. Iiulians fell by their own bullets! To use their
j»rt\(iir without lo.ssof time, tlu'y poured it into hats, which were placed close
;.!li;iiid; liy such means an incessant (ire was kept up, which probably de-
ruviii the liiiliaus in regard to their mnnbers. They found time, luitbre
ibmiiiL'dtr, to kill all tht; (;attle, burn and destroy all the hay and grain be-
!M:i:'iii>.' to the settlement; but tiiis was looked upon as nothing, scarcely to
l« idihidi'ied towards the price ol" their deliverance. We do not learn as it
; ms ever known to tli(! Kngli.sli what the loss of the Indians was;* but the
cirri»iMi lost Mr, Pmk, who, (!X|iosing himself too much befort; a port-hole,
I wasslidt ill the hip, 'Flie wound woidd probably have been cured if good
m\n\ aid could liav(? been had ; i)Ut it proved mortal in Ave days after the
til'. Each of these men, Kilhum and Peak, had a .son with them in the
Imison; and such was the force; opposed to that army of Indians ! .loiiN
j Kii.Bi K.N lived to be H5 years ol' ag«!, and ditul on the 8 April, 178!), and lies
buried in the Waljiole biirying-groiin<l. The son {John) attained the same
iKi'.aiid dieil at his residcMice, in Shrewsbury, Vt., in 1822.t
lliih t\v(i days afVer the, battle of Kunker's Hill, there arrived at Cambridge,
hill hiiid quarters of the Americans, a de|)utation from the Penob.seot Indians,
oI'hIkiiii the ('(dehrated Oro.no was chief An order was passed lor their
eiiii ilaiiniieiit while there, and "lor their niturn home." They came to t«'ii-
Nh ilii'lr sirvices to llu! Americans in tlu; war now begun, which was done
t« Om/m, ill a speech to a comniittiM' of th»! provincial congress, on the 21
jJiiiii, 177.'). "In ludialf of the whoh; Penobscot tribe," the chief .said, if the
Ifriiv.iiiiM s under which his people; labored were removed, they would aid
IwMli ijicir whide tbrce; to detiiid tlu; country. Those grievances were briefly
IHaitil, (111(1 consisted chiefly of trespasses by the whites upon their timber
l\illiiini. (Iiiriiijr ilio ciifjiiifciiKMii, had a dtdibcratc sliol al a large Indian, whom he saw
|b1I, iiii'l hi' iH'lifvr'd it was I'liilip liimsolf.
t Cliiflly from the Cots. N. Hist. Hoc. ii. 52-^.
:m
166
NATANIS.— SABATIS.
[Booini
landR, ohcftting them in trndo, Sic Th« pomrnittce returned nn nfTcrtinnBtf
ad(lr<-8H ; and altiioiigh the grcmns of thu dying, I'rnni the lute terrililt- tit'|i|„|'
buttle, were Hoiuiding in their earH, they 8ny nothing nfM)nt engaging tlir Indiunj
in the war, hut nHHiired them that " aH Hoon aH they could taKc hmitii inn,,
their preHent fight," their complaintH should receive attention. Some of 11,^
Penolmcots did eventually engage in the war, but we have no purticiilars ,,(
them.
We have said before,* upon authority which will generally he; n'r(ii,.,|
that JVntanui and Snbatis were the first IndianH emi>loyed by tlm Aiiitiicin^
in the revolution, and we see no reaBon yet to form a differetit <)|iiiii<iii,;i|.
though our at'ention has been called again to the !<ubject,f and soiiu' liui^
statftd for our consideration, which have elicited ftirther inveHtipiitioiiH and
compariHonH, of which the following is the reHult.| Of a chief tiium.d Stcmi.
»en, or Swcahan, well known on the Iwrders of New Ham])sliiru in t|ii> |.,(t|,j
French wars, we have bctbre given some notice; 5 at that time, or alHxit i|,p
close of thctKft wars, he retired to St. Frimcis. When the revolution iH)fnii,|,p
Beems to have decided on taking the part of the Americans ; ami with a i;»
followers marched to Kennebeck, and with some of the Norrid^jcwoks rn]-
dezvoused at Cobbossee, now Gardiner, at the mouth of the Cohlidss oiiia
River. Over the Norridgewoks, or Pcquawkets, or some of both, wan n ihiri;
named Paul Higpns, who, though a white man, bad lived so loim iiin<iii;r In!
dians, that to allmtents he wos one of them. He was born at Berwick, Inn
htt«l been taken captive when quite young, and spent most of his dnys W\i\\ ■
them. This company set out for Cambridge, the head quarterH of '(.Wuml
Wasliii}gton, about the l)eginning of August, 1775, under the direction of (inc
Heuhen Cohunu There were yO or MO of them, "and they were rowed (hmj
in canoes to Merrjtrieeting Bay by their squaws;" here they IHI thcni, mil
proceeded to Cand)ridge on foot, where they arrivc^d about the |:{ Aii;'ii.i.
They tendered their services to the general, who gave tliem all the cmm'-
agenatnt ho could, consistently, but evidently advised them to remain inn.
tnil.H Swashnn said half of his tribe was ready to join the Anierinm.s am]
that four or five other tril»es stood ready, if wanted, and that tlie Caiiaiiiiuis
were in favor of the Americans also; and this was the general o|)ini(in,an(i
corresponds with accounts given by intelligent settlers on tlie tmniiiN
They way, " We have had positive accounts from many of the Indinn tril»s
who have lieen applied to by Governor Carldon to distress the Heltleiutii!,>;
but they say they liave no oft'ence from the people, and will not make wanm
them. The French, too, say it is a war of our own raising, mid they will
have no part iti it."** We hear no more of Swashan.
Of AssACAMBUiT, au extended account has been given,tt and we siionlii
not again recur to him, hut to correct the statement, that "nothing was liiaril
of him from 1708 to the time of his death." We have since found thai in
1714, he was at Portsmouth, upon a friendly visit with several other Imlians,
On the 10 May of that year, as the Indians were about to leave tlie [liaip.
"the council of N. H. ordered their treasurer to furnish him and his rdiiijM-
ions with necessary provisions and liquors to carry them to their scvtral
habitations."
* Page 1%, ante, of (his Book,
t III a polite nn<t obli
t III a polite and obliging manner, by Wm. S. Bartlett, Esq., of Little Falls, NY.
t As early as May lOlh, 1775, iho provinrial congress of Massachusetts " V'«(<(i, TtiU
!!7aptain John bane nave enlisting papers delivered to him, for raising a compan)r of Lt
liniid of ihu AQBluiaffl ''
dians at the eastward.'
, Cols. N. H. Soc. iii. 7fi, 7.
MS. coinniunicalioo of W. S. Bartlktt, Esq.
[ Ilotta, i. 228.
•• Almon's Remembrancer, i. 147 — 149.
\\ Book ill. p. 139—141.
¥
BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
or THB
INDIANS OF NORTH AMERICA.
BOOK IV.
1/7(5]
'5'2
,^-._I^-„ ■ -£
'A
' ■>«!'
.?i\i?ti
-^! •',.':J;I|
BIOGRAP
frdminanj obsi
the first Virg
rtfre— Mesat
Tobacco first c
-Granganeb
iaries of his cc
—Opekanlcano
kirn about the i
fit to death—
Powhatan inci
oTtr to himfn
kill Smith— Is
as^iiin saves
ToMOCOMO.
Tpj. difficult
Iroquois, or Fi
partially taken
Thmfore, slioi
fiiiiily or natioi
''I I'lir best info
l-'iindnry betw^
lnymd file Ch(
niiii tliose hetv
1 Til tlicir respec
lifiiimls, ill our
tliat all the Ind
"I'll to the Cor
'''^•"\ the period
'lin these great
''«' inhabitants
tliem according
Si
8
BOOK IV.
BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY OF THE SOUTHERN
INDIANS.
" I will go to my tent, and lio down in despair ;
I will paint me with black, and will sever my hair ;
I will sit on the shore where the hurricane blows.
And reveal to the God of the tempest >ny woes ;
I will weep for a season, on bittcrnc's ed.
For my kindred are gone to the mounus of the dead ;
But they died not ^y i.-mgor, or wastini; decay :
The steel of the white man hath awefi them away."
AnOKTMOOi.
CHAPTER L
frdiminary observations respecting the country of the southern Indians — Winoiwa,
iht frsl Virginia chief known to the English — Destroys the first colony settled
(ilfre— Menatonon — Skiko — Ensenore — Second colony abandons the country —
Tobacco first carried to England by them— Curious account of prejudices against it
-Granganemeo — His kindnesses — His family — His death — Powhatan — Boun-
iarits of his country — Surprises the Payankatanks — Captain Smith fights his people
-Optkankanough takes Shnith prisoner — The particulars of that affair — He marches
jiim about the country — Takes him, at length, to Powhatan, who condemns him to be
ml to death — Smith's life saved at the intercession of Pocahontas — Insolence of
Powhatan increased by Newport' s folly — Smith brings him to terms — A croton sent
mn to him from England — /* croioned emperor — Speech — Uses every stratagem to
kill Smith — Is baffled in every attempt — Smith visits him — Speeches — Pocahontas
asiiin saves Smith and his comrades from being murdered by her father —
TuMOCOMO.
fvj. difficulty of rightly partitioning between the southern nations and the
Irof|iiois, or Five Nations, can easily be seen by all such as have but very
partially taken a survey of them, and considered their wandering habits.
Therefore, should we, in this book, not always assign a sachem to his original
laiiiily or nation, we can only plead in excuse, that we have gone according
to our best information. But we have endeavored to draw u kind of naturtd
kinilary between the above-mentioned nations, distinguishing those people
bfvnud tlie Chesapeake and some of its tributaries, as the southern Indians,
mill those between that boundary and the Hudson, by the name Iroquois.
I Tn tlicir lespective territories; inland, we shall not, nor is it necessary to, fix
bounds, in our present business. We arc aware that some writJ^rs suppose
that all the Indians, from the Mississippi to the vicinity of the Hudson, and
even to the Connecticut, were originally of the same stock. If this were the
I'ase, tlio period is so remote when they spread themselves over the country,
that these great natural divisions had long since caused quite a difference in
the inhabitants which they separated ; and hence the propriety of noticing
tliem according to our plan.
I
i
•"I a
n
If
«>;
^]
,v
Ufji
, r, 1 ". ''4-"' ,>i*'
mh4M
■'■.M'*' aV!
II
WINGIN A. —SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA.
[n*,i
It is sail? tliit ihe lorriioiy from t'i«; rioa-ronst to the River Alleglmnv anrf
fr'jm tlie most "outlicrn waters of .Ti'n ■; i:.\ci- up to Pntiixent, in tlij star.
of 'Vlui'>]ii:i(l, ■ -3 inliiiUitcd l»y ttir<"; Uilrbrtul nations, and that the laiini,.,,,'^^
of (;'ic!i iiirf'Tt il ♦'Hs iitii.liy from tlie others. Tlie Enj,'lish oull«;(| Iik"!!
liutinn- hy .},»- umn.-.s Poichatans, Manahoacs, and Monacnna; tiieso were
TiirtcaroruH. 1 lie (-«,vvliatanH wore tiie most powerful, and 'riiisijitcd
povcial (iil».'p or coniniunities, who possessed the country from liie sea-c,,'
to tli«! falls of the rivers.*
To give a tolerahle catalogue of the names of the various nations cf
Virginia, tlie Carolinas, and thence to the Mississippi, would fiir exccii,,,.
plan. We sliall, therefore, pass to notice the chiefs of such of tlio*; imiiou
as are distinguislied in history, pointing out, ly the way, their localities ainl
whatever shall appear necessary in way of elucidation, as we ])ass, and as w,.
have done in the preceding hooks.
VVi.NoiNA was fii^t known to the English voyagers Jlmidas niid linrluu-
who landed in Vir."'ira in the summer of 1584, upon an island cnlicij iivt|„i
Indians, IVokokon. They saw none of the natives until the third dav, {vlmi
three were ohserved in a canoe. One of them got on shore, aiui tlie Kii'lis],
went to him. He showed no signs of fear, "l)Ut spoke much to tliciii,"^!,,!!
went holdly on hoard the vessels. After they had given him a shin, iiat
wine, and some meat, "he went away, an' in half an hour he hud ioaijeilliis
canoe with fish," which he immediately hrought, and gave to the Eii};li..i|i.
Whiffina, at this time, was confined to his cahin from wounds he had 1; liv
received in huttle, probahly in his war with Piamacum, a desperate and bloudv
chief.
Uj)on the death of Granganemeo, in 1585, Wingina changed liis name to
Pemissapan, He never had much faith in the good intentions of the Eii;.'lisl),
and to liim was mainly attributed tlie breaking up of the first colony wiiich
settled in Virginia.
It was v}un) the return to England of the Captains ^midas and Barkc.
from the cmnxiry of Ifingina, that Queen Elizabeth, from the womlerliii
accounts of yhat fruitful and delightful i)lace, named it, out of resjiprt to
herself, Virginia ; she being called the virgin queen, from her livinjj iimnar.
ried. )?iit„ with more honor to her, some liave said, "Because it still seonied
to retiin the virgin purity and plenty of the first creation, and tiie ])co[ile
their primitive innocencv of life and manners." f Waller referred to this
country wljeu he wrote this : —
" So swpct the air, so moderate the dime,
None sickly lives, or dies before his time.
Heav'u sure has kept this spot of earlli uncurst.
To show liow all things were created first."
Sir Richard Greenvil, stimulated by the love of gain, next intruded liiiii?clf
upon the shores of Wingina. It was he who committed the first ontnisc
upon the natives, which occasioned the breaking up of the colony wiiioh lie
left behind him. He made but one short excursion into the countrv, duriiij
which, by foolishly exposing his commodities, some native took from liiiiia
silver cup, to revenge the loss of which, a town was burned. Ilelelllll!;
men, who seated themselves upon the island of Roanoke. Ralph Lam, a
military character of note, was governor, and Cajitain Philip Amidas, lieiitraiuit-
governor of this colony. They made various excursions about the toiiiiin,
m hopes of Jiscovering mines of precious metals; in which they were a Ion;:
time duped by the Indians, for their ill conduct towards them, in coinpcllini;
them to pilot them about, /fiji^ma bore, as well as he could, the piinna-
lions of the intruders, until the death of the old chief Ensenore, liin iatlif
Under pretence of honoring his funeral, lie assemblcMl IgOO of his jjeopk,
with the intention, as the English .s;iv, of destroying them. They, thciotop',
upon the information ol' Skiho, hon of tiie chief Menatonon, t fnH "P"" ''"".'
and, afler killing five or six, the rest mad; their escape into the wood!*. Tliis
* From a rnmmnnirntiiMi of Secretary Thompson to Mr. Jefferson, and appiuled lo IJ*
Notes on Virginia, cd. of 1801.
t StUh, 11. \ Smith calls h m the " lame king of Moratoc.'
cans; these wn-
CllAf. »■]
WINGINA.— DEATH OF ENSENORE.
^ssdone upon the island where Wngi'na lived, and the En^jlish first iei7x>d
y^on the 'jottfs ot' his visiiants, 'o prevent their escape from th.; isiun.i, with
llje intention, no doubt, of mu:tlflring them al' Not loif ;iOer, " fi^'ingihn
Ui, vKo 0'" the Weopo-
atok.'s, "a powerful :iutioii, pos3t\i«ing all that country frorn /Jiietiu'ris
Sound and Cnowuii River, quite to the Uhosapeakcs and our h'lj. * Af this
Menatonon was luuie, and is tncntioned as the most ijensi' 'c nn^. 'indp»'-
jjj entrapped W thr E;i^-lisn, o. 1 slain, wit!« (.ight r«"
Mk.wato'^on was. kini^ of the Chrw nocks, and t
-.:. J* X/ iS hti
, niiiK' .heady
fel} liciit upon
:.i. ,^ ioiig as
standiiif; Indian with whom the English wen; at first act|uu.j-:
iliat made Laiie and his followers believe in the existence oi •
mentioneu. " So eager were they," says Mr. Slith, "and r«: i •
iliis golden discovery, that they could not be persuaded to rr'
tbev liad f*"" I'"" ^* *^*'™ * •""" '^'^j *"f* ^w inastifl' dogs, which, In ing
tioiied with sassafras leaves, might afford them some sustenance in their way
Ijark." After great sufferings, they arrived upon the coast again.
The reason why Menatonon deceived the English, was because they made
liini » prisoner for the purpose of assisting them in making discoveries.
AlVr lie was set at liberty, he was very kind to them. Two years after,
when Governor ff'fUte was in the cnimtry, they mention his wife and child aa
belonging to Croatan, but nothing of him.
White and his company landed at Roanoke, 22 July, 1.587, and sent 20 men
to Croatmi, on Point Lookout, with a friendly native called Manteo, to see
ilanv intelligence could be had of a former colony of 50 men left there by
itkichard Greenvil. They learned, from some natives whom they met, that
tlie [ipople of Dassamonjjeak, on what is now Alligator River, had attacked
theni, killed one, and tlrivm the others away, but whither they had gone
Done could tell. One of their present company, a principal man of their
jovprninent, had aho been killed by the same Indians. This tribe and
ieveral others had agreed to come to Roanoke, and submit themselves to the
Ecglisii; but not coming according to appointment, pave the English an
opportunity to take revenge for former injuries. Therefore, Captain Stafford
sD(i'24 men, with Manteo as a guide, set out upon that business. On coming
10 their village, " where seeing them sit by the fire, we assaulted them. The
miserable soules amazed, fled into the reeds, where one was shot through,
aiid we thought to have been fully revenged, but we were deceived, for they
were our friends come from Croatan to gather their corn ! '' " Keing thus
disappointed of our i)urpose, we gathered the fruit we foun-. ripe, left the
rest unspoiled, a:;'l took Mpivatonon, his wife with her child, and the rest with
lis to Rounoak." f iiut to return to H'ingina.
While the English wei'; upon the errand we har
Ilia |)reten(led to be theii Iricnd, but deceived t!
Iv "iving notice to his couUvrymen of their cours-
tlicMi to cut them oft'. He thought, at one ti
destroyed, and thereupon scoffed and mocked av
would tiuffer it. This caused his father, Ensennre, to j la tl eir enemies, hut on
tlieir return he was their friend again. He, .'inii iiny'>f his people, now
bilievt'd, pay the voyagers, that "we could do them li.- ro imrt being dead,
in lining, and that, being nn hundred myles frotn thei/i, shot, and struck
tlieni sick to death, and thut wlicn we die it is but lor a time, then we return
asain." Many of the chiefs now came and submitted theif.ielves to the Eng-
lisii, mid, among otiiers, Ensenore was persuaded again to become their friend,
who, when tliey were in great straits for pro^'isions, came and planted their
lieliis, iind made wears in the streams to catch fisli, which were of infinite
lienetit to them. This was in the spring of 158(5, 'nid, says Lane, " we not
linviiiff one corn till tlie next harvest to sustain us." What added greatly to
their distresses, was the death of their excellent friend Ensenore, who died
ih of April following. The Indians began anew their conspiracies, and the
colony availed themselves of the first opportunity of returning to England,
heen sj' uking of, fVin-
n on ev ry opportunity,
• J purjtose, and urging
, that tl>e English were
■h a God as theirs, who
* Slilh's Virjfinia, 14. By "our bay" is meant James River Bay.
1 Smith's Hist. Virginia,
1*
u
If MM
GRANGANEMEO.— HIS KINDNESS TO THE ENGLISH.
[Book IV.
which was in the fleet, of Sir Prancia Drake, wliich toiiclied tiicnj in its wa»
from an ex[)(;dition against tiie Spaniards in the West Indies.*
The conduct ol' Lane and his company in this truiilesg attempt to estahlij
themselves in Virginia, was, in tho liighest degree, repreliensible. They im!
to death some of the natives on the most frivolous charges, and no wdn'],.
they were driven out of the country, as they ought to have heen.f ^V|||),
they were there, tliey became acquainted with the use of tobacco, and, takini!
it to England, its introduction into general use soon rendered it a great anii It.
of commerce. And here it will not he inmroper to notice how many ditiiniit
persons have had the credit, or, j>crhaps, I should say dwcrerfi<, of introdncji).,
this "Indian weed" into l^ngland ; as. Sir Francis Drake, Sir Walter Bal^i,!^
Ralph Ijane, and some others. Now, as some writer observes, tho reader inav
father it upon whom he pleases, as it is evident Sir Francis Drake took ft«/n'/,
Liane and tobacco both together into En^and ; and no one will dispute iLp
agency of the gallant knight, Sir Waller Jialegh, for he sent out Imm m ||j.
em|>loy. Mr. John Joaselyn, in his " Two Voyages to N. England," Ihw t|ii<
passage : " Others will liave tobacco to be firtt brought into England Irom
Peru, by Sir Francis Drake^s mariners."
There were many who off'ected a violent disgust towards the use of toliar.
CO ; the most consj)icnous was King James, whose mind seems to have Uvn
just weak enough to fight windmills. He even wrote a book denouncing i',s
use in the severest terms he coidd command. It grew spontaneously in (vin.
gandacoa, (Virginia,) and the natives called it Uppowoc. It is general] v smv
posed to 1)0 called tobacco from the island Tobago, but this derivation is iiiikIi
questioned. |
Granga^emeo was a chief very favorably spoken of. As soon as the arrival
of the English was made known to liim, he visited them with about 40ot'|iis
men, who were very (;ivil, and of a remarkably robust and fine apitearainc.
When they had left their bout, and came upon the shore near the xliiil
Granganemeo spread a mat and sat down upon it. The English went to liim
armed, but he discovered no fear, and invited them to sit down ; after wiiich
he performed some tokens of friendship; then making a spi^ech to them, they
presented him with some toys. None but ibur of his people spoke a wdni,
or sat down, but maintained the most perfect silence. On bein^ shown a
pewter dish, he was much pleased with it, and purchased it with 20 liicr-
skins, which were worth, in England, one hundred shillings sterlinj,'! ! '\y
dish he used as an ornament, making a hoh; through it, and wearing it aliont
his neck. While liere, the English entertained him, with his wife ami
child ion, on board their ship. His wife had in her ears bracelets ol' \m\.
which reached to her middle. Shortly after, many of the people ranieoniii
the country to trade, " but when Granganemeo was present, none durst iriidc
but himself, and the..i that wore red copper on their heads as lie did." lie
was ', emarkably exact in keeping his promise, " for oft we trusted him, and
he would come within his day to keep his word." And these voyagers fiirtlier
report, that "conmonly he sent them everyday a brace of l)iick.s, coiiiis,
hares, and fish, and sometimes melons, walnuts, cucumbers, pease, and ilivtni
roots."
In th Mr wanderings. Captain Jimidas and seven others visited tiie island of
Roanoake, where they found the family of Granganemeo living in great com-
fort and plenty, in a little town of nine houses. The chief was not at lioine,
" but his wife entertained them with wonderful courtesy and kiiidniss. Hlie
made some of her people draw their boat up, to prevent its being injiirfd hy
the beating of the surge ; some she ordered to bring them ashore on their
backs!, and others to carry their oars to the house, for fear of bcinfj siole.
When they came into the house, she took oft" their cloatlics and stockins?,
and washed them, as likewise their feet in warm water. When tiieir (liiiner
was ready, they were conducted into an inner room, (for there were live in
* Relation of Lane, printed in Smith's Virginia.
t Hernol's Observations, (one of Lane's company,) printed 'n Smith.
i Slith's Hist. Virginia, 19.— See Book ii. Chap. ii.
lU
ENGLISH. [Book IV.
nclied thcro in its way
ndit'H.*
SB attemnt to estnbli,!,
irehensible. Tlicy imt
mrges, and no woml, r
to have l)een.+ Wliij,.
! of tobacco, and, takinj
ulerod it a great anid"
iice liow many (litl'erciu
diicredit, of intruduiin'.t
'oke, Sir Walter Rdieh,
ibsorves, tlie reader mav
ancia Drake inok Hulfk
no one will dis|)iitc tk
he sent out Lane in |ii$
> N. England," lias tliis
ght into England trom
words the use of toliao.
ind seems to liavi; litvn
) a book denouiiciiij! \u
V spontaneously in Win-
100. It is generally sii|>.
t tliis derivation is nmch
; As soon as the arrival
em with about 4U uf his
ist and fine apitenrainf,
le shore near the A\\\\
.'he English went to liim
to sit down ; after which
Iff a speech to them, llipy
US people spoke a wdrii,
ice. On being .«liowiia
■chased it with 20 dwr-
lillings sterling! ! The
it, and wearing it aiioiit
lini, with his witi; ami
ears bracelets ot' |*arl,
the people ranieontii
)resent, none durst inide
heads as he did." lie
oft we trusted him, anil
ui these voyagers further
brace of bticks, coiiii;!,
nibers, i)easo, and divtrs
ir
lers visited the island ot'
eineo living in great com-
3 chief was not at home,
■tesy and kindness, ^he
,feut its being injured hy
ig theui ashore on their
for fear of being stole,
cloathes and stockiiifts,
iter. When their dinner
[U, (for there were live ia
printed n Smitli.
^^f_ 1] DEATH OF MANTEO.— POWHATAN. 7
^e house, divided by mats,) where they found hominy,* boiled venison, and
rosHted fish; and, as a desert, melon,s, boiled roots, and fruits of various sorts.
While they were at meat, two «)r three of her men came in with their bows
•ndaiTuws, which made the English take to their arms. Hut slu , perceiving
their distrust, ordered their bows and arrows to be broken, and themselves to
beljeuten out of the gate. In the evening, the English returned to their boat;
jiiJ putting a little otf from shore, lay at anchor ; at whicn she was nuich
concerned, and Itrought their su|)per, half boiled, pots and all to the shore:
and w'eing their jeaiou.sy, she ordered several men, and liO women, to sit all
oiifiit upon the shore, as u guard : and sent five mats ti> cover them from tho
weaiher."t Well hath the poet denuinded, "Call ye them savage.^" W the
ffitt' of Gratij^aneineo was savage, in the connuon acceptation of the term,
wlitre shall w(! look for civilization ?
<\rR. Greenvil, having arrived on the coast in l.'iS.'i, anchored off the island
Wokdkon, 2l) May, and, by means of Manleo, hud some intercourse with the
iiihaliitauts. At liatteras, where they staid u short time, soon after, Gran-
immto, with Manteo, went on board their ships. This was the last visit lie
made to the English, for lu; died very soon afler.
Tills nuist close our account of the excellent family of Gravf^ammeo, and
wouhi that the account of the English woidd balance as well, — but they exhibit
tlieirown, — aiul one item more from it, and we close the comparison. For a
jniall kettle they took .50 skins, worth in England £ia 10s. sterling.]:
We have now arrived at the mo.«t interesting articU; in Virginia history.
Powhatan was, of all the chie'ls of his age, the most funu)iis in tho regions
of Virginia. Tlie English su|tpo.sed, at first, that his was the name of tho
countrj ; a common error, as we have seen in several cases in the pr(>vious
bwiksof our biography, but, in this case, unlike the others, the error i)re-
vailed, and a part of his peoph;, ever after the settlement of the English, were
called the Pmohatans. A gr(!at river, since, called the James, aiul a bay re-
ceived his name also. § lie had three brothei-s, Opitchepan, Opekankanovfrh,
and Caiatanugh, and two sisters. His |)rincipal residence was at a place
called Werowocomoco, when the English came into the coimti-y ; which was
uiwn the north side of what is now York River, in the county of Gloucester,
nearly opposite the mouth of Uuecn's Creek, and about 25 miles below the
fork of die river. [| lie lived here imtil the English began to intrude them-
selves hito his vicinity, when he took up his residence! at Orakakes.
Powhatan was not his Indian name, or rather (u-iginal luime ; that was
}hhunsonacocL He is described as tall and well-pro|)ortioned — iujaring an
a.«|iiet of sadness — exceedingly vigorous, and possessing a body capable of
Mistaiiiing great hardships. He was, in lt)07, about (iO years of age, and his
hair was considerably gray, which gave him a majestic a|>pe)U'ance. At his
wideiice, he had a kind of wooden form to sit upon, and his oriuimental
robe was of raccoon skins, and his head-dress was composeil of many feath-
ers wioiiglit into a kind of crown. He swayed many nations upon the gnsat
rivi i-s and bays, the chief of whom he had coiupieied. He originidly claimed
only ihe places called Powhatan, (since luuned Haddihaddocks,) Arrohattoek,
iiiii« .\|»|)oiuattox,) Youghtauund, Pamimky, Mattapony, Werowocomoco,
and Kiskiak; at which time, his chief seat was at Powhatan, near the falls of
James River. But when he had extended his con(|uests a great way north,
lu removed to Werowocomoco, as a move commodious situation.
.\t the tertnination of his warlike career, the country U|)on James River,
friiia its mouth to the falls, and all its branches, was the boundary of his
toiiiitry, southerly — and so acr^' w the country, "nearly as high as the Udls uf
all the great rivers, over Potovvmack, even to Patuxeut, in Maryland," and
'■'.Mood made of Indian corn, or maize, beaten a' 1 carefully husked, something like
liinni Iv ill I-'iifrland ; and is an excellent dish various ways."
tNiV/i's Hist. Virginia, 10, 11. t Smith's HisU Virginia.
rriicsp, according to Heckewelder, Philos. Trans. 31, should have l»een called Fowhatlian,
'whiih would signit'v ilie river of progeny fruilfulness, the (riiilfid river.''
|1 .\hi)ui iwo miles below where Richmond now stands. The farm of a gendeman of the
aamc «( Mayo included the site of a pari of his town, in ]813.— Campbell's Virginia.
w
W.
I' \ '4 -■''■.-iiufk
,-• ■ ■-■ . ■ . ■ I *^ ? ■
I, ■ ■ %* 'I
8
POWHATAN.— SURPRISES PAYANKATANK.
[Hook IV.
some; of the nntioiiH on tlic north shore of tlie CheBopcnke. His doniiiii,)|«
according to \m luw of HiicccHHion, did not fall to hi8 children, hut to li^
brother*', nnd then to liiH HiMtern, (the oldcHt first,) thence to the heirs of ihe
oldest ; Itiit never to tiie lieirs of the mules.
He usually kept a ^imrd of 40 or .W of the most resolute nnd well.f„n,i,.,|
men »il»oiit him, especially when he slept; hut, iitler the English cnnin into Ijjj
country, he increust;d them to almut 200. He had as many, and such woimi,
as he pleased ; and, when he slept, one sat at his head and another ut his i;.,,
When he was tired of any of his wives, he bestowed them upon surh of i,,^
men as most jileased him. Like the New F.ngland duel's, he had iiiniiy |ilnr,^
when; he passed certain seasons of the year ; ut some of which he hnd v,,r^
spacious wigwams, 30 or 40 yards in extent, where he had victuals providdl
against his coming.
In 1«)0H, he surprised the people of Payankatank, who were his nriglilHir^
and subjects. Captain Smith, in the accoimt, "irn't with his otcn hand,'^ savi,
« the occasion was to vs vnknowne, but the manner was thus." He mn st'v!
cral of his men to loilge with them the night on which he meant to tiijl ii|K,n
them ; then, secretly surroimding them in their wigwams, commence<l a Imrriil
slaughter. They killed 24 men, took off" their scalps, and, with the wonun
and children prisonei-s, returned to the sachem's village. The 8cal|i» ihn-
exhibited upon u line l)etwcen two trees, as a trophy, and the toermanct (ihcir
name of a chief) and his wife Powhatan made his servants.
Up to the year 1()07, every attempt to settle a colony hi Virginia had fuiled;
and, at this time, wouhl have failed also, but for the unexampled iwrsevirdiire
of one man. I need but pronounce the name of Captain John Smith. The
colony with which ho came did not arrive until the planting season was over;
and, in a short time, tliey found thetnselves in a suff^ering condition, from wiint
of suitable provisions. Smith, therefore, undertook to gain a supply by traffick-
ing with the Indians back in the country, who, being acquainted with his
situation, hisulted him and his men wherever they cunie; offitring him bma
handful of corn, or a piece of bread, for a gun or a sword. " But soeiiii; bv
tratle and courtesie there was nothing to be had, he made bold to try siirii
conclusions as necessitie inforced, though contrary to his commission." !*o
he fired upon them, and drove them into the woods. He then marched
to their village. There they found corn u) abundance, which, after mm
rnanoBuvring, he succcfded in trading for, and returned with a supply to
Jamestown.
Smiths, soon after, proceeded to discover the source of the Chikalianianii
When iie had passed up as far as rt »vas navigable for his barge, he let\ it in a
wide place, at a sale distance from the shore, imd ordered his men not to so
on shore on any condition. Taking two of his own men and two Indians, lie
proceeded to complete his discovery. As soon as he was gone, his men went
on shore ; one was killed, and the rest hardly esciiiHid. Smith was now '20
miles into the wilderness. Optkankanoiigh, with 300 warriors, having it-anud,
from ih«; men they had Just taken, which way he was gone, Ibliowed al'tir him,
and came upon the two Englishmen belonging to his company, and killiil
them Ijoth while asleep, he being absent to shoot some fowls for provissions;
they then continued their pursuit after him. He was not fur from liis mm
and endeavored to retreat to it, but, iKMUg hard pressed, made a sliiold ot' mt
of his Indians, and, in tliis manner, Ibiight upon the retreat, imtil he had kiilnl
three, and wounded (livens others. Being oblig(>d to give all his utteniimi w
his pursuers, he accidentally fell into a creek, where the inud was so dwpiha;
he could not extricate him,selt'. Even now, none dared to lay hantls upon him;
and those whom their own mimbers ibrced nearest to him, were oii't'nTdin
trend)le with fear. The Indian he had bound to his arm with \m p\r\erf.
doubtless saved liiin from being killed by tlitur arrows, from wiiicli, owin^'to
his Indian shield, he received but v(>ry little hurt, except a wound in lii^
thigh, though his clothes were shot full of them.
When he could stand no loiigci in the mire, without perishing witli rnid,
he threw away his arms, and suffered them to come and take liiin. AMtr
pulling him out of the mire, they took him to the place where his men had
just been killed, where there was a fire. They now showed hun kindness.
Ciif- 1-1
POWHATAN.— SMITH'S CAPTIVITY.
9
were \m wyghU^j^
his oion hand,'' >i«vi,
thus." Ho 8(.|it st"\!
e meant to lull upon
coinnieiiced a liorrid
ml, with the womm
). The senilis tin y
the toerowana (their
IS.
I Virginia had failed;
ainpled iwreevfraiiro
1 John Smith. TIip
ing season was over;
condition, from want
1 a supply hy traflick-
acquainted with his
; offering him hut a
ird. " But soeiiiff by
tiade bohl to try surh
lis coinniissioii." !«o
He then marchod
whirh, after !*nme
id with a Biipjily to
)f the Chiknliaiimnii
s barge, he left it in a
red his men not to;o
1 and two Indians, he
s gone, his men wint
Smith WHS iio-,v '20
rriors, having leariu'd,
le, followed ultiTliiiii,
company, nnd kilW
fowls for provisions;
t fur from liis raiiw,
made a shield of ™e
■at, until he had kilW
ivc all his utteniidii •'>
mud was so deejithat
I lay hands upon him;
lim, were oli:i'nc(l w
irm with his jrarifi^,
fi-om wliifh, owiii^'io
ce[)t a wound in his
nblmig his benumbed limbs, aiul warming him by the fire. Hu asked for
gj^lrrliii'f, and Opekankanouf^h a|)|ieared, to wliom he gave a small compass.
Xliis amused them exceedingly. "Much they marvelled at tlie playing of thu
l\ and iicedle, which they coidd see so plainiv, arul yet not touch it, because
oi'the gln^** that <;over(Ml them. Kiit when he demonstrated, iiy that glolnvlike
ifwtll, tlic roimduesse of the earth, and skies, the spheare of the smme, and
3i,i(ine, and starres, and liow the siume did chase the night romul about the
Biirhl, coiitiimally — the greatnesse of the huid ami sea, the diversity of tho
jjiioim, varietie of complexions, and how wo were to them antipodes, and
niaiiv other such like matters, they uU stood as amazed with admiration!"
Wuiotwithstiuiding be had siu'li success in explainuig to them his knowhtdgc
ot' t.Toirniphy Hud astrou(Muy, (how nuich of it they understood we will not
tiiidtrtake to say,) within an hour alter, they tied him to a tree, and a multittidu
oi'tlieni stsemed jirepared to shoot him. JJut wlmn their bows were bent,
l)mkankanoufih held up his compass, ami tlu^y all laid down their wea[)ons.
jii,\ now led him to Orapakas, or Orakakes, a temporal^ seat of Potvhnlan^
on the north side of Chikahominy swamp, in what is now Gloucester county
on York river.* Here they feaste«l him, and treated him well.
Wilt n they marcluul him, th«;y drew tiiemselves up in a row, with their
tiiieiiii the midst, l)efore whom the gmis and swords they bad taken from tho
EiiL'lish were borne. Smith came next, led by three great men liold «)f each
arm, and on each side six more, with their arrows uotclied, and ready, if ho
ijiotild attenijit to escape. At the town, they danced and sung aboiu liim, and
fell put him into a large lioiise, or wigwam. Here they kept him so well,
iliat he thought they were liitting him to kill and eat. They took him to a
iiok man to cure iiim ; but he told them be could not, ludess they would let
iiiiii gu to Jamestown, and get something with which he could do it. This
lliey would not consent to.
the taking of Jamestown was now resolved upon, and they made great
prfpnratioiis for it. To this end, they endeavored to get Smith's assistance,
bv making large j)romises of lantl an(l women ; but lie told them it could not
!>; done, and described to them the great difficulty of the undertaking in such
a maimer that they were greatly terrified. With the idea of procuring some-
iking ciirioiis. Smith prevailed upon some of them to go to Jamestown ; which
journey they performed in the most severe frosty and snowy weather. By
liiis means, he gave the people there to understanil what his situation was, and
(that was intended against them, by sending a leaf from his pocket-book, with
afi'wwords written upon it. He wrote, also, for a few articles to be sent,
nliifh were duly lirought by the messengers. Nothing had caused such
asonishinent as their bringing tlie very articles Smith had promised them.
Tliat he could talk to his friends, at so great a distance, was utterly incompre-
k'lisihle to them.
Iking obliged to give up the idea of destroying Jamestown, they amused
tleniselvcs by taking their captive from place to [)lace, in great pomj) and
tniimph, and showing him to the different nations of the dominions of Potv-
kdm. They took him to Youghlannund, since called Pamunkey River, the
country over which Opekwikanough was chief, whose principal residence
was where the town ot Pamunkey since was ; thence to the Mattaponies,
Piankatanks, the Nautaughtacunds, on Rappahauock, the Nomuiies, on the
Painwmack River ; thence, in a circuitous course, through several other
nations;, kick again to the residence of Opekankanough. Here they practised
t'oiijiirations upon him for three successive days ; to ascertain, as they said,
«ii('iher he intended them good or evil. This proves they viewed him as a
kind of god. A bag of gunpowder having fallen into their hands, they pre-
»r»(l it with great care, thinking it to be a grain, intending, in the spring, to
plant it, as they did corn. He was here agaiai feasted, and none could eat
until he Imd done.
Hiiiig now satisfied, having gone through all the manaiivres and pranks
liili iiim they could think of, they proceeded to Potohatan. 'Here more than
of those grim courtiers stood wondering at him, as he had been a monster,
* Bancroft's Hist. U. States, i. 146.
.. .■«'»■
I ' "i?"' -t 'i
to
POTAIIONTAS SAVES THE LlPtS OF SMITH.
{IWi.i If
till Powhatan ntiil liin trayno hod put them»elvo« in th«ir ((rcnt^Rt bnivcrj,., >
ll(! wns Mtati«l iM'foro n firr, upon a wnt liko a iMulHtond, huvinf( on n roU' nf
le tnyl ' • -■ " '»- - ' •
car.li
rncc'ooii skiMM, "and all \\\v tnylcH hanf^ing hy." On «acli Hidt; of hin, m,
I Bidf of till) liouw! two n»WM of mcii, nnrj w||k
youn^' woman ; and niton
BH many women IM-Iund th«-in. TIm;ho lant had their hcadH and t^lioiililfni
paintt'd red — sorno of whoHo UviuU wen) adorned with white ilown ; nriil iilMiiit
their nerkH white In-adH. On Smithes being brought into the iircmni c of
Potchalan, all pn'sent joined in a great phout. "The queen of Apnnmtiirk wiw
appointed to bring him water to wasli hiH hands, and another broii);|it In,,, ,
bimeh of f«;atherH, instead of a towel, to dry them." Tiien, having fiiiNri'd |ii,„
again, "aOer their lN*Ht barbarouH manner they coidd, a long eonHiiltiiiiori »,,(,
held, but the eonehiHion wan, two great Htonew were brought iK'fore Powhiiian
— then an many ax roidd lay liandH on him, dnigged him to them niiil ilu ri,iii
laid his hea<l, and iM-iuf ready, with their clubH, to beat out his brains, /Vq.
hontna, the kingV dearebt daughter, when no entreaty eoidd prevnil, i<u{ |,y
head in her amies, and luiu \ -r own upon his, to save him from ileitth."
Powhntnn was unable to 11 Mist the extraordinary Holieitatioimaiid HyiM|iiit||fiir
entreaties of his kind-hearted little daughter, and thus wan saved tin- lif,. of
Captain Smilh ; a ebaracter, who, without this ostoniHhing deliverunci', wm
Bunieieiitly ren«)Wii<'d for escapes and adventures.
The old Haehem, having set the senti-nce of deatli aside, made up |,i.H mimi
to employ Smith as an artisan ; to make, for himself, rolx's, shoes, Iioh.s, nrrdHJ
and pots ; and, for Pocahontas, bells, beads, and eopper trinkets. Pnwhntim'i
son, named JVantaijuaus, was very friendly to Smith, and rendered iiiiti iiKiny
important services, as well after as tluring his captivity.
"Two days after, Powhatan, having disguised himself in the most frftrfiiHisi
monner hccouiti, caused Captain Smith to Im; brought forth to a great lioiistin
the woods, and there, upon a mat by the (ire, to be left alone. Not lon^f nlW,
from behindo a mat that divided the house, was made the most (loliliil|,>t
noyse he ever heard ; then Powhatan, more like a Devill than a man, with
Bome 200 more, as black as himselfe, came unto him, and told iiini, now tliev
were friends ; and presently be should go to Jamestowne, to wikI liim two
great (jiinnes, and a gryndestone, for which he would give him the roimtn (if
Capaliowosick [Capahowsiek], and fon^ver esteem liim his Sonne, .(Vfln/u(yu«mi.
So to Jamestowne, with V2 guides, Powhatan sent him. That night ihcv
quartered in the woods, he still ex|)ectiiig, (as he bad done all this lung time of
his imprisonment,) every hour to be jiut to one death or another." Earlvthe
next morning, they came to the tiirt at Jamestown. Here he treated his
guides with tlie greatest attention and kindness, and offered RawhunI, in a
jesting manner, and for the sake of a little sport, a huge mill-stono, uiidtwo
demi-culverins, or nine pound cannons, to take to Powhatan, his niiister; \\m
fiAJiUing his engagement to seaid him u grindstone and two gims. This
Raichunt was a sadiem under Potvhatan, and one of his most faithful ra|)tain.s
and who, it seems, accompanied Smith in his return out of captivity.
" They found them somewhat too heavie, but when they did see him dis-
charge them, being loaded with stones, among the boughs of a great tnf
loaded with isirkles, the yce and branches came so tumbling down, that ilic
poore salvages ran away half dead with feur. But, at last, we regained mm
conference with them, and gave them such toyes, and sent to Potvhatun, liis
women, and children, such jtresents, and gave them in generall fiill content."'
Potvhatan was now completely in the Ehiglish interest, and almost even
other day sent his daughter, Pocahontas, with vi«;tuals, to JniiK'stown, ofHliiiii
they were greatly in need. Smith hud told Powhatan ihat a great chief, wiiicli
was Captain JVeicport, would arrive from England about I lint time, wliiih
coming to pass as lie had said, greatly increased his admiration oi the wisdom
of the English, and he was ready to do as they desired in every thing, mi
but for the vanity and ostentation of JVetoport, mattei-s would have gm:i' "ii
well, and trade flourished greatly to their advantage. But he lavished so many
presents upon Poio/ia/an, that he was in no woy inclined to trade, and >oon
* This is Ciiptnin Smith's own account, which I shall follow minutely ; adding occasioiiall'
from Stitli, to illustrate (he geography of the country.
IITII. [Boo, ly
(fn-nf'Ht bnivcrirn.*
huviiiR on n roli.. of
I Huld) of liiiii wt a
WM of IIM'll, llllll wiih
ivailn niid Kli(iii|i||.p,
ite ilowii ; mid alHuit
ito tlif iircwiicc (if
II of A|mrimtiirk wiw
)tlicr broiiftlit liirii «
1, tiuviiiK tt'iiHtcij liini
DDK coiimiltittiiiii WM
ght In-fon; I'nwhatan
to tli«>iM iiikI iliirinn
out liiH hriiiiis, I'nm-
[•ould prcviiil, t"it Lu
11 from dentil,"
tioim and Hyiii|iiitlic>ii>
wufl wivcd tin- life (if
ling deliveruncc, wy
dfi, made ii|i liin iniml
8, hIioc'H, liows, nmiHJ,
triiikftH. Potehnkn'i
I rendered liiiii many
' in the most fpBrfnIli st
rth to a prat house in
alone. Not lon|{ (ifli'r,
e the most dolt'lullist
tvill than a man, with
ind told him, now they
wiie, to send liitn two
|ve him tlie roniitn nf
lis Sonne, Xantwiuoni
iin. Tliat niglit tlicy
lie all this loiij! tiinr of
ir another." Early the
Here h»! treatod his
oftered Rawhmt, in a
ge mill-stone, aiul two
atan, his master ; ilms
and two puis. This
most faitlifid captains,
of captivity,
they did see liiiii di:*-
Muiglis of a gnat tr^e
iidiling down, that the
ast, we regniiiPii sonic
sent to Poichakm, lil*
genernll full content." '
rest, and almost evin
o Jarii«-'Stowii,ot'«hii'li
lata great chief, wliifli
bout that time, wiiich
riiralion ot the wisdcni
I ill every thing, 'M
would have gum' "n
,ut he lavished so many
ned to trade, and ^oon
uitely ; adding occasi
onally
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
V.
1.0
145
I.I
■ 2.8
■ 50 "^™
us
2.5
2.2
■^ i^
1.25
1.8
U_ IIIIII.6
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
A
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S
V
N>
<^
^
^
V WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTISR, N.Y. M580
(716) 872-4503
<.-
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10
i
POCAHONTAS SAVES THE LIFE OF SMITH. [
1
i
i
!
i
1
r
i
1
1
i
1
■ i
1
!
i
1
I
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,1==r-. :r-:z ^~.":^ r==^ /iV//./ I'(i\vll;l I :ill i • I II , I II i/.s I'.Slllitll /,■/,• //,ll-lli\ /lis
f l,iii,ilitii li ik.ilioiilas /•y>'" /lis ///#'• /ii.s t/i,iii/ijii//iiffs
iiii,/ /ifW /i,- sii/'ifit,;/ :;,i ifl/i,'ii/;Jii'i^ iviii/i' r /ii//fTy
I'liiiiiifi'i/ //■'■/// ///,■ I'liiHihi/ ii\ /'ii/'/is/ii(/ /'If i.ir' Smith /iiiiisf/i'.
w
%l
jtr /si
Car. I.]
began to 8
or bis con
ByMu
pains to a(
his grea.
chief agaii
went to Pi
himself 80
admire his
trade as hit
whatever h
and told A
jtlf as (lign
when it wa
the chief,
upon tradic
in this ped
vrerowance
ie I will
Accordingly
about three
tViwport.
if it add I
the cliaractf
For, with a
iccident, anc
were of gret
It this time, ;
so infatuated
to give all 1
relation, "fo
Of300bushe
An Engiis
language, mi
Powhatan et
capacity, wh<
with Captain
■Jre he sent h
((ranted. Sh
return ; but,
ever they co
i>eing robbet
tleir depredj
learned that
•Wt to massa
te sent Poca
misciiief was
fideavor to
MDseiited :o,
^OKi\, whi(
On the lOi
i^twpoH, goii
the colony^ fr
"xii 'imohg o
for his coronr
•Jun ever. /
• nation with
•«ai"8t, if lie
"ivit*- him to
"igatWerow
""your kiu
CiUP- J]
POWHAl AN.— NEWPORT'S FOLLY.
U
jiegan to show his haughtinesB, by demanding five times the value of an article,
or his contempt for wliat wus oftbred.
By Mtoport's impradenre and folly, what had cost Smith so much toil and
pjins to achieve, was blown away by a single breath of vanity. Nevertheless,
ills grea. mind, contmually exercised in difficult matters, brought the subtle
chief again to his own terms. Himself, with JVewport, and about 20 othei-s,
veut to Powhata»^3 residence to tradfc witli him. " Wherein Powhatan carried
himself so proudly, yet discreetly, (in his salvage manner,) as made us all to
admire his natural gifts." He pi-etended that it was far beneath his dignify to
iradt as his men did. Thus his craft to obtain from JVeicport his goods for
ffbatcver he pleased to give in return. Smith saw through Powhatan's craft,
and told JVeioport how it would turn out, but being determined to show him-
self as dignified as the Indian chief, repented of his folly, like too many others,
viben it was too late. Smith was the interpreter in the business, and JVewport
the chief. Pow^an made a speech to him, when they were about to enter
upon trading. He said, " Captain JVewport, it is not agreeable to my greatness,
in this peddling manner, to trade for trifles ; and I esteem you also a great
werowance. Therefore, lay me down all your commodities together ; what I
ake I will take, and in recompense give you what I think fitting their value."
Accordingly, JVevmort gave him all his goods, and received in return only
liwut three bushels of corn ; whereas they expected to have obtained twenty
bofsheads. This transaction created some hard thoughts between Smith and
,Veirporf.
If it add to raise Powhatan in our admiration, it can detract nothing f>om
ibe character of Smith, to say, that he was ns wily as the great Indian chief.
For, with a few blue beads, which he pretended that he had shown him only by
iccideot, and which he would hardly part with, as he pretended, because they
were of great price, and worn only by great kings, he completely got his end,
uthis time, answered. Tanfalization had the desired eflTect, and Powhatan was
sa infatuated with the lure, that he was almost beside himself, and was ready
to give all he had to possess them. " So that, ere we departed," says my
telation, "for a pound or two of blew beades, he brought over my king for 2
w30Obu8hells of corne."
An English boy was left with Powhatan, by Captain JVetopurt, to learn the
■angiiage, manners, customs and geography of his country ; and, in return,
Pmhatan gave him Mamontack, one of his servants, of a shrewd and subtle
capacity, whom he afterwards carried to England. Poiohatan became offended
mth Captain Smith, when JVewport left the country, in 1608 ; at whose depart-
Jrehesent him 20 turkeys, and demanded, in return, 20 swords, which were
<tanted. Shortly after, he sent the same number to Smith, expecting the like
itturn; but, being disappointed, '''red his men to seize the English wher-
ever they could find them. This caused diificulty — many of the English
being robbed of tl dir swords, in the vicinity of their forts. They continued
tieir depredations until Smith surprised a number of them, from whom he
levned that Powhatan was endeavoring to get all the arms iu his power, to be
ibit to massacre the English. When he found that his plot was discovered,
be sent Pocahontas, wi.h presents, to excuse himselfj and pretended that the
miscliief was done by some of his ungovernable chiefs. He directed her to
endeavor to effect the release of his men that were prisoners, which Smith
consented :o, wholly, as he pretended, on her account ; and thus peace was
restored, which had been continu' 'ly interrupted for a considerable time before.
On the 10th of September, 1608, Smith was elected governor of Virginia.
Ancport, going often to England, had a large share in directing the afiTaii-s of
the colony, from his interest with the proprietors. He arrived about this time,
ukI, |imot^g other baubles, brought over a crown for Powhatan, with directions
for his coronation ; which had the ill effect to make him value himself more
than ever. JVetoport was instructed to discover the country of the Monacans,
» nation with whom Powhatan was at war, and whom they would assist hira
^iiist, if he would aid in the business. Captain Smith was sent to him to
invito hitn to Jamestown to receive presents, and to trade for corn. On arriv-
"igat Werowocomoco, and delivering his message to the old chief, he replied,
"if your king have sent oie preaeuts, .1 aim am a king, and this is my land.
■■/■■ '"«''Ti,." r '
H-
.ere* .. ■■".,. .o -jii-ji..(jii
\i\
12
POWHATAN.— ORDERS THE DEATH OP SMITH.
[Book IV.
I
t
i
Your father rmeaning JVetcpoH] is to
aur fort— neither will I bite at « mi, .
Eight days I will stay to receive them.
come to me, not I to him, nor yet to your fort — neither will I bite'at siipj, 1
bate. As for the Monacans, I can revenge my ovj^ri injuries; and n.s lor .Jj.
quanachuck, where you say your brother was slain, it is a contrary way f/, J
those jjarts you suppose it ; but, for any salt water beyond the mountains th?
relations you have had from uiy people are faiae." Some of the Indians' Imij
made the English believe that the South Sea, now called the Pacific Ocean
was but a short distance back. To show Smith the absurdity of the ston ]]l
drew a map of the country, upon the ground. Smith returned as wise as he
went.
A house was built for Powhatan, about this time, by some Germans, who cnrnp
over with JVewport. These men, thinking that the English could net siibsiK
in the country, wantonly betrayed all the secrets of their condition to Powittm
which was again the source of much trouble. They even urged him to pu;
all the English to death, agreeing to live with him, and assist him in the exp-
cution of the horrible project Powhatan was pleased at the proposition ani
th. ught, by their assistance, to effect what he had formerly hoped to do jjy
engaging Smiih in such an enterprise. Their first object was to kill Captain
Smith ; by which act, the chief obstac e to success would be removed; and,
accordingly, they took every means in their power to eflfect it
In the first place, he invited him to come and trade for com, hoping ac
opportunity, in that business, would offer. That his design might not be mis-
trusted, Poiohaian promised to load his ship with corn, if he would brinwjiini
a grindstone, 50 swords, some muskets, a cock and a hen, and a quantitv of
copper and beads. Smith went accordingly, but guaided, as though sure of
meeting an enemy.
In their way, the English stopped at Warrasqueake, and were informed,
by the sachem of that place, of Powhatan's intentions. That sachem kindlv
entertained them, and, when they departed, furnished them with guides. OJ
account of extreme bad weather, they were obliged to spend nearaweeliat
Kicquotan. This obliged them to keep their Christmas among the Indians,
and, according to our authorities, a merry Christmas it was ; having beet
♦' never more merry in their lives, lodged by better fires, or fed with greater
plenty of good bread, oysters, fish, flesh, and wild fowl."
Having arrived at Werowocomoco, afier much hardship, they sent to Pow-
hatan for provisions, being in gieat want, not having taken but three or four
days' supjdy along with them. The old chief sent them immediately a sii]ii!y
of bread, turkeys, and venison, and soon afler made a feast for them, accord-
ing to custom.
Meanwhile, Poiohatan pretended he had not sent for the English; telling
them he had no corn, " and his people much less," * and, therefore, intimated
that he wished they would go off again. But Smith produced the messenger
that he had sent, and so confronted him ; Powhatan then laughed heartily,
and thus it passed for a joke. He then asked for their commodities, "but lie
liked nothing, except guns and swords, and valued a basket of corn higlier
than a basket of copper ; saying, he could rate his com, but not the copper."
Captain Smith then made a speech to him, in which he endeavored to nork
upon his feelings and sense of honor ; said he had se'.ii his men to build him
a house while hia own was neglected; that, because of his promising to sup-
ply him with com, he had neglected to su|>])ly himaelf with provisions when
he might have done it Finally, Smith reproached him of divers negligences,
deceptions, and prevarications ; but the main cause of Powhatan's retiising
to trade seems to have been because the English did not bruig the articles
he most wanted.
When Smith had done, Powhatan answered him as follows :—'• We havs
but little com, but what we can spare shall be brought two days hence. As
to your coming here, I have some doubt about the reason of it I am told,by
my men, that you came, not to trade, but to invade my people, and to possess
my country. This makes me less ready to relieve you, and frightens my
* The reader may wonder how this could be, but it is so in tlie old history, by Stith,i6.
among the Indians.
, old history, by «<»<''. 86.
Cini"' I.l
POWHATAN.— HIS SPEECHRS.
13
m
was
li'li
pfopli' IVoni brinuinff in tlicir corn. And, tlicroforo, to rcliovo tliom of tliat
Lr li'fiv yo'"' I"'""* iiboard yoin- boats, sinf(! tiiry are needless here, uhcre
j, ,'„.,, Jill iVicnds, and Ibrover Powhatuns."
Ill ilii'sc, and other speeeiies ot" like amount, they spent the firKt day. " Unt,
wliilst iIk'V expected tlie comiiif.' in of tlu; country, tliey uraufrled Powhatan
oiii III' f'O hushels of corn, Tor a cojiper kettle; which the jiresident serins
liiiii imicli afli.'ct, [value,] lie told him it was of much jrreater value ; yet, in
ri'.'iinl <»f 1"*^ scarcity, he w<iuld accept that (luantity at |)resent ; ))rovi»le(l ho
.liniild have as much more the next year, or the JManakin country," were that
"ciidition not complied with.
'fliis transaction will e(iual any thinj? of the kind in the history of New
F,ii!.'liii»l) '"'^ ^^"^ " '" '''"^'•' t'"' '"oader to mak(! his own connnent.
\t tJK' same time, Powhatan made another speech, in whicii were some
yen ?iiiJ.'"'"'' I'i'^^'^Ur^'S ns^ reported by Smith, One was, that he iiad seen the
],..itli of all his people three times ; and that none of those three generations
ilicn living, exce|)t himself. This was evidently only to make the Eng-
thiiik liiiii something more than human. The old chief tJien went on
ami s^iiid,
•lam now grown old, and must soon die; and the succession mnsi dc-
ffPiiii, in order, to my brothers, Opitchnpan, Opekankanoiiifh, and Catataugh,*
and then to my two sisters, and their two daugliters. I wish tlieir experience
«;isff|iial to mine ; and that your love to us might jiot be less tiian ours to
vni:. Wliy should you take i)y force that ii-om us which you can have by
jiivcr Why should you destroy us, who have provided you with food?
Wiiiit ran you get by war? We can hide our provisions, and Hy into the
wiiiiil!^; and tiicn you nnist consequently famish by wronging your friends.
Wiial is tiie cause of your jealousy? You see us unarmed, and willing to
( Mlilv your wants, if you will come in a friendly maimer, and not with
.imrilsand gjns, as to invade an enemy. I am not so simple, as not to know
il i- licttcr to eat good meat, lie well, and sleep quietly with my women and
fiiililrcn ; to laugh and be merry ^ tli the Englisii ; ami, being tlieir friend,
to liave copper, hatchets, and whatever els<! J \>ant, than to fly ii-om all, to lie
crii'l ill the woods, feed upon acorns, roots, and such trash, and to bi! so
hiiiilcd, that I cannot rest, eat, or sleep. In such circumstances, my men
must watch, and if a twig should but break, all would cry oiU, ^ Here comes
Caji Smith ;^ and so, in this miserable manner, to end my miserable life;
ainl,Cii|)t. Smith, 'his might be soon your fiite too, through your rashness and
iiiiadvisodness. I, therefore, exhort you to j)caceable councils; and, above all,
I insist that the guns and swords, the cause of all our jealousy and uneasiness,
l>'r('iiinved and sent away."
>'«ii//i interpreted this speech to mean directly contrary to what it (expressed,
ami it rather contirmed, than lessened, his former suspicions. He, however,
miilo a speech to Powhatan, in his turn, in which he endeavored to convince
iiiiii tliat the English intended him no hurt; urging, that, if they had, how
easily tliey might have eftected it longbeiore; and that, as to their |)erishiug
(\iilnvaiit, he would have him to understand that the English had ways to
fi'|i|ih themselves unknown to the Indians; that as to his sending away the
arms, there was no reason in that, since the Indians were always allowed to
liriii? theirs to Jamestown, and to keep them in their hands. Seeing iS/jn'^/i 'a
iiitlxiliility, and des[)airing of accomplishing his intended massacre, he sj)oke
ajaii: to Smith as follows : —
"Cnirt, Smith, I never use any werowancc so kindly as yom*sclf; yet from
yon 1 receive the least kindness of any. Ca|)t. JVewport gave me swords, co|)-
|ifr. clothes, or whatever else I desired, ever accepting what I oftered him;
ami wnuld send away his guns when requested. No one refusi-s to li(! at my
tVt, or do what I demand, but you only. Of you I can have nothing, but
wiiiii you value not ; and yet, yon will have whatsoever you please. Capt.
Xmpori you call father, and so you call me ; but I see, in spite of us both,
ym will do what you will, and we must botli study to hmnor and content you.
But il' you intend so friendly, as you say, send away your arms ; for von see
* Cataoaugh, Slitli.
tv !
'.^^.
/"
II
i.
11
roWIlATAM.— HIS INSTRUCTIONS TO TOMOCOMO.
[Book IV,
li
my nnilesi^ning Hijnplicity and friendship cnuso mo thus nakedly to forn,,,
rnvHclf." ■
Sinilk now wiiH out of all jmlicn-'o, seeing; Pn whni an only \ nihil n\v»\,u
time, that ho niijfht, hy s(»in<! nicann, accompr'Hli his desifrn. The JHidj^ ,|,>
the HiiifliMh wen; kept at a distam-e from the nliore, hy reason f»f ice.
therefore, resorted tf) deec'|)tioii ; he ^ot the Indians to hr(>ak tlic ir
men might eotno in and take
Siune time, gave ordei-s to
was to nmnsf) him with fhlHO
ke on hoard the corn they had hon<.'lit, and, atiu
them to seize Powhntai ; Smith, in tla; hkiim liin,
proimHes. Hut Smitli's talk was too (ii|) „,'
flattery not to he seen through hy the sagacious saehem ; and, Ix'tinn jj,,.
too late, lie ronveyed himself, his women, children, and etti'pts, into \y
wood.s; having sucroeded in his deception hetter than Smilh; for tWd or
three srpiaws amused him while Powhntan and the rest escaped, rnwillii,.,
however, to renounce his j»urpose, Powhatan sent Smilh, soon atlcr, a valiiiili[p
bracehit, as a present, hy an old orator of his, who tried to excuse thoroiiilnM
of his sachem ; he said Powhatan ran off hecausc he was afraid of the jln^
lif.h arms, and said, if they could he laid aside, he would come with liisiip^
pie, and hring corn in ahundance. At length, finding all artifices viiin, yj^if.
tuitan resolved to fall upon the English, in their cabins, on the followiiif nj^iii
But here, again, Pocahontas saved the life of Smith and his attendmits. siip
came alone, in a dismal night, through the woods, and informed Smith of Ur
father's design. For this most signal favor, he offered her such aiijcjes us iit
thought would please her; but she would accept of nothing, and, witli tears
standing in her eyes, said if her father should see her with any tiiii.ff, i,,;
would mistrust what she had done, and instant death would he herrewunl;
ond she retired hy herself into the woods, as she came.
Powhatan was so exasperated at the failure of his plots, that he tlireatpucd
death to his men if they did not kill Smith by some means or other. Not
long after, a circumstance occurred, which gave him security the rest of his
administration. One of Poivhatan's men, having, by some nienns, i;(,t n
quantity of powder, pretcindcd that he could manage it like tiu! llnL-lisli,
Several came about him, to witness his exploits with the strange cnniiiiodiu,
when, by some means, it took fire, « and blew him, with one or two mon', io
death." This struck such a dread into the Indians, and so amazed and
.lightened Powhatan, that his people came from all directions, and dcsind
Eeace;* many of whom returned stolen art'cles that the Englisii liad mvr
efore missed. Powhatan would now send to Jamestown such of Ids mcii
as had injured the English, that they might be dealt wliii as they (lesnrvid.
The same year, 1(J09, he sent them nearly half his crop of corn, knowing
them to be in great want.
Captain Smith, having, by accident, been shockingly burned by his powdtr.
bags taking fire, for want of surgical aid, was obliged to leave the eniinin
and go to England, from whence he never returned. He piiblisliod tlie
account of the first voyages to Virginia, and his own adventures, \\\wh i<
almost the only outhority for the early history of that country. He died in
London, in l(i3],t in the 52d year of his age.
The Dutchmen of whom we have spoken, and who had been so {issidiioiij
to bring ruin upon the colony, came to a miserable end. One of tiiem dinl
in wretchedness, and t\vo others had their brains beat out by order of Poak-
tan, for their deception.
After Smith had ItA Virginia, the Indians were made to believe that lie was
dead. Powhatan doubted the report, and, some time after, ordered one ot'lii^
counsellors, named Utlamatomakin,\ ov Tomocomo,§ whom he sent to Eiisliiinl,
to find out, if possible, where he was. He instructed him, also, to note tiid
number of the people, to learn the state of the coimtry, and, if he found SmilK
to make hitn show him the God of the Englisii, and the king and (|iiefii.
When he arrived at Plimouth, he took a long stick, and began to perform a
part of his mission by cutting a notch for eveiy person he should see. lint
* Did not llic Erifflish of New England owe llicir safely to Massasoil and Mianimmmeli'i
fear of the same article ?
t Jojselyn, N. Eng. Rarities, 106. t Or UUamaccomack, Smilh. } Vatiiai.
lOCOMO. [Book IV.
thus nnkfdly to forgrt
I only trifled n\viiytlir>
(Icsifrn. The ]mm i,(
iTiistin (if ice, Smilh^
I l»n>!ik tlic ice, tlim iin
\m\ l)im;.'lit, and, m ||,i,
mith, in tli(! iiiciiii timn
} talk was too I'liH „f
Mil ; niul, Ix'lorn it wi.,
, mid ('tti'cts, into ti,,.
mil Smilli; tiir twi i,r
4t escaped. I jiwilljn^
i, soon urtcr, a vaiiifiliiij
I to excuse the rniidiiPt
wns nfmid of tlm Knj.
uld come witii hisiiin.
a\\ artifices vain, Pw.
, on the (oilowiiic "ii'lit,
d his attendants. She
I infornieu Smith of lur
I her such ailicjps iw ik,
iiothinp, and, witli tinrs
her witii any tliii.ir, he
would he her rt'wanl ;
ilots, that lie tlireatoin'il
means or other. Not
security the rest of liij
hy some menus, am a
ige it like the Hniilish,
the strange roiniiioility,
vith one or two nioiv,io
IS, and so aiiinzed ami
I directions, and dinnil
the English hail ncvr
stown such of his men
wiiik as they dcrimiii,
crop of corn, knowing
hurned hy his powilcr-
(l to leave the cniiiiln'
ned. lie pnblislicil ilie
n adventnres, whirli i<
It country. He died in
had been so assiiluoiu
end. One of them iliid
out by order of Poda-
lie to believe that lie was
after, ordered one of W
loni he sent to Eiiirliiml,
(1 him, also, to note liifi
y, and, if he found SmiK
nd the king and (ineen.
, and began to perform a
•son he should see. lint
fassasoit and Miantmmom'i'i
,Smit;i. §P"«=''"'
Chip. II.] DE.Vril OF rOWIIATAN.— HIS SUCCF.SHOIIS. 15
lie soon pnve up that busines.s. And, when he relurned to his own c( niitry,
ii. chief asked liiiii, among other things, to give liim an account of the num-
luTiit the inliahitaiits in I'jigland. His answer to that intpiiry, W(! iia/ard no.
iiiiiPli ill .saying, is nearly as extensively known as the golden rule of ('o;i/«-
• J It was as t(>llows: " C'oi(/i< the stars in tin ski/, tin Uavts on llir trees, and
ihtsnnd upon the scit-shorc,—for such is the numlier of the. people of I'Jnfrlani/."
ToMOt'OMo had married a si.ster ol' J'ocahontas, ami, |>rol)al)ly, aeeonipanied
jiir Id Kngkind.* While there, the famous antiipiary, Samuel Purefui.ie, had
an interview with him, and li-om whom lie collected many liu!ts relating to
•lio niuiiiicrs and ciistoiiis of Ids countrymen ; the result of wliich lie atter-
Hiinls |tul)lished in liis I'ilgriins.f
Tlie (litliiiiltieH were almost perpetual hetwt-en Powhatan and the I'iiiglish ;
„.n little tune passed, whilt; he lived, but what was full of broils and dis.sati.s-
liulimi, on the one piu't or the other. Few Indian chiefs have lidle.i under
iiiir notice, ixi.s.sessing such extraordinary characteri.siics as Puu'hatan. He
iliidat peace with the Englisli, in April, KJIH, and was succeeded hy Opilcha-
«iii. liis second lirotl'cr, wiio was known athjrwards hy the name Itopalin.
Our readers will lu; compelled to acknowledg(' that Ci';)tain Smith was
liiuharous enough towards the Indians, but we have !iot met with any thing
miite so lioriihie, in the course of his proceedings, ,is was exhibited hy his
sua'es.snr, Lord De La fVar. This /^mtknian, instead of taking a mean
cuuii>e benveen the practices r)f Smitk and jVewport, went into the worst
I'Mrenic. Finding Powhatan insolent, on his arrival ii the country, ho
ilitiiiaiiied, by severity, to bring him to unconditional si' sioii. 'laving,
tlimtbre, got into his hands an Indian prisoner, his lordsh,,. caused his right
;iiid to he cut Dfl'. In this maimed and horrid condition, he sent him to
PouMan; ".t the spuic time giving tiie sacliei;-, to understand, that all his
sill jcets would be served in this manner, if lie relased obedu!nce any lonj^er;
iilliu!.' him, akso, that all the corn in the coiiutiy should Ik; immediately
litsirovcd, which Wu3 just then ripe. J This wretcheil act increased, as
rea.<(iiial)ly it should, the indignation of Powhatan, and his acts were governed
accordingly.
9e0ie
CHAPTER n.
Rtilcdionupon the character of Powhatan — Pocahontas — She singularhj entertains
i'mtain Smith — Disaster (f a boat's crcio — Smith's attempt to surprise Puinhatan
(nistmied in conscijuenre — Pocahontas saves the life of Wijffin — Betrayed into the
kndsof the English — Japazaws — Mr. Rolfc marries Pucahoritns — Opaciiisco —
hmhmtas visits England — Her intc' cicw with Smith — Dies at Gravescnd — Ifcr
fot!_OpEKANKANOucH — Made ])risoner inj Smith — Is set at liliertij — Nkmatta.now
—Murders an English.. Mn — Is murdered in his turn — His singular conduct at ins
iaith— Conducts the "nassacre of 1()22 — Plots the extirpation of the English — Con-
hi 1 the horrid massacre of 1G44 — Is taken prisoner — His conduct upon the
orciision — Barbarously isounded by the guard — Last speech, and magnanimity in
ifath— Reflections — Nickotawance — Totopotomoi — Joins the English against
the Ruhahecrians — Is defeated and slain.
It is impossible to say what would have been the conduct of the great
Powhatan towards the Englisli, liad he been treated by them as he ought to
liave been. The uncommonly amiable, virtuous, and feeling disposition of
his daughter, will always be brought to mind in reading his history ; and, not-
withstanding he is described by the historians as jiossessing a sour, morose,
ami savage disposition, full of treacherj', deceit and cunning — and whose
vord was never to be depended ijion — yet. on the very page that he is thus
"M.-. OWm!.ron (Brit. Empire, i. 28.5.) says, " That when the princess Pocahontas came
fo't.iffland, a coucarousa, or lord of her own nation, aUended her; his name was Uttamarco-
<iia:li."
t Vol. V. b. viii. chap. vi. page 955. \ Harris, Voyages, ii. 22b.
4 i?b.l:.:Xi
■m
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sm i\
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iMK'\iiu\i\M N\vi:s 'nil', I. hi; <tr a rAi-nvi;
llln.MV
'pn'Ncntril, \M< hIimII lirnl llic hmiim* litnllH ncI liiin iis i'miiii|)|i'h Ii\ i|i
IIk lll^^^^('M.
,lii;||.
Till' (irsi mill iiiiihI iiii'iiioriililt' i-vi'IiIh hi llir lili' i>(' I'lirnliinilns I
ily Itrrii ili'iiiilt'il in llic ihtoiiiiI iil'lirr liillirr; llirnliiri- wr nIimII, iiii,|,,
lll\l' ||r
Mil'
0\\ II ll.'lllll', l'J\ I' |||ll.~ll
\\ liirll iil'i' iiini'c iliHi'diini'Clrtl \\\\\\ Imn,
r< »» ' \Hn\ I'AS \MiH Imiiii nlioiil till' Nt'iir l.'i!'! or .'», iiiid Ini
U'J
r» M MM* \ I .\!^ \MiH I Mill I nlioiil (III' Nt'iir i.ii'i or .», iiiiii iniici- umn im m,,.
lllllll I'.' or l.'l St'iiCH nlil uliril hIic mimiI llic lili' "I' < 'll|ililill .V/;)i7/,, m |, ,
l''.\i'i\\ |iiiiliriiliir III' lliiil iiiiii-l r\ii(Miriliiiiir\ Hrnu' Iiiin linn r\||||)|||.,| 'ii
nainc I'liiiiliiiiiliH Ml' I'lickiihiiiiti's, sii\s llccKi'wrlilir, iiicmiim ii run \»'\\\
liillH. Ii Iiiim Ik'i'Ii iiiriiliiMit'il, ilml, nl llic Hii^ftrHiinn nl'l 'ii|i|Miii .NWci
>vi'iil Willi II li'\\ iiicii to Wci'inMiriitiiiiru, lu invito I'tiiflitilmi in jj
III ii'ii'iM' |ir«'sriilH, li(i|iinf( iliiTcliy in inllnriifc liini In ii|iin ii ii.nlr
Willi lllllll.
'Ill IHm
" ■I'llllisin
"II
III I'm
\N lii'ii lir iirrixi'ii nl lliiii |iliici', I'oirhntiiii \mis nut nl Imhih', Ihii
"MN III III,.
(lisl.ilirr nl'MO iniirs nil', I'miilioillm .'ind Iht wuini'il r<'Cri\ril lillii, iiiiil h||||„
lie \\niii'tl t'or lii'f liillirr, I in- V lliiisciilrrlainril liini' " Inn Ihyn' |i''iiii''rn lil.isn,
Sinilli,) \\u'\ Hindi' n lirr. Iirtlirr w liifli. In- Hillinjf ii|iiiii n ninl, sin < iiiiil\ ainiiir,,
tin* Wdiids wM'' lirnid Niii-Ii n IimIimhis iiiiisr mid slircrKin^f, ijim |||,. i;,,,,;",!
Iicliiolvc iIii-misi'Im's 111 llii'ir nriiis, ntid sci/cd on l\\i> nr lliii
<\<\
lliriii, sn|>|iii?-iiii; I'mrliiitdii, willi
IIM'II
IIS |lll\M'l', was CIMIlr III M|||||
IlilllVII.
tluMii. Itnl |irrsrnlly I'lirnhonlit.i i-aiiii', willing liiiii In Kill Iht if nnv Imn
wert' iiilnidcd ; niid iIm- lirlmldi'is, wliirli xmio nii'ii, wiuiirii ninl il
unlislii'd llic fn|ilnin llicrc wns no siicli mailer. 'I'licn |ircHciiily tl
|ircscMtcil with this aiitii'kc ; MO \oiiiii; women came naki'd out nj' tlir
onc!> ci>\crcd lichind and licl'orc with a Tew (iiccnc Iciii s, llnir I
ll'V «.|
wiiiii!.
Tl
Hhlii'. :,||
M'll-
I'lilif
Iiniiilcd, some nl' one color, snnie nl' niiniher, hiil nil dil ri
lad a 111) re |>ayre nl' Imck's homes on her head, and an oiic-skiiiiii' ,it
girdle, and niioiln r at her nrmc, a (piivcr nl" arrnwcfi at her iiacke, n Imw .iini
nrrows in her hand. Tiic iic\t had in her hand a sword, and annlln rn iIni,
Jinollier a l>ol-,i|icke, all horned alike; llic rest cvcr\ oii(> with llnir > |,|||
<l<
ni
'I'liese lieiids, with most hellish slionts nnd erves, nisi
iini,' Ini
nnn^ llic trees, cnst tliemscUcs in n ring aliont llie lire, siiiginir ninl iji
iiinii:;
with most cxecMcnt ill \.Mrictic, oil rallini; into their iiili'rnall iiiissinns, ninl
.solemnly again to sing and daiinec. Having speiil ncarc an liinnv in this
inascarndo, as llicy cntied, in like manner they departed." Athr n sluni ij ^
they came and look the I'Jiglish to their wigwams. Here they wvw nnirr
tormented iIi.mii hd'orc, "with crowding, |»ressiiig, hnnging ahoiit tlii'm, mnvt
tt'dioMslv crying, ' I.ovc you not
me
ovc yon not tin
•J 1 .1
When t'ir\ I
mil
i:M
ilry
(hiislied their caresses, they set lieliiri" them the hcst vicliinis tlnir r
iin'onled. and then showcil them to their lotlgitigs.
While Captain Smitli was upon an expedition into the coniitfy, with ;m
intention of ,<iiri>rising /'oi/'/ar/iMi, there iiappened a mi'lancholy Mrciilnn m
liomc, to a lioal's crew, which had hceii sent out in very severe wi'miIki-, liy
one who was impatient to have the direction of matters. In the Imjit \v,iv
(\MpIaiii /',(/,/(), Master Srrivrnn; tla^ projcclor of the c.vpcditinn, Mr. .Inlhiiii'j
dnsiiolil, hrolhcr nl' the wcll-Unnwn Itdrlholoiiirw (iVvhoW,* and cifrlit ullinx
}\\ the sinking oI'iIk' hoat, these all perished, and none knew wiial IimiI liiroiin'
ol them, until their bodies were tonnd hy the Indians. The very iiicii ini
w hoin Smith dcpiMidcd to iiMiiain at tiie fort thr Ins succor, in case he suit tur
them, were among the number. Therefore, to prevent the fnihiii' of iliis
expcdiiioti. (homebody must be sent to apprize Sinitli of the catastrnplii'. Nuin'
voinnteered for the liazardoiis service, but IMr. Wir/nrn/ ff'n(lii>, \\\w win
obliged to nudertakc it alone. This wns a time when t'oifliatnn wns viry
insolent, and urged daily tln> killiiig of Smilli upon his men. Ni'verilu'liss
allcr many diiViciiltics, he arrived at Werowoconioco. Here he foiiiid hiiiiMlt'
amidst preparations for war, and in still grcat(>r danger than lie liiiil yrt U'vw.
Hut Pocahontas appeared as his savior. Knowing the intention of tliiwiir-
riors to kill him, she tii>t secreted him in the woods, and then directed tliiw
wlio sought him in an opposite direction from that he had gone ; so, liy this
* Who hnil iiiiscrfililv |)iTi.sliC(l by disease and famine at Jamestown, 22 Aug., 1()07. Sc8
Bancroj}, U. Slates, i." l+k
i-nviv |ii„„Mv
iplt'H \\\ till' I'liiil,,;,
•iiliiilitiiH li;i\i' 11, 1 .
' \Nf t*\\t\\\, iihilii li, r
Imh.
I liinn« wriH no nn.p,
|)iiiiii Smilli, III liii;
VfW ivllllnlril. 'I'll,,
in !l nill llrlWrrll |h„
iiilniii Aiicidir/, .S'nii/),
•liiilnil lit .liiiiiiMiiwji
tt|i('n a liMilc ihiniii
iimu', lull WHS ;ii ||„.
iMM'it liiiii. mill \\||||.
I'tiyfi' p'^imi'lii M,(-:iu
Ml, Hill (.niiily niiii'ins
iii^r, lliMl till' l',ii:'li,||
III' llirri' ullI llll'll |,y
US i-iiini' to siir|iris'
I Kill iirr if liny Inin
>MI|IH'II mill rlltllllrll.
|if('Mi'Mlly lliry Win:
ki'd Milt III' llir \vniiil<^
I'Mlli'H, till'ir lliiilir- ;i||
r'Tiii":. 'riirir IniiliT
III itttri'sloilllr III hir
her liarki', ii Imw m\
'il, mill Miiiilliir II rliili,
in> Willi llii'ir M'liniill
I iTyt's, nisliim; truiii
I', siii(:iii)i mill ilmiiiii'.'
inrci'iiall |itissiniis, ;iiii|
lean' nil lumi'i' in \\m
\\)vr II sliiiri 111111',
li'n> llicy wt-rc iiiore
1^ nluiiit lliiMii, iniKt
?'" Wlu'ii l'ir\ liiiil
ictiials till'ir fiMiniry
tli(< nuiiitry, "ith :m
'laiirlidly iicciilinl at
r\ si'voi'i' \vi'!\iliir,liy
TS. Ill lilt' lli'll' "''II'
icditioii, Mr. .7/i/li'iii'|
'</,* ami i-i^'iil "IIk'i-^.
new wlial liail lii'i'miii'
'rim vi'i-y llll'll "II
;or, ill t'asi> lit' snit liir
flit tilt' tailiin- 111' lliis
ic catasti-diilii'. Nil"!'
itrd ff'alfn), will' «;i<
1*owhalivi was viiy
is llll'll. Ni'VTVliii'W''.
Irrc 111' i'tiiiinl liiiii^'ll'
than lie lin'l VH I""'"'
r iiiliMitioii "l" iIh' "''f-
1,1 tl It'll iliri'fti'il iImw
luul gone ; so, by tins
town, e: AiiR., lf'07' s«
*i*
ri!
S-
'■' ■ ''J"
m
4'
i
»:
I
^;
i
N
.\
-/
^ ->
Mi
Ni
^H
• N
H
4 Ka
■
i,^m
^ 4^
fli
1
ri
i^J
/
Jmvliiiliiii /',/
"'inyrfi',/ ,,,
^,^
r ^/)
til ' ' '/) ^ /> /" ^ ^ / v-* •
lllfthi.:s HIS y\i'ui'r/ii/ f/i'/tt/ ///'/• /n ////■ nni//i/y ^/fiurc
VJnwiiiildii l',n>iifrt>iir fi/ ~ lffinn>ni/'.> r^iinnrl: n/x vii'fti ii i ff
(ciivi'r/i'if iiiiif hiiH i' I I'll ni f/n' ( /f rh\fl tni fii// ' , I'n,/
■~w>/r /,' f/,r
//x
'Wi I-
':'/'/' J^si''/^'-
i' 1
WK^fBI^^Vj^^H
1
H
mi?
HI^^K'''^^
1
tS M
§J
k-O-'i,
■ •! : ■••■iv
, »'■
k
Chap. II
H iiiier
We- n
iliat wen
Spilmnn,
.•iicli
ri'diict'd,
ilii'ir mil
or jireser
auiiiisl^i
iliat wild
from alio
lile, in til'
of liorses
tleail, was
a wretciK
ciinriiiity
II was
men, wiio
!lie yrar 1
Indians, 1j
IVom ]
iwuatJa
in (.'ajitaii
tlieiii injiii
1* ilipy sli
lain .-irs^al
was Jupazi
Oiptaiii Si
n> lin'e
jiat siie rei
llie ti-eqiic
.hal was
ffkn iie k
•MS had
wliellicr it
Iwo ; but I
•h(il. Ai
eiiiii'cd the
bids. It\
Tiif eajitai
sill slioiild
ii iiiav to oj
Kiiinvlnjr t
Li'Wii iinlei
Wli sniiic ]
I soon dissif)a
llip ?iiii-roo
\imnn
it'mu'd 11101
I anil after re
I "illi liis pea
reason wliy
The (ii-st ,«
jfiaiisfhter, an
|l*'«|||<' Imd, 1
hews tlirew
jfoiirse to tai(
' Keith'
Chap. II] rOCAHONTAS— BETRAYED TO THE ENGLISH.
17
meaiiH, liR e8cai)€(l, and got safe to Smith at Pamunkey, This was in the
winter of 1009.
W'c next hear of her saving the life of Henry Spilman, who was one of 31
-liat went to trade, upon tlie confidence of Pownatan, but who wen; all, except
,sm7Hmn, killed by his peoi)le.
fiiicii wiis the wretched state to which tlie colony of Virgitiia wa.« now
mluct'ii, that scarce a parallel in the annals of the world can be I'ound. No
Mioiur liad Smith left the country, but ail was in confusion. Oiiicers spent
tlicir iliiie in riotings, while the men seem to have taken no means for defence
or preservation ; so that the Indians made constant spoil upon their domusiic
auiiiials, and whatever else had been provided r their support. Insomuch,
tjiatwlien Captain Smith had been- gone six .,ionths, th colony was reduced
fn)iii al)ove 500 to about 60 persons. Herbs and roots were eaten to sustain
life, iu the early part of their distresses ; but as the famine increased, the skins
(if iiorses were eagerly devoured, and an Indian, who had been some time
jeail was disinterred and eaten by these miserable creatures. In one instance,
a wretched man killed liis own wife, and preserved the body by salt, which
enormity was not discovered until it had been chiefly devoured.*
Il was during this season of horror that Captain Ratdiff went out with 30
men, who wore trepanned as we have related. This was in the begii\ning of
;iie vear IGIO. Spilman lived many years afterwards among the Patowamuck
luiliiuiH, by the care of PocaJiontas. \
Kroiii l(i09, the time Smith left the country, until IGll, Pocalwntas was not
iwii at Jamestown. In the latter year, she was treacherously taken prisoner
iiv ('a|itaiii Jlrfi;al, and kept by the English to prevent Powhatan from doing
ilieiu injury, awJ to extort a great ransom from iiim, and such terms of jjcace
xi ilipy should dictate. At the time she was betrayed into the hands of Cap-
laiii JriralyShe was in the neighborhood of the chief of Potomack, whose name
vsi hpazaws, a particular friend of Lhe English, and an old acquaintance of
Captain Smith. Whether she had taken up her residence here, or whether she
was here only upon a visit, we are not informed. But some have conjectured,
jiat she retired here soon after Smith''s departure, that she might not witness
die frequent murders cf the ill-governed English, at Jamestown. Ca|)tain
,iml was in the Potomack River, for the pur[)ose of trade, with his ship,
whin he learned that Pocahontas was in the neighborhood. Whether Japa-
•Mcs iiad acquired his treachery from his i'.itercourse with the English, or
wiiether it were natural to his disposition, we will not undertake to decide
jiiro; but certain it is, that he was ready to practise it, at the instigation of
,hal. And for a copper kettle for himself, and a few toys for his squaw, he
fiiiicid the innocent girl on board ArgaTs sliip, and betrayed her into his
liiiids. It was eflfected, however, without comimksion, by the aid of his s(|uaw.
Til" eaptain had previously promised that no iun-t should befall her, and that
i\v should be treated with all tenderness. This circumstance should go a.s far as
iiiiiav to excuse Japnzaws. The pJot to get her on board was well contrived.
Knowing that she had no curiosity to see a shij), having before seen niaiiy,
hpa-jiwa'' wife pretended a great anxiety to see one, but would not go on
feird unless PocaJiontas would accompany her. To this she consented, but
"illisoine hesitation. The attention with which they were received on board
I soon (lis.sif)ated all feai-s, and Pocahontas soon strayed from h(>r betrayers into
tlie fruii-roorn. The captain, watching his o|)portunity, told her she was a
prisoner. When her confinement was known to Japazaws and his wife, they
I'eijued more lamentation than she did, to keep her in ignorance of th(; plot;
Uiii!, after receiving the price of their perfidy, were sent ashore, and Jlrs;al,
hitb his pearl of great price, sailed for Jamestown. On being informed of the
[reason why she was thus captivated, her grief, by degrees, subsided.
The fii-st step of the English was to inform Powhatan of the captivity of his
laiijrhter, and to demand of him their men, guns and tools, which he and his
|peo|il(' Imd, from time to time, taken and stolen fro a them. This unexpected
Itews tlirew the old, stern, calculating chief into a great dilemn a, and what
jtoiirsp to take lie knew not ; and it was three months before he returned any
Keiih'i Hist. Virginia, 121.
t SlUh, Hist. Virginia, IIG.
ml
18
POCAHONTAS —MARRIES AN ENGLISHMAN.
I
:
[Book IV,
answer. At the end of this time, by the advice of his council, he sent bank
seven Enghshincn, witli each u gun wliich iiad been spoiled, and thiy answii-.
that when they should return his daughter, he would make full siitisfartion
and give them 500 bushels of corn, and be their friend forever; that Ik imj
no more guns to return, the rest being lost. They sent him word, that tlin-
would not restore her, until he had complied with their demand ; and that ■'
for the guns, they did not believe they were lost. Seeing the deterniination'of
the English, or his inability to satisfy them, was, we apprehend, why tljey
" heard no more from liim for a long time at\er." ^
In the spring of the year 1G13, Sir Thomas Dale took Pocahontas, and wpnf
with a ship, up Poivhatan's River to VVerowocomoco, the residence of in,!
father, in hopes to eftect an rxchange, and bring about a jieace. Powhdm
was not at home, and they met with nothing but bravadoes, and a (lisposiiinn
to fight from all the Indians they saw. After burning many of their ijaliita.
tions, and giving out threats, some of the Indians came and made peace, as thi'v
called it, which o|)ened the way for two of Pocahontas's brothers to come on
board the ship. Their joy at seeing their sister may be imagined.
A particular friendship had some time existed between Pocahontas mt]^
worthy yoimg Englishman, by the name of John Rolfe ; which, at |pii(r||I
growing into a sincere attachment, and being mutual between them, he m^ni,!
known his desire to take her for his companion. This being higlily apijiovnl
of by Sir Thjomas Dale, and other gentlemen of high standing and autlidiitv, a
consummation was soon agreed upon. Acquainting her brother with Inr
determination, it soon came to the knowledge of her father also ; who, as
highly approving of it as the English, immediately sent Opachisco, her iiiicje,
and two of his sons, to witness the performance, and to act as iier scrvanis
upon the occasion ; and, in the beginning of April, 1613, the niarria:,"' \\;i<
solemnized according to appointment. Poivliatan was now tlicir liiciid in
reality ; and a friendly intercourse commeii-ed, which was, without inudi
interruption, continued until his death.
Pocahontas lived happily with her husband, and became a believer in ik
English religion, and expressed no desire to live again among tiios(> of Jur
own nation. When Sir Thomas Dale returned to England, in IGKi, Pocnlm-
tas accompanied him, with her husband, and several other young iiativp>,
They arrived at Plimouth on the 12th of June of that year. ' She inct wiili
much attention in that country, being taken to court by the Lord ami i,aily
Delaware, and others of distinction. She was, at this time, called the Lady
Rebecca. Her meeting with Ca])tain Smith was affecting ; more esjiecialiv as
she thought herself, and very justly, no doubt, too slightly noticed hy liim,
which caused her much grief. Owing to the barbarous nonsense of the time*,
Smith did not wish lier to call him father, being afraid of giving offliico to
royalty, by assuming to be the father of a king's daughter. Yet he did lut
intend any cause of offence, and did all in his power to make her happy, At
their fii-st interview, after remaining silent some time, she said toliiin, 'Iw
promised my father, that tvhat ivas yours should be his ; and that you ami he imti
be all one. Being a stranger in our country, you called Powhatan/a/Aer; anil,
for the same reason, mil now call you so. You were not afraid to come into m
father's country, anil strike fear into every body but myself; and are you hen nfrml
to lot me call you father ? / tell you, then, I toill call you father, and you shall (4
me child ; and so I will forever he of your kindred and country. They alwrnisM
us that you were dead, and I knew not otherwise, till I came to Plimouth. Biil
Powhatan commanded Tomocomo to seek you out, and know the truth, kcmt
your countrifm^n are much given to bfing."
The useful and worthy young Pocahontas, being about to embark for licr
native country, in the beginning of the year 1617, fell sick at Gravesemi, and
died ; having attained only the age of 22 yenre. She left one son, whose ii'iine
was Thomas Rolfe, very young ; and whom Sir Lewis Stevkly,* of Piiinonili,
* " As to the infamous Sir Leiris Stucleij, who liad betrayed Ralegli. lie was taken sooii i
after [Ralegh was beheaded] in Wliiteliall, rlipping the very gold wliicli was the produced:
his infamy, and tried and condemned for it; andhnving stripped himself to ids sliirl lo raise
money to purchase his pardon, ho banished himself to the Island of S'.nidy, where ho ileii.
both mad and a bepjsrar, ni less than two 3'ears after Sir Walter Rale^li."—PrinK'i\lo\isi\ii\
of Devon, 677. — Harding's Naval biography, i, 330.
[MAN. [Book IV,
;ouncil, he sent buok
lied, ami this uiiswvr;
inke full Kiitistiinion
forever ; that Uv. Imj
him word, that thoy
deniiuid ; and tlmt, ;y
; the determination of
apprehend, why tliey
Pocahontas, and wont,
the residence of lift
t a peace. Powhnlim
does, and a dispositiDii
many of their liuhita.
id made peace, as thi y
's brothers to conii; m
imagined.
veen Pocahontas ml a.
Ife ; which, at IciiL'th,
etween them, lie nmd,.
being highly api)iovo(l
anding and autlniiity.a
her brother with lur
r father also ; wlio, as
it Opachisco, her iir.ile,
to act as her scrvains
1613, the marria^'c \vil<
as now their IriiMiil in
ich was, without niiicli
lecame a beliet'er in the
ftin among tiios(> of her
fland, in IGKi, Pocakn-
il otlier young iiativps,
at year. She niPtwiih
by the Lord ami Lady
i time, called the l.aily
ing ; more esi)eciiil;y as
slightly noticed hy liiiii,
IS nonsense of the time*,
■aid of giving oHVnciMo
ghter. Yet he did m
to make her hai)i)y. At
she said to him, ''Im
ind that you and he iroiiH
Powhatan /atter; anil
}t afraid to come ink nij
f; andareyouhennfrmi
father, and you shall mil
luilry. They alwapkli
■ came to Plimouth. B\tl
id knoto the truth, hmm
d)oiit to enihark for her
I sick at Gravesciid,
eft one son, whnsn iiiiine
IS Steukly,* of Plimouih,
■d Ralesrh. he was lakcn sooii i
-old whicli Nva^ tlic P""'"","' I
e,l himself to his sliirUorai«
mUf P'.mly.wherchoM
CHi'- H]
OPEKANKANOUGH.— SEIZED BY CAPTAIN SMITH.
19
desired to be left with him, that he might direct his education. Bnt, from the
unma"'y P'"''' ^*"*^ gentleman took against the luifortiinate Ralegh, he wa8
Krou"lit itito such merited disrejiute, that he foimd himseW obliged to tiuni all
I is attention to his own [)reservatit»n ; and the son of Pocahontcm was taken to
London, and thcn-c educated by his uncle, Mr. Henry Rolfe. lie afterwards
nine to America, to the native country of his mother, where he became a
j|j,,„an of great distinction, and possessed an ample foitmie. IIo left an only
liuieliter, who married Colonel Robert Boiling, and died, leaving an only son,
Major /o'ftn Boiling, who \t'as the father of Colonel John Boiling, and several
(iaiiiihters ; one ot whom married Colonel Richard Randolph, from whom are
descended the distinguished John Randolph, and those bearing that name in
Virginia, af this day.*
Batloxo thus notices Pocahontas : —
" Blest Pocahontas ! fear no lurkinp guile ;
Thy hero's love sliall well rewanrihy smile.
Ah, soollie the wanderer in his desperate plight,
Hide him by day, and calm his cares by iiigTit j
Tho' savage nations, witli Ihy vengeful sire,
Pursue their victim with unceasing ire —
And llio' their threats ihv starilod ear assail.
Let virtue's voice o'er filial (cars prevail." — Columbiad.
OPEKANKANOUGH has already received our notice. He was a veiy
conspicuous character in his time, and was styled, by the Virginians, King of
die Pamunkies. The dreadfid massacr'>, of which he was author, brings to
niiiul !iis name oftener than almost any other chief of his times.
There seems to be some contradiction, or difference of opinion, with regard
to tlic origin of this- chief. Some of the Indians reported that he came from
tlie west, and was not a brother of Powhatan ; but that story, we judge, is
merely a fable, invented and told by liis enemies, to influence the English
against him, that they might destroy him.
" Opekankanough seems to have borne the name of Mangopeomen in 1621, f a
circumstance unnoticed by tnost historians, and, therefore, we conclude that it
pn'vailed only among his own tribe, and, perhaps, even among them fidl into
disuse soon after.
Opitchapan, called also Oetan, and lastly Sasanopeomen,l was the successor
f)( Powhatan, but he seems never to have been otherwise noted. "The defects
of the new emperor," says Mr. Burk, " were aggravated in the minds of the
Indians, by a comi)arison with the accomplished Opekankanough, who, in the
council and the field, was the most conspicuous warrior amongst the Powha-
lans ; and who, during the lifetime of the late emperor, had procured from the
free trihe of the Chickahominies, the title of their king." The same author
dk Opitchapan a " feble and decrepid " chief, who "was little calculated to
secure respect, or enforce obedience." §
In ir)08, the Indians had become imiver.«ally at variance with the English,
and insulted theiii. whenever they appeared abroad ; knowing their miscritble,
half-stiU'ved condition. Insult followed insult, upon both sides, and, but for
the never-tiring perseverance of Smith, this colony, like tlie first, would have
hccn soon destroyed. The Indians would promise to trade with them, but
when they went to them for that purpose, tho.y only " latighed at their cnlam-
itifs;" sometimes putting jokes upon them, and at others, running away into
the woods.
In this extremity of their ch'cumstances, though in the depth of winter, SmtiA
resolved to make himself master of some of the Indiims' store of provisions, by
some means or other. He, therefore, proceeded to Pamtinkey, the residence
' John Randolph, of Roanoke, dicti in Philndi'lpliia, "2i- May, 183I-. Me had comi! ihere
in vory low health, intending to embark for Europe in a U\w diiys. Having met witli some
per|il(.'xily in procuring lodgnigs on his arrival in Phiindelphia, bcMin lnkiii from the steani-nnat
to 0113 hotel ader another, in a bad hack, in bad weather, he was ipiich orilmoii, and, Innn his
fmjuenl alhisions to it in his sickness, it was supposed to have haiieneil his end. He was
aboui (iO years of age at his death.
t Durk's Va. i. 228. J I^^'d. $ Hisl. Virginia, i. 233.
•^
m
• i' -t'i
t -tm
20
OPEKANKANOUGH.— NEMATTANOW'S DEATH. [Boor IV
of Opekankanoxigh, with 15 men, where he tried -t trade with him for com-
but, not sncceediiif^, he, in a desperate manner, seized upon the ehiif liy i. '
hair, in the midst ot'his men, "with his pistoll readie l)ent ajrainst iiis i)iVuJf
Thus lie led the tremhiing kin^) ncare dead with fear, amongst all liis ii,,*.
pie."* Smith told him that he had attempted to murder liini, whieli \v;i,s|||p
cause of his treating him thun. No one can douot, on reading tlie hisidiy uf
those atFuii-s, that tlie Indians all wished Smith dead, but wlathcr tlifv a|i
wanted to kill him, is not quite so plain.
One great end of Smithes design was now answered ; for Opel(ankaninH\
peoj)le came in loaded with presents to ransom their chief, until his \i^,.^i^^
were completely filled. News being brought of u disaster at Janicsiowit u
was set at liberty. '
Nemattanow, a renowned warrior, we have to introduce here, us wrll fin
account of his supposed agency in bringing about the great massacre ot'ino)
ns for th(! object of exhibiting a trait v.i character equally to be adMiiicd and
lamented. We arc not certain that he belonged to the people oi" Opehmka-
nou^h, but it is storied that a jealousy existed between them, and that the cliji.f
had infortned Sir George Yeardlcy that he wished JVemattanow^s tliroiit wire
cut, some time beibrc the massacre took place, to which wc have iiiliii|i.,|
However, Opekankanough denied it allerwirds, and affected great indiiriiinioij
at his nnn-der, and the Indians said the maasucre was begun by him, tonnini'e
JVemattnnoiv's death. But our jtresjait object is to portray the clianuti r of
JVemaltanow, who was both eccentric and vain, and " who was wont, out of
bravery and parade, to dress himself up, in a strange, antic, and iMuiiaiic
fashion, with feathers, which, therefore, obtained liim the name oi' Jack-of-lk-
feather." lie was even more popular among his countryien than Opekunka-
nough, which, doubtless, was the ground of that chief's jealousy ; espcciallv
as lie was one of the greatest war-captains of his times. He had l)ci n in
many fights and encounters with the English, always ex[)osing hinisclf to the
greatest danger, and yet was never wounded in any of them. This ciniiiii.
stance caused till Indians to believe in his invulnerability, and Ik iice he wu
by them considered superhuman. Only about 14 days before the iimssacre
Jack-of-tlie-feather went to the house of one Morgan, where he saw niaiiy^iich
articles exhibited as were calculated to excite admiration in such |)(n|iie.
Jack, pei'haps, had not the means to purchase, but, it seems, he wasrcMlved
some how or other, to possess them. He, therefore, told Morgan, that it' In;
would take his commodities to Pamunkey, the Indians would give him ii i;nut
price for them. Not in the least mistrusting the design of vYtjnatoioit, ilio
sim])le Englishman set out for Pamunkey, in company with this Indiiin.
This was the last the English heard of Morgan. However, strange as it mav
seem, Jack^s ill-directing fate sent him to the same ])lace again, and, wliat was
still more strange, be had the cap of the nmrdered Morgan u()on his licad,
Morgan'','! servants asked him where their master was, who very dcliliomtcly
answered, that he was dead. This satisfied them that he had miu-(l( red hiiii.
They, therefore, seized him, in order to take him before a nuigistniii! at
Berkeley; but he made a good deal of resistance, which caused oiu; of his
captors to shoot him down. The singular part of the tragedy is y< t lo h
related. Though mortally wounded, JVemattanow was not killed oiitri},'ht, and
his captors, which were two stout young men, got him into a boat to jMniml
to Mr. Tliorj)''s, the magistrate. As they were going, tlie warrior becainc siiis-
fied that be mi's'. die, and, with the most extraordinary earnestness, hcsoiiiiht
that two things might be granted him. One was, that it should never hi' told
to bis countrymen that he was killed by a bullet ; and the other, that he siioidd
be bmied among the English, so that it shouhi never be discovered tlint lie
had died, or was subject to death like other men. Such was thepridiMUid
vanity exliibit'd by an Indian at his death. The following inference, tlicre-
fore, is naturally to be drawn ; that a dtjsire to be renowned, and held in
veneration by posterity, is not confined to the civilized and learned of any age
or nation.
* Pcih.ips die New lliiyhiiiilcrs followed Smilli's cxamplo, afterwards, in the case of .l/e.(-
attder, A'iriigrel, and oliit>rs.
lATH. [Book IV.
with him for com'
01) the chii'f l)y l,ig
t, iifrainst liis hiVust,
iiiongst all Ills pco.
Iiiiii, which WiiMlie
idiiiff tht! histoiv of
lit wlietlier liny a\\
'or Opekankan'mtrJi'it
liicf, until his lioats
er ut Juiucsiowii, ho
luce here, as well on
sat niassaciT ot'lil-H,
y to ho ailinircd (inj
people of Opdimkn-
ni, and that tlicrliirf
dtanow^s throat were
L'h wc have uiliulcd,
ted great iiurijinuiioii
in by liini, to rcvcuije
ray the characUr of
.■ho was wont, out of
, antic, and l)arl)iuic
3 name of Jmk-of-lk-
f'wn than Opdanka-
i jealousy ; t'sijccially
es. He had liciu in
posing himself to ike
them. This oiiTiim.
,ty, and ht'iice lie wiis
liefore the niiissacrc,
iVG lie saw many jiich
tioii in such i)in|iie.
cms, he was rcsuhed,
Id Mors;an, that if he
'ould give liiiii a l'ii al
n of jYimaUanoto, the
ny with this hiiliim.
ver, strange as it niiiy
again, and, wlmt was
rgan u()oii his head.
who very delilicri.tcly
10 had imirdcix'd him,
fore a nuigii-tniti: at
li caused one ol' his
tragcidy is yet tote
ot killed outriglit, ami
into a boiit to yrwwi
warrior became sitis-
earnestness, hesousln
should never he told
_ other, thatheslioukl
|be discovered tliat lie
_h was the pride and
,ving inference, tliere-
nowned, and lieM in
nd learned of any age
lards, ill the case of .to-
CHAP. 11] OPEKANKANOUG II.— SECOND GREAT MASSACRE.
21
ifi'
Meanwhile, Opekankanovfch, the biitter to inm^ase the ragn of his warriors,
lirted great grief at .Ve/H«//«»ofi''s death, which had the etlect he intiiuded ;
uwiii", especially, to the tavor in which that warrior had stooil among the '
Indians. Bi't th^i i^nghsh wt-re satisfied that this was only pretimce, as wo
liive iicfoie observed ; btscause they were informed of his trying to engage
Willie of l''** I'L'iflhbors against them, and otherwise acted suspiciously, some
liMic before J^'cmattanoio's death ; oi' the justice of which, however, the Kiig-
li li tried arguments at first, and threats aflerward.s, to convince them. Wy
^\- dissimulation, Opekankanough completely deceived them, and, just before
till' iiK^sacrc, treaieu a messenger that was sent to liim, with niiieb Uindness
■aid civility ; and assured him that tht; peace, which had becui some time
i)ifore concluded, was held so firm by hiin, that the sky should lall sooner
lliaii it should be violated on his part. And such was the concert and secrecy
ijiKin" all the Indians, that, only two days before the fatal 22 March, some
kiiidlv conducted the English through the woods, and sent one of their youth
m five with the English, and learn their language. Moreover, on the morn-
iiis; uf tiiat very day, they came unarmed among them, and traded as usual,
jiidcven sat down to breakfast with their ' ii tims, in several instances. Never,
,|, rhaps, was a massacre so well contrii -a and conducted, to ensure success,
ajwas this of Opekanknnoufi;h. The English were lulled into a fatal security,
and even unknowingly assisted the Indians in their design; lending them
iliiir iioats to communicate with distant tribes, and furnishing thein with
vaiiuiis uiensils, which were converted at once into weapons of death.
Tht! 22 March, 1022, having come, and the appointed hour of that ir:om-
oraiile day arrived, with a simiiltaneousness unparalleled on any former occa-
(iuii, tlie Indians rose from their ambushes, and, with the swiftness of the
liw, appeared, in a moment, amidst the English settlements. Age, sex, nor
condition, shielded no one ; their greatest benefactors were among their fii-st
victims. Tlius, in the space of about one hour, fell three hundred and fortij-
kxm men, women, and children. 13y this h-jrrifi calamity, out of 80 planta-
lioiiH, six only were left unhijiircd. And these were saved by the timely
iiifonuatiou of a Christian Indian called Chanco.
Tlic ensuing summer was spent, by the surviving English, in strengthening
tlicniselves against further attacks, and preparations for taking vengeance on
ihe Indians; wholly neglecting all improvements, works of utility, and even
ilieir planting. Eveiy thing was lost sight of in their beloved project of
rerengc; and the English, in their turn, showed themselves more treaclierou.j,
if not more barbarous, than their enemy. For, under pretence of niaking
pace again with them, they fell upon them at unawares, and murdered many
iviiiioiit mercy. This crime was vastly aggravated, in that, to induce the
Indians to come forward and make peace, the English had not only solemnly
■ii>\mA them forgiveness, but likewise security and safety in their persons.
It was, for some time, supposed that Opcknnkanough was among the slain,
hit. if Mr. Beverly was not misinformed, the same sachem, 22 years after-
wards, executed a sjtill greater massacre upon the English, as, in the next
jiliu'e, we shall relate.
How long Opekankanough had been secretly plotting to cut off the intruderfi
nf liis soil cannot be known ; but, in 1G44, all the Indians, over a spaci; of
foiiiitry of GOO miles in extent, were leagued in the enterprise. The old chief
at this time, was supposed to be near 100 years of age, and, though unable to
ivalk, would be present in the execution of his beloved i)roject. It was upon
;lie 18 April, when Opekankanoitgh, borne in a litter, led his warriors Ibr-
ivai'd, and commenced the bloody work. Th(!y began at the frontiers, witii a
(k'ti'i'mination to slay all before them, to the sea. After continuing the mas-
sacre two days, in which time about 500* pei*sons were nmrdered. Sir William
BerWfiy, at the head of an armed force, checked their progress. The destruc-
tion of the inhabitants was the greatest upon York and Painunkey Rivers,
where Opekankanough connnanded in person. The Indians now, in their
lurii, were driven to great extremity, and their old chief was taken jjrisoner,
* This is the numlmr {renerally set down in the liistories, but tbe probably just scrutiny "'"
Mr, Uancrofi, Hist. U. S. i. 221, causetl him to fix upon llie number JOO.
•li:' .
- 1 IJJT-'
39
DEATH OF OPEKANKANOUGH.~rOTOPOTOMOI, [Book IV
nnd carried in triiim[)h to Juiiief-towii. I low long aflcr tin; inaHsncii' thi^
Ijapponud, wo are not inforinod ; but it is said tiiat tho lati^'iics Ik? Imd |,p,,
•viousiy undergone liad wasted away liis Hesii, and destroyed llio elusti(iiv,ii'
liis muscles to tliat degree, that lie wiis !io longer aljje to vnise tlic uv- lids
from his eyes ; and it was in this forlorn condition, that he IJ'II into the Jiiimi^
of his enemi(!S, A soldier, who had l)een appointed to guard lii.ii, ljuiiiiii„u«|v
fired upon liiin, and inflicted a mortal wound, lie was supposed to 1,^;
been j)rompted to the bloody deed, from a recollection of the old (lii,.,-,
agency in the massacre. Just before he expired, hearing a great t.ii>i|,. imj
crowd about bin), be ordered an attendant to lift up bis eyelids ; \,lien li>
discovered a multitude pressing around, to gratify the untimely curiositv v\
beholding a dying sachem. Uiidaunted in death, and roused, as it wcii', ir,,,,^
sleep, at the conduct of the confused multitude, be deigned not to olisii>,!
them ; but, raising himself from the grouuil, with tlie expiring hiiutl, „i
authority, conuuanded that the governor should be calleil to hini. WImh i;,,
governor came, Opekankanougk said, witb indignation, ^^ Had it oan mij f„r.
tune to have taken Sir Wm. Berkeley prisoner, I ivould not vieanlii Imt
exposed him as a sliow to my people ; " * and soon after expired.
It is said, and we have no reason to doubt the fact, that it was cviiiw to ly
encroachments upoa bis lands, tiiat caused Opekankunovf^h to deterniiHu u|iiiii
a rnaysacre of the whites. These intrusions were, nevertheless, coiilbniialiie
to the grants of the proprietors, lie could hardly have expected eiitiii' cui,.
quest, as bis people bad already begun to waste away, and English vi||iij;,.s
were springing up over an extent of country of more than 500 niilps, v iiji n
populousness beyond any preceding example ; still, be was di terniined u|]()ii
the vast undertaking, and sacrificed himself witb as much /(o.;or, it will, |,i;r.
haps, be acknowledged, as did Leonidas at Tbermopylse.
Sir Williani Berkeley intended to have sent him, as a present, to the kliii;
>f England ; but assassination deprived bim of the wretched satisfaction, and
fauved the chief from the mortification, f
None of the Virginia bistorians seem to have been informed of tlio tnie
date of this lost war of Opekankanougk; the ancient records of Virginia, sii\s
Mr. Burk, are silent even upon u'o events of it, (an extraordinary oinissiuii.)
Mr. Beverly thinks it began in 1G39, uad, although Mr. Burk is satisfied that it
took place after 1641, yet be relates it under the date 1640. And we arc not
certain that the real date would ever have been fixed, but for the inestimable
treasury of New England bistoiy, Winthrop's Journal. X
That it took place subsequent to 1641, Mr. Burk assures ns, upon the evi-
dence of the MS. records ; for they relate that, m 1640, one John Burton had
been convicted of the murder of an Indian, and that bis puuishinenl wa.s
remitted, "at the intercession of Opekankanougk, and his great men." And
that, in the end of the year 1641, Tlwinas Rolfe, the son of" Pocalionlas, peti-
tioned the governor for permission to visit bis kinsman, Opekinkanough, and
Cleopatre, the sister of his mother. That, therefore, these events haiiptucd
previous to the war, and death of Opekankanougk. §
NicKOTAWANCE succccdcd Opekunkonougk, as a tributary to the Engli4
In 1648, he came to Jamestown, witli five other chiefs, and brought 20 beaver
skins to be sent to King Charles. He made a long oration, which lie con-
cluded with the protestation, "that the sun and moon should first loose tliiir
glorious lights, and shining, before he, or bis people, should ever more lure-
after wrong the English."
ToToi'OTOMOi probably succeeded JVickotawance, as be w;;3 king of Pa-
munkey in 1656. In that year, a large body of sirange Indians, called
Rechakecrians, came down from the inland mountainous country', and forcibly
* Bererlij, Hist. Virg. 51. t See British Empire in America, i. 240, 1.
i Whetlier it be preserved in Ilening's Statutes, I have not learned, but presumed it,l'roin
the inference of Bancrofl.
% Like rriost of the early writers, th' author of A New Description of Virginia, {i CoW.
Mais. Hist. Soc. ix. Hl^ speaks of the Indians in terms dictated by indiunation. "Their
great king," he says, " Opcrliankenowj that bloody monster upon a hundred years old. was
taken by Sir Wiliiam Berkely." Thi.s tract was published u) 1G59, but no date is given lo
the massacre.
UMOI. [Book IV,
' the mossacri! tliu
iti-,'UCH li(! liu,| |,r,,.
md tin; elusticiiy i,\'
tl) Vuiso tlic i'yi.|i,|^
e iM! iiitt) the iiami^
nl him, Ijuilianmvlv
i 8uppos(!il to Lav",,
: of the <il(l cliiffj
; a great l;iistl,. unj
s eyelids ; \shvn li,^
lutiinely ciiKKj.r'ny i.;
tied, as it were, iVim,
^ncd not ti> oiisniv.
e\|)ii-iiii,' hivaili i,i
i to him. Wiiciitlie
■Had it Jco! mij f„r-
lid not jiieanii/' Imu
)ircd.
.t it was ov;;iiji! to the,
rh to deteniiiUi; upuii
rtlieless, coiitbniiiilii«
expected witiri' cdh.
and English villii;;(.'s
han 500 niih^s, with a
(vas diterinined u|Miii
ich ho::or, it will, piT-
presont, *q the kiiis!
ched satisfaction, and
informed of tlic true
;ords of Virginia, says
traordinary oinissiun.)
urk is satisfied that it
640. And \vc arc not
jut for the inestiinuhlc
iures ns, upon tlie ovi-
ne John Burlon M
lis ptuiishmc'iit was
lis great men." And
of Pocahontas, \m-
Opektnhanough, and
se events happenal
utary to the Englisii.
ind brought 20 bravir
ation, -which lie con-
lould first Icose tlieir
ouhi ever morehore-
lie Wiis king of Pa-
range Indians, called
country, and forcihiy
CflAf. ni.] THE CREEK NATION.— ORIGIN OF THE N>ME.
38
ire in America, i. 240, 1.
■ned, but [jrcsumed ii, ttom
iption of Virginia, (2 roll.
I by in(li:;nation. "ln«
a hundred years old. was
59, but nodaieiscivcuio
pofi
Kigefscd thflmselvfs of tho country about ♦ho falls of James River, The
lejifilatnre of Virginia Avns in seH,si()n, when the news of tlieir coming was
fffiivcd. Wliat caiifo the F'^nglish had to send out an army against them,
our Hcant/ records do not satL^fnctorily show;* lint, at all events, they
jctcrniincil U once to dispossess them. To that end, an army of about 100
iiieii was rai.sed, and put under t'le direrlion of Colonel Eilwnril Hill, who
«as joined by Totopotomoi, w'ah I. J of his wnrrioi-s. They did not find the
Recimliecrians unprepared, but of the particulars of the meeting of the ad-
verse imilit;s wo are not informed. The event, however, was, to the allies,
i,io<t disastrous. Totopotomoi, with tho most of his men, was slain, and the
Endisii suffered a total defeat, owing, it is said, to the criminal management
ot' Colonel Hill. This officer I 'st his commission, and his property was
taken to defray tho losses sustained by the country. A peace seems to have
Ijeeii concluded with the Indians soon afler.
9ii0e
CHAPTER III.
OflUc Creek Indians — Miiskogccs — Prohihit the use of ardent spirits — Tlieir rise and
{mortanrc — Their orirrin — (Jntawbns — Chikasnus — Chcrokecs — Amodcofflattcnins
tkir hcnds — Complfrioii lighter than, other Indians — Seniinoles — Ruins at Oak-
ml"'e Fields — Expedition of Soto — Kills ^000 Indians — Laudonnicre — Gonrges'
(ipr' 'ion — Grijalra — Moytoy made emperor of the Cherokees — Sir Jllerandcr
humming — His travels among the Cherokees — Seven chiefs accompany him to Eng-
innd—MakuUakiUla — Skijaoustah — His speech to the king — His death.
h the preceding chapters of this book, much lias been naiTated of the
foiitlii'iii nations in general ; and, in ])articular, of many prominent indi-
viduals 1111(1 events. It is designed, in the jtresent chapter, to sjieak more
partiiMihiily upon the events of the great nation of Creek Indians.
It will he ])ro|ier, ill ilie first jilace, to give some general account of the
nation, whose men of eminence have been, and are to be, noticed ; for there
arc some facts that will not nereasarily fall in otherwise ; but, in such di-
src.'^.^ion, if so it should lie termed, our chief axiom is not overtimied, which
Rthat to write the history of the men of a countiy, is to write the history
oiMirh rouiitry. The reader, however, should be reminded, that a general
i^^i ton of a people at one ])oriod, will not exactly apply to them at another.
This oiwrvation is not only true with regard to their jiolitical and civil liis-
inry, liiit also in regard to the manners tind customs of the same nations:
ih'fc liicts arc true, both as they regard people called civilized, as well as
ilio.*o called savage. Hence, dcseri]>tions of tribes or nations by one observer,
at one time, differ from those of another at a different period ; and yet both
may ho true hi the main particidars. Stiuhnts, therefore, not aware of this
faci, inayhe disposed to discredit writers for such disagreements, which, in
fart, are altogether innginary. But it is time to commence upon the imme-
diate iuisiness of the present cha|)ter.
Tiie Creek Indians take their name from that of the country in which they
iivc; that is, the English fjave them die name of Creeks, because their
fonntiy is full of creeks.
' Ry ihc followiiiif prcnnililp and rosnive ot the legislaluro, all we possess, toiioliina; lliis
mllfr. is In be a;athorp(l : — ■' Wlierrns informnlioii linlli hern received, tlint many western or
inl.iiid Indians pre drawn from llie mountains, and lately set down near the falls of .lames
liiior. to tho nninbcr of G or 700, wlierehy, upon many several considerations beinjr had, it is
comivod great danger iniffht ensue to tiiis rolony. This assemlily, therefore, do think lit
and rc<olvc, liiat these nesv come Indians be in no sort sufl'ered to seat their eives there, or
anyplace near us, it havini;; eost so much blood to expel and extirpate those perfidious and
trparlierouii Indians, wliicli were there formerly. It bein"- so a|)t a plare to invade us, and
*iilmi ilic limits, wiiich, in a just war, were formerlv eonquered bv us, and by us reserved, at
ite conclusion of peace, with the Indians." liurk,'ll\il. Virginia", ii. 103.
'm>mi
i I-
*1
^^ r%.
84 CREEK LANGUAGE.— CTIEl'OKEE INVENTION. [Book IV
The iintion of most iinpoi-tnncn niiionf? the Creeks was, m 1775 tlio
Muskof,'ceH. Tliat community, <•»• iiution, like tin. lro(iiioiH, wuh more ]i'(,|j,jp
tlmii tluir iieiglilioi-s, ami vastly increased tiieir strengtii and importaiife \n
enc()ina<,Mnf^ small declining tribes to incorporate iiu;mselves with tiiciii. \i
one tiiiic, anutl (\r njost wi-se resolution was ado|)tcd among them, whi('||,u||f„,,
all others, should b's mentioned ; that was a ])rohibitii)n of the ini|)ortati()n of;.]]
kinds of ardent si)iritH into their country. How long this resolution wm nmii,.
tained, or at whut jteriod, cannot, at this time, be stated. It was very |ir(il)ali!v
ut tlu! period of their greatest prosperity, which was just before the brcikihi'
out of th(! revolutionary war. The JVIuskogees had another excellent roj,'ulutiiiii"
namely, the men assisted their v/omen in their planting before Hettiii},' out nii
their warlike and other expeditions. This was called the Creek naiidn
which, in wiiat was called its best days, about 178G, contained 17,000 souls ••'
but they were reckoned, in 1829, at 'iO,000. '
Some have, latterly, given the name of Creeks only to a part of the natidn;
of which we have begun to treat; but it is here intended to inchuh; nndcrtliai
head, all the tribes between the Savannah on the east, the Missifssippi o^ ii,,,
west, and the country bordering on the Ohio on the noith.
The following is a specimen of their hingnage, which will answer tolcmlih
well as a specimen of all the southern languages, from Carolina to ilii;
Mississippi : —
Jsti tsukhvlhpi laksakat Tshihofv inhomitsi tomis ; momais fvtsv opimalio.
yan im afvlski tomis. f In English, Lying lips are a7i abomination to the Lord;
but they that deal truly are his delight.
The following is Choktau reckoning: Aclivfa, 1, Tuklo, 2, Tin liiim, :]_
Ushta, 4, Tahlapi, 5, Ilanali, C, Untuklo, 7, Untuchina, 8, Chakali, !), Pokoii, lO.
Hy jH-efixing auh to the names of the digits, they arrive ai 20; tiieii, l»\ jn-e.
fixing Pokoli (10) to the series of digits, they arrive at 30, and so on.f
The Cherokees have now a written language, and, befoie the late trnulil,^
with Georgia, were making good advancement in all the useful aiis. ik^
of the most remarkable discoveries of modern times has been made liv a
Cherokee Indian, named George Guess, lli.s invention was that of a sylliibic
al|)habet of the language of his nation, which he applied to writiiij; v.iih
imparalU'led success. Yonng Cherokees learned by it to write letters to tluir
friends in three days' time; and although die inventor used a part of tlie
English alphabet in making up his own, y(;t he was acquainted with riontliir
language but the Cherokee. This invention was breughc to maturity in Wi.
Two years after, a newspaper, called the Cherokee PnreNiy, was estaWisId
in the Cherokee notion, printed chiefly in Cherokee, with an J^n^diLJi tr,in.4
tion. § Being considered an independent nation, they institutod a i'uiiii of
government similar to that of the United States.
It was some time after the Natchez massacred the French, that the principal
nation of Creeks, the ftluskogees, began to rise into in'-^ortance. For a time
after that memorable event, the country of the Natclu-z was desolate; lim
when some years had ela])sed, a tribe seated thcmselvc: there, and it i)iTiuue
the seat of a jiowerful nation ; and this was the Rluskogees. Tiiat na:ion,
like the ancient Romans, had, in about 30 years, extended their dominions
over a lertile country near 200 miles square ; had 3500 bow-men, and 50 con-
siderable tov.ms. They had dominion also over one town of the Shawniic*
Their chief places were upon the branches of the Alabama and the Apalaclii-
cola rivere ; the people upon the latter being called the loiver Creeks. Tliii
as well as the other nations whom we call Creeks, are generally supposed to
have originally come from the south or south-west; but the Indians tliPiii-
selves believe, or pretend to believe, that they came from the east, or place of
the sun's rising; concerning which opinion we may observe once for all, ilia!
it most probably had the same origin among all ignorant people, wliicli arcse
from no other than a desire that othei-s should tliink them descended fromtlit
* ]'. ■;■, common to reckon a third warriors.
t 'I'liis specimen I take from a lillle volume, called the " Muskogee (Creek) Assisimt.''
published in Roston, 1835, by the Am. Board of Com. for Foreign Missions.
i Choktau Arithmetic, printed as above,
j Hist. Missions, ii, 354. — Missionary Herald.
[TION. [Book IV,
) was, in 1775, tli^
)is, wuH mori' juiliijf
uiid im|t()rtniiri! Iiy
L'lv(!H witli tlii'in. Ai
g thcm,\vliic|i,ulinvc
the iiiipoiiulion (if all
I resolution wiw imun.
It wus very prnlmlily
; before tlio hrcnklns;
!r exfcllent ro),'iilatliiii,
before settiiif,' out dn
hI the Creek iiaiinn,
tamed 17,000 souls;*
) a part of the natidn;
I to inchule nndcrtliat
the Mississippi on tlni
th.
1 will answer tolcralily
tVoni Carolina to ilii!
lomais iVtsv opimalio.
homination to the Lord;
Tuklo, 2, Tucliitia, ;\
1, Chakali, \\ Pokoh, lO,
vc ai, 20 ; then, liy jire-
to, and so on. \
before the late trnulilpj
I the nsefiil ails. (Jm-
8 has been made liy a
DU was that of n syllahlc
pplied to writiiij; wiih
; to write letters to iluir
tor used a ])avt of the
ua'iited with no oilier
hi to maturity in If'ii.
HCENiy, was estalilisiri
ith an Englibli traiislii-
ly institutecl a i'oriii of
rcnch, th.nt the principal
iv'iortance. for a time
•ht'Z was desolate; bui
vr^- there, and it lin-iiii?
iiskogces. Tliiit m-M.
tended their (loiiiiiiioiB
bow-men, and 50 con-
lown of the Shawano*
ibama and the Ai)alaflii-
the loicer Creeks. Tins,
•e generally supposed to
but the Indians them-
-■omtheeast, orp!acpof
observe once for all, liia'.
rant ,)eopie, which arw
lein descended from the
[uskoffpo (Creek) AssisiMi.'
Ill Missions.
ctiT. in.)
COUNTRY OF THE SOUTHERN INDIANS.
95
mn' that being th'j most glorious and nobli origin of whieli they eonld con-
ceive. Indeed, siieli is not ii'together unnatuiul ; l()r that luminary quickens
ml enlivens every thing that hits life, whether animal or vege;al»le.
ik'siiile the IMuskogees, the Kataiihali.'^, or CatavvhaM, Cherok»!e.s, Choktaus,
juiI I'iiikasnuH, were other numerous tribes spread over the great country
oi'wliirli we have spoken.
The Kataubahs ami the Chika.saiiH were very warlike ; but their vicinity to
Eunmeii"** was an detrimental to tli;;in, and even more so, than their own
exterminating wai-s : for, as in other cases, as soon as an intercourse com-
uicneeil, (l<(gradation and ruin followcsd.
The Clierokees hive withstood the deletery effects of civilization nnich
beviiiul what can l)e .^aid of any otiier trilx; of Indians. Their country is
chietlv in Alabanui, Mississip|)i, and Tenne.ssc^e; but they occupy also the
western part of the state of Georgia. Before the war of 1812, their country
covered 24,000 stiuaro miles.* Numbers of this tribe have emigrated to
Arkaiisavv.
The Choktaus possessed a coimtry not so filled with creeks and rivers as
the Miiskorees. This circmnstance, it is said, was a great hinderanco to their
pro«|ii'rity ; for in their wars with their neighbors, they suffered greatly from
thtir ii.aiorance of swiimning. There were Upjjer and Lower Choktau towns ;
ihc former were situated ahout 1(50 mi!"s from the Chikasau.s, atid the latter
jlifliit 200 above New Orleans. Tlie pe ,)le of this nation flattened their heads
t)v wearing hags of sand on them,t and, according to Father Hennepin, I the
heads of all the Indians upon the Mississippi are flatter than those ot Canada.
It ij said also that they are of a lighter complexion; but this has reference
only to the IMuskogees, according to some writers. The Choktaus princi-
paliy inhabit Mississippi. They were, in 1820, set down at 25,000 souls, and
ajv "rather increasing.
TlieCI'ikasan?. are supposed to have come from the west of the Mississi[)pi,
and as it was a custom among the Creeks for their unoccupied lands to be
taki'ii by any that came among them, as emigrants, the Chikasaus found no
obstacles in the wiiy of establishing themselves on this side the Misi-;i.-!si{)pi.
Where tiiey first established themselves is unknown, but in 1770 they were a
perfiil and warlike nation, and were seated upon the western brancht;s of
ilioMohile. The tribe of Yazoos belonged to this nation. The Chikasnus
reside ill Mississippi, Kentucky, and Tennessee. They do not exceed 41)00
m number.
The Seminoles were a nation. made up similar to many othei's, and chiefly
ofMiiskogees. The Creeks called them Seminoles, which signified wildj
hecause they had estranged thems '• es from their former country. This
I naiiiiu was principally seated, 40 years ago, npon the rivers Apalachicola and
Flint, and had a large town on Calos Bay, on the west side of East Florida.
I Tiicy now reside in Florida, a scattered remnant of about 1200.
The names alone of the different clans or tribes of these nations would fill
I jeviial pages, and it is not necessary here to enumerate them ; we shall there-
fore, after some general observations, pass to tlie consideration of those chiefs
1 who have been conspicuous.
There are npon the east bank of the Onkmulge, near its continence with
ItheOeone, beautiful fields, extensively known as the Oakmiilge fields ; they
[are upon tlie rich low lands of the river, and upon the elevated part of them
jare yet visible remains of a town. These fields extend 20 miles along the river.
iThc Creek Indians give this account o, 'hem, namely, that here was the place
Iffhere they first set down aflcr crossing the Mississippi ; that their joiu'ney
Ifrom the west had been attended with incredible suffering, and that they were
lopposed at every step by various hostile bands of Indians, and that on reach-
* Hr. Morse's Report.
t /l(':iiV — " As soon as tlie cliild is born, the nurse provides a cradle or wooden case, hol-
lowed and fashioned, to receive the infant, lying prostrate on its l)ack, tliat part of the case
■•here the head reposes, being fashioned like a brick-monld. In this portable machine the
iiile boy is fixed, a bag of sand being laid on his forehead." — Bartram, 515.
} New Discovery, 176.
ill-' "l»s^^ ■
, 1i
eill
) «'
30
SOTO'S EXPEDITION.
[Booj IV.
iiij? tlilfl ',Inro tlioy fortificul flKiinsdvoH, and ((nild propced no further, aiulji
luri^lli ^'iiiiK.'d ui'tMiiid and hcratii- i'oiM|iicrorH in tluir turn.
'I'litMc arc liiw j^nattr cinioHitu'ri in iIm; hdiiiIi, llian lli»« ^rrat liiKliwiivsui
rwad«, which, 50 yfars aj,'i», ntruck the Iravcllt-r w ith nnrpriw. In WChi rinriijn
thoy lire Mtill cuHily tra*-t'd for near TiO niilt's in a straiifiit line upon tlicOki,,.
kcmiy Uivcr. All history in Mih-nt ahoiit tiicni ; and it \h a .sinj^iilur liict tli^i
tht< Indians will inak- u uhu of tht>ni, hnt HtndioiKsly make their patliH iiinnv
other direction. *
The country of tht '\ern IndiauH liaH sntl'enMl in soriio rcMpoctH hh miirli
an some parts of Sonli. . erica; it liavinj( heen tiaverned and ovnTiin Irmn
tiini! to time l>y Imntls of iiKtrcenary whites. In the year l')'.\t<, /■Vn/umin/ ,/<
Sold, with a coininissiun from tli»> Kmiteror Vhnrlts V., Hailed with a ron^ij.
(lahli' Meet fur America. He was a I'ortnjfuese ^{entleman, and Vm h,,,,,
with Pizarro in the cuiuiiiest (as it is cidled) of I'eru. ilis coininif«i()ii(i,ii.
stitiit((l him goveri i»r of Ciiha and f,'eneral of Florida. f Altlion>,'li iiosiiilij
from St. Lucar in l.'>:tH, he did not land in I'Morida ( until May, \7W, \Vii|]
ahoiit 1000 men, 'illJ of whom were provithid with horses, he iiiidcrtook the
con(|iiest of Florida and coiintri»!H adjacent. Aller cutting their way in vnri!
Otis directions thro'i^h niimeruiiri trihcH cd' Indians, traversin^r ii,M„'|y i^^^
tidies of country, losinjj a j,'reat part of their army, their general di((| iiiKm
the hanks of the iMississippi, and the survivors were ohiiyed to ItniM vismIh
in whicii to descend the river ; which, when they had ilone, tlicy siiinj lyj
Mexico. This expedition was live years in coining,' to nothinj,^, and iuiiisino
ruin upon its perl'ormerri. A populous Indian town at this time stond ntur
near tiio mouth of the Moliile, of which Soloes army had possessed tlicinsilvis.
TluMr intercourse with tlio Indians wius at lirst friendly, but at leiij;t|i a i luif
was insidted, which hrun^ht on hostilities. A battle wuh luught, in wiiicli, it
is said, 'MX) Indians were killed, and K} Spaniards.
We shall not attempt here to j,'o more into detail concerninir tlielmndol'
marauding Hpiniiards iindi^r Soto, as it will answer the |)reseiit piirimsia
observe, that what has just been related, is but one of the many ImiclicriM
eoniinitted by that band ; and, moreover, our accounts are rather iiidifttiini
upon tin; whole .illair, and savor much of exaggeration.
Tht! French, tinder Keni de Laudonnien, settled in Floritia in I'M, mar
where I'ensacola was since built. The Spaniartis claimed the coiiiitiv, anj
hence the blootly wars which followed. This tirst setlleintMit of the I'lvmii,
projectetl by Admiral Colifrni, was stitni broken up by tiie SpaiiiartJ!): tlitv,
ill the basest and most savage manner, miirileretl the whole colony, A
religious wfir ut this period tlistractetl the French nation, and this (iiili;is;e
wotilil have remaineil iiiireveiigeil, l)Ut lor tiit! iiitiignation of an iiiiliviibiiil.
In I5(i7, Doininviue de Vourgts sailed to I''loritla, took thrtie forts iVdiii tlic
Spaniards, put the men to the sword, ami liangtMl all the otiier settlers k
coultl liiitl. § A French garrison was again establishtjtl, but, being Irtl wiihout
protection, was soon retaken by the Spaniiu'ds, who remaineil masters of the
country for more than a huntlreil years. ||
From these transactions of antitpiity, we must descenil to times iieniTroiir
own. In tiie year 1730, *^'w Alexander Cummhie; travelletl among the southern
Indians, and from whoso account we iu*e able tt) give several inteiTstinj; par-
ticulars. At tliis period, he relates that the Chert)kee natit)n was govenieJ
by seven Mother Towns, each of which chose u king to preside ovtM' tlieni
and their dependants. He was elected out of certain families, and the drsceul
* WiUiauLs'sW. Florida, 32.
t Chaiidon de Dehiidine, Nouvoau Diet, llistoriquc, art. Soto.
X " So called, because it was first discovered by llie Spaniards on Pnlmc-Snnday, or, a!
the most interpret, Easter-day, which they call Pa'squa Flonda, and not. as Tlieiiel wriielh.
for the nourishing verdure lliereof," Purchas, 769. Modern writers of discoveries would do
better wore they to look more to the sources of information.
^ See an animated account of these bloody aflairs in Johnson's Life of flcneral QnM.
i. 4«0, &c.
IJ Uiipratz, i. 1 — 3. Juan de Grijalva discovered the country upon the Gulf of Mexicoin
K'ilS, (t{errera,'\\. 199,) and some report that lie carried olf fndians as slaves. (See H'il-
liams's Florida, 90.) But we are not aware that the fact is elsewhere recorded. Htnm.
though very minute, does not name il. Purchas (812) agrees with him.
cur Til.]
MOYTOY MADF. KINO OF THE rUEKKS,
27
iir l."):{f*, /•Vn/i'iKimi .
, Hailed with u i'hhmiI.
Floridti ill 15(14, iirar
\f,i{* riu'"!'''''' ""'y "" ''"' iiiotlH'r's Hide. 'I'Ih'hc vtothrr towns wrrc, nrrnrdiiig
,,if;j,.//fj<(/i(A7', 'ranmiHsir, Kcitnuali, ('Htf'iia>-y, 'ri'lli(|ii(i, Mstouiowii', Kcyo-
v.ir, uiid NiM'V<''>«'<'. I'oiir of tlii'Hi- lowiiM wcrr williiiiit kiiiKs at this limo,
tlii'V liiivinv' •■i<'d. Hotiii' tuwiiH had nriiiciH, as our niitlmr callrd llinii;
Maiiii'l>. ''"""""*"' '"""' >^''"*'<'l"'» '"••' i I'nHsrttcluT, one ; IwaMscc, oiii' ; 'I'rl-
lii|ii„, two ; 'raimasi-ic, two; ( "aimoMlcc, one ; (-'owtc, one.
'I'lic cliit'C Mdiifoi/ wits called eiiiiieror, and |»residcd over tin* seven towiiH,
|,il7;{(). I'is resi<l'eMee was ut 'i'elli(|iio. On the U April, this year, d(>|tiitieH
I'riiiii nil p'lits of the nation met at Neqnassie, and in |»resenee ol" Sir
.ihidiiilei' Ciiinmhif:; and I'i other I'liitdishnien, declared .Uoi//o(/ emperor ; hn
liinjiiif Ikm'Ii nominated Ity Sir jUtiitnikr.* 'I'he nation consentrd to rccrivfi
.»/ui//()V "^ •'"'''■ l^'"W' provided he was ht^ld acconntahl" to Sir .Uvxnnilir. At
til, ciicinoiiy •'!' declariiif? Moi/laif kinj,' or emperor, l»y whose order Sir
■jlfinniler was placed in a chair, liims(>ll' and tin; conjurers standing' id)ont
Iiini.iiml a tliroiij,' of warriors "stroki'd him with Vi eagles' tails, and their
4ii,i;ii',x suiiff from morniiif,' till nij^ht." Alhir this was done w ith, he madi; a
.inrcli to the f;reat concourse of liiilinns ; in w hi<-h, amon^ a ^iuh[ deal hcsides,
III ilis|tlayed the power and jroodness of tlm kin;f heyoiid the great water;
mil "rtMiiiiied jUoy/oi/ and all the head warriors to acknowledjre themselveH
iliiiit'nl Niiiijects and sons to King iStor/rc" "all which they did on tln^ir knees,
iiillinjr upon every tliin|; that was terrihie to them to destroy them, and that
ilitviiii;j;lit ht'com*! no people, if they violated their promise and oheclience."
till' next day, \ April, "the cr«iwii was bronj^ht from f;reat 'rannassic,
uliiili, with five eaj;les' tails and lour scalps of their enemies, Moi/Idi/ pre-
> iiird to Sir .'Ucranilrr, impowerin;; him to lay the same at his majesty's feet."
liiininiiiiers were well pleased with the Eiiffiish haron, and told him th<y
wiiilii liiliow all his dire-ctioiis. "That when la; letl them they would still
oniisiiicr him as present in the p(!rson of Moiftoi/ of Telliiino, who would
|iiiiiiiimlly do what In; had hid." Sir Jlkxamhr was now at 'raimas.>-ie, 400
miles fniin Charleston, uccording to !iis ntckoning, and had hut J. '> days to
arrive 1 1 uTC in, to go for I'ligland in the Fox maii-of war, which was then to
snii. lie therefore asked Moi/toy if the Indians could travel there in so short
a time on foot. The chief said it might be done, and that he would iiavo
arnmipaiiiod him, hut for the; dangerous illness of his wile, and re(pieslod him
loi'lioose such as he desired from among his people, to go with him.f
AiTordingly, Sir Mexmidsr chosen, as evidences of what had hi'npened,
%rt£riM<a, i the head warrior of Tassetchie, "a man of gn^at pi ;r and
iiitircst, who had n right to be a king," JiUakidlnkuUa, and Olassitc .)r (Jula-
fi/f, a third wan'ior, CoUannaJi, a fourth; "and from Tannussii;, the remotest
tuwiiofthe country, he took ClogoUtali and OnJcanaekuli,^ warriors." About
'i\ miles from Charleston they met with the warrior Ounnkannoti'ine, a
Irii'iid of these chiefs, "who had just come from the Kattarbe nation, and
desired to go along with his countrymen, to which Sir Jilexander constuited."
Tliey went on board the Fox, a man-of-war, and sailed from Charleston
Bay 4 May, and arrived at Dover 5 June; thus performing a passage across
llie Atlantic in a month and a day, in 1780, not much inferior to what is done
now-a-(lays. At Dover Sir Jilexander " took })08t to London, with the crown
» This part of the sentence is upon the authorily of a good writer, (llewatt, Hist. Carolina,
ii.5,) bul Sir Alexander docs nol s;iy quite as inuoli in his account.
t Mo}\iotj was a biuor enemy al'terwards. In 1758 l,c went with his warriors to a place
failed Statiquo, and killed several whites, without, \x: \ "as said, any provocation. Hewatt,
K.'2iO.
{ Or Kilagusta. Tliis chief was one of the set^cn, f.s will appear immediately onward,
alliiough Sir i4/ejca)irfcr, in his communication, does net name him. Neither (hies lie name
AUakutlakutla, or Oulassite; yet it is certain they were both in Ena^land, and we believe at
this time ; tliey make up the number seven, with those named in his own narrative. 'I'hat
AtlakuUakulla was, see Hewatt, ii. 221, and Wynne, ii. 280, n. We can only account for the
blanks in the narrative, by supposing that Sir Alexander's amanuensis (lit) not understand
jiiiD, (lor he did not write himself,) ai I the enumeration of the chiefs which he took with him,
ii very blundering. Thus, after naming one only, it is set down, " and ■
a third warrior," &,c.
4 Perhaps Ockonostota, who was called the great warrior of the Cherokee nation. Hewail,
ii. 217.
t
^^i;
38
cur.r.K ruiF.Fs visit kngland.
[noo« IV
ITIIl^lt; 111111(111 \ll III! V-'IH.HFI\ll I 111 IKIIirvy l^' V»»llii I" ^aiiltL
tlio treaty vvuh Hnislicd, n rertitifd copy was prcHi'iited
Mexnndtr Cumminff ; iipon wliieli Skijaf^uslah, in tliu
of tho (^hfrokfo iintion, lcaviii),f the Indiana lieliiiid »o rnriic up with the mnn
of-war. lie Iri ihi' w cntary nCHtatc iiimn'diatc|\ kii'iw that hr had lull per
from that nation t<» lay tlicir crown at his inajiNty'H ti-i t, and iliit he iiml lii(Mi|f||[
over Hcvcn Indian cliiilH, aH an <vid('nn' of" the inilh. His niajcNtv wiis irrn.
ciouHly |»h'asrd to order i^\r .'llfTdniUr to hrinK in Idn people to the iiiMtalliiiion
tho IHtl: (dJnne, where thev were extremely MurpriHed at the mMffnilicinc,. ,,|'
every tiling alioiit them: tiny compared the kin^ and i|necn to the .'tim i;|„
princcM to tiie Htarn, and themselves to nothinf^. On the 'Wd ol" .Iii||,.\i||.
Mexiindvr was introduced to his majesty, and npon his Ivnee, in pcs.nri. i,f
tlie conrt, declared ilie i'nii power lie had received, the Indian clijci; ,,(||
kneeling' at the same tim<>, us a testimony ol' their suhmisslon and aitproliiiiiiin
Sir Jlkxnntlfr lind tlu! crown of the Cheroket! nation at his majeniy s liit, hhI,
the five eaj,des' tails, as an «'ml)lcni of his majesty's sovereiffnty, anil lour sciIih
of Indian enr-mies; all which his majesty was gracionsly pleased to arc('|)t ci;"
While in Kngland, they made a treaty with the kinj;, every article of \v||j,.|,
WU8 accompanied, on his part, with presents of some sort or other: mh-ji j,^
cloth, J(ini8, vermilion, hatchets, knives, &,c. This treaty was dated m Wliii,.
Imll, 7 September, 17;M), and from it we get the names of the seven ihiiis, |(
l)egins, "Whereas you, Scayaoiihta OrKAn, chief of the town of Tiwctir
you, HcAMi.oHKKN Kktauusta ; you, TK-rnTowK ; yon, Cloooittah ; ymi'
Coi.an.nah; yon, U>na('o>ov ; you, Oucounacou, have lieen <iepiil((| in liuj
whole nation of the Cherokee Indians, to come to d'reat Hrilain," * ^c. '\\\,.j
•nted to the chiels by Sir
"iii namo of the \v|iu||.,
nia(h; tlie following,' speech : —
" We are conu! hither fi'om a mountainous place, where nothinjj liiit dark-
ness is to he foimd ; hut we are now in a place wheri! there is li^riif. Tluro
was n person in our coimtry, he j,nive us a yellow token of warlike lioimr,
which is left with Moi/loif of 'l\dli(|uo, and as warriors we received ji. ||,,
came to us like a warrior irorn you. A man ho is ; his talk is upright, miil the
token ho left preserves his memory among us. Wo look upon you iw if die
great king were present ; we love you as representing the great kiii^', Uu
Bhull die in the sanu; way of thinking. The crown of our nation is (litllTtiit
from that which the great King Gkoroe wears, anil from fliat we saw in ihe
tower. But to us it is all one. The chain of friendship shall he run'i*'(l to
our people. We look upon the great King George as the sun, and iis mir
father, and upon ourselves as his children. For though we are red, ami you
are white, yet our hands ami hearts are joined together. When wi- shall lime
acquainted our ]teopie with what we have 8(!en, our children from gencrutinn
to generation will always remember it. In war we shall alwavs ho one with
you. The enemies of the great king shall lie our enemies, llis i)en|)!c' and
ours shall be one, and shall die together. We came hither naked and jHioriL'i
the worms of the earth, l)ut you have every thing, and we that have notliini,'
must love you, and will never break the chain of friendship which is hciwci n
us. Here statids the governor of Carolina, whom we know.f This .-niiill
rope \ we show you is all that we have to bind our slaves with, and it may he
broken. But have iron chains for yours. HoAvever if we catch yi)iir Aawi,
we will bind them as well as we can, and deliver thern to our friends, anil take
no pay for it. We have looked round for the person that was in our country
— he is not here : However, we must say he talked uprightly to us, and we
shall never forget him. Your white people tnay very safely build liouses near
us. We shall hurt nothing that belongs to them, for we are children of one
father, the great king, and shall live and die together."
When Skijagiistah had proceeded thus far, he laid his feathers upon a table,
and closed as follows : —
* Report of the Comiiiissioiicrs (173G) on the Affairs of Georgia, p. 63.— If Attaknllahh
were among these chiefs, he went under another name, as did also OiUacite. See a few pasjes
forward.
t There was at this time no governor, though Robert Johnson was nominallj* such. In 1729
the government of Carolina was delivered to the crown of England, for about £17,000. •^t'l*
ion was reappointed in 1731.
i Siring of wampum, probably.
(I).
[Book IV.
rntiio lip witli tlic i, „.
Mliiit III' Imil lull |„ ^
IIMil Illllt he llllilliiiMljiht
Mis iniijt'Hty wiis ifr^i.
iM»|ilc t<» the iiiHinlluii,,,,
I at llic iiuiffiiiliiTii,.,. |,|'
(I (jiUM-n to tlic mm, til,.
I till' '^J(l dl' Jiiiir, ^,|.
lis kiii't', ill pri'sriii,. ,,|'
, tlm liidiiiii cliici; .,11
lisnioii ami aiiiinili.iiinii.
[ liin iiiiijruty.s li'i't, Huli
Tcij^iity, and li»iir si'iiljn
ly pli'twcil tit acci'pt i,|."
;, cvt'i-y artii'li' of wliiil,
sort or otlicr: sin'li us
ity wan (latftl at Uhii,..
of the si'vi'ii chills, Jj
r tim town of 'i'lbsi'tii;
oil, ('l.OOOITTAIi; Vdll,
vt' IxM'ii (It'piitt'd l)\ t;,,,
It Uritaiii,"* \:i>, Alnr
ed to till! rliii'ls In Sir
le nan 10 of the wiiolp.
r'hcro notliiiig hut ilark-
I! tlicrc is li;rlit. TIhio
token of wiirliki' liiiiinr,
oi'H wn ri'ccivnl it. lin
s talk is iipriirlil, ninl ilie
look ii[ton you iHil'tlie
ig the s^rcat kiiii', \Vi;
jf our nation is ilitliivnt
from tliat we saw in ilie
dsliip shall ho cunit'il to
as tlio sun, and as mir
ugh we arc red, anil you
r. When we shall imve
hildren from geni'rution
diall always he one witi;
emics. llis prn|)lc iiiid
litlier naked ami piiorib
d we that have notliiii!.;
iidsliip which is lu'twicii
we know.f This Mimll
aves with, and it iiuiy lie
• if we catch your shivi's,
1 to our friends, and tiike
I that was in our coitntry
[ uprightly to us, uml we
safely build houses mar
r we are children of one
I
his feathers upon a table,
»-ia, p. 53.— If Altakulhblk
'o Outacite. See a few pn?«
was nominally such. h\'p
nd, for about £17,000. ic/i*
1%-^'
OlTTACETE,
duel oC the CHRKOKKES
.NVNV^^
^ IT'
IKOKEES
U «;
^^
'^ 5;:
m
J "hi
•V'l?
W'
mi
£i«j
CHIP. IV.]
«This is our
the book are to
confinnation of
In October, I
govenior of Caj
tliey went over.
Skijapi^tah, (
Oitcconnostota, c
very old, and di(
Sdllment of Caro
land with Gene
the Spaniards—
— Attakitllak
kgins— Govern
misacred — Col
hcs tube Fort L
subdues the Chci
The presiimpti
tlie soutlierii shor
Georgia, in 1732
joiiriml of Sir H\
fondly ciierished
years iiad elapsec
place near Yamn
in wliicli was bur
U|)on that spot.
tlie place might b
TOMOCIIICII
small band of Cr
couutrytnen, fled
until about 1732,
the liigli land of
the place where t
They consisted of
been called Bocac
the English, iiiim(
the tribe of Cowei
the son of Old-hr
Creeks, with eight
las, Cusseta, their i
From the tribe o
io and Ougachi, t
Chepchaws, Oiithl
captains, with thn
Rohin, two war en
anendarits. From
five attendants. F
I lish Long-king, Kc
farrior, and three
, 'Many gentlemen
W llic colony j some i
(oiilribuiion of one m
"Ivcr boat and spoon
g»eir accordingly'."—
t Report of Uie Coi
3*
CBiP. IV.]
70MOCHICHI.
29
KThis is our way of talking, which is the same thing tfi us as your lettore in
the book are to you, and to you, beloved men, we deliver these feathers in
confinnation of all we have said."
In October, the Indians end)arkcd at Portsmouth witii Mr. Johnson, the
governor of Carolina, for their own country, and in the same ship in which
tiiev went over.
Skiias^i^f^i o**' ^^ '"* ^^^ sometimes called, Kittagvsia, "was brother of
OiiiCconnostota, or the great warrior, and also chief of Chotc. lie lived to be
very old, and died in May, 1768.
CHAPTER IV.
Sfllkment of Carolina and Georgia — Tomochichi receives the English — Goes to Eng
knd mill General Oglethorpe — Makes a speech to the King — His death — War with
the Spaniards — Outacitik — Malachty — Attakui.lakui-la — Indians murdered
—Attakullakulla jtrevenls retaliation upon whites in his potoer — Chcrokev War
JKirlns — Governor Littleton's expedition — Imprisons their Ambassadors — Thcij are
vHiisacred — Colonel Montgomery sent against them — Battle near Keoicee — Cliero-
kcesliil>e Fort London — SitoucE — Saves the life of Colonel Byrd — Colonel Grant
subdues the Chcrokees, and they make peace with the whites — Chlucco.
The presumption is pretty strongly supported, that Sir Walttr Roiesli visited
tlie southern shores of North America. When General Oglethorpe landed in
Gforgia, in 1732,* O. S., and communicated to the Indians the contents of a
imiriml of Sir Walter's, they seemed to have a tradition of him, which they had
fondly cherished ; although, if the pereou they met were Ralegh, a hundred
years had elapsed since he was there. They pointed out to 3Ir. Oglethorpe a
"place near Yamacraw bluff, since Charleston, on which was a large mound,
inwiiich was buried, they said, a chief who had talked with Sir Walter Ralegh
u])on that spot. The chief had requested his people to bury him then;, that
the place might be kept in veneration.
TOMOCHICHI was the principal chief, or Mico, as chiefs were called, of a
sniall band of Creeks and Yamasees, who, having in some way offended their
coiiutryinen, fled their country, and " wandered about in the woods some time,
uiilil about 1732, when they begged leave of this government to sit down on
the high land of Yainacraw, on the south side of Savannah river, at or near
the place where the new town of Savannah, in Georgia, is now situated." f
They consisted of but 17 or 18 families, and their first chief appears to have
been called Bocachee. Several chief men, of various tribes, came to welcome
the English, immediately after their arrival. " They were as follows : From
thetiibe of Coweeta, Yahan-lakee, their king, or mico ; Essaboc, their warrior,
the son of Old-brim, lately dead, whom the Spaniards called emperor of the
Creeks, with eight men and two women attendants. From the tribe of Cusse-
tas, Ciisje^a, their mico ; Tatchiquatchi, their head wai'rior, with four attendants.
From the tribe of Owseecheys, Ogeese, the mico, or war king; JS/eathlovth-
k and Ougachi, two chief men, with three attendants. From the tribe of
Checchaws, Outhleteboa, their mico, Thlautho-thlukee, Figcer, Sootamilla, war
captains, with three uttendants. From the tribe of Echetas, Chutaheeche and
Mn, two war captains, ^:he latter was bred among the English,) with four
attendaiits. From the tribe of Polachucolas, Gillattee, their head warrior, and
live attendants. From the tribe of Oconas, Oueekachwnpa, called by the Eng-
IMi Long-king, Koowoo, a warrior. From the tribe of Eufuule, Tomaumi, head
Warrior, a nd three attendants.
* Many geiiilemcn in England coiitribuU'd, in various ways, this year, Ibr the advancement
I of llie ooloiiy ; some in raille, some in labor, some in provisions, ami others as soldiers. 'J'he
coiiiriliuiion of one gentleman, for its sinjfularily, shall be iiienlioned. " Mr. Hume gave a
tilver boat aiul spoon for the (irst child born in Georgia, w hich being born of Mrs, Close, wero
given accordingly." — Commissioners' Report on Georgia Affairs, p. UU.
t Report of the Commissioners, tU supra, 11, 116, 117.
3*
i
I.Ati;
80 TOMOCIIICIII AND OTIIKUS VISIT ENGLAND. [Rook iv
"The IiiiiiaiiH Ik iii^ all srntcd, Oueckachumpa, n very tall old iiiaii stood
and made a spiccli, uliicli was iiitcipivlcd by Mr. ff'ifrgan and Mr. Musi^^n,^ i
ill wliicli li(! said all the laiiilH to tho ssoiitliv.'.ird of Suvaiuiali River holonJi
to the (Greeks, lie said, tlie IiidiaiiH were poor, Init tlic sumo Power tliat irij^p
tilt! I'iiiglisli breath, jiavt! tliem breath also. That that I'ower hud jrivciftlii
Kiiglish tlie most wisdom. That, as they hud come to instruct tlieni, tjiey sijoniii
liave all the lands which they did not use themselves. That this wus not onl'v
his mind, but the minds of the eight towns of Creeks, who had, allcr consult
iiif,^ tofjethcr, sent some of their chief iiieu with shins, which was tiieir wi'iiltj;
At this jM'riod of Oueekachumpa's speech, some of the chiefs of tin? ('icri.t
towns brought each a bundle of buck's skins, and laid them down hclbri' %
is a good man and a great tmrrior. It was on account of his ivisdorn and justiff
that the banished men chose him their king. 1 hear that the Cherokces lam
killed some Englishmen, I/you [addressing Mr. Oglethorpe] toill comnumd im
wc will go against them with all otir force, kill their people, and deslmj ikil
living."
When Oueckachumpa had done sjieuking, Tomochichi drew nenr with liis
men, and, after iiiaking a low bow, said, — " / ivas a banished man, and I rnne
here poor and helpless to look for good land near the tombs of my ancestors, und
tvhcn you came to this plact, I feared you looidd drive us away ; Jor tve icere mnk
and wanted com. But yoi>. confirmed our land to us, and gave us food." Tlie
other chiefs s])oke in the sai.ie manner as Oueekachumpa had, and then mwi
iijion and executed an amicuUe treaty.
JJy the assistance of liis interpreter, JWaru Musgrove, General Oglcthrpckii
been able to draw together, at ore time, 50 chiets from the iip[)er and juwcr
Creek towns, and, by his conciliatory conduct, had secured their frii'iKlt^Jiin
He next resolved to take a deputation of them to England, hoping what tluy
might witneijs and experience there, would result in lasting benefits to lioih
their nations and the English. Accordingly, measures having been takiii for
tJie fiirthernnce of this project, the general and the Indian cliicfs cmhaikid
for England, in the Aldborough man-of-war, and arrived at St. Ilelleiiii, in
the Isie of Wight, !(> June, 1734. The names of the Indians were Tomo-
chichi, Sejvaw'ki, his consort, and Toonakowi, the prince, h's neplKw;
also HiLLispiJ.1,1, a war captain, and Apakowtski, STiiMALKcni, Slntouchi,
HiNGuiTHi, and (Jmphychi, five other chiefs, with their interpreter.
Immedia'iely after their arrival, ordere were given for preparing proppr
habits for them, in order to their being introduced at court. This having
been done. Sir Clement Cotterel, knight, master of the cerenionios, was sent,
August 1, with three of the king's coaches, drawn by six horses cucli, toilie
Georgia office, where the chiefs, all except one, were taken in and carried to
Kensington, where tiieir introduction to his majesty^ King George II., took
place. The one left at the Georgia office was sick with the small-pox, of
which he died the next day. Tomochichi, after presenting the king with siv-
eral eagle's feathers, which were considered, by his nation, the most respectful
present they could send, delivered the following speech to his majesty:—
" This day I see the majesty of youi face, the greatness of your house, and
the number of your people. I am come for the good of the whole iiutioiiof
the Creeks, to renew the peace they had long ago made with the Eiijrlish. 1
am come over in my old days; and, though I cannot live Xc see any advantage
to myself, I am come for the good of the children of all the nations of the
Upper and Lower Creeks, that they may be instructed in the knowledge of
tlie i'nglish. The!?e are the feathers of the eagle, which is the swiltcstol^
birds, and who flioth all round our nations. 'These feathers are a sign of
peace in our land, and we have brought them over to leave them with you,
great king, as a sign of everlasting peace. O ! great king, whatsoever wonlj
* His wife was the iiilerprelcr, according to M'Ch//, i. .V), wiio was a half lirocd nnmod
Mary. Oglethorpe first purchased her I'ricndsliip with prcscnls, and afterwards allowed liera
hundred pouuds a year for her services. — Commissioners' Report on Georgia Affairs.
f. I
>• [Rook IV.
old man, ptood,
Mr. .Uiij^roi'f,'
Uivcr l)el()ii!-eil
Power that <;iiv(;
cr had given the
lu'Ui, they slioul,!
his was not only
lid, urtcr CDiisult-
kvas tlieir wtultli,
iefs of tli(i ciulit
down l)plon> Mr.
ve possess, hut ire
Tomochirlii, ami
rom his nalion, k
nsdom ani/jiwlire,
'le Cherokus hun
tiAU command in,
and desiroij ihit
•ew near witli liis
/ vian, and I rmt
' viy ancestors, uni
; Jor tve were ie(nk
ive us food." Tlie
d, and then agiei'd
;rtd Og/c//ior;)f had
tipper and lower
lA then* frieiul!ilii|),
, hoping what tlicy
ng heiiefits to hnth
, ing heen taken for
1 cliiefs cnibaiki'd
at St. Ilellenii, in
ians were Tomo-
nee, h>s lu'iihew;
LF.Cni, Kt.M'OlCHl,
LTpreter.
preparing \m]m
Glut. Tliis Imviiij
eiiionies, was sent,
horses each, to tlie
;n in anil carried to
ig George 11, tuok
the small-pox, of
the king with siv-
thc most respectful
ids majesty.—
of your house, and
he whole iititioii of
ith the Faiglish. 1
' see any advantajie
the nations of the
the knowledge of
|i is the swillestot^
;hers are a sign of
[ave them with you,
r, whatsoever woiils
dvas a hair breed named
|l\erwards allowed her a
Beoc^fia AJj'iirs.
Chap. IV.] TOMOCIIICIII AND OTHERS VLSIT ENGLAND.
31
voii shall say unto ine, I will tell them fiiithfiilly to all tlu! kings of the Creek
imtions." The king's answer, thongii .short, was, in the highest degree, con-
ciliiitorv', ind what was termed gracious.*
Wlu'ii the chi(!fs were introduced at comf, his majesty received them upon
liis throne, in the presence chaniber, attended by the ollicers of sfife, an 1 a
niiiiieroiis court. Tliey were introduced l»y tho l)iik(! of Grajlon, chamlicrliiin
i^l' l,i^ niajesty's household ; and, ufler the ceremonies, they returned to their
apartments, at the Georgia oflico.
Their first care, aflr-r returning from court, Avas to inter their deceased
coiiipiinion, which was accordingly done with great ceremony, in tlu^ hurial-
(rninnd of St. John the l']vang<'list, Westminster, according to tin; custom of
die "Cherokee Creeks," which was in the following manner: — "The deceased
liiiijr sewed up in two blaidtets, with one deal board under and another over
1,1111, ami tied down with a cord, was jjlaced upon a bier, and carried to the
nhiie of intermc>;i. There were only i)res('nt at the time of his bring put into
the grave. King Tortio, and some of the chiefs, the ui)i)er church warden of
i!ii parish, and the grave digger. When the cor|)S<! was laid in the earth, the
ilDilies of the decease<l were thrown into the grave; atler this a (|iiaiitity of
fliiss heads were cast in, and tln-n soin(! jiieces of silver ; the custom of those
Indians heing to bury all the deceased's effects with him."
Altlioueh we have the names of all the chiefs given us that went over with
Mr. Oglethorpe, we have not the mkmuis of knowing which it was that died.
liiilians often died on their visits to Europe. One of the five Iroijuois chiefs
Ji'iliii England, t in 1710, 'Uid ol" his name too we are ignorant.
Mr. Oglethorpe's chiefs, after having been showed the chief curiosities in
and about London, were taken to Spithead, where the English fleet lay, that
iky iiiiglit go on board and view tlie tremendous ship lirUannia, and some
others of great magiutude. On the 30 October, 1734, a little j)ast noon, they
embarked at Gravesend, on board the Prince of W^ales, for Georgia.
Of Tomochichi, who was the most prominent character atnong tliem, we
liaw yet a little to add. He lived imtil he had attained his 97th year, and died
jjOltoher, 173i), five years, wanting 15 days, afler he saihid from England.
He resided, at the time of his death, about four miles from Savannah. He
MS highly beloved by the English, having always been their particular friend,
foiisrht for them in war, and aided them by his counsel in jx-ace. llv. was
aivare of tli(! approach of death, and expressed but little desire to live longer,
as he should be imablo to aid his allies any more against the Spaniards.
For General Oglethorpi, he expressetl the greatest tenderness, and entreated
the Indians to bear in remeitd)rance the kindnesses with which the king of
England had treated him, and hoped they woidd always remain "lis subjects.
Having expressed a wish that his body might be buried among the English ia
Savannah, accordingly, his corpse was there in'crred in Percival Square, with
military parade, and General Oglethorpe ordered a pyramid to be erected over
it, with an a|>propriate inscrijrtion. \
Thnsare traced the first steps in the history of Georgia, and thus did every
tliiiip promise a continuance of that friendshi|) so well begim by General
Oir/f/Ziorpi'. Nothing was lefl undone, while the Creek chiefs were in Eng-
land, to nnpress u|)on their minds exalted ideas of the power and greatness of
the English nation. The nobility were not oidy curious to see them, but
fiiteiiained them at their tables in the most magnificent style. Multitudes
florked around them, conferring gif\s and marks of respect upon thetn. The
Hug allowed them £20 sterling a week, during their stay, and it was computed
tliat, at their return to America, they brought presents to the ainoimt of £400
sterling. After remaining in England four months, they embarked at Grave-
wiid for Georgia. They were conveyed to the place of embarkation in his
majesty's carriages. §
III the invasion of Georgia by the Spaniards, in 1743, many Indians were
drawn into the controversy, on both sides. Toeanoeowi, || or Tooanohowi, a
nophew of Tomochichi, was shot through the right arm, in an encounter with
' //art-is, Voyages.
} M'CaU, Hisl. Georgia, i. 196, 197.
t Kaliiis Travels in Atiieiica, i. !210.
i lb. i. 45. II Harris.
r^ II
Hi
•n
93
OUTACITE.-INTERVIEW WITH GOV. NICHOLSON. [Book IV
the Spaniards, by a Spanish captain. Tooanohowi drew his pistol with liis left
hand, and shot the captain tlirougli the head.
Thus, witii the Spaniurds upon one hand, and tiie Enghsli upon tlie other
and tiin French in th(! midst of them, tlie CreeliH and Ciierokecs hecaine siib-
ject to ev(;ry possible evil to wliich the caprice of those several nutioiis jr^yg
rise. In 17*^3, a chief, whose name we lind hi writers of that day, Woo/oa*!/,,,,.
Wooaatasate, iruoldsaitait, Wrosetasaloio,* &.c. is styled "Governor of the Liwir
and Middle Settlements of the Charikees." He is presumed to be the mw.
with Oturite. or OUissitc, one of the prisoners above eninnerated, and rn,,,,
what we are about to relate of him, his eminence will be apparent. In 170J
Francis JVicholson went over as governor of S. Carolina, who was said to Imyg
been very successlld in managing affaire with the Indians. Soon aticr liij
arrival, the Chcrokees tiespatched messengers to Charleston to adjust some
difficulties which had for some lime existed; and, not long after, anotlierinore
full and complete deputation arrived. Governor jVicliolsoti opened the roimcii
by a long speech to " If'ootassitc, King, and to the lieads of the Lower and
Middle Settlements of the Charokee Nations."
In the course of his speech, he observes, that, when they delivered tlicir
acknowledgments and |)aid their submission to the governtnent, " tlic oilur
day," iliey had made mention of 37 towns that had sent down their clijci's ,„i
that jiurpose, and wished to be satisfied that these towns were repn'sentcil
that his words might l)e carried to all their inhabitants. After Jayiiif; niiirh
stress on their submission and respect to the king of England, he speaks thus
sensibly upon their trading with the wl.'ites, which at the same time discovere
to us the origin of former ti'oubles.
After ordering that if either party injured the other, restitution should be
made by the aggressor, he says, "Frequent com|)laints have been niude that
your people have often broke open the stores belonging to our trader.*, and
carry'd away their goods ; and also pillaged several of their ])acks, when
employ'd and entrusted to cairy them up ; and restitution has never been
made, which are great faults : We therefore recommend to you, to take all
possible precautions to prevent such ill practices for the future," &c. " Ami to
prevent any injury or misunderstanding, we have pass'd a law, which apiwints
commissioners that are to go twice a year to the Congaree, or Savana gurrisuii,
to hear and redress all grievances."
" IVoosatasate being a man in great esteem amongst you, having given fre-
quent testimonies of his affection and firm adherence to this governnieiit, and
being appointed king over you by the former governor f of this province ; ik)
I, who am sent 'mmediately from bis majesty, having the same regard lo so
deserving a man, and in compliance widi your own request, that I would
constitute [)roper commandere over you, do now declare the said ff'oosatimtf,
your leader and commander in chief over all the lower settlements of the
Cherrokees, and give him a commission for that office, under the broad ml
of this his Majesty's province," &c. " I expect that you, Woosatasate, do, witliia
a month after your return, call together all the chief men in your district, and
that you make them thoroughly acquainted with what I now say to you, and
require of you, and shall give directions, that all the Englishmen amongst you
shall be at that meeting. That your ancient government may be restored, I
recominend to you to keep yoin* young men in that due decorum they iis'd ;o
be," &c. This treaty was held 3 February, 1721, O. S., or this is the date to
Governor JVicholsori's speech ; but it appears by our account that it was the
middle of March before the Indian deputies left Charleston.
Although there were events, in every year, of importance, yet, in this place,
we shall take up tlie period rendered more memorable by the distinguished
chiefs
* Hewatl, I. 298.
t James Moore, who, according lo Hewalt (I. 27G), was put into office in opposition loilie
regular course, l>v a kind of revolutionary spirit. See Oldviixon, who is far more particular,
1.^48.— Jifoore was elected in 1701. flic author of " The British Dominions," (145.) ss.M
the Indians were cruelly treated during his administration. There were several other govera-
ors before Nidiolson, beside Mcore,
)LSON. [Book IV
I pistol with his left
ish upon tlie other
okoes l)ecame siili-
everul luitioiis {.we
at duy, Woo(aMil((i(',
veniorot'tiie Lower
ried to he llic same
Lunuratcd, and t'luiu
apparent. In 1T21,
vho was said to Imve
ms. Soon al\er lils
iston to adjust some
g after, anotlicr ninre
n opened tlie coiiueil
ds of the Lower mid
. they dehvcred tin ir
rerntnent, " the otlnt
down tlieir chiefs .Di-
ns were represi'iited,
After laying iiiudi
igland, he speaks tliiis
e same time discovers
restitution should be
have been niiulo that
ig to onr traders, and
of their packs, when
tution has never lieen
end to yon, to take all
future," &c. "Ami to
1 a law, Avhich a|)|)oiiits
•ee, or Savana gurrinun,
you, having given fre-
this government, and
f of this province; so
the same regard to so
request, that I would
re the said Woosalmli,
,\er settlements of tiie
>, under the hroad im\
^f" oosoiosate, do, witliin
en in your district, and
I now say to you, and
iglishmen amongst you
aent may be restored,!
edocoruin they us d to
S., or this is the date to
account that it was the
jston. , . ,
tance,yet,inthisidaoe,
,le by the distinguished
,to office in opposition 10 J
fish Domiiiions," ('''-l 'J
e were several other govern-
CBAP. IV.]
ATTAKULLAKULLA.
33
ATTAKULLAKULLA and OCKONOSTOTA.* Tlie fume of Carolina
hail in 1753, drawn a inidtitude of I'lnropeaiw to her Hhorcs. The sauK- year,
oil the 2(j May, I^Ialachtv, attended by tlie Wolf-king and the Ottanee chief,
with n!)ont 20 otiiers, and above u hmidred of their j)eople, came to Ciiarleston.
Xhev were met, on their way, by a troop of horsemen, who conchicted them to
(lie town, by tiic governor's order, in gn.'at state. This was to induce them
tDiiiake peace and remain their allies, ai.J, to this end, the governor, Glenn,
iiKulc a very jmcific speech, in the Indian manner. Mnlachty, who, at this
time yeeins to have been the head ciiief among the Creeks, [)resented tho
('(ivernor with a quantity of skins, and readily consented to a jjeact; with the
J;iii;|ii;li ; but, in regard to a peace with the Cherokees, he said, that was a
niiiiU'r of great moment, and he must deliberate with his people, before he
fimid give an answer. The Cherokees were already under the protection of
the Kiiglish, and some of them ' ad, not long bcjforc, been killed by the Creeks,
ill the very neighborhood of Charleston. The party which committed this
oiiirane was led by Malachty. Notwithstanding, a cessation of hostilities seems
mhave taken place, for nurid^ers of each natioti joined the P^nglish immediately
after the capture of Oswego, by tho French, in 175(}. The Cherokees arc
partieulariy named, as having rendered essential service in the expedition
ai'itiiist Fort Du(iuesne ; but a circumstance happened, while those warriors
wiri' returning home from that expedition, which involved ihem in an iiume-
iliaic war with the English, in whose service they had l)een engaged. Having
lost their horses, and being worn out with toil and fatigue, on coming to the
frijiitiei"s of Virginia, they picked up several of those animals, which belonged
to the inhabitants of the places through which they travelled. This, Dr. Rain-
jqt says, was the cause of the massacre which they suffered at that time.
But Mr. Mair,\ who lived then among tho Itidians in those pans, says,
-•'Several companies of the Cheerake, who joined our forces under Gen.
Sdim'ix, at the unfortunate Ohio, aftirmed that their alienation from us was
k'causc they were confined to our martial arrangement, l)y unjust suspicion of
ilicni— were very much contemned, — iind half starved at the main camp :
ikir hearts told them, therefore, to return home, as freemen and injiu'ed allies,
tliongli without a supi)ly of provisions. This they did, and pinching hunger
forced them to take as much as barely supported nature, when returning to
tlifirown country. In their journey, the German inhabitants, without any
provocation, killed, in cool blood, about 40 of their warriors, in different places
-though each party was under the command of a British subject." It must
be remembered that, ujjon BrcuMonk's defeat, Virginia had offered a reward
for the scalps of hostile Indians. Here, then, was an inducement for remoi-se-
less villains to murder, and it was impossible, in many cases, to know whether
a scalp were taken from a friend or an enemy. Out of this, then, we have no
liesitation in saying, grew the excessive calamities, which soon after distressed
the southeni provinces. Forty innocent men, and friends, too, nutrdered in
cold blood by the backwoodsmen of Virginia, brought on a war, which caused
as much distress and misery among the parties engaged, as any since that
mm of country was planted by tlie whites.
At one place, a monster entertained a party of Indians, and treated them
kindly, while, at the same time, he caused a gang of his kindred ruffians to lie
in ambush where they were to pass, and, when they arrived, barbarously shot
them (Iowa to a man ! The news was forthwith carried to the Cherokee
niition, and the effect of it upon the minds of the warriors, was like that of
electricity. They seized tiieir tomahawks and war clubs, and, but for the
wisdom of Mtakvllakvlla, would have murdered several Englishmen, then in
llieir country upon some matters respecting a treaty. As Atlakullakxdla was a
chief sachem, he was among the first apprized of the murders, and the desigu
* Oiicoiinostotah, Oucomiostota, Ouronnostata, Wynne. — Oeconostota, Ramsay. — Attakul-
Mtitlu was generally called the Little carpenter.
tHisl. South Carolina, i. KW.
t Hist. Amer. Indians, 2't5. That the Indians' takin»' horses was no pretext for (he murders,
wnai the lime, appears evident. "As (says Captain M'Call, i. 237.) the horses in those
pans ran wild in the woods, it was customary, both among the Indians and while people on Vha
tjoaiiers, to catch them and appropriate ihem to their own use."
St i'>i, vJ.it
■•-Kftl
84
ATTAKULLAKULLA.— LITTLETON'S ILL CONDUCT.
[Book IV.
Chap. IV.] ATI
of vengennc.^. He therofore goes iinriicdiutcly to them, and informed tlicmnf
their danger, vnd assisted tlieni to secrete tlieniselves ; then, witliout loss of
tijne, he assembled ids warriors, and made a speecli to them, in wliidi lip
inveigiicd, witii great bitteriuiss, against tlio murderous Engh.sli, uml nrir,.!
immediate war against tliem ; " and never (said Ije) atuUl live halchtl be Iniridl
until the blood of our countn/inen be atoned for. Let ua not (lie continued) viaki'
our faith, or the laws of hospitiUity, by imbruinff our hands in the blood of thim
who are now in our power. They came to us in the confidence of frieiulnhip, wjif.
belts of toampum to cement a perpetii/U alliance toilh v^. Let us carry tlie„t hnrk
to their own settlements ; conduct them safely within thiir confines, and iken tub
up the hatchet, and endeavor to exterminate the whole race of them." This cihium,)
was adopted. Before connnencing Ijostiiities, however, th(! inurderfift win.
demanded, but were blindly refiised them, and we liave related the cons!
quenccH.
The French, it was said, used their influence to enrage the Indians; but if
that were the case, we should not deem it worth ti'.ming, as it a|t|)euis to us
tlmt nothing more could be necessaiy to inflame tliem than the iioiiid (im.
rages of which we have spoken.
It appears from another source,* that Governor Littleton was met at Clmrlis.
ton by a deputation of 32 Cherokee chiefs, among whom was Ockonoshtu
who, on hearing of the warlike movements at that place, had set out to visit
the English, and if possible to prevent a war with tiiem. For altliouf;li some
of tlieir young warriors had committed several acts of violence, yet the urtut
body of the nation were friendly towards the Englisii, and desired iicun',
But instead of seizing on this opportmuty of treating witii tiie ciiiel's, lie
insultingly told them, "That he would soon be in their country, wjure
he would let them know his demands." Ockonostota began to sjicak ia
reply, " but the governor being determined that nothing should prevent ijj
military expedition, declai-ed he would hear no talk he had to make, iieitlier
in vindication of his nation, nor any proposals with regard to i)eace." The
Lieutenant-Governor Bull saw the bad policy of this step, and urged tlie
necessity of hearing what Ockonostota, the Great ffarrior, as he was ciilled,
Lad to say, and settling their difiiculties ; but this good advice had no ctiect
on Littleton, and he marched from Charleston in October, a few days after.
At a place of rendezvous, about 140 miles from that place, his force aiiioiiiitpd
to about 1400 men. The chiefs, by order of the governor, had marclied with
the army to this place, and, although burning with resentment at tlieir trealiin'iit,
yet they discovered no signs of discontent. When the ai-my was about to iiian li
fi'om Congarees, (this being their place of rendezvous,) the chiefs were all ma: o
prisoners, and under gum*d were marched to Fort Prince George, f
Their resentment now showed itself; " stimg to the heait by such base
treatment," they cringed in sullen silence, and we may suppose tlmt " they
spent their time in conceiting plots for obtaining their liberty, and satisfaction
for the injuries done them." J
Being now at Fort Prince George with his army, Littleton found himself in
about the same repute with his own men as with the injured ludimis; he
therefore concluded not to carry his conquests any further at jjresent, hut to
make a treaty, and retain captive Indians enough as hostages to insure its
observance. He therefore sent a messenger to Attakullakulla, who was reck-
oned the wisest man in tlie nation, or the best friend to the English, request-
ing him to come to Fort George. He immediately came ; and to show the
English he was their friend, produced a French prisoner whom he had just
taken in an expedition against that nation, and whom he presented to Gov-
ernor Littleton. A " congress " was now (about 18 December, 1759) held
with Attakullakulla, in which a long speech, in which all the grievances he
could think of were enumerated by the governor ; after which the cliief
made another, in which he promised to do all he could to persuade his coun-
trymen to give tlie governor the satisfaction he demanded; yet he said, "it
* Hewatt, Hisl. Carolina, ii. 216.
t This fort was upon the Savannah River, near the Cherokee town called Keowee.
X Hewatt, Hist. Carolina, ii. 18.
:T. [Book IV.
irmed tlit'in nf
vitliout loss of
I, ill wliicli ii(.
iwli, mill iir|{(.(l
alchtl he liurial
iitimuul) vidlnit
t blood (if (/lose
frkmlshij), with
carry them hnrk
3, aiid Ihen hih
' Tliis ('(iiiiN.i
iniirdcn'i-R \vtr(!
mloil till' ciiiis.'.
Indiaiis ; lint if
it iii)|H'iirs to us
the lioriiil oui.
i met ut Cimrlps.
vus Oc/tonoj/ij|(i,
(I set out to visit
r althouuli wm
ICC, yet the {.Ttiit
I desired pi'iici;,
\v the chiel's, he
country, where
gall to spciik ia
ould prevent i.is
to iniike, neither
to peace." Tlie
p, and urged ilie
[IS he was ciillpil,
ice had im efl'ect
a lew days after,
s force aiiiouiiteil
ad inarched witli
it their trealniciit,
as about to nwnli
lels were all niiu.c
^orge.t
art by such base
)ose that "they
and satisfaction
found himself in
ured Indians; lie
at present, but to
iges to insure its
a, who was reck-
English, re(iiiest-
and to show the
/hoin he had jusi
)rescnted to Gov-
mber, 175lt) held
the grievances he
which the cliiet
ersuade his coiin-
yet he said, "it
lUed Keowee.
pg^,. IV.] ATTAKULLAKULLA.— IMPRISONMENT OP HOSTAGES. 35
KJlliPr wouhl nor couhl bo complied with, ns they lind no coen-ive niitbority,
one over another." He desired tiiat some of the chiefs then confmiMl mi;rht
|)f iiiiirated to aid him in restoring traiiqiiillity ; and nccordiiigiy OckonoaUAa,
/l/Jof, ciiief of Keowee, mid the lieud warrior of Kstutoe, wen! given up, and
nviihidians were taken in excliaiige and put in irons Tlie otiier Clierokeea
present, observing wliat was going tbrward, withdrew into the woods, and .'W-
ii^ullnkidla, presuming tJie iiusiness must end liere, witlidr(;w also. It had Iteen
ppiiiisod, or rather demanded, in tlio governor's speecli, that '24 Iiuliaiifi, who
were known to huvo killed wliite people, shouhl be given into his hands to bo
put to death, or otherwise disfKJsed ot. Two only hud bei.'ii delivered, and 22
utreiiiained of the niimlier of the murderers, in their own native Ibrests.
' As soon naLitUelon kunw of MukuUakulld's di'imrturo, ho sinit for him, and
lie imiiiediately returned, and tho business of a treaty was renewed, and on
ihe ^ December, 1759, it was signed by
Attakuli.akulla, Otassite, Oconnoeca, and
OUCONNOSTOTA, KiTAOUSTA, KiLLCANNOKEA.
By article III. of the treaty,* it was agreed tliat 22 chiefs, (those who had
Ivtii treacherously seijsed,) should remain as hostages, to ensure the delivery
of the like number of murderei-s to the English. There seems, however, to
!iave been but 21 retained, whose names we are able to give below, and who,
uiiiIlt the name of hostages, were thrown into a dismal, close ]>risoii, scarce
tee enough for six men, where they remained about two months, anil were
llieu inasacred, as in the sequel we shall show: —
Ckmhe, Ousanntannh, TaUichamn, Tallitahe, Qiiarrasattahe, Connasaratah,
kkdui, Olassiie of Watogo, Ousannletah of Jore, Kataeletah of Cowetche,
(kisquatulone, Skiagusta of Sticoe, Tanaesto, IVohnkhe, fVyejah, Oucahchista-
mKyicolche, Tony, Toatiahoi, Shallisloske, and Chislk.]
Tilings having been thus settled, Mr. Litlldon returned to Cliarleston, where
he was received like a compieror, although what he had done, it will appear,
was worse than if he had done nothing.
Qthnosiota, for good reason, no doubt, entertained a deep-rooted hativ
apiiiist Captain Cotymore, an officer of tho garrison, and the army had but just
left llie country, when it was found that he was hovering about the garrison
with a large number of warrio' s. But it was uncertain, for some time, wheth-
er ihey intended to attack the fort, or whether they wished to continue near
tkir iiiends, who were imprisoncsd in it. However, it is said, that, by some
means, a plan was concerted between the Indians without and those confined
wthiii the fort, for surprising it. Be this ns it may, Ockonostota, on the 16
Fehinaiy, 17(50, jiractised the following wile to eftiM't the object. Having
placeil a party of his warriore in a dark cane-brake near at hand, he sent a
>i|im\vto the garrison to invite the commander to come out, for he had soine-
iliiin'ot" importance to communicate to him. Captain Cotymore imprudently
went out, accompanied by two of his officers, and Ockonostota ajipeared upon
the opposite bank of the Savannah, with a bridle in his hand, the better to
conceal his intentions. He cold the captain he was going to Charleston to
(ti'eet the release of the hostages, and requested that a white man might
acenniimny him ; and that, as the distance was great, he would go and try to
catch a lioree. The captain promised liim a guard, and hoped ho would
succeed in finding a horse. Ockonostota then quickly turned himself about,
and swinging his bridle thrice over his head, which was the signal to his
men, anil they prompdy obeying it, about 30 guns were discharged upon the
officers at the same moment. Captain Cotymore received a shot in his hift
bast, from which he died in two or three days after, and both the others
were wounded. |: Ou recovering the fort, an attempt was made to put the
* It is printed at length in Ihe British Empire, by Huddkstone Wynne, Esq. ii. 273 —
■k; an author of no inconsiderable merit on our afTairs.
t Several of these 22 were of Ihe number who had been in England in 1730, and executed
atrcaiy with the king, as has been before stated, and as will be seen by comparing llic r.ames
akove with tiiose named in the treaty,
t "Two Indian women appeared at Keowee, on Ihe other side of the river. Mr. Doherty
*ent out, and accosting Uiem, asked what news ? Ockonostota joined ihem, pretending some
:^2!i' :!kii
30
CHEROKEE WAR— MONTGOMERY'S EXPEDITION. [Booj
IV
howtngcs ill iroiiH. An Ennliishmnii, who laid liolil on ontsof tlicin foitlmt
purpoHi', wiiH (smltlx'tl iiiiil Kliiiii ; anil, in tlin smtHr, two or tliitf iiKirc wi re
wounded, and driven out of tin; place of eondnf-nient. 'V'nc trap'dj in t\„.
fort liad now oidy eonnnenced ; tin; ininerable priHoners had repiUcd t||,.j,
asHaHsins lor the moment, and, douhlless, honed for deliveranct- Ihim t|||.,r
friends without, who had now closely besiej^ed the place. Ihit, nnlurtiirmhlv
for llu!s»! poor wretches, tiie fort was too strong to be carried by their arts filMur
and the dastardly whites found tiniu and means to murder their victinis,iiii('|,v
one, in a manner too liorrible to relate.* There wen; few iicrsoim niiiiinj;
the Cherokeeu who did not lose a friend or relation by this massacre; iiinl, as
one man, tlu; nation took up tlu; hatchet, and desolations ipiickly followiil.
Meanwhih', singular as it may ai>pt!ar, Jltlakullakulla remained \\w i;,,!
friend of lh(! whites, and used all his arts to induce his countrynicii to mnk"
peace. IJut it was in vain be urged them to consider tiiat they liiul indn
than revtuiged themselves; they wen! determined to carryall het'ori! tiiun,
JlttukullaktUla was now an old man, and bad become much attaclicil to tin:
English, from several causes. On thc^ other hand, Ocfto/ios/o/a wiisasiirii
warrior, in the vigor of manhood, and, like the; renowned Pontiac, was ijiier-
mined to rid bis country of bis barbarous enenues.
The IcMiders in evtiry town 8(!ized the hatchet, telling their followijrs tliiit the
spirits of murdered brothers were flying around them, and calling out tiir vm-
geance. All sung the war-song, and, burning with impatience to inihriic tlnir
bands in the blood uf their enemies, rushed down among innocent and de-
fenceless families on the frontiers of Carolina, where men, woimii, ami
children, without distinction, fell u sacrifice to their merciless fury. Smii
of the whites as fled to the woods, and escaped the scul|iing-knif(', iniislinl
with hunger. Every day brought fresh accounts to the capital of ilnir
ravages and desolations. But, while the back settlers impatiently lookiil to
their governor for relief, the small-jiox raged to such u degree in town, tliiit
few of the militia could be prevailed on to leave their distressed taniiliisio
serve the public. In this extremity, an express was sent to General .imhtnt,
the commander-in-chief in America, for assistance, in terms too |)r(.'ssin;; \»
be denied. Accordingly, he ordered a battalion of Higblaiulei-s, and llmr
comi)aines of Royal Scots,t under the connnand of Colonel Monticminj,
afterwards Earl Eglinton, to embark at New York for Carolina. In liie
mean time, Lillkton, having been appointed governor of Jamaica, IRIm
Bull succeeded him ; a cdiange much to the advantagt; of the i)roviiice.
Colonel Montgomerif arrived in Carolina towards the end of April, to ik
great joy of the peo|)fe, who bad taken measures to cooperate with liiin to tin
best advantage ; but, as the coufiiiest of Canada was the grand object now,
General Amhtrat had ordered Colonel Montgomery to strike a sudden hlow tor
the relief of the Carolinians, and then to retin-n to head-(juart<'rs at Alliany,
without loss of time; and we have scarce an examph; in nii'itnry liistnrv.
where an oflicer fulfllled his conunissiou with greater promptitude. Ih' siwi
after rendezvoused at the Congarees ; and, being joined by many gciitlcMiii
of distinction as volunteers, besides the principal strength of the country, In
marched for the heart of the Cherokee country. After reaching a plaro
called Twelve Mile River, be encam|)ed n|)on advantag(!ous giouinl, ami
marched with a party to siu-prise Estatoe, about '20 niilt.'s irom his camp. I"
the way, he took Little Keowee, and put every man to the sword. I'-siaioc
he found abandoned, exce])t by a few that could not escape, and it was
reduced to ashes, as was Sugar Town, and every other settlement in ili''
lower nation. About GO Indians were killed, and 40 taken prisoners ; but die
maUcrs of business ; he drew from the fort several of liic oiliccrs lo converse wiili iliciH' -
Haywood's Hist. Tennessee, IK).
*" A bottle of poison was found with one of the dead lioslaffes, probably inlrndcil H''*
dropped into the well ; and several tomahawks were foinid buried in the earth." //■i;/'f""'
Hist. Tennessee, 30. — Any stories would gain credence anioag' the whiles, whidi wtMii lo
make the Indians as bad as themselves. Whether the bottle spoken of odiitaiiiod piii-™'
may be questioned ; and, if it did, it may be reasonably doubted whether the Indians Utw
any thing- about it.
T I airi (ollowinff Tfaralt, but the Annual Renster, iii. C2, says, " a regiment of Hightaml-
ers, a battalion ol Ro^'al Americans, a body of^grenadiers," dtc.
ION. [fiooK W
of tlu'in t'lirtliat
lliriT iiioiT wirn
ic trannly in ijic
.(I rt'|Mllc(l tliiir
■iiiicc rrniii thi'ir
lit, llllttll'tllllllli'lv
tlifir m-ts(it'\Mir,
ir vicliiii«,iiin'|iy
V |n'rHi)iiH iiiiKini:
imssat'n'; iiinl, m
•kly follownl.
■iimiiii'd till' liiM
iiitryiiu'ii to iiiiik"
It tlicy liml Hum'
all lit't'ori; tliim,
I nttnclii'd to tim
o.itola wiis a >iiiTii
'onliac, wus dctiT-
foll()\V(!l^ tllllt tllf
nlliii^' out for vm-
(•(! to imliriic tlirir
iniiocciit anil ili!-
iicii, woiiiiii, lunl
[•ilcss <\iry. Siirli
llg-kllili', IMTIshnl
) capital of llnir
Mitieiitly lookwl tu
grec ill town, that
(tn'ssed luiiiiliis in
) Gt'uoral ilmkrst^
lis too piTssiii^ to
iliUidt'i-s, and I'mir
loiifl Monlmurjj,
Carolina. In tlw
■ Jaiiiaira, IRliim
le province.
(I of April, Id tlic
ito with liini tutlic
grand oliji'i't now,
a siiddt'ii blow I'nr
(juart'-rs at Allwuy,
II ini'.tury liistmy,
iiptitiid*'. Ill' >'"ii
»y iiiaiiy gciitli'iii'ii
of tlio couiitiy. W
reaching n lilw';
crcoiis grouiiil, mm
Voiii his cainii. 1"
,e sword. Kst"i'«
Dscape, and it wits
settleineiit in tli'"
prisoners ; hut ili|;
;oiivcrsc willi ihcm -
,rohal<lvintPii<W"''*
llu- oartli." //"!/"■'••'■
uliilcs, wliioli WlMll 10
■11 of ciinHilm-'o I'™-""'
ihcr ilif huliaiis Ut*
Cwf. IV.]
CHEROKEE WAR.— BATTLE (W ETCHOE.
9r
wrriors lind gfiicnilly rucapcd to tlie nioiiiitaiiiH and dcwcrtH. Tiiim Cnr, the
riiiii|mi)(ii li'id Imtii prosperous with tlie whites, hut tjin-e or four men having
Im n killed ; hut it hud no other ett'eet upon the Indians than to increase their
rni!''.
Mcnnvvhile, Fort Princo Goorgo had l)«en closidy invested, and Colonel
!tlnnti!umenj marched to its relief. From this place, two friendly chiefs
mri' flespatclied to the middle wttlemoiits, to oH'er |)eace l<> the people there,
aiiil orders weru s(!nt to tliose in commnnd at Fort Lo> Ion, to use means
to liriiig ahoiit an accommodation with the F|iper Tuwiim ; hut the Indians
wiiuM not hear to any terms, and ('(donel Mnntfromenj was constrained to
mnnli again to find the nnetny. He had now the most ditricidt part of his
finii'e to |>erl'oriii. The country through which ho had to march was
invited hy dark thickets, numerous deep ravines, and high river hanks;
when- a small niunher of men might distress and wear out tiie hest appointed
uinv.
Iliiviiig arrived within five miles of Etchoo, tin' nearest town of the middle
jfitli'Mieiit.s the army was attacked on the ^7 June, in a most advaiitagcuus
pliiiT lor the attacking jiarty. It was a low valley, in which the hushes were
so thick, that tlio soldiers could sec scarcely three yards hefore them; and in
till' iKrttoin of this valley flowed a muddy river, with steej) clay hanks.
Thrnn|;li this placo the army must march. Rightly judging the enemy had
mil miiitted so important a pass. Colonel Montf^omen/ ordenMl out a com|)aiiy
of ranjfcrs, under Captain dMbm',»on, to enter the ravine and make discovery.
No sooner had he entered it, hut the fierce war-wlioo|> was raised, aid the
IniliaiiM darted from covert to covert, at the same time firing ujion the w hites.
raiilJiin Morrison was immediately shot down, and his men closely enjr iged ;
bill, hi'ing without delay supported hy the infantry atid gr'Miadiers, they were
ahji' to iimiiitain their ground, and the hattle hecame ohstinate; nor could the
liiilinim he dislodged, until near an hour of hard fighting. In the mean time,
llu Koyal Scots took jiossession of a place hetw<H3n tin; Indians and a rising
froiiiidon their right, while tlie Highlanders siistuincid the light iiidmtry and
irniiiiliers on the lefl. As the lefl hecame too warm for them, and not well
uiiiiirstaiMling the position of the Royal Scots, the Indians, in their retreat,
I'cllin widi them, and were shaqily encountered; hut they soon eU'ected their
rr'md to a hill, and could no more he hroiight to action. In this fight, !K! of
till' whites were killed ond wounded, of whom 20 wvvv, of the former niini-
litr. Of the Chcrokees, 40 were said to have hcen killed.
Tlie hidians hud now heen driven from one ravine, with a small loss; hut
rnjonil Montgomery was ir no condition to pursue his advantage farther, and
he tlieretorp, aflcr destroying so much of his provisions as would afl'ord
Imrscs for the wounded, hegan his retreat out of the Iiulian country, and, in
"III (lii'iice to his commission, soon afler returned to New York ; not, how-
':vir, without leaving 400 iien for the security of the province, lint it was
s'loii si'i'ii, that what had yet been done only increased the mge of tlie
Imruins, and their de|)redation continued at the v«'ry heels of the rc'treating
army. They immediately cut oft' all communication with Fort Loudon,
nl .1 was garrisoned with 200 men.* Ockonos'^ta, with his numerous
' anioi-s, kept strict watch, insomuch that there was no means of escape. At
lfii;tli, the garrison having rniserahiy suhsisted, for some time, upon poor
liiinislii'd horses, dogs, &c., many of them became resolved to throw tliem-
fi'lvi's into the jiower of the Indians, wishing rather to die by their hands,
iliaii iiiiseiahly to perish within their fortress. Captain Steiuirt, an othcer
anmnfr them, was well known to the Indians, and jiossi s.sed great address and
Mt'iicity. He resolved, at this crisis, to rejiair to Cliote, the residence of
O'kumslofa, and make overtures for the surrender of the garrison. He,
acioi'dinjrly, effected his object, and returned with articles of cajiitiilution
Wi'i'd upon. Besides the names of Ockouoslota and Paul Deinere, the
fiMiininrulcr of the garrison, the name of another chief was to the articles,
wlli'd Cunigacatgoae. The articles stipulated, that the garrison should march
f; 'i'
:.;* :*'*'S.'^*il
regiment of High'^ ^H " The Chcrokees were now supposed to number 3000 warriors, and it was daily expected
^B tijjt iiie Cliocktaws were about to join them.
."■>'..*'>'ii'^i>s
38
OCKONOSTOTA.— MASSACRE OF Till; KNGMSri.
[noon IV.
out with thrir nrrim nrirl ilruins «'acli wildirr luivinj^ hh miik-Ii pdwdir ninl |„||i
OH (lis ((lliccrM nIkmiI*! tliiiik iitrcKHaiy, and tlial tliry Hliould imiicii t'< : \ irifinm
UIIMMllcNti'd.
Arcordiiijfly, on 7 Aiifftinf, I7(i(), the KtiKliHli todk ii|t llicir inarfli Cur r„n
Priiici' (Jcorp', Tlicy liad lu-Dcn-dcd Imt nhoiit IT) inili's, wlii-ii tht y ♦•imiiiii|,.
rd, (ill- flic iiiiilit, ii|M)ii a HMiall plain near Taliiiiio. Tlit-y were nr("i)iii|i,||||,,||
tliim fur liy (hkunosUtta in |M'ih(iii, an<l many otlicru, in a liii-ndly niniiiHr
l)iit at nijflit IJH'y vvithdri-vv witiioiit giviiiK any nolirc. 'riuMirniy vvih imt
ni(il<'Htc(l during; tli*! ni^ht, Itnt, at dawn of day, u Ncntincl ranx' niiiiiiii;; jnf,)
camp witli the iidorniation that a lioHt of Indians w*m'<' crrrpin;^ up to .siinniiii,|
tlirm. Captiiin Demerc lind Hrinro tiintf to rally, bt'lort' iIk? Indians iirnkc into
his (-ami) with ^n-at tiiry. Tiit! p.i<.r rmaciatcd Holdicrs made hut ii',|,{,,
r<'Hiwtam'«;. Thirty of tiicir mnnhci' IMI in this first ons«!t, amonjf wiioni win
tln'ir captain. Thoscs that wen; able, endi'avonul to sav(i tliomsclvcs hy lli(;||t
and others snrrt'iidfrcd thomst'lvcs n|)on the nhirc. This ma^^sa(•r^, it wjlhi jt
1x1 f"or;?(>tt('n, was in rntaiiation for that of tiic liostngos idrcadv rclntcd. AiiKnif
thii prisont'i-H was Captain Steuari, Tin-y woro conducted to Fort l.midoil'
whicli now bcrann! OrkonoaloUi's licnd-ipiartors.
Jlttitkidlnkulla, ii'arninf.' tiiat ids friend Sirunrt was among the cnptlvuH, pro.
cocdtMl innncHliateiy to Fort London, when; h(! ransomed liini at tiiu cxiicnsi.
of all the |)ropcrty ho eonid coinni'uid, and took care of liim with the gnmisi
tend(!rne8H and uflection.
Tiie restless Ockonoatotn next resolved to invest Fort Frineo Georijc, He
was induced to undcrtaki; that project, ns fortune had thrown in his way sdiiiR
of the means for such an undeitaking, hitherto beyond his reach. \\v\\,k
abdicating Fort Loudon, the Knglisb had bid in the ground sevcnilim<:s oi'
powder. This his men had foiuid. Several cannon bad idso been jell iiiliiiiil
and be designed to tbrct? his I'nglisb prisoners to get them through tin' \mjijiIs
and uiunage them in the attack upon Fort Princ*; Cleorge. Ibit .'lltaliulk-
kuUa defeated these operations, by assisting I'aptain Steuari to escii|ic. He
even accompanied him to the J'.nglisb settlements, and returni'd ioiuit'd with
presents.
The French were said to have had their emissaries busily eni|tloyr(l in spir-
iting on tb(! Indians. One, named Leim Latinac, un ofticer, is pniticiiliirly
mentioned. He ))ei-suaded them that the English had nothing less in viiw
than their total externunation, and, furni.ihing them with uims and aininiini-
tion, urged them to win-. At a great council of the nation, alter braii(li>liiii!j
his hatchet, be struck it into u log of wood, calling out, " W7jo is the mun M
will take this up for the kiiifr of France ? "
SALOIJE or Silouee, u young warrior of Estatoe, instantly laid hold (if it,
and cried out, " I am for ivar. The spirits of our brothers who have been sliiiii,
fitill call u|)on us to avenge their death. He is no bett(>r than a woinan that
refu»ieB to follow me." Others were not wanting to follow his exainpk', iiml
tlie war continued.
Silouee was a Cherokee chief, ond was introduced by Mr. Jefferson, to illus-
trate the observation in his Notes on Virginia, that the Indian "is adcctiontite
to bis children, con'ful of theiii, and indulgent in the extreme ; that liisatfei-
lions comprehend bis other connections, weakening, ns with us, fi-oin circkto
circle, as they recede from the centre ; that his friendshijts are strong iiiiii
faithful to the uttermost I'xtremity." "A remarkable instanceof this a|»|)(nml
hi the case of the late Col. iii/n/,* who was sent to the Cherokee nation lo
tra'isact some business with tliem. It happened tlint some of onr disonlniv
reople had just kilU^d one; or two of that nation. It was diereibre jMopntii'ii
in the council of the (Jbcrokees, that Col. Bifrd sboidd be put to (Icatii, in
revenge for the loss of tb(>ir countrymen. Among them was a chief callnl
Siluuee, who, on some former occasion, liad contracted an acqiiaiiitanri; ninl
friendship with Col. Bijrd. He cam(! to him every night in his tent, and lulil
him not to be afraid, they should not kill him. Afler many days' delibpiatioii,
* Perhaps (he same mentioned liy Oldmi.ron, (i. 283,) who. in speaking of llic Indian pow-
wows, says, " one very lately eonjiired a shower of rain for Col. Ilyrd's planlatimi in limco'
drouth, for iwo bottles of rum ;" and our author says he should not liave believed, had he not
found it in an author who was on tlie spot !
i.isii. [nooM IV.
ch powder iiihI lin||
I iimrcli IV ! Viruiiiiu
licir iimn-li tor I'nrt
wIm'II tliry t'iiriiiii|i.
^ wen* III iii|iaiiii'i|
1 II iVii'iitlly iiiuiiiiir.
'I'Ik' army wim nnt
I niiiit' niiiiiiiiL: into
'|iiii)i up to siiiriMiinl
w Iiiiliiiim limki' into
ITH niiult' llllt t'tllili.
!t, anioii^' wliiiiii NviH
tlicniHi'lvt's liy lliiiht,
I miissiuTf, it will ii.it
•lulv rt'latt'il. AiiKiii;,'
!teJ to Fort Limdon,
nng tlio onptivt'H, pri)-
il iiitii at tlie cxiHii'**!
liiin witli tliu gri'utist
t I'rincc Gcorgp. He
rowii ill liiswiiysdino
(1 hia n'ucli. IWliire
roiiiul Hovcriil lm;rsot'
I also Immmi lt'l\ iicliiiiii,
•ni tliroiij^li till' \mkhIs,
norj^f. lint Mikulk-
'itemirt to ('scii|)f. lie
il rctiiriMMl loiuli'd with
iisily oiuploycd iiispir-
ofhciT, is imrticiiliirly
II llOtfiillg ll'SH ill vil'W
th utiiis ami miiimiiii-
tioii, utter Itrniiilisliiii!!
" I^Vho is tht man l/uil
instantly liiiil liol'l "' .">
■s who "have been >l:rni,
Iter than u woiiiiin liiat
)llow his example, iiiid
Y Mr. Jefferson, to illns-
hndiau "is affci'tionnte
Ixtrenio ; that liis hITim'-
l with ns, from ''ircle to
ulships are slroii!.' miil
istanec of this ii|»i)i'Uied
|tho Cherokee iimioii to
sonic of our (liwmiiilv
vas therefort! ]m\<^'^"\
did be put to (lealli. »'
fiem was a ehi«"f rall''^
Id an acqiiaintmini imi
Lht hi his tent, mui tuld
Jnany days' deliberation,
Leaking onbThiii^-
ikird's planlalion in \m o
lotCe believed, had he no.
CHiP IVl SILOUF-K.— HAVES TFIK MFK OF COLONF.I. nVUI).
30
linwpvrr, tho deterinhiatioii wnn, roiitniry to Silinter^ii i>x|M'rtntinn, that Hifnt
ilioiild be P"t t" deiilli, and Huine warriors were (le.s|iiilelied as exeeiifioneni.
SiiiiiK' iitteiiibii tlieiM ; and when they nitered tin' lent, lie tliiew himself
liitwi'eii tlieiii and lii/ril, iind said to the wiirriiiis, ^ This man in ini/ frienil :
ji/'iicr i/oii gel *il /""« ,'/"" '"«•?' kill mt ! ' ( )n which they retinneil, and the ••oiiii-
,11 rrxiiei'ted the priiieiple so iiiiieh, nii to reeeile from their determination."
\ iiioi-e impolitie and hiirharons measure, perhaps, never entered the heart
i,|' man. than that of otVerin^ a reward for hiimiin seiilps. This was dune hy
Viitfiniii, as we have liefore related. It is true the piveriiment of V'irKiniii wan
iiiiiidoiie in this eriminal hiisiness, hut that betters not her ease. 'The door of
iiiiiriiiity lieiiift thus oiteiied, it was easy to have foreseen, that many men upon
ilii' trmitiers, "of bad lives and worse prineiples," says an iiite||ij{ent writer,*
4ii>d ready to step ill. As the event proved, many friendly Indians wem
miirdi /•»'/, imd the jtovernmeiit defriiuiUil, It was at the news of a inurder of
jii^dcucriptioii that Colonel liurd was seized.
SihIi was the eondilion of the eoimtry, that a seeoiid ap|»iieiition was iiiado
tolii'iicriil .Imlurst for aid, and he promptly atUirded it. ('olonel Jitmis iintni
iirrivi'd lljere early in 17(il, and not biiiff ath-r took the field with a I't.ree of
Fiiiilisii iind Indians, aiiionuting to about !2()()() men. f lie traversed the Cher-
nlvi '('(Miiitry, and subdued that peo|de in a hard-fought battle, near the samo
iiliin' where (Jcdoiiel Monltromrnf was attaeked the year before. It lasted
almiit tl'iee hours, in wliieh about (K) whites were killed and wounded. Tho
|,i-siil'tlie Indiniis was luiknowii. (Colonel driint ordered his dead to be sunk
ill ilic river, that the Indians mi^lit not find them, to iinietise upon them their
lirlmiiticH. lit; then iiroeeeded to the destruction ot their towns, I.') in niiiii-
I .wliirli he nerompiished without molestation. | Peace was at last effected
I , till' mediation of AHnkullakulla. This chief's residence was upon the
fiiiiMSrtce or ('lnTokee River, at what was called the Orerhill Toiciis. In 177.'{,
«li(ii tiiP learned traveller, liartmm, travelled into ti; • (Mierokee country, ho
mililieold chief on bi>" way to Charleston ; of whieb circiimstaiuie he speaks
iliiiri ill his Travels : — " Soon idler crossing this largi- branch of the Tniiase, I
ilwrvcil descending tho heights, ut soino distance, a coinjiany of Indians, all
wt'll iiioiiiited on horseback. They caiiin rapidly forward ; on their nearer
;i|i)iroa(h, I observed n chief at the head of the caravan, and apprehending him
to be tho Lillle-carpenter, emperor or grand chief of the Clun-okees, as they
caiiit' ii[i, I turned oft' from the path to make way, in token of nsspect, which
foinpiiincnt was accepted, and gratefully and magimniinously letiirniid ; for
his hijiliiiess, with n gracious and cheerful smile, came up to me, and clapping
liisliarid o'l his breast, oft'ered it to nie, saying, I am Jltn-cul-ndla, and heartily
<!iiiiik liaiuls with me, and asked nie if I knew it ; I answered, that the good
■|iiiit wim goes before me spoke to me, and said, that is the great Jita-cul-cidln"
)lr. linrlram added, that he was of Pennsylvania, and though that was a great
way oif, yet the mime of Altakullakidla was dear to his white brothers of
iViiiisyivunia. The chief then asked hhii if he came directly from Charleston,
and if his friend ^^John Steioari were well." Mr. Bartrani said be saw him
liii ly, and that he was \ "ell. This was, probably, the same person whoin
MuUnkulla had assisted to make an escai)e, as we have just related.
Ill carrying out the history of the two chiefs, Atiakidlukulla and Ockonosioia,
"i; have omitted to notice Chlucco, better known by the name of the Long.
mriior, king or niico of the Semi'ioles. He went out with Colonel Monlgom-
tn/,aiul rendered hitn essential service in his unsuccessful expedition, of wliich
wi' have spoken. A large band of Creeks accompanied him, and then! is but
iitiir iloiibt, if it had not been for him and his warriors, few of the English
«iiulil have returned to their friends. But, as usual, the English leader, in his
liiiii', had all the honor of successfully encountering many difticulties, and
r turning with his own life and many of his men's. It was by the aid of
^'i/wcfo, that the army escaped ambush after ambnsh, destroyed many of the
Uidukee villages, and ftnally his warriors covered its retreat out of one of the
iiitist (huigerous countries through which an army cotild pnss. hong-warrior
«aswhat tho New England Indians termed a great powwcw. That he was
" Doclof Dumaby. f Hewatt. % Annual Register, iv. 58 ; Hewatt, ii. 248—51.
V: *^
VtjV:.
*ti
40
MONCACHTAPE.
[Book IV.
a man possessing a good mind, may fuirly l)e inferred from lijs altility tn
witlistaiid till! temptation of intoxicating liquore. He had Ixen known ii,
remain sober, when all liis tribe, and many wiiites among thiMii, liml all linn
wallowing in the mire of <b-unkenne8s together. In tlie year ]77.'{, at the
head of about 40 vv,.«Tiors, ho marched against the Chocktaws of West I'lor.
ida. What was tlie issue of tlTis expedition we have not learned. Wo may
have again occasion to notice Chlucco.
H§§t
CHAPTER V.
MoNCACiiTAPE, tilt Yazoo — Kar^ative of his adventures to the Pacific Ocean — Grasd.
BUN, chief of the Natchez — Receives great injustice from the French — Cmicrrts tkir
destruction — 700 French are cut off — War with them — The Matchii ^Irstroijrd intlivr
turn — Great-mortar — M'Gim.ivray — His birth and edii: 'ion — Visits A'eto York
— Troubles of his nation — His death — Tame-king — Mad-dog.
MONCACIITAPE was a Yazoo, whose name signified, in the language of
that nation, killer of pain and fatieue. How well he deserved this iiaiin', the
sequel will unfold. He was well known to the historian Du Pralz, ahoiit
17(50, and it was owing to his singular good intelligence, that tliat travillir
was able to add much valuable information to his work. " Tliis man (sjivs
Du Pratz*) was remarkable for his solid understanding and elevation of
sentiment; and I may justly compare him to those first (ireeks, who traveliiil
chiefly into the east, to examine the manners and crstoms of ditferciit nations,
and to communicate to their fellow citizens, upon their return, the knoHieili,'!.-
wliich they had acquired." He was known to the French by the name of the
Interpreter, as he could communicate with several other nations, having siintd
a knowledge of their languages. Monsieur Du Pralz used great endi avors
among the nations upon the Mississippi, to learn their origin, or from wlicme
they came; and observes concerning it, "All that I could lenrn irnm tiicin
was, that they came from between the north and the sun-setting ; ami this
account they uniformly adhere to, whenever they give any accoimt ot' their
origin." This was unsatisfactory to him, and in his exertions to find some one
that could infonu him better, he met with Moncachiape. The following is the
result of his communications in his own words: —
" I had lost my wife, and all the children whom I had by her, when I
undertook my journey towards tlie sun-rising. I set out from my villare
contrary to the inclination of all my relations, and went first to the Cliieafaws,
our friends and neighbors. I continued atnong them several days, to inform
myself whether they knew whence we all came, or, at least, wlicnoc they
themselves came ; they, who were our elders ; since from them came the
language of the country. As they could not inform me, I jjroceedod on my
journey. I reached the country of the Chaouanous, and atlerwards went up
the Wabash, or Oliio, neiu* to its source, which is in the country of tiu! Irni|iiiii>,
or Five Nations. I left them, however, towards the north ; and, during ilie
winter, which, in that countiy, is very severe and very long, I lived in a ylhif
of the Albenatpiis, where I contracted an acquaintance with a man soniewiiat
older than myself, who promised to conduct me, the following spring, to the
great water. Accordingly, when the snows were melted, and the weather ws
settled, we proceeded eastward, and, after several days' journey, 1 at liiigili
huv.' the great water nhich filled me with such joy and admiration, tlmi 1
could not speak. Night drawing on, we took up our lodging on a iiigli Iwi'k
above the water, which was sorely vexed by the wind, and made so great a i
noise that I could not sleep. Next day, the ebbing and flowing of tlte natcr
filled me with great apprehension; but my companion quieted my feas, by
assuring me that the water observed certain bounds, both in advancing and j
" Hist, Louisiana, ii. 121.
[Boor IV.
from bis ability to
Imd bvfii known i(,
r tlnMii, butl all lifrn
le year 177U, at the
^tttws of West rior-
t learned. We may
Ciu;'
v.l
ADVFA'TURES OF MONCACIITAPE.
41
Pacific Ocean — Grand-
! Frtnrh — Coticrrls thur
Yatclii-, tirstrnijrd inlkir
,-, 'ioti — yisiU JNcic Yurk
>0G.
led, in tbe language of
^served this iiaiiie, the
jrian Du Pralz, alnrnt
3nce, that that traveller
»rk. " This man (says
ding and elevation of
t (ireeks, who travollwl
)iii9 of diftereut nations,
r return, the kno\vle(li;f.'
inch by the uatneofthe
r nations, haviiij; srainiil
z usjhI great emhavora
origin, or from whcine
could lenrii Iroiii them
le sun-setting ; ami this
re any accoimt of lli*'ir
ertions to tiiul some one
The followiiig is the
I had by her, when I
et out from my villairc
It first to the Chicosaws,
several days, to inform
at least, whence they
^ from them came the
me, I i)roceeded on my
and afterwards went lip
country of the IrofioiN
north ; and, diirni-i the
long, I livc<l in a villiii''
e with a man soniewlBt
P following spring, to tho
ted, and the weather w»^
lys' journey, 1 at lentil'
"and admiration, that
, lodging on a lii!i!i l«i>l^
id, and made so gi-atM
and flowing of the nater]
.ion quieted my fi'n'S, "J,
,, both in advancing a«d
rfiirint,'. Hiving siitisfied our curiosity in viewing the great water, we returned
to the village of tiie AlM'na(|uis, where 1 continued tlie following wIihit; and,
.llertiie snows were melted, my companion and I went and viewed tlie great fall
(ifthe Kiver St. Lawrence, at Niagara, which was distant from tlie village several
^nvs' ioiiriiey. The view of this great fall, at fii-st, made my hair stand on end,
anil my '"'i'"' almost leap out of its place ; but afterwards, before T left it, I
1)11(1 the courage to walk under it. Next day, we took the shortest road to tlie
Ohio, and my companion and I, cutting down a tree on the banks of the river,
ne t'oiined it into a pettiaugre, which served to conduct me down the Ohio
and the Mississippi, after which, with much difficulty, 1 went up our small
river, and at length arrived safe among my relations, who were rejoiqed to see
mcin cood health. — This journey, instead of satisfying, only served to excite
niv ciiiiosity. Our old men, for several years, had told me that the ancient
aieecli informed them that the red men of the north came originally much
jiijherand much farther than the source of the River Missouri ; and, as I had
longed to see, with my own eyes, the land from whence our first fathers came,
1 took my precautions for my journey westwards. Having provided a small
(jiiimtity of com, I proceeded up along the eastern bank of the River Mississippi,
till I came to the Ohio. I went up along the l)aiik of this last river, about the
fiiiirth part of a day's journey, that I might be able to cross it without being
carried into the IMississippi. There I formed a cajeux, or raft of canes, by the
asijt.iiice of which I passed jver the river; and next day meetiiij; with a herd
of hiitt'alops in the meadows, I killed a fat one, and took from it tlie fillets, the
biiiicli, and the tongue. Soon after, I arrived among the Tamaroas, a village
of the nation of the Illinois, where I rested several days, and then proceeded
northwards to the mouth of the Missouri, which, after it entcre the great river,
nni* tor a considerable time without intermixing its muddy waters with the
fliar stream of the other. Having crossed the Mississippi, I went up the
'ijissoiiri, along its northern bank, and, after several days' journey, I arrived at
die nation of the Missouris, where I staid a long time to learn the language
iliiit is spoken beyond them. In going along the Missouri, I passed through
nndows a whole day's journey in length, which were quite covered with
liiilTaloes.
"When the cold was past, and the snows were melted, I continued my jour-
Dfviip along the Missouri, till I came to the nation of the west, or the Cauzas.
Alierwards, in consequence of directions from them, I proceeded in the same
course near 30 days, and at length I met with some of the nation of the Otters,
who were hunting in that neighborhood, and were surprised to see me alone.
Iiontiimed with the hunters two or three days, and then accompanied one of
ik'Mi and his wife, who was near her time of lying in, to their village, which
lay I'ar otr betwixt the north and west. We continued our joumey along the
Missouri for nine days, and then wo marched directly northwards for five
(lays more, when we came to the fine river, which runs westward in a direc-
tion contrary to tliafof the Missouri. We proceeded down this river a whole
day, and then arrived at the village of the Otters, who received me with as
nuich kindness as if I had been of their own nation. A few days after, I
joined a party of the Otters, who were going to carry a calumet of peace to a
nation beyond them, and we embarked in a yicttiaugre, and went dov/n the
river tor 18 days, landing now and then to supjily ourselves with provisions.
Win n I arrived at the nc.tion who were at peace with the Otters, I staid with
lliem till the cold was passed, that I might learn their language, wliich was
common to most of the lations that lived beyond them.
"The cold was hardly gone, when I again embarked on the fine river, and
in my course I met with several nations, with whom I generally staid but one
night, till I arrived at the nation that is but one day's journey from the great
nter on the west. This nation live in the woods about the distance of a
Ifagiie from the river, from their apprehension of bearded men, who come
lipoii till ir coasts in floating villages, and carry oft" their children to make
slaves of them. These men were described to be white, with long black
!wds that came down to their br<!ast ; they were thick and short, had large
wds, which were covered with cloth ; they were always dressed, even in the
greatest heats ; their clothes fell down to the middle of their legs, which, with
4*
f'M
1*12' !•■? I ?■ IJ'iTT.^H
t" ■ ' * • ■■. < " -C ■ Si
42
GRAND-SUN.
[R"OK IV.
Chap, v.] GR;
their feet, were covered with red or yellow stuff. Their arms madR a ,rr,„,
fire and a great noise; and when they saw themselves outnumlxreti Iiv,,,'|
men, they retired on board their large pettiaugre, their number Sfjinci'j,,,,'
amounting to thirty, but never more.
"Those strangers came from the sun-setting, in search of a yellow 8tiiil,i„„
wood, which dyes a fine yellow color ; but the people of this nation, that tliey
might not be tempted to visit them, had destroyed all those kind oC tnJi
Two other nations in their neighborhood, however, having no otiicr wuod
could not destroy the trees, and were still visited by the strangers; and Ixii,,,'
greatly incommoded by them, had invited their allies to assist thein in niakinii
an attack upon them, the next time they should return. The following sun*
mer I accordingly joined in this expedition, and, after travelling five loiu'dav '
journey, we came to the place where the bearded men usually landed, wliwe
we waited seventeen days for their arrival. The red men, by my advice
placed themselves in ambuscade to surprise the strangers, and accordiiKlv
when they landed to cut the wood, we were so successful as to kill eleven Vt'
them, the rest immediately escaping on board two large pettiaugi-es, and flyinB
westward upon the great water. °
" Upon examining those whom we had killed, we found them much smaller
than ourselves, and very white ; they had a large head, and in the middle of
the crown the hair was very long ; their head was wrapt in a great many folds
of stuff, and their clothes seemed to be made neither of wool nor silk ; they
were veiy soft, and of different colors. Two only, of the eleven who were
slain, had fire-arms, with powder and ball. I tried their pieces, and foinid
that they were much heavier than yours, and did not kill at so great a
distance.
" After this expedition, I thought of nothing but proceeding on my jouniev
and, with that design, I let the red men return home, and joined myself to
those who inhabited more westward on the coast, with whom I travelled
along the shore of the great water, which bends directly betwixt the north
and the sun-setting. When I arrived at tlie villages of my fellow-travellers
where I found the days very long, and the nightd veiy short, I was advised bv
the old men to give over all thoughts of continuing my journey. They tolil
me that the land extended still a long way in a direction between the north
and sun-setting, after which it ran directly west, and at length was cut by the
great water from north to south. One of them added, that, when he mus
young, he knew a very old man who had seen that distant land before it was
eat away by the great water, and that when the great Avater was low, iiiaiiv
mks still appeared in those parts. Finding it, therefore, imjH-acticable to
proceed much further, on account of the severity of the climate, and the want
of game, I returned by the same route by which 1 had set out ; and, rcdiirinj
my whole travels westward to days' journeys, I compute that they would
have employed me 36 moons ; but, on account of my frequent delays, it was
five years before I returned to my relations among the Yazoos."
Thus ends the narrative of the famous traveller Moncachtape, which seems
to have satisfied Du Pratz, that the Indians came from the continent of Asia,
by way of Behring^s Straits. And he soon after left him, and returned to his
own country. It would have been gratifying, could we have known more of
the history of this very intelligent man. The same author brings also to our
knowledge a chief called
GRAND-SUN, chief of the Natchez. Although Sun was a common name
for all chiefs of that nation, this chief wad paitioulai'ly distinguished in the first
wai* with the French, which exhibits the compass of our information concern-
ing hun, and which we ])urpose here to sketch. He was brother to the great
warrior, known to the French by the name of Stuno-serpent, and like him
was a friend to the whites, until the haughty, overbearing disposition of one
man brought destruction and ruin on their whole colony. This affair took
place in the year 1729. The residence of the Grand-sun was near the French
post of Natchez, where he had a beautiful village called the White ^pple, M.
tie Chopart had been reinstated in the command of the post, whence he was
for a time removed by reason of misconduct, and his abominable injustice to
the Indians became more conspicuous afterwards than before. To gratify his
(.„^P. v.] GRAND-SUN.— MASSACRE OF THE FRENCH IN NATCHEZ. 43
pride and avarice, he had projected the building of an «.legant villago, and
none appeared to suit his purpose so well as the White Ap|)le of tlio Grand-
m. Ho sent for the chief to his fort, and unhesitatingly told him tlmt his
village must be immediately given up to liijn, for he had reso'ved to erect one
J league square upon the same ground, and that he must remove elsewhere,
riie great chief stifled liis surprise, and modestly replied, "That his ancestors
bad lived in that village for as many years as iliere were hairs in his double
tiie, and, therefore, it was good that they .should contiime there still." When
lliis wus interpreted to the commandant, he showed iiimself in a rage, and
threatened the chief, that, unless ho moved from his village speedily, he
would have cause of rejientance. Grand-sun left the fort, and said he would
jsseinble his counsellors, and hold a talk \i\)on it.
Ill this council, which actually assembled, it was proposed to lay before the
commandant their hard situation, if they should be obliged to abandon their
corn, which then was just beginning to shoot from the ground, and many
other articles on which they were to depend for subsistence. But, on urging
these strong reasons, they met only with abuse, and a more peremptory order
to remove immediately. This the Grand-sun reported to the council, and
thev saw all was lost, unless, by some stratagem, they should rid themselves
ottlie tyrant Chopart, which was their final decision. The secret was con-
fided to none but the old men. To gain time, un offer was to be made to the
avaricious commandant, of tribute, in case he would permit them to remain
on their land until their harvest. The offer was acce])ted, and the Indians
jet alwut maturing their plan with the greatest avidity. Bundles of sticks
were sent to the suns of the neighboring tribes, and their import explained to
them by the faithful messengers. Each bundle contained as many sticks as
(lays which were to pass before the massacre of all the French in the Natchez.
And tlmt no mistake should arise in regard to the fixed day, every morning a
stick was drawn from the bundle and broken in pieces, and the day of the last
stick was that of the execution.
The security of the wicked, in the midst of their wickedness, and their
deathess to repeated warnings, though a standing example before them upon
the pages of all history, yet we know of but few instances where they have
profited by it. I need cite no examples; our pages are full of them.
The breast of women, whether civilized or uncivilized, cannot bear the
thoughts of revenge and death to prey upon them for so great a length of
time as men. And, as in the last case, I need not produce examples ; on our
pages will be found many.
A female sun having, by accident, understood the secret design of her peo-
ple, partly out of resentment for their keeping it from her, and partly from
her attachment to the French, resolved to make it known to them. But so
fatally secure was the commandant, that he would not hearken to her messen-
gers, and threatened others of his own people with chastisement, if they con-
tinued Mich intimations. But the great council of so many sims, and other
motion/) of their wise men, justly alarmed many, and their complaints to the
commandant were urged, until seven of his own people were put in irons, to
dispel their fears. And that he might the more vaunt himself upon their fears,
he sent his interpreter to demand of the Grand-sun, whether he was about to
fell upon the French with his warrioi's. To dissemble, in such a case, was
only to be expected from the chief, and the interpreter reported to the com-
mandant as he desired, which caused him to value himself upon his former
contempt of his people's fears.
The 30th of November, 1729, at length came, and with it the massacre of
near 700 people, being all the French of Natchez. Not a man escaped. It
beiiig upon the eve of St. Andrew's day, facilitated the execution of the horrid
design. In such contempt was M. Chopart held, that the suns would allow no
warrior to kill him, but one whom they considered a mean person. He was
wnied only with a wooden tomahawk, and with such a contemptible weapon,
ffieldod by as contemptible a person, was M. Chopart jjursued from his house
into his garden, and there enet his death.
The design of the Grand-sun and his allies wus, to have followed up their
success until all the French were driven out of Louisiana. But some tribes
itf
44 GREAT-MORTAR.— IS ATTACKED BY THE CIIICKASAUS. [iJook iv
would not aid in it, and the governor of Louisiana, promptly seconded by tlie
ppopli! of New Orleans, shortly ufler nearly annihilated tlic whole tiibo of tlie
Natchez. The Choetaws oflenid themselves, to the nnmlx-r of 15 or \im
men, and, in the following Fehrnary, advanced into the conntry of the Natch-
ez, and were shortly alter joined by the French, and encamped near the oU
fort, th>n in ])ossession of tiie Grand-sun, Here Hags passed between thim
and terms of peace were agrocid npon, which W(!re very honoruhh; to thi'
Indians ; but, in the following night, they decamped, taking all their prismiiw
and baggage, leaving nothing but the cannons of the ibrt and bails beiiiiui them
Some time now passed belbre the French could ascertain the retreat ol" th("
Natchez. At length, they learned that tlw^y had crossed the Mississi|)|)i, jnni
settled u|)on the west side, near 180 miles above the month of Red River
Here they built a fort, and remained (piietly until the next year.
The weakness oi'the colony caused the itdiabitants to resign themselves intn
the hands of the king, who soon sent over a sufficient force, added to those
still in the country, to liumble the Natchez. They were accordingly iiivcsieij
in their fort, i.nd, struck with consternation at the sudden approacli of tlie
French, seem to have lost their former prudence. They mad*; a (lesiiernte
sally upon the camp of the enemy, but were repulsed with great h^n. Tliey
then attempted to gain time by negotiation, as they had the year before, Im't
could not escape from the vigilance of the FVench officer; yet the uttenint
was made, and many were killeil, very few escaped, and the greater iiiiinkr
driven within their fort. MortarE were used by their enemies in this ,sie"e
and the third bomb, falling in the centre of the fort, made great havoc
but still greater consternation. Drowned by the cries of the women and
children, Grand-sun caused the sign of capitulation to be given. Himsilt',
with the rest of his company, were carried prisoners to New Orhmns, and
thrown into prison. An increasing infection caused the women and cliildreii
to be taken out and employed as slaves on the king's plantations ; among
whom was the woman who had used eveiy endeavor to notify the cotiiinand-
ant, Ckopart, of the intended massacre, and from whom tb.c particulars of the
affair were learned. Her name was Stung-arm. These slaves were sliortly
after embarked for St. Domingo, entirely to rid the country of the Natchez.*
The men, it is probable, were all put to death.
GREAT-MORTAR, or Yah-yah-tustanage, was a very c(>lebrate(l IMtiskogce
chief, who, before the revolutionary war, was in the French interest, and
received his supplies from their garrison at Alabama, which was not far (hs-
tant from his place of abode, called Okchai. There was a time wlien lie
inclined to the English, and but for the very haughty and im|)rudent conduct
of the supcu'intendent of Lidian affairs, among them, might have been re-
claimed, and the dismal period of njiussacres which ensued averted. At a
great council, appoitited by the superintendent, for the object of ref^ainiii?
their favor, the pipe of peace, when passing around, was refused to Gmt-
mortar, because he had favored the French. This, with much other luigciicr-
ous treatment, caused him ever after to hate the English name. As tie super-
intendent was making a speecii, which doubtless contained severe and lianl
sayings against his red hearers, another chi^f, called the Tohacco-cater, sprimf:
upon his feet, and darting his tomahawk at him, it fortunately missed iiini, hni
stuck in a plank just above his head. Yet he wovdd have been iniriiediatcly
killed, but for the interposition of a friendly warrior. Had this first blow hceii
effectual, every Englishman i)resent would have been immediatt^ly put to dcalli.
Soon after, Great-mortar caused his j)eoplt to fall upon the F.nglish tniders, and
they nmrdered ten. Fourteen of the inhabitants of Longcane, a settlement near
Ninety-six, t next were his victims. He now received a conmiissioii from the
French, anil the better to enlist the Cherokee^ and others in his cause, removed
with his family far into the heart of the country, upon a river, by wiiicli he
could receive supplies from the fort at Alabama. Neither the Freneh nnr
Great-mortar yvere deceived in the advantage of their newly-chosen position;
for yoimg warriors joined him there in great numbers, and it was fast becoming
* Mens. Dii Pratz, Hist, de Louisiana, tome i. ch. xii.
t So called because it was 96 miles from the Cherokee. Adair.
;kasaus. [iJouKiv.
|)tly seconded by tlie
lie whole tiiin' of the
umb'-r of 15 or l(jOO
■ouiitry of ilie Nmch-
icamped iieur tlie old
Missed between tlitin
'ery liononible to tlie
iiig ull their prisoners
luid balls beliiiul tlicm.
;aui the n.-treiit of tlic
d the Mississip])!, ami
month of Red River.
xt year,
resign themselves into
fonx', add(!d to tluM;
o accordiniily invested
dden approach of tlie
Miey made a despenite
ifith great lei's. Tiiey
ad the year before, Imt
flicer ; yet the uttcinpt
id the greater number
enemies in this siefre,
irt, made great liavnp,
es of the women ami
to be given. Hiniiielf,
i to New OrlcuiiH, mid
le women and children
g's ])lantations ; among
to notify the coiiniiaml-
n tb.c particulars of the
ese slaves were shortly
)untry of the Natchez,*
ry cc^lebrated l\biskojree
French interest, and
which was not far di*-
was a time when he
and imi)riident conduct
), might have been re-
ensued averted. At a
the object of regaininsr
was refnsed to Gmi/-
1 much other iingener-
I name. As lie sujier-
tained severe niul liiird
\G Tohacco-cater, sprung
unately missed him, hut
have been iniinediately
Had this first blow been
nmediately i)Ut to death.
till! English traders, and
igcanc, a settlement near
a conunissioii from the
rs in his cause, removed
on a river, by wliirli he
Neither the French iwr
newly-chosen position;
md it was fast becoming
CiHi"' v.]
M'GILLIVRAY.
45
XII.
kee. Adair.
,(Teni'ial rendezvous for all the Missi8si|)pi Indians. Fortunately, however,
tiirtlie Kiigl"'''? the Chickasaws in their interest [ilucked up this liohon upas
lul'drc its l)ranch(!S were yet exteudc'd. Tliey fell U|)on them by surprise,
killed the brotiier of Great-mortar, and completely destroyed the design. Ho
(Vil not to his native i)lace, but to one from whence he cotild best annoy the
[iidlish settlements, and commenced anew the work of death. Augusta, in
Georgia, and many scattering settlements were destroyed.* Those ravagesj
flerc conti"Med until their united forces were defeated by the Americans under
Genera! Grant, in 17G1, ps we have narrated.
We have next to notice a chief, king, or cmy)cror as he was at different
limes entitled, whose omission, in a biographical work upon the Indians, would
incur us much criminality, on the part of the biographer, as an omission of
jimkons^ehelas, ff^Mte-eyes, Pipe, or Ockonostota ; yea, even more. We mean
ALEXANDER M'GILLIVRAY, who was, jjeriiaps, one of the most con-
iiiiiuoiis, if not one of tlie greatest, chiefs that has ever borne that title among
the Creeks ; at least, since tliey have been known to the Europeans. Ho
flourished during half of the last century, and such was the exalted o{)inion
pi:tertaiiied of liiin by his countrymen, that they styled liim "king of kings."
His niotlier was his predecessor, and the governess of the nation, and he had
several sistere, who married leading men. On the death of his mother, he
c ;.i chief sQchem by the usages of his ancestors, but such was ' i;; disinter-
psted ]mtriotism, that he left it to the nation to say whether he shoidd succeed
iiithesachemship. The people elected him "emperor." He was at the head
ot' the Creeks during the revolutionary war, and was ia the British interest.
Aiiir the peace, he becatne reconciled to the Americans, and cxpres8(;d a
dcjire to renounce his ))ublic life, and reside in the U. States, but was hindered
bv ilie earnest solicitations of his countryir-ep, to remain among them, and
jircet their affairs.
His residence, according to General J^i!fort,\ who married his sister, was
near Tallahassee, about half a league from what was formerly Fort Toulouse.
He lived in a handsome house, and owned GO negroes, each of whom he jiro-
vided with a separate habitation, which gave his estate the appearance of a
lillle town, t
M'Gillivray .vns a son of an Endishman of that name who married a Creek
noiiian, and hence wius what is called a half breed. He was born about 1 73i),
aiid,at the age often, was sent by his father to school in Charleston, where he
BUS in the care of Mr. Farquhar M'Gillivray, who was a relation of his father.
l!i> tutor was a Mr. .S^/iee(/. He learned the Latin language unuer the tuition
of Mr. WUlinvi Henderson, afterwards somewhat eminent among the critics in
London. When young M'Gillivray was 17, he was put into a counting-house
in Savannah, but mercantile aftiiirs had not so many charms as books, and he
spent all the time he could get, in reading histories and other works of useful-
ness, After a short time, his lather took him home, where his superior talents
soon began to develop themselves, and his jiromotion followed. He was often
mied general, which commission, it is said, he actually held under Charles
III., king of Spain. This was, probably, before he was elected emperor.
To he a little more yiarticular with this distinguished man, I wijl hazard a
repetition of some facts, for the sake of giving an account of him as recorded
by one § who resided long with him, and consequently know him well. He
was the son of a Cri^ek woman, of the f iimily of the Wind, whose father was an
officer in the French service, stationed at Fort Toidouse, near the nation of the
.\labaii)as. This officer, in trading with the Indians, became acquainted with
tlie mother of our chief, whom he married. They had five children, two boys
and three girls. Only one of the boys lived to grow up. As among other
tribes, so among the Creeks, the children belong to the mother ; and when
.VGi//iDra)/'s fiither desired to send him to Charleston to get an education, he
Has obliged first to get the mother's consent. This, it seems, was easily
ohuiined, and young ArGUlivray was put there, where he acquired a good
' Adair's Hist. N. American Indians, 254, &c.
t iMemoire ou coup-d'oBil rapide sur incs ditrereus voyages et men sejour dans la nation
CrSck, p. 27. t Ibid, $ General Mil/ort.
*
I
!|^
t
I.
■<^,i
HI.,
' it:, ^P
• . t^' '1
46
M'GILLIVRAY.— HIS VISIT TO NEW YORIC.
[Hook IV.
Kir-
educatioji. Iln did not rotuni for some time to liis nntion, wjiicli wns nt t!i,.
couimcncciiifiit of tlie nn'oliitioimry war; and ii<! tlicii went, coniniissioiiid L
the royalists, (o invito his coniitrymcn to a treaty upon tlr; '•'ontii'r-, an,! tl,
unitd thorn against tiie relicls.* lie <;c!i('raliy spol he l!nf,'lish luiigimm,'
wliich was not pleasing to ins mother, wlio would n . .peak it.} '
Aller tiic war he l)i}cani<! attaehed to the Americans, and ultliongh tlic I,,
derers caused ircqnent tro-jhles, yet h<; made and renewed treaties witli ti,,,
In 1790, he came to New York with ^9 of his chiefs. Owing to sonii! iiiisim.
derstanding, he had refused to treat at Rock Landing a short time Iit|i,r,.
when; connnissioners from the U. States had attended ; and the goverimiint
justly fearing a rni)ture, unless a speedy reconciliation should takti niac,"
des|)atched Coioiud Marinus fVilltl into tht; Oeek country, with a pacific \i\\,.l
to General M'Gillivray. He succeeded in his mission, and the chiefs ariivhl
in New York 2.'} July, 17{X).| They were conducted to tlie residence ol' ti,,.
secretary of war. General Knox, who conducted theiii to the house of |j„
l)resident of the U. States, and introtluced them to him. President IVnshki;.
ton received them "in a very handsome manner, congratulated tlieni on tinii.
safe arrival, and expressed a hope that the interview would f)rov(; licurficiiii
both to the U. States and to the Creek nation." They next visited the govcuidr
of the state, from whom they received a most cordial welcome, Tiify tjun
proceeded to the City Tavern, where they dined in company with (/ciicraj
Knox, and other officers of govermnent. A correspondence between Governor
Telfair, of Georgia, and "Alexander MGillrary, Escj." probably oiiened the
way for a negotiation, which terminated in a settlement of difficulties. From
the following extract from M^GiUivraifs letter, a very just idea may ho furmcil
of the state of the affiiirs of his nation previous to his visit to N; w York. "In
answer to youi-s, I have to observe, that, as a peace was not concluded on
between us at the Rock-landing meeting, your demand for property taken iiy
ou • vvarriors froiti off the disputed lands cannot be admitted. We, also, have
had our losses, by captures made by your people. We are willing to coni'lndo
a peace with you, but you must not expect extraordinary concessions from us.
In order to s|)are the further effusion of human blood, and to linally deterniine
the war, I am willing to concede, in some measure, if you are disjiosed to tnat
on the ground of mutual concession. It will save trouble and expense, if ilie
negotiations are managed in the nation. Any person from yon can he assured
of ])ersonal safety and friendly treatment in this country." It was dated at
Little Tellassee, 30 March, ITJK), and directed to "His Excellency Edward
Telj/'air, Esq." and signed "^/er. M^Gillivraif."
This chief seems afterwards to have met with the censure of his pooiilo, at
least some of them, in a manner similar to that of Mcintosh recently ; and was
doubtless overcome by the persuiisions of designing wliites, to treat for tlie
dis[)osjd of his lands, against the general voice of his nation. One Bowl(s,'i
whit(^ man, led the councils in ojn>osition to his proceedings, and, for a time,
M'Gillivray absented himself from his own tribe. In 1792, his party took
Boides prisoner, and sent him out of the country, and solicited the general to
return. § To this he consented, and they became more attached to liini thiin
ever. He now endeavored to better their condition by the introduction ot'
teachers among them. In an advertisement for a teacher, in the sunniicr of
1792, he styles himself emperor of the Creek nation. His quiet was soon
disturbed, and the famous John fVatts, the some summer, with 500 warrim^f,
Creeks, and five towns of the Chickamawagas, committed many depredations,
The Spaniards were supposed to be the movers of the hostile party. ,WGil-
livray died at Pensacola, February 17, 1798, || and is thus noticed in the
Pennsylvania Gazette: — "This idolized chief of the Creeks styled liiniscif
king of kings. But, alas, he could neither restrain the meanest fellow of his
* MilfoH, 323, .324. t Sec IMwes, Amcr. Ar.iials, 11, 384.
X Colonel Willcl's Narrative, 112. " They were received will) great splciidor by the Tarn-
many iSorioty, ill the dress of their order," on their landing. lb,
^ In I7!)l, this Bow'es, with five chiefs, was in England, and wc find tlii< notice of him in
llie European Magazine of (hat year, vol. 1!), p. 268 : — " The ambassadors consisted of iwo
Creeks, and of Mr. linwles, (a native of Maryland, who is a Creek by adoption, and the pres-
eiil general of that nation,) and three Clierokces. || Mil/ort, W.
[Rook IV
lich wns (It the
iimiis.si(iii,.|l |,Y
roiiticiv, ami to
f,'lisli Imicimcc,
t
liongli till! Imr-
ities with tlicn,
to 8011U! misMli.
)rt time lut'orc,
:he govfiniiiiciit',
uld takd |)lnc,.,
Ii a pucitio liticr
,e cliii'fs nrrivcii
residence of tin.
le house of the
wideut Washing.
•d tliein on tin ir
prove iH'iipticiai
ited tlie govciiKir
iriie. They then
ly witli Genoral
jtweeii GnvcriKir
)fil)ly opened the
iffieulties. From
II may l)e iormeii
N'.wYork. "hi
lot conchidwl on
iiroperty tiikcii hy
. We, also, liavo
illing to concliulo
icessions from us.
I iiiialiy drterininn
disposed to trial
d expense, if tlm
II can be assured
It was (Intod at
collency Edimi
of yds pcoiilc, at
[ecently ; and was
to treat for the
One Boio/fs,a
4, and, for a liiuo,
his party took
[ted the general to
;hed to liini than
le iiitrodurtioii of
[ill tlie suninicr of
Is (jiiict was soon
'ith 500 wan-ioi-s,
lanv depredatiniis.
[le party. M'Gil-
lis noticed in the
Iks styled hiiiiself
Ine^t fellow of his
. Ai'.iials, ii. 384.
fcplci.dor by the Tam-
il tins notioe of him in
Idors consisleii of iwo
Tloption, and the pros-
■^ II Mil/ort, 3S!5.
CHAP, v.]
MAD-DOG.— THE SOUTHERN UOUNDARY.
47
nation from the commission of a crime, nor jiiinish him after ho had commit-
ted it! ll*^ might persuade or advise, ail the good an Indian king or chief
caii'l"'" '^'"^ '*'' g'''"""""y speaking, a tolerahly correct estimate of the extent
of the power of ciiieis; but it should be remembered that the ehit^fs of
(lilftrent tribes exercise very diftereiit sway over their people, ncconliiig lis
;iuh chief is endowed with the sjiirit of government, by nature or ciniim-
<tance. There is great absurdity ui np|»lyiug the name or title of king to
hiiliun chiefs, as that title is commonly understood. The first l'imrip(\aii.s
ciiiiferrcd the title upon those wiio appttnred most iirominent, in their first
jii^^^oveiies, for want of another more approjiriate ; or, |)erhaps, tii(!y iwid
aiwtliei' reason, namely, that of magnifying their own exuloits on their return
lotheirown coimtri.'.s, by rej)orting their interviews with, or conquests over,
"inaiiy kings of an unknown country."
t'liiiteinporary with General M^Giilivray was a chief called the
TAME-KING, whose riisideiice was among the Upper Creeks, in 1791 ;
and he is noticed in our public documents of that year, as a conspicuous cliief
in iiiatters connected with establishing the southern boundary. At this time
one Bowles, an English trader, had great influence among the Lower Creeks^
jiidiised great endeavore, by putting himself forward as their chief, to «'iilist
ill the nations in opposition to tlie Americans. He had made large |)romises to
tliclpppi' Creeks, to induce them not to hear to the American commissionera
Thev so far listened to him, as to consent to receive his talk, and accordingly
ilip chiefs of the upper and lower towns met at a place called the HitlJ'-icaij-
iMMf, where they expected Bowks in person, or some letters containing (Ic^finita
stati'Uieiits. When the chiefs liad assembled. Tame-king and Mad-dog, of the
imiior towns, asked the chiefs of the lower, "whether they had taken Bowles's
talks, ami v.here the letters were which this great man had sent them, and
ivlicretho white man was, to read them." An Indian in Bowl,es''s employ said,
Hit' was to give them the talk." They laughed at this, and said, "they could
hear his inouth every day; that they had come there to see those hitters and
brtliLiii read." Most of tlfc chiefs of the upper towns now left the coiiii-
cil, which was about the termination of Boioles's successes. lie was shortly
aiimvaids obliged to abdicate, as we have already declared in tin; life of
jrCffimiv. He returned again, however, after visiting Spain and England,
and f|K'n(ling some time in prison.*
]\r.Etlicolt observes,! that, at the close of a conference with sundry tribes,
lidi 15 August, 17!)5J, in which objects were discussed concerning his passage
;!iriiiigli their country, that "the business appeared to terminate as fiivorably
iMould he expected, and the Indians declared themselves perfectly satisfied ;
Imi 1 nevertheless had my doubts of their sincerity, from the dt;|ir(Mlation3
iliiy were constantly making upon our horses, which began upon the
CociKMiek, and had continued ever since ; and added to their insolence, from
till ir stealing every article in our camp they could lay their hands on." Mr.
HWexcejits the Upper Creeks, generally, from participating in tliiise rob-
kricsfdl but Tame-king and his people.
Though we have named Tame-king fii-st, yet Mad-dog was quite as con-
ipiiuous at this time. His son fought for the Americans in the last war, and
i u< nientioiied by General Jackson as an active and valuable chief in his
1 e\|ii ditions. His real name wo have not learned, and the general mentions
lii;a only as Mai-clog's son.
Ii: tiK! case of the boundary already mentioned, the surveyors met with fre-
jl'ii'iit difficulties from the; various tribes of Indians, some of whom were
iiillii'ueed by the Spanish govnrnor, Folch, of Louisianiu Mad-dog a|)|)eared
ilnir friend, and undcceivcid them respc'cting the governor's pretensions.
Aronfei.iice was to be hehl aliout the 4 May, between the Indiaii.s, Governor
i'W.aiid the American commi.ssioiiers. Tlu; jilace of meeting was to be upon
ICoiiKculi River, near the southern estiiaiy of the bay of Pensacola. When
' lie was conliiicil in llio Moro castle in llio Havana, with three Clierokccs that arcom-
Ipaiiipil him. 'I'liis was in 1792. Il was said ihat ilii i invoieraio enemy of the United Slates,
\Bn':h, was will) the Indians, at St. Clair's Uelcal.— Carey's Museum, xi. 40 f.
tliihis Journal, 214.
48
WEATIIERFORD.
[Hook FV,
the AmcricnnH nrrivcd there, Mad-dop; \wx tlierri, nnd hiforniod Cdldm,]
Hawkins, tlie Iiulian ngt'iit, tlmt two Iiidiniis hnd jiwt gono tit the TiiIIis,si,h
with had talks IVoiii tlio governor. Tlie colonel told him it could nm Ih' n,,,.
sihie. Shortly after, MaU-tlofr uwked Colonel Hawkins and Mr. Hlli(i,ll,\\i[,
eonimissioner, if they HU|)i)osed that (jrovernor Fulch wonld attend at the tn jiiv
th(!y said, " Mont a.srturedly." "JVo" re-tunxMl Mad-do^, " he loill not ntlnil'hf
knotvs wfiat I aliall say to him about his crooked talks. His tonf!;ue in f„fl,,i
ami, (ui you are here, he will be ashamed to shoto it. If he stands to what lie hnl
told us, you will be offended, and if he tells us tlutt tlie line ou^ht to be marhil if
will contradict himself: but lie ttnll do neither ; he will not co/zte." It tiiniid mit
as Mad-dop: derlai^a. When it was found that tlie governor would not iittcnd
the chief went to Colonel Hawkins and Mr. Ellicott, and, hy way of ulcusantrv
said, " We//, the governor Ims not come. I told you so. A man mlh two lon<nin
can only speak to one at a time." This observation has reference to the ^^r^^^,.
ernor's' duplicity, in holding out to the Indians Ins deterndnation not tosutilr
a survey of the boundary, while, at the sanie time, he pretended to tiie Aimrj.
cans that he would facilitate it.*
Mad-dog was an upper town Creek, of tlie Tuckaabatchees tribe.
CBiP. VI.] WE/
CHAPTER VI.
Weathkhford — His character and country — The corner-stone of the Crctk cnnM.
eracij — Furors the dcsiitns of Tccumsch — Captures For: Mimms — Drfiidful mns-
Sucre — Huhjrclion of the Creeks — Wcalhcrford surrenders himself— Ills iijxirkn—
M'Intosii — JUds the Jimericuns — Battle of Jititimst c — Grcf;' xluuirlilrrDj' tlir Imliam
— Rattle (f the llorsc-shoc-hend — L'lte trouliles in the Creek nutiun — M'Intosii maha
ille<ral sale of lauds — Executed for breaking the laws of his country — Mfnahhav
— TusTKNiT.GE — Hawkins — Chilly M'Intosh, son of William — Marrl.asc of kis
sister — Lo v ett .
WEATIIERFORD, one of the most conspicuous war chiefs of the Crpfk
nation, demands an early attention, in the biographical history of the lute war,
Mr. Claiborne, in his Notes on the War in the South, infornis iis that,
"among the first who enteied into the views of the British coniniissioiieis was
the sinct; celebrated fVeatherford;" that he was born in the Creek nation, and
whose; " liitlur was an itinerant pedler, sordid, treacherous, and rcveiiL'itiil;
his mother a full-blooded savage, of the tribe of the Seminoii'H. lb; \)m\m\k.
(says tiie same author) of all the bad qualities of both his i)aiTiits,t and
engrailed, on the stock he inherited from others, many that were iicL-iiliarlv
his own. Witli avarice, treachery, and a thirst for blood, lie conibiiu-s lusi,
gluttony, and a devotion to every species of criminal carousal. (Foiliiiii', in
her iieaks, sometimes gives to the most profligate an elevation of mind,
whicli she denies to men whose propensities are the most vicioiiii,) Un
Wealherford she bestowed genius, eloquence, and courage. The first of tliise
qualities enabled liim to conceive great designs, the last to execute tliein;
while eloquence, bold, impressive, and figurative, furnished him with a jiass-
port to the favor of his countrymen and followers. Silent and reserved, m\Vn
when excited by some great occasion, and superior to the weakness ol'
rendering himscdf cheap by the frequency of his addresses, he doliveied his
opinions but seldom in council; but when he did so, he was listened to with
delight and a]tprobation. His judgment and eloquence hac' secured tlic
respect of the old ; liis vices made him the idol of the young aiid the iiiiprin-
cipled." "In his person, tall, straight, and well proportioned ; ids eye bhiik,
lively, and jtcnelrating, and indicative of courage and enter|)rise ; liis niui
prominent, thin, and elegant in its formation; while all the features of iiis j
* Ellicott's Journal, 203, (fee.
t The reader slioiild be early apprized that this was written at a time when somi prejudite
miglu have infected the mind of ilie writer.
CBtr VI.] WEATHERFORD.— MASSACRE AT FORT MIMMS.
49
faoe, harmoniouHly urmiij^t-d, sponk an nctivo n'nl (liHcipliiiod mind. PnB-
fioimtcly devoted to wealth, lie liad ajti'mprmtod to liiinHelf a iuw, Irnct ot
tal, improved and nettled it; and from the profits of hiw father'n p
embelliwhed it. To it ho
up
[W:
laiui improved and Hettied it; and ironi tiie proms (»i ins lainers park, had
jiHorntcd aiul embellished it. To it he retired oceaHionaliy, and, relaxing
friiiii til" earcs of state, he in<lulged in pleasures vvhieli an; hut rarely found to
illiinl satisfaction to the dttvotees of ainhition and fame. Sueli were tho
oimdsito and soinetimeH disj,'ustinp traits of character in the celebrated
]Mlifrford, the key and conuT-stone of the Crec^k e<)iife<leracy ! "
It is siiid that this chief had entered fully into the views of Tccum.ieh, and
tliat, it' li*^ bad entered upon liis designs without delay, he would have l>cea
jiiiniv able to have overrun the whole Mississi|)pi territory. IJiit this fortii-
uaii' iiioiiient was lost, and, in tho end, his plans came to ruin. Not long
Wore the wretched butcbiTy at Fort Mimms, Gtuieral Claiborne visited that
i<t, ami very particularly warned its jtossessors against a sur|)risc. Atler
thing onlern for tho (;onstruction of two additional block-houses, iie con-
(liKJed the order with these words : — " To resp»!ct an enemy, and prepare in
the best possible way to meet liim, is tlio certain means to ensure siic(;ohs."
it WHS expected that IVenlhcrford would soon attack some of the torts, and
GiiiiTul Claiborne marched to Fort Early, as that was the fiirthest advanced
iiiioilie enemy's country. On liis way, he wrote to Major lieasley, tla; com-
iiiriider uf Mimms, informing liim of the danger of an attack ; and, strange
sj it may appear, tho next day afler the letter was received, (JW August,
lri:),) }t'ealherford, at the liead of about 1500 warriors, entered the fo^t at
n(Kiu-(lay, when a shocking carnage ensued. The gate had been leli. open
aiiil iiii;iimrded ; but, before many of tho warriors had entered, they were
m liy Major Beasleif, at the head of liij! men, and for some tinn; the contest
w liloody and (loubtful ; eacli striving for the maatery of the entrance.
Here, iiian to man, tho fight continued for a quarter of an hour, with toma-
taivks, knives, swords and bayonets : a scene there presented itself almost
miiioiit a parallel in the annals of Indian warfare ! The garrison consisted
diili): of these only 1(J0 were soldiers; the rest were old men, women and
diiklrpii, wlio had here taken refuge. It is worthy of very em|ihaticul
mmrk, tiiat every officer expired fighting at the gate. A lieutenant, having
Urn badly wounded, was carried by two women to a block-house, but when
he tti\s a little revived, he insisted on being carried back to the fatal scene,
irliiili was done by the same heroines, who placed him by the side of a dead
coin|ranioii, where he was soon de8j)atched.
The defenders of the garrison being now nearly all slain, the women and
diililrcii shut themselves up in the block-houses, and, seizing upon what
neaiions tlicy could find, began, in that perilous and hopeless situation, to
doti'iid themselves. But the Indians soon succeeded in setting these houses
oDlirr, and all such as refused to meet death without, perished in the flames
niiliiii!! Seventeen only escaped of all the garrison, and many of those
we di'sporntely wounded. It was judged that, during the contest at the
pie, near 400 of Meather/ord's warriors were wounded and slain.
Tlie iiorrid calamity ut Fort Mimms, in the Ttsnsau settlement, as it Is
tall (I, was not tho commencement of the bloody war with the Crock Indians.
Tiie motions of the Shawanee Prophet had been scrutinized by peo])le upon
llif frontiers of several states, anil memorials from Indiana an(l Illinois had
kci sent to the i)resident of the United States by some of their ])rincipal
iiilial)itantH, in 1811, calling on liim to send out an armed force for their
wiirity.
hi tlie Slimmer of 1812, some families were cut off near the month of the
Ohio, and soon after, upon the border of Tennessee, two other families,
consistinj^ of women anil children, were butchere*! in a manner too shocking
for description! Georgia was also a sufferer in the same kind.
In respect to the bloody aflair at Fort Mimms, a different aspect has been
ttrowii around it from that generally given in the histories of the war. The
R'vere, tliouirh probably just reflections of Judge Martin upon the conduct
of tlie unfortunate Beasley, has passed without contradiction. Not only had
iliat officer been warned by General Claiborne of his danger, as already
si^leil, but a Creek Indian informed him in a friendly manner that he must
ftO
WEATIIKRFORD SURRRNnRRS.— HIS SPEECH. [Book iv
exp«.''t an nttack in Icsstlmn two dnyH. Wlicr lin hnd niiuh; li'm nointniinico.
tiori, li.i li!(l tilt! pliice, "and was liardly out of Mi>,'lit, wlir-n yo or :«) „t' lij^j
countrvi. It'll farnt! in \\v.w, and (i)rciliiy iMitt^rcd tlin ftu-t. In tlit' aticrnpt tn
Binit lilt! vatf, lirastci/ WHH killfd: iIid ^aniHiMi rovt^nprd liix (l,.„t|, i^ ||^^^^
oC all till assailants. "'I'liis first parly was, liowtni'r, soon loliowt'd Uy |,'|,„||y
of abont HOO: tlit; ffurrison was ovfrpowtTt'd, tim lort taki-n, and cvl-rv innii
woman antl t hiltl in it, Mlanf^litcrctl, with tli« exception t)f four privntri, wL,
tlioiiffli sevt-rcly wonnded, oH'ectcd tlicir cscapp, and rt'achcd I'ort SnuI.
dnrd."* limsl'jj Ininsclf was carried intt) the kitflicn of ont; of tlif Ikhis,.^
witliin the fort, nnd was there, with many othtirs, consntned in the liiimiiMf
ruins !f "
Wht!n tlie newH of this affair was circnhitctl through tlio coiintrj', many
cried aloud for vengeance, antl twt) jMjwerful armies were soon upon tlicir
march into the Intlian country, and the complett; destrtiction of the liKJJm,
power soon followed. The Intliana seeing all resistance was at an tin)
great numhersi of them came forward and made their suhmisaioii. M>fl%^
/or/7, however, and niony who were known to he desperatt;, still stood nut.
perha|iB from fear. (Jeneral Jackson dt!tonnined to test the fitlelity of tlnimJ
chit'fis who had suhmittetl, antl, therefore, ordered them to deliver, witlidn;
delay, fVeatherford, hounti, into his hands, that he might he dealt with ns Ik;
therford, h
When tl
deserved. When they hail made known to the sachem what was r(>(|iiirr(|
of them, his noble spirit would nt)t submit to such degradatitin ; nnd, to IkiIiJ
th-rn harmless, he resolved to give himself up witluiut compidsion, Aecdrd-
ingly, he proceedetl to the American camp, unknown, until lie nppparpd
betbrt! the commanding general, to whose presence, under some prctfucp
he gained atlmission. General Jackson was greatly surprised, when tliecliiir
Baid, '■'■ 1 am Weatherford, the chief who commanded at the capture of Fort Mmm.
I desire peace for my people, ana have com£ toaskit.^^ /acA"j»on hail, doiilitlcsH,
determined uj)on iiis execution when he should be brought hoiinil, as lie
had directed ; but his sudden and unexpected appearance, in this ninnucr,
saved him. The general said he was astonisheil that he should venture to
appear in his presence, as he was not ignorant of his having been nt Fort
Mimms, nor of his inhuman conduct there, for which he ':;o well desprvcdio
die. "I ordered," continued the general, "that you should be bri)iijB;lit tn me
bound; and, had you been brought in that manner, I shoultl have known
how to have treated you." In answer to this, tVeatherford made the t'olkiw.
ing famous speech : —
" / am in your power — do tvith me as you please — / am a soldier. I have dont
the whites all the harm I could. I have fought them, and fought them brnrthj,
If 1 had an army, I luould yetfghi — f would contend to the last : hut I hare mm.
My people arc all gone. I can only weep over the misfortunes of my nation.^'
General Jackson was pleased with his boldness, and told him that tlinii!;li
lie was in his power, yet he would take no advantage ; that he might yot juiii
the war party, and contend against the Americans, if he chose, hut to riepend
Uf)on no quarter if taken afterward; and that unconditional siihniissinn was
liis antl his people's only safety. Weatherford rejoined, in a tone ns diirnitied
as it was indignant, — " You can safely address me in such terms now. Tkn\
was a time tuhen I could have anstvered you — there teas a time lohen I had a chokt I
— I have none now. I have not even a hope, I could once aninutte my mrriorsl
to battle — but I cannot animate the dead. My warriors can no longer hear mn
voice. Their bones are at Talladega, Tallushatches, Emuckfaw and Tohomhl
I have not surrendered myself without thought. While there wasasingkmmX
of success, I never left my post, nor supplicated peace. But my people are ffoiif,!
and I now ask it for my nation, not for myself. I look back with deep sorroiri
and wish to avert still greater calamities. If I had been left to contend with lk\
Georgia army, I woidd have raised my com on one bank of the river, and fivs^l
them on the other. But your people have destroyed my nation. You are a hrml
man. I rely upon your generosity. You will exact no terms of a fonijiimiT
people, but such as they should accede to. Whatever they may be, it wovld noic inl
madness and folly to oppose them. If they are opposed, you shall Jini
* Martin's Hiit. Louisiana, ii. 316.
t Perkins's Late War, 198.
I
"H. [BoDi IV,
; liis coininiiriicR,
I yo or ;«) of iii^
III tlic attrrii|ii |„
liis *l(>mli liy tliHt
lUowfii l)y ulidily
II, and every iinin,
Dur priviitei, wli,,,
iiclied Fort Stml-
ine of llie Imn^i.^
(I in tlie liuriiiiii!
;ho (lonntrj-, many
e Hoon ii|)()ii tliclr
tion of tlie Imliun
wiiH nt an end,
mission, ffenthn-
ate, mill stood mn;
ic fidelity of \\\m,
to (Udivcr, witliiui;
bo dcnlt with ns Ik;
wiiiit wus r(M|nirf(l
utioii ; and, to jiold
iipulsion. Acfiml-
until lie npiiwpd
liM" some prctcncp,
sed, when the chief
iture of Fori Mimm.
kson iind, doulitiis!),
)Uglit lioiinil, as lie
ice, in tlViH iiiamuT,
le should venturi' to
uvin;i been at I'nrt
zc. well deserved to
1(1 be broiiatlit tn me
should have known
•d made the follow-
I
soldier, I hm dom
ought them hrnnhj.
'ast : bid I hare none.
es of my nation^
old hini that tliniidi
mt he niiflhtyptjoiiil
chose, l)Ut to depend
onul submission was i
in atone as dignified
terms noiv, Thm]
ne tvhen I had a (km 1
animate mi/irarn'ori
no longer Aenr mjl
ckfaw and To/iowkj
, was a single rkm\
my people are m<t\
ick icith deep sorroif,r
eft to contend leilh tk\
' the river, and fmis^
mon. Yoa areahrml
terms of a mfitn^
ay he, it tvoidd mw Ml
■d, you shall jlnd '
Late War, 198.
re
Ciir
.VI.]
BATTLE OF AUTOSSEE AND OF TOUOI'EKA.
51
jMnif.'' "" sl<rmst enforccra of ohedienre. Those who would still hold out, can
i, iii^i" »'■"' ""'.'/ 'V/ " ""'"" •'*/"'■'' "f reiuitge. To this thiif must not, and shtUl
W .«'"■'■'/"' "" '"■''' '"'"*"""' ojlhiir country. Vou haw told our nation when a.
nnrW IT" "'"''"■ •*'{/'• ''''"•'' '•'' f^'""^ talk, and Ihcy ought to listen to it. '/'hiii
,;iilllist(n to it." Anil hcrt! \vc iiiii.st closi! our |»ii'Heiil account of ft'eathtrfurd,
„ I (liter upon that of a ciiaractcr oppo.scd to liiiii in tlic lichl, and, if w*; can
ylive tlie vvriierH of their times, o|)posite in uliuosl all tlie ulliiii-s of life. Thia
„^4l|ii> celebrated and truly uiifortUi..ite
,;,,,„.ral WIM.MAM iVi'IiNTOSII, a Creek chief of the trilx! of CovveUiw.
II, HU", lil<«' M'i'illivray, a iialf-breed, whom he; coiisideiubly resembled in
,\iral particulars, as by his iiistory will appear, lie was a promi'ient hader
„l',..iiiliof liis countrymen as joined the Anujricans in tin* war of Ih."^, {;{, and
lliuiil i.s first mentioned by (ieneral b'toyd,^ in his account of the /m///(, as ho
oailiil it, <'!' Autos.see, wliere hi! assisted in the brutal destruction of ^00 of his
lalimi. Tiiere was nothiiif,' lik(! fij,'htiii<,' on the part of the' people of the
iilaii, iw ^^'' ' "" '<""■", heiiij; surpri.sed in their wi;,'\vams, and hewn to pieces.
"Till' Cowelaws," says the geiu'ial, " under ./U7/i<os/(, and 'rookaubatcliiaiis,t
.4r M(t'l-dog\s-scn, fell in on our fhinks, and foii<,'ht with an intrepidity
n.Htliy of any troops." And atler rehitinj^ the burniiiff of tlie place, he thu8
pruieeds: — "It is dillieult to (h-lermine the Kireii<rtli of the enemy, but from
ilii' iiifoiiiiation of some of the chiefs, which it is said can be relied on, there
were a.xscinbled at Autossee, warriors Iroiii eight towns, for its iltjfence ; it
leiiig their beloved ground, on which tiiey proclaimed no white man ctaild
i|i|iiiiacli without inevitable destruction. It is difficult to give u i)r('ciso
aiouimt of the loss of the enemy ; but from the number which were lying
sciiitirL'tl over the field, togethtsr witli those destroyed in the towns, and the
many sluiii on the bank oi' the river, whicl. resiKsctable odicers allirm that
liiiv saw lying in heaps at the water's edge, where th(!y had been precipitated
kilieir surviving friends, [ ! !] their loss in killed, independent of their vvoiiiul-
fll, must have be(!ii at least 200, (among wliom were the Autossee and Tallasseo
b\p,) and from the ckcumstaiice of their inuking no elforts to molest our
rdiirii, probably greater. The iiuiiiber of buildings burnt, some of a superior
order for the dwellings of savages, and filled with valuable urtiules, is supposed
10 be 400." This was on the 2i) November, 1813.
irinlosh was also very conspicuous in the memorable battle of the llorse-
slioe-bend, in the Tallapoosie River. At this place the disconsolate tribes of tlno
south had made u last great stand, and had a tolerably regular fortitied cump.
h was said that they were 1000 strong. They hod consti-uc^ted their works
with such ingenuity, that little could be effected against them but by storm.
"Deteriniiicd to exterminate them," says GeneraUac/«07J, " I detached Cfeiierol
Coffee with the mounted, and nearly the whole of the Indian force, early on
ihe morning of yesterday, [March 27, 1814,1 to cross the river about two miles
liclow their encam])meiit, and to surround the bend, in such a inunuer, as
dial none of them should escape by attempting to cross the river." " Beaii's
company of spies, who had accompanied Gen. Coffee, crossi^d over in canoes
to the extremity of the bend, and set fire to a few of the buildings which were
there situated ; they then advanced with great gall-ritry towards the breast-
nork, and commenced a spirited fire upon the enenr, behind it." This force
not being able to effect their object, many others of the army showed gi"eat
ardor to participate in the us.sault. " The spirit which animated them was a
sure augury of the success which was to follow." " The regulars, led on by
tlieir intrejiid and skilful commander. Col. Williams, and by the gallant Maj.
Murdgomery, soon gained |)ossession of the wor's in the mid.st of a most tre-
nieiidous fire from behind them, and the militia t 'the venerable (Jen. Doherty^a
brigade acconi|)!ini(!d them in the; charge with a vivacity and firmness which
wukl have done honor to regulai-s. The enemy was completely routed.
^tt humlred and fifty seven \ were lefl dead on tho peninsula, and a great
ninnber were killed by the horsemen in attempting to cross the river. It is
iKiievcd that not more than twenty have escaped.
"The fighting continued with some sevcrliy about five lioure ; but we con-
* Brannan's olficial letters. t Tuckahalcho. Itartram, 447.
t These are tlic general's italics j at least, Brannan so prints his oilicial letter.
\
(1 •■>,' 'r' »?.%;*» li
'•■»
{■ ,; ■
W":,
m.
m M'lNTOSII'S TRKATIES. [r,,,,^ ,y
tinin'd t(i dcHtroy ninny «•(' iliciii, wlio liail concciilt'd tliciiiNclvi'M iimlrr il
hanks ol" llu' river, iiiilil we wrn- prrvrntcd liy tlic nij^lit. 'I'liis nninrmi, '"
killi'd Ki who lind ln'cn ronccaK'd. \V«' tnok alHiiit y.'iO IMixiim is, ii|| v^,^ ,"
and cliildrcn, t'\cc|it two i»r llircr. Our Idhs is 10(1 wninidod, nntl '^,1 |^i||'!|'
IVlajor AVIiitosli, tin* Cowrtnn, who joined my army with a pan of h^ inll
preally dislin^'iiished himself."* Truly, this was a war •>•' e\t( rniiiiniioii'i!
'I'he friend of humanity may iiKiidro whether all tiiose p<><>r wretclKH wl,,, l,. i
Hi'creted themselvoH hero uiid tlu.To in tli« "cuveH and nteds," liail (lis.n i
death? _ ^ ''
The most melaiiciioly pnrt oftho life of the ind()rtuiinte AVInlonh rciMiiinsi,
he recorded. The late trouhicH of the Creek nation liavi; drawn lliitli m ,,
n sympathetie tear from tlu; eye of the |ihilanthrt)pist. These troiiiiirs »,,,.;.
oidy the (•oiise(|ueiiees of those of a hiijher date. Tiiose of IH**ri, wc tlii)ii<r|
completed the climax of their ntlliction, hut IKJ'j must sully her iiiiiiii|> ^ni'
records of their oppression also. It is the former period with whiih ()iii;iiij,|„
brings us in collision in «dosin^ this account. In that year, tin- pucmn,
of the II. States, hy its a;(«'iitH, seemed determined on possi ssin;^ a liM"(tni(t
of their country, to satisfy the state of (leorj^ia. .l/7n/o,«/i, and a sm!iir|i„it u(
the nation, were for vmwviWuf^ to their wishes, hut a larf,'i? niaioriiv (jf iij^
rountrymen would not hear to the proposal. Tlic commissioners ciiMiiiniii
were satisfied of the fact, and communicuted to the |)resident the result lit'd
nieetinp they liad had for the purpose. JIo was well satislied, nlsn, \\ni
Mcintosh could not convey tlie lands, as lie represented hut a Hinall pmt of | j^
iiution, hut still the negotiation was ordered to he renewed. A coiiiicij •,\'u
culled hy the commissioners, (who were (leorjfiuns,)' which asseinhlcd at a
place calhul InJian-spririg. Here the cliief of the Tiickaubatcheese siiokiiu
tlieni as follows : " \Ve met you at Itroken Arrow, and then told you w,. i^j
no land to sell. I then heard of no claims against the nation, nor have I siiirp.
We have met yon here at a very short notice, and do not think that tlit; rluvfl
who are hero have any authority to ti-eat. Genera' Mcintosh knows ilmt wo
are hoinid hy our laws, and that what is not done ii> ^\w public s(]u;iro, in tlm
general council, is not hindiiig on the nation. I am, therefore, iimlir the
necessity of repeating the sumo onswer us given at Broken Arrow, tiiat we
Lave no land to sell. I know that there are hut few here from the iipinT
towns, and many are absent from the lower towns. Gen. jyplntosh knows timt
no part of the land can he sold without a full council, and with tiie roiisnitof
all the nation, and if a jmrt of the nution choose to leave the coiiiitrv, thov
cannot sell the land they have, hut it belongs to the nution." " This is the
only talk I have for yon, and I shul I return home i mined lately." He did so.
The ill-advised commissioners informed Mlntosh and his party, that tlie Cipi k
nation was sufficiently represented by them, ami that the United States would
beur them out in a treaty of sale. The idea of receiving the whole of the |);iy
for the lands among themselves, wos doubtless the cause of the coiicessimi oi"
Mcintosh and his party. "Thirteen only of the signers of the treaty wire
chiefs. The rest were such us hud been degraded from that rank, and un-
known persons ; 36 chiefs present refused to sign. The whole |mrfy nf
M'Intosh amounted to about 300, not the tenth part of the nation." Htilj tiny
executed the articles, in direct violation to the laws of their nation, «liiiii
themselves had helped to form. It must be remembered that the Clocks lirid
made no inconsiderable advances in what is termed civilization. Tiny had
towns, and even printed laws by which they were to be governed, siinilnr to
thost; of the United States.
The treaty of Indian- spring, dated 8 Junuory, 1821, gave universal imeasi-
ne"^-* ; and, from that day, Mcintosh lost popularity. It was generally believed
that he had been tampered with by the whites to convey to them the inlier-
itanca of his nation ! and the following letter pretty clearly proves such
suspicions had been justly grounded. It is dated
"Nkwtown, 21s< October, 1823.
" My Friend : / am going to inform you a feio lines, as a friend. I want i/oa
to give me your opinion about the treaty ;\ whether the chiefs will be tvillin^ orml
* Braonan, ul supra.
t Tlial at hidian-spring, 8 January, 1821.
Ciir. VI.l
M'lNTO.SlI— HIS VII.LANY I)F,TF,( I'KU.
53
KOu chiefs fffl dinponed lu Id the I'nilid SltUm havr the land, part of it, I watU i/ou
L IW HW *"""' »■ ' """ iwikf thv v. SliUiH rommi.Mi'o»u7'.» ^iVc ipu '^(KH) itnllurg,
y \J'( oy the tainf, and Oiiaki.ks Hicks IMMK) didlnrs, fur fiir.vnl, mid nnhud^
1^1 know it ; »nd if }f(>ii think Ihr land wiiiililcii [xhould'nt .'\ .mid, I irill hr ml-
itHid. If '^♦^ '"'•'' •''""*''' ''« -""dd, I toill ff't .'/«'* ""■ oinuunt bifiiri tlir Innt;! H\y^n
ij jiir»«''' t'l "'•'' i/ .'/"" if*' itnif frimd ifou want him to rcf»'i\ cil, thttj nhatl rrreive.
Xitthing inore to iiy'orm i/"U tit jninrnt.
*' 1 rtmain your ufcdionate fritnd, WM. MtlNTOSlI.
"John IIosh.*
It, in answer return.
■•N. U. The whole amount is $12,000, ifou can divide a nwnf^ your friends,
admve, $7,000."
Ilciu'f tlitTO call 1(0 no (|ii<>stioii iis to tlio f?'"l'y •onsrifiKV of" JWIntosh,
I'/lioiigli soiiM' piirtH of till! aliovo letter iiri" sciirrely iiitelliffilile. Me liad
niijia'u'ii lii« I'rienil ; Hoss wan not to Ix; l)oiij,'lit; fitr lliree days after the letter
«a!< w'itteii, viz. 24 Octoiu'r, a (•ouiieil wfus held, and .Wlntosh wiw jinwiit ;
ihc letter was read, and he was pMhlicly exposed.
\(it\vitli.staiidin^ what had heeii done at lndian-Sprin<r, it appearn, from tlio
sbiivr letter, that anotlier att(Mnpt at Neliin<; land was made in IH2.'), Ixit eoulil
iiiil be carried into effect, the villany of AVlnlosh was so apparent ; and it
apiKiirs that it could not Im; brought ahoiit until 12 Fehrnary, 1825, which is
iIiimIiiIc of the last ireaty made l»v APIntosh.
^'M'lnlosh was aware, that, af{er Ki>,'niiig the treaty, his life was forfeited,
lie, and others of his coadjutors, repaired to Milledgeville, stated their fears,
and iluiined the protection of (}t!orgia, which was promised by («ov. Troup."
It must be observed that the greater part of the |)nr<'liased territory was within
ilifoliiinied limits of Georgia ;| and that the Georgians had no small share in
tlie wiioli! transaction. It is not stnmger that the people of Georgia should
(•(HKliii't ns they have, than that the United States' government should place it
111 lier |K)\ver so to act. To take, therefore, into account the whole merits of
ihf case, it must bo remembered, that, by a coiii[mct between the two |)artie9
in Wl, the former, in consideration <>i' the hitter's relinquishing her claim to
till" Mis:<isHippi territory, agreed to \tinguish, at the national ex|)on8c, tho
liiiliiiii title to the lands occuj)ied by them, in Georgia, whejiever it coiild f>e
fiiiif, upon reasonable terms. | Who was to d»!cide tohen the practicable time
iiail iiirived, we believe was not mentioned. However, previous to 182.'>, the
liiiti'd States bad succeeded in extinguishing the aboriginal title of 15,000,000
icres, niul there were yet al)out 10,000,000 to l»e bought off. § The change of
life from wandering to stationary, whicii the arts of civilization bad efk-cted
I iioDg tiie Indians, made them |)rize their possessions far more highly than
ntotbie, and hence their reluctance and opposition to relin(]ui8h them.
Thus iinich it seemed necessary to premise, that the true cause of the fato
of .W7n/o«/i should be understood. It appears that wben the whole of the
nation suw that the treaty which he and his party had made could not be
abroguted, forty-nine fillieths of them were violent against them ; and there-
fore resolved that the sentence of the law should be executed upon him.
Tlie execution, und circumstances attending it, are thus related : || "About
two hours before day, on Sunday morning, 1 May, H the house of (ien.
ithtosh was surrounded by Menaw-way, and about 100 Oakfuskee warriors.
M'lntosh was within, as likewise were his women and children, and some
white men. Menaw-toay directed an interpreter to request the whites, and
the women and children, to come out, as the warriors did not wish to harm
them; that Gen. M'Intosh had l)roken the law that he himself had long
since made, and they had come to execute him accordingly. Tiiey came
out of the house, leaving M'Intosh and Etotni-tustenugge, one of his adherents,
^
■m %
■ 4 ■•■f
/ J V..'. ■ . lit
' ■ i } V ■ i.:
u rfli
' Thm President of the Nalional Couucil of the Creeks.
t Perkins, Hist. (T. Slates, a work, by the way, of great value, and which we are surprised
stoulil have issued from the press with little or no notice.
i Amcr. An. Regr. i. & Ibid. |{ In the Annual Register, nt supra.
if 30 April is mentioned, in another part of the same work, a-s the date of the execution,
Mil so it is set down by Mr. Perkins, in his Hist. U. S.
5*
51
therein.
M'INTOSH AND OTHERS PUT TO DEATH.
[Book IV.
The warriors then set fire to the house ; and as JiPJntosh and |,|g
comrade [Tustenugge] attempted to come out ai the door, they shot tliem
both down. Tlie same day, about 12 o'clock, they hung Sam Hawkiris, a Imlf
breed, in the Huckhosseliga Square. On Monday, the 2 May, a party of
liaHbee Indians fired on and wounded Ben Hawkins, another half hrued, nrv
badly. The chiefs stated, at the time, that no danger whatever was to IjJ.
apprehended by persons travelling through the nation ; that they were friends
to the whites, and wished them not to be alarmed by this execution, wiiiij,
was only a compliance with the laws that the great chiefs of the nation mude
at Polecat Spring. Chilly jyVIntosh escaped from the house with the whites
and was not fired at or wounded." He is now chief among the westtm'
Creeks, and some time since increased his notoriety by beating a nieiiil)er of
Congress, in Washington.
The great agitation which the execution of the head chiefs of the Mlntosh
party ;;aused was allayed only by the interference of the United States' ifov-
ernment. Governor Troup of Georgia declared vengeance against the Creek
natio'i, denouncing thj execution of the chiefs as an act of murder ; however
he, by some means, learned that his judgment was gratuitous, and, by ainu
of President Adams, desisted from acts of hostility, the survey of the disputed
lands, &c.
We have not learned much of the family of JWIntosh. His princii)al resi-
dence was on the Chattahoochie, where he had two wives, Susannah and
Peggy, one a Creek, the other a Cherokee woman, and this is the place wiiere
he was killed. About 50 miles from this place, on the western brancii of tlie
7 . Jlapoosa, he had a plantation ; here lived another of his wives, named £/i':a,
S> i was the daughter of Stephen Hawkins, and sister to Samuel and Benjamin
Hawkins,* whose fate we have just related. On 14 August, 1818, Jennij, \m
eldest daughter, was married to fViUiam S. Mitchel, Esq., assistant Indian
agent of the Creek nation. They were married at a place called Thmakkkah.
near Fort Mitchel, in that nation. f
General Aflntosh puiticipated in the Seminole campaigns, as did another
chief of the name of Lovett, with about 2000 of their warriors. They joined
the American army at Fort Scott in the spring of 1818. X
9000t
CHAPTER Vn.
Creek war continued — View of the Creek countru— General Jackson ordertd o$
against them — Relieves Chinnaby — Shelokta — -Path-killer — Capture of Lilta-
futche — The TallusiMtches destroyed by General Coffee — Battle of Tallmksit-
Anecdote — Massacre of the Hallihees — Further account of Autossee battle— Battle of
Camp Defiance — Timpoochie — Battle of Eckanakalca — Pushamata — tVcalhi.rford
— JiM Fife — Battle of Emukfau — A second battle — Fife's intrepidity — Buttir of
Enotochopko — Tohopcka — End of the Creek war — Death of three Prophris—
MoNoiiijE — M'QuEEN — Colbert, alias Piomingo — His exploits — Anecdote— Mur-
der o/ John Morris — Mushalatubec — Pushamata — Speech of Mushahtukr mi
of Pushamata to Lafayette at Washington — Pushamata dies there — Hillisiiago
visits England — Excites the Seminoles to war — A modern Pocahontas — Hoknot-
limed — Massacres a boat's crew in Apalachicola River — Is captured willi Iln.i.is-
HAGO, and hanged — Neamathla — Rei.ioval of the Florida Indians — Their tmtdid
condition — M 'Queen — Rich in lands and slaves — Flies to Florida, and loses his
effects.
At this period the Creek Indians occupied a country containing about 900
square miles; bounded on the north by Tennessee, 'i.,st by Georgia, south hy
the Floridas, and west by the Mississippi ; the soil and climate of which
could not be considered inferior to any in the United States. TImsc Indians,
consisting of Creeks, properly so called, Chikasaws, Choktaws, and Cin ro-
• Report of the Select Committee of the House of R?preseiitativcs, U. S.. 578, &r.
t NUes'i Register, 14, 407, i N. Y. Monthly Mag. iii, li.
[Book IV.
"Intoah and Ins
they shot iliem
Hawkins, a half
lay, a party of
half breed, vory
ever was to lie
ley were frieiuls
xecution, wliidi
the nation nmde
with the whites,
ng the westtrn
ng a meinl)er of
; of the JW/ii/ojli
ited StuteH' gov-
gainst the Creik
urder ; however,
is, an(l, hy adm
y of the disputed
is principal resi-
!8, Susannah and
3 the place wiiere
jrn branch of the
ves, named Elka.
luel and Benjamin
It, 1818, Jcniii/, his
, assistant huliaii
lied T/ieaca(ctta/i.
ns, as did anotiier
lors. They joiued
CBAP. VII.]
SHELOKTA.— PATII-KILLER.
55
ackson ordered of
I — Capture of Una-
Itlle of Tuilmha-
Isee battle— BuUlf of
[mata— >rc«(Afr/«"i
UrepiiUty—Butllf »/
If three Prophtis-
Its—Mccdott-MuT-
)f Muslialaiukt md
t/tcre— Hu.Li?ii«»
)CflA071<a«— HOKNOT-
jptured Willi Hii-i's-
Lns—Tkeir lerdchii
lorida, and loses his
Ltaining about 000
TGeorgia, south by
climate of winch
k These IndinnSi
flaws, and Chiro-
_,.8..678,&c..
loathly Mag. m, 14.
kees, had for a long time been on amicablt! terms with their wliitc neighbors,
exchaiiging their furs and other articles with thein for such others as their
ffaiits required. This state of things, l)iit for the breaking out of the war in
Canada, might, and would, in reason, have continued, and the great Creek
uation would have increased, and at this day have gained vastly in population
and importance, instead of being dismembered, its inhabitants sent into
baiushment, and finally ruined. Intermarriages between Indians and whites
bad become frequent, from which a race of half-breeds wo»-e springing up,
and instead of slavery, the Indian women were taking their proper places in
society, and the men were cultivating the fields. And notwithstanding the
Prophet and Tecumseh had used all their eloquence to engage them in an
early quarrel, it was not until they heard of the success of the liritish at Mal-
jen, that they decided on taking up the hatchet, generally. Such was the
alacrity among the northern Indians on the ca[)ture of General Hull, on the
16 August, 1812, that runners arrived from among them to the Creeks some
lime before it was known to their white neighbors.
For the horrid butchery at Ten.^au, the followers of fVeatherford, Monohoe,
jnd -WQuin, or JiTQueen, were slioitly to atone, in the most summary man-
ner. There was a great encampint nt of Creeks under Weatherford, at tlie
Tallahasse. or Tallushatches towns, on the Coosa River, a northern brandi of
llie Alabama. The eyes of t!ie south seemed to centre upon General Jaclcson
to execute vengeance on the Indians, and notwithstanding he was confined to
bis room, from h wound in the arm, which he had lately received in a private
quarrel, when the news of the massacre arrived in Tennessee, the governor of
that state issued an order to him to raise 2000 men with all possible despatch,
and rendezvous at Fayetteville. Colonel Coffee was already in tlie field.
Mson's march into the enemy's country was hastened by a false alarm, and
when he had got into the Indian country, he found himself almost destitute
of provisions tor his army, which caused considerable delay. At a jilace on
the Tennessee River, called Ditto's Landing, Greneral Jackson met with Colonel
Cofte^s regiment. Here he remained several days, but despatched Coffee
with 700 men to scour the Black Warrior River. At Ten Islumls, on the
Coosa, was a band of friendly Creeks, at whose head was a chief named
CIdnnaby. This chief had a kind of fort there, and was now blockaded m it
by the war party. Chinnaby, hearing of Jackson^s position, sent his son, She-
lOKTA, also a principal chief, to the general's camp, for relief, who, without
loss of time, marched up the river, but was obliged to encamp at the distance
of 24 miles from Dittoes, from the failure of his supplies. While here, Path-
iiLLER,* a Cherokee chief, sent two runners to him, confirming the former
news, and that without immediate relief, they said, they should be immediate-
ly cut off, for the hostile Indians were assembling in great force from nine
towns. Jackson now resolved to move on, and told the messengers of Path-
Bler to speak thus to their chief from him : —
" The hostile Creeks wUl not attack you until they have had a brush loilh me,
(inrf ikat, I think, urill put tliem out of the notion ofjightinp^ for some time"
Wiien the army had arrived within a few miles of the Ten Islands, it was
met by Chinnaby. This old cl..ef had succeeded in capturing two hostile
Creeks, which he gave up to General Jackson. The army was yet about 16
n^i'es from the Indian encampniont, and in a lamentable condition for want of
provisions ; insomuch, that almos.' any one but Jackson would have despaired,
and given up the campaign ; but i.is resolution was not to be shaken, and he
happily diffused his spirit into hiiL- men. He said, in a letter to Governor
Blown/, that whilst they could procure en ear of com apiece, they would not give
up the expedition.
* We would hcio observe that Path-killer was, in 1822, a Christian chief, and governed
in ihc same tribe with 'he famous Mr. Cliarles Hicks ; and his residence was in that year 25
miles from Turkeylown. The missionary, Mr. Bulrick, notes in his Journal, that ratk-kilUr
ns"\\\c kins; or Jirstbdovei ma«, of the Cherokee nation," and that Mr. Hicks was "the
sicond beloiedman." Patli-iiiller had had a son murdered by some wlnle man, before (hia
visit, and complained of the outrage, and said he had written twice to the president of the
loited States about it. Both these chiefs died in the winter of 1826.
66 PATH-KILLER.— BATTLE OF TALLUSHATCHES. [Book IV
On tlic 28 October, Colonel jDi/er returned from the capture of a towTi
called Littafutchu, on tlie head of Canoe Creek, which empties into the Coo
from the west. His force consisted of 200 cavalry, and tliey brouglit in -iu
prisoners, chiefly women and children.
The Indians were now drawn off from Ten Islands, and had taken post ,(
Talhishatches, on the south side of the Coosa. Coffee was initnediatulv
despatched with 900 men to attack them. This he <lid on the 3 November
sun about an hour liigh in the morning. A number of men in advance ui'tlie
main body, sent Ibrvvard for the purpose, drew out the warriors from tlnir
cabins, who made a fierce attack upon them. The Americans gave \vu\ hy jn||.
ing back upon the main body, agreeably to their preconcerted plan, \vhi<|j i|J
the good effect of bringing the Indians ct once into their power, lluvini; lircl
upon them, they made a successful charge, and soon obliged them to shelter
themselves in their wigwams. Colonel Coffee says, "The enemy retreuted
firing, until they got around, and in their buildings, where they made all the
resistance that an overpowered soldier could do — they fought as long as one
existed, but their destruction was very soon completed. Our men ruslied iin
to the doors of the houses, and in a few minutes killed the last wurrior of
them. The enemy fought with savage fury, and met death with all its lionors
witiiout shrinking or complaining — not one asked to be spared, but fought pj
long as they could stand or sit. In consequence of their flying to tlieir liouses
and mixing with the families, our men, in killing the males, without intuntiuii
killed and wounded a fevf of the squaws and children." In this sanguinary
affair, 18G Indians were killed; and the commander thought, that tliere were
enough others killed in the woods, which they could not find, to make up iu
all 200. This calculation, he observed, he thought a reasonable am. Tliev
took captive 84 women and children, and "not one of the warriors escaped
to carry the news ; a circumstance unknown heretofore ! " The whites imd
5 killed and 41 wounded ; "none mortally, the greater part slightly, a number
with arrows : this a|)pears to form a very principal part of the enemy's uriiw
for warfare ; every man having a bow with a bundle of arrows, vvliicli is used
afl;er the first fire with the gun, until a leisure time for loading offers."
The destruction at Tallushatches was rendered the more complete by tlieir
being entirely surrounded on every side by the troops. Some have said that
even the women imited with the warriors, and contended in the batth; with
fearless bravery. This may account for many that were killed ; but Genera!
Coffee does not mention it.
Meanwhile General fVhiie had been detached to Turkeytown, for the relief
of Path-killer^ and he was now ordered to join the main army, with as imich
expedition as he was able. This request was transmitted on the 4, and
renewed on the 7 November, 1813 ; and on the evening of the same day, an
Indian brought news to the general, that Talladega was besieged by a ijrcal
body of the enemy, and would certainly be destroyed, unless iinmediateiy
relieved. Talladega was a fbrt occupied by friendly Creeks, about 30 miles
below Ten Islands.
Without loss of time. General Jackson marched to relieve Tallad(!ga. His
operations were conducted with such promptitude, that by midnight tollowinj:
the same day, he was within six miles of his enemy. Here he eMcanipcd
until about daylight. Then moving on, at sunrise he came within iialf c mile
of the Indian encampment, which was only about 80 rods from Fort Talla-
dega. The general, having formed his line of battle like tlie Spanish Armada,
moved on to the attack. The Indians were not taken by surprise, but nislicd
upon their adversaries with such impetuosity that they rrcde cousiderable
impression in one part of the line ; insomuch, that a considerable body of
militia gave way. Tlnnr places being iminediately supplied by the mounted
men, the Indians fought but a short time, before they were obliged to fly for
the mountains, alK)ut three miles distant. In their flight they were hard pressed
by the right wing of the Americans, and great niunbers were cut down. In
the whole affair, 299 were killed, that were found, of the Indians ; and the
whites lost 15 in killed, and 85 were wounded, several of whom afteiwurds
died. Over 1080 Indians were said to have been engaged, and some of them
afterwards said their loss at the battle of Talladega was 600.
W:
lES. [Book IV.
tovvii, for the relief
irniy, with as imiiii
CHiP. VII.1
BATTLE OF AUTOSSEE
57
It was expected that n supply of provisions would arrive at Camp Sti .ther,
jtTen Islands, before the army kIiouUI return tln^re ; but on its arrival, a total
failure was experienced by the hnngry soldiers; even v.liat had b(!cn Ml
beliiiid of the general's private stores had been distributed — it was a nulim-
rlioly time, indeed, and reminds us of the sufferings of captives in the old
liiilian wars, who were obliged to subsist upon berries and roots. It was
Jiiriiig this campaign that a circumstance occurred which has been varit)usly
(elated ; and, as it is an excellent anecdote, we will lay it before our readere.
One morning, a soldier, with a doleful countenance, approached Gencn-al
kckson, and told him he was almost famished, and knew not what to do. The
jciicral was seated at the foot of a tree, and was observed by the poor half-
sianed soldier to be eating somethii;-:. This no doubt caused him to make
liis complaint, thinking it a favorable time to have his wants relieved. The
jciieral observed, that it was never his custom to turn away a hungry person,
^vheii lie had it in his power to relieve him ; then, jHitting his hand into his
poiket, took out a handful of acorns, and, offering them to his astonished
iiKSt, observed, that such was his fare, and all he had, but to that he was
welcome. The soldier went away contented, and told Ins companions they
ought no more to complain, so long as their general was obliged to subsist
ii|)Oii nothing but acorns. Out of this grew the story, that the general having
inviied his officers to dine with him, set nothing before them but a tray of
acorns and some water.
Meanwhile mutiny after mutiny took place in General Jackson's army, and
tlie campaign came near being abandoned. A circumstance, too, occurred
about this time, ever to be lamented. Greneral Cocke, of East Tennessee,
considering himself possessed of a command independent of Jackson, gave
his orders to some brigadiers, at the same time that General Jackson did.
General White chose to act under General Cockers orders, and this occasioned
some confusion, and, in the end, the lamentable affair to which we have just
alluded, and of which we now proceed to give en account.
The Hallibee Indians, who had been the principal sufferers at Talladega,
had despatched ambassadors for General Jackson's camj), to sue for peace,
ffliidi they would accept on any terms he might please to grant thetji. At
the same time these proposals were out. General White marched against their
lowus, and on the 18 November completely surprised them ; killed GO war-
riors, took 256 prisoners, and made good his retreat without the loss of a
man.
The Indians thought they had been attacked by General Jackson^s army,
and that therefore they were now to expect nothing but extermination ; and
lliis was thought to be the reason why they fought with such desperation
afterwards. And truly they hau reason for their fears : they knew none but
iubon, and supposed now that nothing short of their total destruction would
satisfy him, as their conduct exemplified on every occasion. They knew
they had asked peace on any terms, and their immediate answer was the
sword and bayonet. A company of Cherokees aided not a little in this affair.
We have given the chief features of the battle of Autossce, when drawing
a sketch of the life of M'Intosh. Here may be added some other matters of
history, for the better understanding the events of the memorable Creek war.
Autossee is situated on the south bank of the Tallapoosie, 18 miles from the
Hickory Ground, and 20 abo\e the junction of that river with the Coosa.
With General Floyd's white troo})s were four companies of friendly Indians.
.^nntosh led the Cowetaus, and Mad-do^s-son the Tookaubatchians, or Tuka-
latcliies. The names of the other leaders are not set down, but there were
douhtless several of them, as there were about 350 warriors who accomjianied
tilt expedition. That cure Avork was intended, will not be doubted, when it
is known that the force, exclusive of Indians, was 950 men. When the army
arrived near the place wi'ere it was expected Indians would be found, luid
having discovered one small town before it was light in the morning, the
senernl was surprised immediately after by the discovery of another. This
Mils filled with nien who had been apprized of his approacli, and were pre-
iwrcd for battle. The order of battle was immediately changed, and the army
proceeded in two division? to attack both towns at once. The bi-t-iegers,
\ r'
58
BATTLE OF THE HOLY GROUND.
[Book IV.
all till
being provided with artillery, soon accom[)lishcd their work, and „„
resistance the Indians seem to have niado, was in endeavoring to ctlipt'
retreat into caves and other hiding-places. Nevertlieless, the GcDr'i-'ian.s li. 1
IU(|
11 killed outright, and 54 wounded. Among the latter was General
himself severely, and Adjutant-General JVeioman slightly.
Mcintosh and Mad-doss-soii'a loss was considerahle, but was not tlioinrlit f,f
importance enough to Le communicated by their allies, who were iinailv
indebted to them, if, indeed, destroying their own countrymen made tiii'in so
They did not, however, do so much butchering as they intended, or, rathci- as
they agreed to do ; for the day before the massacre, they agreed to post them.
selves on the opposite side of the river, and to kill all who should utteinpt aii
escape. Had they done this, very few would have escaped.
Alter resting a few days. General Floyd n)arched to Camp Defianep 50
miles directly into the Indian country, and westward of Aulosseo. Ilcic, cailv
in the morning of 2 January, the hostile Indians killed his sentinels hofoic tln'v
were discovered, and then v.ith great furj attacked his camp, and for a (iiianir
of an hour continued to fight with bravery. By this time the army had "ot
formed in order of battle, and soon obliged t'-e Indians to fly. One coiiinanv
of whites, under Captain Broadnax, had its r< eat cut oft" by the assuilaiit,s anil
escaped only by cutting its way through thei;..
In this fight, TiMPOocHiE-BARNUEL, or Barnard, a half-breed, cliief of tlie
Uchies, commanded a company of them, and, in the language of the freueral
"greatly distinguished himself." It was owing to his promptness, that Cup-
tain Broadnax was enabled to effect a retreat. The enemy, in that niaiKjciivre
had advanced within 50 yards of the artillery. All the other part of the Indian
army took shelter within the lines, and looked on during the contest.
After this Imttle, 37 Indians were found dead on the field, as the whites
reported ; and of their own number 17 were killed, and 130 wounded. At the
first onset. General M:ivman had three balls shot into him, which prevented
his further sei-vice ; and several of the principal oflScers had tl>eir horses siiot
under them. How the Indians under Timpoochie fared in these particulars
we have not yet learned.
fVeatherford, Francis, Sinquisturs-son, with some Shawanese, had estahlished
themselves on the Alabama, above the mouth of the Cahaba, and there huilt a
town, which they called Eckanakaka. Its name signified that it was built
upon holy ground ; and hence the prophets told their followere that they had
nothing to fear, as no polluted and murderous whites could ever enter there,
However, General Claiborne, at the head of a small army, accompanied !)y a
baud of Choktaws under Pushamata, their chief, resolved to make a uial of the
virtue of the Indian prophets' pretensions.
fVeatherford and his foUowere, being apprized of the approach of tlie army,
had put themselves into an attitude of defence. On 23 December, 1813, as
the army approached, they were met by the Indians, and a short engagement
followed. As usual, the Indians gave way, and were pureued ; but as their
town was surrounded by fastnesses, few were killed in the [)ursuit. Thirty
were found dead of the enemy Indians, and of the army, two or three were
killed, and as many wounded. This was quite an Indian depot, the raptors
having found here "a large quantity of jirovisions, and immense jiropertyof
various kinds." It was ail destroyed with the town, which consisted of 200
houses: the women and children had only time to escayjc across tlie Alabama.
The next day, another town was destroyed, eight miles above, consisting of liO
houses. We will now proceed with General Jackson, until he puts au end to
the Creek war.
On the 17 January, 1814, General Jackson marched, at the head of 930 men,
from near Foil Strother, for the heai't of the enemy's country. In h\» route
lay Talladega, the residence of Fife, a noted warrior, and friend of the whites;
and here he joined the army with 200 of his men. The Indians were sup-
posed to be assembled in great numbers, at the Great Bend of the Tallapoosie,
from 14 or 15 of their towns upon that river ; and it was daily exported that
they Avould attack Fort Armstrong, in their vicinity, which was in no state to
meet thein. It was the news of its situation, that caused Jackson to inarch to
its immediate reliefl When he had arrived at Hallibee Creek, the general,
[Book IV.
work, and all tlie
cavoring to (■ffi ct a
■1, tlic Gi't)r<ii(iiis had
wua General Ftoijd
t was not tliouftlit of
!, who Avere {in'utly
fnicn made tliem so.
itended, or, rutlu r, as
agreed to jjost tliein-
lo should atteiiipiau
id.
Camp Defioiico, 30
Liitossoo. Here, early
i senluiels hcforc tlicv
ill ip, and lor a(|nnnir
lie the army luul i;ot
o fly. One CDiiipaiiy
;' by tlie assailants, anil
ilf-breed, chief of ilie
igiiage of the geueral,
[)romptness, that Cap-
riy, in lliat niaiioeiivre,
ther part of the hdian
5 the contest,
he field, as the whites
130 wounded. At the
him, which prevented
■s had their horses shot
ed in these particulars,
vanese, had estahlished
haba, and there built a
ified that it was hiiilt
foUowere that they had
ould ever enter tliere.
my, accoinpiuiied by a
d to make atiialofthe
approach of die army,
:3 December, 1813, as
nd a short engagenieiit
pursued ; but as their
n the pursuit. Thirty
ly, two or three were
ian depot, the captors
immense property of
■which consisted of 200
»e across the Alabama.
above, consisting of 60
until he puts an end to
at the head of 930 men,
country. In his mute
;d friend of the whites;
Jhe Indians were sup-
icndoftheTaliapoosie,
was daily expected tliiU
vhich was in no state to
sed Jackson to inarch to
bee Creek, the general,
CBir. VII.]
BATTLE OF EMUKFAU.
59
fiom the accounts of bis spien, supposed he must be in the immediate vicinity
of the enemy, and he soon after encampwd at a small Ilallibee village, called
Eiiotocliopko. Here he discovered that he was 12 miles from the enemy,
fllio were upon an island in the Tallapoosio, near the mouth of a creek called
Eniiikfa"' The next day the army encamped very near Emukfaii, and had
everv sig» of being hard by the advei-se Indians. The order of encampment
OT; that of battle, and eveiy precaution was taken to guard against surprise.
\liout6 in the morning of the 22d, the warriors from Lmukfau fell with great
•orre upon Jackson's left flank, and the left of liis rear ; and although the
jid , was made in full confidence that they should rout their adversaries, yet
thfv Mcre disappointed, and no ground was gained by the onset. The assail-
ants fought with a determined bravery, and it was near half an hour before
thev coiild be made to retire. The Americans, having encamped in a hollow
square, met the attack at advantage, but it was only at the point of the bayonet,
that the Indians were put to flight. Fife, at the head of his wan-iors, joined in
the pursuit, which continued about two miles, with considerable havoc.
Matters did not end here ; for, in a short time, the Indians returned again to
the attack, and with greater success than before. They attacked a picket at
advantage, at a small distance from the main body, and General Coffee, in his
luni, attacked the left flank of the attacking party. As his number of men was
gniall, he soon found himself in imminent danger of being entirely cut off".
General Jackson, seeing this, ordered Fife to advance to his rescue, which he
did with the utmost promptitude. This attack of the enemy was upon the
risht flank, and was, as it turned out. only a feint to weaken the left by draw-
in" the force from ''^^t quarter to its support; but the general was not to be
outwitted by such a ,imna)uvre. Ha kept the left flank firm, and the alarm
Bin soon iB^ave notice, that that part was assailed. The general here met the
enemy in person, seconded by Colonel Carroll, who ordered the charge, and
led on the pursuers. The friendly Indians were successful at this time also,
slaying many of their countrymen as they fled.
Meanwhile General Coffee had got deeper into difficulty, and was contend-
ing at fearful odds with a brave band of warriors, and was again relieved by
die Indians under Captain Fife. This, Fife was enabled to do, only by charg-
ing them with the bayonet. The enemy seemed determined to wrest their
foiintry from the invaders, and retired slowly, at firet, as men driven from
their country will always do. Fife and his comrades pursued them about
three miles, killing 45 of them, which they found aftei-wards. The reason of
fo/ee's great peril, was this, Fife having been ordered to his rescue before the
jttack on the left was made the second time ; and now, hearing the firing in
that direction, supposed his aid was morc needed in that quarter; and thus
Cojte was left without support. He was severely wounded, and his aid-de-
camp, Colonel A. Donaldson, and three others, were slain.
General Jackson, not having provisions for a longer stay, and being con-
siderably crippled, began a retreat to Fort Strother. The most memorable
part of this expedition is yet to Ix; related. The Indians now supposed the
Americans were beaten, or they would not retreat. They therefoi-R resolved
to pursue and harass them. Jackson expected this, and marched, in order of
battle, through one dangerous defile after another. At length, on the morning
of the 24, after having nearly passed one of the most dangerous places, at
Enotocliopko Creek, his rear was attacked in a spirited manner ; and although
it was not at all imexpected, yet the columns gave way, and a good deal of
cniifiision and slaughter ensued. At length, a six-pounder was, with great
ditlicnity, dragged up a small eminence which commanded the battle-ground,
and being charged with gi*ape-shot, did great execution, and was a principal
means of jnitting the enemy to flight.
The getting the cannon up the hill was done at the greatest peril ; the men
wlio undertook it being sure marks for the enemy, having nothing to screen
them in the least. By the time they had discharged it once, Lieutenant ./?rm-
»(ra)io". Captain Hamilton, of East Tennessee, Captains BralfordimA AVGitrnck,
had all fallen. Bradford exclaimed, as he lay, " My brave fellows, some of i/oii
ma}ifall, bid you must save the cannon.'"
Tbe army having, meantime, recovered from their panic, attacked in their
>
''■''■■'' i'[ pi; ^':-'
-■■ I' ■'■■ itJtJi.ni,',
60
DEATH OF MONOHOE THE PROPHET.
[Book IV.
1(1 tlio Indians were every where put to flight, and pursued lUwut tw
The Indians' loss in this hattic was 189, tiiat were found. Tiie Ainr"
ad, in botli days' lights, 24 killed, and 71 wounded. It wits ovidcni
turn, and
miles.
leans had,
now, that the Indians were satisfied that they were not victoi-s, for in tin.;,
fliglit they threw away tlu^ir \mcks and arms in abundance, and the artiiy met
with no further molestation during their return march.
We liave now arrived to the termination of the Creek war. It ended in the
battle of the Great Bend of the Tallapoosie, as we have related in the JiC,. „f
M'Intosh. This l)en(l, usually called the Horse-Shoe, l)y the whites was
called by the Indians Tohopeka, which, in their language, it is said, signifn-ij
Jiorse-shoe : therefore the battle of Tohojwka, the Great Bend, and the Horse-
Shoe, are one and the same.
Notliing could be more disastrous to the deluded Creeks than this Imtilp
The loss of their great ])rophet8 was, however, the least. Three of them and
the last upon the Tallapoosie, fell among those whom they had made helirve
that no wounds could be inflicted upon them by the whites ; and iiicredihle
as it may seem, that although they had witnessed a total failure of all tlieir
prophecies hitherto, such was the influence those miserable impostors held
over the minds of the warriors, that they still believed in their sootiisavini^
and that their incantations would at last save them, and that they should tinaliy
root out the whites and possess their country. Such are the errors of delu-
sions in all ages — it is visible in all history, and will continue to be so until a
knowledge of tlie nature of things shall diffuse itself, and the relation ol' cause
and eftect be more extensively known.
MoNOHOE was one, and we believe the son of Sinquistur was another, wjio
fell in the great battle of Tohopeka. In one of his accounts of the battle
General Jackson observes : " Among the dead was found their famous |)ropliet,
Monohooe, shot in the mouth by a grape shot, as if Heaven designed to chastise
his impostures by an appropriate punishment." The monner in which he was
killed, required but little aid from the whites to satisfy the Indians that he was
a false prophet, and it was soon generally believed among them.
These prophets were decorated, says Colonel Eaton, " in the most fantastic
manner — the plumage of various birds about their heads and shoulders; with
savage grimaces, and hon'id contortions of the body, they danced and howled
their cantations." Monohoe, in the very act of divination, muttering to tlie
sun, with eyes almost strained from their sockets, and his limbs distorted in
every possible unnatural direction, received his death wound. The faith of
the warriors in such abominable fooleries must now have been shaken; hul
the Ilallibee massacre was alone suflicient to account for their desperation— as
we have seen, their most submissive offera of peace had been met by the
sword — all confidence therefore in the humanity and integrity of the wiiites,
had, in their minds, been foi-feited. From every appearance it was evident
that they had determined to conquer at Tohopeka, or never to survive a defeat;
for they did not, as on former occasions,, send away their women and children:
about 300 of these were taken.
Whether the famous prophet Ilillishago, or Francis, were in this battle, is
not known. On 18 April, 1814, General Jackson wrote from his camp, at the
junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosie, saying, " Peter ^Quin has been taken,
but escaped ; he must be taken again. HUlishagee, their great prophet, has
also absconded ; but he will be fbtmd." In this, however, as will be seen,
the general was no prophet ; for Francis and McQueen were both alive in 181*.
The friendly Indians rendered the Americans most efficient aid in this
battle, and their loss in killed and wounded was greater in proj)ortion to tlieir
numbei-s than that of the whites. In all 2.3 were killed, and many more were
wounded.
It was supposed by General Floyd, that in the battle of Autossce he had
killed the famous prophet and king of Tallassee, but it turned out not to be so,
for he fell into the hands of the Americans aftei-wards. He was supposed to
be a hundred yeara old, his head being entirely white, and bowed almost to
the grotmd. His name, we bplii;ve, was Eneah-lhlukkoliopoiec. He wns taken
about the time of JVeatlierford's surrender ; and but for the protection afforded
him by the whites, their friends, the Creeks, would have put him to
CHir.vn.]
COLBERT.— PIAMINGO.
61
\jithout mercy But Weatherford had nottiing to fear from them : they care-
fully avoided meeting, and when any by accident or necessity came into his
presence, they were observed to tremble with fear. Such is the difference in
the carriage and aspect of men.
We will close the present chapter by detailing some particulars in the lives
ofiicveral distinguished chiefs.
It was very seldom that the names of any chiefs appeared in the accounts
of tlie lute war, but they were many, especially in the south, and deserved as
much notice, and often more than many that did receive it. When the war
pas over, some of them occasionally visited Washington, and the novelty of
their appearance sometitnes caused them to receive such notices as follows :
«Oii the 8th ultimo, [Feb. 1816,] arrived Col, Return J. Meigs, the agent of
the U. States in the Cherokee nation, with a deputation from the nation, con-
Hstiiig of Col. Lotvry, Maj. Walker, Maj. Rvlge, Capt. Taylor, Adjt. Ross, and
A'unnejee. These Indians are men of cultivated understandings, were nearly
all officers of the Cherokee forces which served under General yacAaon during
the late war, and have distinguished tliemselves as well by their bravery as by
their attachment to the U. States."
In June following, another deputation visited the capital of the United
States, of whom it was said, thwT appearance was such as entitled them to
llie highest respect. The delf^ates were from the Chickasaws, and consisted
ofGeiierul William Colbert- the great war chief of that nation. Major James
Cottiirf, interjireter ; Etti'Sue ; Mingo, the great warrior ; Jipjpasantvbhee, a
chief; Chastauny and CoUeetchee, warriors. Most of these (ought for the
whites in the south. «-reneral Colbert was now aged, having fougnt with the
Americans in St. Ciair^s army, with seven others of his countrymen ; one of
whose names was Piomingo, or the Mountain-lader, of whom we shall pres-
ently speak.
In tlie late war, wJule his men were preparing to join the Americans, Col-
W, impatient to be unemployed, joined the third regiment of the United
Swes infantP". When he had served with them nine months, he returned
tohisuatiop, collected his warriors, and marched to Fort Montgomery on the
Alabama, 'rom thence against Pensacola, crossed the Esanibia, and pursued
theli(wt'ie Creeks almost to Apalachicola, killing many of them, and retum-
inj to Fort Montgomery with 85 prisoners. He and his comrades were now
jl Wnsliington, to obtain a settlement of the boundaries of their country.
Aoionlii'gly commissioners were sent into their country, and on the 20 Sep-
;enil)er following, [181(5,] a treaty was entered into. In this treaty Colbert is
stvlevi Major-General, and by the sixth article of it he was allowed an annuity
oflOOdoilars during life. His name is not to the treaty of Hopewell, made
lOJimuary, 1786, but that of Piomingo is. To that of Chikasaw Bluffs,
2^ October, 1801, instead of his mark, we find W. C, which shows that he
I been paying some attention to learning ; but in subsequent treaties his
• mark again appeal's.
From the circumstance that the name of Piomingo is not seen to any of the
I treaties after that of Colbert appears, induces the belief that he is the same
I person, and that, from his attachment to the whites, he took one of their
I names.
Piomingo is thtis mentioned by General St. Clair, on his arrival at his
huarters. "Oct. 27. Payamingo an-ived in camp with his wamors. I was
[so unwell, could only see him and bid him n'elcome." "Oct. 29. Payamingo
lanil his |)eople, accompanied by Captain Sparks, and four good riflemen,
ping on a scout; they do not propose to return under 10 days." We have
jnonecount of the success of the excursion, but they did not join the army
[isiin until iifter the defeat, which took place six days after. As they were
jproepodinjf to Fort Jefforson, one of the enemy mistook them for his com-
Ipanions, and was ca[)tured before he discovered his mistake. Piomingo
Isceosted him with harsh language, saying, *^ Rascal, you have been killing tokite
mn!" lie then ordered two of his men to extend his arms, and a third to
Ithoot him. When this was done, and his scalp taken, they proceeded to join
llhe army.
We learn the name of one other who was with St. Clair. He was called
6
, ' ••.'' . - .ST J
iMiim
60
MUSIIALATUBEE.— PUSHAMATA.
[Bonir IV,
James Anderson, and wus brother to the chief John Morris, who, 23 j,,,
1793, was murdered not ahove (500 paces from Governor BlounCs hoiis*; "'
Knoxville. He wum sliot by sbme mikiiowii persons. The j^ovenior ordii-H
him to l)e buried in the biirying-groiind of the white people, with iniliiarv
honors. A procession was formed, headed by himself, and he was interfo'i
witli great res|)ect.
In 17i);j, the Spaniards of Louisiana made large offers to the Cliiknwiw.s to
induce them to ibrsake the Atncricans; but their oflers were treated wiii,
contem|)t, especially by Piomin^'o.
MusHAi-ATUBEE wus a ChiKasaw chief, with whom General Lafuwii,
became acquainted in his Inst visit to this country. His first knowludi'e of
him, as will appear from the following extracts out of M. Levnsatur^s work
"Lafayette en AMERiquE," &c., was at the residence of the "smrp ,.r'
Monticello." " "'
Mushalatubee, and Pushamata, u Chocktaw chief, already mentioned, wore at
Washington when the general arrived there, in December, 1824, being tliore
at the meeting of congress, according to custom, with many other cliipi;
to brighten the cJiain of friendship, re«>eive presents, and make known the
wants of their countrymen. At this tim« Mushalatuhee made the followine
agreeable speech to General Lafayette. '
«' You are one of our fathers. You have Sjught by the side of tiie grcnt
Washington. We will receive here your hand u, that of a friend and father
We have always walked in the pure feelings of feace, and it is this feilinj
which has caused us to visit you here. We present you pure hands— hmids
tliat have never been stained with the blood of Amt;ricans. We live in a
country far from this, where the sun darts his perpendicular rays upon us.
We have had the French, the Spaniards and the English for neighbors- but
now we liave only the Americans ; in the midst and with whom we live as
friends and brothers."
Then Pushamata, the first of their chiefs, began a speech in his turn and
expressed himself in these words: "There has passed nearly 50 snows since
you drew the sword as a companion of Washington. With him yon Imve
combated the enemies of America. Thou hast generously mingli^l tliyijlood
with that of the enemy, and hast proved thy devotedness to the cause which
thou defendedst. Alter thou hadst finished that war, thou hadst rei'irned
into thy country, and now thou comest to revisit that land where tlioa art
honored and beloved in the remembrance of a numerous and powerful |:eo-
pie. Thou seest every where the children of those for whom tlioj hast
defended liberty, crowd around thee, and jjress thy hands with filial aft'ettion,
We have heard related all these things in the depths of the distant forests,
£md our hearts have been ravished with n desire to behold thee. We >n
come, we have pressed thy hand, and we are satisfied. This is the first tine
that we have seen thee,* and it will probably be the last. We have iiomortj
to add. The earth will part us forever."
" In pronouncing these last words, the old Indian had in his manner and j
voice something very solenm. He seemed agitated by some sad presenti-
ments. We l)eard of his death a few days after; he was taken sick, and
died before he could set out to return to his own people. When satisticdl
that liis end was approaching, he caused all his companions to be assenihlrdJ
and he desired them to raise him up, and to put upon him all his ornuiiieiits,]
and bring to him his arms, that his death should be that of a man's. Hel
manifested a desire that at his interment the Americans would do liimmili-[
tary honors, and that they would discharge cannon over his grave. Tiieyj
promised him that it should be done ; he tlien talked freely with his friendi,!
and expired without a groan in the midst of conversation." His monunientl
occupies a jjlace among the great men in the cemetery at Washington. l'iioii|
one side is this inscription : —
" They might not have been inlroduced to the general when he saw them at Mr. Jffferson'ik
M. Levasseur says, in speaking of the Indian deputation, " A lew iete Haient deux 'cliff: m
nous r.vions voua s'asseoir nnjour a la table de M. .lefferson, pendaid notre s^jour A MoiUictm
Jel:s rt-onnus h Leurs oreilles decouples en tongues laniires, gamies de tongues kmai
plottb,"
the CliiknKnwrt, to
/ere treated wiih
C„i,. VII.] DEATH OF PUSHAMATA.— EPITAPH. G3
"PtJSH-MA-TAIIA, A ClIOCTAW CHIRP, LIES HERE. ThIS MONUMENT TO HIS
!IE«ORV IS ERECTED BY HIS DKOTHER CliIEF», WHO WERE ASSOCIATKI* WITH
gIM IN A DELEOATIOJJ KROM THEIR NATION IN THE YEAR 1824, TO THE GENERAL
aOVER.NMENT OF THE UnITED StaTES."
And on the other :
"PUSH-MA-TAHA WAS A WARRIOR OF GREAT DISTINCTION. He WAS WISE
I^COl'NCIL, ELOQUENT IN AN EXTRAORDINARY DEUREK ; AND ON ALL OCCA-
SIONS, AND UNDER ALL CIRCUMSTANCES, THE WHITE MAN's FRIEND. He DIED
I> WaSHI.VOTON, ON THE 24tH OF DECEMBER, 1824, OF THE CRAMP, IN THE
(Kh'll VEAR OF HIS AGE."
TImt PtLihamaln, or Pushmataha, wns n warrior, has been said. In the late
war with Enjrlaiid, he aHsi.sted in siil)diiing iiis coimtryineii at the south. In
Giiicrnl Claihome's army lie distinguished himself, particularly in the hattle
of lilt' Holy Ground, (called hv the Indians Eccanachaea,) upon the Alabama
Rivir, 80 miles from Fort Claiborne. Here the celebrated fVeatherford re-
iiilfd, also Hillisha^o the prophet.
in tli(! treaty which the chiefs and warriors of the Choktaus held with the
f. ><. commissioners, 18 October, 1820, "at the treaty ground, in said nation,
near Doiik's Stand, on the Natches Road," the following passage occurs :
•Wlipreas the father of the beloved chief Mtishvlatubee, of the lower towns,
for luicl during his life, did receive from the United States the sum of 150
dollars, annually ; it is hereby stipulated, that his son and successor, Mushula-
hii«,slmll annually be paid the same amount during his natural life." Hi^nce
it would lead us to suppose, without fuither investigation, that both the father
and son had rendered the country very important services.
As has been the case in all former Indian wars, so in the present, erery
Dci),'iil)oring Indian is viewed with distrust. No sooner had the present
existing Seminole war begun, than, by report at lea.st, hundreds of the Creeks
were leaving their country for Florida, to join their hostile neighbors. Early
ikis spring, 1836, it was reported far and wide that the Chocktaws had taken
up the hatchet. This occasioned a national council to be called, which
tsjenihled on the 12 May. The venerable chief Mushulatubee was present,
md, among other things, said, " It makes my heart bleed to be accused of this
tnackry, when it is well knoum I and my tnbe lutve fought side by side mth
Gen. Wayne, Jackson, and others, against the Seminoles, Creeks and British."
Hillishaoo, or HILLIS HADJO, it appears, survived General Jackson's
campaigns, and, not long after, went to England, still hoping to gain assist-
uice from that nation to enable him to operate with effect against the Ameri-
\ cans. He 'vt j, upon his return, the immediate instigator and cause of the
Seminole war, having taken up his residence among that nation, imable to
j stay longer in his own country. The belief was imposed upon him by some
abandoned English traders, that there was a provision in the treaty of Ghent
for the restoration of their country. He received much attention while in
England, and some encouragement, but nothing absolute. An English
i journal thus mentions his arrival : — "The sound of trumpets announced the
approach of the patriot Francis, who fought so gloriously in our cause in
I America during the late war. Being drest in a most splendid suit of red and
)ld, and wearing a tomahawk set with gold, gave hitn a highly imposing
[appearance."
He received large presents from the king's stores, but, it is said, that of
Itliesp he was chiefly delTrauded afterwards by the notorious Woodbine, who,
jit seems, accompanied him in his travels.*
Aliout the end of November, or beginning of December, 1817, a war party
lof Seminoles captured an xAmerican, and conveyed him immediately to their
■priniipal village, called Mikasauky. Here it appears dwelt Francis and his
wnily. The American, whose name was M'Krimmjon, was ordered to be
ninediately burnt to death. The stake was set, MKrimmon, with his head
* Seminole War Documents, p. 23, published by order of coiigiess.
ri*i' /■!§!( Jiff ,
1 « I
-*iT..
VVi^ilifff^M
64
HORNOTLIMED.— NEAMATIILA.
IBooK IV.
Bhaved, woh bound to it, and wood wnH i>ilcd up nboiit liiin.
IndianH had tiMiHli<;d tliuir dance, and the tin; wuh almut to h(
daughter ot'tlie rliieC, iminod Millif, who had l>een witnt^HHing th<
with a sad countenance, tlew to her fatlier, and, upon h(>r knecH, ht
he would spare the priHoner's Ufe • and it v/an not until, like tin
Pocahontas, she nhowed a deterinivr
connented to prolong hi8 life for I
ho could not Hell the victim for u cr
on to peririh with him, that ht
WluMi thn
kiii(il.,,|, a
[''■•'imriitioiis
" •>«')."■' I timt
•'liratcd
III.;
-niiioii
m
.„".i""t '»■'• tilth, r
piesent. It woh Htill Ins mtcnti ;, jf
•' mun, to iiove carried Iuh roiimr imr-
pose into effect ; hut on oft'ering liini to the HpuniardH, at St. Marks,
demanded sum, 7h gallons of rum, wuti paid for him, and thus his \\\k
was effected.
After Francis fell into the hands of the Americans and was lianmid Iji
family, consisting of a wile and several daughterH, surrendered thenisclvc's to
the Americans ut St. Mark's. The youngest daughter, MiUu, uhoiit rouniin
years of age, was treated with great attention by all the officers for Imvin..
saved the life of M'Ktimmon. She was said to have been very liaiidsdini'
When MKrimmon heard of her l>eing among the captives, he wcint and oHl n i|
himself to lier as a partner. She would not, however, receive liim \\nu\
satisfied that he was prompted to offer himself from other motives tlmn u
sense of the supposed obligation of his life having been saved by her.
Mikasauky was the chief rendezvous of the war party, and had been known
at least a century by the name of Baton Rouge. This name was give n it
by the French, and the Aiiglo-Ainericans called it the Red Sticks, to u\iiiil
the use of the same name in French. Hence the Indians who niiulo
their (piarters, were called Red Sticks. At this period they had revived Hit;
practice of setting up poles or sticks, and striping th^in with red paint, wliiih
was only when they intended war. The Atnericans, not knowing their prac-
tice, supposed these poles were painted with red stripes in derision of tliejr
liberty poles. Mikasauky, now Red Sticks, was upon a border of iMikasauky
Lake.
HORNOTLIMED, or as General Jackson called him, " Homattlemico,
an old Red Stick," was another principal Seminole chief, whose residence
was at Foul Town in the beginning of the war ; but, being driven from
thence, he repaired to Mikasauky. Three vessels having arrived at the
mouth of the Apalachicola on the 30 November, 1817, with military stores for
the supply of the garrison, were, from contrary winds, unable to asccniL
Lieutenant Scott was despatched for their assistance, in a boat with forty mea
The old chief Homotlimed, who had just before been driven from Foul Town,
by a detachment of General Gaines's army, with a band of his warriors, liad
concealed themselves in the bank of the river ; and when Lieutenant &o((
and liis men returned, they fired upon them, and all except six soldiers, wlio
jumped overboard and swam to the opposite shore, were killed. Twenty of
the soldiers had been lefl for the aid of the ascending vessels, and about the
same number of women and sick were in their places. These fell into the
hands of Homotlimed and his warriors, who dashed out their brains upon the
sides of the boat, took off their scalps, and carried them to Mikasauky, wliere
tliey exhibited them upon their red pole, in memory of their victory. This
chief and his companion, HiUishago, were doomed shortly to expiate with
their lives for this massacit.
The Mikasauky town was soon after visited by the army, but the huliaiu
had all fled, their red pole was left standing, and the scalps upon it ; many of
which were recognized as having been taken from Lieutenant ScotCs men.
At length a vessel cruising near tiie mouth of Apalachicola River, to prevent
the escape of the Indians in that direction, with English colors displayed,
decoyed on board the famous chiefs, Homotlimed, and the prophet Frmm
These the Americans hanged without trial or delay.
NEAMATHLA was a warrior of note and renown, before the war of lpr2
with Great Britain. He was a Seminole chief; but where his residence wai
previous to that war we have not heard ; but after the Seminole war, lie lived
upon a good estate, at Tallahassee, of which estate a mile square was underl
improvement. This, in 1823, Mamathla, at the head of the chiefs of hii
nation, gave up, with other la^ds, for the benefit of the United States, by a
.A.
IBooK IV.
about liini. 'Wlicii tlm
about to bo kindled, a
;u»!SHiiif{ tbt! |)n!|mrati()iis
bcr kiujcH, bt!>{j;..(l tlmt
until, liko the (ciclirmid
^ith liiin, tlmt licr t'at|i( r
/an still bis intcuti >■,,, jf
currii'd bis former pur-
liurds, at St. Marks, ili,..
, and tbuB bi8 liberation
.ns and was Imiijfed, his
irreiidcrcd tlicmselves in
tor, Mitlii, about t'ouriccn
11 tbe officers for liavini;
ve been very haiultiiuiK'!
lives, lie wont and oHi n li
,rever, receive liini, innil
om otber motives ihaii u
een saved by bcr,
rty, and bad been known
This name was irivi w it
the Red Sticks, to »■, niil
Indians who made iliij
riod they had roviv«!(l tlu;
.em with red paint, wlii( h
i, not knowing their prac-
tripes in derision of tliejr
on a border of Mikasauky
d him, " HOMATTLEMICO,
le chief, whose residence
; but, being driven from
Is having arrived at the
17, with military stores for
winds, unable to ascend
!, in a boat with forty men.
n driven from Foul Town,
band of his warriors, liad
md when Lieutenant Scoli
ill except six soldiers, wlio
!, were killed. Twenty of
ding vessels, and about tlie
ilaces. These fell into tlie
i out their brains upon the
them to Mikasauky, wliere
cry of their victory. This
3d shortly to expiate with
• the army, but the hidians
16 scalps upon it; many oil
-m Lieutenant Scott's men. j
ilachicola River, to prevent
English colors displayed,!
i, and the prophet fVoiica
y, 1
iwn, before the war of Ifl'^j
It wliere bis residence wail
the Seminole war, he livedl
e a mile square was underl
head of the chiefs of Iml
t of the United States, by il
\m
,^mi
:^*'
>y;
m
-'«
UO'vS'.
*#~\*« •(/'«#v« t ftt««^r« %*T^ • '
+■ Ji ijift
M'ffiA MA^a^imLiA
Scrninolo War ("liief
H
i *■«".•
^V
• fS. i' »i
'^i'<\ ■
t:^'
3i
If
<*:■•■''
•':" t"'- 'r!
'■i »"^ ^A
' •
i: ■ ;
imM
V\ ^1*,'
'^'
CHAP. VII.]
ireaty which they
1^ gL'pternber of l
III an additions
yoJii Blount, Tusk
oiUie principal c
nliicli tliis article
fioiiiTS lor perinis
ilieiii, and in cons
ilif U, States," it v
liiiir .s.ji;2re miles,
Skmil and Hajo a
U|K)II
the same riv
m/Uu there settle(
iAf, 5Jd; with 1
ireaiy. were to re
peiimsala of Flori<
'<iit whether " tl
treaUjdoes not ap
tuliu that they hud
i!iis inuisaction, as
Buiiilier of the Sen
iiiidi;i-rated, that it
imiiuitaiit part of
\si\,this mistake,
lias hi'cu a fated o
aiioilur problem, b
liius Slated : Had 1
oiliiTs but theinsel
ilieii country and I
in iliJH plac ?, and w
Tlie United State
ndhlu, as a comfieii
IS In meet the expe
A word more of
Wfst.'i'a coast of th(
land," says Mr. fViU
saiiil ridges and in
nliire it has cost the
They are now in i
Aiinrican settlers,
I alreutV ; and there
I prov.'ij.'' What is (
! Hii'iin which they ai
I ioiiiiit!s of the sea.
I Mci'Sf^uries, and ket
I frailly changed thei
( iri'ssiiig war, and tli
I to resources, than w
A chief, whom t
I mentioiied, jn our ai
I cHEs Hatcho, and
[bilciv the America]
j Florida, and was am
j ^le Tuljapoosies, an
styled "an old Red!
I'UmiuicrJJrbulhnotl
pnth.'l? June, I8i:
propirty, in lands ai
sUit the time of h
ot Barmy, shai'ed 1
6*
ChaI"'
VII.]
NEAMATHLA.— THE SEMINOLES.
65
^Bty which they made with its agents at Moultrie Creek, in Florida, on the
lij September of that year.
],i an additional article of said treaty, we read — " Whereas jYea Malhla,
jfikn Blount, Tuski Hajo, Mullaio King, Emathlochee, and Kconchatimico, six
Ql'tJie principal chiets of the Florida Indians, and parties to the treaty ;o
ffliicli tiiis article has bbcn annexed, have warmly appealed to the commis-
fioiurs for permission to remain in the district of country now inhabited by
tlieiii, and in consideration of their friendly dis]K>sition, and past services to
ilii. L'. States," it was agreed that JVeanmtfUa and his followers should have
fiiiir sjuare miles, embracing Tuphulga village, on Rocky Comfort Creek ;
^mnd and Hajo a tract on Apalachicola River ; Mvllato King and Emathlochee
midii tlie same river ; and Econchatimico on the Chatahoochie. With jV*e«-
wthia there settled 30 men ; with Blount, 43 ; Mullato King, 30 ; with Enutth-
j,f/i((, 2d; with Econchatimico, 38: tiie other Florida Indians, by the same
^a\. were to retnove to the Amazura, or Ouithlacooche river, upon tlic
peiiiiusala of Florida.
'(lit whether " the other Florida Indians " had any hand in making this
tniit\,(loes not appear, though from alter circumstances, there is no proba-
jjjliij that they had. Hence two facts are duly to be considered concerning
ilii/miiisaction, as they have led to fatal mistakes : one is, as it concerns the
nuiiilier of the Seminoles ; and it will be asked, Wern their numbers greatly
uiidiMTated, tbut it might seem that those who mado the treaty were the most
iiiijioitant part of the nation ? If this problem come out affirmative, then,
\i»\,this mistake, or imposition upon the inhabitants of the United States,
te"l)L(!ii a fatal one. The other fact or circumstance resolves itself into
anotliiT problem, but not more difficult of solution than the other. It may be
thus stated : Had these few chiefs <inj/ authority to stipulate lor, or bind any
otluMs but themselves? If not, where is the obligation for them to leave
llieii country and habitations ? But I forbear to pursue this subject further
in this plac?, and will relum to JVeamaihla.
The United States agreed by the same treaty to award 500 dollars to JVea-
mthlj, as a compensation for the improvements abandoned by him, a*, 'veil
IS III meet the expenses of his removal.
A word more of the countrymen of JSTearnxdUa^ who emigrated to the
svsi rii coast of the peninsula, before we proceed to other subjects. " The
land," says Mr. Williams,* to which they are " legally banished, consists of dry
and ridges and intertninable swamps, almost wholly u ifit for cultivation ;
wlitre it has cost the U, States more than their land was worth to support them.
Thev are now in a starving condition ; they have killed the stock of the
Aimricaii settlers, in every part of the territory, to support themselves,
alreaiV ; and there is no present prospect of their situation becoming im-
prov'd.'' What is calcidated to add to their miserable condition, is the limits
witiiin which they are restricted ; they are not allowed to go nearer than within
ioiiiiies of the sea. A garrison was established at Tampa to supply them with
Mcts,s;ii'ies, and keep them in order. Recent events, however, had consid-
I mhly changed their condition before the commencement of the present dis-
; iri'ssiiig war, and they are found much more numerous, and far betrer oif, as
I to resources, than was sup|)osed they could be.
A chief, whom the whites called Peter McQueen, has been incidentally
[mentioned, in our account of the Creek war. His Indian name was Talmu-
CHEs Uatcho, and he belonged to the tribe of Tukabatchie. In 1814 he fied
Mliv the Americans under (Jeneral Jachon, and took up his residence in
I Fiitriiia, and was among others declared an outlaw. In 1817 he was chief of
tiie Tallapoosies, and resided upon the Oklokue or Okoloknee River, and was
I siyled "an old Red Stick." He was one of the 12 Creek chiefs who gave Mr.
Mmiidcr Jirbuthnott power of attorney to manage their affiiirs. This was done
pnth.' 17 June, 1817. He was a chief of consequence, possessed a valuable
propi'ity, in lands and negroes. His effects were seized upon as lawfid booty,
ibmit tiie time of his escape froni Tukabatchie. A half-breed, by the name
of Barney, shai'ed 10 negroes that had belonged to him, and a chief called
6*
Account of Flori'.la, 72, 73.
66
KING-PAINE IS KILLED IN BATTLE.
[Book IV.
^uchi-hatche, alias Colonel, had 20 more. To the persons who had made
phiiuler of his slaves, he protested, they could have no claim upon him anj
that he had never injured them. He Iherefore applied to Mr. R. JlrbtUhmtt
to intercede with the officer at the United States military post. Fort Gaines for
some relief; this he did in a very respectful letter, but with what success' we
are as yet unprepared to speak.
KING-PAINE was a chief who might have demanded early attention bm
•who, not having been very conspicuous but in a single affair, has been defer-
red to this place. Early in 1812, at the head of sundry bands of iSeminoles
and negroes, who had run away from their American masters, King-paim
issued forth in quest of blood and plunder. There wert, several other eliiels
at the same time, (among whom Bow-legs * was conspicuous,) wlio assisted in
making war on the frontiers of Georgia. Whether either or botii of the
above-named chiefs commanded the daring party, who, on 11 September
1812, attacked and defeated a small force under Captain Williams, we are not
certain ; but it is certain that they commanded a large force soon after, wlien
General JVewman marched against them, and fought him with desperation.
Captain H'illiains, with about 20 men, was convoying some loaded wagona
towards Davis Creek, and whtn within about 10 miles of their destination
they were attacked by a party of Indians and negroes, supposed to be 50 iii
number. Although the whites were few, they protracted the fight until all
their nmmunition was expended, their captain mortally wounded, and sLx
others slightly. They then effected a retreat, leaving their wagons in tlie
hands of their enemies. Two of the Americans were killed, and, it was sup-
posed, a nmch greater number of the enemy.
Expecting a force would be soon sent against them, King-paint, with Boic-
legs as his lieutenant, marched out from the Lotchway towns, at the head of
150 warriors, 'as was supposed. They were not disappouited with regard to a
force being sent against them, for in the mean time General JVewman, f of the
Georgia volunteers, marched with 117 men to destroy the Lotchway towns.
When he had arrived within about six miles, he fell m with the Indians, all
of whom were mounted. It appears the parties met unexpectedly, and no
time was lost on cither side in preparing for battle. Having dismounted, the
Indians advanced a few paces, hoping thereby to intimidate their adversaries;
but jSfeioman, at the same time, ordered his men to charge, which being
promptly obeyed, the Indians were put to flight. The battle-ground, being
skirted with swamps upon three sides, was advantageous for the operations of
the Indians ; nevertheless, before gaining these coverts, a well-directed tire
stopped the flight of many, among whom was King-paine himself, and Bote-
legs was severely wounded ; but this was only the commencement of the
fight ; for no sooner was the fall of the great chief known among his men,
than they returned and charged in their turn, but were again forced ic tlv,
leaving tlie body of their leader in the hands of the whites. This, more tniiu
any, or all considerations together, wrought ui) their minds to desperatifjii,
and they determined on its recovery, or to sacrifice themselves in the attempt;
and they accordingly returned again to the charge, which, it is said, was met
with firmness by the whites, who, after encountering several shocks, ngaiii
succeeded in routing them ; but they immediately returned again, with greaiir I
fury than before, and with greater success ; for they obliged the Americans to
give ground in their turn, and atler some time spent in this most desperate
work, they succeeded in recovering the body of King-paine, and carried it (iff.
Their loss in the several charges was unknown, but supposed by the whites to
have been about 30 ; while, on their own side, they report but one killed ami
nine wounded. This fight was on the 26 September, and lasted about four
hours.
* To a dccumcnt exhibited in the trial of Arbuthnoil and Ambrisler, his name is sigiitiij
BoLECK. This was probably his real name, which required but a slight corruption tochan^l
it into How-legs. I
t Thomson (Hist. War, 61) writes this officer's name Newnan; but Brannan, Perkins audi
Brackenridge, all write it as in the text. There is a town in Florida called Newnansnlii,\
where a newspaper is printed.
CBAf. VII.] GURISTERSIGO.— HIS BATTLE WITH GEN. WAYNE.
©7
The whites were greatly distressed after this fight, for the Indians were
reinfoi'^ed, and harassed them until the 4 October, when they gave up the
business and retired. General JVewman, having thrown up a alight work, was
able to prevent being entirely cut off, and at length retreated out of th'; coun-
try. The Indians did not give up the siege until they had been pretty severely
cut up. The whites, by concealing themselves on the night of the 3(1, made
them believe they had abandoned their fort ; and they came up to it in a body
without apprehending danger ; when on a sudden they received a most deadly
fire, and immediately fled.
We shall close this chapter with some revolutionary and other matters.
TheCherokees had engaged not to operate with the British, towards the close
of the war ; and what is very singular, all the time that the greatest succestv's
mended the British anns, they strictly adhered to their engagement ; and it
was not until the fortune of war had changed, and the Aitericans had become
masters of nearly all the country, that many of the ill-fated Indians, instigated,
no doubt, by abandoned white desperadoes, fell upon tlie settlement called
Ninety Six, killing many persons, and burning several i:nuses. Upon this,
General Pickens took the field, at the head of a Imnd of mounted men, and in
about five weeks following the 10 Septeml)er, 1781,* finished this Cherokee
war, in which 40 Indians were killed, 13 towns destroyed, and a great number
of men, women and children taken prisoners, f A white man by the name of
/f'flierj was supposed to have been the prime mover of the Indians, who with
s few of them fled through the Creek country into Florida, and made good
their escape.
On 17 October, 12 chiefs and 200 warriors met Greneral Pickens at Long
Swamp Creek, and a treaty was concluded, by which Georgia acquired a
large accession of territory. J
We have next to relate the bold exploits of a Creek warrior, of the name
(kmiersigo.^ The British held possession of Savannah, in June, 1782, and
General Wayne was sent tliere to watch their motions. On the 21 May, Col-
onel Brotvn marched out of Savannali to meet, according to af»poii)tment,
a band of Indians vmder Emistessigo, or Guristersigo. But some difficulty
among the Indians had delayed their march, and the movement of Broiim was
disastrous in the extreme. General IVayne, by a bold manoeuvre, cut off his
retreat, fell upon hint at midnight, killed 40 of his men, took 20 prisonei-s, and
the rest escaped only under cover of darkness. In this fight IVayne would
not permit a gun to be fired, and the execution was effected wholly with the
sword and bayonet ; the flints having been previously token from the soldiers'
guns.
Meanwhile, Emistessigo was traversing the whole transverse extent of Geor-
gia, (strange as it may seem,) without being discovered, except by two boys,
wlio were taken and killed. It was the 24 June, however, before he arrived
in the neighborhood of General JVayne, Avho was encamped about five miles
from Savannah. Wayne did not ex|)ect an attack, especially by Indians, and
conse(iueut!y was completely surprised. But being well seconded by his
officei-s, and happily resorting to his favorite plan of fighting, extricated him-
self from imminent danger, and put the Indians to flight, after a hard-fought
battle.
The plan adopted by the Indian chief, though simple, was wise ; but in its
eacmion he lost some time, which was fatal to him. He captured two of
WaijnCs cannon, and while endeavoring to turn them upon the Americans,
■'■ey had time to rally. And, as the sword and bayonet were only used by
them, no chaLco was left the Indians to take advantage of position from the
flashes of the guns of their adversaries. If Wayne merited censure for being
taken thus unprepared, he deserved it quite as much for exposing himself in
the fight bi-yond what prudence required ; but more than all, for putting to
death 12 prisoners who had been decoyed into hie power, after the fight.
The severest [)art of the action was fought at the cannons. Emistessigo was
loath to relinquish such valuable trophies, and he did it only with his life.
* Johnsnn's \,\{e of Green, ii. SH.
} Mmon's Life of Green, ii. 348.
i Lee. Dr. Holmes writes Emistessigo. Annals, ii. 3W.
t Lee's Memoirs, 382, 383.
68
GRANGULAKOPAK.— BIG WARRIOR.
[Book IV.
Seventeen of his warriors fell Sy his side, besides his white guides. He
received a spear and two bayonets in his Iwdy before he fell, and eucouraeed
his waiTiora to the last. When 'le began to faint, he retired a few steps and
calmly laying himself down, breathed his last without a groan or strugifle!
This chief was six feet three inches high, weighing about 220 pounils bear-
iiig a manly and expressive countenance, and '30 years of age ; and General
Lee adds, " Guristersi^o died, as he had lived, the renowned warrior of the
Ovcrliill Creeks." In this singular affair but 12 Americans were killed and
wounded. Among the phuider taken from the Indians were 117 packhorses,
laden with peltry. Exertions were made to capture those warriors tliat ^
capetl i'rom the attack on Wayne^s camp, but so well did they undcretand the
country, that not one of them was taken.
Although not in the order of time, we will introduce here one of the earliest
advocates for temperance that we have met with among the Indians. This
person, though a Creek, was a descendant, by his own account, of the renown-
ed Grar^ula. His name was OnughkcUlydaunvy-gransrulakopaL All we know
of his history, can be told in a few words, and but lor one speech of his which
happened to be preserved, even his name we had never i)erhaps heard. That
he lived in 1748, and was eminent for his good morals, except the speech
before mentioned, is all we know of him. As to the speech, which ia so highly
extolled, it has, like numerous othera, we are of opinion, passed through too
many hands to be considered by all who may meet with it as genuine; never-
theless, throwing aside all the unmeaning verbiage with which it is encumbered
an Indian speecli might remain that would be read with pleasure. As itctands
in the work before us,* its length excludes it from our pages, and we shall select
but few sentences. It was delivered in a great council of the Creek nation
and taken down in short hand by some white present, and about four yean
after came into the hands of an agent of Sir fVUliam Johnson, thence into the
hands of sundry others.
"Fathers, Brethren, and Countrymen. — We are met to deliberate.
Upon what ? — Upon no less a subject, than whether we shall, or shall not be a
people ! " "I do not stand up, O countrymen ! to propose the plans of war,
or to direct the sage experience of this assembly in the regidation of our alli-
ances : your wisdom renders this unnecessary for me." — " The traitor, or
rather the tyrant, I arraign before you, O Creeks ! is no native of our soil; hut
rather a lurking miscreant, an emissary of the evil principle of darkness. 'Tis
that pernicious liquid, which our pretended white friends artfully introduced,
and so |)lentifully pour in among us!"~-"0, ye Creeks! when I thunder ia
your ears this denunciation ; that if this cup of perdition continues to rule
among us, with sway so intemperate, ye will cease to be a nation ! Ye will
have neither heads to direct, nor hands to protect you. — While this diabolical
juice undermines all the powers of your bodies and minds, with inoffensive
zeal, the warrior's enfeebled arm will draw the bow, or launch the spenr in the
day of buttle. In the day of council, when national safety stands suspended
on the lips of the hoary sachem, he will shake his head with uncollected spirits,
and drivel the babblings of a second childhood."
The above, though not a third of the speech, contains chief of all that was
intended to be conveyed in several pages. A true Indian speech need not
here be presented to show the difference of style between them ; hut as we
have a very good one, by the famous Creek chief, Big- warrior, not elsewhere
noticed, it shall be laid before the reader. It wau delivered at the time Gen-
eral JackBun was treating with the Creeks, about the close of the last war with
England, and was in reierence, as will he seen, to the conditions demanded of
the vanquished. And, although Big-warrior was the friend of the Americans,
yet he now felt for his countrymen, and after saying many other things, coa-
eluded as follows : —
•* The president, our father, advises us to honesty and fairness, and promises
* Sermons, &,c., by Reverend William Smith.
CHAr. VII.]
BIG WARRIOR'S SPEECH TO JACKSON.
60
that justice shall be done : I hope and trust it will be ! I made this war,
which has proved so fatal to my country, that the treaty entered into a lung
time ego, witli father Washington, might not be broken. To his friendly
jrm I hold fast. I will never break that bright chain of friendship we nia«lo
toi'ctlier, and which bound us to stand to the U. States. He was a father to
ihc Muscogee people ; and not only to them, but to all the people ben(;ath the
gun. His talk I now hold in my hand. There sits the agent he sent among
us. Never has he broken the treaty. lie has lived with us a long time, lie
has seen our children born, who now have children. By his direction, cloth
ffas wove, and clothes were made, and spread through our country ; but the
Red Sticks came, and destroyed all ; — we have none now. Hard is our
situation ; and you ought to consider it. I state what all the nation knows :
iiotiiing will I keep secret. — There stands the little warrior. While we were
seeking to give satisfaction for the murders that had been committed, he
proved a iniscliief-maker ; he went to the British on the lakes ; he came back,
ami brought a package to the frontiers, whidi increased the murders here.
This conduct has aheady made the war p'lrty to suffer greatly ; but, although
almost destroyed, they will not yet open thoii oyps, b'.;t are still led away by
tlie British at Pensacola. Not so with us. We were rational, and had our
sensts. We yet are so. In the war of the revolution, our father beyond the
waters encouraged us to join him, and we did so. We had no sens»^ then.
The promises he made were never kept. We were young and foolish, and
Ibiiglit with hiin. The British can no more persuade us to do wrong. They
have deceived us once, and can do it no mc' You arc two great people.
If you go to war, we will have no concern in it ; for we are not able to fight
We wish to be at peace with every nation. If they offer me arms, I will say
to them, You put me in danger, to war against a people bom in our own land.
They shall never force us into danger. You shall never see that our chiefs
are boys in council, who will be forced to do any thing. I talk thus, knowing
that father Washington advised us never to interfere in wars. He told us
that those in peace were the happiest people. He told us, that if an enemy
attacited him, he had warrior? enough, and did not wish his red children to
help him. If the British advise us to any thing, I will tell you — not hide it
from you. If they say we must fight, I will tell them, No."
He had previously spoken oi the causes of the war, and of the sufferings it
had brought upon them, but asked indulgence from compassion. The fine
tract of country, now the state of Alabama, was argued for by Shelokta, another
famous chief, who had large claims on the whites, but Jackson would not
concede. This chief had rendered them the greatest services in the war, and
sppealed to Jackson's feelings, by portraying the dangers they had passed
togetlier, and his faithfulness to him in the most trying scenes ; but all availed
nothing.
Big Warrior was a conspicuous chief for many years. In 1821, one of hia
nation undertook to accompany a Mr. Lucas as a guide, and killed liim by the
wav. Complaint was immediately made to Big-warrior, who ordered him
to 1)0 executed without delay. In 1824 he was the most noted among the
opposers of the missionaries. In this it was thought he was influenced by the
Indian agents, which opinion was perhaps strengthened from the fact that a
sul)-ageur, Captain Walker, had married his daughter. He was head chief of
tlie nation when General Mlntosh forfeited his Hfe by breaking the law of
ihe nation in selling a part of the Creek country. The troubles of his nation
having brought him to Washington, at the head of a delegation, he fell sick
snil died there, 8 March, 1825.* He was a man of colossal stature, and pro-
portionate physical powci-s ; and it is said " his mind was as colossal as his
body," and that he had done much towards improving the condition of his
countrymen. He had a son named Tuskehenaha.
• Niles\ Register, xxviii. 48. — By a passage in the report of a committee of coiigresii oa
Ihe Creek aA'airs in 1827, it would seem ii;al Big-warrior died as early as February. '
I
*a%
70
GROUNDS OF THE SEMINOLE WAR.
[Book IV.
CHAPTER VIII.
Grounds of tne Seminole War — Circumstances of those Indians misundtrstoodr—Ju,t.
ness of the War — Neamathla deposed — Treaties — Of Moultrie Creek— Puijne'g
Landing — Council at Camp King — Is broken up by Osckola — It is renewed, and a
party agree to emigrate — Osceola's opposition — Is seized and jmt in irons-
Feigns a submission and is released — Executes an agreement to comply with the
demands of the whites — The physical condition of the, Indians.
Having, in a former chapter of this our fourth book, given many of the
necessary particulars for a right understanding of the former Florida war, it
will not be necessary here to repeat the same, and we shall, therefore, procwd
at once to a notice of the grounds of the present war with the Indians in that
region.
It has been formerly said, that nearly all the Indian wars have the sanir
origin ; and, on attentively examining the subject, it will be found that tiie
remark has much of truth in it. The Seminoles of Florida have heen found
quite different from what they had been supposed. Every body had consid-
ered them a mere outcast remnant, too much enfeebled by their proximity to
the whites, to be in the least dreaded in a war. Indeed, such conclnsion was
in perfect accordance with the accounts which were circulated among intelli-
gent people ; but the truth seems to be, people have always been misinformed
on the subject, owing chiefly to the ignorance of their informers. Nor is it
■trange that misinformation should be circulated, when it is considered that
the very agents who lived among them, and those who made treaties with
them, could not give any satisfactory account as to their numbers or other
circumstances. General Jackson, in 1817 and 18, made an easy matter of
ravaging a part of Florida. His being opposed but by very few Indians, led
to the belief that there were but few in the country. Tlie war of 1814 wag
then too fresh in their recollections to suffer them to adventure too much, and
the probability is, that but few could be prevailed upon to join in a war again
80 soon. Hence, one of two conclusions must now evidently be fixed upon,—
eitlier that the Seminole Indians were much more numerous, 20 years ago,
than what was supposed, or that they have increased very considerably mthin,,
that time. For my part, I am convinced that both conclusions are correct.
When we are jtold, that at such a time, and such a place, commissioners'l
of the United States government met a delegation of the principal chiefs of tlie
Southern Indian^ and made a treaty, the articles of which were satisfactory \
to the Indians, two or three queries present themselves for solution ; as, by j
what means have the chiefs been got together ; what other chiefs and princi- j
Eal men are there belonging to such a nation, who did not participate in thei
usiness of the treaty. Anxious to effect their object, commissioners have]
sometimes practised unwarrantable means to obtain it ; especially in encour-'
aging sales of territory by a minority of chiefs, or gaining their consent to a]
removal by presents.
In the early part of the present war, the number of Seminole warriors wai
reckoned, by persons upon the spot, at 2000 ; but they have generally, since
that period, been rated higher. But it is my opinion, that 2000 able men, led
by such a chief as Osceola has proved himself to be, are amply sufficient to do
all that has been done on the part of the Indians in Florida, in 1835 and 6.
There can be but one opinion, among discerning people, of the justness of
the present war, as it appears to me ; nevertheless, however unjustly created,!
on the part of the whites, the most efficient measures should have been takenJ
in its earliest stages, for its suppression ; because, the sooner it is ended, th«
fewer will be the sacrifices of lives ; to say nothing of the concomitant suffer-]
ings of individuals, and destructions of property. It has been frequentljr
asked, what the executive and the congress of the nation have been about t
this time ! A few soldiers have been sent to Florida at a time ; some havei
been cut off, and the services of others rendered abortive, by some childish
bickerings among their officers about " precedency of rank." But whose fault
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NKAMATIILA DKPOSEn.—TRKATIES.
Tl
.. 1,1 tlini tlioMi' ortlri'i-M Hlioiild liavo Imtii tlicr« iiiulcr roniniiMMiniiH or iii-
xnii'liiiii:' cil' Hiii'ii a iiatiir" as to st-t ilirni in siirli an awkwuni |ii>Hiti(in in
MMi't to ( iicli otiiiir, 1 will not take n|M)n uio tu 8tati>, tlio fuctN iMiing of
.uiliri'iit iioliirii'ty.
\ wilier lias f?ivcn tin; following facts niativn to tho Scininolfs n'rcntly,
iiiil, ni* lin'V art! Huitrd to my coursd of rrniarks, I j(iv<' tlirtn in liis own
„ifil^;_-'' Shortly alli-r tlio ccsnioM, [of I'loritlii to tin) I'. S.] a treaty was
:iiii(li' liy wliifli tlu) ScininoloH ('ontM-nti-tl to rt>lin(|iiisli by far tlu! hcitcr part
oiilii'ir lands, and retire to th«; rentro of tlit; iirninsnla,— a (piarti-r I'onsistinK
fur till' most |>art of pinu linrrrns of tin; worst description, and terniinating
lotvnnl!* tlie mmtli in iniexpiorid and iin|iassal>le niarslies. VVIien tlie tiioK
faiiH' tor tli« execution of the treaty, old JVtha Mulhln, the lieail of the trihe,
il ii'lflit it savored too niiicli of the cunning and whiskey of the white man,
1,1 MiiiiMioried his warriors to resist it. (Jov. Duval, who succeeded (Jen.
;,n„<ip,) ia the chief magistracy of tiiis territory, liroke in npon his war council,
|i|«H'(l the war h-adei-s, an(l elevated the |M'ac() parly to the chielhiincies.
Tin .S'luitioics rotinnl peacealiiy to tho territory ausi^ned tiiein, and old .Vilux
\litUn n-tirud to thu Creeks, hy whom iiu was rainvd to tho dignity uf a
■iirl'."
Tlif iM'Xt cTent of considerahlc monient in the history of the Sominoles, ia
die maty of /'rti/nf'a Lanilmtr. Of this alfair I nm aide tct sjieak in the laii-
2iiaL'i III' tlie principal a^ent in it, on tlie part of the whites. The individual
iinliniii I rcli r, (leneral H'ileif Thompson, will he paHiciilarly noticed here-
jiiT, iVdiu llie melancholy fate which lie met in the pro<fres8 oJl" this war.
I liuvc, ill a previous cliapter, spoken of the treaty at Moultrie C^n'ek ; hut,
hfiiirr ).'i>iii^' into the particulars of that at Payne's Iiaiidin<;, it will he neces-
virv til Miakc a litw additional ohservatioiis. The Indians who consented to
liiiitirraty, by sucii consent agreed "to come under the protection of tiii' \J,
»<,t(i (five up their possessions, and remove to certain restricted hoiindaries
ill ilic irriitory, the extreme point of which was not to he nearer than 1.5 miles
'II ilic sen coast of the Gulf of Mexico. For any losses to which they might
I* Milijirti'd liy their removal, the government agrei'd to make lilxTal donalions,
akiiii providt; implements of hiisliandry, schools, &c., and pay an annuily of
M) lioilars for '^0 yeai-s ; besides which there were presents of corn, meat,
\i. \i\ It was i'e(|uired of th*^ Indians that they should prevtMit alisconiliiig
!ia\f<l'ioiii taking refng(! among them, and they were to use all proper exer-
;ioiiMiia|)|in'liend and «leliver the same to their prope- owners."
Dill iiicouiit next goes on to state, that the harmony which existed at the
mitliisioii of this treaty «'ij< very gr«!at, and that the Indians wen! so well
^<lIl^lilll Willi its provisions, "that they had a clause ex|iiessly inserted, hy
«li'li the I'liiti (I States ag(!nt. Major (lail. Humphrci/.i, and the interpreter,
Ki Wi/s, were to have eai'h oim^ mile scjiiare, in fee simjile, as a mark of the
cm IcMct' tliey reposed in these officers of tin; government."
litt'iin; this treaty was carried into effect, the Indians were intruded upon,
Jiiil liny friadiially began to Im^ rather slow in the delivery of the runaway
mirniis Clamors were therefore loud against them, and dillicnlties followed,
"I ijiiiik succession, for siiveral y»!ars. At length it was determined that tho
Miriiioirs should b:-, somehow or other, got out of Floriiht, and the treaty of
I'aiMi's Landing was got \\\) for this object.
Ariiii(|iiiu|y, ill 1H:{2, on the !)th of May, n treaty was entered into "on
OiHawalm River, known by the name of the treaty of l*ay e's LandiiiL',
Ity "liicli they stij)iilated to relinf|uisli all their possessions ii; I'loriila, and
fiiiLTiitc to tlie country allotted to th(! ('reeks, west of the Mississi|)pi ; in con-
siilinilioii of which thi; government was to pay l.'),400 dollars, on their arrival
atili(iiin.\v hoiiK!, and give to each of the warriore, women and children one
I'liinkctniiil one hoines|)un frock. The whole removal was stipulated to take
pliiiv witliiii three years after the ratification."
\\liat olijcct th<! government could have had in view by stijuilating that the
iiiiiiiiiis should deliver into its hands all their cattle and horses, pnnioiis to
"I'll I'liii^iiitioii, I know not, unless it was the intention of its agents to
fff'ukk 111 stocks ; or perhaps the mode by which the Indians were to be
"aasported, would not admit of their being transported with them. Be this
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73
EXECUTIONS— COUNCIL AT CAMP KING.
[Book IV,
as it might, wc shall see that this stock affair was among the hoginnin" of tho
sparks of war.
It aj)pears that hotween 1832 and 1834, it had licconie very apjmrpm tlmt
no removal \\i,h intended l)y tlie Indians; and it was equally a|)purent tlmt
those who had engaged a removal for the nation, were not the first pcoiilc in
it, — and, consecpumtly, a ditticulty would ensue, let the matter he urf^ed nln ii
it woidd. General Thompson was the government agent in Florida, and Ih'
(whether with advice or without, I am not informed) thought it hest to haw a
talk with some of the real head men of the nation, upon the suhj(>ct oi'nMiiov'l
which he effected ahout a year before the time of removal expir,j(l, nainclv in
the fail of 1834.
Meanwhile, the chief who had been put in the place of JVeamathla, by (Gov-
ernor Duval, had been executed, by some of the nation, for adiiorinir to tlm
whites, and ad vociiting a removal beyond the Mississippi. The nnnie of tli»
chief executed upon this account was Hicks. To him succeeded one; nainid
Charles, or, as he is sometimes called, Charles Omathia, and he shared the sanic
fate not long after. Nine warriors came into his council, and learning that he
insisted upon a removal, shot nine bullets through his heart! No more doiiln-
ful characters were now raised to the chieftaincy, but a warrior, named Lotds
well known for his hostility to the whites, was made chief.
In the council which General Thompson got together foi tLe purijosn of
holding a talk, as has been remarked, appeared Osceola, and several otiicr
distinguished chiefs. This council was held at Fort King, and was opcmd
by General Thompson in a considerable speech, wherein he endeavorod to
convince tiie Indians of the necessity of a speedy removal ; tu'ging, at tlio samn
time, tliat their own safety, as well as that of their ])raperty, required it ; find
requested their answer to the subject of his discourse, whicii he [)n'sriitL'd in
for/n of propositions. " Tiie Indians retired to private coimcii, to discuss tlie
subject, when the present yoimg and daring chief Jiceola {Powell) [Osceola]
addressed the council, in an animated fitrain, against emigration, and said tlmt
any one who should dare to recouuiiend it should be looked upon as an riieinv,
and held responsible to the nation. There was something in his manner so
impressive and bold, that it alarmed the timid of the council ; and it was
agreed, in private talk, that the treaty should be resisted. When this w;is made
known to the agent, he made them a long and eloquent harangue, setting foiili
the dangers that surrounded them if they were subjected to the laws of tlie
palefaces, where a red man's word would not be taken ; that the whites iiiij:lit
make false charges against them, and deprive them of their negroes, lioises,
lands, &.C. All this time Aceola was sitting by, begging the chiefs to remain
firm." When this was finisluid, a chief, named
" HoLATKE Mico, said the great Spirit made thetn all — they hfid come from
one woman — and he liopod they would not (iiiarrel, but talk until they got
through." The next chief wlio spoke was named
MicANOPEE. He was the king of the nation. All he is reported to have
said was, that he had no intention to remove. " Powell then told the agent
he had the decision of the chiefs, and that the council was broken ii|). In a
private talk, an old chief said he liad heard nnich of his great father's regani
for liis red children. It had come upon his ears, but had gone tiirougli
them ; he wanted to see it with iijs eyes ; — that he took land from other m.'
skins to pay them for theirs, and by and by he would take that also. Tlie
white, skins had forked tongues, and hawks' fingers ; that David Blount told
him the peof)le in the great city made an Indian out of paint, and tiieii sint
after him and took his lands, (alluding to the likenesses of the chief-!, in the
war department, at Washington.) He wanted, he said, to sleej) in tiie same
land with his fathere, and wished his children to sleep by his side."
The plea set up, that Spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819,
witliout any provision for those; Indians, need only to be noticed to siiow In
absiu'dity. It is worthy of remark, that when the "right of the Seminoles to
the lands of Florida was talked about, the idea wns di^rided by many influential
men ; but when such persons desired to take possession of some of tlie
territory, they seemed more indiiufd to acknowledge the Indians' rights l)y
agreeing to pay them for tiiem, than of exercising either their own right, or that
^t'lx^i
NG. [Book IV.
the boginning of tlio
lie very npparoiit tliat
Kiually apiKircnt tlmt
lot tlie first people in
natter bo urgod win n
lit ill Florida, ami l;i'
uglit it bost to liavc ii
lie subject orri'iimv:'!,
al oxpir.jd, iiaiiiol;, , lii
if JVeamdWn, by (inv-
1, for adheriiifr to the
>pi. The iiaiiio of til"
succeeded one iiiiiin'il
nd he shared the sjiiin'
il, and learning that ln'
icart ! No more doiiht-
warrior, naniod Loiiw,
lief.
ler foi- tl.e purpos(! (if
;oLA, and several otiicr
King, and was opcniil
irein lie endeavored to
m\ ; urging, at the smiio
iperty, required it ; and
whicli lio presenteil in
e council, to discuss tlii'
ola {Powell) [Osceola]
•migration, and said tliiit
loked upon as an enemy,
ithing in his nianiier sd
jhe council ; and it w\s
d. When this was luailc
it'haranguc, setting forth
BCtcd to the laws ol the
. , that the whites might
of their negroes, iiorscs,
ing the chiefs to renmm
-ill_tbey had come from
, but talk until they got
he is reported to have
WEM> then told the agent
il was broken uj). hi a
his great father's regard
. but had gone through
'took land from other re^
uld take that a so. e
. tbat David Blount told
it of paint, and then smt
Bsses of the chiefs, m the
id, to sleep in the same
|, by his side."
fe United States ui m
Ito bo noticed to show iH
Vht of the Seminolos to
,'ridedbymanyinlhient.a^
Issession of some of t
Ige the Indians rights J
Ter then- own rit'W,orthat
CHAP. VIII.]
OSCEOLA IS PUT IN IRONS.
73
of the United States, by taking unceremonious possession. This can be
accounted for in the same way that we account for one's buying an article that
Ijc desires, because he dares not take it without.
When a removal was first urged upon the Seminole Indians, their chiefs
said, "Let us see what kind of a country this is of which you talk, then if we
like it, it is time enough to exchange ours for it." IJut it is said, the govern-
ment agent had no authority to authorize a deputation of Indians to visit the
imnnised land, and here the matter rested awhile.
llow long afler diis it was, I shall not undertake to state, that the Indiana
made known their desire of exchanging their country ; but this was said to
have hccii the fact, and the result was the treaty of Payne's Landing, already
described.
It appears that General Thompson, nothing discouraged at the result of the
council which had been terminateu by the wisdom of Osceola, without the
slightest concurrence in any of his measures, by unceasing efforts had pre-
vailed upon a considerable number of "chiefs and sub-chiefs to meet him
allerwards and execute u writing, agreeing to comply with the treaty of 1832."
This was evidently done without Osceola's consent, but its being done by some
'.vliym !ic had considered his |)artisans, irritated liim exceedingly. He now
saw that in spite of all he could do or say, the whites would get terms of
agreement of some of the Indians ; enough, at least, for a pretence for their
designs of a removal.
la this state of things, Osceola remonstrated strongly with the agent for thus
taking the advantage of a few of his people, who doubtless were under much
ffreater ohligation to him than to the people of the United States. Remon-
strance soon grew into altercation, whicli ended in a ruse rfe guerre, by which
Osceola was made jjrisoner by the agent, and put in irons, in which situation
he was kept one night and part of two days.
Here then we see the origin of Osceola's strong hatred to G.meral Thompson.
While lying in chains he no doubt came to the fixed resolution to resist the
whites to his utmost ability, and therefore, with perfect command over himself,
dissembled his indignation, and deceived the agent by a pretended com|)liance
with his demands. The better to blind the whites, he not only promised to
sign the submission which he had so strongly objected to, but promised that
his friends should do so, at a stated time ; and his word was kept with the
strii'test accuracy. He came to Fort King with 79 of his people, men, women,
and children, and then the signing took place. This punctuality, accomjjanied
with the most perfect dissimulation, had the efT^ct that the chief intended it
«iioiihl — the dissipation of all the fears of the whites-. These transactions were
in the end of May and beginning of June, 1835.
Tims we have arrived very near the period of open hostilities and lilood-
slied; hut before proceeding in the details of these sanguinary events, it may
not III! improper to pause a moment in reviewing some of the matters already
inuelied ujion. The first to which the attention is naturally called, is so
prominent as scarcely to need being presented, but I cannot refrain asking
attention to a comparison between the number of "chiefs and sub-chiefs,"
iwhieii was Sixteen) who on the 23 April, 1835, agreed to "acknowledge the
validity of the treaty of 9 May, 1832," and the number of warriors and chiefg
liow ill open hostility. These have not been rated lielow 2000 able men.
Does any body siijipose that those IG " chiefs and sub-chiefs," (among whom
«as not the "king of the nation" nor Osceola,) had full power to act for 2000
ivarriors on so extraordinary an occasion.!* The question, in my mind, need
only liL' stated ; especially when it is considered how ignorant every body was
of the actual force of these Indians.
It will doubtless be asked, how it happens that the Indians of Florida, who,
a few years since, were kept from starving by an appropriation of congress,
slioiild MOW be able to maintain themselves so comfortably in their fastnesses.
The truth mi(h)iibtedly is, that the "starving Indians" were those then lately
lorci'd down into the peninsula, who had not yet learned the resources of the
I'oiintry; for not much has been said about the "starving Indians of Florida"
for severai years past.
hi addition to the great amount of cattle, hogs, corn, grain, &c. token
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74
DEVASTATIONS DRCIIN.
[Book IV,
Hitt
CHAPTER IX.
The Triilinns prrpare for wnr — .'((fair of lloir/ainn — .'/ innil-cnrricr l-illcd — .SVf/r.< nfiy
Iniliiins' nilllr, niid honors ailn rfisid liij the liiilian airriit, liiil iioiir tiihin iiliiri~
lliinniiu^n and murders iirr romiiiilird — Sitllrmnit ill j\iw Hirer ilr.slniijnl—ltc.
VKirliiitilr /irmrrrdlioii ofii Mr. VttH\[h-y't\ fumilij — Coliiiirl Wiini'ii's d)Jhii—Siriiiiiii
J'f,'lil — Dislriirlion of JS'rw Smijrna — Drfiut mid dnith of Major D.VDi;, icilli il,c
dcslruclioii of nairlij his whole, part ij — I isil to his battle-ground.
From A|)iil milil liarvcst tirnr, |»n'|mriiti()nH liiul fjniu! on ninoiiif tlii' Inilimis,
nnd lln\v only waited litr iIm" whiles to l)e^nM tit coiiiiiel a removal, wiii'nilii;
blow should hv striK'k. 'I'Ik; tiiiu; allowed thuin over aiul ahove the tlinij
y(;ais, to prepare l<»r their joiiriK'v to the praiiies of tht' Arkaiisaw, \vass|Miit
ill making ready to resist at the teriuiiiatioii of it.
As early, liowever, as the, IH.Iime, IH.'};"), a si-rioiis idlray took place lii'twirn
Roiiie whites and Indians, at a plae*; railed llo^town, not tiir Ironi iMickiisiiikv,
in which the I'ornier were altoifther th(? aj^gressors. The Indians, alioiit scmh
in nninlier, vven; discovered l»y a fjaiij; of whites, hnntiiif,' " hevoiid ilnir
boinids," upon whom they imdertook to iidliel corporal pnnishineiit. Two
ot'tiu! Indians wer(^ absent when th(^ whites came up to them, and tlnvsci/cil
uiul disarmed them, and then bi'^an tu whip them with eowliide \vlii{is
They had whipju'd four, and wcnc in tin; act of wlii|)piii>j: the lil\h, win n iLo
otht
two
Ind
latis i'lxww up.
On
sceni}' w
hat
was iroMi'f on, tliev raised
war-whoop and (ired upon \\n\ whiles, liut whether they n'l-eived any inj
we are not told ; i)ut they immediately returned the lire, and killedliotJi i
Indians, When (i(;neral Thompson was made aeipiainted with tlii' all'
iirv,
iir, III!
summoned the <'hiels lo;r(>ihei
id state<l tli(^ facts to tliein, ami llnv
(liselaimed all knowledge of it, and, it is said, agreed to deliv(!r the (iireiiilirs
into the hands of the whites, to Ix; dealt with iiccording to tluir hmn.
This must 1h' taken as tli«^ story of tlio whites; lor in this case thei/, and imt
the Indians, were llu! "oU'eiiders." It was altogetluM- a singular rcjioii, that
atVer the Indian:: had all been whipped and killcl, they siiould be re(|iiin'(l lo
eive vp Ihr offenders ; but hucIj was staUid to bo the liu't, and 1 know not tliut
It ha,r* be(Mi contradicted.
I''re<|uent signs of uneasiness had beeii manifested during the siiinniir
among the Indians, soi...- of whom eoidd not be rt'strained from acts (if vin-
leiiee by the chiefs, although, it ii pretty evident, siicdi acts wer»! against lln ir
ndviee. A mail-cin-rier was kilh-d and robbed belW(M'n St. Augiisliiic iiinl
Cam|» King, mid two or thre(( houses had from time to time been limkiii
open in dilfer(Mit ])l..ces ; but it is not iin|)ossible but that tlies(; acts iiiiulit
have been committed by other |)eopl(\ than Indians. However, tlu^ hiiliaiis
were; mistrusted, and not only mistrusted, but reported as the perpetiiilMrs;
uiid whether they were or not is but of small moment, as atfairs tiirncil imii.
Things remaiiUMl in tiiis state until December Ibllowing, when the Imliaii
agent notilied such of the Indians as \w was aide, that their time had e\|iin'ii,
and that they must forthwith |)repare for their i.iurney over the l\lississi|i|M,
and to that end must bring in their cattle and horses according to tlir kimh
of the treaty. And so confnieni was he that lliey would l)v brought in, thai
ha hud udvcrtiscd lliciii for sulo, uiid tlio 1st and loth of tho month wero the
[Book IV,
1 10 prt'Sfiit til 111', ilm
|ioii wiiifli ilicy I'liii
>{' liiiif, wli'u'li is uf
fiiiftl liy till' liliii'ks.
wiioiii liiivi' jiiiiinl
well known llmttlm
U) liuvu dO.
'rlcr l-illril — Snlrs of tk
, hill uiinr tiilii.i iiliiii —
ir Ririr ilislniijnl—IU-
A'arri'ii's (/(;/< "'—'^ ""11111))
' Major U.u>i., icillt tk
imnil.
1 on luiiou!? till- Iniliiins,
•1 II nMni>val, wlini ilm
•r ami abovi' tlu' tliivi!
le Arkaiiwiw, was aynw.
fray took jilaci- \w\\wn
ol VarlVom Mii-kasmiky,
L'ln'lnilians,al><>iit seven
hwwuuii " lii'voiiil lliiir
iral pimislniifiii. 'I'wn
[to tlltMIl, ami tlll'V sri/nl
1 with roNvliitli' wliiiK
/iMfT the lil^li, wlicn llio
liiiff on, tlx'y ''•"^'''' ''"'
icvlri-civnl 'my injun,
lin>, ami killftl Imili il";
intcil witli tl"' !illi>"'l«
•ts to tluMii, anil tli'V
to (lcliv«M- tll(> nlViMiaelS
ronliiiK to tliiu- \w>-
, tliis casi! (/ill/, uiiil ""I
r a siiif,'"!"!- itiu'iI, ijmt
(.v slioiiltl lu! iviimrn to
fact, aiul 1 know not tlwt
t,Ml (lurinij; tlio sunimor
,.„„„,,l iVoni a.Ms ot vm-
I, ,„.ts wnr. afiainst tlinr
IvcM-it St. Aniinsiux' "i"'
|,u. to linn- iK-i'U l""k';i'
|„t that tli.-so arts nidi
How.-v.M-, thi! In.li"!!^
.•l..,l as Ih.-. (..■riH-''''>'";^'^
[t, as atVairs tnninl "" •
U.winfl, who., th- 1...1'.'
I thoir tin..- hml ''M' j
I„ov ov.T th.> MlSSlSMl'IM,
^ LonlinfJ to tlio -eiPH
^ol.l.l lu< lH->">!fl'l '"'
th of the month were ibe
ClIAIV
IX.]
KSCM'i: OF MRS. OODFKKY.
76
,|;i\s ill wliioh iho Hiilos woro to lio mado. Tlio appointoil days passoil, ami no
l,ii|j;iiis .•i|i|ii'ai'.'.l ; and it was iiiimi'iliatoly ilisoov.Tod that they htiil soiit th.Mi'
rtiuiii'ii anil oiiililroii into ihi- iiilorior, ami ilio warriors wcro niai-ohiii>; iVoni
iilai'i' to I'll'.'.' with arms in thoir hands, roady to striko.
('(iiisioniaiion and dismay was dopi.'t.'.l .m iho ooiintonan.'os ol" ijio lior-
ilrriii;.' wliilos, and I hoy iiofran to lly from thoir dw.'llini;s, wliioh wore immn-
,|iiiiiK ili'slroy.'.l hy th.i Indians. Ono of ih.i first plii.'.'s allii.'k.'d was tlm
,,|;iiiiaiitiii of Captain I'riist, iho liiiildin^s on wliioh wcr.^ inirn.'il. Small
,.iiiii|i,iiiii'S of whil.'s wvvr imiiiodialoly oricani/.od for soonriii;; tli tniilry.
Dili' (if ill. 's.' was firod upon hy soni.- hidians in aiiihiish, who w.nin.lo.l two,
,„„. sii|'|">si'd mortally, an. I a son of Captain I'rirst ha. I his liorso killed im.lor
liliii. Soon atli'i', as MO or K) nion woro ai work f^oltiiiir <'nt slii|i-liiiilior on
|)r;i\liiii's Island, ill liak.' (io(n'<jri', tlioy wor.^ firod upon and .li'i\.'ii liom iho
pliiiv. Noll.- woro w.imi.lo.l, alllioii;;li tho Imllols pass.>il liiroii^h tlio olotiios
iil'siiiiii' .'I" tli.'in.
(Ill iMO fitli of .Ian. IH.'ili, a small party, siippos.'d to h.> ahoiit MO, of indianrt
siiuili ii liital hlow on a poor family at N.'w Uivor, wlii.'h is ahoiit '2'i niil.'H
1(1 ihc ii.trtii of Capo l''lori(la. It was ilii- family of tho lifjhl-lioiis.' koopor of
this iilaco, iianio.i Coiilci/. An. I what r.'iid.'rs tho oaso pooiiiiarly a^^ravatiiiir
jsiliiil this liimily, liko that of Cliirk, at I'lol Uivor near IMimoiith, in I'liilip^s
H 111, Will', and had always hooii, on terms of i;ro!it inliina.'y with the very
liiili;iiis wli.> .l.str.iyod th.'iii. iMr. Cixtlri/, hoiiiji: ahsont wh.'ii tin- attack was
in;iil(', .'s.'apod the liiit.'li.'ry. 'i'lio iiimihor miir.i.'ro.l was six, oin' of whom
\viis;i man n.'imod FHuIdii, from C.cil o. unity, Maryland, who had h.-.-n liin>.l
nsii liiiiiily t.'aohor, his inothor, wili', and llir.'o ohildr.'ii. riiiiliin ho foim.l
i.liiu'kiii;,'ly ninlilalo.l, app;ir.'iitly with an a\o; his two older .'hil.lr.'ii w.iro
l\iiiL' iM'iir him sliot tliroiifih tho li.-art, with the ho.iks tli.-y woro iisinjf at tho
liiiM' lli.'V w.-r.i miir.li'rod hy thoir si.l.'s; li'oiii wlii.'h .•iroiimstan.-o it is
ni.ii'iit lii.'y mot .loath at th.i same moment tlioy kn.nv .tf tho vioiiiity of tho
iiii'. His will', willi ill.' .iliior .'hil.l at her hrc-ast, hi; foiin.l ah.iiit 100 yard.s
trmii III.' oth.'i's, i).)lh apparently kill.'d by the .sjuik! hnll.'t. Mrs. fV/oAy/ iiiul
jiinurily hoon a oaptivi; aiiioiiir the Indians, niidorstood tli.'ir lanj;iinj(o, as did
oneortho .•hildron, a hoy, and holh w. re mii.di like.l hy tliom.
Ill II' tiio In.lians found a rich h.i.ity. '.riioy oarriod oil" ahoiit V2 liarr.-ls of
priivisioiis, MO ho;rs, M horni's, IHO dollars in silver, oiw koj^ of powdor, ahovo
','UO|miiii(ls of l.-ad, an. I 700 dollars worth of dry jjjoods.
A laiiiiiy oi" s.'vorid p.-rsons in tli<! n.'ijrhh.irhood of (Wn/\ witnessed tho
iminli'i', and barely ma.lo their esoapo. Also anoth.'i', that of th.> wi.l.iw lliir-
1(1/; hrrs.'lt", t.v<» .1 -htors and a s.:;; ; these escaped hy lliylil t.)Cape I'Moridiu
iiiH' w.T..' s.ion ^atiioicd alioiit (iO p.'i-sons, who had escaped li-oin aloii";' tho
I'e I, anil not b.'iii^' able to subsist loiifj liir want of pr.ivisions, ma.lo a si<;iial
iifilisiii'ss, and wcro noon di.soovored hy a vessoi, which took them t.i St.
Aiiiriisiiiio.
Tlu'ic was, amonfj thi; families who fled In sav." tliiir lives aliont this time,
mil', vcr I 'iiiarkably jir.'s.rv.'.l. 'rin; (innily of Thoimtn (Soil/'irif, viz. his
will' mill t.iiir f.'inal.; «'hil. Iron, having; escape. I to a swamp im.)l)sorved, \V(>r.!
nlii'M'.l hy a n.'jjr.), about the en. I of the f"oiirth day. 'I'liis man was .Irawn to
llii' spilt hy tliu moaiiH of .in.; .>f tin; .'hildr.-n, whose poor liimished niothiT
I'Kiilil 11(1 lonjfer fjiv it its nsiial support at tho breast. This nofiro heloiifio.l
tiiiiii' iidstilo Indians, and .'am.; upon those sidf.'rers with an nplitlo.l axe;
'lit when lie saw tin; .•hililren in thoir distress, his arm was nmi.'rvo.l !)y tho
rniilliction that his own .'hil.lron w.-n- then in the pow.-r .)f th.' whit.'s. II.!
lliiirliiio cam.' to till! Iinmane r.-solntion of s.'ttiii).' tli.'in at liberty, wlii.'h
ciiiilil not ho done, without jfreal ha/.ard, for tin- In.lians were y.'t in possos-
fii'iMif all the adjacent .•.niiilry ; but h." .lirect.'d them to r.-main as tpiiot as
I'lissililc until iiiffhl, wli.'ii li<; woiil.l briiifj; tli.'m som.'tliinj,' to .'at. 'This ho
iliil, and also broiifjht them blankets to sl.'op iijion. Th.' next .lay a .•oinpimy
flt nioiiiitod wliiios .lisperso.l the Indians, and tho n.'ffro oon\.'y.'d IMrs.
fiW/iTi/ and her children in sijrlit of them, and th.'ii iiia.l.' his escape. Tim
iiiiMiamI of Airs, (loilj'm/ h.id some time h.'for.' boon .ird.i'.'d out in defonco
lit' ill' I (iiinlry.
Nutliiiig but devastations of tiie most alarming an.l d.-strnotive ohuructer
■'■■,. .■ ■" , .' i" ^-il-r.
''&r
f(
■1i'.;^''-^
H ■■■,4 ■,*!•■
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v?
k-^hm
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'■■-Kh
i.
f.
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' ■ ■■» ■ ■■■,)! ■* "V '11
y i' '■ 'i' '',wi
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t^^HK
• .^f':jmM
;;^4^
H
I^^I^S
H
ro
DESTRUCTION OF NEW SMYRNA.
[Book IV.
sopin to liavo occurred in tlie region of East Florida, so long ns tliore wai
a j)liico Ic'Cr, wiiicii was not strong cnougii to witlistaml an attack.
Aliont tlu! 18 of December, Colonel fVairen, at the In'ad of a small (Jotncli.
ment of his regiment, was ordered to convoy a train of wagons loaded \^|,[,
provisions and munitions from St. Augustine to the main body, vvliidi was
encumped at Fort Croom, near Micanopifs town. Wliile on their niarcli tliov
were attacked by a superior force of Indians, who killed 8 or 10 of tliein, an,!
put the rest to flight, almost in sight of the force they were sent to roFuvH
All the wagons fell into the hands of the Indians, which, alter taking lionj
them what they dvjsired, broke them up and burnt them.
On the 20 of December, as General Call, with the Middh; Florida innm
was marching for Fort Draine, his advanced guard discovered a house on tin'
near Micanopy, and a trail of Indians was discovered leading to a jjond, wlmi,
was full of bushes and logs. This pond the whites nearly encircluil, and
although at first no Indians were seen, yet the flashes of their guns wjdu
pointed out their hidirig-place.s, and considerable firing ensued on both sides-
but the fire of the Indians wrs soon silenced, and on searching the \wn t'lmr
Indians wei-e found dead, bit all the others, if there were any more, had
effected their escape. In this swamp fight, three whites were badly wounded
and one killed.
On the 26 of December, a band of about 100 Indians, under a chief named
Philip, and a number of Indian negroes, made an attack on New Sinyrri, to
the south of Mosquito Inlet, on the east side of the Peninsula, wiiere tliev
found nothing to obstruct their ravages. Tl.=y began with the house of Mr,
Dunham, which when they had plundered, "parties of them scattered ahom
the neighboring plantations of Cruger, Depeyster, and Hunter. Tiie Indian
negro, John Cftsar, endeavored to decoy Mr. Hunter from his house, on pre-
tence of selling him cattle and horses ; he, hov/ever, having heard by Ids
negroes that large numbers of Indians were about, and in the aflernoon lie
crossed the river to Colonel DummeVs. The Indians held possession of Dun-
hain's house all day, and about one the next morning set it on fire, together
with all the out-buildings. In the course of the 27, they burned and destioyeu
all the buildings on Cruger''s and Depeyster's plantations except a corn-lioiise,
and, on Hunter's, all except a corn-house. They now crossed over the river
to Colonel Dummefs house, and after destroying every thing in it, set that oa
fire, but from some cause the fire did not burn it. They next burnt the liuiise
of Mr. Raldiff, a little to the north of Colonel DummeVs, and broke ai'd
destroyed the lantern and every thing belonging to the light-house."
The war having now become serious, and the Indians no longer looked
upon as a despicable foe, the most melancholy forebodings were entertained
for the very existence of the strongest places in Florida, and the call lor
protection from that quarter had become loud and frequent ; but notwiili-
standing war had been expected all the preceding autumn, no eftectuul meas-
ures had l)een taken by the proper authorities to check the Indians in such an
event. There had, however, late in December, arrived at Fort Brooke a small
number of United States' troops under Major ZJck/c, of the 4th regiment of
hifanlry, the official account of whose operations and defeat, I give as follows,
in the language of Major Btlton. It should be observed, that Major Dade was
detached for the relief of General Clinch, at Camp King, who was su|)i)os(d
to be in the most imminent danger from the Indians, and also in great want
of supplies.
His despatch was dated at Fort Brooke, 1 Januaiy, 1836, and proceeds as
follows: — "The schooner Motto arrived on the 21 December from Key West,
with brevet Major Dade and his company, A infantry, 39 strong, with a small
supply of musket-ball cartridges, after looking in at several points between
the Key and this place. Being thus reinforced, I hesitated no longer to put
Gardiner's company, C 2d artillery, and Frazer^s company, B 3d inlantry, in
motion for Fort King, pursuant to General Clinches ordei-s ; which movement
had been ordered on the IGtIi, and suspended the same day, o. . account of
intelligence I had received of the force of the Mickasukies, and their strong
position, near the fi)rks of the Wythlacoochee. I despatched the public
schooner Motto on 23d, with Lieutenant Duncan, 2d artillery, to Key West,
[Book IV.
8f) loiiR as tli<!re was
n iittuck.
lul of a SMiuU lUitacli-
' wagons loadi'd with
lain body, vvliicli wiis
10 on tlirir nmicli tiny
18 or 10oflli(Mii,iui(l
y were sent to ruliivc.
licli, alter takiiif^ I'lom
I.
Middle Florida troops,
^overed a liousc on tin;
tiding to a jmnd, wliich
nearly enL-ircluil, iiml
les of their jriius sudii
ensued on botli sidis ;
searching the hog tiiur
•e were any uiort;, Imil
es were badly wouudud,
IS, under a chief nnmed
ack on New Siiiynn, to
Peninsula, where liu'V
rt with the house of Mr.
of them scattered ulioiit
id Hunter. The Indian
from his house, on pre-
fer, having hoard by liia
and in the afternoon he
held possession of Dim-
,g set it on tire, togetlier
ley burned and destroyeu
ons except a corn-house,
Bv crossed over the river
■ry thing in it, set that on
'hey next burnt the house
ummefs, and broke ard
,e hght-house."
iidians no longer looked
lodings were entertauiod
lorida, and the call loj
n frequent ; but notwith-
Uimn, no effectual nieas-
ck the Indians in such an
-ed at Fort Brooke a suiad
[e of the 4th regiment ot
i defeat, I give as follows,
rved, that Major i>«(/e was
King, who was supposirt
s, and also In great want
L, 1836, and proceeds as
December from Key Wes
W, 39 strong, with a small
[t several points between
Lsitated no longer to pu
tmpany,B3d lulautr), m
|orde.-sVwhich inoven.e
Isameday.O' "f«^°""^°^
laTukLs, and their strong
n despatched U.e ,mbhc
W artillery, to Kev West,
Chap. IX.]
DEFEAT OF MAJOR DADE.
77
m
I'aro battery of two twelve-ponnders, and such stores as co\iId be serviceable ;
and al li o'clock, on 24th, the coinpanics, Gardintr''s and Frazier% made filly
luivoniis each, by dcitails from those companit-s remaining henj, and witii oiio
ot'tlie two six-poiindei-s of this post with four oxen, 1 had ordcncd to bo
nurcliasL'd, one light wagon and ten days' provisions were put in march.
" flie tirst halt of this command was at Little llillsboro' Hiver, seven
iiiilos liom this post, the bridge of which I had reconnoitred by Indians of
i'mi/Wc's band the day before. From this I heard from 31aj. Dade pressing
iiie tu liuward the six-pounder, l)y all means, it having been left by the tiiiluro
i,i the team Ibiu- miles out. I accordingly ordered the purchase of three
lii,rs,,s and harness, and h jouicd the column at nine that night. On the
iils;ht of the 24tli, I heard that the transj)ort with Maj. Mountfurd and com-
pany, long and anxiously expected, was in the bay. I sent at one o'chjck a
letii'r to iiim, (received at. day-ligiit) by an Indian express, urging liirn on.
Ih. landed with his strong company on the 25th about noon, and infljrmed
iiie tnat Legate's company, under Lieut. Graijson, nearly full, nuist be
uear at hand. Of this Rlaj. Dade was informed by a gallant volunteer,
Jeite//, t! company, 2d artillery, who had left the detachment with the newa
ot'tlie burning of iJig llillsboro' bridge, near which Maj. Z>. had halted tiie
sccdiiil diiy, 25th. I also informed him that I was using every exertion to
piisii on about thirteen hundred rations on pack-horses, with what anununi-
tiuu loidd be spared. A duplicate of this was sent the next day by a young
liuliaii, who became lame and could not overtake the column, and returned
iviili liis letters. Pr. Jewell joined Maj. Dade about 11 o'clock on the night of
llic ','5tli.
'In the chain of events, it is proper that I should mention, that three
Talliiliassee Indians came in on the evening of the 22il, and caused great
exciieuieut in Itolase Einatlda's camp. They brought a talk of Inicanopas
of a pacific or neutral character, or they attected it ; but I believe not dis-
tinctly, until after I 'md made them prisoners, while in full council with
EmilikCs warriors, wnich step I considered imperative, if they were spies,
and as much so if they were charged with any {jropositions likely to detach the
cliieis tioiii the treaty ; or indeed by an act of self-devotion, to take the scalps
of EmatMa, Black Dirt, and Big Warrior, faithful chiefs, who have been
liunitd in this way since the scal|»ing of Charles Emathla. In a cpimcil with
Ematldit that night, Maj. Dade expressed every confidence in Indian charac-
ter; and particularly upon the salutary influence of Abraham upon Micanopa.
On roti ■('lion I detained two of the im|)risoned Tallidiassees, as hostages, and
siiit tiie youngest and best runner with letters to General Clinch, and (ieneral
Tkmpson, via Inicanopa, as I could do no better, and of course, through
AMiaiii's lands.
•Tli's;; letters of course involved many details; but nmnbers and other
llicts, 10 guard against treachery, were slated in French. The rimner retiu'iied
two days beyond his time, witii a message from Jlhraham and Broken Sticks,
staiiiij; my talk was good, and that 1 might ex[)ect him on the 30th. This we
freely leiidered that he would be at the attack fixed for Cliristmas week.
Ani'gro, his intimate, named Harry, controls the Pea Creek band of al)out a
liiiiidad warriors, forty miles south-east of us, who have done most of the
iiii»elii> (', a:id keep this post constantly obs M-ved, and commimicate with the
Miekasiikians at VVythlacoochee by means of powerful bands of Eufbllahs
m\ Alatieis, under Little Cloud, and the Alligator. In tracing Maj. Dade's
niiniin iits, 1 have every reason to believe that he made on the 2(3th six
mils, 2?tli to Big VVythlacoochee ; on tlie tiilli day, 28th, to the battle-ground,
sixty-tive miles.
'Here it may be proper to state that Maj. Mountford's command was ready
to move on the 20tli but the transport, in which was a comj)any of the 2d
anillciy under Lieut. Grayson, uniiutimately entered the wrong bay, and
got iiito shoal water, and was not seen, or certaiidy heard of, till the morning
oftlie'2»tli of December, when, by sending a party with a flag as a signal,
l.i'Mt. (Irayson was put in possession of instructions, and Itmded his
ciiiipaiiy at a i)oiiit Ibiu' miles west of us, on the east side of Tampa Bay
(l>i'cpfrl and joined at sunset that evening ; his transport did not get round to
7*
S.af»(tftT> . J, 3
.4 *■■■ • *^ rt iC'-y
It.
> (!'■(■"•■■ • I '
, -..^ ■ .>!-,,
"■' ■ i!' is*' I
|fil' ' ■-iq\
: ■ r ' -'AtX
11.' !"><;; ".wi '■"4n,
: ;>•, ■ ''■<'i?''?j- ? * vtvi'i
.'.-'N-.iH^I, •;>-?.'.. -..I
IV -1'
'■'I . 'l.'i' Stl
m':m
78
DEFEAT OF MAJOR DADE.
[Book IV
land liis baggage till tho 30ih ; so long an interval as to put all hop»> of ;„,
tion out of tiio <|UOKtiun, anri Maj. Mountford^a baggagn was imiudcd.
"Now it iK'conies my ninlariclioly di.ty to procet;d to tlio cntiLstroplK. of,]'
fated band, an olito of energy, patriotism, military skill, and couraijc. o,, || ^,
2{)th, in tlie atl(<rnoon, a man of my (;onij)any, John Thomas, and teiiipdniin''
translerred to C company, second artillery, came in, and yesterday Pr. /;,(„„/
Clark, of same company, with four wounds very severe, and stated, timt ,7
action took place on tlie ^Htli, commencing about 10 o'clock, in wliirh ,.v,.J
officer fell, and nearly every man. Tlic connnand entrenched every iiiirJ
and about four miles from the halt, were attacked, and received at leiist titi",,!
rounds belbre an Indian was scai. Maj, Daile and his horse were both killci
on the first onset, and the hiterpreter, ^ Louis.^ I-iieut. jlfiM/|fii'e, third artilhrv
receiv(^(l his mortal wound the tirst fire, and afterwards received Severn! oilu'r
wounds. Lieut. Basenger, third artillery, was not woimded till iithr ti,,.
second attack; and, at the latter part of that, he was wounded several limc'
before he was tomahawked. Capt. Gardiner, secnid artillery, v/uh nm
wounded until the second attack, and at the last i)art of it. Mr. liami^cr
afler Capt. Gardiner was killed, remarked, "lam the only oflicer Irfl ; ami'
boys, we will do the best we can." Lieut. Keays, third aitillery, had ImiiIi
aims broken the first shot ; was unable to act, an(I was tcmiahawki.d the latiir
part of the second attack, by a negro. Lieut. Henderson had hiii Itjfi mn,
broken the first fire, and aflei that, witli a musket, fired at least thirty or tony
shot. Dr. Gallin was not killed until after the second attack, nor was he
wounded ; he placed himself behind the breastwork, and with two doiihle-
barrelled guns, said, "he had four barrels for then;." Capt. i^aiter fell cnrly
in (he action with the advanced guard, as a man of his company, B tliirj
artillery, who came in this morning, wounded, reports.
" On the attack they were in column of ;oute, and afler receiving a heavy
fire from the unseen enemy, they then rose up in such a swarm, that the
ground, covered, as was thought, by light infimtry extension, showed the
Indians between the files. Muskets were clubbed, knives and bayonets used
and parties were clenched ; in the second attack, our own men's muskets
from the dead and wounded, were used against theni ; a cross-fire cut dowu
a succession of artillerists at the fence, from which forty-nine roiuuls were
fired; the gun-carriages were buriit, and the guns sunk in a pond; a war-
dance was held on the ground. Many negroes were in th.e field, but no scalps
were taken by the Indians; but the negroes, with hellish cruelty, jjiercedthe
throats of all, whose loud cries and groans showed the power of life tc Iw
yet strong. The survivors were preserved by imitating death, exocpiini}
Thomas, who was partly stifled, and bought bis life for six dollars, and in liis
enemy recognized an Indian whose axe he had helved a few days before at
this post. About one iiiindred Indians were well mounted, naked, and
painted. The last man who can>e in brought a note from Capt. Frazitr,
addressed tc Maj. Mountford, which was fastened in a cleft stick, and stuck in
a creek, dated, as is supposed, on 27tli, stating that they were beset every
night, and pushing on.
F. S. Belton, Capt. 2d Millerij."
Such was the fate of Major Dade and his gallant companions. Osceola y/m
present, as was the old chief Micanopy. Of the latter, it is said, he had, in
the begituiing of the troubles, avowed that he loould neither leave his country,
nor wouiJ he Jight ; but when the force under Major Dade ajiproached his
town, he altered his resolution, seized his rifle, and shot that officer.
The situation of affiiirs, at this i)eriod cannot better be described than in the
language of a gentleman attached to Major Mountford's command, stationed at
Fort Brooke, and is contained in a letter, dated on the first day of the year ;-
" We are," says he, " really in the theatre of war of the most horrible kiiiJ.
We arrived here on Christmas day, and foiuid the inhabitants flying in froir. all
3uarter8 to camp. Major Dade, with seven officere and 110 men, started, the
ay before we arrived, for Yort King. We were all i)repared to overtake
thetn the next day, and were upon the eve of departure, when an intervention
of cucumstaiices deferred it for one day ; and, in the course of that day, three
f^'V':H
[Book IV.
put all hop« of jiiiic-
viiH imlmlcd.
:lin cntiLstroplie ol'tliijj
imd couruiji'. On i||,,
)»i(M, iiml ttMiipomiilv
ycHti'i-ilay Pr. H(inn(i'in
■{', and Htatt'd, tlmt im
'cioi-k, ill wliich every
treiiclicd every ini;lit,
•tjceived at least tit'tei n
Ijorsc were both killed
Mwl^t, third artilh ry,
r(!ceived several mlier
vounded till at\er the
vouiulcd several limes
lid artillery, v;as net
t of it. Mr. liasenirrr,
! only officer lel\ ; mi((
lird aitillcry, Inul Imtli
I tomahawked tiie Iiukt
lerson had his luft unii
[I at least thirty or forty
ind attack, nor was liu
, and with two doiilile-
Ca[)t. Frazitr fell curly
)f his conipany, li third
after receiving a lieiivy
such a swann, tiiat the
extension, showed tlio
lives and bayonets used,
jur own intni's muskets
n ; a cross-fire cut down
forty-nine rounds were
sunk in a pond ; a war-
n tlie field, but no scalps
dlisli cruelty, pierced the
the power of life to te
itating death, excepting
[for six doUai-s, and in his
ved a few days before at
1 mounted, naked, ami
note from Cajit. Frazkr,
„ cleft stick, and stuck in
It they were beset every
|oN, CapL 2d Artilknjr
pmpanions. Osceola was
[ter, it is said, he had, m
I neither leave his country,
lor Dacle approached his
liot that officer.
• be described than m the
-/'s command, stationed at
le fii-st day of the year :-
If the most horriljle ktnJ.
labitanls flying u>fi""'f'
Lid 110 men, started, the
fall prepared to overtake
ure, when an intervention
course of that day, three
CHAf. IX ]
VISIT TO DADE'S nATTLH-GROUND.
79
soldiers, horribly mangled, cam«! into camp, niid brought the .'elanclioly tid-
jii(rs that Major Dnde and every officer and iiiaii, cxct-pt tlnMiisilves, wcro
nnirdiii'd and terribly mangled. We arc ut work, night and day, eiitreiicliing
oiii'si Ives in every possible manner. VVc expect every moment to be attacked,
(y the wivages liavt; swoni vvt; should all be mi;ssaered befon; tho (ith of Jan-
uary. VVe are only about 200 strong, with ollieers and men, and alioiit .'tO
i,|(izeiis, and 100 fri(;iidly Indians, under their chief, JHack Dirt. The savages
are said to number 4000!"
Alter the arrival of (jleneral (Inincs in Florida, b(^ ordered a detachiiHnit,
iimhr Captain Hilchrock, to visit the battle-ground of Major Dail:: And when
liC Imd |)erl(>rmed his oidera, ho gave the ilillowiiig report of that distressing
jjieciacle. His report is dated "Fort King, Florida, vY'b. 22, lf<:}(l," and is
•iddressed to Ceneral Gaines, as follows: — "Agreriddy to your directions, I
oliserveil the Imttle-ground, six or seveu miles north of the Ouithlecooclu! riviT,
rtiieiv Major Dade and his command were destroyed by the Hemiuolo Indians,
ontlie"-irt Dec. last, and have the honor to subcit the liillowing report : —
"The f()rc(! under your command, which arrivtul ai this post lo-day from
Taiiijia Hay, encamped, on the night of the lOtli inst., on the ground occupied
In Major Dade on the iiigl '. of fb(! 27tli of Dtu'crnbi-r. He and his party were
(listroyed on the morning of lim 28th December, about four miles in advance
ul'lliat position. He was advancing tovvards '' is post, and was attackiul from
,lie north, so that on the 20tli instant we cam the reu" of Ids battle-ground,
atwi't iiiiic o'clock in the morning. 0(U' a aiiced guard had passed the
found without iialting, when the General imd his staff came upon one of the
niost ai)palliiig scenes thai can bo imagine(!. We first saw some broken and
jfatteied boxes ; then a cart, the two oxen of which wore lying dcjad, as if
they had fallen asleep, their yokes still on them ; a little to the right, one or
two i]> i^es were seen. We then came to a small enclosure, made by felling
tries in such a manner as to form a triangular breastwork for defence. With-
in the triangle, along the north and west faces of it, were about thirty bodies,
•nostly mere skeletons, although much of the clothing was left up(ui them.
These were lying, almost every one of them, in jirecisely the position they
must have occupied during the fight, — their heads next to the logs over which
they had didivered their fire, and their bodies stretched, with striking regular-
itv, [larallel to each other. They had evidently been shot dead at their posts,
and the Indians had not disturbed them, except by taking the scaljis of most
of them. Passing this 'ittle breastwork, we found other bodies along the
road, and by the side of the road, generally behind trees, which had been
resorted to lor covers from tr a enemy's fire. Advancing about two hundred
yards further, we found a cKister of bodies in the middle of the road. These
wer.' evidently the advanced guard, in the rear of which was the body of
Major Dade, and, to the right, that of Capt. Fraser.
'Thes* were all doubtless shot down on the firet fire of the Indians, except,
perhaps, ( 'apt. Fraser, who must, however, have fallen very early in the fight.
Those ill the road, and by the trees, fi'll during the first attack. It was duritig
a CI ssalioii of the fire, that t!ie little band still remaining, about thirty in num-
ber, threw up the triangular breastwork, wliich, from the haste with which it
was constructed, was necessarily defective, and could not protect the men in
the second attack.
"We had widi us many of the personal friends of the officers of Major
Dtt'k^s eoniniand ; and it is gratifying to be able to state, that every officer was
identified by undoubt(;d evidence. They were buried, and the cannon, a six-
pounder, that the Indians had thrown into a swamp, was recovered, and placed
vertically ut the head of the grave, where, it is to be hoped, it will long remain.
The hociiesof the non-commissioned officere and privates were buried in two
graves; and it was found that every man was accounteil for. The command
was composed of eight officers, and one hundred and two non-commissioned
officers and privates. The bodies of eight officers and ninety-eight men were
interred, — four in«(i having escaped, three of whom reached Tampa Bay ; the
fourth w!Ls killed the day after the battle,
" It may b • projier to observe, that the attack was not made from a ham«
mock, hut in a thinly- wooded country ; the Indians being concealed by palmetto
oud grass, which has since been b'lrned.
F'ti<?>M
mm
i|fi
f
ft-
\ ^^^ ^
^:^^k^^'
80 PRINCIPAL SKMINOLE CHIEFS. [Booj IV
" Tlin two cotnjiimicjH were dipt. Fr(txrr\t, of tlui lid »rtill(>ry, niiil C
Gnrdimi
npl
'inir\i, of \\h'. 'jd artillrry. 'I'lic otllcrrs wen? Miijor Ihtdr, of ili,. i.i
inliintrv, < 'ajitx. I'Vdztr iiiid (Jiiriliiirr, sfcoiid liitMilniaiit Htmlnirtr, lirrvct scciin |
Jiicut. /^ Hcnilerson, .ytuiige [lutt) of iJoHtoii] and A'taia, of tin; aiiilltrv ;in i
Dr. y. S. (iatlin." _ ' ' '
l''rum a (•oiii|mri.><nii of tlio al)ovo n'nort witli tlin oflicial accdiint lici;,,.,,
given, of ("a|itaiii lifUon, nearly every tiling' eonceriiiiif; this Ni<fiiallv i.'i|.,r
<li,sa.stiT is learned ; liiil from the rejiort of the tlu'ee men that liad the !<iii"ii|(||.
fortune to e.sea|)i', many ineideiits liave, from time to time, l»een pitlicn il",,,,,!
comninnieated tliroii<{h tiie newspaiiens. In fact, imtil the late visit to ihi.
battle-frnunid, no other aeconnt, lint sueli as eoidd he fijathered )i-om the tin,,,
poor half-mnrdertid soldiers, could he ol»tain<'d ; and yet it appears tliat |||,,^
gave the liirts as they really were. They all canio in separateiy, sonfv
wonnded, — one of them with no less than eijfht wonnds. lit; was snppo.siil ||,
1)0 dead, and was tin-own promisenonsly into a heap of the slain, aliout wliiili ^
dancc! was lield hy the Indians, hefore leaving tiie ground. This nuui crawhil
away in the folluwing night, und thus otfccted liis uscupe.
■^fiifes-
CIIAPTER X.
Of the, jirineipal chiefs and war leaders of the Scminohs — Osci;oi.a — MirANofy—
JuMri-.u — Massacre of General ThompBon avd. others at Fort Kim; — Katti.k ny
TUF ()i'rmi.Kroorii>; — Fiirht near Wrluinha — Great distress of the coiintni — :kii(,n
of Consrress upon it — Battle at Musquito — Many Creeks join the Sciniitules—t'ii'k
on the Suunec River.
There has been occasion already pretty fuily to sketch l.le clinracter of the
chief ifenerally called Powell by the whites, but whoso real name is Osceola,
or Ostoln. This chief has shown himself to be, thus far, equal to the despciate
cause in which he is engaged. We, at a distance from the Indians, nmrvcl
that they should be so short-sighted as not to see that to wage a war is only to
hasten their ruin ; but, when we thus reflect, we do not consider the scimty
information which the Indians have of the real strength of the whites. OnV
means (if getting a knowledge of the Indians, is incalculably greater tliaii tliiim
is of getting a knowledge of us. They caiuiot read, neither can tliey eom(,-st'
(or but very few of them) whb inteiligeut white int>n ; thereliire, that tiny
know much less of us than we do of them, must be very apparent. Tiny
know nothing of geograjihy. If an Indian, in the interior of Floridn, slionllj
be told that New England was a great place, without considerahle inmlije he
could not he made to understand whether it were a great town, as lMri;(Misii
village of 50 wigwams in his own country, or as large as the whole of Floiidii.
We learn (>very thing of this nature by comparison ; and how shall the hidiiiii
comprehend our terms, btit by comparing them with his own ? Hence it is
owing, mainly, to the unavoidable ignorance of the Indians of our actual cmi-
dition, that induces them to hn/ard a war with us. I knoAV, from tlie hm
authority, that tiie western Indians, previous to Black Hawk's war, were m-
erally of the opinion that they were far more niiinerous than the whites; and
when a trader told thetn they certaiidy were not, they laughed at liini with
scornful gestures. We have no reason to believe the Florida Indians any
better informed ; and, besides, they are cheated and baffled so of>en i)y knaves
who go among them for that purpose, that they imagine all the whites to lie
of the same character, and they cannot tell whether a talk really comes tioiii
their gnjat father, the ]iresident, or whether some impostor be cheating them
with one of his own, to get their lands for his particular benefit.
With this view of the case before us, it will not appear altogether tuiac-
cotuitahle that a daring chief, like Osceola, should engage in a war. He is said
not to be a chit f by birth, hut has raised himself by his courage and iiectiliar
abilities to that station. His father is said to have "been an Eugiishiuaii, and
?tch l.«e clinracter of tlie
! reul iimiic is Osukola,
ir, equul to tin- dcspi'iaic
roiu the Iiuliaiis, iimvvel
to wast; ii ^var if* (nily to
not coiiHidfr \\w scanty
igtli of the wliiti'S. Our
al)iy greater than tlii'ii's
either eaii they eoimw'
(>ii; therelore, tliat tipy
10 very apparent. Tiny
iterior of Florida, slinuld
eousith'rahle Iniuhic lie
great town, as 1mvj:i> as a
as the whole of riitriiki.
ami how sliall the Iiuliau
, his own ? llt'i"'^' it IS
ulians of our actual cnn-
I know, from the hest
. Hawk's war, were sol-
us than the whites; anil
,ey laughed at hiiii with
the Florida Indians any
_)uffled so often hv knaves
gine all the whites to he
a talk really conies trom
postor be cheating them
lar V)enefit.
annear altogether iinac-
Ueu.awar. Ue is>m'l
his courage and peculiar
een an Englishman, and
CMif. X] MASSACRE OF GKNEllAL THOMPSON AND OTHERS. 81
lii.1 iiiellier II Creek woman. lie bidongH to the Red SStiek triiie. In perNoti
In' is sli'iider, liiit wi'll formed, muscular, and eapalile ol' rnduriiig great
faii'Mie; is a 'Xctdlent tactician, and an admirer of order and discipline. Ilo
vtoiihl Ireipicntly practise military mano'iivres with the whiles, and none of
thciu. it was ol)serv(!(l, could excel him. His complexion is rather light, deep
rt?tless eyes, clear and shrill xoiee, and not more than alioiit ^il years of ag«;.
Ilr is suid to have cundiicted in person esery important action trom the tiinu
nt' /fdnf/r* defeat to the hatlle of the Oiiithlecoochee. (jieiieral Thoinjisdn
iiiiiirisdiied him, as w«,' have hel'ori! related, because' lu! wtnild not ackiiowl-
,,|,ii' Ills aiilhorily, and tor asserting that tin; country was the Indians', 'Mliat
tliiv Wiiiiti'd no age.it, and that he had better take care of himself."
Of old .l/i<v/;i'>/>i/ as well as Oaicola I iiave already had occasion to speak.
||,. wius saiil to have joined the latter with ."iUO men : he is a short, lliick-set,
»iiir|v-liii>kiiig Indian, and iniicli given to intoxication." Jlmi'KU is .Y/tcafio-
Di/,/iliii'l' <"oiins»dlor, and a warrior of great pc i*severance, activity, and
'niira;:e. We shall now take up the narrative of events in the ordtir of their
oiMiiTi'iice, and the next of imporlance was the massacre near ('ain|) King,
hIik'Ii liiippeiied on the same day, iiut ut u later Jioiir thuu the destruction of
[he (Iciaclinient under Major Ihtde.
Osnola, it will be remembered, bad Ihh'Ii roughly treated at this place, not
many iikhiiIis before, and bad been by coercion obliged to comply with the
Joiiiaii(is ot" Mr. Agent Tliuin/ison, about a removal, ^e. He was i^oown
uiniwanls to declare that Tliuinfison should pay with bis life lor bis conduct.
Acniriliiigly, with a small band of warriors, at noon day, on the ^8 of Deceni-
inr, III' ii|'P'"'"""'"^''' C^ui|» King ibr this avowed purpose. Thompson resided
;,w, aiai "as in the emfiloy of the I iiited States' government, as agent for
till' niiioval of the Seminole Indians, and other atliiirs concerning them. Ho
was a Mian of (considerable consecpieiice, anil had tbrmerly, it is believed,
litM'ii a iiieniber of congress. ^Vhether it was bis usual custom to dine out
of the fort, we are not intbrmen, but on this tatal day, it seems, lie, with nine
other ueutieinen, met at the store house of 3lr. Rogers, which was but ^50
yards Iroin the fort, and while seated at dinner there, they were attacked by
Osnola; and what was remarked, at the time, as veiy singular, was, that
tluise jieople should be beset and slain, and all scalped, within reach ot" two
»L\-|iuiiik1 cannon then mounted upon the fort, which was garrisoned with 50
men; but siicli are the facts upon record.
y\i. Rafters was silting at the head of bis table, and the first intimation of
tlie jiicseiice ol' Indians was a volley of| as was judged, 100 guns. The door
of the house being open, nothing prevented the deadly aim of the foe, who,
alter the first discharge, rushed ujion the house with savage fury. Those
who were not killed jnm|»ed out of the whulows, on each side, and lied; live,
who ran to the Ibrt, escaped ; the others, in running for a haninioek near by,
were !>hot down. The negro w onian, a cook, ran behind the counter and hid
kliiiui u barrel. Osceola, at the head of his warriors, rushed into the ho^ise,
but (lid not discover her, and immediately h>ft it. The names ol'tlie five that
were killed, were, (ieneral Thoinpsnu, Lieutenant Consiantiite Smith, Erastm
Ro^m, sutler, a 3Ir. .SVirg"^ and Hitzler. Firtecn bullets were found to have
been shot through General Thompson, and hi through Mr. Rogers. Their
beads were scalped all over, as far as the hair extended.
Bloody events now followed each other in quick sticcession. We have
teen that upon the same day happened the two massacres last related, and
foareeiy had the news of them ceased vibrating on the ear, when the battle of
the Uuitlilecoocbee was announced. The movements of ( Jeneral Clinch, in the
very end of the year 18.'J5, brought about this event, which will ])reseiitly lye
detailed in his own words. He was lying in garrison at F'ort Drane, a
stoikadc about ,iO miles from Cam|) King. He had here a jdantation, upon
which Wius a large crop of corn; this he liberally dealt out to the soldiers ;
other sujiplies ha\ ing tidied. On the arrival of (ireneral Call, an expedition
was iiiiiiadiately set on foot for the head-ijuarters of the Indians.
.■Vs iiie narrative of every transaction is of increased importance and value,
in proportion to the means of knowledge and veracity of the narrator, we are
always led to a desire to hear the history of such transactions from the very
«
i\
"», :>>' *i'
«^ ■ ;,f- fl
't '...Ms 1
'• ' 'D-r ••■^.
si;- :»
1
^ •.' '^■' -I ■<■■ « '1
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'- \i' %' ■ ;^''
^ ■■■);■ ;''^ ''i'
' ■' /» '(■ '■.■*>
"''I i 'tit'
■ ' v.- Cr' • .,■
.-. I .■'-.•• .',. '',,,.;
it.;.!;.;- ' ,■ M,:\
<i;n*, ;■ V.
85i
lUTTi.i: or riir, oi iTiiF-KroociiK.
(HOMK IV
arlnrn in tlinn ; Iti'ciiiisr, Croiii hih'Ii Hniircfs, we Hcliloni I'nil (iCmrivih" m ii
tnilli. A cnnmi.iiMltT or I. ndcr in ii liilll' or t\|»r(liiioii, ii' |ii> uuiiM v^j^i, .
inisit'inTMciit II Iran.'.iiclioii, nmhiIiI, in .Hcir nc linn' in i\ iIioiimuhI, (i,,,.,, .
tlu hu ; lifcaiisc all his jiillowfis, or al Icnsi all iIhim- \\ron;:t'(| jn „ nj^,
Htalt'nit'nt, wonid riNc in iviijinrr n;:ain^l him. I need not, however jini .
prcliuM'il (ifiicral ( 'i.i.mii's o//;Vi«/ anituiil ol'llic HAT'ri.i; <•! Ui rnn.K.i (kh n..
with thi'st; oltHcrvationn, l()r, from tiir very t!ic*> of it, liiH aim at iIm- Mtiiiir.i
veracity is apparent. Miit it is propir tlint we know how to \ahii' ilic ,, ,i
Homrcs ol'history ; it was to this end that ihe aho\c ol>s<'r\atioiis were im,,!,.
1 will now proceed with (ieneral Clinch^a iieconnl ofliis imitit; with (hnoln
" I find (^11 It rl lis, Tnritorji of Florliln, Fini l)nini\ Jan. 4, \ri'.Y^
"Sill — On tlii'*il nltinio, liriyadier (ien. I'tiH. fommandin^r tlii' viiiiiin,.,.,,,.
railed into serv ire liy his exeelleney, ft. It. K nl/iir, aetin^' ^'ovi rnor ol' |'|,,||.
(la, tiirnied u junetion with the re^ndar troops at this post, and iiiliiraiid in,.
that hisconnnand had lieen raisrd to meet the erisis ; that most ol'dn irti rmv
oi'sirvice Wduhl expire m a li'W days, wliieli made it neeessurv \i.)
promjitly. Twtt larji;e detachmeiils wen; sent ont on tin
Hoonr the eoimtry on our ri^rht and lel\ tiank. I.ieiit. Ci
three eompaiiies from l''ort Kin^% arrived on the '27lh ; and, on the ''liiii, n,,,
detaelnniMit iiavin<; retiM'ned, the hi-i^^ade of mounted \ohMiteers, i'(iim|m»,||
ol" the Isl and 'M\ iei;iments, eonnnanded iiy IJrifr. (ien. (V;//, andn liaiinlliin
ol' ri';;iiia!' troops commanded hy l.ienl. Col. h'dintiiiu:, look np tJu' \\nv nf
march for ,1 point on the Onitldceooche river, which Nvas represenicil liv mir
pnides as I einjj a ffood lord. About I o'clock on tin' morning oI'liic'tJM \u\'
Dec. I aOer leavinii; all otir haf,';ja;;e, provisions, \ c, protected hy ii ir\\im\
oo:oii!:!!i(led hy liieiit. Dtiiici/, we poshed on with a view of carr\in;j: the liml
and of snr|)risin^ the main liody of the Indians, supposed to he eoiiceMiniii'ij
on the west hank of iht^ river; hut on reachinj; it, alioiit day-liijhl, we foiiinl
instead of a ^ood litrd, a dee|) and rapid str(;ani, and no means of crossin:.'
oxeepl in an old and (lama;i;e(l canoe. Lieut. Col. /•'cih/iih^'', however, soim
miceeoded in crossiiif;; the rej{ular troops took a position in advance, «ln|>!
JJrijr, (Jen. Cull was actively ei.^a<;ed in crossing,' his hrif^ade, and in ImvinL'
tlieir horses Bwam over the river. JJut helitrt; oiu' half had crossed, the \m-
talioii of regulars, coiKsistinjj of ultoiit Wi) men, wore attacked hy the cncmv
who wore strongly posted in the swamp and scrnlt, which extended froiiitliii
river, 'riiiw little hand, however, aided hy Col. ffarren, Maj. Coo/w, mitl
Lieut. Yioman, with 27 voliinteors, mot tiio attack of a savafft; enemy, iiciiiiy
throe times their ninnbor, headccl by the chief ()skoi,.\, with Spartfin valor.
Tlio action lasted nearly im hoiu', during w Inch time the troops rniulc tlim;
Itrilliant charges into the swamp and scrub, and drove the enemy in every
direction. Ami idter the third cliin'ge, although iieiu-ly one third of tlnir
niind)or had been cut down, th(\v W(M'e ibund sidliciently rtrin and stciidy tn
Ibrtily the tbnnation ol'a new line of l)attle, wiiich gave entire iirotectidii lo
tlie flanks, as well as the position selected for rocrossing th(> troops, iini;.
Gen. Call, aller using every etl()rt to induce the volunteers remaining dii ilit
ejust bank, wlion the action commenced, to cros.s the river, and in !in(iii;'iiii'
tJie troojiH still remaiinng on that bank, crossed over and rendered ini|uiit;int
service by his coolness ami judgment in arranging part of his corps tm ilie
right of the regulars, which gave nnicii strength and security to that tiaiik.
Col. Fdnnwp; displayed the greatest tirinnoss throughout the aotimi, iiml
added nnicli to the high rei)ufation long since establislied. ('aptaiiis [hint
and JMellon exhibited groat bravery and judgment, and likewise added totlie
character they acipiirod in the late war. Nor was (^apt. (/rt/f.s waiitinj; in
firmiu'ss, Capt. H'm. .)/. (iralmm, 4th infimtry, was li-arlessly i)riiv(.', iiiul
althou;ih very severely woimded early in the engagement, continned to iiead
his company in the most gallant niamier, until In; received another srvtre
wound, when lit; was taken from the field. His brother, Lieut. Cnmpbdl Gra-
ham, <()imi)anding the adjacent company, was likesvisi^ severely woiiiiiM
early in the fight, l)Ut continned with his men until another woimd foired
him, from loss of blood, to retire fi-om the field. Lieut. JMailland, who i'(iiii-
mauded a conii)any, contributed much, by iiis gallantry, to encourage his lueu.
lipl-'
IIK.
lHooK IV
inil ut'iirriviiii,' at iIih
, if ln' WKiild wlsl, tu
III II tliiMiMiiiil, ilnrr til
• wrtiii^'fil li\ a iIiIm.
il nut, lm\vi'\rr, Iium.
'. iifOi ri iii.Ki iMii iim:
I'lH niiii III llir stiii'ii'st
Imw Id Miliii' till' riiil
Hcrviitinns wiTi' iiiuiIm,
A Imlllc with (hniitii.
Dninr, Jan. I, \^'X,
laiiirni;^' tin' vhIiiiiiii'im
iiijr ).'<»\t riKir ol' I'liirl-
|i(iHt, anil iiil'iiniii'il mr
lint must III' llii'ii' terms
If it iiiTi'ssai-y t\i lu'i
:iii till- ITiili {\)i'i\\ 1,1
lit. ( '•>). luiiiiniiir, \Mtli
I ; mill, on llir 'ilMli, iln'
I volniitri'i's, ciiiMiiiiMd
'11. Call, mill II liatijilimi
iif, look ii|i llir liiif III'
iviis rr|irrsi'iii('il lij iiiir
iiionriii^i' iifilii'ltUt [ill"
., proti'iifil liy il t'liiinl
ic\v ol'fiirrjiiij; tlir liiiij,
iohimI to lit" niiiri'iilniliil
loiit iliiv-lilllit, \vi' I'oiiiiil,
il no niraiis uri'ri)s>iiiL',
Fannini!;, Iiowrvrr, sunn
sitioii in mlviinrr, \\\\\k
liri^riiiii', mill in liininL'
all" liatl t'l-ossi'd, tin- luii-
attackfil l»y tlir riiniiy,
jviiicli »\\t«'nili'il iVoiiiilii'
'arren, M«j. Coo/'cc, ainl
1" u Hiivafiti iMiciny, luaily
oi..\, with Siiaitiiii valiir.
1(1 till' troops iiiiiiii' lliriT
Irovc till- ciii'iny in fviry
early one tliiril of llnir
iitly til"'" '"I'l siciiily to
liavii piitiro iinttcrtioii lo
issinfj; the tnu)|is. Hrii;.
iitocrs romainini: on tlic
river, mid in iirniiiLnn:'
and rciidfi-i'd iiiilinitiint
jmrt of liis I'dijis on ilie
lid HiMMirity to iliat tliiiik,
[ii««liont tli'o actiiui, iiiiil
ilislii'd. Captains Dmnt
liiil likewise added to the
Capt. (;rt/fs waiitiiiirin
las li'iirlessiy brave, iiiul
liiieiit, eontinnc'd to liwid
Ireeeivrd anotlier severe
In-r, Lieut. Vfimpbell C.n-
I wise severely woiindra
II aiiotlif-r wound t'orreil
lent. MaUUtnd, who cmn-
]-y, to encourage his men.
P„^,, x.i HATTI r. OF TIM'. oiJiTiii.Kroofm:. 03
IJi'iitK. Tdlrof, Ciifinw, John (tnihiim, Itiilirilif, (who was woiiiidei! early in tlio
I'liiiii,) and Hmoks, all displayed piod eonrajfo and eoohiiHi lliri)ni;lioiii tlio
itimi. WIh'ii almost every noii-eonmiissionrd ollieer and priviiie r\liil(iii d
nil llrmii''ss, it was almost iin|»ossili|e to diseriminate Iteiween ihein ; Init
, ,. I'lMiiinandiiiff-p'nenil eannot williliold iiis liii;li approlialion of jnd^inent
iiiii eniirap) displayed Itv serp>aiit Joliiimm of II eompany, third iirlillery, on
ttliiiiii the eotnmanil of the eompany devolved, iitVer liient. (intlmm was
niiiiiMil from the lield ; mid who, althon^'ii severely wounded, eontiniird at
llic JH'iiil of the company till the action was over. Also of Herjfeants Kmliin
;iiii| liiijhii, and corporal I'nfitI, ith infantry. Ser^'emits Smjliilil and I'dIIi r,
1) iDiiipany, yd artillery; ser^'eant .S'm»7/i, (! company, first artillery, and eor-
,^,rii| ('/i((/)iH, (' company, Mil artillery. Colonel Jtihn Unrmr, commandant
|,i r ;,iiiient vohinteeis, Maj. ('oo/irr, and liient. Yromnn of same eorps, xnIki
liiiil liiriiied on the letl (lank, were all severely wounded, while leiidiii<; their
lilil,. Iiaiid to the charj^e, and all hehaved with cereal liravery, as well an
iii||iiliiiil PhillipH. I.ieiii. (,'ol. Milh displayed frreat eoolness and jiidfrmeiit
jiinii;; the action, and in recrossiiif,' the river with his command, liients.
MfMMiViiiid //i(/i/«r of the 2(1 rejjiiiient, with a few men of that rej;iment, wero
iiiilirioiisiy posted on the rit;ht,aiid, from their r-pnlation tor tirmni-ss, would
liiive Liivi'ii II ;.^ood account of the e.iemy, had he mad(; his iippeariinee in that
i,ii,irier. Col. I'urkill, of th(! I'', vohmtei'rs, who perlitrmed the diilies of
ail{iiimit-^'eneral, displayed much military skill and tin; utmost coolne-s ami
iiiiirii!.'!' lliroiiu;li(iiit the whole action ; and his services were of iIk; first
iiii|iiiiliiiici'. Col. AViV/, inspector-f,'eneral, disjilayed much (irmness, hut he
liiiil his liiirse shot, and receiv»!d a sli<{lit wound early in the enpi};einint, iiiiii
WHS sent with onhsrs to the volunteers. My volunteer aid, ^Iaj. Jti/lh, and
.Mii|. Hiij'ii'il, aid to Hrij;. (Jen. fVr//, were near iik; throiiirhout the action, and
ilisjiliiyeil the most intrepid eourajje and coolness. Col. J. If. Alrliilosh, ttwii
iil'my aids, and IVIaj. (lamlilc, tM to d'en. C<ill, hoth display(Ml much liriiinesH
ami II III III),'! •, and were actively employed on the Icll Hank. I also feel it due
111 l.iiiit. Col. liitilcji, (-apt. Scott, and liient. Culhlurl, to sny, that, aliliiMi:,'h
llniictioii was nearly over het'ore they could cross the river with a liw of the
'Jil nL'iiiicnt, they took a judicious position, and showed much linnness.
i';i|it. ")/«//, of the same corps, was entirely employed in er(!ctin;( a teiiipora-
rv liriili'e, and manilist 'd much tirmn(>ss. IMuch credit is also diii! to the
miilii il ilc|)iirtnient, composed ol' Doctors H'ijrlilmnn, Hamilton, Randolph, and
IMan, for th ir activity and att(!iition to the wounded.
"The time of si'rvic(; of tin* volunteers havin<,' expired, and most of them
liavini; expressed an nnwilliii<rness to remain lonirer in the servici;, it was
foiiMiien il hest, ath-r removiiifr thi; dead mid takinj^f cm«! of iIk! wounded, to
niiirii to this post, which we reached on the 'M instant, without tin- leant
iiiii'mi{ition, and, (Ml the tiillowiiiir day, the volunteers from .Middle l''l>>rida
tiiik up till! line of iMarch for 'I'allahassee ; and this morniiif; those li-om Kast
riiiriiia |M()ceedeil to their respective hoiiK^s, leavimf ine a very few men to
giiaril tills cvteiisive frontier. lam now fully convinced that then; has heen
aLTJit ilet'iction amoiiff the Florida Indians, mid that a f,'reat many Creeks
lia\c iiiiiicd with them ; consiuiiieiitly it will retpiire u Htroiig Ibrce to put
tiriii iliiwn.
"lalso have the lionor to enclose you ii list of the killed and wounded of
till' r. s|)eetive regiments and corps. I am, sir, with liigh respect, your most
olieJieiit,
D. L. Clinch,
Brevet B. Gmeml U. S, Army, Commanding.
"R. Jones, Adjutant- General U. S. Army"
"Uetiirii of the killed and woiiiiih'd at the battle of the Ouithlecoocho on
llii'^tlst day of Deceiiiher, IKJ."). — C company, 1st artillery, Capt. fS(des vnm-
miiiiiiiir— one artitieer killed; I corjioral and M privates wounded. J) com-
piiny,'2il artillery, Ca|)t. (S. />rff;ie commanding — 1 private killed ; I second
Liiiil., 1 corporal, and \2 |)rivates woiindiid. F com|mny, '-2d artillery, ht.
f|i|it. .IMon commanding — I artificer killed. C company, -'{"I artillery, Jst
Lieut. Maitland comiuanding — 1 aitificer killed, and 7 privates woundeil. U
. ■ I',* "■,;, ■•(
- V \.- :. ■■■,.',■'.
.'>'.»■ •( '■«,..«
. ''.i^t'-.ii!;'^
; .11'
if
•f.u.
84
FIGHT NEAR WETUMKA.
[Book IV,
as
company, 3d artillery, Ist Lieut. C. Graham commanding — 1 private killcH .
1 first Lieut., 1 sergeant, 2 corporals, and 12 |)rivates wounded. '
"Total — 4 killed, and 52 wounded." How many of the wouiulcd t\\vA
after the return was made out, I caiuiot ascertain ; but no doubt niuiiv did
is always the case. The loss of the Indians is, as usual on such occasions
variously estimated. Sonic ti-ieudly Indians who came into Taiiahussicp, (.ai I
tliat Osceola lost 104 men, and was himself twice wounded duriug tlie Imtilt'
There were with (ieneral Clinch, as guides in his expedition, three or lour
Indians of the wliite party, relatives of the chief, Charles Omathla, who doubt,
lees rendered eminent service.
Osceola was observed foremost of all his men hi tliis battle, and was woll
known to General Clinch and many of his men. He wore a red belt and
three long featliers. Having taken his stand behind a tree, he would sttn
boldly out, level his rifle, and bring down a man at every fire ; nor was lie
dislodged until several volleys from whole platoons had been fired u|)on him
The tree behind which he stood was literally cut to pieces. It is almost a
wonder that he had not now uilfilled the measure of his threat made on a
former occasion, which was to kill General Clinch. He probably tried his
best to do it, for the general received several shots through his clothts
General Thompson, Charles Omathla, and General Clinch were the tliret' per-
sons he had declared vengeance against.
An officer in General Clinch's army wrote the next day afler the battle to
a fiiciid in Washington, "You will see from Gen. Clinches official letter.
(inning an account of the battle, that he says nothing of himself. I was in this
battle, and allov/ me to say to you respecting him, what I saw and know tn he
true. Througiiout the engagement he was in the hottest of the fight. Iji^
horse was shot under him in two places, neck and hip. A ball passed tlironiih
hit' cap, entering the front, and passing out at the back part of the top. An-
other ball passed through the sleeve of tlie bridle-arm of his coat. Tins was
my first battle, and I may not be the best judge, l)ut I do not believe that am
man ever displayed more intrepid courage than Gen. Clinch did on this
occasion. At one moment a little confusion occurred among the troops, i;;
consequence of some soldiers giving the word " Retire ! " The general
immediately threw himself in front of the men, and his horse stajrireriin;
under him, he dismounted, advanced to tiie front, and, amidst a shower m'
bullets from the Indians, said, that before he would show his hack tn tlip
enemy, he would die upon the field. The high and chivalric bearing of the
general kindled among the men an enthusiasm, which, I believe, was never
surpassed. A gallant charge followed, which routed and drove the eneniv
from the field, and they did not again show tlieinselves. We kejjt the tielll
about three hours, and then recrossed the river in good order, and without
disiiirbancc."
The next events which occurred were not of so much moment as those
immediately preceding them ; '>;it it is our duty to notice all, which we will
do in the order of time.
On the 12 January, "Col. Parish, at the head of 200 mounted volunteers,
composed of the companies of Ctjit. Alston, Bellamy, and Caswell, had a shiii|)
encounter with a largo body of Indians near Wetiunka, in Middle Floriila,
The attack commenced with the iidvaiiced guard under Capt. liellanui, wlm
had been allowed by the enemy to pass their main body. Col. Parish iiniiii-
diately hastened forward to his support, when suddenly l:e was attacked mi
both flanks by the enemy in ambush. The volunteers made an unsiiceessl'iil
attempt to charge on horeeback ; tiiey were then dismounted and found in
admirable order. They then charged the enemy in a manner worthy o|'
veterans. lu the mean time, Capt. BtUamy, having routed the attaekins piiriv
opposeil to him, fell back on the main l)o<ly. The enemy were soon t'oreej
to take shelter in a thicket. By this time, night coming on, it was not tlioni'Lt
prudent to follow them, where the localities of the place and the darkness
woidd have given them great advantages. Our men rested on tlicir ann?iii
the open |)ine woods, prepared to renew tiie action at day-light; liut duiiiij
tlie night the savages effected their retreat. Their loss must liave been eon-
sideruble, as six dead bodies wero counted in one part of the field of battle.
A.
[Book IV.
naiiding— 1 private killed ;
s wounded.
luny of the woiuulctl dji'd
but no doubt nitiiiv did, as
i usual on such occasions,
•amt! into Tailalmssfe, (iajd
ivounded during the hatili'
lis expedition, three or tour
harles Omathla, who doubt.
in tliis battle, and was well
He wote a red belt, and
hind a tree, he would step
n at every lire ; nor was he
s had been fired upon iiiip
It to pieces. It is almost a
n-e of his threat made on a
ach. He probably tried his
shots through his clothes.
1 Clinch were the tliree per-
next day after the battle, to
Gen. CiinMs official letter.
ng of himself. I was iu this
I, what I saw and know tn he
the hottest of the fight. His
\ hip. A ball passed tliroiii;h
le back part of the to)). An-
e-arm of bis coat. This was
but I do tiot believe that any
ban Gen. Clinch did on this
pcurred among the troops, i;;
rd ''Retire!'' The general
en, and his horse staggeviii!;
ant, and, amidst a shower of
would show his back to tiie
I and cbivalric bearing of the
, which, 1 believe, was never
Irouted and drove the enemy
iinselves. We kept the lii'W
r in good order, and without
so much moment as those
to notice all, which we will
Ll of 200 mounted vohmteers.
Jrtmv,andCas.wH,hadashmp
IVetumka, in Middl.^ Florida,
rd under Capt. Bellnnvj, wli«
flin body. Col. Parish nnm-
[suddenly Ic was attacked liii
luiteers made an tuis\iccessli,l
n dismounted and fonn d m
Imy in a manner worthy oi
|i„.r roiit(-d the attacking' J'iiriv
IThe enemy were soon lorre.1
doming on, it was not thoML'U
the Idace and the Awkum
,Mon rested on their arms m
Ption at day-light; hxtdurni?
u>ir loss must have been co •
)ue part of llio field of battle.
Chap ^'J
CONGRESS.— BATTLE OF DUNLAWTON.
85
Two days after. Col. Parish marched for Fort King, and arrived there in
safety. I^c t''^" proceedeil to PoweWs [OsceolcCs] town, and destroyed it
The volunteers then retiu-ned to Fort Draiie."
The hest opiiuon can be formed of the distress of the peo])le of Florida at
lliis period, from the sufferers themselves, or those momentarily expecting to
bceonie such. On the Iti January, a newspaper published at Tallahassee
rontiiiiie<l as follows: — "Since the engagement on the Wythlaco()ch<!e, no
intelli"<'nce has been had of tiie main body of the Indians. The situation of
tlie iidial)itants east of the S* 'ohn's and south of Ht. Augustine, is tridy
denloral)li'. New Smyrna h; lecn bm-nt, and all the fiiie plantations in that
iii'isliborliood are broken up. iMany of the negroes have been carried ofi| or
liave joined the savages. The Ituiians are dispersed in small parties, and
when pinsued they take refuge in the thickets, which abounil every where,
ami figlit ^vith desperation, initil they are dead, no matter by what nmnbera
thev are assailed. It is literally a war of extermination, and no hope is
entertained of putting an end to it, but by the most vigorous measm-es. In
the mean time, the number of the enemy is daily increasing by desperadoes
trmn otiier tribes, and absconding slaves. The ]VIicka.sooky tribe is considered
the leading [one] of the Semiiioles. They have always been noted as the
iiirisi ruthless and detertniiied of the 8avag(; race."
Hnt it must not be piip|)o.sed, that the measure of the sufferings of the
Floridians was yet full, at this date of our hi.story, nor even at the very writing
hereof, (20 July,) although the whole coast from St. Augustine to Cape Florida
is in the hands of the Indians, and has remained so ever since the 11 Febru-
nrv. Nevertheless, nothing seems yet to have occurred sufficiently alaimip.gr
to awaken the sympathies of t!ie heads of the nation. But on the 80 January,
Mr. While, in the house of representatives, asked leave to introduce the fol-
lowing resolution : —
"Resolved i)y the senate and house of representatives of the Knited States of
.\iiieriea, in Congress assembled, That the jiresident of the U. States be
authorized to cause rations to be delivered from tlie public stores to tlio
uMt'urinnato sufferers who have been driven from their homes by Indian
depredations, imtil they can be re-established in their possession.s, and enabled
to procure |)rovisions tor the sustenance of themselves and families."
Tills resolution, after some debate, was pa.ssed, and became a law. The
iiotke of this act of congress is in anticipation of the order of events ; but one
thing is certain, that if I have noticed congress n little prematurely, they have
not coiniuiited the Vika fault in noticing the affairs of Florida.
Ipoii the 17 January, as Oeorge W. Rochleff and Jem/ Bowers, })ilots iu the
sloop Pilot, of Mosipiito, were proceeding up Halifax River, and whim nearly
opposite Mrs. Jh^derson's plantation, they were fired upon by Indians, about
It'O in number, as they judged, who continued their fire about a quarter of an
jioiir. They overshot the men, but the sail and rigging of their vessel was
much injured; 30 bullets having passed through the mainsail.
Tlie nc\t da}', 18 Janimry, Major Putman, who was at the head of the
iiiilependeiit company, styled the St. Augustine Guards, stationed at Mos-
(\m\ proceeded to Mrs. Anderson's phmtation, at a ])lace called Dun Lawt')n,
iilMiutoO miles south of St. Augustine, on the Halifax River, upon discover^.
Iiwill he remembered that tlie whole of the Mosquito country was destroyed
(iathe'2(t and '27 of December, as we liave before related, and the buildings
ttiyiyy. Anderson were at that time bm-ned. While there, this company, com-
piiseil of the generous and spirited young men of St. Augustine, joined !)y u
;i w fioni Mos([uito, making about 40 men, was attacked by 150 Indians, as
uas suppostul. Mr. Geo. .finderson and Mr. Dons;las Dummit, standing on
imud, saw two Indians approaching, iqmn whom they tired, killing one and
Wdiiiiding th(M)ther. Dummit ran d the fiillen Jn(liaii,and as he was stooping
over hini, received a wound in the hack <if the n u-k. At the .sanKMiionajnt
the whole body of the Indians rushed out of a scrub, distant a little moro
limif musket shot, and coniinenced a furious attack upon iMajor Pi(/maH',9 men,
who, froui behind the fragments and broken walls of the burnt buildings,
pi ve the Indians a warm reception ; and although but 40 in inuMber, having
coveris from which to fight, and the Indians being in open space, they kept
8
MkiM
t^Ji'^
I* "l '^
kU
m *.'• 'n^
'it '^m
1^
86
CONGRESS AND THE SEMINOLE WAR,
[Book IV,
them at bay for almiitan hour. During this time but one had been woundci)
Tlie Indians now charged them with sucii determined fury upon their flank-i
that tiiey were oljliged to fly to tiieir l)()ats, which were at consi(|pia|,|p
disUxnce from tii'i shore, and were closely pursued by the Indians. In tlicjr
hurry, the whites rendered all their guns, but one, useless, by wettin" them
with this one, however, tliey tired as oflen as possible, and pushed off witlj
energy ; but the water being shallow for a gnat distance, they were in tlie
most innninent danger of being boarded by the numerous Indians; in smi,
event, every man must have perished. However, they escaped witli 1!) badly
wounded, and several of these mortally. One boat tell into the hands of tlii.
Indians, in which were eight or ten men, who all jumped ovorlioard and
escaped, except one, a Mr. Edward Goild, who swam to Pelican Island, ami
was there left; nor was it in the power of the others to relieve liini,'tliev
being pursued by the Indians in the boat which they had just taken. He was
not heard of afterwards, and was supposed to have been drowned next day
in endeavoring to swim from the island. A Mr. Marks swam to the opposite
beach, and escaped to Bulowville ; the others were taken into the boats a"ain.
Great tears having, all along, been entertained tiiai the Seminoles w^oiild
be aided by the Creeks, it is now confidently atfirmed that at least 1000 of
them have gone down into Florida for that end.
About the 20 January, Captain Hooder, on the lower Suanee River, findinc
the opposite side in possession of the Indians, crossed over with nine men to
attack them. As they landed, two of his men were shot down ; one with
nine balls, the other with five. With his remaining men he charged tin;
Indians with great boldness. In the mean time his boat got adrift, and no
other alternative was left but victory or death. After a close and deadly con-
test of some minutes, the Indians ^vere routed with severe loss.
9i0fe
CHAPTER XL
Congress makes an appropriation for carrying on the war — Remarks in the Senatt
of the United States on the war icith the Seminoles — Debate in the house of repre-
sentatives on the bill for the relief of the inhabitants of Florida — Mtack uii sme
Creeks at Bryant's Ferry — General Gaines's campaign in Florida — Fights the
Indians on the Ouithlacoochce — His conference with Osceola — Resigns his eon-
mand, and leaves the country — Ca/itain Allison's skirmish — The chief Oichei:
Pii.LY lulled — Siege of Camp McLemore — Great sufferings of its garrison — Delie-
ercd by Captain Read — The chief Mad Wolf slain.
Towards the close of the preceding cha])ter, notice was taken of the delay
in congress, and by the executive of the nation, to agitate the subject of this
war. At length Mr. Webster of the senate, from the committee on finance.
reported, without amendment, a bill making further aj)propriution for sup-
pressing hostilities with the Seminole Indians, and asked for its iraniediaic
consideration, as the state of the country re(|uired its passage with the utmost
despatch. The amount of the aj)propriation was 500,000 dollare, and the bill
was passed after some explanatory remarks ; which remarks, as they not only
set the afiairs of the war forth as they were known in Washington at tliiit
period, but discover to us something by which \V(; can jtidge who has been in
fault there, shall hrre be laid before the reader.
"Mr. C/a»/ said he should be glad to hear the communications from the
departments read, in order to see whether they gave any accoriit of the
causes of this war. No doubt, he said, whatever may have been the raiiscs.
it was necessary to put an end to the war itself, by all the j)ossil)lc uuam
within oin- power. But it was a condition, altogether without precedent, in
which the country was now placed. A war was raging witii the most iini-
corous violence within our borders ; congress had been in session neuiiy
two months, during which time this conflict was raging ; yet of the causes ol
IR.
[Book IV,
! had been wouiidpil,
iry upon their flanks,
.vore nt considoialjln
lie ludiuiw. hi tin ir
'ss, by wetting tlicm.
and pushed oti" witll
ice, they were iu tlie
ous Indians ; in siuh
■scaped with l'.» badly
into the hands ol' tlm
imped overboard and
to Pelican Island, and
i to relieve him, tliey
d just taken. He was
n drowned next day
swam to the ojiposite
n into the boats apin.
the Seminoles would
I that at least 1000 of
Suanee River, finding
over with nine men to
phot down ; one with
r men he charged tln!
boat got adrift, and no
a close and deadly con-
vere loss.
. Remarks in the Smit
•bale in the house of rcfrc-
Florida — Attdck on sume
Im in Florida— Fights tk
KOLA — Resigns his com-
..lish—Thc chief Oicntr.
as of its garrison— Ddit-
,e was taken of the delay
gitate the subject of this
conunittee on finance,
;i appropriution for sup-
asked tor its immiHliato
passage with the utmost
)000 dollars, and tliebill
•en.arks, as they not only
, ill Washington at tliiit
m judge who bus been m
lommunicatlons from tlio
rave any accovnl ot the
IV have been tlie ranscj,
y all tlu^ possible mem«
er without preced.nK, in
icing with the most nm-
f been in session nearlv
Ing; yet of the causes ot
Chap. XL]
CONGRESS AND THE SEMINOLE WAR.
87
the war, how it was produced, if the fault was on one side or on both sides,
in short, wliat had lighted up the tor(;b, congn^ss was altogether nninloruied,
and 110 inquii'y on the subject had been made by either branch of the legis-
lature' Ht' sboidd l)e glad, he said, if the chairman of the committee on
tiiiancc, or of the committee on Indian afliurs, or any one else, would tell him
liow this war had burst forth, and what were its causes, and to whom the
lihune of it was to be charged.
'•Mr. If^ehster re|)lied, that he could not give any answer to the senator
froni Kentucky. It was as much !i 'tatter of surprise to him, as to any one,
(liat no official communication hm fix made to congress of the causes of
iliflwar. All he knew on the a, <"cct he had gathered from the gazettes.
'flic (•oniinunications from the departments spoke of the war, as a war grow-
iiiiroiit of tiic relations between tlie Indians and the government of the U.
"States, and gave no reason to siijipose tlint it bad its origin iu any quarrel
with tlie citizens. It ])roi)ably grew out of the attempts to remove tiiese
Indians beyond the Mississii)j)i. Acconling to the latest accoimts, the country
lictween Tallahassee and St. Augustine was overrun by hostile Indians, and
the (■oniiniinication between those |)laces was interrui)teil. The view taken
In the gentleman from Kentucky was undoubtedly the true one. IJiit tiie
war rages, the enemy is in force, and the accounts of tli(!ir ravages are dis-
astrous. The executive govermnent has asked lor the means of suppressing
Iliese hostilities, and it was entirely proper that the bill should pass.
« Mr. JVhite expressed his regret that he could add nothing to the informa-
tion given on this subject He knew nothing of the cause of the war, if it
CDininenced in any local quarrel or not. It was the object of the government
to remove these Indians to the west side of the Mississippi, end he was appre-
hensive that the difficulty had arisen out of this measure. He had, however,
no information, which was not in the possession of every other senator. He
ffas for the bill.
" Mr. fleii/on said he was also ignorant of the causes of the war. Some
years ago, he said, he was a member of the committee on Indian affairs. At
that time these Indians in Florida were in a state of starvation ; they would
not work, and it was necessary that they shoidd be fed by the U. States, or
they must subsist on the plunder of our citizens. Tliese Indians ai"e a very
bad tribe, as their very name signifies, the word Semmole, in Indian, being,
'wild runaway Indians.^ They were therefore considered a bad race. It was
obviously the best policy to remove these Indians to a place where they would
be able to obtain plenty."
When the bill for the relief of the distressed inhabitantsof Florida was before
tlie house of representatives, wiiich was noticed in our last chapter, the follow-
iiii! interesting debate arose upon it, which shall be laid before the reader, (or
tlie same reasons which caused the remarks in the senate to be given above.
''The resolution having been twice read, the house, on motion of Mr.
jl'hite, agreed to consider it now.
"Mr. IV. said that he would not occupy the time of the house further than
to say, that in East Florida, five hundred families were driven from their
homes, and had had their possessions destroyed in the progress of a war,
ffliieh had commenced in consequence of relations between the Indians and
this government, and with which the sufFering inhabitants of that country
have had nothing to do.
"Appropriations had frequently been made to succor Indians when in cir-
cumstances of distress, and he hoped that no member of the house would
object to die adoption of the resolution for the succor of our own citizens.
"Mr. Granger of New York rose and said, — Mr. Speaker, in the little
observation I have iiad of men and things, I have learned that jirecedent is
often used to restrain our generous impulses, iiut seldom to impel us to gen-
erous action. In the little time I have been here, I have not been so much
gratified with any thing that has occurred, as I have at the prompt manner in
whieli this house has stepped forward to provide means for carrying on the
war in Florida. Whilst we have been without any official information from
the executive department of government — whilst the newspapers luivi! been
discusaiug .he question, whether censure should rest upon one of the depart-
'^q^*:
5..
i
m
X
t A I
ir
83
IIGIIT AT BRYANT'S FERRY.
[Book IV.
incut', or tipriii tlio rommnjidiiiit officer in Floridu, this house uiul iIk; ntlier
liniiu'li oi' till- irirjisliitiire iiuve 8te|tp('(l forvvurd to dustuiii this war, aitliouiri,
IK) n'ciiii.sition iiiw heeii iiuulc hy the chief luagiHtrute of the imtioii. }i\f [
rejoice that they have done so. '
"3Ir. Camhrikn^ rose to explain, and Mr. Granger yielded tlu; floor,
"Mr. Cambreleng said, that great injustice had been done in the newsiHiMirH
to the coiuhict pui-sucd hy the dej)artments. The committee of w;ivi> aiHl
means had been furnished with the first conununication on which tliev iui, il
by the secretary of war. They next day received a second coniiiiuiiicuti,,|,
with all the documents relating to the Indian war, and which contaiinil ;i||
the information that was requisite. The documents had not gone tiirtli to the
public — which was an extraordinaiy circumstance. They certainly were sdn
by the committee to this house, and ought to have accompanied the lijll ami
been printed and sent to the senate. If they had, the erroneous impression us
to the remissness of the department, or the executive, would not have iron,;
into the newspapera. It was not the foult of the executive, or of the coniniittte
on ways and means, that this liad not been done.
"Mr. Granger resumed. If the gentleman had listened to me a little loii;rer
he would have discovered that I intended no censure on the executive ; Inu us
he has chosen to challenge me to speak, I do say that the history of this iiuiiou
can present nothing like the silence which has existed on this suhjcct. 1 du
say that whilst this hall has been ringing with plaudits upon one adiiiiiii ira-
tion, and whilst we have been called upon day after day to hunt u\, the
bones of dead quai'rels here — whilst your t^ttlenients have been laid wa>t(>
and desolate, no conununication has been made to this house as a branch of
the government. Whatever information you have, even upon the gentltiium's
own showing, is a letter from the secretary of war to the chairman ol' tlie
committee of ways and means.
" Mr. Cambreleng. That letter contained all that was necessary.
"Mr. Granger continued : Sir, I repeat that, with a war kno.vn to exist in
this country, we have been occupied in hunting up the possibihty, not only
of a war which might take place hereafter with a foreign nation, but also to
discover whether a war was last year likely to have existed.
" We have war enough upon our hands to take care of. The war-cry is up
in the woods ; the tomahawk glitters in the sunbeam ; the scalpiiig-kiiite a
urged to its cruel duty; the flower of your chivalry is strewed along tiie plain,
and yet every department of this administration is as dumb as the bleeding
victims of this inglorious contest.
" In legislating for a suffering people, I want no precedent but that wliicli
my Creator has implanted in my bosom. I do not believe that we stand iiire
with the sympathies of our natin'e chilled and frozen by the mere force of tlie
oath which we have taken ; I do not believe that our duty requires tiiut we
should be thus chilled and frozen. I believe that the existence of this govern-
ment depends u|)ou its extending its fostering hand to the unfortunate wlieii-
ever it can be done within the limits of the constitution. Especially should
this be the case, where the sufferers reside within a territory, and have no
state government to which they can look for succor.
" Such is the true couree to be pursued in this nation ; and then our people
will feel that they are indeed membei's of one common family, and that,
whilst they bear equal burdens, they are the equal recipients of the bounty
and protection of the government.
" On motion of Mr. White, the resolution was read a third time and passed,"
We have now to return to the recital of warlike operations. About tlic
middle of January, great alarm spread through the confines of Georfria, tliiit
the Creek Indians were imbodying in various parts of their countiy, and tlie
utmost consternation prevailed. On the 23 January, it being reported at
Columbus, that the Indians were in force at Bryant's Ferry, 15 miles Ixlow
that ])lace, a company of whites, consisting of about 20 or 30 men, uiidtr
CapUiin ^erfson, marched down upon discovery. Tluy discovered 30 or 40
Indians, some of whom had rifles, but it does not ap|)ear that they had done,
or intended, any mischitif. However, the whites ])ursued them, and pretty
soon a firing cotmueuced, and, though of short duration, two were killed on
[Book IV.
1 house and tli<! otlier
ill this war, altli()U|;li
uf the luitiou. tjir, I
Ided th<! floor.
)iie ill th(! ii<;\vsj)ii|)i'rs
iiiinittee of \v;i\f> unj
1 on which tliey iictn!
i!COiul coiiimuniriitiuii
d which cDiitaiiifd nil
.1 not gone i'urtli tu tlie
ley certainly were sint
onipunied the liill iuul
rroneous inipressidu iis
would not have limit
ve, or of the comiuittee
od to me a little loii!;( r,
n the executive ; but us
he history of tliiss uutiim
, on this suljject. 1 do
B upon one admini iiu-
er day to hunt iiii the
s have been laid \v;isto
is house as a braiicli of
en upon the gentlt'iiiaiu
to the chakniau of llie
[IS necessary,
a war kno .vn to exist in
, the possibility, not only
•reign nation, but also to
e of. The war-cry is up
im; the scalphig-kiiit'e is
i strewed along the iiliiin,
IS dumb as the bleeilmg
irecedent but that wliieli
[elieve that wc stand \wk
by the mere force of the
ir duty requires that we '
I existence of this govMii-
to the unfortunate when-
Uion. Especially siioiild
[a territory, and have no
Ion ; and then our people
l)nnnon family, and that,
recipients of the bounty
la third time and passed,"
le operations. About the
fconfines of Georgia, tliiit
lof their countiy, aii'l >!«;
Iry, it being reporte. at
h Ferrv, 15 nules below
aut 20 m- 30 men, "i"l«
Jhoy discov(U-ed dO 01 40
fpear that they had done,
lursued ibem, and Dijtp
lation, twowerekdWoB
Chap. XI]
GAINES'S SEMINOLE CAMPAIGN.
89
cacli side, and the whites were driven from the ground, havuig several of
their number wounded.
The next operations of importance were those between the forces under
Geiieral Gaines and Osceola, and upon the memorable Ouithlecoocliee. Gen-
eral Gaines was upon a tour of inspection and duty, when he firet learned that
jorioiis disturhances had occurred bet^veen the wliites and Seminoles. This
was about the 15 January, and the general was arrived at New Orleans. His
nrevioiis liead-(iuarters iiad been at Memphis, in Tennessee. He tlieref()ro
,alk'd on the governor of Louisiana, to have a body of volunteers in readiness
I'or military service, and set out himself immediately for the scene of hostilities.
\t Pensacola he found some vessels of war, under Commodores Dallas and
lioUoih and Captaiti If ebb, who had alreaily commenced operations in the
liC'iL'hborhood of Tanifia liay, and other adjacent inlets. Colonel Twiggs had
lieen ordered to receive into service eight companies of volunteers, to be raised
t)v the governor of Jjouisiana, and the regular force at Baton Rouge, New
Orleans, and other stations in the immediate .icinity of New Orleans, and to
hold himself in readiness for a movement fv>wards Tampa. This force con-
sisted of about 1100 men.
That no time should be lost, General Gaines returned immediately to New
Orleans (about 2(5 .Faniiary), and, on the 4 February, was under way again for
I'ioiida, with his forces organized. He arrived at Tumpa, with his forces, in
ihree steam-boats, on the l)th, and, on tiie i:Jtli began to proceed info the In-
dian country. His first movement was to the east, on the Alafia River, having
iiniierstood there had been a figiit in that dinjction, near Fort Brooke, between
liie iiostile and friendly Indians ; but afb-r two days, no enemy being discov-
ir((l,tlie line of march was altered for l"'ort King. General Gaines's army had
hit ten days' nitions; but, by advices, lie was assured that there was plenty at
I'lirt King.
(hi the 20 February, the army passed Major Dade's fatal field, on which
was found 106 men, all of whom they decently interred. All the officers who
till in that disastrous fight were identified, and, what was very remarkable,
every man was accounted for ; but what struck every one with the greatest
surprise, was, that the dead were in no instance pillaged ; articles the most
esteemed by savag(!S were untouched ; the officers' bosom-pins remained in
their places; their watches were tbiind in their pockets, anJ money, in silver
and gold, was lefV to decay with its owner, — a lesson to all the world — a testi-
mony that the Indians are not fighting fi)r jilimder! — nay, they arc fighting
tor their rights, their country, their homes, their very existence ! The arms
ajid ammunition were all tliat had been taken, except the unifonu coat of
Major Dmk.
On the 22 February, the army arrived at Fort King, much to the agreeable
suqiriseof the garrison, which it had been reported was cut oft" by the Indians.
Owing to die country's being in possession of the Indians, no sujiplies had
arrived; and, the next day, a troop of horse was despatched to Fort Drane,
[il miles north-west,) in hopes to obtain finthor supplies. They returned the
24. hut with only seven days' additional rations. To this they added two days'
mure at Fort King. The general scarcely knew what eom-se next to take ; but
lielinally concluded to move down the Ouithlecoocliee, over General Clinches
battle-ground, and so to Tampa, thinking such a route might bring him in
contact with the main body of the Indians, Accordingly the army moved, im
tlie2()th, from F'ort King, and, at two o'clock on the 27th, arrivecl at General
('liHc/i'« crossing-place. Here, while examining and sounding the river, the
hidians tired U])on them, and -set up a fierce war-cry ; but their numixns were
cot sufficient to make any material impression, although they continued . e
light tor about half an hour. The wliites lost one killed, and eight woMn<i«'(l.
On the 28th, the army, having resumed its march, was again attacked, ahtiut
two miles from its foriner jxisition, and a fire was kept up about half of tho
(iiiv. At the conunencemcnt of the action. Lieutenant Izard, of the United
States dragoons, fell, mortally wounded. In the com-se of the right, another
Was killed, and two wounded. In the evening, express was sent to Fort
Drane, with directions lor the commanding officer to march down witii a
force upon the opposite side of the Ouithlecoocliee, and thus come upon ihe
8#
:• -^ . -mm
90
GAINES'S SEMINOLE CAMPAIGN.
[HoiiK IV,
rear of the Indians ; wliicli tnoveiiient, bIiouVI it succeed, it was hoped, woiiU
finish the wur.
On the morning of the 2<.)?h, no Indians were to ho seen ; l)ut the |,'('n«nil di,!
not relax liis pnicaiitionH. A jmrty wus jirepuring tinilxir and canoes for d,,^,'.
ing the river, when, ahont 5) o'docli, they W".vc, sliarply fired upon, and, nt ili,"
Bttine time, the encampment was attaciied upon every side, but that rowimls
the river. The Indians now seemed in great foice,(12 o>- 1500, as wassiippos,,! )
having luivn collecting, from all (|uartei-s, since tJie fight on the previous dm
They continued the contest two hours, in whicn time one man was killed m\
33 Avounded. Among the latter wus the g(;neral himself, — a riHe hall Imvli),-
passed througli his lower lip, knocktid out one tooth, end <iamagod two otliir;,"
Wiien it was found that the general wus wounded, ids companions ex|iivs>,ii
niucli regret ; hut he talked of it ua u matter of small moment ; said " jt ^^^,J
very unkind in the rascals to take away a toot!', whicii he valued so hi;:ldv."
On reconnoitering the enemy's ground, after he had fled, Gaines\'i men ioi;,'i
one of their dead, which had heen dragged a consideraljle distaiicf: and \i{\
unhin-ied, from which circumstance they conjectured he had tied in liiistc
His rifle liutl been taken away, l)ut he was found to he well provided wiill
anunun-tion, liaving j)lenty of powder and sixty bullets. The plact of ihi^
attack Gaines called Cauij) hard.
The flight of the Inilians was no security for their not appearing ngaiii ; llir
on the 2d of March, they returned, and commenced pouring in their shot uikiii
the whites, which, at intervals, they contimied to do until the 5th. Meamime
all of tlnMr provisions were exhausted, and they began the slaughter ol' tliiir
horses to sustain life. IJut it is siud that, during all this time, no one was ln-i ^
to murmur or complain.
On the night of the 5th, about 10 o'clock, a call was heard fron? the wnndg,
and some one requested a parley. On the oflicer of the guard's ilemundinj,' what
was wanted, it was answered that the Indians were tired of fighting, and wisln il
for peace. The general ordered the officer of the guard to answer, that if tlie hi-
di'jus wished to trciut to send a messenger the next morning, witli awhile iLi;;,
and he should come an J go in safety. He replied, " veiy well," and added iliiit
" he desired to have a friendly talk, and to shake hands." Accordingly, on iho
morning of the (jth, about 300 indians filed out from the river, and took a
position in the rear of the whites, about 500 yards off. They expected nothing
now but a most bloody contest, supposing the main body of the Indians to Iw
concealed in a neighboring hunnnock. fioth parties remained a short timi; in
suspense, each doubting what the other would do. At length, one or two
advanced within hailing distance, and, being joined with others, repeated wlmi
had been sjud tlie night before. The general now sent out to them a sialf
officer, and they told him they did not wish to fight any more, hut nMinestiil
that the army should withdraw fivyUi the Ouithlecoochee. Osceola was at ilic
head of the Indian de|)utation. When the officer who had met the Indlaib
reported this talk to Gaines, he ordenul him to return to Osceola,mn[ to intinni
him, in the plainest terms, that they would be subdued, that a large forci' was
on the way into their country, and that, unless they submitted, every huliaii
found in arms woidd be shot. When this was commimicuted to the'lmlians,
they said they would go and hohl a council, and would meet them again in the
afternoon. The meeting in the afternoon, accordingly, took ])lace, and the
Indians urged what they had said in the morning, and added that tlioy lnul
lost many of their men by death and wounds, and were tired of the war; Imt
as their governor (as they styled Micanopy) was not 'here, they must first cm\-
evlt him, and asked to have the war suspended until he could he consulted.
They were told Uiut if they would cease from acts of hostility, go south ot' tlie
Ouithlacoochee, and attend a council when called upon by the United States
commissioners, they should not be molested. This they agreed to, and, at the
same moment, General Clinch cume upon the main body of the Indians, and
they all fled with the utmost precipitation, probably concluding this was a
e*ratageni which the whites had prejjared to cut them oflf. Clinch came with
500 men and supplies, which was doubtless more agreeable to the starving
.•irmy, than even a treaty with Osceola.
Tiie Indians seem to have been well acquainted with the condition of Gen-
[Book IV.
1, it was hoped, would
jn ; but the f^fiimil (lij
r aiul ciUKK's i'or ridsi^.
tirod upon, and, at tin;
side, but that towiinls
1500, as wan snp|Misid,)
I OM the jHTvioiis day,
Ui' niuu was killed mid
If, — a riflo hail liaviiis:
id diiniugcd two otiicis.
com[uinions i'.\|iitssid
nionicnt ; said " it was
he vahuid so lii;.'hly."
hid, Gaines\<i men i'.ii,,;-!
(Table distance mid U\\
[ he liad tied in hiistf.
be well provided witli
lets. The plact of tlVw
ot appearing again ; for,
luring in their shot ii|uiii
util tlie 5th. Meantime
III the slaughter of tinir
s time, no one was he ,.
IS heard from the woods,
I guard's demanding wlmt
kI of fighting, and wislicd
1 to answer, tliat if tlic lii-
orniug, with a white lla^',
■eiy well," and added tliiit
Is." Accordingly, on tlio
m the river, and took a
They expected notiiiiig
Kidy of the Indians to \k
•emained a short time ii\
At length, one or two
. ith othere, repeated wlmt
sent out to them a stall"
any more, bnt re(niesteil
lee. Osceola was at ilu'
.lo had met the Indians
to Osceola, and to iiifunii
ed, that a large forci' wuj
subtnitted, every liiiliun
.iimicated to the Indians,
d meet them again in the
gly, took idace, and the
uud added that they liail
ere tired of the wiir; Imt
.lere, they must tiir-t m\-
il he could be consiihi-d,
hostility, go south («f tlio
^on by the United i^taics
:hey agreed to, and, at the
body of the Indians, aiul
ly concluding this \va< a
Im off. Clinch came uitli
[agreeable to the starving
nth the condition of Gen-
Chai"
XI.]
SIEGE OF CAMP M i.F.Mora:.
91
I"'
nusi
eral Gaines's army ; for, during tho interview with Osceola, he asked how tiiey
^v,.ir utf tor provisions, and when they told liuii th(>y liad enougli, lit; sinxik hia
hcatl, sayingt " It '** "**t so ; you have nothing to eat ; but, if you will eome over
llie river, I will give you two beeves, :uid some brandy." It is tin nlbre
wiirnrising that !io should liave been now asking tor peace. It shows, hovvevi'r,
that lie was well uware of the hopelessness of his case ; and, iilthoiifili Ik; was
ilde to deal with General Gaines, Ik; early knew of the approach of (iiiierid
Cliiif/'t'""' '^ ^^'"'*' l"""'"''*lyi **" l''*" K»'"'"f? tl'»t knowledge, that be concluded
toseo what kind of terms could be got of tlie whites, as the ullaiis of war
llicn stood.
General Gaines, liaving transferred his command to (leiieral Clinch, Icil for
\eff Orleans about the !• March, and General Clinch proccsedcd willi his
uniti'd forces tJ Fort Draue. A negro spy, who had been sent among the
liostile hidians, from Camp Izard, soon after returned, and eoiihrmcd the
m-euhle intentions of till! chiefs: they told him, that in their various skir-
\i\u'S with GeiKiral Gaines on the Ouithlacoocl-e they had lost HO men. Of
the whites hut 5 were killed, and (iO wounded. It is rather uncommon that
there should be so great a disproportion between the slain of the parties, wlieu
it is considered that the Indians almost always fought from coverts.
On the!) March, Caiitain Allison of the Florida volunteers had a skirmish
near his camp, not tiir from Fort Brooke. He routed tin; Indians, whom ho
jndL'ed to be a thousand strong, and took considerable ]ihinder. Hence, uot-
witlistanding the Indians were sujiposed to desire peace, skirmishes continued.
And on th(! ^3 March, a company of volunteers were attacked about six miles
fniin Volusia, in which the whites lost three men killed, and six wounded, and
llii'lndiuns five or six. Among the latter was their chief, called Ouchee liillj/, or
BUlu Hicks. He was founi the ihiy atler the fight, concealed in some bni.-^li.
AI)out the 5 April, Major McLtiuore, by order of General Scolt, took a
imsition on the Ouithlacoochee, and erected a block-house, which was ealh d
Tainj) McLemore. Here, about 40 men, far removed into the heart of the
Indian country, were lo remain until relieved by the General, or IMajor
.VfLfiore, who, it apjieurs, atler establishing the post, immediately h li it.
Tliis r.iiall force seems to have arrived here at a most Ibrtunate time, lir it
was four days before they were discovered by the Indians, and during this
period they had completed u block-hous(! lor their protection.
It is scarcely to be credited that this little company of men, sent here by
the eoiiimander-in-chief of :'ie army, should be lell without the means of
pseapo in extremity of circumstances, and noway kept open by which their
situation from time to time might be known ; such, however, was the ease, and
for about six weeks nothing was heard of them. Tln.'y had not been proviiled
with provisions for more than two weeks, and it was the general impression
of every one that they liad all perished by liiinine or the hands of the
Inilians.
The following account of the siege of Camp McLemore by Dr. Lawrence,
sinireoii tli(!re at the time, shall be given in his own words: — "We had just
completed building the block-house, and dug out a spring near tlu; edge of the
fort, when, on the inorning of the Utli of April, at a little before dawn of day,
we were attacked by the Indians, who had encompassed us on three sides, ami
were in number about 150 or 200. The engagement lasted one hour and
three quarters, when they found out, to their sorrow, that our reception was
not only too warm, but that they had ventured too near us without due rellec-
tlon. On the next day, we had one man killed on his post by an Indian rifle,
lircd from the opposite side of the river. On the 15 April, we were attacked
hya hody of the savages who had completely surrounded us, and whose num-
ber we computed at 4 to 500, though we have since heard that Powell had
1000 to 1500 of them. This was the hottest engaf^ement we had during our
stay on the Ouithlacoochee. They fired their guns by hundreds at the same
moment at our block-house, and succeeded in taking our only means of
eseajie, our boat — which they took down the river and ilestroyed alfr the
hattle. The engagement continued two hours and 45 minutes, and we had
tliree men slightly wounded.
"On the 24th, we had a very severe battle, hi which they dis])layed tiieir
if
( • ' ft" i - 1
■" jCr '' ,>) I
f ** ' * ,1
' .1 w' '
b2
DEATH OF MAD WOLF.
[Book IV.
injjciiiiity l»y shootinp; firo-nrrowH on fir*! upon tlio roof of the lioiiso, wliic|i
tlestroyt'tl l\u' roof iind left n.s oxpost'd to tlit! inchnnency of tlu.' \V((it||,,r
Tliis arrow-tiriiij,' was pcrforniod !>y 5i() of their men, whilst ahou! ,'{ to ,")()()
nsfd their {jiiiis. We had, on tliis oceasion, two or tliree of our men woiniii,.,!
We prolialily iiilled \0 or r)0 of tlio Indians. TIk; night nller the hji.iK. ,^|!
lieard their ehiif hail ns, and wiy, "that he was going away in the nidiiiicr
nnd would tn'ohle us no more." lie kijpt his promise- vt-ry well, thiMij-li |"
u\d ^'ive us ahout 100 guns the next morning, ere ho lell. Our enptain, "HuHn'.
nutn, was Uilh'd on tin; li 'Mfiyi whilst endeavoring to fortily and 'rciii'ijn n
our position. 'I'he Indians eontiinied to give ns a passing shot, from oO |„
100 guns, every live or six days, though Im ke|)t a spy upon us at other tiims
The oflieers were 21 days living on corn, without salt or meat, and tiic n,,,,
about 2S days."
It appt-ars that thii grertt danger of ascending the Ouithlacoocjiee, to^'ctlMr
witii llie known cireumstanees of the garrison, liad fixed in the minds oj' all
those who were able to lend ihuni aid, that they had l)een eiit oil; and iji j,,.
fore, to hazard any thing to clear up this extremely douhtfnl case, was cdn-
sidered ne.\t to crime itself. At length, the poor distresse<l handful at Ciimn
McLemore, found among their inmiher, three that would venture (uu i;,,.
succor, and they .nrrived at Tallahassee in a canoe, about the 1(1 April. Tlii^i
circinnstance, ai all probability, proved th(! safety of their fellows, i-.s wdl ^
themselves. A company was made u|.' at St. iMarks, aiid undtT Ca|)taiii /iii'ir/i
Read, |»roceedrd in a steam-boat for the Onithlacoochee on the 22 IMnv umj
on the '^4 took off the garrison without the loas of a man.
While these alfairs were btsing transacted on the Ouitblacoochee, a coiisii!-
cralile f()rce marched Irom \'olusia t(» a point on tiie Oklawaha Kivcir, (lisiant
JW miles, on their way to Fort IJrooke. The river being high(;r thaji u.sniil
the force was obliged to halt to buihl a bridge for the passage of their ciiiiijuri
nnd baggage wagons. On tiie opposite side of a lake, on the V\\\ of tli^
detachment, two tires were soon (liscovered, which it was supposed \m'ii;
made as signals Ly two parties of Indiana. Colonel Butler iinmediutclv |ii(i-
ceeded to cross over the river with bis battidion, and when he iiad iiiiirrlntl
about three uiiles, some Indians were discovered and pursued I»y the u ivjiiiccd
guard. General Joseph Shelton was of Butler^s party, who, being ahead tif the
advanced guard, charged upon one of the Indiaius, who was in the rear ofilic
retreating party. At about 25 |)aces from bim, the Indian turned, uini ihcv
both levelled their rities — Shelton fired tiret, and mortally wounded the hidiiiii
in the neck, who then endeavored to make his escape. Shelton dro|)pii| liis
gun, and rushed on liim with his j)istol, which missed fire at live or >i\
paces fi'oni liim. The Indian now turned and shot Shelton in the hip, imd
at the same moment another white came up and siiot (be Indian in the liii(k,
and he was innnediately despatched. The ball which entered Slielloii''s lii|)
passed round near the spine, and was cut out mi{ he was recovering.
I have been particular in detailing this atlinr, as the Indian who lell in it,
proved to be a chief of distinction, known among the whites by the naiiic o(
Mao Wokf, which was the English signification of his name. In Jiidiiiii it
was KoHAHAJo. He was of ^liicanopi/V tribe, and had under him 40 or. ")0
warriors, and was probably one of the leaders on the Ouitblacoochee, \\\m
beset General Gainen so long. His tiame was given in among theai hy lihick
Dirt, as Coaharjo. It is also to the treaty of Payne's Landing, and he was
one of the Indian deputation who visited the country west of tlie Missis.<i)ii)i
afterwards.
The next day after Kohahajo was killed, Colonel Bidhr and Goodwin, with
a battalion of mounted men, were sent to reconnoitre Pilaklikaha, the n si-
dence of Jum/;er and JWicano/;?/. When they bad proceeded about . ix iiiks,
their advanced guard received a sharp fire from a hammock on the kl\, hut
were soon dislodgetl by a charge from the main body. Two of the winlej
were badly wounded, one horse killed, and lour wounded. After another
considcruble swamp-fight, in which several were wounded, the army |)ro-
ceeded to tiie Indian town, but it had been deserted tor a long time. They
burnt it, and then j)rocc»'(ied to Fort Brooke.
An officer in General Scotfs army at Tampa wrote on the 15 April:— "All
[Book IV.
■ the lioiise, which
•y of tilt! wciulicr,
lilst ahout ;{ t(. 'M)
our mt'ii \v(iuii(!('(|,
iil\i'r tlu! bailie, \\r
iiy ill til*; nitinilii<!,
ry well, tliuiij;li In,
Our i-aptaiii, lloH:,.
til'y aiul 'nnmlHii
It shot, tVoiii oU III
II lift at otiicr tiiiKs.
iiieut, mill till' iiitii
ilacooflit't', tdfictluT
ill tlic miiuls (if (ill
1 cut otV; and tlirc-
litiiil case, was cim-
n\ liaiultiil at CiiiMii
uhl vcuuirt' imt tiir
; tilt' U) Apiil. 'I'liis
'ir li'llows, f.s well an
uiitlt^r Captain Lnah
on the 2'i May, uml
hhicoochee, a fonsiil-
lawahii Rivi-r, tlisimit
ig hight-r tluiii iisiiiil,
ssagtj of their ciunn'ti
.0, 1)11 the U 1\ til' till;
[ was supposed wen;
lUer iiiiniediattdy lun-
rt'heii lie hiitl uiiurliul
rsiuul hy the a 'viiiiccil
lo, being ahead iif tlie
was ill the reur of the
liaii tunietl, and tliiy
wouiidfil the liidiiiu
Shdton tlrojiped liis
(i fire at livi; w >\\
liu-Uun ill the lii|i,iiml
lie liuliau in tlie Imdi,
• ■nterod S/itZ/on's hip
[us recoveriiiff.
Indian who fell in it,
Ivhites by the luinu' of
Is name. In Indiim it
. under him 40 or. "iO
Ouithlacoocdiee, wim
„iiiong them hv Bht(k
[Landing, and lie \viis
West of the Mit-sissipia
Ihr and Goodwin, w itli
I Pilaklikaha, the nsi-
j;eded about . ix mlvi,
f^iiiock on the left, l)iit
, Two of the wh'Ati
Ldeil, Arter another
[uideil, the army pro-
ur along time. IubJ
In the 15 April:-" All
CMAPX"]
ciiF.i:': WAR.
03
tlio iiiili'i" will leave us by li.r 'JO iSr-iy, and the regulars will go into sumiiicr
„„rters at this place, Key West, Ntdusia, Mostpiilo, ami tine or two iiKiro
posts at li.e south. Without the git!atrst gooil luck nothing will be ilom; tliid
iiiiiimer, and the war luii.st be renewed in the autiiiiin."
\h(iiit the time (}eneial dninis It'll Fort Draine, (•(•n(3ral Scott arrivtMl
ihii't', wilh iiistruclioiis to assume tht; cbii'f t;oiiiiiiand of the ftjretis in Floridiu
«;iii('e that time the operations have been of not iiiueli iiimortanct;. Aiiout
Jlie !>() March, Captain Hitchcork coiiummicated tiie ft)llowing valiiaiilo
ii;;)i..mtioii respecting the hostile Indians, vviiicli was given him by tin?
frii'ii(lly fhieli lilnck lUrl, whose Inilian name is Tuck-alustkii IIaujo. He
.;iv;- that ill tlie fights with (leneral Gaines were the following chiefs and
wimii i><) ^ '''■•• — ''ij'^ii'Kii with ;U), Assuiiola [Osreo/a] with 7, AM.Buiiru-
lURjo wilh MO, Jaiuiakto Viir.K with 30, (Jaiiciiaii Tosknusk (JMcosiikee)
\Mtli4"0, Mkianoi' (principal chief) with 80, Abiiam (JVeirro) with 80, Wkf.a
Ki.mKO Mattk/. with 70, Yauhakhacjo with KiO, Toskikucaii with fiO,
K.iiiiA Mattkz with .50, Hat How I'^mattk/- with 30, Charlkh (u Negro)
Hiilili, ('OAnARjt) with I, ami Toi'aui.aoek with 40.
XJR'ie had been about 400 Seminoii!s colleete'd at Tampa, chiefly women
ami children of Black Dirl\<i tribe, who were on the 12 April shi{)ped oft' for
'•bi'voiid the Missis8ip])i " by General iicott.
H§€t
CHAPTER Xn.
CnrKK War — Murders ano, devastations begin — Eleven persons killed near Colum
his— Mail routes in possession of the Indians — Ji steam-boat attacked and men
liilld— Chiefs of tk- war parties — Mail stages destroyed — The town of iliavoak
lifirrJ— Colonel Liiidaay's Florida affair — Excessive disiuuij of the yeople of (ic.or-
ak— Murder of families — fight on the Chattahoochie — Capture of Jim IIknkv and
Xeamathla — Account of the chitfs — Surrender of the Indians.
Adjutant-General Mcintosh wrote from Fort Mitcliel, Alabama, (on the
Clmttuiioochie, l.'j miles ab'ive Columbus,) 7 May last, as follows : — " It has
justhceii reported to me, that Col. Flournoy was shot dcatl by the Indians on
ihe 'iih instant, about 15 miles below this post. I am also intbrmeil that a
report is currently circulating among the Creeks, that the Seminole Intlians
iiiive defeated the whites in Florida. This report will no doubt imbolden
ihciii tu many acts of hostility that they would not otherwise dare commit.
.V I'oiistaiit communication must be kept up between them, as the Creeks are
coiiversiuit with every transiiction that occui-s in Floritla. Marshal, the half-
brci'il, says he is ajipreliensive mischief will be done by the Intlians before
ioiifr. Other friendly Indians are of this opinion. Opothleyohola, principal
oftlio upper Creeks, says he cannot keep his people together, or restrain
tllOlll."
At the same time Colonel Flournoy was killed, ten others met a like fate,
some of them within 12 miles of Columbus, at the Ocliee Bridge on the Old
Fiilciiil Road. "The Indians have entirt; ])ossession of that roatl, and all the
spitk'i-s have fled. A tr 'n consisting of 150 wagons, with about 150 fugitives,
on their way to Columbus, were fired upon, on the 10 April."
Up to the 18 May, at Augusta, (Ga.) it was reported that all tliti southern
mail routes were in possession of the Intlians, except that tt) IMobile. The
(lay hefoie, all the mails were brought back. Colonel VrotvdVs plantation,
ami many others, hatl been burnt, and a stage agent and two drivers had been
kilicil. The governor of Georgia had ordered two regiments of volunteers to
take the fieltl. About this time the steam-boat Hyperion was attacked tm her
liassiiL^o lip the Chattahoochie, and two pilots antl one passenger weit; killi;d.
She was then run on shore on the Georgia side, and alter being abandoned,
was taken and tlestroyed by the Intlians.
The Creek towns and tribes which have declared themselves hostile are a
f'
'ill
i-^f.3i>f!l5.v>
■■ ..'-'li^ '« ii: ft . A' ":
. ■".■• • «■■.',,■'-*S^■'»'i
fV
*^^-
'■i '■ ■'
'^-m
'!»'
■i
■v'iiAm
:]fi
'^tM
m
m
i-jK^y^]^M0
04
rRF.KK WAR.— STEAM-ROAT I)I:HTR()YI;I).
[H.ioK IV.
pint (if tlio ()clic(>s, [Ur IlitrliftiiH, the I'ali-lo-clid-ko-loH, lln' So-wdk-kn.;,,
uii'.i a part dfllu' I'liillav. 'I'Ih' |>riiici|»al cliirls who liavr hIkiwciI iIhiiin.|||J
as llicir leaders, arc old Nkamathi.a, of whom svt« liavt- already scvcnil tiiri(.!<
H|iok<;M, cliiet" of the llitehetas, Jim IIknuv, and Nko IMico. iMiiiiy friiii(||,
Indians immediately joined the whites, one of the |irinei|ial leaders of win,,'
is a ehief e'dled Jim Hoy. The war party liav(! disrovered jfrmt Imi|(||i,.j,^
Ahoiit tl > May a party came within .'JO or 40 yards of Tort .Miii||,,)| '
Htron/.' an '1-defended place, entered the hospital, and carried oH' wlji,.
they pleasi 'I the ^'arrison thoii^dit it not West to distiirli them.
On th(^ I ) M.iowin^', the mail from iVIont^roinery to Cohmiliiis was iittnck,,!
about 'iO miles from the latter place. A driver on that route was ridiiii; iildii'
tin road on lioi^ehaek, about .'»() yardn ahead of the staj:e, when he wiis liici
upon by about •'{() Indians, yet be iiiuK'conntably escaped injury. Iljs \,„f^,,
took tri^'ht and threw him, and he rsca|)ed into a thicket Wlien lieiini\Ml
nt the next stajje relay, the horses had ;,'ot therc^ but without iiny carriii;.'r. Imt
liad about them some fra^'inents of their harnesscH. ftlr. .lilamn, who Wis in
the sta<,'e, made bis escape by leaping into thi> woods when the stajre iiiiMt
A driver and two others were killed. There were lit liorses Im lonnim; |,J
the liiK^ in the company, uf which but three were recovered, and these were
wounded.
About this time the old 8teain-l)oat Georgian was burnt while lyjii!; at
Roanoak, and all on board, except the engineer, jtorished. The tiuMi uf
Roanoak was at the same time laid in ashes, but the citi/ens escaped t(in
fort. Irwinton, a flourishing town on the Georgia side of the river, soon nitir
eliared the same tute.
Meanwhile some aftuir^ of considerable moment were transpiring in Flori-
da. Colonel Lindsdji bad been d»>s|)atcbed, at the bead of aiiout /.'iO ineii, ricm
Fort IJrooke, with orders to [jroceiul to Fort Alabama, to destroy it, and luinr
away the sick, wonnded, and provisions. Having proceeded there, nnli
effected their objijct, the fon^es inarched again for Fort Hrooke. IJcIok;
leaving tli(! fort, a mine was priipansd, by leaving jjowder in the iniiiiii/iiii'
which should explode on its being opeiuMl. They had got but a mile or twc,
•when \\w mine was sprung with a fearful noi.se, but what eflect it liad pni-
dnce.l was not known. Tlie whites had missed two of tiieir nuinher tlic diiy
before, whom they found on their return inarch, about ly miles iioin I'mt
Alabama, killed in the way, and one shockingly mangled. While tlic nnnv
woij contemplating this spectacle, it was fired U|)on l»y .'500 Iiidiuns, as wiis
supposed, from a hammock, no more than 30 yards off. The whites iniiiii ill-
ately formed, and fired in their turn, and a regular fight ensued. The liidiiins
could not be dislodged until several rounds of grape shot from the artillcrv
liad been jjourcd in upon them. This was a bloody affray for thein, hut ihtir
loss was not fully known ; several were found dead on tiie field, and nnincnuis
traces of others who hud been dragged off" dead or severely wounded were
discovered. The whites had 3 killed and 22 wounded.
A letter addressed to the editor of the Richmond FiUquirer gives a fiiirfiil
picture of the affairs in the Creek country. It was written at Talhottoii, [(Ia.)
11 May, and is in these words: — " I wrote you yesterday, infoniiiiig yoiiol'
the hostile movements of the Creek Indians, and the commeuccinent of tlicir
murderous career. We have full information here to-day of the distressing'
state of things among the whites who have settled over in that territory. Tlio
Indians are killing all — men, women, and chiUri'n. Vast numbers have liicii
butchered without doubt ; and the whole country on this side of the Clmlia-
hoochie is in uproar and confusion. The po|)ulation of the territery Imd
become considerable, and they who have been fortunate enough to escape iiie
come over in droves on the Georgia side; some with a part of their cliiiditii;
some wiio have lost their children; some their husbands; and many ciiildirii
without father or mother; some arc found as they were wandering idxmt so
yotiiig that they could give no account who their parents wcu'e. So |)(ufe('ta
mixture and confusion as never was witnessed before. Many iiav(! seen ii
part of their familiiis murdered. One gentleman saw his fatlier shot diiwn
near him, and his mother and sisters. Some of the dead have been broiiglit
over shockingly mangled. It is thought the whole nation is in hoslilu array;
ED.
[Book IV.
Chap. X
MURDER OF MANY lAMII.IK.S.
95
hIiOWImI tlirlllM'lM'!)
Irt'iiil.v sfvi rill tiiiii'4
;CO. iSlliny tViriiilly
III lenders ol' mIuhii
red ^reat ImiIiIihss,
of Kin-t Mill-lull, 11
nd eanied dIV wlmt
■li tlieiii.
liiiiiliiiN was iittiirki'ij
lite was ridiii;: iilniii:
i', when lie was lirnl
1 injury. His Ihum'
t NVIieii he aniviii
loiit any ean'ia<;i', Imt
•, ,'l(lnms, wild WHS ill
vlieii llie stajri' npsci.
Iidi'ses h('l<iiii;iii^ lo
■crod, and these wiro
burnt while lyiiiii nt
ished. The town nt'
citizens est'a|ii'(l to a
of the river, soon aiVr
c triuiHpirinj:; in I'lurl-
)f about T.W men, iVum
lo dt'stroy it, anil liiiiin
procoeded tlioie, and
Fort Hrooke. Kclore
,vder ill the inau'ii/iiu',
I got but a mile or twc,
what eflt'ct it hail iini-
tlieir nninher the diiy
It I'i miles from Fint
led. While the miiiy
i»y 500 Indians, as was
The whites iniiiiidi-
It (-nsiied. The liuliiins
shot from the aitilicry
IVray lor them, hiil ilicir
die field, and nimiermis
levert'ly wounded wire
f luiiiirer gives a fi'iirfiil
Itten at Talhotton, ((ia.)
[day, informiiif!; you of
loiniiieiieement of tliiir
l)-day of the distn'ssiiift
J in that territory. The
last iiunihers have Ihmii
Ihis side of the Clialla-
li of the territory liad
fe enoiiffh to eseapt' are
1 part of their childivii ;
lis ; and many children
Ire wandering ahoiil so
(its were. So liertVet a
|e. Many have; spimi a
bis father shot down
lead have been broiiglit
lion is ill hostile array;
their warriors a. .. jiiited at <» or 7(KK) strong. The general impreHsiou Ih,
lliaia part of the ,<enuno|i's have come up among them. Tiie town ot' Co-
lin, iliiis is in great danger of im atlaek, as they ha\e threatened it strongly.
\ iiiiiipaMy of 10 or .^lO nn-ti lell Colmnliiis yesterday morning, ami went over.
On till ir return at night they brought in seven children, which they had found
siattrred about."
Smh are th<' aceoimts which have been daily circulated for two montliH
ii,;rrilier and although they are diHtorted in many pcrticidars, yet out of iheni
\M' nre ai iiresent to collect all that is known of this war. 'I'lie ("ohimhuH
(iiitinei of the |:i May contains the liillowing facts, which are confirmed
tVnni other ijuarters : — "On Monday we received information that hostilities
liiiii I'oiiimeiiced on the road between Colundius and iMontgomery, at the
I I'lii'c liridge, and further on, and in the evening the bridge at this place, tin;
stircts liiading from it were thronged with the unlbrtimate reliigees, who
wire tieeing betbre their savage m-ighbors. 'J'he pitiable condition of many
III' tlirni was |tast lh(! power of description. Wives severed liom their Ims-
liaiids,nnd jiarents from their children ; all dismayed, all terror-stricken; pre-
i<('iiti'il a scene which we never again desire to see. An interesting-looking
L'irl, j)ist blooming into womaidiood, was brought in on horseback, behind a
liriii'volcnt stranger, who had Ibund her in the nation, making her way, nnat-
li'iidi'il, to this place. She started with her parents, but before they had
|iiiHti(li'il far, they were brutally shot down before her eyes. She lied to tho
wiiiids and escaped ti'om her savage pursuers, and was foimd and brought to
t'oliiiiiliiis as above stated. A young man arrived at this plac»? also witnessed
the savage murder of his parents. Another young man, in the act of tieeing,
niirciviil the Indians dragging away his sister, lie returned, declaring he
wniilil rcsiue her or die in the attempt, and he has not been heard of. I'rom
tills time their deiids of savage barbarity bavt; be(!n too numtirous to pa.ticu-
larl/e, A woman was brought in on Tuesday, wounded in the hand, whoso
liiisliand had been shot the preceding evening at the Ucheo bridge. Col. .//. li.
Ikifson^s negroes, who were taken by the Indians, and made their esca|)e,
state tliat they saw three corpses on the road near tlie IJcdiee bridge ; a iiian,
wiiiimii and child, who had all been miinU>red. We learn that about l.')0
liieiidly Indians hav(! reported themselves at Fort Mitchell, ami are ready to
assist tlie whites. Accounts to the 17 May further stale that the Indians had
(iihnil the house of one family, and murdered the wh — including husband,
wili , and six children. All were scalped, and the (r' ddren beheailed. The
Imiise of a Mr. Colton had been atta(*ked, and himselt killed."
(I'enerals .Sra^ and Je.<tsit/< were at Fort Mitchell on the '.i June; the for-
mer let\ that |)lai'e on that day with an escort of 150 men for Alabama, to take
tlie ennmiand of the troops of that state. On the 4th, Capt Pafre reported to
(ieiieral Scott that a party of Indians was about to cross the Chattahoochie in
llieir way to Florida, and steps were innnediately made to stop them. Tho
liay iietiiro a party was stopped by a eom|)any of Georgia militia, aller a sharp
skirmish, in which one white and several Indians were supposed lo have been
liillni. Two chiefs were wounded, Ealahajjo in the shoulder, and Jim Hennf
in llie head. Th»! action took place across the river, which being high and
wide, little was etlected. The Indians dared the whites to come over, called
tliriii dogs and cowards, and the most the whites could do was to re-taliate in
til,- same sort of language.
About the end of June, a pany < f whites, who were scouting on Flint River,
aciidi iitally found a yoimg woma i about three miles from Cambridge, who
liiid lif'oii wounded by u shot in tin! breast. She stated that, on the tHi of
Jnne, about 300 Indians killed all the family to which she belonged, Vi in
iiniiihir, except herself, and her father, who made liis escape. AlVer being
siint, she feigned death, and as the murdered were not scalped, slu! made her
i'sia|)e after tln^ Indians lefl the scene of butchery.
I |i to the 1() Ji. le, all the houses of the wJ'.ltes in the Creek country had
been burned. On the 13th, in an attack on an Indian town by some whites,
24 |)ersons were taken, among whom were three chiefs. These were held aa
hostuiros at Fort Mitchell, and word was sent to tlie hostile [)arty, that if they
did not come in and surrender they should be put to death. The next day,
('■'if
■:..'(
Ii">5
■ '■.■''i!vi'r,.;r •'■«ij'
B> I 'V ' i|iM' ^U'»P
ir-:. .m- ■ k*l'f» » .■**-*nf*.-!*.l
... :'■ '■■■■■^m
. * ' I
■■'*'■' 'ill
9(]
CAPTtlRE OF JIM linNFY AND NEAMATIFI \
fModK IV
iin.
120 camo in nri<l dccliire'il llicniNclvi's frit'ndly. As Into iih iIk' QHth of Jn,,,,
it was ii'|iitrtr<| at ( ■<iliiinl»ii«, (ia., tiiat the Cri-rk war waH |iriiliali|y at nti md'
"nM liir an fij;litiiij( was coiiccriHMl. Jim llrnn/^M party liavi« iicnrlv nil lir(.>,'
takrii, 'I'in'y wi-rr i-onliiicd at l''i)rt IMiti'lu'll, and all llic ^niitlm urrV at wurk
inakin^r liaiidnitlM tor tlicm." ThiHn will douhllrHH he Mi-iit I't-yond the M|,.
HiHsi|i|ii, "fX(M'|(t the I'liiclH, t'lvr or Mix in iiiiinliKr, who will l))> pniiiHlird witii
doatii," ni4 waH NnpnoHiMl.
On tlin JHt nl' Julvt Jim Hetin/ fril into tli(t liaiidN of ii Imnd of iViondlv In-
diaiiM, nndrr n chiel nainrd Jim Hoij. For a (I'W davH pn-vioiis he wn^^i
poHcd to liavn Im-oii on Imh way for llic "proinJHcd latul;" lint he whm liimni
tlio (Vi'fk nation, H fow niil)!N from 'riiHki>irt>i>. Alxmt tlic same timv (,|,|
JS/rnmnthln >r"vn himself np to thn wliiti-s, and wan, tin tin- day of the ciri-
turt! ot'Jim HcnriL with ahout ITiOO otlicrn, Hcnt off (or Arkansas, "'riir circin'i.
Btaiico of his falling in with thr whites is said to he as liillows;— (imii'nl
Jeaitnp had l(>tl Tnskpgec; with aliotit 700 men, iritendinK to make a liinrt
march for JVenmnthMs camp, which was on liatchahnhlire Hivrr. Ax Jr.nuu
marched nlonji, his forces increased to 'i7(M) men, of which I'lOO vvt-rc In.
dians, nnder the chiefs Hopoillilri/nlioln and Jim liny. When lie had arrived
within ahoiit seven iniles of JVf(im(tlhl>i\i camp, he ordered a halt, |n n iVcsli
his men and horses, at the expense of the heantifnl oatlields of ihr Iiiilmii>i,
While the army lay here, n scout discovered JK'eamnlhln on iKiiveJiack. ||(>
liad concluded to surrender, and had a white cloth tied ahont his licml, ninl
somit white pu'ment tiir a fla;;, extendetl upon n Htick, and was apprimiliinir
towards them. They ordered him to halt, hut ho gave no heed to tlicni, tiiiiii
within a fow paces. He was taken to (Jen. Jrsaup''8 camp, and made prisdinr.
With him wtsre IiIh son and daiightiM', and a meco of .Wo Mico, Tlic two
females were released, hut his son was contiiied with him at Foil iMiidn 1|,
On heinj? nsked where he was going when he was taken, he said his life Iukj
hcon throutniiod hy his own people, and lie was hastening to Fort Mitchell, tn
give himself up.
JVen JWifco had Bomo dnvs before given himself up. He was considfii ,| ,1
great chief. David Harchge, a hnlf-hreed, was taken hy surprise, with nl t
a hundred of his men, witli tlieir women and children. By the Hth of .him,
there had boon secured between M and 4000 Indiuim, which were dcs|ml(li(i|
for the west as fast as circimistances woidd admit.
A party of about (iO warriors, who were endeavoring to escape into Floiidn,
were overtaken by Col. Benl, in Chickasatchie Swnmp, Baker county, Alnliiiiii;i,
and a considerable skirmish ensued. Nino Indians wen; killed an(l yOwoninl-
ed. Of Col. BeaVs men, two were killed and seven wounded. The Iiiili,iii>
were left in jiossession of the swamp.
The followhig account was published in the Georgia Herald of tlieQS.hiii(',
at Columbus. It is headed, "Grand Kntree into Fort MiTtHK.M,," iiml
then proceeds : — "On the 22 Juno, we witnessed the grand entree of n dniw
of savages into the Fort [Mitchell] consisting of men, women and ciiildnn,
in all about 1000; among them 200 warriors; they were brought in hy n li;;i-
talion of Alabama cavalry, under the conmiand of Maj. Gen. Pntkrsnv. Tin
m»'n were yilaced within the walls of the fort, while the women and cliililnii
were encamped on the outside. It was an assetnblago of hiunan lieinfis, siidi
as we had never before witnessed, and the sight filled us with thoughts ami tn I-
ings to which we shall not give vent at this time. They were of all ages, iVmii 11
month old to a hundred years, — of all sizes, from the little papoosie to tin
giant warrior. The old " Blind King" as he is called, rode in tlie ccntic nt
the throng, and although it nas been many years since he lieheld the liglitil'
day, yet has the feelings of hostility contimicfl to rankle at his heart. Tin
names of the hostile chieft who have been taken and have come in, nir A'l
E-Mathla, Octo Archo-Emathla, [f)robably son of N'eamathla,\ Miccockohj, or
Blind King, Thistee-J^itggee, Chopko- Yar-bar-Hadjo."
I.A. [Hook IV
Ih." QPtli of Jnn.',
•iiltiiltly lit Mil (11(1,
vo iirtirly III! iMM'ti
itliM wen- lit work
I bcytiiiil ilic MJN-
Itc pmnKlii'd Willi
iH(l (tf rrii'iidly In
'vii)iiM hf wns Klip.
It ll»> WIIH I'dIIIhI ill
llO HUIII*- tillic nlil
ic (lay lit' lilt" riip.
iiHiiH. Tlir circiiiii-
I'dllows: — (Jt'iHTiil
; to iniikt' a ilinrt
1 UiviT. As Jn.iiij)
lich ir»()0 VV.Tr 111-
'lirii Ih' IiikI iirriviil
(•(\ n liiill, In n iVt'sli
■Ills of tiif iiiiruiiis,
on lioix'liiick. Ill'
iboiit his lifiiil, iiml
ml WHS ii|H»niU('hiiiL'
I litM'il to tlii'iii, niiii'i
, aiul inmlt^ linsumr.
W« Miro, Tlir nvii
iiii lit Fort Miii'lii'll,
, \w Haul his lii'i' liiul
g to l''ort iVlitciiuii,tii
lie was considfii .1 !i
Hiirpriw, with almiii
I By the Hth of Jiiin',
lich were (IcHimtclinl
n escape into Floriiln,
ker coiintv, Alahmim,
killed an(i'-20\v(iiiii(l-
mided. The Imiiun-
[lerald of tlie2f<Jniii',
JRT MlTCIIKI.L," mill
.-and entree of a (Imvi
women and cliililnn.
1' broiijiht in by a l'"t-
Gen. Pntterxnn. Tin
, women and cliililnii
»f liumaii bein{:s,siiili
Arith tliousrhls anil I'll-
jcreof all afies, frmiui
little papoosic to ili'
Irode in die eentifol
llie beheld the hglit"!
le at his heart. Fli.
liHve eome in, air M
ithla,\ JVftccoc/w/ei/.or
fctj
,/' //' '
//../.
/■■//,,•!. ',/.' ' ,y /'■!//■
/ ../',
CHAP. XIII.]
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEES.
97
m.
T0%
m ■
I
■■' , f t(f ^r tlf
■ If'''
CHAP, xni.]
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEES.
97
CHAPTER Xm.
HISTORY OF THE EXPATRIATION OF THE CHEROKEES.
■'Some entortiin, tlint tlni liistory of llicso pronont limrs nuiRt not bn written by nny one alive ;
wliich, in my opinion, is (liajiriirolol to an historian, and very prejudicial to posterity ; as if they
were to write nt a (lintance, that ohiicurity inisht protect their mistakes from discovery. Others
also say llie trntli is not lipe enouph to be writ in the ajje wo livi! in: So |)oliticians would
not huvo the historian to tread on the heels of the times, lest the times tread on his heels,"
WiNJTANLY.
"Still to the white man's wants there is no end:
He said, ■ beyond those hills ho would not come.'
But to the western sens his hands extend,
Ere yet his promise dies upon his tongue." — Unpublished Poem.
WiiiLF, the war is progressing in Florida, wo will proceed to lay open
n few |)ages of Clierokee history, [)raying, in the mean time, for its speedy
conclusion.
The situation of the Cherokee country is most delightiiil ; it is every tiling
iliat heart could wish, whether actnatcd l)y the hest or worst of motives. It
lies in about thirty-five degrees of northern Intitudt!, hound.^d north and west
hv Tennessee, on the south hy Alabama, and easterly by (ieorgia luid North
Cmolina, com|)rising about 8,000 s»|uare miles. In idO'<i it contained ll,17.'>;
tlic (lirterence having been sold to the I^nittMl States for the use of Georgia.
Tliat country is well watered by living springs, in every part, whost; Ibun-
taiiis arc like res<'rvoirs raised to a great height by the art of man ; they hav-
ing; tlio superior advantage of being natural restTvoirs, raised by springs in
tlicir lofty range of mountains which strtitch across the whole nation. Jn the
north it is hilly; but in the south are numerous fi'itile jilains, in part covered
with tJiil trees, through which beautiful streams of water glide. Here cattle,
in vast herds, roam, and horses are pl(;nty, and in all the ordinary uses among
the Indians. Flocks of shetjp, goats, and swine, live on the slopes of the hills.
On thi'ir navigable rivers the Cherokees have vessels engjiged in commerce.
Their sju-ing opens in great bt;auty; the soil is excellent for corn, cotton,
tniiaccn, wheat, oats, indigo, sweet and Irish potatoes; and the [leople had, in
lr'2."), huguii to export cotton to New Orleans in their own vessels.
They have public roads, and taverns with good acconmiodations, and
liiittcr and '•heese are common upon the ordinary tables of the Indiiin inhab-
itants. Neat and flourishing villages have already sprung into being. Cotton
ami woollen cloths are manufat^tured, and bi/ native Indian hands. There is
siaiccly a fiimily which do(;s not raise cotton sufiicicnit for its own use.
Thtir tVadt! is almost wholly carried on by native Cherokees. The mtit-haiiic
arts aio coiisid(!ral)ly cultivated, although agriculture chiefiy engages the at-
tention of th(! inhabitants.
Ill IHIO, there wen; about 10,000 inhabitants, and in iSQH they liad in-
cri'asod to ll},.')(!;i, all natives; tliere were, in addition, 147 white men married
in the nation, and 7'^ white women. Of slaves tliere were 1,277. Hence it is
liiaiii that the Cherokees do not decrtiast;, but liave, in about five years, iti-
rroasod over Jij-WO. This is etpial, at least, to the increase of white popiila-
lioii undtir similar circumstances.
Ik tin- laws of the nation, the whites are allowed the privileges of natives,
t'W(|)t that of suffrage, together with their ineligiliility to hold offices. Some
of the Cherokees, following the example of their southern neighbors, have
liciouK! siav('-liold(M*s; buying tlufir negrotis of white men who liring thtiin
into the nation. And here the reflection naturally arises in the inquiry upoii
the idlative barbarity of the white and red mcui. It was strongly iirgt^d by
jionii' soiitliern slalrsmen, that the Indians were such barbarous wretchcis that
tlii'v conhl not tliiuk of living beside them ; and yet poor Afi^icans are sold
Itythcin to these barhnrians ! But, unlike the whites in one. particular, tlitjy
will not mix with their slaves.
The nation was reorganized in 1800, and by a resolve of its national coun-
cil, divided into eight districts, each of which had the jirivilege of sending
9
It*
b^'
I
»,
' > til
. k'
'X
1: '4ti^
• It h\
98
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEES.
[Book IV.
four members to tne legislature. The pay of members was estul)lishc(l nt
one dollar per day; that of the !speakt;r beiiif.' fixed at one and a half (lojluriii
and the principal ehiels were to receive 150 dollars a year. Some of their
principal laws and regulations were — a prohibition of s[)irituoiis licinois |),,.
ing l)rought into the nation by white men. If a white man took a Cliciokcfi
wife, he must marry her according to their laws ; but her proj)crty was imt
affected by such imion. No man was allowed but one wife. A .jiulgc, inar.
shal, sheriff and (hfputy, and two constables, were commissioned in each dis.
trict. Embezzlement, intercejjting and opening scaled letters, was pniiisJKil
by a fine of 100 dollars, ami 100 lashes on the hare back. No business miis
allowed on Sundays; and fences were regulated by statute. They also hini
a statute of limitations, which, however, did not affect notes or settled iic-
comits. A will was valid, if fbimd, on the decease of its maker, to have hcin
written by him, and witnessed by two creditable persons. A man Icuviiiir no
will, all his children shared equal, and his wife as one of them ; if he left no
children, then the widow to have a fourth part of all property ; the otlicr
three fourths to go to his nearest relations. And so if the wife died, leaviii"
l)roi)erty. Before the division of the nation into districts, and the appoint"
ment of the above-named civil officers, there was an organized con)|iai:v dt"
light-horse, which executed the orders of the chiefs, searched out oHiiidcrs
and brought them to justice. It was a fundamental law, that no land slidiikl
be sold to the white people, without the authority of a majority of the nation.
Transgressors of this law were punished with death.
The Cherokees were similarly situated to the Creeks, in respect to the I'ni-
ted States. They had beeti treated with from the earliest days of the repnh-
lic, as an independent nation, with only this difference — the United folates
regarding treaty siipulations with them without any regard to t!,cii- wcakncs.'i
or inability to defend themselves against unjust intrusions. And thus wen;
they considered through the early administrations of this government ; nntil
political intrigue had become the order of the day, and to strengthen a jiaitv
by the accession of a state, it was found nec(!ssary to disregani sacred trea-
ties, net at first by an o])en denial of obligation.s, but by a })erversiou of lai;-
guage, authorizing "any means to encompass the end." And like the deck
nation, the Cherokees were tampered with, and eventually divided and mined;
thus verifying that remarkable jiassagc of Scripture, namely, "a house divided
against itself cannot stand."
The consequences w hicli, by every thinking mind, wore considered sure to
follow, did follow ; but not so immediately as liad been anticipated, rcasonin;;
from the sununary course which the Creeks had ])ursued in executing ven-
geance upon the heads of a similar faction, for a precisely similar oiitnim
upon the will and the laws of that nation. But the i<lay of retribution was
at hand, and the heads of the Cherokee faction have met a like late in the
distiuit land to which tney luul forced tl'eir despairing executioners. Tlie
history of the fate of llidge and his associate's will go down upon the same
page of history with that of Mackintosh ; over which the philaiitliro|)i.st of
succeeding ages will mourn, and the philosopher will frown with just indig-
nation, as he contem])lates the source of guilt whence the stream flowed.
But the bare recital of the events in the history of the Cherokees is suffi-
cient to create the deepest feelings of connniseration in evei-y breast, without
any reflections from the historian.
Georgia, finding she could not drive the United States government into
her measiu'es for the forcible possession of tire Cherokee coimtry, resolved
to do soon her own account; but not having the courage to go sword in
hand, and do it at a blow, she resorted to the ecpially condemnable coin.se of
manag(> iient, which was to seize upon the country under color of law. And
those laws, niadc! for the very occasion, were so exceedingly oj)pressive that
the bidians could not live under them.
The laws alluded to were jiassed on the 20th of December, 1829, by the
legislature of the state of Georgia, and were of this complexion: "It is here-
by ordained that all the laws of (Jeorgia are extended over the Cherokee
country. That aflei the 1st day of June, ISJO, all Indians then and at that
time residing in said territory, shall be liable and subject to such laws and
[Book IV,
estublislicd nt
I a hult' (lolliirn,
Some of llicir
louH luiiiors lie-
3ok a ('lit'iokcc
opcrty WHS imi
A jtul^'t', iimr-
led ill I'iii'li (lis-
s, was piinislicd
l)usiiu'ss wiw
They also Imd
!S or settled ac-
Lcr, to have bein
1 mail leaviuir no
111 ; if lie left no
lerty ; the otlicr
vife died, ieaviii},'
mid the ajipDiiit-
ized coiiiiiauy of
ed out oti'eiidcis,
at no land slMnikl
rity of the iiutiun,
espcct to the I'lii-
ays of the re|)iil)-
tlie United Status
to t'.ieir weakness,
s. And tlms wen;
Efovernineiit ; nmil
"strengtlien a iniiiy
■egarcl sacred trea-
, perversion of lar.-
iid like the Ciwk
ivided andniincd:
[y,"a house divided
considered sure to
ticipated, reasoning;
ill executiiifr vcji-
;ly similar ovitnip!
of retribution was
it a like fate in the
pxecutioners. Tlu'
Uvii upon the same
h philanthropist ol'
[vn with just iudig-
[stream flowed.
Cherokces is suffi-
^el7 breast, witlium
Is government into
country, resolved
[ixv, to go sword In
lieiiinable course of
color of law. Aiul
ligly oppressive tliai
Liber, 1829, by the
(cxion: "Itishere-
lover the Cherokee
Is then and at that
bt to sucli laws and
Chap. XIII]
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEES.
99
>
reirulations as the legislature may Iiorcatler prcscrilie. That all laws, usages,
and customs, made and established, and «;nforced in the said territory, i)y tlie
jiaid Ciierokee Jndians, lie, and tiie same are hereby, on and after the l.st day
of June, IriliO, declared null and void ; and no Indian, r>r descendant of an
Indiuii, residing within the Creek or Cherokee nations of Indian.s, hhall be
(ieciiied a com})etent witness, or party to any suit in any court, wiiere a vvhito
jiian is a deli'iidaiit." Hueli is a specimen of the laws alluded to ; iiiuned to
throw the Indians into entire eoniiision, that they might be tiie more easily
overroiiie, destroyed, or forced from the land of their nativity.
Tiiat the Clierokees could not live under the laws of (Georgia is most
nmiiili'st, and it is equally manitest that said laws were never made in expec-
lation that they could be submitted to. Thus the constitution of tiie United
States was trampled on with Jiipunity, by an utter disregard of one of its
i\|»i('ss provisions, "That no state shall pass any law or laws going to impair
Ilif obligation of contracts." Now, how could a Cherokee compel a Georgian
to pcrtbrni a contract? Thus was the axe not only laid at the foot ol" the
tree of Cherokee liberty, but it was shortly to be wielded by the strong arm
of jiower with deadly effect.
Alariii now, as well it might, was seen perched upon the brow of every
true Cherokee, and they began to revolve in their minds the nature of their
condition, and to inquire of one another what they were to do. They remon-
stratwl, but remonstriuice was met with contumely, and ail the hauglitinesa
that cliaracteri.'X's the triumph of might over right.
Tliougli conscious of the rectitude of their intentions, the Clierokees were
deteriiiined not to persist in any course, however just it might appear to them,
witliout first consulting some of the ablest jurists and best men, as well as
the most devoted to the good of their country, among the eminent men of the
fiiited States. There was but one ojiinion among them. Chief Justice Mar-
t:|ia!l, Chancellor Kent, William Wirt, Mr. Justice M'Lane, Daniel Webster,
and Henry Clay, are names carrying authority with them; aii array of talent
wliieli other nations may equal, but not surpass.
Accordingly the Indians brought their case before the supreme court of the
1 lilted States, wliere it was argued witli fidelity and ability by Mr. Sargent
and Mr. Wirt, and finally and clearly given in favor of the Clierokees. Mr.
Wirt happily adverted, in his argument, to the past and jiresent conduct of
Georgia; reminded her tiiat, with the other states, she had cooperated with
the most Christian assiduity and perseverance to bring about a change in the
intellectual and moral condition of that people; and having completely
itiected tiie purpose, she found in this very change a ground of cpiaiTel with
Ihein, as well as with her sister states, her auxiliaries in the laudable work ;
aeensing these of hypocrisy and an afiected benevolence, by which they were
violating Georgia's sovereign! in bringing up an independent government
within her chartered limits ; that so long as they were savages mid barba-
rians, Georgia had no objection to their governing themselves, but having now
heroine civilized, and consecpiently capable of governing tliemselves, their
riirlit of self-governmeut must cease. " Hence we ask," says Mr. Wirt, " what
can this unfortunate people do ? "
"The existence of this remnant of a once great and mighty nation," added
Mr. Wirt, "is at stake, and it is for this court to say whether they shall be
hlotted out from creation, in utter disregard of all our treaties. They are
here in the last extremity, and with them must perish forever the honor of
the American name. Tlie faith of our nation is fiitally linked witli their
existence, and the blow which destroys them quenches forever our own
{ikiry; tor what glory can there be of which a jiatriot can be proud, after the
good name of his country shall have departed ? We may gather laurels on
the tipld of battle, and trofihies on the ocean, but they will never hide this
ioul blot ujion our escutcheon. 'Remember the Cherokee nation,' will be
answer enough to the proudest boasts that we can ever make. Such, it is
jiossible, there may be who are v/illing to glory in their own shame, but thank
Heaven, they are comparatively flnv. The great majority of tiie American
peoide see this subject in its true ligiit. And I cannot believe that this lionor-
able court, possessing the power of preservation, will stand by and see these
■■■( ■/■•'.'• ,.tl'mli
■ ' •'■ ■ . ■ < ■ 1. k, . ■"-.'
m
100
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEES.
[Book IV
people stnppod of their proporty ninl oxtirpntcd from tlie onrtli, wliilc )||py
are holding up to us tlicir treaties niid ciaiiiiiiifr the Inlfiliiirnt ol our cni'.iir,,'.
ments. If truth, and fiiith, and honor, and justirc, luivc tied fi-oiu cvon oih(r
part of our country, we hIiuII find tlieni iiere. If not, our sim has jrom' dnwn
111 treachery, blooJ, and crime, in the tiice of the world; and instead (ilhi ipcr
firoud of our country, we may well call upon the rocks and mountains to
lide our shame li'om earth and heaven."
Such were the opinions of tht; ^nmt and good upon the Chorokoe c|ii('stinii'
but how was he iriistaki^n in respect to the virtue of a frovermuent, o) wliidi'
he was a pillar and chief sup|)orter in nil its just dealinjfs! Willi whnt i-iiif
must he have seen, notwithstanding the sacritices and cflbrts 'le IkkI nimif.
to obtain justice, and the decision of the highest tril)unal ot his chidiiiy
all disregarded, this decision set at naught, and that country's sun fco (/oinj
in treacherif, blood, and crime ! And it is with deep melancholy we add, tluit
the great statesman and ]»hiIanthropist saw the near approach to the lioilzon
of the once glowing star of empire of a noble people ! He saw, as his dwn
lami) flickered on the eve of departure to another world, that deep stain lid]
upon the escutcheon of his country's honor, which he had «o mucli fcmd.
William Wirt descended to the tomb in the beginning of the year iK}.").
The Cherokees, like the Creeks, had, by designing and avaricious mpn
been divided into two parties, v.hicli were distinguished from one another hv
very marked differences. The jieople composing the first Avere geiieriiHv
temjierate, industrious, and frugal ; had made great advancement in the arts
of civilized life, and hence had become far more attached to their rouiitrv
than those of an ojiposite character. The other part of the nation coiisistpli
of a majority of indolent, intemperate, roving, and ignorant citizens ; always
restless, ever ready to hear to any new smooth-tongued miscreant, who iiiii.''|it
throw himself among them upon any design. Yet there were many ainoiiff
the second party whose character was good, and who were made serioiislv to
think that it would be for their interest to sell out their possessions, and tak(
up a new country beyond the; Mississippi. But the talent and learning were
not with them, and cons(!quently they had not the ability to judge of snoh a
project, according to the admonitions of the true policy of the nation.
At the period of Cherokee history now under consideration, that nation
contained a population of 18,000 souls. How near it was divided in respect
to numbers is not precisely known, but that part I have denominated the first
was by far the most numerous, as well as the most respectable. These two
parties had each its heat' or leader, and was known by his name. Mr. Jolm
Ross led the first, and Major Ridge the second. Mr. Ross had become an
eminent citizen, and being possessed of a fine education, respectable talents,
and extensive and enlarged views upon all subjects, soon became proiniiient
without any efforts to make himself so. On the other hand Mr. Ridge, tlioiiirh
greatly beloved by his own people, and highly respected among the wiiitcs,
had not the moral courage to witlistand temjiations that a true jtatriot
requires.
Such was the condition of things, when it was decided by the siijireinc
court of the United States, that Georgia must not execute her pernicious laws
in and over the Cherokee country. Yet, as lias already been observed, sJie
did proceed to execute then), and finding that many of the Indians woidd not
at once be forced away by their cruel and opj)ressive execution, but (■oiitiiiiicd
to suffer under them, resort was had to buying up such of the chief's and
head men of the nation as money would succeed with. And, finally, a tieaty
was made with such men as bribery influenced, and on its strength, event-
ually, the Cherokees were forced beyond the Mississippi.
The engagement entered into with Georgia by the United States govern-
ment in 1809, has, in a former chapter,* been noticed. In that conipnrt tliere
was no stipidation that the Cherokees should, at any time, be forced to sell
their remaining lands ; but when they were tdllinsCi 'f ""y such time slioidd
ever arrive, and the price should not be an objection, then the United States
had the power, and not till then, to buy out the Cherokees.
* Book IV., page 53, ante.
[Book IV
lio cnrth, wliilc tlicy
nrnt ot our ciiKimr-
Icd 1'mni ('v<M-y (mIh r
• Sim lias pone down
and instead ot licii','
;s and niomitaiiis U)
3 Chorokoo (iiicstloii ;
r()vcrniu(Mit, ot'wliiili
rs! Willi wliat j;ri(t'
cfibrts ■»• liad niiido
Dunal of liis cmimvy,
•ountry's srin /ro doitn
lanclioly ve add, tluii
iproacli to tlic lion/on
lie saw, as his (iwn
Id, tliat dor]) stain liill
had «o nmcli fcnrtd.
ig of the year 1^:55.
r and avaririons iiini,
(I IVom one anotlu-r liy
e first were fiiiu>rally
Ivanoemcnt in the arts
ached to their coiiiitiy
of the nation ponsistctl
norant citi/x'iis ; always
d miscreant, who iniL'lit
here Avere many anumg
were made serifiiisly to
sir possessions, and tako
alent and learning were
jility to judge of siioii a
[•y of the nation,
iisideration, that nation
was divided in ivsjiect
vc denominated the tirst
resi)ectal>le. These two
bv his name. My. Jolm
Ar. Ross ha<l becoiiic lui
tion, respectable talents,
soon became proiuiiipm
hand Mr. Ridge, tlunigli
cteA among the wiiitrs,
Ions that a trne patriot
llecided by the snprpinc
fciite her pemicious laws
Isadv been observed, slie
t)f the Indians would not
rexeciition, but coiitimied
, such of the chiels ami
Ith. And, finally, a treaty
]d on its strength, event-
lippi*
|,e United States govern-
ll In that compart there
Iv time, be ibr.-ed to se
Tif anv stich tune sliouW
ll, then the United States
okees.
CHif. XIII.]
IIISTORV OF TllK CIIKROKEES.
101
But, in 1835, Georgia Imd become so clamorous, that "the government"
tliouglit best to mak(> an attein|)t to treat with these Indians to go west, on
joine terms or other. Accordingly, the president appointed on(! R»'v. J. F.
ScliLTHierliorn, of New York, to proceed to the Cherokee country li)r that
piiriiose. He proceediid to the nation, and, with some trouble, got the eliiefa
toiretlier, and o|)cued t.'ie nature of his mission before them. He was
intbrined that they would imt treat for the sale of their country on any cou-
ditioii!!', and the counnissioner gave up the design and returned to Wash-
iiiirKtii. But there is no safety to the innocent where tlie cupidity of designing
knaves can be brought to bear upon tluun.
The |)lan inunediat(dy adopted by ScbertmrJioni was to seduce some of tho
chiets by gratuities of money, and thereby to get together such as he coidd
oltlic nation, f ml, if possible, make a treaty with them which should bind all
the rest ; but to the honor of the secretary at war, (leii. Cass, it will l)e re-
Hieiiibered, that wiieii such a in-ojet^t was made known to him, lie rejectetl it
witli disdain. Whether this instrument of injustice was coimtenanced by
men higher in office than the secretary at war, I leave to be determined;
Imt however that might be, it is certain that Schermerhorn was found without
liiHS of time pursuing that nefarious plan, which (Jov. Cass had set his seal of
iiiKlnaiified disapprobation upon. He circulated notices of his design through-
out the Cherokee nation, retpiesting them to irieet him in council ; and finally
lie jTot a number of the nation together, whicli he called a council of the. mttion,
and made a treaty with theuj. By tlui stipidations of this treaty, (falsely so
called,) the whole country was to be given up to the whites within two yeai's
from the time it should lie ratified by the senate of the United States.
The great inajority of the Cherokees, as lias been observed, wuuld have
nothing to do with Schermerhorn, and consetpiently, whatever he did had
nothing to do with them ; and when its acknowledgment and acceptance
were urged at Washington, it was rebutted with the astounding memorial,
siffiied by wear fifteen thousand of the nation, |)rotesting in the strongest terms,
that the instrument procured by Schermerhorn was utterly false, and unuu-
thorized by the Cherokees. Yet atler all that those 15,000 peojile could do,
that tnalyj was, with sonni little variation, published to the world, at the city
of Washington, on the 14th of March, 18."W, as the act of that nation !
When the nation found that the i)arty wliich had executed the treaty were
goinf.' to Washington to further its ratification, the council of the nation im-
mediately appointed a delegation of twenty of its best men to [iroceed there
also, elothed with authority to represent tlieir countrymen truly. It had be-
cnine now apparent that if they would not sell their country for tohat it was
th':pkasure of the government to give, they would be driven from it without any
tiling'; tlierefore, all that was left for them to do, was to get the best terms
they could. And it was finally agreed by the authorized delegation, that they
wunid ahide by such an awanl as the senate should make tor their lands, jtro-
vided that when it was laid before the nation, it should be consented to by it;
actordingly, a pajier was signed by the Indians, agreeing to abide the action
of the senate. Of that action, Mr. Ross, the principal chief, says, he would
not have complained, if it had been "fully and fiiirly" obtained ; but "a res-
olutioa was submitted at midnight, on the 3d of March, just as the s(uiate
were about to separate, premising, that, in its opinion, the jiresident ought to
allow a Sinn not exceeding 5,000,000 of dollars. This resolution, jiroposed in
a hurry, was carried in as great a hurry, and, though a mere opinion, not
lilwliriiig eith(;r the president or the senate to any consequent action, was
represented to us as an ' award,^ and we were told we had engaged ourselves
to he hound by it."
The delegation next proceeded to lay the matter before the nation ; which
iiavinsr done, the "award" of the senate was unanimously rejected. But (Jen.
Jackson had now taken the matter into his hands, and whatever might be
said or done by an Indian council, would make no diflTerence with his deter-
mination. And when he found that they were reluctant to submit to what
tliey had never had any intention of agreeing to, he ordered Mr. Secretary
Huiris to inform them, " that no propositions for a treaty would hereafter be
made, more favorable than those now offered. The sum of five millions of
9*
■t*^R
it '' ..'. H.»'ii
'^■■>':fiv
i^^rn^
mmmfm
• ' ' ^ ' ■ * '■§'■• A'*y ft ■ t y? > ' I
■■ :':r ;■ i;-, ■■■■•'n.'^H^'"Vil
i?*'^^^'
102
iiisTORV or Tin: cinoKoKF'.Es.
[Book IV,
t^Unrs wns flxod upon by tlic sciiatf, as an anipli' (Miiiivalcnt for tlic rcl'm.
qwiHiiimMit of all their rij^htH and pusscssionH ; that most ansiircdlij t|„. |„.,,^j
dfnt vvonlil not wmction any »\\p(.'ctation, that nioin- liivorahlt! ammpiii,.|||^
would li«r<>all«',r bo Imld out to them; that this wa.Ulie lant propusitioit \\n,
])resident would nmke them while lie was prmdcat, and tlicy nii;;lit nliidi' i),,,
fonstMiuenees ; that they iieed not expect either braneh oC tiie v'ovciiiiiiciii
would c;ver do uny more, and that, therelbre, they iuhmI not expect aiiolhn
dollar."*
ThuH all further negotiation was eut oiY, and the Indians had nnthiiii; tiir-
tlier to do, but to submit to what they had long foreseen wt)uld prolmhly lie
their only i>\ »!rnative.
With regard to tli»! treaty ot" Deeember, 1H;J5, procured by SchcrMicrlioin
and since called by his name, as also "the treaty of New Kchotii," wc 1,.^!
but a remark or two mor«; to make ; anil, Hrstly, it w ill be in(|uireii, ujio ^y
what part of the Cherokei; nation male that treaty? According to tli,. j,,..
count of ScluM-merhorn himself, the nuudier which he got together tii tiim
with, did not exceed tiOO jM-rsons, men, women, and chihiren; of wliicli inini.
ber i)Ut 70 were men, and of these, about ;{0 were Arkansas emi^fnints, or
Cherokees enrolled for emigration, and conse(|uently had no real intcicM i|,
the nation, and had no right to act in matters arfecting its affairs. 'J'jic y^^^y
has only to coi>:pare this statement with the memorial bei()re spoken oi;
signed by 15,000 persons, to enabl(! him to ih^cide on the magnitude dC ih,!
injustice done that people. Secondly, of the course "this great and iiijchiv
government" has pursued to disirdierit bidians in certain cases.
Ill May, 183!>, Gen. Carroll was sent with instructions by our govonnnciit,
to induce the Cherokees to remove. Some passages in thost! instnictidus
would never be believed, were they not past contradiction, and staiiiij; us In
thousands in the fiice. The^ recite, that, whereas nothing could pntlmhlv Ipt
eti'eeted in open council, by negotiation, " be must go to them, 7io< «s fniVo-
tialor, but as a friend ; appeal to tlie chiefs and influential men, 710/ (o};itkr,
but apart ; make offers to tlu-m of extensive reservations in fee siin]iii', :iiul
other rewards; secure, even from the chiefs, your ojicial character ; move updii
them iu the line of their prejudices ; tell them, uidess they remove, their Imn
mil be trodden under foot ; enlarge upon the advantages of their condition in tk
west." Such is another specimeu of another state paper, which enmnated from
this adiiiinistration.
The case has changed. The whites have become powerful, and tln> red
men liave become weak. They are able to destroy, or drive tliein helba
them to another country ; and how has it turned ? The red men have iiuiie.
Who lu'e the "cruel savages?" In the "great debate," as it was teiiiicd, on
tlie "Indian bill," in 1830, some of its supporters pointed to the east, and cried
out, " Savages ! savages ! " because the voice of humanity had been liciird in
that direction ; but they might, with almost equal propriety, have pointed 10
the capital of the state of Georgia — even that, where those most o|>iin'ssive
laws originated, contained philanthro[)ists too. Tlie votes in that house siiwd
but little more than equally divided, on the bill to take forcible possession of
the Cherokee country. But the philanthropist is derided and sconicd; ami
that people have only escaped the iron grasp of superstition's hand, to die hy
that of avarice. It used to be a proverb, that Justice had lead«!n feet, bnt yei
was sure to overtake her enemies ; but where her feet are clogged witii ^oli
the proverb requires a new explication.
We have seen how the Schermerliorn treaty was disposed of in the senate
of the United States. The house of rejiresentatives must vote the npi)n)|)ria'
tion, or it could not be carried into effect. When it came up there for iiitinn,
some gave as a reason for voting for it, that they had no choice, hut were
bound to do so, because the treaty had been ratified by the jiresidcnt and
Benate, and it was hence the law of the land. On the other hand, it was
* Tliis cerlaiidy was a slate paper worthy of " My government," " My ciirroiicy," and
above all, " My responsibility.'' Mr. Jackson had before told certain bidians that ail ihe
lands beyond the Mississippi belonged to him! If the Cherolcees believed he told liie iniit,
no one will wonder they aid not wish to go there !
[Book IV.
ent for tlic rditi-
Humthi till- incHi.
I>l<! amiii^'ciiiciitj*
tut proiiosilion tlit
y ini^ilit iiliiilc till'
r tlm {.Mivi'iimiriii
lot fXpcCt (l)l0//((;-
< liatl iintliiiiL' I'lir-
voulil i)rol)ul)ly lie
l)y Sclicniu'rlidni,
F.rliota," we have
I', iuniiin'd, wlm or
cordiiif; Id llic uc-
)t tofiftlicr to trim
i!ii; ot'wiiicli iiiiiu-
I118UH nuinrmits, m
I no real iii1cri>t in
itl'airH. Tlif ii'iiilcv
bcloro si)(ikt'ii di',
e nmjjnitiuli' ot' ilu'
H firt-at and iiii;;lity
cases.
by our {loveriuiieiit,
I tliose iiistnicliiiiis
111, and stariiiu lis liy
ir could prolmltiy liu
them, not as a miro-
ial men, not to<;dkr,
s in ice Hiniitle, :iiul
aracler ; move ii|inii
ley remove, tlitir Imn
' their condition in Ik
lich emanated from
)\verful, and tli« red
drive them bil'ori,
red nu!!) have iroiie.
us it was ternii'il, on
to the east, and cviod
ty luul been lieanl in
•iety, have itoiiitnl to
lose most opiirccsive
., ill that lioiii^e stood
brciblc possession ol'
ed and scorned ; and
tion's hand, to die by
d Icadt-n feet, hut yit
e ck)gged with j;oli
losed of in the senate
St vote the approinia-
le up there for action,
no choice, hut wire
by the president and
e other hand, it was
,t " " My currency," anii
•rtaiu Indians thai ail ik«
jelieved lie lold the tru\li,
fH*!"
XIV.]
HISTORY OF THE rilKROKKKS.
103
lioiise, signed l»y nimost the entire ("lieiokee nation. Ami itesidcs this, the
most /ealoiis lulvocati^s for removal did not pretend that the treaty was tiiirly
jmied tliat tlio action of the presidi'iit and senate could never make that in-
^iriiinent a treaty which was iiilse, and had not been ngrced to by but one
•inrty ; that this was tvur abundantly appeared by a |)rotest (hen lietiire tlie
ii.se, signed bv nil
)St /eaioiis lulvoci
made hy the nation, or by any body authorized by it; but they argued that
the hill ought to pass froiii necessity, iis it was to benefit the Indians more
lliaii any hody (dse. And witli this kind of urgiimeiit tlie bill passed, i()2
to !t7.
Thus we are to be judges of what is best for our neighbor, and if lie doen
not niiiform to our wishes, vv»! will Ihn-i' him to do so. On tiic same princi-
|i|c we may say, that it is decreed by iineiTing liite that the red men must be
^\\v\)l from the faciuif the earth; but does it lollow that we must hasten their
mill? With as imicli reason all mankind might commit suicide, because fiitc
lijis decreed that we must all die, sooner or later.
As soon as congrtiss had dispo.scd of the Cherokee (piestion, the executive
ot'tlie nation, appreh-usive that troiiblii would arise between (icorgia ami the
I'liciokees, ordered Lien. Scott to repair tliitli(!r without ihday. H«! was soon
oil the way, witii about 2,000 men. This was early in the year IH:{f<. Meaii-
ivliile Gov. (iilmer had threatened "collision," unless the \vork of expulsion
\va.s iiiiinediately begun. How much in fi^ar Mr. Van IJiiriMi stood of this
and other bravadoes, we do not undertake to say; but In; pressc^d matlers as
tiistiis he could, more afraid, doubtless, of the votes, than the steel of (Jeorgiiu
But what did that excellent old general find on liis arrival in the Cherokee
coiiiitiy? Armed Indians behind every bush, preimred to shed the last drop
of their blood in defence of their beloved country? No. Not a semblance
of ojiposition was there; uU was (piietness; all were about tlu^ir ordinary
affairs, in their own fii'lds, and by their own habitations. Having esUiblished
iiis head quarters in the nation, he issued a proclamation, re({uesting them to
asseiiihle at certain |)oints, from whence they would be sent to Arkansas.
They obeyed the summons, uud thus, iu due time, the :ole imtioii were
removed.
CHAPTER XIV.
EXPATRIATION OF THE CHEROKEES, CONTINUED.
" Wlioro if" my homo — my fori'st liome .' tlie proud l.ind of my sires ?
Where stiindg tho wigwiiiii of iny pridn .' VVIiero i;k'iun the council fires?
Where nri' my fiither<' hnllowed sjriivps ? my fricndn, no liglit iiml free.'
Gone, gone, — forever froui my view ! (ireiit Spirit ! can it ho .' " — A. W. B.
It has somehow or other hapjHjned that great changes have taken [ilace
in the minds of our rulers, or some of them, within a lew years, in regard to
wiiat certain laws luid treaties mean. As late as 18'2(), no question was
raised about the rights of the Indians ; nothing was attempted to be done, by
^owrnmcnt, on their lands, without their consent being tirst obtained ; no one
even dreamed of laying out a road through their laiuls without their permis-
sion. But, of a sudden, it is discovered that the government has been hibor-
iiijr under a great mistake all the time of its existence ; that during tlie ud-
miuistratioii of Andrew Jackson, wisdom had shed her light so abundant, that
nuiiiliers had risen up iu her full armor, and unhesitutiugly declared that the
very men who formed our coustiiution knew very little about it ; that under
its provisions no valid treaty could be made with Indians ; that neither
Washington, Jefferson, nor John Adams, could make the (liscovery ; but
it must be reserved to add lustre to the era of which we are s|)eaking.
The compact between the general government and Oorgia, iu 1802, is the
principal theme of their o|.[)ressors. Now every body knows that with that
compact the Cherokees had nothing to do ; they had no hand in forming it,
nor never consented to it, A treaty is a compact of nmtual concessions and,
' r- .■■l:«|
I". - .' e* v^ " '^ 1
^^, ..t. »■■
104
niH'iouY oi' rm: cnEuoKEKH.
(IliJOK IV.
afrrrniiDits iM-twcoii )iiitii)iis. Tlu' ("licntkccri n^^nnl lliat il" lliry rvcr mi|,|
tlicir limds, or any pin I oC llitrii, it slmiilil Uc to the lliiiird Stutcn. Now iiii„
was, art tiiiits liavii Itccii, a vfiy iiM|«>rtaiil (M'iic«!,xniiin mi tlic part (•(' iht. i,,.
tliaiis; l)iit if tlic tiiitli of the I'liitcil Statcn had Imtii kept inviiiiatc, ii \\(,i||||
UH yet have ainimiitcd to hut little, — a small tract iil" land hi.-ii' and there,—
but it has now anionnled to an en ire country. When the treulics wnv
formed, it was niipposed that affiiiiiHt thin co!iceH«ion the I'nited States li,,,!
put one of much ffreater moment, namely, that of jirotidion. What Iium' w,,
seen? the whites in pos^ession of all the lands of the Indians, tlu' hidiuns
])rotected? Not hy tjie I'nited States; (<)r it has <lriveii them where it ii,ii.
not, ti'oni the nature ol" their situation, jiroteet tliem. 'I'liest! concliisinns
itievitalily liillow, and we challenge proof in contradiction.
That we have ^'iven iIk; Indians more than their lands wore worth. Im,
bopii m-jfed as an ar^'inneiit that no wron^ has heen doia? them. Tlini Ims
nothing' to do with the point at issue. I'nenviable must tlu- nfind of t||„t
man he, who holds nothinf.' above price, mere pecuniary compeiiMitioi,.
What though the <;overmnent did stipulate that it would buy out the ('Iiimj-
kees as soon as it <'ould he done, (n very foolish barpiin, by the way,) im
reiisonabie and eipiitabli! terms; is it, to bo understood that they muM mH
their lands just when a demand is made for them? This arunna-iit is luii
fallacious to be tliouj,'ht of by rational men. Henci! tin; oidy way lelt todis-
possess a nation, too weak to detiiul themselves l)y litre*', is to declare iIkv
iiave no rij,dit where they are. And, to the astonishmont of ail the world,
sia'h were the {^roiuids r)f iU'!j:uni«!nt, and sucli the arfiiunonts that sia'ceiddi
in an American congress in ruinin<^ a nation. What though the nation wen;
small, and consr(piently weak? So much the greater tlie crime. Are imt
laws made for the protection of the weak against the strong? as well in
]»roperty as |»orson ? Shall the I'nited States of eidigbtoned America deal
Avorse with their I'rietids and allies than ancient despotic Rome ? Hveii na-
tions sidxiued by tiio Romans, and iiududod in their dominions, wore siifli'iid
"to live under their own laws, aiul be governed by their own magistrates."'
It lias been iuge<l as u reason H)r disinheriting the Cberokcos, that it is ah-
surd to allow a nation to exist under ii separate government, within another
goveruiiient or state, and hence unconstitutional. Allowing all this to lie
true, (which we do not,) what has it to do with the Cberokees? Had not ilio
Cherokees as good a riglit to say to a state which had luidortakon to extend
aline beyond them, "You have no atithority to do this, and must instantly
desist." Now there can be no ({uestion but that a state woidd bo coiiiiielitd
to desist, if the party so included were able to defend itself against usiii|ia-
tion. This l<uppening not to be the ease with the Clierokees, a cordon is
passed about them, at first, merely nominal ; but, at length, like the coil of
the serpent, it is drawn tigliter and tighter, lintil t' ey discover, too lute, tlmt
a death-blow is aimed at their very existence. ' V^ho, or what is (jeoii'la,
that it shottld claim jtriority to the Cherokees? Were not the Clierokees a
nation long before it was heard of? Which permitted the othfu' to grow up
by its side ? How long is it since the Cherokees were able to drive that I .nd-
ful of white intruders beyond a more formidable boundiu^ than the lilissis-
sippi? They did not attempt it. Their "avarice" was not strong onoiiijli to
tempt them to so cruel an action. No. They took them by the hand at
Yamacraw Bluff, and ut Ilolston, and said, " Brothers, here is land ciionfih
for us and for you. Lie down upon our skins until you can make wigwams
and mats for yoiu'selves." How have these kindnesses been returned ?
We will hear what Georgia herself said about the validity of Indian trea-
ties, no longer ago than 1825. In that year a treaty was made with the
Creeks, by which a cession of a portion of their territory in Georgia was
made ; and by an article in said treaty, it was provided, that the United States
8hould protect tlie Indians against the encroachments and impositions of tiie
whites, until their removal shoidd take place. The governor of Georgia,
G. M. Troup, issued his i)roclamation in accordance with the treaty, a passage
of which is in these words :
* Valtel, " Law of Nations," B. I. ch. i. sec. 11.
CH»r.
XIV.
HISTORY OF Tin-; ciir.iioKF.r.s.
105
lliiit iC Ihry ••ver Mold
led StiitcH. Now lliin
II tlif iHirt (»f llif III.
'|il iiiviiiliitf, It wdiilil
iikI licit' iiimI iIkic,—
icii tlif ti'i'jitics \\in>
li<> I'liitcd {^tatcs Ii.kI
dion. Wliiit liiivc \\i.
.', Imruiiis, till' liitt'mii^
II tluMii wlicrc it ciiii.
TiuW! fOllclllsidlls
loll.
iiikIh wen- worth. Iiii>
tloiii! tlinii. 'riiiii liiis
iiiiht tli(^ iiiiiid III tliat
[•imiary coiiiiM-iiHirKiii.
lid buy out tlir Ciicin-
rjraiii, by tin- \V!i\,) mi
od tliiit tlicy mml mH
Tills iiruiiiiifiit is 1(10
\\v. only WHY Iclt to liis-
ircc, is to dt'diirc tlicy
iiiioiit of till tlif wnriii,
;iiliieiits timt siiccfnicd
tliotiflii tilt; iiutioii Wi'iT
M' till- cnnin. Ari' imi
;lic strong? as well in
iffliteiied Anicrica ilciil
potic Konu' ? Facii im-
louiiuioiis, wiTc siifli'ii'd
cir own iimffistralcs." '
Cberokei's, tiiat it is uii-
prniiieiit, witiiiii aiioilicr
Allowinn all tiiis to lie
licroliees ? Had not the
undertaken to I'Xtciid
this, and must iiistnmly
itc would In; coiiiinHi'd
itself affuinst usiiiiui-
Clicrokees, a conloii is
engtli, like tiie coil of
discover, too lute, tliat
JO, or wiiat is (Jcoi'uia,
ere not the Ciieiokfis ii
I the otiier to |;ro\v up
al)le to drive tliut 1 .lul-
iindury than the iUissis-
vas not strong eiiou}:li to
. them by the liiiiid at
rs, here is land ciioiiiili
you can make wlj^wuiiis
es been returned ?
validity of Indian trca-
aty was made wltli the
;erritory in Georgia was
id, that the United States
_8 and imiiositious oi' the
le governor of Georgia,
yith the treaty, a passage
sec. 11.
«! Imvo tlioutflit projM'r to issue tliis, my |iroclamiition, warning all pcr-
*nn*, citizens of <ieurgm, or utiierH, iiL'aiiist lies|iiis.'<iiij: or iiilriiiliii;r upon
IiiihIh (ii'i-iipied by the Indians witliin tlu> limits of this state, eitlicr liir tlit*
liiiriiosf ol settlement or otherwise; as every siieli net \\ill lie in direct \iola-
liiiii iif liie |trovisioiis of //ir //T(>/i/, aiiiresnii!, and will e\|tose liie iigjjtrissorH
Mihc most certain and summary pimislimeiit by tiie aiillioritics of the rotate,
iiiiijof tlie I 'lilted States. All good citi/< 'w, llieref.ire, pmsuiiig the dictalc^^
,i\imodfnitk, will unite in enllirclng tiie olin^alioiiH of Ute tmitij as th»! miprciM
jliiW does tills accord wltii a resolve of tiic icfrislatiire o|" tiiiit state, liiit ii
foH vciirs alb'rwards, to take forcible pos^iession of the coimtry of tlie Cliero-
ki'cs? A com|)arallve view of these eiiactmeiits led a higli-miiided senator*
liMl(':'hire, "tiiat treaties were irn/ Imr/'iil when luiiile for tlie use of (ieorgia."
Ill IH'il, tlie (I'eorgJH delegation in congress, in an address to the |)resiileiit
nt'tlic I'lilted States, coii.,tlaiiied, in no very moderate terms, of tlie iiijiistice
ilmii' til tiieir state, by the delay of the government in not extiiignlshing the
(liirokce title to lands within its limits; tiiereliy acknowledging wliat they
Jciiifd iitierwards, namely, that tiie Ciierokees had any title. 'They say, "If
llie Clicrokees ar(! imwiiliiig to remove, tiie rinifits ot" tiiat iinwiliingiieMS aro
1(1 lit! traced to tiie United Stall's. If peacenlile |Mirciiase cannot be made in
the iirtliiiary mod«;, nothing remains to hi! done but to onler tlielr removal to
dexi^'iiated n-rritory beyond the limits of (iettrgia." And, in conclusion,
llii'Viidil, "Our duty Is pertiirmed by remmstraiin^ against tin; policy licreto-
liirt' |iiirsiied, by which tiie interests of (ieorgia iiiive b- en disregarded; and
III iMw/iJig", as we do, most earncsUii, upon an iininetliatu fulfilment of tlio
ohiiiratioiis of the articles of cession of IHO'-i."
.•^iiiii is a specimen of the iangiiagi^ of l>vo senators and six repn'sentatlves
of (iforgla, to tiie president of tiie llnlted States, upon tliis ipiestlon. And
He venture to assert that the autocrat of all the Kussias is not more despotic
ill his decrees, tlian these gentltMiien were on tills occasion.
A few days afler the address of tlie (jieorgia delegates, the secretary of
war, tlic Hon. John C. Calhoun, Issued bis report on our Indian relations,
in which he says, "The IJiiitcul States have ever been solicitous to biitil. at
the earliest period, the oliilgation of the convention, by tlie extliiguisiiiiient
of the hidlan titles wltliln tlie limits of Georgia ; n most satlsliictory proof
of which Jiiay ho found In the number of treaties which have been held for
that inirpose, the quantity of lands which has iKjen actpiired, and the prl''e
paid. Ill fact, such has been tlio solicitude of tin; governiru-nt, tiiat but little
repird has been had to the price, whenever it lias been found pos/rible to obtain a
Kssion of lands to the state. The [)rice given has liir exceeded that wiiich
lias ever iieen given in other |)urchases fi'oiii the Indians." Thus a migiity
clashing of opinions is apparent on a comparison of tliese two extracts.
Froin certain other fjicts in Mr. CnUiouri'a rejwrt, it ajijiears that, in IHOQ,
the Cherokees owned 7,152,110 acres of land in the limits of (itiorgla. Since
the latn war witii England, they had held two treaties with the United States,
hv wliicli they had ceded J>i)5,:]10 acres. Emigration had been unllbrmly
encouraged, and many liad voluntaiiiy gone to Arkansas. To tliis course
nolindy ohjected. But in this way matters ])rogressed too slow for greedy
speculators, and it was urged that, as many Clicrokees liad emlgnited, a pro-
pni'tionate t(uantityof tiie country should be si^t ofi lln* (Jeorgla. An en mer-
aiion or census had been atternjited, to ascertain wh t the proportion would
I*', and it was eventually concluded that one tliird of the nation had left tiie
coiintrj', and a treaty was entered into at VVushington, in 1815), by which tiiat
amount of territory was ceded. Hetwetm 181!) and 18"i4, two attempts to
treat with them lor further cessions of territory had l)een made, and both
proved nhortlve. "It cannot be doubtetl," says Mr. Calhoun, "tiiat miicli of
tlie ditiiciilty of acquiring additional cession from tiie Clierokees, and tlie
other soiitiiern trilies, residts from th(!lr growing civiliz.'ition and knowledge,
hv which tliey have learned to place a higher value upon tlielr lands than
more rude and savage tribes. Many causes have contributed to place them
* Mr. Frelinglwysen, of New Jersey.
! ■ ■•■■ .i :!'«■*&*;
I ■ '* "- 'J :
■:, 'Mm
■''mm
■ ; 'l''yS
m
lOG
HISTORY OF Tlir, CIIKROKEES.
[V.mtK IV,
hi^liiT ill Mil* Kralff ot* civili/atioii timii other IiidiiitiH witliin niir liniitM — h,,
j^rnial iintiirc of tlit-ir cliiiiiifr, wliirli t'liiildcH tlii'iii to |iiihh iiiorc rciiiiil\ \];,^
tlw liiiiitcr to till' hrrilsiMiin statr; aii<l tli<- li'itility of llirir xoil, ami tin' m,|,„,
(»t" their Mtaple arlich-s, partiiMilarly eottoii. To tliene, however, iiiiiNt lie mlilii
till! hiiiiiaiie and heiievoleiit |iolii-y ol'ilie ^overiiiiierit, whicli has ever (iimini
II losteriti;.' care to the IndiaiiH within oiir hiiiits. Thin policy is an old ,|^ ,|,,,
(foveriiiiient itnelf; and haH lieeii liahitiially and Htron^ly exteiidiMJ |„ ,|^^,
Clierokei" nation," Such, in |H*^4, were adowed to Ih; tlie reasons wjn iii,,
Cherokees could not lie |)reviiile<l ii|ion to forsake their country. Now, n'
they had no rijfht tl •, hiit that of mitliu'iince, why is it that "this liiKMni,,
policy, tiH old as the piverniiieiit," has heen held fortii and niainlained tii\Mii,{'^
tlieiii? The reason i.s oIivIoiih: no president Indbri! (ieii. Jachon, could hrjui,
liis mind
-to do as he has done.
At some future day, ask foine remnant of tlio Cherokcew, of thn Crpcj^, „r
of the Seiniiioles, if any should reniain, why they should leave the IiiikImii
tlieir tiithers to Ih-coiik! wanderers heyond the Mississippi, and their iipiy
can he no other than this: "We were Ibrced away liy the white iim ii, .Sin,!.
of our men were traitors ; of them tlu^y hoiijfht our rights, knowhiff Mem to
be false."
i'oin|)are tlie lanpna^e jield by (ieii. Jackson, in 1H21, with what hr i^j
niiico said and done. On tin; IHth of January of that year, he wrote liiim
liis head (piarters at Nashvilh;, to Path Killer, and other Cherokee cliieis,;,;;
follows: " Friends and brothers: [ have never toh! a red brother a lie imr
deceived lii:ii. Tiie iiitriiders [on your lands,] if tiiey attemjtt to return, \vi||
be sent otK Hut your lifibt-horse should not let them settle down on vmir
lurid. You ('.ifrlit to drive the stock uwny from your lunils, and deliver tlnj
intruders to the iiffent; but if you cannot keep intruders from lyowr /hikI
report it to the ajjeiit, and on bis notice, I will drive them fi-oni your tdiuL''
On the (itii of June, IK{0, be inlbrms the Cberokees, "thiit, havin;; no
power to interfere and oppose the exercise of the sovereijjnty of anv MiHi'
over and upon all who may be within the limits of any state, they will prepnn.
tlieinselvcH to abide the issue of such new reiationy, witlioiit any liojie ilmt
lie will interfere," It must be borne in mil id, that the Indians Iniil ddnc
nothiiiff meanwhile to foHeit any one right, or the protection promised tin m
by all the treaties, nanctioned by all the presidents, includiiift Jackson liJniMli!
In April, 1824, a deputation oi" Cberokees was at Wusbington, and on the
15th day of that niontb they laid liefbrc congress a memorial "on iiuitteis ul'
vast impoitance" to them. In this memorial they refer to the opiinwive
stand taken by the {iovernor of Georgia, as communicated by him in n Iciiir
to the secretary of war, and to the ac^rimonious and incongruous address of
tbe Georgia tlelegution to ilie president, already noticed. Upon lliese iIh>
delegation remark: "W(! cannot but view the design of those letters us mi
attempt, bordering on a hostile disposition towards the Cherokee nation, lo
arrest from then, l»y arbitrary jiieans, their jnst rights and liberties." And
this is the harshest language they any where complain in, in answer to the
grossest insults.
In regard to the cession of more land, they <leclare their scntiinents in the
following words: "In relation to the disposition and determination of tlie
nation, jierer again to cede another foot of land is positively the production inid
iioice of the nation, and what has been uttered by lis, in the cominimicntidiis
which we have made to the government, since our arrival in this city, is
exi)re.ssive of the true sentiments of the nation, agreeably to our instriutioiiii,
and not one word of which has been put into our mouths fiy a tvhitc man. Any
surmises or statements to the contrary are ill-founded and ungenerous." It
should be remembered, that it liad been liasely insinuated by their enemies,
in every public way, that the Indians were influenced by designing wiiitc men
from tbe north, in all their opposition to tbe will of Georgia. This niciiiorial
was signed liy John Ross, George Lowrey, the mark of Major Ridge,
and Elijah Hicks.
Iriimediately after tlii.s. Gov. TVowp writes from MilledgevMle a very ron-
elusive letter to Mr. Calhoun, secretary of war, so fur as sojihistry and angiT
words can be conclusive on a subject. As a specimen of his logic, we will
•<, [V<mt IV
vitliin our liniitH - ii,,,
|mHS nunc n-miiK lium
licir Mill, anil llir miIh,,
owcvrr, must lie mU,.,]
wliifli has ever (liriiiiii
iH jMilicy in as old usilif
i-i(n>.'I.V fxtcndcil t(i III,,
M' tlu" iTasims wlij ||„,
ihfir roiniiry. Niiw.jt'
18 it tlail "this llwtiriii^r
uimI tnaintaiiM'il tnwinils
leii. Jackson, I'oiild lirini^
•okcM'H, ni" llif i'riM'ki, iir
loultl It-avr llif IuikImiI'
^issippi, and tlicir ri'|i|y
y tlio \vliil<^ men. Siii",.
ri),'litH, knomnfr (;,t,„ i^
1H'21, witli vvlmt \\v \m
liat year, lit' wnitc liiiin
jtlicr Clicroki-c rliifl's, ns
u n'tl brotluT a lie imr
oy attempt to rt'turii. will
o'ni w<'ttl»! down ini ymir
ur lands, and ddivtr ilw
ntrud»'rs iroin tfour /ninl,
tlinii I'roni your laml.'^
ntkccH, "that, liaviii^' no
Kovon-ijiiity of any >iiit(',
ny HtaUi, th»!y will |iiviiiire
IS, without, any liiipc ilmt
liiit tliu Indians IiikI tlime
trotectiun iironiist'd ilum
ichidin^' Jackson liiinscll!
VVushiiifjlon, and on \k
nieiiioriul " on niiiltcis df
refer to the opincssive
nicutcd by him in a Icttir
I incongruous adtlicss of
lotieed. Upon tlicst! the
gn of those letters us an
the Cherokee niition, to
JitH and lihertics." And
"lain in, in answer to the
Ire their sentiments in the
lund determination of the
ositivcly the production miil
|s, in iIk! eoniimmii'iiiiiuw
lu'r arrival in this city, is
leably to our instrmtiims,
dhs hy a white man. Am'
lied and luigpnerons." It
[iuuated by their eiifuiifis
\i by designing white mn\
iGeorgia. This ineiiionul
mark of Major KmcE,
JMillcdgcville a very con-
Vr as sophistry and unpi'v
tieu of his logic, we will
Chkt.
XIV]
HISTORY or TIIF, nir.UOKKEH
lo:
i-itf> ax folioWH from hiai coininunieation. Forasmuch 'art the INiritiuiH of
V>w Kn^land, and Uinikcrs of I'ennsylvania, had never repiiired the wnmgs
,l„ni' Indians, why is (ieorgia to lie called upon to make propiijatury ntli-r-
,,1;^;-" And " if tlie principle of renn'n treaty waa right, all otherM that luivo
tollowcd are wrong."
AlMMit the sannt time the Cherokee memorial was JM'fore the house n{'
iiiiri'sentatives, ot' which we have spoken, its luuliors, to comiteract certain
ij.i' reports of their traduect><, pnlilished in the National intelligencer a
.iiiliiai'Hl of their case, tiom which we note the following passages: "\ut
silbticd with wishing the executive of the I'nited States violently to rupture
lii'Milcinn bond of om* rights to oiu' lands, ami to put at detiance the pledges
rthiili ''xisting tn-aties contain, i^mirantj/ini^ Kt us om- lamis, it is attempted
Id Hike from us the intellect which has diret-ted us in coiuhicting the s«'veral
iii'^'dliiitions with couuuissioners a|)pointed to treat with us li>r our lands, and
Hilh ill'' executiv(( government, by the unli>unded charge, that '//e Ittst litlir
of Ik Chrrokees to the serrrlanj 'U war rontnins inlrnutl ividrnrr that it was
mrr nrdlm or dictated Inj an Indian.^ Whilst we proli-ss t'l be compliniented
1,11 ijic one hand by this blow at our intelligence, we cannot, m justice, allow
II 1,1 |iiiss, upon the other, wilhoiit a Hat contradiction. 'That li tier, and every
oihiT letter, was not only written, but dictated by an Indian."
\Vr are 'lot surprised that the (Jeorgia statesmen are not willing to allow
ihat liicy have insulted so much intellect and iiitelligeiiee, awai-e, as they must
|i;i\i' Im'cii, that in |Hiint of manner and matter, their own compositions, side
In .Idc with the T'lierokees, would siiH'er in no inconsiderable degiei' by
iiiiii|),insoii. Ill closing they say, " It is not for us Xn vindicate, or attempt tt;
viiiilii'i'ite, our great tiither the president; he does not need an Indian's niil,
iinriiii liiilian's eulogy; but, however we are bound to love him, yet it is due
Id jiistici; to state, that we have been often pained, and especially ol' late, at
iliiM'ariiestiiess with which he has pressed \ipon us the subject of ceding our
biiils. NVIiy he has acted thus we ar<! at a loss to conceive. We are not
ii'iuiraiit of the iiatiUH? of the convention of IHO'i. We know every one of
ih proniises. It; however, these lu'e to be violated, and the li-ll war-whoop
•limihl ever b(> raised against us, to dispossess us of our lands, we will gratify
iiii'(h'l('gation of (ieorjria, in their jtresent earnestness to see us reii.')veil or
ijisiniyi'd, by adding additional fertility to our land, by a *le|iosit of our body
iiHlniir lioiies; for we are resolved never to leaite them hut hy partinix from them
nwl our lives together." Such was the resolution of the Cherokees at this
|iiriiid. Hut fifteen years' sulfering overcame them, and they were < onipellt;d
liiMilmiit to a tiite they eoiild not avert.
\Vi' have, in an earlier page,* stated the manner in which the Creeks had
Iviii divested of their country, and the tiital catastrophe that (I'll upon the
kills (d" the chiefs, who, against the will of the nation, had bargained it
way. The most prominent character in that work among the Creeks was
(Iiii. William IVI'Intosh. We have, in the sam(( place, stated the attempt
niaili' hy that chief to bribe Mr. Ross to undermine his nation, in the same
ciirni|it manner as himstdf had done in regard to his own; and the jiart
enacted by the Cherokees, iqion that occasion, is now necessary to be stated.
A meeting of the legislative council of the Ciierokees was held in October,
1^'ii, to lietu" wliai i!ie agents of our govc^rnment had to say to them, they
liaviiiif procured the meeting. The object, of course, was well understood,
and the agents urged their case in every ])ossible form ; but they were
answered in the most manly manner, that the nation xvould never jiart with
aiiiiiher foot of land. (Jen. M'Intosh was present at this confiirence, and w ith
ills soil was treated with every kindness, and during tlu; proceedings were
'lati'il hy the sidt; of Mr. Ross, as was customary with both nations at th(!ir
foinicils, when any distinguished ( liiefs were |)resent, to signify that good
comspnndenei! between them existed. At, or about this time, M'Intosh veii-
tiiml to recommend a cession to some of the clii(!f men in conversations;
what ft'igned encouragement he nwX with, to draw out his real character, is
not upon our recortls, but it is certain that a eommunication in writing was
... . ;i:v'n;r
«-r i
■ ■■" V,
: ■.".. *■ . ■ ••■
* ' ■,
R: S'
■ i.'i
Of this Book, Cliap. vi., p. 52.
108
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEES.
[nooK IV.
thereupon mnde to Mr. Ross, wlio, without delay, laid it before the coiinpjl
when it was decided that it should be read in M'lntosh's prcscuice. If,, ^yj,^
accordiiifrly called in, and bis letter was read,* ailer which Mr. Ross niiuie the
Ibllowing address:
"M\ friends, live years have elapsed since I bave been called to preside
over tiie natiouid committee; and your approbation of my conduct in tjie ,|i^.
charge of my official duties, is manifested by the successive reajijjointiiiciits
wiiicli you have bestowed on me. Tlie trust .which you have reiMj.sed in n,,.
lias been sacredly maintained, and shall ever Le prc'served. A traitor, in all
nations, is looked upon in the darkest color, and is more des|)icul)le than tlip
meanest reptile that crawls upon the earth. An honorable and honest clmr
actcr is more valuable than the filthy lucre of the whole world. Thercibrc, |
would preii-r to live as poor as the worm that iidiabits the earth, than to B;\\n
the world's wealth and bave my reputation as an honest man tarni^lied h\
the acceptance of a pecuniary bribe, lor scll-airgrandizement. Jt lias now
become my ])ainful duty to inform you that a gross contempt is offered to mv
chariiCter, as well as to that of the members of the general council. TIih
letter which I hold in my hand will s) euk lor itself Rut, IbrtiinateJv, tin
author of it has mistaken our character and sense of honor."
I'liis took place on the 124 October, lt<'2',i, and was but the coninionopnici:!
of the denunciations M'Jntosh was to riM-eive. As chief speaker of the nutiijii,
the duty of severely reprimanding the traitor devolved on 3Iajor Ridge. 'Ihi,
was an exceedingly pjiiiiliil duty to him, especially as they had iieon djil
friends and officers together; had ibught under Jackson, side by t.\dv. iv
Taladega, Tohopeka, and in iiimierous other battles; they had been ck-
laborers in the civil field ; IrequtiUtly called together to settle and adjiis'
im|iortaiit matters bet^\een their respective nations; and they were, at this
time, under an ajipoiiitiiieiit as commissioners to run the boundary Iiih
between the two nations. Rut all these considerations and circiiinstaiici..
did not cause Major Ridge to shrink from his duty. He said that wiuit he
was about to say must not only be beard by the Clusrokees, but by olliers. !,ir
and wide. He adverted to their acknowledged maxims in reii reiico to tin
duties of those intrusted with their government, who, if once toiiiul astii'v
from their duty, W(!re n<!ver again to be trusted. M'Intosh, he said, had lidiiii
the character of high iiinnil rectitude among his own peojde, the Creeks. Inn
how stands his cliaiacU'r now.? "I cast him behind my back, lie iiiin
de|)art in jieace. I here publicly disgrace him. He now knows we air iMit
to be bought with money. We will not exult over fallen greatness, lie imiy
go to his own nation, and in the bosom of his family mourn the loss; ol a
good name." Such is the substance of the speech of Major Ridge, wlio jiiin.
self li'll into the same snare altcrwards, and suffered the same liite, witli the
man be now so ])ointedly and justly condinnned.
Ill IH'-i!), a society was (iiniK d in New ^'ork, "for the emigration, pivsrn,'.-
tion, and iiii|»rovenieiit, of the aborigines of America," an account of wiiiij:
was transmitted to the president of the United States, then at the Rip l!ii|i>.
in Virginia. The president rejilied to a letter whicli accompanied \hv iir-
count, through Major Katon. in n very conciliatory and gracious iiiiiiukt.
One jiassage is esjieeially worthy of notice, Ironi its surprising contrast wiiL
what was afterwards avowed by the .same authors. "1 beg leavi; to as>i!rr
you," says the general, "that nothing of a com])ulsory course, to eriict tl '
removal of this untbrtiinate race of ])eople, has ever been thought of li\ tli
president; although it has been so asserted." Now, all the world kri'«-
what has since Imu'ii said and done. In a sort of a re|)ly which Mr. /jVi/u
made to Mr. Clfn/ in the senate, in 1835, he .said be rose not f()r the iniipiw
of tJi'::;.^ any jiart in the little discussion, [about Indians,] but cf milii':
U|) a voice liu' more jiowerliil than his own — that of M,\ Jfjirsou.''^ But.;*
he said nothing in his half hour's talk that he attributef,' to Mr. Jf/fcMoii. nr
that Mr. Jeffi-rson ever thought ol| except that good man's name, it isfiiiiii'
pn;simie that that was the; extent of his argiiUHnit. We are ])i(M»are(i to use
Bomething more than the nanu; of Jvfferson against the oi)pressois of tlic In-
* Ths same we have given, ante, ;iage 52.
?, been called to preside
t'my conduct in the din.
ccessive reiip])oiiitiiieiiis
you have re])ose(l in nic
served. A traitor, in uH
nore despicahle tiiau tiie
lorable and honest eliar-
lole world. Tlierefoic, j
ts the earth, than to p\iii
lonest man tarnisiicil 1)\
iiidizenicnt. It has now
jontenipt is offered to my
le general council. Tiii>
;11". But, Ibrtiniately, the
t* honor."
< but the conimenccmcm
iiiel' speaker of the uatitni.
(hI on Major llidjre. '\'\\\<
Uy as they had bpoi did
Jackson, side by sidi'. at
ittles; they had been lu-
;ther to settle and adjiis'
US ; and they were, at this
to run the "boundary liiii^
rations and circnnistanic?
iity. He said that what he
lierokees, but by others, t;ir
laxiins in reference to tlic
ivvho, if once fotind astiiiy
il'lntosh, be said, inul Umy
wn peoidc, the Creeks. Imt
lind niy back. He may
I! now kno\\ s we arc not
idlcn greatness, lie niay
iunily iuourn the loss of n
of Major Ridge, wlio iiiin-
■ed the same fate, with tlic
jr the emigration, prosriTs-
rica," an account of wlml
tates, then at the Rip Hii|>>.
^'hicli accompanied tie t'l-
torv and gracious nininiH-.
its' sur])rising coiitrusl witli
rs. " 1 beg leave to assiiri'
id"sorv course, to etVeet tl-
ver been thought ot byih'
Now, all tlK- world kl'|.^^-
• a rei)ly which Mr. Bnk.
le rose "not for the i>un;';>'
ut Indians,! but ef eallm^
t of iM •• ^//'■'••'"'"•" '''"''
tribute(: to Mr.J#rso)!.»t
lod man's name, it is taiv U'
We are i)r(M»arcd toiw'
!t the oi)pressoisof die In-
Chap. XV.]
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEES.
109
■age
5'2.
dians, and we here offer some of his sound and sober convictions. " I ani of
opiniDH," he says in a letter to Gen. Knox, of 10 August, 17i)l, " that govern-
ment should firiidy maintain this grouiul ; that the Indians have a right to
the occupation of their lands, independent of the states tvithin ivhose chartered
limits the;/ happen to be ; that, until they cede them by treaty, or other transac-
tion equivalent to a treaty, no act of a state can give a right to such lands ;
tiiat neither uiuler tlie jiresent constitution, nor the ancient confederation, had
am state, or persons, a right to treat with the Indians without the consent of
(lie general government ; liiat that consent has never been given to any treaty
for tlie cession of the lands in question ; that the government is determined
to exert all its enerfcj/for t/ie patronage and protection of the rights of the Indians,
ami the preservation of peace between the United States and them ; and that
it' any settlements are made on lands not ceded by them, without the jn-evious
foiiseiit of the United States, the government will think itself bound, not oidy
to declare to the Indians that such settlements are ivithoid the autlwritu or pro-
kclion of the United States, but to remove tliein also by the public force. Suc^h
was tiic "voice" Col. Benton said he was to "call uj)," to drown that of the
friend of the Lidians. But "how are the mighty lallen ! " The helpless In-
dians have been forced to fly before the steel of the white man to inhospi-
tai)le regions, leaving their fine fields and comfortable houses to their ava-
rii'ioiis oi)pressors.
Kilt arte all that has happened, all the wTong that has been done the
Indian, all the wrong that has been done to every countryman of Jefferson,
we would not change our condition with a subject of Algiers, because we
have well-groimded hopes that good men will ere long stand in the place
where justice emanates; yet it fills the heart of the philanthropist with sor-
row, that their coming cannot relieve the Cherokees.
Tlie (ley of Algiers holds out no pretensions to Christians that they may
expect justice at his hands ; but he says to them, " Do you not know that my
neople are a band of robbers, and that I am their captain ?" * A president of
the Cnited States has said that he uitended no harm to the Cherokees ; but
what has he done ?
It is i)ainfid to be compelled to reproach the government of a beloved
cniiiitiy with acts like these ; but we have no alternative, excepting in a der-
elii'tion of duty. We would gladly have been sj)ared this part of our under-
taking; but Justice has claims upon us now as strong as she hud upon our
goveriiineut, and we cannot so deliberately disregard them.
-^tiet
CHAPTER XV.
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEES, CONTINUED.
" 'I'lii'v liiive tikeii tlio tumIih which our iinrcstnrs jjiivo ;
Tiiuy li cM! Iliruwii ihoir rhniiis o'or the haul iiiiil thu wave;
Th" tiiri'?!t i-i wistcil with sword mid willi Maine;
Ami wliiit have we left l)iit our once lionored name.'" — Alonzo Lewis.
We nave seen how Jefferson viewed the rights of the Indians, as guaran-
ied t'^ .hem in the times of fVashington ; and what have the Cherokees since
(lone, that they are to forfeit those rights ? Have they fbrfeited them by adopt-
inff the niaiuicrs and customs of a civilized people ? or by fighting their bat-
tles? That a president of this day should .-iay to them, when they are about
to be grossly tyranni/ed over by a state, " that he has no j)ower to intv'rfere
and to opi)ose the exercise of the sovereignty of any state, over or upon all
who may be within th(; limits of any state ; that, therefore, they nuist prepare
themselves to abide the issue of such neiv relations, without any hope that ho
will interfere ; " — thus did Geu. Jackson speak to the insulted Ciierokees, on
* Sec Mr. Blunt's Brief Examination. &c., page 15.
10
■-iW> ^"'i if'-ifeis Wffl
'"'Hi ■ »^LS';^ii;'^l|
no
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEES.
[Book IV.
the 6 June, 1830. He, at the same time, assured them "that he loves thenrd)
that he is their friend ; tliat he teeis ihr tiiein as a t'atlier feels for liis ciiji.
dren." With whatever truth this uiiffht have been spoken, we do not liesitate
to presume that such was not the way the Cherokees telt "for tlieir cliildnn"
And in an address to the j)eople of the United States, which they jJiiMislicj
en the 17 July of the same year, they say, "It would he imjwssihic'to dcsrrihe
the sorrow which afi'ects tlieir minds, on learuinsr that the chief mufiistnito of
the United States has come to thi*< conclusion, that all his iHustrious pn ,le.
cessors had held intercourse with tliem on erroneous principles ; principles
that could not l)e sustained; that they had made promises of vital iinportfince
to them, which could not be fulfilled — jiromises made luuidreds of times ju
almost eveiy conceivable manner — often in the form of solemn treatii's—
sometimes in letters written by the chief majristrate with his own linmi~v,rv
often in letters written by the secretary of war mider his direction— tiiese
all these, are now discovered to be upon fiilse principles." '
The Cherokees had now become ca])able of meeting the white people wjtii
the arf,nunents of reason, and not with steel ; and they were capable of judir.
ing between sincerity and mere pretension. This was well jmrtraycd la
the chief Spkckled Snake, in a speech which he made in a comicii'wjiirli
had been sununoned to hear a talk from President Jackson read to tliciii. It
was as follows :
'■'^ Brothers! We have heard the talk of our srreat father; it is very kind. H,.
says he loves his red children. Brothers! Wiien the white man first ciiinc to
these shores, the Muscojrees gave him land, and kindled him a fire to make
him comfortable; and when the pale faces of the south* made wur on liim
their young men drew the tomahawk, and protected his head from the sraln'
ing knife. But when the white man had warmed himself bef<)re the Indian's
fire, and filled himself with the Indian's hominy, he became very ifuire: he
stojiped not for the mountain tops, and his f(!et covered the plains and the
valleys. His hands grasped the eastern and the western sea. Then lie lie.
came our great father. He loved ills red children ; but said, 'You nmst move
a little fiirther, lest I slioidd, by accident, tread on you.' With one loot lie
pushed the red man over the Oconee, and with the other he tranijded dimii
the graves of his fathers. But our grei.t father still loved his red rliildivn,
and he soon made them another talk. He said nmcli ; but it all nieant imtli.
ing, but 'move a little fiu'ther; you are too near me.' 1 have heaid a jriciit
many talks from our great iatiier, and they all begun and ended the saiiic.
Brothers! When he made us a talk on a liirmer occasion, he said, '(iet a little
farther ; go beyond the Oconee and the Oakundget; ; there is a pleasant coun-
try.' He also said, 'It shall be yours forever.' Now he says, ' The land vnii
live on is not yours ; go beyond the Mississip|)i; tiiere is game; there voii
niiiy remain while the grass giows or tlu; water runs.' Brothers! Will net
our great fiither come there also ? He loves his red children, and his tom.ne
is not forked."
Tiie doctrine of a right inherent in the government of the United State? to
remove the ('lierokees by force, is comparatively new. It was not thoni:lil or
even dreamed of before 1808. In that year a deputation fi'oni that nation wis
encouraged to visit the seat af government, more for the renewal of liiond-
ship than any thing else jerhaps, who, in a conference they had witii I'li-i-
dent Jeflerson, '^^ declared tlieir anxious desire to engage in the pursuit of (ij:ri-
cidture and civilized life, in the counin/ they then occi(p?Vrf;" hut said, "as ail
their countrymen coidd not be induced to exchange the Inuiter's life linim
agrictdtural one, they reqiu^sted that their comitry might be divided in n lino
between the upper and lower towns, so as to include all the waters of the
Higliwassee River to the upper towns; that, by thus contracting their society
within narrower limits, they might be^n the establishment affixed laws and n
regular government. Those wishing to lead the hunter's life, owing to the
scarcity of gani.^ in their country, re»piested liberty to go over the IMississippi,
and occupy some vacant lands belonging to the United States. To tiiese
* The Spaniunis of Florida eiulcavored lo break up ihe English seUJcmcnt under Gen
Ogietliorpe in Guorg'ia.
■ s
[Book IV.
that he loves tliein:(!)
ther feels for his cliil-
ten, we ilo not liesitatR
It "for their children."
whieh they i)ii\ilislic(l
impossihlt! to descrilie
the chief inugistnitc of
his illustrious iinde-
principles ; ])riii('i|)lcs
ises of vital iniportaiico
I hnndreds of tiiiips, in
II of solemn treatii's—
ith his own hand— very
M" his direction— these,
es."
T the white people with
y were capahh' of juds-
was well portrayed liy
lade in a council wliicli
ickson read to tlicin. It
ler ; it is very kind. ]h
white man first canic to
lulled him a fire to nmke
Mith* made war on liini,
his head Irom the sralp.
iTiself hefore the Indian's
e became very lar<re; lio
vered the plains and tl:e
estern sea. Then lie 1h>-
mt said, 'Yon must move
vou.' With one loot !ie
[other he trampled dmvu
III loved his red (diildrcn.
but it all meant notli-
lO.' I have heard a ;in'iii
mi and ended the siuiic.
sioii.he said, '(iet aliille
there is a pleasant cdiui-
sv he says, ' The land vou
icre is ):tmw \ there yim
Ills.' Brothers! Will imt
chihlren, and his tonuic
lit of the United ptatrMo
Iv. It was not thoiidit or
[tion IVom that nation was
jr the renewal of fvioml-
Lcc they had with I'lisi-
|i<re in the pwsuit of (ijiri-
ImjiVrf,-" hnt said,"asiill
te the hunter's liti^ ior an
Trprht he divided hy a line
lude nil the waters of tlu'
eontractinir their sonetj
kmenl of f red laws nwl n
Liter's life, owinir to tlie
io "-o over the INiississiiipi,
[United States. 'JN) tl">se
iF.nglisli seUlcmcnt under Gen
CHAP. XV.]
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEES,
111
propositions the president gave Iiis entire and unqualified approbation. No
objection is heard of against tlieir erecting a government for themselves, or
a wish to restrain them in any manner.
Kve"t'w"y) some four or five thousand of tiie lower town Cherokees did
eiiii'Tutc to Arkansas, and there a wretciied life many of them worried out ;
iiiaiiv 1''" "' ^^'^''''^ ^'*'' ^'"^ Osages, some few got back to their own country,
,,iid sickness swe|)t ofi" many more. Such fruits of emigration tended to
sireiigtlien the U|)per towns in tiieir resolution of cultivating the land ; and
HJicn, in lii'2'3, commissioners wtire appointed to treat with them for their
country, and for their removal west, they directly refused, and showed how
iiiiiih better off they were for continuing in their own nation than tiiose who
liad emigrated. And here ended for some years all attempts on the paj't of
the L'uited States to treat witli tiiem (or a removal. The seeds of avarice,
aitliougli sown, hud not come to maturity, but, like; u jiiunt in an uncongenial
soil, remained without seeming to flourish or decay ; yet at length a j)rosj)er-
oiis cultivator being found in a president of tiie United States, its growtii soon
astonished all beholders, and its branches cast a deathlike shade over a ])ros-
peroiis nation, and withered it away.
We have before remarked upon the discovery made by the sotithern poli-
ticians, namely, that from the time of Washington, there had been no presi-
dent (including that great man) who knew wiiat laws and treaties meant ;
that all the time and money whicli liad been spent in making treaties, had
been thrown away ; for it was now discovered that Indians were only tenants
at will, and had no right on any lands within certain state boundaries, any
lonaer than the charity of the good people near them would humanely per-
mit, lu fact, all these treaties were now found out to be tmconstitulional.
This doctrine was finally the hinge on which the whole business turned.
But Georgia herself could condescend to treat with the Cherokees in 1783,
and obtained from them a considerable tract of country. Did that state con-
dmend then to acknowledge the Cherokees an independent nation to get
from them by treaty that whicli she was not strong enough to take by force ?
I will not aver that it was so. One thing, however, there is, about which
there can be no misconception ; the Cherokees were then powerfiil ; and
tJiougli, in the war with Kngland, whicli Iiad just terminated, they fought
ajraiiist us, they now come Ibrwai-d and declared for us ; and their alliance
was considered of no small account, situated as we then were in relation to
tlie JSpaiiiards in Florida. And, besides, it must be considered tluit at the
close of the revolution, our peojile desired peace with the Cherokees as much
as they with us; and, in the language of Chief Justice Marshall,* " W^hen tlie
l'uited States gave peace, did they not also receive it ? Did the Cherokees
cnnie to us, to our seat of government, to solicit peace ; or did our govern-
ment send commissioners to them to usk it?" The result, however, was the
treaty of Hopewell, " witiiin the Cherokee nation," and not at New York, that
that pclebrated treaty was made.
The series of usurpations commenced upon the Cherokees and other
Indians, has at length, in this present year, 1840, reached the climax of
oppression contemplated by its originators. That peojile had long viewed
further encroachments upon them as certain, inasmuch as such encroach-
ments liad never actually ceased fron.' the day of their acquaintance with the
white man ; but tlie awful thunder which burst u|.on them in our day had
never been thought of by the whites, much less by themselves, until within a
lew years. They had, indeed, as early as 182.'J, observed a dark cloud gather-
iuif in the nordi-east, but they rationally thought that the extent of countiy it
nuist pass over, before it should reach them, would (pialify its rage, and waste
its deadly effects ; hap|)y tor them had it proved as they had hoped, and as
every friend of humanity and justice had hoped it would ; but it came and
swept away the Cherokees.
The monstrous project of a removal of all the Inditms within our limits
beyond the Mississippi, is not chargeable to any one of our chief (iiagistrates,
but Mr. Monroe is cons|)icuou8 among them, lie proposed it with diffidence
Opinion in llie case, \Vorcester vs. fhe Stale of Gecr^ia, p. M.
■ ■'';,'-'■■: ''111
• A'.
'■■1';
.'i . -
';■ i"i I ■■■; i^'-'n
ll'' ^M
if 2
W ..■%»'!5»JL
112
HISTORY OF THE CUKROKEES,
[fiooK IV.
in liis opening messnge to oon<rn'ss, on tlie 7th of Deccinlirr, 1P94 ; niul Ihtp
let UH observe, that tlie suffj^estion was ii»ule njion tiie saiiie month, and nciiHv
the same (hiy oftiie month, that onr liitliers eame to these shores; and on tljr.
27tli of January, lollowinfr, iu; strongly reeonnnemled tin; measure. Sic ^y,.
indueed to juoitose sueh a plan, he said, as th(! only one he could devise jq
relieve the eountry from the diHieuhv hy which its executive was surroiiiKic,]
and which every day tliickened. Georjiia was pressing with severe eiirncst'
ness; tdleging that the time had arrived when the Indian title t(( Lmds witlin
its limits sliould be extinguished, and the new states were crowdin<r ,,1, ,,|j
sides with undue importunity, that their claim fur Indians' lands was ;is umni
as their neighl)ors', 'Hiv president, therefore, like a hankrupt, who, to ^(^1 |.||j
of a dilHcult demand to-day, obligates himself to pay a greater one to-nunniw
disregards the dictates of his own judgment, it was luider these circum-
stances that a removal was recouunended.
But with this recommendation of removal, Mr. Monroe, although he sprajis;
of force, repudiates in the strongest terms its emi»loynient. And we (•■•1111114
doubt his suggestion was dictated by the purest benevolence, lie snvs, '>Tlie
condition of the aborigines within our limits, and especially those who ,iro
within the limits of any of the states, nusrits peculiar attention. Kxperiem-o
has shown, that uidess the tribes be civilized, they can never be incorjioiiiitd
into our system, in any Ibrm whatever. It has likewise shown, that in tiie
regular augmentation of our population, with the extension of our stitlo.
ments, their situation will become deplorable, if their extinction is imt
menaced. Some Avell-digested plan, which will rescue them lioin siicli
calamities, is due to their rights, to the rights of humanity, and to the hoiKir
of the nation. Their civilization is indispensable to their safety, and tiiis can
be accomplished only by degrees. Difficulties of the most serious cliariutcr
present themselves to the attainment of this very desirable result, on tlie
territory on which they now reside. To remove tfiem from it by force, even
with a view to their own security or happiness, would be revolting.' to
humanity, and utterly unjustifiable."
And touching this matter we have a very clear view of the opinions of Mr.
Monroe, regarding Indian rights, in another message, in which he ex])r('sses
himself as follows : " I have no hesitation, however, to declare it as my
opinion, that the Indian title was not affected in the slightest circunsstaiire
by the compact with Georgia, and that there is no obligation on the Vniled
States to remove the Indians by force. The express stipulation of the conipuci,
that their title should be extinguished at the expense of the United Stiiips,
when it may be done peaceably, and on reasonable conditions, is a fill! pruol'
that it was the clear and distinct understanding of both parties to it, tiiat the
tidians had a right to the territory, in the disi)osal of which they were to be
regarded as free agents. An attempt to remove them by force would, in my
opinion, be unjust. In the future measures to be adopted in regard to the
Indians within our limits, and, in conseqvience, within the limits of any state,
the United States have duties to perform, and a character to sustain, to wliieh
they ought not to be indifferent." Bui what have the admonitions of all goad
men availed? And the more we meet with, the more we are astonished at
the result of things, and the more eeverely do we deprecate and deiioimcf
the advocates of the course ])ursued.
The president evidently had not thotight very seriously about the removal
of the Indians at this tune, and knew little of the history, or actual state nt'
the Cherokees ; they had then become considerably civilized, aiul instead of
decreasing, were increasing. But about two months after, he again makes
the Indian subject the object o'^ a special message, in the outset of wliicli he
holds this language : " Being deeply impressed with the opinion, that the
removal of the Lidian tribes from the lands which they now occupy ^vitllin
the limits of the several states and territories, to the country lying westward
and northward thereof, within our acknowledged boundaries, is of ven iiiiih
importance to our Union, aiul may be accomplished on conditions and in a
manner to promote the interest and hai)})iness of those tribes, the attoiiiinn
of goverimient has been long drawn, with great solicitiule, to the sidiject,'
First a removal is barely thotight abotit, then talked about, then jtroposcd.
[Book IV.
ihrr, 1P24 ; niid here
lie iiiontli, aiul nearly
e sliorcs; iiiid oinhe
10 nunisiuT. Jlc was
le lu! could devise to
itivo was siimniiideil,
with severe eiiriiesi-
m title t«t liiiids within
.vcre erowdiiif: on all
Ills' lands was ;is ^muhI
ikrJipt, who, to fiet rid
rreatcr one to-iiioiniw,
I under these eiiTinu-
36, altlioiijrh he ppenks
nont. And we ciiiiiiut
leiice. He says, '''I'lio
pci'ially those who aro
ittetition. Exjterieiirp
never be ineoqiorinid
is(! shown, that in the
rtension of our settle-
hen* extinction is not
scue them Irom siicii
anity, and to the lidinir
lieir safety, and this can
most seriovis cliaractir
lesirable result, on the
n from it by force, vm\
would be revoltiii}.' to
kV of the opinions of Mr.
\ in which he cx])r('sses
^r, to declare it as my
e slightest circninstume
obligation on the UnM
|)ulation of the coinvail,
^e of the United States,
iiditions, is a full I'loot'
)th parties to it, that the
which they were to be
n by force would, in my
dopted in re^'ard to the
u the limits of any folate,
icter to sustain, to which
■ admonitions of all g:wJ
ore we are astonislicd iit
leprecate and denoiime
lously about the rcniovd
listofv, or actual state tit
r-ivili'/ed, and instcm et
IS after, he ajiain makos
n the outset of which he
ith the opinion, that the
thev now occupy within
. country lying westward
aundaries, iHofvenliisli
on conditions and ni a
iiose tribes, the attention
ilicitude, to the sul.j^'ft.
cd about, then provosed,
CKAP. XV.]
HISTORY OF THR CIIF.ROKEKS.
113
then strongly recommended ; so far there must be no compulsion, because it
would be too baretaced an outrage on the common seiisi; of the pt'ople ;
iK'faiise the Indians iidll remove without lijrce; they can be bought out.
Tiiat! showed that they could not be obliged to sell their couiitiy ; tluMi the
iiroject of extending state laws over them is started, which, though unconsti-
tutional, can be enibrced in s|)ite of the general government, to tin; incal-
culable mischief of the Indians; and besides, could it be ijiposed that the
jTcneral government would resist state laws unto u drop i white blood in
,lf fence of the rights of Indians '^ A prejiosterous ideu! A result which <-ould
not lie allowed to liapuen in these days of light and reason in abundance.
Wiiile the executive of the general government is pondering the matter, not
oiilv Indians, but citizens of the United Htates, among them as instructors,
ami by the direction and under the authority of the president himself, are
siized hy an armed force, dragged to a distant region, and thrown into prison!
Months pass away, and the giveniment is still pondering on what is to be done.
In the mean time Georgia sends out an armed force to protect the Indians,
and we will hear how this force perlbrmed the service, as set forth in a
nieiiiorial to congress from some of the most respectable of the Cherokees,
in 1831.
"In the name and authority of G. R. Gilm[.i, governor of Georgia, a bill
was tiled in cliaiicery, in the superior court of Hall county, in July last, HftiO,)
aBiiiist certain Cherokeiis, jiraying for i n injunction to stop them from digging
iiml searching for gold within the limits of their own nation ; and the bill
lieing sworn to before .fudge Clayton, he awarded mi injunction against the
parties named in the bill as deiendants, commanding them, forthwith, to
desist from working on tho:-e mines, under the penalty of ^0,000 dollars ; at
the same time and place ^he.e were unmolested several thousand intruders
from Georgia and othei states, engaged in robbing the nation of gold, for
wliicli the owners wcjre ordered not to work by the said writ. Und(!r the
authority of this injunction, the sheriff of Hall county, with an armed force,
invaded the nation, consisting of u colonel, a captain, and !}0 or 40 of the
militia of the state of Georgia, who arrested a numi3er of Cherok(!es engaged
in digging for gold, who were at first rescued by the troops of the United
jitatcs, stationed near the jilace, and the sherifl' and his party themselves
inudc prisoners, and conducted fifteen miles to the military camp, when a
cfliiiicii of examination was held, and the e.>liibition of their res|)ective
authorities made, which resulted in the release of the sheriff and his party,
and a written order by the commanding officer of the United States troops,
directing the Cherokees to submit to the authority of '^Jeorgia, and that no
llirther protection could be extended to tliein at the gold mines, as he could
no longer interfere with the laws of Georgia, but would ali'ord aid in carrying
them into execution. On the return of the sheriff and his party, they passed
by the Cherokees who were still engaged in digging for gold, and ordered
llieni to desist, under the penalty of being committed to jail, and |)roce(Mled
to destroy their tools and machinery for cleaning gold, and after committing
some luither aggression, they returiuul. Shortly afterwards, the sli«>riff, witli
ajiiiard of four nuui, and a process fioin the state of Georgia, arrested three
Cherokees for disobeying the injuuctioii, while peaceably engaged in their
laliors, and conducted them to VVadkinsville, a distance of 7.5 miles, bciore
the sime judge, A. S. Clayton, who then and there sentcuiced them to pay a
tine oC SK} dollars, costs, and to stand committed to prison until jiaid ; and
also compelled them to give their bond in the sum of 1,000 dollars, for their
jiei'soiial ap|)earance before his next court, to answer the charges of violating
the writ of injunction aforesaid. They were retained in custody five days,
then paid the costs, and gave the required bond. They ap[)eared agreeably
to the bonds, and Judge Clayton dismissed them, on the ground that the
eovenior of Georgia could not become a prosecutor in tin; case. For tli(;se
unwarrantuble outrages, coimnitted on their persons and property, no ajiology
wasolfered, nor to this day has luiy of their money been refimded."
It' there are any blacker cases of outrage any wliere committed in a
Christian country, we are not informed of tbein. Such would not be sub-
mitted to ill Turkey or Chiua. The manner in which aflftiirs were managed
10*
III i-M'^SHi^5^!if
M'
i
:n.'
■i'l*';;' '■Mi,,-'- '7i(
■ ^ J*\it ^ ! I
. ■ ' 't^f::H.lti!i^ V.., H,i
,, ., .; ,.
"'■V ''i"'
:;-'«
^■0:0
v''''ll
0i
:"■! 'ii-'V: ifFi
-l^^'i;;
■illr
-m
114
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEES.
[Book IV.
in Greorgia, under color of luw,
luw, is n disgrace to the least civilized comnmiijtv
€ren. Macoinb marched the troops of '' e United Stales into the (.'lu-iokep
country, he said, to guard against th« iculties which it was appiclK..,,!,.,!
would grow out of the conflicting operations of the Cherokoes hikI (/,(,
lawless intruders upon the mineral district, and hnving fulfilled (he inslni' lions
of the government, the troops were directed to return lor the winter to tliejr
respective quarters."
About the same time Gov. Gilniar wrote to the secretary of war, rcqiicstinfr
the withdrawal of the troojis, observing that (ieorgia could enforce licr own
laws. When this notice was received at Washington, the secretary wrote to
Gihnar that he had "just ordered their withdrawal, because the object tor
which they had been sent was, in a great measure, accomplished ! " ^(,,y j,-
the Cherokee country belonged to Georgia, it is difficult to see what hiisinp^s
the general government had to send its troops into her territory, to icinove
gold diggers or any other kind of diggers, whether digging lawfully in tl,,.,,.
"own diggings," or unlawfully in those of another. It was a new doctiiiii'
but of a tenor with all the rest, that the United States must enforce tiii! Iims
of Georgia. That is to say, she must enforce them ibr Georgia, if Gcorirja
desired it, or if not, there would be no iuterlereuce on tlie part of the general
government
9i0fie
CHAPTER XVI.
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEES, CONCLUDED.
"Come, Lethn, come! thy tide olilivioun roll
O'er all that proud com|ilaeoncy of soul, .
That generous urdor, that enlivening flame,
Thiit wrrmid my hosom, when I heard the name
Oi' my once honored country ; — let thy wave,
Diirk as Avernus, gloomy us the grave,
Drown every vestige of that country's fame,
And shade the light that bursts upon her shame ! " — Pierpont.
To mark the progress of oppression, we here note as follows from the
Cherokee Phoenix, under date, " JVeto Echota, 19 February, 1831. This week
we present to our readers but half a sheet. The reason is, one of our printers
has left us ; and we expect another, who is a white man, to quit us veri fionn,
either to be dragged to the Georgia penitentiary for a term not less tliun tour
years, or for his personal safety to leave the nation, to let us shift tor our-
selves as well as we can. Thus is the liberty of the press guarantied In the
constitution of Greorgia. But we will not give tip the ship while she is nrtnat,
We have intelligent youths enough in the nation, and we hope before long to
make up our loss. Let our patrons bear in mind that Ave are in the woods,
and, as is said by many, in a savage country, where printers are uotplcntv;
and therefore they must not expect to receive the Phauiix regular for a wliiii-,
but we will do the best we can."
One month after, namely, March 19, the Phoenix says, "The law of Geor-
gia, making it a high misdemeanor for a white man to reside in the Clierokee
nation, without taking the oath of allegiance, and obtaining a permit li-omthe
governor of Georgia, or his agent, is now in a course of execution. On last
Sabbath, after the usual time of divine service, the Georgia guard arrived, and
arrested three of our citizens, viz., Rev. Samuel A. Worcester, Mi. J. F,
Wheeler, one of our printere, and Mr. Thomas Gann, the two last being citi-
zens, with Cherokee fiimilies. Mr. Isaac Proctor, assistant missionary at Car-
mel, had the evening before been taken, and came with the guard as a jiris-
oner. On Monday they were marched to Etahwah, where, the same evenins,
were taken the Rev. John Thompson, and Mr. William Thompson." Upon
this outrage the editor of the Phcenix meekly remarks, that his object was
Bimply to give facts, and not indulge in any remarks upon their origin. Wil-
liam Thompson was thrown into jail, but afterwards discharged, it being
[Book IV.
[•ivilizcd comniiinitv.
8 into till! (JIuTokt'p
it wuH apprclicMdcd
Cli«;r()kfH;s mid the
ulfiUed the instrw lions
r tlie winter to tlicir
iry of war, reqiH'sting
)ul(l entbrco \w\- own
lie secretiiry wrote to
ccuiise the object tor
niplishetl!" Now, if
t to see what hiisincss
iv territory, to remove
;ging lawfully in their
t was a new doctrine,
must enforce the laws
or Georgia, if Georgia
the part of tlie general
CHAP. XVI.]
HISTORY OF TIIC (MIF-ROKEKS.
115
UDED.
name
liame ! "— Piebpont.
►te as follows from the
■nary, IKil. This weeii
in is, oneof our printers
lan, to quit us verj- snnn,
term not less tliiiii tour
to let ns shift lor our-
press gtiarantied by the
ship while she is iiHmit,
we hope before long to
Imt we are in the woods,
printers are not ])lenty:
snix regtilar for a wliiit,
lays, "The law of (icnr-
) reside in the Cherokee
lining a permit from the
J of execution. On last
torgia guard arrived, and
V. Worcester, Mi. I F.
J, the two last being citi-
fistant missionary at Car-
nth the guard as a \mi-
./here, the suine eveniiis,
iiam Tliompson." ll>on
[rks, that his object \vas
liipon their origin. \N"-
rds discharged, it being
m
ascertained that he did not live in the nation. The missionaries and two
others were taken before Jiidg(! Clayton, on a writ of habeas corpus, and lil)-
erated by liiin on the ground that tliey were agents of the goveriiinciit ; they,
however, made no such plea. It was aiitly .siid by tin; Cherokt-es, that if the
missionaries were agents of the govcninienl, the iMd>lic miglit rest a.ssured
lliat (ieii. Jackson woidd reform them out.
They were true prophets; for it seems that Mr. Worcester, l)eing postmas-
ter at New Echota, was an ag(mt of government, and was discharged to make
mom for a more certain process again.^it him. The next thing to be (h)iie was
to drive him from the post oflice, which Mr. Barry did without delay, and put
niiother in his place, who, besides performing his duty of postmaster, per-
lliriiiiMl another, of more jirotit to himselt; probably, of stilling licpiors to the
Indians, in violation of the laws of the United States, as well as those of the
Ch(>rokees.
W'e will produce another short narrative, exhibiting the progress of crime
d oppression against the Cherokee nation, b(!f()re passing to other details.
11 is contained in a letter from John Jtidge to Elius Houdinot, and is in these
words: "The Georgia guard, under Col. Nelson, are now here [at Ougillogy]
uiili ioiir i)risoners, Mr. Elliott and Mr. Dennis, white men, cuizens of this
nation by marriage, and the Rev. Mr. Trott, also a white man, who are
fharged with a violation of the Georgia laws, in living in this nation by its
allowance and laws. The other is Mr. John West, a young gentleman, a
Cherokee, who is charged with the high crime of using insolent language to
the guard. These four I saw last niglit imder guard, chained togellier in pairs,
and fastened together with locks. Mr. David Vann, a member of the Chero-
kee fcnate, and Thomas Woodward, are also arrested, hut not chained, who
;,re not allowed to know the reason of their arrest until they arrive at head
(liiarters, 70 or 80 miles from their homes. The guard are still in })ursuit of
other men. They have a wagon along, in which they have a ilrum, on which
they beat, and a fife, to make martial music."
the above was under date of June 1. On the 21 May, some of the prin-
cipal Cherokee citizens assendded at New Echotfi, and issued an ai)peal to
the people of the Uiuted States, which, though claiming nothing but justice,
and asking for protection, time i)assed away, and none were found to step
forward to relieve them. We have a heavy debt to [)ay, at soine time and in
some manner, which will, it is feared, be more difticuit to discharge, than it
would have been to have supported the Cherokees against an insignificant
rahhle of self-constituted, inflated contemners of law and justice.
In 18"2o, Georgia sent on commissioners to make a topographical survey
tliroii;;h the Cherokee nation. C R. Hicks was then ])rinci|)al chiefj who
forhids the proceeding in a friendly letter to Mr. W. Lumpkin, tmder whom
the survey was to be prosecuted. No attention being paid to this notice, Mr.
Hicks sent his son with two other Indians to remonstrate with the surveyor
in more pointed terms. He was told, that unless he desisted, his instnmients
>lioiiUl be taken from him. Not thinking it proper to incur further displeas-
ure, he accordingly desisted for that time. It was against the express will of
the Cherokee comicil that any sui'vey should be underUiken without an order
from the secretary of war, hccatise no state has any authority to go upon the
lands of the Indians for any such purpose ; and even the United States never
take such liberty without a grant from them.
Affairs progressed, without much of interest until the next year. Mean-
while Georgia had been informed that she was transcending her powers, and
that she would not be tolerated by the United States in her encroachments
upon the Indians. Whereupon, Gov. Troup, not finding any object wlujreon
to use his sword, if he had had one, seized that " mighty instrument of little
men," his pen ; and had we not known that steam is harmless when there is
nothing to confine it, we should have apprehended " an awful explosion."
Take, as a specimen, what he says to the Hon. James Barbour, secretary at
war: "Sir, you are sufficiently explicit as to the means by whicli you propose
to carry your resolution into effect. Thus the military character of the
menace is established, and I am only at liberty to give to it the defiance
which it merits. From the fii'st decisive act of hostility, you will be cousid-
'A>*^'
]1G
HISTORY OF THE CHEIIOKEES.
[Rook IV.
ercd and treatocl ns a |(iil)Iic «'iioiiiy ; and witli tlif less ropnpnancc, hicaiiHe
you, to vvlioiii \vc might roiiHtitulionally liavc uppcnlcd for (jur own (Iclcnre
ajrainst iiiviision, arc yoiirrtclvcH invaders; and wliat iw mtnv, the unbl unking
allies of the fiiiViiftcs, w liosi; caiisf you liavc ado|)t(Ml,"
Vapor is soon dissolved in air, and words from a soutiicrn (iirnncc iiiiHiuiit
to no nion; in tliis wise tiiaii (■(•lio«!s from an icelx-rfr. Jn Jri^H, a |iii,<r ,.,,.
port was made by a committee' of tin- lionse of representatives of (J, onri,,
8econ<lcd by sinidry n'sohitions of u character with Ibrnier i)roci'ediiij.s. \[
was resolved, that inasmuch as tlie Unitc^d States had liiiled to |)ro(ini. d^
Cherok<'e lands "as early," and upon as "reasonable terms," as it niinht 1,,,^^
done, tiiey had thereby '■'■ palpabbf violated tlwir contract mlh (Icorfrin, h\h\ .|r,,
now bound, at all hazards, and without regard to terms, to procure said liinds
for tlie use of (Jeorfjia; that all said lands belon<r to her absolutely, nnd iluit
the Indians are tenants at her will." This, the connnittee said, was their /(,^(
appeal.
The administration of Mr. Adams being at an en«l, Georjfia had no Innsrrr
any thing to lear, but practised its alHises with singtdar im|)nnity. j'niiics
from that state would jro over the Cherokee line, steal and drive otl' i||,.j|.
stock; and the Indians had not the leaijt remedy left. Some despairinL'lv
ejiid, "Jf tliey could get no redress, tiiey could feel deeply t/w injmtirt duiie
them."
Had the upright and consmninate statesman, John Quincy Adams. 1)(.,>i)
continued in the presidential chair, the late of the Cherokc-es would Imve
been different; at least, so long as his sage counsel liad been f()l lowed, tliev
would have been secure in tlieir rights. In his message to congress on the
5 Februarj-, 18:27, he said, " It is my duty to say, that if the legislative and
exectitive authorities of the state of Georgia should persevere in i.rts of en-
croaclnnent upon tlie territory, secin*ed by a solenm treaty to the Indians, iind
tlie laws of the Union remain unaltered, a superadded obligation, even liijrlicr
than that of human authority, will compel tlie executive of the United States
to enforce the laws, and fidtil the duties of the nation, by all the Ibrce coin-
mitted for that piir])08e to his charge." It was to such decisive langiiai; .litld
by the iiead of the government, that tlie Cherokees owed what little (|iiiet
they bad, until 182i>, when a new interpretation given to our laws changed
order into anarchy.
On the 15 September, 1831, eleven persoiis were brought to trial at Law
renceville, lor the crime of living in tl»e Cherokee nation, without takinji hd
oath to obey the laws of Georgitu They were all l)rought in guilty by a jiiiy,
alter bcnng out litteen minutes. Nine of the convicts were pardoned, on driv-
ing assurances that they would not offend again. The two niissioniuieii,
Worcester anil Butler, having, as they averred, coiMniitted no crime, would
accept no pardon, and were accordingly taken to the penitentiary. 'I'lie gov-
ernor (Gilmar) of Georgia, dreading the expression of public opinion, was in
hoj)es to have got rid of the nussionaries at a cheaper rate than was now
promised, writes to the inspectors of the prison, requesting that tliey would
"converse with each convict alone, and ascertain from them whetlur tiiov
are disposed to promise not again to offend the laws, if they shoidd be par-
doned. But tins overture amounte<l to nothing, for they were determined
hi their coui-se, and went accordingly to "hard labor" among lolons! Prison
clothes were put on them, bearing about their waists the initials of tiieir
names in large red letters.
In November following, Georgia was cited to appear before the supreme
court of the United States, to show cause why the judgment of one of her courts
should not be set aside in the case of Messrs. Bu* Jer and Worcester. (Jeor-
gia, through her executive, raised the cry of state rights, and said that any at-
tempt of the United States to interlere with her criminal jurisdiction, umli
challenge the most determined resistance, and, if persisted in, would incvitaUij
annihilate the Union. When the case came on, there was no appearance on
the part of Georgia ; thus showing its contempt for that tribunal. And wiieu
it was decided that that state had no right to imi)risoii any jiersons on tiie
ground assumed, and a mandamus was served on the court which lia<l tried
the missionaries, for a habeas corpus, it was refused, and the niaiidaiiius
fl
[Rook IV.
(ipimiu'c, lii'i'aiiHe
our own (IclfiM'o
iiv, the itnlilunliing
II liirnacc iiiiiniint
I Iri'^H, II loiij; rc-
liilivfs of (i((iri;in,
r proct't'(rnij.s. U
led to procure ilie
," as it mi^lit \mv
h (ico/X'") ""•' lire
procuri' said hiiuls
iltsolutcly, and that
said, was tlieir kit
irjria liud no l(iiii.'('r
iiii|)iiiiity. Parties
and drive otV tlicir
Some dt'>'lmil•ill^ly
bj the injustice dom
.uiNCY Abams. been
M'okees vonld liave
been IbiUnvi'd, tliey
e to congress on tlic
■ the legisiativt' unil
severe in t.cts of eii-
y to tlie Indians, iiiul
)ligation, even liijilicr
of the United States
jy all the ibrce cnui-
I'cisive languai; .liekl
ved wliat httle (luiet
to our laws changed
light to trial at Law
in, without taking an
.It in guilty by a jiiiy,
•re pardoned, on giv-
ue two niissioniu'ies,
ted no criiiie, would
liteiitiary. Tlif gov-
[iililic opinion, was in
r rate than was now
[ting that they would
ti thciu whetlier they
they should bi' piir-
|hey were deterniiiied
luong lelons! Prison
the hiitials of tlieir
Ir before the supreme
Vt of one of her courts
[id Worcest(!r. Ceor-
and sai<l that any at-
[ml jurisdiction, icoij"
in, would fnci'i'-'
tas no appearance on
tribunal. And when
In any persons on the
court which had tried
and the niandwiius
Thap
XVI.]
HISTORY OF THE CIIEROKEES.
117
disffgarded. Thus stood aiatters in March, iSi'i, and nothing was expected
,11 he done in fiivor of the |»ri.soners for a year to como, owing to the delays
conscciucnt ujion law proceedings. And iiere we will remark, tiiat Inw.s are
ixcelleiit when they suit the vii-ws of avaricious mm, but wlien tliey thwart
their iw.'^e propensities, they are exceedingly op|»ressive. In the tiiiii! of Mr.
Jetlcrson's administration, I'eimsylvimia attempted to resist a mandate of the
siimeine court, but in due time wisely yielded to lier duty; and be it remiMii-
l^rcd, tiiat (ieorgia was iimong the Ibremost to deciure that Pennsylvania
,|i„iild bf coerced into submission.
Ill Scptemiier, IrtW, a detiiciimeiit of United Htates troops again scoured
ihe gold mine country. At the iipjier mines they arrested upwards of one
hundred persons, whites and CiierokiM-s. The latter, idler being kept under
(TiiHrd one lugiit, were dismissed with the peremptory injunction, 7iol lo dif^
snijmore. Hence it follows, that if the Cheroki^es had potatoes in the groiim',
ihi'V iiud no right to dig them un, neither had they any rigid to plant them.
ill short, Georgia having carried iier injustici! as far ad she could, the United
;«tates stc|)S in and lends her a hand in extending it!
About the time of this wii7»7ar)/ expedition, tiie principal men of Agnohee
district met in council, and, in an utlectionate aiul feeling manner, tlianked
ail those citizens of the United f»tates who had in any way come forward and
raised their voices against their oppressors. Tiiey, at the same time, issued
an address to us, which would do honor to the head or heart of any philaii-
ihrophst that ever flourished upon the proudest |. ^,'6 of history. And we
doubt if there exists that nation under the sun, even in tiiis enlightened age,
which would have suffered as the Ciierokees have done, without taking
revenge on their inhuman oppressors. To what then are we to attribute
ilieir noble and philosophic I'o; bearance : to their civilization or degradation?
As matters now stood, it seemed that serious difticulty must ensue between
the I'nited States and Georgia, if swaggering and bigh-soiinding words had
anv meaning, when proceeding from governors, ex-governors, and others,
hiiii ill ofhce in that state. IJiit wliile tiie decision of the supreme court was
sleeping, Geergiu was sweeping onward in full triiimjih ; she parcelled out
the Cherokee country, and drove the honest owners out of doors, put her
own citizens in their places from one corner to the other of their country ;
every whit 3 man who had moral courage enough to question these nefarioua
liroceediii'.'s, was obliged, at the same time, to exercise discretion enough to
keep hirrs'iif at a safe distance from penitentiary jurisdiction.
Henc, in about a year from the time the missionaries were thrown into
prison, jfeorgia had got full and undisturbed possession of all the country in
questioi , and had nothing to fear from missionary or any other influence. It
was the refbre concluded that a sort of a drawn game might be played with
the su| iTine court; thinking, probably, that it was not worth wliile to try
their s.ieiigtii witii it at this time, lor if they should, it might estulilish a jire-
cedeir; which would prevent a jiiofifable use of tlie same farce hereafter,
when it might be convenient for them to usurp other powers.
It seemed now understood, that if Georgia would liberate the missionaries,
they would not urge their suit any further against her; and accordingly. Gov.
Lumpkin, in a very f^racious manner, proclaimed, on the 14th of January,
I?fi, that "whereas the prisoners had signified to him that they had in-
slructed their counsel to prosecute their suit no liirther, and should therefore
'/fdi'e the question of their continuance in confinement to the 7Hrt/fn«rt(nnV_i/ rf the
sMe;' and taking into view the triumphant s^round which the state finally
occupies in relatinn to this subject in the eyes of the nation, as has hern
sulficientiy attested through various channels, especially in the recent over-
whebning reflection of President Jackson, the known defender of the rights
of the state throughout this controversy; and above all, tiie magnanimity of
Georgia being app'aled to, know ye, that I have thought proper to remit the
further execution of their sentence, and that they be tbrthwith discharged."
Thus nearly a year had |)assed since the supr. rii;' court had decided that the
a"''? of Georgia were a violation of the laws of the land.*
* The decision was made by Judge Marshall on the 3d March, 1832.
4«r
,i IT
4m
I 1 V ?!'
>)
.1
J
t -■♦ .'**
4 1' ''fit
■ w
ly tl
. '4
^r
118
HISTORY or THE CMKROKEES.
[Hook IV.
i
l
No r(>no(*ti()iin will I'vor 1m) r«!<|uin'cl upon tW\* nflhir from tin- liiNtorinii ns
tlu-y will iialiirHlly Hiijim-sl tliciiisclvcs to llu- iniiiil of rvciy ri-adn-, wlm \„i^
only to fonsidfr, that aigiiinent had very litth! to do when' Andnjw JnckKon
was coiii'itrncd.
In tiio nii-niorial which the chirfrt of tin- ('hcrokcc r.niDi. .••'hiiiiit,.,| ,„
« on<,'i('s.s on the Md of .March, IH'2!», arc n-n arks and rt!i'<oninf;N so pciiin,.,,^
ai.d cogent, that it is surjirisinj,' to ns how it could haV) Itrt-n disrciranlnj h'y
honorahic men. Amon^ other lhinf.'s noticed, they r' mark that, " It is wjij,
no little snr|irise that we, have seen, in a docnment printed Dir tlit> nsf of
con^n-ess, connected with tin; snhjeet of Indian emifrratioii, the IlilJoMin,,
Henliments: ' ti-on» the ascertained ii'ciinjrs of the eliiel's of the .soiiiIhim
Indians, there is a fixed purpose, hy threats or otherwise, to keep their pinnl,.
from emi^ratinij' And, 'there is no donlit hut these people li-ar tin ir cliii is
nnd on that account keep hack.'" 'I'liese in.-iiiuations, the memoriiilisi.s s,|\
if meant for them, are the production of culpahle i^niorance or wiiliil M^l'.
hood. The idea that their pc^ople are overawed and in li-ar of ijicir flij, |j,_
IH as ridiculous as it would he to snppost; the people of the llni'rd btnj ^ m,!
afraid of their representatives. " 'I'he ^reat Washington," they coiilinn..
"advised a plan and atlbrded aid Jitr the fjeneral improvement of our nmioi)'
President Jellljr.^on followed the nohle example, and in concluding' an Hiidnss
to a dehsfration, he said, ' I sincerely wish you iruiy siu-ceed in your itiiuiiilili;
endeavors to save the r«-mnant of yom* nation, hy adoptiuj? industrious dicn.
pations and n f(overnment of rcfrulnr law. In this you inai/ alinn/s rrlji on Ike
counsel and (mistitnce of Hie Unitvd SfnlvsV^ lint ot' what avail have hccn i|ic
determination of Washington and the earnest desire of Jelli-rson?
'I'he "Hook of the Trouhles and Miseries of the emijfratinjr Iiulmiis," Iws
not Ihhmi pultlished. Hundreds have heeii swept oH" hy sickness on iluir
rugged roail; ohl and inlirtn persons have ttdlen und(>r the liitigues and iinni-
ships of their journey ; iiimdreds have been lanied beneath the waves ol' ilit>
Mississippi in one awful catastropiie ; ■ wives lo(\ husbands on the way. ncMr
iiion? to join them: motliers are hurried from the graves of their chililiin,
Mrs. Koss, wife of the great chief of that na^!!i', languished and died hcllue
reaching the imknowii Jaiid to whicli alio was bound; but I camiot {,'0 into
th(^se particulars.
On the ISHIi of Jidy, 18.'{2, n fiist was observed in the Cherokee nation.
President Ross, in his proclamation recommeniling it, observes, that " wlicrcus
the crisis in the atUiirs of the nation ex!ul<its the day of trihidatien mid
sorrow, and the time appears to be fiist jiastening wlien the distiny of iliis
people must be sealed ; wlietlujr it iuis been directed by the wonted depniviiy
and wickedness of man, or by the imsearehable and mysterious will ot'im
nil-wise being, it equally becomes us, as a rational and Christian coniniuiiity,
Innnbly to bow in humiliation," &e. This is i)roduced as an ever-staniliiig
memorial lor all sticii as may desire to contrast the actions of tlic Imliiuis
with those of Georgia; that they may be able to judge which best desiivud
the name of a Christian c.onununity.
Thus, in the year l^f2, the Cherokees gave up all hope of receiving: jnstire
at the hands of our government, and we see in the Phu'uix of June, amoiig
others, these observations: "The gigantic silver pipe which (Jeorgc AV«.'>li-
iiigton placed in the hands of the Cherokees, as a memorial of his wann ami
abiding friendship, has ceased to reciprocate; it lies in a corner of tlic ix-
ecutive chamber, cold, like its author, to rise no more." Aiul in tin; (jiinie
paragraph they refer to the value of the gold rniiujs, as t()llows:
" The value of the Cherokee tuition can hardly be stn down in figures. It
is worth more than one hundred nfillions of dollars. Let us estimate. From
Frogtown, near the source of the Chestatee, commences the gold region, and
is termed the limit of Georgia. From this point almost otie hundred miles
on a straight line south, or towards the western corner of Carroll county, is
* On llie 31st of October, 1837, as the sloamhoat Monnioiilli, with (iOO eniig;raniig lii'liaii!,
was ascending the Mi.ssis.sippi, il was run into by anotlier vessel, an<l 311 of tliose iiiiscrnhle
creatures drowned! That such a nunil)er should have been crowded into one boat is incred-
ible, and we lire informed that the boat was an old, condemned vessel. It was probably hired
cheap by llie cootractors for removing Indianji !
[nooK IV.
iVoin tin- h'lHtdr'mii, ns
vtM-y reader, wlm Ims
lere Andrew Jmkcon
r.iiioi. ;''li»Miitf(| t(i
ixoniiiHH so iieiiliifi,,
• Itreii disreuiiiili'd liy
mark tliat, " It Is wiiii
nillted lor tlie li>e ot'
^ration, the I'ollowiiii;
liiels (d" tlie isoiiilicin
e, to kee)! tlieir |m'(i|i1('
leople tear tin ir cliifrs,
, tlie nieiKor'ialisis sii\,
oraiieo or wiltnl IhIm:-
in tear of tlieir eliii I'fi,
il' tlie llni".>i I'lu'.i i' iii«
tijjton," tliey coiHiiiih',
ovemeiit of our iiiiiion.
II coneliidiiijiaii ad(!ri>s
iceeed in y<>wr liuulnlili;
iptiiij? industrious w\'\\-
11 maij (j/icin/s rclji on the.
vliat avail have heeii tlie
of JeiVerson?
.mi>,M-Mtin>r Intl'uuis," lias
lil" by siekness on llit-ir
er the liitif^iies and liiinl-
uMiealh the waves of tlie
wbamlsoii the way.iii\tr
praves of their cliililn ii.
nguishcd and died litliue
id ; but 1 cuiinot go into
in the Cherokee nation.
t, observes, that " wliercas
I! day of tribidatien mid
fwbeii the destiny of tliis
\ l»y the v\'onte*l de|)rii\ily
jnd niystenoiis will of an
|ind (Jin-islian eoinniunity.
inced as an ever-stmuling
i,e uetions of tlu- In.liu.is
Idgo vvliifh best deserved
liope of receiviiifi justice
Phu'nix of June, ainonc;
Jipe which Ceoriie Wusli-
l,e,iit»rial of Ids warm and
les ill a corner ol the <'X-
liiorc." And in the same
I, lis follows :
le sei down in figures. It ,
Let us estimate. Vnm\
Lees the gold region, and
klinost one hvnulred miles
[rner of Carroll county, is
111 wilhlioO eniipraling lii'Ha"^.
Li and M I of l\i»sc niisewWe
Irow.ied iiilo one boatis inmHl.
L vessel, liwss probably hired
CHAf. XVI.]
III.STORY OF THF. CIinROKKKS.
119
one rontiniied bed of jfold. The wirlth of this refrion i;4 r>nt yet knuwn, but
gt the soiitliern |)ai't it is soiii('thin<r like thirty miles broad. iMillion.s of
ildllars' rt'oiih of ffidd have been taken here by tlioiisimds of i-itnulers."
|,('l the ojtpi'essors of the < 'lierok«'es look well to their iiinlivrM of netion.
\p' they igiioriint of the nets of the Spimiiinls in the soiitji!'' or iiri' they
iii'tin
,.\eiise
>|i'\irii
U upon thi^ Kline principles? If the respective cases be .nnilyyed, thi
|r)r (Jeor>ria is not half as jrood as tor tin; wholesale iniirderers of thi
IIS and I'eriiviaiiH; for there caniiot he so stroii;; ii motive to action as
vheii the a),'ent is actiiif,' under the firm I'cMiviction that he is execiiiinj; the
will (if (•oil. It was a dark and siiperstilions iif^e whi'ii South America wiis
,l,.v(il:ited. The Inilians of that country were in the very depths of a bloody
•iHtitinn ; inhumanly sacrificing.' tlunisands a year of their innocent coiiniry-
II ill their religions perliirmances, imd with a cruelty that ciiniiot he ima-
lor it reipiired at;es to tiiid out the various relined moiles in which to
tise their diaboliiMil executions. They even shockrd the Spaniards, who,
lilt all end to them, thoiijrht themselves jiistitied in destroyiii),' those who
ti«<ed them, (iold was, at first, a secondiirv consideration. Wliiif li;is
Sll|
Mil'
ciliei
|irai'
|irai
(i iia'ia to jilead at the bar of liitnre history but '-gold r" With impriiieipled
111,11 what will its coiTii|>fiiiir influence not do? What has it done to Spain ?
I'lic poor Cherokees have said, "(Jeoriria, beware of the jiils thine avarice
|i;is Miade;" echo has .•i-verberatrd it li'om every hill, and children yet iiuhorn
will hear it from their cradles to tlieir irraves. To nil whom these tiicts sliiili
iiHiii', a voice will speak which cannot be misunderstood. No traveller shall
iliiciil the li'rtile valleys of the iincient Clieridve s vvithoiit ti'elinj,' deep
iiiiiitiiins of .sorrow in his breast, that he had not lived at a time when he
III have rendered that oppressed pcrple assistance. As a people, we have
iir duty to those Indians. Wliv did we not rise to a man, and
full
iinl ildlie o
ciui.-i' .1
iistici! to be done them? Where is the honest man who is not
lovv
<nm tiiat he had not done it? And does he nut say he icoiiW do it, were a
like Vase to ari.se iiirain ?
To the "('herokee I'ho'iiix," the first newspaper ever published by Indians,
we have heeii considerably indebted for many valuable it ins of intelligcnco
ill this |mrt of our work ; and we ;ij.'aiii notice it for tic last time, in all prob-
iiliiliiy; liirasmiich as (ieoriria has laiil her lawless hand upon it, vvi- can
i'\|ieet no other. In October, \f*'.i~i, the (ieoi-L'ia ^'iiard look possi ssion of
iliiit newspaper estalilislimeiit, and its finllier issue suipped, unh.'ss it \voi:!d
li|MIO
III the course of (iJeorpa afrainst the Indians
At this time Mr. John Ross lived in Teiiiiessee, and was recoirni/ed as a
oil/en of that state. Hut fiir .some ciui.se or other, that " j,'iiard," of infamous
iiie
resilient'
iiKiry, then tinder tiie comiiiiind of one Capt. hisliop. pioceedi-d to the
e of Mr. Ross on the 7tli of November, made prisoiiiM" of" him, seized
ii|iiin all his ))apers iiikI records of the nation, and innndie>l him into (ie()r<iia.
)lr, .loliii II. Paine, of New York, happeninir to be then at the resilience of
.Ml. Ross, was treated in like manner. He had bi-en enuajjed in the laudable
pursuit of material tor an historical work on the Indians, and had many
papers eoiitainiiig memoranda for i lat 'dijei^t, of irreat value to himseltl hut
ol none whatever to others;
tl
lese wiMN' a
so seized. Tliesci iiidividiial-i
linw ver, were not lon<r detained, but they got no redrifss for the injury and
insult, that has ever come to my knowledsie. Where the " inagiianimity " of
(lenrKJii was now, which was so piomineiit in the case of the missionaries,
ive leave to the determination of others.
What, then, are the first fr its of (his exjiatriation of the Cherokees?
Denilly fends among them, execiiti ns ami murders. These liiivi? but brgim,
and how or where ihey will end, are events hidden in the fiiliire. It is well
Iviinwii that the principal men who sold their country, Major Ridfrv, his son,
l<h\ Rid<re, Klias Mondinot,* and others, have been executed in pursuance
of the laws of the Cherokees, f'>r their wickedness in violating the most vital
ol their rights and their ecu. .stitiition. Who couhl have expected any thing
dilHreiit from those Indians? They bad lieen induced to form a code of
* He, il is believed, is the same who was cdnralcd at the Missionary sriiool at Coniwali, in
Coiiaeciicut, and who, about 1823, married a white lady, Harriet R. Gold, of that village.
•Il
'-ill®
■ , . I; . ■ . i . n' ft
il
,.-i;l
■r,.l:"6|
I
130 HISTORY OF TMF, rHKROKf.RJ^. [no^^ ,y
laWH rimny y<'nrH nj^o hy VViiHliiiiKton niwl .Irn't'ruoti, nriil to live nml).
<)|)t>i'iili()ii ol tliut<(t liiwH until, in lH.'i(), tlioy \v«>n; toicrd to aluindon lii,
till" iiitrrl'cn'iict) (if (icorj/iii.
til l,y
It linil Immmi an old Htandinjr law anion^ tl'«' <'I"''*"I<«'*'n. "h well hh „„|,„|,
tin- ( 'neks, "tliat if any pirnonH or |MTM>n should m-ll any lands hv tii 'iiv'
williont thr aullioiity of tlic nation, they nlionld im punislied with (Iciiir"
In IK{!», this law was liroiiu'lit up in their icjrislatin-c, and conlirnicd ns tli,.
law lit' the land. John Uid^'c hiinscHhron^rht it tiirwiud, and I'.liiis ItiMiiJin,,.
I'diior of the (Microkcii l'h<nii\, j»nhiishcd it. It was a law hcloic jriii,,
well' known lunonj; tin; Clu'rokrcs, luid was first |irinti'd, w«( hi licvc, la Ihi'i
llavinj,' stM'ii tin; ("In-roki't's driven heyond tho Mississippi, if \vc wuui i
pursue their history w«' must li)llow them into that region ; hut a,' hot w
fan know hut iittlt^ ahont their idliiirs now, tho intereourso heiwec;! tlii>iii
and intelli;;ent white men liaviiii.', from their remote situation, heconie hmiv.
(pieiit. TowiirdH the close of tin; year IKW the husiness ol' eniiirratidn ^.u
eonipletcd, and this was no sooner ettieted hut the white inhahitanls Imni r
in;,' on Arkansas lH'j,'aii to express j^reat alarm, lielievin;.' tin? hidiaiis win.
making' preparations to spread destrui-tion amon^^ them. Ihit their linrs
were witiiout any foimilation; the Clierokees ha\in4r litimd enoufrli tit dn li,,.
s(!veral months to prepare shelters fur themselves and families. Vet niiiii|,<i
their hiisy preparations of this sort, to paeily tln^ir white neijjhhors, tlnv ((pii.
vened the nation in a irreat eoiuieil, in whieh it was solemnly profeistcil il,;,,
all reports whieh had i)een eireuiated of their hostile intentions towurdji ili,.
uhites were without foimdation, and utterly false.
The next matter of moment took |)lae(! in June of last year, 1K}!». 'I'liis
was no less than the nnirder of tiio |)rineipal men of tho Hidfje, or tmm
party. Of the parties into whieh the Clierokees were divideil an nri'dimi
lias heen f^iven. it appears that from the time tli(f Uidf;es, father ami hhi,
and thrir (ollowers exeeiited the tn . *y of New Keliota witli Selieriiii'ilKiin'
their lives wire titrfeited in the iimikIs of a eertain part ot" the nation, ami
lliey only waited a fiivorahle tinu' to put their resolution in exeeiitioii. It i<
not our intention to Jiistily tlio executions of which we are now to frivc ;i
narration, liir he it remcmlienMJ, that we protest against takiin; liiiiniin Ijil'
under any circumstances whatever, and firmly lielieve that a coiiiiiiiinit\ i.
vastly more injured than heiiefitcd hy lh<i practice of that law of it tiilintiiii;
murder with murder.
It is matter of historical record, that the Uidgcs IJoiidinot, Hell, Roirers.
and others, who signed the treaty of Decemher, IHJW, very suddenly cliiiiiirid
their minds in respect to xhv policy of n^niovai. They were as forwnid ns
Mr. Ross, or any of that Jiarty, in protesting against the acts of (ieorfjia, iiml
j;s much opposed to making any treaty of sale of their country, up to tlic
time of a certain mission of Schermerhorn, as any of the nation. Tlicrclmv
it is not strange that the Ross |)arty were surprised at their suddenly ("omin:'
out and advocating an ojiposite course. They were immediately acciisd m
brihery and corruption, ami whether true or not, the jiarty that leniaiiin!
firm, lielieved them guilty; and the most we can say concerning tlicircmi
ducr is, there were strong grounds of suspicion against them.
Our information of the massacre of Ridge and others is very iiKJimt.
though circumstantial, and is as follows : VVIien it became known to Ros*
that the lives of certain chiefs were to be taken, he used all the means at his
command to jirevent it. But a pirty collected, and on Saturday, the '.J'ido'
•Time, the executioners, to the number of about forty, went to the house d
John Ridge early in the morning, before he was up, and took him lioin lii>
bed, and murdered liim in a manner too savage to relate; treating his iit'el ss
body with all the indignity of ancient barbarians. They next proccrdnl in
pursuit of IVlajor Ridge, his father, who had the day before set out to visit
some friends in Van Biiren, Arkansas. He was overtaken near the fool ni
Boston Mountain, about •'?.'> miles from his place of destination, and there shot
from his horse, and died without hardly knowing why he had heen tliiis
savaij'ely dealt with. Thus fell Major Ridge in the sixty-fifth year of his age.
and his son at the age of thirty-seven. Of the circumstances of the death
of Boudinot, Col. Bell, and two or three others, we are not informed.
s.
[Rom IV
Wir. XVII.l
SEMINOLK WAR.
121
niiil to livo iinilcr tim
«<(t to itltniuluti t'litm |)y
ikt't'H, nH Well iiB niiKini!
ell imy laiidH liy ticniy,
|»imi>*lit'(l with iliaili,"
>, iiiitl ruiitiniK'il lis till'
11(1, mi<l KliiiK HiMidiiiiit.
MH II law iM't'iirc Iciici-.
itt'd, \v<! IwIh'vc, ill Ih'iii.
kliKsiHHii)|>i, if wv wniilil
t r(!j{ioii ; lint ii; lust wi
;cr(roiiiv<! Ix'twt'c;; tlinn
Hitimtioii, liiM'oiiH' uiiiiv.
!4iiirsH ol' ('iiiiuratiiiii \v;i>
vliit(! iiiliitltitaiits iionl^r.
licviiif.' tl"' Imliniis wiiv
; tlu'iii. Hilt tiifir linrs
jr I'liiind fiioiiffii to lid 1(11'
lid Camilit's. Yot iiiniiU
■liito iu'ij,'ld)()i>t, tlicy ctiii.
< solt'iimly jirotcstt il ilm!
ilo intfiitioiis towuids ihi'
. of lnHt yonr, IKV.). 'Hi..
n of tlie Uidjjf, or ticniy
were divid<'<l ati iicriMiin
[) Uidf;<!H, father and sun,
•liotii witli SchcrmcrlKini,
n |)arl of tin; nation, iiml
idiitioii ill cxccntioii. It i<
icli w(; art! now to ^iw n
agaiii!<t takiiiii htiniiin lit'i'
lievo that a coiniiiuiiitj i-
; of tliat hiw of It tarmliu;:
3, Boiidiiiot, Btdl, Ro;;(is.
>:?5, very sudtleiily rliiiii!!i'ii
Tlicy wcro as forwiud us
ist tht3 acts of (it'orfjia, iiml
[if thtiir ctitintry, tip to the
of tlic nation. ThiTt'loiv
,1 at tlieir siiddcidy coinii.:
re iininediatcly accused o;
t, the party that rt'iimmnl
say concerning tiieir con-
.(liiist them.
lul others is very nuliroci,
it became known to U"s<
le used all the means at lii^
iid on Saturday, tiie'Wio'
forty, went to tlic hoiisci
up, and took him from lib
ndnte ; trt^ating liis Ijtej >'
Tiiey next prococtloil m
dav before set out to visit
overtaken near the lootoi
f destination, and there s 101
,,„r why he had been tlms
lo^sixty-fifthyearoflnsn.^
Vircmiistances ol the death
re are not informed.
Mnjor Hitipe onco pxenitnd a chief for nn net of miidi more doubtful
,ir<iciiy than that for which hti n«)W fi^ll. In IH(M!, tht^ noted t)rator Doihi.f.-
„(:ai> was charged, with tithiTS, with the important iiiisintiss of nmkiiig n
trcMtv, at 'rellicii, with the I'liited States, for u tract of laiiil to accoiiiniodute
ll,(> mat of government of 'I'ennesst-e, and lor "the tirst island in the 'I'eu-
„,.sst'i', above thi! month of('linch." In this business, ('liiKpiaciittagiie, or
DiiiililelicHtt, was cliargeil with brilH'ry; yet nothing was done about it by
till' iiMtion, and lit; went impimishetl ; liut in IHI7 \i*' was again gniltv, and
nns foilowetl by IMajor Kidge and othtM-s, anti in the tavern of one IVrintosh,
ill tlie evening, was tiilleii upon and shot by the hand of Kidgi;. Ili; escapeij
with a desperate wound, and was for a short time S(!cret(!d in a ntughboring
ilwi'lling, Ixit l>>>^ pursuers ft>imd hiiii, and an Indian named Samiders, one of
Kiiiirc's company, sunk his tomahawk into his ht.-ati, which tinished the exe-
ciiliiiii. 'riiis was near the agtuicy in (Jalhoun. Doiiblehead hatl himself
killt'd a man in his way thither, for charging him with the crimt; lor which
III' HiifU'ieil. 'I'his execution is iiientit)iied to show that llidge was well
anuru that ho liud Ibrll'ited liit) iifu by what ho had doiio at Now Echota.
9tt0e
CHAPTER XVII.
The Sr.MiNoi.F. VVau Rksumed — Farther acrount of the muses of the war — JVV
mtroiis cases of jfross imposition — Had rondac.t of frorernmrnt ojfirr.rs — /i new
Irailij of rnnoval urired — W deputation visits the west — Their report — .Inother treaty
—^pttflies of the chiefs — Examination of the policy of the irocernment, relatire to
a rrmoeal of the Indians — Chnrncter oj borderers — Heview of the mtiiiner treaties
ofsiilc were procured — The president angry at the Indians' presumption — liarharous
ireatmcat of three Mickasaukics.
" liCt tliem come with tho pipn ; wo will trnad it to ilunt.
Anil our arrows of war sliiill no'or muulilt'r willi runt ;
Jii't tlii'iii roitiii with their liimtii ; ti) tlin ilt'DCit we'll ili'U,
And the (Iruiiglit uiiil the ruiniiie uur helpum hIiuII he." — I'iKi:,
The events of tiio Seminole war have nstonishetl all to whom the knowl-
edge of them has extended. Antl the astonishment has been as varied as
the wilds of Florida are represented, by those whoso niisfortime it has been
lo serve there against their fellow-men. As this wa"* progressed, we wrote
diiwii its events in detail, as wo have long been wont to do of all occurrences
relating to tlie Indians, btit from the conflicting statements, purporting to bo
IriiMi the tiieatre of their cnactnient, great ditticulty was experienced in
arriving at liicts and dates.
.Nobody could have been much surprised that a war in Florida shotild
break out, if they were at all acquainted with the circumstances which catised
ii, nor could they have been nuich surprised, that a hundred men in the midst
ot'tlie hidiim country should have been beset and slain, leaving none to carry
the tidings of such disaster. Otir only stirprisc is, that the work had not
ken done in a more savage manner; that eveti one could escape by feigning
death; and that a monument only of ashes of the slain had not marked the
pLiec where they fell. These things astosiish us, not the war itselfl
We hatl supposed, like every body else, that there could be but a single
campaign, when it was known that the Indians had resisted in good earnest ;
ami when we consider the power of tho United States set against a single
corner of a territory surrounded with every advantage for warlike operations,
we eould form no other conclusion but that the poor Indians woultl be
crushed almost at a single blow; and it was not until two distinguished
gi-neials iiad shown that the Seminole was not to be despised, that the war
with him became matter of serious consideration at the seat of government.
But of these nflTairs we have already said as much as was necessary.
In bringing down the events of this war to its conclusion, circtimstances
make it necessary to detail some affairs from the beginning of it, which we
■/ l-tl" v'^-
'-Jv-
•v-:i:
f V
■T •:-f,i>8,:'riij
■nMrn
■? *■•
'
.1 •:;!;i, '.•/■? '"'
. t;.a
122
SEMINOLE WAR.— NO LAW FOR INDIANS.
[Book IV.
have not noticed; Iiutring closed our account in the summer of 18.%, nianv
facts oud locuinents have since come to hand wliich could not tlieii [^
known, and which throw much new light on the subject, as well as furnish
much new and im|)ortani i; .Iter.*
Of the origin of the late Seminole war, such facts only have been given aa
were known to the writer at tlie earliest i»eriod of it. We have now uddi-
tionul sources laid open, and shall proceed, in the next place, to draw from
them.
It would be tedious to relate, and irksome to read, the half of what niic.'u
be gatliered of the robberies and enormities counnitted by infiimous white
villains in Indian borders and it is equally insufferable to read of the niuniiur
that JUSTICE is there trodden under foot by bodies bearing the name of court.
Law is all on the side of the white man, and consequently justice is no
dweller in such bodies. Indiana cannot testify in cases to which they are a
party, and they are obliged w submit to whatever decision their learned
guardians pronounce.f
One CoL Humphre^fs wu^■ for some time Indian agent in Florida. In con-
sequence of this mati's vociferous avotval of tlie right of territorial jurisdic-
tion over the Indians, he was elected a member of the legislative council of
Florida. Thus unich for urging, that negro claims should be settled in tiic
territoiy, instead of their being referred to the decision of the government of
the United States. Now such suits could be disposed of wit!i perfect ease
because no Indian could have a hearing except against his otcn people. Some
notorious .scoundrel had sold negroes to Col. Humphreys, which belonged to
a Seminole woman named CiUekeeckowa. He bought them after application
had been made to him as agent, by their owner, for their recovery, of tliut
very villain ! Nevertheless, he promised to exert himself for their restoration.
He afterwards said he bought them to prevent their being sent to Charleston.
Some of the negroes that were young when the transfer took place, havin"
grown old enAugh to be made to understand the nature of the case, went
back vohmtarily to their real mistress ; and the double-dealer Humphreys liad
tlie audacity to apply to agent Thompson for his interference that he niifht
have them again. Thompson had independence and honesty enough not to
comply, the facts being so strong in favor of Culekceckoiva^ but referred Hum-
phreys, together with the facts in the case, to the decision of gover .inent.
Anotiier man was employed by a certain Indian woman lor the rccoverj
of negroes. She gave him, as he told her, a power of attorney for that ])iir-
pose. She soon found that, instead of a power of attorney, she had given
him a bill of sale of all her negroes !!!!!!!
On another occasion, the chief Micanopy requested an individual to draw a
form «f writing for him, which soon after proved to be a conveyance of a
valuable tract of laud !
A black, named Abraham, who has figured largely in the war, was l)a.«ieiy
robbed by one of the white border fraternity. The fellow owed Ahralmm a
large amount of money, got his receipt for it under pretence that it was a
certificate that he owed him, which it was necessary should be sent to Wasii-
ington before he could pay him ! These ai-e a few of the abominations daily
practised by individuals ; and we shall now pass to others, in vvhicli the gov-
ernment itself becomes implicated.
We have spoken plaiidy of the treaty of Paine's Landing, in the early part
of our history of this wtr ; but as new fiicts have since come to our knowl-
edge, it will be uecessaiy to extend the examination here. It must be re-
* There were published in tlie year 18.% three histories of the Florida war. 'i"he first vas
by Mr. Cohen, liie second by a late " staft' oHice-," and the third by •' a lieutenant of llie Icll
win;;." All three of them seem to be very v li done, but that by Mr. W. Poller, ("alale
start' oflirer,") if I mistake not the f^entleinan, is far the most valuable to the historian. To
these works i Rhidly recur, and tender here the authors my acknowledgments for the use I
have made of the facts contained in their paafes. Ncnc oC ilieni had appeared when my work
was published, and hence I could not prolit by them in my previous editions. But for these
last live years of the war I have had to gather my materials from the '' thousand and one''
reports of the day.
t Since writing the above, I have read Gen. Thompson's speech to the Indians at a council
ia Oct. 1834, in which he plainly holds the same language to them.
ANS.
[Book IV.
iramer of 183G, many
h could not then be
BCt, as well as furnish
[ily have been given as
We have now adili-
rt place, to draw from
he half of what might
ted by infamous wliite
B to read of the manner
ring the name of court.
iequently justice is no
les to which they are a
decision their /earned
nt in Florida. In con-
t of territorial jurisdic-
le legislative council uf
should be settled in tlie
m of the goveriunent of
sd of wi^l: perfect ease,
st his oivn people. Some
ireys, which belonfred to
t them after api)lication
r their recovery, of that
iself for their restoration.
I)eing sent to Charleston.
msfer took place, havini;
nature of the case, went
)le-dealer Humphreys liad
terfercnce that lie niiudit
Ul honesty enough not to
ckoioa, but referred Huni-
ision of government.
woman for the recover)
■ of attorney for that pnr-
attorney, she had given
d an individual to draw a
to be a conveyance of a
ly in the war, was bai^cly
1 fellow owed Abraham a
kt pretence that it was a
■ should be sent to Wasli-
pf the abominations daily
[others, in which the gov-
.anding, in the early part
Lince come to our knowl-
lon here. It must be re-
Ihe Florida war. The first ws
lird 1)V ■' a lieiilcimnl ot the letl
lat l.yMr. W. Pottcr.C'ali-ie
I valuable to the historian, lo
lackiKiwIcdfrments for the use 1
In had api.eared when my "orlc
ievious c cl,.i...s. But for ttee
Jrom the " thousand and one
leech to the Indians at a council
pem.
CHiP. XVII.]
A NEW TREATY.
1^
membered that by the treaty of Camp Moultrie, (18 Septeinl)er, 1823,) the
Seniiuoles had secured to them an annuity of $.5,000 for 20 years, and they
were to remove witliin certain Ijotmdaries described by the treaty, emlirncing
a tract of land of near 5,000,000 acres. No sooner had they removed within
tliif tract, than white men intruded themselves among them, and committed
violence on tlie persons of several Indians. Nor is tills an Indian story ; — it
was so represented by the agent to Gov. Duval, and without the least reason
for the outrage. Wiiat was done ? Why, the agent said he had left a notice
^vitli a magistrate to have tiie offenders loamed off of the reservation in one day
from the time the notice should be served. Thus, instead of seizing at once
upon the villains, and bringing them to justice, they are mildly ordered off of
Ik Indians^ lands in one day ! What right had such depredators to any better
treatment than is afforded by the tomahawk and scalping-knite ? Yet we hear
of no retaliation by the Indians. They had no newspapers in which to circu-
late accounts of their wrongs and sufferings; — these are the magnifying glasses
of tlie bad white men.
At the same ti^ne, petition after petition was got up among the white in-
iiabitants of Florida, and sent in to the president of the United States, setting
forth the wrongs ,hey wer^ daily suffering from the Indians in various sliaj)es,
and urging an earlier removal than the former treaty sjiecified. We do not
presume but that Indians <li<l sometimes infringe upon their white neighbors,
and were often found hunting and fishing beyond the line of the treaty. This
if not denied; and the affair at Hogtown'in Alachua cotinty, already men-
tioned, is an instance. Whether these petitions began to flow in before Gen.
hckson was president, we are not informed ; but if they did. President Jidams
knew what to do with them. Be that as it may, the late [iresident had not
been long in the <;hair of state, when he made known his willingness that an-
other arrangement might be made with the Indians, and appointed Col. Gads-
dm to confer with them, to see what could be done. It happened that this
was the most favorable time that could have been f xed upon, namely, the
spring of 1S32, for such conference, because the crops of the Indians had been
cut oil", and tiiey were in a state bordering uj)on starvation ; hence they were
ready to hear any propositions which promised them immediate relief! Col.
Gndsden visited Micarwpy, and on the 8 April had an interview with him, in
which little difficulty was experienced in persuading him that his condition,
as well as that of his people, would be greatly improved by a removal to the
fmitful west. Micanopy said, however, that he would defer treating at that
time, as his men were dispersed upon their yearly hunting tours, and many
of them 150 or 200 miles off; but that he would collect them as soon as he
could, and then they wotdd consider the matter together, for he wished them
all to hear what their fiither, the president, had to say to them. Accordingly,
the 8 iMay following was fixed upon for the day of council, and Paine's Land-
ins; the phice of the meeting.
Agreeably to arrangement, the parties met on the 8 of May, 1832, and on
the Ibllowing day, a treaty was signed by such chiefs and head men as were
assend)led, to tiie number of fifteen. Of the small ninnber of chiefs who ex-
ecuted this great treaty, we have before remarked, and we have also noted its
chief conditionsi. It is said that the agent had much difficulty in bringing the
Indians to any trrms, touching a removal ; and they finally signed only a con-
ditional treaty, oue of the chief articles of which 8tii»ulated that a dejMitation
of some competent chiefs of their own should visit the proposed country to
which they were to remove, and if, when they returned, and rei)orted the re-
sult of their observations to the nation, it should then be thought advisable,
they would remove fmm Florida. The chiefs sent out uj)on this important
embassy, were seven in number, and their names were as follows: .Jonjf
Hicks, representing Sam Jones, (Apiaca, Abica, Arpiucki, &c.); .Iumpf.r, who
hlVrwards fought in the bloody battle nt Okeechubee Luk<?, in which 13!> whitea
were hilled and womided; Nehauthulo, representing Black Dirt; Hoi.ata
Emathla, CoA IIadjo, (Alligator); Charles Emathla, YA-IfA-H\D.io. (Mad
Wolf); and Abraham, a negro, who accompanied the deimtatiou as inter-
preter.
VVliat means were taken to cause these chiefs or agents to express their
+? Ill
*
f-
f
hi
124
SEMINOLE WAR.— DECEPTIVE OBLIGATION. [Boor jy
entire approoation of the country they liad examined, 1 will not nndeitake to
gay, but certain it is tliey did sign a writing, in wliicli they say, "We, tlii; m,.
dersigned, Seminole chiefs, express ourselves well satisfied with the rountn'
examined by us, and we do agree to remove as soon as go,onini<iit will
make the necessary arrangements," &c. How much tliey really uiidtrstciid
of this writing, belbre they signed it, is pretty clearly shown by wluit tlicv
themselves say to agent Thomnson, when called upon to fidfil their ei)j:!iir,..
ment to remove; and from the same source it will be likewise seeiUiow
mudi they understood of the treaty of Moultrie Creek. All tliut con now W
said is, that if they understood what they were signing, when they expiesscd
their satisfaction with the counti-y to which the nation was to remove, tin v
entirely transcended the powers delegated to them by their countrymen.'
Although it cannot be denied, that at Paine's Landing a treaty was mado
which stipulated that all the Seminoles should, in three years therealtLi- lo^
move from the country, under certain conditions, yet it is well known tlmt
it was with very great difficulty that the chiefs could be persuaded to execute
it, even under its expressed contingencies. On this matter, we will heur tlip
United States commissioner. Col. Gadsden, who j)rocured the treaty to be ex
ecuted. In his communication to the secretary of war, he says, "Tlieie is a
condition prefixed to the agreement, without assenting to which, tiie Florida
Indians most positively refused to negotiate for their removal west of the Jlis-
sissippi. Even with" the condition annexed, there was a reluctance, (wlijcji
with some difficulty was overcome,) on the part of the Indians, to bind tliem.
selves by any stipulations, before a knowledge of facts and circuinstanccs
would enable them to judge of the advantages or disadvantages of the dispo-
sition the government of the United States wished to make of them. Tliey
were finally induced, however, to assent to the agreement." By "aineenieiit"
does Col. Gadsden refer to the treaty itself, or to a sejjarate writing, forwarded
to the war officp with the treaty ?
We have questioned the manner by which the Lidian commissioners' sig-
natures were obtahied to a certain certificate, acknowledging their satisfiiction
of the country west of the Mississippi. By another writing, they have i)een
made to express approbation ofj and even affection for, Maj. Phagan, one of
the government agents who accompanied them on that journey. It siiali
now be shown that these papers speak a very different language from tliat
spoken by the cliiefs before their accusers, in open council, afterwards. The
council here alluded to, was held at the Seminole agency, immediately alter
the ratification of the treaty of Paine's Landing by the United States goveni-
ment, viz., in October, 1834.* It was opened by Gen. Thompson, in w lioi-e
speech we find these words : " You alone have the right to decide whether i/ou
will accept the invitation^ or not ; it is left, as it should be, entirely optional with
you, and no person but yoitvselves has any right to say you shall or shall ml ac-
cede to the proposition." Tiius it is evident that, although the chiefs had ex-
pressed their approbation of tlie cotmtry, a matter of much greater inoineut
had been left open to negotiation. We will now hear the chiefs : —
MicANOPi rose and said, "When we| were at Camp Moultrie, we made a
treaty ; and we were to be paid our annuity for twenty years. This is all 1
have to say."
Jumper, since so celebrated in the war, and a leader in, it is said, the mas-
sacre at F'ort Mimms, next spoke: "At Camp Moultrie we were told that all
difficulties should be buried for 20 years, fron» the date of the treaty then and
* By the usnees of civilized nations, the Indians were under no oldigalion to ahl.lo In ilio
treaty of Paine's Landing, for it was two years after it was roiicluded hcforc roiigress riililifil
it ; and all treaties viust be ratified in a reasonable time — but any time witst answer iii
Indians.
t The Creeks, already removed to the west, had invited the Seminoles to scllle amnn»
Ihcm promiscuously ; and it seems the chiefs hiid given encouragement that they would, whtn
all the neighboring Indians had made peace with U.cm. It will be necessary that this lad
be borne in mind by the reader.
\ He was among the signers of that treaty. I have omitted to mention earlier, tliai Mi-
canopy is grandson to the distinguished Kino Painc, and that his father's name was St
COFF££.
'r no oliligntion to al)i>lo ly tie
.nrliulcd hcforc roiigross nilitifil
but any time must answer kit
the Scmiimlcs to sclile amnn;
raKein.Mitllmltlie.VWi'»''..«.'^'»
ill be necessary that this taci
itcd to mnilion cnrlicr, lliat Mi-
thai Ills talliur's name was Sh-
CBAP. XVII.]
SPEECHES OF CHIEFS.
125
there made. Before the 20 years were' out, we made a treaty at Paine's Land-
ing. We were told we might go and see tlie land, but tliat we were not
obliged to remove. Wlien \ve saw tlie coimtry, we Siiid nothing, l)nt the
,vliiteH tiiat went ^*'itll us made i« siffti oicr hands to a paper, wiiich you now
fail sijrniried our consent to remove ; hut we thought tiie pajter said only tiiat
III liked the land, ami when we returned, our nation woidd decidt upo;?
ronioval. We had no authority to do more. My j)eoplo cannot say they will
m). We are not willing to go. If their tongues say yes, tiieir hearts cry no,
(\ii(i cull them liars. The country to which you invite us is surroiuidcd by
Inistile neighltors, and although it may produce good fruit, the fruit of a had
iiciffiiborliood is blood, that spoils the land, and a lire that dries u[) the brooks.
Wlieii in the west I said to the agent, ' You say the Seminoles arc rogues, but
voii wish to bring us among tvorsc rogues, that we may be destroyed by tliein.'
i)i(|tlicy not steal our horses, and were not some of us obliged to return with
our jmcks upon our own backs ? "
Charles Emathla was no friend to a removal at this time, but sid)se-
qiipntiy consented to go, and having, with three daughters, gone to Camp
Kiiijr, about the 26 Novendier, 18;J5, to make arrangements lor bri-iging in
Ms cattle, on his rettn-n was set upon and shot down in the way, a little in
advance of his daughters. Nine balls were found in him, and if is said the
deed was done by Osceola and some others of the Mickasauky tribe* He
ii|H)ke a.s follows: "Oiu- old speaker was Hicks.\ He is dead, but I have not
f(ir;.'otteii his words. I was not at the treaty of Moultrie Creek. It was not
iniuie by children. Great men made it, and it is sacred. By it we were to
rcit'ive the annuity for 20 years, J and to enjoy the lands therein detined.
Tlic time has not expired ; when it docs, it is time enough to make a new bar-
miii. Oiu' tiither has ollen said to me that he loves his children — they love
him. Wlien a man is at home, anil has his things about him, he sees that
himself and family depend upon them. He thinks of these things when he
leaves home. My young men and liuuily lye all aroimd me. Should I go
west, I shotdd lose many on the way. A weak man cannot get there, the
fatigne would be so great. None but strong people can go. I am an Indian.
There is none but Indian blood in me. The agent. Major Phagan, thai )oent
mlh iw, is a man of violent passions. He quarrelled with us on the way, and after
\cegol there. If he had done his duty, all would have ended well. If I know my
iieurt, 1 speak true. If I dilier from the agent, he is a free man, and can talk
as he ])leases. I hope his talk will bring all things right, so that we may all
live together hereafter in friendship."
IloLATA Emathi.a said: "The horees that were stolen from ns by the
Cherokees, when we were viewing the country in the west, were never
restored to us. We told the agent the land was good, but the [)eoph! W(>re
Ivul. We saw them bring scalps to the garrison. We had a met-ting with
Mlnhsh.^ He told >is that among all their ik ighbors they had peace; that
he and ('o\. .irbuckle were to send out to have a treaty of peace with all the
.*|mnisli Indians, aiid when that was done, a report of it was to be sent to
Wiisliiiigton. I am sick. I caimot say all I want to say. I want to tidk
fonlly, and tell the truth in all things. They promised to send word to us
when peace was made with all the Indians west of the great river." It had
been now abotit three years, and it does not ap|)ear that any news of a treaty
had reached the Seminoles; therefore could it be expected they shoidd be
* Hero is a slight disorcpaiiry between this and our former relalioii, (p. 72,) orcasioncd by
acom|.Hiison of Cohen and Williams. It will also be observed, that from llie several |iriiitod
versions i.!'ilie speeches of the chiefs on this occasion, I have drawn these.
t He was a signer of the treaty of Camp Moultrie, and is said to have been destroyed by
llie inacliiiiaiions of Jumper in 182,5; and that although A/(Vo7io;)j/ was considered liio chief
orrlilel's, vot Hicks was much the greatest man. Hrxt lie is sometimes called, and to the
ircatv of Mou.irie his name is written Tokose Mallilu.
t Mr. Williams liad probably not read that treaty, as ho intimates that it stipulated that the
Iniliaiis weie t( remove at the end of 20 years. The treaty says nothing about a removal,
(only 01) tu Ihpif 5,000,000 acres,) but stipulates that an ammitij siiall be paid them for 20
)cars.
^ Chillij M'lnlosh, son of Gen. IV. M'liUosh, executed for IreasoD by his own j^eople.
6ee p. M of this book.
11*
■<■'■' i'-* ill*
Ur '
126 SEMINOLE WAR.— POLICY OF REMOVAL EXAMINED. [Book IV
willing to go before peace was establislici ? This consideration alone was
enough to have caused a delay on the part of the government.
The agent had o[)ened the conference with mild language, hut he now
nvaxed wroth, and said many hard things to the cliiefs ; accused one of 1\ i],,,
and another of duplicity, and closed by threatenings. Still the clijetk'dis.
covered but little irritation, and signified oidy that they should remuin firm j,,
their resolution. In one of the speeches which Chftrks Emathla niudc jn thj^
council, there occurs this passage: "The agent told us yesterday we did n,,;
talk to the point. I have nothing to say ditt'erent from what I liuve sai ^t
Paine's Landing the whites forced us into the treaty. I was there. I u(;ic(>(i to
go west, and did go. I went in a vessel, and it made me sick. The hidiims
and the whites have shed no blood. They stole things from eudi otinr
Tliey agreed at Paine's Landing, that if blood should be seen in the puth to
think it was because a person had snagged his foot."
The policy adopted by the g<!neral government of a removal of the hidian*
is most unquestionably the worst, both for the whites as well as the hidiaii-;
that could have been devised It is next to a system of deliberate imirdo!
To cast one strange tribe ii n another is but to put wea])ons into tlair
hands, and in the language 0/ Tecumseh, " to cry stuboy." Their ])tiisioiis
and other effects draw among them from the whites the vilest of kimvcs!
many of whom are obliged to fly their own country for crimes of the diirk(.st
hue. It matters not, say many, so long us it is out of our sight and iieuriiiir.
Is this the manner a parent should treat his children ? — Send them fortli into
the world before they have been instructed in correct principles, uiid thus
abandon them to the haunts of criminals and vile seducers ? Had not tlic
authors of this policy foresight enough to discern, that in a very few vcais
tribes so removed would be again surrounded by their own people ? Tiiut
the cry would again and again be raised against their vicinity — that in tlie
very nature of the case there cordd be no other residt, so long us a solitarv
Indian remained on the contuient ? To write essays iu proof of this result
is the same as to write an elaborate treatise in the winter to prove tlmt
summer would return. How much better would it have been to have lit
ihem remain in their own country, where it were easy to protect them, eusv
to provide against their contamination, by kee])ing out unprincipled people
from among them ! how much easier they could have been instructed ! iiow
nmch easier that author of all iniquity, (spirituous li(juors,) had been ke|)t lioin
among them ! But what are we to expect from a government, when the heaik
who compose it think nothing of so much importance as the means by wliich
they shall retain their places, and sei've those looking to them for rewards tor
their servile maciiinations, who have contributed largest to place them there?
Washington, Jefferson, Adams, the elder and younger — to their eternal
honor be it remembered — advocated no such policy. How can it be but that
the Indians on our borders should be bad ? It is true with regard to a iiuiMcr-
ous class of them, but not to the extent that niuny honest people siiiipose,
who have never dwelt on a border. As a fair illustration of this iiirt, 1 will
give in t|je testimony of a gentleman from New England, with whom I met
dwelling upon an Indian border, and in the midst of both Iiidiuns and wliite.*,
1 first questioned him with respect to the general character and conduct of
the white inhabitants. His answers were just what I supposed they would
be. I inquired first about the whites, that he might not think me particularly
friendly to the Lidians. But when I inquired concerning the latter, his answer
was, " They are the only civil peojjlc here."
The complaints of the white man are carried, as it were, "on the wines of
the wind," while that of the poor Indian is drowned in the tempest. A clamor
is raised on a frontier, and commissioners are despatched to buy the Indians
lands. He is bewildered with the parade, ostentation, and false sliow of
greatness displayed before him. He puts confidence in what the agents of
government tell him, and accedes to their wishes. Still he occupies lii?
country — but very soon learns that it is not his, — that he has sold it,— and
must now leave it forever! He then, for the first time, begins to realize
what he has done. He sees, too late, that he has done what he had no inienim
of doing.
EXAMINED. [Book IV.
onsideration alone was
•niiiient.
liuiguage, but lie now
s; accused one ol' Kinjf
8. Still the cliietk'ilis-
y should remain firm in
les Emalhla niadi; iit tliis
us yesterday we did \m
111 what I have sai , At
[ was there. I a\mvt\ to
! me sick. The liuiiiins
hiiigs from each otlitr.
d be seen in the jtutli, to
a removal of the Indians
3S as well as the Indians,
iiii of deliberate inurdi r.
put weapons into tlnir
stuboy." Their pensions
ites the vilest of knaves,
for crimes of the darkest
of our sight and heuiinL'.
n ? — Scud them fortli into
rrect jn-inciples, and thus
! seducers ? Had not the
, that iu a very lew \tais
their own people ? Tliut
their vicinity — that in tlie
esult, so long as a solitaiy
lys iu ])roof of this itsiiii
the winter to prove tiiat
I it have beeu to have let
easy to protect them, easy
g out unprincipled itcople
lave been instructed! how
Kjuors,) had been kejit lioiii
jvernment, when the lieads
d\ce as the means by wliitb
ng to them for rewards tor
irgest to place them tiiercr
younger— to their eternal
;. How can it be btit that
>-ue with regard to a numer-
ny honest people i<tiiii«ise,
istratiou of this fact, 1 will
England, with whom 1 met
of both Indians and wliites.
, character and conduct of
■lat I supposed they uoiild
lit not think me partioiilaiiy
irning the latter, his answer
Is it were, "on the winiisof
Id in the tempest. A clamor
fatched to buy the Indian's
ritation, and false show ol
Uce in what the agents ol
fies. Still he occujiies lus
1-that he has sold it,-an(l
first time, begins to realize
Uone what he had no inknlion
CUAP
XVII]
REMOVAL POLICY.— ITS ABoUra)ITY.
127
it is certainly true that the people of (Jeorgin, South Carolina, and Alabnrna,
expressed great satisfaction at the aiitici|mted relief to be realized when chc
Indians should be sent from their borders beyond tlie Mississippi. Hut are
not tiiesc vory Indians set down in the iimiiediate vicinity of other vviiite
people? Whence tiieu comes the benefit to the Indians: and whence tiie
l)2iiefits to the whites, too, in tiie end ? Look at the case any way, and I see
no point of utility gained to eitiier i)arty. But there is a consideration aiiout
wiiii'li I have lieard very little said. It is the consideration that the frontier
states and territories have but liiw votes in u jiresidential election, while those
I'roin which the Indians are removed have many. Now how much this adds
10 the justice of removing Indians I leave my readers to judge. Is it not
iirepostcrous in the highest dt.'gree to relieve a thousanil individuals in
Georgia by taking away the Indians from among them, and setting them
ilown in Arkansas, where they can be in the way of but a hundred peojile ?
Thus because one state can make more noise than another, its clamors must
lie liiislied at the expense of the other. But cries of distress have already
reached the ears of the distant north, from the south-east border, and ft
reiiiiires no prophet to see, that the time is not far distant when these cries
will he redoubled, and demand as much from the government, and with as
niucli authority as has already been done by Georgia, South Carolina, Blissis-
sipiii, Oi- Alabama.
The gt'ieiai government has anticijmted a state of things upon the border,
wliicli might requira no inconsiderable military force to restrain ; and hence
' 1 late atteiMpt to provide a standing army. And some have shrewdly said,
'.J, as its otr:c«i-s would all be appointed by tlie president of the United
itates, and officers and men to be voters too, he had attempted to seize an-
other leading-string of power to continue him in ollice, or to elect such suc-
cessor as he should designate, " to follow in his Ibotsteps." However this
laav be, we decline any opinion on the matter, further than to observe, that a
much less army, in all probability, would have protected the Indians in their
own country, than will now be rccpiired to protect the white inhabitants iu
the coimtry to which they have been driven.
it, in 1824, there was great fear among the inhabitants of the south-western
frontier, from the increased number of Indians Ibrced into their vicinity, what
must now be their fears, with some 80,000 since turned loose there ? Early in
WA, great alarm spread along that region ; offence had been given by the
whites, and they were for a while in constant agitation, expecting revenge.
They said there were not more than 3,000 troops stationed to defend and
keep order over nearly 5,00C miles, and to keep in check upwards of 20,000
Indian warriors. If there was need of a standing army in 1824, surely Mr.
Va.n IJuREN ought to have recommended cue in ISJi).
It is no less absurd than ridiculous, to entertain the idea that we can re-
move the Indians out of the way of the whites ; eveiy citizen who knows any
thing of the character and habits of the kind of people hanging upon all In-
dian borders, will tell us without a moment's hesitation, that numbers of this
class will be found in the country in advance of the removing Indians, as
completely equipped for defrauding them, as before their departure. We
ciiiiiot run away from this class of hungry fiioneers, for the very good reason
tliat we cannot get beyond them. They know where the emigrants are to be
located, a long time before they set out, and any law made to bear on such
intruders, is none other than a by-word and a jest with them. They are as fii-
miliar with the woods as we are with our closets ; and the further we go with
the Indians, with proportionate impunity will they set our laws at defiance.*
We have already premised some facts for consideration, touching the nuni-
l)er of Indian chiefs f in Florida, who executed the treaties for their jicople,
and those found in arms after the war had begun. We will now ask a mo-
ment's attention to a further consideration of this matter. In the year 1821,
the agent in Florida made a return to government of such villages or settle-
' See Hon. Mr. Vinton's sneecli H. R. 1828.
t When the previous part of lliis founh l)ool< was written, I was not correrlly informed rel»
alive to die chiefs' stanning in regard to one another, and liencc a slight discrepancy betweea
the facts before detailed, and the same now under consideration.
7
\i
1"
I
*;
't
it
.^ i$ F»<t^,
V.
1 '4'"S1;
138
OPPOSITION OF THE CHIEFS.
[fiooK IV,
moiits of Scminoles, as Avere known to liim.
iKHii vurAi II luu Miuulu imvi; iii!«;ii u j'liriy lu uii ireaiiiis, cnlii'r lli )iis
proper portson, or by aiiotliui- duly by liini uiithorized ? This suirie iifrf^nt i
oiicd tlicre were 5,000 souls in all. Compare these facts witli the wcjl-ki
This number was thirty-fivi;
Of the statistics of some of these towns the agent knew very little ; hu(\ t|ir. '
were doubtless many others of which he knew nothing. The Mikasuuki ^
he reckoned at 1,000 soids; and concerning several other tribes, he says tlipv
contained "a great many souls." Now ii is in no wise probable but tiifif on
half of these tribes had at least two chiefs or head men, and this Wdnld irii.
to the whole nation kikty-two chieft^. Was it not necessary that a (iij,..'
from each tribe should have been a party to all treatjes, either in Iiis(,«i
reck.
one, tliat only yi/?ccn chiefs and sub-chiefs signed the treaty of nunoval wliicl
is tliat of Paine's Landing. Not half of the nation could have been icnrc
sented. If any woidd dispute this, with the array of evidence now addnl,,,!
1 will pronounce him wilfully blind, and incapable of reasoning. ],o„|^ ,.'
the treaty of Moultrie Creek ; there are the names of more than doiililc \\u.
nuiid)or attached, than were obtained to that of Paine's Landing ; and one of
the best Seminole chiefs has said, " TTie whiles forced ua into the treatii." It ;
not vcnf strange that there were but 15 chiefs at this treaty, or that sji'iicd ii
for there had been but one month's notice given that any such treaty was'on tijot
We shall now show that wlien a full council of the chiefs was toi'ptlirr
nothing liko a general consent to a removal could be obtained from tlicin. 1,1
March, 18JJ5, when preparations for removi 1 began to be strongly ni"ed l)v
Gen. Thompson, at the soliciuition of Jumper, he gave them until the 'i'i Apnj
to meet him in council, when he would hear what they had to say toiirliiim
the matter. A the time appointed, " several hundreds of the chiefs and war.
riors had assembled," and a talk was read to them from Gen. Jackson ci:-
fbrced and illustrated by the agent and Gen. Clinch, all of which ainoiintnl to
no more than this, " Go you miist, and go you shall, without further delav."'
Some of the chiefs were in favor of a com[)liance ; but the priiicipnl ones
were firm in their opposition, and expressed themselves accordingly. These
were Micanopy, Jumper, Holala Mico, Coa-Hadjo. and Jlrpiucki. rioAvp\fr a
writing was dl-awn up, and signed by IG other chiefs and sub-chiefs, exines.
give of their willingness to abide by previous treaties, and their wish to re-
move. This was signed on the 23 April, 1835. It was through the influence
of a very influential chief (whose name was Fvda Lmsta Hajo, or Black-dirt)
of the removal party, that tnis last treaty was made. No sooner had it heeii
efTected, thmi Gen. Thompson (acting by precedent, of course) decreed that
the five opposing chiefs should no longer be considered or obeyed as ehiefj,
When this high-handed act had been reported to Gen. Cass, secretary at «ar,
he reprobated the proceeding in veiy strong terms, from reasons too ohvious
to reijuire detail in this place.
It still remains a question with us, whether an accommodation mifrlit not
have been brought about, if the officers of government had not persisted too
strongly in their determination that the Seminoles should settle villi tlie
Creeks'; but the cry of retrenchment and reform was u[), and it was ( nsy to
begin with the Indians. It would cost the government nuich less it they
could be included with the Creeks, — a most absurd and blind })olicy !— The
Seminoles were now a great nation. Were they to be lost and absoihed in
another? The very idea was revolting to them.
Matters remained in this unsettled state for several months. At Iciifrth ii
seems that the i)rincipal chiefs, to the number of 25, assembled at the nf;eiipv
on tlie 19 August, to tiy once more what could be done by negotiation. Ho-
lata Emathla was chosen speaker for the Indians, and he delivered liinisclt' as
follows : —
"My friends, we have come to see you to talk with you on a siilijcctof
gi-eat importance to us. Hear us, and tell our great father what his children
say. We made a treaty at Paine's Landing, by which we agreed to i;o \\e«i
of the Mississippi : we were told to send some of our principal chiefs to view
the place to which we were to remove. We did so; they found the coiiiitr}
good. While there, our chiefs had a talk with Gen. Stokes and the coniir.is-
sioners; they were told that the Seminoles and Creeks were of the same lain-
ily ; were to be considered as the same nation, and placed under tlie same
[Rook IV,
mlier wns thirty-five,
IV very little ; and ihcre
iiig. Tlic Mikasuiikirs
her tribes, Ik; says ilioy
e i)rolinl)le but that one
en, and this vould frive
necesHury tbat a chifi'
aties, cither in his own
? Tliis same ajient icck-
icts with the well-known
treaty ol" removal, wliiih
could have been iciirc
■ evideiiee now adduced,
» of reasoning;. Look m
)!' more than donhlc tlie
ic's Landing ; and one of
d Its into the <rco<j/." It is
i treaty, or that sijiiicd it,
ny such treaty was on loot,
■ the chiefs was tofictlicr,
3 obtained from tlicin. In
I to be strongly nr;ipd l)y
re them until the 'i'i \\m\,
t they had to say tovirliing
cds of the chiefs and wtir-
n\ from Gen. Jackson, en-
, all of which anioiintt'd to
all, without further delay."'
e ; but the principal ones
selves accordingly. These
and Jlrviucki. However, a
lefs and sub-chiefs, exines-
tties, and their wish to re-
r was through the infltienee
Imta Hajo, or Black-dirt)
u. No sooner had it heeii
nt, of course) decreed that
«idered or obeyed as ehiet's,
Gen. Cass, secretary at war,
18 from reasons too ohvious
accommodation mi<rlit not
ment had not persisted too
.les should settle with the
was up, and it was easy to
■rnment much less it they
rd and blind policy l-Fhe
y to be lost and absorhed in
reral months. At lengtli it
25, assembled at the afieiiey
e done by negotiation. Ho-
and he delivered hinisell as
k with you on a std.jedof
-eat father what his chiklren
vhieh we agreed to fio west
■our principal chiefs to view
so: (hev found the eoimtn
Hen. Stokes and the eoinims-
reeks were of the same lam-
ad placed under the same
CHAf- XVIII]
ATROCIOUS BARBARITY.
129
jjfpnt. They answered, that the Seminoles were a large nation, and should
have their own agent, as before ; that if our father, the president, would give
us our own agent, our own blacksmitli, and our ploughs, we would go ; bid
{fk did not, wc sliould be untpiUinf!; to remove ; that we should bo among strau-
4rs; they miirlit be friendly, or they might be hostile, and we wanted our
own ngeiit, whom we knew would be our friend, who would take care of ua,
would do justices to, and see justice done us by other.s. They told us our re-
(iiicsts wt^re reasonable, and they would do uil they could to induce tht; ])res-
i'leiit to grant them. We have been uiifbrtunate in the agents our liither has
iiiit us. tien. Tliompson, our jjresent agent, is the friend of the Seminoles.
\\V tliciigbt tit lirst tiiat he would be like the others; but we know better
iKiw. He bas but one talk, and what he tells us is truth. We want liim to
JO with us. He told us he could not go, but he at last agreed to do so, if our
jrreut fatiier will permit him. We know our father loves his red children,
mill won't let them suffer for want of a good agent. This is our talk, which
,vc want you to send to our father, tlie pi'esident, hoping we may receive an
carlv answer."
This talk was despatched to Washington, and that there may be no grounds
to question the truth of its contents, I will subjoin an extract from a paper by
(Jell. Clinch, which was transmitted with it The general says, " In fbrward-
in» von the enclosed document, I beg leave to make a few remarks. Although
iliesuhject to which it relates is itself of no great importance, yet it may have
ji; iinjiortant bearing on the present quiet and future happiness of these chil-
dren of the forest. They are, from peculiar circumstances and long habit,
suspicious of the white man. It is hard to induce them to believe that all the
efforts and operations of government are intended for their own good. The
imtion of a separate agency loas again and again brought forward by the chiefs,
W winter and spring, and appeared to be considered by them of the first impor-
lam to their future interests, prosperity, and happiness."
Notwithstanding the pathetic a]>peal of the Indians, and the kind intima-
tions of Gen. Clinch, the president would give them no hearing, and they
were informed that he was " very angry" to think they should have so nmch
presumption.
Meanwhile, some circumstances of a very aggravating nature had taken
place. Three poor Mikasaiikies, from Long Swamp, were seized by a plant-
er, and tied with a rope by their hands and feet, and confined in his barn,
without sustenance, till they were nearly dead. They, or some other Indians,
had been accused of purloining from his plantation some of the necessaries of
life ; the drought of the preceding season having ruined their crops, they were
reduced to extreme want The friends of the three Indians became alarmed
fan their long absence, and the chief of the village to which they belonged,
sought them out and demanded them. The inhuman wretch would not re-
lease them. The chief then repaired to his village, and taking several of his
men with him, demanded them again, but was again refused. They were in
hearing of the distressed cries of their friends, and obeying the promptings
of a generous nature, proceeded to the barn, and liberated them by force.
They were in a i)itiful condition, could neither stand or go ; the ropes with
which they were tied, had cut through the flesh to the very bones ! When
their friends were carrying them away, they were fired upon by the owner
of the place, and one was wounded. They retaliated only by burning his
barn, not suffering liim to remove any thing out of it ; and whoever knows
the circumstances, will only wonder that he had not been confined- in, and
consumed with it.
CHAPTER XVm.
CARRYING THE EVENTS OF THE WAR TO THE CLOSE OF THE YEAR 1836.
Retiew of car]y difficulties — The Hogtown murder — The insult to Osceola — Micanopy
— Kisr, Payne — Gen. Clinch's expedition — Gen. Scott attacked — Massacre at Char-
),*
'\« K
'' I'K
^irl^^-
m
130
THE INSULT TO OSCEOLA.
[Book IV.
lolte Harbor — Fort Mirnnopy hesirgrd — Death of officers — Liffhthnunr. iiffiiir~.
Batti.k ok Wkmka — Creeks and Cherokee affairs — Indians surprisiil—Mnrii"
— Batti.k of San Fki.asco — Col. Imjic's Hrpeditinn — His inrlnnvhnUj ihitil,S.
Gov. Call in command — Batti.ks of tub Waiioo Swamf — Hen. Jenup rcsunu
command — His expedition to the IVahoo. *
The iinirder of Hojttowu, to whii-li we have before ulliitlod, whs n serious
crisis. It very luucli Imstened liostilities, from the outrageous imtuiv of tl, ,
cus(!. The additional fiiets to tiiose we have uh-eady piveii are tliesc. 'J"i„,^|,
were eijfht Iiithaus belonging to tiie jmrty, and in their waudcriuf^s tlK\ hj, i
killed a cow which did u«)t l)eloii^ to theni, near Deaniond's Pond. A iiiut '(,(
theui, on the MHh of June, In-inj? eiiconiped at a nink-hole where tlicic was
water, about 3 miles from Keuapaha Pond, are fallen upon by a fr,|||„ , .•
wliites, s(!veii in nund)er, who seized as many of the guns l)eloiiiriii|r |„'"||
Indians as they were able, and then ( onunenced whippin;; thcni. Two df
tlie Indians iiad gone out upon a hunt, and returne<l while this bnniiicss wns
in progrciss. They made a shot uyou the whites, wounding one oftlKiii, and
in tluMr turn they tired upon the two Indians, killing one, named f\iT(^ !,||||
mortally wounding the other, named Lechotichee. Here the rencontre jsecins
to have ended.
A great cry was now raised along the Indian border, and the siirviviiiir
Indians, who bad done all of this mischief, were demanded of the clii(>r« In iIr.
agent They were readily surrendereci, the whole suniving six, ami tiinnvn
into prison, where they remained over thirty days, while their accusers were
left at perfect liberty to commit other outrages, and to make preparations mr
convicting the Indians at the trial which was supposed to await tlicin; Imt it
does not appear that any trial ever took place, and my informant says, tlmt ihc
balance of proof was so much against the whites that they were fjlad k,
"dodge the (luestion;" and hence we suppose the Indians were set at lilMrtv,
But could any rational man suppose that an outrage of such a flagitious clmr.
acter would pass without retaliation? It followed, but not immedintelj. { ■^
the 1 1 August, a private, named DcUton, carrying the mail l)etween Fort Hn, ;
and l"'ort King, was met on his route and killed. Some seized his horse by
the reins, while others dragged him off and shot him. When found, lijs boiiv
bore evidence of savage vengeance, being nearly torn in jjieces. Tiic pnm
conmiitting this act are immediately demanded by Gen. Clinch, and the cliidj
prouused they should be surrendered, j)robably without any intention of sn
doing. They were Alikastmkies, and having fled among the Redsticks of
the Ouithlacooche, could not be found. If the Indians did not avow tiiis iniir-
der to be in revenge lor that oi' Ftae and Lechotichee, it was known to \w so,
The Indians were now, if i)ossible, treated with greater contumoly tlmn
before, and Osceola, about this time, went to the agent to comi)laiii of mm
ruthless villain who had been guilty of grossly illtreating some of iiis pcnple,
It so hapi.v^ned that some white person had, only the preceding day, ukuIi' a
similar complaint against the Indians; which complaints were, it is said,
occasioned by the affair at Hogtown. The general therefore, liuvinfr yn-
judged the case, as good as told Osceola he lied, and that it was his iiitn who
were guilty of outrage. An altercation ensued, and this was the time, we are
told, that this chief was seized, manacled, and placed in the guard-iioiise of
the garrison; the circumstancesof which have already been related, afj.eeiililv
to the then existing information.
We now pass to the events of the war, taking up the subject where it iiad
been suspended in the summer of 1836.
One of the divisions of the army under Gen. Clinch marched from Tampa
for Fort Drane on the 14th of April, 1830. After a march of three days, tliev
came within four miles of Fort Cooper, Avhere Major Coojjcr had been leit
with his Georgia battalion. Having encamped. Gen. Clinch detached liistwo
mounted companies under Capt. Malone of the Washington corps, witli
wagons, to Major Cooper, and instructions to join him. When this (letiicli-
ment had proceeded about two or three miles, it was fired upon hy Indians
concealed in a homrnock near the road, and Mr. Howard and Cornet Dunsin
of the Washington troo[)s were wotmded ; the former with three sliot, anil
the latter with one in the leg. Both probably recovered. Capt. Maloiie
[Rook IV.
S — Lighthouse affiiir—
ns surjirisiil — Murdir/
!is viitliuirhiilij iIkiiIi—
V — tif/i. JtM/y) rtsumis
iUu«lo(l, wiis n s(>ri(iiis
ru^eous iiutiin' u\' tlic
veil an' tlu'sc. 'I'lurc
• vvuiulfriuf^s tln'\ |iai|
md's i'oiul. A iHiit of
■hole where tlicic wns
111 mioii hy a piiiir 111'
piniH beloniiiiii,' u, tin.
ppuifl them. Twii df
ihile th'iH hiifiiiifss wiis
iiding one ofUiiin, hikI
cue, nurned f'lij-e, imd
e the rencontre seiiiis
(ler, and the surviviiijr
[led of tlie chiefs hy the
•vivhig six, uiiil tlirown
lilc their uccusprs were
o ninke preimratioiis m
;d to avvtiit tliem ; liul it
inlbrnmnt wiys, that tin-
thttt they were iilml to
diaus were set at lihcny.
)f such a flujlitious v\m-
lit not imniedintely. ('
nail iMitween Fort 15i( ^
ionic seized his horso hy
When found, his body
11 in i)ieces. The iiuiiy
■11. Clinch, and tlie oliiffs
lout any intention of so
unong the Redsticks of
IS did not avow tliis imir-
it was known to he s^o.
rreater contumely tliiin
nt to coinphiin of soiup
ting some of his \)wyk
i preceding day, iiiadi; a
daints were, it is said,
therefore, havinsi ]m-
that it was his lucii wiio
this was tlie time, we are
d in the giiard-housf of
dy been related, a|!.eeBlily
the subject where it had
K-h marched from Tmnpa
narch of three cUiys,thov
or Cooper had been left
Clinch detaclied 1ms two
nWashington corits, «iii
lim. When this detach-
Ins fired upon by Mmi
Uard and Cornet P.n«
ner with three shot,an,l
ccovered. Capt. Maloue
CHAP. XVIII.]
KATTLE OF WEMK.V.
131
iiiinicdiately sent to Gon. Clinch for u reeiiforcomeiit, on tlie nrrivnl of'wiiicli
110 liidhins were to be found. The detachnieiit then proceeded to Fort
fdoju'r, wiiich hud been attacked lor VI tiays together, [lut with a Idks only
of one man, Mr. Zarock Cook, of the Morgan (jiianls.
At the sumo time (fcn. Clinch marched from Tampa, Col, Lindsay letl also
iipuii a scout, und while crossing the Killsboroiigh lliver, the Indians tired upon
iiiii, killing Mr. James Urunham of the Ahibumu volunteers, (ieii. Clincli
made hut a short stay at Fort Cooper, when he returned to Fort King, where
lii. arrived on tlio )i,')\h; having had ime man wounded, a Mr. IJostick of the
jilli rsoii troop. At the same time Col. (loodwin burns u large Indian town
(in I'eus Creek; und only two <hiys alter, a company of Jndians attack Fort
Dmne, make prisoners of several negroes, and carry off a number of horses.
peiurcly a day passed at this period without some tale of blood. (Jen.
yM, OH his inurcli near Ocklawuliu, is attacked in liis camp on the 2M of
\|irii, and two of his men are wounded. Two days allor, the general sur-
|irisi's a party of Indians about 23 miles from Voiu.via, but they all escape,
leaving, however, their horses and pucks to the victors.
At Cliarlotte Harbor, on the 28th of April, the Indians make thorough work,
kiilini,' Dr. Creus, the collector of tliat port, "und all the people residing
iliire.'' They next appear with great boldness before St. Murks, liut retiro
wiiliuiit doing any other damage than frightening the people. About the
middle of May depredations were committed within two miles of Mandarin,
in tlie St John's. They killed and scalped a Mr. Motte, u highly respectable
iliiitieiaan from New York, and burnt his house and other buildings.
On the 7th of June the Indians burn the extensive sugar-works belonging
wUcn. Clinch, together with 70 hogsheads of sugar, and a great amount of
iidur pro|)erty ; und ut the eame time they burn also the sugar-house of Col.
M'lnlosh, of Ouklund. The next day about 150 warriors invest Fort Micaiiopy,
in which was Major Ileillman und 70 or 80 men. Alter some prepuratioiis,
;i sortie was made, and the Indians disjiersed. The whites had live men
wumided and one killed. Major Ileillman had been an active and valuable
oiiicer, hut his term of service expired with his death, which took place at
Mioanopy on the 27th of the same month ; and but a few days before, (June
llili,) Lieut, Wheelock laid put an end to hisj own existence with his riHe.
His duties hud been so arduous that he wus overcome by an aberrutioii of
luiiid, in which condition he committed the fatal act.
On tiie 23d of July the Seminoics attack and burn the lighthouse on Cape
Florida; the keeper, a Mr. J. VV. B. Thompson, is most surprisingly delivered
from deutii, though not till he hud been forced to drink deep of the cup of ita
agonies,* On the 1st of August the express rider is cut off between New-
liaiisviile and Micanojiy.
Some time in June, the unheulthiness of Fort Drane linving been re])re-
sentcd to Gov. Call, an order was given for its evacuation. About the IHth
of July, a train of 22 wagons lett that place, with stores and irninitions for
Fort Defiance, Micanopy, at 8 o'clock in the morning, escorted by 2t) drugoons,
uudorCupt. Asliby, and 30 artillerists, detailed from different companies; in
all (i'2 Mien. They had a five and u half inch howitzer, under the charge of
Lieut. Whitly. On the arrival of the train at Welika Pond, within a mile of
its destination, as usual, the first notice of Indians wus from u salute from
ilieir rifles, by which one man was mortally wounded. The place whence
ilie discharge proceeded was scoured, but the Indians had gone. The force
moved on, and at about a quarter of a mile from Micanopy, as it was passing
a long hoinmock, a tremendous fire wus poured upon the whole column from
iiO Indiaus, as wus supjjosed ; their line extending a quurter of u mile. Soon
alter Cupt. Ashhy wus severely wounded, but continued in uction until com-
pt'lli'd to retire from loss of blood. The firing brought out to their relief two
companies from Micanopy, 31 strong, under Lieuts, Talcott i:nd Tem|)le, who
niidered very important service. Tlie Indians stood their gi .<und until dis-
[ lodged hy a charge, which was not until the fight had been consideral)ly pro-
' I have published Mr. Thompson's nnrralive of the affair in my Collecliou of Indian Nar-
I raiives— a very proper appeudix lo this work.
B'ff-T'V-1..:.;!'^,^
i',
?r ■■'■ .!> '1^1
mm
mm
^*
133
CRKEKS AiSI) CIIEROKKK AFFAIRS.
tBooit IV.
\ik
loKs no
triictcd. or the whifns 11 wore killetl iiiid vvouiKlcd ; of tlio Iiuliaim'
ac'coiiiit was olttaiiu'd.
On t\n' iminrmf,' nCtlm Htli of Au>.'iint fi-ll IMajor Williams, n«'ar St, Artinir'
(!;:<•, on his \v.i_, inmi Hlnck Cn-ok to Noiiardsvillc. 'I'lii-rc wcr,. •^^^\
ii'rl this siiifjlo act, and although Mr. Williams im,! „
was siitli-n>d to «'Sfa|»o; th»'j were so elated t||„t ii,,,,
. slniek tlit> first hlovv in this wretehed war, ilmi \\„\.
retaliation at that time. Tlu! reader will, ddiilitlrs^
I'.tth of Jiiiio, 1K)5, and the (larallel ease of (';, '
I"-
ih'id^^e, on his w.i.. i
Indians, it is said, \s
Non-in-law with him,
had killed tlu' man \vi
tlionifht of no further
roadily r»!niend)er iht^
Chnhh.
It is n relief, in piirsning p'nerai liistory, to l)o aide to meet with siiini-
tliinj,' hesides seenes of lilood, hnt in partienlar history we are eontined to th,.
(MMirse of oventH, whieh when they lead ns (o nothing hnt the most driadrd
Hceiu's, we hav«) no ciioiet! ; we do not make events, only record tliem. |'{ir
a moment onr attention will Im^ drawn to the Creek and ('herokee ednnirics
I\lii<di was said ahont th<; more northern Indians ^oin^ down into Flnriiia
mid joininf; the Seminoles, and it was even said that the Seminoles luu| si m
a messeng«'r to the shores of tiio f^reat lakes with invitations to the hidians in
those regions to join them. It may he true. We are told that (Jen. (iairiis
did not dishelieve it, hnt we have never heard that any ranie down tiom
thence. The Creeks wen^ adjacent, and it was easy for them to etVert siicji u
jnnction. Aceordiii^dy, on the .'Sth of Jidy, a considerahle hody of tlieni uns
discovered makin;; their way towards Florichi, which the people of ^'tt•^^)|rl
connty, (Jeorfyia, endeavored to prevent. They followed tliem ahoiit ilncc
days, and had ahont as many skirmishes with Iliem. The fnial result was
each party was jjlad to he rid of the other. One of the whites was woiiimIiiI'
and three In«liaiis were said to have heen killed ; the lormer heinj,' salislitd
to display the remainder of their conrajre on paper.
On the Kith of Jnly, 2,400 (^herokees were shijtped at Montfiomerv, Ala-
hama, (or the Arkansas. In such a vast asseml)lafre of people, liirccd fnun
the land of their lathers, it would he veiy strange ii'then* were not soumwIhi
should show an unwillingness to go. How such tinwillingness had Ihch
inanilested we are not informed, hut at this time "some 12 or 15" men were
"shackled with heavy irons to prevent their rising." One of them was (jcicr-
niined not to suhmit to such lelonious indignity, and, wrenching himself Irnm
the grasp of his torimuitors, s(uz«'s a cluh, and knocking down one with a
blow on the head, gives the war-whoop and attempts an escajie. Alas! Iiis
struggle is fraught with certain death; he is shot down, iiiid instantly <'X|iire,<.
Another is jiicrced with a bayonet, ibr what no mention is made ; lu; dies in a
few hours alter. On the evening of the same day three had (>scu|)tHl trwn
tliose who guarded them. Soon alter one was retaken, brought in in a cart.
and as he was thus conveyed along the streets, he cut his own throat, ami
exi)ired without a groan ! To such deeds of desperation does this work oi'
expulsion lead.
About the 2d of August, a small party of Indians struck a small spttlciii: lii
on the Oscilla River, which flows into Appalachee Bay, and about 40 inilis
from Talhil asses, killed two men, took a l)oy, and burnt a house. Colirctiin'
what spoil they could, they decamped ; but being inunediately followed bv
Capt. Fisher's company, they abandoned the boy and plunder, and secureil
themselves in a honnnock, and the whites inarched back victorious.
On the Kith of this month. Major Pierce, with 110 men, marched from
Gary's Ferry to attack a body of Indians, who, he had learned, were in \w-
session of Fort Drune. He was Ibrtuiiate enough to come upon them iiiidiv
covered, but such was the alertness of the Indians, that they escaped with
small loss ; 4 or 5, being badly wounded, fell into the hands of the wliiio,
who, to add lustre to their exploit, barbarously put some of them to death.
Osceola was there, and to his sagacity we may impute the small success of
his enemies.
On the 15th of September we meet with a melancholy account of dopn'
dations. At 10 o'clock in the morning of this day, a Mr. Higginhotliaiii |
arrived at Jack onville from his late residence at Cedar Swamp, a distaiici of I
7 miles, without a hat and almost exhausted. His house had been attuckdi |
RS. [Rook IV.
of the Iii(Vu\i\n' Iokm no
I'miiiH, iifiir St, Artlinr's
ill.', 'riu-n- wire •^(10
(ill iMr. WilliiiMis liiii) II
rtcrc so elated tiiiit tlicy
wreteiietl war, tlmt liny
1 n'atU'r will, ilimlitirss,
l)ai-allel cuwe ol' Cujit.
iiblo to inert with sumc-
■y we are eonliiictl to ilic
ijr but the iimst (Ircndcil
only record them. For
uid Cheri.kee eomitrii's.
<M)in(j (h)Wii into I'loridii
; the Seminoles had si m
vitatioiis to the Indiiiiis in
are told that (Jen. (imiics
lat any oana^ down iVom
/ for theni to eiVect t<\ich ii
ilerable body of tluin was
icli the j)eo\)le of ^■t^•\van
)llovved them ahont three
>in. The final result \va.,
f the whites was woiiiidiMi,
the former beitii,' satisliiil
lined «t Montgomery, Ala-
ijro of iieojde, forced trom
if there were not some wlin
h unwiirnif,Miess had hna
i'sonio 12 or 15" men were
" One of them was deter-
nd,wrenehing himself from
knoeking tlown oi"'/vitli a
,,ints an eseape. Alas! ins
down, mhI instantly exi.ires.
Mition is mado ; he dies inn
dav three had eseaiied truni
-taken, bronjjht in in a oart,
ihcent liis own thnnit, aii4
sperution does this work ui
L strnck a ^mM sottlnn.i:!
Ice Bav, and about 40 mi ks
UnUt'ahouse Collce...
U immediately lolbweil b
',V and i>l.mdor, and secured
,ed back victorious.
itb 110 men, marcned trom
,0 had learned, were in r^-
rh to come nvo" tlu'in muliv
lians, that they escaped mil.
otlu- hands of the «.u-,
,n.t some of them to dea.l,
Snipnte the small successol
melancholy account of ilqw-
Ps day, a^Mr. HippnhotliH
I Cedar Swa.n,>, a distance «
[irsouse had been attackeJ
CH*P. XVIII]
lUTTI.E OP TAN FEI.ASCO.
133
at (Inyhreak by a party of IndiaiiM. l!o had two men and nine punH, with
ivliich hetore he led they liad been able to silence the hidiaiis. A number
lit' citizens iinmiMliately volimieered, and marched litr the scene of actimi,
under Major Mart. They tbimd .Mr. IliKfrinboiliam's liunily sail', and firin;,'
liaviiiir ••eeii heard the nijfht before in the direction of « Mr. M'Cormick's,
they proceeded there, and loimd if had been biinil down; and its ruins were
yctHiiiokiiiK. Amoii,<,' them they found the remains of a human bi'injf. 'I'hirt
jviiH IH miles from Jacksiuiville. 'riieiiee (iillowing the hidians' trail, they
iiiiiie to the house of Mr. Lowder, 7 miles tiu-ther. It was abandoned by its
owners but very recently, as fire was still biirnin^r in the kitchen. Ileretlio
Imliaiis had done no miscliiet: IVoceedinj,' thence, the detachment, in four
miles, came to Mr. Sparkman's, where a traf^edy was opened to their view,
riipy found Mrs. Johns, who had lived in Mr. M'Cormick's house, her scalp
taken otf, and (Ireadtiilly wounded with two bullets; yet she was alive, and
able to communicate the jmrticiilars of the horrid trajjedy throujjh which she
had jiassed. Hlie and iier husband were about '20 yards from their own door
when tiiey discovered tiie Indians emerjrinj.' from the corner of a fence close
liytlicm. They ran i'w the lioiise, entered it, and closed the door; at the
sinie niomeiit the Indians tired on the house, and shortly afler they hailed them
in Kiiiriish, and told them if tiiey would come out they should not be hurt.
They not clioosin;,' to trust them, the Indians next looked throuffh between
the lojrs of the house, and ordered them, in a peremjitory manner, to come
out, iiiit they still retiised, and be<j!jed tor their lives. 'The Indians then
ilmnrcd the house, burst o|>en the (loor, shot Mr. Johns throiijrh the head,
and Mrs. Johns as belbre related; lu; fell dead, and she fell u|ion his body.
An Indian then seized her, and drajrfied her out of the Inmse, and .soon ath'r
(lra!;;,'i'ii iier in a^'ain ; and atb>r feariii<; the band and comb from her hair,
a|iplyiiiff his scal|)in,i[-knifi' to her head, and fire to her <rarments, letl her ; and
til make a more sure mark of his venpeaiice, he next set fire to the house,
anil tlicii they all drew off. They carried away a jmrtmanteau eonfaininj^
lOOdidlars, and every thiii!,' else they thought of iiny value. As soon as they
were out of heariiijr, the wretched woman rai.sed herself up and cre|)t -i-om
rhe iiiiniinnf buildiiifT ; saw the body of her husband lyini; unscalpeil. She
liiiiiled and tell, a<(aiii and ajjain, Init finally reached the edge of a swamp not
liir distiiiit, where she got some water, and lay down with hopes no greater
than her strength. In this situation she was found by the scout above men-
tinned, and eventually recovered.
On the morning of the 17 September, a ])arty of about 100 Indians came
within a mile of Port Cilleland, on tlu? I'icolata road, took a cart from soiru!
Hamsters, and carried it ofl' a piece, then set it on fire. Col. John Warren
sallied out ti-om the tort with 150 men, in the direction of San Felasco hom-
iiioek, where he hud reason to believe the Indians were posted. One hundred
of Ills uwu wen^ mounted, and of his iiuiiiIhm' was a company of artillery,
with a'W pound iiowitzer. lie could meet with none of the Indians that day.
Harly the next morning he sent out spies ; but they soon returned w ith no
inlelliiipnce of the enemy ; yet so well convinced was he that the Indians
were at I'Vlasco, tiiat he divided his men into three columns, and marched on
in Older of battle. Wiien they came within about three quarters of a mile of
the lioininock, they Ibimd tiie Indians in their own jicuuiliar order of battle ;
aial they rose up and poured upon the whites a sharp though not a destructive
lire. And we have very seldom heard of so much maiuriivring and fighting,
without greater exe<'ution, on any former occasion. The battle having lasteil
an hour and a half, but one of the whites was killed, and four or five wound-
ed ; the Indiatis lost none that their enemy were certain of) though they re-
port tiiat they saw a great many fall. In the first of the onset the Indians
made an attempt to turn the lefl flank of the Americans, " but were charged on
with s|)irit and success by Lient, Col. Mills's command, and driven into a thick
oak senih, who then dismounting and charging on them, drove through this into
tlie border of the hommock, when the artillery played upon them witii consid-
erable effect ; afhir this they retired to the right, and attempted to turn that
wing, hut a charge from Capt. Walker and Lieut. Briiten's command, drove
them within the range of liie artillery ajfain, which opened upon them with
12
m
t;
■ '}j?
I'M
IIAT'ILK OK MAN I'KI.A.srO.
[ItooR IV,
grnit ••fri'ct." 'riii'jr iiuul)) wvcriil (l(h|M'riil«! uttcin|itH to inaintiiin tlicir ihinI.
tiuii, mill rliiirunl iwiiT mi llic iiililliiy, liiil wni' linitcii oil' iil nil |i<>intH, unil
In'^iiii a n-lrcat. 'I'licy wrrn |iiii'hiii'il a iiiilr anil a lialT iiiio a lienor ||„||,.
iiMM-k, ami thru nlMiiiiluiiiil. 'I'Iiiih niilril llir lialllr nl' Sim riliipon ||i,|,|.
iMiM-k, as it vviiH riillnl. 'i'lii- liiiliaiiH wi ri' ii rkoiinl at HOC) nun. ScmihI „f
till- otliniH iiniliT ('i>l. Warn-ii wi-n- liixlily riiiiimriiiliil liir iluir l(iii\(i\ |,||,|
>;<Mnl riiiiiliift, in liin nllli-ial airniint nt' llii' lialtlr ; «'i^|»«'<iall> .\ii|. <;i||,".|„,|||
<'a|it. I). I». 'roni|ikin^ of llir artiliiiy, ra|its. Krrktnan, Walkir, anil Wunl'
liiriitH. Itniti'O anil llinilly.
Alioiit this tiiii)', till* iliHtiiifriiiHlit'il (Vn-k fliuilH, I'utidy <<arr anil Jim Hoy
arrivi- in Florida, with DfiU of tli«>ii' wairioiH, to aHHint in niibdiiiiifr tin- Hi-ui'i!
noli-H.
On or lii'fon; tli<! tiH Hi'|tli-nilM-r, ahont r>() ImliaiiH, Hiiiiposiil to In- i'riikM
attai'kril a lioiinr, near < hanp! I'onil, anil killril a Mr. I'litrfrrovi' anil iiis ^viil''
Shi- at llixt rsni|M'il from thr lioiisr, hut thi-y piirHmil lii-r, ovi-rtook iiml kilhd
lirr. A .Mr. liimli'r, living' in tin- Haiiiii Iioiihi', rHra|ii-il to a ponil, iiml hy
hiiryiiij,' liiniMrlf alniont cnliirly in wati-r liir 'il lioiirn, thry Hii|i|n)Hiii liim li,
ho ilrowmil; hy whirii artiliro ho |irrHi'rvnl his lili-.
'I'ho m-\l liny, nami-lv, Sopti-iiihir V'iltli, Col. Lani' lamloilat 'rani|iii, wiili ,|
fori-i' of whitrs anil Irii-nilly Inilinns, from .\|ialai-hirola. iiniriiiu; lliiit ilic
Iniliaiis NM'ro rommittin^ iloprrilations in tho iii'i<;hhorhoiiil, lir ninrijinj jm.
nu'iliatoiy, with fi monnloil nun iiml 100 Imliaiis, to hi-at up tliiir iiinnicix
A rapiil march of I'i iiiilos hi'oimht thom to hiilian Itivrr, whirr ihi'y iliMiiy.
rrril till- I'lioiny on tho o|ipo.siti- siilo. 'I'hi' frii-nilly Crrt'ks hail not rniiii' na
anil thoiijih thoni wrro ni'ar '^00 Inilians to opposi- tlii-m, yot tiny riiun^'nl
lhi>m,anil li>r l.'i ininiitos tin- skirmish was sharp ami ohsliiiatr. 'I'lir I'i'im|<h
umlor iMaj. Watson, now arrivi'il, ami thr Srminolos hojran to ril,i\; tiny
howovi'j-, maintainril thoir orilrr liir a niili- ami a liail| wlun liny m |iiinilii|
ami Mril in rvory ilirortion, ami ni^hl I'lnlcil tlio pursuit. 'I'iiis hallli' \wis mi
till* :iO of Soptomhor, at^i-r wliii-h tho t-olom-l rotiirnoil with his roniiiiiiiiil lo
'I'ampa. An art of si-lf-ilovoti'ilm'ss orriirrni in this fi<{ht, not of a vny rdin-
iiion rliarart«-r on rrrord : A Mr. Kolly wiis standing m-ar Col. I.ani-, wiiin In.
ohsorvi'il an Indian taking' ili'lihorati- aim at him ; having' just ilisrlinr^'cil iij.s
own ^Min, ho saw no i-hanro of saving' tlii> liti- of his fomniamlrr, hut liv iv-
coiviiiK tho hall himsi'lt| wiiirh ho did h\ instantly Ihrowin^' himsi'lf hitCMrn
iiiiii and tho Indian. Kolly rtroivod tho hall and toll; happily In; wiis imt
mortally wonndod.
On tho 10 of Ootohor, Col. liano sot out on another oxpodition from 'ram-
pa; and, on tho I Itli, aOor a march of .'>0 or liO milos, ho caino in lull yiiw uf
Oloklikana, or Spotted Lake, which strrti-hid oil' to tho mirth as tiir iis tlH>
oyo could roach, dotted hero and tlnic with hoaulifully-woodnl isiamk
iloro they toll upon a frosh trail, and soon attor a viila^'o, hut it was jiiinn-
dunod. in another direction their trail led them to a lord, '^(10 yarils ovir,
which tlioy passed hy wadiiif,' and swimmiiif.', — havinfj lo'ft their lioisis lie-
Iiinil, — hoyoiid which they camo to oxti^nsivo cornliolds, some cattli' timl
ponies, and a village ; hut no Indians yet. i'assin<r tlu; viilap>, the tniii In]
tu a marsh, near a milit ill e\tt>nt, covered with solt mud and water; Imt it
was no harrier to tho Creeks, and they dashed into it at once, and weii' liil-
lowed hy tho whitiis. They weri; olten waist hi;;h in mud, from wliirli liii\.
in;; extricated themselves, iiaiml they had reached a lino island, aiul tlie ti;iil
Ktill contiimin^ southerly. Here wore a village, domestic animals ami iiini-
Hils, and tho scalps of several white people. Not liu' from heme they ninir
to aiiothi ;- village, which, with tho tormor, contaimul aliovo a hinidred lioiiso.
Another half mile hron^ht them to thi; short; of ii pond, skirted with a tliick
Mitriil), of near three tourths of a mile in extimt. Iloro tho Seminoli's Iiml
made ,v stand, and he^aii tho attack hy a volley of rillishalls. A tight, iiijw
hof^iin, w;is kept up tor about half an hour, when a charge from the Ciccks
put them to (light, and they were; soon covered hy a hommock, and wcro
follow(;d no faither. Jiiit one of the whites was wounded, and wlietliiiiiny
of tho Crooks wvro killed or wounded, wo are not told hy their wliiti" ns-
sociates. Of the loss of tho enemy, they of course know nothing, wliiili
no doubt atiiouii*.od to the sumo. The wliitos destroyed about u liiiiidrcd
(UooK IV.
I ntainttiiM tlicir |mi>.1-
<ilV at all |><iinlH, imil
It' 'mill a di'iirx' liiiiii-
(' San I'tlanro llnin.
;MH» null. S.'Miiil ..r
|iii- tlirir l)i'MVi'i'\ mill
icrially All.!- <iill'laiiil,
I, NValkt r, ami Wunl,
Illy Carr and Jnn iluy,
in Hnlitlnni^' tin: Srnu-
n^»^n•^<<•«l ''• '"■ 'riikH,
I|it('|.(i'()Vi^ anil Ills will'.
icr, (ivfi'tiiiik anil kilinl
(I'd to a iiond, iiiiil liy
, tlll>y Hn|)|ln^«'ll liilii III
ukWmI at 'riini|ia, wiliiu
iMila. Ilraiini; tliiit lint
ii'lioiid, III' inairlinl iiii-
K heal n|> lla"' i|niirlnH.
isiT, wlirn- llii'V li'iMiiv-
'iT«'Us liad mil I'lnm' ii|i,
til,. Ill, yi't llii'V niL'iiciil
oltKliniilr. Till- Ciriks,
s hv<iu\\ III ri'liix; llii'V,
ali; wlii'ii lliry H'lmiiiliii
mil. 'I'li'iH I'altlr wiis mi
fd with liis ri)iiiiiiiiiiil li)
lifilit, nut nf a vny rmii-
iinir ("<)1. I'li'XN ^^'"'" '"'
aviiifr jiif^l discliiiiTiil liis
is (•iiiniiianiii'i-, Inil In n-
iiuwin^' hiiiiscir IhUmtii
Udl; liajipily la- ^^i***
nut
liiT cxiHMlilinn 1111111 Tniii-
I, lie cami- in lull vi>'w nl'
i] [\\i' luirtli aH liir us llm
|auliliillv-w<i<><l«'<' i^'»i"'''-
villtifl""', but it wax i''"'"-
III) a lord, 'M) vanls nvrr,
viii}? lol't ill''"" laaxi* 1"'-
■iiradds, Miinr catllr anil
ihv villa}r<-, lli«' trail M
ft mud and walrr; I'Ul il
it at oiift', and "^^^'r*' '"'•
in imid, rriim wlmli lia>-
a line island, and tlif \™\
l.nifstir animals and utni-
iiir iVoin licnrc tlu'V nuim
1 aliovci a linndiTd I.i>iih>.
nond, skirtrd xvitli a tlmk
llrrt! tlio Scminiili's Imil
r nll..,-lmlls. A lifilii, ""«
a cliarsro Irnni tia- \ '•'•l^^
l,V a liDinmock, ami «iiv
[vnniid(>d,and wlH'tji;'"")
,„t told l.ytlu'ir wliit.Mi>-
l,rs.'. km^w notliiiif:, ^vl"«•l|
■struycd ubout u \i\wM
CHAP XVIII I
aOV. CALL IN ro.MMANI).
i:)5
rnilli' mill Iiokh, iiiiil tliry n-tiiriHul to Purt Dram-, with alioiit UK) iiion', (»n
,!,.■ I!>tli.
Willi lliis cxjicditiiiii tiTiiiiiiati-d tlii> rarrrr nf an artivc inid valiiaiili- otli-
,.,.r. (ill. I. Mill' roiii|i|ainnl siniit' nl'a liriiin D'Vit, and lirin^ lill alonr in tlio
tiiil of ('ii|il. (I'liir liir a ti'w miniitrs, wiih liiiind liv him, un his niiirn, I'Vpir-
i,i)> on Ills own swnrd. It was sii|i|iiisi'il hr had liillcn on it ari'idrnlally, in
„ III iirdi//.ini'ss; or Ihal in a iiioniriit oC inlrllrrliial alirrration, arising; Irum
llii' iiiiliirr ot' liiH illness, In- had liirn his own i-m riitioni'i'. This iM-i-iirrrd
nil till' 'llilli, and i-a>l a drcji ^lootn mi r llir w jiole army.
,\ tiu days |iri'\ioiiH to this, (iov. Call wrnlr to the si'crrtarv of war, in-
|iiriaia>f him lhal hr had takni the general command in riorida, and lliat
liiii, .li'siiji had, "with ^real ma^'iiiinimily," dei-liiii'd it; hut lhal he had jiro-
|iiis('il 10 serve under him as a vohiiiteer .'^ome entertained liii;li e\|ieela-
1,1111s nl the |iresent iirosjieet, and others evjiri'ssed no liivoralili' o|iinioii of
till' ri'siilt of (lov. Calrs assimijilioii. lioth were nimnion frratnities; and it
tdiiilii havt! Ihhui HiiiKiilar, iiid«>cd, if neither hud liventiiated in liivor of tlio
|irii|ilM'l.
(Ill the yHlli, (Jov. ('ill! rommeneed netive oneratioiiH. ll«f timrelied from
ilir Siiniiee, at Old Town, with l,M7.'i men, in hi^'h hopes of speedily pnHinjf
•III mil III the war. The rniile to l'"ort Drane was taken, on wliieh seven In-
(jiiiiis were killed. Whether they were warriors, old men, women, or ehil-
ilriii, an menlion is made. 'I'liey reached l''iirt Drane, Oeloher 1st, where the
tins of tli(^ Indians were still liiiriiin^. Had it not lieeii fiir a liiilhliil spy,
llsi KoiA and his IMikasaiikies would have tiillen into (lov. ( 'all's hands. Hem
III' wailed until the evening of the (itii, to he joined liy IMaj. I'ieree, who was
lo siijiply him with pr<i\isiiins ; which he eili'cted with no ordinary eOiirts,
jiiiviii).' marched (ili miles in two days, vi/., iiom Itlack Creek.
Willi a sii|»|ily of H days' rations, a move war> made fur the "Cove of thn
Onilliliii'iiochee." On the way they till in with an encnnipnieiil of i^likasaii-
kii's, "killed Vi men, >vh<i did not tire a shot, took 1 women prisoners, and H
rhililrcii." From these they learned that the Ne^rro Town was lint '.\ niilea
tiliiiM' llieiii. ('ol. (fill WiiH des|iatclied theiici; with MOO Tennessee miIiiii-
ti'irs, on the nairning of the l-'it'i, hut could not reach the town Iroiii tho
ilijilli (if water in the, creek helbre it. He accordinj.'ly returned with loss;
liiivini; had 11 men killed, and 7 wonniled. Amon^' tin; tiiriiier was Inilitm
My, nil interpreter, in much esteem hy the whiles. He was lirolher-in-law of
("iiAiii.Ks Umathi.a, of whose trajiic dealli we have heliire jiiven an account.
Till' main hody murched to the river, which was so overllowcd that its w idlli
was 'i.^O yards, and could not he crossed. The Indians appeared on the op-
|msiii- hank, and firetl upon them, woimdiiii; IVIaj. (Jordon, though slif^htly.
lit ri' the expc'ditioii was at an end ; the arinv lieinj^ ohlijrcd to retreat to Fori
lliaiii' for Miip|ili«^H. At (I'M). (Jaines's liatlle-^n-oimd they fell in with Col.
Liiiii', as he was returning; from his ex|iedition, just recorded.
l/itlli' seems to have lieen done, or attemjited, alh-r this, until nlioiit the
iiiiddic of Novemher. On the lltli of that month, the army, consistinjx of
!i,IOO men, marched once more (i'oni Fort Drane liir the Onitlilacoochee. At
lliisliiiie the river was tiiiO yards wide; yet it was passed on the IMth, thonvdi
ill ;'r('at peril, finir of the rej.'nlars laiiiifr drowned in the way. The army had
now arrived at the- "('ove," where Indians were expected tc, he ioiiiid ; lint
iKino were visible, and it a|»peared that tin; place had been some time abaii-
lioiu'd; yet trails were discovered, leadiiiff into Ochlawalia and the Wahoo
Swaiiij). The lefl division, under (5en. Armstroiifr, met with no opposition in
crossiii!; the creek to tlit; Nefrro Town. It was crossed by ('ol. Trawsdale's
rcfiiiiiciit. Iiisteiul of one town, they (bund tw(», and burnt them both. Here
llicy found an old iiefrro, who told them llm Indians had irone to the Wahoo
Swaiiiji. Me said, also, that when tlii^ Tennessee volunteers made an attempt
n|i(iii the place the i»revious month, tliey killed 4«) Indians. This was no
(iiMilit sui({ to Hatter their vanity, for we have no necount that half that niimhi'r
olfiiins wee fin^d at that time.
(Ji'ti. Call now made disjiositions to pursue the Seminoles, with certainty
ot' success. Col. I'ieree, with '250 re<,'ulars, the Creek Indian rifjlit, and Col.
Warren's inoi iited men, w«!r(! to j)asH out of the Cove by the only praclicablo
outlet iu that oirectioii, and, after exploring the country south anil west of the
fi
', '., '. '■ '
"■"'i
Mr. >M :,il^
/;-?:' •ft
•fill
' t .,;(„■■ •»>!■■ •'">■:■[
136
BATTLES OF THE VVAHOO SWAMP.
[Book IV,
river, to reunite with the main army, about tiie 19th or 20th, near Dade's Imt-
tle-ground ; the general, meanvvliile, to niiin-h Iw the river in tlu; direcdon
of the Walioo, witli tlie Tennessee brigade, two rompanies of artillery, uiid
the Florida loot. Botli divisions marclied on the Kith, (Jn the l7tli,'al)oiit
noon, a large party of the enemy was discovered by the main body, eneaiii|)(.i|
near a honnnock. Col. Bradford, with the 1st regiment of Tennessee vuiun-
teers, was immediately detached to atta(;k them.
Although tlie Indians were sur|)ri8ed, they made good their retrmt to tlm
hommock, und waited the approach of the troops, wlio, when di^nioiiiitiinr'
received the fire of tlie enemy. They inunediately returned it ; l,\it the U,'.
dians stood their giuund until a charge was made, which, as usual, put tiicni
to flight. Tlie\ left 20 of their dead, and all their baggage, on the gnMiiid;
and, from traces of blood, a liir greater nund)er were siijiposed to lu ve iiepn
carried off! The number of Indians engaged were said to aniomr. to aiioiit
200. The whites had two killed, and 10 or 12 wounded, which, niter I'cina
taken care of, the army retreated four nfiles to a favorable i!:ne, und eif-
camped.
On the 18th, the general, having left his baggage-train under a stroiifr
guai'd, marched again, with 550 Tennesseeans, chiefly foot, to tiie \Vali(iu
Swamp. At about 3 miles from their camp, they fell upon a luigo Iiulian
trail, which led tSu-ough two dense honnuocks, and over two creeks, into a
large field, surrounded on three sides by hommocks. The eneuiy were re-
treating to gain securer positions whence to begin the attack, leaving ilnji-
houses in flames ; at length, making a stand, the whites immediately tbniK d
their line of attack. The foot, under Col. Trawsdale, were formed in ii|ii u
order to charge into the hommock, while the horsemen, to the right ami lin,
were thrown back to |)rotect the flank, rnd to act as a corps of reserve. Tlic
columns had not received the word to i dvance, when a tremendoiK* tire Uis
opened upon them, along their whole front, from a hommock. They Wjivm
slowly to advance, exchanging shot.'-' ,t short intervals. The order heini;
given to charge, it was obeyed wit!< iinpetuosity ; but the Indians did not
break and fly as in times past; they stood and fought hand to hand, rxcliau-
ging life for life, — whih iit the same time their wings attacked both tlaiiks of
the army, and a stnall lody of about 50 fell boldly on its rear. The hattle
had raged nearly half an hour, when a general charge broke and di.xjierscd
them in e"ery direction, leaving 25 of their numler dead on the field ; wliile
the whites liad but three killed and 18 wounded. COO Seminoles were said
to have been engaged in this battle. The hour being late, and the men unuli
exhausted, the army retreated to 'ts appointed place for the meetuig of Col.
Pierce, near Dade's battle-ground.
On the 21st, the army marched, in three columns, into the swainj), the
Tennesseeans and i ^gulars, and Col. Warren's moimted men on the risrlit.
the centre under Col. Pierce, and the Creek regiment on the lef\. Wlicu
they came to the battle-ground of the 18th, they found it hi jjossession of tlic
Lidians. As the Tennesseeans and regulars advanced, a heavy fire was
opened upon them, and they did not answer it until they got into die midst
of the Indians; then charging tiiem, they gave way and retreated.
As soon as the direction of their retreat was observed by a party in reserve,
Col. Pierce, with his division, and the Crerk Indians, were onlercd to iiuisiio;
and soon after. Col. Trawsdale with his .• .inient, and Col. Warren witii the
Florida horsemon, were sent to support ttiem. Unfortunately, the jrieattr
part of the regulars and Tennesseeans, by taking a trail to the right, l>e(aiiic
involved in an almost impassable morass, where no horse could move, nml
where the nun were obliged to wade waist-deep in mud and water. A s-iniiii
number of Creek warriors on the left, led by Col. Brown, taking a better jiath,
followed closely u|)on the enemy, and found them strongly posted in a cy|in'ss
swanij). The Creeks charged them with great spirit, ant' their gallant leader,
Major Moniac, was killed, as also wcve several other Creek warriors. It
was soon discovered that this party would be overpowered, and the strii^'iile
was momentarily becoming more and more desperate, when two coni|miiies
of Florida militia under Capt. (irov(!s miuI Lieut. Myrick, three eoiii|)anios of
artillery under Maj. Gardner, Capts. Tompkins, Porter, and Lee, and Col.
Waire witli liis mounted men, coming successively into action, en^b'"'' *'"
i
[Book IV.
near Dade's Imt-
in tlic iliicction
i of iirtillcrv, uml
II tlio I7tli, almiit
I body, <MR'!ini|)('d
reiinessL'e voluii-
iieir retreat to tlie
hen dWmoiiiitiiiir.
!d it ; L'lt tlif 111-
18 usual, i)Ut llu'in
3, on the }ini\iu(l;
B8ed to ht ve hcpii
anioiui'. to iilmiit
which, r.lUT 1>( iiijf
ible site, uiid eu-
n under a stron;;
lOt, to the Walido
[)oii a large liuliaii
two creeks, into a
le enemy weit' ip-
ttack, .'eavinjr ilicii-
miiiediately Ibniicd
re ibrnied in o|i('ii
3 the rii:lit and Id!,
[)8 of reserve. The
reniendons tire vi:s
nock. Tliey hepui
The order beiiij!
he Indians did not
id to hand, ( xiliau-
cked both thuiks of
8 rear. The battle
iroke and disjierscd
ou the tielil ; wliile
eniinoles were hw\
I. and the men iiitali
the meeting of t'ol.
|ito the swanij), the
men on the riirlit,
Ion the let\. ^VIlen
liii possession of the
], a heavy lire \\iis
got into the midst
jtreated.
[y a jiarty in rcscivc,
, ordered to iiuisiic;
bl. Warren witli \\k
iinatelv, the givatif
[to the' right, became
•sc could move, and
and water. A (^iimll
Itaking a better jiatli,
^ posted in a cvjiivi^s
their gallant leader,
Creek warriors. U
fed, an«l the strii.'!.'le
hen two comimiiiis
three companic!* ot
and Lee, and Col.
action, eu'-b''^'' ♦'"
Chap. XIX.]
GEN. JESUP AT THE WAHOO.
137
Creeks to maintain their ground. Still the fight was animated ; and it was
not until nearly all the force of the whites was brought to bear on this point,
tiiatllic Indians could be dislodged. Then it would s( om they retired more
to give their adversary a chance to retreat, than because they were beaten
themselves. Thus ended the second battle of tlie Wahoo Swamp, in which
i'l of Gen. Call's army were killed and wounded, nine being of the former
nuiiilter. The Indians left 10 on the field; but the whites said they lost " 50
at least."
The army having consumed all their provisions, and being very severely
IiiukIIciI, was glud to make t'.ie best of its way out of this hostile i ^^gion ; it
accordingly returned to its 'ate encampment at 10 o'clock at nigNt, und the
next day marched for Volusia.
Where Gen. Jesup was, or what service he was rendering at this period,
and for some time previous, I am uninformed ; but, on the ^4 November, he
arrived at Volusia, with 400 mounted Alabama volunteers. He came late
troin Tampa, and on the way had taken 33 negroes, the former propei-ty of
Col. Rees, of Spring Garden, whence they had been earned ott' by the Semi-
noles. Here Gen. Jesup received orders from the secretary of war, again to
reiiiime the command of the army of Florida. Gov. Call had jiretty conti-
(leiitly asserted that, in the campaign now just concluded, he should be able
to tiiiish the war; but he had only showed the Seminoles that some of his
men could fight as well as Indians, and that others could turn their backs
witii equal dexterity. On the whole, if the Indians had been one to a thou-
sand against the Americans, it would be no very difficult question to settle,
which would be sent beyond die Mississippi. When, in October, the Creek
de|iiitation visited them, to persuade them to submit to terms, Osceola as-
sured them with firmness, that " the Seminoles would never yield — never, he
fiiid; the land is oiu's; we will fight and die upon it." The Chief Harjo was
attliL head of the peace deputation of Creeks, and he found Osceola in a great
swamp, on the Ouithlacoochee, having then with him about 3,500 peoj)le.
Notwithstanding the severe blows which Osceola 1 (1 had in the Wulioo
Swaiiip, it yet remained the Narraganset of Florida , ad such were the ac-
counts from thence, that Gen. Jesup determined to proceed there with a
larire force. Accordingly, with ten days' provision, he marched on the 12
of December for that point ; but, on reaching it, no Indians were found. On
ihc 17th, he marched for Tampa, tukinj the course of the Ouithlacoochee in
liis route ; and Col. Foster pursued a parallel couree ou the other side ol' the
saini' river ; a single Indian was the result of all this business ; yet no blame
fan he attached to those who performed it, for what can men do where there
i« nothing to be done ? Something like calculation can lie made in marching
asiinst men in a Ibrt or city; but where it is known that a people remove
iheir cities and foits us easy as themselves, quite a different calculation is
rf(|nired. Cu?sar never fought Inditms, or he would have reversed his cele-
brated saying, " 'Tis easier to foil than find them."
ifiies-
CHAPTER XIX.
EVENTS OF THE WAR DURINO THE YEAR 1837.
Eipfdition to Jthnjwpku — Osucukf. killril — Jrsiip parleys with the chiefs — Col. Hen-
dcrsiin's Expedition — Batti.k ok Lakf. Monkok. — Treaty of Fort Dnilc — I'liob-
sirred — Osceola at Fort Mellon — A'nmlirr.s of the Seniiiioles — Siiddni abduitioii if
cmiirrants — Jesup requests hi lie relieved from comma iid — Western Ind'ans n/inlied
lo—Gcn. Hernandez's Exp'dition — Capture of Kin<r Ph'lip — Surprise of the
Vrliees — Surreniier of chiefs — Mediation if Ross — Capture of Osceola and others —
I'iew of the affair— Vfii.D Cat's escape — Batti.f, of Okkchobi^e.
With this chapter we liegin the events of the year 1837. On tlie 22 of
Janiiiiry, Gen. Jesup put the main body of the army in motion, with tiic view
12*
izm
'■I
'iMl
.'■^p
•V'-i
lit'
m
Mtv
IL
138
BATTLE OF IIATCIIEK-I.USTEE.
[Book IV.
of nttnckiug another strong-hold of tho Iiiilioiis. whicti Jic had lenrucd wn
upon tlio lieud waters of the Oklawuhiu The next «hiy lie dutiicluMl Lie *
Col. Cawlfield witii liis mounted liattaiion of Alabama vohinteern, Cupt. \\i^r
ris'H company of marines, and Maj. Morris's Indian warriors, with Iii.s own aid
Lieut Chambers, to attack Ohuchfe, commonly called tiie ("liief C'oowr'
whose rcmlezvous was then on the borders of ^\Jiapopka Lake. OisuchtJ
was surprised, and, with 3 of his wiuriors, killed ; nine women and cliildr,!)
and 8 nej?ro»^s taken. The whites lost one Indian, who was mortally woiiiul^
cd. From tho captured it was discovered that the niuiij body ol" the tit'iiiil
noles had gone southward.
Pursuit was innncdiately made, and, on t' :' 24th, the army passed a niL'jrcd
range of mountains, hith<-rto unknown to tlio whites, called, by the huljaiw
ThlatJiatkee, or White Mountains. On the y7th, the Indians were discoviind
on the llatchee-Lustee, in aiul about the "Great Cypress Swamp;" and „
successfid charge was made upon them by Lieut, Ciiand)ers, with I'lin's
company of Alabama volunteers, by which "25 Indians and negroes, und t|it;ii-
horses and baggage, were taken. The captured were chiefly women and
chihiren. Col. llend^rson pursued the fugitive warriors into a svvanm, ai d
across tho Ilatchee-Lustec Kiver, and thence into a more extensive swumi)
where they couhl not be ])ursued without great difticulty and more umi
Meanwhile, a messenger had been sent to the general, but he was killed in die
way ; mid it was not till another had betui sent, that he was iufornied iiow
matters were jirogressing with Col. Henderson.
Gen. Jesup sent a prisoner to Jumi'kk, on the morning of the 28tli, cndouv-
oring to get a parley, while he moved on mid took a position at Lake Tuiio-
1)ikalega, within a tew miles of where it is apiiroached by the Cypress Swanii).
lere he took some hundred head of cattle. The prisoner sent out to Jinnper
returned the next day, bringing favorable talks ii'om Alligator and Aliraiiam-
und two days after, January :ilst, Abraham visited the general in his ('anip ;
immediately afler, he returned to the Indians, and cm the 3 February, biuuL'lit
along with him Juniper und Alligator, with two sub-chiefs, one a nephew uf
Micanopy. These chiefs agreed to meet the general at Fort Dade, with oiiier
.chiefs, on the 18th following. Jumper and Alligator, it is said, are ainung
tlie bust of the descendants of the Yamussees.
To leturn to Col. Henderson. On receipt of his message. Gen. Jesnp or-
dered the disposable force of CJen. Armisteud's brigade, Maj. Gorhain's inliiu-
ti'y, and Tustenugge IIujo's Indian warriors, to move on to his support. Thev
soon ciptured two Indian women, and several negroes, in a pine wood, over
a hui'.dred ponies, some plunder, and several fire-arms. The main foicc of
the Indians had fled ; but not having much tim" in advance, were suon over-
taken by Maj. Morris on the border of a considerable stream, 20 or i^f) yards
wide, in the midst of a swamp. The Indians were in possession of the oppo-
site side, and when the warriors came up, they were fired upon, and a con-
siderable skirmish ensued. The creek was difHciilt to fiird, and the hidiuii^
had passed it by two trees felled from the opposite banks. Tli»'se afl()rdiil a
sure mark lor the Indians' rifles, a very few of which could stand affuiiisit
many; but the whites and their Indian allies, being much the more ininicr-
ous, were able to extend themselves up and <lown the stream, by which {\k.
play the Indians were exposed to a cross tire, and soon began to abandon
their position. The order being now given to cross the creek, Capt. Morris
i major of the 1st Indian battalion) was the first to advance on the lo}f, t'ol.
owed by Lieuts. Searle and Chaml)ers, and Capt. Ihu'ris; Lieut. Lee swim-
ming over at the same time. These officers led the van througiiuut tliis ex-
pedition, and are mentioned with high encomiums on their condu(;t. Haviiijr
all crossed tlu^ creek, the Indians made several stands against them, but wen;
forced to fly after a few fires. They were followed for a mill! or two, ami
then the pursuit was given up ; the detachments returning late at night to the
camp of the main army. The result of this affair was the capture of 'J8 nc-
groes, ond Indian women and children. How many warriors were killed, no
certain information could i»e given ; but some two or three they w'Wi i.tin?
dead, us they miu'cbed along. Of the whites, one was killed at the passage
of the creek in the swamp, and three wounded and in the pursuit uiiotber
was killed. Thus ended the affairs of one day, uuinely, January the 27tli.
ivvuiui) •," mul a
CiUP. XIX.]
BATTLE OF LAKE MONROE.
139
The next nflliir of importmico, wliicli tnuiHpirod in Floiiilu, was tlio buttle
of Lnkc Monroe. lirevet Col. A. (-. VV. Fanning liiul \hvm MtationctI ut tliut
nliice, un»l liis cuinp tliere l)ore tlie imnio of the lake. Early on the nioinin<'-
oltlit) 8 Fehniary, IKJ7, ahont 'MO Seniinoles commenced fnin},' n|ion (Jof.
Fiuuiirifl's camp with great spirit. Their right rested on the lake ahove tlie
furt; their tell on the shore helovv, and another line extetided aronnd ihoir
trout. They were taken rather hy snrprise, many of wiiom, being new recrnits,
scarcely knew wliat they were about ; bnt afler wasting u good share of their
aiiiiiuuiition, luniig bent on making a noise by some means, tlasy were got un-
Jcr some sort of regnlar modus opcmndi, and the action became shiu'p. Mean-
wliile, Lient. ThoniaH recciivtul orders to man a steajiiboat, lying in the lak(5
iimlcr cover of the fort, and to serve a six-|)onnder, whicli was on board of
licr, upon the right of the Indians. This he was enableu i> effect, and they
Hire immediately driven fiom that position ; but they imng upon die right
1,11(1 front for near tin-ee hours, belbre tley would give up the contest. Tlic
hriivi! Cnpt. Mellon was killed near the I eginning of the fight, and L5 others
(vire woimd«!d, some mortally. 1'auuy C ark was lusre with liis Creeks, and
Hus among the fbreiuost in all clanger ; and ('ol. Faiming gives the names of
nwiiv iif his officers who distinguished th(!ms»!lv(!S.
Thus, only ten days belbre tin; time assigned to treat with Gen. Jesiip, did
the Si'Miinoles give a d(;nionstration of the value they set upon a |)e!i(;e witli
ihe whites; but, perha|)s, the party which attacked Col. Fanning were unac-
i|iiaiiited with the arrangement. However, through t!ie nxuliation of the
Cneks, the geni^ral got a hearing with IIoi.atooliikk, nephew of Micanopy,
JiMPKR, Abraham, Little Ci.oui), and several tubers, at Fort Dade;, on iho
,') March. Micanopy sent as oxcuse for his non-a|)()earunce, that he was old
;ui(l infirm. Jumper was in<|uired of respecting the time the Indians would
Iff reiuly to remove, and from his answer, all the world, if they had lieani it,
iiiijrlit have known that all the Indians were afler, was to gain time ; for he
replied, that they could not be ready till fall. The gen(!rul as promptly re-
plied, tliat " that was out of the question," insimiating also, tliat if they wished
t(i (.'aiii tinie by such a manceuvre, they were mistjdttiu. Jinnper showed
wiiic iiulignutiou ut being thus suspected, and uiler considerable other talk,
the council wus udjom-ned to the next duy.
Accordingly, they met again on the Gtli, with augmented nund)ers on the
part of the Indians ; among whom w(!re representatives of Alligator, Coa-
fhoclioc or Wild Cat, (Philip's son,) his nephew, un<l I'euse Creek John, and
a treaty was drawn u|) and signed. It purported, that hostilities should
iMiu that time cease ; all the Seniinoles to remove immediately beyond the
Missis,sii»i)i ; to give hostages to siicure its observance ; all the Indians to go
iiiiiiiediately south of the llillsborough ; Micanopy to l)e one of the hostages ;
ami, hy the 10 April, all were to be ready to remove. To these articles four
cliicfs put their murks, with Gen. Jesup ; and we shuU see bow they were ob-
sicrved.
To keep up the deception, and make sure of the promised rations, tin; In-
(iifiiis began to frecpieiit the general's «;amp, as though in good earnest to
lliltil the treaty. By the 5i(> March, there were there, or bad been there, the
rhiels, Yaholooclne, (Cloud,) Jumper, Abraham, and Tigertail; und the
priiici|)ul chiefs on the St. John's, Tuskinnia and Emuthia, (Philip,) had sent
word that they would emigrate if Micanopy said so, and Abiaca (Sam Jones)
liud been invited by Philip to go to Micanopy to arrange for u removal. Abi-
aca being chief of the Mikusaukies, his uccpiiescence was thought of no little
consequence. About this time, it was reported that Yaholooclne wus com-
mander-in-chief at the buttle of the Walioo Swamp, and that Osceola had
been deijosed for (cowardice in that action, Ou the 18 March, Micanopy
signed u written acknowledgment of, an«l accpiiescence in, the trtiaty of the
(ilii ; and Gtsn. Jesup seemed (piite sure the war was ut an end. Neverthe-
less, about this time a circunistunco occurred which much ulurmed the In-
dians, anil whether feigne<l or real, answiM'ed the same end. A report was
circulated among them, that us soon as Gen. Jesu|) had got a sufficient mnn-
ber into his power, he would liandciiff und ship them for Arkunsas. Thus
matters were retarded and moved slow. And, besides, Philip, chief of the
,^^M^
If tJ •■>,■
•♦!■ i' iti. ft' t ISCaBili
140 OSCrxiLA BREAKS UP GEN. JESUP'S PROSPECTS. [n„oK iv
Toliopkolikios, ha i bejftin to kIiow liiin.s<-lf ugaiii, and reiiiaiiirt] in lii.s stionir.
hold with 400 niuii. Tliis niurli IcsstwuMi tlu; confulcnc*! ol" tlie goiicn,), iiiui
Jio begun to make prcpiu-ations I'ur aggressions. Murders were also uliiiosi
daily conirnitttMl in sonu; direction.
However, by the 1 May, (Jsceolu* hud coinc! in to Fort Mellon, Lake Mon-
roe; and, by the 8tli of that month, there w«!re assembled there, and ju ii,,'
innnediate neighborliood, not less thun ;j,.'K)0 men, women, and ehildivn. hi
whom about 1,000 rations had been issued. Many, if not all the cirnl.s, l,;,,!
liberty to eome an«l go as tliey pleased, and this eould not be objected to; j,,
the lirst place, because they were to bring in their people, und horses an,!
cuttle, to be reu«ly to remove ; und, in the next pluee, hud an attempt l)(.,.|,
made tt» detain tliem, all tliut eould would have run uwuy, and it Wdnid liavr
been very ditiieult ever to have got them ugain. Hence, in this view nl tlir
matter, — und we can tuke no other of it, — a dill'erent course would have led .,[
once to u ruin of whut ui)peured to huve l»een so well begun ; wlierciis liy
that adopted, there was some prosj)ect g<" success. Then'fore, it is plain tliat
tliose who couflenui (jien. Jesup for his policy, siwuk unadvisedly.
While the Indians were ut Fort JMellon, nnich inlbrmution was gatlKn.,]
from them, relative to their numbers and condition. Maj. (ilar<lner said Im>
was ass>u'«'d there were 2,500 Seminoles then able to beur urms, and Col
Harney's intbrmation confirmed ihut con(;lusion.
All tilings seemed to ]n'omise success to Gen. Jesuj)'s eflbrts, and hr
becume by the end of May quite contident that the war was at an vmi,
Osceola had slept in the tent ol" Col. Harney, und grcut conlidencci sccnisio
hav»! taken the place of mutual distrust. TIk; generul felt quitt; assured that
Osceola would be of great .service in bringing Mi bis countrymen, and licton;
the middle of May lie had lying at Tainpu 24 transjiorts to tuke oti' tlic
Indians; but to his great u.stonishmeiit, on the morning of the 2d of Junr
he Ibund tliut neurly ail of them had fled into their own wilds and fiistntsscs!
And thus the edifice tliut hud been so long in building hud been .swept awav
in one night. Oscj'olu hud been some time absent, und had returned witii
200 Mikusaukies, ami compelled such as were not willing to leave, to ftooil'
with him. Micunopy suid he hud agreed to emigrate, and would do so, and
b<ung told tliut he might choose between compliance and deutli, he said, "Kill
nie here then — kill me (piickly," but he whs forced ujion his horse und diivcu
ofl'. Jiim|)er hud sold all of his horses, und was forced to march on tiiut.
Thus stood the affairs of Florida in the beginning of June, 1K17. The
Indians were sure of a truce till fidl, when they would be uguin in a coiidiimii
to fight with u better pri,L,pect of success thun ever. Muny of the li)r(( s of
tlie whites hud gone home, und muny were quite us incflicient as tlioiijrli tlicv
were there aKso; as sickness had begun to prevail, und terror and disniiiy
were liist spreading in every «lirection of that ill-fiiteil land. The generjil had
done every thing be could <lo, or tliut uny other muii in like circuiiistaiuis
could have done, but thut did not suve him from slujiderous tongues; and on
the 5th of the suine month he wrote to the secretary of war, recpiestiiiff to be
relieved from the command in F'loridu ; but his recpiest wus not granted.
An account of the stiite of ufluirs in Floridu huving reuched Wasliinfrtoii,
the secretury of war, on the 22d of July, issued orders for enlisting the wcsttiii
Indians to Hght the Seminoles ; namely, 400 Shuwunese, 200 Delawaros vm\
100 Kikupoos, which were soon uf\er carried into efiect; und in Wepttinhci
following, there hud urrived in Floridu upwards of 1,000 southern und wcsttrn
Indiuns, prepared to uct in conjunction with their white allies ugain.st the
Seminoles.
The first uf!iiir of importnnce in the full cumpnign of 18.'{7, was tlic c\|ip-
dition to Dunluwton, Tomoka, und the lichees, iiiuler Gen. Hernunde/ That
officer was ut Fort Peyton, seven miles south of St. Augustine, on the 4tli ot'
gcptember, when four negroes, which hud belonged to Mujor Heriot, niiiie
in und delivered themselves up, und informed tliut muny Indiuns wi rt- n-
S:aged south of Tomoka, and east of the St John's, preparing cooiiti, (zamhi.)
'reparations were immediately made tor un expedition in thut direction, und
Somo wrote Os-sin-yah-holo, others Assinyohola, but Osceola his obtained.
CHAf. XIX]
J force ninrcl
leered to tuke
same evening
llie 8tli, at dayl
to the same m
indiuii negro,
ari'oiiiit of an
I'imli'. Spies
iliiiv was an ei
III JM'at up, aiK
piL^e, iiiid at mi
ilii' whole part;
Niiiic \V(!re kiili
at this capture,
liad laid waste t
JkIiii, and sever
On evuininin^
from tlienee wa.>
i'liilip coiifinne(
prise this encan
tiirafriiide, and
Olio innii, who t
Icliecs eiitindy
LiiMit. iM'Neill, u
woiiiuled, and l(i
lure was viewed
(liiriii!; the exped
Bi'liire the mo
Dunluwton) came
mre no sooner c(
l\e have no othei
jiicli a step, take
were di^tennined
liivp been an ear
jTiiekehatclio i "
Bonr a year ago, c;
tiiere urrived at 1
and lloiiese Tusti
I'oiiratrenient to th
a sliort time.
On the 20th of
iKim Tampa to Fo
a proiniiieiit chiel
clur.asiih-ohiet; i
At the same tinn
i-iiiet' of the Cliero
in "liicii lie ardent
upon liieni tho nc(
Uler iiiipnicticahili
Tliis Mr. Ross inn
Jwksnn, and four
f'lnrida. It was a
' "wida, and other
alias Joii.v KosH, ui
This deputation t
•*ani .loiics, at the
I li'wlly settled, hut /
»i)idd not ii.se hitu
»li's imd j'let with
ili'ir |)iincipal men
I «a.s Osceola him.scdf
About tlie 18 Oc
CHAP. XIX.]
ROSS'S MEniATION.
141
g force iiinrclicd from tlicnro on tho 7tli, nmler Lieut. Peyton, who volim-
leereil to tuke tlio lead on this occasion. It consisted of 170 men, and tiio
ijiiie cvenimr thoy niaciied IJnlow's, It} miles iiom Fort IVyton. Here, on
,1„. 8tli, at daylijfht, lonr othcM- nof^roes ffavo tiiiinselves up, wlio hud Iteion^ud
,(, lliesanio muster, and at tiio same time there came alon^ with tliem uii
Iiiiliiui negro, numed Joim, a shive of King I'liilip, who liud rnn uwuy, on
iifcoiiut of an attachment to iiis master's s(|uuw. He was mudo to act' as a
jiiiilc. Spies w«,'re sent out, wlio soon returned with tlio inibrniation that
J"li,.n> was an encampment of Indians at Dunhiwton. This it was deternfined
III licat up, and Lieuts. Peyton and Wiiitch(!nst were detaclied (or tiie i)ur-
,ii,<c, and at miihiight they fell upon them with complete success; capturing
ilii' whole party, except a son of l*hili|), a lad of IH, who made his escape.
Som- were killed or wound(Ml on eitluir side. Tho whites were much elated
ai this capture, having found that they had taken the arch King Philij), — who
liail laid waste this part of the <'ouritry in the beginning of tlio war, — Tomoka
Jdliii, iiixl several others, women and children.
On examining Tomoka lohn, the general learnc' that at about 10 zniles
frniii thence was a company of l;cm"<' H o; jO Lichees, under Uchee Hilly, and
ji|ijlj|) confirmed his statement. It was resolved, without loss of time, to sur-
prise tiiiH encampment also. Accordingly, 40 men marched out, with John
fur a (.'iiidc, and hero ulso tho surprise was complete, with tho exception of
one innii, who escaped under covcjr of night. IJiit tiiey did not find the
IVIiPC's eiitiridy unprepared, and in their resistance they mortally wounded
Liciit. M'Neill, a promising yo'- <^ ofHcor. Two Iiulians were kilied, three
womidetl, and 1(5 captured. Among the lutter wus Uchee IJilly, whose cup-
lure was viewed of no small consc^cpience. In all 5 chiefs were captured
(liiriniT the expedition, making a total of IM Indians and negroes.
Hiloro the month exjtired, a son of IMiilip (probably he who escaped at
Diiiilawton) came with four others to St. Augustine, with a flag; but they
Hiw no sooner come than (iien. Hernandez ordered them into confinement.
We have no other ])articidars, and whetluu- the general had good nmsons for
such a stop, take not upon us to say. It ajiptiars that the whites in general
were dotennined to have the Indians, some how or other, and this seems to
have been an earnest of what was ailcrwards enacted. John Hix, or Hext,
iTufkehatclie I" "jo,) who was supposed to have been killed in an encounter
aeitr a year ago, came into Fort King on the 3d of August, and on the 7th
there arrived at Black Creek, Coahajo, Yahajo, (brother-in-law of Osceola,)
ami llonese Tustunimggce. These cajUurcs and surrenders gave great en-
coiimifcnient to the peojjle, and they again countetl on a total eniigrution in
asliorttime.
On the iiOtli of October, as Lieut. T. B. Adams was escorting an express
frouiTanipa to Fort Fostisr, he fell in with and took three Indians. One was
a |iroinineiit chief of Pease Creek, named lIolachta-Mico-chee, Ilac-te-hal-
clue, a siih-chief, and one warrior.
At the same time* was jirepan^d at Washington a very sensible talk, by the
fliief of the Clierokees, John Ross, which was to be sent to the Senfmoles;
iiiwliirii he ardently expressed himself for their welfare, and strongly m'geil
ii|ioii iliein the necessity of coming to a settlement with the whites, und the
utter impracticability of continuing in wur, with the least prospect of success.
Tliis Mr. Ross undertook, by the consent and with the advice of President
Jii'l.sim, and four trusty Cherokees were soon after despatched with it lo
Rorida. It was addressed to Micunopy, Philip, Coacoocbee, (Wild ('at,)
•keiila, and other chiefs and warriors, and signed KOOWF-SKOOWE,
alias John Ross, and a conmiendatory article, by seven of his head men.
Tliis dejiutation met the Stuninoles in their country, and held a talk with
Sam Jones, .-it the head of MOO Mikasaiikies. Nothing seems to have been
liiially settled, but Abiaca (Jones) said he would treat with the whites if they
wrtiijd not use him ill. However, l>efbre this negotiation began, the Semi-
iiules had tnet with the saddest blow of any, before or since ; eight more of
liiir jHiiicipal nun hud lidlen into tin! hands of (Jen. Jesiip, among whom
was Osceola himself This came about as follows : —
About the 18 October, Osceola sent a message to Fort Peyton, that he
''111 I
fi
'■'■mm
143
CAPTURE OF OSCEOLA.
[Book IV.
w'lHlied to have a talk witli Gen. Hernuiidez, and stated that he was Imt a feyy
niili'.s Ih/iii tliore. He liad not even veiitin-ed thus tiir, had not the simrn 1),.,.,,
laid l)y tlie «'()niniander-in-chi«!f of tlie vvliit(!S, wlio, it nuist ever iieival'trr
he alh)\ved, dis|tlayed as niucli of the Indian in tiie matter, as Coacoocl,,.,, ||,,,|
done hefore, in tlie aliduetion of old Micanopy and others, when the ffciicnil
had them nearly nmdy for Arkansas. For this act of Coaeooehee, tlic ir,.,,.
eral had determined to he reven(,'ed ; and he declared, " if he (Coacooclicci
I white man, he woidd have executed him the moment he d
id.s." Now we have seen that he did, some time Im-Ioh! this
Gen. J'ornandez's hands. He was the one senV out, or, as
s, allowed to go out, at the request of old Philip, iiis liitiier. 1|
•■aim;
liill
tim
I'it
liin,
had heen a white man, he woidd have executed him the moment hi
into his handi
into his, or
j^eneral says,
was that hrought ahout this overture of Osceola, which proved so iiitui to
as in the secpiel will he s(!en.
The Indians, having comi; as near Fort Peyton as they dared, sent won! I'nr
Gen. Jesup to come out and talk with them ; he returned them tin aiiswir
but ordered Lieut. Peyton to get them into the lort if he could, and tlicu to
seize them. But in this he could not succeed, and Gen. Hernandez wus sent
out with 200 men, and commenced a jjarley with them. Gen. Jcsiiii re.
mained in the vicinity of Fort Peyton, and ordered the lieutenant of tin. t;,,.,
to proceed to the treaty-groimd, to learn whether the Indians "answered (V,,.
Hernandez's questions satisfactorily or not." He soon returned, and reiKutcil
that the answers were "evasive and unsatisfactory ;" whereupon he oidcnd
Maj. Ashhy to capture them, which, with the aid of Hernandez, was ddn,.
without the discharge of a gun on either side. Seventy-five Indians wcic, hy
tliis maiueuvre, taken with loaded rifles in their hands, disarmed, and idn".
fined in the fort; and thus ended this "brilliant" afiiiir, which took iilaccoii
the 21 October, 1&'{7.
The names of the principal chiefs "grabbed" in this "haul," were, as tlic
inter|)reters gave them, Yoso-ya-hola (Osceola,) Coahajo (Alligator,) Vuw.
AS-HAJo, John Cavallo, who had been a hostage with Gen. Jesuj), No-i n.
so-sia-hola, Emathla-Chamy, Co-hi-lo-lue-hajo (Doctor,) and IIasto i-
MI CO.
Severe animadversions have been indulged in, upon the conduct of (ion.
Jesup, in thus seizing Osceola and his companions. We have not tiini' nor
space for an examination of what has and may be urged for and against the
measure. We have followed the general's own account of the utiiiir, uiid
must leave our readers to judge for themselves upon its justness. One re-
mark, however, may not be tmim])ortant, as it may assLst in a just decision ol'
tlie question. The general has said, that, inasnnich as the Indians litui ^'io..>s-
ly deceived him on a former occasion, he would use nnj' meaiiM to get the
chief actors in that deception into his hands ; and we have seen hoip tlip mat.
ter was managed to effect that object. Now, when Indians fight Indians,
whatever advantage is gained by circumvention, of one jiarty over aiioilicr,
is just, according to the laws which govern their modes of wiu'fare ; Imt it is
a rare circmnstance that a party is attacked when coming to another wiili
the offer of peace. We are now considering the whites on etjual footinfr \»illi
the Seminoles ; for w»! see no other ground that this act of seizun; ctui, iiiany
way, l)e justified. The general asserts, what we do not clearly di.scover, that
Osceola did not come to treat of peace, but came under that pretence, "iiilsc
ly," expecting thereby to get some white officer into his power, with whom
he might jturchase the liberation of Philip. But, as has been observed, we
do not see sufficient evid(!nce of such a plot, to authorize the " gruh frame,''
as some of the classical editors termed it, which was played by the fremral,
Much, however, might be added in extenuation of his conduct ; he had lueii
a long time in Florida, exerting hims«;lf to the utmost to acconi]disli the
wretch<!d business forced u|ton him ; he had been baffled and fiiiled li\ the
Indians, luid derided and shamefully treated by some of his own countrymen.
He was now detennined to do something, and he ])(!rlbrmed this sijrnal aet
when nobody expected it, and his enemies were at once out upon him,
beciuise he had acted like the ])eople he was among. No hiood was
shed; but a very importtuit service was perfbrnuMl. On the whole, we lan-
not condemn Gen. Jesuit, but rather the policy that placed hhn when he
Cmp. XIX.]
was. Of this '
fuitlier e.v.-imin
On the -Si 0(
i\>n Peyton ; a
rmiveyed to St.
ill conh'nement.
iviili vigor, ami
(ill)ec(,'nil)er, tJi
lii\7 were regii
Amid all tjiet
Wihl Cat) maci
si|iKMV,x. TJnis I
bl, Miniehoiv oi
iiiikiKUvn retreat
Tlie next even
iiiiisf .s'ingiiinary
limi of that in w
llie liattif! of Oke
iiiiil Allit'ator, anc
lars of uliich are
Col. 'i'aylor mti
."Oiiwiiig the meji
at a [loiiit on its It
ivhirh name is si
ivliii had fallen in
J^eiiiiiioles, Sam J,
4 on the cast sid
(apt. Monroe, witi
lioii of his J)(;hiw{
rationed hy their i
next day, -aking tl
iiistliree. After p
reached tiie vicinit
Here they were fbi'
ol'aeeess, of any |
ilie roiifiict coinm
lioiiiinock, from w
'icrs that they wei
inliuitrv, who, conti
live (iren ev(!r expi
mal the hommo(
siwained with (lift
nearly hreakiiig tin
every poinf, loavjn^i
lil'wil where others'"
tlie hidiaiiH theinsei
niilhalftohl. Col.
"I'li'iir eonipanioH,
*aiiie eoinpanifs, W(
'^'"'■A.i{.Thompso
I !":''"'b' "t the same
I mF..I. Hrooke,
, ""■ Missoin-i vohinte
:™""li"^' lii.s ison in
Like Okeeehohee, \
»i"''l«"i- of Indians j
fwil'l and u-o„|,i ft.,j
iMlihMver.. Jb|,„j^ ^
■'^kinnislies on a j«
]*Mte..rs,fi.||i„^^j',
|«pl"''<'eaile.| VVact-
"Oil, cmae off- seconc
Catr. XIX.]
BATTLE OF OKEECIIOnEE LAKE.
143
I conduct of Gen.
ve not tiiiic \m
mul ujiniiist the
i" the utliiir, mul
stju'ss. Oiu" re-
list decision of
idians liml i;i">s-
iieaiis to p't tl;c
een hoiv tlic mat-
IS lifllit liuliiiii?,
rty over anntlin,
kvariarc •, \n\\\\\<
to iinotlicr Willi
qual Ibotiiiff villi
imm\ call, in m;
iHv discover, tluU
pl-otoiicc, " liiWi'-
iwt-r, with vli"i»
sen oliscncil, we
lie " }rvul» f.'iiim'.''
d bv the jri'iiHtil.
net ; he lunl lucii
) iiccoiin>lisli tlie
uiid liiiled liy the
own coviiitryiiiea
id this si;riml »«
out uiitm liii",
Ts'o blood was
, whole, we lan-
id hini whert: lie
wtts. Of tliis wo have distinctly spoken in an earlier page, and must ^vaive a
further tixjuiiinution.
On the '£1 October, 29 "Indians, stpiaws, and negroes," were captured luuir
Fort Peyton; and, on the JJotli, a iiimily of 5 more were taken. They were
conveyed to St. Augustine, and imprisoned, where there now wei' ' 17 in all,
III coiitineinent. Great preparations had been made to pursue ne Indians
with vijjor, aiul forces had (rome in from various cpiarters, so that by tlic first
„t |)(M-enil)er, tluiro were at the various posts in Florida, H,!t!K} men, of whom
}t;)7 were regulars, 1,078 volunteers, 100 seamen, and 178 friendly Indians.
Amid all these prej)arations and watchings, tlie noted chief Coacoociicc
Wihi Cat) made his escape from St. Augustine, with 17 warriors and two
sqiiaws. 'riins the fellow whom Gen. Jesiip looked upon w itii siidi distrust,
IiikI, somehow or other, outwitted his keepers, an«l joined Sam .Fones in his
iiiiknoWM retreat.
The ii(!.\t event which comes within the line of our design, was one of the
,ii,ist sanguinary which has happened since this war began, with the; e-xcep-
liuii of that in which Mnj. Dade and his command were cut otK This was
ilii' hatths of Okeechobee Lake, between a large Indian force under Abiaca
mill Alliirator, and Col. Z. Taylor ut the head of about (500 men ; the jiarticu-
larsdf wliich are as follows: —
t'lil. Taylor marched from Fort Gardner oii the 1!> December, 1K57, and,
nllnwing the meanderings of tiie Kissimmee River, arrived on tiie tiiird day
ii a point on its banks, '."S nules above its entrance into l^ake Okeechobee,
ivliicii name is said to mean Big fVakr. Here he hnirned from a |)risoiier,
nim had Udlen into his hands, that Alligator, "with all the war spirits of the
fiininoles, Sam Jones, and 17.5 Mikasankies," was encamped about 2'} miles
(ili, on the east side of Lake Kissimmee. Crossing the river, tin; colonel lelt
fapt. Monroe, with his company, the |)ioneers, pontooneers, and a large; por-
timiofliis D(daware warriors, who declined proceeding, Irom lameness, ocr-
raMiined by their I'eet and legs being badly cut with the saw-palmetto. The
iH'Xt (lay, .akiug the captured Indian as a pilot he moved on with the rest of
Ills force. Alh-r |)assing several cypress swamps and dense hommocks, he
rcai'lied the vicinity of the Indians' encampment, on the morning of the '^5tii.
Here they were (bund in one of the stroiig(!st |)laces, as well as most diHicnlt
of access, of any l>etbr(? known in Florida; but between 12 and 1 o'clock
ilic conflict commenced. The main body of the Indians wen; posted in a
lioiiiniock, from which they poured such a destructive tin; upon tlu; volnn-
leers, that they were obliged to fall back. They foriiHul in the rear of the
inliintiy, who, coming now into action, "sustained one of the most destruc-
live lires ever experienccid from Indians." But they pressed forward, and
jaiiitid the hommock ; the struggle continuing more than an hour, which was
.'iistuined witii difficulty on the j)art of the whites, the Indians at one time
nearly breaking their line ; they were, however, finally routed and drivtMi at
ever\ point, leaving 10 of their dead on the field, and numerous traces of
lilmul where others had been dragged away. It was reported alterwards, by
the Indians themselves, that they lost 20 in all ; and yet this story of blood is
not lialf told. Col. Taylor had 28 killed, and 1 1 1 wounded ! Every otHc«!r
oftiair coiii|KUiies, with one exc,e|)tion, and every orderly sergeant of tlie
siiiu' companies, were killed, and the sergeant major was mortally wounded.
Col, A. R, Thompson, of the <!th II. S. intimtry, received thre«! mortal wounds
iiiaiiy lit the same time; Adjutant J. I*. Center, Capt. Vanswearingen, and
Lieut. V, J. IJrooke, of the same corps, were killed outright ; Col. (Jeiitry, of
Jie . Missouri volunteers, was killed by a shot through the body, the saiiK! ball
ivuiindiiig his son in the arm. Such was the issue of the disastrous battle of
' Lake Okeechobee, which served two ends ; one of which was to reduci! the
miMihcr of Indians in o|tposition, and to teach the survivors that tht; whites
Miild and would light. No prisoners were taken, but some 200 horses and
I cattle wer'> t()uiid.
i«kinnislies on a smaller scale continued. Gen. Nelson, of the Georgia
I volunteers, fell in with a few Indians on the Suanee, on the 2(5 December, at
a place called Wacusape, and we presume, judging fi-om in(lir(!ct informa-
lioii, came off second best, liis horse was killed under him, and he lost his
■I
5
144
FIGHT AT JUPITER INLET.
[Book IV.
lioiitennnt, nnil three horses, and a innii or two wounded. He took one In.
diiiii and u negro prisoners, and one Indian was rej)ort(Ml to have heeii killfd
Almi't the same time, there was a figlit at Charlotte llarhor, in whi«li fivi'
Jnihans were killed, and nine taken. Lieut. Ilardin^ was danperonsly moiiikI
<ul. And a day or two alter, Capt. WiniUsr, with HO dragoons, snr|»risc(i ami
took seven men an<l 2.') women and chihiren, ahoiit 40 miles sontli of Fort
Alel^ane, and near I'ort McNieil ; and 20 miles south-west of Fort I liinicv
he took 2J) more, among whom was a sister of (Joahajo. yuch wore tiio
important operations in Florida, during the year 18.'37.
Ht»t
CHAPTER XX.
EMBRACING THE EVENTS OF 1838 AND 1839.
Battle op Wacasa Swamp — Defeat of Lieut. Powell — Battle or Liciu
Hatche — Gen. Jesup woutidcd — Dk.atu of Osceola — His charnctcr — <lrn. Jisiin
desires to give up the war, and allom the Indinns to live in Florida — j\ut allnirnl
by the ffovernmcnt — His talk with Toskloee — Indinns seized at Fort Juintn—
(ien. Jcsnplcaics Florida — Death of FniLir and Ju.mi'EK — Capt. Ellis's iipluii--
Indians surprise Capt. Beull — Families murdered — Crews of vessels murilirnl—
Death of Mushalatubee — Camp Forbes atlocked — A'umcrous murdirs—Ciiiit.
Russell and Maj. JVoel killed — Capt. RowelL defeated — Gen. Mucoinli takes cum-
viand in Florida — Endeavors to mal.c a treaty — Lieut. Hulliert hilled — litwiiril /W
Indians — Massacre at Colooshatchie — Indians surprised at Fart Mellon — Mnnlirg
on the IVaculla — Bloodhounds to be employed against the Seminoles — Depredutwiu
continue.
New year has come, but not a "happy now year" to Fhmda; for itt; first
day Jiad only passed, when the sound of the riHe is heard in its dcsolntp
coasts, followed by the groans of the wounded and dying. Ikig. Gen. ( "Juirli s
Nelson, with a brigade of Georgia volunteers, l)eing charged with liic (iclinci.
of Middle Florida, was, on the 2 January, scouting in the vicinity n|" Wiicasii
Swamp, near Fort Faiuung, when he discovered Indian signs leading to said
swamp : following them up, he was fiercely attacked as he approarlicd it,
and immediately the fight became obstinate, and lasted near three iioiirs. At
5 o'clock, P. M., the Indians disp(>rsed, carrying otf their killed and woiiiidtd,
Tlie whites suffered severely; but they claimed a large victory, having' ra|i-
tured "15 men and children," and a chief named Chickachoo. Col. Foster,
who conunandcd the left wing, was shot down, but his wouik' proved sliitlit,
Lieut. Jennings was killed. Among the woinided were Col. Anil)ristpr,
slightly ; Serg. Maj. Jones, badly ; Dr. Sheltall of Savannah, badly ; witii
several privates.
We now proceed with an account of a sharp action, near Jupiter Iiilft,
between a force of about 80 men under Lieut. L. M. Powell, of the luivy, ami
a body of Indians under Toskegek, in which the whites were d(;l('ati(l, ami
suffered severely in killed and wounded. The action commenced about 4
ill the P. M., and continued till half past seven at night, of the 1^ Jamiiiiy,
On proceeding upon a trail, alter landing at Ju])iter River, Lieut. I'owpjl
captiu'ed a squaw, whom he made pilot him to the Indian camj), wliirii lie
reached after a inarch of about five miles. He found them i)rei)ar(>d for him.
and the war-whoop was immediately raised. The whites "ciiarged tlmn !
through a deep swamp," and the fire became general. Lieut. Ilanisoii, of {
the navy, was soon shot down at the head of his men, who were left witlmin
an officer. Lieut. Fowler, of the artillery, was dinictcd to penetrate tlie |
swam]) to the right, while the remaining two companies, under Lieut. .M'Ar-
thur, of the navy, advanced in line. Hy these manoeuvres the Iiidiuns wre I
driven, or retreated, to a large cypress swamp, 700 or 800 yards in the rear, i
Here they made a deterniined stanri, and here Lieut. M'Arthur was idlv
wounded, and Dr. Lcitner was killed while in the discharge of his duty* I
IHoot IV.
ook one In-
boon killed.
II wlii'-li tivi!
msly Wduiiil-
iiri»rist'(l and
ioiitli (d" Flirt
Fort lliuiicy,
icli Wt'lT tliu
l.F. OF LlCIIA
iter — ^iV'7i. Jisiiji
da — j\ut alliiiriil
Fori J 11 pill r—
Ellis's (ijiluit—
SA'f/s murilernl—
viurdirs — i'lijil.
icumli liilics rom-
lied — Uncaril fur
Mdldn—Miinlirf
'cs — Depredaliuiis
ida ; for Ur first
1 in its dosiilati^
rifj. (ion. Charli's
w\{\\ tlic (Icrciicc
■inity ol" Wiiciisi
.s Icmlin}; to said
aj)i)ronolipd it,
Itlireo iiours At
■d ami woiiiidod,
cry, liiivinii cap-
loo. Col. Foster,
id proved slislit.
Col. AndmstiT,
,ah, budly; witb
[!ar Jupitpr liiH
ol' the navy, ami
fere defeati'd, and
linienced aliont I
Ihc l.'j Jantiary,
^■(>r, Lieut. Powell
(•ami), Nvliii'li lif
|j)rei)ared for liiiii.
Is "cliarireil tln'in
Jcut. Ilarrisoii,ni
[were left witliwn
to [)enetratr tlie 1
ndcr Lieut. M'Ar-
1 the Indians* wore j
I yards intlip rni
(Arthur was l«iillj
Irgeof l»s tl"'y»*
lir
I. ,
144
FIGHT AT JUriTKR INLET.
lUuoi IV.
I
■^'
i ',;. :
.' . •■ -.'.J
'
^l^
t
■ -J
i:'\i r>'i
./ ^;- ,'/////..// //;// ^ •///,/ ,, ,/, /v^/, „/ ,,^', ,////,/,, ,,v/,.
Ciur. XX J
I'imcll (inlci
jiitfiiifif wlii(
ii|i(iti tlicir /;>i
I'liiilil Id tlii'ir
tdok, I'liritdiiii
\tllllM(l('ll, IIIK
ImhI I or 5.
iii'JiiiHt liny e:
mice w'iiimkI)
imf Iwcii tor fl
ritri'nf, iiciirlv
tlir wouiiileil
ill' Uiver.
(ii'n. Ji'siip,
llic l.lll'llll 11,1
(null Tiirf IJo
iilit'llicr Lit'iit
tlicrc, or iKtt.
\. M., iind if III
»lirlllPr ll») Wf
ilii< ircMcrnI liii
I'll y Olljrlit to I,
'"ii <ii' if, In: w/i
mIIimI or iiinrtnl
'lives under sf j
iiiinl, MS ciflior c
fiidd (lieir rptn'/]
I'iflicir ciicj/iij.f,
W'l' iiiiist riov
iiiiii'li (trcddtHl, ji
I'nsoii nt St. All
filtiT tlin CHnipe
lined to til,, tUri \
Its slii|ipf>d (i„. (
"itii timt fiid wli
ViMiltrir', of n ,
'■'"I" is ditticu
Iv'uive; Noriif. \t
•"•'"lip liis own
"'awhito ninn,
'"■'"?• /t inipht
''') dcjrraded in
'"■ins of ndiniratii
"'III l)ravost of v
'"ill? Iwtter knoi
'I'lTityornotorier'
'fipwliite people,"
liitioii was comni
""' liKlians ; mu
""li-^lied, and th
"isy to see how h
*■ aeroiint of t
"""''' "s say lie w
;7'"' "mt he was
.'"" 'm^edv, and
''*''<l near Camp
^'>^«'"P, 13 miles
nut we detract
""•n. and his name
fMhatofPHiup,
'"«ly into the han.
1 1
nup. XX] (Ji;n. JKsiJP woi^nded.— df.ath of oscmoi.a.
145
^iiriri'dii. Nif^lit wnn nppnmcirnifr, ami thr men wi'n* falling fiiNt,wlii<ii I.init.
{•lOM'll iinlrrcii i\ rctn-at. Linit. I'uwlrr waN Hliot ilowii in i||i> hiicrcsMtiil
;iitciii|>' vvliirli lit) mail*; to rover tin* n>tr*-nt, anil lint tlii-<>)> nHicrrH rcniaiiii'd
iiii{in llirir I'lM't at tlii* rlow* ol' the action. 'I'lir wliitcs niailc \\hn\ InihIi' l|i*-y
,.,,iilil to tln'ir IwrntH, all of wliii-li tla-v jfot oil' cxc <|it onr, uliicli the InilianH
i,,iik, containin^r aniinnnition. In tliis alVair tin* whio'H hail .'t killi'il, nnil :M)
rtiiiiiiilfil, iniinv of thorn m^viTrlv, ami nonm thrcr Nivrral tirnrn. 'I'lii' InilianH
{,,^^1 t III' r>, i'li«> roinnianilcr-iii-i'hii'f in this fX|ir(litiiin niakrn no « har^i'x
,i:':iiiist any on^a^'ril in it, in his otiirial ari>oniit ; lint an otfircr, who whh
;i»iii' woimili'd in the fifflit, naiil tin; ^'ailors wrrf jfirat rowarilH, ami had it
iiiit liti'ii tiir fim i*oni|iany of artiilrry nmirr iiiciit. Fowlrr, who i'dvitimI tin-ir
nin'nt, iH'McIv all of Ihfin wonid havi« Imm-ii Hralpcd. As it was, alimit half
t!i(. wmiiidi'd wcHMif that rlass. 'I'his tijj^lit was on l^nchu ilat('li«>, or 'I'ur-
lie KiviT.
(icn, Ji'Hiip, tliinkinjf thn Indians had prolialily inndo tht'ir hi>ad-ipiartcrs on
llir i.iirha llatchr, niari*h<<d with tin- tiirrc inidrr his iniint-diatc nininiaml
Inmi I'ort liioyd, m-ar the hrnd of thf St. .John, on the tiO January, to si-o
\t|i)'tlii'r liieut. I'owi-ll had jnst raiisi< for leaving thcni in fidl poKJOt'Ssion
tlii>ri>, iir not. It<> raino npon thoin on tlii' '24th, lit'tvviM'n II and t'-j o'rloi'k,
\. M., and if lu; had had no nioro men than thr Jirutenaiit had, it is doiihtfnl
Hliitlicr h(! would havr jfivcn as jfood an acrount, or fiircil as well ; tliou>,di
llip jfiMicral himself says, "tiiat the Htii'iijrth of thi'ir position was snrh, tiiat
thi'V (itilfht to have held it inneh longer than they did;" yet, in forrint; tlieni
iiiit ot' it, he was pretty severely wonmled, with HO <if his men, and 10 were
kilhl or mortally wounded. Thus had 'I'oskkokk liamlled two eonsiderahln
tliri'cs under separate commanders, and was doubtless ns well jirepared for t\
iliiid, lis either of those lor a second ; for he and his men were aliie to make
piod tliflir retreat without loss of time, with their all, leaving conjecture only
I'l tlicir enemies of their next locality.
W'c must now turn our attention, for tho last time, to tho onco feared, and
miicli dreaded, and now no less regretted, chief; Ohcf.ola. We iefV him in
prisoM nt St. Augustine, in Novemhor last, from which iilace ho was, soon
alter llie escape of (^)Acooc^EE from thence, sent to (Charleston, and con-
tiiiPtl to the lort in that harbor for safe keeping, until be should be, with otb-
iTJi, slii|iped tor the west. But that time never came for him! Death camo
with that aid which the white man refused! He died in confinement at h'ort
Mdiiltric, of a catarrhal fever, on the TO Janunrr, IKM8. The jiortrait of ()s-
wilii is ditiiciilt to be drawn ; some have tnaile liim a coward, and others a
kiiiivc; some liavo averred that he was but a sidi-chief, and without res|iect
iiiiiniijr iiis own people ; others have indignantly added, that be was the son
lit' a white man, as though their own blood bad (legradeil him in the scale of
U'iiiir. It might be so. l[ow then ought they to look upon themselves? l)ou-
lily degraded in that scale. Others portray bis character in unmeasured
tiTiiiH of admiration ; making him tbo greatest of chiefs, ablest of counsellors,
and bravest of warriors. We affirm to neither. Tho circumstance of his
IkIiii; iH'tter known when the war began, than other chiefs, gave him a c»*-
lilirityor notoriety which bis deeds did not claim. He had lived more among
ilip white peo|)le, and hence was better known to them ; and when a depre-
ilatinn was committed, or a battle fought, Osceola was the sxipposed leader of
llip Indians ; and as the report of such occurrences spread, tlie supposition
vanished, and thus arose much of the celebrity of Osceola. Hence it is
•■asy to see how he came so prominently into the van of notoriety. Thus, in
ir aocoiint of the defeat of Major Dade, the authorities then relied upon
niitdf us say he was the leader in that wretched disaster; but we are now as-
fiiri'i' that he was at Camp King that same day, and was the chief actor in
tliat tragedy, and hence coidd not have been iii the fight with Maj. Dade. He
\m\ near Camp King when the war liegaii, after which he removed to Long
Swiitnp, 12 miles to the south-west of it.
But wc detract nothing from the just fame of Osceola. He was a great
man, and his name will go down to tlie latest posterity, with as much renowr
as that of Phimp of Pokanoket. Both, by fiital errors, were brought pr«Mna ■
turely into the hands of their enemies ; Philip, by the rash murder of one of
13
.!»•'
■I.
^i'l
f/il
BHei" '''T^ I'll *"","!
^^' ■■■■ S:^^ *■#•'!
146
SKVKRiTY OF GOVERNMENT.
[Hook IV.
liis own men, and Osrcoln by a inistakfii I'sfiinuto of the rliuracter of lii^
loew.
We irtMrn to (jen. Jesii)), vvlioni we lell vvonnded, tlinnjrii siiiMv iliroii"|i
\\w liat'le of Luclia llatflic. 'I'lic next day, .laiiuarv *,'r)lli, |i<. crossttl ||ip
river, and cnciiniixid on Ju|tit«T Jtay, win re lie ereeteil a .'^tockade, wliidi |„,
named I'oif Jn|iiter. Here lie remained nntil the 5 l-'ehrnary, liis men lieinir
destitme ol'-^^lioes and other sn|i|tlie.>J. At this period he marehed soiitliwanl
about \'2 miles, when lie en<-am|)ed w^mu ; and \irvv. an interview was soip'tit
with the Indians. Jt was now lookei! npon by the jreneral, as well as all his
|)rinci|)al otHcers, as ti mat'er past accomplishment, to snbdne the Seniinoles
•'lor years to come." It was, tiien-lbre, conchuicd that it vvonid he best ti!
eilect an acconnnodation with them, and to allow them to retain and live uinmi
that part of Florida " where noluidy else coidd live." Aecordinfrly, he wiott-
to the secretary of war, on the II I'ebrnary, rec<(nnnenilinir that nieasine.
Jn answer, the secretary said, that it was not a (jnestion now to be considered
by the president, whetber it woidd be better to let the Indians rem.iin in |||,.
conntry or not, but that, as a treaty bad been ratified, by which the liidinn.s
iiad aj;rt!ed to remove, it wa.s liis duty to we(! it executed ; that, thereliire, no
arraiijiemeiits with the Seminoles would be allowed, haviiij,' li,r its ohici't
their liitnre residenct; in I'lorida. 'I'lins a "vi'to" was set to the hnniiiMi;
object of (ienerals .h<siip, lliistace, and others, thoiiuli they were allowed to
make a kind of a true*; with them fortlit! ensuing summer, or until the seiison
wonid allow tiic^ whites to tij;lit them a^^ain to atlvaiita^c.
i'Meanwhile, wen. .lesnp bad moved on slowly, and on the 7th, by means of
nicsseii^reis which he sent out, ^'ot a parley with a waiiif; chiel| i.anied Hdj.
lee llajo. This chief told the jreneral that the iiidian> wen; in a wreiclicil
condition, that tiiey were imwiilin^r to leave the country, but would h- con.
tented with ai'.y small portion of it, if they miubt la? alloaed to continne in it.
At this sta<re ol" tluM-onli-reiice, the jiciieral (very abruptly ve think) deiiiaiidcil
hosta^'c^i, o|- a ^iii-i-(>ii)!(>f of t|i(> arms of the Indians; but th(> chief iiave liim
to understand that neither wonId be dotu;. lie then requested a coiileicnci;
with Toskejfee, the principal chief of the band. 'I'lu' next day 'i'()si<cj.'( i;
<'anie, and the intervi(;w residted in an a<i!'<'ement iitr a me(>tin^ at I'ort .liijiinr,
in ten days trom that time. What was done at that (<>rt, or w liether the ^cn-
oral ever ^ot the Indians there or not, he has not told lis; lint he says, in M.s
coinmnnication to the secretary of war, that "the nieasiin! which he adoiiud
had n^snlted in the peaceable surrender ot' abtait 1,!2(K) Inilians and negroes,
of whom ;Ui> wert! warrior.s. Mad any other course been adopted, it is (|iu's-
lionahle," he says, "whether yO warriors conid have btu'ii killed or taken."
Ileiiee we are to iiilt-r, that without frro.'^s deception, now-a-days cailcd
strataifein, notbiiif? could be ellected, of any account, ajfainst the Indians ot'
I'lorida ; and what it is probable w ill be n'lnarked upon bereaft* r, as worlliy
of admiration, is the curious fin , that it bad taken the frovermneiit of tin'
country, and all its oflicers who had been eiifrajjred in I'lorida, three years lo
find it out. An army could march from one end of that country to anollicr,
it" they avoided its lakes and swamps; and doffs could, with «Mpial ea.se, diivo
ali the birds from a rye-liehl, if there were no brambles in their course; iiiid
the latter of these experiments would be of about as nmcli conse(|iieiic(! tu
the owner of tbt! rve-tield, as the Ibrnier to the inhabitants of I'Morida.
TosKKOKK. had l)(!(;ii prevailed npon to lay down his arms, and conic into
the stronjf-holds of the white men, to hold a treaty with them, i iider the iis-
siirancci that be an<l his people would lie allowed to retain .wme 'illte pnrl uf
llivir own coutttni. IJnt we are told, as the Indians |»iobably were .ifterwards
that they woiihl Ite permitted to remain in l''lorida, provided the president
would con.M'iit to it. They had become (piitc? contideiit that such wdiild he
tlie tiict, tiir the very jrood reason, that the otficers who made them this jiroiii-
ise, were very contideiit tlieiiisidves, that it would be acceded to by hmi. .No
other coiichision can be drawn from (Jen. .lesiiji's laiiirnafie, in his coinniiiiii-
cation to tli«! secretary of war, before alluded to. S|)eakinfr of bis ovcitnrrs
for a reservation, be says, " I believed then, and I believ(! now, that, as coni-
mander-in-chief of the army in the field. I bad a ri<,dit to adopt those iiicmsiiit^,
either of direct Jiostili: , or of policy, which pronuHed to be most useful in
[Book IV.
lie dmractor of liis
loii^rli siilt'ly tlin)iii;li
!r)tl», Uc t'it>f*s('>l ilm
stiu'kiulf, wliifli lu!
nmry, liif nicii \»\u^
iimrflifd soiithwiird,
iitfi-vifw was s(iii'.'l!i
nil, us wt'll lis all his
ibtliii" the r^i-m'mok'H,
t it vv(>\iUl Ih' lii!st to
) n'tniii iiiitl live upon
.(•(•ortlinflly, In- wnitn
[•mliiiir lli'it iiK'iisiiif.
now to 1h^ (•oiisidcicil
liuliiins iH'inain in the
by wliit'li tlic Imrmiis
.(!'; tliiit, llii-n'tiiiT, 110
liaviiii; li'i" its oliji'i't
„t^ st't to tiic liniiiJinc,
ilicy wen- allowed to
nir,'or vuitil tlu; sciismi
w iho 7tli, l>y iiK-ans (if
(Uii^f fliici; naiiicd lliil-
n^ Wi'Yv in ii wrt'tilifil
ilry, Imt \\t»il<l '•»' '■<"'-
lowi'tl 1o contiinic in it.
tiv v«' tliiiiU) dt'inaiidtiil
l)\it tlif fliifl' U"v«' liiiii
nnpu'f^tt'tl a coiiH-n'iK'c,
'lie lU'Xt (lay Toskc^'ci;
nu'ctiiifiat ImuI .Iniiitfr,
,)rt, or wlii-thcr tlic iicii-
,is-, but lit' says, in his
iisun^ w liifli 1"^ addimd
)0 Indians and ncjinxs
)ccn adoi>tt'<l, it is M'"'^-
„.»•» kilb'tl or taken."
tion, iiow-a-days calliMl
t against tbo Indians ot
,oiriif"<att. r. aswortliy
tlie jTovoniint'iit ol '»i'
, riorida, tbvcc years m
tliat country to aiiotlicr,
d, witli e«nial ease, dnvi'
des in tbeir course ; niiil
H niiicb eons(«(iiieii!T tu
litaiits of Florida,
bis arms, and come into
witb tliem, « ti<l«;i- «1'7^;
, iTtain .some 'i///e pirf o
•obablv weiv afterNViinls
. provided tbe iiresult'i:!
„i;,„t tliat siKdi n-oiild 1«
,o made tliem tliis l«roni-
aeceded to by b-n. •^"
„.rna-:e, in l'i« <•'""""""■
,„.„kiiifr of bis overtims
'lieve now, tlmt, as com-
, to adopt tbosi! ineiisniTS
srd to be most iisctul m
CHiP. XX.]
CAPTAIN ELLIS'S EXPLOIT.
147
tlie end, takiiijj cure not to place the ultimate decision of them beyond the
control of my official superiors."
Some time had now interveiu^l since proposals had been made, and it is
piolmbic the chiefs hud begun to tiiink all was not rifflit; for when, on the
I7tli March, the gcnerul hud f;;ot his answer from VVashiiiffton, be notified
tlieiii to meet jiim on the yOth, at Fort Jii|)it(!r; they <lid not appear; where-
upon Col. Twifffis, by his order, surroiiiuled and caiHiired th(! whole imrly,
ainoiintiiif,' to r>];{. In a day or two all(;r, nej^rois enouirh wen; taken to make
up (i7H ; but in th .'uean time I'ussac-mico, a chict| witli 14 others, made their
escape.
On tliey4 March, Gen. Jesup d(!tached Ilalatocjchee, Tustemic-cocho-conee,
and the nefj:ro chief Aiikaham, to (ieii. Taylor. These were sent out with
nicssaf.f(!S to their countrymen west of Okeecholiec and I'aliaiokijc, and tliey
(iri'vailed upon Allijiator, with lUll) Indians and neirroes, of wliom a hmidred
wn^ warrior.s, to surrender- lo Col. Smitli and (icn. Taylor; and soon atler
Lieut. Anderson captured I'ahose-mieo, a snb-cbud" of 'i'oskeiree, with his
liaiid of 47 ]»ersonH. Major Lauderdale and Lieut. Powell pursued Appiacca,
(Siiin Jones,) as (Jen. Jesup writes th(! name, into the everglades, and came
up with him oi lU island, and dis|M;rsed his party.
We have now traced events to fh(! month of April, 1888, in wiiich montii
(;en. Jesup was ordered to proceed to tlu; (.herokee country, and leav(; (il(!n.
Taylor in command of th<! forces in Florida. He b(?f«an operations there in
Dcieinber, 1K{<). hom whi(!h time to that now arrived at, tla^rt! h.id b(M!n
taken, with tho.se who siirrciidenul, about y,4()0 Indians, above 700 of whom
were warriors. Many of the? jirincipal cliiets had iilrc^ady lieen sent out of
llm lOiintrv. Kiufr I'iiilip, Cloud, uiid Coahajo, arrived at New Orleans on
llie . ',1 of Marcii, but the former never rca(^lied bis place of destination.
Kin. 'hilip died on hoard his transport boat in July, 40 miles ludow I'oit
(Jihson. Me was buried on shore witii tin! honors of war ; ]00 guns being
discharged over his grave. Jumpkr had prc^ceded iiim. This chief lan-
piislifiti for about two months, a*, tin; "Jlfirracks" in New Orleans, when, on
a (lay memorable in our annals, April the J!tth, his sfiirit took its flight. He
was buried under arms with much ceremony. Into his coffin were jtut hi,''
rille, pijie, tobacco, and other eipii|)ments, agreeable to tbe custom of his
people. We now return to inquire whut is cloiiig in tin; land wlK^ncc they
came.
A scouting party of volunteers, under Capt. F.l lis, found five Indians in a
lininiiiock near S inta l"\>e bridge, ull of whonian! killed, without injiirv to bis
own party. This was on the lOtli of May. On the 17th of June, as a detach-
iiieiit of about 'AO United States dragoons, under Capt. Beall, were .se(;king
liuliaii)!' in the neighborhood of San FehL^co, near Newnansvilh;, they fell
into an ambush, and .seven of their number were killed and wounded. Among
llic liiriner was Ca])t. Walker. They immediately retreated, and were lid
kiw'd some distance by the Indians. On the 1!> July, the family of a I\lr.
(iiiynn was cut off on the Santa Fee ; himself, wif(!,and infiint child were miir-
(li'i-eil. On the y.lth of th(! same month, a fimiily of iIk; name of liasley was
lirokeii lip on the Ocloknee, 1.') or ^0 miles fiom Tallahassee. Mr. Lasley
and a daughter were killed. In Middle Florida, on the last day of tlx; month,
a Mr. Singletary, his will*, and two children were cut ofl! ()n the l!*tli of
August, a severe blow was struck on the fiii:iily of a Mr. IJak(!r, on the east
side of the Oscilla. Himself, wife, and a grandchild were kilhid. And thus
\vc might fill out jiage alter page with such awful details — conseipiences of a
war to be remembered only to lie lamented.
Many had supposed, that when so many Indians had been sent out of
Fkiiida, hut f"w could be left to trouble tbeir expatriators, but it inoved liir
otlierwise. The jioor mariner, who had m-ver had any hand in l\\r. war, if
cast avay on any part of that coast, imniediatidy fiiiind liini>( If in the midsl
of liuhaiis. In a terrible tempest, which hap|)ened about the 7tli of Septeni-
licr, iK^av 40 vessels werc! wrecked or stranded on its extensive shores. "One
only we shall particularly nannv This was the liriL' AIna, Capt. Thoinas, of
J'ortJami. Afler being wnu-ked, the cr(nv all got i-afe on sliore, excejit rme
man, who was washed overboard. The captain, A. J. I'lummer, unil Wm.
■'tmm
■■'^i^i
148
CAPTAIN ROWELL'S DEFEAT.
[Book IV.
i
VII liny mil Ul k^VJ'L^^llllf^ I f il1l|> ^ICylla ««• tfl^llV.Ti incill1.ll «'l||t;in UlT TlM* |*P
LSSJMiililinjf ofsjich oflictTS iiiui others, in hMorida uiul tlio ClicroktM- Ciuntrv
18 lir'l been detacluul to tlie iioitli-west, or flnowliere, to Ix; n-ady lor activi'
lervice. On tlie lltli, ns Cupt. Row^'H's coMipany of I'lorida vdlnntcors
Reed, were killed. S. Caniiiictt and K. Wycr, Jr., tlioiipli woundocj, ulinogt
niiracidously o.scaped.
Amidst these events we will pause to notice the death of the frrcat L'hok-
tnw chielj MusnALATUitcK. lie died at the afjtfnry in Arkiumas, Sc|»ti'iiilM.r
the yotli, of sniull-pox. He had led hid warriors against tiie Creeks, \nnU<t
Jackson, during the war of IHl:;i.
On tin; tith of Septeniher, Adj. (Jen. K. Jones issned orders lor tin
asse
as
about 1(5, were scouting near the mouth of the Oscilla, fliey tidi upon a ((uiii)
of Indians under Tigertail. Most of tiiem escape on ponies, hut two wouajj
were killed.
We meet with very little of iniportnnct; until the close of this year. On
the y8tli Deciimber an attack was made « n I'amp Korbcs by a small pnrh-
of Indians, but they were obliged to retire, leaving two of their niunher (l(.;i||
behind. The ne.vt morning Lieut. 'I'liomas went in pursuit of the piirfy, fiihl
came up with them on the Chattalioohee; liere again they were di.^|i('i's(.,|
with loss, but how great is not mentioned. On the 4th of Jaiiuarv, JKiii
8ome citizens of Magnolia, learning that Indians were in tlu^u- neighlioi'liiiiiii'
searched them out, and killed the whole party, six in nundier. (.apt. I,, j'
Ueall, scouting with a company of dragoons near Ahapopka Lake, Cii|itiii(d
1() ln«liaus, of which uundter but two were men. The two men were ncin-
relations of Wild Cat and Sam Jont\'». 'J'he latKir had given out word tlmt
he would hang any Indian who should attempt to surrender.
A party of 10 or 1:2 Indians went within about lii nules of Tallahasscr-, jind
cut off the tiimily of a Mr. I'endarvis; killing bim, bis wife, and two cliildivn.
This was on the l.ltli of I'Vbruary, and on the 18th they cut off the fainilvur
a Mr. White, four miles nearer the same place. Here they killed two persons
anti (lesperately wounded Mr. and Mrs. White. On the Thursday previous'
the same, or perhaps another party of Indians attacked the liou.se of ii Mf,
Stokens, of Jeller.son county, and though the family escaped, they plundered
it of 1,0U0 tlollars in baid( notes, and liin'ut it.
On the 2yd of I'ebruary, about 15 or 20 Indians attack tbrcc wagons on the
Magnolia road, loaded with provisions for Camp Wacasa, and ahout !l miles
liom that place. Four persons were killed. As (-(ipt. S. L. Ku.«.><i'll was
ascending the Miami River, in open boui.'<, tiom Fort Dallas, with a |imii m'
his men, they were tired on !)y Indians concealed, and Cupt. Russell is killed,
and Major Noel is mortally wounded. This was on the last day of rebnuiiv,
viz., the 28th.
On the 1st of March, the Indians which had l)cen collected at Pt. Aiii;iis-
tine were ship|)ed for the west. There w«'re 2.10 in all, 05 of whom were
men. At this time went tin; long noted negro chief, Jlbraluwu Vet niiinleis
continued to be every where couinulted. On the Htli, the hou.st- of Kdiiiiiiiil
Gray, in Jefli.'rson county,!* miles Irom Montic* llo, is beset, iMr. Gniy tun!
two children killed and one badly wounded, and the htnise burned.
In |)ursuing bis business of .scouting, Capt. Rowell cnmt; upon 50orfiO
Indians near Patterson's I lonunock, 5 miles east of the Oscilla. They ('ii!:ii;;eil
him, and obliged bim to retreat with the loss of two killed and two woiiiidcil.
This happened on the 18tli of March, and on the 'M oiWpril souit; 10 or I.")
Indians went to the residence of Ca|)t. Scott, in Jellisrson coiuiiy, about t«o
miles from IJailey's mills, where they killed one |)crson and wounded two or
three mor<>. About tlit; .sami! time the house of a iMr. Rollins is attacrkeil at
the li(>ad of the St. IVIary's, on the edge of the Okellienoke Swamp. Mis.
Rollins was killed, and he made a very narrow escape.
Meanwhile (Jen. Macomb had been ap|)ointed commander-in-chief of the
army in Florida, and on the .5th of April he arrived at its liead-cpiartcr.-* on
lilack Creek. Ilis main instructions ajipear to have been, to pacily the In-
dians again, until the return of another st;a.son tor cam|)aigning. Hut ' is
prospects were discouraging, t()r"lhey were dividing tli(>niselves into siiiiill
parties, penetrating the settltMiients, comMiilting some murder.s, and fliiiiL'
iroui their coverts on the e.\press<!S and passeng(!rs going liom [lost to pest."
[Book IV.
pli wounded, ulinost
\\ of lilt! frvciit Cliok-
\rkimHiis, Sci»U;iiilK.'r
8t llic Creiiks, mulrr
mI orders Tor tlic re-
lic Cherokee r'nintry,
10 be r((!uly lor artivi;
[■ rioriilii voliiiitcer!i,
tliey tidl upon ii cjiiin)
onies, but two wouru
OHO of this year. On
•bes, by a Hiuidl i)iiily
of tbeir luunber dciiil
\rsiiit »if llie iiarty, ami
11 they were dir^pcrscil
4tb of Juimary, iKi'.l,
in tbeir iieitildinrlicMul,
n iiuud)er. Capt. 1,. .1.
apopka Lake, caiiUind
lo two luen were wm
nl "ivcu out word tlit.t
render.
liles of Tallahassee, imd
I wife, and two diildrtii.
icy cut olV the family ul'
I they killed two persons,
tilt! Thursilay im-vioiis,
;kcd the house of ii .Mr.
csfupod, they pluudfied
tack three wajituis on the
ucasa, anti about '.» miles
("apt. S. L. Russell was
•t Dallas, with a |iart nf
.d Cai)t. Russell is killed,
the last day of February,
. collected at f^t. Aiiirus-
iii all, 0") of whom were
.'Ibntlum. Yet murders
1, tln! liouse of Kiliiunid
),'is beset, Mr. (irayaiid
, house burneil.
rell canit! upon .)0 o\-H)
.. Oscilla. 'I'liey eiiL'a^ied
kilb'd and two womitlid.
{d o;"Apnl^'>"'<' H) or 1.1
f,.i-<oii eouMlv, about two
•stui anil wtHUiiled two or
Mr. Rollins* is attai^ked at
<efe.enokc Swuiup. Min
TiTi'maiider-in-chief of tlie
l-d at its lieatl-tpiarters oa
beeu, to pacify the In-
;„. rauspai^Mruiir. »at i^
;„,r themselves U.to snudl
I,,,';,,, murders au.l Um'i
gt.iug IVoui post to pobl.
CgiP. XX.]
MAfsS.VCRE OP cor, fI.\RNF.YS MEN.
140
And it was believed tiiat no coinnuuiicatioii could be opened with tiiein.
However the f,'eneral was deteitiiiMed to luakt; tbt; attempt, ami fuidiu},' some
nrisoiiers at (Jury's l''(;rry, lie tn;ateil tiiem kindly for a wliile, then s(!t tliein
at liberty, with the retpiest that they woidd |»-oree(l to the ho.xtiles and invite
tlieni to a parley. At (»r ubouf tht; same time (Jen. Taylor sent out some of
'his Indians, in whose sincerity and hone.«ty he had {rrtiat (•onfidenee ;" but
ihesfi joined the enemy and never returned," and the pristineis returned aller
joiue tiuie, and saiti they could not find their people. In the mean liiuo,
„„ tJK! 22 April, aboiu 100 'J'allaliassie.s, under th- clii(>f Nea Stoco IMatla,
iiiarclieil to '('amjiu in tin; niifht, and forced away about lU) of their comitry-
111(11, who were waitinj? then! to be ship|ie(l to tlie west.
,\t lenstth, on the I7tli of May, the <fenonil f.Mt a number td" chiefs toiretlicr,
friMi tlie stuithern part of the peninsula, by the no<;oiiation of ( Nil. Ifarney,
and nil ainiciible aiTan;:;ement was made, by which they were to remain in
llic foimtry for the |u-esent, or until they could Im; assured ol' tht; pitisperoiis
foiiiiitittii of their frieuds who hail emi;:iated. The <reneral then lelt Florida.
Oil the 3 May, five persons were killed on the Santa Fee. On the same
ilav liieiit. Ilulbert and a man named O'Driscoll were killi'd at I'oiirteen-
inile Creek. The express rider betwee.i I' ort I'Vank Hrooke and l''ort Aii-
,ircws not nrrivinj? as usual, Lieut. Ilulbert went out with ten men to I !arn
the cause. Reinf; in advance of his men, he fell into an ambush, and wa' diiis
cut ort". He beioiifred to New York, and had friadiiatiMi iu West. Point.
Ahoiit sunstit on tht; 28 May, a hotly of Jnilians surround the ilwellir.^' of
Mr. James Osteen, of AHiffatt)r, shoot him near his stable, liadly wouiiil a Mr.
Ikll, iiml also a sisttu- of ^Ir. OsttMUi. Mr.s. Ostijcii and her cliiltlren escape
tntlie iieartfst house. Thesi! and numerous otliiu" eipialiy iorrid aHliirs iiap-
peidii^' iiuimMliately after the treaty just made, tlestroved all confideiiee in iis
utility. 'I"he people of Florida declariMl they would i kt" the manaf^ement of
tiie war into tinur tnvii hands, and ti.irly in June the <.'overiimcnt of the terri-
liiry otii-red a reward t)f 200 dollars for every Indian killed or taken. .And
^(011 after, Tigkrtaii,, the chief of the Tallaliassitis, issued a proclamation
(jielariiijr the treaty matle betwtjen (Jen. Macom!) ami (^bitto TusteniiL'fiec
Mill anil voiil. It iloes not a|)|K;ar that the two principal chiefs of the Semi-
iiiiles, Tigertail and Sam Jones, had any thing to do with Gen. Macomb's
trciiiy.
till the 13 July, between {) and 10 at ni;:ht, a small yiarty of Indians at-
lark the family t'»f Mr. ii. (chairs, 10 miles from Tallahassei", and kill Mrs.
Chidisaiitl two cliiltlren. On the 2.'lil, ('ol. Harney was attacked on the (^o-
jiibliateliie or Synebal River, and hati \'i out of JH of his men killeil. The
ciildiiel had gone tt) this place to establish a tratling house, agreeably to the
treaty iiiiide at l''ort King between .miih^ of tht! Seiiiinoles antl (Jen. Macomb,
Inline spoken oi! Thus that treaty (vvliich was only verbal) was either made
(III til part of the Intlians to tlijc.eive the gmieral, or some Indians made it
witlioiit any aiithtmty fi-oni their naion ; the latter was doubtless the fiict.
When the news of (>t)l. Harney's siirprist; reached Fort Mellon, on the .'Jlst,
foiiie r»0 iiidians, who had come into that iieighborhooil, were alarmed fi)r
llieir snlt!ty, anil fled ; but stion after, about If) of them came in to talk witii
Lieut. Hanson, and wen? siirroimtletl and taken ; two men, in attempting to
pseape, were slu)t tlown anil killetl. About this time, as a com|)aiiy of sol-
diers were building a britlgt? in Middle I'loritla, about two mili;s fiom a post
"11 the Siianet , they wert? surprised by tht; Indians, and (! of' their number
killid. .\t Fi>rt VVhetdock, two or three soldiers art? killetl while bathing in
(Iraiiife Lake. On the 27 Se|»teinber, a party fidl upon tht; finiiily of a Mr.
Kiineh, on the Wakulla, murtler Mrs. Munch and one child, anil burn the
liniise. Mr. Whitaker, a near neighbor, is severely wouiidtul.
Kaily in October, it was announced that 7,000 regular troops were to be
wilt to Florida, and that (Jen. Taylor hail been aiithori/etl to send to Tuba
liira large number of bloodhounds, to enabit* them to scent out the Indians.
When it was known throughout the country that dogs were to be employed
ntrainst tliein, there was a general burst of indignat'on ; but though it is a iiict
iliat the dogs were |H"ocurt!tl and liro'gbt to l''lorida, with Spaniarils to di-
reet tlieiii, yt!t we believe they entirely iiiiletl in the experiment ; tliere being
13*
♦ . ,;.■' ft" . ■■>'■.* I
I i I-' '1 -fl l.'
^W\: y
' ' ij I
^' '■;;;* 'r
r ^ •
I'
Mhw,[:
•:>^i
"'*!« ^'^
u
'■ ' St^ iy P
.■;jjm^
.•■
''i' r 'J^fflS^^
a
^VipH^
I
Hi
150
iu)(;s r,Mi'i,(»vKi> '\ i'i,(Mtiit\.
\\>.
'K IV,
but iicro iiiwl lliciT n -oliinrv iiisiaiui' ol tin u |niliiriiiiiij,' (lie m iv'n f,,,-
wliicli tlu'V \\«"rr iiilciiili'd. Si" ll;«' ■ • i,">'v.li iv .il'.'lii.s tlnir-Mlicnic Im. ; ,., .;|,.,
t!u' (Icsliuclioii of llii' liitliaiiN in ihv irii iM- i iiu j vi ii« doHlniy il '>^ i|„, u,|]^
It)\vfrs (if Ctiliimliiis, iIh'v jIi-mtvc iii.t 'Ir il^lib •>\' liiiinniiilv, hiil .s|h)|||,|
riillio' 1m< liiiiitnl out "if Hticti'tj l»v lll•a^il^' « ".vi\}.i' iih llii'iiihclvcs, if ,m,|.|
t'oiilil lilt luuiiil. How iiiiK'li wns i'|]< .< il in It.*- I.'r;irii|r<, it is ilillicnli Id |,,|{
for loii^ ixMorr llicir iirriMil iii liio coiiitir,, tli*' ' IiIocn of |ia|in'H in ilim ,.,,'
jfion had |irolK'lily « oncliuliMl u|ion wlial ruiir.sc (jicy wonlii piuhnc, \\||,,||
«///(•/((/ tirrottiits fnnii ihfrs shonlil lie ollirtui (in- |Mililicalioii ; lini orciisiiii,,|||,
a ircklcss li-liow (lr(i|i|i)Ml a jiaraf^iajili iiiic tlir liillo\Mii!^: "'I'lic < uliii iln. ><
liaM- |ii'o\<'ii i|iiili> lu-iirruial. 'I'liry caii^lil live lnilian!< llir oilier (Iii\ ^i,
iMiilillf I'iorida, liaiidsomily." In ^llu■^•||, (Ifi 10,) "Col. 'I'\viu:jfs n;iuii ii' |,-,
da,\s's('onl np tin- Si. .loluis ir<\i'r w illi liu- liloodlionnds. On liis riiiiii, „
\\;i,s staled that lliij/ tnir J'liiiul lo In jivrfnllji lustUsn; all atlein|ils lo indiii,
tlieni lo lake llit< Irail ol' the li'dians inoviiif; nn^ iiccesstid. These and uilpi
trials ai't> r\id('iu'fs sntlirienl to |iiit an end U> .,\'. I I'tliei* an.vietyon l|i(> |i„|,
•il" the noiUuMii scnlinK-nlalisls." I'roni snch stali'iiicnts we ant jell to in,,!,,,
np sui'li ai'i'ounis as we may, ol° what was eHi'i'lod l)y tint liloodliDim,!^
ThcN will Itc noticed in llio ordiT of time as we procitt-d.
Dniinj; this e\|»e«lilion, two Indians weie discovered in u Itoat am! sliot,
one ol' \\honi was said to be a liroilier ol" Sam Jones.
On the l!> Octoher, a parly of diaffixms were (ired upon while crossing; iIk
Oscilla, and had 7 of their nnmher killed. Some Indians, pn lendincr |ii,.||,|.
ship, had encanqied about two mill's liom the fort, on New Hiver; and Im.
im; become 'Jmiiiiai' with toe soldiers, invited iheni all lo a dance, which ilicy
were to have on the iiij;hl ol" the "27 September; but three, however, iiiid tlii'
temerity to >jo, and they were all killed. Il was supposed they intended, or
were in hopes of drawiiifi onl the whole ;;ariison, which il' they lind, tin ■-
iiile vvoiild have been liie siune. 'This was but a retaliation. A hiit'i.M!.r.
wasron passinjf between iMieanopy and !'« ;l VViieelock, with an cscoil if
.xeven men, vvas taken by the Indians o.i die '\ November; the driver \\;i>
mortally wonnded, and another nam seviM Iv ; killing and vv<innirni<; smiii il
or 7 mules and horses; TiO Indians vm re said to have done this niiscliicr; Ijin
it' there had been half that number, it is exceeding doubtt'ul wbellifnitjin
ol' the seven men would have escaped.
The elinaite, as well as the SeinmoliM, eoiitiniUMl to do its work also. On
the ') November, liieiil. Kodiiey liii'd n! S(. Aiignsline, tuid the iic.\| t\;i\.
Quartermaster iM'Ciabb liied at die sacie piace.
On the ;• November, the house of iMr. .I'lhn .lolinson was allackcd, mi ilu
Oscilla, ill V, hich I'onr re<;roes and one while boy were killed. I'liuidn.-
alter, a pariy look .Mt'red Oliver's house, on the Oeloknee, \'l miles In tin
westvvi.i'i ; ' "ullaiiassee, and killed his son. On the !:ir)lh, as ( 'apt. Sciiiir i-
proceed •.::. •( a earriajir I'rom St. Aiif;nstiiie to I'icolala, he vvas fired ii|iiiii,
when abi . '.• miles out, and mortally wounded; a youii^ niaii, a I'dliimlir,
who was ridiiii; on horseback behind him, was killed upon the spot. Oniln'
same dav, a IMr. Weedmaii, with his son, |)ioe«>eiled to visit his iiiriii, tlnn
and a half miles only I'rom St. Augustine, on the. same road. It vvas tlic lii>i
time lie had made tint attempt since tiie war began, anil by it he now lost Ins
iil(>. being shot deail by some coui'i'aled Indians; unit liitj hoii vvas Imiily
wonnded.
During lliis montli, (Jov. (^all, with some tJOO or 1U)0 men, scoured Middlo
riorida, and "drove n|) all the liulians" in tiutir lines ol' march. Tlit y prt.'-
sumed tliey would iiitt "light down again" tiir some time. However, in a
Awv slays ailer, the iiouse of iMaj. J. S. Taylor, about (i miles from IMonliccllo,
was burnt down, but the liimily escaped. This act vvas laid to the ladiiins,
und wc eaimot undorlake to suy tliey did not do it, for tliey certainly wire
Uio iHissessors of llio country.
Ibriiici
I'aw
men,
\. (t^..K IV.
uriuii>f{ ill'" M ivi( , r.ir
loir-M'lu'UU' Im i; .lev.
re ilrnliuy i'. '■;, iiic liil-
liuiiiaiiily, Wilt slmnM
llrA llnMIIM'Kcr', if Micii
Hilh, it is tlililfllll III tell,
ii'H <>l' |)a|H-rs ill tliiil re
.y uollld lilllHllf, \\|i(ii
("iitioii ; 1ml <)<'ciisiiniMl|\
»« lilt; : "'I'Ik' < III)" tlii;;M
nliiiiif< IIk' "IIu'I" tlii.\, III
("ol. 'I'wijifjs iismli' 11 I.",
iiiiiitls. On 111.- ri'liiiii, II
I ; all llltflliptr^ to illillirr
cssliil. 'I'lii'S'' mill oiIm 1'
rtluT iiiixirty mi llii' |iiiii
ICIltS Wf aiT U-\\ III lllll'.r
led by tli)> liltioillKHiiiil.s
ci^imI.
(•nil in a l»<ml iiml ^Imi.
s.
I upon while fitissiii;.' tin
luliaiis, iinii'iiiliiif; iViriul-
(111 Ni'VN Uivrr; iiiul Imv-
jiU to a ilaiH'f, wliifli 'liiy
It tliri'f, liiiwfvrr, liml tlir
n|»i)osril lIu'V iiitfiitiiil, or
1, wliifli if tlu\V liiiil, till.-
a rctaliatimi. A liii^'i;.ii:i'-
irrlocU, Nvilli III! «'**''"i'> "I'
(ivcnilMT ; till' iliivn- wiis
inn ami wdiintlin^' sniin' li
,vc (Idiu- lliis inisi'iru'l'; Inn
,» lUinlurnl wlu'llii'niilin
,1 to ilo iirt work also. On
nstiiif, »ii«l »'"■ "''^' '''')■
inson was Htlii»'U»>tl, on ilif
,)y WlTf Uill«-<l- l''«>lll«lii,^^
(•.•lokiK'i-, l"-i iii''''^ "" ''"
I,, 'jntli, as Caiit. S'liiiiis
olala, hf was liivil iiiimu
a yuimn man, a l'"lmnl«r.
|,.,1 upon ill*' spot. On till'
,.(1 to visit liis liinii, tlinr
auif i-oa«l. ll W118 till' lirst
n, andbvit li«"'"wl'f 'f ,
s ; ami liia son wns I'l"") ]
«• :M)0 men, sconnul MiiliHc
intis «)!' inan-li. 'I'li'V l'^'^-
soino tiin.% l\ow.«v.'r,ina
,ut ti inilt's iVoiu Montii*,
•t was laitl to tlits Imli""^.
■o it, lor tlicy certainly wire
CnAf. XXI ! IMXl i:XIM,<)ITS. i5|
KXK.INIH OK TMK VVAK IH'K).
Jllriiiil of ll^'ifiotin tillirn— Unit. IHinlnii Lillril — l>(i<r rrploiti^ — f'liniiliry ilislrmjril —
Ihffiil of Cojii Hiiiiis I, 'nil. Sdiiili i.-iim'.s ilrfiiil —Col. Kilrifs iiiiliiil-~t'iil
(iririi.i — ('(ll Uiininf.'i — .7 riimj,..,..j nf /iliiiirr.i iilliirliiil—' iiir Cnrli si.iniiish —
Indidii hi II ilr-ilnii/ril - l.inil. .Irth':: 's iriiliiil — Klrrrii fiimiliis ilf.tliiiiiiil —
liijii. Uriill's Jiuhl —Linil. Ilininiiii's lidtllr — liulinn liiiiii>iil — I'liiijinilinii nlli iiijiliil
Ihiiiiiuli " drpiiloliiiii iif Siiiiniiili.i friiiii, .•hhaiisiis — ll fiiil.i ftliilis liihni in ilnl-
iiii; liiilidii.i ~ It ilil Cut's riiiloit ' Sail iiniilnil — Luiit. .Iiiilil amiiiitiliiil — /'(///. Iliiii-
ji/o Inn III— Ciil. Iliinin/n riiijiii'v In llir ilnrmliiilis — Iliiiirr.i ninr. I ml mil a - The
i/(/f/' (,'iiiAKiKA IJIInl- h'ort It'iilliir iiltiirhni —Cii/il. Daniilson dies — Lieut. Slir.r-
miiid'n aiiiliunh, and drallt <;/' Jl.'/w. MoNiiioMKUv.
"Vein jili. Ilm IniliiMi'H ijriivi' ; ymi |i|| Iih ImiiiI —
Im |!hmi' III' lilotHi, will!.' null), iijmhi yimr liiiiiil ?
Kiii-iill llii' liini' wlii'ii timl your t'ullii'ra ii|iri'iul
I'OOII I)li'f40 ley Mlii>rr'4 lllrll W'llllly lll'll ; —
Wlioii. |HnvrrlMi<s .'xiii"* on llin iji'-'i-rl m»ii,
'I'Im ir iiiily itri'iiKtli — lliii i<|iiril lo In- ('rcr."
\Vk liavf now anivcii at llic iM'jfinniiif; ol" ilic year IH/IO. On tlic first day
•i ,-,
I'l'lirii.'iry ol° this year, a dctacliiiKMit ol' men, sent in pursuit ol' d(-si'rti'i',-4,
llrcd on near I'orl Itniokr, liy wliicli tlin r of tlie detaclniient were
Hcri"
iviiiiii(li'd. A ser(j;eant, wliosc jiorsr wjis shot lioiii under liiin, w.is supposed
III havi' lieen killed. l''oiir d.-iys atler, sonie 10 or !.''> Iiidiaiis captured a train
(ll ri \V(i;ronH, alioiit 10 miles rioin (Jary's l''eiiy, as lliry were rrturnin;; lo
ihal |ila('e .villi provisions and stores rrom the interior. Tlicy killed oiu;
iiiaii, mid wounded Ibiir or live iniiirs, and made o|)° with tin; properly.
Uii llie -■- rehriiary, as Liciil. Wliedan, with a detaehment ol volunteer.^,
was in
ily III"
am
piirsiiii i>r Indians upon a I'resli trail near tlu^ <'alieo Hills, in th<; viein-
\laf;iiolia, he M\ into an anilmsli, and was killed; his iipii ran i way
I |i';i him to the Indiiiiis.
Aliniit a month iiller, namely, IMareli IS, the Indians made a spiriteil at-
liMiipl to mIiI to their stork ol' provisions. They aMaeked another train i.l'
(I I its way lidiii I'ost No. "J to iMieanopy, killed three nii-n and
iili'il others; hut liumd no liooty, as the \\a^foiis were only jroin^ aller
wai'iins
Wlllll
siori's.
Tiiis was done in sjiile ol' what a eompaiiy of soldiers could do.
iviMi- |ircsi'iil as an escort. Kill a Tew days previu is, (March Hlli,) two lu. i
ail' killed helweeii "( Iharles Old 'Town " and .Micanopj ; and, on tiie \[,",
a.Mi'lliiiilisl minister, named ,M"l{ea, was killeil at '-Siijjjfs Old I'lace," hit' ii
Walii-iiliola and Micanopy. On the 2(i March, sonii^ Indians cravvleii up
williiii 'iOO yards of the pickets at t''ort Kin^, and killed two soidicrs.
/Vliiiiit the lieirimiiiiir ol' Mtircii, somesvlien' in IMiddli- Kloridu, two hloixi-
liniiiiils captured an Indian; one sii/.ed him ii\ the throat, while the. wliiti
aiiic
ollicrs
lip and took him. lie was ^'really lerrilied, imd pointed out wiii r.
i i!iiu;lit hi; timnd ; and soon alter they ca|i(iired lour more. On l«{
■Maicli, nine dojrs were aniioimced as liavinj( arrived at (iary'H Ferry, and
that tlicy weiT to he cmploiinl liy < 'ol. 'rwijrij.s, of llie '.><! drajroons, on a eoii-
ti'iii
lii,<;n'(', were proiialily desirous to Know how mia
llit'in, :iiiil
|iliilcil expedition to the Ocklawahiu 'The othcers under whom they wt^ro
' rht di^iend upon
the
inij
thererore, on the iievi Similiti/, made the liillowiiii; e.vperinient
iU
tlii'ir tiicilcs. ,\n Indian prisoner was sent out, (\n itiiout the kiiowlediiie ol tiio
uOi;s,) with orders to (
'Iiml
I a triH' at some live miles' distance, li;; did so
and til
himni
Is w
ere put upon
his trail. The di
>^ rapt I tin, or
h'ad
er, went
^^
iliiwtly to the tree, juid attempted to elimh it, and had actually jo'ol up six
It'i'i, when the others arrived. Such was the report of the alliiir; which re-
|)nit, whether Iroin the principal oIliccM" under whose eondiii't it was per-
Ibrmi'd, or from the cliiel' leader of tin; dofis, we are uiiinlliriiKMl.
Towards the end of April, u small hai:d of Indians attacked a jrnard of six
laen, who were convoyiag a wagon froin Fort Faiiulng to. Doudinaii'K Uuy.
^ ■
^i
' ■'^\
.' <*'.
.•'.,»•■
:^^
.r^'
Si. )
.1
ir.2
lU'lTI.K NKAIl TOUT KIN(!
flloilK IV.
'Pill' (itlln'r «*oiiiiniiii(liii^ won Iwiilly woiiiidnl ; luit llin (iirlit wiin
<'"iiliiiii(.(
\crtil hours, iiiilil nil tlicir aiiiiiiiiiiitioii was s|M-iit, wlini llicv <-|iiii'ir,.,| ^l
liuliatis, ami iiia<!t> ^(xxl llit-ir it'trcat. 'I'liit a(ta(-kill^ |)ai'ty l<ml oi
"a iiij; iK-firo.
Altoiit till- sainc liiiir, tii<< t'ainiU of a IMr. iMMiaiH*, on tiir 'I'o'rol
!li>
"' iiiiiii iiimI
'''•'. WIIH
saiillcd, ami IMis. IM'l.am- ami iliirc of her cliildicii were iiariiaiiiiisi ,
(Icrcil. Alioiit H iiiiirs ti-oiii Itloiihl's 'rouii, the tiiiniiy of a IMr. I, in n I
IIS-
lull'.
tlolroycil ; aii<l liclia'c tlit> rml ol' tlit^ iiioiilli tlirrr otlicrs met ||
On ilic '-il^ ;\|iril, as ('apt. Kaiiis was rrtiiriiiii;; ti'oii a scout, with |H
was linMJ ii|ioii I'roiii an aiiilaish l>y a lai-;;<> hoily o| lialiaiis, williin I
of I'lirl Kiiiir, and had i iii<>ii killrd, and r> uoinidcd ; anioii^r thf Jan. .
tin' rti|ila'n, severely. The whiles reported tiait they killed three of tji,. ||'|]
y iiiiir.
• Whs
le siiiiic t;
men, I,
vvn liiil(
•'I' Wiis
dians. l''i'oiii another souree, the atliiir of ('apt. Kains is related as l()||ii\vs:
'^oine ol' his men had lieeii lately killed hy the Indians, "as they lell the
I'ison " of |''()ri Kin<', mid he was determined to show them tl
le same
kii,i|
L'lir-
play ; aeeordin^iy, hi- |»laeeil .mihw sIh-IIs nnder a lilanket, within heiirin"(|,..
lance, and in the ni^lit he heard an exphision. N«-.\t niorninir, he |im,|^ |^
men, and inarchetl to the place wliere the shells liiul lieen depositrij. ||,,
found no Indians, either dead or alive, lint traces of Idood, picy HikKs, jimi
fra<:menls of garments. While examining these, all at once the Imliiiiis idsi^
up, as ii wi le, out of the •rronnd, ami nearly surrounded him and his Imi,,
band: the tenilije IIai.i'.c 'I'i stk.m«i(.i: was at their head, imd with tlir i,,,,^!
(lealtMiin;,' yells nishetl li> the li^ilit. 'The whites chnr',red, aid tjic liidijins
took to tiie trees, and thus prolonired tlu- liattle. At len;;lh, llaii-c, alter dis-
perately wounding ('apt. Itains, l(*ll himself, and was liorne o|f hy his \mi|'.
riors. The cjiptain would dnidith-ss have been des|iatelied liy the niiirlnv jiini
of the chief, hiid not Serir. Jackson, too, liadly wounded, rushed to his ri'Mm-
and shot 'riislemi^'ije. At this sta^'e of afliiirs, the (ijiht seems to Imvc cmltij
and, as usual, the whites hastened away to report a victory. They rated iIh'
Indians at 1K{; lint how they came liy this ininutt> inlbrmation, we are iioi in.
formed. Miit their bravery ami coin*ai;e are, probably, liir less <|nestiiiiiali|('
than their statement of tiie mniiiier of their etjiially brave enemy. Tlii> siini'
tircc
ni<:lit, or the next, some Indians \Nent to Staidey's plantation, within tl
miles of Ne\Mians\ ilie, w here they killed I'J hofjs, cut ilown the Iriiil-Ii
ami burnt th< :iihlin<'s, by whieb HOO hiisbels of corn w«>re consumed.
AIhiuI tiie same time, a volunteer, named Sanders, was killed, al
Mint liiiir
niles tiiim New nans\ ilie; and anotlier iiian, in company with liiin, was
badi
\ wdum
On tl
led.
!!• t\li
iv, as Lieut. IMartin and tiiret^ other men were
|ir(ir('('diiiir
<roni iMie.inopy to W'akahooia, in cliarfre of a f^overmnenl wa^on, iliey wii
ail cut otf. Tlie wa^foner escaped, and carryinsi; tia' !.!t(dlifieiice to iMic;iii(i|i\,
Lieut. Sanderson saliie<l out witli 17 men, and pursueil the Indians. Ilisiiiin
fell in with them, but was dell-.-ited, and liimsell| with !> m*>n, killed, licsiilis
tliree bloodhounds ami their keepers; (liur otiier men were missiiifr.
Some time in June, ( ol. Kiley surprised an Indian camp on the Oiiiijilii.
ro(M"lie(>, killed two warrior;
id look a man, woman, and cliiid.
priMMii'id
The man soon aOer escaped, and in pursuit of liim, ('apt. Mason was iuci
dentally shot by liis own men. About the same time. Col. (Jreene fill iiikh
n small |iai°ty ot Indians in iVIiddie l''loi'ida, killed three, and a wliitc 111,111
xvitii them. 'I'owards the end of the month. Col. Harney ri'tnrned tidin a
Itinjr expedition, in which lie caplmed \V il<l Cat's mother and dan^jililir, lili-
orated a iieirro, wlio liad iieeii a piisoiu-r near two years, and was ih
only
•0\t'{|
survivor of the crew of a vessel wrecked at New Smyrna. He also dcsli
'-27 corntields nf tlie Indians.
W lien Dr. Cotton .Mather was about to write the liistory of a .sinirMiiiiin
innssacre, wiiicii liappened at Ihirliam in New llampsliire, he liej;:an witii llic
ominous expression of " /i/oof/y //.v/n'a^'- «/ Oi/sto- liinr!" We have now to
record a bloody trdixvdi/ iimDiiii; ini^riUans. A IMr. I'"<irlies, it appears, was
iinist
not satisfied \\ith wliat tragedies he could manuliictnre <d,<ewhere, liiit
needs go to lliat coimtr\ of traiiedies, I'Morida, with iiis tlieatrical ct
irps. as
iidl
tlioiifili the people there would preli'r counterfl'it to liie real ones, or Imd
enough of both; doubtlimH tiiu \viiite8 iiuich prciorrcd tliu iurniur ; but iiot^
y-
[l»n..K IV.
n liirlit WMH (•(uitiiuicil
Ik'II Itit-y rliaiL'nl ||||.
tarty \oh\ oik- mini uiul
1 tlic 'r<);;<)l('<', \siis ns-
vcn- linrlmrDiisly imir-
Iv lit' n !\lr. IjiiiiIi was
HTH llll't llu' Mlllir Hilc.
sctuM, witli IH iin'U, lie
liiiiiH, •.vilhiii l\v(i miles
; aiiKiii),^ lilt' latlcr wns
kill<-»l llnci- of ili(« Ill-
is irlaird as liillows: _
iH, "ns tlu'j Irll tlic !:iir-
tiinii tilt' same kind ni'
ikct, \\ itliiii luiiriii}; dis-
xt iiioniiiii:, lif liii'K JH
III lii'i'ii ili-iiDsilnl. He
blooil, |i<i"V Inifivs, iiiiil
at iiiii'r iIk' liiiiiiiii:^ niM>
nili'il liiiii «<«l li>''^ '><'!''
lii-ail, anil willi tin' iiinsl
liarf;<Ml, a-w! lli»' Imlians
li'ii^illi, llaii T, al'lir liis-
IS liorin" olV li.v lii>^ «!ir-
iti'lird by lilt' mijrlily iinii
Iril, nisliftl tit liis rcMiii-.
^Iit si'fins lit liavt' rnilid,
viftiiry. 'I'lity laiitl llir
Ibnimtitin, Wf aii' iml iii-
ilily, liir It'ss iiiifMi(iiiiiii!i'
Itravt' fiifiiiy. 'llu- siiiiir
. jtlaiitatittii, witliin time
cut ilttwii till- iVuit-trtTS,
11 \v«'rt> ritiismnt'tl.
■s, was killftl, almiit I'mir
(iiii|iaiiy with liini, wis
>r mt'ii wiM-o jiviift't'iliiii:
•iiii'.i'iit wajfttii, tlit-y wi'iT
'..itflliflfiiff to i\rif!mii|iy,
u'll till- liitliaiis. Ill' MHHi
,illi !» mt'ii, killi'tl, Ih'skIcs
(Ml wiTf inissiiifi.
inn faiii|t ttii tlif Ouiliiia-
iiaii, and fliild, prisniim
II, ('apt. Masiin was iii'ci-
,u'. Cdl. (Jn-fnt- r>'ll <il»'ii
thriM', anti a wliilf man
llanifv n'tnriH'tl timii a
IHHttlu-r'anil ilan>;lili r. Ill'-
1 vt-ars, anil «a-< lln' "nly
iiyrna. \U' ulso (U-slioynl
li> liistory <'•' " saiipmian
liiitdiirf, Ik- boiiaii with the
line.'" NVf liiivo ii"« to
_. Kiirht's it apitfars. was
I'tint' i'l..(>wlit'ri', but niusl
lib liis tbfatrit'al i't)rp'*.i«
In till" iral Diu's, itr liiitl ""t
Vcd tlic Ibnuer ; but not so
ClKP.
XXI.
M\HSA<'!li; A!' INIHAN K!;V.
W,\
with iIk^ indianH, wIkti! tliry <*itulil iiavi' a liaiiil in liitni. 'I'liis i-uiii|i;iiiy it)'
pliiyi'irt was in Iwii wii>,'iins, passiiii; I'r {'ii-njala In Si. An^m.-iinr, on ibr '£i
Mav, "I"' "'i'"" >villiiii ft nr (i iiiiit-s nl' llu- intlri' |ilaff, VM'ic alt.ickiil by u
liiriif
mail
CSI'll
iiinibi'i' itt' Indians iiniliT Wimi (!<\r,aiiil luiir nl' tl
Hill killi'il. Hiiw
V wiTi' in till' ntnipany \\i> an- nut tniil ; bill l''itrbi-s and tlif limalfs
|M'il. 'I'iii' InilianH, iinint'diali'ly alb-r, smritnndrtl Kurt Siailf, ilani-rtl
iiIhhiI it in di'liaiiff, and diin-d iIh^ siililii;rs t im- onl and li;;lit ; but ilii>
j;iiiii.xini *vas loo wi-ak lit inakf a siirlif. W'l- iiiivt' to rlitsr tiif nlaliiin i>\'
iliis inijci'ily witli a t-onii'dy. 'i'lii< Iniliaiis bad finnid liinf, Iti'litm iippiarin^
,,, I'liri Si'aiif, lit dii'ss ibi'nisiivfs in sni-li ul" tlit^ aflitrs' cliillifH as iln-y bail
uLi'ii- \Vilil ('at bad ^Mtt on llu- turban ttf Olbfllo; anil iilbi'rs iiaii sasbi's
■ml sjiaiiju'lt'S, wliifli liny liink fan- In tlispiay In aiivaiilajff. NViiil ('at
.iiinvi'ii a rii'li vt'ivi'l ibi-ss In sitnit' iit'triiics wlin allfrwards faint! in, ant! told
,{i,ni III- would not laki' ii liinidird brad of ratlli' Tor it.
\l Ciiw (^rtifk llitininoik, nnir l''orl Wbiti', llifin was a skirniisb, on tlit;
Ij July, I" iwi'i'ii Sfi-f,'. Zi'i^drr and lliri:^ or linir ini^n, and '^1 hidiaiis. A
i,ii|Hinil and two soidirrs wnif killi'tl, and liif otliirs Wfn? vvitnndrtl.
On llii' 7 /Vii^nsl, llii'ri> ba|t|ii'iii'd a niost borrid niassai'ii; at Indian l\v\.
,N\ 1"
!rHiins WITI! killi'il by ibi; Indians in liiiMr barbantns iiiann
tiinon;;
uliiiiii was \h: lli'iny I'l-rriiif, liiniifily of ( 'onnrfiiriil, a sriinlilir jri'iiib'-
1,1,111, wliii iiail loi'alt'il liinisi'll' lln^rit tiir tin- piirposr of I'ldiivatiii;^' snini' ram
iilaiils v\liirli 111' liad obtaiiifil in Soiitli AiiH'rira, wliili' risidin;; liirrr as fon-
,iil, Tlu'ro Wire upon Indian Key, at tlii! tiling of tins niassat-rt', II |ti'opb',
jll (if vvliitin bad tlii' jfiiod liirtiinr to csrapr, t'M'rpI llir six brlori' naiiitid.
Vllllic liiinsi's wcrt! bniiifd I'MTpt oni'. 'I'lii! nnnibi'r uC Indians was ^aill to
li,. IDOor 150.
(Ill till" 10 AiisriiHt, word was Itroiifibt to Fort llarkn-, tbat an rnfani|inn!nt
n|' Imrniiis was disfovt'rtMl, uboni stni-ii inilt^s Cioni tbi'iirr, on ibr road lit
I'liri Miii'lii'll. liit'Ut. M. II. Aillnir ininirdialfly niarcbt'd out, witli "a roiii-
pjiiiy ot" soidirrs," to snrjtrisr tlii'ni. Tlii- oliji'il was ('lli'i'ttil ; two Indians
mi' killftl, ttnt! woiindi'tl, anil .'{ rillfs takun. Ilarly in ibf iintrnin<r nl" llio
sum' ilay, llif lioiist! of iMr. Wyli'y Joiifs, on tin; kfonlina, alont <; milfH
iiiirili of tlif St. .Iitst'pb's, was allafki'd anil burnt; lli»! Indians siiot iMrw.
Jums iiiiloMf ol'lmr fliildrfii ; a lilllf ilan^'blfr of i:{ I'onvfyt'd away liinr ttf
liir viiiiii^'fr brittlif rs ami sistttrs to a sati; plai-i;, and llif n rfturiiftl Kt huo
Ii;il lull! bffonif of bfr inolli
Hi!
IliT I
^lif t'oiiiid liiT only linit; t;nonirb to HUt;
'\|iirf ! anil linn inadf a si'i-ttnil t'Sfa|
AliiMit tlif niidillf III' Alienist, flfyt'ii l:nnili«;s an: miid to liayo Itt'f n brokfii
:;|i, nil till' Snaiiff Riyt'i', anil a ^ri-al niinibfr ol' pt'oplf killtd. Anion^ tbi'iii
uasllii' liiinily ttf a lAh'. ('ituify. lit? was from bonif at ibf tiiiif, and on bis
niMi'ii, rmind liis witit and six f liiltlrfii niiirdfrfd, and Ifft in llif iiiosi bar-
Iwmii.i iiiaiini'r, lii'rf aiiti tlifrt' iyiiiif about tjif liflils wlii-rc tlifv li'll. Of
3if. Iliivvf ll's liunily, liis witi; anil iiiif fliild wi'rf killftl, and tlirif olbfr fliil-
ilnii iscapfd. A Mrs. (ocimi and oni' i-liilil wi'if alsit ninrdfri'd. A Mrs.
rollick was siiol in bfr lioiisf wliilf pi-f paring: a bfd tor bfr fbildnn ! iMr.
Iiiiiiii
as Dayis and two fbiltlrfii, anil Sir. I'atrifk's tlan<rbtfr, all niindfiftl.
On till' t Sf ptfiiibfr, as ('apt. It. L. |{faii, witli 10 or 12 iiiimi, was upon ;i
Fidiil, III' rami' siiddonly n|ion about :{0 Indians, wlio all fst-apfil but liinr;
ilii' ii'st sfi'iirt'd tiifinsflyi's in a swamp on Wai-oosasa Kiyi'r. Oiif of ibis
lirixiiu'i's was said to Itf llolatoof bcf, a siib-fiiiff ot" tbf Mikasankifs. Witli
liiisi' jirisiiMfrs snyi'ral }j;iiiis were ttdifii "in fjood order," und "ii laiffo duur-
,>kiii 111!! Ill' bont'y."
Hut two days aftfr, l/uMit. N. K. Hanson li;itl a smart Itattli; wilb somo
^'lllilllilf;
llli'll
lu-ar I'orl U^'kaboota. Word bciii^r broii^dit to flif lifiitfiiaat
at that post, that Indians vyfi'f in llif yifinity, bf inmifdiatfly inari-lifii
dill with U") re. ^
nlaiv
iiid \y|ifn oiif and a lialf inilfs from tbf fort, \yas lirfil
ii|)on i'roni u iiloomy bommoi^k, \yliif b obliirfti liim to ri'trtiat about :W)0 yards
III all ojd'n wooil, flosfly piirsiifd by tiif Jiidians. llt'rf bf iiiailf a slant!,
and iMiatiiiiiiMl tin- lialit about lialf an lioiir, at wbit-li timi* tbf Imlians, to (U'-
I'uv jiini, ri'trfatfd ajrain to tlif bonmiofk ; but Lit;nt. Hanson, lia\in<f now
live of his nu!ii killftl .-mil wountlfil, fiinflinlfd to it'tri'at wbilf bf ^^as at lib-
erty to ilo HO. Tbe liriiij; hud brought out a rfcnforcctufiit under Ca))t. lluw-
tit? *, ;il!il
"►;
}
^r'-f
?''H!'''
►i '■ ('.
- --.tl
■M
•M
.r-y^
'■ 11
:^^T-^-'-<-^
ir>i
AHKANSAH IM'.I.Kli VTION lAII.S.
[Hook IV.
kins, who not lon^ iiOcr cliin'^i'il ili<> Imnnnoi-k, Itiit lie li)Mn(l no In,)
'rill- nunilirr nf liuliinis hu|i|i<>si-iI In liiixc liiu^lit in litis sliiiinisl
miiH.
to Im> ho. < >n iIm> niorninf! of ilir snnir liay, llic siinir Indinris, ii in Hiiid, |<
ukI lioiTiliJN iMntilatcii a \ouni; man named <ici^i'i-; iiih laail
' ^^'1"* sillied
lllr,|
Mill rairii'il o|K
WllH
■"•'•Vl Ifij
On llir 7 Sc|iirmlM'r, liii' liousr of n Mr. Dorscy is jilnnilcrnl nnd iiiniii--
linlunatt'lv, lie had lati'lv trmovcd liis liimily to Alaliama. Aliont t
I lIlH
atii'i-. I.it'ni. Sanndns, sconliiijr with a parly of dra^rooiiH in the nci^jiltoii,,
of l''oit iMfllon, i-ajtlnri'd a siiijflc Indiini. This hriivr coinpany liisi slmi i|
IM'isonrr, and atirrwards hnn^ iiim on a Idm*.
A mon< jiacilit' policy, on the pari ol' llir ^ovirnincnt, iiad lin-n ii
in a nuunu . not to l)t> passed nidici>dcd, liy tlir pnltlir rxprcssiori ; aiiil
ii'ir
iMi^riilid,
H<
(picnlly, (tc <. Arinisl<>ad was dirct'trd to art on the protcciivt'
ni||.
sVMci
II ;
ir !>!i
>'i'iii|.
O CIIITV
the same timr, to cndfavor li\ cNcry pofsiliic mraiis to intlnrnrc i|
iioj<'s to ^o ipiiclly troni tlu> land of ijirii- tittiicrs. IMoro cDrrtnaliv t
tliese views into etU-et, a deputation of their eounlryrnen had iicen siih i;,,
heyonii the Mississippi, and treated with to visit l''h»ri(hi, mid inlen-idc wni,
their friends and hioihers to "ive np the eonnlry, and end the ciintrfiM.
Aeeordin^Jtly, liiis proposition was aeeeih-d to; and li)nrteen ciiiet's iniil ml
'IMTM,
iri>
I llir •>
U'H Arkansas on tiiis embassy, and arrived at 'I'aniim, in I'lorida, m
IVov<Mnher. 'I'hey raine prepared to assure tlieir eonntrymen that llicv wniijii
he tin' hi>tter oil' in Arkansas; and as thi>y had heen known lo linvc In
loriiln
II' tnni-
CM'eediniriy oppostMJ to emii^ration, and had lieen liireed away ti-oni I'
themsei\es, ^reat rehanee was phieed npon their einh'tivors to end ll
hies. And to satisly the wliites of tjieir >rood intentions, they left till i|
wives and chihinMi iieliind. Anion;; them were the noted chiefs, Ai.i,
lloi.ATooi iii'.i'., and iMi< amii'v ; anil on the morning of the ltd t!ii'\
irir
iliATdli,
•lilll-
neneed their march of 100 miles (i)r l''i)rt Kin>r, where tiiey wero to Imvom
interview with some of the hostile chiefs.
The deputation arrived at l''ort Kin^' in aliont 4 dnvH, vi'/., on tlictitji, .iikj
(Jen. Armisteail on the 7th. livery elliut was now made to discuss imiiiirs
with freedom; and llalec TiistennjrJie, Ti^'er-tail, and many oilicis, wen.
wnitin<i in the woods, not tiir otK when the hetiire-namcd fnncl
IllllllI'M'r
rived. Sundry conli<rences and talks were iiad dnrinp the liillowiiifr sl\ dm';
Iint what was said and done we are not iniiirmed ; thon^rh, jnd^'iii^li'i.i,i v.'.t
liappened immiMliately atler, it could not have heen very satisliictoiy to ij
Indians, whatever they may lia\«! |»reteiideil ; li)r, on tln> night ':'.' liic 11 \,\.
vi'iiiher, tiiey all took lea\e very unceremonionsly, and retired into tliiiriijil
liistnesses, as was conjecturi'd, (iir they said nolliiiifj ahoiit tliat, nor liiil iln
whites have an opportunity of j-nessing where tli«\v liud fioiie tiiitil the mxi
inorninir. At this conduct of the hostiles, those troin Arkansas cxihoskI
themselves " utterly astonished." As soon as the general was iiirorincil m'
the escape of the hidians, which was "early the next morning," lie wrniiio
the secretary of war, Mr. I'oi.nsk.tt, in the lollowing desponding sliiiiii:-|
"'J'lius have ended all our well-grounded lio|iesof hriiiging tiie war toii(|ii<e ]
nres ; contident in the resources of the couiitrv, ll
II' riiriiil
liy pacific meas
will hold out to :he last, and can never he induced to come in again, iiiiiiii'-
«liately upon the withdrawal of the hidians, orders were transiiiillcil loiniii.
inanders ol' regiments, to put their troops in motion; nnd heliirc this iiiiclii- j
you, they will Ix' scouting in every direction."
Notwithstanding these ell'orts at iieace-making on the jmrt of tlic \iliiii\
liostiliiies did not entirely cease on tlu- side of the hidians. On the 17 dr-
toher, a party went to ( t)l. (iamhie's iilaiitatioii, at Welauiie, in .lill'dHi!!
county, where they tired u|)on and wounded a negro man, and took m wdiiiaii,]
with whom they made off: hut, in their tliglit, meeting witli a coiii|iiiiiy(ii'
whites, they left her, and she escaped. On tiie '^Itli, some lilomllioiiii(l> Itil
a coinpany of soldiers to a house, in Middle I'lorida, in which three u'/ii'/c iiieni
weiv captured, charged w itii aiding and abetting tli<^ hidiaiip.
At Col. llansoii's jilantatioii, ahoiit ',10 Indians made (juito a "biisinrssnii^
eratioii," on the '^H October, v\liicli, without any other insvmnre tliiin ilioir|
own peculiar tactics, was, to say the least of if, a very "risky tiansnrtinii,'
Such is our judgment iijion it, inasmudi as the place vvliere it was done wal
n-i
hi
t»'>')K IV.
\v I'ouiul 111) liiiliiuis.
4 skimiisli, \viis siuicd
diaiiH, il iH Htiiil, killi'il
liir. Iicnil wild MV( iiil
iiiitlcri'il mill liiinit ;—
una. Almnl Irii dnw
IH ill till' III'I^IiIxiI'IiiiikI
iiui|)aiiy lirsl slmi ilnn-
lit, liail Imm'M iiiMii.'«ti(l,
rxiin'ssioii ; nail, nm-
|iro(('clivc i^vslnii; m
to illtllKMIII' llll' Si liil-
(irc. I'lVcrtiially In i'.uia
iiini liail Im'i'Ii siiii lin,
•ilia, aiiil iiitrivrilr wnli
iial i-ntl (111' i'iiiilrinrr-\.
urtfi'ii fliii'ts mill ullu i>
jta, ill riiiiiila, mi llir •;
ilrvii"'" •''"' ''"'J \\'"iM
>ll "kll'iVVll III lllivr lircli
irri'd away tVmii I'lunilii
uU-avors to I'liil tin- limi-
iitioiis, tlii'V It'll nil llll ir
liotl'll I'llil'tK Al.l.HlATIill,
iijr ,)t' till' :!•!, llii'\ I'l'l"-
HM-f tlicy W«'l'l' '•' llllM'ilM
days, viz., oii llii' (illi.ami
inaiif to disriiss iii;iii(rs
, and iiiiuiy otlii'is, win:
l'-iiamt;d rimcruminii's ar-
ijttlic follow in}: s'mIiiv-;
lou^di, .ivi'lf-'"'!-' '"'■'•'■' ^^^
II vi'fv satiHructory to li :
n tln> iii|I»it -r i"'*' 11 N"-
and i-i'tin'd into llinn*!
,.r about tiint, nor iliii il"'
"^ liad ?:oiu' until tlii" \'.n\
ti-oni Arkansas I'Xinvssnl
CMK-ral was inforiiu'il "l
irM morninfr,"!""^^ '■""'"•
■inu: drspoiidinsi strain:-
l.rinuiii}: tlu' wiir ti. a .in'
„r tin- I'ouiitry, till' ii»'w!
to coiiu' in ap'i"- l'*'""'" ,
^v^«rl• transmitti'iltonmi.]
„,; and lu'forc tins ivirIhs
„, tlio part of till- yJiiH]
Indians. On tiii' IMi-
at Wi'launo, in .lrlUi>'"i
in. man, and took a woum,
,.,.,1,1. witli a .■onipiiyo
.itli some l)looillu'iiiHl> W
1, in wliicli thri'o ivhik ii«|
lliV Inilians. .
„ado Muitc a"bii'*i"f^'t
other hisurancc tliaii llrt
a v»>ry"risky traiij'nctioii.l
fliice Wliere it was iloue vai
CHAr^
XXI. 1 ii.AUNKYS i:xri;inTi()N TO Tin: i',vi',u(ii,Ai)i:s.
ir>r,
niilv/iro Mii'/f.* from St. AiiKMstinc Alllioii(.'li liny did not NiiciTcd l.i \hr
i,,ll.iil ol'llu-ir wishi'H, yi-l lliry took and rairird oll'all ilic hhmkt'ls and other
i.|„iliiii^r wiiii'li had Imcii |irovidi>il tor a "larnr stork ol' iicffiorf*," |or tl n-
^iiiiii! winter; and when ahoiit to lire the hnildin^'s, heeame alarmed hy the
;,,,|ir(miii of some neif^hhoriiij; while.s, whom a iiej^ro had inliirmed of what
mis L'liii'K en, and lied without doin^' liirllier miseiiiei: 'I'liey had intended
1,1 liiivi' I'lirried oil' all the nIiim-s, hiil were |ireveiited l>y tiiis eirennist/mce.
Willi (at i"* ^<dd to have In! llie Indians in this e.xpedilion.
IViijile llocki!d in and pu'ri.soncd the plaee, and wati-hed all iiii;ht for the
p,|,{rii (if the Indians, who doiihtlesri had not the most, distant idea of repeat-
iMr ihiir visit. 'This led to one of those melancholy events, aeeonnls of
ii,;iii\ ol whieli are already upon our ri rils. 'Tlie news of the dcsecnt upon
loLllMiisiin's farm was carried immediately to I'icolata, which caused l/iciit.
ijpiiniii to march w'»h a small force (iir that place, hopin^r to surprise tlio
liiiliaiis there, or in its vicinity. Accordinfjly, hi; a|iproaclied it with ^reat
,;.iiiiiii ahoiit '-l o'clock on the niiirirm;r of the next day, not knowing that
.miiih Imd heeii set to receive the Indians, should they return; and, miliir-
iiiiiii'ly, heiiiK himself and company laki^ii liir Indians, wen; liriMl upon, imii
Sii'. Wiilcott was mortally, and liieiil. (iraliam severely wounded.
Oiiilic same day, the post rider hetweeii h'orts l''annin^ and IMiicomh was
;;,iiiii| iiiiirilercd, ipiarlered, and thrown into n pond.
j'.vi'iy ilay adds new scenes to the trajredy. On the 1st day of Novemher,
]< l.iiMit. .Inild, with iMr. I''alany and three ilriii^'oons, was proceeding; from
I'orl Srarle. liir St. Aii>,'nstine, they were fncil upon when near the eiffhl-
iiiili'-|iiisl, hy Indians concealed in hushes alon<r the road, hy which a S'-rfreant
]ii{| IIIII1 private were killed, and iMr. I'alany and another private severtdy
wiiiiMili'il. Iiieut. Jiidd escaped, as it were, hy a miracle, lie rode with tlin
noiiiiili'il soldier till he lldl from his hor.se, then dismounting', dra^'^red him
frniii llll- |iath, and the Indians lieiiig Just upon him, conceah3d liitnscif in
ilic liiislii'S until they <;ave up the chase.
Alioiit the same time Col. Harney captm'ed l!2 Indians (womini imd eliil-
<|n'ii)iirar Tort Keid, on the St. John's, lie iixnid them in possession of 50
|,l;iiikits, nio.stly new, pieces of calico, &.c., supposed to huvo been takun
from liiilian Key, when it was destroye'd in Aiifiust last.
I'lir* Hanson, ITi miles from St. Aiif,Mistine, was ahandonod ahfiut the 5
Noviniiii'i', and in two or three hours after was hurnt hy the Indians.
Kiirly ill Deceitdier, (vol. Harney, as much now the terror of th<! Seminolns
s*('oi. ('Iiiirch was to tlu; VVampanoaf^s, or Daniel IJoone to the Kikapoos,
iiiiili'i'tiikcs an expedition into the evergladi^s. These much heard of atul
!ill!i' known retreats extend ttvvv perhaps 100 square miles. They are an
fjpaiisi' of shoal \vat(!r, varying; in depth from one to five fe«!t, dotted with
iiiiiiiiiicrahle low and Hat islands, jjjeiK^rally covensil with trees or shriihs.
Much (if the wat(!r is shaded hy an almost iinpen(!trahle saw-jfrass, as hii^li
isa man's head, hut the little channels in eviiiy direittion are frei! from it.
iiliail liocii lonir suppos(;d, that upon the islands in some |)art of this district
llielmrmiis had their head-ipiarters, from whcMice they had issued upon their
Josiiui'tive expeditions. This suspicion imiounted to a certainty a litth; ho-
I fore 1 1 lid, tVoin the testimony of a neirro naniiMl John, who had escaped from
a clan ill that rej^ion and come in at (/'ape I'lorida. lie had heen with the
Iniliaiis >iiiice \i^'Mi, at which timt; he was captured hy them from Dr. (irew.
JTliiicrme it was determiiuMl hy (^ol. Harney to take .John as a jmide, and
leiiiliavor to strike an elV.ctual hlow upon thetn in their own fiistness. Ac-
Icoriliiinly, with 00 men in boats, Ik; set out to traversi; that moiiotonoi.s
Iwuiiil, the everglades. John liiithfiilly jierformiMl his promise;, and led tie
hriiiimiciit tlin'ctly to the island where the Indians wen;, wliicli was at once
|!iirioiiii(le(l, and I5H prisoners taken and y killed. It |»roved to hi; the hand
Ioi'Cmvi-ki-ka, as *' noted a rogue" as Tatoson of old. Hi; it was, it is said,
mini k'll the party that d(!Slroy(;d Indian Key, and traitiirously massacred (/"ol.
llariii v's men at the Synebal. As direct (;videnc,(' of the fact, upwards of
dollars' worth of the goods taken from Dr. I*(;rrine's settlement were
deiitilied, and KlColt's riHes lost at the Synebal were fdund ; therefore, as
loffset to those atiliirs, nine of the "warriors" were forthwith executed by
angiug, iuul tlie tenth was preserved for a future guide.
' '''Jl'.ir' •(
AylM
156
MRS. MONTGOMERY KILLED.
[Book IV.
When Col. Hiirney camo upon Cliaikika'ri hiind, tho rliiof wan at n Hliort
intnni'fl from IiIh |)(M)|)lt!, chopping wood, and onthficovttrihg that tlie Tocw
thcin, find witli all IiIh might tor tiiu liigii grnxH, "'
mil
I'm;
d
upon them, find with all liiH might tor tiiu liigii gniHH. Sovcrul huldii.
Htartcd in pnrnnit, hut hu outran tli(;in all oxct-pt a |)rivat<^ imtncd lliil"
When hi! f()nMd lio could not cHcapo trom him, and hnini,' niini hmmI, Id. ti,,.,, j
ahout, and with a MUiiln of NuhmiHsion on Imh fiicn, thri^w up liiHarins i'
token of Murrcndcr. TliiH availed him nothing. Mall Icvrllcd Imm ritlc, whici'
Rent u hullnt through his Hkidl into IiIh hrainn, and iii^ tl>il liii>|f^s |',,,„ ,| \
wat(;r hut a little distance from the (ijion; of the island ! ilow liki; thr
of the /real VVampanoag chief! Col. Harney had one man killed and
wounded, of whom negro John, the pilot, was one.
'I'hero was great rejoicing at the h'H'c<'«h of C«)I. Harney (dl over Tldiida-
and although his mmnnury vengeance ujxin some of the prisoticrK ni||, ,|
forth imprecations from many, tliose were drowned hy the general liiirHi (,i
uftprohation ; hut this was damped in sonu; degree by t'le loss ofuMrv
vaiual)le and meritorious othcer, who die<l immediately nllcr tlie exiicdiiioii
returned ti-om the everglades. Tiiis was i'u\n. W. H. liavidson, wlio di,,d |„
Iiulian K(!y «»n tho y4th «>f tho same month, Irorn disease engendered while
U|)on that s(;rvice.
Ahout this time, or previous to 23 Dccendter, Tiger-tail's eon and lnotlicr
with (several others, cauie in to Fort King aiul sin'retidercd. The old rliit f
himself was «laily exi)ected in also, but tliat expectation only amounted to;,
disa|)pointm(fnt. Not long afler these Indians came in, a party went to l"(]|t
Walker, between Micanopy and Newnansville, where tiiey killed three iiifrroijj
and wounded one white woniati, without heimr molested.
On the morning of the li!) I)ccend)er, a wagon was ordered to prorcrd
from Fort Micano|)y to Fort Wacahoota, and notwithstanding " positive orders
hud been given by tho commanding general, t()rbiddlng any escort from |to>t
to post to consist of less than liO men," but 11 went on this occasion. Tlioy
were undf r the conuiiand of liieuts. Sherwood and ilopson, and "as tlii;
morning \Na8 tine, a .Mrs. Montgomery, wili) of Ijeut. iMontgoniery, rode diit
with them." This company had got scarcely three miles on the way wiicn
it Hdl into an ambush, aiul Mrs. Montgomery, Lieut. Sherwood, a serijfam-
major, and two privates were immediately killed. Lieut Sherwood anil a M-
dier sacrificed themselves to save Mrs. Montgomery, lait it availed her nothinir,
Her husband arrived on the ground soon after, but she was dead, and a
soldier was lying by her side in the agonies of death, but had stremrth enoiiijli
to say to her husband, " Lieutenant, 1 fought for your wife as long as 1 ronld,"
and then expired ! Mrs. Montgomery was an accomplished lady fioni Cin-
cinnati, and had not been niarried but about three weeks.
About the same titiic two wagoners were killed on the way from Piiatka
to F'ort Riis.soll. They started in odvance of the escort. — Such are sonic of
the most prominent events of Florida warfare, which brings our account ul'
it to the close of tiio year 1840.
"WS,"^
(Book IV.
cliief wan i\t n Hliort
M^riii^ tlint thu toe wag
HHH. Hisvcrul Holilicru
|)riviite iiiuikhI Hull.
Ini; iiiinnnnl, lit> \'n |
liiTW \i|) liiH arms, in
|(;vi:lltMl li'iHritlt', vvliidi
in ll'll lili'U'Hs iiitii ilir
1(1! Mow lik<! till! liill
It! iimii killed uiul I'lMt
irnny nil over rioriiia;
tt" tins |)riHont'rfi callnl
,V tli«! gjiienil liiirt*! m
by t'«») loss (if a mtv
oiy nllcr tlio cxitcirnioii
|)iivi(lH()ii, >vlio (liiMJ at
seusc ('iigtndered wiiiKi
jr-tail's son nnd Itrntlicr,
•ii(l(n-cd. 'I'lio old cliK t'
ion only nmonntcd in u
in, 11 purty went Kj I'ort
tliey killed tliree iiinrotH
isted.
wna ordercMl to procird
stiinding " poHilive onlcrs
\ng any escort troiii \hh
oil tins occnsion. 'riicy
id llopson, and "as llie
jt. Montgomery, rode iiit
niil<!M on the way wlun
It. Sherwood, n siirpeaiil-
iieut Sherwood and a sol-
J)iit it availed tier luilliiiii:,
jut she was deail, iiiul a
but had strenuili (!iioii!.'li
wife as long us I roiilil,"
jinplished lady from tin-
veeks.
on the way from Pilatka
s,.ort. — Such are some of
ich b'ings our account of
BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
OF THE
INDIANS OF NORTH AMERICA.
BOOK V.
mm
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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
W'O
1.0
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■luu
IB ,22
2.0
14
1.8
1.25
1— III '-^
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►
Hiotographic
Sciences
Corporation
3U WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
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5? ...W
#
BIOC
OB
TR
Particula
ions — ^
—Spec
ketil:
unite I
inhabit
I'kisk.i
i'irc Ir
The
liy tlie
and soil
must he
tiiey an
till' niiiii
indeed
Piiiiie fro
tlie iiilia
' " Le
I'n (til :
aulrel'ois p,
t" Iraijiaiit
mision7ii
solidcs, (ju
Loskiel, i
t " Ces
nominer po.
lager en cii
<t Us Agni,
ii
:* t;«i
BOOK V.
'■ :" ,■ i^'il
BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY OF THE IROQUOIS
OR FIVE NATIONS, AND OTHER NEIGHBORING
TRIBES OF THE WEST.
-■•■*'^1^]
■t
Nurslingg of nature, I mark your bold bearing,
Pride in eacb aapect and strengtb in each form.
Hearts of warm Impulse, and aouU of high daring',
Born in the battle and reared in the 8torm.
The red levin flash and the thunder'u dread rattle,
The rock-riven wa'/e and the war trumpet's breath,
The din of the tempest, the yell of the batile,
Nerve your steeled bosoms to danger and death. — J. R. Drakb.
CHAPTER L
Particulars in the history of the laoquois or Five Nations — Extent of their aomin-
ions — Antiquities and traditions — Destroy the Eries — War with the Adirondaks
—Specimen of their language — Account of the chiefs — Granguele — Bi.ack-
KETTLE — His bloody tears with the French — Adario — His singular stratagem to
unite his countrymen against the French — Destroys Montreal and near a thousand
inhabitants — Dies in peace with the French — Dekamsora a :tnowned orator —
Pkiskaret — The miraculous stories concerning him. History of the journey of
Fire Iroquois chiefs to England.
The great western confederacy of Indian nations has commonly been styled
liytlie French, Iroquois,* hut generally by the English, the Five J^ations]
and sometimes the Six JVaiions ; but either of the two latter appellations
must 1)0 considered only as such, because we sliall show, as we proceed, that
tilt V are not numerically true now, if they ever were. Five may have been
the liuiiiher which originally leagued together, but when that happened, if
iiuked it ever did, can never be known. It is a tradition that these people
came from beyond the lakes, a great while ago, and subdued or exterminated
the iuhabitauts of the country on this side. Even if this were the case, it
* " liC nom (I'Iroquois est piiremcnt Fraii9ois, et a ot«' forme du terme Hico, qui sif^nifie,
I'ai (lit : ct pnr que! cos sauvages fuiisscnt tons lours diseours, comme Ics Latins faisoient
autrefois par lour Di.ri ; et de Koue, qui est lui cri, tanlot dc tristesse, lorsqu'on Ic prononce
on traiuaut, el tanl6t de joyc, quand on le prononce plus court. Leur noin propre est Asron-
nonsiomii, qui veut dire Faiseurs de (^ahaniies ; parce qu'ils les batissent hcauooup plus
solidcs, que la j.iunart dcs autres siiuva^es." Chwlcroix, \. 210— ), (sub anno IG Mi,) also
Loskiel. i, 2. — iLcKcwelder — and Forstfi'^s Nurthnm Vnijan^rs.
t " CV.5 harhares ne sont qn'nne seule nalion, et qn'iin seiil hith-H puhlic. On poiirroit let
nominer pour la distribution du terrain, Ifs Suisses de ce continent. Les Iroqiinis sont par-
tiiger en cinq cantons, SQavoir les Tsononto'lans, les ilmjoo;oans, les Onnotagues, les OrwyotUt,
ttUs AgnUs." (Lahontaii, i. 35.) By the Asnies we are to understand Molutwks.
t.'' ;■;•"■
Sill
■4*. .
fwrn
COUNTRY OF THE IROdUOIS.
[Book V.
proves notliiiif? of thv'w origin ; for then; may liavo boon a tiriu; wlii'ii tlieir
aiictstorH went ih)in tliis sidt^ to tlif, country lujyoiul, and mj on. 'l'|„, y^^^
liavvks, sointi'iiiH's callcul U'lthiniri, arc siid to liavo been tlic oldest of t||„
coidl'dcracy, ami tliat tlio " Onayants " (Onoidas) wi-n; tin; fn-st tliat joiiK.,!
them by puttiiij; tlicmsjdvoH imdcr tlii.'ir protection. TIm; Onondajros \V|.|„
till! next, then tlie " Teuontowanos, or Sinikcrs," (Scnccas.) tlicn ilic "("(liui/
••tilird
guos," (Cayn<.'as.) The Tnscaroras, from Carolina, joined tlieni jilioii! j;].)
but wcH! not Ibrmally admitted into the confederacy until about 10 vcjiis
alter tint. 'I'Ik! addition of this new tribe jjained them the name of t
Nations, accordinji,' to most writers, but it w ill appear that they wtjrc
the Six Nations long before the last-named period.*
The Shawanesc! were not ol' the conlederacy, but were called brothers \,y
them. Tliis nation came from th(! south, at no very n^moti? period, jhhI the
Iroquois assigned them lands on the west branch of the tiuscpieiuunialj Ijnt
looked upon them as inferiors.
The dominions of this " United Pciophs " cannot be jmrticularly discribcd
for tiiey were never stationary ; at one time they extended beyond the j^i
Lawrence and the ]Mississipj)i, and at anothtir they were circiiuisciiln.,!
between them. Smith, the historian of New York, says, "Our Indiiins
universally concur in the claim of all the lands [in l/iKi] not sold to tlm
Knglish, ti-om the mouth of Sorel River, on the south side of Lakes Uric ,iiid
Ontario, on Ijotii sides of the Ohio, till it falls into the Mississippi ; .-iiid m,
the north side of those lakes, that whole territory betw»!en the ()iitii\.iiis
River, aiid the Lake Huron, and even beyond the straits between thai tMd
Lake Eri(>."
" When the Dutch began the settlement of New York, all the Indians on
Long Island, and the northern shore of the sound, on the banks of Connecticut,
Hudson, Delaware, and Suscpiehannab Rivers, were in subjection to tiic Five
Nations ; and within the memory of jjcrsons now living, acknowledjrcd it
by the payment of an amnial tribute." As a proof of this it is mentioned tlmt
" a little tribe, settled at the Sugar-loaf mountain, in Orange comity, to tliis
day, [175(i,] make a yearly i)ayment of about £'^0 to the Mohawks." f
Among the many tribes or nations which they wholly or partially (lestio\rd
were the Eries, a poweri'ul tribe on the southern shore of the great iiiki;
whose name they bore. In the year 1()53 they were entirely extirpated, mid
no renmant of them has since been heard of in existence.}:
When the French setded in Canada in 1(111, it was upon the lands of the
Adirondaks, above Tiu'ee Rivers. They found them at war with tlic Iro-
quois, then mainly seated along the southern side of Lake Ontario. Tlic
Adirondaks, by tlu; assistance of the French, were able to deii'at their
enemies in every battle, who at length were in danger of a total extermina-
tion. Meanwhile the Dutch had begun their trade in the Hudson Kivcr,
which they profitably carried on in arms with the Irocpiois. Being now all"
to meet the Adirondaks on more eipial footing, they continued the war, ami
with such success, that the Adirondaks, in their turn, became almost de
Btroyed.
The Six Nations did not know themselves by such names as the Eiiirlish
ajjply to them, but the naiue Aquanusclnoni,§ which signified united ptupk.
was used by them.|| This term, as is the case with most Indiiin woids. is
defined by a knowledge of its etymology. A knowledge of the Indian i;iii-
guages would enable us to know what almost every place in the coiintiy has
* In the Brilish Empire, ill. 5(5, it is said, " The Cowelas also, or Creek Indians, are in ilie
snuio tricjidsliip with ihem."
t Hi'iectetl from the H>e//-sclected notes to Sears's Poem, entitled Mineral Waters.
j Clmrlerui.c.
in
lliev
^ I.o.skiel, Hist. Mis. 1. 2. " They say themselves, that ihcy have sprung and },'rn\vii up m
that very place, like the very trees of the wilduriiess." William's Key. Anotlior name lliev
oflen gave themselves was, Otigiie-homce, wluch siifiiificd, a people sur|)assing all olliors.
llist.Iirit. Dominions in A'. America. Book iii. .55, (ed. 'Ho. Lond. 1773.)
II At a great asseinlilage of chiefs and warriors at Albany, in August, 17k), the chief sneakel
of the Six Nations informed the English commissiono.-s that ihey had !akcu in llio Mcssf
sagiies as a seventh nation. Colden, Hist, F. Nations, ii, 175.
) *■>
Chap. I]
GRANGULA.— DE LA BARRE'S EXPEDITION.
have sprung and i^rown up in
B;i's' Key. Aiiotlicr iinmi^ Uicv
people surpassing all oihors.
\uf.iist.nUi,lliefli"'fsnMkfi
they liad taken iu Uic Messf
Ixjen noted for; wlietlier liill or uiountaiii, hrook or river. It is siiid by
Colden,* that Now Eiiffluiid wus called Ainsho)i, by tin; Indians, vvliicli, lie
say.s, ineans a fisii ; f and tliat tlu; New Knfiland Indians sent to the InHjuoia
a"ino.l<;l of a fisn, as a token of tluir adlierin;; to tlic general covenant."
The waters of New England are eertainly ulmndantly stored with fish;
liciice the name of "the Fishiinr /\o/j/(."
\Ve will here present a .speeinieii ol" the langnage of the Six Nations, in
the Lord's Prayer, all of wiioin, except tlie Tuscaioras, " sjieak a language
riidifally the same," So-ung-wau-ne-lta criu-ro-vnk-yaw-s;a,t€li-see-ta-ro-an,
saiih-soii-e-you-sta, esa, suw-an-c-i/ou, o-ket-tauh-se-la, cli-ne-au-woni!;, na, cau-
ronunk-yawga, naugh-wou-slutug(t, tie-al-k-wih-nc-sa-lauga, laug-wau-nau-to-
n-m-an-loiigh-sirk, to-an-laug-wt-ltt-whc-^iini-slaung, chc-ncc-i/cut, cha-qua-
tmi-la-Uh-ivhe-ijou-sl(iun-ii(t, tough-sdu, taugh'Uutus-sa-re-nefi, ta-waul-ot-ten-au-
inil-uugh-toung-ga, nas-aw-ne, sa-chc-mi-laug-UHts, co-an-lth-sal-oh-aun-za-
l:k-aw, cstt, saw-au-nc-you, esa, sasli-aulz-i<t, esa, soung-wa-soung, chen-ne-
luili-a-uug-wa, aii wen.l
I't'iliaps we cannoL present the reader with a greater orator than Garangula,
or, iislie was ealled by the Trench, (iiiA.ND'GLKULK ; though Lahonlan, "who
liiiew him, wrote it (irangiila. lie was by nation an Onondaga, and is
liRiiifiiit to onr notice by the manly and magnanimous s])eecli which he
made to a French general, who marched into the country of the Iroquois to
siilidiio them.
Ill tlic year ]()84, 3Ir. de la liarre, governor-general of Canada, com-
jilaiiu'd to tiie English, .-it Albany, that t!ie Scuiccits were infringing ni)on
liicir rights of trade with some of the other more remoti^ nations. Governor
Ikiv.nin ac(piainted the Senecas with tin; charge made by the French gov-
ern jr. They admittc'd tlu; fact, but justified their course, alleging that the
I'lviidi supplied tlieir enemies with arms and aminunition, with whom they
wi'ir tlicii at war. About th(> same time, the French governor raised an
iiriiiy (if 1700 men, and made other '■mighty jircparation-s " ibr the final
(li.-triiction of the Fiv^' Nations. IJut belore he had progressed liir in his
:r at iiiidertaking, a mortal sickness biok<! out in his army, which finally
laii.-cdiiiiu to give over the (jxpedition. In the mean time, the governor of
\r',v York was ordend to lay no obstacles in the way of the French ex|)edi-
li.iii. In.viead of reganling this order, which wasli'om his inast<;r, the Duke
ii' Vorix, he sent intvrprelers to the Five Nations to encourage them, with
till'r.s lo assist tiiein.
i'k lit liarre, in hopes to effect something by this expensive undertaking,
nii.ocd Lake Ontario, and held a talk with siiih of the Five Nations as would
Hurt liim.§ To keep up the •-■■irance of power, he nuule a high-toned
>|iirili to Gninguld, in w liicli he observed, that the nations had often infringed
ii|iiiii the p('ac(; ; ihat he \\ islied now for peace ; but on tlu; condition that they
MKiiiid make full satisfaction for all the injurii's they had done the French,
and lor the futiu'c iievei- to disturb them. That they, th<! Senecas, Cayiigaa,
Oiidiuhigos, Oncidas, and jMohawks, had abused and robb(>d all their trader.s,
and luilcss they gave .'-atisliiction, he should declare war. Tliat they had
njiidiu'ted the English into their country to get away their trade heretofore,
iiut the past he would overlook, if they would offend no more; yet, if ever
the like sliould happen again, he had express orders from the king, his master,
tu declare war.
' Hist. Five Nation-;, i. 10!).
t KirkiDis. ill Alf;(iiikiii ; Keixonri'. in ("iiippoway. [jWitx's Vmj(i:>;i-s, &c. 202, 'flo.
t F'lnilh's lllsl. X. York, U). (cd. llo.) The above dilFers soiiiowliat from a topv la
PrmiiiM'a. ii. ;WI.
>> .\< il will ;^rality most of our readers, we believe, lo hear the general in his own words,
we H ill pri'scm ihcm 'villi a paragraph of his speech to f>;'fl7):fM/(( in his own hiiigiiage :— •
" Lc roi nioii maiire iiil'orini' (|ue les einq Nations, lro(|uoises contrevenoieiil depiiis long-
teiiis ;i la paix, m'aordoimi' de inc transporter ici aver uiie escortc, et d'envoicr Akouessan au
villaijo dcs Oniiatagues, pour inviler les principau.t chefs a me venir voir li'intenlion de ce
grand mi)nar(]ue est (|ue nous fiiinions loi ct moi enseiiihle dans le grand calumet de pidx;
poiirvii que tu me prometlcs au iiom des Tsoiiontodans, Goyogoans, Onnotagues, O'loyouts
ei Agiiies, de donner uiie enliere sati.sfaclion el (r'dor.iniageiiienl a .scs .sujeis, et de uc riea
laire a I'avcnir, qui puisse causer uue faclicuse rupture." &c. Lahontan, i. 68, 59.
>¥•
yi' ■■■*i ■ ■ !•
4
,t',
ir„i?-t» m
i.i t , i>i '■'
6
GRANGULA.— HIS SPEECH TO DE LA BARRE.
[Hook V,
I
f
:
Grangida listoiiod to tliosn words, and iimny more in the like strain, with
that couKMiipt wliicli u n;al kiiowlcdffi! of the .situation of tiio rrciicli ininv
and tiu! rectitude of his own conrw, wrro calculated to in,!i>iic; ami alii"'
wulUinj^ several times roinid the circle, f()r!n<'d by his |)eo|ile and tlic I'icikIi
addressing himself to the governor, seated in his elhow chair, lie l)ci.'aii as
follows: — *
" Yonnovdio;^ I honor you, and the warriors that arc with me likewise
honor yni. Yom- interpreter has finished your speech. I now hc'rin miim
My words make haste to reach your ears. Ilarkeu to them.
" i'oniwndio ; You must have helievcd, when you lell tiueheck, tlint tho
smi had hm*nt u|) all the forests, which render our country inacccssihl ■ to tin.
French, or that tli(! lakes had so lar overilown the i)anks, that they had ^ir.
rounded our castles, and that it was impossinle I'or us to get out nf tlicm
Yes, surely, you must hav(! dreamt so, and the curiosity of sfM-ing so "iiui
a wonder has hroiight you so lar. Now you are imdeccived, since that I, aiuj
th(! warriors here present, are come to assure you, that the Sen(!cas, ("avMi:;is
Onondagas, Oneidas and Mohawks are yet alive. I thank you, in tiicjr imiiu'
for bringing hack into their country the alumct, which yoiu' i)rc(!cc(ssMr
receive(i irom tlwiir hands. It was happy for you, that you lett under groiiiiil
that nnudering hatchet that has been so often dyed in the blood of iIk.
French.
" Hear, Yonnondio ; I do not sleep ; I have my eyes open ; and the sum
which enlightens me, discovers to me a gr«'at cai)taiii at the head ot'a cdiiijiunv
of soldiers, who speaks as if lu^ were dreaming. Jle says, that he only vtu\w
to th(! lake to smoke on the great calumet with the Onondagas. Hut (Inin-
eida says, that he sees the contrary; that it was to knock them on the licad
if sickness had not weakened the arms of the French. I see Yunmndin
raving in a camp of sick men, whose lives the Great Spirit has saved, |)v
nithcting this sickness on them.
" Hvar, Yonnondio ; our women had taken their clubs, oin- children and nld
men had carried th<;ir bows and arrows into the heart of your canii), if (ni!-
warriors had not disarmed them, and kept them back, when your mcsseiMrcr
Jlkottessanf came to our castles. It is done, a)ul 1 have said it.
" Hear, Yonnondio ; we plundered none of the Freiu-!', I)ut those that car-
ried guns, jjowder and balls to the Twightwies § and Chictaghicks, heraiise
those arms might have cost us our lives. Herein we Ibllow the ('\aiii|ile df
the Jesuits, who break all the kegs of rum brought to om* castUs, lest tlu;
drunken Indians slioidd knock them on the head. Our warriors have not
beaver enough to pay for all those arms that they have; takisn, and our old
men are not afraid of the war. This bidt i)reserve.s my words,
"We carried the English into our lakes, to trade there with the Utawawas
and Ciuatoghics, (I as the Adirondaks brought the French to our castles, to
coi-ry on a trade, which the English say is theirs. AVe an; l)orn lice. \Vo
neither depend on Yonnondio nor Corlear.M We may go where we please,
and carry with us whom we please, and buy and sell what we please. If
yom* allies be your slaves, use them as such, conuuand them to n.'ceive no
otlu'r l)Ut yom- j)eople. This belt j)rescrves my words,
"We knock the Twightwies and Chictaghicks on the head, because they
had cut down the trees of peace, which were the '.units of our coiuitiy,
They have hunted beaver on our lands. Th<!y have acted contrary to the
customs of all Itidians, for they left none of the beavers alive, they killed both
male ami female. They brought the Satanas into their countrj-, to tak(! ]iait
■with them, after they had concerted ill designs against us. We have done
* " Griinviila, qui pendant tout le dosrours avoit eu ios ycux fixamcnl allaehez snr lehoiil
de sa pipe, io (eve, el soil par une eivilile hisarre, ou pour so doTuier saus t'a(,'on le k'liis
de mcditer sa repouse il fait ciuii ou six tours dans n6tre cercio coiiipose do sanvagt's iM dn
Fran<;ois. Revenu en sa place A resla dehout devant Ic general assis dans un hon faulcOil,
et le regarant il lui dil." Lahontan, (i. GI, fi2.) who was one of diose present,
t The name they gave the governors ofC^inada. Spell in Lahotitan, Ontwntio.
The name lliey gave Mr. Le Maine, which signified a partridge.
Iwikiies, Colclen. || Chictaghicks, Coldm,
The name they gave the governors of New York,
. BARRE.
[Hook V.
ill tlin liko strain, with
on of till' l''n'iicli iinny,
(1 to iii.-'pirc; antl iil'u'r
|)('oplc and tlic I'l'ini'li,
bow ciiair, lit; Ix'tran as
t art" with iiic likcwisi.
■ell. 1 now liffiiii iiiiiio.
() tlirin.
1 Icti Cin('lioci<, tlint tlio
mntry iiiacccssililr to tlm
lanks, that thry hail siir-
r lis to get out ul" thcMi,
■iosity ol" sccintr so ;:ii'iit
locrivi'il, siiii'i- tiiat l,iiiul
lat the Si'iii'i-as, Cayiipis,
thank yoii, in tlu'ir Miinu',
which your prciliTi'ssdr
liat you it'tt iiiiiliT fri'oiiiul
yed in the hlouil of tin;
('Vcs ojion ; ami tlii' snn,
I at till' lu'ail ot'aroiiiiiiuiy
|(> says, that hi' only cinim
o Onondaffas. lint (Inm-
knock tliciii on tlic licml,
•''roncli. 1 SCO. IoiuioikIio
LJrout S^iiint lias saved, liy
clubs, oin- chililrcn and old
icart of your caiiii), il' oiii'
lack, when your nii'sscn<.'cr
have said it.
'"rciich., but those that car-
aud Chictajthicks, heraiiso
wo follow the cxamiili' m'
o-ht to ovn- castli s, list tlio
Z Our warriors have not
y have taken, and our old
s niy words.
|(! there with the Utawawas
French to our castles, to
We are born free. W.'
may ^a where we jdeasc,
sell" what we please. It'
ininand thcni to receive no
ords.
on the head, because tlicy
,he '.iniits of our coniitiy.
,iave acted contrary to the
[avers alive, they killed both
their country, to take luiil
Icraiust us. We have done
Lx fixamenl aUacliez sur leboiU
tour se liomier saus las'on le lenis
Ircio coniliose tie saiivas,'>-s iM Ai
I'lieral assis dans ui. lion lamcflil,
I of lliose present,
■i Lahontan, Onnontio.
^'^\\ Chictaghicks, Colden.
Chap. IJ 15L.\CK.KF,TTM;.— HIH WARS WITH TIIK IRKNCII. 7
\fsn tlioii either the Kufrlish or Froiicli, that have usurped the lauds of so manv
Indian pation.s, ami cha.sed them irom their own country. 'This li.lt |)icservi*s
,„y words.
'"//((fr, Yonnondio ; what I say is the > oiee of all the Five Nations. Hvnr
what they answer. <)|ien your ears i what they speak. 'I'lie Seiiecas,
Cayii.i-'iiS Onouda^'as, Oneidas and Mv awks say, that whi.u tlu-y hiiri.d lli.
lialVliet at ( 'adarackiii, in the pre.seucr ,)fyour predecessor, in the middle of
llic lijrt, they planted the tree of peai in the same |)lace; to he there care-
fully |ircserveil : that, in the jdace of retreat (i)r .soldiers, that liirt mi<;lit he
ji ,viiilezvoiis for merchants: that, ir (dace of arms and ammuijilion of war,
licavers and merchandise should on enter there.
'• Htitr, Yonnondio ; take can; fortlie future, that so <;;reaf a nuniher of sol-
diers as appear there do not choke the tree of jieace planted in so small a
fijit. It will he a jrreat loss, if, after it had so easily taken root, you should
>.U)|) its growth, ami, prevent it.s coverini.' your country and ours with its
luaiiches. I assiiri^ you, in the name of the I'^ivt^ NiUious, that our warrions
j,|iall dance to the calumet oi' peace under its leaves; and shall remain ipiiet
oiitlieir miUs, and shall never di^' up the hatchet, till their brother Yoniiondlo
mCorkar shall, either jointly or separately, endeavor to attack the countiy
whieli the (ireat Spirit lias friveii to our ancestors. This belt preserves my
words, and this other, the authority which the Five; Nations have jriven me."
Tiieii, .".ddressinfr himself to thiMiiteriireter, he .said, "Take couraoe, you
have spirit, speak, explain my words, fi)rfret uotliiuf;, tell all that your bnthVeii
and tVieiids say to Yonnontllo, your j;;overnor, by tin; mouth of Gran;i;ida, who
lovi's you, and (h'sires you to accept of this [iresent of bcniver, and take jtart
with nil' in my least, to which J invite you. This present of beaver is sent
10 Yonnondio, on the pert of the Five Nations."
I)e la liurre was struck with surprise at the wisdoiri of this chief, and equal
rlia;riin at the plain refutation of his own. He immediately returned to
Mmitieal, ami thus finished this ^glorious expedition of the French aj^aiust
llie Five Nations,
GraniriUa was at this time a veiy old man, aiul from this valuable speech
wliecaine acquainted with him; a very ,Ycstor of his nation, whose jiowers
oliiiiiid would not sutler in comparison with those of a Roman, or a more
niodeni senator. He treated the French with fireat civility, and feasted them
witii the best Ins country would aflbrd, on th( ir de|iarture. Wo next proceed
to notice
BLACK-KETTLE, whom the French called La Chaudiere Noire. A
war with France, in 1(I!>0, broufilit this chief u|»ou the records of history. In
till' siiininer of that year. Major Scliu;ilei; of Albany, with a company of Mo-
hawks, fell upon the French settlements at the north end of liake Chanqdain.
De OtlHeres, <;overiior of Montreal, hastily collected about 800 men, and
O|i|iosi'il them, but, notwithstanding his force was vastly siqterior, yet they
wen' ri'iiulsed with great loss. About JiOO of the (^nemy were killed in this
e.\|)i'ditii)ii. The French now took every measure in their jiower toret; 'iatc.
They sent jiresents to many tribes of Indians, to engage them in their •, au.st ,
and in the i()llowing winter a party of about :K)0 men, mider an aceompli^llel^
yoimj; g'ntleman, marched to attack the confederate Iiuliaii nations at Niag-
ara. Their march was long, and rendered almost insupportable; be /ii^
ohiifred to carry their provisions on their backs through dce|t snow. liUtck-
kflik met them with abcuit .80 men, and maintained an uneqiial fight until
his incii w, n> nearly all cut ofl"; but it was more fatal to the Freuch, who, iai
from home, had no means of recruiting. Black-kettle, in his turn, carri, d the
war into Canada during the whole summer following, with immense loss aiuI
(laiiia;ic to the French inhabitants. The governor was so enraged at his
siu'c sses, that he caused a prisoner, which had been taken from th.' Five
Nations, to he burnt alive. This captive witlistood the tortures with as much
linuness as his enemies showed cruelly. He sung his achievements wliile
they broiled his leet, burnt his hamls with red hot irons, cut and wrung off
his joints, and pulled out the sinews. To close the horrid scene, his scalp
Was torn off, and. red liot sand ()our(!d upon his head.
But this was a day in which that people were able to contend successfully
K
^ * I
UH
m
■M
.:' ■'■si
if '....I '
■■i't."
"..'■"•infi
8
BLACK-KETTI.E— HIS WARS WITH TUE FRENCH.
[RuuK V,
against oven Kiiroiicaii fiit!iiii(!H. Tliey liutl, in l(i!)l, luid a pluii to prcvnnt
tilt; Frciifli IroiM < Mcndiiiff tli»!ir Hottlcn'ciits vv«;st\viinl, Cor Hurjirisiiii; Uiu-t^
already loriiicd, and lor iiitcn'optiiig the \v«!steni Indians an tlity i)n)Uir|,i
down tlitiir peltries to llnMn. '^
Two armies, of IMO men (uieli, wens to niareli ont on this hnsinc.xs alioiit
Novend)er; the lirst wen; to attack the fort at the Falls of St. liOiiis, and tji,,
other to piocoed hy way of liake Clianiplain af^ainst the settlenuMit.s. Il(.|i,|(
they H(!t oiit, two Jntlian women, wlio had been eaptivt^s anion^' them, madi.
their eseajio, and j,'ave notiett of tiioir ohje<!t. This, in a f;reai nieasim il,..
feated tin; enterprise, (iovernor De CaJliercs raised troops, and strenuili(ii|.,|
every piact; lie was ahle. The first party was discovered as they appioaclici
St. Louis, who, after sUirniishinji,' souks time with the parties detaelieil a",iii|xt
them, retired without ^rainiii<:^ any material advanta<r(;. The second did i|t||,,
more', and retired, alter dostroyinj^ some houses, and carryiiiff w ith them >()||||.
prisoners.
Ahoiit the end of November, 34 Mohawks surprised some of ilic |V,.||,,||
Indians of St. Louis, vho wen; carelesbly hnniiii)^ about Mount « h;iiii|ji\,
kiilin<r 4 and capturin^r ^ oihrrs. Some escaped, and informed th( ir iriciids
of what had liaopeiMul, and u company immediattdy went in pursuit. 'I'lu.
t)\ertook them near l^ake Clianiplain, and a bard tight followed. 'I'lie ('juIkj.
lie Indians nished upon them with great fury, tomahawk in hand, and aldi(iiif>||
the Mohawks hud taken jiost behind rocks they wen; routed, (I beini; killiil.
and five taken. 'J'iiey also liberated all their li'iends taken at Mount ( liiuulilv,
Jn the liegiiming of February, lt)!)2, De Cdllitrcs ordered M Jk Onnlli, in
to march, with 'MO i:ieii, into tlie peninsula, which terminates at the cdiilln.
ence ot" the Ottovvay and St. Lawrence Rivers, to surprise a coiiipaiiv of
Jroipiois he bad been inlbrmed Wiis there. Jt way their hunliM^f-;.r(Iuiii|
during the winter, and tlii! |)rete.\t li)r attacking them was, that they were mn,
there to surprise the settleiiu-iits, and interct^pt such as passed up iind ddwii
said rivers. While on his marcli, De Orvillurs met with an accident wlijcli
obliged him to return to Montreal, and the command devolved n|ion C'ii|iiaiii
De Bettucourt, This oHicer muirhed to Jsle Tonihata, not liir from Cjitiim-
coiiy or Katarokkni, where he surprised 50 Senecas in their cabins, killed','!,
and took (i of them prisoners.
Enough bad passed bel()re this to arouse the spirit of vengeaiire in i|ii.
great chief of Onondaga, Jilttck-kcUle ; but this last act coidd not he imsscil
without, at least, an afein|)t at retaliation. About 100 Senecas were iicnr
the Saiilt de la C'iiaudiere, on Ottovvay liiver, at this time, and lilitcl;-l;tllj
soon alter joined them with a band of his Onondiigos ; and they iiiimedimii)
put themselves into an attitude for intercepting their ener.iies.
Governor De Callieirs had supposed that by the atliiir at 'J'onibata, the hoiiiiois
were sulKcieiitly humbled (()r the present, and that they were not to li,' re-
garded as capable of any considtsrable undertaking; but he soon disiovcmi
the en or oi" his Judgment ; ibr (K) irieiidly Jndians, having arrivt-d at Miiiitiv.i
to trade, re|)orted that the way was clear, but re(|'iested a guard wlicii tiny
returned. This was granted them. S. jMichel volunteered u|)on this stivicc,
anil put under the conniiand of Lieutenant De la Gememije,l]0 men. He iiiidliir
his two ensigns, M. Lc /"'/-caniere, oldest son of the Sieiir Hertel, and his hnjiii-
er. Having arrived at u filace culled the Long Falls, on Ottowny liivir,
some 111 irclied upon the side of the river, Avliile others endeavored to ctliii
the passage of the fiills in the bo:jts. Tiiey bad no sooner entered ii|i;iii llii^
business, when the warriors oi' Black-kettle, from an ambush, tired uiioii tin in,
put th" (iO Indians to flight, killing and wounding many of the Freiuli. Tiny
then rushed u|)on them with such liiry that little time was allow(!(i fontv<i>!-
ance, and they fled to their boats for safety ; but in their hurry tlicy mir.
turned them, and many were made prisoners. Among tlic-e were S.Mirki
and the two Herttls. La Gemeraye and a few soldi(;rs only escaj)cd.* Black-
ketth^n Ibrce on this occasion was oomjiuted at 140 men.
Some time now passed without hearing from Blmk-kettle, but on 15 July,
1G92, he fell upon the Island of Montreal, as has already been recortled.
* Golden says, (i. l^,)that but four escaped in all.
i FRENCH. [BuuK V,
laid a plan to prevnu
rtl, for biirprisiiin tlicif-e
idiaiis art tlicy linmjilit
on this l)usiiir>-i uliniit
lis III' Sit. Ijimis, ami tlir
\n' s('tllt!iia'iits. H( line
ivi!H aiiKMij; tlicni, luiuli'
in a firciu iiirasiirr, ilc-
,n)«)i>s, and siri'iiiiiliiiinl
crod as tlu'V ai>iiiimch(il
i)arli<'rt dotaclit'd ii^iMin-i
i.. Tilt! sccdhd dill litilr
tjurryii'}; with llifiu Mime
ised souif. of tin- rnmli
• aiioiil Mount < liiiiuli;,\,
iid inl'ornied tin n- irji'iuls
y wt-nt in pinsnit. 'lln
lit Tollowcd. 'I'liuCiilliu-
awUinhand, aiidiihliiiiiuli
i;i-o rouli'd, (i lu'ini; killcil,
i laUcn at Mount Cliiuiiiily,
ordcrt'd M Di^ Orvillum
I ti-rniinaHirt at tin; t'(mllii-
o surprise a coinpahy of
wivji their hnnlin-;-;.i'(iuinl
in wart, that they were i;uv,
eh as passed up .itul down
let witli all aecitlfiU whii'li
,nd devolved upon I'aiilaiii
ilmta, not liir iroin r.>t|ir..-
18 ill their culmi!*, UilU-d ll
suirit of veufieaiice in tin-
SI art eonhl not hr ims>.',l
,ut 100 Hene<-art wero mur
, ihirt time, and lilnrli-bH'.,
Iifjos ; and they iinnicalwuiy
leir euei'.iies.
llairatTonihata,theho(iums
hut they were not to he u-
,„■. hut he soon discover, a
T.avin.' arrivvil "' >'""";''"'
;,;,osted a ^uard whn. t:,n
\„,teered upon tins snv.a
I Sieur Her/c/, a.uUns Imnh-
L Falls, on Ottoxvay Unvi
others endeavored t.. ft In
,o sooner entered nv™ 'ln^
„,unhush,limlup;""^,;;
inunvoftheFrc.H'l.. 1'
.ti.ne'wasallowe.1 orrcM.-
Vi in their hnrry tl.y .jm-
A.uonf? the-e were S. .MJ^
jdiers oidy escaped.* mck
[Q men. ,- , i..
has already been recunH
Ucaped ill all.
CHAP. I]
DKKANISOUA.
I'lirticH of soldiers eollected and went in jtursnit, overtook tlie reur of tli,
liiiliiiiirt, killed 10 ini'ii, and retook many prison; rs.
>;(iine days after lids, as the Sirnr fh Ijiisit^niin was passinj; near the IsleH
III' Kichelien, lilitrk-kcttlv fell upon his iiarty, killed him, and put his micm to
tli^'lit. We hear nothiii;; more of frreat moment of this famous ehief, until
ill,. year l(il>7, in which he was treai-herously murdered, lie appears at thin
miii'imI to iiave concluded u|)oii makinij peace with tht? French, and messen-
«,.rs had heen despatched to Ciu(d)ee upon that desif.'n. In the mean time
ii,. \viis Inmtiufr in the neifrhhorhood of (Jatarocoiiy, where tin; rrereh had
iiifiirrisoii, which was thi-ii conunanded h\ Captain 6't/;ic;Y///r, heliire men-
lioiicil, to whom he pive notice that nepitiations were <ni l()ot. Notwiih-
fiiiiidia^', 'M AI<.'onipiins, in the l''rencli intcn.'st, were siiflered to jjo and
,iii|iri.>e liLtrl, liiUIr and his -10 hunters, who were not far from Catarocouy,
.,] II iilace luuneil (liiiittc. 'I'hey were fallen upon at a time when they
ilioiiu'lit not of an enemy, and ahout half of them were slain, amon;,' whom
«,is lilnck-ki'tlle ; his ,viii' and many others were taken pris' ners. *
AiiAKio, KoNui AHo.NK, S ASTA iiKTsi, aud 'I'liK Kat, wre names of a cliic^f of
j/rciit reiHtwn anion^f the Unions. 'I'lie trilx! to wide'' he orijfinally heloni^'ed
w;isriilled tin; Diiiondadies or 'rionne itates. His character, as drawn hy
('hnrkvuir, is as iidlows: "A man of a frreat mind, the hravest of the hrave,
;;ii(| |H)sscs.^inj,' altoffether the hest (pialities of any known i tlu; French in
Caiiiiilii." Of w'lat we are ahout to relate conccn-niiifj hir r have •,!.• .aly
ilivi'ii a sketch, which hein;; defective in some of the main , articulars, it wus
ilimiulit hest to a(hl another version of it in this |)lace.
It was with no small ditliculty that tne FrtMich had enjfafred him in their
iniisc. While on a visit to the jrovernor, in KiHH, he had passed his word
lliiil lie would make war on his (h'tested enemies, th(! Inxpiois, and so(»ii
atiii departed for IM.'hilimakinak, with a chosen hand of Ids llurons, resolv-
fii to distinmiirth himself hy some sif(nal exploit. In his way he i)asse(l hy
(iiiamcoiiy. At tliis place, he learned, to his surpris<\ that a nejjotiation
was already on foot hefw(!en the French and Iro([uois, and was at tlit; same
liiiif iiil()rmed hy the officer in command there, that he wnuhl infinitely dis-
olillj.'!' M. A' Denonville, if he should coinniil the hiast hostility upon any of
till' Iroquois, who was imnndiately to rec(MVO their ambassadors at Montreal,
tiycliier with hostages li-om all the cantons.
Kondiaronk concealed his surprise, and althou<;h now convinced that tlio
Frcicli woidd sacrifice him and his allies, yet he made no complaint, and
Iditlit' |)lac»! as thoujrh to niturn to his own country. J$iit he had no sooner
foiipt'ived the design of interceptiiii!; tlu; li »(piois amhassadors and hostages,
lliaii he set out u|ion it. Having placed his na^n in ambush at Faniiiio
(.'ri'ek, he had waited but lew days when they arrived. Aii they wero
(bei'iidiiig the cr(;ck in their canoes, Marions warriors fired upon them,
killod several, and took 'he rest pris(niers.
Tlio celebrated J)KKAMso.iA, or, as the French called Jiini, Tes^anisorens,
of Oiioiulago, was at iiie head of this embassy, and was among the prisoners,
llf (ii'ii 'in(l(!(l 1)1" ./Ztfan'o, how it happened that he could he ignorant that he
was an ainhassa(h)r to their common liither, and of his endeavor to bring
alimit a lasting |)eace. The subtle chief eoinplet-ly subdued his irritahlo
amiiiidignant jiassions, by cx|)ressing tiir greater surprise than Dekdnisura
liiinsolf; protesting that the French wen; the whoh; cause of what had
liapiieiied, liir that they had s(>nt him to sur|)rise his Jiary, and had assured
liini that he could do it with ease, as their numbers were small ; and, to drive
Jus|ii(ioas from the mind of Dekanisora and his jieople, set them all at
liliiMty, hut one, who was to supply the place of one of the llurons that was
killed. At parting, Adario spoke to them as follows : —
"(io, my brethren, I untie your londs, and send you home again, though
our iiaiioas he at war. T-he French governor has made me eonunit so black
anac'tinn, that I shall never bo easy after it, till the Five Nations have taken
liill rei'ciige."
t: .'iiifc rejiort that, after capturing Dekanisora, Mario returned to Kadarak-
.1
1
-•HI
m
i
yt
# 'V
This is accordaig lo the text of Charlevoix.
'•..iii-
'^m
i^^!i;i
'- -m
mm
\A
10
DEKANISORA— AOARFO.
(nooR
m
kiii, or ratiirocouy, and lliiit, hciiii; iiHki'd liy ilic French from wlicncc i
came, said, " I'Voiii iinirnlinir fuitn" ' 'I'ln'} did not at lirst ••oinprflii'iid I '*
iiicaniii;:, hut soon uHcr, one of iiiw prisoners, that escaped, ;;av<! thi m tl *?
history of tiio atliiir. '*'
Jiut li)r w hat followed, tlic cliaraetcr of .fidtmo would stand well aiiioiur
warriors. Me sacrificed his only inisoner, whidi coni|deted this act of ii ,
♦rajjcdy ; and it seemed necessary to carry out his deeji-laid strata;rciii.
'i'hat the Iroipiois should have; no chain-e to helieve the French iiiiKicfiit
of the hiood at till! River Famine, which tiiey had used >.'reat endeavors t,
jdll'ct, hy sendinj; t'lnissaries anion<r tliem, Jlilnrio went with his iiiiMiiiir
innncdialely to iMichiHmakinai<, and delivered iiim to IM. /><• /„ Dumninw
tlie commander of that post, who as yet iiad had no kiiowled;;!! ot" an\ ikto.
tiation helween the InKpiois and his superiors. \Vhereii|ioii ii(> foitliw'iiii
caused tlie poor prisoner to he put to dealii. 'J'lie news of tins atlliii- ii,,,
cunning cliiuf caused to Ix; made known anion<r the cantons, hy nn nU
captive ii<! iiad iield a lonj; time in hondaj,'e at his villaj;*;, whom he now s,.;
at liherty for this piu'post.'.
Tlic catastro|»lies that hefell the French not lonj^ after, and the siitlfrini'
they endured, are almost without a parallel, f "
Ahout 1200 of tli(! chief warriors of the Five Nations landed upon the
Island of Montreal, 25 Au<rust, l(!Kt, while the French were in perfect sicu
rity, liiirnt their houses, sacktrd their plantations, and slew a vast innnlii r of
the iidiahitants. The Eiifrlish accounts say a thousaml jtersons p( rislud
but tills iMindnsr was no doubt (iir greater than the truth. In Octolici' loi^
lowing tliey attacked the island aj,'aiii with nearly equal siicccs.'^. Tlicse
horrid disasters threw the whole country into the utmost constoniatioii, in
which the fort at I^akc Ontario was abandoned by the fjarrison, and as s(ii>ii
possessed by the Iiidians. Here, amon<f other thinffs of t;reat value to tlicm
28 barrels of gunpowder fell into tiieir hands. Nothing now savt d ili,.
Frencli from an entire extermination but the ignorance of their enemies in
the art of attacking I'ortilied places.
Mario finally died at i)eace with the French, and almost in tlu! act of con.
chiding it. He had accompanied the heads of several tribes to Moiitnal, in
1701, to hold a treaty, and, on the 1 August, (that being the first day of imliljc
councils,) Mario found himself seized by sickness. Every thing was ddne
to relieve him, ("as the governor general," says Charlevoix, "rested his piin-
cij)al hope of success in the treaty, ujjon him,") but without avail ; Ww.^
carried to I'Hotel Dieii, he died at two o'clock on the following ni;tlit, At
his ftmeral \ the greatest display was made, and nothing was omitted wlm h
could inspire the Indians jiresent with a conviction of the great res])cct in
which he was held. On his tomb-stone were engraved these words.
* ■' Jt lepondit qn^il renoit tie teur la paix ; et quit ajotila, nous vcrrvns comment OnoWli!
sc tireni tie cetle a'ji'aire ."
t Fow would wish to rend, in Eiitjlisli, tlio mielties at llio sackiner of Monlrral: the ac-
rouiit ofllicm, we iiffrce with Dr. IIoi.mks, •' is too horrid to Iraiislalc." — '■ Ih troiivfrni
tout le monit eiulormi, el Us rommenrerent par viassarrer tons les linmmes ; eus'iite ils minnt
lejeu aux muisoiis. Par-la tous ceux, qui y etoieiit resti's, toinhercnt entre mains lie Cfs hiii-
vaires, I'i essuiifrent tout re t/ue lafureur jieut inspire/- a ties liarhares. lis la ponsseren! m-m'
a lies excf's, ilunt on ue les aroit pas encore cru C(ip((l>les. lis oi;vrirent le sein (/I'.v f'mm'i
enceintes, pour en arracher le fruit, nu'elles portoient. Us mirent ties enfans font vivum ■li'
hroche, et contrairrnirent les meres tie les touruer pour les /aire ratir. lis incenlerenl i[uautii>
d'autres supplices inouis, et 200 personnes tie tout t}<re et tie tout srxe perirevt ain.-:i eii iiwiiis
tl'tine luiire iktns les plus ajlreux tournums. Cela fait, I'ennemi s'oproclia jusipiW niie liiii: iiV
la ville,faisant par tout les memes rarai^es, et exer{ant les memes cniaiites, el ijhhikI (7.</«'vii!
las lie ces liorreurs ; Us firent 200 prisonniers, qn'ils emmenerenl dans leur rUla:;es, oh ih
les briilerent."
i " Le leiidemain on fit ses funerailles, qui curciit quetque chose de maifnifiqiie ot de sin-
gulier. M. tie S^ Ours, promicr capitaine, marchoil d'abord a la lele dc (10 soldats sous lis
armcs. Seize giicrriers Unions. vCtus de loiigues robes de castor, le visage print ciuior,
et le fusil sous le bras, suivoienl, niarchanl quatre ii qualre. Le cicrfjc vcnoil apn's, el >;x
chefs de guerre portoient le ccrcueil, qui cloil convert d'lin po<>le seine de fleurs, siir Icqiiel
11 y avoit un chapeau avec iiii pluinel, un haiissc-col et nne epee. Les frercs et les piil.nu
du defunt eloienl derriere, accoinpagnes de tous les chefs des nations, el M. de \amlrem,
goiivcrncur dc la viiie, qui menoit madame de Cluiinpigny, fermoit la marche."
. Su
[Book V.
iMifh from wlu'iire lie
Ut ill>t ••(iimtn'licinl liJH
■scalM'd, fiav<! tin in tin..
iiiUl Htiiiid well nnuin^r
ii|)l('t<Ml tliis net 1)1" I'll'
I'cii-laitI stnitnv't'iii.
,!• tin- rrt'iicli iiiiiocciil
iisfd tin'iit ciiilfavors to
went with his prir^dinr
to M. I)c lit Ihintnlntir,
kiiDwU'tlfif (if iiiiy Mc;.'o.
iVhflMMipOII llH lllllllWIlll
lU'W s tit' tliis iitViiir, iln!
the raiitdiis, liv iiii nld
vilhit;*!, whom lu' now Mt
i; after, ami the siitltiiii;:
Nations landed minii tlm
iich wtTi' in pi'ft'crt srcii-
id slew a vast iiiiiiilnr of
Kiisand jiersoiis pi ii>hi(l,
he tnitli. In UctoliH' lol-
ly e»inal siicoess. TIiim,'
e utmost consternation, in
the fjurrison, and us mhiu
[ITS of tfreat vuhie to tiirm,
Nothiiifi! now savril tin;
Dvance of their enemii's in
id almost in the art of (dii-
pverul tribes to Montrciil. In
Liuirthe first day of imlilic
s Kvery thinj,' was dmic
larlevoix," rested liisiniii-
but without avail ; Inn;'.'
llie foUowinji ni^lit. At
■othinfS was onntted \\hw\\
ion of the trreat resiiuct in
irravcd these words,
CuAr. I]
PEISKARET.
11
I
^, nuns v,;rruiis commait Omnthio
,l,osacki.<of Monlrrnl: llioM-
-l ,o trHi.shiie."-"/"!;™'""
,„,/.•*■ Iwmmes; en.vnte ih mnnt
lomhrmU i'ulre mains m m m-
lis ouvrlrnit l,> s.hnl''^ h<'>"^
Zerolir. Ih iiivniUrnililinM'
lout sr.re pi'rire^it .hi;.-:. -•» '"<;"
"nZnt ihnis leur vUla?:^, on ,!>
,e cliose .Ic mnpnifique el ikj-
fermoil la marche.
"CY CIT Li: RAT, CllKF IKJRON."
W'hifli in English is, " Ihi lia the Ritl, Chief nf tkc Utinws." The cneotni-
iiiii!< |>iiss*!d liv the Fn;ii('h upon him that was once their most dreaded
,,iii.|iiy, are only eipialied liy those of their eoiintrymen, l'\)ntimUt and La^
/uin"'i'"P"" ''"''■■ favorite characters.
[lis Itody WHS a short time exposed before it was interred, dressed in the
iiiiilortM of an otlicer, with his arms by his side, because lie ranked as a
(■ii|itaiii, at th(; time of his death, in tin; French sttrvicti.
Tlic intercourse of Deknnisorn with the Fn'iich and Knjjiish was loiifr, and
frmn tiic fact ho was able, H)r much of the time diirinj.' their wars, to be on
^7(1(1(1 terms with both nations, wr are to suppose that he possessed some
,l,ill ill the luts of du|dicity. lie is fu-st nu'Utioned liy Chuiiivuir in ItiH'i,
ul which time he, witii (our other ambassiulors, visited iMontreal upon a
iiiucij expeililion. He was suspected of insincerity by the l''reiich, and no
reliiiMce ap|)ears to have been put upon his prtUensioiis. 'I'wtilve years aller,
C'o/i/ II saw him, and thus spt^aks of liim : '■* Dccnnvtiorn had lor many years
till' iri'catest re|)Utation amonj^ the Five Nations for s|»eakin;,', and was <j;ener-
allv I'liiitloyed as their speaker, in their negotiations with lioth I'VeiK-li and
Kiii'li.-ili : he was grown old when 1 saw him, and heard him speak ; he had
aiinat Hiiency in speaking, and a graceful (docution, that would havr jilcased
111 any part of the world. Ilis person was tall and well made, and his tiatures,
lu my thinking, resembled much the biistos of CVcero." *
If lie were an old sachem in I(i!t4, he nnist have been very old in 172(), for
ill this year he was at Albany with six other ambassadors, where, on the 14
l;i'|iitiiilier, they executed an agreement with the English ; the conditioiiH of
wlili'li were that they shoidd siUTcnder all their hunting-grounds into the
hiimls of Coorakhoo, as they called the King of England, " to be; protected
ami ili'feiided by his said majesty, his In'ii iind successors, to and for the
isEof lis, oiu' heirs, and the .said threie Nations." These had belbie been
ciiiiiiienitiul, as follows ; '• Kanukaria;hton and Shaninlsanmwe, .Si.nxkke
Kulieiiis ; OUsofilikoree, Dekanisoree and Aenjcucrnlt, ('avouoe sachems ; liacly-
ckahrodon aiu\ Sada^etna^hlie, Cnonoaoo sachems." f
Charlevoix was unable to ascertain the time of Dekanisor ilt death, although
he li'iuned that it hap|)ened at the Falls of St. Louis. Umh-r d.itc Iti!):}, ho
spaks ill high terms of him, Oi(reou/wr<' and Cnrakonthie, h'ociunis Christians,
whom Dckanisora had employed secretly to bring iiboiit a peace with that
nation ; hut knew not, as to his Christianity, he said, at that time ; but was
certain that he had professed it. 11 • jji-oliably diiid abiiit I7;W.
We will go a little back in this |)lace, to noti(;e a chief of the Adiroiidaks,
ot'wiioiii the most extraordinary stories an; told ; even t lOse lA' Jadc-tlie-s^iant'
killer are but little more incredible. And eviMi though Father Charlevoix
WHS fiiiiiiliar with them, yet he deemed thi-m as fiction, ir will he iimgined,
from his not relating them in his minute history. The name of PEISKAI{FiT
was, lor sundry years previous to 104(3, terrible to the encmii^s of the Adiron-
daks. This nation, when Canada was settled by the French, in KiOH, resided
about 300 miles to the westward of Three Uivers. Mow long tlu-y h id l)een
at war with the Iroquois at this time, is not meitioned, but it was con inued
until the death of Pevtkaret in 1()4(), though with interruption and various
siiiress; but with this chief perished all opposition, and the Adirondaks
fignr, d no more as a nation.
As we have put the reader upon his guard, about receiving the huge stoi ica
about Peiskaret with too much confidence, it will be ex|)ected at our hands,
perhaps, that we give a sample of them, as it m ly bo said, " |)ossibly they
ari'tiiie." We might have done this without thus premising, as others have
done, upon the authority of Colden, (an author of small value, eomj)aratively
speaking.) His relation proceeds : —
"An Indian named Piskaret was at this time J one of the captains of
• Hisl. Five Nations, i. 15fi.
t Governor Thomas Pownal, Administration of liie Priiisii Colonies, i. 238, 239.
{ He mentions no particular time, but that of die setileiiient ol CaiiaUa, iu 1603 j but some
lime during the war of which we have spokcu muist be uiidurstood.
: 'w
. '.ii^
'- :
• ■-«■!!
W'X
M
*^ ' . '.
y'f%
il
mi
12 PEIMKAKKT. jr^^ ^
grcatfst faiiii' iuiioii)r tlii> Ailiroiiilarks; this hold man, with four otlit-r
tains, set out liir 'I'rois Kiviin-s in (iiif oano*', rach of Ihcni hnnj, ''*'
viilt'il with three niiisiiels, whieh lliey h)a(l((»I with two liiillelH a|iiecr i,,;, ,']
wil'i a sniaii cliaiii ten inches Ion;;. 'Tliey met with livi' ciinoes in .S(,r!|
Itiver, eaih iiavinj,' 10 men nt' tlie I'ive Nations on hoard. I'mkani anil i.*,^
ra|>laiiis, as soon as iliose ol' the I'ive Mutions drew near, |ii'etend( d ti,
lil.i
(.'ivn
( ajiianis, as soon iif* uiose oi ine i i»<- i^iiiiwiin mm»» iieiir, inciendeil |i, ir ■
tlicmselves up lor hist, and snn-,' iheir death-sonj;, then siuhleniv tin d inn,"
tlie canoes, wlueh they repeated uilli the arms that hiy ready loadcil LI
tore those hirch vessids hetwixt wind and water.* The men ol' the '| ;,".
Nations \' ere so surprised, tliat they tnndiled out ot' their canoes, and <"
7'i,v/7r/77 and his com|ianions tlie opportunity of knocking as many ol' tlui
on tlie head as they pleased, and savin;; ihc; oljiers, to lied llieir nivcnir,
which they did hy liuriiinj; them alive with tiie most cruel torments. 'I'j,,^'
however, was so far from filullinjf PlHknrtCs revenj^i', that it seemed rutluT i/
give a keener ed;,'e to it ; liir he .soon alter undertook anoliier enteriirJ!-!. >,
whicii none of ids countrymen dursi accompany him. He was well aciniiiiiitKl
with the coimtry of the I'ivi; Nations, and set out aliout the time the snow \\v.
gan to melt, witii the precaution of putting the hinder part of hi.s show-sJK,,,,
lbr\Nard, that if any should happen u|ion his Ibotsteps, they mi^dit think Iiiwhn
f;one the contrary way; and lor furlher security, wt-nt alon;; tiic rid(,'c,s iind
ligh grounds, whore the snow was melted, that his trai k mi;(ht he oiii n |„^|
WhiMi he came near on<! <if tlu; villages of the Five Nations, he hid lijnisilt'
till night, and then enu'red a cabin, while e\ cry body was liist asleep nniidtiid
tlu! whole liimily, and can'f.'d their scalps into Ids hnkin;;-plac(!. The next lioy
tlie people of the village searched for the inunh rer in vain. TIk; Iu IdwiH,,
night he murdered all he Ibimd in another cahin. The inhabitantK next day
searched likewisi- m vain liir the inm-direr: but the third night a watcli wus
kept in every house. Piskitnt, in the night, bundled up the scalps lie |,nj
taken the two Ibrnier nights, to can-y, as the proof of his xiclors, and i||,.||
stole |irivately from liousi! to house, till at last lie lound an Indian ii(idiliii;r
who was upon tlu! watch in one of the liou.ses : la; knocked ihis man on tin.
head; hut us tliisalarme<l tlu; rest, he was forced immedi.itely to fly. He ^n..^
however, under lu) great concern from the pursuit, being mor.' swilt of (;„,[
than any Jntiiun then living. He let his pin'suers cmne near him from liim;
to time, and tln^n would dart from them. This he did w i.li design to tiri' tin m
out, with the hopes of overtaking him. As it began to grow dark, he liidliim.
stdlj and his pursuers .stojijied to n st. They not being a|i| rehensive of nuy
danger li-om a single man, soon lell asle.p ; and the hold Piskurtt oli.st.'ivinif
this, knocked them all on the head, and carried aw.iy their sculps witli ihu
rest. Such stories as these," continues Cohkn, "are ttild among the hidiai^
us extruordiiiary instunces of the (;ourage ai.d conduct of their captains."
lielor.' this, as we appndieiid, thoiii^h relat d alterwards by this autlior,
were the great expeditions of the Iroquois against the Adironduks. The
French took i)art with the lattir li-om the beginning, and when Ch/implm
visited the country, he johied a party of them, i.nd went aguii.st the ir(](|iiois,
and, with the uid of his fire-urms, overcame them in a baitio near Lakt; C'or-
lur, which was lieiicelbrth called Lake Cliampi.dn. Two hundred hoiinoiij
We) ••'■'■■- . .. .-
th
llie lirSt time tliey jimt Od;il LUI; tj:ilf.:i.in Ul ^imt^. Amo t.iii((ii *T<in 111 ivjil.
Finally, the ho«piois, having grown ctiiiscioiis of llit ir strength, lelt con-
fidi.nt that, if they could prevent the Freiuh from as.-isting them, iliey loiild
withsUmd them. Therefore, they pr, tended to l.e well ulli.cied towards
their religion, and recpiested thut missionaries should lie .sent among tiiiiii.
This was done without delay. Their n ul object was soon uppaitiit; lor
they treated the Jesuit missionaries only us liosUiges, and this was die ineiiiis
of making them stand neural while they carried on their war with the Adi-
rondaks and Uuutoghies or llurons, whom tin y .soon ulter defeated "in a
dreudfid battle fought within two leagues of Uneheck."
This expedition turned out so much to their udvantage, " the Five Nations
* The author of Indian Tales has copied this closuly, but gives uo ciedil. Talei,'a.
X, Sic.
ur, which was henceforth called Lake Cliainpi.dn. Two hundred ho(|ii()iij
irVere in tJiis fight, and the French k, pt tliem.selves ceiiceal d, until it In jjaii,
Jien rushed forward, and immediately put the Iroipiois to flight. This wm
;he first time they had seen the cHitcts of gnus. This afliiir was in ItJil.
[Boot V,
n, witli fi)iir other cui).
li of tlii'iii Ih'Iii;^ pro-
i> WiillctH apirc)-, jtiiii|.,|
li livf cniiiK's ill Surd
imiil. I'lskiint aiiil In,
iiciir, iiU'tciiilcd til j;ivn
I'll Hiultlcnly lirnl ii|miii
t liiy riiiitly Idadcd, iukI
'I'lif nun til' ilii" 1 1\,;
tlii'ir fiinocH, anil irim:
icUinf: as niiiny (if tlM.'n,
s, til lit'd tlu'ir ii'vi'iij;^,
t cnii 1 loniiciils. 'I'liis,
, tliat it f-ccnii'il nilluT to
ik aniillicr fiitciiirisc, ui
lltt NViis well aciiimiiitnl
lilt tlio tinit' tin; .-^iiiiw Uv.
IT part <'l' lii« sikiw-mIkhs
i, tlifj mifjlit lliiiik licwiw
■(•111 alonn till' iiil(,'i's and
iracU iiiij!;lit lit' <titcii Iim,
(> Natidiis, Ik; liiil liiinsi'll'
was tiist artlt'i'p nnirdcicil
|viiif:-lilai'(!. 'I'iifiuMday
• ill vain. 'I'll*; Ib.lowini;
Tilt' iiilialiitants uv\\ iluy
i(> third nif^lit a wiitcli wus
led lip tlif st'al|)s lii' Imd
(if (if liis \ifton, and tiicu
loiind an Indian iKidillni;,
'. kiu)cUt'<l tliis man (in ilni
uucdi.iti'ly t(i tly. lltiwiis,
lioin"' nior.' swill of liuii
'cdUK' iK'ar liini IVoni tiini;
lid wi.li drsifin to tire tliiia
II to ;],r()W dark, lie liitl liiiii-
III! liold Piskuret olisorviiig
Lway llit'ir scalpH wilii the
flic told anionj; tlie Indiiin.s
liict oftlicir captains."
itcrwards by tliiw mitlinr,
lust lli»! Adirondaks. Tlie
iiMfr, unti wlieii Ch'mjilm
I wTUt a;:uii.st liie Imiiiinis,
ill a baiilc near Luki; Cur-
■ 1, Two liimdreii lioiiiwis
[scciiceul d, nnlil it li^fiaii,
oiinois toiViglit. Tliiswiu
Tliia ulVair was in UiH-
I of tlair strcntji''. 1^'' *^"""
1 us.-i.sliiig ll.cni, iln-y eoud
l,c well ulU.cuid towards
^uld lie «ent among tliein.
U was soon apparLnl; lor
kes, and tliis was ilio meiuis
on their war with the Adi-
sooi. ufler deleated"iua
t'anie," the Five Nations
but gives uo ciedil. To/ei.u.
I'lnf
pivc
M
FIVF, lUOQUOrs (niUM'H VISIT E.N'OLAND.
18
lilt, that tlii'V intt'iiilcd next winter * to visit tli«>
Hdvcrnor nf Ciinmlfi:
\isits arc always iiiiidc with iniicli show. Iiidcr this pri tciicc tlii'V
;i!licrc(l lo;.'cllicr lOOO or I'iOO nicii. Their oiiiscoiiis inct uiih I'ishnnt near
Vi'idct Kiver, and slill prctcndiii;; a friciiilly visit to llie ^'OMinor of Canada,
a^llnir only dcsi^'ii, he told tlicni, that the Adinuidacks were ifuidcd into
iitii li'iiiics, one of which hunted on the mirth side of St. Lawrence Itivcrat
W.iliMiakc, three lea^'iies iiln»\e 'I'rois Ki\iires, and liie other al iNicolct. Ah
,1,11 MS iicy liail ^milled this inlbrnialion, tiiey killed him, and retiirned
wo
\iilli
his head to the army, 'i'lie I' ive Nations divided likewise into i
liiidics: they siir)iris(;(l the Adirondacks, in lioth piiuM'H, and in lioth nitthciii
111 pieces.
Tliis account is inoni circninstantial than that j.'iveii iiy Cfuirhvoir, hiit, tw
u' liavc seen, would have licen without any value, lint liir his cliidiiol(i;;y.
11,. states that, liy their previous conduct, the Mohawks had reason to expect,
;,;,! idl the iiei;r|ilioi'iiin; iiaiions would join to oppose them, and that they
., Ill (Piit parlies to ohserve what was passing.' aiiiunj; them ; thai one of iIk^so
Minis met /'(wAvr/r/ alone, hut dared not attack him; liciii;,' persuaded lie
i kill at least half of iheiii, as he had othii done In fore. Tliev tlierc-
Hllllll
i;,ri' IK
ciisted him as a friend, whih; sonic came up liehind hit i, and slaliJMul
liiiii
td the heart.
lint for the I'reiich, the lro(|iiois had now liccii complete masters of
all the iidrlherii and western re;:ioiis; and some have oliserved, that iiad
llnv known the weakness of lliosf! white iicij^dihors, al the tiiiu; lliey over-
rule IJjc AliroMijiiiiis, near Cluelicc, they nii;,'ht easily have cleared the
iiiMiry of them also.
\\i' will close this cliapter with an ai'coimt of the visit of five Iroijiioi.s
liiKis to r<ii<r|and. The l'.ii<.disli in Anierica had siippnsed that if ihcy
cdiivince the Indian iiiitions ot" the |iowt'r and f,'reatiiess of their
■r country, they should hi; iihh; to detach tlntii liin^vcr from the iii-
of the l''rencli. To iiccomplisli this ohject, llies(! chiefs were pre
(Miihi
liiiiilii
V.llli'l'
llirVi'llI
iipiin to make the voyii;.'e. They visited the court of (iiiceii , Imic iu
1710. Mone ol' the Ainericjin historians seem to have known tlie
iiiiiics df these clii((ls, or, il" they did, have not thoii^'lit it proper to transmit
iliiiii. Sinilli, in iiis history ol' Mew York, iiKMitions tins fact of their htivinn;
•,i-;tiil Kiiglaiid, and -.nves the speech which they made to tla; (lueeii, and
Mvsil is preserved " in Oldiniron" |icrliaps in iIk; '.2d edition of his Hiirrisii
Hmi'IKK i.v A>!K.Ki(:A,f as iiothiii}.' of tim kind is found in his history of Hnj?-
IiiirI. iiltlioii<;h he records tin; circunistanc.);, and ill-naturedly enoi>i;li too.
Ui iliiiik he would iiardly htivo dono i^vi-n this, hut for the piirjiose ol" ridi-
mliii;; the friends ot' the (piecn. 'i'li(! following is all that he says of tliem:|
"Tliici; wiM'kH allur the hattic of Sarnigossa was fought liy (ieneral Stnnliojw,
«iinsi' victory mtide way for the iinirch to Madrid, the mnvs of tin; victory
U,'!,-, Ill'dll
llllll'll
;lit to the (lUceii hy ('oloiiel //^rrmo;i, the \'t Septemli
O. S., at
time the High-church ralilile were pelting (ieneral .S'/fniZ/o/x's proxy.
aim KiidcK
iimdown his friends at the NVestiuinstcr election. However, li
ir
till' successes in Spain, iind for tin; taking of Doway, Hiithune and Aire, l»y
till' duke i)\' Mnrllxmni'fh in Fliinders, there was a thiuiksgiving-day apiioiiite.il,
ivliii'ii till- (jiKU'ii solemnized in St. .laiiu^s's chapel. Ttj liavi; goiu; as usual
liSt. faiil's, and then; to lijive had Tu Deiim sung on that occasion, would
liavc siidwti too much countenance; to thosi; bravi; and victorious J'jiglisli
ruiiMiiis, who were lighting her liattl(;s tdirotid, while High-church was plot-
liii:', and railing, and addressing iigainst them at home. 'J'lio carrying ot
imi; Indian t-asa(|iies tihoiit in tlit; (pie(;ii's coaches, was all tin; triumph of
lilt; llarloian administration; tht;y woro called kings, and clothed, hy the
' Nil niio Pail tell when iwrl winter was, that is, what year il was in, hy any connection in
CfWi'n's text ; iio is so excfedingly loose with regard to dates ; but, according to Charlevoix ^
iiuas in li;W,
t Tiie lirst edition (whicli I possess) was printed in 1708.
\Uiiil. Knxht)ul,\\. Wl. ( l''ol. IjOiuIoii, 17,{.5.)
\ llu siiys /ii'e, a lew lines onward, in his usual random mode of expression, supposing' it all
lii' >;iiiie, doiibiicss. as he xoas otdtj considering Indians ! It will be seen tiiai five was the real
auinber.
■
- -.s
■ ' y.
, ■ _ I
■^*;<
.^«A
;,i;Y'^
il
■.Mmm
14
FIVE IROQUOIS CHIEFS VISIT ENGLAND.
[Book V.
•r ■ : T' '■
JiS-:l
/.' .;i
'••.ii ^;:».
^m'X
■fv ■;,«:>
play-house tailor, liko other kings of the theatre ; they were eoiidiicted
aiulieneo i)y Sir Charles CoUercl ; there was a speccli made for thciii ai *"
nothing oniitt<!(l to do honor to these five inonareiis, wiiose |)roseiic(. did ><'
rat" Indians in tiiose njuts"
his Tatier of jMay l;{, i7]o
muidi iionor to the new ministry; wliirli tiie latter seemed to he extrcn'iolv
fond of, and defrayed all their expenses (hiring their stay here. Tiiev wijv
the eajttains of the four nations, [Five Nations,] in league with tiie l';ii<r|ij;|
at New York and New England, and eanie in person to treat of iiiaUcV'
conreriiing trade with the lords commissioners of plantations ; as also of
ci.tvrprise against the French, and their confeder
Sir Richard Skcle mentions these chiefs in I
and .Mdison makes them the suhject of a number of the Spectator tlii'
next year, at a suggestion of Dean Swift.* Neither of these papers how-
ever, contain many facts resj)ecting them. In the former it is iiientioneil
tiiat one of them was taken sickf at the house where they were accoiiiiiin-
dated dining their stay in London, and they all received great kindness nnd
attention from their host, which, on their departure, was the cause ot their
honoring him with a name of distinction ; which wa.s Cadaroipte, and .vii r.
niticid "Mfi stronoest fori in their country.^^ Jn s])eaking of their residciipp
Mr. Steele says, " They were placed in a handsome apartment at an iinlml.'
ster's in King-street, Coveiit-garden." There wciO fine portraits of (>a(li of
them painted at the time, and are still to be seen in the liritish Museum. |
The best and most methodical account of these chiefs was i)ui)lisli((l in
the great anm al history l),\ Mr. Boijer, § and from whicdi we extract as follows:
"On the I!) April Te Yee JVecn tio Ga Prow, and Sa Ga Yean Qua Prah
Ton, of the Ma(pias ; Elow Oh Koam, and Oh JVee Yeath Ton jYo Prow, 11 of
the river sachem.^f and the Ganajoh-hore sachem,** four kings, or chiefs (if tiie
Six Nations ft in the West Indies, JJ which lie between New England, aiKJ
New France, or ("anada : who lately came over with the West India flcpt.
and were cloathed and entertained at the queen's expense, had a piililir
audience of her majesty at the j)alacc of St. James, being conducted tiiitjier
in two of her majesty's coaches, by Sir Charles Cotterel, master of tiio rcro
monies, and introtluced by the duke of Shreivshury, lord chamberlain. Tiiov
made a speech by their intrejireter, which Major Pidgeon, who was one of
the officers that came with them, read in English to her majesty, beiiif as
follows : —
' (ireat Queen — We have tmdertakcn a long and tedious voyage, wiiicli
none of our i)redecessors §§ could be prevailed upon to undertake. Tlie
motive that induced us was, that we might see our great (pieeii, and iclaie
to her those things we thought absolutely necessary, for the good of her, and
us, her allies, on the other side the great water. We doubt not hut our (.Teat
* " I inteiiclcil to liave written a book on that siihjf'ct. I bcliovc he [Aihlianii] lias spcn! it
all in one paper, and ail 'he nnder hints thei^ are mil -^o." iiwifl's Letter to Airs. Jolinson.
daW Lomkm,'28 \pn\.\lU.
t This was probably the one that died, of whom Au/m, in his travels in America, i. 210,
makes ineiiiicii ; lluniifli [ do not find a recor<l of it in any periodical of thai day.
i Notes to the Specttitor, cd. in 8 vols. 8vo. London, 1781).
^S " I'ho Annals of (iiieen Anne's Reij,ni, Year the !X. for 1710," 189—191. This is a
v/crk coiiiaininif a most valualilc fund of niformation, and is, with its rontiniiaiioii, a lasiiiif
moiuMnent (o ws learned publisher ; his being dragged into the Dunciail in one of Popes
freaks notwiiiistanding.
II We have these names in the Taller, spell Tee Yee Neen Ifo Ga Row, Sa Ga Yeath Rui
Geth Ton, E Tow Oh Koam, and Ho Nee Yeth Taw No Row.
1! It is dilliriilt lo conceive what is meant by River Indians from many of onr anlliors. In
ihc Appendix lo JelTerson's Notes, 308, they are called River Indians, or IMohiikamlers,
" will) had ihi'ir dwellings between the west branch of Delaware and Hudson's river, I'ruiii ihe
Kiuatiimy ridge down lo the Rarilon." The " Mohiccons " were another liibe about ihe
islands and mouth of the Hudson.
** I'robably .ne chief of Canajohara.
ft Hiienj. If, according to Volden and others, the Tuscaroras did not join the Iroqiioii
until 1712, and until that time these were called the F'ivc Nations, how comes it that tlicy were
known in England by the name n( Si.K Nations in 1710? j
Ij: No one can be misled iiy this error, any more than an Englishman would be by being
tcid that London is situated al the foot of the Rocky Mountains.
^^ None of ihc Six Nations, must be uuderstood.
SGLAND.
[Book V.
they were rondvicted to
eccli nmde for them, miu
lis, whoso iirosciict' did so
r HOPiiu'd to he oxtn.'iiicly
'h' stiiy lioro. Tliry wvn
1 h'a<tuo ■witli tlio l''.iij:lisli
i)cr80ii to trout of i natters
]ilaiitations ; as also of jin
,!.■ Indians hi tlmso imrts."
lis Tatltn- of May \:\, 1710,
nhor of the Spectator tlio
tlior of these papers, liow-
;he former it is mentioned
vhcre they were accoiunin-
rcceived great kindness and
rture, was tlie cans*; of tlicir
■h was Cadnroqut, and si^-
ipcaking of tlieir resid.nip,
jjiie apartment at an iiiihol-
e.'C fmc portraits of eacli of
in the Britisli Musenm. \
lese chiefs was pnldisiicd in
wliich we extract as follows:
md Sa Ga Yean ({ua Prah
ree Yeath Ton jVo Proiv, \\ of
I ** four kings, or chiefs oftlic
'hetween New England, and
rcY with the West hidia fleot,
leen'a expense, had a pnlilio
amcs, hcing conducted tliitlicr
>s Coltcrd, master of tlie ocn:-
luni, hint chamherlain. Tlicy
m- Pif/gf"* '^^■l'" '^^''^^^ """ "'
ish to her majesty, being as
„a- and tedious voyage, wliiili
ed upon to undertake. The
ee our great ([ueen, and relate
^sarv, for tVio good of her, and
\Ve douht not hut our great
Tbcliovohc[.'l.Wwf"ll>aYP™iil
,o_)> «ii-7/rs Letter to Mrs. Johnson.
ulm, in his travels in America,!. 210,
y periodical of thai day.
-X for 1710," 1S9-1?1, Tim n a
in.l is, will, its oontinnatinn, a asun?
^ iiJloihcDunciadinoneollV*
^W„noGaRow,SaGaYealhRu
Tuscaroras did not join the Iroquois
c Natrons, how comes it that ihcywae
lanEnglishmaiiv-'ouldbcbybeins
oiiniains.
CBAP- J]
FIVE IROQUOIS CHIEFS VISIT ENGLAND.
15
queen has heeii ucriiiaiiited witii our long and tedious war, in cotijuncti
iviili her ciiildreii, against her eiHMuies tlie French : and that we liavc I)
tiou
oil
jj, 11 strong wall for tiieir security, even to tlic loss of our best men. Tlie
ifiitli of wiiicii our l)roiiier (^iier/w, Colonel [Peter] Schuyler, ami .Inuiliurar-
Colonel .Vicliolson, can testily ; they having all our proposals in wrilinj;.
We were mightily rejoiceil when we heard by ^hiaddfrarjaux, that our great
had resolved to .send an army to reduce Canada; from whose mou.li
OTix'iidily embraced om* great tjueen's instructions: and in token of cnir
friendship, we hung up the kettle, and took ji the hatchet; and with one
consent joinetl our brotlier (^nedcr, anil ►'/ ,ktgarjaur, in making prepara-
,i^iis oi; this side the lake, by building forts, .store-houses, canoes and bat-
,,,;i,ix; wU'iist AundUtsla, (Jolonel letch, at the same time, raised an army at
)j,i<toii, of which wo were infornuid by our ambassadors, whr)m we sent
iliiilier for that purjios:'. We waited long in expectation of the fhu't Irom
jiiirjaiid, to join AnadUtski, to go against Uucbec by sea, whilst ..'Inadav^ar-
liMU', (lutder, and we, wimt to Port Royal by land ; but at last we were told,
iiiiit our great (pieen, by sonu! important affair, was iiriivented iu her design
for tiuit season. This made us extreme sorrowful, lest the French, wlio
j,|ilierto had dreadiid us, should now think us unable to make war against
liein. The reduction of Canada is of .such weight, that after the ettecting
tliereof, wo should have free hunting, and a great trade with our great
omen's children ; and as a token of the sincerity of the Six Nations, we do
tere, in the name of all, present our great (pieen with the belts of wampum.
We need not urge to our great (lueen, more than the i.jcessity we really labor
uuder obliges us, that in case our great (pieen should not be mindful of us,
we must, with our families, l<)rsake our country, and seek other habitations,
or stand neuter; either of which will be much agaiiust our inclinations,
Siace we have been in alliance with our great (pieen's children, we have had
Eoaie knowledge of the Savior of the world; and have often been impor-
tiiued by the French, both by the iiisiuimtions of their jtriests, and by
presents, to coine over to their intiirest, but have always esteemed them men
ui' lalsehood ; but if our great cpieeu will be pleased to send over some
persons to instruct us, they shall find a mo.st hearty welcome. We Jiov/
close, with hopes of our great queen's favor, ■ind leave it to her most gracious
consideration."
We cannot but respond amen to Mr. Oldmixon^s opinion of this speech,
namely, that it was made /or instead of bij the chiel's ; still we thought it
proper to print it, and that by so dohig we should give satisfaction to more
tinii by withholding it. Our account next proceeds : " On Friday, the 21
A|iril, the four Indian princes went to see Dr. Flainstead^s house, ami mallic-
riialieal instruments, in Greenwich Park ; after which they were nobly
treated by some of the lords commissioners of the admiralty, in one oi" her
iiiijesty's yachts. Tliey staid about a fortnight longer in Loiulon, where they
wer' entertained by several persons of distinction, particularly by the duke
of Onnond, who regaled them likewise with a review * of the limr troo|)s of
lil'e-giiards ; and having seen all the curiosities in and about this metropolis,
tliey went down to Portsmouth, through Hampton Court and Windsor, and
fiiiiiarked on board the Dragon, one of her majesty's ships, Cajitain Martin,
connnodore, together with Colonel Francis JK^icholson, commander-in-chief
of the forces designed lor an expedition in America. On the 8 May,
liie Dragon and Falmouth sailed from Spithead, having under convoy ubcnit
L^ sail, consisting of merchantmen, a bomb-shi|) and tender, and several
trans|)orts, with JJritish oHicers, a regiment of marines, iirovisions and ^tol■es
of war; and on the 15 July arrived at Boston in New F,iigland."
Little is to be gathered from Smithes history of New York relative to
those sachems, lie gives a sjieecli which t! I'y made to the queen, but
it is a meagre abridgment of loss than half of the one a love, and the
'And tlio chiefs made a speech in return, Imt our author makes tiiis note upon it:
''N. I). The speech which was said to have been made by ihem, on that occasion, to llie
Julie of Ormom, is spurious. '
^^E j
mm
^Hr. '
|^^H^< '
T' *' '■'"1
■ ' '*•■"'*■' i
; ■■ 'v '-.i^
nil
t ;
* '
'■-, i
h ,
^
v^-
' * ,
,. ' v"'.'
■■"^
:^'*1 ''■ ■•
1
.i
m
^ • un
■ ? -^
^'m
i«;
16
TAMANY.
rest is omitted cntiroly.
luucle u jriout bruit tliroii
[Book V.
"Tlie arrival of tlio five snc-lienis in Kn.r|,„|,i
ghoiit tlio whole kiii^aloiii. Tin; mol, ii,||r,u,.,i
wliurnver tlioy wont, and siuali cuts oftlifiu wfro sold aiiiuiifr the inojilc" •
Tlio main oiijoct of tlicir visit to lOnjjIand was not, nor, in tlic natiin' of
tilings, could it bo otK-ctod. 1 m(!un the introduction of Christianity aiiKintf
tlicm. J'ivcn thoso very sachems, who, accordinj^ to tlio stories of tlmt din"
rc(|U(!Sted to have missioimries settled with thoiii, were anioiijr tlio liist i(!
neglect them when settled among tliom.f "It might have been iiiia-riiK j'
says tho author just cited, " the sachems, those petty kings, w ho \s(.|c j],
England in tho late Uueon's tinu , should have been so strongly aHected with
seeing the grandoui', pleasm-o, and plenty of this nation, that wiieii tluv laino
to their own countries, they would have tried to reduce; th,ir peopfi; to n
polite life ; would have employed their whole power to ovpel that rude hai-.
barism, and introduce arts, manuors, and religion: but the contrary liiiiiiKu.
ed ; they sunk themselves into their old brutal life, and though they had
Been this great city, [London,] when they came to their own wootls," ii,ey
were all savages again."
'I'herc cannot bo a wider difference than the two nations, I'ligli^h iuid
French, make in their accounts of tho original condition, manners and ens.
toms of the Iroipiois. While the writers of the former described tliein iis
the most barbarous, cruel, and bloody, those of tho latter portray tiicia in
enviable colors. This ditierenco seems to have entirely arisen' lioin the
dilforent relation of the two nations to them. That they were cruel niid
barbarous to their enemies is agreed by both, and it unibrtuiiately liaiipcnt d
that tho English were geueruUy their enemies, until the reduction of Ciinuda
ill 17G0. '
CHAPTER n.
Tamany, a famous ancient Delaware — His history — Suikellimus — Farors the, Mnrnri-
an Drcthrrii — His reception of Count Zinzendorf — His death — Canassatkod — I'niis
Ph'dadclphia — His speech to the Dclawares — Anecdotes of him — Glikhikax— //i^
speech to Half-king- — His attachment to the Christian Indians — Meets icilli muck
trouble from Captain Pipe — Conduct of Half-king — Of Pipe — Glikhikan pirisks
in the massacre at Gnadenhuetten — Pakankk — His history — Nktawatwkks—
Becomes a Christian — His speech to Pakankc — His death — Paxnous — Taiiecski sn
— His history and death — White-evks — His transactions with the missiunarit^—
Skenando — His celebrated speech — Curious anecdote of him — His death.
Tamany was a name much in print, fifty years since, but of what nntioii
or country, or whether applied to an imaginary or real personage, by any ac-
count accompanying it, no one could determine. The truth respecting tiiis
has at h-ngth come to light.
He was a Delaware chief, of similar renown to the Basheha of Kennclicck,
and JVanepashemet of Massachusetts ; and we infer lioni Gnhrkl Thomas.!
that possibly he might have been alive as late as 1G80 or 1G90. He wrote
the name Tcmcny.
Mr. Heckewclder, in his Historical Account of the Indian Nations, de-
votes a chaiitor to this chief and Tadeuskund. He s[)ells the name Tumawi
The ditficulty of gaining inlbrmation of deceased hidividnals among the
Indians is well known to those conversant with their history. Mr. Heck-
tveldcr t-iiya, "No white, man who regards their feelings, will introduce wuli
subjects in conversation w ith them." This reluctance to speak of the de-
* Hist. New York, 122. ed. 4to. I^ondoii, 17.")7. RcautiCu! fuil-lciiaUi portraits of four d
these ciiiefs wen- done in mezzolinlo at liie time tliey wore in England, l)iit they witc Imi;
since ol'\ery rare occurrence. I possess the best set ol'liiem whicii I have ever seen. Tiicy
are usually found in l)lack frames, and are about 20 inches in lieit^iit by 12 in breadth. The
portrnit of tiie one lliat (Tied was not probably taken, wiiich accounts for oui having bnl four.
t HiiMiMiiiK.v's Historical .Account Soc. for Prop. Gospel, ;M)'J, .310.
i " Who resided there [in Pejuisylvanial about 15 years," and wiio publisiied " An Historic'
ttl Olid Geographical Account of Pa. tiiid \V, Jersey," 12iiio. London, 1G98.
[Book V.
lenis in I'li^iliiml
lit) 1111)1) rulliiwi'd
ill^ tlir jicoph'," •
ill tlif iuitiii(i of
Jlinstiaiiity uiiiiin;:;
Horit'S of tliiU (lii\,
lUllDllff till! lii'st io
e Ix't'ii iiiuiiriiinl,''
iiifis, who Nvcri' in
oiijrly iitti-'ctcd with
lat wlit'ii tlu'V I'iuiie
tli'.'ir pt'ttph! ti) ii
ipcl tliiit niilc War-
o contrary liiiiiiicu-
lI tlioiiflh tliey liad
r own woods, tliey
lationn, I'^n^disli iiud
I, nuuincr.s and cus-
f dcscrilxHl tluMii ils
ttcr portray tliciii in
•cly arisen iroin tlie
hey were cruel and
fortunately liai>i)i'ii(d
rediictiou of Cuuudii,
j,us — Favors the Nnrnn-
— CANASSATF.dO— ('(Mis
/jjin, — Glikhikan— //is
Huns — Meets w'Uli much
Ipa — Gllkhikan ycrisks
Yy^y_ISr.TA\VAT\VKKS-
IPaxnous— TAPEi'SKisn
tcitli the missiumrks—
m—His death.
-e, bnt of what nation
personage, hy any iu'-
truth respecting this
^iasheha of Kennchcck,
ffroni Gnhrid Thomas.!
iO or l()i)0. lie ^viote
.. Ls-niAN Nations ile-
'lls the name Tammi
Initiividnals anion!.' tk
ir history. Mr. Huh-
bs, will introduce siuli
pee to speak of the de-
l-loiiRih portraits of lour U
|.^.uE^:m(l. l>ut tl.oy wore .n,;
rl. I have ever soen. llf
.rill by 12 in breadth. IM
,ts for ou. having bill four.
,v'ho puWished 'MnffwC'-'C
idon, IG'JS.
Chap. H.]
TAMANY.— SJIIKELLIMUS.
17
partci
il lie attributes to"tlie niisfortunes which have befallen some of tiio
[nost beloved and (!steciiied personages among them, since tins i;iiroi)ean8
caiiie among them." It is believed, however, that it had a more remote ori-
ujii. The same author continues, "All we know of Tanuned is, that he was
In uncicnt Delaware chief, who never had his equal." *
It is said that when, abou;. 177(!, Colonel George Morgan, of Princeton, New
Jersey, visited the wcst(!rn In<lians hy direction of eoiigiess, the Delawares con-
ferii'tl on him the name of Tainani/, " in honor and remembrance of thvir
aiieieiit chief, and as the greatest mark of irespeet which they could show to
tliiit (rentleman, who they said had the same address, afiability and meekness
as their honored chief." f
"The liime of this great man extended even among the whites, who lahri-
cated numerous legends rcsi)ecting him, which 1 never heard, howtiver,
from the mouth of an Indian, and therefore believe to be fabulous. In the
ri'voluiionary war, bis enthusiastic admirers dubbed him a saint, and lie was
p^tahlished under the name of St. Tammany, the patron saint of America.
His; natiie was inserted in some calendars, and his Ibstival celebrat(!d on the
lirst (lay of May in every year. On that day a nuiiKUous society of his vota-
rii's walked together in jirocession through the streets of IMiiladeliihia, their
hilts decorated with bucks' tails, and proceedeil to a handsome rural place
oat of town, which they called the ivigwam ; where, after a long talk or
hidian speech hail been delivered, and the calumet of jieace and friendship
liiid lircii duly smoked, they spent the day in festivity and mirth. Alter din-
ner, huliaii dances were jierlbrmed on the green in Iront of the wigwam, the
oahnuet was again smoked, and the comjiany seiiarated."
ll was not till some years after the peace that these yearly doings were
broken up, which would doubtless have lasted longer but lor the misfortune
of the owner of the ground where they were held. Since that time Phila-
Jeljiliia, New York, and perhaps other jilaces, have had their Tamany socie-
ties, Tamany halls, &-c. &c. In their meetings these societies make but
an odd figure in imitating the Indian manner of doing business, as well as in
appiopriating their names upon one another.
Among the multitude of poems and odes to Tamany, the following ia
selected to give the reader an idea of the acts said to have been achieved by
him:—
" Immortal Tamany, of Indian race,
Grcal in llie field and foremost in ihe rhase !
No puny sainl was he, wilh fasiinir pale ;
He climbed the moiinlain, and he swept ihc vale,
Rushed Ihrougli ihe torrent with unequalled might j
Your ancient saints would tremble at the sight ;
Caught the swill boar and swifter deer wilh ease,
Ami worked a thousand miracles like these.
To public views he added private ends,
Ana loved his country most, and next his friends ;
Wilh courage long he strove to ward the blow ;
(Courage we all respect ev'n in a foe ;)
And when each etVort he in vain Imd tried,
Kindled the flame in which he bravely died!
To Tninaiuj let the full horn go round ;
His fame let every honest lonyue resound ;
Wilh him let every gcn'rous patriot vie,
To live in freedom or with honor die."^
We are next to speak of a chief, concerning whom much inquiry has been
made from several cmisiderations. We meiin
Shikeltimiui, the lather of the celebrated Logan. lie was a Cayuga sachem,
iiiiil styled hy Mr. Loskiel,§ "lirst magistrate iind head chief of all the Iroipiois
liidiaiis living on the banks of the Susqtiehaiinah, its iiir as Onoiidago.
lie is the saint! ollen mentioned by Colden,\\ under the names Shickmlamy.
Hhicalamy, and Shick Calamy, and occupies a [ihice next the famous Canassa-
* Some will (loublless imagine (liat this was knowing a good deal.
i Heckewelder, iit supra. \ Carrii'.i Museum, v. lOl. 6 Hist. Missiorui, ii. 119.
II Hist. Five Nations, ii. 37, G9, 75, 77, 85.
i-,%r^
.1 ;S(
ft
W
'■ • ' if ■ '-'.i'
. I
T.*.l
me. ^'y:^
18
CANASSATEGO.
[Book V.
■ '.V
tcgo. His residence was at Conestoga in Pennsylvania. He was present (it a
great council iield in Piiila(U;lj)iiia in 1742, with !)1 other chielis, counsel loig
and warriors of the Six Nations, to consult about tlie encroachments of .somo
of the Delawarcs upon the j)eople of Pennsylvania, as will be found incntidiirrl
in th(! history of Canassatego. That be was u man of much coiisecnicnc,.
amon<rtbe Five Nations will appear irom the fiict, that Canassatego repf-atcd n
8j)e('ch of bis to tiovernor Thomas, when tlie assault upon H'Ulinm If'djh
was inquired into, " whereby his [the said /Fei//*] jaw-bone was hroki', uud
his life jrreatly endangered by an unknown Indian," This took pla( i uum.
the diHj)uted lands in the forks of the Delaware. " Canassatego repeatiiiirflie
nicKsagf! delivered to the Six Nations by Shickcalamy, in the year 1740, witli u
string of wampum, said in answer : ' The Six Nations bad made (liliircnt
incjuiry into the atiiiir, and bad found out the Indian who had connuittcdijie
liict ; be lived near Asopus, [/Esopus,] and bad been examijied and seven ly
repi'oved ; jind they hoped, as ffyiiam Webb was recovered, th(! govi'inor
would not expect any lurther punisbnient, and therefore tliey returned tiic
string of wampum received from their brc»!n-en, by the band of Sltickcalunui
in token that they had fully complied with their request.' "
When Count Zinztndorf, foiuider of the sect called Moravians, visited tliis
country, in 1742, be bad an interview with this chief at Shaniokin. Conrad
ff'ciscr was present, and Shikellimits inquired with great anxiety the cause of
the count's visit. IVeiser tohl bim "that he was a messenger of the liviii"
God, sent to ])reach grace and mercy;" to which be answ -ed, "he \vus >'\a^
tliat such a messenger came to instruct liis nation."
While in the exercise of Ins j)ious labors, Zinzendorf very narrowlv rsoaiied
assassination ; ami, to illustrate the Ibrce of superstition upon untutored minds
it will be i)roi)er to relate the circumstance. Having arrived on tlie iuinks
of the W^yoming, the Indians could not believe that be had conn! solely lor
their benefit, but bad come to the conclusion that his real object was the uc-
quisition of land ; and they therefore resolved to put bim to death. On » coo!
evening in September, as he sat alone in bis tent, u])on a bundle of weeds
which was his bed, the appointed assassins approached his frail niansion.
He bad a small fire, and was writing at the time ; and nothing prevented tlie
easy execiuion of their commission. A blanket, suspended by the conien',
formed the door of his tent, and as the Indians drew this a little aside, tliey
beheld a large rattlesnake which the fire bad driven from his covert, layiii"
near the venerable man, but was not seen by him ; being too dee[)ly eiijraired
in his sid)ject to notice him or the more dangerous Iiidians. The nitilp-
snake being an animal they feari^d and respected as a kind of Manito, imj
seeing it in company with the stranger, they doubted not of his divine origin
also, and at once shrunk from their object, and returned to report what tky
had seen to their brethren in their village.* He was now received by tlie
Shawanese, and a mission was begun among them.
Shikellimus was a great friend of the missionaries, and his death wis a
severe loss to them. He died at bis own residence in Shaniokin, in I749.
We have already named the chief projier to be proceeded with, on finishing
cm- accoiuit (A' Shikcll{imu<i,
CANASSATEGO, a chief of the Six Nations, was of the tribe of Onondii-ro.
In 1742, there arose a dispute between the Delawares and the goveniimiit
of Pennsylvania, relative to a tract of land in the forks of the Didaware. The
English claimed it by right of prior purchase, and the Delawares persisteil in
their claim, and threatened to use force tmless it sliould be given up Inthn
whites. This tribe of the Delawares were subject to the Six Nations, mid
the governor of Pennsylvania sent depinies to them to tiotify them of tlie
troubh,', that they might interfere and prevent war. It was on this occasion
that Ca/ifl-wrt/eg-o appeared in Philadelphia with 230 warriors. He oltseivid
to the governor, "that they saw the Delawares had been an tnu'uly i^'opic,
and were altogether in the wrong; that they bad concluded to remove them,
and oblige them to go over the river Delaware, and quit all claim to any
lands on this side for the future, since they had received pay fbr thcni, and
* Chapman's Hist. Wyoming, 20 to 22.
Chap. II.]
it is gone tl
by llie hair <
and hecaine
of tlieir anc
signed not i
(and tJKMi J)
(addressing I
at all? We
u'oinen ; and
llie power of
is gone throu
drink, by the
as you are.
us iliat you hi
of a pipe siiai
sent !i messen
IIS, nor (lid w
very different
On such occa;
united nation.'
tlieii' lands.
"This is th(
uone of oin- b
matters; your
I'orall these re
lo think about it
and soon alter
Ohio.*
U'lien Canas
talkf about tiie
had beaten the
be the case, yo
afford to give ii
was served roui
Dr. Franklin i
time makes tlie I
tomsofthe Iiid|
thi'iii as a priiu'l
Weistr, our intej
lalized among
going through
the council at
ai'i|iiaintaiice, \\j
iiiiii some boiled
drink. When
to converse witl|
had seen each
^c. Conrad aul
%', tlie Indian,!
white jieople, mf
at Albaiu-, and
slio]»f<, and asseJ
tli'T do there ? 'I
things.' * I do J
to'd nie the samf
my I'f'asoiis. I
Juiives, powder,
* Colden and Got
, t llie inniiiles off
"le (''oil. Mass. Ifisi
{ t'olJeit's Hist. ,
mm
CBiP- n.]
CANASSATEGO.
19
it is gone through their guts long ago. Tli(!y deserved, lio siiid, to be taken
by tlie hiiir oftlio head, and shaken sseverely, till they reeovercMl tiusir s.iise.s,
and Itecuine ^sol)er ; that he had scini with his own eyes a dctv.l signed Ity nine
ot' their ancestors, above fifty years ago, lor this very lan<l, and a release
si<mfd not many years since, by somk; of tiieniselves, and chiefs yet living,
(ami then present,) to the number of 15 and upwards; but how canu; jou
(addressing himself to the Delawares (tresent) to take upon you to sell land
at all F W»! concpiered you; w<! made women of you ; you know yon are
women; and can no more sell land than women; nor is it fit you should have
the power of selling lands, since you would abuse it. This land you claim
is p)iie through your guts ; you have been furnished with clothes, meat and
ilriiik, by the goods paid you lor it, and now you want it again, like children
as you are. IJut what inak(;s you still lands in the dark ? Did you ever tell
us ilmt you had sold this land ? Did we ever receive any i)art, even tlu; value
otainpe shank, from you for it? You have told us a blind story, that you
sent ii messenger to us, to inform us of tlx^ sale ; but he never came amongst
us, nor (lid we ever hear anything about it. Tliis is a(!ting in the dark, and
very difierent from the conduct our Six Nations observe in the sales of land.
Oil such occasions they give pid)lic notice, and invite all the Indians of tiieir
united nations, and give them all a share of the piesents they receive for
tlieir lands.
"This is the behavior of tlic wise united nations. But we find y.)U arc
none of our blood; you act a dishonest part, not only in this, but in other
matters; your ears are ever open to slanderous reports about your brethren,
for all these reasons, wc chara;e ijou to remove instantly ; we donH give you liberty
tolhink about it. You are women." They dared not disobey this command,
aiid soon after removed, some to Wyoming and Shaniokin, and some to the
Ohio.*
When Canassatego was at Lancaster, in Pennsylvania, in 1744, holding a
talkf about their affairs with the governor, he was informed that the English
had beaten the French in some important battle. "Well," said he, "if that
bi'tiie case, you nuist have taken a great deal of rum from them, juid can
afford to give us some, that we may rejoice with you." Accordinglj-, a gltss
was served round to each, which they called a French i^lass. X
Dr. Franklin tells us a very interesting story of Canassatego, and at the same
time makes the old chief tell another. In spt-aking of the manners and cus-
toms of the Indians, the doctor says, " The same hospitality, esteemed among
them as a princi|)al virtue, is pra(;tised l)y ])rivate ])ersons ; ol" which Conrad
Wetstr, our inter|)reter, gave mo the following instances. He had been natu-
lahzed among the Six i\ations, and spoke w>!ll the Mohawk language. In
going through the Indian country, to carry a message from our govenior to
tlie council at Onondago, he called at the habitation of Canfwsa/eg*o, an old
ai'i|uaiiitance, who endmiced him, spread furs for him to sit on, placcid bifore
him some boiled beans, and venison, and mixed some rum and water for his
drink. When he was well refreshed, and had lit his pipe, Canassate!i;o b. gan
to converse with him; asked how he had fared the many years since they
hiid seen each other ; whence he then came ; what occiisioned the journey,
ki:. Conrat/ answered all his questions ; and when the discourse began to
tiag, the Indian, to contiime it, said, ' Conrad, you have lived long among the
white ])cople, and know something of their customs: I have been sometimes
at Albany, and have observed, that once in seven days they shut up their
shops, ai id assemble in the great house ; tell me what that is for; whai do
they do there .^' 'They meet there,' says Coh/'cm/, ' to hear tnid learn liood
thinirs.' '1 do not doubt,' says the Lidian, 'that they tell you so; they have
tohl ine the same; but I doubt the truth of what they say, and I will tell you
my reasons. I went lately to Albany, to sell my skins, and buy blankets,
kiiives, powder, rum, &c. You know I used generally to deal with Hans
* Coldeu and Gordon's Histories.
t The minutes of the conference taken at the lime by Witliam Marslie, occupies 30 pages in
the Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. vii. vol.
{ Culden'n Hist. Five Nations, ii. U2.
,4 '-'HM
■ . ^^'' .'■*■■*' "is
.'iffi
m
;■! .1''
, I"
, Ss ;
• • ':'
■i '
m
•.,
, • MS - • >.-
' ■.'All
90
CANASSATEGO.
[Book V.
Ilji to tllO imM't.llj.r. So J lIlOMJ^Ilt to IMJsclC
)-(la3-, I may as well jio to tlu; liicotiu'" lo,,'
ill l)lnck, and I'fwin to
Hanson; but I was a littin incliiind this time to try sor;e otlirr Jiiorcliaut^
However, I ciiilcd first upon //«;is, and njsk'.id liiiii wiial ln^ vvoi.id "Im- i/ii"
beaver. He .said he could not give; uioro than lo'u- .shiiiiii>;s a poiiMd • \,^^.
says lie, I cannot talk on hiiijincss now ; this is the day wlicn vc nu it tdii'-tin.r
to learn iruod tl:iui';s, and I am f,'oin ' *' <-•■..
since I cannot do any business to-
uud 1 went with him. Then; stood up a man m oiacK, aiici I'fwm to mH-
to tiie people very aiiffrily ; I did not luulerstaii'l what he said, Imt ixiccivui.r
that he looked much at nic, and at Hanson, I ima<:in(;d tliat lie was aip iv ;it
seeinj;- me ihcrcs ; so I went out, sat down n.ar the house, struck lire, iii,(i j^
my pipe, waiting- till the metitiiif; should break up. 1 thoujilit too tliat liio
man had mentioned something.' of beaver, and suspected it nilfdit In- the siil).
ject of their meetinj^. Ko when they came out, 1 accostei' my inercliiint
'Well, Hans,'' says 1, 'I hope you have atrreed to frivc; more thaii 1.?, .[
pound.' ' No,' says he, ' I cannot jiive so much, I cannot iiive inoiv! tlian ilnci'
shillings and sixpence.' I then sjiokc to .several other dealer.s, but tiicy all sv.ui'
the same song, — three and sirpince, Ihree and si-rpencc. 'Vliis mmU: it cl.'.iito
me that my sus|)icioii was right; and that whatever they pretended of jmct.
ing to learn good things,t\ie purpose wa^' to consult how to cheat Indians in iIk,
firicc of beaver. Consider but a little, Conrad, and you must he of my opinioiil
f they met so ollcn to learn good things, they would certainly have Ici.rnid
some belbru this time. But they are still ignorant. You know our piacilii'.
If a white man, in travelling through our couutrj', enters one of our ciiliiiit;
we all treat liim us I do you; we dry him if he is wet; we warm him if he \l
cold, and give hhn meat aiul drink, that he may allay his thirst aiul hiiiijrip
and ^vc spread soil furs lor him to rest and slecj) on ; we demand notiiiiii; iil
leiu. ,1. JJut ii'I go into a white man's house at Albany, and ask tor victnal.s und
drink, they say, (jet out, you Indian dog. You see they have not yet IciiriiLd
those little good things that we need no meetings to be instructed in, l)ccaii.<e
our mothers taught them to us when we were children; and therefore it is
mii)ossible their meetings should be, as *hey say, for any such ])urposc, w Imve
any such effect: they are oidy to contrive the cheating of Indians in the ])iice
of beaver.' " *
The missionary Frederic Post, in liis journal of an embassy to the Lidians
on the Ohio, in 1758, mentions a son of Canassatego, whom he calls Hum
Jacob.
We are not to look into the history of Pennsylvania for a succession of
Indian war.s, although there have been some horritl murders and eiionnitios
committed among the whites and Indians. For about 70 years, their liistoiic
page is very clear of such records, namely, from 1082, the arrival of AVilliani
Penn, until the French war of 1755.
And we will here record the proceedings of William Penn, on his taking
possession of his lands upon the Delaware, so far as they are connected witli
our Indian history.
Humanity being a prominent feature in every Quaker who lives up to liis
profession, we are to expect a display of it in that of Penn ; and hajjiiily we
do not find ourselves di.sapi)oiiited. The Ibrcc of his examjile was sucl,,tliat,
for many years, his Ibllowers practised the art of peacemaking ; and liciicc no
wars occurred, as we have already observed ; but as the enlightened iiiiinl
of Penn carried his acts more than one hundred and filly years in advance
of his contemporaries, they acting without tlit true principle which governed
Lim, soon forgot its itnportancc, and pursued a difterent course, which bionglit
the evils of war and dissolution.
William Penn had confirmed to him the coimtry since bearing his name,
by a royal charter, and having sent over a small colony to taki; ])(lsse^^i()n
of it in 1()81, Ibllowcd himself the next year. His first care on his aniv;il was
to establish a lasting iriendship witii the Indians. This he efiictcd liv the
greatest possible care in rendering them strict justice and great kiiulncs.-. i;ml
above all by purchasing the country of them, and paying them to tlieii cdn-
* The editors r '' tl)e valuable Encyclopedia PerUicnsis have liiouglil this anecdote wnriliy a
place ill that \\ofi., (I! G52.)
Chap. IL]
tent for it. i
to excliai'ge
tlieir langi.'i
TIk! first
niadP ill I'e(
Clicstmit Sti
ot'Kciisingtc
liim; 155 ye,-
now iiKirks t
Ptnn, was cji
lant, which r
ive liavo ma
usitcd by tin
(ii rcd-renc
.,'iicre.s, VolL
inaiic witlioui
An iuhniral
sketched upo;
liowcver, in j
prohahly froi
kiidiiome hoi
an Indian trea
treaty ground,
it i tio woi
ately, for it wa
ivlio purposely
tiieSix Nation
the following i
"When oiu"
giisqueliannah
suppose, had i;
not to sell liim
to lie our frieiu
sons, imposing
wanted it, to pi
use, and never
any of it, hut at
into lii.s hands,
time after lie w
il to oisr brothe
ot'our brother
solii the Siis(pi(
lie had bought
stand liow the
IIS tor our lands
There were
ilieir coiiiicctioi
GLiKMn<:Ar
lor and speaker
'lint lie had dis
' His own letter,
^alialiilantf, &c. &.
t Holmes's Ann
lini 283 years old.
«^il) I'rag-menls of i,
, t I was lalelyiiii:
■nilie primed acooi
"liicii lie had lalel\
romisylvania.
j C'est le seul tr
point ei(. rompu
I An Ennuiry im
II Loskiel
(
CHAP' n.i
PENN'S TREATY.— GMKFIIKAN.
SI
his anecdote wwriliv a
tent for it. Pcnn landrd at wlidt is now Xcwrastlc, '21 < )cti»|)ci-, and soon Itcf^an
10 cxcliai'tft! <ro(i(l.s fin- lands witli tin- Indians. IJy tliis intcrconrst! lie Icariifd
ilioir lani,'i. •!;;(•,* and tlins (|uaii(i('d liiinsdftd render tlxMn jnstico in all cases.
Tiic! first Ihrtnod treuty entered into between J'tnn and tlie Indians wa.s
niiulo ill J'«^t"' KiB'2, and took |)laee almost two miles above wiiat is now
Clu'Stiint Street, on the same side of tlit! J)elawar(!, in the prtssent townsiiip
(,fK<'iisiiif(ton, I'iider iIk! wid(!-s|)r<'adinif ltran<"h(!S ofan elm-tree, ajred at that
ijiiio 1').') ycani, as sinct; aseertained.f A small enltieal marble monument
now marks the spot, whieli, with tin; adjacent neij^hborhood, in tin; days of
pfim, was railed Slutkamaroii. A street perpetuates this name, not far dis-
tant, which runs at rijrht anf,d(!s i the rivi'r. The little moiniment ol' which
,vi' have mach; mention, was almost iiivisible Irom jiiles of rubbish, when
iisitcd by the writer in April, 18;{1.|
111 reli-renco to Pcnn's Treaty, so oflen the subject of prose in both licmi-
.,li(rtH, Voltaire has in his peculiar vein observed, that it was tlu; oidy one
„iai|(' without an oath, and the; only one wliir-h ha ! not becMi broIien.§
All iidinirable paintinjf of tliis treatj', by Sir livnjnmrn IVvnl, has often boon
,|(i.|clied upon cojiper, and improssions chTiilated in various works; there is,
liowcver, in all of them, a very <:larinjr wimt of taste or jud^jiiient, arisin<f
proimhly from a false notion oV the painter, which is tlio apjiearance of
liiiiiil^oine houses in the l)ack-f,'roinid. There is one of the best .sketches of
an Imlian treaty painted upon the sign ofan inn in Beach Street, near the old
treaty f,TOund, whic'i I have seen.
It r no wonder the Indians reincml)ercd Pe?m ao long, and so affection-
ately, ibr it was not uncommon for him to perform the engagements of other.s,
who i)urposely set out upon wronging them. In a speech which a chief of
tiic Six Nations made at « conference, at Lancaster, in June, 1744, he gives
the following narrative of one of Pe?m's generous acts in thesi; words: —
"When our brother 0?ias, a great while ago, came to Albany to buy tlio
gusqiieliannah lands of us, oin- brother the governor of N. York, who, as wo
suppose, had not a good understanding witli our l)rother Onas, advised us
not to sell him any la; '. fo.- he would make a bad use of it, and pretending
to 1)6 our friend, he advised u.s, in order to prevent Onus's, or any oth(!r per-
sons, imposing on us, and that we might always have our land when we
ivmited it, to ])ut it into his bands ; and he told us he woidd keep it for our
use, and never open liis hand.s, l)iit keep them close shut, and not part with
ail) of it, but at our request. Accordingly we tru.sted him, and put oin- lands
into lii.s hands, and charged hijii to keep them safe for our us(!. But some
time after he went to England, and carrieul our land with him, and then; sold
it to our brother Onas for a large sum of money. And when at the instance
ot'niir hrotlier Onas we were minded to sell him some lands, la; told us w(! had
solii the Sus(piehanuah lands already to the governor of N. York, and that
he had bought them from him in England ; though when he came tp under-
stand how the governor of" N. York had deceived us, he very generously paid
us tor our lands over again."||
Tiiere were several chiefs very noted about this period, on account of
their connection with the Moravian Brethren. Among the most noted was
GLnvHnCAN,1[ or Glikhickan,** "an eminent captain and warrior, counsel-
loraiid speaker of the Delaware chief [Pakanki'] in Kaskaskunk." It is said
tiiat he had disputed with tlie French Catholic priests in Canada, and coii-
* Ills own letter, dated llio year ('ollowiii<v, ffivhig an accoiiut of tlio country, its products,
iiiiabilants, &,c. &,c. dated IG Aiijrust, KJS.'J, and printed in lllome's America, U(i.
t Holmes's Annals, i. 105. The old elm was l)lowii down by a tempest in IfilO, and was
ihcii 283 years old. 11/. Pieces of its stump arc preserved in the cabinets of the curious, along
Willi I'ragmeiils of iho Plymouth Rock, &c.
1 I was lately informed bv .^Ir. XJw/w/fceaKof Philadelphia, that some importaui errors existed
:n the printed accounts of Penii's Trentij, and ho showed mo some manuscripts concerning' it
wlikli lie had lately discovered, and was preparing lo have them printed in the Hist. Colls, of
Pennsylvania.
« C'cst le seul traite entre ces peuples et les Chretiens qui n'ait point 6te jure ct qui n'ait
point etc rompu. fEiivres, vol. Iiv. 'H5, ed. of 17o.5, in 91 vols. 12mo.
|i All Eiifiuiry into the Causes, &c. of the Alienation of the .Shawanese and Deiawarcs, 31.
H Loskiei ** Heckewelder.
■. ,1-
■:t-:i
■ ■■'•'' '^ wi
■''" i' ;lt/^J
v i '"V SKI
it3 (ii.iKniKAN.-ms si'r.Kcii ro h.m.f.kincs. p,,,,,^ ^
iiiiiii<|i'(! tlinii, mill iimv (I7fi!>) iindr liis ii|ij)riii-aiiiT tiiunii;^' |||c luit,!
IJrcllircii lor ilic |iiir|iiisi' ol" acliii'viiiic i" lil<'' viclnry; luit as ijic llrrilii,,,'''
ncciiiiiil lias il, his licari liiilnl him, ami hr hccamc a r«iinl, i in lliiii(|(„.|ii||,,j'
111 1770, he (jiiitli'il vaskaskimk, In iiv<' with llir llirliin'ii, ;;n'all\ a;;jiiiisi t|
iniiiils (iChiM liirmls and his chicr 'I'liis (ircasiom-i! ^rcal IrnuMc, and sum
ciidcavoi-cd to lake his lili-. I'iilti(iii{v''.i s|tri'ch to him ii|ioii ihi' (iccasiipn will
\h' si Til wlii'ii we ni'iic lo tlw accdiiiil of Ihal ciru-l". At liii- limi- of his ||,.|,
tisiii, iUilihil«<n rt'ccivrd llu' iiamt! o\' h(uu\ '
'rill' jiciiiiil oriiir rcMihiliniiarv war was a tlistrrssin;.' linii' rnrlhc Ihcilina
and llidsc Indians who had adhri-cd to thrir raiisr. War partiis rrdm |{
liostili- trilu's wcrii (•ontimialiy passiiii; and rc|tassiiiir thrir sriiirnu'iiN, ,11111
olli-ii ill the most. siis|»ii-ioiis niannrr. It was to tiic liimoiis chicl" (i''i7,/,,'(„ ,
that lliry owrd tlicir iirrscrvatioii on more than oiu' occasion. 'I'lic liKJijin^
illili iii< > ,rtti 11 iin II |Fii ,-^11 ttiii«rii I'll iMi'ii 1111(11 1*111 1P1 1 ii.'iiifii, I )||> lai I'll
ahont the lakes sent de|uiti' s to draw tlit^ Delawares into the war a;.'aiiisi ||,
Americans, lint they were not received hy them. Shortly alter, in tlic \|.;
1777, ■.'()() Huron warriors, with lldlj-kliii!; at tlieir head, a|>|iroacli( d llir \|i
■><i«'i*iii ^'jitt l.tiiwiiil ,iC I i.il.l ..iKiii ill til. Ill* toil' 1,1 iittiiiii- fiiK ij.kftl
„.. evil reports which an evil wind may have conveyed into yonr e,iis (ind
even into your hearts on tlio jorrney, that onr words may (ind entrance into
yonr ears and a jilace in yonr hearts. [Ilcir. ti alrliii;; of iriiiii/iuni wan nn-
sotted 1)1/ litikliikdn.] Uncle! hear tlu' words of the helieviiii; Indians, \(iiir
oonsins, at l.ichtenaii and (inadeiilmetteii. We wonid have yon kiiou, ih.it
Ave have iiceived and helievcd in the word of (lod lor !U) years and ii|i\v;ii(l-.
and meet daily to hear it, morniiifj and eveniiifj. You must a!;o know, '.hiit
w'v have onr teachers dwellinji amonjrst lis, who iiistriiet iisa;id our cliililicii,
llv this word of (Jod, preached to lis l»v our teachers, we are tai-iriit to ktci)
...'. :.i. ..11 ...1 ♦,. :.!.... .1.' I'..: 1... c... >i < ...1 1.. '
.._, .. ..■ ...-.,. ... «....., ............ ... ,.,, ,,_, ..... .,,...,,.,, .... J..,, ,,, n, I |,
teace with all men, and to consider them as friends; for thus dod has '(iin.
inandeil us, and therelbre we are lovers of peace. 'I'liest^ our trea' licis : ,1;
not only our friends, hut we consider and love them as onr own ll"sli aiKJ
N«)w as w«' are yonr cousin, we most earnestly he<j of voii,
blood.
iiitmii. i^%i\v iin \\r- nn' y\nn cvmimii, »>t: iiiiii^i ^-iiiiu-niiv i""^ »'i n^mi, llllclr,
that you also would eonsidei tlieiii as your own body, and as your ciiiisiii.
AVe and Jhey make but one body, and theretbrt; cannot i.*; scparatcii, [imi
whatever you do unto them, you do unto us, whether it be good or cvji."
'J'heii stjveral fatiioms of wam|ium were delivered, llidf-khiix received *' '
.speech witii attention, and said it had |)enetrat('d his heart, and after In
consulted with his captains, he spoke as follows in answer: — "("oiisii
received liiis
liad
«.-onsinie(i Willi nis eapiaiiis, ne spoKO as loiiows 111 answer: — "^oiisiiis: 1
am very jrlad and leel i'reat satisljiclion that you liav(> diansi'd my eyes, cars
and heart from all evil, conveyed into lue by the wind on tliis journey, hiiii
upon an expedition of an unusual kind; for f am a warrior and am <,'iiiiiL' to
war, and liierefore many v\\\ things and evil thoiifihts enter into my IicmI,
and even into my heart. l{iit thanks to my cousin, iiiy eyes are now I'lcir,
so that I can beliold my cousin with a seri'iie countenance. I rcjoici , that i
can hear my cousins with o|)eu ears, and take their words to heart." lie ihtu
delivered a striiij.' of wampum, aiul atler repeatin.<r the |)ari of (lUkhikans
speech relating to the missionaries, proceeded : " (Jo on as hitherto, and siitf.i'iin
mw to moles! you. Obey your teachers, who speak nothing but good iiiito
j'on, and instruct you in the ways of Cod, and he not afraid tlia. any Imnii
fliall be done unto them. No creature shall hurt them. Attend to yuur
worshi|), and never mind other afiairs. Jndeed, yon sec^ us going to war;
but you may remain easy and cpiiet, and need not tliiiik much aiiout it, & '
This was rather odd talk for a suvage warrior, tmd verily it seetns more like
I
I. innoK V.
Kiii;^ tin- riiilcd
lis llii- lirclliit'irn
Id (lii'ir (Ic'fliiiu'S,
uTi'iilly !ij;;iiii>i iln-
Iroiiliif, 1111(1 siuiii)
tlu^ ()ffii>i()ii will
(• liiiii' <>t" Ills liii|(.
ic lor llic llit'lliiiii
• imrt'ii's rnuii ihi.
ir SCllll'lllI'llN, Mini
us cliii't' ii'ikliikiiii
liiiii. 'rill' iiiiiiiiiiM
lie war ii;;iiiii^l ilic
v nriiT, in 'li'' Nfiir
i)|ir(mrlu(l tlir ,Mii-
(• sflllfiiii'iils ii|i(iii
rclliri'ii ; Imi n sulv-
tlicm, iiihI sent nut
Vlllidll ul' tllllM' SClll
iittii iil'tcr WMS "M 111
,. Ihirous." (i7i7,/ii-
i.r is ills spri'di to
iratitm »1" Ix'lit'vini;
,s oiiportiiuily tn sio
1 (lust, -iiitl wlmtrvcr
.(• yuin* cousin with
oars iiikI lifiirts iVom
1 into yt»ii' ''"'•s iiiiil
lay tiiiti riilnuu'c into
()/■ wampum was jm-
.li»'viu;j; liitlians, \oiir
I liavc you kiitiw, lliiit
lO years iiiul iiliwiinl>,
nmsl ii!-;o Uiiow, '.iiiit
t us ii'.ul oiir cliiltlrrii.
v,. arc tai'Silit 111 lo'i'P
„• thus (.ovl !iiis"iiiu-
(isc o>»' ''"''"' '"''■'^ ' '"
as our own Il"'sli mi'l
tlv l»»'>i" •''" ^""' '""'!''
\; 'ami as voiu- fuiiMii.
ii'ot ...^ si'ltaratnl. ;iml
,• it 1x1 ^'ood or fVil.
h,ll-li!ntc n'cfiv.'.l this
lu'art, and alt.-r lir lai
swcr:— "^"""^"'^' I
, Iraiisi'tl luy t'yt'K, fills
Ion tliis iounuw- 1'""
Lrrior ami am }!""';■' '"
Its riitiT into my ln'i'il,
,V ,.yi>s an- now .'I'lir,
Klst^lu-ari." n;-tl'''"
L. nari of CMIuknus
Ll,itl..>vto,aii.lsnfl.rno
lo\U\u- l.iitK'"">™'"
,1 alrai.l tliu, any luirm
hem. Att.'iid to yc.m
so,", us froinii to war;
h.k niucli al'ont it, \
rilv it seeiuB more UKe
Cinr. Fl.| <il.IK!IIKAN— TUOIIHI.KS (»i' TIIK MIHSIONAKIKS.
93
llint ofontMirtlm I'luropcan Hn'tlin^n, luit tin- vi'iwily of ArfMiliV/ will not h
niicslioii('(
S)
NIC liiin' nllcr this, a rirciimslaiirc orciincd wliicji liui'W (Uildiil,-
iin into
iiiiirh troiihli' and daii^'cr. A liaiMJ of Huron nmu iors sii/i'd u|ioii the luis-
HIIIIIM
111
rii-s at Salriii and (•nadinlinrttcii, and roiilinrd thrm, and did
iniiih
iscliii'l". Mtiluui Jiiii's, Iftiviil Zi'inliirfr<r and Jiiliii Hicki mlihr wcru lIn-
jtiriiircn foiiliiird at this linic. riii' sava^'cs ncM |)illa^'i'i| Srhotuiinimi,
fniia wlirnci' tin / cd cniilivo ihr missionary Jiiiiiiiinni and will-, and lli^-
id, sin^'in;; the di'alh-soiii;, ai • ivrd \silh
Histr
rs '/tfisbirifir and Sium
man
llii'iii -It (."nadridii'i'ltfii, wlii'ic were llir rest of ijic |irisoni'rs. This wa
S|il('mhi'r I, I7HI. It a|)|)oars that tho i'anions <'a|ilaiii I'i/n wasanioii^r Ihrsi
wiiiri"
wiiiriors, wa
ni:
IS, Irom wlinl rollows. A yoiin;.' Indian woman, who accoiii|iani('d tl
s iiiiicli moved liytlic hard tnatnirnt ol'thc lirrtiinn, and in tlic
;ht "loimd means to jrel ('apt. I'l/w's hest horse, an<t roile oil" lidl speed to
I'iiisliiiifih, wiiere she f;avu an ai nut of the situation ol the missionaries
niid their eou^n-e;,nilions." This woman was related to (lllldiikiiii ; on him,
lliriclitre, they determined to vent tiieir wrath, A parly of wiirriors seized
hiiii ill Salem, and lirou;>:hl him hound to (iiiadenhitelten, sin<rin<r tiie di^atli-
siiiiir. When he was hrou^dit into the preseiK't; of the warrifirs, ;freat eomiiio-
timi (ollowed, and many were elam oil;' that he should heat onee eiit to
pi 's; es|iecially the Delaware's, who could not for;zel his havin;;' reiioimced
Ills nation and maniiei' of liviiiif; here, however, //(((/'-/ri'/iic inlerli-red, and
jii'i'Vi'iiti'd his heiniif killed. 'I'hey now held an ini|nisitorial examination
ii|iiin liini, which ti'rminated in a proof of his innocence, and, after ^rivini;
villi to their spleen in loading him with the worst of epithets and much op-
|iriihi'ioiis lan<;uai>:e, set him at liherty.
The missionaries and their con;,Meiia!ious were soon at lihcrly, hut wcrt*
iililiiri ;l to emigrate, as they could have no rest upon the Piiiiskin^um any
|iiiii:i'r; war parties coinimially hovering tdtoiit them, rohhiii;; and tronhliiii;
llii'iii ill varioin< ways. They went ihroiijrli the wilderness 1*2.") miles, and
siHlid at Sandiisky, ieaviiifr their heaiilifid cornfields just ready to harv(\st.
Tlnir losses and privations were immense. Ahove tiOO catlle and UM) lio^'s,
iiiiii'h corn in store, heside .'}()() acres just ripenin^r, were amoiiff the spoils.
"A troop of savajjes '■ommaiided hy l'liif;lish olhcers escorted them, eiicloH-
iirtiiciii at the distance of some miles on all sidi
They arrived at tlii'ir
|i|iin' of destination Octoher II, anil here were left hy I ltilj'-kin<!; and iiis
wairiiirs without any instructions or orders.
Many helieviiijLr Indians had returne.l to (Jnadenhiietten and the adjacent
pl'iccs ill I7H'2. Mere, on Htli Man ii of this year, happened the most dreadful
iiiiissacre, and Cdikliikiin was aiiion<; the victims. Ninety-six persons were
.«i'al|M'il and tiieii cut to pieces. Hesidcs women, thori! were, IM children
imirdi'ivd in cold hlorxl.* This was done hy white inei. !
or this horrid and diaholical murder it hehoves us to jjive the facts nioro
iiiili'tnil. The month of Tehruary of tlii- year 17H'>, jiavin;i heiMi very favor-
alilc to war jiarties, it was improved hy some Sandusky warriors, and some
iiiiirdcrs were committi'd in an ntilooked for moment upon the frontiers of the
wliitcs. The liimily of a IVilUitm fVallrm; consistiiif^ of his witii and live or
sivchiiiireii, were killed, and one Johti Carpe.ntvr] waslaken prisoner. These
piirly inovenieiits of the Indians led the whites to conclude that they were
cithiT iliUK^ hy the IMoravians at iMii: kiiiifiim, or that the warriors that coni-
iiiiiiid the murders were ipiartered amoni,' them.}; Therefore, without further
iiili'rnialioii, a hand of uhoiit HO or IK) men suddenly colhicted njioii the fron-
tiir of I'ciinsylvaiiia, and each man having? jirovidcd himself with his own
arms, ainmunition .•ind provisions, mostly inoniited upon horses, set out under
mil' Colonel David fVillinmson for the d(!VOted conj^rcf^atioii at (iiiadenhurtten.
Tlicv iriide/voiised and encamped the first iiiyht on the Mingo Bottom, on
tliL' west side of the Oliio Iliver.§
* I liavo hoen pnrlionlar in notioin^tliis afTair, as it is not found iu such extensively circu-
lalcd wdiks iis tiic Ann'iirdii Amiala.
\ lie iil'toiwaiils made his escape at ffreat peril.
i Uuddiidge's Notes on the Indian Wars, 'MS, 249. § Ibid.
i i' / ^1
, 1 ii
r
.'I:
'^'i'-
' ' '■'■' ■■'»■ li'i'-l
■■■nil
24
MASHACUK AT (iNADF.MH I'/rTKN.
[Hook V
Mriiiiwliilo Colonel (lilmon, at l'iltslMir;;Ii, iiiKlcrstimtliiijj tin* oliicci ,,\' i|„
rrrw who luiil j;oiic lorlli iiiidcr HHIldmsiin, (li'S|mtcli(il iiicssni^irs to (ilMitn
fill- ('liiistiaii liiiliiins, hut thty iiiiiv<(l loo lair. However, the\ n'criM,|
timely notice iVom iinolher (|iiarler, hiil their ti-iisliii;; to their innociiii',. jf,
proteet them, did in this ease |>rove a littal error: a \\hii(( man, u ho ||,„j
narrowly eseaped lioni Ih ands of .some warriors, warned them with m,,,,
oiirnestness to tly for tlie. "H. 'riiese warriors, who had " nnirdered |,,,,|
impaled a woman and a > not liu' from the Ohio, ariived soon al'tei' „(
(I'nadeidmetten," where tlie_, icssi d their well-;.'roimded fears to liieClni^.
tians, that a party of white people, who were pnrsnin<; lia-m, woidd Min.l\
kill tlieni all.* All these wariiinv's wen; not enonfj;h to Hliake their fait]
III
le pr<
'"Im-
second day's march of the hand of murderers, hroii^ht them wjiliin
one mile of the middle iMoraviaii town, where they a),'ain encani|ied for ii,,,
nifiht. 'This was on the (ith day of Alarch. 'I'lie ne\t moniin;; the |i,iit\
was divided into three ecpial divisions, "one of whicii was to cross the livi'r
nhoiit a mile ahove the town ; their vidcttes having' reported tiiat tiiere \vin
Indians on lioth sides of the river. The other party was divideil into ilnci'
divisions, one of which was to tak(^ a circuit in the woods, and reach ihe r\\,f
a little distance helow tin; town, on the wi^st side. Another division wus in
tidi into the middle of the town, and lli)> third upon its upper end. Ulim
the parly desi^med to make the attack on the west side, had reached the ri\ir
they found no hoats to take them o\er; hnt sometiiin<; like a canoe was srin
on the opposite hank. 'I'lu' river was lii^h, with some lioatinj; ice. A Vdiinir
man ol'the name of .S7o((iif///(Tswam the river, and hroiifiht over, not acaiinc, Im't
a tronfjli desifrned iiir holding: sii^rar water. This troiifrh could carry hut twn
men at a time. In order to expedite their passa^je, a nnmher of men slii|i|i(.,|
olf their <'loth(!S, put them into the troii;,di, tojrether with their ^nins, ,uiil
swam hy its sides, holdiiif,' its edf.'es with their hands. VVIu-ii ahunt Jd |,;i,|
crossed the river,tiie tW(> centinels, who had hecn posted in advance," f '•iiMt
yoiin;; Srhchosrh in the woods, fired at ami wounded him so much llint lie
could not escape. He then, according' to the account of tla; niiiidcnis
themselves, l)e^<{ed for his lift!, r(^presentin<r that Im; was Srhcbosrh, the sun nf
u while Christian man : Hut they paid no alleiition to his entreaties, and cut
iiim ill pieces with liieir iiatchets." "One ol" them liroke one of his anus liv
a shot. A shot from the other eeiitiiiel killed him. These heroes \ then siul|ii i|
niid tomahawked him.
" lly this time, alioiit IG men had <rot over the river, and sii])posiiiirtii(' fiiiiiir
of the; f.Mins, whieii killed Sluihosli, would lead to an instant discovery, ilny
sent word to the i)arty desiffiied to attack the town on the east side ut' the
river, to move on instantly, whicli they did.
"In the mean time, the small |)arty which had crossed the river, iimnlitil
with all sj)eed, to the main town on the west sid(!of the river. Hen; tlicy linnK!
a lar^'e com|)aiiy of Indians gatheriiiff tin- corn, wlii(!h they had lilt in
their liclds tla; preceding!; lidl, when they removed to Sandusky, On tin
arrival of the men at the; town, they jirofessed peace; and i^ood will to \\\i
IMoravians, and informed them that lliey liad come to takt; them to fort I'iit,
for their safisty. The; Indians surrendered, delivered U|) their ariii.s, and ;i|i-
peared hi<jrlily deli<,'hted with the prospect of their removal, and higaii wiili
all speed to prepare food tor the white men, and for themselves on tliiir
journey.
" A jiarty of wliitc men and Indians was immediately despatched to Riilcm,
a short distance from Gnadenhuetten, where the Indians were s,'atlieriii^' in
their corn, to brin<^ thorn in to Gnadenhuetten. The parly soon arrived wiili
the whole number of the Indians from Salem. In the m(;an time the IiKliiiii.«;it
Gnadenhuetten were confined in two houses some distance apart, and ))liui'(l
* I.oskii'l, Hist. Moravians, iii. 170.
t I ixm M\o\\\\\a^ Doddridi^c's Narrative, hut tlic next quotation is from Loskiel, iii. ITi.
and dion continues Doddridm' witlioiu any omission.
I My author does not italicize this uiird, hut lie doul)llcss would, if lie wore to givcma
new edition of his book; if he did nut add at least a half a dozen exclamations to it.
Cmap. ]
iiiidfr ft
jiliu'i'd i
" riie
on tlieir
.wponsilii
iiiiaibcr
I'liiiiiiian
iiillicin I
I'illsldir^
lues to SI
I", Ntt'pp
iilii.s! tlii.H
llio (fl((^ o
|i(irc for (I
"J'Voin
.saw tlii'ir
linrlill^' (Ul
mi." "'
rcliitc. Si
u.- iliey w
IJcpiliii^' r
Iniiii tlie a^
(lisliiiiiored
s'al|ii/i;,'-kii
ill till' year
Only two
((ill' l)f will
iiiiii.''i'lf dea
liisliti'. Tl
to till' woodi
Wlieflier Ji
Id" not loari
w'i'ii.'<imi(;d i
I'AKAiVh
.11 a |il(i('(; c
l)mii?lit to o
iMplicnrs till
liM'oiiiitry,
ami went to
'("■Ml, (iiid i,
liilim a/lerwi
"Ami even y
lill'Ull fO jrpt
"liiff, miicli
nc.vi to ;ne in
o( »imi()iiin
iliiiik to liave
)<)iir.s('|f (leee
f'oine e|)i(|,.,„
I ''«yatlribtite(
'"'(^■f W'tiH nin
l«irs not to
I ?''tllO\vl(;(|rr,„
incrediilou.s ;
|niiw.s;ige,(le,
jaiiMirdurorof
|<l';"lifeswoi,
jnliicli he saw
|w declared
m'l'}- AsoiJ
^i^TAW'A'J
.1 ',
[Hook V
\(> ullit'Ct (if tlir
r, tiny iiT('i\( (I
• ir iiiiHMTin'c to
I mull, will) liiiil
llii'iii Willi u'lcm
" Miiii'ilcri'il iii.il
I'll Sllllll lll^i'l' lit
'cars to till" I'lii'is-
I'lii, woiilil MinK
iilvi- llii'ir tiiiili in
ii^lit tlii'iii Nvitliin
CllfllllllK'll t'l'l" till'
noi-niiiJI tl>'' l'i>i''\
to cross till' liviT
•il tliat llii'ii' Win
diviili'd into tlirip
anil ri'ix'li 'li"' ''^'i'
icr ilivisimi wiis ui
\\\)\)vr «'iul. NVluii
I n'iifli«'<l till' riviT,
,. a caiioi! wiis M'i'ii
iitiii}.' i<'''- -^ >"""-
ivtT, iio' ii<'aiii"',liiit
,.,,nl(l nirry \w\ twn
ihcr ofiiifiistriiiiiid
ilh tlit'ii- }.'iiiis, iuiil
iVIu'ii alioiit 111 liiul
I in ailvanfi',"fiiii'l
l,„ SI) HlUcll tllllt 111'
It of tlio iiumli'ivvs
Srhiboarh, tlie wm <il'
s cntn'atii-s, ami m
r oiii' <>1' l>'"^ aiiii'^liy
. hcrots \ then siiulpcd
istant (liscovi'i-y, lluy
till! oast side ot the
1,1 tlie rivor, iruivclietl
Ivor. Here they limml
lirh thev luul 1''' '"
Sandii^-ky- Oil '"
lanil iioo'l ^^'l! »" 1 ;
tiko tlieni toton liU,
„ their arms, ami if
iloval.and hesiainviili
Ii- tlienisclves on tlinr
despatched to ?aleni,
l„s were iiatlierm!.' m
lu-tv soon arrived Nviih
P time the l.|di;j.^
Incc upart, uud \hm^
L is rromZ-osAiW. "'•*^'
lui ifhe were 10 give "5 »
Ixclamations to H.
Ch*p- •' ]
I'AKANKK.— NKTAWATVVKE8.
25
■ »
iiiiiIt Jf""'"'''^ » ""•' when thuHd (Voin Salotn arrived, tln-y wcro divideil, nnd
lilaccd in tlie saiin' Iioiihcm, with their hrethren of (•naili'iihiiitti'n.
" The jiriHoners hi'in^ tlinf^ HeniriMl, ii coiineil ot' war was lii'jil to dreido
on their late. The oHiecrH, iinwiUin^ to takr «)ii themsclvi'M thr wholii ro-
^IKiiisiiiility of the iiwlid decision, nj^rerd to refer the (|iicstioii to the whido
iiiiiiilier of the nun. 'I'lie men were iicconhn^iy drawn iip in a hue. 'I'Im?
(.oiiiiiinndaiit of the party, (.'ohiiiel David Hilliditmm, then put the i|neHtion
liillieiii in form, ^wliether the iMoravian liKhansslioiild he taken priMUiers to
I'ilisimrjjli, or put to death-" reqnestiiif^all wlio were in liivor of saviiiinlheir
livi's to >^tep out of the line, and form a second rank. On this, it I, some say
If*, Htepped out of the rank, and formed theniNrlves into a second hue; hut
aliin! thin hue of mercy was far too short for that of vengeance." 'I'Iiiih was
ihpliite of the Moravian linhans ihtcided on, and they were ordered to pto-
|iiiri' for deatli.
"From tli« titrie thoy wero placed in the jj;nnrd-liouHrH, the prisoners fore-
siw tlieir fate, imd hej^iin their devotions of sinj^in^ liymns, prayin;,' and ex-
liiirlin),' eadi otiier to phico u firm reliance in the niercy of the Savior of
imn." "The particulars of this dreadful catastrophe are too horrid to
rt'latc. Snfttce it to say, that in a few minutes these two slau),'liter-honses,
„.; tliey were then called, exhibited in their f,'hastly interior, the mangled,
lileeilinf? remains, of those poor unfortunate people, of all ages and sexes;
from till! a>?e(l grey-headed, down to the helpless infant at its mother's hreast;
dislmiiored hy the fatal wounds of the tomahawk, mallet, war-clnh, spear and
«(iil|iiii;,'-knife!" Thus vvub the Hth day of March Bpent at (inadeiihuetten,
ill till' year 1782 !
Only two, who were young persons, escajied this dreadful <lay's slaughter.
Oiii' lit' whom had heen knocked down and scalped, and hy couiiterli-iting
iiiiiisDJf dead, while the miirdererH had lefl the place, was enahled to save
liislit'i'. The other crci>t uiiohserved into a cellar, uiul in the night escaped
to till' woods.
Wiit'tlierany of the nuirderers were called to an nccount for what they did
IJiimit loam, though they prolmhiy were not, owing to the state of anarchy
(xiu^iimed hy the revolutionary war.
I'AKANKK was a jiowcrful Delaware chief, whose residence, in 1770, was
at :i jiliiri! called Kaskaskunk, ahoiit 40 miles north of I'ittshnrgh. Me ia
brmiijlit to our notice hy the agency of the missionary Loskiel, from .vhom
itii|i|H'!irs that he was very friendly to th(! Hrethn;!) at first, and invited tl -ni into
lihioiiiitiy, hut when Glikhikan, his chief captain and speaker, foi-sook him,
ami went to live with them, he was so disconcerted, that he turned against
tlipiii, aiul for u time caused them much difficulty. Meeting with Glik-
M™ atlerward in puhlic, he spoke to him in an aiigi-y tone as follows:
"Ami even you have gone over from this council to them. I snpi)ose you
imaii to get a white skin ! Hut I tell you, not even one of your feet will tiini
white, nuicli less your hody. Was you not a hrave and honored man, sitting
next to :iie in council, when we spread the blanket and considered the belts
ofwampmn lying before us? Now you pretend to despise all this, and
iliiiik to have foimd something better. Some time or other you will find
(oiusi'lf deceived." To which Glikhikan made but a short and meek re|)ly.
Siiiic ojiideinic disease carried ofi" many of the Indians about this time, and
tiny attributed its cause to their obstinacy in noi •eceiving the gosjxd. Pa-
Wf was among the nmnber at last who accepio( it as a remedy. He ap-
|iPiirsnot to have been so credulous as many of his neighbors; for when the
ainowiedgnieiit of Christianity was concluded iiion hy many, he remained
I incredulous; and when a belt of wampum was sent him, accom|)anied with
himssago, declaring that "whosoever refused to accept it would be considered
nniink'rcr of his countrymen," he affected not to understand its import, and
NiHilitless would not have acknowledged it, but for the imjiending danger
hiiiili lie saw threatening him. vv'^hen be went to hoar the IJretliren preach,
[tic declared his conviction, and recommended liis children to receive the
Ifosjinl. A son of his was baptized in 177.5.
NETAWATWEES was liead chief of the Delawares, and if we are to
3
1 fV.
-^>i;
.*-■
26
NETAWATWKES— WHITF'.-KYES.
fn.i(iK V
'Ik-
m^
^?-- i^
jiulXf) of Ilim fi'Diii our Hcaiitv n-conls, li»; will iippi'iir to tlin licst
"Mr iist'il to lay /ill iitliiirs iil' stati' iicl'uir liis cuiiri'^rlJiirH I'nr tlirir
tiiiii, witliiiiit irllin;.' llinii liiH own hriitiiiicnts. Wlirri tliry ^r|,vi
ojiiiiioii, lit'
(iiir
iinr
'KlVMIilllL'J'.
''••iiNii|ir,|.
... . I'iiii tin ir
itiicr a|i|)r<»\r(l nf it, or Kiatril liin ohji'ctioiiH mimI aiiiciit|ii„.„|^
nlwayHailc^iii;.' tlii'ica«(»iiMolhiMiliwii|i|iiul»atioii." Hrltui' tlicrcvoliiiion, Ji „,|^
Haid that lir hail aiiiaziii|ily iiiiTraHnl tlif rr|r.itatinn oCtlif Di'lawans ; iiml i,,,
f<|ian'il lid jiaiiLs liiciiiiriliatrall his iii-i;;lili(>rH, anil rrconcilc thi'iii onftiiiinntli
or. liiH ii'siili'iici', ill I77M, was at (ii'kririiiiikjH'cliiiriik. 'I'lic iM<>iii\iiiii ihIh.
dionarirHsnit iihhni'ii^'its to liiiii, with iiit'oriiiation ot'llii> arrival ot niKitlMr luj .
Hioiiarv, ill July ofthis^vi-ar, ici|ii(Htiiif,'u rnirwal oftiiriidHhiii ami acoiirnin,.,.
tioiiiit hi.st'oriiirr |ii-oiiiisfot'|irotrrlioii. W jirii tliiN was laid hi'liiir hini iiiiiHij^
coiiiiril, they werr not niiii-li plca.srd with tlii^ intoniiation, and tlic olil ,.|,„ ,-
JVetaivfilurin, said, " Tin;/ hiirv tmrlurn vnoxi^h dirt tut i/, for a new om cmi Inni
nulhinn lint Hit aitinc duclrini" llf was, liowrvfr, lurvailcd upon to frivc )|j^
(•onstiit to tlirir n-ipH'st, and aflcrwards lii-raiiu' a coiivi it to tlirir itH:;ii,||
Alh'r 111! iiad si't out in this course, lin sent the following.' spfcch to lijs ulij
friiMid Pakitnkt : " You ami I itrc holli old, and know not how Ionic "'« nlmll ll,y
'J'lnnfure lit us do n f^ood work, bvj'orv wr dipart, nnd Imvc. a Irstlmiinij tn
childnn and po.sti rilif, Unit iir Inivv rrrvived the word of (!od. Lit Ihls /;,
Id.sl will and listdintnt,''' I'akankf vniiM'iiU'ii, mu[ was at fjn-at pains in sml
Holi'inii (Miihassifs to all siii-li trilics as lii> tlioii<r|it proper to eoniniiiiiii'iii,.
liis deteriiiiiiatioii. jVeliiwdtifccs died at I'ittshur^'li near the close ol' I7;i;
,\'ildwidwi(s had Iteeii a sif.'iier to tin; treaty of (.'onestofra in the year jJl-,
beiiijr tlii-n yoiinj.', probaidy ahoiit '^."i years of ape. Tiie 'I'lirtle triJH. u,,^
the first aiiitiiip the Didawares, and of this lie liecaiiio, by their iisa<;c.'<, i'||j,.|;
To iiiiii was coiiiiiiitted all the tokens of contracts ; such as bidts of wmn.
piiin, writiiifis «d»li>.'atory, with the sipn inaiiiial of ft'dlinm Penn, aiiil (jilm,
since, down to tin; tiiiii! biiiisellj with IiIh tribe, was tbrced to leiivc tlmr
lands and retire into Ohio.
Atler liaviii); b(U!ii seated upon the Oliio, nt n place convenient for (iiin.
municatioii with the VVyandots and other warliki! nations of the west, ||c;
made known to tlM'iu tlus wrongs which iio and his jieople had siitrirnl.
JJy advice of the Wyandot clii«'fs, be settled finally upon ("ayalmf,'ii |{i\,i,
loavinp open the Rivers Miiskinpurii and Hip Heaver fcir any of liis iinii,,!,
that were there already, and should afterwards come to settle there. Aiiihlm
was tiie occasion of Kini!; Iitdver\<i biiildinp ii town and settling tlie Tiiikiv
tribe nt the mouth of Neiiioschilli Creek, since called Tii.scarawas. Ol'ili,
di.stiiipiiished clii(;f W(! sbull s|ieak more at larpe in another place.
Wiien Colonids Bouquet and liradslrtd, in l7(iM, were peiuitratiiif; iiitu t||,.
Indian country, JVetawatwees, not without reason, became alarmed tor iii>
safety, and could not be prevailed upon to attend the treaty with ('dldinl
Boiujuel, after tiie battle of Hiisliy Riini, iiotwitiistandinp the otiior iliini
did. J lis resilience beinp in ranpe of the march of liowjuers army, lie inn
lute atteiii|)ted to escape down the Muskingum in a canoe; but hciii<.' iniir-
cepted by some of Bouquet^s Indian spies, was brought bcfori; tiii! cdIhiiiI,
who, because hi; did not up]»eur at tiie treaty, publicly deposed him, tiiid |nii
another at the bead of his tribe. Upon the conclusion of a |)eace, Ikiwh r,
the first act of im|)ortance piirfiuMiied by the J)elavvaro nation wn.s in niii-
state; ^Vetawatwees, lie continued in the undisturbed possession of tlit'iiiiiiy
until iiisdeatii, which liap|)en(!d in the second year of the revoliitioii, l"ii.
at Pittsburgh, when be iiad attained the ape of near !•!• years.*
The mi.ssionaries, especially, felt bis loss with preat severity, for liis ruiiii-
cil was of the prcatest benefit to tbeni on all frying occasions.
WIUTE-EYES, or, us some write, H'hite-cye, was "the first captain nnionj
the Delawares." There was always preat opposition ainonp tlii; liiiliiiiii
against missionuries settling in their country ; who, in the laiipiiiifrf •tt'iH';
of the Moravians, "were a stone of oftincc to many of the chiefs iiiui hn
great i)art of the council at (jekelemukixichiienk, and it was several limfJ
proj)08ed to expel them by force." JJut " this man [Cajjtuin White-eyts] kql
* Heckewelder's IJiogra])liics, &c., in Philos. Trans.
:9.
r to tlin litest lulviiiiliiifp.
Iiirn lor tlirir roiixiilirn-
I'll llii'V Jliivr lilin llii ir
tioiiH and tunriiilini'iiN,
Ion- tlit'r<'vo|iiiioii,it was
il'tlic Di'lusviin'H; iiikI Im
oncilc lliiMM oiH'to iiimili-
I'lik. 'l"ln' Morns inn ihir*.
llnMirrival ol'iiiiollirr iiil>.
i'it'ii)lHlii\) ami ariiiiliniiii.
/HH laiil IM-Iorc liini iiii(lln>
Illation, and tlif old iliu i'
/, for a new one can hinh
n'vailfd upon to \i\\f liln
coiivt rl to llicir rt'iiL'liiii.
illowini.' spt'tM'li to Ills nil!
not how lont: wi ulinll live
nd leitve a Imlimiwii In unr
I of Hod. L'l tliin lif mir
as at ^MTiit |iaiiix to si'ml
It |iroi>fr to coiiiiiniiiirMi.'
;li iit-ar tilt! fl(w dl' l7Tt;.
.'oncHto^ra in tli«' ytiir ITl-',
Tc. 'I'lif Tnrtlc tiilic \\ii«
"mo, l>y tlirir unafji's, cliicf,
tH ; fwh as litdts of wiiin.
f h'iUitim I'cm, uiid diln it
WU8 forced to leuvi; tin ir
place coiivcnicnt for mw-
i(> nations of tlic west, hr
id his p(!<)pl»' liad siill'rivil.
lally npo" ('ayalmtiiiKiMi,
i-avcr (or any t>f his iiiitKni
nicto sflth- their. And tins
vii and scttlinf.' the 'riirkiy
■alUnl 'rnscarawiis. Ul tliis
ill another idacc.
H, were i>ciu'trntiii<r mto tin-
1,11, became alarnieil for lii<
i-iid the treaty with r,<\m\
ithslaiidin'; the other .'liiiH
h of liouquet's army, lie i"o
ill a canoe ; hut heiii^' iiitn-
hi-oii<rht before tin; i'ol,m>l,
ihlicly deposed him, and i"ii
i-hisioii of a peace, li.iwcvr,
Jolawaro nation wn.s to imii-
iirbed jiossession ot tlif "tiKe
year of the revoUitioii, In'.
liear 1«> yeiu-«-* ^ , .
1, srn-at severity, for his mm-
vinsr occasions. ,
was "the first captain mi«
'.position among tlu! h:d«"^
.\viio, inthelanf-Mmfr^" *
;,,,,,,; of the chiels and.
„eiik, and it was several im
ClHI" "1
WIFITF,-F,VKS.
AT
ivjiilricd iiiiii highly ipialihed. Itiit as he was not chief liy re;'iiliir
lii' iiiily acecpted the olliee until a \ouii<{ <'liie|' .should ha of ni;i
(litM-hiefs and council innwe, and would not sniler them to iiijiin> the mirt-
,iiiiiaries, lieiii); in his own heart conviiicrd of the triiihs of the ^'osiHil.
I'liis was evident in all his speeclieH, held lirliire the cliietH and coiiiieil in
|i,'|iiilf of the Indian coni:re};ation and their teachers." *
I |iiiii the death of .V(7(/H'(»/(/'((,«r, in I77t», ( 'aplaiii It hilr-riirx \H'i'imu' cliiuf
lii'iii, to which place his lliniier siluiilion ol' first counsiilor to that eiiicf
desecnt,
, Nsiio, it
.ii'iiis, was heir apparent. It is said he had lon^' looked forward with iiii\iety
iiitlii' time when his I'oimtrymen should bicome Ciiristians, and enjoy tho
{iiMirfits of eivili/ation ; "hut he did not live to see that time, I'or while ac-
,iiiii|iaiiyiii>r (ien. Markintosh with his army, to Miiskiiifjiim, in I77H, or '!•, Im
i„iik the small-pox and died."f
Tlie old cliiet'.V»7«/c«/«w.'» listed overvart to thwart the endeavors of While-
,i(r«, and, as they were rather ilia strain horderiiif.' upon perseeiitioii, wero
liiiiv sure to make tint latter more strenuous. ||i> theretitre declared "that
iiii'|iii)sperity would attend the Inditiii atliiirs, unless they reeeived ami
liilii'ved the saving ^rospel," Ate. /r/iiVc-ci/c.t was tiirced about this time to
st|iarate himself (i'oiii tlm other chiefs. "This oeeasioned j:re'it and ;;eneral
Mirjiiise, and his preseiici; heiii<; considered both by the ehielsiuid the peopio
iiMiiilispi^nsably necessary, a negotiation coimneiierd, and some Indian bn^tli-
rtii were appointed arbitrators. The event was beyiiml exjieetation miccesH-
liil, for chief JViltumUween not only ackiiowled};ed the injiistiie tlotie to ("ap-
:;iin lyhite-ej/e, but clianj;ed his mind with respeet to the believini,' IndiaiiH
and tlicir teachers, and remained their constant tiieiid to his death." (
At the breakiii>; out of tins revolutionary war, the American coin;r(!ss
(iidcavorcd to treat with the cliiets of the Six Nations, and acconliniily
iiivili'd the l)elawan;H to send deputies, ffhilt-ej/cs atlendi^d on the part of
ilii' |tri'thren,an(l his conduct beiin-o the cominissioner.i was highly approved
liv tilt; missionaries. .
Towards the close of tho yenr 1770, the lliirons sent a message to tlio
Pilawares, "that they must keej) their sho(!S in readiness to join the warriors."
Xdlitwittwr.es beint,' their head chief, to him, (tonseipiently, was the talk
ililivcred. Ho would not accept the message, but sent belts to the lluroiis,
with nil admonition for their rash resolution, and n>mindiiig them of tliu
niisfry they had already brought ujioii themselves. Captain If'hite'etfes was
alH'aier of the belts, who in his turn was as misiiccessliil as the Huron ain-
bassailors ; for when they were delivered to tin; chiefs in Fort Dt'troit, in
prcsi'iice of the; English governor, he cut them in pieces, and threw them at
till' feet of tli(! bi;arers, ordering them, at tlii^ sami> time, to dc;part in half an
Imiir. He aecuHcd While-eyes of a connection w itli the Americans, and told
liiiii his head was in danger.
It is not strange that Whilt-eifes was treated in this manner, if he took tho
ftaiid at the commencement of tin; war, w liich wo suppose li'om the follow-
iiiL' I'iiriiiiistance that he did: The lro(|iiois, being chietly in the English
interest, and considi'ring the Delawares bound to o|)eiate with them, ordered
iheiii to he in readiness, as has betMi just ndated. Upon tiiis occiusion, H'hite-
fi/a said "he should do as he pleased; that he wore no petticoats, us they
llilsoly pretended ; he wus no woman, but u man, and they should find him to
act as siich."§
We hear nothing more of iini)ortanco of this chief until 1780, which waa
lilt' year of his death. He died Jit Pittsburgh, in Pennsylvania, of the smull-
|i(i\. .Many othcTS died about this time, among whom was u man who must
iiiive Ih!cii vmy old, perhaps near 1!<J0, as lie could well remember when tlio
tirst house was built in Philadelphia, in l(i82, being then a boy.
Although fVhile-etjes was so friendly to the IJrethren, yet he never fully
jimiecl tlieiii, stating his political station as a reason.
The Delaware nation perpetuated his name ; a chief signed u treaty in
• Loskiel, ill. 101 -"2.
{ Loikiel, iii. 101—2.
t Heckewelder's Biographies, &c., in Philos. Trans,
i Ileckewetiler, Ilisl. 22.
\f
4
t '.
'ir
38
PAXNOUS.— TADEUSKUND.
[Booji V.
m
1814, at Greenville, in Ohio, bearing it.* fVhUe.-eijcs' town is frequently men
tioned in history. It vviis the plut^e of his residtaice, which waa near tiie liillu
of the Miiskinguni.
PAXNOUS was head ehicf of the Shawunewe in 1754. At this time t|„.
Christian Indians of tiie Moravian setth-nient, GnathinhiHstten, wen; opiu'ess
ed l)y a tribute to the llnrons. Tliis year, Parnous and Gideon Tadeuskuud
wlio had Iteconie dissenters, came to tlioni, and delivered the tollowin.i
niesHaj,'e : " Tiie great liead, tiiat is, the eoini4;il of the Iro(|uois in Un(in(lii"(?
speak tiio tnnb and lie not: tiiey rejoice that soni(! of tlie 1h iieviiifr JmliiJ^i^
have moved to VVajoniick, [near Wilkslmrg and the Huscpieiiainiaii,] \n\\ ii„\y
bey hit np the r«;inaining Maiiikans and Delawares, and set tii( in also douii
iii VVajoniick ; for there a .l.e is kindled for them, and there they may pljint
and think of (lod. Hut if they will not bear, tin; great liead, or cdiiiicil
will come and clean their ears with a red-hot iron ;" that is, scyt their lioiists
on fire, and send bullets through their bends. The next yi'ar, P(txnoun imd
13 others came again, and in the name of the lliiroiis deiiiaiKhid an aiisutr
to tlie summons he bad delivered last year. His wife ;ttended him, iui,| (;,f
whom be bad great affection, having then lived with her 'iS years. She
being touched by the preaciiing of the IJrethren, was no doubt tiie cause cif
softening the heart of Paxnoua, and causing him thencfsforth to do miicji for
tbein. This answer was r«!turned to bim to bear to the llurons: "'flu.
Brethren will confiir with tbi; Iroquois themselves, concerning tlu^ iiitijiidcd
removal of the Indians from (jinadenbuetten to Wajomick." Pax)ious, " hejn,,
only an ambassador in this business, was satisfyed, and even fornied a closur
acquaintance with the IJrethren." This is siitlicient to explain Parnous^ par.
tiality for the Brethren. Before they dejiarted, bis wife was baptized, aiul
all present, among whom was her husband, were much affectccL Slio
declared, as she returned home, " that she felt as happy as a child new born,"
Paxnoiui also had two sons, who did much lor the Brethren.
TADEUSKUND, a noted chief among the Delawares, may be considered
next in importiuice to those above named. lie was known among the
English, previous to 1750, by the name Honest-John. About this tiint>, jio
was received into the Moravian community, and after some delay, " owjuff
to his wavering disposition," was baiitized, and received into fellowsliip. ]lig
baptismal name was Gideon. He adhered to the missionaries just as loiij; ag
his condition appeared to be better, but when any thing more favorable otter-
ed, he stood ready to embark in it.
The Christian Indians at Gnadenhuetten were desirous of renioviiiff to
Wajomick, which offered more advantages than that place, and this was a
secret desire of the wild Inilians ; for they, intending to join the Freiieii of
Canada, wished to have them out of the way of their excursions, tliat they
might with more secrecy fall upon the English frontiers. It was now l/.")!
Meanwhile Tadeuskund had liad the otter of leading the l)elaw;'res in tlie
war, and hence he had been a chief promoter of a removal to Wajomick.
The missionaries saw through the plot, and refused to move ; but (jiiite a
company of their followers, to the number of about 70, went tiiitiier, iijrieu-
ably to the wishes of Tadeuskund and bis party, and some went oft" to other
places.
Tadeuskund was now in bia element, marching to and from the French in
warlike style. When Paxnous, as has been related, summoned the remain.
ing bi'lievers at Gnadenhuetten to remove to Wajomick, Tadeuskund nceoni-
panied him. As the interest of the French began to decline, Tadtuskund
began to think about making a sliilt again. Having lived a coiisideralile
part of the year 1758 not fiir from Bethleliem, with about 100 of his follow-
ers, he gave tlu; Brethren there intimations that be wished again to join
them; and even requested that some one would preach on his side of the
Lehigh. But the hopes of his njclaim were soon after dissipated. And "lie
now even endeavored to destroy the peace and condbrt of the Indian enii-
gregation." From the discouraging nature of the artiiirs of the Freneli, ten
Indian nations were induced to send deputies to treat with the English at
* Seo Ilisi. Second War, by S. R. Brown, Appendix, 105.
CUP. II] MASSACRE AT GNADENHUETTEN.— SKENANDO.
29
Ruston, wl)icli eventuated in ii treaty of [leace. Tmleuskiind \m\tPiuhH] tliat
iliis treaty liud been agret^d to on condition tliat ffovtirnnient Nliould hnild a
town on ti>e Sus(|neliannali lor tlie Indians, and canse those living witli the
Drctlu'en to remove to it. Tiiis liis enemies denied. Tiien; was some lomi-
Jation, liom their (»wn account, lor Tmkiuikunirs pretentlin;; to have receiv(!d
tiill connnission to conduc^t all the Indians within certain limits, which
iiu'lialed those of Jletidelieni, to Wajomick ; and tlierelore deniandc<l tiieir
coiiipliHiice with his commands. He was liberal in liis promises, provided
tlicy would comply ; sayiiifj, thev siiould have lields clcare(i and plonf,die(l,
lioiises built, and provisions provided: not only so, but their teacln .o .should
atti'iid them, to live there unmolestiMl, anil the Ijclievers entirely by them-
stlves. IJut, throufrh the intluence of their priests, they would not cctniply,
which occiLsioned soiuf! thrcfats liom Tndeuskund, and lie inunediately set
ort' lor Philadelphia, considerably irritated.
Tfw/eiwAunf/ went to Philadelphia in consequence of an intended j,'eneral
foiijrress of the Indians and English, inchidinfj all those who did noi attend
at Huston. When he retiu-ned, be dcnuuuUui a positive answer, and they
r,.|ilicd that they would not lemove mdess the gov»M-nor and all the chiefs so
iletiiinined, for that they could not without the greatest inconvenience. This
seemed to satisfy liim, and he left them.
The great council or congress of English and Indians at Easton abovo
rfiirii'd to, being of much importance in Indian bistory, as also illustrative
of other eminent characters as well as that of Tadeuskund, we will refer ita
details to a separate chapter.
Tadaiskund was burnt to death in bis own house ut Wajomick in April,
i:(v!.
Ot'an execnddemiu'deratGnadeiibuetten we have not spoken, as we have
not learned the name of the leaders in or instigators of it; however, it will
imt he proper to pass it over in detailing the <!vents of (,;U* history. It ba])-
ppiied in the time of the French and Indian wars, in 1755. Although it is
t't'iiurally 8|)oken of as tin; massacre of Giiadenhuetten, yet it did not ba|i|)en
111 tliat town, but in a small village on Mabony Creek, about a half a milo
I'roin it. On the 24 Novend)er, a band of Indians, (their numbers unknown,)
who came from the French, fell suddeidy upon the jdace, wb..e tlie IJrethrca
wie ut 8up|)er, and killed eleven |)crsons ; namely, seven men, three women,
ami one child 15 months old. Oidy two men, one woman, and a boy,
e.<i'ii|)e(l. The slaughter would bave been tar greiUer, if i!ie Christian bi'lians
y not been away at that time upon a huiuing excursion. I'ad not a dog
fivt'ii the alarm, as the Indians a|)proached, they would probably bave takcui
all the whites prisoners; but the moment the dog gave the alaini, those
witliiii the bouse sprimg to the doors and windows to secure them, which
bi'ing open, tla; Imliaus fired iiUo them, killing one man and woimding
several other ])ersons. The poor people succeeded in securing the df)or3
ami windows, ami then retreated into the giu"r»!t of tli«) bouse. Tlis, as they
must have expected, they found a wretched retreat! the roof ov(!r their
iicmls was sixm in flames, and the only persons that esctiped wen; a man
ami his wife, aiul a boy, wbicb they ettecttnl through tin; burning roof! One
uiiiiT, a inuii who bad bi'cn confmt!<l in an out-bouse by sickness, escaped
fmiii a window. All the buildings in the village, the cattle and other animals
ill tlie barns, wcsre consumed in the flames! *
The leader of this party, whos»! niuue it is as well I eaimot give, soon met
with a ie(|iiital for bis murders. Hy the infliunu'e of the (lovernor of I'eim-
<)lv;iiiia, iuiil Mr. G'eorg-e Cros^lmn, the hostile Indians were prevailed upon
!o meet the whites in a council at Easton, the next year, vi/. 175ll. This
Imliaii ciijitain set out to attend the coimcJI, and in the way, it seems, he M\
\\\{mi\)M\y \\\lU Tadeuskund. With this child" b»! contrived, some how or
oilitr, to get up a (piarrel, in which Tndeuskund killed him.t
SKKNANIK), though belonging to a later age, may very jiroperly be
iwiii'ed here, lie wius an Oneida chief, contemporary with the missioiiarj'
kirkldiul, to whom be became a convert, and lived many years of the latter
* [feckewclJer's Narrative, 4rL
3*
t Ibid. 61,52.
1 I.
.*■■:'
-■■'. ^
>**■
■■ti..
' 5 - '-■
m
■ ""%
mil
;~'}W-
m
:k^
■ '^'JSl
Ua
', ;. aV
>( |Hb
H
m
■if
>: n
';: JffiS
wt
do
SKENANDO— MEMORABLE SPEECH.
[Book V.
part of his life a beliovor in Cliristiuiiity. Mr. Kirkland died at Paris N
York, in 1808, and waH bnri*;*! near Oneida. Skenarulo desired to be Itiiricd
near liini at iiis dentil, wliicii was granted. He lived to he 110 years uU
and was ollen visited by Htranfjtjrs ont of curiosity. He said to oik- ;v|,o
visited him hnt a little time beti)re his death, "7 am an aged lumlock; the
tviiuls of an hundred winiera have ivhistM through my branches ; I am dead at
the top. The generation to which I belonged has run away and lejl jne."
In early life, he was, like nearly all of his race, given to intoxication. Jn
177.'», he was at Albany to settle some affiiirs ol' liis trihti with the j,'()veiii.
ment of Now York. One night he became drunk, and in the nioniing ibuiid
himself in the street, nearly naked, every thing of worth slripjUMl fruiu Jiii,,
even the sign of his chietlainship. This brought him to a seiisse of \,\^
duty, and he was never more known to ho intoxicated. He was a iiowcrful
chief, and the Americans did not fail to engage him on their side in tiie ley.
olution. This was cong«;nial to his mind, for he always urged the ri<;iita of
the prior occupants of tho soil, and once opposed the Americans on tlie
same principle, l<)r encroachments upon the red men. lie rendered \m
adopted Anglo brethren important services.
From the " Annals of Tryon County,"* wo learn that Skenando died on
the 11 March, 18 1(). He letl an only son. And the same author (.^.KstTviis
that " his person was tall, well made, and robust. His countenance was
intelligent, and displayed all the |)eculiar dignity of an Indian chief. In ||j^
youth he was a brave and intrepid warrior, and in his riper years, ono „f
the noblest counselh)rs among the North American tribes :" and tiiat, in the
revolutionary war, by his vigilance he i)reserved th(j settlement of (jlerniaii
Flats from being <l(>stroyed.
We will close the present chapter with some of the laud transactions with
the Indians in Pennsylvania
IJy his last will, Oovisrnor Penn devised to his grandson, }VUliam Pmi
and his heirs, 10,000 acres of land to be laid out " in proper and hcnnticjal
places in this j)rovince, by his trustees." William Penn, the grandson, sold
out this land to a gentleman, Mr. H'iUiam Allen, a great land-jobber. Ity n
little management Mien got this land located, generally, where he dcsirvd.
One considerable tract included part of Minisink, and no previous unaiii'c-
nient had been made with those Indians. It would be very chaiitubit! to
suppose, that the trustees intended, and that perhaps they did not douin, hut
the same course v ould be pursued in purchasing of the Indians as iiiul hein
before, by others ; but no sooner had the new proprietor got the lands sur-
veyed to him, than ho began to sell it to those that 'vould go on at once uiid
settle it.
Hence we clearly see the road ojiened for all difficulties. About tlie same
time j)roposals were published for a land lottery, and by the conditions of
tliese proposals, not the least notice was taken, or the least reserve nuuh", of
tlie rights of the Indians. But on the contrary, such jtersons as liud soitlej
upon lands that did not belong to them, were, in case they drew pii/.cs, to
remain unmolested upon the lan«ls of the Indians. Ity this moans nnioli of
the land in the Forks of the Delaware, since I'^aston and vicinity, as well iij
other places, becaiiie taken up, by this kind of gambling, and the hidiaiis
were tluis crowded from it. They for some time complauied, and ut kngth
began to threaten, but the event was war and bloodshed.
To still the clamors of these injunul people, recourse was had to as »\-n\
abuses as had already been practised : crimes were sought to be cloudd
by bold stratagem. The Iroquois were connived with, and tli(!y caino for-
ward, confirmed the doings of the land-jobbers, and order*' ■ the Dtlawares
to leave their country. They were to choose one of two horns of a wicIiIuhI
dilemma. The power of the Irocpiois could not be withstood, backed as it
was by the Fnglish. They ordered the poor Uelawares to remove, or tliey
would destroy them, as in the life of Canasnlego will be found related.
A sort of claim was obtained to some of tlie disput(!d lands, in a simi-
lar a manner as Georgia got hers of some of the Creek country not munj
Chap. II.J
years since,
tlie ground
nesses jirev
upon Delaw
IuikIm on ti
Why tlie j)r
deed, when
nujiiires no
(vriting quit
This writiiij
chide suid la
That the ]
iiiiiil some ti
boyoml a doi
niaiiifi Jed t
along interc
character as
ciiij; soiiK! tri
circiinistaiice
of land by th
convey any In
iitiiry to the
among the Si
The celebi-
detail, gave tli
ivhites liad co
conference in
representative
Miiiiseys and
the reasons Ibi
go (or an instai
foot) was my la
in the Forks o
Iving between
I have not onljl
been done to il
the governor's 1
one man had ii
ilie hidians ih]
like the true oi|
from ilie Indial
liiis land beyrf
bounded hy i-j J
proprietaries,
anotlier; this 11
Then the gd
He said, " Yes
iiig from Tohil
fro/ii me by ih{
by the eoui-sf! t
slrais;lil course,
"itfiiiled to be
The tiieaniii^
to lay l)(,'fbr(! tlj
not intended tc
"oacli iqM)ii tjJ
"0' "Illy to maif
'^JT ill mind tl]
country fi-,„„
'•ear in ,,ii,„J, ,J
By W. VV. Campbell.
Chap. H.]
FRAUD!?' OF THE WHITES.
31
trunsaclioiis with
yeara since. At one time, n party of a dopntatiun having romuiuod upon
tlie ground eleven dayH alter the othtTH had trone lionie, were hy i^ind-
nesscH prevailed upon to 8i<(n a writing, relincpiishing ail their right to lands
upon Delaware. TIicho were Indians ot" th»s Six Nations, und htui di!ed«!d
lands on the Susqnehannah just hel'ore, with those who had gone home.
Why the proprietors did not inelude the; lands on Delaware in their hrst
deed, when the deputation were all togtither, is a good deal singular, hut
riMiiiires no explanation. Yet etntain it is, those who remained un<l gave a
writing quit-elaiming lands on Dtdawart;, had no consideration lor so doing.
This writing expresses only that they inteiuled in the former deed to in-
clude said lands.
That the Dtdawares or Chihohockies (which was their real name) were,
(iiitii some time suhstMiutiut to 17'M, entirely independent of the Jrocpiois, is
beyond a douht true, although, from sinister motives, there were those who
niuinti jed that they were idways suhject to them. It is true, that, when hy
a long intercourse with the whittis they had lost much of their energy and
churarter as a nation, the haughty Six Nations found little dilhculty in sedu-
ciiii; some trihes of them to join them, an«l of fonring others to ohey them. A
ciniiinstance which clearly proves this, is, that in the fnst tn^aties of sales
of laud hy the Six Nations to the I'ennsylvanians, they did not presume to
convey any lands to the east of the som-ces of tlu) streams that were trih-
utnry to the Sus(]U(diannah ; the assertions of some of the speech-makers
among the Six Nations, to the contrary, how(!V(!r.*
Tiie celebrated chief Tadtuskund, of whom we have already 8])ok(!n in
detail, gave the following very pointed account of the manner in which the
whites liad coiulucted in getting his jieople's lands fraiidideiitly. It was at the
conference in Easton, in November, ITiitJ. Tadtuskund was |)resent as the
representative of "four nations," viz. tlu* Chihohoiikies, the Wananiies, the
Mtinseys and Wapingers. (Jovernor Denny nupuisted the Indians to state
the reasons for their late hostile movements. Tadeuskund : " I have not iiir to
go for an instance. This very ground that is under me (striking it with his
toot) was my land and inheritantre, and it is taken from me by fraud. [This was
in t!ie Forks of tlu; Delaware.] When I say this ground, I mean all the land
lying between Tohiccon Creek and Wyoming, on the lliver Susquehannah.
limvc not only been served so in this government, but the same thing has
been done to lur, as to several tracts in New Jersey, over the river." On
tiie governoj-'s asking him wliat he meant by fraud, he answered: "When
one innn had formerly liberty to purchase; lands, and he took the deed from
the Indians for it, and then dies; after his death his children forge a deed
like the true one, with the same Indian names to it, and thereby take lands
from the Indians which th(;y never sold ; this is fraud. Also when one king
hiis liuul beyond the river, and anothtu* king has land on this side, both
boiMKh'd by rivers, mountains and springs which cannot be moved ; and the
proprietaries, greedy to purchase lands, buy of one king what belongs to
another ; this lik(!wise \sj'raiul"
Then the governor asked Tadeuskund whether he had been served so?
He said, " Yes, I have been served so in this i)rovince ; all the land extend-
ing from Tohiccon, over the great mounUiin, to Wyoming, has been taken
from nie by fraud ; for when I had agreed to svM land to the old proprietary,
by the course of the river, the young proprietaries came and got it run by a
j/rai'^/it course, by the cotnpass, and by that means took in double the quantity
intended to be sold." \
The meaning of l^adeuskund will be fully explained in what we are about
to lay before the nsadcr. The lands above the Kittatinny Mountains were
not intended to be sold by the Dtdawares, but the; whites tbund means to en-
croaeh iqion tlietn, and by tlie aid of the Irocpiois, as before noted, were able
not (mly to nuiintain but to extend their encroachments. It will be well to
bear in mind that the lands conveyed to William Penn in 1()85, included the
country li-oin Duck Creek, or Qiiingquingus to the Kittatinny Hills; and to
bear in mind, also, how purchases were made, so as to admit of contention ;
.1 I
.^m^\
* idee Proud's Pa., ii. 33-t.
t Ibid. ii. 333.
33
INDIAN DEED TO WILLIAM PENN.
[Book V.
in
ill
sometimes, doul)tloss, for the secret intentiDii of taking advantage, and nt
otiiers from iiiul)ility to fill (;(>rtain blanks in tlie deeds at the time tl'icy wnr
given. As for exainpie, when a tract of land was to extcaid in a (•(■itaji^
direction npon a straight line, or by a river, "as ihr us a man can walk in n
day," tlie point to he arrived at mnst necessarily l)e lell blank, until at sijine
future time it siiould he walked. Tiiis manner ol' giving and receiving (|(.,.,i^
it is easy to see, threw intf) the hands of sordid purchasers, t^very advantuirn
over the Indians. Jii one instance they complain tiiat the "walker" run '"'
another, that "he walked after it was night," and so on.
The Indians had deeded lands in this way to H'illiam Penn, and no advan-
tage was taken on his i)art ; but when he was dead, and others hecatiie pro^
prietors, the difficulties arose, of which Tadeuskund reminded the wliitcH at
Eastoii ; and this will illustrate what has just been given from his speciji to
Governor Denny at that time.
The deed to fVilliam Penn, to which we in particular refer, was given i
1G85, and ran thus : —
" This Indknture witnesseth, that. We, PackenaJi, JarckJian, Sikals, Part-
quesott, Jenis Essepenauk, Felktroy, Hekellappan, Econ 'is, Maclilolut, jMdlliconira
kVissa Poivey, Indian Kings, Saclicjnakers, right owners of all lands, ijoia
Quingquingus, culled Duck Creek, unto Upland called Chester C'reik all
along by the west side of Delaware river, and so between the said creeks
backwards as far as a vmn can ride in two days with a horse, lor and in roii-
sideration of these ibllowing goods to us in liand pai<l, and secured to he
paid, by William Penn, i)roprietary and governor of the province of Penn-
sylvania and territories thereof) viz. 20 guns, 20 fathoms match-coat 20
fathoms Stroudwater, 20 blankets, 20 kettles, 20 ])ounds powder, 100 hais of
lead, 40 tomahawks, 100 knives, 40 i)airs of stockings, 1 barrel of htcr
20 pounds red lead, 100 fathoms wampum, ;]0 glass bottles, 80 pewter >s|)0(iiii)'
100 awl-biades, 300 tobacco pipes, 100 hands of tobacco, 20 tobacco toiii;s'
20 steels, 300 flints, 30 pair of scissors, 30 cond)s, (JO looking-glasses, 200
needles, one skipple ^f suit, 30 pounds sugar, 5 gallons molasses, 20 toburco
boxes, 100 jews-liarps, 20 hoes, 30 gimblets, 30 wcoden screw boxes, 100
string ol" beads. — Do hereby acknowledge, &c. given under our hands, &c,
at New Castle, second day of the eighth month, ItiHj."
We will now proceed to take further notice of Tadeuskund's charges at
the Easton conference, before sj)okeii of. The manner of Williur,i .lllen's
becoming proprietor has been stated. In 1736, deputies from tlio Six
Nations sold the ])roprietor all the "lands lying between the niouth of Siis-
quehannah and Kittatinny Hills, extending eastward as far as the heads of
the branches or springs which run into the said Susquehannuh." Hence
this grant did not interfere at all with the lands of the Delawares, and may
be urged as an evidence, that the Six Nations had no right to them ; for, if
they had, why were they not urged to sell them before die breaking u|) of
the conference ■ and not, as we have before mentioned, waited eleven diiys,
until all the head men had gone, and then to have got a release from the few
that remained ! It is therefore very evident that this could not be done wiien
all were present, or the latter course would not have been resorted to. Not-
withstanding the proprietor had grasped at the lands on Delaware, by a
partial transaction with a lew of a deputation, he, nevertheless, soon man-
ifested that he considered his right as not beyond question, by his assenihliiig
th(! Delaware chiefs the next year, 1737, t(. treat further u|)on it. The luiints
of these (diiefs were Monokijkickan, Lappaiinnzoe, Tishekun'. and JVutimus*
At this conference a release was obtained from then), the preamble of \vhicli
set forth,
"That Tishekunk and JVutimiis had, about three years before, befiiin a
treaty at Durham with John and Tfiomcs Penn ; that from thence another
* His name sii>-iiifie(l, a .itri/cer offish ivilh a spear. Heckewelder. He was generally
called Pontius Nutimaeiis — an excolleal man, wlio never drank li()Uor. He was horn on the
spot wlierc Philadelphia now stands, removed to Ohio ahout 17-15, died on liie Muskingum in
1780, aged p>>ont ido years. He had a hrolher who was called Isaac Nutimus, and like him
was a very amiable man, and died about the same time. lb.
CBAP- "1
TITLES TO INDIAN LANDS.
33
was given m
),i it. The imiin'S
meeting was appointed to be at Pcnnshury tin; next s|)rinc:, to wliich they
ri'|)uireii witli Lnppawinzoe, and .several utlici-s ot" tlie Dulawan; Indians ;
tliat, at thi^ meeting, several dcieds were sliown to tiieni for sf-vcral tracts of
laiulwliioli their tbrelathers liad more than 50 years ago sold to William Penn •
1,11(1, in jjarticular, one deed, from Mai/keerikkislio, Saifhoppey and Tauirk-
hnuinhse;/, the chiiis or kings of the Northern Indians on Delaware', wlio for a
^.eimin'(in!i"t'^y of goods, had granted to ft'illiam Penn a tract of land, hejjiii.
iiiiiir on a line drawn irom a certain spruce-tree on the River Delaware,^ by
;i wcst-north-wost course to Neshameny Creek, I'rom thence back into the
(vooils as fur as a man could go in a day and a lutlf, and bounded on the west
[iv Neshameny, or the most westerly branch thereof, so far as the said branch
,lotli extend, and from theiicf! by a line [blank] to the utmost extent of the
j;iv iindiialf's walk, and from tiience [blank] to the aforesaid River Delaware,
Hill .so down the courses of the river to the first mentioned spruce tree ; and
iliiit tills appeared to be true by William Biles and Joseph Wood, who, upon
ilnir ulfirniation, did declare, that they well remoirdiered the treaty held by
liie agents of William Penn and those Indians ;" " that they were now come to
Philadelphia with their chief Monokyliickan, and several other old men, and
ii|iiiii a former treaty lield upon the same subject, acknowledge themselves
iiitistied that the above described tract was granted by the persons above
iiiciitioiied, for which reason, they the said Monokyhickan, Lappaivinzoz, Ti-
0unk and JSTviimus, agree to release to the jH-oprietors all right to that tract,
ami desire that it may be walked, trr.velled, or gone over by persons ap-
Dointed for that purpose."
Now it must be borne in mind, that by former treaties the Lecliay Hills,
which I take to mean the Lehigh Moimtains, were to be the boundaries, in
all time to come, on the north : meanwhile we will proceed to describe the
luaniier the land was walked out, of which we have been speaking.
"The relation wliich Thomes Fumiss, sadler, gives concerning the day and
a W/'sttio/A, made between the proprietors of Pennsylvania and the Delaware
bdiaiis, by James Yeates and Edward MarsliaU"
" At the time of the walk I was a dweller at Newton, and a near neighbor
to kmes Yeates. My situation gave him an easy opportunity of acquainting
me witii the time of setting out, as it did me of hearing the different senti-
ments of the neighborhood concerning the lualk ; some alleging it was to be
miitle by the river, others that it was to be gone upon a straight line from
foinewliere in Wright's-town, opposite to a spruce-tree upon the river's bank,
aid to be a boundary to a former purchase. When the walkers started I
ffa.>i a little behind, but was informed they proceeded from a chestnut-tree
near the turning out of the road from Durham road to John Chipman% and
being on horseback, overtook them before they reached Buckingham, and kept
company for some distance beyond the Blue Fountains, though not quite to
the cud of the journey. Two Indians attendeo, whom I considered as depu-
ties appointed by the Delaware natior, to see the walk honestly performed.
One of them repeatedly expressed his dissatisfaction therewith. The first
Jay of the walk, before we reached Durham creek, where we dined in the
meadows of one Wilson, an Indian trader, the Indian stiid the loaik was to
iiave been made up the river, and complaining of the unfitness of his shoe-
pack.s for travelling said he expected Thomas Penn would have made him o
present of some shoes. Atler this some of us that had horses, walked, and
it the Indians ride by turns ; yet in the aflernoon of the same day, and soniG
linui-s before sunset, the Indians left us, having often called to Marshall that
al'tenioou and forbid him to run. At parting they apjM'arcd dissatisfied, and
^aill they would go no farther with us ; for as they saw the walkers would
pass all the good land, they did not care how far or where we went to. It
was «iid we traveled 12 hours the first day, luid it being in the latter end of
!*epteinl)er, or beginning of October, to complett; the time, were obliged
t'l walk, in the twilight. THmothy Smith, tiien sheriff of Bucks, held hia
watch for some minutes before we stopped, and the walkers having a piece
of rising ground to ascend, he called out to them, telling the minutes behind,
and bid tliein pull up, which they did so briskly, that, immediately upon hia
saying the time was out, Marshall clasped his arms about a saplin to support
.<
.1
i, , , •>!
f '. 'l
. - IT'V.
' ^4.
34
THE WALKING PURCHASE.
[Rook V.
Iiimself) and thereupon tlio slicrifF asking; liini what was tlio matter Im s " i
he was uhuost jfonc, and that, if Ih! had proct-eded alow \H)U',h Ciiithn- l!
must have falh'U. We lod<red hi the woods that ni|i'!it, and hoard tliti sliour
ing of tlie Indians at a cantico, which ihey were Kud to hohl that eveniii(r ii'
a town lianl hy. Next morning tlie Indians were sent to, to know if the'
wouKl accompany us any lartiier, hut they declined it, ahhough I hclicv
some o^' them came to us hel'ore we started, ami drank a dram in tlie con'^
pany, and tlien straggled oli'ahout their liunting or some otlKTanuistMnent. j!
our return we came through this Indian town or plantation, Timothif Sinitknn I
myself riding Ibrty yards more or less before the company, and" as wo rih*.
proached witinn about 150 paces of the town, the woods being open, wo .saw
an Indian take a gun in his hand, and advancing towards us sonio distniicp
j)lacod hims(!lf behind a log that laid by our way. Timothy ohserviiij; U\l
motions, and being somewhat surprised, as I apprehended, looked at ino mii I
asked what I thought that Indian meant. 1 said, I hoped no harm, and'tlint
I thought it best to keep on, which tlio Indian seeing, arose and walked iH'tbin
us to the settlement. I think Smith was surprised, as I well remomber I \va«
tiirough a consciousness that the Indians were dissatisfied with the walk ■!
thing the whole company seemed to be sensible of, and upon the way in
oin- return home, frequently expressed themselves to that ])urpo8e. And
indeed the unfiiirness practised in the walk, both in regard to the way wlmro
and the manner how, it was performed, and the dissatisfaction of the Luliuns
concerning it, were the common subjects of conversation in our noii'libor.
hood, lor some considerable time after it was done. When the walk wm
performed I was a young man in the prime of life. The novelty of thotliinjj
inclined me to be a spectator, and as I liad been brought u|) most of my
time in Burlington, the whole transaction to me was a series of occinTciiccs
almost entirely new, and which therefore, I apprehend, made the more strong
and lasthig impression on my memory.
TTiomas Fumiss.''^ *
As we have already observed, the end of these affairs was war. Tlie
Dehiwares were driven back, and they joined the French against the
English.
CHAPTER m.
Of several chiefs spoken of by Washington, in his journal of an embassy to the Fmch
of Ohio — Battle near Great Meudoics, and death of Jumonville — Siiingis — Moxa-
CATOOCHA — Half-King — Juskakaka — White-Thunder — Ai.LitiuiPA— Cap-
tain Jacobs — Hendrick — His history — Curiovs anecdote of — Logan — Crcsaiis
War — Battle of Point Pleasant — Loff an' s famous speech — Cornstock — His hishm
— Red-hawk — Ellinipsico — The barbarous murder of these three — Melandohj
death of Logan — Pontiac — i renowned warrior — Colonel Rog(^s's account of him
— His policy — Fall of Michilimakinak — Meneiiwehna — Siege of Detroit— Ponti-
ac's stratagem to surprise it — Is discovered — Official account of the affair tit Bloml^
Bridge — Pontiac abandons the siege — Becomes the friend of the English — Is ussas-
sinated.
The expedition of Washington to the French on the Ohio, in 1753, brings
to our records information of several chiefs of the Six Nations, of tlie most
interesting kind. He was commissioned and sent as an ambassador to the
French, by Governor Dinimddie of Virginia. He kept im accurate journal
of his travels, which, on his return to Virginia, was published, and, not lony
after, the same was republished in London, with a map ; the substance
of this journal was copied into almost every periodical of importance oi'
that day.
* Causes of the Alienation of the Delaware and Shawauese Indians, die, 8vo, Lon-
don, 1759.
C0iP. in.]
sniNGis
Alli'glinny an
eii holding a
Loggstown, a
tkni in the
(QUiicil, and
Icaine into t<
kins: was out i
and informed
Hiessen^fer to
oCthe yix Nul
and a twist of
[ironiised to d
viti'd Jiim and
about an hour,
and cotnputec]
HP arrived \n
U'illiainsburgl
HalJ'-kiiig, it
Wmhiiigton wji
msilon invited
the jmrticidars
liiin to go> and
"tlmt the neai
many large mi
flionld not get
travelling." H
lion; that the '.
which lie did, Ii
"Fathers, I ui
have declared.
there was the le
into eat in pea
it'any such j)er6
edge of the dish
sliould get fboli
as others. — No>
coming and bui)
force.— We kin(
HP desired you)
desire you inayl
this is our land
not, we must h
erous. If you iJ
lie would not l)
foinc, liithers, al
ivJiat we cannotT
Half-king thi
which, when \ui
He acquainted
stnictfd to call
to assure them
of tiieir young
to wiiom he liac
"In regard tc
* He is called a |
wares Pomoacan,
'clicr, or speech, a^
and I'cmisvlvaiiia,
VI. M3._r ,vill liercl
IS of opinion, tiiat ill
same belief, allhouJ
las fVtniws." *
ians, &c., 8vo, Lou-
C0iP. ni.] WASHINGTON'S JOURNEY AMONG THE INDIANS.
35
SIIINGIS was tlio first oliiof ho visited, who lived in tiio Ibrk-; of tJie
j^llegliniiy and Monoii<,'aii<'la Kivors, winn-o l*ittshin-;,'h now stands. He intmid-
fil holding a (•onncil with tlu; fcUdiratcd Hiilf-kinn:,* already niontioncd, at
LoL'gstown, and such otlnu's as could ho assondihul at short notice, to streufitlion
llieiu in tho Enf,dish interest. Jle tlieretiirc! invited Shiniri.i to attend tlio
foiincil, and ho according! accompanied liini to Loggstown. " \s soon mi
It'uuio into town," says fVitshm^lon, "1 went to Alonakntoocha, (as the UnlJ-
iiHg- was ont at his hunting cahin, on Litth; Jieaver Crook, ahout 15 miles otl',)
aiid inforiuod him hy John Davidson, my Indian inter|)r(;tor, that 1 was sent u
jiit'ssei'g*''' to tho French gonoral, and was ordered to call U|)on tho sachems
ot'the Six Nations to acquahit them with it. 1 gav«! him a string of wampum
jiid a twist of" tohucco, and desired him to send for tlie halt-king, which he
promised to do by a runner in tlio morning, and for other sachems. I in-
vited liim and the other groat men prescmt to my tout, wIku-o tiioy stayed
about an hour, and returned." This place was ahout 140 miles, "as w(! went,
and conijintod it," says tho great writer, "from our hack settlements, whore
flp arrived lietweon sunsetting and dark, the twenty-fifth day after 1 left
Wiliianisburgh,"
Half-king, it seems, had, not long befi^)rc, visited the same place to which
fy(tshms;ton was now destined; for as soon as he returned to his town, Wash-
insrtoii invited him privately to his tent, "and desired iiim to relate some of
the particulars of his journey to tlu! rronch commandant," tiio host way for
Ijiiiito go, and the distance Irom that ])lace. "Jle told me," says Washington,
"tliat tiie nearest and lovelost way was now imjiassahle, hy reason of
many large miry savannas ; that we must he obliged to go Ity Vtuiango, and
should not get to the near Ibrt in less than five or six nights' sleep, good
travelling." Half-king fiu'ther informed him that he met \vith a cold recep-
lion; that the French ofticer storidy ordered him to declare his business,
which he did, he ?uid, in the following speech: —
"Fathers, 1 am come to tell you your own speeches ; what your own mouths
have declared. You, in ibrinor days, set a silver basin boibre us, wherein
there was the leg of a beaver, and desired all the; nations to come and eat of
it: to eat in peace and i)lenty, and not to be churlish to ont; another : and tliJit
if any such ])ersou should bo found to bo a distm-bor, I here lay down l)y tho
ed^c of the dish a rod, which you must scourge them with ; and if your liitlier
shoidd get ibolish, in my old days, I desire you may use it upon me as well
as otiiers. — Now, fathers, it is you who are the disturl)ers in this land, by
coming and building your towns ; and taking it away unknown to us, and by
force. — We kindled a fire, .•; long time ago, at a place; called Montreal, where
we desired you to stay, and not to come and intrude upon our land. I now
desire you may despatch to that place; for, bo it known to you, fathers, that
this is our land, and not yours. — I desire you may hear mo in civilnoss; if
not, we musi handle that rod which was laid down fbr the use of the obstrep-
erous. If you had come in a j)oaceable manner, like our brothers the English,
we would not have been against your trading with us, as they do; but to
come, fathers, and build houses upon our land, and to take it by force, is
wliat we cannot submit to."
Half-king then repeated what was said to him in rejily by tlio French,
which, when ho had done, Washington jnade a s|>eecli to him and his council.
He acquainted them witii the reason of his visit, and told them he was in-
structed to call upon theiM by the governor of Virginia, to advisa with them,
to assure them of the love of the English, and to ask the assistance of some
of their young men, to conduct him through the wildonu^ss, to the French,
to whom ho had a letter from his governor. Half-king made this reply : —
"111 regard to what my brother tho governor had desired of me, 1 return
* He is called a Huron by Loskid, Hist. Missions, iii. 123. I In was called by llie Dola-
warcs Pomnacan, which in English means Hweethouse. llcckeweldei-, Nar. '2.35. In the
IcUcr, or speech, as Washington cMaiX it, which this chief sent to llie govcrnoru of Virginia
and Pennsylvania, in 175 1, his name is set down Serunitjatlha. See 1 Coll. Mass. Hist. Sac,
vi. 113.— I will here note, that my friend, Jahkd Spakks, Esq., verbally informs me, that he
is of opinion, that tills is not the same Half-king mentioned ui Loskiel. I am now of the
same belief, althougli it is possible.
III
36
HALF KING.—BATTLE NEAR GREAT MEADOWS. [n„OK y.
sly upon you as a brother ou^'ht to do, as you 8uy w*.
leople." " Ikotlicr, as you liavo askt-d uiy iidvir,. j
by it, and stay until 1 can provide a couiijany to 'ro
my
you this answer." "I re
are brothers, and one pe
hope you will be ruled L - , ^
with you. The l-'rench speech belt is not here ; 1 have it to {.mi (or to
huiuing cabin. Likewise the jjeople, whon» I have ordered in, are not vh
come, and cannot luitil the third niglit front this; until which time, brother
1 nnist bcfr you to stay." '
When VVasiiin{(ton told him that bis business would not admit of so murh
delay, the chief seemed displeased, and said it was "a matter of no snwil mo-
ment, and must not be. entered ivithout due consideration.^^ JN'rha|)s it will not
be too nucb, to give this Indian chief credit for sonic of that character winch
was so well exemplified by IVaahin^ton in all bis aller-lifo. And "as I lonnd
it impossible," says the narrator, " to get off', without affronting them in the
most egregious niauncr, I consented to stay." Accordingly, Half-kin^ "avc
orders to King SAtngiis, who was present, to attend on V/ednesday night with
the wampum, and two men of their nation, to be in readiness to set out witji
us next morning." There was still a delay of another day, as the v\{wS^
could not get in their wampum and young men which were to be sent ; and
aller all, but three chiefs and one hunter accompanied. " We set out," wivs
Washington, " about 9 o'clock, with the Half-king, Juskakaka,*' While-thund'fr
and the hunter ; and travelled on the road to Venango, where we nrrivtid the
4th ol" December." This place is situated at the junction of French Crcpk
with the Ohio. Here the French bad a garrison, and another a short distaiire
above it, which was the extent of our discoverer's peregrinations northward,
The commanders of these posts used all means to entice Half-king to desert
the English, and it was with great difficulty that Washington succeeded in
preventing them. Tliey endeavored to weary him out by making the chifft
delay their departure from day to day, by mtajis of liquor, so that they should
be left behind. At length, having out-generalled bis complottcrs, and "jrot
things ready to set oftj I sent for the Half-king^'' continues the narrator, "to
know whether he intended to go with us, or by water. He told nie that
White-thunder bad hurt himself much, and was sick, and unable to walk;
therefore he was obliged to carry him down in a canoe ; " so, notwithstandiiiif
the delays, Washington was obliged to go without him ; but be cautioned him
strongly against believing Monsieur Joncaire's pretensions of Iriendsiiip, and
representations against the English. Henj ends Washington's account of
Half-king.
And before closing our account of the termination of Washington's journey,
we will close our account of this chief also. In 1754 he accompanied lYaih-
ington in his excursion to dislodge the French from the disputed territorj'
upon the Ohio, and was his constant counsellor, until after the surrender oi'
Fort Necessity at the Great Meadows, on the 4 July. At the surprise of M,
de JumonvUle, on the 28 May jirevious, he led a company of his warriors,
and piloted the English under Washington to the place where he was encamped,
which was but a lew miles from Great Meadows. Jumonville's force was
small, consisting of but about 33 men. The night previous to the attack.
Half-king, who was encamped six miles from Great Meadows, having made
a discovery of the approach of the French force, sent an express to Washing-
ton, to inform him that the French were discovered in an obscure retreat.
The colonel immediately marched out with 40 men and reached Half-kingh
quarters a little before sunrise. A council was now held by the chiefs of the
parties, and it was agreed that the English and Indians should march togetlier
and attack the French. They marched in single file through the woods, in
the Lidian manner, in a most dismal storm of rain ; and following tlie track
just explored by Half-king's spies, soon found themselves near the party.
JumonvUle was in a secure place, half a mile from a road, and surrounded
by rocks, and had he not been fallen ujion by surprise, it is doubtful whether
tlie attacking party had not found it difficult to have contended successfully
* We hear again of this chief in 1794, when, with 58 otliers, he signed a treaty with the
United Slates at Fort Stanwix. His name is there written Jislikaaga, which signified d-grtt*
grasshopper. He was sometimes called Little-Billy.
cIIimI all night, "w
Chap- HI.
sni.\(ilS— KU.ST.\I,0(U.
37
(liraiiist liim. Hut not iM'iiif,' di^covi red, n'dshiiiu:! m irnd' n ^ood disposition
„l Ills iiii'ii ; liiiiiscll" witli {\\i'. Iliioji.sli loriiicd llii' ri^ja uino', umiI Unlf-k'nii;
.,t till' lit'"'! •••' ll'<' liidiMii.t, llic li'ii. 'I'lic ['"rciicli wcrr lixiiiil witlioiit tlicir
,iriiis ill tlicir liaiuls, liiit tlicy Ht'W to iht'tii, and ti li;;|ii of .ihout ITi iiiiniitcr^
.iisiu'd. Noiu! of the parly I'Sfapcd. I'dmi'ii of tlic I'rciicli were killed,
;iiii(iii;r ■.vlioiii was .)/. </(: Junioiivillr ; oni' woiiiidrd, and "Jl lal^ n prl.-oni rn.
itiwhiiii^lon lost l>iit out' man, and two or tln-cc only wen' \. niuidi d.
Uciiow rotiini to the narrati\c ol" h(t.iliiiii!;lon, w\\\v\i \w liad found il
iiiccs,siry ahriiplly to interrupt.
lie now set o!it for tliu lioniicrs with nil ('.\|)odition. IFc had, he sa;,s, tin-
. iiKist liitifriiiiifjr journey possihl" to coiifdivc of I'nmi the 1>I to the l.ltli
Dcci'iiilu'r, thcrt! was hut oni' day on which it did not rain or .--now inccs-
.iiiily; and throiij>h the whole journey, wc met witii nolhiiiir hnl oni' coniin-
iicd sirics of cold, w<>t W(!ather."
Tliis expedition of H'itshiniiton has in it jrreat interest, inore especially from
|ij<siip<'rior eminence afterwarils. It is pleasini;- to cdnteniplate the '-'savior
ol his country " ill every adventure and circumstance of his lite; and even
t-riitilyiiif,' to vi(!w him with a <;nn in oiu^ hand, a i-tatf in the oiIk r, and u
j,;,ck upon his liack; wadiiif,' throu;,di rivers, eiicomiterinji storms of sleei ami
.iiiiw, iiiid sleeping' upon iIh^ <rroimd, thus early, for his country's irood. ||tt
liad some very narrow escapes, and, diiriii;,' |)art of tla; way on his return, he
iiiiil liiit one attendant. One day, as they were passin<r a place called Mur-
inms Tdivii, they were fired upon hy one of a war-party of rreiich Indjiins,
\.ii(i had ^^'aited in amhnsli for thnn ; and allhon^h tiiey W(M'(^ uilliin lifteeii
|i;iccs of him, yet tlmy escajied iinhiirl. They capluiitl the fellow thai fired
11111)11 lliem, and kept him until nine at nij;ht, tiien disniis.-ed him, and trav-
rlli'il nil ni{;ht, "without makinf,^ ««// stop," tearing- tiu^y should h<! pursued
llie next morning hy his party. Coiitiniiing their course all the next day,
ihrv Clime to th(! river where they intended to cross. Il(>re the lirniness of
ll'iishin!i;loii and his companion was thoroughly tried. Tic river was very
lii:'li, and tilled with lloafing ice, and there was no way to pass il hut h)
Mit. They had "hut one poor hatchet," with the assistance of wliicii, alter
jiibdriiiif I'ntm morning till sunset, they had a rail n^ady I.o lauiicii ; on this
tlii'V si'l out, hut it was soon c usImuI Ix^tween t\w floating ice, and they very
iiarniwly escaped jierishing. ff'(ish!nii;lon was himself precipitat'd iiUo the
river, where tin! water was ton feet de((p. l"'ortuiiati'ly, iiowcver, ii<' catched
bva fnigineiit of the raft, and saved himself! They finally exlriialed tliem-
schcs li-oni their pcrrilons situation, hy getting upon the ici- which conlined
llirir fniil hark, and from thence to an island, and finally to the opjiosile shore.
Tliucold was so intense, that Mr. Gi.tl fro/i; his hands and liiet. This place
na.<(i!)i)Ut tlivee miles helow the mouth of the V'ohogany, where an Indian
iliiccii, as ff'itskiiisrfon calls her, lived. He went to see; her, h«! ohserves, she
liiiviiij;' '-expressed gr.'at concern that we passed her in going to the |l)rt. 1
i:i;i(li! lier a firesent of a watcii coat, and a hottle of rnm, which latter was
tlimij.'lit much tin; hest present of the two." Her iiuine was ./iUiqitippa. From
this iilace, he ])ursurd his journey home without further accident.
\V(> Jiave mentioned the fnendly attention of". S7n';(gw to our adventiinM-, who
h;i(i |Mol»ahly expected he would have attended him on his journey ; hut Slu'n-
?w went to collect in his men, and did not return. The Indians said it was
mviiijr to the sickness of his wife, hut iraskms;lon thought it was fear of tlie
French, which previMited him. JJut this conjecture does not seem well
ti)iiii(l('(l, for 111! onlered Kusl(tlo<j;n, who lived at Venango, to proceed to the
i'liinch and return the waminim, which was as much as to tell them they
wIsIkmI no further fellowship with them.
The massacres which followed Brnddock's defeat were horriltle hcyond
ilcseii|>iii)n. Shingis and Captain Jacobs were supposed to have heeii the
|iriiici|i;d instigators of tiiem, and 700 dollars were offered for their lajads.f
Cii|itiiiii JiKobs did not long escap;-, although the reward did not hasten his
end. The hostile Indians had their lieud-quurters at Kitanning on the yvlleghu-
* Sparks's Writings of Washington, il. 451, 452.
t Wat rt's Auualsofriiiladelphia, 460.
• :• 5.' ' I '"irltji
, ' I |-. '1 ».-«.J«''JI|4<l
M. w
11
■m
■ ^f^ft
&
M
KITTANNINfJ DI'STHOYKD— DKATH OF ('APT. JACOIi.s, [p.
><>K V
ny River, 41 iiiili's nliovo itn confliiniiMMvitli tins iM<iiir>n>:nliclii. Here tin
rrtiptl wiili llirii' |iri.s()iirrs nml linoty nWt'V tlii-ir cxitnlitioii.s into t||,. ]
In I7.'>ii, (/'oldiM'l Jiiliii .//v/iW/vuiir wiiH si-Ill v\illi iiliiiiit :{()() iiH
riiiiliij.
tarmiMf,'. "On M Si'|)IcmiI> r lir jnincil llir iKKfiiirrd |mriy iit il
J)iiiiis, iii-nr l''riink^t<i\vii ; iiiul on llic 7ili in llic rvi nin;.', Iicinj,' within (
of KitinininL', iIk' sfimts discdvi ri'd a lire in tlir roiid, iind rciinricd llmt il
were lint M or at niont I Indians at it. It was not lliunj^dit |iro|iiT to atlr
n'-n aiiiiiii.^i |^,
"' '!rim I
ill 'i luilcs
sin*|irisin
tl
icni, as It nil''
M h
means of alai°min<j: the loun, ii
llcnie l/ieiili'iiant lloiT'J, withalile ol" \'i, men, wii
s oi'drri'il I
iii|it
iiiiy sill, 111, I
o Uiilrl,
iiiiiiiii:'.
llieiii, while the main hoily pre -did tu the immediaie vieiniiy of Kit
The nii'lit III iiiir warm, many ol' tin- Iniliiins lodged in a eornlield n|iiiii tl"i'
mar:;in ol' the river, aliont KM) rods hi lo'.v the town. Here at day-hrmk lln'
attaeU ln'^jaii. Several Indians were killed in the tield,and the town was in,
mrdiatrly entered. As they advanced, ( 'ajitaiii .l.\eoiis save the war wliuipn
relired to his lo^r-i-aiiin, and lu'linded liiniseir with ^reat lira\ cry. Iii..ni|,||
liy his iiitreiiiilily, his men reliisid qiiartr-r, sayii
l\
l,r
<■ (//■(• intii, (inil irill
/"
i.tDiK r.i,'
'The whiti s lieinu iinalde to drive tliem from lluir
"0/
('(doiiel .IrmslroiiiC ordrred tin se to he set on lln
■m irom iiuir wiawiiins
At the same timi' ln' n.
reived a mnskrt-sliot in the shoulder. " When the Imlians wen' told that tl
would he hnrnt il'they did not snneiider, one of them replied, hr iliil nut
as III- could kill I i>r .") hijhrr liv illcl," When the lire a|»|H-oaeli(\| iIiimm
hefraii to siiiii', and others hnrst from their houses, and were killed in i|
MIIIH'
It'll
fli<.'lit. l'a|itain Jarolis, when di ll'iiee eonld no longer avail him, endi'iiviiri'i
to escape, with his wili", thoii^di a window ol'liis honse. This was his last ni't
— he wuskIioI down, and his wile idso. A lad, called the h'l'ms^s Sou, was killid
with them. As at Nerifrwuk, many were killed in the river as they llnl.
lare annsnnil
ii'at,
The Indians were said to have laid their honses stored with s|
nmmnnition : for, when they wi-re hnrnt up, their f,Miiisdiscliarj;ed rroin ihc |
and (pianlities of powder hiew up from time to time, which threw snini' nf
their hodies to a great heij,dit in the air. I'.leveii prisoners were rcenvercd at this
time, who informed their deliverers that a great ((iiantity of "roods was also
eonsnmed, which had hnt ten days hefnre heeii sent them hy the rrcmli ; ninl
that the Indians had hoasted that they luid powder enoiiirli fir a ten years' wfir
w!th the Kiifrlisli. They also learned that the party which Lieiileiiant //»(r_r
Iiad hecn left to watch, instead of heing hnt I{ or 4, consistcid of 'il wanims,
who wi re on their way to attack Tort Shirley, having hecn sent liirward In
Ca|)lain ^(rfo/Af, while lie was to have followed with a strong tiirce tluMiiu
(lay. I fence the fati^ of the lieutenant's party was suspected. On ri tiiinin^i
to the place. Colonel .Irmslroii^ Itniiid that liieiiti naiit lloii-ij; had alluckril iln
Indians at great disadvantnjfc, in point of inimh rs, and had hreii drliiit.il,
liinisi'll'nnd Captain Mercer (altcrwards (icm ral Mircir, who fell at rriiici'tiiii)
severely wonnii'd. .At the first fire //ogg'.'? party killed '.\ of the liu'iaiis, wim,
nrter maintaining tin; fight tiir an hour, kill.il hut .'5 of the wl
heinjr iio%v womidetl, was ahaiidinied hv his nn'ii, hnt was liatiinat'
iu<
//.
cniiiii;li til
les ol siHii;'
he tiinnd hy the army.* It Avas at this period, that the deail 1 oii
that had heiii mnnhred and mangleil wen; sent I'niii the fronlK'rs to I'liihi-
del|)hia, and hauled ahoiit the wrreits, to inliani;' the peoph; against the
Indians, and also a<;ainst the Cinak«!rH, to whose mild forhearance
was
;,ttiili-
iiti'd a laxity in sending out troops. The inoh snrrounihd the; lioiisi'
nsHinilily, having placed the dead hodies at its eiilranc(>, and deinandi'il i
iiiei!
It' sui
cor. At this time the ahove resvard was ofl'ered.
Mr. //(x/rc(wV/fr knew .SVitng/s, or, as he wroie his name, iS'/M'ng«s7r.f iind
gave him a good cliaraet'T. lie was hrother to Kinir-hciver, and in ilie I'Vriu'h
war was considert d the greatest Indian warrior of the day. lie was a t.'iror
to the whole frontier of Pennsylvania. " Passing one day willi liini," says Mr,
Ileckeweldi'r, "in the simimer of I7()'2, near hy whir:' hi.s two iirisoiicr liii\s
(ahout I'i years of age) were amusing thems;lves wiili his own hiijs, and he
ohs'rving mo looking that way, iniinirrd what I was looking at. On my
replying that 1 was looking at his prisoners, he said, When I first took them
• Coll. N. Y. Hist. Si>c. iii. 398-
t Level, or Bog-treadow,
3 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. iv. 298—9.
rmr. Ill J
lliry ictrc Mich ;
mill the .siiiiic how
wi'iv nil an eipia
.il'siiiall stature, t
Till' wile of tin
.{in'tahility ; .iiid
jiiiil iiilermeni, i\f
III liie lime of I
/: I'nsI to the dihl
;iiiii is often made
Ills iiilvanlage. 'J
ilii' close of I7.")l-i,
III' writes, "We s I
,i\\ (lie road .S'/z/'/ii;'
lliat if' he came ti
i'li'iit reward f!ir
liii';;iitti'ii and wijn
tilt Ddiilil, who h;
lias said, intirrup
Iiiiii.' sliii'ies," aiK
liirallillg the Cher
iDi'iliral.'d, ii — d (
riKiil that was kille
III r liarsh e.xpro.S!
I,.' .-aid."
.)lr. /'ost diiii'd v
lihii, liiat although
bl never tlioiii;ht
uiii'i's as were hroi
about a peace, and
jieare altfo,
AlilKiiigh tli(! iia
lliat of Ca|ifaiii Jar
I'.jiriiir of his time,
liinii an int(>i
Henilrir/i was a
Mii'ii, against tin;
liy the deti'at of (
;ili lii'fiire tin m
Mimit, and met
;il Lake (Jeorge.
wiii'k, their scouts
l«|ily of Indians
IHIIidms of Massac
liiirs, to give them
iiiicxp ^'tedly. Col
"tlii >cs and pri\ate
iwat precipitation
liillfiwcd closely, il
fiitiiiii, fi-oiii thV ,
llii'y soon recovc
;iilvantage not only
At length the hrav
Hi;.' terrified at ih
"oods, and the rei-'
dill ill great disonit
Ijiiiisolf hy the stun
* For wliicli see
t l{i'|iiiiile(l ill ••
} //.r/,nr<'/,/,v'i' ;
$ 'I'lii.' Kiiglisli lo>,
II Ibid.
■Sting
I
n
I
lo
ai
Iir
I'll If'
III
SHI.Nfil.S.— IIKNDUICK.
39
llic\ icm ^^ll(•Il ; lint iIh\ iin- now /;n/ cliildnii ; cut tli ir vii-lnals oiU of oiio
uiiii ill!' minif liowll wliicli whm .sixin"- jis innrli ii.s, tlial liny, in nil n'«i|ii rts,
«i.|c III! nil i'<|iial lodtinjfwilli Am oi<';i rliildrm—alilvc dear til li'nii." 'i'li(in"li
>iiiii
II stalnrc, ilir .<anir antiior <
iiisi r\( s, m
had
II ui'i al iiiiiiu
on
Till' wili' (iftliis clii 'I' di, d in i7ii'i. Slir wa- <if the lii;jliisi rank and i
.nci'taliiliiN ; and lilt' i-rn'iniinit's at iirr I'niirral, and nianiicr nl' dci-iirali
{iiiil iiitcrniciil, dt'sciiliril licrc, would orcii|iy M'\rral pajrcs.'
Ill liic liiiH' oftlic I'rcncli war, wlicn tlic ^'ovcriior of IN ' iiHyivania i^ciit C,
I'. I'd.il to till- distant Irilds to pci-iiadi' lliciii lioni aidiiiir ilic I'liiicii, incii-
;iiiii isot'ti'ii made in llif joiniial which he kr|ii,t of.S7(i/i/i-i,f, and iiiiil<inid,\ to
Ills iiil\aiita;;c. 'J'lic KcNciciid .Mr. /'o,-;/ |icrl(irnicd two missions, tiic liivl at
i|ii. close of l/oH, and llic second in I?.')!!, I'ndcr dale of t2H .\ll^ll^l, l/oS,
|ii. writes. '-Wc s t out froui SawciinU in coiniiany with "iO, Hir Kiishi-nshkcc ;
,,ii ilic roail »S7/i'/iiC«.s' addressed iiiniseif to iiie, and asked, if I did not think,
iliiit if lie caiiic to liie iln^lish tlicv woi.'d liaii": liiin, as llic\ had oireicd a
■at reward liir liis he;
J told hini that was a ''lent whiii' a;;o, 'twas
liiriTdtiiii and wijicd away now."' An Indian in the coiii|iaiiy, called Slutmo-
liin Ddiiirl, who had iii'cn tampered with iiy the l''rencli, imder.-laiidin;: what
\wis said, interrupted and saiii, '^ Don't helieve him, he tidls iiothiii;.^ lint idle
Iviiiir stories," and a-^ked, "Why then did the lln-ilish hire |-i()() Indiaim
liiiir the ('lieroUcis| to kill ii.s?" M\: I'asI iirotestiii;.' it was lalse, /Adijc/
IIIIMI
ijti'iat 'il, (i — d d — n _\on for a fool ; did you not see liie \Miniaii i\iii;; in Ih
iltliat was killed hy the Indians that the i;ii;.disli hired!-" .\ll« r a few
r iiaisli expressions, Sliini:;is told him to In; still, for he did not know what
f
r-ti ,
m
.V »
4'
Mr. I'osl liined with .S7n';(i,W.9 on liie 'J!t Aiifjiist, at wliicli time iieohsi r\ id to
liiiii, that altlioii<;ii the Mn^lish had oil! red a ^real reward for liis head, \ct Ikj
|i:i,| never thoimht to i-e\('iii;e himsellj lint was .always \(r\ kind lo such piis-
(i!n rs a
s were liroti;.''lit in, and that he would <lo all in his po\\< r to iiri
^iX
Diit a peace, and wished la; could 1)0 siiro the l'!n<5lis!i were in earnest for
|iei
■iu't' also.
Vlllidiigli the namo of Sliini^is lias not freiicrally lieen as conspicnoiis us
lliiil of Cajitaiii ./(/co/w, yet he is Haid to liavi- l)een"tlie jjr, .;tesl IK lawaro
V, jir.nr of his time," and that, "were his war exploits on record, ihey would
lorn
an interestiii<r dociiiiient, thoiifjh a slioidiin;^ one." ]
Ikiiilrirl; was a fialliint Mohawk cliiei; who took part, wiih many of his
null, iijiiiinst iIk? French, in the year 17")."). 'I'lie I'rencli wcir enconra^'f^d
by the defeat of (Jeneral Jimildurl;, and were in liij.',li expectation of carryiiif^
nil lieliire tin m. Ilcndrici; joined the ICnjjlisli army at tin.' reipiest of (ieiier.al
Jiihnson, and met the I'^rench, coiisistinu' of '2000 men, under (ieneral Dicsliim
III liiike (ieorji:<'. While the I'lii'dish and Indian
s were encampci
I in
a s
liiiht
wiiik, their scouts hroiiiiht news of the approach of the French, with a jrreat
liiiily of Indians upon their (liiiiks. (ieneral Jalmson despatched Coloncd
Hiflinms of Massachusetts, with 1000 men, and Htmlrirk with '-200 of his war-
riors, to f;iv(! them hattle ; hut fidliiiii' in with them ahoiit llnir miles from camp
i:iic\|i L-tedly, Colonels liillidins tmd Jfcndrirk were killed, witii many other
(itli(,i-sand pri\atesof the detaclmieiit. The rest f. -d lo the main hody with
L'iciit |)r('ci|»itatioii, infiisiiifi- consternation into the w hole army.'^^ The I'rench
liilldwcd closely, and poured in a trenunidoiis tire, which did very little o.\e-
fiitioii, from the jirccaiititui of the Iwijilish in lidliii^' Hat upon their iiu'cs.
Thi'y soon recovered li'om tiieir surjiris:', and Hm^ht with hravery, liavinj^
ailviiiitajre not only in numbers, !»iit artillery, of which the French had noiie.||
At l('Mi;tli the brave IJicskim was wouiidod in the thi'^li, and his Indians, lu;-
iiifT terrified at the havoc made by the cannon of tiie Fiiglish, tied to the
"oods, and the regulars were ordered to retreat by their <reiieral, whiidi they
dill ill p'eat disonier. (J.'iieral Dicskau was fouiul in the i)iirsuit, siipportiiifi;
Lmisclf by the stump of u tree. Siip|)osiiig plunder to be the first objeet ot"
* For wliicli sec IIcrhnicAili'r\s Hist. liid. Nations, 2() t, &,c.
t Ki'iiiliiU'il in •• Tlic Causi's ofttii- Alinuttioii," &cc., and Frond's Pa., vol. 2d.
{ lIn-ki'iii-lil,T\ .Niin-Mlivc, (it.
^ 'I'Ik.' Kaiilisli lo.il abivjl 2tX) ill this ambush. Guthrie's Universal History, x. 1)4.
II Ibid,
H i«'
10
u,;ni)Uu u— Kii.i.. I) IN iiAi ri.i:.— A.NKCDoTr.
(n.)OK V
hm «-ii|)t()rH, iiH lie vMis uitt'iii|iliii^ to draw liiH wntcli In itn-Nint tu i|
oiii', Hii|t|iusiiif liiiM In Im' fcmrlijii;: lor IiIm ihmIoI, ilisclinio, d i,,,
llJH lii|>r<. .Not\\illi.-iiiiiiiiiii;; lie \mis thus luiii- wniiiiilid. hr li\i,| t^
ii'iii, •'I
IIIC
« I'i'licli
l''.ii;:'laiiil, liiit hr ilic'il snoii iilirr. 'I'lii- ri'iiirli liisi r'iH) niiii in tin- iiitiirls
NN lini <i'(ii<'nil Jnhnsim wiim iilioiit lo ilrtncli ( 'oloiii I U illiiniin. \h' iis|^, ,1
Hmth-irk's o|iiiiioii, w lirtlnr Ilic lid'i-ii wiirt HiiHicii'lit. 'I'o wliicli hr |-,.|,|,,,||
" If Hull If IT liijiitlit, Uiijl HIT Ido/iir. l/'llii'l I'll '" '"' kHIrd, I hi if it,r Im, ,,, ,„,.•!
Andwh II it WHS |irii|in«nl to div iih- the (hliirhnn'iit inli) tlni p |».'iit^, //j ',.
In'ii; (ilijct !r(|, imil l<nriltl_\ lo csiin'ss ihr iiii|ir;inic,iliilii\ i,\' thr |i|;ii,, iiickcil
ii|i Ihi'i't sink-, iiiitl, |iiit!in^' llii'Mi inL'i'lh
lid to Ihf V" ii'Tiil, •• )
nil nil'
llii\l<
M I'lll-i 1(1
//((// lliisf riiiinol hf iitHlli/ hrijlifii ; hill liikr lliiniinii hi/ iinr, miil iloii iniiii l„ink
l/iiiii III (i/i'f'." lint Iroiii this Mihiidilr loiiiisi I \*r\ litth- iidvaiitiiun
have linn th-rivcd.
If VMis r('|i(irtcil lit fhr liiii '. that MH ol" lliiiilriik\i iiirii wi ic kilhd. .'iinl j-)
■ il\ ini|.
^^^Mlld^d.' i'tw liisluiiaiis innilion the loss ol' tin- Indians; |ii'nhal
sidcrin^' lin'iii as iiiuM>rlh\ ol' r< roi-d ! f^iicli historians wj/n/ Injhriculli n, \t
least, thi\ raniiot ixptct to pass iiinlcr that iiaiiic in anotlar a^T.
Tin- Iniliaiis nrrc ^ircatlv I'vasprratcd n;:aiiiHt tln> Krcnrli, " h\ ilic di ,it||
ol" tlic laiiioiis Ifnidrlfli," sa\s the saiiii' \vi iter, "ii rcnounci
Ind
laii w.Miriur
a I lion jr I III' Mdliawks, and one ol' tlii'ir sarh'ins, or kiiiiis, w ho wji- >liiin in i|
lialllr, aiidSvliosr son. upon licini.'; told lluil his liilhrr was Ixilji'd, vi\
ii^iial In.lian <rroaii upon siirli on-asinns, and siiddriily |<n<iiii;r his hainl i<ii
his Irt'l lircast, sw(>ri> his Itithcr was still alive in tliat place, and slond ||
■IMl,;.' III,.
II ri' III
llli'
I ;iii
his son: thai ii was with ilie ntniost dillienltv, (Jeiiend Johnson pnveiiird
(iiry ol'their resentnieni takiiii: plae.' o.i the |iod_\ ol'ihc I'leiicli i'eiu i'(i|."'+
As soim as the hatlle was o\fr, the Indians dispersed tlieiiisel\es in Mirjdi.
rlireciiims, with the trophies of vii-ioiy; some to their lionies, to (•(iiKJuji.
with the I'lieiids ol'ihe slain, and some lo the l".n;jli>li, to earry the welctm.i.
news ot'victory. The dilli'i'mi riiiiiiers lirotmht into Alhaiiy ahove HII srihs
within a very short time iiller the liiiht.t And thus we are iiniiishcd \\\\\
early rri'nrd ot' the wretched eiistoiii \". Iiicli app' ar-^ to have lui i i'n-i^
and actually encoiira<.'e(l li\ all who lia\e employed the Indians , is aiixiJi;. :s
ill war. Indeed to employ them, was to eiupioy tlieir |iriictiies — ilr v \M'ie
inseparahle. To t.-ilk, as some have iloiie, ol' eiiiphn in;;- them, ami piVv,iit.
in;,' their harhanuis ciistoiiiM with iho iinrorlunati! fupiives, all e.xpciii'u.e
shows, is hilt lo (iilk one thin;,' and mean another.
Soon alier Sii' lt'illiii:ii Johnson ent<'ied n|ion his duties as Hiipcrintciulpiii
of Indian aliiiirs in .\orth America, he received from lliiifland soit ,< ricllv
"iiibroidered suits of clothes. Hinilrirk was present when they wciv iv.
cei\('d, and could not help expres.-in^ a ^reaf desire liir a share in tliciii. Ik'
wi-nt away \ery tlioiiulitfni, lint retnrned iioi loii^' after, and called upon >;ir
ftilliiini, and told him he had dreamed a dn-am. {Sir hilliitm very ciiii-
cornedlv desired to know what it was. HcniMrk as readily told liim In.
I)!;d dreamed that Sir If'illi
ahnson
new suits of miit()rm
liad pn seiited him with one m
r Hillutm could not refuse it, and one of die cl
suits was forthwith presented to Hrnilrirk, who went away to show hi
present to iiis coiintrymen, and letl Sir ff'ilUitm to fell the joke to his fniinl'
Some time atlor, i!ie treiieral mot Itvniirirk, and told him he had dniiincil i
dream. Wl'ether tla
•hem mistrusted that he was now to he taken in
own ict, or iK't, is not C(>rtiiiii : hut he seriously di'slred to know w liat it
as :-ir
//
itiir
liii
d (lone hefort;. 'J'lie general said he (Ireamed tliat /A
( iiilri''
had presented him with a certain triict of land, which he descrihed. (coiimM-
inn: ot' about .IflO acres of the most valuable land in the valley ol'tlie .Moliiwk
I{iver.) Hiiulrirk answered, " It is i/onrs ; " biit, shaking' liis head, said, "Sir
mHinm Johnson, I will never dream with you asjain."
John R'onknpol, a Stockbrid^^e Iiidiim, was ^'randso'i to Hendrirk, aiul h'
informs us tlait his ^'randlather was .son of the ff'olf, a iMohe^fan cliict; luid
that his mother was a Molia\vk.§ Keyereiid liiikon Hairlc;/, in a It ttcr to
Governor Hiilchinson (1770) about the Marslip(!c Indians, hiis this passiiiiv:
f^»^^••^ ATitrnzinr for 17.05.
^ CoU
U
nut. So
t Ibid.
IMd.
r.. (n.H.K V
t til lIlI'MI, Sllllll!
<l III'* ii\l\\ illlll
li\i il III ri'iirli
II ilii' iiltiti'k.
'liiinis. III- a.|si il
liirli 111' fi |>!'ii||
ii'i r |>.ill-. Iluh
llif |il;in, |iick(i|
ll, •■ )illl l<lr iiiiir
III ijiiu mil II lii-Kili
iimiiijri' M riiw 1(1
!•«• killiil. mill \'i
s ; |ii'iiliiilil\ iiiii-
liv furii-iiUi ll, Al
■Il, "liy thr ili.itli
ll liiiliiin NMiii'iiir
II \\ii^ >liiiii ill ||,(>
klllril, L'i\ii,L' llm
in;; Ills liiiiiii ijii
lllll Sllliul till I'l' ill
Hon i>n\riiti'il ilii;
riicli !.'i'iiri'iil."+
iisiUcs ill vtiridi ■
lOllirS, til Ciiliilnic
•arry tlic wrliiiii.i'
ly aiidVi' f^O si';'!i s
i'lirnif'lii'ti «illi iiii
ilVi' 111 el iii-l' II ll.
liiiiis ii> aiisilii, 1 s
irtii'v>— ill ) \.i'lt!
(•111. JUliI lU'lV. lil-
t's, all cxiKM'iciii'e
lis Hiiiu'riiitcmlrm
iirlaiiil sdi! >> ricLly
icii tlii'V were r.'-
liarc ill tliiMii. II.'
ml cnllt'tl iipoii >\t
hilliitiii vi'i-y I'on-
idiiy tiild liiiii ln'
in with Olio ot" !i^
UUI' dl'llli' t'lcpii.t
iway to Mmw l:',s
j(iU"«' to liis iVii ml-.
ill' liiid (Irciiiiicili'.
V til lit" taken in lii^
) know wlial it WHS,
aiiu'il lliiit llimlrl-k
dcscrilit'il. (iiin'i>'-
ley of till' .Moliiwk
lis" head, said, "f^i'
o Henilrirk, uml li''
Molu'iraii fliit'f. mill
„'/(!/, ill il 1''"''' '»
!, lilis this liussugc:
; IMil.
/
xli
hWU
* (!'•:■'. .\T'tT;(t:ini- for 1755.
^ Cull Mass. ilisl. Sue.
t Ibid.
II.kI.
II.IJ.
/
////^;//// ^7/ ////.
// // /////
^y^/ <^///. ;.//
/^ ^/
///'../ /,v// y /// /^,
/ -V/ '////, , /, ,/
■, i i.
Chap. Ill]
".AiiKiii^f Joh
tril)t', wIkmi X
sister dl" tlicii
Sidckliridfrt',
\nWr * Wv
Ijiti^an ■Wilt
III' till' (Vyiiffi
,ilili' (Iffrrcc t(
jijiilialtl,', Ills .'
liiiliiiiiN. For
ill iiiiy nation,
uliirli elided
rb'd tin- Crie
mil stnenil o|
.iiJlllW. Ill till
Oliio l{i\'er,): V
Mitleiiieiits. '
Iniliiiiis, as tJK
Ulieeliiij,' ("r('«
ilii'iv wen; t\V(
III Idiiiriiijr to t!
il\i('i', altlioiif;
priic led and
yiiiii' Indians v
!ii> |i:irty iiiiino
tlii'iiiselve.s trie
.11 rii('<ini|) still
liilliiui'd, attack
uiiiiiid 'd l»v til
uviv sliiin. ■ 'J 'I I
.'iiiicli as tlio \vl
Sxiii alter tlii
')///»'/ (inallinl
iiiii.|);i'iy of liK
:ii ill:' sii.ie ,)!),(
i':iiii|iiiiriif. y\
^'l■^'ted llicnisc
ilit'i'iver ami v
ill' liiiiiid lliey \\
lii'iiiiis, liaviii;.''
;"!i'fiveii<rcd oi
in. iMilil a s(|ii.iu
^:.■^l r/((iii/al tlii-
;iiilili'(ell(i\v iiivi
iliis liriiij;' a |»a
jimy. (I. 'TImx
llii' "iiite settle
"iiird 'reil, i .xcc
;iiiil liis sis.er, \\
Tlie reiiiainii
ftn'ii,;:,M't dU" t\v
^ImiI", \V, n; fii
;i;i>i(i,ic|i. Not I
i^l I'll illlll Wdllll
I'i.'H'i' M;iy !>4lii,
' ('■<!. .1/,/vy. ///,,
,' '■ III lIll- IllOlltll
">''< (roiii s'niic
^'■}'^'^»'i I II illl.llIC
Nol('<. '2'.'.') (i.
i VmH puhlivli,.,!
4»
Chap. HI]
LOGAN.— CIIESAP'S MURDiniS.
41
"AiiHiiifr Johnsoii's IMoliiiwks, Jihmhnm iiiid Uvndrkk wcrii lli« oldest of tlioir
irilu', wluMi tlicy died, and nciilicr of tlii'in vas 70, at tiicir dcailis. J saw a
(.istcr of tlicirs in I7(i"», who appeared to he several years alxive 70. At
fiiockltrid/Jie, Captain Kunkiifiot was for many years the (ddesi man in hiH
trilit.'."* W(! Iiave now come to one of tlie most noted eliieis in hufiaii story.
Lnjfnn ^vas called a iMin<ro f flfn'f, whose liither, Slilkclllmns, was chief
,,1'tlie ("tiyn^ias, whom he sncceedtMl. Slilkvlllinit.f was altaehed in a n niark-
iijiii' (le;free to the henevolent Janus fji)i>;iin, from which circnmsiimce, it is
inoliiihl.', his son boriHus name. The nanu^ is siill perpetnated amonj.' the
|ll(liim^<. l''or mafj;nanimity in war, and frreatnessol'soid in peace, li-w, if any,
jiijiiiy nation, ever surpassed Lo!>;<tii. Me took no part in tlie French wars
uhirli ended in 17(!0, except that of a |teacemaker ; was always acknowl-
,. I:;c(l the friend ol" the whit(! people, until tiie year 177-J, when his hrclher
,111(1 several others ol" his (inniiy were inurdei-ed, the particulars ol'wiiich
,ii||(i\v. In th<! spring of 177-4, some Indians rohhed the people upon the
Ohio |{ivcr,| who were in that country e.\|)lorim!- (he laiuls, and prepariiifT for
.iHlciiients. Thesi! Ian(l-jid)l)ers were alarmed at this hostili^ carriajic ol'the
liiiliiiiis, as they considered it, and <'ollected themselves at a pl.-u-e called
Wlii'i'linjj ("reek, the siit^ on which W'lieeliiiir is now hifilt, and, learning that
i|i,iri' \ver(! two Indians on tin; river a littler ahove, one (,'aplain Michael i'lrsnp,
Irldiiiriiig to the ex|dorinir party, jtroposed to tidl upon and kill them. Ilia
,|\ici', althoiijih opposed at lirsi, was followed, and a parly led l»y Crcsap
|iiiH('i'(led and killed the two Indians. The sanu' day, it being reported that
MHiic Indians were discovered ludow Wheeling ujion the river, Cresap and
iii> |):iity iimnediately rnarch(ul to the ]>lace, and at lirst a|)peared to show
thi'iiisclves friendly, and suflered tlu; Indians to pass hy them unmolested,
;,i ciicaini* still lower down, at the mouth of (irave (^rin-k. Crcsap soon
lojliiui (I, attacked and killed several of them, having one of his own men
woiiiul '(I by the fire of the Jndians. Here som(> of tla; (amily of Lo'^an
u, IV slain. 'J'he circumstance of the affair was exceeding aggravating, inas-
iiiiicli as the \\\\\Hm^ pnitnded )w provocatiini.
SiMiii after this, some other monsters in human s'lape, at Avliose head were
Ihnld (jlirath')iist' and one Toinliusoii, committed a horrid murder upon a
iiiii.|)a'iy ol" Indians about tliirty niil's abose Wheeling, (liralliousc n sided
ulllii' sii.ie place, I)wt in li" .)pi>osit<! side of th(! ri\(!r from tht; Indian en-
(■;iin|iiiieiit. A |)arty oi' tidrty-two men wenM-ollected for this object, who
ti'ci'tcd thenis(dves, whiln (Ireallimuie, under a prt tence of fricuidsliip, (;rossed
ilii'i'lvcr and visited tla^m, to ascertain their strength; on counting tiiem,
111' liiiind they weri' too nniiK^rons Cor his liirce in an open attack. These
iiiiliaiis, having heard of tla; late murder of their relations, had deiermincd
lo I);' avenged of the whites, and Grenlluwic did not know ili;! danger lit; was
ill, until a s(piaw advised him of it, in a friendly caution, 'Mo go home." Tho
sail ri|iiifal tliis poor woman m"t with will presently appear. This abomi-
iiiilili'li'lli \v invited the Indians to com*; over the riv* rand drink rum witii him;
this lii'iiig a part of his |»lot to separat(! them, tiiat they might be the easi rde-
slioyrd. The opportunity soon offered : a number b 'ingcollrctedat a tavern in
the white; settlement, and considtiiably intoxicated, were lid!en upon, and all
iiiiiid n;il, I xce|»t a littl- girl. Among tli.; nnirdered was a brother of Lo<j;nn,
mill his sis. er, whose (I'licate sitii.ition <;fcaily aggrasited the horrid crimt!.
Tlic rcinaining Indians, u|)on the othi'r side ot" the, rivi r, on hearing the
liiiiiir, set oil" two cano's with armed warriors, who, as they approaidied tiie
hliiif, w. re fired upon by the whites, who lay concealed, awaiting their
ai'iHimcli. Nothing |)reV(Mil«ul their taking deadly aim, und nauiv were
kilril iiiiil wounded, and tla; rest wer(! obliged to n;turn. This affiir took
|iliici' M;iv '2\\\t, I774.§ These were the (svents that liu! to a honid Indian
' r./. ,l/,rvy. ///s7. Snr. 'X i. l")!.
t lA/);/!'-'. Mmiiiirs, Mmpiiu or Iroqiins nil iiieail tiip sniiic.
! •• III llii- inoiilli ol' April, I77I-, a iimi r Wiis clrcohili'd, I lint llii
iiiirsi's Iriiiii soiiii- hiiiil-joMicrs uii lln^ Oli'o iiii
hiivliii; I II aildiict'd, loiiil lo llio coiiclii.sioi
Nohs. '2'.',)— (I,
5 Fuels piilili^lifl in Jefferson's Notes.
bi'liiiiis JKni sioliMi sovorat
Ki'iiliukv Kivri-, ; MO cv iiii-iiccvs of the Carl
llidl iIlo ri'i'orl wus I'alsc;," Doddridge'*
►*
••■ t <d
mk ^ ''Mm
12
LOr.AN— SAVES TIIK I.IFE OF A CAPTIVE.
[Book v.
aiiii
thcv
II IIk;
u>
war, in whicli tnany iniUMMMit liitnilios worn sncrificod to satisfy tlio i
ail iiicciisrrl and mjurccl pcojilc.
A calm i()ll()\\i'(| tin Hc tioiililcs, liiit it was only snrli ns frocs ln'iopc tl
storm, and lasti'd only wliild tlir tocsin of war con'ld Ik- sf)nnd('(i aimin"- tl"^
distant Indians. On'tln- Vi Jidy, 1771, Lniraii, M \hv head of a small pjut'^
of only cij^'lit warriors, strncK a hlow on sonic iiiliahitants npon tlic >liiski '
gum, wiici-c no one expected it. Jlc liad Icit the sctilcnicnts on t|,,. (ji •
undistnrlicd, wliicii every ono sn|t|)oscd would lie tlio first attacked in i-<[
of war, and licncc the reason of his jireat succ(;sses. His fnst an;;ek \v ■
upon tlirer men wlioAvcre |)nllini,' flax in a field. One was slmt down
the two otlicrs taken. Tlicse were marched into the wildennss aii('
they a|iproMc|ird the Indian town, Lnscitn jravc; the scalji halloo aia
were met hy llie inhabitants, who cdndiicted them in. l{nnnin<>' tlie .r;iiii|(i
was next to he ])erfornie(l. Ijos;itn took no deli<.'ht in tortures, and liein
most friendly manner instructed one of the captives how to |)r()ee((|
escape the severities of th(> gantlet. This same captivi;, whose name
Kol/iiisou, \\n!^ afterwards sentenced to he hiirned ; hot /iOi^v/H, tlioiiirh not
able to rescue hini by his eloipienee, with his own hand cut the ccrds tlmi
bound him to the stake, and caused )iim to be adojjtr-d into an Indian liunilv
IJe Ix'came allerwards Ijo'^idi's scriiie, and wrot(> the letter that was tied lo";,
war clnb, tin; particnlars of which wo sliall relate farther onward.
There was a chief among the Hhawanese mort; renowned as a Witninr
than even Loirnn himself at this time. COHNSTCX^K * was his name, jiiul
to him seems to have fiilien tiie chief direction of the war that wjis'nrnv
bogim ; the caiiS! s ol' which were doubtless owing to the ontrages alniKlv
detailed, committed by Cresap and Grenthoiise, but there can he hut littli' if
any doubt, that the several trilies engaged in it, had each been sntiicicntlv
injured to justiiy their participation also. The liistory of tlie iminler o}'
linlil Eiiith' is more than siitticicMit to account lor tin; jmrt ai-ted I)v the Dily.
wares. What tiiis man had been in his younger days is unknown to liis'on
but at this time iui was an old inoffensive J)elaware ciiiei; wiio waiiilcn'ii
harmlessly tip .iiid down among the whitos, visiting those most freijiicnilv
who would entertain him liest. Having been on a visit to the fort at tlii'
mouth of Kanhawa, hf> was ni(!t, as he was ascending alone upon the ri\, r
in his canoe, l)y a man, who, it is said, had siiH'ered much lioni the liiili;;!is.
It was in the evening, and whether any tiling happened to justiiy violence on
the |*art oi' either, we have no evidence, but certain it is, tlie wliite man
killed the cliii f" and scalped him, and, to give his ahominahle crime i nh-
licity, set ti:e (lead body ujiright in (lie canoe, and in this niaiiner ciiiis ,| ji
to drift down the river, wh(>re it was iieheld by many as it |)asseil il;(ii;.
From the appearance of the old cliiefj no one siispecti d lie was deiid, liiit
vei"y naturally concluded he was U|)on one of his ordinary visit". The iniih
of the i;ffiiir, however, soon got to his nation, and they (piickly avowed wu-
geance for the outrage, f
The Virginia l(!gislature Avas in session when the nevs of an Indian \v:ir
was receivcid at tlie seat of government, (jovernor .'/iinmnre. inmieiliiui !\
gave orders for the assembling of liQOO men ; one half of whom wen' to
march foi the month of the great Kanhawu under the command of (jleiiml
Andrew Le.uns,\ and the nunainder, under the governor in person, wiis ki
proceed to some point on the Ohio, aliove the former, in order to fill ii|iiu:
the Indian towns between, while the warriors should be drawn ofl' liy tin
up[n'oac!i of L''wis in the opposite direction. He was then to proceed down
the Ohio, and form a junction with (Jeneral L'-im at Point IMuasunt, liom
whence they were to march according to clrcuMstanccs.
• (iriiernlly wrilleii (^nrnstalk, Iml in oiir oldest printed .icronnl, it is ns in llio text. 'I'Ihtc
is 110 liari-i in clianifing lliu oillio^ra|)liy ol' a word, wiioii we uac il lor a proper iiislcaJ nl' a
common siilislantive.
t M'CtinnT.
I His rank was llint of colonol, liut, liciii^ commaiuler-in-oliiof ofthal division, \va< |)r(ipprly
call'.'ii !>oneral, 10 disUn!;ui:ih liiiii from liis brulhur, who wus ul8o a colonel, and us li.uiiig
the ciiief coinmiuid.
ClIAP. III.]
On the 11
1100 men, (unn
tlin Great Kanl
less wilderness
the nearest ]>r,
horses, and the]
'laving arriv(:
I'oiiiiiienced on
anxiety to get st
of this time, n«
i';nii|) ill tii(> m
I'scaped tile rifli
tliiit an attack w
(li'iT limit, and c
was shot down,
|inrted "that he
as closely as the;
I'lioii iliis into
his pipe," I gave
his cv . regimei
iioitre the eneni)
Tlicst! marched
the Indians into
hetv/een sun's r
began. The V^in
or whatever else
and put them to I
Ibriii, and being, i
fell mortally won
chief was not jn
Colonel Field wit
limitless into act
cheeked the inijicl
r.'tn;;it Ixdiind a
loiistriict from
Tlie point of
Iiiiliatis' hreastwo
best that could Ix;
Virifiiiiaii coii'd Ji;
the ri\('r to pnu'
iijiex of the triaiii
Never was gron
with noprecipitaii
ion under Lewis
at the same mom
thmngli his lefl w
C'^t eooliii'ss and
lose an inch of
tlii'iii and the rive
llmt .'ladjiist defe;
tlie lia'tiiiK! of th
a;;aiii woiiiided,1
and Colonel Field
^ Al snii-risc, Huh
-A lililo aflcr suiiris
Wil'iiTu, 127.
II III- walked into c.
11 Mr. ,W'r;/„„.sa
Mr. U,/V.-.vsays he
Ulroiiktes, 130.
*• Jiurk, iii. 394.
ClIAP. Ill]
LOGAN.— BATTLE OF POINT PLEASANT.
48
I t3 .
Oil tlic 11 ftnptomher, tlio forcos iiiider (J(!!icriil Ijeiris, aiiioiintiiij^ to
1100 men, (•oiiiiiuwiccd their iiimcli liuiii (."aiii|) riiioii lor J'oint Pleasant on
the (jfi'eiit Kanliiiway, distant KiO iiiih^s. 'J'Ik; country lutwccn was a track-
less wilderness. TIk^ army was piloted l>y Captain Midthcw .h-hitclde, l»y
tlie nearest practical»l(> route. The l)a<,'gage was all transported on paek-
liorses, and their m:u"cli took up 1!) days.*
Having arrived tiu^n! upon the last day of' the month, an encampment was
roimiieiieed on the lirst of Octohcr. lien; (iciieral Jjciois waited wil'
anxiety to get some tidings of Diinmorv, [hv eight or nine days. At the end
of this time, no prospect of a junction ajipcariiig, n<!vvs was brought into
(.;iiii|i in th(! morning of the; 10 Octolicr, hy one of two persons who had
i-scaped the rifles of a great hody of Indians aitoiit two miles up tin; Ohio,
that an attack would he iminediatcly made. These two men wen' iiiion a
(li.in- liiiMt, and eaiiK! upon the Indians without oliscrviiig them, when one
uiis shot down, and the otluM- escap(!(l to the camp with ditlicnity. I [e re-
ported "that he had seen a hody of the enemy, covering (()ur acres of groiinil,
as closely as they could stand hy tlit; sido of each other." f
(■|i()ii this iiitelligence, (ieneral Lewis, "after having deliberntely lighted
Ills pipe," I gave orders to his brother, ("oloiiel Chdrles Lnvis, to inarch with
his : . regiment, and another under (Jolonel Hilliain Fk'iiilii'' ;o recoii-
iinitre the eiuimy, while he |)nt tin; remainder in a posture to support them.
These marched without loss of time, and about 400 ] anis from camp met
the IiKiiaiis intent upon the same object. Their minting was somewhere
betveen sun's rising and sun an hour liigli,§ and the tight in a moment
bcpm. The Virginians, like their opponents, covered themselves with trees
or whatever else offered, but the latt(!r wer-i, more than a match lor them,
ami put them to flight with great slaughter, ''olonel Lewis was in full uiii-
lorni, and being, from the nature of his I'uies, exposed at (wery point, soon
fell mortally wounded.|| There was no result for whi<"li the commander-in-
fhicf was not i)repared ; for at this critical moment he had ordertul uj)
Colonel Field with his regiment, which, coming with great resolution and
tiriMiiess into action, .saved the two retreating regiments, and efliictnally
cheeked the ini|.ctiiosity of the Indians, who, in their turn, were obligeil to
r'tHNit behind a rough bniastwork, which they had taken the precaution to
loiistnict from logs and brush for the occasion.
The jioiiit of land on which \\\v battle was fought was narrow, and the
Indians' breastwork extended from river to river : their plan of attack was the
best that could be conceived ; ibr in tiie event of victory on their part, not a
Vir!,'iiiian eou!d iiave escapetl. Tluiy had stationeil men on both sides of
the river to prev.'nt any that might attempt flight by ssviminiiig from tho
iijiex of the trijmgle madi; by the confluence of the two rivers.
\('V(;r was ground maintaiiUHl with more obstinacy ; lor it was slowly, and
with no precipitancy, that the Indians retired to their breastwork. Tin; divis-
ion under /y(!im was first broken, altiioiigii that under Flemimi; was nearly
attiiesame moment attacked. This heroic oflicer first received two balls
through his lell wrist, but continued to ex<!rcisc his command with the great-
est eooliii'ss and presenc<! of mind. His voice was continually h(!ard, "Don't
lose an inch of ground. Advance outflank the enemy, and get between
tluMii and the river." Jiiit his men were aixuit to be oiitllaiikefl by the body
that iuul just defeated Lewis; meanwhile t!ie arrival of ('olonel iVcW turned
the fortune of the day, but not without a seven; loss; (yolonel Fleming was
ajjuiii wounded,1[ by ii shot tiiroiigh the lungs ;** yet he would not retire,
aiul Colonel Field was kilhid as he was leading on bis men.
.n
DoHdriilzr. 290.
t Withers, 126.
t M'CllWrr,^.].^
Ai siiii-risc, /f«r^,iii 393. — Sun an hour high, lioijal Anifr. Magnrinfjfor i\orp,nlipr 1774.
after sunrise, Doddridge, 231. — 'I'lio sun was just rising, M'Clung, 3--. — Ssuniisc,
-A hull
Wifirr.i, 127.
II 111' walked into camp, and expired in iiis own tent. Doddridge.
t .Mr ;)/'C/ijn:>- says lie was killed, l)ul we cannot find any ainhority to ai^ree wilii him.
Mr. H'lV'ic'-.v says he was " aii active governor of Virginia during ilie rovolutionaiy war."
t7ii-o;ii(7e.v, 130.
•• Hark, iii. 3iJ4,
44
LOGAN.— BATTLE OF POINT PLEASANT.
[Rook V
The wliold litio of tlio hn-astwork now bccaiiK! ns a lila/p of fire wl i .}
lasted nearly till tiu! close of the day. Il«'re the Indians under hoirnn, fvlr '
storl;, l-llii)!j)slru, Ued-En^lc, and other nii;.dity chiefs of ' trihes of ii
Jrrhawaiii'se, Delawares, Miiijjocs, W'yandois and ("ayniras, .i.'onnlin"- jis «•
su|>|iosed, to l.'iOO warriors, t()ii;,dit, as men will ever do liir ihcir coiiin,.,'' ,
wrongs, with v bravery which conid only he e(|ualled. The voice df o ,
inifihty Curnslock wna otlen heard din-inj; the day, above the din of .siri|i.
callinir on his men in tlK'si- words: " IJe strong! I>e siron;,^!" And when Iv
the repeated char},'es of the whites, some of his wai'riors hefian to wavi'r lie
is said to have sunk ins tomahawk into the liead of one who was cowiinjjv
ond(N'ivorinfi' to de.-^ert.
(Jeneral Arim, finding,' at leiifrth that every charire upon the lines of |||(.
Indians lessened the nninber of his forces to an alarminij- deiri-ce, imd iiiriit|,
juduiny that if the Inilians Ascre not routed before^ it wa;. dark, a duv (jI'
more doubt nfij;ht follow, he resolved to throw a body, if possible, imn \\^f.\,.
rear. As tire "jood fortune of the \'irj,dnians tin-ned, the bank of tlu! river
favored this pioject, and t<»rthwith three companies were; detached niiiin ili,.
(enterprise, under the three captiiins, Imuc Slidhii, (a(t(>rwards renowned ia
ilie revolution, and since in the war with Canada,) llt'onxc Miiltlicifs,- jukI
Joliii Slcuiirt. These companies ijot unobsei'ved to tin ir place; ol' deslinntjin,
U|ion Crooked Cn ek, which runs into the Kanhawa.f From the hiirh weeds
upon the banks of this little stream, they rushed upon the backs of tjie
Indians with such fury, as to drive them from th(>ir works with iii-eei|iitaiii)ii.
The d;iy was now decidcMl. The Indians, thus lies(>t fi'om a ipiarier tiiev did
not e.\i»ect, were ready to conclude thiit a reinforcement had arrived. It
was about sun -et when they fled across the Ohio, and inuntMliately took up
tli(!ir march l<)r their towns on the Scioto.
As is cotmnon, in reviewing ])ast events, we find much difli'rcnee nf
opiiuon in re^'ard to many of tin; iacts; the loss of the whites in this \m\\o
is very variously stated, but that of the Indians no om; has presumed to set
down but by iid'erence. T'Ik; morifini;: aller the battle. Colonel Cliiistiun^
inarched to th(! battl(!-<rroiuid ; where his men li)un(l and scalpedv^ 'H ef
their dead, and \2 others were Ibimd in places where they were jtlaced fei'
concealment ; that many were also thrown into th<! river is said to lia\c heen
at the time known. Jn an account publisbi'd at the time, it is set down tluit
t\w killed of the Virginians \v<'re "Col. Chnrles Lewis, Alajor Jolni /'iV'i/,
Capt. John Mnrmif, Roheii Mr Cleiitclum, Sdinui! Ifitsov, J.uuis U'nnI, bient.
Hugh .llkn, Ensigns, CV»af/i/^j Jittker, ami 14 |)rivates;" making the wlnjjo
nunduT of the killed 5."). " Wounded, Captain /F. Flemivi!;, since dead,
Y. Dicliin.son, Thnmts lilurjbr.l, John Stidmati, Lieiits. (joodnutn, Robison,
Ldxuh I'dnnis, and 7!> Privates ; " making in all 87 wounded. We are aw.in'
that iii.ither the names or luunluirs a<;ree with accounts since |ud)iislied, liiit
we lia\e t.ikeii the above; Irom th«! Royal American Magazine, wliieli wis
published i\n'. following month at IJoston, into which it seems to have iiucii
copied li-om a Philadelphia ])rint.||
'i'liere was a kind of .stratagem used by the whiles in this battle wliich
rcnfu'ds us of that jn-aetised al the Pawtucket fight, ndated in Pouk 111. of
our history. The soldiers in (Colonel /Yemiog"'.? regiment would (•eiiccnl
themselves behind a tree or some other shelt"r, and then lio!d out their li;iis
from behind, which the Indians seeing, would mistakt; as covering the iicads
* Prolial'lv the same who was a roloiiel in Iho Virpinia line (iiiriiig llie revoliilioii. ami
once ;i |iri>()iier. See Coiitin. liurk, 107, .358, also Willuns, 1;!0.
t Wilhcrs, 127.
\ lie wiis iiol present at tlie fight, bill arrived willi a reitiforcenieiil, wiiicli he had riuscl
from lloUloM, iiimu'dial('iy after il was over. It was this force, il is sii|i|)(i-.('(l, ili.ii iln;
Lidiaiis e.\|)e('le(l wore surrouiiiliiig diem in die lear. Tliey were sai<l lo have lioiii ac-
qiiainled uidi all circiimslaiices conMeeled widi the operations of the Virginians.
6 Roijid Amcr. Mn"inti)ie (or November, 1774.
II Ur. DiKlitriils". 2.51, sets down die killed al 7.'>, and the wonndcd al MO. nml lio i*,
donbdess, .Mr. Withi-rs's aiidiorily, who says die same. His list of killed nml woiindi'd arc
also verbatim Irom Doddridfre. Uiir/c, who wrolt; Iwculy years before cidicr, agrees will)
Uie Kotjal Anieiican Magazine very nearly.
Chap. Ilf.J
of their (wieini
Indian woidd i
>iire death ii-on
Tlic chief oj
iA\\ '-prime ril
ivcrc prineipall
■vaU', and /i-oi,
iii'iilsfo escape
iicre not |)erlt'c
iiilo two part.s, 1
iiitlic nevolutioi
.rnlillgs. His j
"lalillli- with (i*r|
iiilic know II i|,,-|
\. ictiirc!, no c(j
iii.«Io]-ian tiiirk,*
lijllllC piU'pOSf! (
iMiiicnce and rej
Hit liicfs lo wari
;i()I lii!V(; been d(
■i'liis, which mi<
(jI'iIic Jndian.s' en
liriii;' them to ;i
miiild liav(! beer
vi'ivi.sed his abii
iiiiv licfweeii the
iiarly have Ity tl
.raiiidinary mano
oi'i'vprrience, goi
More the l)attle t
oiiltTs that In; slio
H>t\U'U. These;
i;!ii.-iiHich as it wa
bd there not be,,
and llie roiiti; was
III II.* tin; word
iiot.nrive at Poin
!iiid licen li)ught
fe sending such
The day aftei' t
ii'n'iiehnn'nt
■' kand woundee
'"m|diaiice with
»idi <^i-t'nt privati
hiivnior Dnnmor
'■" ^Vheeling, win
■'"' 'iioiith of Ifo,
ffll'I'iDWil Chili,.,
■"^'"i'li the Indjj
■«'>si.ires from th
.'"''""iply, he .sei.
'"""'■'liatelv retre
'"ii'iiiiied liis mar
'""is "110 gave ti
,'''"'• Virginia, iij,
' llie famous i)ione
all- lillif.
■ !,',i^.'' ^'''■Si"ia, iii.
? I'iiis is nrx ajrreeal
w da; hallh;, aiid Mr
'*>lmCUllSO)iriviuj;l{j
s (
to
lit
%1
s battle wliifh
15o()k 111. "f
would cnliri'lll
out tlu'ir liiUs
riim till! ln'iiils
U) Imvc l>(;iii M-
llllllS.
;,l 1 1(1, 7\w\ Ik- is.
mill wouiii'.i'ii :\rc
lillicr, agreoi. wiJi
Chap. IH]
LOGAN.— BATTLE OF POINT PLEASANT.
46
oftlicii* eiienrK's, and slioot lit tluMii. Tlit! Iiat beiiif? ut oiictMlioppcd, the
Indian would rdii out Croiii his coviTt lo scalp his vicliiii, and thus met u
(iciitli Ji-oiii llic toiiiaiiawk of his adversary.
'I'lie cliiet" of the null r.iised for lliis siivire, were
d li
Itj "prune nlleineii, and llie '• most expert wooilsini'ii in \ irfiiiiia
Vi
expresse;
Iniii-
'I'hey
.vii'i' principally Irmii the counties of Aiiirnsta, IJotetonrt, itedlord and Kin-
,;;.s!le, and from tin; enraiu'i'd .settlers who had tied Iroiii their frontier settlu-
„,.|its to escape the veii^'eaiici! of the iiijnred liidiaius. For reasons wide.'.
rtcir not perfectly iiiiderslood at that time, li.>rd Duiiinon: di\ided the army
;iil,, two parts, as alrt.-ady stilled. 'I'he part which />i(/u/iore soon after tftok
III the r(!Voliili<tnary events, discovered thi! real cause ot" his preposterous pro-
,vriliii,ifs. His |)ri t nee ot' fallinfj upon llie l;acUs ot' the Indians, and codp-
..,,iiiii^' with (ieiieral Lt»»i,s", was soon delected as such; for it needed only
III lie
iii>lor
known ih.'st he was moving- no less than 75 miles from him, and that,
'jiin;, 110 coiiperation could hi; had. 'The im|>utalioii, how(!ver, of tlio
iaii liurk,'- "that the division under Lvirifi was devoted to destruction,
llie purpose of hreakinii" th(> sjiirits (tf tia; Virginians," to reiidi-r ids own
iilluciicu and reputation hri;:hter and more ellicient, is unnatural, and with-
mtliicfsto warrant it. To our mind a worse policy to raise himself could
i,i! iiave heeii devised. Tlierc are two other, tiir more reasoiiahle conclii-
■ IHllS
ihich niiirht have hi'cii oU'ered: Th
'governor.
injr tl
e pistnes3
llii' Indians' cause, miyht ha\(! adopted the plan wiiicli was followed, lo
tiiem to ,1 (
leace
with the least iiossihli; destruction of them. This
lave
Ai'lV
1,1 liavi! heen the course of a humane philosophy; or he mifrlit 1
ised his ahilities to <,'aiii them to tin; Jhitish interest, in case of u nip-
liiiT between them and tlii' eoloni'S, which the heads of <jovernnieiit must
imiiy have hy this time foreseen would pretty soon follow. Another ev-
:r;iiir(liiiiiry maiiuMivn? of (jIom rnor Dunnwrc hetraycid either ii jrreat want
o; i'\|ii rieiici', fremsralship, or a I'ar more reprehensihle char^'e ; for ho had,
ixiiirc the hattio of I'oiiit I'leasaiit, sent an express f to (Vdoiud Lewis, with
oidiis that he should join him near the Shawaiiee towns, with all possihle
(l<|i,'ili'li. These inslriiciions were looked upon as siii<rularly imaceonntahle,
ii:;i>iiiiicli as it was considered a thiiij^' almost impossible to he uccomplished,
kill tlicre not htion an (Miemy to fear; for tin; distanei! was near fO miles,
and liio route was throufjli a country «'\treniely ditliciilt to be traversed, and,
III use
not art
the words of Mr. Ihirk, "swariiiiii>r with Ind
lans.
"t Tl
ive at Point Pleasant until the eveniiifj after the liattk
le express (
lid
:v
but that it
M(l lllM'll
Ibujjht was unknown to tlu; iroveriior, and could in no wise excuse
iiissciidinjr such orders, although the power of the! Indians was now broke
lit; tlay
lav after the battle, (leiuM'al Lewis caused his dead to be biiri<;d, and
iiliciiclimeiits to be thrown up about his camp lor the prote'ction of his
-ikiiiiil wounded ; and the day Ibllowinj;-, he took tip his line of march, iu
■iiiii|)iiaiice with the orders of (jloveriior7>in!morf. This march was attended
niili ^reat pri\atioiis and almost insurmountable ditiicnllie.s. JM<;anwliile
liiivniiir Dunmorc descended with his forces down the river, 'Wmi l'"ort Pitt
!ii\Vli(M'lin'r, whert; he halted lor a few days. lie; then proci eded down to
III' iiioiitli (if llockhockiiifr, theiiee over land to within H miles of the Sliaw-
iiH'i' town (Jliilicotht;, on tin; Scioto. Il(>re he made pre|»arations lor troat-
Ni'withthe Indians. I5el()re reachinu' this |il,iee h" had received several
■aires from the Indians with ot
it pe;
and liavini;' now determined
:'H()Mi|ily, he sent an express to (jeiieral Lewis with an order that he should
iiiininiiately retreat. This was entirely dLsrefrarded by tin; ireneral, and ho
ojiilimied his maridi until his lordsliip in person visited the <;-eneral in his
raiiip, aiiQ gave the order to the troops himself. Lkwis's troops complied
ili<t. Virginia, iii. ;?'.)().
t riiu lainous pioneer, i'fiinon Kenton, alias Butter, was liic person scut hy Duiimore at
1JII> lilllU.
1 Ilisi. Virginia, iii. 3!)5.
\) Tiiis is not agrci-able lo llic statomt'iil of Dr. Ihdilridi^c who says llirir arrival was lie-
forc llie hatllc, and Mr Willurs follows liiin ; Iml 1 follow i\Ir. liiirk, who iloubliuss iiad llie
bcsl means of giviuj; ibc trulii. Marshall [Ky. i. 'W] agrees with the former.
.i
j i<8
-<il
'f*.\
4f)
couNSTocK tiif;at.s with ounmokf:.
[Rook V.
lu:
with <rr«'nt rcliictmicc, for tlioy li.id (Ictciriiiiind on a f,'(!iieral tlcstniction , f
tlu! Indians. '
A treat} was now (•(inimcnrcd, and condnr-ti'd on iIk; part o|' liic wliji,,
with ffrfat di>lrnst, ni'vrr adniiltin;r l)nl a small nuini)rr of Indians wnli^
tlieir cncaininncnt at a linn'. 'I'lic Imsinrss was connni need \t\ ('uriiiini-
in a Hpcccii of frrrat icnj^lh, in tiic conrsc of which Ih; did not fail to cIkh'. J
upon the whites the wlinic cause of the war; and mainly in conscninn,.,',
of th(,' mni'dcr of /j<i'j;ini\i (iimily. A treaty, however, was llie re-nli oi' |! ;^
conference; and this conli'renci' was ilie re>nll of the (in--fanied siieccli i,)'
Ii()(i.\i\, the iMinL'o chi<'f; since known in e\ery hemisphere. It w;is nui
delivered in the camp of Lord Ihninuiir, for, allhoufili desiriiijf peace, Luiri, ,
wonid not meet the whiles in conncil, hni remained in his cahin in miHi'i
Bileiice, nntil a inessen^M-r was sent to him to know whether he wuiilii
accede to the |)roposals it contained. What the distance was fimn ^
treaty-^rroimd to iMisaii's cahin, we are noi told ; hul ol" snch ini|iortaiicc \,, ,
liis nana; considered, that he was wailed on hy a messen;.'er ■ fmni Lnnl
Duiiiiiorc, who rcfiiicsted liis assent to the arti(dcs of the trealy, Lnirnii li,'i,|
too nnich at heart tin? wronj;s lately done him to accede witliont •jivin" the
nM!ssenfj:er to nndersland fnlly ihe firoiinds upon which he acce(|c(F; h,'
theretJire invited him into an adjacent wood, where they sat down l(p;.ctliir
Here he related the (!venls of hiitchery which had deprived him of ,ill
liis connections; and iiere lie pronounced that inemorahle sp( tch, \\lii(||
Ibllow s :
" I appeal to anif tvhUe to sni/, if ever he entered JjOjran's rdhln Ininisni, mul
Ifave liiin not meiit ; if ever he rtime rulil and ntd>eil,a)id he eloth.al liini mil.
" Diinnif Iheeoursc of thcUisl loiiirhloodi/wiir, Lo^an reitidined idle iit lii.u-(il,ln
an advocate for peace. Such ivati mi/ love for the u'hit<n, thai m;/ cviinlniinin
pointed as ttvji passed, and said, ' Lojian is the friend of white nien.^
'^ t had even lliouirld to have lived with i/on, hul for the injuries of otic mnn.
Col. Cresap, llie last sprintj^, in cold blood, and unpriwoked, murdered idl Ik irk.
tions of liO<fan ; not even siiariiif^ inif women and children.
" "^1 here runs not a drop of mij hlood in tlie veins of anij living creidinr. Thin
called on me for revem^e. I have S(iu<>;ht it. I have killed inanij. I have J'ullij
f^lulted mij veui^eance. For mij could n/, I rejoice at Hie beams of pinee, Ihi tin
not harbor a thoui^^ht tluit mine is the joi/ if fear. I.ojran never fell fear. Ilr iriU
not turn on his heel to save Ids life. U'ho is tliere lo mourn for Logan ?—.\U
one ! "
When IMr. Jc^ersoH piddished liis " Notes on Virfrinia," the Diets tlirrrin
staKal implicatiiif; Cresap as the murderer of ljoiran\s family, wen; hy Vrimfs
friends called in ipiestioii. iMr. .A^ir.s'o)) at (irst merely staled the liictsa< |irp-
liniinary to, and the cause of, the '■Speech of Loican," which he cdiisidi'i'n;
as ireneraljy known in Viririnia: hut the aciimmiy discovered hy his cik mi s
in their endeavors to (lainsay his statement, led to an invesli^atioii of il.c
whole transactifiii, and a i>nhiicalioii ol" the result was tlie imincdiatc cuiia'-
qiienee, in a new (;ditioii of the "Notes on Virjrinia."
'I'liere are perliajis still some who doiiitt of tin? frfiiiiineness of Ln'sd-.i'x
S|)cecli and indeed we must allow, thai llien- are some circiimslaiiccs l.ijil
boliire lis in Dr. liarloii\s .Medical and Physical .loiirnal, for tlie yeiir ls(H;
which look irreconcilahle. Wilhoiit impiachin^' in the sli;.;litest deiir.'c lin'
character of iMr. Jefferson, such liicSs are tluirn coin|)ared, and disairrceimiits
pointed out, as chanced lo come in the way of the w riter. It appe;i!s lium
tlie l''n nch traveller l{obiii,\WM,\i\ the time of onr revoliuion, a j:ciitk'iii;m m'
VViHiaiii.*hiirff jrave him an Indian speech, which hears j^peat reseinlilaiiic In
th(^ one said to Ik- hy Lo<i;an ; hut diflcrin<^ very essentially in date, iiiid llu'
person implicated in miirderin<r the family of l-oj(aii. The work of llo!:'.!'. \-
entitled "New Travels in America," and we have only tin Kiiji'lish traiisliiiiuii
* Mr. John Gibson, tiicii an officer ia Dimmore's army, and aRerwartls a man of coiisiiler-
able dislinciioa.
Chap. IH.]
of it.* It iH thei
tliat llohln hinisi
(if llie adjiir; hov
III' Loi^iin had he
ol'llic liail hlot w
nrtiiat .some ojd
•nil llie pnrpo.sc I
llii' reader to (|(.
IVi'iiclinien may >
iiiiui' prohahly ,soi
\uiy III! introduce
llic I'cnninene.ss o
"Speech o(' the
llir (idv . of Viiyi
.Vow il is certaii
Ik .Issviiihlji nf yi
tnd, as we have ^
jiiilirc liir liim.sel/,
"ho.NAN will n„
null. \'on are .sen
iihliMck in the day
Ili.ivc. Th(! War \
•iilrs. Kivers ol" I,
iliircfroni to any,
I will tiiryet onr inji
-ImiI (lillieiilf Mid(.(
(Tiiclly and inhnnia
iJiliiT, my mother, ii
;r;iiice! f was eriii
i.< mice more at peji
ilni(i;i tear to the |,i
With a li'w in<-id(|
miiNi'i'ied with the
On the evenin^r he
lis wirriors to make
siliii" was not aceei
n-.iju'd to (i^lil, 3-,
iviirk ti-morrow; Jm
lii'lliiiii with my owi
aiii'iiie ((, death wl
iiii'iilioiii'd,
AlicrtlM' Indians I
loiwMiicoii.siiltoi, \vl
IMI IkmI Im-cii e.verci.v
•lUititsliidlwe do not
*.'/ //•(• /)//•/( out and.
'J!MI ivr hill (ill oii,
I wtil ourselves \> " ..\
w a war-po.st had
:"r»f'l towanis it, am
i;;<lillr.l to (ijrhf, ( wi
I mmore's cainp.jj
, '"''ii'-o iiio ,.,l.ov,. was A
IP"-iiMiH.„i|, ...liiions w,
■"™l'l not |,,v„ „.i||,|„,,,| „
, •■■" 'V.'r" is foMii.j i„
Jl I" 111.' Fronrj, ropv la
|*PMMl,e.s,,oe<.|ns',Llor-
1 Uodditil^e's Notes, n.
BunK V.
itimi of
I' Ullilrs
IM WItllili
('(iriiMiiili
<) c'lmn.r
s('i|iiciirc
ill III' li.is
|in'cli III'
: uiis ma
!•»', /i(*ir/(/i
I ill Milln,
ll»! WIPlllll
iVolil tlic
•lillli'r W,;-
rriiiii l.iird
LiiL'aii had
«,'iviii;i llif
'(•(mIciI ; 111'
n td^i'llirr.
Iiiiii III' all
tu'li, which
ivsi'il, itiid k
a mil.
: in lii.'i riil)in,
Cdunlrijinni
of one man.
I all lilt nid-
(dure. Thin
havi' J'ulljj
((■('. liul lid
tr, Ik trill
:im ?— A'ui
iicts t'lcri'iii
by ( rtsiifia
|;u-tsii< |nv-
(• ('(Hisidi'nil
liis ciii'ini s
iilioii of ll.<'
;(liilt(! I'Oll.H'-
S of Tid'S^l.l'.^
istiiiii'is h.iil
vein- I'^O'^;
.<t "(lcf:i"''i' ill''
isji'i'i'i'i'iii'i'''"
HI|)(":\!'S iVnlll
irclllK'lliall Hi
'.sciiiltlaiH'i'to
(lull-, anil till'
rl< of /?«'.'i« i-
isli tnin>larn)ii
Chap. IH]
I.O(5AN'rt HI'KIUMl UI'KMTIOM:!).
17
of it.* It Ih tlii'n'f'ori' possililo timt somm' ii'ist.ikcis timy linvi- crept iiilo il, or
lliiit lidl'iii liiiMscir iiiii;lil have iiiisiiii<ler.''.ii)i)il the (late, ami, even iilher pail.
Ill' ihc (illiiir; howi.'ver, the prnhahilily is i-alher Htniiif;' that either the speech
„( lji)'j:iin liail heeii pii-verled liir the |iiirp(ise of ch'aiiiiji; Cirsiiii's rharartrr
i,f the Ihiil hint which entirely cuvereil it, hy wilfully cliar;.'in;,' il n|ii>ii .•imnlier,
nrtliat soiiii' old speech ol'liis upon another occasion, had hern renindeled to
•nil the purpose l(>r which it was used. I'pon these; ipieslions we must leave
ilic ri'ii
der to decide, liohlii has tlie name ol' the cliielj /,
oiiiin.
-oine
fri'iii'liiu*'" >i>'iy write it thus, hut I jauc heliire me those that do not,f and
111,11V prohahly some l''ni;lisli pr Mionncrd it so, and so linUin Inanl il. 'i'h''
,viiv III) introduces the speech, il" the iiitrorliK-tion he fact, forever destroys
l|,i.'iri'iininencss of the speech of Itoifioi of 1771. It is thus:
"Spi'cch of the savauc; Lo.na.n, in a (ieiieral Assemhly, as it was sent to
llii. (Jov. of Viririnia,} anno 1751."
\'i)\v il is certain, if the speech which VH' will }:ivo below wiis dcliirrnf in
Ih .lisi'iiihli/ of f ir^liiid, in llir i/car 17.') K it could not have heeii truly deliv-
, nil, as we have, j.nven il, to Lord Dunnwrc in 1771. Tliat the reader may
jmliri' for himsell, that of \7'y\ follows.
" l.d.NAN will no loiij-er oppose miikini.' the pro|)osed peace with the while
,11(11. ^'oii are sensihie he never knew what li ar is — that he never turned
Ills hack in the day of haltli' — \o one has more love liir the wiiite men tlirui
'riii; war we have had wilh them has heeii loii;i: and hloodv on liotli
1 liavc.
jiili'S.
iJuri'lVoni to any.
Rivers of flood have ran on all parts, and yet no ^ood hii
.le
I
OIK
e more rep<'at it — let us heat peai-e with these men
iwi
l(ir;.'ot our injuries, the interest of my country demands il. I will liirp't
-liiit diliicult ludecMl is the tasii ! \'cs, I will forjr' t — that .Major /ioirirs^
iiid iiihmuanly murdered, in their canoes, my wife, my children, my
r, my iiiolher, and all my kindred. — This roiis'd me to deeds of \en-
cc! I was <'riiel in d. spite of iiiyselK I will dii; content if my country
,< (iiicc niorf! at pt^ace ; hut when />«/i«;i shall ho no mon;, who, alas, will
,Ir(i|i ,'1 tear to the; memory of fjomtn!"
lid relleciions, we will doso our account of events
oriii'i
iillii
Willi a ti'W incidenl.-
miiiirrled with the history of ( 'kksap's Waii.
On till' cveniiif^ hel'ort^ the haltle of I'oint IMeasaiit, Co/v/.s/orAr proposed lo
ills warriors to mak(! peaco with (ieiu'ral //nr/.s-, and avoid a haltle, hut his
ilvic • was not accepted hy IIk! council. " Well," said he, "since you havo
:i-h|\i'il to liu'ht, you shall liirlit, al<lioii<.di il is likely wi; shall have hard
wiiik t.i-niorrow ; hut if any m.in shall llinch or run from the battle, I will
Lill hiiii with my own hand." /\nd it is said he made his word i,'oo(l hy piit-
iiii;; MiM" to death who discovered cowardice during the light, as has hecMi
mi'iitiniifd.
AliiMtlie Indians had retreated, CorM.sioc/f called a council at the (!irdicotlio
lowii.iiicoiisiill on what w.isto be d-xie. I1<m<! he reflected upon the rashness
lliiit hail heen exercised in lighting the; \ 'iiil,:; ai I'oint IMeasant ; and asked,
•Itlml shill ur do noir ! the. Ijoinr-h'iiircs arc romiufr ripoii ii!< Inj tiro roulc.i.
M m turn out nmlfiij^lit tlu.m! " — No answer was made, lie then iiMpiire-d,
•Ml wv kill nil our stjiuiivs anil children, and Ih'ii fisjcht until ice shall all be
iM oiirsilvcn"/^^ — .As heliire, all were silent. In the midst of the coiincil-
tiniisc a war-post had heen erected; with his tomahawk in his hand, C'oni,s<o''t
liiriu'il tinvai'ds il, and sticking it into the post, he said, "Since you are not
iiidimd to tight, I will go und make peace;" and ho forthwith repaired to
Dimmore's camp.||
, — — ■
' Sinoo liic above was wrilton, I have mot wilh llic French cdilinn ; and, from its imprint,
prcMiiiic hiilh cdilioiis were |)Mlilisli(!il under llio siiliervisioii of llie aulhor. " A I'ldkidel-
ic hoili cdilioiis were |)i
I f'ii. ./ sc triwvf (I I'di-is, I7!)'2.'
\^tc Rirhi'irhex siir Ivs l-'tnli-Urds, iv. 1.53 — 5. The authors of tliis wcll-wriltcn work
iSoiiU mil li.ivi' wilhiipjd their names. It was printed !>l Paris, in Hvo., 17!i8.
! " 'I .Wr' is found in lh(! Freiirli copy, and this
Jpp'iivHimcH/ /c iiii)is l.imiiiic oit Soliiire.''
tc<pi
marjjinal nolo to ilj " ce vwt si^tdfie
•iiriiimi-tir ii> mnts i.tmniic oit ^lUiiire."
ill the I'Veiicli ropy no person is mentioned. AAer Major, a blank is left. In ollicr
xTis ihc speech is loleraldy eorrcclly translated.
' "9
i-i
■I • ■■' '-f'tJ
*i
I
■•'• !,
f /.^iwiilrr- ^M "^- ""•' 'ne speecii is loieraniy (
48
DEATH OF LOGAN.— CORNSTOCi;.
""h V.
W(< liavn i.ocn riiorr iniimf<Miii(l imrticiilar in tlicnc ovciitM, iin\|,ip|, y^,,„
mul (.'iinislorl; wi'Vii vnirii'ji'il, \\m\\ in niiiiiy kiIkts; Imt I Iriihtilic n nd',^ *
tliiH liiMory will not Uv displrnscd w itii siirli niinuti'iicss upon so iniiKHi.iin
«v<'iit ; rs|i<Miiiiiy as no work witli wliicii i inn ac(|nMinti'i| docs tlicMil,;,.'
jiisiicf, li wastiMilya fivrni f\cnl, liolli in r('s|HTt totlir p;ntics fii"nc..'
and tlic consccincn.'cs nt'ccssarily p'owing out of it, and it ims Ix en l,n'^,'l
ovn- too slifrliliy liy historians.
In n-.-jicr-t lo tli(! <|M'('cli of Ijdt^iin, '\\ uonid i)c Idirldy ^'niiifvin<r if a );•«
inaltfjrs conncfti'd V'itii it could lie settled ; but wlictiicr tlicy ever will iji
oidy ran dclcrniijH!. i'Voin tliti slatinicnt of Dr. llddou, ' lifforc cjikI j
an; led to < .\|M-<'t that ho had other documents than those he nt llmt tii
|inhli,~lied, iioini; to show that Cnsa/) was not the tnin-den rol" Lu<rfin\s linmli
but he never published them, as I can learn, and he has leli us to coiiicrtun'
upon such as we liave. Another author, f upon the authority ot' ntidiliicr
who was at the time with l^ord />(/»wo;v, stat' s that he heard noi|iii|(, „|'
Lo!i'(iii\i char^'in;; Cnsrip with the murder of his kiinlred diirin^i^ tin- wf,,,!,.
campai^fti, nor until a lon<,' time after. That it was not ituhlicly talked nf
nnuni^' the otilcei's is in no wise sfrani.'e, as ^'rrsn/i himself wns oiie of ||
therelore, that this is evidence that no such cliar^n; was math; b\ Loc.
ti
UUK imwortliv consii
lerat
illl, U|.
ion.
A mon<x other proofs, that the chief ^iiilt lay upon the head ol' (
rc.iitp of
brin;.''iiHf about a bloody war, since well known by his name, .Indire Iiuusd','
Frankl()rt, Kentucky, wrote to Mr. JcJ'irson,^ Murcli, I7!l!», tliat he wiis, 1 1.
thought, able to f.'i\e him more particulars td' that afliiir than, perli!i|)s, .my
other person ; that, in 1774, whih' iit the house! of (Jolonel l'n\iton,\\[ ['];i.
rasil(! county, \'a., there arrived an express, callin^r upon hiiu to onici' (iiji
the militia, " lor tlie |)rotection of tlui iidiabitants resi<linjr low down on tim
nortii Ibrk f>f Ilolston Kiver. The e\|)ress bron<rht with him a war dnl)
and a note tied to it, which was left !it the house of one Hulicilsnn, wlmx.
lamily were cut otf by the Indians, and jrave rist? for the applicaiidn lo
Colonel Prctlun" Here l»)llows the letter or iiot(!, of which Mr. Inms Um
made a coj)y, in his tnemorandniu-book: —
^^ Captain Orosap, What did you kill mj people on Vdloiv Creek for) The
while people killed mi/ kin at (.'(Jiiestou^a, { n unreal inhile itsro ; awl I Ihoiiislil Daik-
ins; oj'lliat. Jiut yon killeil mi/ kin au^nin, on Yellow Creek, ami look mji r(iii.<in
prisoner. Then I Ihoxiicht I vinsl kill too; and I have been three times lo mir '
sinri; ,• bid thi Jnilians are not nntsri/; oidij mijselj'."
it was signed, ^^ Captain ,}i>n:s LogaiN."
Not lonj^ aflcr these tiiirs of calamities, which wo have recorded in me;
life of Loir«n, In* was crue'ly nnu-dered, as he was on his way lioiiie Imm;
Detroit. l'"or a time previous to his death, he gave himself up to intuxii;!.
tion, whirli in a short time nearly oiiliterated all marks of tlu' great man!
The liit(! of Comslock is e(pially deplorable, although in the conteini hitinDJ
of which, Ills character does not sutler, as doi's that of Loitan. He uiis
cruelly murdered by some whit*; soldiers, while a hostage aniiiiii; tli(i!i.j
And there is as much, nay, far more, to carry down hia nwnembrancc to|(is.j
to"ity, as that of the tragical (hath oi' .'Irchimedes. Ho was not iiiiirdii'dj
wliiUi actually drawing geometrical figures upon the ground, but, \\liiic he]
was exfilaiiung the geograpiiy of bis country by drawings upon the llcior. imi
alarm was given, which, in a lew minutes alter, eventuated in liis (IcitlJ
We will now go into an explanation of the cause and manner of the iiiiinliTJ
of Comstoek. It is well known that the war of the revolution had iiivulvidl
ail, or nearly all, of the Indians in dreadful calamities. In conseeiiu iiiiiifl
murders committed by the Indians on the frontieis of Virginia, sevcnil roiii-j
pani s marched to Point Pleasant, when; then; had bei ii a i()rt since
battle there in 1774. Most of the tribes of the north-west, except tlic Slumj
anecs, were determined to fight against the Americans. Comslock wislieif
Chap, fl/.) ft
111 iireserve jieace,
u-til lii.s powerful
iijiT the America
■ ■Wil of 1777, Ii(.
•Hii, ia company \
•lIM.llilin O/' (luil'i'M
• lii^ <'»n. III,. ,^
miiiKl Ihr . Inuricin
•iiinvanese] //•/////„
nli'llit'ciice, the ',-,,
and Hcil-hdwk a-i Ik
tiiii Jrl/uikle, tla; <;,
im'iit i)f \'irgi(ua u|
mrimi into (ji;|f ,.,
■Mjm tlieiu undrr (
Mi'mnviiile f||,, ,,|
ii'iK |)li .isin-e in o-jvi
iialK D/'tliat poriioij |
•''ii"''"''";.' a /nap „('
lalMvas JieanI on th«
Mill' voice o|- |,i„ ,,„
''■"'''•''■ ''"illl I'leasf
<lds (iiihrr, fJI/in,-.,,
MMiMg. This son h
SI I'liirtli, sought |ii/„ ,
>'Mi)iii'li adorn Jiinna
bui, iipo/i ,1 liunti,,,,
iMi' liiiiif, and near 7]
falS, (llld o,„. (,(•,/„. I
■>l'''i''> «'C('apt,iin/A,
»i"'|-'N|)on a cry was i
Jiliirated gang, with (
";; "1101,, and, agains
"il'''""l. With flH.i,
!'"* ■'"■Ill- In tl„. „
iiii'ir iliiiiifer. As the
'■""•"IliHl Whei, Cfjfl,
:lMiecshni/(l ,/,). i,^
I'' i« submit.'" T|„. ,;
™i><laiid„„.f ,|„.,u.
'''';l;<'.l without a stru
I' nu/)sia>, though
;TllI compos II !•,,_ j[
jy'';';»as/irsr,liselo.
f/fmi- was a v,,,,
''■ ''•■'■■< •"*<»"n discHvi
«'""|"'.l, was iuang
■f '■'■ " liere to ..av, t
•""-'iiiressuouafi,
,''■"■•''••"'.>', ••Iiiels ill
^ :"'""' Comslock. M
"llillli; '
„,•'''''"'' P'-'-ished the ,
/"""'"■""-nicon/i-de
f;J'l""lities. J,,,,,;,
»■• iMM'vcr was ib > adi
'■'' ""l"""ssors /eel ,|„,
iia
vo
|lii'
* Med. and Phi/s. Jour, nnrl ii. p. i.'i2. t Willifr.i, Chronicles, lo6.
X Alluding, I suppose, to the massacre of the Concstoga Indians in 1763.
■^"'''•<iiis and disiiite
5
i I".
n a(i( 1- (,:'
lortlillt :;li
If MlllJ.T
'II |pii?>i'(|
y il' a ii'w
w ill, \iiui'
(•ill (1, .\i'
tliiit tiiiii'
Ill's iillllll\.
(•(llljlTlllll'
t" an iitliiiT
iiotliiiiL' III'
: tlif whiilc
y lalkril 111'
lie (it'tlii'ii;
; l.();.'aii, wr
>!' ('rcsiiji 111'
lire /(i/i(fi 111'
it lie «»>> i '■
|)iTliaiis, ;;liy
I's/oii, ill Till-
to onlri' in;l
(l(t\Vll on ti;('
1 a war i liih,
icr(.s'f);l. wliiiM'
i|H)licaliiMi ill
Ir. liiins tl.cn
Yrck for! Tk
(lok iioj nu.<in
I tiuKS lo mr
(■onlcil in tl;e :
K Inline Innn!
Ill to illtl'\il'!l*
rrcat iiiiiii '.
|coi\t('iii|l:ili"ii
[ran. Ill' \^:i3
allinllU 'l"'i'''
ll,raiii'''toios-
]iiot iiiiinliTiQ
j,„t, wliili'lie
1,1 tlie till"!'- iin
I ill liisiliMili-
lot" tlic inunler,
I liad iiivolvi'd!
loiistMiiii'iii
V scviTiil com-
[I'oi't sino' tlv
.,.j)t llif t^lii'*
[rnslock wi^lie'
Ichrouicles, 136,
CHif. ni.i
MURDKR OF CORNSTOCK AM) OTIH.RS.
40
[0 |iroM<;rv»' poacc, and ilM'r(;ron', um tlie (inly iiu'imH iti iiiis powtjr, ii.i Iio had
j-i'd liirt ixiwcrliil t'li)i|iit'iicc ill vain, I'csolsctI lo lay llic stall- t.i' ailiiii-M l;o-
,,,,. the Aini'rifaiis, ili.it tlu'\ nii;:1il avcil ilir ilinati-iH'd Htn'/in. In the
. liiiir III' 1777, lie i-aiiir In the liii'l at I'oiiit i'lt'asaiit, ii|iiiti liiis liii'inily inis-
•mm, ill i'"i"l"'"V uiili anoihiT cliiii', calli'd liid-liiiirL Alirr I'splaiiiin;^ the
.iiiiaiii)" ">l lliinfrs willi rr;.'aid lo llic • inli'dfraN' irilics, lie ^aid, in iT^i'ard
.,|iis(i\Mi, III'- Siiawaiicsc, " 77(( (■iiirnU sets [with llic Indiaiis] .vo .v/rojig-
tJiiinxl llif .liiiiriain.i, in ronstJimnrt (if thr (tiCfiinj of iltc lirilisli, llml Ihij {llic.
•Iiawiiiii'^i'l ii'illfuiil irllli II, I J'kii; in spile (f till nij/ ejerlinns," I'loii iliis
i!ili'llip'ii<'''i •''<' ••oinniaiiiliT ol' llic j;arri.soii llioii^ilit proiicr to detain liini
ami /fc'-/'""'/'' 'I" li<'f''i'i;<'f* I" l"'*'^'"'" 'I"' nicdilalcd cal iiuilii's. W lien Cap-
'jiii. /;'/'«'/>■/'< 'Ik' coimiiaiidri- of llic ifarriMin, liad nolilicd llic new iioscrii-
iiiiMil (if Virj.'iiiia of ilie laitiiation of allinrs, and vvlial he had (ioiie, fores
ii,iiri'|i(;(l into III il country. A part of them havin>c ;irrivc(l, waited li)r others
iiiiii
tlieiii niiilcr (iciieral lliind, on ulioni these depended liir pro^i^i()l
Meanwhile the oOicers held li-e(pient convcrsalioiis with Curnstink, who
nii, |i|( .isiiH! in ^riviiij; ihein ininiile descriptions of his country, .'iiid espe-
niillydl'tlial porlion ltd ween the .Mississippi and Missouri. One day, as he wan
Miiii'tdini; a map ot'it upon tlie lioor, fir the <;ratification of thos(; present, a
Jl was heard on the ojiposite side ol'tlie Ohio, which he at once recoL'iii/cd
i.llii' voice of Ills son, Elllniiisico, who had foiifi'lit at his side in the liinioiiH
Idllic (if INiinl I'lc'isant, in 1171, of which we have spoken. At the n ipicst
I liis father, Kllinifisiro vMWf to th(( tint, where they had an all'eclionate
jiriiii;;'. This son had liecoine uneasy ;it his liiiher's loiij; ahsence, .Miid had
aiJiiiL'tli s(Mii,dit him out in his exile lieiv! ; pron:;tted hy those feeliiijis which
-jiiiiii'li adorn hninan natiiic. The next dtty, two men crossed the Kan-
kma, upon a hnntiiif; exptMJitioii. As they 'vi're retiiinin;; to their iioat after
jiiiiit, and near tli*
Ih
river, tin y were lired up
hv
some
h
(Ikiiis, Mini one ol" the two, n nned Gilmore, was killed, liiit the dlicr escapiMl.
,l|i,'irly ot'('aptain IIhWh \\\in \vi nt over and hron!.'''' i" 'he li(,(l\ (if f/////ir>re ;
«iiir.'ii|ioii a cry was rai.sed, •• Lit iis f^o tinil kill liie Indians in the fori.'' .An
jil'iiriatcil •^^an^', with (7apt:iiii ///,// at their head, set out with this iieliirionH
[.'•uliiliiiii, and, a;j;ainst «!vei \ reii.oiistrance, proceediul to conimit the deed
illiliiiid. With tiieir f^uiis ci cki d, they swure dealli to any w ho .-lioiild op-
\w>i- ilii'iii. In till! mean lime, some ran to apprize the dcMited chiefs of
iiiiir ilaiiiicr. As thi! murderers jipproachrd, Jjllini/isieo di>co\('red a<;ita-
limi, uiiii-li when Vornslnrk saw, he; said, ".l/i/ .w«, /Ae (•/•('((/ Sjiiril hiis seen
llh'il wc shiiild die loirellier, and lias sent i/ou lo Unit eml. It is his irlll, and
\ Hi m siihmil." The niui'derers had now ari-i\c(l, and the old chief turned
riiiiiil and met ihein. They slidt iiim tiirouf;h will) seven hiilh ts. He fell,
.iidilic.l without a struf.'jrl«! !
H"iiiii).ila), thoujih haviiifr at first ii()[ieared distnrhed, met his death with
LtuI I'limposiire. II. • svas shot upon ihe s».'at on which he was sillini;' whcu
is late was lir.st disclosed to him.
Itr l-liuwli was II yoiin;; Delaware chief, and, like Ell'.nip.iico, had fon^rht
■\M' ('onislock. Il(! died with less fortitude : haviiij' trie;: to secr«!te himself.
:(■ nas soon discovered and slain. Anotli r Indian, who.se name
I'.Ot
lai'Mtiiiiicil, was manjiled and murdered in the most harharous iiianncr.
lii'i! it here to say, that this wiis all that was etl'ected hy the expedition,
|*lt!i(' liiiccs soon after returned liomi!.
I'l w, if any, chi(!ts in history are spoken of in tcni's of higher commenda-
hoiitliaii Comslock. Mr. /rj7/w.<t, a writer on Indian uHiiirs,* speaks as follows
lul'liiiii:
Tliiis perished thi; mighty Cornstalk, sachem of the Shawanees, and king
Iciilii' iKMtliern coiili;(leracy, in 1774, — a chiet'reniarkahU- ibr many gnat and
Ifjoil i|iialities. He was disposed to he at all times the friend of white men,
>* lie ever was th;- advocate of honorahic peac(!. Unt when his country's
|toii;.s 'cillrd aloud for hatth',' he becaim^ the thunth'rhoU of war, and made
r (ipiircssors l(;el the w(!ight of his uplitb'd an
lii
s no
h](> I
K'arin}' — ■
eiicruiis and disinterested attachment to the (toloni 'S, when tlie thunder
' 111 his " Chronicles,'' a work, it is our duly lo remark, wrillen with candor and judgnicut.
60
WOl.F— PONTIAK.
of nrifish (•.siiiioii wuh rrviTlH'mtiiijj: llimiit'li tin- liinrl- I
the t'l
1
null
\ ii'iriniii 1111111 (li-Milalinn mihI ilinili, (tlir nliji ci nV I
iHMlixi.'tyto lirrsrrvfl
li" \i>ii III
(lint I'Iriisiiiit,) all coiisiiin il to \\iii liir liiiii the cstci-iii iiml 1
crs ; wliilr tlir uMtiiiii'ly iiimI iMTliiliniis imiiiiihm- ol'liis iIciuIi, cih'^,.,!
•Xllfcl n\ „t|,
mill la>liii'.' i'(';;rcl lo |M'i'\nili' tin' luihiiins »'\cii ot'tliDsc \v|
liis iiatiuM : ami lAriicil tin- jiist iiidi^'iuitidii iiC all lowariU Ii'ih inj
a i!i
bail
laroiis innnlcrcr,-*,
'iVNfic ciniMi. s t(i
IIIMlllll lillij
('i)ltiiirl n ilsiiii, incsnit at tin- iiifrr\ii'\v Itrtwrcii ilic rliii I'm ami (
iJuinwiir ill l/M, lliiis speaks (il" ('(ininlark :—" Wlii-n lie arose, Iii> was ii
wise coiitiisril or ilaiiiited, ImiI spoke in a liistiiiet ami iimlilili
Kiveriior
I 1,11
Ktainiiieiinir or repetition, and willi |ti(iiliar enipliasis. His innks, ulij
dressiii",' Oiiiiiiiiin; were iiiily ;;ranil an<l niajesuc ; yet irri |'n| and aitri.
1 have iirard the lirst orators in \'ir;:iiiia, — I'ltlriik llain/ t\\\i\ Hiilidnl 11,
^"lee, will,, ,11,
' ml.
-hilt
of f 'nni
slitik
iie\er liii\e I heard one whose powers old. lueiv siiipassed ll
III
I'lH'
Ten VI ars alier the hloodv afVair aliove related, an aii
(iin:
siiVs
The hlond ol' the <'reat ( 'oiiNSTot k and o|' hi
I' writer • i||Hi|i II
tiiinvled with the dii-t, hut their nieniorv is not lost in ohlivj
s ;rallaiit s. 1
on
It
I ^^;.s
III
<i'\) at this day know of his liite, or even that siieli a chief i \er evislrdi , |„|
t!ie same time, llu' same persons would lie iiidi<iii,iiil, were we in >ii|,|i,ise
at
tln-iii i;rnorant ollhe fate ol the monster I'izarn
We hear of one son who survived Corn.slork, who was eoiispicnoi
earlv events of the revoliitioi
II
e was a eliiel, and known aiiioie/ tl
IS III Vdjlif,
i)y the ncmeofthe Woi.K. Ih; was a hoslaue, w itii three other>, al \\
hiiriih, w hen (ioveriior Diiniiioir tied on 'oard a inan-ot-war to ei
II' \\| lIlTj
fiii'V ot' the revohiiionisls. Alier the ";overnor had ifot oil! I
lUiains.
'I'l' ilie
e SI lit Ini' II,
liKJiaiis to eoiiie to him, wliieli they did. Me then explnini d to lliiia ihe '^
reason of his lli^rht, and direeted iln in to fly also, or tiiev wiiiild sun h lin
murdered tin* next day. Tiny llrd into tlie woorls, ai. < owiiiiito llii'(|,iil,
of the ni^'lit, lost one ot' their rompanioiis, and the h >//' and aiiutlii i-
after returned to \Villiaiiishiiri,di, and wer<> well reeeived hy the iiili(i|ii';,|,i
'J'lie ohjeet of the ;r<>\('riior was V' ry ol»\ioii
Ili'-S
"II
As ;rreat a warrior, perhajis, as any who have lived atnoiij; tiii! nat
inns
west, we sh.dl in the next |)laee proee d to jrive an aeeoiint of. This wii,-
I'O.NTIAK, a eliief of the OttoAvay nation, whose tiiiiie, in his linn'. v.;i
aloii" routined to his own continent ; hut the f;ii/, Itcs of I !iirnj c spreail ii
One who knew this chief, and the tril
i,ve
wl
ion
I'l
epeaks of them in l/ti."): — "Tli" Indians on the lakes are i;i mralK
witli one aniither, having a wide extended and friftfiil cniiiiiry iniiiir
possession. They are fornnid into a sort of em|iire, and the eiii|:i'i( r is
elected freiii the eldest trih,', which is the Oltawawas, soni-,' ofwliniii iil;,|iit
near our fort at Detroit, hut an; mostly further westward, tow; nls ihe Mi>,-is-
sijipi. Pi)i:tiitrl{ is their pn sent kiii<; or emperor, who has certainly lie lai-st
eiiij iie and ,<ri'eatest aiitiioiity ot' any Indian ehiet' that has ap; farcil 1 11 iho
(■oi.tineiit since our ac<piaiiitaiic(! wiili it. Il(^ |)iits on an liir of inaj >:y imI
|>riiicely irnindeiir, and is ^f' atly linimred and nnercd hy his sifijci is.'M
In 17(10, Major [iniirr.i iiiarch(Hl into his country, in fnitilliiii: his iinlrisof ;
disjil, eiiiii' till! I''rench. iiHer the fill of (inehee.]; Apprized of his ap| ivaih,,
Poi.l'utl; sent ainhas.sadors lo inform him th; t their cliiel was not tiir nlKiaid?
desired him to halt until iu- c oii!d see him "with his own eyes," iiiiil In iii-
loiiM him that he was tiie kiiiir and lord of the coiiiitry,
Ponlidk soon met thi^ I'ln^rlish ottieer, and demanded his hiisiness iiiio liisv^
ceiiiitry, and how it came al>oiit that he (hired ent-r it w ithoiit his ]M'nnisinn|
When ti:(; cnlonel told liim lie had no (!esii;n airaiiist tlii^ Indians. mihI
w isiied to reniov,'
iilyl
the l''rencli, their coininoii em my, and cause nl all ll rir?)
troiihle, deliveriiijr him at the same timi! si'veral belts of waiiipinii, I'nnlkk,
replied,"! stand in the path you travel in, until to-ir.orrow ninniii :.'," I'lull
{(ave him a helt. This commiinieiition was understood, and "wis as iniic"
!« to Kay," Hays the actor, "I must not inarcli further without his liavi'.
* la ^'icvy's Mii<i'nm, iv 140. \ Rnm'rs's Armvnt nf North America, '1\0.
X Ciiuliri.s is ail Algoiiquiu word, signifying' a Strail. Ckarkvoix.
f, (iiln.'e! coni
hiir:i'il any ih
i. uaiiiois to
. I'lild lie paid I
MjMif parched
1 ;.MI'' nie the |
r.ioMi'cd iiie Ik
..> llilnll;fh his
jiii III' would pi-i
miiti'iid •(! hy II
niniiii'H to proti
piirrlit fir Ihe II,
I- 1, 'le likew
:mI »!'>( end ot' I
iii'i'iMiiilry. II,.
iK.iiil, and whih
I,, ilic ilelai'liim
iinjlliol'tli ' strail
JN, ill uliieji In;
«li"Uil'llire."
Tills s.iine olIic(
ai'i'. and wished
aid III' war. Il(> (
'iii'ii.ii not us his
; J- II' w.'.s ahle, ill
•■\|'ri»i'd a d sire
iii'iillii'i'c, he woiil
' 111' Was willinir |
:i!-iliiiiiiiiions, lint
III III tci iindei'siand
«i4's, "lie Would
"I'liiii die scop,. „f
"■illi'i'tiiiii lo th,. I
'■■lol'hini and \u
T"'' |>niici|ial sc
TmlTencJi tinallv
liiiliiiM nations wlio
•I'"''- '" hate t!i(! l\i
■'""H-'li. until he ha
•i' Il liiidne.ssand ,
"•'1'^. U'yaiidois, 1',
"'""''''■•'fe'''>L'f, eoiLst
mn'.h,
i'licre was more s
ij'iiiviitlier of his
I •t'ontliir's war," ]„.
f "' n-edit, all of
1"'^ "I' ll()f,..« of l);ir
"■iiiti'd t(»r it. The
"i""f'l, and an ottei
"!■ ' f.'''cat .sagacity,
! ?'•'"■ '*■'"' ''''"'opei
»;"' dcpeiifl entire
'""'•''• Ih (i<'iieral .J
I '■''!' ''viilonn^r th,. ,.,
""'"'"■". and he s,.nt
""JVi^^il.ated alMe
Jio
k *
linsiiK'ss ini" lii9|
lit his V''i'iii''^^""|
lliuliiiiis. iinil "iily|
i-iuise (if iill ll''if|
k-aiiipiiiii, /'";i''"*|
i\v iiioniii'i-'ri"'?|
,.«.-■ II' J
PONTIAK.
51
iHi.'<
! i'oiitimics; " Wlini h" tli'imrtrd foillic iiiiilit, lie iiifjiilrrd ulicllior
Miiiti'il >i>i> lliiiiu' that lii- <'iiiiiili.\ iil)i>i<lril, 1111(1 [\\' I ili(l{ lie woiill .sciiil
I, uairioi'r^ to h'li'li il. I as^^iiicd liim iliat an,\ |ii(i\i^iiiiis llit'\ lir(iii<.'lit
1
)iiiiiil(l !>•' |»>>*l '<*>"i <»i*l iIk' >i*'Xt *!)>>' ^Vf wrri- r(ii|i|ilii'(l In iluiu wiili Ni-vniil
i^,ir^ III' iiat'clit'il I'orii, and soiiif otlicr ihmm ssarKs, Al mir Ni'coiid iiicitiii^.
y:[\i' MIC III)' I'ipc ••(' |ii'a<-)', and Ixitli (it' \[s liy Inrns ^nl(lkl'd willi it; and
l^ii..r.iii'cd IMC lie had mad ' peace wilh ine and im\ ih'lachiiicMt ; that I Mii^iht
pa>^ tlii'(iii;.di his (-(innlrv iinniol sted, and reiie\e (he rreiich ;rai'i'i>()M ; and
ll,;,l lie NNdiild |ii'(>lccl III' and ni_\ |iart\ rnmi aii_\ iiisnils that ini^iht he iilliicd
^iiitciuh'd h\ Ihi' linhaiiiH : mid, a^ ail earin Nt ol' his rriend.>'hi|), lie ."ciil 1(10
mrrioiH t<» lUdreel and assist us in diivini: 1(10 liit callle, whicli we hati
jpiiiflit !(ii' the ^1^1' (irihc delachni lit I'ntin rill>liMr;;li, hv the way (d"!'!'. sipii
l|<
likewise sent t(» the
se\e
d Indian towns on the snntli
lo
Hill wot end (>r Lake I'.iie, to iiiliiriii tliein thai I had his eoiiseiit Id eoiiie iiitc*
liiMiiiiiitry. lie all 'iiiled me ci>iisiaiill\ alter this int. 'I'view till lairixtdat
|i,i<<iil, and while I reniiiiiied in the eimntiy, and was the means of |ii'i s.tv-
i„ liic detaclimeiit from the fury of llii' liidiaiis, who had assemliliil at llio
jiiiili iil'tli ' strait, w ith an intent to cut us oil! I had scNcnd conti'rences w iili
111, ill whicli he iliseov*tr<.*d great htren^th ot' judgment, and a thirst nflcr
,iiiiulcil,L''e.''
riii- Mine ollicer oliscrves, that he discovered niiieh cnriositv at tlnir eiiui-
iid wisliet
1 to know how their i lotlii
s were made, aiu
I lol
earn ll:eii
Hill.
iif war. Il«! cxiiifsseda willin<;ii<>ssto arkiiowledirc thi^ kin<.''ol I! upland,
•iiiiii.il not us his .superior, hut as his uncle, w hieh he would acknowli (!;[;(•,
). 11' was idile, ill furs. ICn^daiid was much in his tlioii<:'lils, and he olitiii
,\jiii?>(il a d sire to see it. lie tolil ( 'olonel l{(iiri rs that, if ia^ would conduct
iiiiiillii'i'e, lie Would ^\\r iiini a part of his eoimtry.
■ 111' was willing to ^'raiit tiic r!n;.disli liiMtrs, and allow them to settle in
lij. iliiiiiiiiions, hut not mil. ss he could \)v viewed as soNcrei^ii : aMd lie ^avt;
ill III til understand, that, unless they conducted themstdvt's a^reeahly to iiis
wishes, " 1 1(! would shut up the way," ar I keep tlieni out. Ileiice il is liiir,
nilliiii iIm! scop.' of the niosi reasoiial
iiiijeeture, to eonclude, that !:is huid
atii'ctidii to the lliiiiiisli wasowinu' to lliuir liauj^lity carriaj,'i',.iMd niaitreat-
:,:i::l (il'liim and his people.
Till' |iriiicipal sci lies of his prowess wpro nt Michilimakiiiak and Detroit.
Till' I'l'ciicli linally ^a\(> up possession in I'anada, in I7(i0; hut many of the
liiiliaii nations who hid heeome atta(died to them were t;ui<;lit, at the saiiiu
iiiiit', t(i liate tlio l']ii;;lish. I'onlUtk \\as most eonspicuoiis in his enmity, al-
iliiiiii'li, until iie had united the strength of niKiiy Irihes to his, Ik^ sliowei'
iRiil I iiuliiess and friendship towards them. The ftliamis, Otiawas, ("hippc-
iv.is, Wyandots, I'ottow atomies, JMississaizas, Slinwanese, Ottafiamics, and
Winiii'hagoL's, constituted his power, a.s, in atlor-tiiiie, they did that of Tc-
1 fiim,'((/i.
Tlicro was inoro system einploycd by this distiiifriiished man than, ixM'haps,
lijmiy (itlier of his countiymen upon any similar undertakinjr, la.t excepting
tmxMdnronvA or Ttciimsch. In his war of I7()."{, which is justly denominated
'Ponliiic^s war," he appointed a commissary, and he<faii to make and issuis
liill> of credit, all of which he atU'rwards carefully redeemed. He made his
lill.< ar notes of hark, on wliitdi was drawn tiie hirnre of the eomniodity he
»;mti'(l for it. The sliape of an otter was drawn nndrr that of the arti(de
«aiit('(l, and an ot!er was the insi^'iiia or arms of his nation, iie had also,
ivi.li (.Tcat sagacity, urged ii|)on his people the necessity of dispensing ulto-
t'liliorwitli European commodities, to have no intercourse with any whites,
aiiil til depend entirely upon their ancient modes of procining sustenance.*
Miijiir (lladwln held piissession of Detroit in 17(>.'{. Having h(>en de;M»atclied
lliillici' liy (ieneral .Jmlwr.'it, he had liieu informed hy commissioners who iiad
''■'in'xploring the country, that hostile feelings weie manifested among th.3
'iiiliiiiis, and lie sent men on jmrimse to ascertain the fact, who, on their re-
liini, dissipated all fears.
"Ill I7G'V' says Major Rogers, "when I wont to throw provisions into the
* Jiogers's Concise Aixount of North America, 'i-fk
.1
■S :...
PONTIAK CAPTURES MICIIILIMAKINAK.
[Book V
\\M mil III*!
rs liiul hriMifrlit news to tlio fort tit iMirliiliiiKikiiiiik, tliMt il,,,
)stili' to the Kiijrlisli. Major Ellieringlon coiiiiiiiiiKh'd thf .,,.,|.
Id lielicve luithiiiff of it. A Mv. Ducliarme cdi) i,i.,r^ i
garrison at Detroit, I sent tliis [luliaii a i)ottln of hnuidy by n Frondini
Iliw coimsplloi's adviHcd liiiii not to taste it, iiisiiiiiatiii<r that "it was iioi^oi, .|
end sent with a desijin to kill him ; hut /^o?i/pw/.-, with a iiohh ncss oj' HijI ,|'
langhed ai their siispicirms, sajiiif,' it was not in my |»ow( r to kill /,/», ,y|' '
had so lately saved m)/ lit* " *
Se\eral traders
Indians were lios
riisoii, and would iielieve luitliinjr of it. A JMr. Ducluirmc edniiiiiinicitc
the intiirmalion to th-' nidjor, who was much (lis|ilease(l at it, "and tlncjn m |
to send the next ]terson mIi'- shouUl hring a story of the sumi! kind a mi^,
to Detroit."!
Tiie ^'.•"•risoii, at this time, eonsisted ofJIO men, besides two siihjilt( insiiiid
tli(> romni.iuder In-cliief. Tliere were also at the fort foin- Kn«;lisli nieic|i;i'||t<
Little rejrard was |)aid to tli > asse.:!iblin<r tif sunilry bands of Indijuis, iis iIk v
a])|ieare(| Iriendly; but wh.-n nearly -100 of them were seatt: red u|) .-ukI ,|,,,,|,
tliron^diont the plaee, " I took the fiberty," says Mr. Hninj, "of ohscniiMr ,„
Major FAherimrlon^ that, in my judgment, no eonfidenee ou<rht to he iilmid
in theiu : in retiu'ii, the major only rallieo me on my timidity."
On the fonrtli of June, the kind's birth day, the Indians hi'<.''an, a< if fdjumK.
themselves, to play at a favorite <:a!ue ol' ball, which they called lia<fi;(ti'.u'(i»
which is thus descrit)ed by Mr. Mjjri/; — "It is played with a hat and |i;,j|
tiie bat bein^ about foiu- li-et in lenirth, curved, aiul terminated iiia^nriii
raeke;. 'I'wo ]uists are |:laced in the ground, at a eonfi lerable distiiiicr iVni
each (i.iier, as a mile or n;ore. Kach party li:;S its pcjst, and the gaii:c ci n.
sisrs ill throwing the ball ii|i to the jiost of the adversary. The hall, sit tli,.
l':'^imiing, is placed in the middle of the eonrse, and each jiarty ci!i!eav(,j-s; ,
w«!ll to throw the ball out of the direction of its own post, as into that ol' tip
adversary's. This fiirce drew many olf their guard, and some of the gani^ii:,
went out to witness the .-port.
"Th(> game of baggiitiwiiy, (he continues,) as from the descri])tinii mIhivc
will liave been perceived, is necessarily attended w ith much noise and vin-
lence. In the ardor of contest, the ball, as has been suggested, if it ciiiunt
be thrown to the goal desired, is struck in any direction by wjiicji it cim he
diverted from that designed by the adversary. At such a moiiieiit. tlicicllnc,
notlii-ig coidi! be less liaiile to excite premature alarm, than that the hall >|,r' 1,1
be to.-s' d .ver the piekrts of the fort, nor thtit, having fallen there, it s-JmiiM
bo ibllowed, oi the instant, by all engtiged in the game, as well the one |iinv
a.s the other, all eager, all striving, all shouting, all in the unrestrained |iiii>ii;t
of a rude rvii'!etie exercise." And this was their plan, while in the liei<;lit (/,'
their gaiiKj to throw tix-ir liall within the ])ickets of the Ibrt, and then ,i|] lo
nish ill, and, in the midst of their hubbub, to murder the garrison ; and ii
sueceedi'd to their wishes. They struck tlie ball over the stockade, ns it'liv
accident. -WM repeated it several times, running in iind out of the tint with nil
freedom, "to make tiie deception more cotnplete ;" \ and then, rushing in in '■
every direction, took possession of the jilace without the least resistance.
They murdered the soldiers, until their iiuniber.s were so diininisheil, tlwt
tliey apjireheiidrd nothing iW>m tie" resistance; many of whom weir iini-
sonied at Montreal atlerwards, at a great jirice. Seventy were put to dt'iiili,
and the other twenty reserved tor slaves. A few days aft»>r, a Imfit Inim
Montreal, widiont knowing what had hapiiened, came ashore with Kn;.'li>li
passengers, w ho all It'll into the hands of the Iiulians. Poniink was imt |ht-
sonally concerned in this all'air, but it was a part of his design, and, tliiic
fore, is very properly here related. A chief named Meneliwehna was tiie
commander in that aA'air. §
It was only l.*? days from the time the first blow was truck, before Pontiak
had taken [lossession of every garris'^-i in the west excejit three. No liis i
* The Ablic Rnynal, wlioin up followed in liic fornior pdilions, (not then possessing Ro^'n't
own account,) docs not luirralc lliis circmnsUuice Cailhruliy, |
t '< ra\cls in ("aiiada, hy Ale.rtiml'r Hiiinj, Es(|., Croni wliich the following account of llie ■
destruction of Micliiliiuakiiiak is taken.
\ Caiver's Travels, I'J, 20. edit. 8vo. Lond. 1784. § Uennj's Travels, «( snfu.
CHiP. IIF.] PON'
tiian 10 were, in thi
aistaiit region, and,
brink ol" tiie nio;*t a
Tlie iniiiies ol" tin
Presii'lsle, on ornea
u|ii)n tiie river of tli
ii|i(m the Oiiab.icliu;
Tlie garrison at D
!k' news of the mi
.'arrisdiied by about
alilioiigli ill great mn
and Inouglit so main
(iili.r ill tlie mind o
litilf distance Irom tl
rail' to trade, and, j)
till' )inrpose ol" "bri"
liirilieople. No siisp
.«ilP(l, and tJie next
Tlic same eveninir,
li»iii a (Ireadful ma;
iiKiccasiiis Ihr Major i
and ivtiiriK'd the "rem:
lilt' major wished lier
eluded to give the oil
k lici-scli; !>5ln' \vas
lliosc wiiose diitv it w,
'•itw llie gates I'br the
i"i''riiig in the area.
Till" major, being i„lbr
'il"''' I into Jiis pre.seiK
J part he/ore the gates
Nii'di.iiiot wish totakf
iiib answer was didiv
»ii.sli,Ml witii if, and as
'''-I? It lii tlie tirsf pi;
iyuA it away now, .<
It "as now- evident tl
;fi'iL''te, hut was r,
'■■■yir ahidwin that sin
"'""'■'''■''. if the inlori
'[■'■■'oiMe-tlii,,, in coi
'"«'' t!ic garri.son, am
Mill, uini.d come to tl
, ,:!' 7'''<-,.al it iiiidei
' ";"''• 'Ifiiv.'ring his SI
;'' '", ^vampnni, and
, "'"■ "l<il«' the coiaicil \
^'*'iil'!r w.thiii tin. li.rt
I ^'"JMy uilh the garri.Mi,
,,"■'»''',-■ ^"t all tl,,. imil
,-'^'i'';/''''/'n,, hailevei
^•'I'l'' st.-te lor d,./;.,
"^"'■■'■<l f.'em how to
[■"■|;"'-'"'""l'!i''tr..deo
, '"' " ■'^' iiion.inr ha
'■V;"'';>!'-l,onr orH,.
I »J"J 'I Twni.- ex, reise hi (1
■"'"'•alcdhylhrFrnwl,, V
P -l-l"bH!uic.l..,|.'J
F"-'n.„s,,u.,|„i.,0„u.„.
•:ii" !■;
Nj'i-'.l'lioii
Chap. HI] PONTIAK— STllATAGEM TO TAKE DETROIT.
>3
tliau 10 were, in this (<iiort s|)act', reduced. Detroit alone remained in that
fiistuiit resrion, and, as will pn'.s^'utly be sei.'n, tiiis wats l)iO((;;lit Id t!ie v'ry
brink ol' llie most asvlid pretjipice «!' uiiieli tiie inia^inalion can coiK-eivc.
I'lie names ot" those captured at this lime were l,e iJovil", \ enango,
Presil'lsle, on or iit'ar Lake l:^fic ; l,a IJav,* upon Laiie Mieiii<ra.i ; St. Jo.-epli'a,
mioii tlie river ol" that name: Miami-;, njion tlie .Miami Uiver: Onaeht.inon,
uiiiin till' Unal)ache ; Sandusky, u[ion Lake .liintmdat ; and Miciiiiiinakinak.f
The garrison at Detroit was closely bi'siejred hy Pontine, in person, heloie
lln; news ol' the massacre of l''ort Michiliniakinak arrivi'd llnre. It was
jaitisoned hy ahont ;}oO men, and when Pontine came with his warriors,
iililioiijrh in great mnnhcrs, tlie} were so int 'rmixed with women and childrc'n.
ami lnonght so many conunodities lor trad ■, tliiit no sns|iieion was excited,
ei;li,r ill the mind oi" .Ahijor (jlniwin, ov the inhaiiitants. ile encampiMl u
liitle distance Irom the liirl, and sent to the major to inl'orm him tliat he w;is
oiiiii' to trade, and, preparatory thereto, wished to hold a talk with him Tor
lilt' |)iirpose of " brightening the ehaii. ol" peace " bt.'tw, en the J'lnglisli and
Ills people. No suspicion was yet (Uiiert.iined, and tlie niiijoi readily eon-
seiitrd, and the next morning was li.xcf, upon lor the council.
The same evening, a circumstance! transpiretl which saved the garrison
from ii dreadl'til iiiassaere. An Indian woman, who liad maile a jiair of
iiKK'ciisins I'or Major Gbilwin, out of a curious elk skin, brought them to him,
and iv'tiirned the remainder of thi' skin. Jieing much pleased with thi'iii,
die iiiiijor wished her to take the skin and make another pair, us ln' had con-
cludi'd to give the oilirrs to a friend, anil what was lelt to make into slio.'s
for hiMsi'll! She was then jiuid i()r her work, and dismissed. But when
lliosc whose duty it was to see that the I'ort was clear of strangers, and to
clojc the gates l()r the night, went upon their duty, tliis woman was Ibnnd
loitTiiig in the area, and, l)eing asked what she wanted, made, no reply.
Tilt' iiiiijor, being inH^irmed of lier singular demeanor, din cted her to be eon-
(liiclcl into his presence, which being done, he ask.d her why slit; did not
d'lart helbre the gates were shut. She replied, with some In sitation, that
sill' dill not wish to take away the skin, as In; s(;t so great a value upon it.
Tills answer was delivered in such a manner, that the major was rath r dis-
atisii 'il with ir, and asked h,'r why she bad not made the same objection <jn
liL.i;.' it iii the lirsr [jlaee. This r.ither confuse, I her, and siie said that if
s:i'tii)k it away now. Am n;'ver should be able to n turn it.
k Wiis uosv evident that she withheld something which she wish 'd to eoiri-
iiiiiiiiL' ite, but was restraiiu.'d through lear. Hut on being assured by
Jliijiir (UaJivin that she should not be betrayed, but should be p;oteet"d and
tcWui'ili'd, il' the iulormation was valuable, she said that the ehieis who
ver to me t him in council the next d ly had eo trived to murder him, and
laki' the garrison, and jtnt all the inh.d)itaiits to dea h. Each ehirf. she
tiiil, uiiiiid come to thr council, with so much cut oli of his gun, that he
euiild concai it under his blanket ; that Ponlinc was to give the signal,
ivliili; delivering his spe; cli, whici' was, when he slioiiKI draw his p ace
lull (if \vani|ium, and present it to the major in a cert. .in manner; and
lint, while the council was sitting, as many of tin; warriors as could slion d
VMiiil li' w .thin the f()rt, armed in the sam,' manner, under the pret.nce of
trail!, iji- with the garri.-(ni.
lliuini;- got .'ill the iniormation necessary, the woman was discharged, and
.Hiijiir (I'ldicin had every |)ieeaution taken to put the garrison into the best
pus.-ilde st.,te lor deli.'iice. Ile imparted the disrovery to his men, and
iiislrurU'd t!'em how to u''t at the approaching council ; at the s ime time
Kiidiii;; ti) ad llie tr.id'.'is in did'erent directions to be upon their gnai<l.
Till' II xt moriiiiig having arrived, every eoiiiiteiianee wo.e a dillercnt
•si«'it ; the hour of the coimcil was fast approaching, and the (piick step
I iiid ni'rvou.^ ex, rciso in ovcy evo ution of the soldiers w.ro expressive of
Sii(alli.M| liy ilir KroMcli, wlm Imll il, ln'causc it ^lnod iU llic cvlrciiiily ol ii li.iy :ii !\liclii-
1,1.1 1,<| •• l^e lluii'ilc^ I'liiiiil-,." iiinv (irri'ii I'ay. Ii w,i~; uiki'ii In ilu; IMi.iiu.ii.ii c-. ; llio
piiivi.i I MiisiNif.j (Il .«) iiK'ii. S,'u T'li/'Cf/''*- 'i'liivul.s, 21, 'ZZ.
\ lio.iiiii'.i,s Oliid lAi)o>liloii, liil. Iii.
5*
; i'.
M.U.-.:
M
PONTIAK— SIKGR OF I)F/rR()IT.
[Rook V
CHir. HI]
PONT
ui approach infj event, hijf witli tluiir destiny. It was JirijjhtPiind in tlip im
night, winMi a vvy was hoard in tiic fndian rncanipniont dJHiin m from li ,
I Fill * i* '■!! W 1 1 1 1 L
on pcacf! occasKMiH, I hv jiarrisson hrcs were «'xtiii<riiisli(.(| . i
every (nan rc|)ain'd to ids post. IJiit tlic cry beinjf in ard no nion- tli("i''!
niainder of tlii; nijrlit was jtasscd in sih-nce.
Tii(! appointed lionr of ten o'cdock arrived, and also as pnnctnal anivc |
Pontine and his ."K! chiefs, folhtwed by a train of warriors. Wiien tiie sin,
uhited innnhtT iiad entered the ),'arrison, the jrates were chjscd. TIk. ilmi^
ohservecl attentively th(! troops inider arms, niarchinj,' from place to iilu, ,. .
two cohnnns nearly inclosinj? the conncil honse, and hotii liiciii<r tow.-inj.; it'
On Pontiiic's (Miterinfr it, he demanded of Major (Umlwin tlie <-aiisc of so
nnicii parade, and why his men wer(^ nnder arms ; Ik; said it was an odd
maimer of laddinji a conncil. The major told him it was only to excnisi.
them. The Indians hi in<f seated upon the skins pnpared for theni I'diiHiii
connnenced his speech, and when he (•ame to the sijinal of iiresciitiii" tho
belt, tlu! j;overiior imd his attendants drawinir their swords half out of ^|||.jr
scabbards, and the soldiers elinchinjr their ".Mins with firmness, discovered to
the (diitdis, by their prcnliar attitudes, that their plot w.is disi ovind. /'o/i/w
with all his bravery, turned |>ale, and every chief showed si},nis of astonisli.'
meiit. '!"o avoid an open detection, the si>,'nal in passinfi; \\n> belt was not
given, and Poji^ifjc closi'd his s|)eech, which contained many professions of
respect and aHeetion to the English. J{nt when Major Gludwm coniiiieiin d
his, he did not liiil directly to reproach Pontine with treachery; told liim j^
cotdd not do any thing to insnan; the English, and that he knew Ids \vlio|(>
diabolical plan. Pontine tried to excuse himsellj and to make Major (Umlwin
beli<!V(^ that he bad laid no |)lot ; upon which the major stepped to the chief'
nearest himself, and, drawing aside his blanket, exposed his short gun, wlijch
completed their coidiision.
The gov(n-nor, for such was Major Glaifmn, ordered Pontine to leave tin;
fort immediately, for it would be with difticulty he could restrain Ids men '
from cutting him in |ii( ces, should they know tii;' circumstances. Tin' irci.
ernor was afterwards blamed fitr thus suffering them to withdraw, withimt
retaining several of them as hostages iVir the (piiet l)ehavior of the rest ; Imt
he, having passed his word that they shoidd come aiul go without liiiidiiancp
or restraint, ni(nit( (I, perhaps, loss censure lor k( ejjing it, and n spectiii^' his
honor, than those who reproached liiin.
A furious attack was the next day made upon the foit. Every strataL'cin
was resorted to. At one time they fill(?d a cart with c(nnhustibles, and ran
it against the |)ick(tH, to set them on fire. At another, they were almMi to > t
fire to the church, by shooting fiery arrows into it; but religions s(iii|j|.s
averted th(! execution, — a French priest telling Pontine that it wouhl cill
down the aiig(!r of (iod upon him. They hail fi'equently, during tln' siiir",
endeavitred to cut down tlu^ jjickets so as to make a breacii. Major (I'luhrin
CTdrired his men, at last, to cut on the inside at the same time, and assist ihin!.
This was done, and when a breach was made, there was a rush iipcn die.
oiiiside towards the linach, and at the same instant, j. brass fotir-ponmlir,
which had been levelled for the purpose, was s'lot off, \vliich made a drcil-
fnl slanght"r among them. After this they merely blockaded the fiirt, and
cut off its suftplies, and the English were reduced to the greatest disircss
and f()r some time sulisisted upon half rations.
Tlivre was great ditheidty in throwing succor into the siarrisoii ai Dciniit,
as there! v\ as such an extent of country between it ami th otler most uct-
ern posts, in possession of the English. Fort Pitt and \iagara had In' n
besi.g' (I, and all communication for a long time cut ofV; the fi)rrMer had Ihmi
reduccvl to gnsat extremities, but they wi re at length reliivid by ('<>! I
liimi/nrt. (Japtain Dtljiell was at the same time sent for tln' nlicf of Dilmii,
where he arrived on '.i!) .Inly, I7(i;{.* A bloody scene was sliorMy to lolinw,
Captain Didi/eM, with 'il? men. went out of the f()rt to surprise I'untuir m Iih
cuin|) ; but the wary chief liad runners out, who gave liim timely iiotiic, and
lie met tlictn in an adv
ID(| concealed behiinl
10 pass, poured in npo
tiiit tlii-y kept their oi-d
jailjiist passed. The
iiiiiin,<: whom was Vi\\
iiii'Oiriniand, and Lieu
iirt. This bridge, wJa
Jfoof/y liridfre.
Punliae ordered the
[Kist. Hetween eighty
bli'e the next morinn;
U'c liavc! thought pr
iiiir liisiories, but liavin;.
I'frji .imhersl, minnte'i
IK will lay it befbrc; the
nil! Im' se(!n that tile coi
iiii|ii)rtaiit features.
"On the eveinng ofti
=ral .Imhersi, being arrivi
ami heiiig fiilly |M'rsiiad»
•iinii abandon his desi
ikey might easily be sui
of the settlement; and
>liniild inarch out with
iioiirafh-r two in the in
sp' ,t\vo boats up the ri\
lokccp up with the lint
ani' wounded ; Lh'Utcnai
niilia rear guard, to coi
mill' and a half li-oin tin
aliarkcd in the front, to
sliiiiit a mile liirther, our
ol'tlic "Mth reginuuit, had
liouqueCs Expcdilion, Iiilrod. iv.
aiid rover, that tin; fire,
oiliis party, but reaclu
foiil';:sioii ; but th'y sot
raiiicr tlii'ir works," it I
loniMiaiided by (,'aptaii
('apiain (Irani,' \\vvv. Vm
liirdsoii his Icfi'; on ^1
l"iii''>^ to file- to the I,
a|ipi'.iniig that the ene
orders to (^iptniii Cmn
Iwcs; which he iiimie,
wn, win. told him, the -
"I' "111' dsign. Captain
sIkivcDOO; and that the
iniiit, to gi't betw((en us a"
.rt',«h<)caiiu' to him wh
.""''■■iiiit' to lii n again, an
mill I" ii'arch in the li-ont
td.iind 'dciiit half a iniU
'I'^'l.iiik; hut got possesi
J'ls as I,,' goi th re, hi; 1
""i''"'ilii'|iigonhisown p
' '11'' M'lhufri,!,^ who ni
''H't.iiii (Imnt,) and told
'"■"vvvry iiMic'i wound '.
"iile: astroiij bn^astwork
■"' I'lSMNHJoii of; and
'^ •i t /Iv^rt iminciiatc'y
CBAP. HI]
PONTIAK.— BATTLE OF BI-OODY BRIDGE.
.'>5
lie met them in an lulviiiitagcouH \Aacv, and, Immhi^ vastly siiporior in nunilxTs,
md concealed beliiiid a pieket fence, near a hridj^n wliijre the Euf^Tish were
lopasH, pouriid in npon them a dreadlnl fire. Many fell at tiie lirst onset,
but tiiey kept tinsir order, and exerti'd themselv. .s to regain the hridge tlicy
tail just passed. They cfii-eted their jinrpose, hnt many (Idl in tiie attempt,
inioii;: wliom was CJaptain Dtih/ell. 'I'hc fimious IMajor Rogers, \\n' second
ijcoiiimnnd, and Lieutenant lirthm, with ahont 2(;0 others, recovered tiic
fort. This bridge, wJjerc so many hrave men were shiin, is calhidto this day
B(oo(/i/ liridsre.
Pontine onhu-ed the head of Captain '*'ili/tll to lie cnt off and set npon 8
pojt. Between eighty and a imndred dead bodies were counted upon tho
jiridire the next morning, which entir, ly blocked up its passage.
U'c have thought proper to give this accomit as it is gem rally found in
our iiislories, but liaving been put in poss.ssion of tin; ollicial r turn of Sir
uVi/ .Imherst, minutely (h^tailing this important afliiir of IJIoody liridge,
«r will lay it befor«! the reader, as it appeared at the time. l'"rom which it
\iill 1)1' seen that tile connnon report is probably erroneous in some of its most
iiiijiortiiiit features.
"On the eventing of th«! JJOth of July, ('aptain DaU/cll, aid-de-eamp to Gi n-
m\'imliersl, being arrived here with tlie clctachment sent mnler his command,
111(1 liciiig fully i)ersiiade<l that Pontine, the Indian chief, with his tribes, would
aioii nhandon his design, and retire, insisted with the commandant, that
liifv might easily be sm*|)rised in their camp, totally routed, and driven out
ofilio settlemiiiit; and it was thereupon determined, that Captain DniijeU
itimild march out with 247 men. Accordingly, we marched about half an
liouraHcr two in the morning, two deej), along the great road by the riv«!r
si'' , two boats up the river along shore, with a patteraro in each, with onhirs
tokiM'p lip with tli(! line of march, cover our retreat, ami take off our killed
inii wounded ; Lii^utenant limn, ol" the Qiieen's Independents, iMiiiig ordered,
mill ii rear guard, to convey the dead and wounded to tin; boats. About a
mill' and a half from the fort, we had orders to form into platoons, and, if
aiiiickcd in the fi'out, to fire by street-firings. We thiii advanced, and, in
aliiiiit a mile fiirther, oiu' advanci d guard, commanded by Lieutenant Brown,
ot'tlic Mi\\ regiment, had been finsd upon so close to the ememy's breastworks
ami cover, that the fire, being very heavy, not only kilUid and wounded some
of his party, but reached the main body, which put the whole into a littlu
coiil':sion; but tb 'V soon n covered their order, and gave the enemy, or
ratluT their works, it b ing very dark, a discharge or two from tim iiont,
loniiiiaiided by Captain (innj. At tiie i-nme tinui, the rear, conmiandrd by
liiliiaiM (Inml, were fired upon from a house, and some fences about twenty
vardson his left; on which he ordered his own and Ca|)tain Hopkins^s com-
|i:iiii.'s to tiic" to the I. 'ft, and give a full fire that way. After which, it
a|i|ii<aring that the enemy gave way every where, ('aptain Da'i/ell sent
ordiis to ('aptiun (Irant, to take possession of the above-said houses and
Irmrs; wiiich be immediately did; and fbimd in one of the said houses two
mill, who told him, the enemy had been there long, and were well a|)jirized
ol'oiii' (j. sign. Captain Vnint then asked them the mmibers; they said,
sliovi';iOO; and that they intended, as soon us they had att:icked us in the
ihiiit, to gi't luitwiu'ii us and the fort ; whieh (/aptain Grant told ('aptain I)al-
i/»(:',wlio came to him when the firing was over. And in about au hoiu" alter,
liM'aiiie to hi n again, imd told Captain Grant he was to retire, and order, d
iiiin lo march in tin; front, and post himself in an onthard. lie then murch-
til, and ij) lilt half a mile farther on his r.trcs.it, he had some shots fired on
lii-tliiik; but got possessior of the orchard, which was well limced ; and
]|is us he got til re, he heard a warm tiring in the rear, having, at the s:imo
tiiiica liring on his own post, lioui the fences and corn-fields behind it. Li u-
I 'ii't M'Dnu'riil, who acted as 'idjiUimt to ih- di'lachmeut, came up to him,
fii'laiii (I'md/,) and told hi:M, thiit (Captain />///i/'^'/ was kill "d, and Caiiiain
(I'w/ Very nnic'i woinnl 'd, in mnking a push on thecn iiiy, and forcing iheui
"nt I' Mstronj breastwork ol'co d-wood, nnd an intrenchmeiit which they had
' '."! p'lSHxsion of; and t'lat tlie co nmniid then (l(;\olv(!d npim him. Li ii-
li. j; t Jicun imm.diatoly came U]», and told him, that Captain Rogers hud
I
.('■>■:
66 I'ONTIAK ATTACKS A Vi;.S.Si:i. AM) IS RI'PUr.SED. fHoo
dosinvl liiiii to tell ('aptniii (inml, tliat lit; liad taken poswossion of u In
UIkI tliat lie had l)fll»'r retire with what miiiihers lie had, as he (('aiitaiii // J-'^J
coidd iHit j;ei (itrwilhoiil the lioats tii ei)Ver him, lie heinjr hard niislied \!\u
enemy from the eindosnre.s hehind liiin, some of whieh seoured the'r '1
lhroii;jh which he; must retire. Captuin (irnnt tlien s 'iit Mrisiirn PuuU u'li
yO men, liack to attack u part of the eminv which annoyed lir^ own imki' ■'
lilth', and ^'alh'd those; that were joiniiifj: him, (rom the phicc where ( jiiir '
Dali/rll was killed, and ('a|»tain O'm/y, Lieuienanis linnm and /wMv,^ !','•".
wounded; which I'lnsi^ffi I'uuli did, and killed som(! of the eneniy iii il,,.'
flij,'!it. Captain (irfinl, at the same time', detached all tlu; men he could "v^
and took possession of the enclosures, i)arns, ti-nces, \c. leadinf; Cninilj'
own po.-t lo the fort, which pctsls he reinlitrced widi the olliccrs and ni< n —
they came u]». Thinking- the retreat then seemed iie sent hack toCaptain A'','.-
C7'*, dcsiiinj;' he would comi' oil'; that the r 'tnut was (piiie secured ami if.
(liflereni parti, s ordered to cover (nie another successively, until ihe wIkiIi^ li,,,!
joined ; hm ("a|ilain l{ou;trn not lirulinjr it rijiht to risk the' loss ol' more incn iii.
chose to wait l!>r the armed hoats, one of which j; (eared soon, ciiinmiuiditl In
JJcMitenant liirhm, whom Captain (Irani had dir ed to ^o and (over CfiiHiiii".
Ilo>i;crs\H retri'at, w ho was in the next house. Liemenant lirvlim .•;cciirdiM"lv
went, anil fired se\fral shots at the eiuMuy. liieutenant .MmH, \\\\\[ '\\\,
other hoat, wuntinjr annnimition, went down with Cajilain (.'n/i/. Liciiid,^
unt lirown and souk^ wounded men retuined als((, which ("aptiiiii (Irani fuu.
jtoses the en(Mny seeinf>-, did not wait her arrival, hut nMircid on l/ieiili liimt
linlniCs firiiijj, and ^'avc ('aptain liotrirs, with the rear, uii opportiiuitv id
CNue of]': so that tlu? whole; fh)m tin; ditl'erent posts joIucmI withoui aiiv roii- i
fusion, and marched to the fort in ^ood order, covered by ihe armed Ihhiis
on the water side, and hy our own partiis on th»; country side, in view (iI'iIk.
eni;ny, who had all Joined, and wvvv. much Ktroni,'er than at the he^riniiiiiir of '
the alliur, as was alb rwards told us hy souk; prisoners that made tin ircsciiiM •
many li.ivin;^ Joined thcMu from tlii; other side; the river, and other |)!,i(('s.'
Tlu! wlioli- arrived at the fort ahout eij;ht o'clock, conunanded hy Ciiptiiiii
Gnnil, ••vhose aide and skilful retreat is hi^dily commended.
" II turn of killed and wounded of the several detacliiiKuits near the iJi'tioii
July Ml, I7(i:{.
" f>/" /Ac r)5//». Hesriment: — I S(!rfreant, 13 rank and i'lk', killeil ; I ciiitniii, 'j
lieutenants, 1 drmmner, SiH rank and file, wounded,
^^()/'lhc Uoyiil Jhmricniwi : — I raidi and tWc, killrd ; 1 rank and iWi' ivDinukil.
" ()/'llie 8(i//i Rca^iineut : — 2 rank and fil • killed ; '.i rank and file irouiiilcl. $
" (}l'the (^necii's f{iiiis;crs : — '2 rank and file killed; 1 rank and file wnuntlnl <
".'V!///ic.y iij'lhe officers: — rhttk Heirimcnl: C'aptaiu (^V«y, LiiMitenant Liila;-Mi\ »:i
Lieutenant lirown, wotmded. * **
"N. II. — Captain f)(ili/cll, killed, not i?icludcd in the ahove "
Ilencc! it appears that but 1!> were killed and I'i wounded in the crielmitcd
"Jiattle of Detroit," hut 1 am inclined to think that this return was nuidi' dut
before the exact state of the troops (iu^ajred in it was ascertained. It is(\i.
dent that ('aptain Dah/ell was found to be ainoiiff the killed aft(;r the rctiiiii
was fii.islii (I, or nearly so. It is mniecessary to apprize; ilie nader, llifit ic-
tmns w<;re often made more flivorahlc than strict scrutiny woidd w.inMiii,
from o'lvious motives.
Altout this time several small V(;8sels fell into the liniuls of Pontiii<\ wliii'i
W(;re destin(;d to supply the frarrison, ami the; men were; cru( lly trciiil.
The frail isoii was in fjreat straits, both from tin; heavy loss of men, as wW
us from svant of jjiovisions and continmil watcliiiifr. In this time of ilc |iiMi-
dency, there arrived near tin; fort a sehooner, which hidUf^ht lliein sii|>|ilii'i
of |)ro> isioiis. hut nothinf( of this kiiul could be landed widieiit Purdmr'a
knowl d,i!(', and he deterniiiied, if possible, to seize the schooner: a dei.icliiii'iii
niadi; lli" alteiii|>t, and, lo save herself; the; vesscd was ohlficd lo tjick si.nrt
alioiit, i.nd proc(!ed in an opposiu; direction. The Indians lolloweil liir iii
canoes, mid, by <'ontiiinally lirin<r into her, killed almost eviM-y niaii, iiml iil
h'n},'ih board 'd her. As tli(!y were climliin<,' up tin; sides and sliniiiN in
every (|iuuti r, tli<' captain, having- (h t •niiii;(;d noi to fall into their li;iiii!siiliM',
ordered the gunner to iset lire to the magazine, and blow ail in> iMwiinr
CH»f. IIJ]
I Tlii!" was heard by a
nliiit was goin^r for
Tlii'V disengaged the
iiiiiii a great rrighl,
iilvaiitageofa wind, n
'iiKliansdiscoverec
i-lii III' M'Verely burn
Tlii.-i ""ssei had he(
iwliiin were .\bdia\
.r: ;iiid lliiis was iIk
ii;is,M;ijor (Uiidu'in an
Riwiy of Ihe cnw ,,|
Jill jursented to each
liiiiiy other circunis
ii luvcrdiiiu- in-e all tl
I'uitlidf having invi
HIS (if his operations
iii|iirc, extensive pre|
Ih.iiv of the mo\'emei
;nit uilli an army of ,'
.™ti il him, and 'his w
Mi|Mirlrd that he ^^,
k.iys, in the year |7
mtiiwiis and tjiai natio
|!t,»li() was also a dist
ini'iiircd his murder b
Iw.i.ys. When the rev
Wwr lomeet tliein in
I'piiii lime to time by (,*(;
[l:iiliisiile all resentmeii
inwiird his altachiiien
l;;.>ii'-ii heen reported t
i'lli'Wasgoinn; to hold
h'irilic English, a spy a
'F'lli, lie betrayed the
Ii'i"»- When h(> liiK
I'lim;'('(l a knile info hi
I'lMiiiioHiied for sing
™' indeed numerous'"
J 'hii''iil!ii-y organizatioiit
cuntilaiiccs.
CH»r. ni]
rONTIAC.
57
filis wnH hoiird l>y a Iliiron cliicf, \vlio iiiulcrstood ciioiifrli F.niilisli lo know
«li;it w
ln'V
as L'oiiii; t'orvMinl, and inslaiitlv coiiiiMiiniiatcil it to liis lollowcrH.
(Iis('iiuafr«'(l lla-msrlvcs (Voiii tlic VfsscI as ;{isl as possihlc, and lied ti'oiii
III a irnat irifrlil, at cdnsK
Inal
ill' dislaiiciv
iM
caiitiinc llic crew too
th
jilviiiitMirc <it'a wind, and ari'ivcd safe at tin- fort. In iln- pursuit ol'tlio vessel,
i)„. Indians discoviTcd cxti-crni' tcinrrity, uricn coininf^ so dose? to tlio scliooiicr
.III
lie si'vcrclv iHiriM'd l)\ tin- discliarirc iit'licr jrinis.
Ill:
■ssci had liccn sent IVoin Niaj^ar
a, an(
I was manned with 18 tiii'ii, 1'2
ihIhui wrvv Mfiiiawk Indians. Tliry aiiivcd at D.lroit <ni tlic M Scptcni-
,r; ,'iiid lliiis was I lie fjiaiTisiin savrd iVoin i-crtaiii destruction. Sn scnsililr
iiiis.MMJor (lliiilirlii and liis olliccrs ol'tlicir escape li'oin a dreadCid I'ale liy the,
fjn, IV oflhe enw of this vessel, that they caused silver medals t(i lie stfiick
111 |ii(seiited t(» each descriptive til" the event.*
^laiiy (ilher circumstances are related of this fiimons sieite, lint it is believed
I luvccdinjr are all that are well authenticated.
{'oiill'ir liaviii*:' invested Detroit now Cor ahout twelve montlis, and the
n< (if his operations haviiiji been carried to \ari(nis parts ol" the llritish
iii|iirr, extensive preparations were made to |iut down the Indian power.
\\y.\\v (li'the inovements of (Jeneral linttlslrcrl, who was iiroi'ecdiii^r for I)e-
■nijiwilli an lu-my of .'WOO ir.eii, Ik; jjave up, and sntMJ for peace, which was
ij|((l him, and his warriors '•etiit.'d to their liimtinir-irro(mds. I5v some it
|.ir|i(ir
ted that lie was killed, with man oth<>rs ol' his chief men, liv tin;
vs. ill tli(^ yeiu' 17''' in a war whii h at that time rajfed lietweeii th
and that natio
[i is also said that lie had a son n
iine(
I Sil
lUiA.NA-
Ii(i was also a distiiiLMiislied chiel|atid who, alter the death of his liiiher,
iiL'cd his murder by tin; destruction of almost the entire nation of the
iw:iys.
Miiir
When the revolution commenced, tla^ AmericaiiH sent messa'fes to
to meet them in council. I le was inclined to do so, but
was lU'eveii
ted
ipiiiiliiiic to time by (Jovenior llamillon of DcUniit. lie seems now to have
bill iisiile idl resentment against tlit^ lOn^lish, and became their friend ; iuid
nri'Wiir.l his attachment, the ^roveriuiient ;rraiited him a liberal pension. It
tos II
!s(i licen reported that \\v becaiu'' sus|iecled in the time of the wai
and
lisliiwas ^Miin<; to hold a council amoiifr the Indians in IlliiioiH, as an ajfent
jiirllii' rji<ilish, a spy attended him to observe bis<-onduct; and that, in u
<|HT(li, lie betrayed the Kiii,dish, and discovered liis fornu'r emnity aj,Miinst
liuiii, When be bad finislxMl, tlu^ Indian who had accompaiiiiMl him,
fliiM^'rd a knife into his breast, and thus ended the days of a chief who bus
l.iiiiviKiwned tiir siiif^iilar saf.'acity, dariiiff conra^'; , ^neat sjiirit of command,
.mi indeed numerous other (pialities, found only in those bom with such
itiiiy organizations us produce tliciii by their peculiur school of cir-
•ii'iiii'
tunKtaiicos.
* Holmes's Annals, ii. 122.
\J
m
m
; mi
I:
I
58
CAPTAIN PIPE.
CHAPTER IV.
ruooK V
Capta'n Pipr. — SlliiatiiiT) of affairs ov llir fron/irrs al Ihr prrioil of thr. rrtohitinn V J
condition of Ihr Morariaii Indians al lliis jiiriod — llalf-Liiiij i aumji.s to titl i ll
to Caaada — I lis s/nrr/t to tht in — Tlii'ij nmonstiatc — llalf-linir im iinr.s not i "*
lest tin in, bat Ca/itain I'i/ir's rouasfl /in rails, {•i/l i/iri/ arr siizrd I'lin'i .i, /'"'
tlirrcapon — Missionarirs tnhrii to Detroit and r.iaaiined — I'ijie in nt to uriiinr thn "^
Ciiaiiiri sliis rradart towards tlirni, and tlirij are ari/ailtrd — liniuiiknhle iliUnra '~
— Captain Win ri;-i;n;s apposes Ihi rondaet of Pipe — lllsspeirh to ///*• p,,iiil,"J.
Colonel liroadliead's erpedition — llralal massaere of a eliiif — 1'a ( 1 1 (, \ n r s( n 1 1 1 j ■ , ^__
biurprises the missioaaries — (i ki.ki.i mlnd — HioKuNii \ii h i, \s — Murdir nf W
Trai man and others — In the liatile of I'resi/ai-lsle — //'.< dmth — His irnul iiii'id, ^
itii — farther partirnlars of Captain Pipe— His f anions sprt eh — I'-i pedl linn, uiil ill i'',,'i
of Colonel Cnmford, irho is Inirnt a! thestahe, anil niiniij more — C'liiKTiniMd—Tdii
LF\\ IS — Mi;ssii A\yA — Klv(i-( RANK — l^riTl.K ■l\\v\\.v.--l>ij'ea:s (ll iieral .St. Cliilr's
arinij — Inridials in that affair — Little-tartle's opinion of (ieneral Ifininr—lim,,
Philiidelphia — His intirriiw with C. /■'. I'olneij — .Inceitotes — Jii.iiF.-j.u ki i — /j,'.
featcd bij General iraijnc in the battle of Presquc-lslc.
PIPE, or Captain Pyie,* i\> he is nsiiiilly called, from liis Iiavin<r Ihch a
most coiis|iiciioiis war-ciiptaiu aiiioiijr tlic Dclawaifs, diiriiii; tlic |m lidd df
the rcvdiiitidii, ill particular, was cliicf of tlic Wolfliilic. Jlis cliiiiacicr is i
very itroiiiiiicnt one, in the iiiciiiorabic troiihh's anion;,' thr IVuiiticr m nl,..
nients, at tlic hninkinfi out of the war. Sitnateil as were the J)(lauiir,jj
botwccMi the Kiifrlisli of Canada and the Anirricans, it was hardly lo lie ex-
pet'tcd lint that they should he drawn into (hat war. 'J'hey tdnld i>iit well
weijfli its merits or demerits npon eidit r side. A Ki)eefli uf the rciiowin'tl
Corn-plant contains the best commentary npon this matter, 'i'lic lliij^lish
stood much the best elianeis of fraininf.'' the Indinisto their interest, iniisiniicli
as they were profiiso in tli( ir ])n s.nts of what was useful to them, as well ;,h
ornamental, whereas the Americans re(piired all their resources to cnnou
the war. The commandinj^ cflicer at Detroit, believinf!- that the .Moivuim I
L)dianH upon the Siisepieliannah favored the Americans, ordeied theiii, i!i;,,|
or alive, with their priests, to be !)roiight into (Canada. The b()(|iiois iiL'iriil
that it should be done, but, unwillinjr to do it themselves, sent niesseiiiri is to
the Chipjieways and Ottawas, to iniimate that, if they would do it, "tliiv
ebou'd liav(! them to make soup of." These two trilx s, howt vtr, ntiiml,
and the llalf-king of the Hiu-ons tmderto^k it himself lb- had Ik en fiiriiKiiv
very friendly to tiie Itelieving Indians, and new pretended that he only imi-
cliid(!d to seize upon them, to save them from destriictitJii : and, j\lr. 7/«/,i//
adds, "even the Half-kins; woidd certainly never have; ai;reed to coiiunii ills
act of injustice, had not the Delaware, Cajitain Pipe, n noti d enemy ef iIh
gO:^pel and of the believing Indians, instigated bim to do it." I'ijie and lis
company of Delawares, johied by Half-kins:; and his warriors, and sonc >k\-
wanese, held a \\ar-least, roasted a whole o,\, and agreed npon the iimniri'
of |)roceeding. The captains only of this expedition knew iiilly its (iesiina-
tion. With such secrecy did they proceed, that the Moravian settlrii,i'ni>
knew nothing of their a|)proa(di, until they \\ere in tb(;ir vicinity. Tliev Imn
an English flag, and an English oflicer was among them. It wfis ncu In
August, 1781. Half-kins^ sent in u message to Salem, recpicsting tlic iiiln.li-
* lli^ Indian iiamn. arrordiiiff to Ilrekoieelder, was Hmi-ocan. and siiinil'icd a 7'i'/'"r- -
pi;(c 'I'liis nanu" lio horc nnlil hIiouI 171'.'?, wlien lliat of Kciohx iit{r anohfi, «!!•; hiI-i,
lulcd. 'riii> nionnl. Maker nf' Vay-ljiolit. Of tlic word pipi-, a more exlcndcd iiolicc -liduij
be taken. Tlu- Krcncli writers fjencridly nso tlic name ntlniiiet, wliirli niraiis tlir -^niiii' lliiii','.
and, of Its oriffin. I'aron Lnhinitnv. '• Voyafjes dans I'Anieri(]ne."' i. 1(11, oh^orvos n< Id-
lows: — '• It is a Norman word, wliirli roines from ehiiliimeiiii.i\m\ was inirdilin-cil inioCniiiiilii
by llie |iei:|)le of tliat nalion. on linjir first coming' into lliis coiinlry , by uliom it li;is inor Miifo
been ll^ed, 'I'lie Irorpiois call it fldiiondaiie. and the oilier Indian nalioii~. I'oAdXS;" lliis
atlowiiii;' for the ditl'ereiice helween the Frenrli and l-Jii;lisli idioms, will iit:ri'(> lolcraliK «ltii
Mr. ffer/.-riee/der'.i IIopocan. A rliief nanie<l I'ijif sipned a ireaty al Tort Greenville, in IliU,
Willi 112 olluTs, hy which it seems ihc Uelawarcs perpclualed it. It followed llial of W'liilc-fyei.
CHAf. IV.]
I itiiif,-) not to be alarm
j'lio.i \\<»rds f(i spciik
mints they might lio
ii|« II. all asscm.Mcd tli
.Meiiiiwhile, tin- mm
.)(l,, '11111 about 10 diiy
Idieving bidiiins and"
"Cousins : ye believi
i mil iiiiich concerned
•iii'.'ei-oiis spot. Tw(
(iiiiiig their jaws wid
kIi, mill thus in d;in<j
;: ill of either one or ti
.«iiiy here any longer
iiMfiii, and preserve
,1 yon by the hand,
j'liii! you will be sat
I ;il;iiit;itioiis iind houses
p'.st.s] with ymi, .-ind '
I iiy<\i Inive been acciist
Jirliillicr beyond the It
/111) message, and I an
Tlie brethren, alh'r ta
I ::iiit'ii;igc, !igainst such
iliatllie danger was so
jiltook no ptirt ill tin; i
!iiii, to set out beflne tl
miiilil keep and considei
I; \v!is siijiposed that Ha
(Pipe iiiid tlu; EiLgiisli
Tliisatfiir eventuated
:uS;iiiiiiisky, as has been
rn|il!iiii Pipe now pub
;,iiir piie.sts wcri! his sla
isky, when tlu" govcriK
|iii;ii. They w, re glad o|
Vlii>viiig ihey could com
I siiil accordingly atteiide
>'mmnn, Ha ktiveldcr
Jnibiic'ovidtMice again.st
jioiii'diiie on, and (-'apt.-ii
■ntr-mmnnikd us to hriii
I 'mwt. 77(i',f han hem
''Itnil us to hrinir [l,cir tc
I "' I'lm before i/nu : noiv .
^vl llnpcijou will sperd-'i
'>lot!nm,forlhei/ are mi
ni"' f:ov rnnr then rep*.'
..'^li'ist the hrethren, and
•lined now evid 'ntly eoi
"i| iIk'V would do so' no i
■iii (v the governor, and I
,?'Nlively to the point. 'I
['••kil his counsellors win
•'''■"'■■, and this occasion!
5t'iiii(iiisly spoke: "/ se
I 'f now I will tell yon the
nifilonc notldns; 'of Ihemi
I '"'» 'o blame, and the chief
''■'I'llo do it, u'licn llieip-efu
'I' 'll'' presence of tiic
mtliren.
JooK V
CHAf. IV.]
CAPTAIN PIPR.
69
idit — Sad
nil tittm
III III IIW-
y I'liliihirt
sr I III! II—
! in nunc
piojih —
HUM \v_
<i/" M jiir
liitii pill-
hiiil ill fii:t
Mil— T"M
sr diiir's
iir—l If In
Ki r— /J(.
|M'ii(i(l (if
lat'icr is I
ici- srtllc.
)ilil\\iirr3
tti lie ex-
iiol well
ITIKIWIICJ
I' r.ii);lisli
ini'.siiiiK'li
MS WI'll ilS
.V()i;i\i:!ii
licin, (lend
- iiLwcd
nir< rs to
it, "tlioy
I'd'iised,
()riii(iiy
iiily I'liii-
mil til 18
my dl' tlic
e iiml his
lll.t' f^iui-
iiiiiiiii'r
(Icsliiiii-
ttlcllil'lltS
M'V lllll'C
ii'ou 10
ic lull
Mil
;i Ti'h'irn:-
Uil^ »llli>li-
dlici' -lioilld
saniP llii"!:,
rvrs a< IkI-
iiii()('aiiii'i;i
1^ cvrr ■iiiKO
(i\N •>" lliis
Icrali'v "il!i
vill.', iii ISU.
f Wliik-fyti'
itaiit? tmt to !)(• alnrmc'd, for tlicy slioiild receive no iiijiii-y, nnd tlsaf lie liiui
.'110,1 words til s|i(';ik to lliem, and wished lo know at wliicli nC tlie settle-
iiii'iits tli*'y nii<.dit hold a eonneil \viili tlieni. (iiiadenliiietteii lieiii;; tixcd
,i|i,ii. .'ill asseinltled lliere upon II Aiifiiist.
^Icjiinvliile, tlie iiiiiiiliers of Pijii''ft e\|iedilion had increased Croiii 110 to
1,0, . ■111(1 ahoiit 10 days al"ter, Hiilf-fn'trj; made tlie l()ll(i\viii^f sjieech to the
ylii'viiifl Indians and their tcacliers:—
.('(iiisins : ye helievinjr Indians in (iiitidenlinetton, SclioenI riiiin, and Salem,
j mil iiiiicli concerned on yoiir account, perceiving.' that ymi live in a very
iiir.'ireiH spot. Two powerliil, an^n-y and niercilet's ^jods stand r ady,
Ml niiijr their jaws wide against each other: you are sittini,' down ln^twciMi
, ill, Mini thus in dan;j:er of heiiij,' devoured and frroiind U. powder Ity tlio
;, ih I)!' either one or the other, or both. It is therefore not advisalile for yon
,.iiiy h*''"'' "".V longer. (N)iisider your yoiiiiii jieople, your wives, and your
jjMivii, and preserve their lives, for here they inust all perish. I thcreforo
^,1 villi Ity the hand, litl you u|), and jilace you in or near my dwidliiii.',
,,i|,ri' you will lie safe and dwell in peace. Do not stand looUiiijf at your
ri|;i[it;itii)iis and houses, iiiit arise and follow me! '!'aU(! also your teachers
mists] with you, and wiirsliip (Jod in the place to which I shall lead y(>ii,
jsvmi liav(! been accustomed to do. You shall likinvise find provisions, and
mrrallii'i' heyond the lake [the <;overnor at i)rtroit,] will care ibr you. 'I'his
iniiy message, and 1 am come hither purposely to deliver it."
i'tic lircthreii, alter taking this into consideration, remonsfrated, in feeling
ait'iKiiii', against stich an immediate removal ; saying they did not coiiceivti
iliat till' <liinger was so great, as, moreover, they were at peace with all men,
ailtoak no part in tlit." war, and that it would bring famine and distress upon
;l!ini, to set «)iit before their harvest \\ itli nothing in their hands, but that they
ndiilil keep and consider his words, and would answ( r him the next winter.
liwas ^iiipposed that H(tlJ'-kin>: was willing to (comply, but for the imporliinity
I III' Pipe Mild tli(! I'jnglish (raptain.
This atfiir eventuated in ilit" sei/.iin; of the missionaries and their removal
;oS;iiiiliisky, as has been written in the account of Gli/diikan.
('aptMiii Pipe now jtublicly boasted of his exploit, and said the Indians and
ui(ir|(rirsls wert! his slaves. 'I'liey bad had but a moment's repose at !^an-
iliisiv, when tb<? governor at Detroit ordered ( "a|itain Pipe to eondnct them to
iiiiii. They w. re glad of an opportunity of s cing thi! governor face to liicn,
kiii'viiig tiiey could convince him that they had never assisted tin! Aniericims,
I siiil ai'i'iirdingly attended Pipe ihiiher. lien- tlii; missionaries Zci^^hcrfrcr,
I >'!iiA(»mii, Ikikeiceldrr and Fjdicnrds bad to await a kind of trial, and Pipe
ivib til" (nid(Mice ,!gainst them. On the; !) November, this trial or ( xumiiia-
liDiiiiiiiie on, and ("aptain Pipe api)ean!d, and spoke as )()llows: " Piitlui;}/ou
hreci'mmninli'il us to hriiifr the ItvUevIm; Indians and their trarhcrsj'rnni the ,Mns-
\'m:nm. This has l>een done. Hhen ive had hroui^ht them to Sandiiski/, i/ou
)r!md us to Imna; their teachers and some of their chiefs unto ipiu. Hen: i/ou
i <ii I'lm Ijcfore ipm : now j/ou ma;/ speak, with them yourself as i/ott have desired.
Ihl lliijic I/ou will speak u;o;id lorils unto them, yea I tell you, speik ffood words
■.'ulii Hum, for they are my friends, and I should be sorry to see them ill used."
I Till' ;:ov rnnr then rep.'ated to Pipe the charges be had formerly urged
lifiiiist the lirethreii, and call (1 on him to prove Ins ass 'itions. The chief
<(iiip(| now evid 'iitly confused, and said sui;b things might have happened,
liillicy would do so no more, for tliciy were now at D. troit. 'I'his did not
sitity till" governor, and he |)eremptorily demanded that Pipe should answer
I pitivdy to the point. This caused him still great 'r embarrassm 'lit, and bo
I i-k'il his counsellors what be should say, but each lit Id down his head in
CMC ■, and this occasioned his choosing the only wise course, and he thus
I iiit'ciiiioiisly sjioke : " I said liej'ore, that some such tliinir viii^ht have happened,
ymwiwill tell you the plain truth. The missionaries are innocent. 'Phey
h'fihme nothins; of themselves : what they have done, they were compiilcd to do.
him tn hiaiiie, and the chiefs thai were with me in (jtusc.hachiruenk : we have forced
hi In do it, wlum they refused.''^ The governor now declared them imioceiit,
II till! presence of the coort, and they were iiermitt'd to return to their
bivtiiren.
WM
Hh
■■'€
60
CAPTAIN PIPE.
[Hook V,
.11
lllis. till' r\,U'\s :
ii'ii
Ono circiimstniiro, illiisfrntivti of siivajrc Hnpcrstitio!!, \vi> \\\\\ ii,,ti,.,. ||,,
W'Im'Ii Piii(\s warriors wen- alioiit to liircf tin- lircllimi to leave tin ir ,\\y, n '
iii^'H, it was almitmt iiiianiiiKiiisly coiicliiiltMl at (iiii> time Ity i|||. ciiicls i| •'
tlic white lireilireii sliiiiilil lie jiiit to (leaili. Tliey, liowi vor, wiiiilil ;ii,| "| '
Vt'iitiire iijioii such a deed withont the advice ol" one of ijieir t-iiinniiin
riors, wlio was considered a ^'reat sorct-rcr. His answer was,
iniderstand what end it would answer to kill ihcin." i'|ion
hchi a council, in wITn-h it was resolved to kill not oidy the white Imn
und their wives, lint the Indian assistants also. When liu^ made this ,•, ,,
Iniioii known to the sorcerer, he said to thetii, "Then yon" ha\e reHi|v,,| („
kill my friends; for most of their cliief |)eo|il(Mire my friends: hut tlij^ |
tell yod, that if yon iinrt any on«! of tliem, I know what I will do I" '1'^;^
threat deterred thtsm: thus were tiie missionuries hh well as jnaiiv nil,, in j
saved.
It is stated l»y Mr. Ifeckcwelder, tiiiit, notwithstandin;,' Captain Pim wns so i
Kaj,'er for tlu; war hefore its commencement, he s(»on Itrcame snirv liii- It *
afterwards. 'J'jiis mi^'ht have i)een the ease ; and yt^t he was nnc ,,|' lU I
most etlicient enemies of the Ainericans ath-r the peace, as will elsi wjni,, I
appear. Ca|»taiii H'hilc-n/ra, or hoiiudluiifnecliloii, which was his liiili;i|, '^
name,* was his particular I'riend, and they were both ".'rent men of the M,ln. *'
ware nation, liaviiifj Ixmju nearly (dike distin<;uished l»y their (•iiuiii"c on ;
miuiy occasions. No one coidil have more at heart the wcll-ire 111^1)1, i|.
country, than Captain ft'liUr-tifcs had that of the Delaware nation, niul ji jg ?
not pretended, hut that as much should l)e said of Captain I'ipr ; \n\\ ilii.y,:
were dilferently circumstanced, and the I'ormer was open and liiirlt ss in jiis
tl»!clarations in liivor of tim Americans, while tlu? latter secretly limirnl the
Britisli. 'I'hus they were unwilliiifjly opposed to each other, and fm- jilmin
two years, one hy his frankness and the other l»y his clandestine ojiniiiiuns
strtwe to unite and strenffthen their respective parties.
Meanwhilt! a circmnstance happened, which (Captain Pi/<f sei/ed iipini liir
decdariiif,' war. J\TKee, Elliot, Girtif, and several others, had heeii In 1,1 at
Pittshin^ as tories. pearly in the spriiiff of 1778, they made an esciiii, .m,!
fled into the Indian country, and, as they went, proclaiuKul to ilmt iiid|i|i>
that the Anuiricans had det(!rmined to destroy them; that theretiirc tliiininly
safety consisted in repellin<; them ; that they must fly to arms, and fi^'hi ilmn
in every place. Pipe, ht infj rather inclined to war, helieved all ilmi limse '
exasperated fugitives .said ; while, on the other hand, ft'hik-(ijts weiild ;;1miio
crerlit to them, llavini^ jrot many of his men to}?ether, Captain /'//«• aiMn-^.
ed them with gnatearin stness, and with fjreat force of oratory s;'id, " F^ri rj nmn
is an (neiiuj to his voiintri/, ivlio nidtavors to persuade us asjcniiisljlu'litini; Ihtt
Jlmcriraiis, and nil such ou^hl sureli/ lo be put to death." Captain /f7ii'/,-(i/fli|
was not idle, and at the sametimt; had assemliled the jteople of his tiilir, imd-
the sul)stanc(! of what he s-mI was, "//<«< {/7/ifi/ [any of his waniois) hi /ni
in earnest to uco out, as he oliserred some of them urre pr<pnrinf<; to do, Ihoj shmili
not fifo without him. He had, he said, taken peace measures in order tt> sun Ike
nation from utter destruction. But if theij belitved that he was in llu uronir.iind
gave more credit to tmtrabond fugitives, whom he knew to be such, than la liimsilf,
who was best arnuaiuled with the real stale of t hi Jigs ; if thci/ lull ddirmin Ito
follow their aihnce, and go out against theAmericitns, he would fio (nd tfiih il„m;
d not like the bear hunter, who sets the dogs on the animal to be Innden nhnut 1 Hh
his paws, while he keeps at n safe distance ; no ! he would lead Hum un, plart
himself in the front, and be the first ivho shouhlfall. Thkv onli/ had to ddirnnm-^
on what tlieji meant to do ; as far his own mind, it wasfulljf made u/i, mil In mir-.
vive his 7iidion ; an I he woiild not spend the remaimler of a mismihlr /'/(, i»|
bewailing the total deslrurtinn of a brave people, who deserved a belli rfhtc."
This speech was sjioken with a patln)S and in a maimer calculated tdlmii'lil
the hearts of all who listened to it, and its impression was siicii, tlial iiO
unanimously came to the determination to ohey its instrnctioiis and <inlir3,|
und to hear or receive directions from no other person, of any nation orculorj
but Ca[)taii« White-eijes.
* Accurdiiig to Mr. lleckewetder. His icsidcuce was at llic mouth of llie Dig iiuavcx,
CiiAP. IV.] CAPT.
At llie saiiK^ lime, (
K)a [Ki.-.-i.M.', the e\i| n,|,,
■iii-i t" llie Miawaihs'
v,i;,'i ill"' lii'lowin/,' siK
•',./■■ ()/■ hiri/s, that hiid
I ij (;/' Ihtirs upon us,
j <Mr!i 0/1 /( iiriu:^ us, loo
i vi.nt tikewi.^r,,/.) jiof /,
\ !v;i'i\\!, i|nv ,,(• ,|||,
; ' , !."• knew niii w h
s .': riiiK ili;il(>ry iiie.-sa;
:;ii;i^''nt of rinliaii ;iii
, I'i'iliiiriiaiion " ;i,7 to h
xnjhim their friends 1
;, rnil'd .S'/,//,'/,-." 'I'l,
iV.i.ll.' UlKlll ||„. Wi-dllt;
• 'j I'K'il, like iIk! sac]
: 1.M iiiit, aiitl surprise,
:.:,iiils Mpiili.
i''"'i'_ li;iviii;:r now Ik
;i I. I^arly in ihe sprin
vhloun of S;,|,,,,,^ .,,,,1
>;ii;!:aiii.--t tlie hosiij,. |
r,;;l.l folli'ct theii- prop),
I'rciiciiiies. "Ilowcvei
:-';ri:iu' me that our lud
il li-iiiM one (piartcr
t'l'iniiiii;! "were pre|
[.'I ";n;iii setllemciits up
ivni.'^odoiiiM-."' 'I'l, .y
liii-'liiri; aidcil hy Coi;,,,
;;i ir hiiinirrous desjon,
'"■ lylil-" many (if Iho.s,;
■'• ''''i''l, <'l" Ihi' latter, ((
I H.-sacn' of (I'jiadenliiieii
31 iiinvhil,! Colonel /;,
Siiliiciir tlie fiii'ks of il,
'"'. ili.'it not a person es
J.;::il llieiiliojicl; |,|,t^ ,„,
p.''||'ki;,-' niaiiiti',>i;iiioMs (
\k!'.j imuy a IV^Iauar,-
ysrnoi-s were <lesi.r|i;,t,,,
'i"i'i"'it!i_ toiiiahaw'ke.l ;i
'';■'" "I'll i"<iiii;-mai-ii;:i.
/•' i!C I'Meniiatioii h;,,
:''■"■ i'l "liii-li, p'l-haps, Il
'•'<-■ lh-ir<dhr,uPs e.\|ie,li,ii
■;''':■•, Hilleeted, ami s, I
I i-^ iinny \,as dividcl in
!'lii;i very liii;li d ^r,-,,,,^
■-'■•I'l'l liiry. ■ Ha\iiicr, i,
pVVIVIlT.'iled t„;i pi,,,.,, „
"■'■';".'' '" '•' "'•liarharoiis
|!'"i'H' iiiMJe prisoners.
'""'ocxeeiili,,,,, jiiiiidie,
■'f '' "i'"i" foiiid witlista
"'.'"" \v;.scoHteniplat(>,,
"'^i^""i''<- ! Nothini!-, t!,ei
l'»i"!iii!irinyof li-oniiern
* Doddru/jr,., Ndtcs, 2') I
t llio saiiiu wlio, al'lcrw;
6 ^
ciur. iv] (UPTAiN rii'K.-co.srKKn'ON rxrr.urnoN.
(il
At llii' ^''"1"' time, ('.i|iliiiii li'liiti-ii/is, \i\ onlcr to coiiiitcriut, is iiiiicli us
povilil'', tl<i' I'vil iniiiisi'l III' ilii' uliitr rihiiju^l nil iiiiniinl, (|r>|iutrlii'{| run
„i|.ili)lln' >ll!l\\illlrs:' iDWIlSdil llic Si'lulu, W licrr llirS" illipusldis liail j;ii||(',
I (lit!) ill'' l''ll"^\"ni'i s|)ri'cli: '■'• (h'duih liildrm, jjv S,'iiiir;iiiini\, minr i/ni/n (/•>-a, n
Mfii ()/'/'//■' /.v, //i((/ liml (•(iiiic (HI jhiiii llic («.v/, /// til (ioM'liu'likintx, imjioa'nvj; n
\'f!'.\; >'<]' tliiii''' iijitHi us, irlwh ynnic hml iii.i:'li jinn'id our ruin. Slimild tlusv hinl.-i,
LjiV'i on Idiviii'.; us; lihtl: tliirj'h^ld lowurda Si'udo, cii !ciivi>r In iinji(is(n snu^i,
j,ii/./j/ liknrl.-ir,./.) v.ii! lidni lo llinn./or Ihcj/ //'■/"
A l>'i"^^''''r^''' "1" ill"' |>!(ic('i'irMi;js dl' Ciiiilniii llliilr-ij
I PijK, 111' kiu'W lint wliJil coin,--.' Id tiikc, and, wliilc thus conr.niiid, d, a Idntl
li'diitiliiitnrv iii('ss!ia:(' was rcccivt'd intlic jirlmviiri' niition, Irnni the Aiinr-
lia'.ni;' rcacln'ii
;lll !l
;'liiii
iT.'iit nl" Indian allJiirs at I'ittsliin-;'. It i.articnlarly canliniicd the |), (!|(|(!
I iialidii ";)(,/ lo hrnrlun lo Iho.ir. u'irhid and
war
'Udt
ss »H ;/, u'lu)
ho hnd
run.
llXJ
I'nim llulr frirudu In llir nhj^h!, and lo Uv iin.iund of Ihv rial J'r'nnd.-.h'ji of
I'nll'd Sl(dr
'I'liis cdiniilMi'd /'//).'.s' cdnriisidii. lint alivr [idndiT
mi
iwliil,' npoM till' \vnin,i:s Id whirli Ids (■niintniniii had Idr a ldiii>- linr- lircii
i)i!jct(il, \]ki\ iIm! sacJK'in ot' the W ;,ni|ianiiaus, Ik; iicrinittiil Ms uaniors
10 ;f.i (lilt, and siirpriisc, and miinli r all tlic Aiiicrii'aiiti tlicy cdiild lay tlirir
Minis ll|ldl
liaviiur II
d\v ix'irim to (low, liarliarilir's rdlloucd in ([iiick siicccs-
rh;i t(i\\
,arly in Hit' s|ii-in^f n
17SI,' (
dldiic! HrMidluiid an'ui.'d mar ilu- Alura-
II d[' Sali'iii, and iidtitird tlic inliali'ilanls that lie w:
IS (III an ('.\|»cdi-
;iiiii;,i,Miii^^t the lidsiil(« Indians, and <:a\(' ihciii tiiat tinicly iiotict! that llicy
,;^i;t Kilh'ct tlicir |iri)|tli', if any were alirnad, that they iiii,u;ht not lie taken
;'r iiiriiiics. " lldwi'vcr," says .Mr, ll(r/,(U'i!d< r, "whilst ihc coldiicl was
,..;ri:i:r iiii' tiiat our Indians had iidthiiiu" to |i ar, an oliiccr caiiic with ari-nt
<',illi'iiiii dill' i|narlcr dl' the ('ain|i, and ri'|i(ii'l;'d that a |iai'li('iilar division
li't'i;' iiiihiia "were prciiariiiij to lircak dll" Hir llic |ini'iii>si' iif di strnyin^i tla;
'.h:!\i!iii scttlcnicnts ii|> tin,' river, and lie t'ean il lliey cdidd imt be i-c.-tiiiined
:,,!iii so (liiin.i;'.' " Thi'y wen', lidwevcr, liy the e.xerlidiis df tli;.' rdiniuander-
i\A\\r\\ aided hy Cdldiiel Shcjtlurd, dl' NVIiei Tnij;-, iiarliaily |)re\eniid frdiii
!;i ir iiiiinli Tdiis desii;ii. '.riiiis tiiese Chiistiaii Indians were siliiaud |ire-
I'i- Il iik- many dl" ihose df N. I', in I'liiliii's war. Iliil we have no iiistaiiee,
:)!• curd, (if the latter, ( (|iial in extent, tiir dial'dliiJil atnieity, to that of the.
f (iiiadeiilmeiieii, elsewhere nientidin
niassarri! e
M i'.iiwliile ("didiiel liroiidliiad prdceed'd lo ( 'dsli'ieton, ;i liostile seflld-
v,'iil iiiiir the liirks of tlie Alii-kin^nm ; and wiih such secrecy did he. pro-
'hI, lli;it not a persiiii escajird. I low many H'll iiilo the hands oi' the army
Hi.il nii'iilidiied ; Imt, not ioii^^ afrr, III warriors were put tci deatli willi
hLiikia;^' manife.^talidiis of depra\ily. There aceompani d Culdiiel Broiul-
Ikr.t iiriiiy II l','laware chief nane'd l'il;'illon.\ rM\le:ii df the captivo
I tsniiii's were desiijnated hy him as perpeiratiirs df mnrdi'rs, and they wen;
kliwitli tomahawked and scalped, 'i'hey wero cx^cnted pnr.-iianl to tlio
iJiTi" dt' a C(iiii;-marli;d.
:^( lie eNtimiiatidii has h'v.n nrifod for this revoliiiiff transaclinn, and that
lil'iiir ill which, ji'rhaps, the mind can find any nli.j'. lint a slmrt lime he-
Ihv'idhrdd^
illected,
m
ITill'.', ('(
,s' expeilii
io.'i, a lari:(; Indian liirce, called by ilie whiie
an
d s, t out flir the disiiiielion oi' NW)rth-wrsteni Virginia.
|T.,i> iiniiy \ias divided iiilo two jLirts, and Ihi ir e\|ieciali(iiis wer(; wrought
itii a very lii<:h d jrice, which, win n siiildi nly Masted, were (•lian<.''ed into
hiro iiiid tiiry. liavinir, in their march, taken a lar;.';e nmnlicM* of captives,
ilhv retreated tn a place df safety, and iIkm-c tied lliem to trees find put them
Itiil atli ill til ir harliarous maniier. 'I'liis inassa'-re was, however, conlined
llMlirir iiiah; piisdiiers. I''atliers, in pres(>iicn df their liimiliis, were leo
Irili t(i c\eciitiiiii, amid t( a: s and lameiil;, tines, \a liirh no ere:. lure iait iiifn-
'iit il iiiiin could withstand. 'This harliarity was the more ai'iiriivalint;-
lnlii'ii it WHS contemplated that tlioso who ti-ll into their hands had made no
!iiiK'c ! Nothiiii;', therefore, like just retrihiitidii was to he oxpected
Mfuin an army of froinier militia, when ven^eanco was tlu; only pursuit.
* T)oddnd:rc, Niitcs, '2!>l, says, this " rampaiifii " wn» in llio summer of I7<}0.
t 'I'lio saiuo wiio, aflerwarcls, as I conclude, was a party lo Wayne^s treaty.
6
t'
.;-.^sk<.
C2 MAS.SACUF, OF INDIAN TRISONnnS.— rETrilENANAI.AH. [V,
AOcr cviM'y tliiiijr Iiml Ih'Cii dcslroyiMl in tlic IiMliiui miintrv t!
tlif AiiM'ririiii.s pjisx'd, tlii'v niiiriM'd to I'lii.-Ijiir;;-. IJcl'nr. I
'K V.
ton, I'l ^llll^^ill^' ('ii'i'iiiiisliiiiri- orciirn tl, uliirli nlmii' \\ii> >iil!
ii-niiL'li \\|,i(;h.
larnislicd ihc iimi>i liiilliaiit rxjilnitv An Imliiiii ciiiiu' to iln; r,i(|
i''H'iit 'o l„ve!
river ovrr ii;:;iiiist llic (•iir!iiM|iiii('iit, ) i- ciilli'd to the si hliiirls \\\
liilM W liat Id; wiiiitrd. He tiiiHWrn d t lie wislird to .sec the >> /j
(the naiiu' li\ w liicli Iiidiims <'oiiiiiio!< .!('si>riuilr thee
'.«■ 'iijilii
oiiiiMiiiidci-iii-cl
('oloiM I /;/•(;(/(//(((»(/ ii|i|iriind, mid nskcd hiiii uluit lir waiili d, w h,, ,•, i,li
II fit I. 1) ri'l : 1 •! I 1 1 .. "" I
7
■l/i
j)(lH I
'I'lin
d tl
'I'lii' liiiii.iii iiit( rrojiiilisriy tin'iA, ^* .Maif Ik ijini kill
jr l-OlOlll I, .-I'IKl OVl'T MiniC of \,||;c ,.|
lid il
II', H.
tlicy slinil coiih; iind ,uo in nidi t,y. licii'ii|toii a cliicl' of most i-lcjjaiit
jilicf crossed to tin; eiieniiiiuii! lit, and — 1 lic.-ilate to relate it \\1
I' Ii.iil,
"I'l '■•".r-
fliiel' was (•oii\ei>injr \\ illi llie eoloiu I, a monster, ol" ilie mi
IlL- i!
18
liiid with a tomahawk, which he had concealed in his clothes, Ijiid
I'la, (•;iii;(. ||,,
V, nil
II.
a siiiule sHoke ! 'The name of this liend was Udvl. T!
ill
II (!(:id
an lis I'eire
le ariuv
It, and Colonel lU'tttdilnml haviiij; |int his prisoner.-: (alioi i 'O
ill nnmlier,) into the care of the soldiers, Ihey iminediatelv I
nacre them! all e.\e{']it a i'ew women and cliildn ii were killed, 'I'lic.,,. \,
take.) to I'ittsliuri;', imd afterwards exehamnd for an e(|iial iinn.her ol
H'<riiii to 1, i,^j
re I
itel
jiri-eiiers.f Tlius the |ieaee which miuht lia\e lieiii coiicinded was iiahaiei
sii,'|)e;iil( d, and the war alii rwards iniiihl well ha\e hi en e.\|iectrd to e.\l
ncenes no less lilooil\ than heliu'e.
abftl
A chief, called I'AciiuA.NTsciiinii.AS, distiiiiniislied himself ii|i(iii tl
tins, immediately iijion the retreat of Colonel i>rumllii(iirs i\v\\i\ ; nit;:
othiTs ha\(', lint by maiiiiaiiimity and address. Aih\ snh
was set to many Ireatit s between his nation and the I'niied Sti
o
f (j'eneral lliiiinv at (irecnvilie to that of ?-t. i\laiy's in irij,-': i|
c rrr.n.
•!>^ iiiJiiiyl
'in iiMuel
"es, iiv,Mi liiati
'ntl\
Pilrlitnuiuilda,
fiuk
d
d oti
iiiilii
<))i<j:< lulus, and se\ei'al other \ai'ialions, stand liir the
' inel
jiei; on. ilis name, according,' to Ihrlitinltkr, f^\tn\\i\vi[ a jyj!ll(r,(iv one n!io\
sitrccvcl.H ill all he unfit )i<il,(s. lie vvas a son of a fireat chief wIiom! iiaii.i' is!
written Wvicanih'iihwdkiiil, which .-iiiiiihed tmc niijiloj/td on inip'.iUtni i
nml \siio in
the I
11
reiich war was a iiicat cai'taiii, and m |ieace a ^reat ((hiik
or.
lie had ii|ion his under li|> and chin tatooed the li^nr
lizaid, on which aceiainl lie was olieii called 7\r(iytiJi.^u-li/isiL Hiuil;
Was head warrior of all the Delawares w lio li\ed on the JMi;
R
<U a \V;.t,.'
'lo!a
\'(tii<ri
iiiii
ivei
ri-.T(;iii:.\' v.NAi.As, at the head of )^() warriors, a|i|)eared sudilenlv at (
deniinetten, siirroiindini; it heliire dav, allow ii
i.a-
iio one il chance lor c;
Not knowinji' his (diject, the |)eo|de wcic lilled with terror.
lint
disp lied their liiin's, l»y telliiifi' tin m that In- came to take the chief ^'/,
vuitil, and a few other head men, whom he woidd have, either dead
As it hapiieiied, not om; of those he si ii^l.t ai'tor was there at II
lla\inu' sali.-lied himself of ihis liii t, the cliiei' demandid that di jMit
the thr,'e Christian towns should 111 et to hear what he had to si.y tu ll..
^S'ilell the de|iiities and o lieis h:'d met, he .-poke to tii m as follows:—
Ml, n?
or i:l!,l!.
he tii f.
uy II. ,11
!
rand
.IK
I kin
n.en, listen to w
hat J
:V to VMI.
on see a ■ircj.t
]io\\('rfnl nation divided. Yon se<! the liitlier lijihliiiii- a^rjiinst the san. ;i.(
the son ai;aii.st the lat! er. — 'i iie liitlii r has called on his Indian cliililnii to
jiss'st lim in pmiishiii^' his children, the Anicric- iis, who |;a\t' I ecoaic ;•
ihictory. I took tinic! to consider what I should do ; whelln r or no! I >lii ii
rccei\e the hatchet ol' my latlcr, to assist him. .\t iirst 1 look- d upon il i
u liuiiily (pitmel, in wliicii I wa.s not inti rested. At leii<!tli it appeared ti)i,ej
that the fi.tiier was in the ri.:!ht, and his children desii ved to ,,.■ pin isl;i
Thai this must he the case, f cenchiileil from the iiiaiiy cn:cl !;r;s I iai
lilTIl — ill 111'
litlh
fsp; in^' hi (I eoiiimittrd, from tin.e to time, on his Indi; ii chil
o
oroaehin*;' on their lam
-tealini
th
ir propel ly — shoot n,!; at and niiiidi riii
w ilhoiit cause, men, v\(imi n, and chililr. n : — yes, < yen miirderiiii;- tluisc. \\\
at all times had been friendly to them, and were placed for |irolectii)ii iii.uerf
\ca\r. I V.J
.roof ol'their Tillier'
(III' time! — l'"riend.s
J ii.ake amends |i)|-
iilren; yet these do
hiiiiile to be so, jis |,
(iiili'i's C'tmmiiled liy
ii'iiMe lieiyhliorii ti>
' I'M-t piOMicalioii ■'-
II.' S'tl indeed no
„ ii'iir of these verv ii
i];,l('ly were privei'itcc
,iil jpy tlie (ifrat spirit
i'lii' cliief then s|)ok.
.iiiiiii'iidrd tlnir d.'.sin
Mi-i lie aware of their
lailii'H inii.st pass over, i
j.'i|ii'il destnictioii from
Ijfliisf, hiif they should
[•miply (lilt of daiiifer.
Till' ( lirisiian Indians
■1111, tliey llioii;.'lif the
l:Miiis at war wished
.flliiiciit upon the pa
I.,Mii|iisls the same w.-
Hiiiiieiit; and lliereli>ri
I'll I'll.
P'irhii-anlsr/il/iiliis cons
Iwcivd very li'din-jlv i
lu,».<iiiTy that they shoii
iipiitinii to use coinpiilsl
jlMltniro, wiioso tears pr,
Jiiiiltlii' coniicil JM-oke np
jiiiort .■'t:iy, wlioro they vd
liuoitit. Ilereadinnlvo
h'iMiliilii.i li;i(| predict
,a>,<iiriv of (inadeiihnett
|iiiiliii(li<>'iiation.
.\ijlliiiii"' was fi'ari d fro
|rr<.;/'AVr, dirt,/, FAIwl
jilnlters of the ruin (j1
I "III not iono; after.
I'm- present desiffn nia
'''■lin>iiicle.^ of the fi-f)n
'"■'' iiiiiinteiiess of d(!t
'•Miiiiot. by any ride ki
rmor Pdclnna'nalas, ye,
yll'i'iimd, wo shall lot tin
|iirr;iti\e.
Ikolcjn'xa/ichis was iif>t
Nit ill .slle(l(iiliu; blood;
Mi.^h ill the n volution, i
Ifeutlier allies we conld
I'"'"''' of Buoki>n<j;al,rl„!, is
Iwistliiiiat (rnad iilnict
lid^vcral others, were si
Ijmice, to the Indian nat
"'■)■ luuiiiir m-rivod m^ar
,\llii
* CitrdiiirlcsofV o.sicrn .Sculcinunts, ;)aso-jVrt.
t VuddriJ^c's r.olos, 2U3.
iii'linjlnlhn miirilrr nfih
p^i';;''iK'n.aml„ru|,i,|, ,,^, ,1,.,
I "'^■'wiiigiowliulwchavcj
rii\P. I\'')
iuj()K()\(iAnr:i..\s.
03
iiiorortlicir fiitlu'r'M house ; ■ llic liiilicr irniirtcli'htiiiidiiip Hoiitryat ilindoor,
ilir tiiiH' ! — l'"iii'n(ls iiikI rcl.ilivrs, nlli II lias lln' liitlirr Im- 'i nlilii'i'il In r.lllt;
liiki' iiiiii'iids lor liic wmiiHs i
iiid
lll-^IIIK
done IIS, |>\ Ills n iVi.norv
i ,ilili'i'ii; yet these do not '^m\v itetter. No! lliey rein.-iin the same, and will
iiitiii
lie to lie so, iis joni; MS we have iiiiv land ieit ns I Look hai'k nt tl
l(!
ii!',|i'i's eoiiiiiiiiled liy the l,on;;-Kni\es on many of onr r. lations. who lived
,ii('i'iilile neiuhliors to tlicin on lli>'()|ii<i! hid they not kill iliein u illiont
„ |iM>t |ii-moca!ion !' — Are diey, do _\nii think, heller now, ijiaii they wero
,11.' .No! indeed not ; and iiiaiiyda\s are not elapsed, since \on had ii
,iii!ii r 1)1' these \ery nieii near yoiir doors, wlio panied lo kill ,\oii, lail Inr-
ii;,tt'ly wen' |»revented li'oni so doin-r, hy the (ireat Snn,f who, at thai tiino,
;,i||i\ llie (irral S|iiril Iti-eii ordained lo |irotfet yon I"
lilt' iliiel" then s|M»kewiili res|ieet of their peaeealile mode of lill', and
,i{ii;iii'iid( d tlnir di'sii'e to live in rri'iidsliip wilhall niaiiiund : hut vaiii, llay
,i;.i III' aware ol' their \ \|iosed silnation — ii\in!,' in the very r<iad the ho^tilu
allies ninst pass over, in jidinir to li;fht eiieh other; that they had Jnsf crt-
iirii (Icstrnrlion t'roin one ot" these parties ; that thenliire no lime slionid
,.|u>t, hnl they should ;;(» In the eoiinlry on the .Miami, wlnre they would I
liir.'lv out of daniicr.
10
Ilic Clirisiian hidians replied, that, as they had never injured the Anier-
iiis, tlii'y tliouiilit they need not Tear injury I'rom them; tint il" their
vikN at war wished tliem well, in trnih, they would not iiiiike their
-il iiiciit ll|)on the path they took to yo to war, as it would lead their
jiitiHiists the same way; and that Ihcv eoidd not remose without iiriMt
rtiiiii'iit ; un(
tl
lereloi-e,
as they
were then situated, tliev could not emisent
/'.(r/|OY( »/.■*(•/( i7/i7(/,9 consnited in the mean time with his ehief men, and
liESHvri'd very leelinjily to what the hretiircn had said, lie (diserved that ho
]u> sorry that they should dill!'!' Ironi him in opinion, hut that he Jiad no
liaipiiiiiiii to ust! compidsion, and only reiinested that those mi^^hi he jpeimit-
llfiiM ifo, whose tears prompted them lo il. 'This was readily assented to,
luiil till' council broke up, and the warriors departed. .At f'alem th<,y made a
|iortst:iy, whore they emidiicted themselves as tliey had done at (inadeii-
);t II. Here a liunily ofold iieop!:- joined llirm. through fear ot' what /'urh-
\',ntS'-hilnliis ii;id predicted, and the ev<'nl jiislilied the proceeding! Tlio
sacri' ol" (Jnadi'iihnetton will ever ho rem(!ml)ered with the deepest rejjrct
luiiliiiili^nialion.
Nutliiiiii' was lean (1 froiii tlio jrood Pdrhcnnimhts ; Imt tlie prowlinj,' mon-
|f'i« .'/'/vVr, (tlrli), lllllot, and jterhaps others, ealliiiii themselM'S white, were
• platters of the ruiiKjl' the innocent people at (inadenliiietten, which lol-
Iwvid not ioiiw al'ti-r.
Diir itrcscnl de.siijn makes it expedient that we pass over many events in
lieilinmicle.-i of the fronli'r wars, that we nny l)e enalded lo proceed with
IWi' IMIllUlelie;
of dt!tail, in the live:
the eminent chiefs. .Altliouirh
liecaiiiiol, hv anv rule known lo ns, derivi; liu()knni:<tli(i<tH from Parhu-ttntsd-
ar Pilchcnitnitlcts, \»'t.
tliev have as much allinilv
I
'onidiirom an(
|.'f/'i'f)Hic7, we shall let them i>ass lor the .s:im(^ |)ersoii, and thus eoiitinue our
l;arriili\('.
BuDkoin^alicfas was not only a frreat, hut a nohle warrior, lie took no dc-
iijlit ill slieddinjj hlood ; and when Ik; raised the hatchet on the side of the
Sriisli ill (lie r. volution, il was for the hest of I'easons ; and would that immc-
i.Mitlicr allies we could name had acted from as pure motives! Onr next
iiiii'i' of }iuoli(>n<j^(flii'li(.'i is in IT'.l'i, when he showed himsell" no less mannan
laioiis lliin at (Tnad, iihuelten and Salem. (Jolonel Ihir.Un. .Major IVitmnn
luilsi'vcral others, were sent, in ]\Iay of tlii.s year, hy If'ashinu'ton, with a flag
|j|' mice, to the Indian nations of the west, particularly the .Manmee towns
riiiy liaviiifT m-rived near the Indian town of An (j'lai/.e on the sonth-wes
* Mliulinj lo ilio murder of ilic Conostoga Tiidiaiis, wliicli was as atrocious as thai al Gaa
|kiii:i 'Mi'ii. iiiKJ of wliicli wc sliall in due course ijlve n relalioii.
ilerriiig lo wliut \vu have just rclulud of Colonel Darnel Broudlicad tuul his army.
'Vi
III
G4
IlUOKONCAIir.I.AS— Ml ItDI'R OF COL. II AUDIN.
(1!'»,K V.
CHAf. J V.J
brniir'li (if til- .'Miurni of the Lnkc, lill in willi Hdriic Ind
tl
""'I-', "Ik. triiitcd
took H(hiMiiii;,'c III' llniii, while (ill" llnir f;ii!inl, (iiid iniiiilncd nriirK nil
linn.
H' iiilt'r|in'tcr niiidi' liin r.-^iniic, idler mimic time, niid pi\e
fCMiiil of tlie iraiisiieliiiii. Ills inline uhm llHlidin Sinallii; and he Imd I
xuiiii; time hefore with the; Indians, iiiiii had learned ihe'i
an iM'.
M".||
niaiiiieiH and ni
toins, uliieh f:a\e hiin soini' ad\aiitav'<' in lieiii;r aide to save Iiini>e|t; ||
lit (irsl euiidiicied tn All (il.ii/e, and somi aHer to " liii„li
■ Ulis
DclauaiTs, li\ his caiilors." 'i'iie rhiil lidd llmse that ennimillrd tl..
/((■ tni.i nri/ .sorn/ llni/ IiikI l.lllnl Hit nun. TIkiI lii'iUail of ,vo ilniinc, IIkii ,./(
liiiVf l>r(niu;lil till m lo Hit Inilinii lowiin ; and llieii, if irlinl Ihi 1/ Imd Id :uiii'ltiul
hirn llkiil, il tnttiU! Imir Ixi n lime 1 iiiiiU'li lo Inivr killnl limn linn, ,\■((//ll(('^ |
Maid, ronlil Jnslij}/ llnni J\n- jnilllnix' Hn in In ilialli, 11.1 lltin n'ns no ilnimr I'm- II
lorKiii/w. 'j'he truth was, they killed llieni to |dimdei' (heir elll'cts. 'jiiml,
!!• mtiidcr,
lit
'I'm
fj;ii/iilii.i look .Mr. Snnilli/ inln liis eahiii, and slmwed him •srrni kind
ni.-s; |,,|,|
liiiii to slay there wliiii; he eoiild ^'o sali'ly to his liinncr Indian liieinl-,
(lie having' lieeii adupted into an Indiiiii tiiinily, in |.|iice ol' one uhn |.;„i
liccii killed, in his (iirnier r.iptix ity.) \\ liiie In re with lUml,
'iin'snlnln..^
wcidd Hot idiiiit
iaiis Wiiiihl
which was near a iiionih, Air. SniiiHi/ said the i hieC
liini III ;:<i aliroad alone, I'ur liar, \v .said, that tin Miiinu Ind
kill him.
I'niiii anotlicr soin-cc we learn the ii;iiii"s of sew ral oftli,' iniirdi r.
letter lidm I'aris (in the new rreiieli settlement), dated .Inly 17, st
jliteHi;reiiee iiad heen received at I'orl .lelli'rson, of the death of Mj
.Mr. rnuniin, Dihinlii [\\\k\ Jniriit. 'That this infornialiou v\as I
lies. |i,;,t
vum,
H'oii-llt
„ , . . .,„.„ ^^ I ■""•'■'" ^''"'f /^'V/'"-.
lem well at liisl, iiiid made many |ao|esMoiis o| ti ieiid;.|ii|i. hut in the cik ^B> 1 »■'•'* '"'''I'" ■•"led to |„|„
"■' ■■■' ■■' ' ' ''■•'■ ' ' ■ ■ ^ :i'<l''iiiaiided, " ///„,/
fiiiiiiKilKlaiil de^i|■ed
.")'l.». 'rile senir\ III
'■l"'''"">ved lo*|,as
'':!'.! /invrnl mi/'' ,s,d
:-■ "I'try ^aid, .. '|.|,
I ■■'■'""•■ "Jl'i-Hnffirinv^
Aikm,ii,n riinn:,hn,
|W(I ific lort, sviih,
Jiraiiiral reproach 1.
niiirli has hee„ „„.,„j,
\'l^ Slid that Uuol;o.
01 1/'"*; hilt n:i his n
:?"-'<l to ir. (;eia ra
:• ^iifi'i'Mncomim'ssi
:'lii«llilll.s, wliiel, |,,„|
• '''"' "II oppdi'iiiiiin^
■■'''""li.<'eneral ('larli
■ii'!;: l/n'n i/inj Iji-on'^hl
:''''f:.v <'i..\UK."
l;'''|)arafeailie|c in 1
i.;'/>f.iivady meiiti(.ne(
''■"■•• '•''•'•'••^ Krhlnnvuv
pkin, or III,. Iiii^.,.„i . ^
b'licMhr the Tnited'}.
!•'»•"•'■ "alion, in f|,„ ,
liinliK! portions o/" th,
Mv.iis/iiilyasif tlirv
.'"■'•':''':Mi:.M.,„ne (,f'||
«:iIh' treaty of |.\„., ^^|.
.isiiiiiiic si-iiiiied .7 U(i
y ^" ••••illed his i;,ih,,
■';'';■'"' "'■ f>'ldl'-,m,A\
,;■'■'• ""•illlx'yonnn hei]
"■'■'""iiiN.'d the e„„rs<'
''''■"' -''11 If could do
'ill \^is the p„u,.r 01
■';"-■'' li'i'i- to iihrndon
:•'"''' '"■|"'"t''elion of ili
'"'.•'■Iv".-' .sili', l.nt ihe\-
'■"'■'"..'■'iii'tlier will,,, „,■„,
i^Ns;,-,!,,! jnst heh.wt'.
="'f';'l^"''ll'Vlhe,Mnrd,
,*l'''' "' tli„-(,'hri.,ian
*! »lM«nc(. this c|ii,.r
;>'i';i'idsuinini;n-acM.J
:,'''7"'''.vl.e!,i,d;a,no,
I";'"'-' ''".I written doci
"" •"' '•'" ""u- h.ul i;d|.
r;f' "', »Ih. killed at tl„
™i'' iiieiitiniied." The
**'";'"l''P|M-.ciated; ;|
:3^- '''•'■"■ lla.irhatn.dil
"■'".< J"iii 'd il,e Chris ill,
rr"f '•";'-" i-ne!
^'^"" "^^I..T, aiKl-wldch
4i»
and omliarked with tliciii in caiioos, uiid i)assed up the river, to send alliii' "f
Cani/s Museum, \ii. 15.
t By Mr. Daicaou, paj^e "-.
K V.
|lrni|
10 (M
IlllS (
to
11 uiF
ilil'iL'e
111 It
Idl'C.
|/('(;i/m' 111-
lie' V.I mill
CHAf. IV J
CAPTAIN iMi'i:.— cJi:i.i:Li;>iKM».
05
■nli'il
I "
fiiil
*'
11 nf
1 !IC-
ln't'H
y .,
nis-
r WtiS
'
It' till!
'-
Mi.l.r,
t-llDvIll
'• '
<til not
'■- '
1
iiV, iio
'
))■ IIk in
jf
iiiiliiiii-
< ; liijil
iiiiiil.-!.
Iin UA
>
lai/li/iW,
licrmit
' WdUlll
j
111. '-A
1
lo. iliiit
ii / (ill -
linmv'lit
1
• I'SClljIO.
1
rciil.d—
s Tliry
1," i
ir'l^nlii'l;'
ovnl tli{
) y
•IT ;;iM'i
1 f
liuriil ill
1 *
IS iillllK
. 1
T ^1
Irnniiii'
I *
triici'
to fort U'ltmf. WIh'Ii tim rliicC
tin-ivi'il (ifr'iiii>4t tlio Itilii Ii rm-t, liu
ni|ll .<ln| to hillil, wliicji lie iliil. Wlicll In- IiimI ii|i|i|n,n"Iu(l llir si'iuiiicl,
//I'.'" Ih' uii.-i iiiir^wncd tlmt tlio
%
iiiaiidcil, " ////((/ /((((•( ij. til lit yni/ lit
jiiiiiihiiil ilrr-ircil til K|H'iik with liiiii. " 'JVkii Ii
'IV iiiiiif nunc ilKiu;.
Wlli tlio
riir Mwitrs tlii'ii said tlii' ullirrr wmild ikm d<> tliiit, unit tli.-it lii' wniiiii
jol lit' ailnwt'il III [iiiss till- liirl, ii' lie did iidt coiiiiily wiili its nijc.-i, " It /ml
,\,iH linvnil inv .' "' Miiid llir iiiti'i'|iid rliirl'. rniiiliiiir to tlir niiiiioii iil'llic Inif,
-Ii
itn haid, "'riitisi'." 'I'lii! cliii'l' icjilii'd iiidiiinaiitlv, *• / t'nir iml
liMoit- iijlir sull'iriiin- IIk .hmririnuH lo ilijllc j/imr niniii!':, irillioul ilni-'nii<; Id JU
,:illniii, iliii ritniiil I vjiiilUtfrijfhlin Jti <tKit.Niii;iir.i.As." lie rciiultarkcd, and
psiil llif fort, wiiiiuiii iiiolrstatioii. Il\ " dt lilinji; llirir H|iriii;L;," ho meant
jlriiiiii'iil ri'iiriiafli to llic .{rili>ii ;:aiTi.-i)n liir tliiir tiraclicn to tlm liidi.uiH,
wliii'li lias iiri'ii Jill ntiiiiiril.
I,' i?i said that ltinil,iiii!::iiliilii.i was iircscnt at I'ort iM'liiInsh, at tlir treaty
(,f|7.'''i; hut as his naiin- is iml aiDoii;,' the si^'iirrs, we Mi|i|m-i' lie \\,,M
,ii;iiwil to it. (ieiii nil (!i(irii;r II. ('Iiirl;,.liilnir Lie, and liuhni-il HiiUvr, wero
■,i Viiierieaiicoiiiniissioiiers; the tiirnii r liad heeii a siiecessliil warrior a;;aiiist
;■ liiilians, whieh had fiiiiiicd him the resiieci of ISinihiiiiu^dlitiiin; and wlieii
, |i;iil an ojt|iorluiiil\, lie passed the oiliers wiihoiii noticiii;.' iliem, Inn went
..Jliiiik (ieiii ral Cliirk \>\ the hand, and said,"/ llt'inli Ihr (Irml Spiril jor
\!riii<; llns iliii/ l/nni/^lil logtlhir livo siirk f^rmt wuiriurs, ua JdJoKoMiAiiKiaa
M.MiK.V. Cl.AKh."
Asi'imrate nrtiele in the treaty jnst named, illnstratr.s tln^ history of several
il'> iilrradv mr-iitioned. It is in these word?
It
is airreed that the i)el-
tliey kr|it
.-Isle, I'lir- ■
-iii'd ; '
'I'lie ?
TliiMiiii-;
liein. li:''V ■
i,»;iir eiiiels Ki:!tlaiwiii:l, [(Jilrii iiuii.l, Killhiif/;,] nv Colonel llriirif; Uin^iie-
jh'ki.i, or ihe liiif-ntl ; Ifintriilnid, tn' ('a|il,,in ff'liih-iiii.i ; who look n|i flio
L!ili(t lor the I'nited States, and their liimilies, shall he received into tho
[I |;i\\;ire nation, in the same si.nation and rank as heliire the war, iiiiil ••njoy
iiiiliie portions oi" the lands loliie Wyandot and Delaware nations in ihis
irmly, as fully as if they Irul not taken part with America."
(iKi.i:i.i;MKM), one of I he most conspicuous of those noticed in the provision
(/llir treaty of I'ort ,M'liilo,-|i, we will procei d to c n.-ider in this place.
Ilisniiiiie si;;nilied .7 Iciiilir, hut he was called Killliii'/; liccause the whites
!;a! Ml railed his liitlnr, and to distin;:iii.>h him, iunior was added. I'poii
iiMlifitli of It'hili-cms, \u\ ua that chiel" had done, accented the ollice ^>^'
ilUl
ili.'it'
li;,M'l\ 1"
lien, iii'il=
ri.w".
lliiitl
lliill ln'ittj
1(1 >i) umu
jif )il;iii> tol
ii- iiitrn^t,!
if, iiiilil the yomi;> heir should he old enoii<;h to till the important |ili<c(>.
liiiiiliiiiied the course of measures carried on hy his predecessor, hut in
Will" all he eiiiild do, ( 'iptaiii I'lpc succeeded in deleatinji' his desinny,
'ill was the power ol" /'//'■■, that ('n!tlimiul and his party were lorced
..,iiii;;li fc;ir to aliindon tin ir council-house at (Josclioelikini'-, and retii-o
aih'tlie protection of the Aiiuiricans near I'iii. huri;". Here they siippos.'d
iLiiii-clves safe, hut they were soon disipi ointed ; "fer while the (riendly
;:iiilr<,tiL:etlier with a nuinher of their p (»pie, were peace.dil) livini!' to.:i llier
i:i:iii isliiiiil just helow t'c town of l'iltsliiir;j;', they were siiddeiily siirpiised
;:il;lla.'ked by the miirderinji' party which had returned lioni kiiliiii; .."ar ii
Luiiilivil of the ('hri tian Jndi.ins, and |iaitly killed and partly put to lli^ht,
|lniiii whence tlii.s chief [Kililnich) saved his lilt' only liy takimr to tho
"Vir ami swimm'mi;' acio«s t I the point, or town, [<if I'il.shiiri;] leaving all
L>|irii|ii'rly helii id : amo;i;i' which was the hi;: coiitainim; all the wampiini
sivivlies and written documeuts of U iiliam I'mii and his succe^sors lor n
;ri;t iiiiin'.ier of y ars, which had for so Ion;: a lim ■ heen carefully preserved
Ik) tlii'.'ii, hut now had fallen into the hands of a murderiiiir hand of wliiiD
|av;iL'i'.«, who killed at the same time the promisin;;- yonnij J)elaware chief
l;e r mh'icd to l*eniis\lv,ii.ia \V( ro
I ilmvi'
iiiiiitioncd
T\
le inaiiv *< i'^ i«'<'s
hinwii and appr. cialed ; which s'rvic .-, Iiowever, hi inu' ohiioxioiis to ll
Itli
|«ii:lliy
simiili
I '•mil' tiiii
drew their hatred iipo.. him, so much so, lliat ill. y ordered any that
I meet wiih him to shoot Idm d.vid. He tlien loit; remained conce.iled
luui,
,1 a \h'S "!
f
ifter ilie peace, with tie' iiuli ins. wiiii hi- lamily al I Jltshur;^'. Ill
llyjeiii 'd the Chris. ian liidiai;s and lived iiiiil r ll.i ir piotrction; never
Clr
|'''iltllri||n
ir I I'd 11 lioine
-t ih
'dn
■levs
iiilJ III' if wi
.nd kill liini
)ii<:
h.ipli/i'd hy t!ie naiiK! ol' fiUluni llnir/.H iiHiiie he had hec n h
\ii.mn uuder, and which was tliul cf a diblin"U!shLa njcml>er of coiiirrtss,
■
M
86
CAPTAIN PIl'E.
[Book V.
CO
nfeiTod by liiiuself. Killbvck* died in the fuith in January .-^H ;n„A
outdO.f '^"
A* tlio tunc tIios(! praiT!il)l(' Tiidiaiis were miirdoroiisly drivm liom tlicir
island, as j"!-t n</tic('(l, ./i/i,'--r«/t narrowly cscapcci the slaiijrlitcr. l!c retired
to tlio Miami country, uiion! In; atli-rwards died. Ho jiad l)i-,.n aii .ililo
coiinscdlor, and allcrwards ii el del" of tin; Turtle trilie.f l}ul to retina to
Cai)tiiin Pl/jc.
At one time after an exiMdition afrainst the Amerieans, Captain Pine \y,\\i
to Detroit, \\li( re he wan received with reH|)eet l)y the JJritish conuniuid.iiit
who, with his attendants, was iusitcd to the council-hoii.se, to jrivc! aii ai'ccjiint
of past transactions, lie was sealed in Iront of his Itidians, tiicinu'ilie cl.i,.)"
olVn-er, and held in his left hand a short stis k,to which waslastened a simId
Alter a usual pause, he arose ami spoke as Iblluws: —
" Futlur, [then he .-looped a littlt^, and, turnin.<r towards the andieiipp v,\\\^
a connt<;nance full of great e.\|)ression, and a sarcastic look, s lid, in ;i \„\\,.f
tone of voice,] " 1 have siiid fathkr, althous;h, indceil, I <lo vol know wnv / ,(„|
io call him so, haviiifji' never knowv ani) other Jhllwr than the French, end ajn.tliir-
inn; the Eni^lish onbj as iiTiOTiiKRs. Jiitt as this name is also imposed unon ng
I shall nvike use of it, and saij, [at the same time fixinir his ejes u|)on the c. iji-'
inandant,] F<dhvr, so:nc lime in^o you put a war hatchet into nvj hands, sumu':
' T(d:e this arapcn and tnj it on tne heads of m;/ enemies, the Lonu:- Knives, and
let me afterwards know if it was sharp and frood.^ Father, al the time when w,u,
gave me this weapon, 1 had neither cause nor inclination to go to war airinnk a
people who had. done me no injiuy ; yet in obedience to you, who say you are nw
father, and call me your child, I received the hatclwt ; well knowing, that if / iU'd ;
not obey, you would withhold from mc the necessaries of li^e, mlhout whirh I rould
not subsist, and wliich ai-e not elsewhere to be procured, nd at the house nf nni i
father. — You may perhap? think mc a fool, for risking ?/>',' life at your blddiim: in
'a cause loo, by winch I have no prospect of gaining any'!rng;fur it /syoiM' nuistt
and not mine. It is your concern to fight the Long-Knives ; you hnve mi.'nil a
qunrrcl amongst yourselves, and yon cu; ' ' yourselves to fight it out. You .ilmrld
not compel your dnldren, the Indians, to (.. lose themselves to danger, for yotir s':k:s.
— Fuller, many livis have already been lost on your account! — JVutions hnre. iof.-
fcred, and heev weakened' — children have lost parents, brothers, an'IrJ.ativt.i. '—
wives have lost husbands ! — It is not known how many more may perish /; i ;e
your war will be at an end! — Fdlwr, I have said, that you may. perhitps, fhii !; ,!e
a fool, for thus lhiiugld!ess!y rusliing on your enemy ! — Do not believe thin.fi.U.i. ,•
Think n:t Ihd I went sense t'l convince me, that althmgh you wnv pretcn I lu /, .o
vp a perpilmd enmity to tite Long-l'nivcs, you may before long r.onnvdc a jare
with them.— Father, you s^iy you love your children, the Indians. — This you hm
ofln to! J them,, and indeed it is your interest to s ty so to them, tliat you mmj h:n
them (it your service. Ihd, father, who of us can believe that you can /'/O? ((y." y/e
of a (liferent C)!orfrom your own, belter than those who have a white fki.i Ih
yourslvcsi Fat':er, p ly edlention ii what I am going to say. Jf'hilc you,J'.ll'r,
are setting mc [meamn^- tla; Indians in general] on your enemy, much'^in Ik
same m tuner as almnlir sets Ids di)gon the game ; wliHc I am in the at ofru.^ingK
on th(d enemy (f yours, with the bloody destructive wc'tpon you 'rave mi, M
ni'ty, jwrrhdner, hippen to look back to the place from whence ,ni starlet inc.
iv'ud shdl I s; e ! Perhaps I miy see my father shaking hands with the A-*"^
Knives ; yes, with these very people he now cat's his enemies. I miy then sir liiiM
laugh at nv/fo'tyfn- havin<r obeyel his or lirs ; and yet I am now risking m;i 'ifq
at his comnand! Father, k< p wkil I have said in remcmhrance. — .Wnv, f<dkir^.
here is what hrs been done tud'i tlw hiil-het you gave me. [Witli these uoi'ils li«|
hande I the stick to tic comnKindunt, with the si-alp upon it, ahov;' im ii-
tioned.] I hnv- done with the h'dchrt ivhil you or I e red me to do, and foinv! ifM
sharp. jYevertlidess, I did not do all llial I might have done, A''j, I didn.t. .'^m
* AiiiilluT oCllio same iiaiiie is niPiitioiioil by i\lr Lntrobe, Itamhlos, ii. 118, vvlioin ho'i*!
at New I'aiilielil i.'i If!,)i ; •' a venerable " man " walcliiiig- llie bed (if liis dyiu{J iluii:;lik'r, iKl
last ol' 12 tliii'lreii."
t lli'i-kfwfid^r's I'idjrapliy <>''liie Delawnres, \t.^ in Pliilos. Trans.
j M'U dii^iie. I'usch^ls, utcjrdiim' lo Ihckeweldcr.
Chap. I V.J CAPI
knrt failed within me
woiMcii and chiidrei
t'li'ired. I took son': I
pvr large canor-o^ oh
lltsli, (tndfind I laf //,,
y.K will not ihsiroi/ \i
INS" /Art/ which with m
isalwiiy.i (inpty ; hut
Alter a high encoii
Ili'ckewelder says, "
il uill* the nol'fe an(
•;irch was addresscf
ll;i;i.<h name. Jh; o|
fciisio light again.-t
.1- ';is in his power I
',''l"''''.' /'V"-, and, 1 I
iiit (if this indi.aii clii
M'l'ii-^" tlian his eIo(|
I'lie name or (•;,,, t,,j
bii'iited Colonel JfUli
ilii' most horrible juid*
Ms|i;u-ticularlyobnoxi
i''iii:a.iiider against tin
I'l'l"'' ■f^'iiidu.skv.in |li<
i'l'T'N iif tlie liead of a
!"itti. flight, without hi
rti''l't, indeed, .some ii
Miltiiken, and of the ii
I'lpfain /V>i'"jiott
wl'.dians at this tiim
in-ati.'i.r il, a body, tln-y
'fi'limids of then- pui-a
'™ lii'dy ofhis sohliei
';!'i''n-elation.«, whom I
('r tlieni an mn-ea.sonal
A/i/:;7// and two others
"I'l", with several ofhiw
'',''•"' Oltl Wyandot To,
ihiiford anif Knight b
'>; -Now Wyandot 'I'o
Mler.'d, and Pipe fold
'*';';''v<l; of which, it
■ral'l'' nvn wm, accon
""'Nc<l Ifm'jcenim. 8,'v.
"•'.'' 'i-^ Kmlrhl ami Cr,
«;i;'sofii„.irfi-i<.Mds,h
'■"' '•••(■Il picked up at t'll
f^' were tho..eM nn-d,
""•'';"i'l.^ofln<lian.s,|u,
«'"IA"^-A/saw.SV,„,,„ c
l^'^N^'Ip'U or wr;tten v
"'•>nlllieiortm-eof Cr,\
■y^'i' the colon,] was til
'''■''iKl'.ii.siiiano-irnes
alMdeoi.s y. II, and (Ml
'■",'"■ ';'."""^ ^\'li<M. he sun
"'•• hnig'd was r.'serv
"'.''■''' ""' -'fionizing ejaci
;;''7';i"fr"id"f,;',;,;
'"''•'''' ll'<' thon^rhts „r
";'" -^ much, nav, mor.
^'■'-■"iLd no iiossibiiiiy of
Chap.
IV.]
CAPTAIN PIPE.— CRAWFORD'S EXPEDITION.
67
\fnr\ failed tcilhxn mc. I frit compassion for yowv memif. Iniiorpiire [Iirlploss
ffOiiH'ii iiiid cliildrcii] had no part in your ifuarrds ; thcrrforc I dislInscuisluJ — /
mred. 1 look son: Wvr. tlcsli, tchich, ivlillc I was hrini^inp; to you, I spied one of
mr Utricc citnof", on icliirk I put it for you. In a few clays you will rerun r this
'i\'At, and find I lal the ^''nn is of the same color with your own. Father, I hope
,(,!( icill not distroy wlial I have saved. You, father, have th: means of /irescrv-
],(* llud which with Hir uvuld ptrishfor ivant. The warrior is poor, and hisrabin
i, «/(('-(.i/.' >'"'/''.'/ ; ''"' your house, father, is edwaysffdl."
\\\\'v ;i liigli ciicoinimii upon tliis spccdi, wliicli iiocd not ho ropoatod, !Mr.
Ili'ikcwlder says, " It is lint jnstico licre to sa; , that Pipe, was wi-ll acqnaint-
\\\\\\> tin; nol'le and frf^in-nins character f)t' tin; Hritish otliccr to wlioni this
■ ri'i'h was a(hln'ss('d. \\v. is still livin-j; in his own conntry, an honor to the
|l;i;ish name. 1 1<; oiicycd tin; orders of his snpcriors, in rinjiloyin^' the lii-
.!i:iii< lo li^ht iijraiiir't us; i)nt he did it with reliictaiice, and solteiieil as \\\w.\\
;. 'iisiii his |iower the horrors of that ahoniinahle warfare. 1!(! estemied
(':i|ituiii Pipe, and, 1 have no donht, was well pleased with the hiiinaiie eon-
■iit iit'ihis hi'lian chief, whoso sayacity in this instance is no loss deserving
ijiiMisi' tliaii his eloipience,"
Tlie iianieo'" Captain Pipe is niifortnnalely associated with tlie history of tho
hiiHMited Colonel William Crawford, who perished at the st:dve, athr siilllTi:ig
;:i' iiiiist horrihle andexcniciiitinjr tortnres |)ossil)l»; for Indians to inflict. He
w;is|i;irtirnlarly ohnoxions to iheni, from having heen many years a snccissfnl
iiiiiiaander auainst them. He Htll into tln^ hands of tht^ Indians not lin- li'oni
I'lipi'i- Sandnsky, in the latter end of May, ]7H'2, At this time he was arrivi-d
tlniv, at t!ie head of a hand ofahont .WO volunteers, who were attacked and
put to Hight, without having acquitted themselves like sf)ldiers in any degree;
(\rt|it, indeed, some individual instances. At least a hundred were killed
aiil tiiken, .nid of tlu^ latter, hut two arr: said ever to hav(! escaped.
("aptain Pipe, if not the jirinciptd, was probably one; of tln^ chief leaders of
;lic hfilians at tliis time. When the rout of tin; army began, instead > ro-
iroaliM!'' ill a body, they fled u: small parties, and thus fell an easy prey into
ill 'liaiids of their ])nrsuers. Colonel Crawford became separated from tlic
iii;iiii Imdy of his soldiers, by his extreme anxiety for his son, and two or three
ii'iiT relations, whom h(> suspected were in the rear, a ul therefore waited
|ir tlii'in an unri-asonahle time. ]fe at length fled, in conipany with a Dr.
Knight and two others, rnliirtnnately, after travelling near'y two days, they
lUMv, with several others, siirjirised by a party of Delawares, and conducted
Iim'mc Old Wyandot Town. Here (Captain Pipe, with his own hand.-;, painted
Cmnihrd. aiul Kniirht black in every jiart of their bodie.s. A place called
i!n' New Wyandot Town was not far ofl". To this pl.ice they were now
oydcr.il, and Pipe tfild Crawford, that when he arrived there, his he id should
Ih ;>liav (1 ; of which, it seems, he did not understand the iin|)ort. Th se mis-
iTalili," iii'ii Wi re accompanied by Pipe and another noi'd J)el'iware (diiefj
iiuiiicd Win'xenim. S.veral other cajitives had b.M n sent i()rward: and ii: the
wy, ;is Kniixld and Crawford pass d along, they saw four of the mangled
bolicsof liieir friends, lying upon th(> ground, dead and scalp d. Niiii' olliers
liiiil been picked up at tiie same lime the two just nam d were, and f nr of
iiii's' were tliose murderc'd in the way. The otli(>r live met a like liite, from
llii'liaiids of Indian sfpiaws and boys at the destined village. Here Cra.ifora
aiiil Kni^dd saw Siinm (Hrly, of whom no human being since, W(! apprelnmd,
li':ss|.oki'ii or written without indignation. He is represented to have wit-
in >>^t:(lllietortnri! of Criuforl with much satisliiction !
.Arcrtlie colon. I was tied to tlr- iiitiil post, Cajitain Pi'/w* addressed the assein-
lil'M hidiaiis in an ciriest speech, wliiidi when he had clos •d,tliey all joiiifMl in
aliiilioiis yell, and fell to torturing the prisoner, whiih coiitimied fir about
lliri'i! l.oiirs, ^vlien he sunk down upon li>s face, and with a groan <'Xpii'ed.
Dr. Kniix'd was reserv d for the same flit", and was iires'Ut, and obliged to
li'Mi' the agonizing ejacidations of his friend, and at last to s 'o him expire
will.iKit I) iiig ahl • to reiid(M' him even t!ie assistance ot'a consoling \vord ! —
li.ili'cd the thoughts of iiis own condition, and t!ie end that awaited him,
Ivor.. ;is iiiudi, nay, more, perhaps, than a rational mind could hear. 'I'liero
HuiiiLd no poasibility of a delivcrunce ; but it cumo in uii unexpected liour
mm*
mm
;,..ii
'.) rt
'i-
' ,:'
I 1
■i^l
ftrl
^1
68
WlNOnNUND'S LNTKRVICVV Willi COL. CRAWFORD.
[Ko.'K V.
Chap. IV.]
COL.
lie \va» to he. sent to tlic SawjUKM; Town, and ior tliis |)iii|)()S(! Mas iiitni^i .1
to a yoim^f warrior, who watrlu'tl him iiu-cs.saiitly. 'J'lic (listaiicci was -ih '!
40 mill's; ami, thiriiiij; their march, he li)iiiiil mcaii.s to knock down iiisdnv'
and mak(! p)o(l his t'sca|i(!. He was'*l day.s mthc wildunK ss alone, and w^""
nearly liimislied wIn'O he arrived at I'ort 3rintosh. At the jilace to whi f
lie was destined hy tin,' Indi.ni.s, Colonel Cntufuid\s son, tou-in-law, ainl s,., '
oral others, w»;re put to death abont the .same time.
If'iiinruuiuf, ff'i)>!:;iinoond, ov ff'iiiu:(iijnooiid, \iih{ an interview wi'.li ('ii|,i|„,|
Crawford innnedialely bi'liire his exeiiiiion, and as he snhst.nice of u'l,- 1
jKissed hetwccn the vi(;tim and tlu^ ehiel' has heen prcsen •d, it t^\\\\\\ ii,...,
he ^iiven, not merely lor the; history which it contains, hnt as it snikiii!.|v
brini;s to view the manner in wliieli an Indian exercisea his \icws orjiM,,.,.
in an extraordinary case.
This chief had i>eiMi known to Crawford som(> time beliire, and Imd Imph
on terms ol'trno rriendship with him, and kindly entertained hy jiim ;,( i,:^
own lionse ; an<l snch acts ot' kindness all red men remendier with iriMiitiidi
fyiiii!:(iiiind does not appear to have heen |)resent when the lirsl preiianiiiDiiJ
were made Tor hnrniiij:' the prisoner, hut resided not far Ironi liie ll,i;i| ^uu\ nuj
iiad retired to his cahin (hat he mijiiit not see the sentence of his nalinii ( xc.
ciitt'd upon one caUinj; him his I'riend ; hut Vranford reipie.-^ted that lii'iiii"iit
be Si'iit Tor, rh»;erinjr his almost rayless mind with the faint hope thiitlio
woitld interpo.se and savt^ him. A( rdin^ly, Win^cmtnd soon appiai-nl in '
the pres'ntM'of llie boinid and naked white )nan. lb; wasasked by Vrawfunl if
lit! knew him, who said, he bidieved he did, ami asked, "Are yon not Ciiliincl
Crawford .'" "J am," replied tin; colonel. TJie chief discovereil niiicli ii"i. '
tation and embarrassment, and ejaculated — ".So! — Yes! — Indeed!" "[)o I
yon not recollect the friendship that always existed between us, and lluit un '
were always f,dad to seceaeh other?" said Craufnrd. " ^'es," said the chiii' "I i
remember all this, and that \vv have ollen drank to<,'etlier, and that voii Iuim.
been kind tome." "Tin n I hope," added CV«(/ybr(/, '• the same liiciid-iiiij
still eonthuns." "It would of course," .said //'ih^tuk?!*/, " were you wlicrc \,.'\{
o\i<i\a to be, and Mot here." "And why not herer" said lli<! colonel; '•] lilm,;
you would not tlesert v friend in time of need. Now is the time lur \(m lo
exert yom'self in my l)eiialf, as 1 should do lor you, were you in niy jil;.; i .''
"Colonel CmHyor</," replied Hi iii^rnnnd, ''•yoyi have ])laced yours li' in n .j;.
nation which puts it out of my jxtwcr and that of others of your liieiids lo
do any thinjf lor you." "How ,so, (^aptain Ifliiircnund.'" ntnA tiie rdliiin I.
lie added, " IJy joiiiin.'< yours.'lf to that execrable man, H'illiains>iii an I lis
jtarty. 'I'lie man who but the other day murdered such a nniuh, r df i! i;
Moravian Indians, knowing:; th(;m to be friends; knowin;,' that he ran iki r, Ic
ill miirderinir a people who would not lijiht, and whos,' oidy husiin ^> v,:-)
))rayiiii!'." ■' Jhit 1 assure you, /rnii<-('/nni</," sai(l Craufuril, "that had 1 li en uiiii
iiim at the time, this would not havi! happened. Noi 1 alone, Inn id! \iMir
ii'iends and all ji'ood men, win res or they are, r^'prcduit.' acts of iliis kihi!.'
"That may he," .-aid Kina^cnuiid, "yet these friends, these jrood men did i;iiti
prevent him from jioinji' out a>jain, to kill the remainder of those iiiollin-ivc,
yet liiolish iMoruxian Indians! I s:i\ foolish, becansi; they b(die\ed il.c whittj
ill preti'rence to us. We had often ti)ld them that they would li' one (l;i\ .-o
treated by those |no|)I(! who called iliems:'lvcs their liiends! W'e told !i;.'iii '
that there was ikj liiith to be placed in what the white men said; that timrl
iair promises were only iiitciKh'd to alhu'e us, that they mi,t;lit the mure oily
kill us, as they hav(! done m;my Indians helbn? they kilhuj these .'\|i)iavi„ii>,"'
"1 am sorry lo hear you s|). ak thus," said Crawford: "as to h'illiiiinnoii'Kii'nu'A
out a;.'ain, wlien ii was known that Im; was (leli;ruuned on it, I \^ellt em wiili]
liim, to pi'eMMit him from coiiimiltih^' fresh murders." "Tjiis,"saiJ Hiiv^i
niiiid, " llie Indians would not hdieve, were e\ en I lo tell them so." f'r;»7j(Jj
then asked, "And why wou'd tlujy not belii ve it.^ " IJecaiise,'' repliul ll'in-
genund, "it would have Ihm'u out of your power lo prevent his doiiiir whatj
lit! jdeased." "Out (d" my power P" e\elaimcd the colonel, and aslscd, ■•Ila\i)
»iiy .Moravi in Indians heeii killed or hurt since we caim- oiitr" 'N.ni',''
uiiswer. d the eiiief; "I ui you went iiist to their town, and fiidiiifi it ('ni|iiyj
aud dofccrietl, you luriiod oii the palii towards us. 11" you had bjeji iii seuicli j
ofwarriors only, yon ,
(ios'ly. 'I'hey saw \o
! ol'tlic Oliio. 'I'hey "sa
sliiiiilit — they .saw yon
tiry knew you were ;;•(
', and you were sii
iilicrc you \\('Vi' attack
f'w/c/wv/, doll ht less, '
iitli liiiiit eiiioiiun, " \\
;,iiklyre|)lied, '. I tr|| \
.'■<t. laii (dfiii the nil;'/
;:i:!tiio\vlie had iioM,,,-
>iirli lie (lid not wish t(
li.vc taken yon, tliev w
•ijKPSsihiliiy ,,(• j))-,".\,.n
:i,j.Tniie oti? Von sh
.riliii sa\iiiii my lili'."
.liick "I anil .-ioni,. friei
;wia|is, havesncciH-ded
i"iilil d.ire to interlere
yriiinero this spot, will
r-: Tiie blood of tin.
[iidiiiiidivii, crnellvand
Msnfllie slain, who ur
jitidii to which they bi'li
'(liililri'ii, have aske'<i |oi
liliiii' nations connected
i»',iiiii you went to dcsti
|:.,r»l!riice is become n;iii
•)ly (iil(! thiMi is lixed,'
Lutrl death in its Wim-i:
.v'rrytiir it, hut cannot do
W"i|ile, that as .rood aiJ
I- I;ii;iii ought not to >-•(
i''l' situation.' Yon .see,'^
.'"". "Iiat a l);id man he
li'mliitejiko a bravt! m
f«ill Mire to a solitary
A.rordiiiirly a host of
*i 'ly their erne! hard,.
I'lfZ-^lied ti'ars at partii
"■"islMiii-e was inentioiK
l'<'l'"H'l Crawford's ,s(,
|l*r, and sulUVcd the t
'I'lit' expedition of C,
iMiyothers, inns tliras
i|">ljiiifrMin, wheiv man,/.
I'M Indians, which thev j
"J'li'ir hlo.,,1, as tho.se a
•IIIKATO.W.MO. In
'i -''Ohio Hiver, killi
I-''-''; vastaiiMiinit .)f pn)|
[lUi'kiilonimo was one
•«iiiity,\ir.i,na, and. sever
T'l tills inll/rmalion— a Ik
^'' ill ils kiud.§ As
'/''''*;''''''''''''-"-^'l'''linii:Vnli,,
• '"r «l".'lu(ni,„rily lur Ur.,,
'I'Tn.'d Ui, ^
('""■ iiiilli.ir appears lo |ia\
**omaicriul|y,i,. Ins acco
>fi
DiAP. IV.]
COL. CRAWFORD BURNT AT THE STAKE.
G9
of"'
arriorn only, yon wonlil not liavc jroiio tliitlicr. Onr spies \viit<'lir(l yoi
ClOi
itl'llH
:1V.
'iicv saw \(iii while \tiii were criihuih inir vninsehesiiM 'Jiecitliersid)
;.l 111;
lie Oliio. 'I'iiey saw yoii cross that river — tliey saw wiiere yon encanined
[lit — lliev saw von tnrn oil' Troin llie natli to liie deserted iMoravian town —
f\ knew yon were jroiniront ol'yonr way — yoin* steps were constantly watcli-
i.'iiinl yon wcn^ snH('r<'<l iinielly to proceed nniil \o\\ reached the spot
ivlicrc
von were attacked.'
(V(/(('/o'v/, donlitiess, \\ ith this sentence, ended liis last i'ayso('h()|)e. He asked,
iiit emotion, '■ \\ hat do lliey intend lo do wi;li nie
■iiikly rejilied, '• [ tell yon willi f:riel'. As H illiiinison, will
when ff ln<r( niind
St, nni o
H'in the ni^^lit iit the whisllinu' ot'onr
h
IS whole cowirdiv
11:
Warners halls, h'ln'
itislied
,;ilii(i\vhe had no iMoravians tod 'a! with, lint men who could li^ht, and with
lie did not wish to have any thiii!.' to do — I say, as he e^<•aped, iind they
•lii'ii
tiikcn von, tliev will take reveni;-e on von in his stead." "And is iIkmu
Ki.-sihiliiy of preventing- thi
d (
rnir
I'onl-
•Cai
I vol (
levif
I' no w
'y
•m L't'
tine otr? ^'oii shall, my liii'iid, Ite well rewarded il'yon are instrnmen-
iaviiiii my lilt'." "Had li'iHinnmni hecn taken with yon," answered the
Idiici', "I and some li-ieiids, hy inakin<? nse of wh.at yon have tidd me, ini;!;ht,
|)<, liav('snccee<Ied in saving' yon, lint as the inalter now stands, ;io man
he kin^f ol" I'-iifiland himselli wei-(' ho
]imi;i
Willi:
I dare to interll-re in voiir lieli.ill".
j)((iiii(' to this spot, with .all his wealth and treasiin.', coidd not ( tH'ct this pnr-
vis'. The hlood ofthe innocent ,Moravi;nis, more than hall'ofthem women
ildreii, crnelK and wantonlv innrdered, calls ;doiid for nvvnm: 'I'lii-rela-
unli'li
|j,('S(irtlie slain, who are ainonjr ns, cry ont and stand ready liir r(V(ns;c. Tho
Btiiiii to whii'li they helonj;ed will ha\e ntT^ifp. 'J'he Shawanese, onr jjrand-
;liililii'ii, have jisked for yonr CIlow prisoner; on him they will take rcnnire.
A'illlii' nations (onnected with ns cry ont, irvoiixc ■' rci'enirc ! TIk; IMoraxiaiis
ivillllll VI
U'dl
III went to destroy, li.avin;.' tied, instead of iiven,i;in!j their brethren,
tlliici! is heconie national, .and the natimi ilsidl'is honiid to take rrvnifj^c!"
'My liito then is lixed," .said thu wretched man, "and I mnst piepan; to
JlfC
^1rrv
t death in its wiM-t lorn
)lonel '
.1 tl
in chiet :
I am
for it, hnt caimot do any ihinif Ibr yon. Had yon attendinl to the Indian
|priiMi|ile, that as <rood and e\il cannot dwell to;:ether in X\\o same heart, so a
|i'i«iil iiKUi oiii^ht not to <ro into evil company, yon wonid not he in this lament-
situation. Yon see, now, when it is too late, aihu* Jt'illiamsoti has deserted
,\vliat a bad man he irmst be! iN'othinir now remains for yon but to meet
limir liite like a bravtMnan. I''an;well, Colonel Cmuford! they are eoming.
iwill retire to a solitary spot."
An(»i(lin<;ly a host of exei:ntionors wore imincidiately npon liim, and Iio
ii' 1 liy llieir cruel hards, as we have already written. It is said that It'inge-
:iri//sli('d tears at parliii;f with his friend, and that ever after, when the cir-
|tuiiisl;iiM'(; was menlioniul, he seemed very sensibly idfected.*
Colonel CniirfimCs son was compelled to witness this Cfiiel death of his
ItlJ! ■ -■ ■ •
iiT, aiK
1 snif red the same fiite immediately after.f
Tiic expedition of t'ohtnel Crawford was not so laudably nndertakon as
I miiv I
illiers, in. as liu' as it was directed airainst the Moravian towns npon tl
10
)lii>kiiif.Mnn, where tnatti/, who composi'd it, were determined that the Chris-
ISiii liiiiiaiis, which they there expected to (ind, slioidd ^Int their vi'ii^ioance
klliiir hlddd, as those ;it (inadenhnetten had done lint a short time biibre.j:
nilKATO.M.MO. hi I7!HI, this chief
•iicceec
led
III captnrinji' man}
boats
ij l.e Ohio Hiver, killinj;' many of those in ihem, and takin<j' and dislroy-
^'.';i vast ainoniit v»f pro|ierty. Amoiifi tin; boats wliieli fill into the hands
i Vh'knloiiimo was one in which was a Mr. Clidrlcs Julinsloii of IJotetonrt
"Niity, A'ireinia, and seviM'al otla rs, and from whose narrative we derive mncii
"1 lliis iiiliirni.ation — a book reph'te willi instrnction, and on(> of the most
'aliiiilile ill iis kind.^ As this company weie deseeiMling thci Ohio, in an nn-
' ll-ckiivi-lilrr'.i liMliaii Niilioiis, 'JSl lo 2!)l-. f Coliimliinn Muxa:!'"' for nf)7. p. !>13.
: Our cliii'l'uiuliorily lor iIr'sc cvciils is llio viiliuiMu CliKoNii. l.jis by Mr. ^\'itlu■•■s, Lmlore
;tf'fri.'il lo.
t rill' iiullior iippeiirs Ui li;i\(! been prniiii)le<I lo its |)ii!ilirali(in hy llic niisiiilf^rprclation
tiliisdriil Cdiiiiiiiiiiicalioiis by liic />«/,.• ilr Liniiriiiiii , wliniii, by iht; way, we do not lliid io
tfiTso mutiiriaily, iii Ills utcouiii, Iroiii iliu author as oac iniijiil aiiiirciiciul froni his stalc-
■- ■'
T ■:'-'''<
i:4#*i""^":-'
):• . ^
'A
i :--.,„■■■ -i^
■ * ■ ''<idJ^«i
- 1.' Cii:'il^R
V
iS^
::i\]
70 ("IIIIv.VTOMMO.— NARIIAII VL OF CIIAIILK.S JOHNSTON.
[H
vvicldv flat-lxiMoiiKMl lioiit, in wliic'i wi ni ri iiiiiiihcr of I
ul
lorscs aiiil
<J innclia
afri'ctiiia- lii-ciit diftn
lulisf, two Willie iiicii :i|i!ic;ii;(l upon the ^ill()^(', and calli d n, ||
md licjrjicd to he t.ikcn on iKiard. Jict'orc d
01) K V-
"■"insiilci-ji.
n'ln,
wliiti's sliowcd tlicniscdvt'H, however, a smoke was seen «l)ove die t
ibr
r^onie time lield tlicm in donht on wineli side; ol" tlie river it
wislied to ascerlain tliis iiirt, as tlierel)y tiiey miifiit kc-ep el
0]t|iosii(; siiore, and so eseajte niisehiel' in tli(! event of an ai
was
'I"
ose III
l|l(Ml III,.
"l>Usl,|,|i lil „i-
Indians. They wen; tliiis wary, as tiio Indians wen; eoii.-tantlv d
chiel'ii|)(>ii the rivcis, and iiad liiil a siiort time, belbre de.-5trovod a scitj'^
ut a place called Jveniiedy'.s JJottom, in Keiitncky.
It was helJire sunrise! on the 20 3Iarcli, that tiie two wliite men hefor
tioiied hailed the boat, wliiidi was sali-ly (Jiit oftlui niacli oi' lirc-arins
»li.scov<'r'.'d th" smoko to he upon the N. W. shore, and thercliirc tl
iil)on the S. W. 'I'hese wliite men, the more ellijctnallv to
"H';: mis
lev
".\ tile l)(|;,|
crew, .said they had lieen takcui prisoners hy the Indians at Keiiiiedv's ji
toni, and had Just escaped Irom them, and unless they would take tl
board they must pi'iish from hiinf,'er and cold. The truth was, one .
of tin III were ahaiidoned wretches, who had leairiuul widi a hand of d
tors under Cliikaloinmo, and thus wore the means of destroyii
cent lives in the most iilrocious manner, ^\'hell hailed hy tliei
just .said, some in the hoat wen; for listeninii' to them, and soi
If; iiiaiiv iiiiii
Int
he mean time, the hoat lloaled iiist down the current, and li'ft i]
I, U« We liMvo
III' nj.'!.iiist it.
ins
shore considerahly in the roar, althouirh they «!\i rted thenisehcs tn |,
ahrea.sf oftlii! hoat. Those who were airainst taking' them on huanl hail
ohjections well firounded ; for when these men wi'iv asked tl
im
111 ir
the smoke iijioii their side of the river, they deiiit;d that there hail I
le oci'iiMoii ,,f
or said tliev know of no such tliiiit
aiK
I th
IS was iirired as a si
lili
"'"■ll Jlliv,
Cll'llt ic
1-1 il
liil.il
IM il'
le liir i!|)
ll'iin;;il
why they should reject the other part of their story, rftill, as tiie hoat _
doNfn, those on hoard dehuted tin; suhjt ct, and at lenf,rtli coiicliKkd, ij
there were Indians where they first saw the men, they must then I
the river, as it was thoii^dit impossihio that they could have ;;()t tl
tlie woods .-o last as they had floated down; and one ot" the C()iii|iain, ;i ,\i
Flinn, whose kindness of heart hroiijiht upon them this calamity, piuiK;..,'!
hazardiiiij his own person on shore, without in the least eiidaiiiiiiin^ i
rest. His plan was as liillows: that whereas they must he now out oI'iIh
reuoli of tli(> Indians, they should haul in, and hardy touch iipoii the sin, iv
and he would Jum|) out, and the hoat should at tiie sain:' time haul (ill: »
that if Indians should be oomiiifx, the boa> would have lime to uct oll.s;!;.
and us to liims. If, he could well outrun them, and would nt on In
boat
i^raiii at a certain point bt;low
And tiiiis uas the liui
naiie plan lai
mm lilt'
Il III
relieving supposed distress, the sad re('onij)eiise ol" which we now proi.ii'(
relate.
One circiimstaiico lind not been taken into account bv this di'votul
mil
pany. The current being rapid, it took the
ai'*ici|)ateil to gain the sliori; ; and this gavi- sonu; of the iin.st swilt-Hxitcd ol'
eh lonirer than tlicv liml
fth
Clii/ialomiiKi's party time to arrive at the point at the sanitj time \vitli tlun,.
lla\iiig arrived close; to the slior;', I\lr. Flinn had but barely clearMi liimsilf
from the boat, when a large number of Indians, painted in tlie iinist I'liyliiiiil
manner, came r
«1MIS
a IK
rusliii
I det(
ig ii|ion them
d to re.-i-^t, y\\
vime ol" the boat's crew
I
si'i/i i[ tlii'ir
erimned to re.-i-^t, >nImIo »Im,' otiiers iistd every means to t'lt
tl
leir hoat (rom the short
but
ever
V thin
.soeiiKul to col is| lire aga
iiist tliciii.
IC wliole
Tlieir lM»at became entangled in the branches of a large tree, and tl
body of Indians, havinir arrived, being .'il in iinmber, gave; a horrilil.' yi
and poured in their whole iiin; upon the boat. I'rom the |iroie( lion aliimlnl i
!»y the sid' ol the boat, one only was killed, DuUj/ /''/(//iZ/ig, and Mr. Sbiks \
woiindr
All
r<;.'istance was \aiii, and the others lay down iipnii liie licit
tom of tilt! boat, to prevent being imnwdiatoly killed, '['he Indians ki|it up
tlieir fin; until all the horses were shot down, which added iniicli tothe
inciil. Tlic ciiicrd'-Mijroi'iiKMit apncars in such minor |)()iiils as llic s|ii'lliiti( ul' ii:iiiir>i: ibis,
in iianiiiiir ilie p' r iiiri i ;i|)iivai(.'>l, for .Skylcs lie writes i^kii'jl ; lor Dolly rifiirii;;', i'l'.'j
Flatniiiiii^ ; for riinii, I'Idiju, &.c.
CuiP. IV.]
CIIll
les,. two
i'<«-'s, ami
IrV
iiiuiit
e liicii-
lia\iiig
I't
1< III 01)
iis,_oiie (,!• jioil,
i-nia-
liorror of the sitnatio
iiijifcat danger of he
iliii-wards from their
Jill! Mr. Mill/ stood lip,
!,i'|III in a moment al
hliiiiis now swam if
living now got posse:
;;:;ili( T violence. .\|| I
tiiiiilcd; the dead wen
Llivi'sii'il of most of tin
%J()hn!ilon when he
Jiifrcd vest, ajiproachoc
He said, ".Vb." Thou
\iiivjmlin — all dcse mij ;
I Tmn f^civis, (liscov.-rl'd
iiiii with his own blank
I! iiig all stationed a
|:;iiL'iilioiit ,")() f(.<.t jj, I
;ili'. An old f^hawaiM
MS|)cecli, at the end ,
I'imv.iiieo chief; whose
."ii'iM'd, and iiilijriii d t
■I'M'li, aiiotlier prisoner
::!i ilie tliird and last.
j i-il ftg-?/ Flrnitna- Ul th
■i I'll made up of" adventi
: iioi'alinv Delawaros.
:twisli to ho known in
-■ivar with the I'nited
'J'lii' tun white men w
Iwrrsiill with thorn, ;,nd
;;i">i:i(iii upon tli(> edge (
'''"lit ^ooii ap|)oarerl^ jii
::■:-' of these captives,
ii;'.it!i. Dinnc and 7
ii:'ioiied: tlu; fbrnior
il'i'-scs it, the one who
-Mi:rli()ii;" ;nid, « i,,nr,.,
■ iii il to aid the siva"-
- iii'''>ii-< li'i- thoir aivo
■■ii.'grrs down the Ohje
'■•'■re i!iia!)le to proce
•. il was iin|)ossi!)|i« (or i
-iii'-iiieii tiinied towards
J:-.ast() pn-chi |e u\l ,.\,in\
J'l liaviag int.nded by ^
p.itnl tlieni.] The liidi;
|."('r iit such a distance
r-T not di.senvc-ed iiii;i|
■-"il. and shot every one
liark Was overs t. T
I'"' "■■'■'• ^» severely woiii
I^Fil into the river, and a
|>ilU.'ie tniiialiawk. 'I'lie b
''■ "I- "ii'l the whole six
r. .\otliii,M-I could the
■J-Micseiiaiilrd me to m
Iter various siiooosses a
iMiii-'faiiinnberof hiscr
"' "i;i'i' he left the rosi, t,-,
"lo.ees, uith jMiss Flc
[■'■■'mod did not join J,in
III
CHiP- 1V-]
CIIIKATOMMO.— JOHNSTON'S CAPTIVITY.
71
liorror of tlio sitnatinn of tlioso upon the hottoin of tlio bont, ns tlioy wore
l]ii;n'iU (liiii!r«r ot" hciii;:: ti-aiiipli'il to dc.-itli l»y tlicm hctorc they (rll, niul
j]\i.r\v;ir(!s troin tlicir !^tri\'mi.rs. W'licii tliis w.is liiiislnMl, the lii-'niy; cciisi'd,
yiil Mr. .'/".'/ '''•""I i'I>) t"i<' licltl lip ;i wliiii" c-ip in toki-ii of siirrciidcr; hut
J,,, till ill a iiioiiu'iit alter, '.villi a h-ill >'li<>t tliroiiuh his iicail. Several ol' the
iliiiii^ now swam to the hoat, and were helped into it hy those within.
ll-viiiir ii"\\ ^'ot possession o|' it, lliey seemed well pleas d, and ollered no
liii'ilifi' vioh'iiee. All thini's were now t;;l<en on shore, and an immense tirci
hliidli'il ; tiie dead were se;tlp"d, and thrown into the river, and the captives
jivi'Sti'il of most ol" their elntli' s. As sevi'i'al Indians were ^'alhered around
'^r.Jnhiiston \v\\vn h«! was stiip|)<'il, one, ohs;'r\iniLr that lii^ iiad on a kind
,,j' red vest, aiipronehivl and siid to him in I'milish, " O/; .' _)/o» m/>/>/(//)t .'"
Ili'snid, "A'o." Then the hidian pointed to liis own Itreasi, .-.iid said, '•.)/<;
\t,y.:jHilin — (ill (Irse inij son-r/x" 'This was Chirkdiommo. An Indian, named
Pmi Idiris, discov.-red iiineh humanity t(. .Mr. Johnsltni, in that la; covered
ijiiwitii his own hianket alter he had lost hi:i "lothes.
ji, iii^' all stationed ahoiit the fire, Cliirktilommo was at one; end of it, (it
I villi; iihout .")() feet in lenjitii,) who, risimr up, made a speech to the mnlti-
hiiiic. All old Shawanee cliiel", wiiose iiaint' is not menlioned, made the
f.r>t si)t'ech, at the e'ul of wliieii Chlrhatommo conducted Jolinslon to anotlier
h|i;i\v:iii('C chietj wliose name \\as Mca-slirtic-n, to whom he was ^iven or
s-sii-'Mi'd, and iiirormd that li • was his ii-iend. At the end of Cliirlciil()mmn\^
.wMcli, another j>risoner \vas disposed of. 'riio sa '.e ceremony was repeated
Litli the tliird and last. Joli naton, Sl{i/lr.<}, nnd /•Vm/i went to the Shawanesc,
d i\2"-'',y rirmijifi' to tlie Cheiokees. This hand ol*rol)h{>rs appears to have
hni made up of athcnturers from the trihesjnst mentioned, with the aildi-
hmi ot' a few Delawares. The latter had iioiii! of the prisoners, as tiiey did
I flit wish to he known in the hnsiiiess, thinkiiii,' it might involve their nation
hawia'wilh llie rnited Stat.s.
Til.' two white men who had decoyed the hoat into the Indians' liandK
|ji!vsii|l with thi'm, ami iIk^ next d ly all tiie captives w^re ordered to take
h;iiKi;ieii upon the edge o/tle" river, to decoy the first that should he passing.
Aloiit i^noii appeared, and, repugnant as such an employment was to the
I; ,i:iLS of these cajitives, yet the\ ivere ohiiged thus to do, or siilfer a horri-
:1 iji'iith. Dh'inc and Thnnuts were the names of the two whites so often
OTtioiied : the former was the voluntary agent, and, as JMr. Joluisloii
f\|rr «s('s it, the one who "alone had d vised and carried into < ff ct llieir
:<!iiiclioii ;" .■ind, " ing •nious in wicked stratagems, seined to he perfectly
|ri;ili (1 to aid the s.ivag s in llii-ir views, and to feel no scrnitles in snggesl-
X iii.'iuis ior tlieir accom|»lishinent. II' l!il»rioated a tale, that we wen;
;:,>-ii:g('rs down the Ohio, whose hoat had snlli'H'd so gnat an injury that
Tuvrc i!iia!>le to |)roce: (I ini!il it was repaired; hnt that for want of an
|i\', it was iiiij)ossi!ili' l()r ns to do tin' nee s<ary work. These nnsusp cting
;i.ii-iacii iiinied towards ns ; hnt the ciirrent hore them down so tiir he ow
MIS to preclii le aP chance of my putting them on th'ir guard. [Mr. Jolins-
lli li.iviag int 'iidi'd hy soni" sign to have given them warning of w hat
1;.' iti'il tiieni.] The Indians, as they had acted in our cas •, ran d')wn the
:;ir at such a distance from it, and under covrr of the woods, that tiiey
hr not discovered until tlii,' canoe was c'osi; to the shore, when lliey tired
:.M it, and shot every one on hoard. As lliey tmnhled into the water, their
iHiliark was overs t. Two, who were not yet dead, kejit themselves alloat,
I'll W'l'c so severely woiiniled that they could not swim otf. Thi; Indians
-|ii'i! into t!ie river, and after dragging them to the slinre. d spatclied them
I'lllitiii' liiniahawk. The hodiesofthe (inir who were killed were also lironuht
.id, and the wlio!(> six were scalped. All were then thrown into iho
h'^. .N'otliini: I Cduld then learn, or which has since I'ome to my knowl-
|(J.' , liiis eiiiioli (I me lo understand who tie se nnforiimati' siitli-rers w. re."
Aiti'i' variiiiis succM'sses and ( ncDiniirrs upon the river, Vliiikalommo leli it,
luiiliiii'l :i ninnher of his company tit an encampment ahont \\\v miles from
jii- Here he left the rest, l.iking with him a seliu't niiiiiher and sonn' of the
llliirn';i'es, with iMiss Fkminii ; and the coin|)aiiy with whom Jolinslon
iMiiaiiieJ did not join liiin again for many days. Atle- much delay unci
' .i.'.'f
t' ',
I. .a
/2
KINO-CIlANi:.— RKSrurS A CAPTIVC
'>oi; V.
iiitorcsliii? incident, tlicy rcaclictl iIki [ntli;m town of rppcr Smii'
Ut'i'c llii'y s(|ii;in(liTci| ill: tlicir ricli liooty I'lir \\lii.>kc\, mikI
JM (IrnnkcMni'.vs )()r scviral t\n\^. ('/tlrl/ilnininii at lliis tin
very sa\a^<' to tlir- prisoners, anil liad lie not lieen prevented liy i|
and i)ene\(drnt .l/(.vv/ir/((v/,* would have killed some of tjiern.
iiatc S/t-i/lcs had some tinit; lii'liire letl tlieni,and j(oni' in an mil'
with his ernel master.
'•"* "■■^'lal, rioted
iov;e(
'!'
lllllIM
Ifj
''inii;iiie|
"llfDItll.
uiown directji
>U
A l''reneh trader at Sandnsky, a Mr. Dtuhinniuil, had nsed end
ransoi' Jolinxlim ; lait his master Tor some limt^ would I
H'ar nothi
'"ivdrs to
At lenjith, liaxinjr dissipated all his liooty, and ashamed torelnrn I
a state, he eonehided to sell Juhnslmt for the most he eonid yet;
":-' 111 it.!
, aid .
in;:ly (iOO silver hroaelies were paid him, eipad in value to |(i() ,|,,||,
I'lini' ni>ii,.l,
(1-
nmouiit agreed np(ni. Vli'ukdto
ind li
a>, I 111
KKiiioinmo anu ms parry men looK up their ariri'l ^
li»r Detroit. iN'ot lonir al'ter this, Mr. Jiilmslnii retin'ned home li\' \\ji\ of u .,
jtlaee. Hefore he left Sandusky, he was inl'ormed of the lMn-iVui;r ol'iji,. jij
i'n\v{\ Flinn : he sutli'reii at the stakt; at the .Miami \illai;e, juid was
his tortiu'ers. 'I'lie Indian who hroiifilit the news to Sandiiskv
himselt' had ti>asted upon him.
eali'ii i,y|
'■aid tliat I
hlui(-fniiir, a W'yandit ehief, appears eons|)i(Mions in this narr
It I VI
illustrates a \alualile ti'ait of eharaeler in Indian life. When .Mi-. /;„
(j)i(l and Johnalon had arrived at Lower Sandusky, in their wav lo Dc
nrcasiou in
the town was tilled with tdarni, ami they smm learned th(!
from the arrival of some Cherokees in the neiiihliorhood, with a fein;i|
live. The traders in the place inuuedialely went to their camp, whei
found /Vxivr,'/ nvmiui!, who some time heliire had liren scjiarated frcui JdI,
and the other captives. Amonjj; thosi; who went to see her.
ul
lloit,
,13
I' r:ij).
e liny
111
in:
a uliito,
i;
Ills?
n hy the name of Ifltildka; w ho, havinir heen carried into captlv',i\
youth, had f.'ro\vn np in all tlu^ Indiiui haliits, and heinj; a man of ciii.iili.r.
able physical powers and eiiteriirise, had hecome a chiel'amon!:ilie \V\aii,'i \sAi
lie hail heen upon the frontiers with (he Indians upon tradinii exncdi;;: n^ |
and hail lod'fcd at limes in J'illslmrt,' in the lave rn oi" -Miss Flii
She immediately knew him, and hesoui.dit him, in the most atrectiiii.'
to diliver her from honda;|e. lie went immediati Iv lo Kiii'^-
i;i'r.-
lii:;i i
rntnc, tuu\ \ |i[
to
Ilim lliat the woman with the ("herokecs was his sister, { and hi!;r,i:.'<l I
use means for her relief. Klii!i;-rraiic went without loss of time, ami i • ,(|
th(! ("hernkees to restore her to her hrolher. They were eniai^ed ;,; i k;
reipii St, and there was daiii;ir ol" tin ir murdering; her lest she i-iioii!.; hy
taken from them, lie next tried to punhaseher; hut his hene\ii!i i,t ■ li D
wei'e iudijiiiantly refused, and their rai^e was still increased. l!eM,!\ ' [,)
rescue h( r out of their hands, Kiii<r-rniiic repairid to ihi ir lainp i;ir! iio
tie.xt- ,nii rniufr, accompanied with i~i or 10 vounjr warriors. Tliev f in
Ch: rnk
^\
Meep, hut the captive — il is shiickiii:: to humanity to rehil -
;iio
ithout the least attire! extended and lashed lo the stake! — reailv
iiiiUi-crdiw si
leiill
V I'l
l)iiriied ! — her liody |iainte<l all over wilh lilack
thong's with which she was hoinid, then awakened the nnudrrers, ami li.iw
down upon the ;;roinid the jirice of a captive in silver hmaclies, (wii'li . to
current meney amonji' them,) and depiu'tcd. She was soon al'lrr sent li r\';id
for her home, di<irui>ed in the attire of a sipiaw. The ( "lierokies |.rn\, ! J
about seeking vengeunce iil)on some white person for !i li-w (Ia3s, a
ml I.
Iisappi iin (
TIk^ reader may wish to know what hecanio of S/>)/Irfi : — lie was t;:ki m lo
a jilaee upon the Miami River, where he was dooncd lo he hiirnt, liiil il ije
Jus e;
aiK- the III
dit pr
(ivions to the day on wiiicli he was
to I
ia\('
■l
ini;
I Die
After enduring the most jiainf il filigues and hunger, from wMiider
in llie wiideiiiess, he met wilh si/ino trailers who conveu'd him to ill
and from thence home to N'iiginia.
The Ke(iiicl of the life of the old hnrd-hcaricd Chickalommo is as fuljowg ;
* Mr. Jo/l;^|f^)M, tliroiiijiinnt liis iiarrnlivp, •fivp'i Ilim an pxpcllciit ciiaraclcr. lie was ilivi J
aflrr llic war oC l!il'^ lici;nii, ami was one ol'llic liillnwers of '/'iriiiiisrh.
] lliirnii.i ami W'lj.inilnls arc sviKiiiymoiis (criii-i willi mo^l writers.
X II' ever ^00(1 came out of evil, v\e slumlil expetl il in a case like tills.
Chap. IV]
For four years suca
ting career, and wj
Oiitil tJie time of (l
jilvancing into the
army at tlio head oi
astlio Indian forlo
mw slain. This wj
arms to opiroso (it
fought lor the Ainei
after its close. Jle
Greenville, and seve
We now pass to
niaiiv who have rer
MlrfHJKINAKVVA
pR'ted, is said to nio
Dame, we find these
ikshekunnoghqxioh, ]
21 August, 1805; M
me we disposed to
»(• might nearly fi„is
Little-tuhti.e wi
jcliievenients were ii
ivitli the trihos of tha
S. Clair ; and in the
comiimtid ; hence a d
It is well known tin
of Canada, in most im
lies committed on thei
aitliisday, hy every ji
ilie Americans report
lODg alter, pretended.
ii|)on the frontiers in
tnith; still, there is r\
imiler it, were secret a
Clair's army, now ahoi
•gainst the Canadians,
m tliat hloody affair
traveller, says,* " A grc
wre horn of Indian w
>cirL-iiiHstance which
lia'l previously Ibrme,
ilicir attacks upon then
taviiig conver.sod with
mir, that it was with t
Indians, fearfiil lest the
[lie western Indians
m detachments of Ge
^l^,^Mishikmakwa,enu
mr own terms. One
JJ'yall the horrors'
iittskngton to take the
Miipt iirompt and effici*
"f! ^^'Te immediately
'■lair, then governor oi
l*"ntiiiont the 4th of I\
'^'.v of Kentucky, wit
"imMvas much time 1
;nl BiUkr, with the r<
"lero were various circ
Ofcessary to recount hei
• Travels in Cniada, 43C-
7
CHiP.IV]
LITTLE-TURTLE.
73
I '^
j
For four years succeeding the events uliove related, he followed his depreda-
ting career, and was concerned in opposing the war partitsa of Americans
until the time of (ienerul H'lujne'a famous expciditiou. As that veteran was
ailvancing into the western rej^ion, Ckickdlommo met an advance party of hia
army at tlie head of a band of his dL'S|)erate warriors, who were sent forward
as the Indian forlorn hope. A sharp skirmish followed, and Chickatomino
tfiw sluiii. This was the action near Fort Defiance. Kin^-crane was also in
arms to op|)ose General Hayne ; hut in the last war against Enfrlaiid, he
fouglit for the Ameri<;ans, and is supjioscul to have died three or Ibiir years
after its close. He was one of the signers of Waynes famous treaty at Fort
Grpeiiville, and several others.
We now pass to a chief by far more prominent in Indian history than
many who have received much greater notice from historians. This was
HISHIKINAKWA, (a name by no means settled ui orthography,) which, inter-
prt'tcd, is said to mean tlus Lillk-lurUe. To the different treaties bearing his
mm, we find these spellings: Meshekunnoglujvok, Greenville, 3 Aug. 179.5:
Meshtkunnoghqiwh, Fort Wayne, 7 June, 1803 ; Masfiekanahquah, Vincennesj
21 August, 1805; Meshekemfrhqua, Fort Wayne, 30 Heirtember, 1809; and
ffcre we disposed to look into the various authors who have used the name,
w iniglit nearly finish ont our page with its variations.
liiTTLE-TUKTi-E was cliicf of the Miamis, and the scenes (.f his warlike
scliicvements were uj)on the country of his birth. He had, in conjunction
with the tribes of that region, successfully fought the armies of Harmer and
Sf, Clair ; and hi the fight with the latter, he is said to have had the chief
coniiiiand ; hence a detailed account of that afiiiir belongs to his life,
his well known that the Americans inveighed loudly against the English
of Canada, in most instances, charging them with all the guilt of theenormi-
lii's committed on their frontiers by tin; Indians. It is eipially well known,
at this day, by every judicious inquirer, that they were not so blamable as
the Americans reported, nor so innocent as themselves and friends, even
iou»aller, pretended. That thn llritish government encouragei' depredations
upon the frontiers in times of pjiace, should not too easily be received for
tnitli; still, there is reason to beli(;ve that some who held inferior offices
uniler it, were secret abettors of barbarities. In the attack upon (Jeneral St.
(W« army, now about to be related, there was much cause of suspicion
igainst the Canadians, as it was known that many of them even exceeded
in that bloody affair the Indians themselves. Mr. Weld, the intelligent
traveller, says,* " A great many young Canadians, and in particular many that
were horn of Indian women, fought on the side of the Indians in this action ;
« circumstance which confirmed the people of the States in the ojiinion they
y previously fbriiK-d, that the Indians wc^e encouraged and abetted in
liieir attacks upon them by the British. I can safely affirm, however, from
having conversed with many of these young men who fought against St.
Clair, that it wius with the utmost secrecy they letl their homes to join the
Indiaiis, feartiil lest the government should c«;iisiire their conduct."
The western Indians were only imboldencd by the battles between them
ml detncliments of General Harmer's army, in 1790, and, under such a lead-
eras Jl/is/iiftinrtA:u>o, entertained sanguine hopes of bringing the Americans to
their own terms. One murder followed another, in rapid succession, attend-
ed by all the horrors peculiar to their warfare, which caused Pnjsident
l((M/iino^<on to take the earliest o|)portunity of recommending Congress to
idupt prompt and efficient measures for checking those calamities ; and 2000
meii wt;re immediately raised and ])ut under the command of Gi-neral St.
Clair, then governor of the North- Western Territory. He received his ap-
[»iiiitiiirnt the 4th of March, 1791, and proceeded to Fort Washington, by
Wiiv of Kentucky, with all possible (U;spatch, where he arrived 15 May.f
Tliero was much time lost in getting the troops imbodied at this |)laee ; (Jen-
enl Bidler, with the n-sidue, not arriving until the middle of Sc^ptember.
There were various circumstances to account for the delays, which it is un-
necessary to recount here.
•"-!■
■':'■ 'km
' Travels in Cuuida, 43C— 7,8vo. London, (4cd.) 1800.
7
t Si. Clair's Narrative, p. 4.
'.1
t rrrr.E-TrjRTF.E.— ST. clair's defeat.
[Book V.
fHAP. IV.]
LIT!
nx'cfdod iimucdiiitrly on liis arrivai, vvliirh wna
ColonrI Darke pnx'cfdod iimucdiiirriy on nis arrivai, vvliirli wna nhtiiit tli
i;nd of Auf^iist, iiiul linilt J''i)rt Haiiiilto'i, on the IMiaini, in tlio conmrx of
Lilllc-turlle ; and s^oon ailcr l-'ort JcHi-rHdn wan l)nilt, forty inilt-H faitlicrOi
vard. 'riu's(i two lorts hcin^r l<'tl manned, ahont the end of (JcIoIhi- tl '
PTiny advanccti, Immiij? abont !<J()00 stroiijr, militia includoii, wiiost! numlM I'j
♦vert! not inconHidciablr, hh will apjM-ar hy the miscrahU! niannor in wliid
tlniy not only confnHi-d tlionim Ives, hnt tins regular Moldiers alwo.
General St. Clair liad advanc(Ml hut about six miles in front of I'ort .Ictfi-r-
Bon, wlien()Oof his militia, from pretended disaffection, commenced a ritr(';it"
and it was discovered that the evil liad spread consicUsrahly among tin. |-,,J
of the army. Being fearful tiiey would seize upon the convoy of provisidim
the genera! ordered Col(»nel Hamtramkxo ])m-suethenii with his regiment and
force them to return. Th(! army now consirited of but 1400 effective I'ncn
and this was the number attacked by lAtUe-turtk and his warriors, J5 mjiyg
from the Miami villages.
Colonel BiiHer cotmnanded the right wing, and Colonel Darke tlie l,.(V
The militi:-. v.'re j/osted a quarter of u mile in advance, and were enraniiicd
in t-vo )ines. They had not finished securing their baggage, when tlicy
we >• ^1 k'^ ^ in their camp. It ', as their intention to have marched imuK..
dial* ■ 1th ,;struction of the A iami villages. Of this their niovenicnis
appri/. . Mie li iiir'is, who acted 'vitli great wisdom and firmness, 'riicv
fell upon the mill I 'pfore sunrise, 4 November, who at once fled into the niain
camj), in the most disorderly and tumultuous manner: many of them, ImvincT
thrown away their guns, were pursued and slaughtered. At the main canip
the fight was sustained some time, by the great exertions of the otHrers Imt
with great inequality ; the Indians under lAttte-turtle amounting to abont ifjOO
warriors. Colonels Darke and Butler, and Major Clark, made sevcial suc-
cessful charges, which cnaided them to save some of their numbers iiy
checking tlie enemy while flight was more practicable.
Of the Americans, 5!)3 were killed and missing, beside thirtif-eifrht ofWrcra;
and 242 soldiers and twenty-one ofKcers were wounded, man v of whom ilitd.
Colonel Butler was among the slain. The account of his fall is siiockiriir.
lie was severely wounded, and left on the ground. The well-known and
intiimous Simon Girtif came uj) to him, and observed him writhing niidcr
severe pain from his wounds. Girty knew and spoke to him. Knowing tliat
he could not live, the colonel begged of Girty to put an end to his mist rv.
This he refused to do, but tiunied to an Indian, whom he told that the otiiccr
was the conmiander of the army ; upon which he drove his tonmhuwk into
his head. A number of others then came around, and alter taking ort' liis
scalp, they took out his heart, and cut it into as many pieces as tlure were
tribes in the action, and divided it among them. All manner ofhnit;Ja(t3
were comtnitted on the bodies of the slain. It need not be mentioned forilie
information of the observer of Indian affairs, that land was the main cause
of this as well as most other wars between the Indians and whites; ami
hence it was very easy to account for the Indians filling the mouths oi" the
slain with earth alter this battle. It was actually the case, as reported by
those who shortly after visited the scene of action and buried the dead.
General St, Clair was called to an accoimt for the disastrous issue of this
campaign, and was honorably acquitted. He published a narrative in vindi-
cation of his conduct, which, at this day, few will think it required. What
he says of his retreat we will give in his own words.* " The retreat was,yi)u
may be sure, a preci|)itate one ; it was in fact a flight. The camp and the
artillery were abandoned ; but that was unavoidable, for not a horse was lill
alive to have drawn it oft', had it otherwise been practicable. Hut tiic; intist
disgraceful part of the business is, that the greatest part of the men thnw
away their arms and accoutrements, even after the pursuit, which rontinmil
about four miles, had ceased. 1 found the road strewed with them for iiiaiiy
miles, but was not able to rem(!dy it; for, having had all my horses killiHl,
and being moimted upon one that coidd not be pricked out of a walk, I
could not get forward myself, and the ord:'rs 1 sent forward, either to luilt
* I'cnn. Gazette, of that year.
llic front, or j)revent t
^J to."
Tilt! ri'iiiMant of tJ,
vi'uri! sunset, the plac
ral.sy. Clair did every
jjll' to every danger,'li
I iiiihi's. in no attack
f nivi ly and dciermiiia
ii tomahawk in ha
::.nvards learned an
I ..untied.* "Tlu^ru
urn pieces in an inst
nliiiifver the army ciu
:.iiN as soon as they
; sunt ami advance. '
■s many of them h
r.ifflit pieces of artilh
I k'liaire, anmumition, a
W hi'ther the battle-gi
I previous to 17!i;j 1 do n(
:i(;i'iieral ffaym's am
iMirancf; is most truly j
iliirt there, which liavii
I of about a.'iO yards wen
rjilic'iud uji and buri(!d.
|iiiiiiwu'my the wt-ods
hrass caiiiiun, which con
|3si\|)oun(ler, were fbui
The /()llovving song ha
I poetry, is considered a vi
5 'Twas Novcm
We liad a son
Siinclitire was
For there we I
h
At nnnkcr's
Likewise at I..
But such A dre;
As hap'acd ae
Our army was
And soon wnrc
They killed Af.-
And horrid yell
Major Butler If
His manly boso
And as he lav i
Exclaim'd, ■ ■" Y
Wo had not bei
Himself so badi
/>.»«««,«,, of that year
."Iter from Fort Hainilion,
..assadmseus Magazine f„,
JWhonlbcffan to copy t|,e
;;m>.r..s„iu,ion shaken;,'
™'l,,oic,Kiuroii,and,ihe,efo
«J>ve„|„ofew,somevverc ,
'''« ii'.IJaltlmoreinian -
('lialiSl79l.
CBAP. IV.]
LITTLE-TURTKE.— 8T. CLAIR'S I)I',I F.AT.
75
il,i. front, or j)rcvoiit the moil from parting with thi-lr anus, wore iinattcud>
Tii(! ri'iiiiiant of tho army arrived at Fort JetlerHon tlio Hame day, just
jtt'urt! simuet, the place from which tiiey tied itein;; *2!( iiiiies (hsiaist. (ina;-
,1 ,S7. Clitlr did every thin;,' tiiat a hrave ^'eneral coidd do. He exposed him-
,;i'to every dan;,'er, havin;.', (hn'in^' the action, ei;rlit ladlets siiot tiirou^h his
ilii'S. in no atta<;k related in our records, did ihe Indians discover greater
luiy and determination. AlVer ^'ivin^f the first fn'c, they riirthed forward
ii tomahawk in hand. Their loss was inconsiderahle ; hut tht; traders
. ;;i,iwardrt learned amon;^ them that LiUle-liirllc h I !.')() killed and many
I«,iiiiMled.* "They riishtul on the artillery, heedless of their lire, and took
;«ii pieces in an instant. 'I'liey wen; a^ain retaken hy our troops: and
jliiiiever the army cliar;;ed them, tlay were scjeii to ^'ive way, and advaiico
iiii lis soon as they he^an to retreat, doiii^ ^'reiit exticntioii, hoth in tho
■,;ivat and advance. They are very d»!Xtroiis in covering' themsedves with
yv*; many of them however fell, hoth of the infantry and artillery." "Six
irii;.'lit pieces of artillery lid I into their hands, with almiit 400 horses, all the
taTiiHire, ammunition, and provisions." f
Wlii'lher th»! hattle-^roiind of General St. Clair were visited hy the whites
previmiw to 17!m 1 do not learn ; hut in Deccmher of that year a (h'tachment
j|t!encral If'ayne's army went to the place, and the account ^iven of its ap-
wnince is most truly melancholy. This detachment was ordered to hii'-'-l
iilirt there, which having done, it was called Fort Itecovery. Within a s]: j
ji'iihoiit ;J50 yards were found .500 skull hones, the most of which vvt o
.-jiiiercd up and huried. For ahout five miles in the direction of tlie re*'eat
ailinarmy the W(>ods was strewed with skeletons and muskets. 'Ihe wo
Irass cannon, which composed St. Claires artillery, one a three, and the other
asi.v-|M»i"ider, were found in a creek adjacent.!
The (()lhnviiig song has heen o(h;n reprinted, and although not the host ..f
poetry, is considered a vuluuhle relic of those ilays. It is iieaded tlui ^ : —
Sainclaire's Defeat.
§ 'Twas November the fourth, in the year of iiinety-oiic,||
We had a sore engagemeiit near lo Fort JetTcrson ;
mnclaire was our ooinmamler, which may remembered be,
For there we left nine hundred men in t' Wesl'n Tor'lory.
At Bunker's Hill and Quebeck, where many a lioro fell,
Likewise at Lone Island, (it is I the trutli can tell,)
But such .1 dreaeflul carnajje may I never sec a^aia
As hap'ncd near St. Mary's, upon the river plain.
Our army was attacked just as the day did dawn,
And soon were overpowered and driven from Ihe lawn.
They killed Major Oiildham, Levin and WnWs likewise,
And horrid yells of sav'ges resounded thro' the skies.
Major Butler^ was wounded the very second fire ;
His manly bosom sweli'd with rage when forr'd to retire ;
And as he lay in anguish, nor scarcely could he see,
Exclaim'd, ■' Ye hounds of hell, O! revenged I will be."
We had not been long broken when General Butler found
Himself so badly wounded, was forced to quit the groiuid.
' Penn. Gazette, of that year.
t I.ellcr from Fort Hainillon, dated six 'Invs artor llio l>nlllc.
! .Massachusetts Magazine for 17i)4, p. I'Jl.
4 When I began to copy tliost lines, I did not intend to change a word in them, but soon
teml my rcsoluiion shaken ; the lines were of such unequal leiiglhs, and the rhyme so bad, I
Mill not ciulure it, and, therefore, when the syllables were too many, some were dropped,
J.iJwhcn loo few, some were added ; but ihe sense is in no wise impaired. The coi)y I use,
I lionml in llaltimore in 1817. They were printed in 1815.
rriuiiisnyi.
" Richard Butler was of Nottingham, in New Hampshire, where some of his relatives yet
itaiiiii.
■' '-t
^M
t""."!'
' ■ . > ■ I
LITTLE-TURTLE.— ST. CLAIR'S DEFEAT.
[Book V
" My Ood ' " suys he, " wlinl »lmll wo do ; we're wdiinded every man •
Go ilmrge lliciii, valiant liuroe.s, and lieai Uicin if you can." '
He leaned his back af^ninst a tree, and thero rcsifrncd his breath *
And like a valiant soldier sunk in the arms ofdenlli ;
When bicsscil angels did await, his siiirit to convey ;
And unto lliu celestial fields ho (|uickly bent his way.
We rharff'd again with courage firm, Inil soon again gave ground.
The w '.r-whoo|) then redoubled, as did the foes around.
They killed Major Fergiuon, which caused his men to cry,
" Our only saCety is in flight ; or fighting hero to die."
"Stand to your guns," savs valiant Ford, " let's die upon them here
Before we lot the sav'ges know we ever harbored fear."
Our coiinon-bulls exhausted, and ariiU'ry-men all slain,
Obliged were our musketineii tho un'niy to sustain.
Yet three hours t more we fought them, and then wore forc'd lo yield
When three hundred bloody warriors lay stroich'd uiion tho lielj.
Says Colonel (Jilison to his men, "My boys, be imt dismay'd}
I'm sure that true Virginians were never yet afraid.
" Ten thousand deaths I'd rather die, than they should gain the field ;"
With that he got a fatal shot, which caused him to yielu.
Says Major Clark, " My heroes, I can here no longer stand,
Wo'li strive to form iu order, and retreat the best wo can."
The word, Retreat, being past around, there was a dismal cry,
Then helter skelter through the woods, like wolves and sheep they fly.
This well-appointed army, who but a day before.
Defied and braved all danger, had like a cloud pass'd o'er.
Alas ! the dying and wounded, how dreadful was the thought,
To the tomahawk and scalping-knifc, in aiis'ry arc brought.
Some had a (high and some an arm broke on the field that day.
Who writhed iii torments at the stake, to close the diro aifray.
To mention our brave officers, is what I wish to do ;
No sons of Mars e'er fouffht more brave, or with more courage true.
To Captain Bradford I belonged, in his artillery,
t He fell thai day amongst the slain, a valiant man was he.
It has been generally said, that had the advice of lAttle-turtle been takfin
at the disastrous fight afterwards with General Wayne, there i.s very little
doubt but he had met as ill success § as General St. Clair || did before him.
He was not for fighting General Wnynt at Presque-Isle, and inclined rutlier
to peace than fighting him at all. In a council held tho night buibie liiu
battle, he arguecl us follows : " We have beaten the enemy twice under separate
commanders. We cannot expect the same good fortune always to attend us. The
Anericans are now led by a chief wlio never sleeps : the night and the day are
alike to him. And during all the time that he Juts been marching upon
our villages, notwithstanding the watchfulness of our young nun, we hare
never been able to surprise hinu Think well of it. There is something whig-
iters me, it would be prudent to listen to his ojffers of peace.'* For holding tliis
angnagc he was reproached by another chief with cowardice, whicli put an
end to all further discourse. Nothing wounds the feelings of a warrior like
the reproach of cowardice ; l»ut lAttle-turtle stifled his resentment, did his
duty in the battle, and its issue proved him a truer prophet tlian his accuser
* This was probably a report, but is doubtless incorrect.
t 'J'his is not fact.
X It would have been agreeable if our poet had given us a kind of catalogue of all such as
were killed at this time, of any note. Captain Newiitan was among the number. Elliol't
Works, 133.
$ Little-turtle told Mr. Volnetj circumstances which gave him that opinion. See his
Travels in Anwrica, ed. Loud. 1804.
II General Arthur St. Clair was of Edinburgh, Scotland. He came to America in the ;
fleet which brought over Admiral Boscawen, in 1755, and having served through the revolu-
tionary and Indian wars, died at liis farm near Greeusburgb, Pa. 31 Aug. 1818. Amr. Mod.
Mag. ii. 469, (N. Y. 1818.)
1* ♦
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Chap. IV-l
LITTLE-TURTLE AT PHILADELPIILV.
77
believed.* His residence was iii)oti Eel River, about20 miles iVoni Fort Wayne,
vbere our goveriinniit hiiiit liitii a house, and I'uruisiied liini witii menus ot*
liviu;:, uuicli to tlie euvy ofliis^ couutrynieu. Tlierelbre what had been bestowed
upon hinifto induce others t( a like mode of life by their own extutions, proved
DUtoiily prejudicial to the cau^e, but engendered hatred against him in the minds
of 111! the Indians. He was not a chief by birth, but was raised to that
ftaiidiiig by bis superior talents. This was the cause of so nuicb jealousy
and envy at this time, as also a negle * of bis counsel heretofore. The same
autiior,t from wliom we get the facts ui tiie preceding part of this paragraph,
Bvs, ".V/cs/iccMHnw/«rt, or the LittU-turtle, was tlie son of a Miami ciiief, by a
)lolie<'"" woman. As the Indian maxim, with regard to (h'sceiits, is precisely
lliat of the civil law in relation to slaves, that the condition of the woman
jdliert'S to the oll'spring, he was not a chief by birth," &c.
Liltk-tuiik was alike courageous and humane, jiossessing great wisdom.
"Aiul," says iriy author, "there have been few individuals among aborigiims who
nave <lone so mucii to abolish the rites of human sacrifice. The grave of
tliis noted warrior is shown to visitors, near Fort Wayne. It is freciuently
\i.it(Ml by the Indians in that part r ' the country, liy whom his memory is
cmrislied with the greatest respect and veneration." |
Tlie grave ol' his great opponent was also in the same region ; but hi;9
Kiimius were not long since rejuoved to the ueat of bis family. Ever after
ti< successful expedition, the Indians called him the Bie-wind ; ^ ov Tor-
wio; some, however, on particular occasions, called hnn Sukack-gook,
wliicii signified, in Dtdaware, a black-snake; Ixu-ause, th(!y said, he pos-
sessed all the art and cunning of that reptile. || We hoar yet of another
lui.e, wiiich, though it " not have been bis fiiiilt that ac(|uired it, is less
toiii|iliinentary than the < just named. It is well known that the British
htdwcd a great many more |)r('sents u|)on the Indians than the Americans
dill; liiit some of tlie latter made larg(! pretensions aoout what they woidd
do, General JVayne, tiie Indians said, made great jjromises to them of
puis, hut never got ready to fulfil them, (probablv from being disappointed
kiiiisi'lf i)y the faihue of his goverinnent in not forwarding what was
jiroinisii d ; ) therefore they called him General fVabang,^ which signified
(if Meiiil Tu-morroiv.**
When the philosopher and famous traveller Volney was in America, in
jif winter of 175)7, LitUe-turtle came to I'biladclphia, w' ere be then was.
Id/Hfi/ sought inuuediate ac(|uaintance with the celebnit' i chief, for highly
valiiiiide purposes, which in so'ue measure he eftecUid. V^e made a vocabu-
iarvdt' his language, which he printed in the appeiulix to bis Travels. A
f"|n in inanuHcript, more extensive than the printed one, is said to be in the
iilinirv of the Philosophical Society of Pennsylvania.
lining become convinced that all resistance to the whites was vain, Little-
Mk bnniglit his nation to consent to pca<-e, and to adopt agricultural pur-
fiiits Aim! it was with tl:;! view of soliciting Congress, and the benevolent
ji'iiiv ol' I'Vii'iuls, for assistance to eflect this latter purpose, that he now
iMlnl Pliiladelphia. While here, he was inoculated lor the small-pox, and
niiMilso atHicted with the gout and rheumatism.
Ai the time of Mr. Volneifs interview with him for information, he took
yiiintiee of the conversation while the interpreter was communicating with
)!r. / (i/dc//, lor he did not understand English, but walked about, plucking
lit liis I) aril and eyebrows. He was dressed now in English clothes. His
Kill, where not ex|)OHed, Mr. f^olncy says, was as white as his; and on
spciikiiig upon the subject, Liltlc-tu.lle aa'id, " I have seen S;)aniards in Loifis-
iiiiia, imd l()un(l no (htl'erence of color bitween them aiul me. And why
fiiiiilil there be any? In them, as in I'S, it is the work of the Father of colors,
llii'>..(, thai burns lis. You white; jieoph; com|)are the color of your fiice
wli that of your bodies." Mr. Volmi; explained to him the notion of many,
' Ml p!rni/l's Travels. f Dawson, Mems. Harrison. i Sell nolc raft's Trfivcls.
H'ii. <.,iz('ii(", IJ //crAcircWfr's Narrative.
' t)r. iH'cordiiiiT to Mr. \\ . ,/. Snetlinsc, it should be wriUen iVabuiik.
•• n\Urs Tnirrls, 4U.
7*
78
MTTI.E-TUIITI-K.-Hlrf DliATII AND CIIAIIACTKII. [ij„„k V
tliat luH nu'ii wiiH *I«'hc*>ii(1(m1 from tlio 'rartnrH, niul by a iiiii]) sliowcd liim tha
hU|)|io»<(mI ooiiiiiiunicaiioii helwceii Aniii uiitl AiiH-rica. To tliis LUilv-tuHU
re|)li«<(l, " h'hj should not Ihrsc Taiiitrs, wlw resnnhlc tia, have anw from .Imiricaf
Jlre thnr any rcnaons to tht ronlntn/'J Or why hIioiiIiI wi^ not Imtli ||,iv(. i,,,,.-
born ill our own coimtry?" Jt Ih a fact that the liuliaiiH givi; llicinsclviH a
liaiiio uliic'h is «'(iiiival('iit to our word I'm/i/ceTic, that i»y one sprung from the soiL
or natural to it.*
JJaron Lahontnn,\ nWvr »l«'8cribinjr tlic <liflercnt tlaiic(>H,ordanroM lor (lifter,
ent orousions, nnio ',i 'I'" FntlianH of Oana«la, ailtis tin* foMowin*; in a noir:-.
" Toutts as danMS pruvcnl ttrt rompimfs a la pi/rrhiqur, dc jMinvnu; ear Im gim.
VOfTcs ol>aervcnt, en dnn,')ant d^une frravile siny^uli^re, U\i cadences de eertainei
chansons, que les milicesGrec(iues iVjIchilie, apelluient hjporchematiques. It >i\iil]ins
facUe dc st. avoir si les sauvatres tes onl aprises des (h-ec.s, ou si les (irers les nut aiiriseg
aes .WHm^fs." It is, |KM'hii|>s, from such passages that Lahuntan Ims Imi n
branded with tht> name ol' inlidel -4 but truly there ran he notiiin^r ii'i'iliLMoui)
in such (h'ductions, inasmuch as it is conceded on all hands that the ^cdIim'I.
ical Cormations of the new world have re(iuired as nnich lime for ijicir per-
fection us those of the old. Mr. I'olney comes within the same pnlc, wIk »
lie coMii»ares the S|mrlans to the Five Nations. In contrastiiifr the stntcs of
LacedaMiion with m«Mlern l''rance, he rays, ^^ Maintenant que fai vii lis sau-
vatres d\'lmirique, je persisle dc plus en plus dans cettc comparaisnn, il >
trouve que te premiere lir're de 'I huci/dide, et tout ce qu^il dit des vueur.'i ils
jMcedemoniens, convienent tellevient aur muj nations, que fappdlerais voloiitins
les Spartiates, Irs Iroquois dc Cancien nwudc"^
When Mr. I'oliieq asked Little-turtle what ^Mevented him from \\\\uir
among the whites, and if he were not more comtortahle in I'hiladeipiiia tlmii
upon the hanks «tf the VValmsh, In- sjiid, " Taking:; nil lhin!i;s tofrdhvr, you hnre
the advantaixe over us ; but here / am deaf and dumb. 1 do not talk your Inn-
g"i(fliff ; / ran neither hear, nor make myself heard. When 1 walk tlmuixh Iht
streets, I see every person in his shon employed about something': one makes slwis
another hats, a third sells cloth, aim every one lives by his lalior. 1 suij tn miindf
Which of all these thinf^s can you do .^ JVot one. I can make n Imc or itn
arrow, catch fish, kill ^ame, and iro to war : but none of tlwse is of atiy uxe hue.
To learn what is done here would require a long time." " Old age eomrs oh."
" / shoiUd be a piece of furniture useless to my nation, useless to the whites, and
vseless to myself." " / must return to my own count rj/."
At the same time, ( I7!*7,) among other eminent personapes to whom this ciiiif
became attached in Philadelphia, was the renowned Koskiusko. 'Vim (ilil
Polish chief was so well plea.'^ed with Little-turtle, that when the latter went
to take his tinal leave of him, the old " war-worn soldier "and paiiioi pic-
eented him with a beautiful pair of pistols, and an elegant robe nwido of sea-
otter's skin, of the value of "several" hundred dollars. 1
Little-turtle died in the summer of IHI'i, at his residence, but a short lime 1
after the <h'claiatioii of war against England by the Uniled States. llis|i(r- ■
trait, by Stewart, graces the walls of the war-ot''..'e of our nation. Tl e '
following notice appeared in the public prints at the i]:iie of his diiiili: '
"Fort Wayne, 'Jl July, 1HI2. On the 14 iiist. the celebriite«l IMiniiii ihii;
the Little-turtle, <lied at this place, at the ag«) of (15 years.|| — Perhaps ihcn is
not left on this continent, one of Ids color so distinguisluid in coiiiiiil tiiul in
Avar. His disorder was the gout. He died in a camp, because he ciiosi' 10
be in the open air. He met death with great firmnesH. The agent lin- iii-
diun aftiiirs had him buried with the honors of war, and other imirks ot dis-
* Sec Volney's Travels, lit suprn. \ 3tetiioin's (/c f.' Amiritiw. il. W.
} No one presumes td priiiiounro Fatlipr Ifninepin an iiitidcl. nnd hi' dcuii's. (iifirr lii.iii;
miirli amony Ihc Indians.) that ihcy liavc any notion, or lu'liof, dC what Chrisiijiiis chII I^'iIii.
Bnl Mr. llirrrlii (Hist. X'lrjjinia, l(i!).) says, "Karon l.ahonlim, on llic ollu-r linml, nutcs
llit'ni have sucli rcruiod nolions, as seem alniosi lo conCnli- iiis own Ix^lii'lOl ("litisliiinilv. '
* O'.nvri's de (\ F. Voh„-ii. I. C. Vl\). (Paris, !(»;.)
II There was a clnef of ijie same name among the Miamis in liillt, who is nu'iilloneil in
the Irealy made widi lliose Imlians on (i Ocloher, at .St. IMarys. 'I'Ik' pa>Jsaj;e in iIk innir
is as loliows: — To Mtshi-iioqua or the t.illlf-luitte, one seriion of land on the souiii side of
tlie Wubash, where the porlajvc pr.lh strikes (lie same." Indian Treaties, 314,
UACTF.K. [IJooK V.
nm|) ^s)low'l■ll liin) tlia
To lliis Lill!r-turtle
vc com*' from .Imrrica ?
H". iiol botli liaVf lii'(;u
iiH fjivti tlicmisclvcH a
uc sprung from Ihv noil,
<8, or (liinroH lor iliftcr-
lollowiii^ in n nolc :—
/c MinoTi; air ha .vri/-
» ritdviicis ik artmnii
rhi'mnli(iu(!i. 11 »i'(,s//mj»
si lea lines Its oul ajtrms
at fstthontan liiis lit'iii
1 Ih; iiotliiii^' irniipouii
liaiiilH lliat tlic pMilof;i.
ifli tiiiK^ tor llicir lur-
1 the waiiH' jmlc, win ii
[)ntri>tit\ii>; tlic stnlcs of
lanl que f(ti vii Irs sun- ;,
rllr com}Mrnisoi}, <( ;e ?
lie fappdUrais vuloi\lius
nnt»nl liiin from living
blc ill l'liilu(l*>l|)iiiii tliiiu
(/ii'imfs togiUirr, you /.(ire
y (/o ho/ /«//f ;i/oi(r Inn-
i'hen 1 wlk throuixh Ik
uth'nig: one mnkts slutts,
lis lohor. I S((.iy '" iW>A
I can nutke a how or tit\
\f Uifse is of ami use h rf.
," " Old age, eomrs oh,"
vsekss lo the. whiks, nnd
)»
»iinp«'8 to whom this rliiif
Koskiusko. This «iM
It wluni tlir hitter went
)hli(ir" anil jmlrioi |irc-
paiit rol)o mudc ol' sta-
irs,
■si(hMiC(', hut 11 sliorl tune
Iniifil States. MisjiM'-
•{'. of our unlion. 'I'l i'
till* i;:u«' of his ticMih:
(•(•h!briitt'(l Miiimi ilii I',
^ ,,„.^.H_l>,.rhaiisih('iv IS
'ui«lu'(l ill fouiu'il lui'l 111
lUlt, because lie elios' lo
less. Tiie iiireiit fm; ln-
nml other murks ul (lis-
inrestli- // ,lm.T;,;w, ii. l"'-'-
. ,„iil lie .leiii.-^^. (itiVr :v.iii;
„f\vli;il t'lirisiiiiiis call /''|'!'.
,n, on tlie "IIht Wm<\, ni,\US
,wiil>ulieti)fl'hiisiiai)ity.
s ill ima. wlio is imMiiiontMl m
vs. Tl.e l>i'''s»tr<' ii' ')» ""'•!
,"„ of lim.l oil llic soiull siilc ol
j)» TrCiUies, 314.
CllA''.
IV
IILUK JACKET.
70
■:■
liiietioii rtiiile«l to his ehnriieter." lie \v«h, ^'eiierally, in hJH time, Htyled tho
Jh'ssissiifro I'hiel'/ aiiil a <;entltiiiaii who xaw him soon alhjr iSV. Cliiir\i ilo
fifflt, at iNloiitreal, sayn he wa.s six I'rvt liij,'h, "altout '1.1 years of af^e, of a
vii'v sour and nioiose eouMtciiair.'e, and apparenlly very cratty and .snhtit'.
IIJH dress was Indian nioeeasius, a hhie |»etlieoat that eaiim halfway down
jij!! thi^dis; an l'!uro|)ran waistcoat and surtout ; ids head was houmi with
p:, Iniliou cap that hiini; hi If way down his l)a<-k, and almost entirely tilled
HJtli plain silver broaches, to the numbrr of iiior(> than ^00; hi; had two
I'lir-niijfH to each ear, tiie upper part of each was liiriried of three silver
iiiimImIs, about the si/e of a dollar; tin; lower part was t(>rmed of (piarterti
III' (lollars, and ft\ll more than I'i inches from his ears— one from (;ach ear
o\ri' his hrea.st, the other over his hack ; he had three viiry larf^e nose jewels
111' .silver, that were curii.usly pelnted. 'I'lii; account he f,'ave of tin; action
with the Americans, 4 Nov.) was, that they killed 1400 of them, with the loss
111' nine only «)f their |)arly, oni' of whom killed himstdf by a<'cident." Tho
|icrsoii who fjave this accoimt sjud this chief was in Canada lor the purposo
nf raisiiij; all the Indian <<>rce he could to ^^o out again in the spring against tho
whites.
Mr. Dawson relates a pleasant anecdote of fAlllr-lurlle, which happened
nliiie he was sitting tiir his portrait in I'hiladelphia. A native of tho
tiiiierald Isle was sitting llir his at the; same time;, who prided himself u|ioii
liisaiiilily at joking. Liltlr-lurlk was not buckwjird in the same business,
ami they passed several meetings very jdea saiitly. Oiu; tnorning, IjHUk-
Urlk (lid not take iimch notict; of his friend, and st^Mued rather sedatt;,
niiiiii wits construed by tin; Hibernian into an lu'kiiowledgment of victory
Millie part of the cliief, in their joking game, and accordingly began to
iuliiiinte as much. When Lilllc-lurllc. understood him, he said to the 'iiter-
jiri'lt'i', " i/c viistakcs ; / wn,i jiisl thinking of pmjiosinfr to this m'tn, to ji<:iit iw
Mh uii one hoard, and llinr. I would stand face, lo face ivilh him, and hlackguurd
}im U) nil dcrnitif.^^
.\iiioiig llu; chiefs associated in command, in the wars of which wv. huvo
been speaking with the liunoiis JMishikinakwa, was another of nearly e(|iiul
nnti', tiiiniliurly called Jilnr-Jarkrl by the; whites, but by liis own nation, H'e-
p^mrse.nwaw. He was the most distinguished clfKd' of the Shawanese, and
ivi'liearof him at l''ort Industry, on tin; iVIiami of the J^ake, us lat*; as 1^05.
By .><(iiiie |)articular arrangement, the chief command s(;eins to have devolved
oil liiiii of opposing (ieneial H'aifnt: He was more bloody and |»n!eipiUilo
limii Mishikinakwa, and |iossessed less dis(;rimination and judgment. He
wiisiniioiig tlu! last of the chitds who came in to treat with (iemral Wmpit.
Tlii' Shawanese held out as long as they con!-', anti ciune in very slowly.
Oil till' '24 .lime, a boy, who had beiii a ca))tive ani'iig them, (having been
latch ieliiken,)coiilideii'lyas,serted that the ShawaiH-se would not makepeace.
Bui one nionlh alter, 'ili.! Illy, Hlw-Jurkd made his appearance, and it wusdiily
Doiii'ed hy a giMilleman at the time, who kept a journal of important matters
al (iiceiiville. He then i, .ds, " deputations trom all the lute hoaiile tribi.'S
north of the Ohio are, coiiseipit'iitly, now at this place,"t
We find this notice of l»lue-jaeket in August, I7!>!i. "By a gentleman im-
niPiiiately from Montreal, we hiiirn that about four wecjks since, the famous
liiiliaii partisan, known by the iianie of ('aptain fUue-Jacket, was at Detroit,
Willi ahoiit '2000 men, waiting for the; Aiiierieans to come out into the woods:
iii.^ helieved at Moiitii'id, that in case the Americans do not go out, they
will he divided into small particss to hariiBs our frontiers."]: The tribes
nliii'h furnished warriors to ojipose the AnHuicuns were the Wyandots,
Miainis, I'ottowattomies, Delawares, Shawanese, ChijipewnyH, Ottawiiys,
ami ii li'w Senecas. Blue-Jacket was the director and leader of this mighty
barnl (if warriors.
Ill the treaty of a}> Septeinlxir, 1817, at the " Foot of the Ru[)id8" of the
Hiiiiiii of the Lukes, with the Wyundots, Senecus, I)«;luwares, Shuwaiiese,
'n^HI
Ii (ki
rl<er coiiiplcxiuii than
' Tliosi" cil'tliis irilie ill llie viciiiiiv of Lake Omiirio. are of a nun
Iteollu'i Imliaiis ol'llie west. MVA/, Travels la Aiiiericn, l')\.
t Sco EUiot's Works, Ml, 1 1.'2. }: Carey's IMuueuiii, .\li. 113.
V9i * I
f', • Ai
80
WAYNF/S ViLTOIlY AT MIAMI.
f^lH'K V
&LC. tlinro is n |miafjni|)Ii uiiicli it is prosijuied ha.- rcrcrcnci: U> ". (Iaii>'litnr
of tills ciru;!; It ;iro|)<isfs to f,'ivo ^''Vn JVancif Sk.nnrt, tl.n:;!. ■ j tliHutn
fc^liauaiicr cliii'l' IHut-Jiirkd, oik! scoticMi of land, to ^'oirain six liiindn-. and
4i) i( R's, on tlu! (iic.t iMianii river hclow liuwislotvn. t., iis-li il(. |hm- ;ir sent
iinprovcniriits, tiinn! (iiiartcrs of tin; said scctioii to Ins on lii. fi^ j,;_ ^j,|,. ..
tilt! river, and o\w ipiarter <■:• tlu; N. W. side lliei-eof."*
From tlie time (ieneral .SY. C!ulr was deliiated, in 1 7!) I, inn ri lets were con-
tinued n|mii tiie frontier, and all iSttemjUs on the part of goveriiinent to etli-ct
a peaee, proved of no avail ; and lastly tlio ambassadors sent to tliem wi ro
mnrdcred, and tliat too wliilc tlu; army was progressing towards their
coimtry.
Alter hiiildiiig Kort (Jreenvillc, upon tlio Miami, six miles above For* Jef.
ferson, (Jenenil ff'ai/nr took possession of tlu; ground wlien^ (ieiiertil St
Clair iiad been defeated, and there ereeted u fort, to which he gave i'h; naiiu'
of Ueeovery, in wiiirh the army sp(!iit the wint(!r A' J7!i;j-4. Manv i msiiits
•wen- passed u|ion tiu! gi^neral for bis slow |)rogress ; but ho knew nnirji
better what be was doing than newspaper writei-s did what thev were
writing, wbeii they imdertook to eensiire him, as tiie (ivent jiroviid.
Jt was the 1^ August, 17!I4, wiieii the army arrived at the coiifluencp of tlie
rivers Au (jilaize and IManmee, where tbey built Fe/t Defianee. It was the
general's design to have nu't tiie enemy im|)repared, in this move; imt a
f(>ll()\v deserted his i-amp, iinil iiotiticd tin; Indians. He now tried a'r,'iiii lo
bring lliem to an accommodation, and from the answers whidi Ik; received
i'rom them, it was some u\\\v revolved in his mind, whether tlicy were liir
])cace or war; so artful was the niamier in wlfu-h their replies were fbriiicil.t
At length, being fully salistied, he marched down the Maninee, and ariived
at the rapids, 18 August, two days beliire the batth;. His ;iriiiy consisted of
upwards of MOOO men, '^(lUO of whom were regulars. Fort Deposit was
erected at this place, for the security of t\\v\r sup|tlies. Tin v now set out to
meet tiie enemy, who had chosen bis position upon the iiiiii'', of the river
with much judgment. Tbey had a breastwork of fallen ir<*s in tiont, and
the high rocky shore of tlu; rivtir gave? them much secnritj, as also did ihe
thick wood of l*res(p)e Isle. Tiieir li)rce was divi(''<l, and disposed at
suppiiriing distances iiir about two miles. When the Amerit-aiis had jinivcd
at pro|)rr distance, n body was sent out to begin th»> aitack, " with oidcis ki
rouse the enemy ti'om their covert with the bayenet ; and when up, todelivir
a clos( tin; upon tluur backs, and press them so bard as not to gfve thcinliincti)
reload." { Tliis order was so well executed, and tin battle ri tlm |)oint ol'alt.nk
so short, that only about !!()() Americans particijiated in it. IJiit tiny |)iirsiiii|
the Indians with great slaughter through tin; woods to Tort Maimiee, ^hcie
the carnage ended. TIk! bi ''fins were so ni;e\iiecti'dly driven from llicir
Strong iiidd, tbjit their nun - ■<-.- fn\\ increased their disU'css and confusion^;
and ilic cavalr\ made hoi..ii,! lavoc among them with tlK^ir long salircs.
Of the Americans, there wei.- killed and wounded about |:{0. The loss of
the Indians could not Ih* ascertained, but must liav(! been \(>ry severe. 'Ilii;
American loss was cliit>fly at the commencement of the action, as llicy
advanced upon the mouths of the Indians' ritU's, who could not lie scciiiiiiiil
they had discharged U|>on them. Tiiey maintained their coverts liiitaslioH
time, being forc«Ml in every direction by the bayonet. But until that \viis
eftecteil, the Americans iidl fiist, and wo only wonder that nieii coiilil hi
found thus to advance in the liice of certain death.
Till- horrid catasirophe in our Indian annals is chargeable to certain while
ineii, or at least maiidy so ; for some days before the battle, d'eneral /f^'//;/-
Bent a Hag of truce lO them, niul desired them to come and treat with him.
Tln! letter which he sent was taken to ('olonel .WAVc, who, it appears, «,■•■.
their ill-advi.ser, and he, by putting a fidse construction upon it, increased dn
rage of the Indians: he then infoimed them that they must l()rtliwith lirl)'
the AmeriiNui army. Some of the chiefs, learning the truth of the letter, were
for jieace ; but it was too late. LiUlt-larlle was knowti U) have liecn in tiivor
of making peace, and seemed well awan; ol" the abilities of the Aimricaii
* In iiiin 'I'realics, 'JO. t jl''""-'/'"/''* Wasliiiigtoii, v. 481. ed. llo. I Schookrajl,
(I<(»'K V
nre to ". riliugliter
jl:i!lii';- 0. the late
111 hIx litiii(lr)'< una
iii'li-ild Iter ;ir sent
\ ll"., S, J'l. hid'- of
nnirdcin wcro cdn-
;ovi-rmiifiit toctrcn
soul to tlioiii wcni
sing towards tluiir
Ics ahovo For' Jcl'-
wlierc (itMicral SI.
['\\ lu! fiavc t'", iiaiiK!
$-4. INIaiiy i msiiits
lint ho knew iinipli
1(1 uliat tlicy wen;
nit jirovtMl.
tlic cimtliiciHT ol'tlio
)ctiaii('f. It was llio
in tliis move ; hut a
• now tried a^'iiiii tn
s wliicli li(i received
ictlier tliey were for
replies \v(M'e I'orined.f
Manniee, and arrived
lis ai my consi.-ted ol'
Foit Deposit wa»
They now set out to
li(\ liiiuk of tlie river,
en trees in trout, iiiid
ctn'itj, as also did ilie
ed, and disi)ose(l at
Cr^- v.]
TIIAYANnWI •«., OR F.RANT.
81
It.
I
ieneinis had arrived
aeU, " witii orders lo
I when ii|), to deliver
.■<i fi'rve ti.eiiiliaieti)
!!i the point ol'attark
JJiit they pursued
'ort Maninee, wlieie
y driven t'roin tlieir
tress and eo'itusimi;
ith tlieir lonjr salires,
)iit 1:10. The ioss()t'
II very severe. 'I'lie
the aetion, as they ,
)iild not lie ,>ieeli uiilil
ir eoverts liiit a slmii
Hill nntil that was
|er that iiieii eould lie
fealile to cortain wiiitfl
ivittle, (ioneral Mm/w
> and treat with liln:.
, who, it appears, was
upon it, iiiereased die
k- must forthwith li;;lif
nith of the letter, were
to have hecii in f»vor
ities of the Aiiierioau
S-3
'A'
1. llo. \ Schookrajl.
|-i,.ii',i, liiU biicii wuH tin* iniliieiici! of traders iiiiioiijL,' tlicin, tiiat no nrf^u-
|. ill i^rcvaii. Tims, iiiHtaiices without mmilior iiKjj;lit ho ad li'etMi,
jiiBfC tiit5se ]M;ople huvu Ijcoii dcstioyeii by placing ooiitidoii-c ia tioceiviiiy
I fhite iiiun.
The niglit Iwfore the Imttlc, thn ciruils ussoiiihlej in ouuncii, and somt; pro-
I potit'd attacking the army in its orcampiioiit, hut tliu |iro|iosal vmH olijoctud
I ijby others; fumliy the proposition ol')ijf|iliiig ut I'resipie Isle prevuiled.
Ill this buttle ull the chiefs of the VVyiuidots wen; killed, being nine in
jiuiiber. Some of the nutiuns escaped the sluiigliter by not coming i:'» iiiiti!
jlliftlie defeat. This severe blow satislied the western Indians of the folly
,lloii},'er (contending against the Americans; thuy therefore were glad to g(!t
(iliiit terms tiiey could irom them. Tln^ (diiels of twelve tribes met comniia-
iioiiersat Fort Greenville,;} August, 17!>.j, and, as a price of their peace,
jave up an extensive tract of country south of the lakes, and west of the Ohio ;
jiidsiicli other tracts as com|»relien(led all the military posts in the western
^jrioii. The government show(!d sonu; liberality to these tribes, on their re-
:iii|aisiiing to it what tlusy could not withi- ';', and as a gratuity gave them
i.OOO dollair in goods, and agitx-d to pay them DOOO dollars a year forever;
S)bt' divided among those tribes in proportion to their numbers.*
9t0ge
CIIAPTEH V.
liii of TiiAVK'snAnr.cK, called by the wliitc.i, Bkant — His education — Visits Eng-
Iml — Comwissioiiul there — Hin sister a coin/ianluu to Sir \Vm Juhnson — Jlis
ktUr to the Oneidas — Affair with Herkimer at Uundilla — Cuts off Herkimer and
2tlO men at Oriskaim — Aaecduli. of Hirldmer — Burns Sprini^field — Horrid affair
of IVijuming — Incidents — Destroys Cherry Valley — Barbarities of the tories — Sul-
Imiiis depredations amonir the Five A'ations — Brant defeated by the Americans at
}\neiowit — Destruction oj Minisink, and slauirliter of JOO people — Destruction of
Httrpersfield — Brant's letter to M' Causland — Marriairc, of bis dauifhter — Her has-
kml killed — Brant becomes the friend of peace — Visits Philadelphia — His marriagt
-binds granted bim by the king — His death — His son John — Traits of character
-One of his sons killed, by him, in an attempt to kill his father — Account of Brant's
mival in England — Sovic account of his children.
Colonel Joseph Brant was an Onondaga of the Mohawk tribe, whose In-
dian imine was Thamndaneca,\ or Ta\i(idanns;a,X signifying a branl.^ But as ha
5,L< seldom called by that name after lit; be(;ame known to the whites, it was
reiierally forgotten. He received a very good English education at "Moor's
I fiiaiity school," at Lebanon, in Connecticut, where he was phuced liy Sir
miam Johnson, in July, 17t)l. His ag(!, at this time, we have not learned.
The story that he was but half Indian, the son of a German, has been
Uitlely spread, but is denied by his .son, and now beli«;ved to lie a falsehood,
.'iioiaiitly circulated. This error might have arisen either from the known
tictotliis being of rather a lighter coiii|)h'.\i()n than his countrymen in gem ral,
orl'idiii his having married a woman who was a lialf-lire(jd.||
Braiit went to England in 1775, in tin; beginning of the great revolutionary
ii|iliire, where Ik; was received with attention, and doubtless iiad there his
I aiiiiil prepared forthe pai't he acted in the memorable struggle which ensued.
' The lenns of this treaty ■ ere llie same as were ofTered to tlicm before the haule, wiiioli
Willi be mcmioncd, its p.ddiim materially to our gooil fceliag^ towards its aiUliors. It is
{ffl.'mlly (leiumiiiialcd Wayne's treaty, ft is worthy of him.
t ('«.;"/'.? Museum, V. 18. X Annals Tryon County, 15.
j (iciiera'ly wrillca Brandt by Uiosc v/ho arc unacquainted with the meaning of his In-
biinainc,
iili has hciii mentioned to me by a g-eiiilenian, (the editor of Washington's VVkitinos,)
ilallic had ii i doul t ot die fact that Brunt was die ve;/ of Sir William Juhnson. I am not
iiliilicil upon (he subject, uid, llieret'ore, note tht; opiiiiun of cue which claims primary con-
liiltriilion on all siihj.'cts conuecled with our history. Tim only author, that 1 recollect, who
ins circulated n i ni- ;' ipiaiou of lliis kiud, is Chapman. See Hiit. Wyoming, 121.
11:
82 r.nwv .v.kkts Tiir, AMKiMr.vNs at iinadii.i.a. [Book v.
H(i liiiil II r(il()iifrs CDmiiiission in llif I'!ii);lisli iirmy ii|i(iii tlii> rniiiticrs wliid
onh; islcil (»rsiicli (tl'ili,' Six NiilidiiH aixl lories, us took |mrl iijiainsl tin'- nun
trv. <i'.'!H'r!il Sir ICillinm Jtiliiison uiis iip-iil nl' liidiaii alliiiis, ami laid ■■^iciiilv
iiii:ralint('il lii.iisciruilo the I'slcnii <it'tln' Si\ Naliuiis. Me lived at t. '"iilurn
Hiiifi' iiaiiied t'niiii liiiii, ii|iiiii the iinrtli iiaiik nj' the IMnhawk, alMiiil |() |||j|,,a
iVuiii Alhaiiy. Ileic lie iiiid an elcjfiim seal, and would ollcn enteitaiii seve-
ral hniidrcds of his red iVieiids, and share all in connnon with iheni. '\'\„'v
no iiiiieh respected him, that, notwithstanding' ilu-y had the full lihcrty of ijg
lioiise, yet they wonld lake iiolliiii<r that diti not heloiif,' to llieiii. Th",. hitt,,.
to rivet their esteem, he would, at eerlaiii seasons, aenmimodate hiinscli' lo
their mode of dress, and, heiiif; a widower, took as a kind of eoin|iaiiinii ^
Hister of Uroiii, h\ the iii;me of Mnlliif. lie had reeeiveij honors and einolu.
iiMMils Irom the IJritish pivernment, and the Indians received also, tliniii.r|J
liis afj;eiiey, every tliiii},' which, in iheir opinion, conduced to their han|iiii,ss
lichce it is not strange that they should hold in the i^reatest reveiencc \\m
name of their "jjival tiither," the kin<r, and think \\n\friv reliels who o|i|iiisii|
his ijilhority, when tli(> revohilion liefiaii, most iiiifrrateliilly wicked, ami im.
Avor.hv all mercy. Sir h'Ulinm diod in 1771, ahonl ii year heliire the Imttli-
of Hunker's I lill."
The HiiUcrif, John and ll'alln; whose names are associated w ith the recojli.c.
tion of the horrid liarlmrilies ui»on I'herry-valley and Wyominj;, lived at ('iui:j||.
newajrii, fonr miles south-easterly fniiii the villaj^e of J<»hiistoii, and ii|i(iii dm
same side of the iMoliawk.
in 1775, in a letter lo the Oneidas, our chief snhscrihcs himself "spcict.ii-v
to (lull Johnson.'" This was nirly in the siinmier of that year, and heiici' h\>
vp^ immediaiely fwm Mn^lanii. Coloifel (hiif Johnson was soii-iii-la\v of
Sir HilHam. The letter was found in an Indian path, and was supposed to
have been losf by the jiorson who was intrusted with it. It was in tjie Mo-
hawk lani,Miaire, the translation of which commences thus: " fyrillcn at V,ny
tfOlmson's, .Mni/, 1775, This is ifour letter, i/ou f^real ones or sitchnns. d'ny
J»)hnson smfs he will he if/m/ ;/' i/ou jc't Ihis inlelUvcenre, j/on Oncidits, how it i;itis
with him now. ami he in now more certain roncerntne; the intention of the Ih.ilnti
people. Guy Jolinson is in s;reatjear ofbein^ taken prisoner by the Bostoniant.
}f\ Mohawks are nblitfed to watrh him constantly,''^ \e.
Alh'r this, 7^7t»i/ accompaj d Guy Johnson when ho fled to Canada. Tlio
two liutUrs were dso in the train. IJeinjj; now in a placo of safety, and iho
ineans in their liunds, plots of destruction were put in cxccutioil in ra|ii(|
succession.
Havinjj liad some disnireomont with Johnson, Brant rnni»> ajraiii to the
fnmtiers, Son\e of th(> peaceable IMohawks had been eonliiied, to prcvnit
tlu'ir dtiinsr niiscliiel" as were some of the IMassaehnselts Indians in I'liilip.i
war. Jirant was displeased at this, for he said, if the distant Indians slioiild
roiiie liowii, they would destroy them indiscriminately with the whites, lie
was accompanied by a band of 70 or HO warriors, who, in their riiiiililts,
visited rnatliHa. w here ihey assendiled the inhabitants, and told tlniii tliiit
they stood in need of provisions, and if they did not jjive them soiiii', tii y
si" old lake it by force; a refusal, therelore, would liave becMi worse 'iiaii
useless. Hrant furtlier (diserved, " th'tt their a^j^reenirnt wilh the kins; was .f/ni/.'ir,
aiul thill they were not such rillains as to break their covenant wilh /ii'm." (iciiiTiil
ik'rliimtr marched up to Inadilla, in .Inly, with HHO men, where he lluiiul
/>•.';» uiili D^Oof his warriors. Here he had an interview wilh him, iiiwliii'li
l.e lied! the following; laiiiriiage : — " 77i«/ the Indians were in concert wilh Ik
kinir^ II,: their fathers and p;randfalh(rs had been. That the kin!>:\'i belts w:re jiii
lod::cd ii''h them, and they could not falsify their pledtre. That (lenenil llcrki-
luer aw' 'he rist bail joined the Boston people aacitinst their ^i;??. That Boston
people were resnluii, but the kin<^- would hundde them. That .'/r. Schiiyit'r. or
general, or what you please to call him, a^as very smart on the Iwlians at the innhj
at (tirman hidts ; but was not, at the same time, able to afford them Ihv snuilhsl
art ie of eloihins- That the Indians had formerly made war on the u-hite projik
all nited ; and now Ih'y were divulcd, the Indians were not friu:hlined.''^ ''oloiiol
Car, who accompanied Hirkimcr, said, if war was his doterMiinalioii, tlie
matter was ended. Brant then spoke to his warriors, and they shouted, and
>l .141
cur. V.l
HRANT— IJA'ni.r, <)i' nillSKANA.
83
Piiitotlu'ir pliicr oC fiicnnipiiK'iit, sci/cd their iinns, (ii. il nr-vcral {runs, and,
siVr jriviiifT lln' \Mir-\vlMi<i|i, nliiincd in wiiilikc iiniiy. (i.inriil llirkimn
1,11 told Itritnt hv did no) idhh- to ti^lit, mid llic rliid' iiiiiliitiird Dm- his nicii
iri'iiiain <|iiirt. i'frha|is, as a wnrihy author ultsrrvcd ii|ii)n a traiis.'iriion
1 /'/ii/i/''.'» >var, it iH hcllcr to omit the cause ol' the condiiet oC Hrrkimir,
1 1|,„|| too eritieally to iiKjiiire into it. Ilisiiii>ii vastly oiitniiiiihered the liidiaiiH,
'lority \vaHaiii|t|e ; hut his motives were no (hiiiht piire, and his
iitl
i iiiil II'** ...
,.oiii'a;;e must not now he railed in )|iieslioii, as will a|i|iear from what is to
k. irliited. To |iiil the most tiivorahle eoiislnietion ii|)oii his iie<;leetiii;r lo
Urciik tlowii the power of ///•((»/, is to suppose tliat he was impressed with
ill,' Iti'lief that the Indians would not join with the l']ii;.disli in committing
blili'"'** i il' this weri! tlu^ case, he ton late discovered tins error of his
11"'
IlllllCllt.
Micr tli<^ j,'eiieral liati said that he d'ulnot romv lojifflil, nmiit, with an air of
|iiirtaiii"e, said, " 1/ ifoiir purpouc is wir,, I am riailji for yon." A tempest,
nliiclM'iiine lip suddenly, sepj .ated the parties, and each retired peaceahly.
This is said to he the last talk held hy any of the Americans with the Six
\;iH(iiis, previous to iioslilities, except with the Oneidasj all, huvo a very
;» of whom remained neutral.
Tiiwiiiils the autumn of this year, (1777,) Uranl was tiiKier the direction of
liHial SI. l'ri!C>r, wlio detached him with a considerahie hody of waniorH
rllii' investment of l''ort Stanwix. Colonel UtiHir was eommander-in chief,
uliii hand of toiies. The inhahitants in the valley of tln^ IMohawU diter-
iiiii'd to march for the relief of (JoIoik-I (Innncvoort, who commanded tho
ifi, wliicii they did, in two re<timents, with (Jen -ral llirklmvr at their hi ad.
\<is usual with militia, they marched in ^'reat disorder, :ind when the ireiie-
-1! niilcred scoiitiii^j parlies to march, as security ajrainst surprise, upon tlicj
JiiKs of the main hody, they accused him with cowanlice, wiiicli, most
;iii\aiTaiitahly, had more intluein-e upon his mind, than the satety of his
A eatastroplii ensued, which, thou<i:li not so momeiitoiis in that day,
las that of Ltthrop in l(!7(>, nor so cumph-ie n vii t;»ry on the part of iht;
iriiiv.
IIIIIH,
yet it was a st-ven^ tijfht, in which 'iOO Americans were slain.* Tl
It!
iii'c
of attack was selected hy liranl or Hiithr, and was a ravine of a hroatl
<i!tHiii, nearly impassahle, except a rou>,di tnick covered with lo<,'s of from
'.'to jTi feet in h'li^tli, laid transversely,! whi(;li extended across it. (ienrral
!/r(mi'r arrived at this |»lace .nhout two hours he(i)re mid-day, Aiijiiist (5.
II iiii^iit reasonahly have expe<'ted an amliiisii, hut his first intimations of
> vicinity of an enemy were tll(^ territyin^' yells of the Indians, and the
.;ll iiiaiT lastiii!,' impressions of their rifles. The advancid jriiard were all
11 oil'. Such as survived the first i'uv, were hewn down with the; trmiahawk.
Tiiit!iliil causeway was semicircular, and lintnt and his forces occupied the
'<rroiiniiiiiir n<
iirht-
Tlii'st! are the |irin<'ipal events in the hattle of Oriskan
Wiirircoii, Dr. .U(*frs )'o»«ir/oi'r, was taken prisoner in this hattle, and atler
-riiiiiii from cajitivity, ho wrote a poem upon tlie uil'uir, from wliich w(;
Ititract tlie folluwiii}': —
t;p- ,^-J.-
"Till' liinr iiiiil pincc of our luilinppy (iijlil,
To voii at hirffc wcri! nccillcss to rciiic:
W'Ih'ii in (he wood oar (icrco iiiliniitaii (ncs,
Willi picrriii^ veil from oirrliiiif juhImisIi rose,
A siiililcu vollcv rciiils llic vaiilicil sky ;
Tlicir paiiitiMl hollies liiilcous lo tlio eve,
Tlicv rusli like liollisli Hiric-s on our l>aml.s,
Tlioir slaui;lili'r weapons l^raiulisli'd in tlicir hands."
Riiiiiiiis: down from every direction, they prevented tiic two regiments
lif^iii roiiiiin^ a jnnetion, one of th(!in not having; ent<M'ed t!ie cniiseway ;
Uiii a p.iit ol" the assailants fell U|)on those witiiout, and »lie remainder
spoil tjiosi- witiiiii it. TIk; fornajr fared worse than tiie latter, for in such
' Tlii>ir wliok" loss was alioiil l/VO, savs Marxhall, \,\U- W.isliiiiiftoM, v. ^lil.
t All who iiavi" travelled, even williiii a few vears, in iliis pari <i( die state of Now York,
I mail Imi well remember the " Conluroij " roads. JSuili was ilie road over tliis memorable
iniiie.
84
BRANT.— BATTLE OF ORISKANA.
[Book V.I
Chap. V.]
DRA
cases a fligJit has almost always l)«nn a diHiiml defeat. It wus now th 1
case. Tho other regiment, hemmed in as they were, saw, in u moment J
that,
To figlit, or not lo figlit, was death.
They, therefore, back to back, forming a front in every direction, fought like!
men in despair. This, Dr. Younglove thus forcibly depicts : — 1
" Now, hand to hand, the contest is for life,
With bay 'net, tom'hawk, sword, and scalping knife:
Now more remote the work of deatli we ply,
And thick as hail the show'riii^ bullets fly ;
Full many a hardy warrior sinks supine ;
Yells, shrieks, groans, shouts and ihund'riug volleys join :
The dismal dm the ringing forest fdls.
The sounding echo roars along the hills."
The poet thus presents to our view the attacking parties : —
" Of two departments were the assailing foes ;
Wild savage natives lead the first of tliose;
Their almost naked frames, of various dyes,
And rings of black and red surround their eyes:
On one siile they present a shaven head ;
The naked half of the vermilion red ;
In spots the party-color'd face they drew,
Beyond description horrible to view ;
Their ebon locks in braid, with paint o'crspread }
The silver'd ears depending from the head ;
Their gaudry my descriptive power exceeds,
In plumes of feathers, glitt'ring plates and beads."
He thus speaks of the tories : —
" These for the first attack their force unite,
And most sustain the fury of the fight j
Their rule of warfare, devastation dire,
By undistinguish'd plunder, death and fire ;
The}' torture man cuid beast, with barbarous rage,
Nor tender infant spare, nor rev'rend sage."
And Butler is noticed as follows : —
" O'er them a horrid monster bore command.
Whose inauspicious birth disgrac'd our landj
By malice urg'd to ev'ry baro'rous art ;
Oil' cruel temper, but of coward heart."
With such bravery did they fight in this forlorn condition, that the Indiam
began to give way ; and, but for a reinforcement of tories, under Major Wat'
son, they would have been entirely dispersed.* This reinforcement is tlim
characterized by the surgeon : —
" The second was a renegado crew,
Who arm and dress f s Christian nations do.
Led by a chief who bo.-c the first command j
A bold invader of his -lative laud."
The sight of this reiiiforcement greatly increased the rage of the Anirri-
cans. It was composed of the very men who had left that [wrt of the coun-
try at the commencement of the war, and were held in abhoironce for their
loyalty to the king. Tiic figlitM'an roneweil with vigor, and thereinforci'iiient
fought also with bnivdry, luitil about thirty of tlieir number were killed
* Dr. (lordon say" the lories and Indians got into a most wretched confusion, anH foii?ht:f
ono another-, and that the latter, ai last, tlioii<;ht it was a plot of the whites ou both sides, ttJ
get Ihem Into that situation, that they might cut them oiT.
.Major fVatsotu, their
tlie battle-ground.
Ill the mean time,
hIiIcIi iiilbrmed (.'o
[niliei! Colonel Man
romiiiiut of this briiv
; irroniid, and rctm-iiet
t'vt'ii''* <»f' tbe buttle (
i (Jeiieral Herkimer i
I itsrommencemcnt, I
i killed. He directed
] liiiiiself upon it, cont
; to a plitce of greater
3 [he historian of Trj
i Iwltle, he very dolibe
pipe, which ho smokt
The Indians, as we
And our poet writes,
i " Such
I Our SI
By tui
And c
Mnfs loss being abo
ludiaus exaggerated ii
" Not hi
They I
The Senecas alone
lied .suffered severely,
surrs been apprized o
ravine, which cau.sed t
Colonel Cox, was kille
Cnmpbell and Major f,'/
Tiie scene in the nij;
Dr. iounglove, the eye-
" Those
And
In Venn
For tor
And thr
A fellov
The gu
To not
But nov
And for
I saw tl
The SOI
Im|)lor'(
Since m
With I
(While
'Gn!
'And fo
For hell
With sii
Willi ho
While ii
Dread
To think
The poet next descril
groinid; and then thus
CHAr. V.l
BRANT.— ANE(^UOTE OF GEN. IIERKLMER.
♦
the Indians
Major JVd-
nent is thus
Major IVcUson, their louder, wa.s wounded and tuken prisoner, hut left upon
(iic battle-ground.
In the mean time, General Herkimer had ffot forward to the fort an express,
wliicli informed (^'olonel Ganesvoort of his situation. He inune-diatcly dc;-
uiclit'il Colonel Alniinus Willet with '207 men, wIkj succeeded in rescuing ihi-
remnant of this hrave hand from destruction. lie heat the enemy i'rom the
(rroiind, and returneil to the fort with considerahlo phnider. Such were the
events of the hattle of Orisk^MU.
(Jcneral Herkimer died of u wound which he received in this fight. Niai'
ji(i foninu'uceinont, he was severely wounded in the leg, and his horse was
killed. He directed his saddle to he placed upon u little knoll, and resting
! liiiiiscif upon it, continued wJ issue his orders. On heing advised to remove
10 a place of greater safety, he said, ".Vb — / will face the enemy ; " und, adds
i the historian of Tryon county, " In this situution, and in tlie heat of the
buttle, he very delihenitely took from his pocket his tinderhox, und lit hid
pipe, whi(di ho smoked with great composure."
The Indians, us well as the Americans, suffered dreadfully in tliis fight.
.\nd our poet writes,
" Such was the l>loocIy fight : and such the foe :
Our smaller force returiiM them blow for l)low ;
By turns successfully ilieir force dcfy'd,
And conquest wav'ring secm'd from side to side."
Branfs loss being about 100 men ; we are inclined to think the loss of the
Indiaus exaggerated in these lines: —
" Not half the savages returned from fieht ;
Tiiey to their native wilds had sped their flight."
The Senecas alone lost 30, and the tories about 100. The regiment which
tied siifFered severely, l)Ut would have suffered still more, had not their pur-
•ms hoen apprized of the desperate case of their fellows engaged in tho
ravine, which ctiused thcni to abandon the pursuit. Tho commanding otticer,
loloiifl Cox, was killed, and theconunand devolved u])on Lieutenant Colonel
(Campbell and Mujpr Clr/de, who conducted the retreat.
The scene in the night following the battle is thus strikingly presented by
?:. iounglove, the eye-witness : —
" Those that remaiii'd a long encampment made,
And rising tires illumin'd all the shade :
In vengeance for their num'rous brodiers slain,
For torture simdry prisoners they retain ;
And three fell monsters, horril)le to view,
A fellow pris'ner from the sentries drew ;
The guards before received their chief's command,
To not withhold from the slaught'ring hand ;
But now the sufferer's fate they sympathize,
And for him supplicate with earnest cries.
1 saw the general * slowly passing by,
The sergeant on his knees, with tearful eye,
Implor'd the guards mifi;ht wrest him from their hands,
Since now tho troops could awe their Icsscn'd bands.
With lifted cane the gcn'ral thus replies,
(While indignation sparkles from his eyes:)
' Go I sirrah ! mind your orders giv'n before !
' And for infernal rel)cis plead no more ! '
For help the wretched victint vainly cries,
With supplicating voice and ardent eyes ;
Willi horror cliili'd, I turn aw<iy my face,
While instantly they bear him from the place.
Dread scene I — wiifi anguish stung 1 inly groan,
To think the next hard lot may be my own."
The poet next describes his dream, in which he was carried to the battle-
ground; and then thus opens the morning scene: —
*» I I — 1.— ■ — ■ .-I— .■■I — _ ..I. I I ■! I » — , I— ^M^
» Butler.
•I
[Book V.
80 imANT— DESTHUCTION OF CIIERRY-VAI-LEY.
" Wlien snvii;;os, for liorriil ^(porl |>r<'|>nr"il,
DriiiiiMcl iiiiiiiImt pris'iirr Iriiiri llit- f^iiiird,
'tVi- saw llicir I'ciir'il iiiiproucli, widi innrlul iVif^lil,
'I'lK'ir ^<'iil|)iii(r-kiiivi's llicy '•liiiriiciiM jti mir nii-ht,
Kt'Niilc llif ^iiii.-il (lii-y ><>t llicni (111 III!' ^nxiiKl,
And vii'w'd, Willi iiicrciiiH'i'.Vfs, iIk! prisoners round."
" At kMiglli, one risiiifr seized me liy (he linnd ;
lly him driivvn t()rlh, on tremlihiijr knees I slund ;
I liid my lellows nil a loii;; iiilieii,
Widi imsweriiif; fjrief, my wrelche<l ease lliey view.
'I'liev led me lioimil aloii^ (lie windiiif^ flood,
l''arlii the t;loomy liosom of (ho wood ;
Thi-re, (horrid siifht!) n pris'ner roasied lay,
The enrving-kiiile had cut \iU llcsh away.''
After ciidiiriii^ ovory tiling l)iit deutli in liiH captivity, Dr. Yoiinglove rttturn.-l
honio ill Hiifi'ty.
Ill I77H, Ji lort wiis i)iiilt at Clicrry-vnllcy, wlicre rumilics lor eonsidcnihlo
extent ulioiit took ti|» tlieir uImmIc, or retired occiisionidly H)r siilitv. liiunt
inteiidtMl to dentroy tiiis, and eanie into tli*; nei^diliorliood for liii> |)(ir|ioNi<
It liapiieiied tliiit, at the tinii! lie eliose to niaki; tin; discoviiry o.t' tjie sti'eiii;t|i
oftlie frarri.^ion, the hoy.s were a.ssenihii'd in a trainiii;.r, with wooden irmiH
for aiiiii.-<enieiit : not hiiviiif,' a clear view of them from the folin;,'e of tin nees
which intervened, Untnt tho(i;,'ht them to Im; mrn. It wiin his deMi;;ii to Imvi;
made the attack the followiii<r ni^dit ; iiiil on this dis(Miv*>ry, he <rjivr un t||i>
dcMijrn. lie still remained in llw; niij,dil)orhood ; secreted heliiiid ii iiufie niclc
niiiir tilt! main road to the iMohawk, and ahoiit two mileu iiortii of the liiri in
the valley. Here he waited to intercept some unwary |iassiii;.'er, and "iiin
more certain iiitellij^ence. Near this pliici; is tlic! little cascadt.' called liy tlie
natives, Teknhiiniiva. Tin' iiihahitaiiis of the valley were in expectation' of ^
comiiaiiy of siddiers fi'oni the Mohawk, to reiiilorce them, and tlie same d.iv
Fiieutc'iaiit h'onnivooil eaiiie from thence, and informed them that Coioin"!
Ktocfk would arrive the ik \t day with the party. Near nii^ht he set out to
return, accompanied hy out; Peter .Si'/:, the hcurer of some desjiatciies. ili;
was a yoiiiiff oUicer, of line personal appearance, and was to return tlie next
day with one of the coiiipiinies of soldiers. Jle had hieii out of sijiiit Inn ,i
few minutes, when, as lit^ jiassed the amliiisii of lirnnl, his warriors liitil
upon him, and he fell fnun his horse. 'I'he chi(;f, springintr ti-oni his liiilini'.
piuce, tomahawked him with his own hands. IVnrmwoud and his coinpaniim
were nrdenul to stand, hut not cdieyiiifr, occasioned iIk ir heiii^ tired iipun.
limul was actpiainted with I/Miiteiiaiit fVonnwood lieUxe the war, and .ilh r-
w.irds expressed sorrow at his tiite, pretending; that he took him to he a coii-
tinental otiicer. His horse immediately nmniii^ hack to the fort, wiili IiIikhI
upon the .saddle, ifave some indicution of what had huiijiened. Ili.s coinjiiin-
ioii, Sitz, was taken prisoner.
In June, the same .summer, lirant came iijion Sprinjrfield, which Ik; iMiriinl,
and carried off a niimher of |»risoiiers. The women and cliildren were not
maltreated, hut were left in oni; house unmolested. Ahoiit this time, yn ii
pains were takiMi to seizt! tlu; wary cliiet", hut there was no ('ajitaiii r/ii/;v/i,
or, iiidikt! Plillip id" I'okaiioket, Brunt had the riMiiote nation^: to ily to wiilioiit
lliar of heinj; killed hy them. Ca|»tain ^PKean hunted luni for some linie,
und, not hf'in<i° ahle to find him, wrote an insiiltiii:; lett(;r titr hini, and \vi\ it
in an Indian path. Anioni.' other tliiii<rs, he clial'«.>ii!red him to sin<:lc edMilml,
or to meet him w ith an eijiial iinmher of men : and " that if he would ciniie In
Cherry-valley, and have a fiiir fijrht, they \\niild ciiaufre jiim from a Jininl
into a (loos." This letter, it is supposed, Jininl received, fi'oni an intimiilinii
contained in one which he wrote; ahout the same time to ii tory. To tliisiii;iii
(Parrifcr ('an; of Kdmestoii) Ik; writes from Tiinadilla [li'nadilla] under diitr
!>.ruly, I77H, — " .S'lV : 1 understand Inf tlic Indians that was at i/our liousr Ind
week, that one Hmith lives near ivitli you, lias little more rorn to spare. I slioitlil li>
much obliged to i/ou, if you would he so kind as to trij to s^el as much com as
Smith can spared; he has .sent mejivr skipples nlreadi/, of which I am much ohlii^-
ed to him, and will see him paid, and would be vcrij ^lad if you could spare one
or two your vien to join t«, especially Eiias. / would be glad to see him, and 1
.EY. [Book V.
Cak?. V.)
BRANT.— l)i:STKIJCTI()N OF WVO.MINO.
87
, Younglove niiurn-'l
ilicH (or roii8iil('ral)li!
ly lor siiti'ty. linint
oil t'(ir till' iiiii'iMisi'.
)V('.ry oJ' till' slnn^'tli
, with wiumIcii l'uiis,
\v iolia^i! of the I ires J,
IIS Ills (IcHI^M to IlllVli !
vi-ry, lit' v;'»vf up till) i'
I lu'liiiid 11 liii-;.'!' rock 'S
« iiortli of tlic I'cirt ill '
,' |msisiu;.'<'r, and ^rniii
i:iiscudt; fiillcii liy tin;
ri! in expectation ol' a
fill, and tlic sami' diiy
«(l tlii'iii lliat ('oiiiiicl
iir nij-'lit ln' wi't out til
ioiiie (lcs|>atciics. lie
my to return llic iii'\t
en out of si;.'iit lint !i
ml, liis warriors fircil
iiriiii; from liis iridiiiL.'-
oil iiiul Wis coinpiiMion
icir Itfiii^' firi'tl ii|'"ii'
ro tilt" war, and al\(r-
took liiiii to lie a ('(in-
to tlie foi't, willi lii"'"l
Hieiicd. llis coiiiiiiiii-
jield, wliicli i"' l)iini' d,
laiiil children were imt
,bout this time, (iirai
as no (Captain (Viiin/i,
fM\o\\< to tly towitlKMit
[;d I'llll I'll **'""•' '".'">
Iter for him, 'i'"' '•'" ''
1 him to siiiiile ('(iinlwt,
at if ho would eiiiiie to
L.r,! him from a Bmd
■tMl, from tin iiitimutiou
lo a torv. To tiiis iii:iM
rilnud'illa] inulerdnt''
ims at umw house hid
\m to spare. I nhoul'l '-
)o i!;it as much com ns
jr which I am much oWiir-
; ir lion could spare one
\e glad to see him, atui I
pihjioH rmild aetU mc as mani/ i!una i/oti htwc, as I ktmw i/nn have no use for
lUfi/i, if i/ou aui/ ; a,s I iwan noir tojiirhl Ihv ma I nhds as itrll as I run ; irliat-
{ftr i/iiii u'ill alih to sinCd mi; i/nu must siiiCd hi/ the liKirir, I am i/Diir siiirm
fritiid and humhte scrU. Joskimi IJuAN'r. /'. .S'. I hard thai (hirninillijf
tiQuli is vrrij htild, iiiid intr.ndid lo make nuthiitf!; of us ; thvij cidhd as iritil lths);
li/ //iiioic the ronlran/" This we suppose lo lie a liiir specimen of the eom-
pitidii of the chief who alierwards translated the (lospel according' to John
mill (lie Mohawk lan^iia^e, also tin; Itook of Coiiimoii I'rayer ; copies of which
ari' ill the library of Ilarvard colle),'e.*
Till' next event ol'importancc in w hicli lirant was enpijfed, was the destnic-
lioii iif NVyomiiijr.t oik; of the most lieart-nniiiii;,' records in the annals of tiie
(eviiiiilionary war. In that liorrid alliiir, ahoiit .'{()() settlers were killed oi
carried into captivity ; iroiii the ^(riuiter part of whom no iiitidlij^eiicc! was i:vt'i
olilailied.
Il was known early in the spring,' of 177H, that a laine force was collectiiif^
alNiii^'ara for the oliject of layiiii; waste the frontiers of I'eniisyKiiniM, Vir-
fiiiiiiand New York, and evim as early as i'eliriiary, (Jeneral Si iirvi.r.K wroto
III niii^ress to inliirm them that such was his hclief. In iMareli he wmtu
;.;iiii lo con^jress, sayinjf, "A mimlier of Mohawks, and many of the Oiionda-
piis, ('iiyiij,'as, and Seiiecas, will commence hostifities against iis as soon as
liny Clin; it would he prudent, therefore, early to take measures to carry tins
»;ir into their country ; it would rei|iiii'e no <;reater liody of troops to destroy
heir towns than to protect the troniier iiihahitaiits." [ Hut con^n'ess had iiioro
tuin till ir hands full in other directions, and nothing' was done. In the he-
;iiiiiiii<; of .Inly, the lory and Indian force, amoiintin;; tooether to ahont ItiUO
111(11, were di.seovered in pos.session of l''ort NVinteriiioot,^; a short distance from
ihcviilajje of Wyomiiiff. Here was also a liirt, at which were collected near
WJ iiicn liir the ih^feiice of the country, who were under tim immediate eoiu-
iiiaiid (if Colonel Zehulon Iintlcr.\\ On the H .Inly, a council of war was hidil
iijidii the propriety of marc!iin;r out and atta<'kiii^° tint tory and Indian army,
aiid it was finally a^rr(;ud that the enemy should he soi<<r|it. AciMirdiin^ly the
Aiiiiricans marched out upon this t.'xpeditioii the same day. Ilavimr sent
; uiinl spies, tin'y had not prociuided liir, when they were discovered liy two
liiiliiiiis, who were, douhtles.s, upon the same husiness. The scouts fired each
liiiiiii the other, and then hasteiu-d to their respective head-ipiarters. Hoth
lilies were imm(>diately in motion, and joined liattle near a thick swamp.
llic Indians und torieu, hein^ the more numerous, oiittlanked the Americans,
ami /i/vni/, at the head of his furious warriors, issuin<^ li'oiii the swamp, turned
lliiir li'rt flank, and creatiiif? thereby a eoiifiisioii, w hicli itreatly liivored his
kind of wartiire, and enabled him to make dreadliil havoc am(in<r them.
The Americans were in two lines, and it was the line commanded by Col-
onel Dennison tiiat Brant successfully encountered, liullvr, at tin; same time,
v.is L'aiiiiii},' some a(
«liii'
lvaiita<f(! over tin; oilier line, under his cousin Zihulnn,
II, added to tin? ra^rin^ disaster in the left, beeani(> immediati ly a ili^iit.
I'lildiiid IJennison^s or(U'V to fiill back, by which he desi;;iied to make an ad-
vantageous evolution, was distorted, by the te-rrilied troops, into an order for
tiii'lit; and all was i:i u ftiw moments lo.st. And from Jiidfre Marshall we add
t>l'()ll(iws: — "The troops fled towards tin; riv<'r, which they enileavored to
I'ajs. ill order to enter Fort Wilkiisbarre, [in the village of that name on the
dpIKisite side of the Siiscpiehainiah.] The enemy pursued 'with the fury of
■ Il would seem Iroiii Mr. VVflfl, (Travels in America, WJJ.) lliat lie Iraiislaled llinse
"iirks licCore llic war ; l>iit I liave heard il said lliat lliey weri! llie [iroductiuii of tiie cliict
I'MiXnitnii ; my aiillioril y, however, I do not rcincmhcr.
t i'liis iminc IS said lo sigiiily ajictil nf /i/nml, frDtii a fjre.il l)aUlo fodf^lit liiore liy llie
b'iiajis lii'fore ils sctllemeiil by tlic whiles. This derivation, however, is not accordiiijf to
iltkrtreldfr, Ixil 1 nidsl reler llie ciirioiN |ihil(iloi;i>t lo ('hii]imaii's Ilhl. Wijimiiiis, |i. 10,
I'll' his authority, since printed in the 'rniiis. Aiiifr. I'hilns. Soc.
', (lordon'.i Ameriean Revohilioii, iii. liit.
4 This was ifarrisoiied hy a coni|)aiiy ol' men, who had heeii suspected of tonji.tm, and it
so«ap|)(-are(l that they had not only pive.i up the fori, but joined the hostile parly. Mar-
Mj//'.s' Wiishiiifrtoii, iii. .").")7.
il lie was cousin to John Butler, the hjader of the lories Marshall, ibid. 55G, and iv.
ippeiidix, 13.
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88
BRANT.— DESTRUCTION OF \VYOMING.
[Book V.
Chap. V.J
devils; 'and of the 400 who had marched out on this iiiifortiinatc »aii<>y
OMly ahont yo esca|)ud," aiiioiii,' whom were the commaiKhii;; oliiccr.s.
The fort at Wyomiiig was now closely hi'sicf^ed, and s((;in<i- no cliancc of
escape, Colonel JBuller |)ro|)os( I a ])arley witii h is _/;-i'c/i</ and niuncsaki' wiiich
was assented to. The jtlace of meeting was apjujinted at some distance from
the fort, end the Americans marched out in considerahic torcc, to prevent
treachery, to tiie place appointed ; hut when thtiv arrived tiien.-, tliev found
nohody with whom to parley. Tiie commander of the lories lias l)cen hrand-
cd with gross infamy, for this ])lece of treaciiery with his kinsman ; fin- lie
feigned fear from his approach, and had retired as they advanced, displiivin"-
meanwhile the flag of truce. The unwary Americans were, l)y tiiis treaclur"
ous stratagem, led into an amhusli in nearly the same manner as were Huldi.
inson and H'heeler, at Wickai)aiig Pond, in Pliilifis war. They were, jn a
moment, nearly surrounded hy liranCs warriors, and the work of death ra^cd
in all its fury.* The tories " were not a whit hehind the very chietist " of tlii m
in this hloody day. A remnant only regained the f()rt, out of several hundn ild
tliat went forth. They were now more closely hesieged tlian heforo ; and
the more to insult the vanrpiislied, a demand was sent in to them to surreiiiler
" accom})anied hy 11X5 hloody scalps, taken from those who had just li(( n
slain." When the hest terms were asked of the hesiegers, the " infiimons
£u//er" replied in these two words, " </ie halcliel." This was the on K /;•»//[
we hear of his uttering. It was the hatchet, indeed — a few only fled "to tlip
surrounding wilderness, there to meet a more lingering death hy fuiniiiu.
These were chiefly women and children.
Thus ])assed the fourth of July, 1778, in the hefore flourishing seltleinint
of Wyonnng, on the eastern hranch of the Suscpiehannah. Barlow knew
well, in his early day, who was forever to be branded with infamy for the mta
of this memorable tragedy. He says, —
" His savage hordes the murderous Johnson leads,
Files tlirougfi the woods and treads tiie tangled weeds,
Shuns open combat, teaclies where to run,
Sl<ulk, couch the ambush, aim tlie hunter's gun,
Wliirl the sly tomahawk, the war-wlioop sing,
Divide the spoils, and pack the scalps they bring."
Columbiad, vi. 389, &c.
Having now got full possession of Wyoming, and, observes Dr. Thaekr,
** after selecting a few prisoners, the remainder of the peoj)le, incliidiiiir
women and children, were enclosed in the houses and barracks, whicli wfio
immediately set on fire, and the whole consumed together. Another f()rl wiis
near at hand, in which were 70 continental soldiers ; on surrendering without
conditions, these were, to a man, butchered in a barbarous manner; wiirn
the remainder of the men, women and children were shut np in the lioiiscs, '
and the demons of hell glutted their vengeance in beholding their destiiutioii
in o';r gejieral conflagration." The liouses of the tories were sjjared. As
thoi rli they couhl not exercise their cruelty enough nj)on hmnan l)eiiijr.«,
they fell upon the beasts in the field — shooting some, wounding and iniin-
gling others, by cutting out their tongues, &c. and hiaving them alive. Well
does Campbell make his Oneida chief to say, (who comes as a fiicml to
warn the settlement of the approach of the combined army of tories aiul
Indians,)
" ' Rut this is not a time,' — he started up,
And smote iiis breast widi woe-denouncing hand^
' This is no time to fill thv joyous cup :
The mammoth comes — llie foe — the monster Brandt,
With all his howling desolating band ; —
These eyes have seen their blade, and burning pine,
Awake at once and silence half your land.
lied is the cup they drink ; l)ut not with wine :
Awake and watch to-night ! or see no morning shins.
* There is much incongruity in relation to the alTairs of Wyoming. C/m/)m,i7i dislinolly
States that lintnt cominan(le<l the right wing tS the army under Butler, when he was met by
the forces that marched out to meet them; but it has lately been denied that J[?;iint was even
at Wyoming during these afTuirs.
No
Tlie tories, as \)
af.oiijit, it a|)j)ear;
Dr. Thacher givt
toriety at tlie time
prisoners, a Captu
stuck fill] ofsplintt
wlion liis two con
tlie .same fit-,., and
Ttrrij, the son of a
party, sevt.'ral times
knrPs blood. Tiie
Miers and sisters, i
It was njjou such
(iwlt, which cause*
uptit tlie memory o
fail dispute, and M
wven'ry upon the cl
m of Colonel Bra
|'.nlie English John
m with documents
ft' iii.s father." Thi'^
"P«"tlie subject, to^
papers.
Hitlj Wyoming w
^ideoftheSusf,ueha
"le I'lace destroyed,
iiaiiic, there were tli
I yoiiiing.f T/iese i
"lien destroyed cont
wntiiiental army witi
W active part of the
took lii the great rev
"w bosoms of both p.-
Ill iVovem!)er fbliov
■itfliistiine, JSra«nvt
'p<'m>m, an.l pers
f, son of
l"l^'-r Bulk,, „..,,,,, .
^"H Muison, in 1775
''"'iif.'lit him among t
"■i's, wc are not iiifbr
'«;v,.,s taken up o„ «„
•"■K. lie was removet
'"«"is to escape. Joj,
m of Jiis regiment i
' ""'itioiied, they return
* Thacher's Journal.
t l|ic.sei(l..nienlorWvo:
,;!:;'"' '"" ^'''-^ """'?i,
,''"' '""; "I'fii commit m
^ '■'•.ah<!,,V,„,.e„,i|„s..
T;'/';-;fr5=20squaj
8*
Book V,
iiiicc (>r
', wiiicli
ICf tl'Dlll
\)r(,'Vi'iit
cy 101111(1
11 liniiul-
1 ; lor lie
isiilayiii;:
trcMclirr-
n; Hulrh-
cre, ill ii
■atli ni^'cil
"ot'tlitiu
liiiiulrciid
lore; iiiid
siirrciultM",
just liccii
"intiuiioiis
only truth
H('(l U) llio
by i'aiiiiiie.
wntkiiictit
iiiow knew
for the acta
Chap. V.]
BRANT.— CRUELTIES AT VVYOMINU.
89
vi. 389, &c.
Dr. Thachr,
includiiiil
■\vliicli were
ler Ibrl wn^^
iujl svitluiiit
uiier; wln'ii
tlie lidiiscs '
clestnictiiiu
sijuri'fl. A^
iimn \wwp.
.it and niiiii-
alivc. AV.-I1
ti tVieuil to
:' torics aiul
'"Scorniiif!; to wield the iintcliet for his bribe,
'Guiiisl lirandt liiiiiselfl wenl lo batlle forth :
Accursed liianiU! lie left of all mij Irihc
Nor nuin, iwr child, iiur ihin^ of livintr hirth :
No ! iif ; the dojj, that watched my household hearth,
Escaped, that night of blood, upon our plains!
All perished I — 1 alone am lel't on earth !
To whom nor relative nor blood remains,
No ! — not a kindred drop that runs in human veins ! ' "
Gertfude of Wyoming.
Tlie toricH, as was often the case, were attired like Indians, and, from every
acioiiiit, it appears that they exceeded tlioni in ferocity.
Dr. Thacher gives lis tiie ibllowing examples of honor, which were of no-
toriety at the time, and " |)roniidgated from authentic soin'cea. One of the
prisoners, a Captain Badlock, was connnitt(!d to torture, by having his body
stUL'iv full of s[ilinters of jiiiie knots, and a lire of dry wood made round him,
when his two conipaiiions, Cajjtaiiis Rtmson and Durkec, were thrown into
tlie .same fire, and liehl down witli pitchiorks, till consumed. One Partial
Tcrrij, the son of a man of respectablt; ciiaracter, iiaving joined th.e Indian
party, several times sent his father word tiiat he hoprd to wash his hands in his
hmi^s blood. The moiist(;r, with his own hands, murdered his father, mother,
kothtrs and sisters, stripped off th(!ir scalps, and cut off liis fatlier's iiead ! " *
k was upon .such scenes as these, that tlie mind of the poet just cited had
dwelt, which caused him to wield the pen of denunciation with such effect
iipca die memory of Brant. Tliiit Butkr was the far greater savage, none
fan dispute, and Mr. Campbell .has long since acknowledged his too great
feveiity \\\m\\ the character of the ibrmer. We should exi)lain here, that a
Sim of Colonel Brant, a chief Mohawk, of the name of Jlhyonwaeschs, called
li\ the English John Brant, was in London in lSi% and furnished Mr. Camp-
W/witli documents, which, in the jwet's own words, "changed his opinion
of liis father." This i)assage was contained in a long iuid inteicsting letter
upon the subject, to Ahyonwaeghs, which appeared at that tiiu'-! in the news-
pa|iers.
With Wyoming were destroyed Wilkesbarre and Kingston, upon the other
sideofdieSusquehannah. Though Wyoming is generally miderstood to be
tlie|ilace destroyed, it should be renuMnbered that in the valley bearing that
naiiii', there were three other towns, which wore all destroyed, as well as
Wyoiuiiig.t These towns were settled by emigrants lh)in Conne.-ticut, and
wlien destroyed contained more than 1000 iimiilies, and had furnislied the
coiitiiiental army widi inon^ than 1000 men, who were generally the young
aiKl active part of the population.]: The opj)osit,' sides wliieh the inhabitants
took ill the great revolutionary rpaistioii, created t'.ie nio.-<t violent rancor in
the bosoms of both parties, and hence the l)arl)iirities which ensued.
In November following, CI lerrv- valley met with a fate similar to Wyoming.
.\ttliis time. Brant was returning to wiiiter-(iuarters, when he was met by a
im raptiiiii, and persuaded to engage in one expedition more. This was
Mir Butla; son of John, tlu; hero of Wyoming. He went to Cantida with
Guij Johnson, in 1775, as has hoeii mentioned; and now some circumstances
Imnifrlit him among the frontier settlements of New York. What his object
(riis, wcare not informeil ; but it was, doubtless, that of a spy. However,
lif was taken up on susjdcion, at least, and confiii; d in jail at Albany; falling
fii'k, he was removed to a private (Iwelling, from whence he soon found
iiHiiiis to escape. Joining his father at Niagara, he succeeded in detaching a
part (if his regiment upon an incursion. Meeting w'itli Brnnt, as was just
iiitiitioued, they returned to the frontier. It is siiid that Brant was at first
Lm.m ilisliii''''y
I he was iih'< ''.V
'Jiant was even
' Thdcher's Journal.
t The soltlt'ineiit of Wyoming^ consisted of eigtit townships, each five miles square. Annual
R'f. for 1771), page 1). " Each containing a sf|uarc of live miles,'' is the language of the
Rfjislor; but it' is thought unlikely that those towns were so small. Writers, and good
•Tilers loo, often commit inalheinalical errois of this kind ; not dislingnisliing between miles
i?U"v, ;ih(l .iriwtre miles: Thus, the difVcreiice between live s(|uare miles, and live miles
.fi^-
'quart', I. ('. [)'
t ilanlialL iii. 555,
8»
:'20 square miles, the Hue difference between ihe two quantities.
90
BRANT-DESTRUCTION OF CIIERRY-VALLEY
[Book V.
Chap. V.]
BR
displeased with tlie [iroject, understanding tliut Captain IValtT Iiad hoen put
in office Dvvv liini by iiis old general, Walter's father, but stifled Jiis resi'nt-
ment. Their wiiolc (brce was 700 men, 500 of whom were the warriors Of
Brant,
Colonel Ichahod Jllden, of Massachusetts, was in counnand at Clicrrv-
valley, aud to his misguided judgment is to l)e attributed tlie disasliT wliii-lj
ensued. But, like fValdron of Cochecho, he was doomed to escape t!i(; dj^.
grace. IIj was early ap[)rizod of the march of lirant, and when iu-immI to
receive tht inhabitants into the fort, observed that there was no daiiiaT. as
he would keep out scouts who would apprize them of the ajjproacir of an
enemy in sea.son to remove. Scouts were accordingly sent out; one of
which, either forgetting the business they were upon, or, what was ecuiajly
reprehensible, made a large fire and lay down to sleep. liranCs warriors
were not misled by so luminous a beacon, and the whole were made prisdn.
ers. This was on the night of the !) November, 1778. The prisoners now
in the hands of lirant were obliged to give the most exact intelligence con-
cerning the garrison. On the morning of the 11, favored by a thick and Jiuzy
atmosj)here, they ajiproaclied the fort. Colonels Jllden and Slacia (piartend
at the house of a Mr. JVdls. A Mr. Hamble was fired upon as he wascouiinif
from his house to the fort, by a scout, which gave the first notice of ijiu
enemy. He escaped, and gav.; the alarm to Colonel Jilden, who, strange ii.s
it may appear, was still incredulous, and said it was nothing more than sonn;
straggling Indians. Th.e last si)ace of time was thus lost ! — and, ia less tluin
half an hour, all parts of the i)lace were invested at once. Such of tiie sol-
diers as were collected being iumiediately all killed or taken, the poor inlial)-
itants fell an easy prey. Colonel Mdcn was among the first victiujs. Like
Chopart, in the massacre at Natchez, he fled from his house, and was jmr-
sue«l by an Indian with his hatchet, at whom the colonel endeavored st;v( nil
times to disdiarge his jjistol , but it missing fire, and losing time in liuinir
about for this purpose, the Indian was sufiiciently near to throw his toam^
hawk with deadly effect. He did so. Colonel Jilden fell upon his face, uiul
his scalp was in a moment borne off in triumph. "Atory boasted that he
killed Mr. Wdls while at prayer." His daughter, a young lady of irrcat
amiableness, fled from the house to a pile of wood lor shelter ; hut an In-
dian pursued her, wlio, coming near, composedly wi[)ed his long knite,
e'ready bloody, upon his leggins, then returning it to his belt, seized her liy
the arm, and with a blow of his tomahawk ended her existence. She could
speak some Indian, and begged her murderer to spare her life, and a tory
interceded, who stood near, 'n"ging that she was his sister; but he wonlcl
hear to neither. Other transactions in this afiiiir, of still greater horror, we
must pass in silence.
Between 30 and 40 prisoners were carried off; but the fort, containing
about 200 soldiers, was not taken, although several trials were made iij)on it.
Brant was the only person engaged in this tragedy of whom we hear any
acts of clemency ; one of which was the preservation of a poor woman ami
her children, who, but for him, would have met the t^nahawk. He inciiiirtil
for Captain JVi'Aean, (who wrote him the letter before mentioned,) sayinjr he
had now come to accent his challenge. IJeing answered that " Cajjt. M'Kean ,
would not turn his back upon an ene ny," he replied, "I know it. Hois a «
brave man, and I would have given moit- to have taken him than any othci
man in Cherry-valley ; but I would not have hurt a hair of his head." '
Brant had seen and heard so much of what is called civilized warfare, tliat
he was afraid of the traduction of his character, and always said that, in his
councils, he had tried to make his wui'riors humane ; and to his honor it is
said, (but in projjortiou as his character is raised, that of the white man
must sink,) that where he had the chief command, few barbarities were
committed.
The night before Brant and Bxdhr fell upon Cherry-valley, some of the
tories who had friends there, requested liberty to go in secretly and advise
them to retire. Butler, though some of his own friends were anions the
inhabitants, refiised, saying, "that there were so many families connected,
that the one would inform the others, and all would escape. He thus sacri-
ficed his friends,
reported l)y JJran
dejiravity of his ai
Hut this n.idnigi
by un Oneida Indij
Colonel fViltet iiav
lion into the cou
and 1;10 Indians ai
iliftressi'd them by
Colonel fVillet was
ii|) with a party wl,
and took prisoners
iiiiisiied, and beiu'
upon which the Iiu
at tlie sjuno time cl(
Wlietlier the follt
or wiicther it hap|)(
(lie character of Br
a woman and child
-H'hat:' kill a wom>
mr a friend to the
mchirf, the dispute
Tlie depredations
ill that region, causi
iiOi) tncn into the
and the forces were
destroyed. On 22 J
lloiii tiiis j)lace to L
liy 110, Indians and
It was said that t
destroyed. As soon
c intry. Brant and 1
look a j)08ition on i
Aiifriist 29, at a place
trenched themselves,
about two hours, wlie
liead of his ^pa\ Ha
confusion, and the w,
made jio other st.nnd
iiistorian adds, " The
of vegetation upon ll
tilled or brought oW,
'm. « None 'of the
"ifli'stry, escaped the
siiiie author writes, t
devastations, were tl
remonstrate that they
tai." General Po6r.
out tlie ostentation of
II
* Marshall's Washinfftoi
t Allen, ihid. "
{ ('hapman. 131.
I Nine only of tho Indian
l^esa.rarilyoC/?,.a„<,that
Anmh Tnjon Co. 125.
, ^o/'a, Hist. Rev. jj. 2C
. , II'kI. Some of Uic o
teroying. fruii-irees, and
'lie Imhansjiiall see that
»i' nhuies to .ncir snpport.
I» ijiordon, Amcr. Rev. i
Chap. V.]
BRANT.— DEFEATED BY COLONEL WILLET.
lU
ficed liis friends, for the sake of puniHiiing liis enemies." Tins, vvlietlicr
reported by Jiranl to iMiijunitj liis own liunianity, by u contrast witli llie
ilei)ravity of bis associate, is not known, but it may bjive been tiie fact.
But tbis n.idniglit assassin did not escape bis retribution ; lie was killed
by an Oneida Indian, on .'30 October, 1781, under tbe following circumstances :
Colonel fi^iUet liaving been ordered w itb about 400 men to make an tixpcdi-
ijoii into tbe country of tbe Moliuwk, lie surjirised a party of (,00 toriis,
and ViO Indians at Jobnston, and drove tbem into tbe woods, and severely
ilistressc^d tbem l)y cutting off tbeir retreat to tbcir boats. About tbis time
(.'oloiiel fVUlet was joined by (iO Oneida Indians, and be sbortly alter came
iipwitb a party wliicb formed tbe rear of tiie Britisli and Indians, and killed
and took prisont-rs tbe most of tbem. Halter Butler was among tbe van-
qiiislicd, and l)eing wounded by one of WilltCs Indians, cried for (pjarter;
lipoii wliicli tbe Indian screamed out witb a dreadiid voice, " Sberry Valley,"
at the sjune time cleaving bis bead witb bis tomabawk ! *
Wlietlier tbe following interesting affair belongs to Waller or John Butler,
or wlittlier it liapix'ned at Wyoming or at Cberry-valley, it equally affects
llie character of Brant. It is said, tbat Butler, on entering a bouse, ordered
awonian and child to be killed, wliom tliey liinnd in a bed; but Brunt said,
"1','hut:^ kill a woman and child! JVb ! (hat child is not an enemy to the king,
nor a friend to the conirrcss. Long before lie will be big enough to do any
mischief, the dispute iinll be setlled"\
The depredations of tbe Indians and tories at Wyoming and other i»lacef?
in that region, caused Geiu'ral Washington to order General Sullivan with
Pi) men into tbe Indian country. Considerable delay was experiencetl,
and the forces were not concentrated at Wyoming until a year alter it was
destroyed. On 22 July, u company of Penn.sylvania militia who bad marched
lioni this place to Lackawaxen to protect the settlers there, were attacked
by 140, Indians and 40 or nO of them were killed or made prisoners, if
It was said that this summer, (1779,) 160,000 bushels of their corn was
destroyed. As soon as it was known that Sullivan was advancing into the
c intry, Brant and Butler, with tiOO Indians, and Johnson, with iJOO tories,
took a position on his route, to cut him off! Sullivan came upon tbem,
Aui.'iist yy, (It a place called jYewtown, on Tioga Rivcr,^ where they had en-
trenched themselves, and inmiediately attacked them. The battle lasted
about two liours, when, by a successful movement of General Poor, at the
liead of his New Hampshire regiment, Branfs warriors were thrown into
confusion, and tbe whole were put to flight.|| Few were killed, and they
made no other stand against the Americans during the ex|)edition.ir The
iiistorian adds, " They utterly destro^ " 10 villages, and left no single trace
of vegetation upon the surface of the ground."** AH tbeir cattle were either
killed or brought off, i.jaiiy of which they had before taken from the Ameri-
rans. "None of the bounties of nature, none of the products of human
industry, escaped the fury of the Americans."tt Upon tbis business the
sinne author writes, that "the officers charged with the execution of these
devastations, were themselves ashamed of them; some even ventiu'ed to
remonstrate that they were not accustomed to exercise the vocation of ban-
ditti." General Poor, doubtless, was the efficient man in this expedition,
but the ostentation of Sullivan gained him the honor! of it. Thus were the
:-,••
* Marsliall's Washington, iv. Appendix, 13. — Allen's Biog. Diet. Article, Butler, John.
t Allen, ibid.
I Cliapman. 131. J Chapvum's Hist. Wyoming, 132.
II Nine only oflho Indians were killed ; of the Americans, four. It is said to be owing to
tke sagacity of Brant, that liis whole force escaped failing into Ihc hands of tlie Americans.
imals Tryon Co. 126.
I' Rolta, Hist. Rev. ii. 20fi.
'* Il)id. Some of the officers thought it too degrading to the army to be employed in
deslroyuig fruit-trees, and remonstrale(i to Gen. Sulliran against the order. He replied,
' Tlic Indians shall see that there is maiioo enough in our hearts to destroy every thing that
coniril)ui(;s to incir support." Gordon, Amer. Rev. iii. 21.
ft Gordon, Amer. Rev. iii. 207.
93
BRANT.— DIvSTROYS MLNISINK.
[Book V.
I'ivt' Nations clwistiscd litr actiiif,' as tlicy liad been tuuglit by tlio white
j)e()|)le ; y<'a, l)y tin; Ami ricaiis tlieiiis»!lvi!S.*
Tlic lollowiiifT snnniKT, ('2',i Jnly, 177!>,) Colonel liranl, with OC of his war-
riors and '27 wliitc! men, caoK! suildonly upon Minisink, in ()ran>'e conntv
]\'(!W York, when; tiiey killed snnilry oi' the inhabitants and made otJicrs
captives. Tiu^y iinrnt ten hoiise.s, twelve l)arns, n j,'arrison and two miH.s
and tiieii conimt-need the'ir retreat. 'I'Ik; militia liom (joslien and iiijii-cs
adjacent, t(> the mnnber of J4!*, rolleeted, pursued, and eame up wiili iIhih
■\vlien u most l)loody battle was fought. The Indians were tinally victorious'
and 30 oidy, out of the 149 wliites, escaped. Some were carried into rMi)-
tivity, and the rest were killed. Not bt;ing sutlieiently eantious, they )i ll
into an ambush, and so fought at great disadvantage.f
111 JH'Jl, a county meeting was lield, by which \* was vot«>d that the hones
of the slain should lu; collected, and dejiosited under a suitable nioiiiiiueiit
at the saiiK! time ordered to Ik; erected. | In IH'^y, tbe committee aitpointcd
to collect the boiu^s '•which had been exposed to tlie suns and snows l()r 4,J
years," bad found those of 44 persons, whit h were, with much tbiinaliiv
])ublicly interred.^
In the sjiring of 1780, Jirant surprised IFurpersfield, with u coinpany of
bis warriors, and a fi'W tories. lie took 19 jirisoners, and killed sivcnil
others. On 2 August following, be fell upon Caiiajobarrit!, with about
400 mixed wairiors, killed Ki people, took about 55 prisoners, cbi<!fly woiikmi
and children ; they killed and drove away, ut the same time, about ;iOO caitio
and borses, burnt .53 houses, and as many liarns, besides out- houses, a new
and (degant clinrcli, a grist-mill and two garrisons.
Doiil)tless there were many otiier warlike scenes in wiii(;h Brunt wiis
engaged personally ; but we have already dwelt longer upon them than we
intended.
European -syritera, for a long time, contended that tbe N. American hidiiuis
I;ad, iiiiturally, no beards.l| A Mr. M'Causland took the trouble of writin;.'
to Brant, after tbe revolution, to get the truth of the matter. The following
is lirtt/ii's letter to his inquiry: — ^'^JViagara, 19 Jlpril, 1783. The mm of the
Six JV(Uio7is have all beards by nature ; as have likewise all other Indian nations
of JVorth America, which I have seen. Some Indians allow a part of the kiml
upon the chin and upper lip to s^row, and a few of the Molmwks shave with razors,
in the same manner as Europeans ; but the generality pluck out the hairs <>/ the
beard by the roots, as soon as they begin to appear; and as they continue Ihisjinir-
tice all their lives, they appear to have no beard, or, at most, only a few strairu:lin's
7>airs, which they have neglected to pluck out. I am, however, of opinion, that if
he Indians were to stiave, they would never have beards altogether so thick as lie
Europeans ; and tlwre are some to be met with tvho have actually very little heard.''
Jos. Brant Thayenda.nkua."
A daughter of Colonel Brant married a Frenchman, who in Jiiiie, 17-1',
was killed liy a l)arty of Indians, while peaceably travelling up the Waiiiisii
River. He was in company with nine others, four of whom were killed ami
three wounded. When tbe hostile party came up to them, and discovcRd
* See the speech of Big-tree, Corn-plant, and Half-town, to which nothing need he addul
by \vay of commentary iijion such allairs.
t G'or''on's America, ill. 22. t Spafford's Gaz. '313.
i Holmes's Anier. Annals, ii. 302.
j] Kven the great luminary Voltaire fell into (his error. He says, " Les Iroquois, hs
Hurons, el torn les peuples Jusqu'a la. Floride, parurent olivatres et sans ancnn pnil .<iir U
corps excepte la tele." 'I'lial is, all from the GO" of N. latitude, \oycz CEuvres complit'i,
iv. 708, ed. Paris, 1817, 8vo. See also Raijnal, viii. 210.
A gentleman, Mr. W. J. Snelling, who resided among the western Indians for some limo,
says, It is not an error that the Lidians have no heard ; that the " Saques and Foxes liavcliit
very few liairs upon their faces, nor have they any instrument for extirpating it ; ami what
makes the fact certain is, they have uo hair on the concealed parts of their hodles." Aconni-
ing to L.\wsoN, Account of the Indians of North Carolina, 190, 191, the same is true wiili
regard to them. I.auson travelled much among the southern Indians.
II This is the case with many of the whites.
J^l tlie son-in-law of Ii
^t (i, mid then went c
': Wiieii the Indian!
llieinselves hostile, i
lilitii's, by visiting >
many import;mt tra
iIk; L'liitcd States an
Iblicd, which was tli
10 (mother in the
ivhcr'in Colonel /i/y
aili'iided fi)r scjim; ti
River, set o(l" a llnv i
lloiM that (piarter ; a
i,«vve well know his
I'bliy hope that it in
In I7if:2, his arrival
il'tiiiit (ity:— "(;a|)t
.Various, arrived in tli
Ills errand is ji vi.sit t(
pay liis respects to tl
die lieginning of Jul
!ril)e.s, wliich still ren
When General /F«;
ol't'ie tribes were tii
men. Learning, also,
M treat of peace, and
ciiiets of (iifferent tr
C'lloiiel Brunt was oi
ivoiild uiake the Ohio
of General Waynet's w
llieOliio and Alleghij
openly, advocated the
atkiiowlcdge that if Ik
Temmseh labored ince
of llie mighty wave of
ivard. Truly, they mi
to engulf them forevei
llieni inflexible in theii
Si.\ Nations, gave up t
10 war. Unt the Wyi
ajree to it.
Mentioii will be foui
Hii by the chitifs of i
III this council it was i
iinuiiitiioiisly agreetl to
llie Jiiiio fbilowing, up
of making the jieace i,
^rant who is now theii
live to the north-west
>Pt out for that juirposi
difficnlty of their journ
meetings of this kind.
mnt set out fi-om Nia;
|requeiit conversations
It as iiis opinion, that in
m should make the I
He still expiessed good
' iPV would see it to be
relieved war would ens
'n would not consent
Book V. ;
white '■
Ins wiir-
(-•oiiiity,
i; otlitTs
>'c> millH,
I i)liict's
li ilii'in,
•loiioiis,
)lt(> CIll)-
tlicy liU
It! Itoiies
•iniinii'iit
))|iiiiiit('(l
vs lor 4;i
tbiiimliiy,
npaiiy ot'
itii alioiit
Iv WDIIM.II
;{()o ciittio
es, !l 11(!W
3r(int WHS
II tliuii we
in Indians
of wiitiiiir
I'ollowiiif,'
men of the
an nations
■ the heard
villi razors,
aim (;/ iliK
elliis }ir(ir-
strasv:lini:
'on, that [f
kicl; as Ihr
tile bcarl''
A.NEGA."
CHAP, v.]
BRANT— HIS EXERTIONS FOR PEACE.
03
tlic son-iri-lnw of Brant, tlioy assisted in druvvinj^ the arrows from the woiind-
,(|, and tlicn went olll*
When the liidiaii.s upon tho soutliern and western frontier were showing
llieinselves iiostilr, in 171)1, Colonel Bnint used ins exertions to prevent hos-
tilitii'f', hy \isitinj; sneii tribes as appear(;d liostile. His ninne appears in
inaay ini|)ortant transactions of tiios- times. Tiie l)onndary line hetweeii
llio L'nitid States and tlie Indian nations had not heen satisliietoriiy estah-
lislicd, wliicli was the canse of nnieii troni)le. A f,'entleman in Canada wrote
to aiiotiier in tiie state of New Y'orU, inider thitc; of 2 Anj^nst, 17!)1,
wher.'in Colonel Jinint is thus mentioned: "Ca|)t. Joseph lirant, alter havinf^
aiiiMuled fi)r sonn- time the conneiis of tin; western Indians at the Miami
River, set olf a tew days n'^o for Untdiec, attended with several of the chiefs
from that (piarter ; as they avowedly ;ro to ask Lord Darchtstei's advice, and
3j «e well know his and <.'overnment's strong desin^ for peace, we would
;l;iilly hope that it may he the means of bringing on an acconnnodation."
ll! l/'.J'i, his arrival in I'hiladedphia is thus publicly notiecsd in the Ga/etto
it'tiiat (ity: — ^' ('i\\n. Joseph liniitl, the principal warrior chief of tin; Six
Nations, arrived in this city on VVedntssday evening hist, (June '^0.) It is said
liis erraial is a visit to a nimd)er of his acipiaintimce residing here, and to
pay liis respects to the president of the United States." He left there about
[jie heginning of Jidy, upon another peace excursion among the western
irihes, which still remaiia-d liostile.
Wlien General fVai/ne was marching into the Indian comitry, in 17!K3, many
of the tribes were alarmed, liaving heard that his army consisted of 8000
men. Learning, also, that connnissioners iiccompanied the army, authorized
to treat of peace, and wishing to know the strength of the Americans, thirty
cliiets of dirterent tribes were dtispatched upon this im|)ortant business.
(iilonel Brant was one of these HO Indian amlmssiidors. If the Americans
would make the Ohio the boimdary, tiiey wished peace. The whole cause
of General JVayne's war appears to li s been about the lands lying west of
tlie Ohio and Alleghany Rivers, We liave no doid)t Brant secretly, if not
openly, advocated tiie establislnnent of this boundary ; yes. and we must
acknowledge that if lie did, it was from the best of reasons. We know that
Tnumseh labored incessantly lor this boundary. Rightly did they conceive
of the mighty wave of popidation rolling westward, soutliward and iiortli-
wiird. Truly, they must have been blind not to have seen that it was about
to engulf them forever! Wlien they bad met the commissioners, and found
llieni inflexible in their determination. Brant, with most of the chiefs of the
Six Nations, gave up the jioint as hopeless, preferring peace, on any terms,
10 war. But the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawanees uud Miamis would not
agree to it.
Mention will be found in the account of Farmers-brother of a great council
bi'lil hy the chiefs of most of the westt>rn nations at Niagara, in April, 1793.
Ill this council it was agreed that peace should be mainUiined ; and " they
iimiiiinioiisly agreed to meet the Americans in a grand council, to be holden
llie June Ibllowing, upon the south side of Lake Erie ; and for the purpose
of making the jxiace more jiermanent and extensive, they have apjminted
Brant who is now their king of kings, to go and convene all those tribes who
live to the north-west of Lake Ontario. He acconlingly, the day idler,
set out for that inu'pose," The Indians did not assemble until July, Irotji the
ditHculty of their journeys and other causes, which is generally the case with
meetings of this kind. The council was held at Sandusky, and Colonel
Brant .set out from Niagara for that ])lace in May. IJefore leaving, he Jiad
freiiuent conversations with a gentleman of rcspcctaliility, to wliom he gave
it as iiis opinion, that no peace could take place, until the Ohio and Muskin-
pini should make the boundary between the Americans and the red men.
lie still expiessed good feelings towards the United States, and hoped that
''ley would see it to be their interest to agree to that boundary, as he firmly
..elieved war would ensue should they refuse. He even said, that, in case
ihey would not consent to make these rivers the boundary, he should luke
Carey's Museum, vi. 178
04
BR VNT.— CONTENDS FOR Till: OHIO HOIIXDAUV. {i'.,,,,^ y
l)art n;:aiiist tliciii. It was not afrrccd to ; out wo do not licar tljac tlio old
cliicC was ai'tiially ('ii;rai;«!(l in llic Imslililii s that followed.
How iniicli IJM! I'ji^rlisli of Canada inllucncrd tiir inr.isiircs of tlic Iniliatjs
it is didiciilt to dctcrniiiu' ; * lait men liUi' I'ontiiir, lirnnl and Ttnun.vh luiild
easily sec thronnii sncli dnplicity as was pnictiscd liy a fuw nn|)iiMii|i|(.d
M|M'cnlators, as .W'AVc, (iiiiif and Billot. 'V\\vy liad, doidi'lcss, conceived limt
if tlie Ohio and Mnskinirinii wen; made the lionndary, it wonid lie an ( a-v
matter iltr llieni to possess tininsc'lves of the country (roni thence to tlm
lakes, and thus enlari;u the extent of Canada. They knew well that if tho
Indians possessed lliis tract of country, it would he no ditlicult matter to ^_
purchase it from them by na-ans of a ii-w trillin<; article's, compa/ati\elv of ^K'l
no (M)nsideration, and that worst of calamities, ardent spirits ! In this ijicv
wen; disap|)ointed, and, with tho hatth; of I'rescpie Isle, resijjfned their ImrMs
at least for a season. Tla^y urj^ed upon tho Indians wliat thoy nnisl Imvo
boon well assia-ed ol^ — tin'ir (histruction !
Much has been said luul written of tho cold-lilooded atrocities of 'hvnt
but which, in our opinion, will bo much h'ssenod on beinj;- able to r<iino
pretty near the truth of his history. Every suc<'essful warrior, at least in liin
day, is denounced by the vancpiishod as u barbarian. JV(tiwlton was tiais
branded by all tho world — wo ask no excuse for our chief on this s<(ire— all
wars are barbarous, aud hence those who wif^o them aro barbarians! 'l'iii.s
W(! ivuow to be stronfj; lan;,Miag(! ; but wo are pi-(!parod to prove our assiitioii.
When mankind shall have bor-n cultivated and improved to that extent wliidi
human nature is capable of attaiuiiif?, — when tho causes of avarice and
dissensiou are, driven out of ilie human mind, by takinji away the iinaiis
which excit(! iliom, — then, aiul not till then, will wars and a multitude ef
attending calamities cease.
As a sani])lc of tho stories circtdating about Co\oue\ Brant, while the af-
fairs of Wyoming and Chorry-valley were liosli in the recollectioiiy of ail,
wo extract from IVeUVs Travels the following: — f
"With a considerable body of bis troops ho joined the forces under the
command of Sir ^o/i/i Jo/ms^on." "A skirmish took place with a IkkK of
American troops ; the action was warm, and Brant was shot by ii niii^kct
ball in his heel; but the Americans, in the end, were defeated, andan olKctT
with about 00 men were taken prisoners. The officer, after having (Itliveri.d
up his sword, had ent(;red into conversation with Colonel Johnston, who com-
manded the British troopsj and they were talking together in the most tiiind-
ly manner, when Brant having stolen slily ])ehind them, laid the yXiiii lican
ofiicer lifeless on the ground with a blow of his tomahawk. The indiguatiDU
of Sir John Jofmston, as may be readily supj)oscd, was roused by such an act
of treachery, and ho resented it in the warmest terms. Brant listciu d to
Iiim unconcernedly, and when he had finished, told him, that he ivas somij'or
his displeasure, hut that, indeed, his heel was extremehj painful at the moiiittit, mid
he could not help revens^nfi; himself on the only chief of the part;/ that h' saw tnki h."
Upon this passage the author of the Annals of Tryon Coiuityl oliscrvrs:
" I have heard a story somewhat similar told of him, but it was said that
the officer was killed to prevent his being retaken by the Americans, wlio
were in pursuit." This we s!)ould pronounce very rfiVsiinilar to tlie stoiy
* We will liear a ereat writer and traveller upon this subject, whose means of forniiiij a
correct judgment, it IS presumed, will no' be <iu(^slioncd. " Jc remarquerai a cctle occasion
sans m'cleiidro davaiilajje sur c, sujot, fjue toule la politi|iie do rAnglclerre avec les Imiiens
est absohmieiil dans les mains des ageiis, qui seals en cnlendent lt> langiie ; et qui sciils soul
les distributeiirs dcs preseiis;" &.c. Voii<ige dans If.s Etals-unis eu 171)5, etc. Par La
Koclie/oHcaiild-Liciiicoiirt. ii. 78. The duke Wiis al Newark, U. C, al this lime, "licrc he
witnessed a Imsiness asscniblage of Indians. After a dance, which they held Ijcforc llitir
audience with the governor of Canada, tlic duke says thai, " Pendant ccs jei^x, rnseiil s'csl
approche du general avec un dcs chefs, el lui a dii (|ue sa nation de Tuscorora Ic coiisuldiit
pour savoir si elle irail a un conseil lonu par les iiidiens Oncydas a Onoiidago pour vciulre
leurs terres de reserve, ([ue I'Elal de New Ycrck desirail aclieter. l-c gouvernenr a rcpoiiilu
tres-vaguement a celle qiieslion ; i'agenl a tradnil comme il a voulu celte renonsc; iii;iisila
rtplique au gouverncur (If la part ties Indiens qui comne ils croyticiit etre plus agri'alilcs au
roy d'Anglelerre en n'y allant nas ; ils u'iraient pas." Ibid. 77.
i Page 4SG, octavo ed. L mdon, 1800. t In the Appendix, p. 16.
i:5
[Chap. V.]
loi.i by Mr. mid. i
i st(iry has grown,
|IJi,Mlllt.
L'i)li)nel lirant wn.
Cmirluin by an bidia
jirording t(» th»! Ind
el' a Miss Moore, at }
iiisi.sti.'d on ixMiig n
!oii«;t'r Miss Crosrhan.
niiiipanioii-in-arMis,
tiiiiiitrv, yet earned ^
kinnize marriages n
King G'eor/re conli
'j|iiiii the west shore
ie English tiishion.
il'lilo, hut woidd adii
w luisbiuid, wliich
Rivir, there to .spc^K
»liili'.slie lefl behimi
w imve s|)olv(!n, with
mil constituted an air
Ilk, is a man of note
jtii mentioned, and i
vr 11.'' till! (U)lonial as,-
II the county of ]f.||(|
*lciiieff Several oi
! «;Yni<— rnadilla, oi
■f'|ircseiit site of Coi
-I'lin; the Mohawks ri
to' revolution was r
fciiid liiv(!r, which fa
'm the town of New
or -10 negroes, wiio tot
WW," .says Mr. ff'eld,
iiteiii|)t to make their
K)iil(l ti)llow their, hii
will loiuahavvk them
;oo .veil not to think th
imliorsays tliat Brant
Ufiiitain, amounted t(
•Vii idea of the impo
'ircNiiistancc, that a gc
""" nt least, by not I
m law case l()r Jiim.
*iii''ss had been irive
"U'lieiievo-'theatfliii
ws it to !),> Ids intt
ai^'iiage, of which he
^'tiiiiii the original, in
r.t tills same man, shoi
»* liis own hand.
■•*»■, who had often
''''":ii;r, lie absolutely e
!^PI»I(^ with him, peril!
'»n, wlie;i IJrant drew
f ■'!<■•' of this airair wii
*'""> wiiicii another
• Uw/i'('i.,«',v Sketches, i.
\ til 1 r "••'^*'>"". espc
I - It'fW, Travels, 4^7.
IHooK V.
I tin; old
CHAP- v.]
DRANT.— HIS DEATH.
05
lUIIH,
• Ill.l
l.vll roiild
)riiiri|i|(.(l
t;ivt:(l iliat
! nil ca^y
t'<! to till!
Imt if tlio
llliltll'l- to
rativcly of
this "tliry
icir Ilii|ii's,
iiiiitit liavu
I C)t' 'irant,
(! to i-'iino
Usist in his
I was thus
ssrorc — all
alls! This
r iissrrtiiiii.
vtriit whirh
ivarico ami
tilt' iiR'aiis
lUltitiulu of
hilc till' af-
tioiia ot" all,
) unilor the
I II liixly of
py a iiiiisket
|ii(l an olKcur
ig (Irlivcrcd
11, who com-
uoit tVii'nil-
le Anu'ricmi
I iiulijniiuiou
such an ai't
listcMud to
vas somiJ'or
momotl, and
' saw taking
\ observes:
IS said that
ricaiis, who
Ito the story
Is of forming a
1 celle occaMon
Ivec les liiiliciis
(|ni sculs >01ll
J etc. l'^<' '■"
lime, «liiTC he
lic'lbre their
l.x ra^ciil s'csl
Ira Ic consulUiil
Vo poiir viMuIre
Cunir a repoiiilii
loiisc; iiiiiisiU
lis agreables au
Icndix, p. 16-
(old liy Ml". Weld. But tlicro wus, no doiilit, some eircimistniiro out of wliicli
jstmy lias grown, tin; truth of wiiicli, wi; apimOifiid, in now past find
jiBff (lilt.
I'oloiii'l liriint was married, in tlin winter of 177!t, to a daugliter of ("ohinel
■ CriirlKUi liy an Indian woman. He had li'.ed with her some time (td lihUiiin,
iicroi'iling to tin; Indian manner, hut at this time lieing present at the weilding
' fa Miss J/of>;T, at Niagara, (one of the captives taken h'om ("herry-valley,)
iiiDsisteil on hiiing married himself; and thus liis consort's name was no
Kii^'er Miss Croirlinn, lint Mrs. liriitil. Tiie ceremony was pcrtiirmed hy his
}(iiiii|iaiiioii-iii-arms, Colonel John Jiiillvr, who, although lie had left his
■'ioiiiiitrv, yd carmd so much of his magislrato'H conunission with liim, us to
I4^t(iltm»i:« marriages ftccor<liii<r to law.
, King Georfft conli'rred on his famous ally a valuahh; tract of hind situated
I j|iiiii tilt! west shore of Lake (Jntario, where he tiiially setlled antl livtJtl aftei
jie English liishion. His wift;, however, would never cotiform to this nmtle
lo, liiit would adhert! to the ciistoiu of the Iiitlians, antl on th th-atli of
|:er liiishand, which happenetl '-it Noveu'hcr, ]ti07, she rejiaired to (Jiaiid
jRivif, there to speiitl her tiays in a wigwam, with some of her cliihlron,
Iwliilc she lellhehind others in a commodioii.. dwelling.* A son, of whom
If liave spoken, with a sister, lately occupit;d this mansion of tlirir father,
I iiiil constituted an amiahle and hospitaolo family. This son, wh e iiamt; is
','i)i, is a man of note, and is tlit; same who was in England in 1% as li,,s
jiii iii''iitioiied, antl the same, wt; (uinclutle, who has heon rot.n .rd a nieiii-
yro.'tlie colonial assrmhly of Uppt^r Caiuula. His jilace of residence was
11 the county of Huldiman, in Hrantforil, so trailed, ])rol>ahly, iu honor of the
iiichief.t Several other jilaees are mentioned as having heen the residence
ilimnt — IJiiailiUa, or Anatiuatpia, (which is ahoiit ,'}() miles south-west liom
I" present site of Cooper,.t()wn,) and Niagara. He resitled at thesis jilaces
line the MohuAvks removtiil to Canada, which was soon alter Jit; war of
::■ revolution was ended. Tluiy made their principal residence ii])on
ijniiid liiver, which falls into Lake Erie on the north side, ahont (iO miles
Miitlio town of Newark, or Niagara. At one time, he hud no less than liO
irW negroes, Wiio took care of his horses antl lands. "Thest; ps.'or erea-
ItiiriTi," says Mr. Held, "an; kejit in the greatest subjection, ami they tiare not
i;ti'iM|)t to make their escapi;, tor he has assured tlitiiu, that if they diti so, lit;
I fiiilii follow then, himselt; though it were to the confines of Georgia, and
poiild tonialiuwk them wherever he met tlicin. They know his disposition
I :«i ivell iioi to think thut he would udlusre strictly to his wortl." The sume
iiilior says that Brant received ])resent.s, whici, together with his half-pay
ijci'ptaiii, umounted to £500 /Jtr arnum.
All idea of the importance of this chief, in 1795, may be formed from the
irc'iimstaiice, thut a ge.itlemun considered himself a loser to the amount of
;IOO, at least, by not being ble to arrive at Niagara in season to attend to
|.*jiiie law case for him. Contrary winds liad iirevented his arrival, uiitl the
Niii'ss had been given to another.}:
"Whuiieve.' the attiiirs of his nation shall permit him to do so, Brant de-
iiis it to he his intention to sit, down to the further study of the Gnjck
iL'imge, of which he professes I'linself to be a great admirer, and to trans-
■■'"■ tioiii the original, into the Mohawk language, more of the New Testament ;
■I this same man, shortly bel'ore we arrived at Niagara, killed his own son,
»iili his own hanil. The son, it seems, was a drunken, good-for-nothing
j'lluw, wlio had ollt;n avowed his intention of destroying his father. One
jtiviiiiig, he absolutely entered the apartment of his latuer, and had begun to
pp|ile with him, perhaps with a view to put his unnatural threats in execii-
h'li, when Brant drew a short sword, and felled him to the ground. He
Ifik* of tliis alfair with regret, but, at Mie same time, without any of that
|tiiiotioii which another person than uu Inuiun might be supposetl to feel. He
' Minium's Skelrhcs, i. ST..
t Mr. VanijMi's Annals ot'Tryon County lias been one of our main sources of information
r«%'h(mt ihis account especially of tho revolutionary period.
' • Wdd, Travels, 487.
f.
06
nilANT.
[Book V.
consolcH hiniHcIf for tfin net, by thinking tlint lio linn hftnofitnd tho nntion It
riddinif it »»t'a riiHcal."* ' '^
With n><.'ar<i to the (ircsM of the nachi'Mi, tht'rc has Itccii soirir contnulirtion
Mr. ffdd, though \w (h<l not s(!f him, wiys h*; won- his Imir in ihn ]\Hi\i n
fashion, as lin also ditl his clothes ; cxcfiit liiat, instead of the hlaiikei, he woi
a kind of hnntuig frock. This was in I7!lf>. lint it w.-is re|Miitid, that in
I7!»\i, Urnxt having waited on Lord Dorrhmtir, tiie governor of (.'unachi, niMin
8(>ino business, his lordshiji told liiin, tiiat as lit; was an ollicer in the Mritlsh
service, lu; ought to lay aside tins Indian dress, and assume! that of an Kiiirhsli
captain; and that, if he persisted in wearing an Indian dresH, ho should 'iston
hi» pay. It is added that tliereti|ion he changed his dress.f
When Colonel Brant arrived at any princi|)al city, his arrival was pnlilifly
nnnonnced in t\w gazettes with great minuteness. Although we huvo given
Bome specimens of these, we will add one more: —
"N(!W York, June ^0. I7!»2. On Monday last arrived in this citv, from
his settlement on (iraiid River, on a visit to sonit; of his tiiends in this (iimr-
ter, ('aptaiii Joseph lirniutt, of the Jlrilish army, the; tiiiiMHis IMohawk cliicf
who so eminently distinguished himself during the late war, as tin; niijitnrv
Jeader of the .Six Nations. We are iidbrmed that he intends to visit tla- city
of Philadelphia, and pay his resp(;cts to the president of tin; 1 1. States "t
(leneral ff'askinglon, which lie did. We have l)eti)re mentioned his visit' to
that ciiy.
Th(! very respectable traveller § RochefoucmUd thus notices onr chief: ''.\t
24 miles from this place, (Newark, U. (v.) upon Clrand River, is an estaidisli-
meiit which 1 had l)een curious to visit. It is that of Colonel lirmit. l{iit
the colonel not being at home, and being assured that I should see little cist;
than what I had already seen among thos(! people, I gave over my iiitciiiiDii.
Colon(d Jirant is an Indian who took i)art with the English, and haviii<r Im.ih
in England, was commissioned by the king, tuid j)olitely treated by every one.
His manners are half European. He is accompanitul by two negro tiervants
and is in appearance like an Englishman. He has a garden and iitrin niulir
cidtivfition ; dresses almost entirely lik(^ an European, and has great iiitliiciico
over the Indians. He is at present [17!K')] at Miami, holding a treaty witii
the United States, in comimny with the Indians of the west. He is (if|iially
respected by the Americans, who extol so mucli his character, that 1 roiqct
much not to have seen him." |{
The great respect in Avliich Brant was held in England will be very appar-
ent from a jierusal of the following letter,11 dated 12 December, 1785: "Mon- '
day last, Colonel Joseph Brant, the celebrated king of the Mohawks, arrived
in this city, [Salisbury,] from America, and atler dining with Colonel de Pas-
ter, at the Iiead-«iuarters here, proceeded immediately on his journey to
London. This extraordinary pei-sonage is said to have presided at tlie late
grand congress of confederate chiefs of the Indian tuition in America, ami to
be uy them aj)pointed to the conduct and chief command in the war wliich
they now meditate against the United States of America. He took his de-
parture for England immediately as that assembly broke up ; and it is con-
* Weld, Travels, 489. t Apollo for 1792. f American Apollo, '297.
6 Duke de Liancourt, Travels, ii. 81, before cited, from whom we translate this.
II This French traveller seems to have been in advance of history, in as far as he thus early
sets in their proper light the characters of the heroes of Wyoming. After spcnkiiis; of iliel
influence of Indian agents over those people, as we have extracted in a previous note, heiiiiu
consigns to Colonel liutler the place wliich he is doubtless to hold in all aftor-liiiie in the
annals of his country: — '• L'ageiU anglais dont ilcst ici queston, est leCMoncl Bttlller, (mmaxi
par scs inceiidies, ses pillages et ses nieurtres dans la guerre d'Amerique. II est lui-niime j
Americain d'auprc's de Wilkesbarrc ; [one of the towns in the valley of Wyoming ;] son pro-
lendu loyalisme qu'il a su se fairc payer de brevets et de trailemcns, lui a tail connnoiire plus j
de barbaries, plus d'infamies contre sa patrie, ciu'a qui que cc soil. II connuisait Ics Indicns,
Icur indiquait les formes, les maisons a bn'iler, les victimes a scarpcler, Ics enfans i'l diT liirer. |
L' Andelerre a recompense son loyalisme de cinq mille. acres de lerre pour lui, <rinie qiiaiiiiie |
pareillc pour ses eufiuis, d'unc pension de deux a Irois cents livres sterlings, d'uiie place |
d'agent aupres dcs Indiens, qui lui en vaut cinq cents autres, avec la faciliic de puiser a vo-
lontr dans Ics magasiiis de prescns." Rochefoucauld, ul supra, (ii. 78 — 9.)
TT There is no name to this letter; but it was written in Salisbury, Eng., and thence sentt»|
London, where it was published.
t
l^'^
[DooK V.
iiitidii, liy
radirtion. %
In- llHliilll V
t, lie ssoro tj
'•I, timt. ill ^■
lIUllI, ll|MI|| }>'
III' lirilir-li
111 Kii;;li!*li ■
Klllld siiip
IS |)iililic|y
liiivo (.'ivcii
city, from '•
I this i|iiar-
iiiwk <'liict"
\\v militurv
isit till! t'itv
I. Stiit('s,"'l
liis visit Id
cliiff: "At ,
111 cstalilisii-
limnt. Hut
,(!(■ littio clsi!
ly iiilcntioii.
liavini; lui n
ly ovi-ry (inc.
<;ro serviMit-i,
I I'anii iiiuiir ,
oat inihicMce '
^i treaty witli
o is (iqiiiilly
that 1 iT;:i(<t
II Apollo, 'i'J7,
lliis.
I as he lluis early
spcakinp; of ilie
MIS iiolc,'lielhiu,
jl'lcr-limc In the
\ Ihltlerjmm .
II est lui-ininie M
|.mins ;] *"» P"'- €
comniotlre plus -.I
lisait Ics Indieiii, §
liifaiis ii (li'oliiror.
lijd'iintMluaiiiiie'
lugs, (rune place ;
"lie puiscr a vo-
ndlhenceseniwi
Chid' oC the Senecas
cur. VI.]
RKD-JACKET
97
Chap. VI.]
jertiired that his einha
ooiiiitry owes imicli to
Aiiiericu. lie wus etll
ill Lel)iiuon, Coiiuecticl
i'oiirii|:,'e and uhihtics n{
inlioii."
It has been denied tl
I at Wyoming, but it sej
deceived ut that time ;
I almost every one of th
liiut he wa.s at Wy<)iui|
1 poet to be believed.''
Brmit was said to havd
I ried ff'iUiam J. Ker, Esil
lliose we have nieiitiol
ttiotlier named Jacob, e\
ihe care of Dr. Wheelock
in tlie winter of 1831.
Ms in the his tor if of the
nous speech to a mission
his country — Resolves to
iiccou nt ofh im — IVitchcr
jiut to death for being
hifaijette — Council, at
dflphia — His speech to tl
iir Good-peter — Mirrativ
BRUTHKR, or HoNAYAWU
—AccoulU of his death — j
rdarij of war — Notice oj
KING — JuSKAKAKA,or Lr
Bifi-TRKE GVKNTWAIA,
If ashinfrton — Grant of I
Further account of Corn-
his life — His sons.
T«E Senecas were th(
I Nations, uiid, according
joined that confederacy.
hays, "tiiey are styled bj
iht'ir title in councils is C
Jioiians, from their priii
iccording to Colden, is S
k related as we proceed
|it^^rliii|)8, the most illustri
SAGOYEWATHA,§
III a late rrimiiial trial vvl
I k' ilcfcmlaiit, out ofrospocl t
anil' a nuircler was cuniinittcd
I l^iniioooiipe told the writer,
jnliody's business ; and, there
I This wc offer as a parallel ca
law" to lielieve our cliiorcntii
t American Mag.
^ Tlic common method ol
liiclrciUy of " Konondai^a,
Jniio, 1802,) Snntrontiuwtititi
») ^i(rllify " One vlio keeps ti
tt wide awake, and keeps evi
9
CHAP. VI.]
RED-JACKET
97
jectured tliat his embassy to the Britisii court is of great importance. This
country owes much to tlie services of Colonel Brant during the late war in
America, lie was educated at l'hiiadel|)liia, [at th»! Moor's ciiari*y school
ill Lebanon, Connecticut,] is a very shrewd, intelligent person, possesses great
I'oiiriige and abilities as a warrior, and is uiviolably attached to the English
iwtioii."
It has l)e('n denied that Brant was in any way engaged in the massacres
I jt Wyoming, but it seems hardly possible that so many should have been
deceived at that time ; and, moreover, we do not (" that it was denied until
almost every one of that age had left the stage o, action. Those who deny
I liiut he was at Wyoming should, at least, j)rove an alibi, or they cannot ex-
pect to be believed.*
Brant was said to have been 65 years old at his death. A daughter of his mar-
ried William J, Ker, Esq. of Niagara, and he had several other children besides
liiose we have mentioned. The sou who visited England in 1822, and
1 inotlier named Jacob, entered Moor's school at Hanover, N. H. in 1801, under
ilie care of Dr. WhtelocL The former son, John, died about two years suice,
in tlie winter of 1831.
CHAPTER VI.
Ms in the history of the Seneca nation — Sagoyewatha, or Red-jacket — His fa-
mous speech to a missionary — His intrrnicw with Colonel Snellinir — British invade
his country — Resolves to repel them — His sticrch upon the event — (iovernor Clinton's
lucoimt of him — Witchcraft affair — Complnins of encroachments — One of his people
ptU to death for being a witch — He d(fend^ the executioner — His intervicio with
hifaijcttc — Council at Caiuindaigna — Farmers-brother — Red-jacket visits Phila-
dtiphia — His speech to the gorernor of Pennsyleania — Speech of Jigwelondongwas,
iir Good-peter — JVarrativc of his capture during the revolutionary war — Farmers-
BKoTHK.H,ur HoNAVAWus — Visits Philadelphia. — Petkh-jaquette — Visits France
—Account of his death — Memorable speech of Farmers-brother — His letter to the sec-
rclary of war — M'otice of several other Seneca chiefs~-Kovii>G(iVATKu, or Young-
KISG — JuSKAKAKA,«r LlTTI.F.-BILI.Y — AcHIOUT, Or HaI,F-TOWN KlANOOOE WA,Or
Bio-tree — Gyentwaia, or Coun-plant — Jiddress of the three latter to President
Washington — Grant of land to Rig-tree — His visit to Philadelphia, and death —
Further account of Corn-plant — His oicri account of himself — Interesting events in
Us life — His sons.
TiiE Senecas were the most important tribe among the Iroquois, or Five
I Nations, uud, according to Conrad fVeiser, they were the fourth nation that
! joined that confederacy. He calls them t " leuontowanois or Sinikers," and
I says, "they are styled by the Mohawks and Onondagos, brothers;" and that
iheir title in councils is Onughkaurydaaug. The French call them Tsoiinon-
ihoiinns, from their principal castle, or (;ouncil-house, the name of which,
scoording to Colden, is Sinondowans. \ Other particulars of this nation will
Ue related as we proceed in detailing the lives of its chiefs. Among these,
I |K'rlin|)s, the most illustrious was
SA«OYEWATHA,§ called by the whites, Red-jacket. His place of resi-
lii a Kile rrimiiial trial which has much agitated New England, rcasonal)lc people said,
I lilt' ilcfcndant, out of rcspoct to puMic opinion, ought to make it apjwar where he was at the
MIC a murder was conunitted, allliousrh in law he was not hound so to do. An advocate for
tiiniinoence told the writer, that "nc was not uhlvyed to tell where he was," and it was
snliody's business ; and, therefore, we were hound, ac ■•••ding to 'nw, to believe liiin innocent.
This we offer as a parallel case to the one ni hand. But it happens we are not '' bound by
law" to iiclieve our chief entirely innuccnt of the blood shed at vVyoniing.
I American Mag. X Hist. Five Nations, i. 42.
\ The common method of spelling. Governor (Clinton writes, Saffuonha. Written to,
!!»'lrii\ly of " Konondaigua," (Ndv. 1794,J Sogirooijairautliati ; to ihiM of Hufl'..lo Creek.
Jiiiio, 1802,] SootromiawautdH ; to that o(^ Moscow, (.Sept. 1U23.) Atixotuila. It is said
1) •iiniify " One vho keepn awake'' or simply, Keeper-awake. " So-^we'-e'-uum"-ttVi ; lie
'^ i^idc awake, and keeps every body else uwuke, a very appropriate uoine fof tlie Cicero
9
98
RED-JACKET.— SPEECH TO A MISSIONARY.
[Hook
bAP. VI.]
RED-J
dence wa.s,for ninny yenrs previous to his death, (wiiicli Imppenerl 20 Janimr
1830, at Ills own lioiise,) about four iiiih^s Iroin Huffalo, and one mile north
of the road that leads througi: the huid reserved for the r(!ninant of tiie H(>ii'> ]
nation, railed the Reservation. Il'is house vvasu log-cabin, situated In a'rotir A
place. Some of his tribe are Christians, but Red-jacket would never hci
to any thing of tlie kind. He was formerly considered of sujjerior wisdom ill
council, and of a noble and dignified behavior, which would linve lionorefl
any man. But, like nearly all his race, he could not withstand the temptati^
of ardent spirits, which, together with his age, rendered him lattcriv lest
wortiiy notice. Formerly, scarce a traveller jiassed near his place of resil
dence, who would not go out of his way to see this wonderful mail, and ti
hear his profound observations.
In the year 1805, a council wus held at Buffalo, in the state of New York
at which were [)resent many of the Seneca chiefs and warriors, asseniijlcd
the request of a missionary, Mr. Cram, from Massachusetts. It was at tliii
lime that Red-jacket delivered his fiimous speech, about which so niuoli ha
been said and written, and which we propose to give here at lengtli, an ' rnri
rectUi , as some omissions and errors were contained in it as pubhslied at th«
time. It may be taken as genuine, at least as nearly so as the Indian Ian**
guage can be translated, in which it was delivered, for Red-jacket would not
speak in English, although he understood it. The missionary first niiule a
speech to the Indixns, in which he explained the o])ject for which he had cilled
them togetiier; namely, to inform them that he was sent by the inissionar
society of Boston to instruct them "how to worship the Great Spirit" nnn
not to get away their lands and money ; that there was but one religion, mi
unless tliey embraced it they could not be happy ; that they had Ijvc'd iij:
darkness and great errors all their lives; he w'-lied that, if' they luul aii^
objections to his religion, they would state them ; that he had visited soin«
smaller tribes, who waited their decision beibre they would consent t«
receive him, as they were their " older brothers."
After the missionary had done speaking, the Lulians conferred tOTftijei
about two hours, by iliemselves, when they gave an answer by Red-jack
which follows : —
"Friend and brother, it was the will of the Great Spirit that we should nme
together this day. He orders all things, and he has given us a line day fb|
our council. He has taken his garment from before the sun, and caused
to shine with brightness upon us ; our eyes are opened, that we see clearly]
our ears are unstopped, that we have been able to hear distinctly the wdidi
that you have spoken ; for all these favors we thank the Great Si)irii, an^
him only.
" Brother, this council fire was kindled by you ; it was at your request tlia|
we came together at this time ; we have listened with attention to wliat voy
have said ; you requested us to speak our minds freely ; this gives us jrrea
joy, for we now consider that we stand ujiright before you, and can s|)eal
what we think ; all have heard your voice, and all speak to you as one nianl
our minds are agreed.
"Brother, you say you want an answer to your talk before you leave tlii(
place. It is right you should have one, as you are a great distance lion
home, and we do not wish to detain you ; but we will first look back a liitle
and tell you what our fathers have told us, and what we have heard from th^
white people.
" Brother, listen to what toe say. There was a time when oiu* forefatlier
owned this great island.* Their seats extended from the rising to the sefi
ting sun. The Great S{)iritliad i».ad»! it for the use of Indians. He had ere
ated the biiffido, the deer, and other animals for food. He made the bea
and the beaver, and their skins served us for clothing. He had scattered
of die west. Mis English appplldlioii liad its oripn from the eirrumslance of his wcnnni
when a child, a red Jurkft.'' Alden's Arcninil of Mi-ixionx, Ifii. — This ij a very iwiiirs
dcrivalioii ; but from what i-irciimslniicc some of ihi- Iiidiiuis derivi'd llioir iiamos, it houIi
hard to divine ; liius, Ri'd-jacki'l had an uncle whose name meant a /«■«;) of dogs, ib. IM.
* A gtiiicral opinion among all the Indians that thisi country was an island.
ieiii over (lie counti
■lie earth to jirodtice
jreii because he lovet
licv wens generally .s
iaj came upon us; y
iis i.xland. Their nut
•jiiV told us they had
Slid come here to enj(
piiy on them, granted
ieiii corn and meat;
now found our counti
]ji; yet we did not f
ifotlicrs; we believed
ambers Jiad greatly
\(iiiitry. Our eyes w
, place; Indians were li
wre destroyed. The'
iiid jiowerful, and lia.s"
"Brother, our seats v
nv become a great
' ir blankets ; you havi
kf your relis;ion upon
"Brother, continue to
/uvonshij) the Great S^
: the religion which ;
;;;tr; you say that you"
|. line ? We understt
jiciided fiir us as well
iiiilnot only to us, but
"I'tliut hook, with the
I ivliiit you tell us about
I ctieii deceived by the w
" Brother, you say the
fpirit; if there is but c
ilioiit it ? why not all a
■^Brother, we do not
:fligion was given to
I liilier to son. AVe also
ml has been handed dt
v'Mh us to be thankfui
I '* united ; we never quar
''Brother, the Great S
I nice between his white
plexion, and different ci
I bs not ojiened our eyes
I Mile sf) great a difll'ren
'liiiie tiiat he lias given
inj;; the Great Spirit do
I «c iire satisfied.
'Brother, we do not v
only want to enjoy our
"Brother, you say you
I mMilen our minds. I
and saw you collecting
I money was intended fi
>fc should conform to
from IIS.
''Brother, we are told
Pl'ice; these people art
«i'l wait a little while ai
Spir
CKAP. VI.]
RED-JACKET.— SPEECH TO A MISSIONARY.
99
hicm over the country, and taught us liow to take them. He had caused
jji,' earth to prochu-c corn for bread. All thi.s he had done for his red chil-
jreu becuu.se he loved thtm. If we had any disputes about hunting ground-'?,
W\- were generally .settled without the shedding of much blood : but an evil
j jay came upon us; your forefathers crossetl the great waters, and landed on
Jiis i.-iland. Tlieir 'lumbers were small ; tiiey found friend.s, and not enemies;
Ijjev told us they had tied li-om their own country lor li;ar of wicked men,
L(i come here to enjoy their religion. They asked lor a small seat; wv, took
Ijiiiyon them, granted their recpiest, and they sat down amongst us; we gave
jiiem corn ami meat ; tiiey gave us poi.<on * in return. The wiiite people had
I50W found our country, tidings were carried back, and more came amongst
jj; yet we did not fear them, we took them to l)e friends ; they called us
Itotliers ; we believed them, and gave them a larger seat. At length their
[Uiiibcrs had greatly increased ; they wantc-d more land ; they wanted our
(ountry. Our eyes were opened, and our minds became uneasy. Wars took
jjlace; Indians were hired to fight again.st Indians, and many of our people
iire destroyed. They also brought strong li(piors among us: it was strong
lad powerful, and has slain thousands.
- Brother, our seats were once large, and yours were very small ; you have
:o\v become a great peo[)lc, and we have scarcely a place lell to spread
our blankets ; you have got our country, but are not satisfied ; you ivanl to
km your rdis;ion upon tis.
' "Brother, continue to listeii. You say that you are sent to instruct us how
ifuvoishij) the Great Spirit agreeably to his mind, and if we do not take hold
I ilie religion which you white peojile teach, we shall be unhappy here-
uier; you say that you are right, and we are lost ; how do we know this to
lie true? We understand that your religion is written in a book ; if it was
iiitoiuled for us as well as you, why has not the Great Spirit given it to us,
and not only to us, but why did he not give to our forefathers the knowledge
of timt book, with the means of undenstanding it rightly? We only know
wkt you tell us about it ; how shall we know when to believe, being so
cfteii deceived by the white i)eople ?
" Brother, you say there is but one way to worship and serve the Great
jpirit ; if there is but one religion, why do you white people differ so much
iioiit it ? why not all agree, as you can all read the book ?
"Brother, we do not understand these things; we are told that your
iflijjion was given to your forefathers, and has beoii handed down from
iilier to son. We also have a religion which was given to our forefathers,
iiidlias been handed down to us their children. We worship that way. It
: ;fk//i us to be thankful for all the favors we receive ; to love each other, and to
iunited; we never quarrel about religion.
^'Brother, the Great Spirit has made us all ; but ho has made a great differ-
ence between his white and red children ; he has given us a different com-
plexion, and different customs; to you he has given the arts; to these he
b not opened our eyes ; we know these things to be true. Since he has
Jiade so great a difference between us in other things, why may we not con-
I'liide tiiat he has given us a different religion according to our understand-
ini'l the Great Spirit does right; he knows what is best for his children;
we are satisfied.
^^ Brother, we do not wish to destroy your religion, or take it from you; we
oidy want to enjoy our own.
"Brother, you say you have not come to get om* land or our money, but to
eididiten our minds. I will now tell you that I have been at your meetings,
and saw you collecting money from the meeting. I cannot tell what this
money was intended for, but suppose it was for your minister, and if
wc iiliodld conform to your way of thinking, perhaps you may want some
from us.
'^Brother, we are told that you have been preaching to white people m this
place; these people are cmr neighbors, we are ac(|uaiiited with tiiem; we
ivill wait a little while and see what effect your i)reaching has iipoii them.
* Spiriluous liquor is alluded to, it is supposed.
?. (
'^ a
100 RED-JACKET.-ENGAGES IN THE WAR OF 1812. [Book V
If we find it does them good, niakcH them honest, and less disposed to cheat
Indians, we will then consider a^ain what you have said.
" Brother, you have now heard our answer to your talk, and this is all we
have to say at |)resent. As we are going to ])art, we will come and take von
by the hand, and hope the Great Spirit will protect you on your journey and
return you safe to yoin- Iriends." ' '
The chiefs and others then drew near the missionary to take hini by the
band; but he would not receive them, and luutily rising from his w'at snid
" that there was no fellowship between the religion oi' God and the works
of the Devil, and, therefore, could not joni liands with tiiem." Ui)on iliis
being interpreted to them, "they smiled, and retired in a jx-aceahle rniiniicr"
The Indians cannot well conceive how they have any participation in the
guilt of the crucifixion ; inasnnich as they do not believe tlKsniselves of the
same origin as the whites ; and there bemg no dispute but that they comJ
mitted that act. Red-jacket once said to a clergyman who was itnportuiiing
him on this subject,
" Brother, if you white men murdered the Son of the Great Sjjirit, we Indians
had nothing to do unth it, and it is none of our nffair. If he had come among us
we would not have killed him ; tve tvould have treated him toell. You must make
amends for that crime yourselves." *
Red-jacket took part with the Americans in the war of 1812, hut was not
distinguished for that prodigality of life which marked the character of
Tecumseh, and many others, but, on all occasions, was cool and collected.
He had become attached to Colonel Siullin^ during the war, and when lie
heard that that officer was ordered to a distant station, he went to take liis
farewell of hinj. At that interview he said,
" Brother, I hear you are going to a place called Governor's Island. I hope
you will be a governor yourself I understand that you tohite people think children
a blessing. I hope yviimay have a thousand. And, above all, I hope, tvherevtr
you go, you may never find whisky more than tiuo shillings a quart."^
Grand Island, in Niagara River, just above the famous Niagara Falls, is
owned by the Senecas. When it was rumored that the British had taken
Eossession of it, in their last war with the Americans, Red-jacket asseni-
led his people, to consult with Mr, Granger, their agent. Afler having
stated to him the information, the old chief made the following profunnd
speech : —
" Brother, you have told us that ice had nothing to do uiith the war that has
taken place bettoeen you and the British. But ive find the war has come to our
doors. Our property is taken possession of hf the British and their Indian
friends. It ts necessaiy noiofor iis to take tip the business, defend our proptrlij,
and drive the enemy from it. If tve sit still upon our seats, and take no means
of redress, the British {according to the customs of you white people) ivill hold
it by conquest. And should you conquer the Canauas, you wUl claim it upon
the same principles, as [though] conquered from the British. We, therefore, re-
quest permission to go unth our warriors, and drive off those bad people, and take
possession of our lands.^^ Whereupon, Kuch of the Senecas as had un in-
clination, were permitted to join the American army.
In one action Red-jacket acted a conspicuous part, and is most hoiioralily
mentioned by the commanding general. The action took place near Vwi
George, on the 17 August, 1813, between about 300 volunteers and iiidian.<,
supported by 200 regidars. These surprised the British and Indian cainj) at
day-light, killed 73 and took 1(5 prisoners. The success of thc! expedition
was almost entirely owing to a stratagem of th(! Indians, who, when tiic^y
had formed their plan of attack, decoyed their brethren, on the British side,
into an ambush, by giving a war-whoop which they mistook for that of
their friends. General Boyd, who connnanded }i(;re, says, "The principal
chiefs who led the warriora this day, were Farmer's Brother, Red-jacket,
* " This occurred in a conversalion between Red-jacket and tlie Reverend Mr. Brnrkfih
riJge ; Tommy- Jemmy, Jack-lierry and myself were present. I heard the rema.k, and wiU
vouch for it." W. J. Snel/imr.
t N. E. Galaxy, 13 July, 1833.
Chap. VI.] RED-JA
Little Billy, Poll
Half-town, Major II
chief of Onondago, w
tlicni yestenhiy, they c
I say, that they treated i
cmtlties iijion the den
spieiious. Already th^
eviiH-es the benefit ari
Governor De fVitt C
lorical Society of New
111 extraordinary orati
Saguoaha. Without
I evtruordinary talents f
nation by the force of
I lost the confidence of ]
J it, prevailed upon his li
by the Gn^at Sf>irit to
It required nothing hut
rant multitude, given tc
I urctcnded art or niystei
I'lie Onondagas were, j
tilt' in)(|uois. They we
! alistaiii li-om ardent spji
respected the laws of i
Oaoiidagas, but shed iU
I ac tiiis reform was bogu
critical author. The gi
way of imposture, is its
us in former times, it i
Dounced as witches, an
fcrciice of their wiiite
council of Indians, heh
iroiihles. He was accor
life, uiid greatly increase
loiijf. And, in the langii
stition relented under th
;iiis brother] an impost
and a small majority apj
cannot fiirnish a more c
mitory, in a barbarous n
acciisfr as a delegated jii
feed) of Logan will b(
l«s;;i(|, that the mo«t .sp
out of the pale of the Si
Jtferson, when he says, '
■ml Cicero, and of any u
'iiiiiient, to |)roduce a sii
iftitbe remembered that
Till! time is not fiir dist
mcket will he heard, in i
""(.'litiest eflbrts of clociu
™iif,'i'i"ss, Mr. Crockett,^ o
rciiiark made by the fai
«iii'ii be was shown th
'"iiding of the Pilgrims, i
""1, in token of friend
120,
A'lVes' Re.<rister, iv. 418, an
t The pitiful crusade in whir
fu"JiMi(ial,|„„ri,rin, aslhein
\. "aviii? joined the army <
olagarrison which fell into th
9»
Chap. VI.] RED-JACKET.— REFORMATION IN HIS TRIHE.
101
IIIH
Falls, is
id taken ^ '
\al has
to our
Indian
proptrlij,
vunns
II hill
vpon
?fore, re-
and take
fsl
an Hi-
)iioi-iilily
\r Fort
ndiuii^,
cani)) lit
petlitioii
len tlii'y
;ish sidi',
that of
ji-incipal
-JACKET,
Br(tck('ti'
t, and wiH
Little Billy, Pollard, Black Snake, Joiin.son, Silvkriieels, Cuptuiu
Half-town, Major IIknry O. IJall, ((Joni-plaiitor's son,) and Captain Cold,
chief oi" Oiiondas^o, who wa.s woiuidiul. In a (;oiin<;il wiiich was hold with
ihein yest(!rday, they cov«!nantcd not to scalp or murder; and 1 am liap|ty to
siiy, tliat tliey treated the pri.soner.s witli limnanity, and committed no wanton
crialties iijion tlio dead." "Tlieir Itravery and humanity were eiiuaily con-
jpiciioUM. Already the quietness in which our pickets are sutl'ered toreinain,
(vinccs tlie benefit arisinf( i'rom their assistance."*
Governor De Witt Clinton, in his most valuahle discourse before the His-
torical Society of New York, thus notices Red-jacket : — " Witliin a lew years,
all extraordinary orator has risen amonc; the Senecas; his real name is
Saguonha. Without the advantages of illustrious descent, and with no
exiraordinary talents lor war, he has attained the first distinctions in the
nation by the force of his eloquence." Red-jacket having, by some nifjans,
lost the confidence of his countrymen, in order, as it is reported, to retrievi;
il, prevailed upon his brother to announce himself a prophet, connnis-sioned
by the Gri>at Spirit to redeem them from their miserable eondition. —
ltre(|uired nothing but^n adroit and skiltid rciasoner to i)ersuade the igno-
taut multitude, given to the grossest superstition, of his infallibility in the
nretended art or mystery. If good ever came out of evil, it did at this time.
'riie Onondagas were, at that i)eriod, the most drimken and proHigate of all
the Iniquois. They were now so liir prevailed upon as almost entirely to
ahstuin from ardent spirits, became sober and industrious, and observed and
respected the laws of morality. This good effect was not confined to the
Ouondagas, but shed its bi;nign influence through the nations adjacent. But
as this relbnu was begun in hypocrisy, it in^cessarily ended with its hypo-
critical author. The greatest check, [)erhaj)s, which can be thrown in the
way of imposture, is its own exposition. In this case, like witclicrall among
ua iu former times, it was stayed by its own vperations. Many were de-
Dounccd as witche.s, and some would iiave been executed but for the inter-
ference of their white neighbors. Red-jackd was denounced in a great
council of Itidians, held at Buflalo Creek, as the chief author of theii'
troiililes. He was accordingly l)rought to trial, and his eloqiumce saved his
life, and greatly increased his njputation. Ills defence was near three hours
loiii;. And, in the language of Governor Clinton, " the iron brow of super-
stition relented under the magic of his eloqueiK^e : he declared the j)rophet
[his brother] an impostor and a cheat; he pnivailed; the Indians divided,
and a small majority appeared in his favor. I'erhaps the annals of history
caiinot fiiruish a more conspicuoiLS instanc • of the triumph and power of
oratory, in a barbarous nation, devoted to siiperstition, and looking uj) to the
jtciiscr as a delegated minister of the A Imigiity. lam well aware that the
speech of Logan will be triumphantly cpajtcd against me, and that it will
be said, that the most s|)lendid exhibition of Indian elo(]Uence nniy be fbmid
out of the j)ale of the Six Nations. I fully sidjscribe to the eulogium of Mr.
kfirs'M, when he says, 'I may chalh^nge tin; whole orations ol' Demosthenes
luul Cicero, and of any more eminent orator, if liUrope has furnished more
piiiinent, to product; a singhi passage supi'rior to the spiuich of Logan.'' But
let it he remend)ered that Logan was a Mingo chief," that is, an IroijUois.
Tile time is not fiir distant, if not alnsidy arrived, wiien the name of Red-
jacket will be heard, in the most august as.semblies, to give weight to the
iiiijrlitiest efforts of chxpience. In the debati^ on the Indian bill, in 18;{0, in
ii)iij,'iess, Mr. Crockett,^ of Tennessee, said, " I am forcibly reminded of the
reiiiurk made by the famous Red-jackd, in the rotunda of this building,
wlien he was shown the paiud which represented in sculpture the first
landing of the Pilgrims, with an Indian chief presenting to them an ear of
corn, ia token of friendly welcome. Tiie aged Indian said, ' That was
* Niks' Re/nster, iv. 418, and v. 7. — liramian'.i Ojjkial Letters, 200. — Sliallus's Tables, it.
120.
t The pilifui crusade in wliich this brave man lost his life, will as lon<r bo renicnibered for
iUiiimisiil'iiil)l(! origin, as the many valualile but inisjriiided iikmi who liiuc been siicrifired in
«■ llaviiiif joiiioathe army of Texas, (/oloiiol ^Vr«:A'i;« w.is there iniirdercil with the rea4
ol' a garrison whirh fell into the hands of the Mexieans ; this present year, 1836.
9»
■*r1
. ' ■ ■-. 111*. .ft
102 UEDJACKET.-f^OMl'LAINS OF THE MISSIONARIES. [Dook V
fifOOlf.'
Hi) said he knew they niino from tlic Great Spirit, unu lie was will-
ing to Hharo the Hoil with hJH brothers. Hut when he tinned roinu) to view
another panel, re])reHenting Pernios treaty, he said, MA/ aWs gone now'
There was a great deal of trntli in thiffVihort saying.''
Nothing seems more to have tiwihled the! \\'mre of Red-jacket than tiie
intrusion of missionaries among his petipie. VVith the fiierils or liena^ijts
of the manner irJ*whicli partitruiar creeds have Ixien forced npm the 'n-
dians in general^ we have nothing to do, hut. we will refer tlie reader to Mr
Buchanan's Sketches,* where, in our o| ''lion, evory eectariun will glcun honic
useful hints upon that head.
Red-jackei and his council, in 1821, ma»le a formal complaint to the jrov.
ernor of New York, of the arbitrary conduct of some teachers ainoii" liia
people, and of thfcir undue iniluence generally. Considering it to coiitinii a
most important hnd'Valiiable piece of information, we will givc it entire:
" Brother Parish, I address myself to yon, and through you to the govera-
or Tlie chiefij of Onondaga have accompanied you to Albany, to do i)ii.si.
nfss with the governor ; I also waste* have been with yon, but I am sorry
to say that bad health has put it dut' oP my power. For this you must ,.')t
think hard of me. I am not to 'blame for it. It is the wil! of the Creut
Spirit that it should be so. The object of the Onondagas is to purcluiM? our
lands at Tonnewanta. This and all other business that they may have to do
at Albany, nuist be transacted in the presence of the governor. He will
see that the fuiffjain is fairly made, so that all parties may liave reason to Ih(
satisfied with what shall be done ; and when our sanction shall be wuiitcd
to the transaction, it will be freely given. I much regret that, at this tinip
the state of my health should have prevented me from accompanying you to
Albany, as it was the wish of the nation that I should state to the governor
some 'rcumstamces which show that the chi.in of friendship between us
and the white people is wearing out, and wants brightening. 1 proceed
now, however, to lay tliem before you by letter, that you may mention tliem
to the governor, and solicit redress, lie is appointed to do justice to all,
and the Indians fully confide that he v.'ll not suffer them to be wronged
with impunity. The fii-st subject to which we would call the attention of
the governor, is the depredations that are daily committed by the white
people upon the most valuable timber on our reservations. This has heeu a
subject of complaint with us for many years ; but now, and particularly ut
this season of the year, it has become an alarming evil, and calls for the
immediate interposition of the governor in our behalf. Our next subject
of complaint is, the frequent thefls of our horses and cattle by the wiiite
people, and their habit of taking and using them whenever they please, and
without our leave. These are evils which seem to increase uj)on ns
with the increase of our white neighbors, and they cull loudly for redress.
Another evil arising from the pressure of the whites upon us, and onr
unavoidable communication with them, is the frequency with which our
chiels, and warriors, and Indians, are thrown into jail, and that, too, for
the most trifling causes. This is very galling to our feelings, and ought not
to be permitted to the extent to which, to gratify their bad pitssions, our
white noighlwrs now carry this practice. In our hunting and fishing, too,
we are greatly interrupted by the whites. Our veiiison is stolen from the
trees where we have hung it to be reclaimed after the chase. Our hunting
camps have been fired into, and we have been warned that we shall no
longer be permitted to pursue the deer in those forests which were sc lately
all our own. The fish, which, in the Buffalo and Tonnewanta Creeks, used
to supply us with food, are now, by the dams and other obstructions of the
white people, prevented from multiplying, and we are almost entirely de-
prived of that accustomed sustenance. Our great father, the president, luis
recommended to our young men to be industrious, to plough, and to sow.
This we have done, and we are thankful for the advice, and for the means
he has afforded U8 of carrying it into effect. We are happier in conse-
quence of it But another thing recominended to us, has created great confusion
Vol i. chap. ix.
smng lis, and is mak
introduction of preacht
the consent (,<* some o
\i the case, r( nfiisioi
ments of the wliites i
rovernor must not tin
Save observed their |)
place of old, I porc«!i
ivere the fbrerunners
and (iiinrrels among tl
lands, by whom tln-y
that the Indians wore
pro|)ortion to the num
has its own customs ai
liiem i>y the Great S|
tended that they shoiili
by the attemj)t to mak
liitliers.* It is true, tl
chiels to stay and pn-a
HToiig, and tliat they o
by Mr. Hude, who cam
liildren, lait has now I
more, that unless we li'
k tiirne(' tff our lands
be so ; and if l,e has nt
our lands, and not allov\
rn'-e while he is amon
Jiid contented among oi
liope that he will attend
"This letter was did
in the presence of the Ic
M, Peter, Young-king.
Towyocauna,] John-ski/,
The success this petit
10 liini, in respect to one
wre admittfui upon the
In the spring of 1821, n
Jied. His complaint w
'lluess which caused his
man that attended him
custom, of the nation, sh
<^- Tom-jemmy, called by
iiy rutting her throat. T
and threw him into prisi
I mket aj)i)eare(l in court j
mat the court had anyj
Arough three terms, Soc
»tiier witnesses testified t
ined, condemned and ex
estahlished from time i
liie country. The witch
some of the Americans, i
'vliich lie made while up(
" fVhat I do you denoun
Wieve that which you yourZ
imnes have thundered this
* A happy illustration of the
t liilormation of a ffentlema
^o^ghuo Buffalo. Tf.s"'lr
C«.*f VI.]
RED-JACKET.— WITCHCRAFT AFFAIR.
103
! g(»V-
11}; luH
Utiii ii
in; :—
(nern-
I bu.si-
1 sorry
1st ..')t
Great
is(! our
! to (|(»
le will
1 to l)c
wanted
H tiiiip,
; you to
Dvcriior
veeii IIS
jirocced
n tliciii
! to all,
vroiiged
ktioii of
B white
leeii a
arly at
for the
subject
white
iise, and
})on us
redress,
iid our
ich our
too, for
ight not
)iis, our
iug, too,
oin the
milting
shall no
lately
ks, used
of the
•ely (le-
eiit, hus
to sow.
means
consc-
onfusion
t ;
smotif^ iW) and is makinff us a quarrelsome and divided people ; and Ihni is, the
introtiuclion of preachers into our nation. TIm'so !>lnck coi>*s rontrivt' to ^'t^f
tlie coiirtcnt «.^' .fome of I li(^ Indians to prtiacli ainoii;^ lis, uiul wlicrnvtM- thin
jj the (MLSo, c< iifiiMioii (ind disorder an; Hiins to follow, and the ciicioucli-
nieiitH of tin; wliituH ii])on our lands an; tin; iiivariaidt; (ronHoiinriice. 'TIk!
govt^rnor iniiHt not think hard of mo lor .spiiakin^ thus of tlio |)rniiclioi-H. I
linvc observed their |tro<,'resH, and wluin I look hack to see what has t;ik«!n
place of old, I jxircciivc! that whenever they came anionj,' the Indians, they
were the forerunners of their dispersion ; that they always excitcMl enmities
and qiinrrels nnion^r them ; that they introduced the white people on their
lands, by whom they were robbei! and phiiidered of tlwir property ; and
limt tlie Indians were sure to dwindle and d<;creaso, and be driven back in
pro|iortion to the number of preachers that cami; umon<; them. Kacli nation
has its own ciLstoms and its own religion. The Indians have their.s, f,'iven to
iliiMii ny the Great Spirit, under which they were hu])py. It was not iii-
li'iiilcd that they should embrace the reli<;ion of the whites, and be destroyed
In the attempt to make them think diHerently on that subject from their
liiljiers.* It is true, tliesi; preachers havt; got the conseiU of" some of the
iliicts to stay and preacli amon^ us, liut I and my friends know this to be
wniiig, and that they ought to he removed ; besides, we have been threatened
liv Mr. Hyde, who came among us as a scliool-master and a t»;a(!lit!r (tf our
JiiidnMi, ^)Ut has now become a black coat, an<l refused to teach them any
iniire, that iml(!ss we li'-ten to his |)reachiiig and l)ecotne Christians, we will
be tiirnei' ift" our lands. We wish to know from the governor if this is to
be so ; and if he lias no right to say so, we think he ought to \w turned off
our lands, and not allowed to plague us any more. We shall never he at
,,u!oe while he is among us. Let them be removed, and we will be Imjipy
and contented among ourselves. We now cry to the governor for help, and
hope that he will attend to our complaints, and speedily give us redress.
Red-jacket."
"This letter was dictated by Red-jacket, and interpreted by Henri/ Obeal,\
ill the presence of the fol! \"ing Indians: Red-jackeVs son. Corn-planter, John-
M, Peter, Young-kings-brother, Tom-the-infant, [Onnonefraiheko,] Blue-sky,
Towyocauna,] John-sky, Jemmy-johnson, Marcus, Big-Jire, Captain- Jemmy."
The success this petition met with, it is presumed, was full and satisfactory
to iiiin, in respect to one particular ; for no ministers, for some time ailerwarda,
were admitted U|)on the reservation.
Ill the spring of 1821, a man of Red-jackeVs tribe fell into a languishment and
died. His complaint was unknown, and some circumstances attended his
illness which caused his friends to believe that he was bewitched. The wo-
Qian that attended him was Hxed upon as the witch, and by the law, or
custom, of the nation, she was doomed to suffer death. A chief by the name
o'Tom-jemmy, called by his own peo[tle Soo-nong-s^ise, executed the decree
bj cutting her throat. The Americans took up the matter, seized Tom-jemmy,
and threw him into pri.son.t Some time after, when his trial came on. Red-
jacket appeared in court as an evidence. The counsel for the prisoner denied
ihattlie court had any jurisdiction over the case, and after it was carried
tlirough three terms, Soo-nong-gise was iinully cleared. Red-jacket and the
other witnesses testified that the woman was a witch, and that she had been
tried, condemned and executed in pursuance of their laws, which had been
estalilislied from time immemorial; long before the English came into
tlie country. The witch doctrine of the Senecas was much ridiculed by
some of the Americans, to which Red-jacket thus aptly alludes in a speech
which he made while upon the stand : —
" fVbat ! do you denounce us as fools and bigots, because we still contimie to
Mine that which you yourselves sedulously inciucated ttvo centuries ago ? Your
iivms have thundered this doctrine from the pulpit, your judges have -pronounced
;:*;*,f »
i' "'-'''iii
* A liappy illustration of the force of education, t Son of Corn-planter, or Corn-plant.
♦ Inl'ormation of a ffcntleman ( W. J. Snellins;, Esq ) who was on the spot, and saw him
^lought tu Buflalo. 'riiis was the next day alter the murder, and the blood was yet upon
V bonds.
104
RED-JACKET.— INTERVIEW WITH LAFAYETTE.
[Hook V.
it from the bench, your courts of jitatice have sanctioned it with the formdliUis of
law, and you would now punish our uuj'orlunatt brother for adherence to llw ui.
perstitions of hii fathers I Go to Salem ! Look at the record,^ (J'jonr f!;overnmint
and you will find hundreds executed for the very crime which has called forlli the
aentewc of condemnation u/ion this woman, and drawn down the arm of vewrntnc^
upon her. What have our brothers done more than the rulers of your peopk /,„|.g
twne i and wlutl crime has this nutn committed bij executinii;, in a summani icidj
the injunctions of Ins God J" lloliin; Jted-jud'll
CHIP. VI.]
I
111
the laws of his •ountr';, and .#«. ..._/... ...i.>.,.o .y ...o ^ui^ .- ..umn- luu-j...
wiij luliiiittt'd to jjfiv'e (^videiict! in tin; cast', Ik- wjus askt-d if lit; believed
future rt!>vurds aiut piiiiishtnciit.t, and tlio c.xiHtenc*' o('(J()d. VVitli a pieninir
look into tlio fiuo ofliis intcrro^'iitor, and with no little indifjiiation or( xiires"
siioii, lie replied: " Yea! much more than the white men, if we are to judre t,u
their actions" Upon the appearance of Red-jacket upon tliiw oeca.si()ii''(„|",\
oiiserves: "There is not, perhaps, in nutiiie, a more expres.sivt; eye tiiun' timi
of Red-jacket ; when fired by iiidi!,'nation or revenge, it is terrihh;'; and \\||,.ii
he chooses to display his unrivalled talent for irony, his keen sarcastic "•Jiiiue
is irresistible." *
When Lafayette, in 1825, was at Hiiff'alo, ninon<^ the [lersons of distinciion
who called upon lii/n, was Red-jacket. Of the old chief, IM. Levasseur oh-
serves:! This extraordinary man, altlioiijrb much won. down by time hihI
intiiinprruiice, jireserves yet, in a siir|)risinj; degree, the exercise of nil |,is
faculties, lie had ever remembered Lnftyelle siiure 17dl, at which tinn' lie
with Jtliers, met a gnsat council of all the Indian nations ut Fort .Selmvier'
when the interest of all those nations, fi\eiids and enemies, was regulated
with the United States. He asked the general if he recollected that iiie( tiiiT.
lie rejiiicd that he had not forgotten that great event, atid asked Ryd-jaekel Tf
he knew what had become of the young chief, who, in that council, opposed
with such eloquence the " burying of the tomahawk." Red-Jacket replied
"//c is before you," Ilis s|)eech was a master-piece, and every warrior who
heard him was carried away with his eloquence. He urged a continuation of tlio
war against the Americans, having joined against them in the revolution.
The general observed to him that time had much changed them since thai
mtictiiig. "Ah ! " said Red-jacket, "time has not been so severe upon yon as
it has upon me. It has hift to you a fresh countenance, and hair to cover
your head ; while to me behold ! " and taking a handkerciiief from
his head, with an air of much feeling, showed his head, wliich. was ulniost
entirely bald.]:
At this interview, was fully confirmed what we have before stated. L"-
rasseur continues: iie(/-;(xcA[e/ obMinutely refuses to speak any lallg^laJ^! but
that of his own countrv, and affects a great dislike to all others; iiltlioujrii
it is easy to discern that In; perli3ctly understands the English ; and retiisi d,
nevertheless, to reply to the general before his interpreter had translatcl his
questions into the Seneca language. The genind spoke a .ew word^ in
Indian, which he had learned in his youth, at which Red-Jacket was liighly
pleased, and which augmented mnch his high opinion oi' Lafayette.
The author of the ibliowing passage is unknown to us; but presniniiija; it
to be authentic, we quote it. "More than 80 years '5 have rolled away since
a treaty was held on the bcautifiil acclivity that overlooks tiie Cana«(lai},nm ||
* Nilcs's Weekly Register, vol. xx. 359,411.
\ hi Ills Lafiujette en Aiiieni/iie, tome ii. 437-8.
\ " Les assistants ne parent s'emp^cher de. sourire de la simplicity dt I'Indien, qui semMnil
ignorer I'art de r^parer les injures dii temps; 7nais on se garda bien de delruire soinrnur;
et peut-Hre fit-on liien, car il eiii pu cmifondre une perruque arec I'.iie cheyrlnre srut]wf, d
conceeoir lidi'e de regarnir sa trte aux di'pens de la tete d'une de ses voiimis.'' llwl.
—This altempt at facetiousncss by Moiis. Lcrasseur is ciilirely '• failure, aiiu in vory Imil
taste. Had it liad reference to an obsrure person, it would liavo been difTorent. For a iinri'il
of while ignoramuses to miike themselves merry at the simple but difsnilied appcaraiife of llie
old chief, only siiows them off in their true light ; and the assertion that he covered liis own
head at the expense of that of his neighbor, too nearly classes the writer wiih his coriipanioiis.
Tiiis writer, I conclude, wrote in 1822. I copy it from Miscellanies nelected from thi
^.
Public Jnurnals, by Mr. Rackivgtiam.
11 Signifying, in the Seneca language, a tmon set ojf.
the tuwa upon its aXmic—Spafford's uaz.
i
I
I^ko. The witnei
oratory. 'J'wo duy
fcssion of tlieir lai
wliPii Red-jacket an
drew his blanket ai
tilde. All was hii.'-
jrHillerii.sflingoi'thi
I long and .solemn,
low voice and senti
lilted the jirii iitiv(!
iliey had sustained i
liiitlifiil jiencil, that
into tears. Th,! ,.fi;
iioii and .sympathy h
III tim heart of an' Jn
iiiiiiilier, who were
iti'd to indi-nation
unified, the white n
A nod from the chjel
iiMiineiit, Farmers-brc
Itiif, with a sagacity t
tmdiiced good cheer
the meeting had rea>
iiiolcrated the fury o
Mhrii them. Suffice
Hi-^trict, at this day, o
'oiiiKseis of a savage,
r any other qualify tl
H, iiiul Louis le Desiri
iliviiKJle into insignific
Red-jacket was of >J
foiii:d mentioned in th
lij the governor of Pt
of the commonwealth
paragraph of the gove
nliieh you treat the st
«i.sli, that, when you r
liiat the virtues of fHe
MS of Pennsylvania.'
iiiniisht'd every thing
(li'ljihia. This w^as u
I ilii'v met again, when
luws : —
"Brother, Onas'Gf
^y. Some days since
pleasure. This day th
liiis council-chamber.
>m to your address, \
»fi mention this lest y
altliess has not had a
oilierwise. In your ad(
wr, where our fi.refai
unick our attention vei
"liii.,1 our forefathers o
""', and more joy thai
[«e yoii, yet we remem
wtween our fathers an<
The lake received its name from
Oms was the name the
"« all tlie governors of l>cnii>
r A hne picture representii
CHAP. VI.l
UEDJACKET— VISIT TO PHIL ADKI.PIIIA.
10ft
i
Ml L--
ir^li^^( but
altliiui<;li
relusiil,
islatc'l his
wonb ill
-'US liijilily
, qtii semhh.t
• son i-rn iir ;
sraljiei', '''
tmiK-" ""■''•
ill vory liii't
For a piircc'l
jaraiu'oot'tlic
ercil liis DWii
s ronipnnioiis.
'Med from th(
name from
Lako. Tli« witiioHsi's of tlin Hceno will n«vc'r forgtit tlio powprw of mitivo
oratory, 'i'wo duys Imd piisscd away in nojfotiation witli tlu* Iiulians lor a
cession of tlicir lands. Tliii contract was siijiposcd to In- nearly coniplctcd,
wlioii Red-jnrlirt arose. Witli the fjracc and difrnily o'" a Roman senator, lio
drew his i)lanket around liiin, and, with a pierciiif,' eye, siirvi-yed the inwlti-
tiiilc. All was iiiisiied. Nothinjf interposetl to breaii the silence, save tho
ppiiticrnstliii'fortlie tree tops, under whose shade they were ffathered. AUer
•\l()ii<f and solemn, hi . '»t unmeaninf: pause, he commenced his speech in n
low voice and sententious style. Kisiuf; gradually with the sulij«u't, ..e de-
I'ictod the jtrii litivi; si'n|ilicity and iiappiness of his nation, and the wron^'A
they had suftaiued from the usurpations of white men, with such a bold hut
I'liilliful pencil, tiiat <>very auditor was soon roused to venf,'eance, or melted
into tears. The (-fleet was iiu'xpressilile. Rut (M'e the (^notions of admirn-
lioii and sympathy had subsided, tim whit<! m(;n became alarmed. They were
ill liie heart of an Indian coimtry — surrounded by more than ten timers their
miiiiher, who were intlanuul by the reuHMubrauce of their injuries, and ex-
I'ili'il to indi^'nation by the elo<iuence of a favorite chief. Ajipalled and
tiriitied, the whit(! men cast u cheerless j^a/e upon the hordes around them.
Aiiod from the chiefs mijjht be the onset of d«'struction. At this portentous
D'oiiient, Farmers-brother interposed. H replied not to his brother chief,
but, with n saj^acity truly aborij.final, he caused a cessation of the council, in-
troduced good cheer, commended the eloquence of Red-jacket, and, before
the ineetiiif!; had reassembled, with the aid of other prudent chiefs, he had
nio'ieiuted the fury of his nation to a more salutary revicsw of the (piestion
bofore tiiem. Snmce it to say, the treaty was concluded, and the Western
Oi.^trict, at this day, owes no small [)ortion of its power and influence to the
foiiiiseis of a savage, in comparison with whom for genius, heroi^ ;n, virtue,
or any other quality that can adorn tiie bawblu of a diadem, not only Geors^e the
IV. and Louis le DesM, but the German emiieror and the czar of Muscovy, alike
(Iwiiidie into insignificance." We can add notiiing to this high em-oiniutn.
Red-jacket was of the number who visited Philadcl|)hia in 171)2, as will be
foni:'' mentioned in the account of Jaquette ; at which time he wa.s welcomed
b) tlie governor of Pennsylvania to that city, and addressed by him, in behalf
oi'tiie commonwealth, in die coimcil-cband)er. The following is the closing
paragraph of tho governor's speech : "Brothel's! I know the kindness with
ffiiicli you treat the strangers that visit your country ; and it is my sincere
wish, that, when you return to your families, you may be able to assure them
liiattlie virtues of friendship and hospital'ty are also practised by the citi-
zens of Pemisylvania." He had befori. observed that tho govermnent had
'iiriiished every thing to make them comfortable during their stay at Phila-
(Iclpliia. This Avas upon the 28 March, 1792, and on 2 April following,
ilicy met again, when Red-jacket spoke in answer to the governor as Ibl-
luwR : —
"Brother, Onas* Governor, open unprejudiced ears to what we have to
<ay. Some days since you addressed us, and what you said gave us great
pleasure. This day the (Jreat Spirit has allowed us to meet you again, in
iliis council-chamber. We hope that your not receiving an immediate an-
Mvor to your address, will make no improper imi)ression upon your mind.
Wfi mention this lest you should suspect that your kind welcome and friendly
address lias not had a proper effect upon our hearts. We assure you it is far
oiherwise. In your address to us the othei day, in this ancient council-cham-
lier, where our forefathers have often conversed together, several things
tiruik our attention very forcibly. When you told us this was the place in
ivIiiLii our forefathers oflen met on peaceable terms, it gave us sensible pleas
we, and more joy than we could express. Though we have no writings
like you, yet we remember oflen to have heard of tin; friendship that existed
lietween our fathers and yours. The picture f to which you drew our atten-
' Onas was the name the Intlians gave William Ptnn, and Ihey continue tiir s;iin'! namo
lo all llic governors of Pennsylvania.
t A fine picture representing Peim's treaty with the Indians,
lOG
RED.JACKET.— DOiMINIIM'KTKR.
[Hook V.
tioii, l»ron},'lit frcHli to our rniiids the fri(!iiill\ (•onfcrcnrcH tlint nsrd to li)< ||,.|,(
Ix'twccii tlic loiiiii'r /^.vcriiors of I'ciiiisylvMiiia mid our triluH, and hIiow,.,!
the lov(! wliicli your torcl'athcrs had of |Kacc, and tlic friendly di.-|iiiHitiori of
«»ur |)(!op|f. It is Htill our wish, as well iih yours, to prcscrvt; iM-arc httwccii
our trihcs and you, and it wouhl he well if tlicsanio spirit rxistcd anmn" the
IiKfians to the westward, and 'hrougii (ivrry part of the I'nitcd States, ""^oi,
jmrticuliu-ly expressed that } vere well pleased to find that we diireicd i,,
disposition I'roin the ludiiuis vard. Sour disposition is that for wlijrh
the ancient Onas (Jovernors \ euiarkahie. As you love peaci-, so (Id u,>
also; and we wish it could he ex.. nded to the most distant part of this (.ricut
oountry. We a^freed in co incil, this niorinnj.', that the; Kcntiinents ! ||j,vo
expressed uliould he conuuiiMicatod to you, hetore the delegates o|" the I'jve
Nations, and to tefl you that your cordiid widcome to this city, luid tJie jrc,,,,!
nentiiiients contained in your address, have made a deep impression oii om-
liearts, have given us great joy, a>K/ /ro/n //te AtaW //c// ^oit so. This is ail I
have to say."
When ked-jackd liad finished, luiothor chief, called Jlfrtvelondonfrivas^ (mid
sometimes Good-pitcr,*) tuldressed the asHeiidily. Ili.s s|teech is nmch in tin;
style of Red-jackel^s, aiul was chiefly a repetition, in other words, nf it. it
waH short, and contained this passage : " What is there more desindtle than
that we, who live within hearing of each other, should unite for the conniK,,,
good? TliiJ is my wish, it is the wish of my nation, althougli I am sorry I
can't say so of every individual in it ; for there are ditlerenccs of opiiiiona
among us, as w(dl as among our white brethren."
Since wc Jiiive here introduced Dominie Peter, we will so far digress ns
to relate whiit follows concerning him. lie was one of those who took |mrt
against the Americans in the revolutionary wiu', and when hostilities com.
menced, he retired and joined the remote trih<!s towards Caiiachi. (.'ojoiud
John Harper (one of the family from whom Harjjersficdd, New ^'ork, tiikcs
its name) was staticmed at the fort at Schorrie, in the state of New ^'oik.
Early in the spring of 1777, in the season of making maple sugar, when ull
■wore upon the look-out tf) avoid siu'prise by the Indians, Colonel Harper KH
the garrison and j)roceeded through the woods to llari)ersfiel(l ; thence by
an Indian path to Cherry-valley. In his way, as he was turning the point of
a hill, he saw a company of Indians, who, at the same time, saw him. He
dared not attcm[)t flight, as he could exjject no other than to be shot down in
such attempt. He, therefore, determined to advanc*^ and meet them witlioiit
discovering fear. Concealing his regimentals as well as he could with iiis
great coat, he hastened onward to meet them. Cefon; they met him, lie dis-
covered that Peter was thi'ir chief, with whom he had formerly traded miicli
at 0{|uago, but who did not know him. Harper was the first to speak, as they
met, and his words were, " How do you do, brothers'^ " The chief luiswcicd,
" We//. — How do you do, brother"} ji'hich way are you bound'? " The colonel
rejilied, ^^ On a secret expedition. And which tvay are you bound, brotha's.'"
They answered without hesitation or distrust, tliioking, no douht, tliey liud
fallen in with one of the king's men, " Down the Susquehnnnah, to cut of the
Johnstone settlentent." This place, since called Sid7tey Plains, consisted of a
few Scotch families, and their minister's name was Johnstone ; hence the
name of the settlement. The colonel next asked them where they lodfrcd
that night, and they told him, " At the mouth of Scheneva's Creek." AtUr
shaking hands, tlif^y separated. As soon as they were out of sight. Harper
made a circuit through the woods with all sjjeed, and soon arrived tit the
head of Charlotte River, where were several men making sugar. This phire
was about ten miles from Decatur Hill, where he met the Indians. He
ordered them to take each a rope and provisions in their jjacks, and nsseiii-
ble at Evan's Place, where he would soon meet them : thence he returned
to Harpersfield, and collected the men there, which, including the others and
himself, made 15, just equal to Peter's force. When they r.rrivcd at Evan's
Place, upon the Charlotte, Harper made known his jirojcct. They set ofi|
and before day the next morning, came into the neighborhood of the In-
* And often Domine-peter. 2 Coll. N. Y. Hist. Soc. 74.
diuns' camp. Fn
seen burning, am
were fast asleep.
their ro|,es in tliei
prasp his adversiu
colonel j„gg,,d Ids
Itmejor men of bin
no s<»oner was it i
f<H!. The striiggi,
of every one of t|
C(iimtenances, Pdi
Xow I know you!
» Some nolici/ in ,<
so now.*' 'l'|„.„„
the commainlinir o
Nivcd.* "
Ah has been not
20tli of Jamiary, it
chosen chief of th(
'Hie famous Hene
tioiied ill the accoiii
i" i7!fci, I'armkr
"ho attended the i
I'ennsylvnnia (Jazel
riiiels and warriors
were Welcomed to t
povernor. ThnMj of
dial reception which
until another opporti
us the ancient comic
met to brighten the c
I tlie presence of a gn
ii|ion the feelings of
elocirtioii of the Fan
»ur ideas of the grea
fliioiigh his whole
111 the sjiring of the
insisting of the chit
of the western lakes.
made, some for and o
trs-brother shone con
fours long, and the
Know of no speeches
liecn, doubtless miicl
He seems not only to
English.f
Oi' Peter Jaquette,
«e will give some a
one of the |)rincipal
•'elpiiin, 19 March, 17}
«"«, lit the close of the
Mr. Jaquette, having di
fn.v. "His funeral m
IJurynig-groimd in Mu
"ieiit of the light infa
niiisic playing a solei
* Annals of Tryon Co.
t "Lo village ife Ruflal
!''i-mr, eslimi- par toiuos k
iieneca." Rochefoucauld
Chap. Vl]
FARMEIlH-nROTIIER.
107
dinriH' cnriip. From n Hmnll ctiiiiicnro, jiiHt nt «ln\vii of dny, tlioir firn was
■eon hiirniiijr, mul Pdtr, iniiidMt his warriors, lyiiif? upon tli<> <;roiiiitl. All
were fust asleep. Unrpcr and his conipanionH earli crept silently op, willi
their ropes in their hands, man to nwin ; aial eaeh, standiii*!; in apposition to
jtriisp hiH adversary, waited for the word to he jiiven l»y their leader. 'I'lio
colonnl jo;,'^red his Indian, and, as he was wakin>r, said to him, " Comr, i7 is
iime for nifii (tf bua'mrsH tit hv unlluir uxiif." This was the watchword; and
no sooner was it pronounced, than each' Indian Itdt the warm <;ras|' of his
t'oe. The strufr^fle was d(!sperate, thoUKli HJiort, and resulted in the capturo
of every one of the party. Wiieii it was sutHciently li;,'ht to distinj^uisli
CdUiiteiiaiices, A7(r, ohserviiif; (Joloiud Harprr, m'u\,'' Ha ! Volomi Hminr !
S'liW I know you ! H'hj did I not know ifou ye.Ktvrditi/ '/" The colonel ohserved,
" .Some /WiVw in war, Peter" To wliicli /\/tr replied, ".//i/ me find em
so now. These captives were marched to Aliiany, and delivered up to
the commanding otHcer. IJy this cai)ital exploit no'douht many lives wero
wivcd.*
As has heeii noted, Red-Jacket died lit his residence near HuHalo, on the
20tli of January, 1830, Uf^ed ahout 80 yearH. In I8.'W, u grandson of his was
ciios(!n chief of the Senecas.
Tiio famous Seneca chifd", called the FARMKRS-BROTIIKIl, is oOen men-
tioned ill tlu! accounts of Red-jacket. His luitivo name wils Ho na-i/a-wiis.
In 17!>"2, I'armkiih-iikothkr wim in Philudelphia, and was among those
who attended the burial of Mr. Peter Jaijuctte, and is thus noticed in tlio
I'l'iiiisylvania Gazette of 28 March, of that year: "On Monday last, the
chiefs and warriors of tiie I'Mve Nations assembled at the statts-house, and
were welconuMl to the city of IMiiladelphia in an address delivered by the
governor. Three of the chiefs made a gtdieral ai^kiiowledgmeiit for the cor-
dial reception whicli they had experienced, but postponed thisir formal answer
until another opportunity. The room in w liich they assembled was mentioned
as the ancient council-chamber, in whi'di their ancestors and ours had olle:i
met to brighten the chain of friendship; and this circumstance, together with
the presence of a great part of the beauty of the city, had an evident etlect
upon the feelings of the Indians, and seemed |»articularly to emi)aiTass the
elocution of the Farmers-brother." This last clause does not correspond with
our ideas of the great chief.
Through his whole lif(!, Farmers-brother seems to have been a peace, ker.
Ill the spring of the next year, there was a great council hehl at N .igara,
I'oiisistiiig of the chiefs of a great many nations, dwelling upon the shores
of the western lakes. At this time, many long and laborious s[)eeclies wero
made, some for and others against tlie conduct of the United States. Fa:-m-
m-brother shone consjiicuous at this twne. His speech was nearly three
hours long, and the final determination of the council was peace. VVii
know of no speeches being preserved at this time, but if there could have
iwcn, doubtless much true history might have been collected from them.
Ill' HeeiiiK not only to have been esteemed by the Americans, but also by the
English.!
Of Peter Jaquette, whom we have several times incidentally mentioned,
we will give some account before proceeding with Honayawus. He was
one of the jirincipal sachems of the Oncidas. This chief died in Phila-
lielphia, 19 March, 17i)2. He had been taken to France by General Lafaij-
e//e, Kt the close of the revolutionary war, whero lie received an education.
Mr. Jaquette, having died on Monday, was interred jn the following Wednc^s-
ilay. " His funeral was attended from Oder's hotel to the Presbyterian
buiyiiig-ground in Mulkcrry-street. The corpse was preceded by a detacli-
iiiout of the light infantry of the city, with arms reversed, drums muftled,
music playing a solemn dirge. The corpse was followed by six of the
» Annals of Trvon Co. 8to. N. York, 18.
t " liC village da ButTalo est habile par Ics Senecas. Le chef de cette nation est Brothers-
farmer, estiim" par toutns les trihus roimnc grand guerrier ct prand poliliqiie. el Ibrl raross6
ace litre par les affciis anglais el les ageiis .Vmcrirains. BufTalo est lo clicl' lieu de la iialion
Seneca." liochejoucaulct, Voyage daiis I'Amenque en 171)5, 6, and 7, t. i. 2Uy.
K ; w
. vl
. * .1 -
: 4|i|
. ^'m
.: . U
'i";^!
M;'hii
1 .1*1' ii'?
lOrt rAiiMKUH-nuoTHKR.— HIS account ov tiik mounds, fnonn v.
«'lii«'(s (iH iiiiMiriii'rN, niii'i'<>i'<1imI liy nil llir wmridrH ; llii< mvcri'inl cli-rirv
of all ilriioiiiiiialioiH ; HccriMary ol' wiir, ami llir ^iiillt'iiii'ti of the ^var i|i>.
IHirtiiifiit ; ollii'crN of tlM> (i'licrai army, and of tlir iiiiliiia; ami a mimlH'r of
cili/i'iiH." *
Oim of tlio iiioHt rrli'ltrah'it H|>nThrH of Fitrnurx-hntUur waH dflivfrcd
ill a roiiiiril at (icm-scc Kivcr, in I7!IH, ami aHtT licin^ iiit<M|Mi'ic(|, ^vmm
Ni^riKMl liy ilic rhicfM |hcm'IiI, ami hciii to tlir lt';;iHlaliirt' of New York. |t
followH: -
" Urotlirrs, as yon an' once more aMHiunlilnd in ronnril for tlii< iinr|iuHr of
<loin^' liomn- to yom-MclvrH ami jnHlicr to yonr coinitiy, \vi>, yonr IiioiIicin
tiie Haclii'iiiH, rliids ami \vairi<nsof tlit! Scncfa nation, rf<|ncHl yon to ,,|iril
ifoiir vnrs ami jfivr attfiition to onr voict« and wIhIu'M. — Yon will ncollcci il,,.
afo ••ontcst iH'twiM'ii yon ami yunr father, tlir Kn-at kiiijf of I'ln^^jand. 'I'liis
rontcst threw the inhahilantH of thin whole island into a f;reat tinmilt and
oonnnotion, like a ra^in^ whirlwimi which tiarn n|i the trees, mid tosses to
iind ti'o the leaves, so that no one knows from whem-e they eoine, or wheri!
they will tiill. — This whirlwimi was so directed l»y the (ireat Spirit aiiovi' ns
to throw intc» onr arms two of yonr infant children, 7<».»/«t Pitiritili luul UDntttu
Jnniit.\ We adopted them into onr families, and made them om* cliildrcii.
\Vc loved them and nourished them. They lived with ns many years. Jt
IfUfith the (irtal Spirit spoke In flu- whirhrinif, and it irtui still, A clear and im.
interrnpted sky appeared. Tht? path of peace wa.s opened, and the chain (if
(riendsliip was once more made liriftht. 'I'lieii these onr ntlopted c|iil(|rt>n
iHl IIS, to seek thttir relations; we wislie<i them to remain anion^^ ns, miiiI
promised, if they would retnrii and livt; in onr country, to ^'ive each of t|it>in
a seat of land lor them and their children to sit down upon. — They have re-
turned, ami have, for several years past, lieen serviceahle to ns as inicriirct-
ers. We still feel onr hearts heat with aU'ection li)r them, and now wish to
fiillil tlie pr4>ini.se we made them, and reward them for their Ncrvicits. Wc
have, theretore, iiiaih^ np onr minds to uivt- them a seat of two sipiaro inili'i^
of land, IviiiK •>" '''»' outlets of Lake Krie, ahont three miles heiow Mliick.
rock, hcjimniiifr at the month of a creek known hy the tiaine of Sroi/iruijumi-
(ksnrrk, rnnnin^ ono inih' fioni the River Niajfara up said creek, tiicnrc
northerly as the river rnns two miles, thence westerly one mile to the rivir,
tlii'iice ii|) the river as the river rims, two miles, to the place of hegiiuiiiiff, so
as to contain two square miles. — Wo have now made known to yon hih'
minds. We expect and <'arnestly reipiest that yon will permit otir liicnds
to receive this onr fi'iW, and will make the same frood to them, accordinfi to
the laws and customs of yonr nation. — Why hIioiiUI you hesitate to nmkc nnr
iniiids easy with rejiard to this onr reiiiiest.' To you it is hnt a little thin;;;
and have you not com|ili<Ml with the retjiiest and contirmed the frills of our
brothers the Oneidas, the Ononda^as and Cayufjas to their iiiterpietciv*?
And sliail we ask anil not be heard? We send yon this onr sjicccli, tn
which wo e.\i)ect your answt'r before the breaking up our great conmil
fire."
A goiitleinan | who visited Buffalo in 1810, observes that Fminfis-hrnthcr
was never known to drink ardent spirits, and although then !t4 years old,
walked perfectly upright, and was remarkably straight and well Ibrnicil;
very grave, and answi-red bis in(|uiries with great precision, but thronirli liis
interpreter, IMr. Fairish, before named. His atrcount of the mounds in llwt
region will not give satisfaction. He told Dr. Kitu^ that they were thrown
up against the incursions of the French, and that the implements fonnd in
them were taken from them ; a great army of French having been ovcrtlirowii
and mostly cut off, the Indians became possessed of their ncoutrcint'iits,
which, being of no use to them, were buried with their owners.
He was a great warrior, and although "eighty snows in years" when tlip
wiu- of 1812 began, yet ho engaged in it, and fought with the Aiiiuricaiis.
* Foiinsylvaiiia Gazette.
t Taken prisoners at ihe destruction of Wyoming by the lories and Indians under Butler
anil Brant.
X Dr. William King, llie celebrated electrician, who gives the author lliis information
verbally.
ctnr. VI] rAFimr;
Undid not live till
iMittIc of Mridgrwa
rfxiitient of |'„ir,.,
Iiini Ity (.'cnrnil l
ii«(iiii.s( th,. AiiM^rir
a more sublime ni
Kjifccli given ahov
Horlli reiMwiiih"-
dill."
'I'hiH celchniled c
Fn'iich War, as if in
wlicie, at the head .1
fompimied the Kn^r)
f'liri Niagara, whirl
Sir If ill in III Jiilinsoii.
liiil(Mind is a very ii
wil is hut three and
fiili shore. It is said
ninore dismal lookii
|KT|i(iidicnlMr hank,,
"''I'll", "hich had laki
llii' chasm, added (,, (
ri'iiilcrlhe scene truly
I'll liilc tlial awniied'l
nliisiling to tlwir di
(irriviil at this spot, rti,-
'■"iMiiicm-ed a horrid I
""•'' "f MMiid (iirsook I
liiiinl, the teamsters, tl
iIi'',!.'nI(: Milt two of I
ST, (iliove the (iills, wli
""I '•"•' of the soldien
"l'i;''i sustained him n
'"'•'"IT Niagara, and ||
■'"i" 'i^'ilct that runs
Mid, colored with the I
^""»y ilie nami' of |{|,„
t'ltrrnvrs-lirolhrr fbiigl
I ii"iiicoiisiderahle (1),.'^
'";|;" "f 110 important a
I lie liillowing reiiiar
''"^'•I'icC In the war
J'';'."'';'' "• P'-'-'s li.r a
iy-jiirht and hirmrrs-
I ;irpi''inM| ill his pi-cs,.,!,.
>''"»l'- h l/ir Mohawks.
I •^'<lpin!r-k„!/r. Saij, wh
wk knew fliere was
''"■• 'nH«oi,i,.|,i,,|-o,-(
T;'; Ills hreast, he ,li„,.
lliclollowiiig letters
I J'vclop some other ititcM
"'''"file ir()iioraIiI(> /r///
" lie saclienis and eh
.'tandnigyoiiar.. fhepet.,
nmuijr,. and conduct the
)»:;/"•<■ at peaee and
ailiicn to afatJicr, to
10
Bui
OK V'
ir tlc-
MT of
iviTl'tl
I, WHS
ik. h
OHO of
OtIlCIH,
i> njit'ii
eel (lie
This
lilt lUlll
IHSI'S Id
■ wllClT
llOVC, IIS
liirdtio
'liililrni.
nrs. ,lt
iinil un-
I'lmin of
cliililnMi
! IIS, niiil
of tllClll
liiivi' rt'-
iiilcriircl-
,v wisli to I
(•••s. \\r
iiro mill's
iW IJIiick-
oi/iTi"/'"*.'/-
I'K, tllCIli'i'
till' liver,
iiiiiliif;, so
you our
iir friiMwls
onliiij; to
iiiako our
ttli- tliin;,';
fts of our
I'rpi'Ptprs?
pecfli, to
|ut council
Vrts-hrolher
1 years old,
hi foriiieil;
hiroiiijli Ills
[lis in that
\rv thrown
found in
Ivertlirown
liuromeuts,
when the
Lincriciuis,
lunder BiUler
infonnauon
cuAr. vii FAKMr.usnuoTiii.K.— simruiHi; at imivii/s iioi.r,.
KM)
lie dill not Tint till its flnsc, Init ilirtl nl tlii> Hfiirfii villii(;r, jiisi nO r tlm
IniIiIi- of Mi'iil<;r\viiirr, niiil wtis iiitiii'iil willi iiiililiir\ Ikmiims Ii\ iI r lilHi
re^itiK'iit lit' I'niti'i! Htiit* s iiiliinli'v. Ili' ii^tmlK xmm'i' (i iiinlal |ii'i'si-iit«'<l
liiiii by (icnrrtil hnnliiiiixlini. In tlir iTvnIntiiiii, lir lim^rlii Niin r<<Mriilly
ii);iiiiiHt till* AiiK'iii-aiis. I^'l'llll|l^4 tliii'i- in-vrr lliiwril iViitii llir li|is iif iiiiiii
a nil
ii'i> MiililiiMi' Mirlii|iliiii' tliiiii that iiiiiilr iiHi' III' liy ihiN rliirf, in ll
III
It JM
irit.l
MH'i'i'li ^ivi-ii iiliiivr, wlii'ii iilliiiliiii; III llir rrvDliiiioiiiirv i-<iiitr~l
worlli iriiriitiii;;: " 'IVic (Innl Sjilril nfnih Id tin irliirhrliiif, aiiif it
ill//."
TliiM ri'li'liniti'il cirirf wiiH riipi;;<Ml in tin- i-iiiihi' nC ilic I'micli, in tin- nlil
rn'iirli war, as it iH tftinril, iinil In- iinrr |iiiiiitri| out tlm s|miI to a tnivrlirr,
ulierr, lit tlir lirail of a lianil iif his warrioiN, lir aniliiiHliril a ^nianl that ar-
;>iii|iiiiiiril the l',ii>{liMli train", riiiplnynl In Ixvnii ilir I'lills iif Nia^'iiia anil
flirt Niii;.'ara, uhirli Innl tlim irri'iitly siirmiilnril to tlir i'ji;.'li.H|i iiiiiirr
<\r fHlliiiin Johnson. 'I'lir |ilacr of the ainliiisji is now rallril tin- l>i\irH
lliile, mill is a vrry iioti'il |ilan' to ini|nisitivi- visitors iiC tliat ronianlir rr;riiMi,
IS ii is liiit tliriT ami a half niilrs lulovv the <rri at I'alls, ami ii|ion tlir Ainrri-
,;iii slioir. It is saiil of this |ilarr, that " tlir niimi can sniri'ily roiirrivi! of
;i iiiori' ilisnial lookiiiLr ili'ii. A lari^i- ravinr, iiiailr liy llii' falling; in of tlii>
|iiM|iriiilii'iilar liank, ilarkciii'il liy tin- s|iirai!iM;; liranilit'S of tin- liirrli ami
iTiliir, vvliii-li liail taken root IhIow, ami tlir low niiiriniirin;; ol' tin- rapids in
ilie eliasni, aildril to tin- solnnii lliiimirr of tlii> ratiirarl ilsidf, I'ontriliiiti! to
niiiliT llir sri'iic truly iivvfid. Tin- l''.n>;lish party vvnc noliivvari' ol'tlii- drcad-
I'lil llili' that avvaitril tliiMii. I'lironsrioiis ol' daiiiri-r, tlii' drivers wi'rr ^'iiyly
nhistliiiir to thi'ir dull ox-tiwiins. {■'urnicrs-hntlliir ami his liaiid, on tlirir
iiirivtil lit this spot, riishnl from thr thirkrt wliii-ji hail rom-ralril tiirm, anil
iiiiiiiiiriii'ril a horrid liiitrhrry." So imrxpiTtrd was the iittark iliat all prrs-
iiiie of iiiimi forsook tin- r.ii^dish, and tliry inailr littlr or no n-sistanro. 'I'lu;
"iinnl, tho tranistrrs, thr oxni and thr wa;;oiis vvrro prrripitatrd down into
llii ;.'iill'. itiit two of thr nini rsra|iril: a All. Slrihiutn, who livrd atSrhlos-
^■r, iiliovi' thr liills, who, lii'in^' nioiinlrd on a lint horsi>, I'lli'i-trd his cNi-apr ;
Hill onr of till" soldii'is, who was caii^dit on thr projcrtiii^ root of a irilar,
uhii'li siistaiiiiMl him until llir Indians had Irt) thr plari>. Mr soon aftrr •;ot
iiia<''ara. and tlirri> iravr an aeroiint of what liai
<iiial
ipp
III
d. Tl
riviili't that runs into tin- Niiiffara ihronjrh tlii^ Ih-vil's lloh-, was, it \h
siiil, eiilorrd with thr hlood of thi> slain on that iiiiliirtiinati; d4iy, unU il now
k'irsllir nainr of liloody-Kiin.
Fiirmirs-hrollirr loiijiht airainst thii Anirrii-aiis in tlio Krvohitioii, and was
iiniiicoiisidrrablr for ; lint his ai'ts wrrr prohahly mostly in coiincil as w«!
In'iir of no important arliirvi'iiirnts liy him in thr liild.
The followiii<^' rnnarkalilr inridriit should not Iif omitted in the fife of
lliis eliicf. In the war of ISI'i, a fugitive iMohawk from the enemy had eii-
ili'iivoi'i'd to p;iss for a h^eneea, and ai'i-ordiiifily eaiiie amon;^ those under
Riil-jiirlivt and Fitrmern-hvitlhii: The latter disrovcred him, and immediately
a|i|H'iin
ll ill his presenre, and thus aerosted him. "/ know i/ou wt
II. )
on
W'liiy lo the Miihuwkii, Yon arc it .ip>/. Ilnr in iivj rijir — mif lonutluiwk — mif
,imlj)!ti<r-kn!j'r. Siiif, wliirk I skull u.tp, I am in Inistc." The ymmj? Mo-
liimk knew there was no reprieve, nor time to deliherate. He chose tlio
rill'. The old chief ordered him to lie down upon the },'rass, and with one loot
ii]Hiii his breast, be dischar;;e(l his ride into his head.*
The followiiif,' letter will, besides exhibitiiiff the condition of tlio Scnecas,
I Jevdop some otliiu- iiitoresting flictM in their biof!:ra|ihicul history.
'To the Uoiiorable Willinm Ev.slls, secretary at war.
"The sachems and chief warriors of the Seneca nation of Tndian.s, uiidor-
I Sanding yon are the person appointed by the ^vvni council of your nation to
riiiimige and conduct the alVairs of the several nations of Indians with whom
joi uie ut peace ami on terms of friendHhi)), come, at this time, as
cliililrcii to u father, to lay before yon the trouble which we liuve on our
minds.
10
* Buckinghmn' s Miscellanies, i. 33, 34.
no
FARMERS-BROTHER.
[Book V.
" Brother, we do not tliiiik it best to nniiti ply words: we will, thorofore
tell you wlmt our romplaiiit is. — Brotlior, li.stfii to what we say : 801110 years
since, wc held a treaty at Jii<(tree. near the Genesee River. Thi.s treaty was
called by onr j^reat liaher, the president of the United States. Uc sent an
an;ent. Col. Jfadsworth, to attend this treaty, for the purjiose of advisinif us in
the business, and seeing that we liad justice done us. At this treaty, \vii ,s)|,i
to Robert Morris the greatest i)art ot" onr comitry ; the sum lie gave us was
100,000 dollars. The eoniiiiissioncrs who were appointed on your jian
advised us to plarc this money in the hands oConr great father, the' president
of the United States. He told us our fiither loved his red children, and
would take care «-f our money, and plant it in a field where it would' l)p,,r
seed forever, as long as tree., grow, or waters run. Our money has lioreto-
fore been of great service to us ; it has helped us to support our old peopio
and our women and children; but we are told the field where our nioinn was'
planted is become barren. — Brother, we do not understand your way of doinir
business. This thing is very heavy on our minds. We mean to hold onr
white brethren of the United States by the hand ; but this weight lies heavy •
we hope you will remove it. — We have heard of the bad conduct of our
brothers towards the setting sun. We arc sorry for what they have done •
but you must not blame us ; we have had no hand in this bad business!
They have had bad ])eople among them. It is your enemies have done this.
— We have persuaded our agent to take this talk to your great council. Hij
knows our situations, and will s|)eak our minds.
[Subscribed with the marks of]
Farmer's Brother, [Honayawiw,]
Little Billy, [Gishkaka,]
YouAO King, [KoyingqiiaiUah,'\
Pollard, [Kaoundoowand,]
Chief- warrior, [lAinuchskewa,]
Two-guns,
John Sky,
Parrot-nose, [Soocoowa,]
John Pierce, [Teskaiy,]
Wheelbarrow,
Jack-berry,
Twenty Canoes, [Cachaunwasse,\
Big-kettle, [Sessewa ?]
Half-town, [Miiout,]
Keyandeande,
Captain-cold,
Esq. Blinkney,
Capt. Johnson, [Talmnaha.]
Strong, [KahcUsta,]
" N. li. The foregoing speech was delivered in council by Fanners- Brother,
at Buffalo Creek, IS) Dec. 1811, and subscribed to in my |)resence by tiie
chiefs whose names arc annexed.
Erastus Granger'"
Eight thousand dollars * was appropriated immediately upon receipt of the
above.
Littlc-billr/, or Gishkaka^ is the same of whom we have spoken in a prece
ding chapter, and called by Washington, Juskakaka,
Young-king, the third signer of the above talk, was engaged in figlitiiifr
for the Americans in the last war with England, and by an act of conjricss
Avas to be paid yearly, in quarterly payments, 200 dollars, during lifii. Tlio
act states that it was "u compensation for the brave and meritorious services
which he rendered" in that war, "and as a provision for the wound ami
disability which he received in the performance of those services." This
was in the s|)niig of 1810.
Of Pollard, or Captain Pollard, we shall have occasion elsewhere to say
more.
Jack-herry was sometimes interpreter for Red-jacket.
Half-town wiis very conspicuous in the afliiirs of the Senecas, but as he
is generally inenlioned, in our documents, in connection with Corn-plant, or
Corn-plnntcr, and Big-tree, we had designed to speak of the three collectively.
We find among the acts of the Pennsylvania legislature of 17i»l, one " llir
• '•■ In lieu of tlic diviilciu) on the bank shares, liekl by the president of the U. Slp.tes, in
trust for tlie Seneca nation, in llic bank of tlie U. Slates."
j Or Kiinidnoewa, Kutjfnlhoghki', &c.
% Benson's Memoir, bcibre tlie N. Y. Hist. Sue. page 20. Also Amur. Magazme.
Chap. VI.]
IL
panting 800 dollars
111 trust (or the Seiu
an Indian war. Set
all experience has si
troubles were sure t
upon with jealousy
man's friend," and «•
picious movement ol
; tiint hostile bands, li
hilt for the vigilance
liecn cut off! In Api
Hinds of 100 warrioi
tiiiually, " being dete
irecpient discoveries
Xew-arrow gave info
had been seen on I
supposed to be Fort J
The Indian name
Harmcr, in 178!>, wli»
States. The conmiis
SI. Clair, Oliver H'ola
on the part of the Se
or Gi/antwaia, besides
Big-tree was often c
\atioiis, was JVihoro
nation, t Big-tree wa
1778, but returned to
the Senecas, and used
Brant against the Am
Big-tree was receivtul
mission. Having stai
Oneidas sent a messei
that when he arrived i
villages, Kanadaseago
tribes ; that they at fir
learning by a spy that
flew to arms, and Big
lie said, " the enemy th
But we do not learn
and doubtless returnei
CORN-PLA.VTER WaS
not learn; we will, h
that signal disaster, i,
themselves upon the (
Itiiilt a fort ii|)on it, as
noiigaluda, the latter
taken by a force of alx
Braddock. With abou
the rest to follow 111
eoiir.><e of Ids march, I.
of the French fort on
meiits was carried the.
it was told among the
stolid columns, they I.
ij^oot 'en down, all one
"1 this, the Indians w«;
The French, it seen
Or Kiaridoffewa, Ka
t IJeuson's Memoir, be
SAcrount of the Ohio
Withers't Clironicla
II
>0K V.
ofore,
yours
y was
■nt ail
J us ill
lO sold
IS was
r liiu-t,
'(<i(leiit
n, iuid
(1 hear
lionno-
peoplc,
(iV \\i\H
t'doiiic;
lid our
heavy ;
ol' our
! done;
iisiiii'ss.
lie tliis.
:il. 11*3
sse,j
Chap. VI] HALF-TOWN— CORN-PLANT— BIG-TREE.
-Brother,
by tlie
VGER ''
)t of the
a prece
figliting
congress
I'e. Tlic
; servioes
iiid and
This
mi
I
e to say
nt as he
-Itlmf, or
iectively.
one " Ibr
. Stp.tes, ia
le.
Ill
grontini? 800 dolliirs to Corn-planter, Half-town mid Bif^-trce, Soiiocn cliiefs,
ill triit<t for tiic; Sciujcu nation." At this time iimch was apprnlieiuicd from
an Jiidian war. Settlors were intnidiiif,' theiiisclvcs upon their eoiiiitrv, and
nil experieiiee lias shown that whenever the whites have gone* among tliein,
troubles were sure to follow. Every movement of the Indians was looked
upon with jealousy by them at this jieriod. HalJ'-toiiti was the " wliito
man's friend," and communirated to the garrisons in his rountry every sus-
picious movement of tribes of whom doubts were entertained. It is evident
tliat hostile bands, for a long time, hovered about the post at Ven^'Ugo, and,
bat for the vigilance of Half-loimi, and other friendly chiefs, it would have
been cut off. In April this year, (17!)1,) Co/n-plant and Half-lown liad up-
wards of 100 warrioi-s in and aliout tin; garrison, and kejit runners out con-
tinually, " being determined to protect it at all events." TJieir sjiies made
Irocpient discoveries of war parties. On the 12 August, 1791, Half-town and
,\'cw-arroio gave information at Fort Franklin, that a sloop full of Indians
jiiid been seen on Lake Erie, sailing for I'resquc Isle ; and th'^r object was?
supposed to be Fort Frankliii ; but the conjecture jiroved groundless.
The Indian name of Half-town was Achiout. We hear of him at Fort
llarnier, in 1789, where, with 2<3 other-s, he executed a treaty with the United
fitates. The commissioners on the part of the latter were General Jlrthnr
St. Clair, Oliver H'olnU, Richard Butler and Arthur Lee. Among the signers
nil tiie part of the Senecas were also Big-tree, or Kiandogewa, Corn-plankr,
or Gj/anlwaia, besides several others whose names are familiar in history.
liilX-'lree was often called Great-tree, which, in the language of the Five
Niitions, was JVihorontagowa,* which also was the name of the Oneida
iiiition. t Big-tree was with General Washington during the summer of
1778, but returned to the Indian nations in tlie autumn. He jiroceeded to
tlie Senecas, and used his eloquence to dissuade them from fighting under
Bmnt against tlie Americans. The Oneidas were friendly at this time, and
Bi^-tree was received among them with hospitality, in his way, upon this
mission. Having staid longer than was expected among the Senecas, the
Oneidas sent a messenger to him to know the reason. He returned answer
tliat when he arrived among iiis nation, he found them all in -ms, and their
villages, Kanadaseago and Jenncssee, crowded with warriors from remote
tribes; that they at first seemed inclined to hearken to his wishes, but soon
learning by a sjiy that the Americans were about to invade their (country, all
flew to arms, and Big-tree ptit himself at their head, " determined to chas. sc,"
lie said, " the enemy that dared presume to think of penetrating their counlni"
But we do not learn that he was obliged to maintain that hostile attitude,
iiid doubtless returned soon ailer.
CoR.N-PLA.NTER was a warrior at Braddock^s defeat, but whether a chief I do
not learn; wo will, however, according to our design, give an account of
that signal disaster, in this connection. The French having 'established
tlieiiiselvcs upon the Ohio, within the territory claimed by the E iglish, and
built a fort upon it, as low down as the coiiHuence of that river with the Mo-
nongahela, the latter were determined to dispossess thcni. This was under-
taken by a force of about 2200 men under the command of General Edward
Braddock. With about IHOO of these he proceeded on the expedition, leaving
the rest to follow under Colonel Dunbar. | Through nearly the whole
course of his march, he was watched by s|ties irom Fort Duquesne, (the name
of the French fort on the Ohio,) and the earliest intelligence of his move-
ments was carried there by Indian runners with the utmost desjiatch. When
it was told among the Indians that the army was marching upon them in
solid columns, they laughed with snrjjrise, and said, one to another, " fieHl
shoot ^en down, all one pigeon !"§ and it will always be acknowledged that,
ill this, the Indians were not mistaken.
The French, it seems, formed but a small part of the force that defeated
* Or Kiandos^ewa, Kayentho^rhke, Sic.
t Benson's Memoir, before (he N. Y. Hist. Soc. pape 20.
Arrouiit of die Ohio Defeat, p. 4, 4°. Boston, 1753.
]Vithers's Chronicles, 53, &4.
Also Amer. Magazine.
•>'.P]
I ■ f
I
J.-
mi '
113
COllN-PI.ANTI'.R.— miADDOCK'S DKFKAT.
[»<ll)K V.
Chap. VI.] CORN-P
Bm(l(lork\f iiriny ; tlic Indiiin.s plaiincd and ('XO(Mil«!d tlio ()|tcr,itioiis cliicflv
tlitMiisflvcs, mid tlicir wIkiIi- Hhcc is .■<aid nitt to liavo cxrtM'd d |(|() nicii ' lint
r_ <i . ..!• .1.. I.' 1. .1 1 :. : -I .... " "'
from the accoiiiits of ilic Krcnrli tliniistlvc.^, it is «'\id:iit ilinc wci,.
nboiiMiOO Indians, and not liir iVoni ^50 l''r<Micli,* wlio mairiicd (int in meet
Jirnildork.
I'laily in till! inoiniiifj of tlic !> .Inly, 1755, tlio English anny arrived nl a
r<)rdiiif;-|tlac«! on tlir Monongalicla, at the jnin-tion oC liu! V'onj;liiof;anv, whicl'i
it |ms.s('tl in lino order, and pnrsiii'd its niarcli npon tim souilurn niin"iii of
till! rivt'r, lo avoiil tlit! liif{li and rnfrficd ffronnd on the iiortli, wliicFi iIk y
wouhl havi'liad to onconntcr upon tlio oilier side of it. ff'ashinixion ultinsaiil
afterwards, "that the most tieautilid s|iectacle wliieli he liad ever hehrld \\,is
the display of tiie Uritish troops on this (!ventl'iil morniiifr." They wcn. i„
full unilbrm, and man-lied in the most jierH-et order, and drciimed efnolhin'r
but an easy eoni|Mest, About noon they arrived at their .seeond ernssinrp
})lar«', which was distant only 10 miles from l''ort l)u<|iiesne. It was h(!re
that tiie Indians nn<l I'^HMieli had inteiidi-d to eommiMiee their attack; luit
owiiifT to some delay, they did not arrive! in season, and thereibre look a posi-
tion liu'llier in advance, aiitl awaited the a|)proach of the Kn4>lisli.
The French were command«!d i)y iM. ilv licaujcu, who had Tor his licutrii-
ant, M. Dumas. The place chost!M lor the andaish was the best possible, ami
tlie Indians never showed ffreater courage and firmiie.ss. It is said by tlic
French, that they were for some timi! opposed to ffoiii;? out lo ['v^\\i the
Kiifllish, but that alter several solicitations from IM. Bcaujcu, they con.>i( iiteij ■
but the Indian ac<"ount is as wi! have! before; stated.
Immediately on crossin;,' the river the army were! formed in three divisions
which was the order of march. A plain, or kind of prairie, which the aimv
had to cross, e.Mended from the river about half a mile, and then its nmte
lay over an ascendiiifjf f^round, of very gentle ascent, covered with trees and
high prairie grass. At the! commencement of this elevation began a ravine
which, as it extended up the rising gromid, formed a figiu'e reseinbrmg neaiiv
that of a hor.se-shoe, and about 150 yards in extent. Into this iiiclosiirc two
divisions of the army had pa.ssed when the attack began.
Notwithstunding U'asliinirton had urged upon the general the j)ropriety of
keeping out scouting parlies to avoid sm'prise, yet he would take no advice,
and it is said, that on one occasion, he boisterously replied, "that it was liiiih
times for a young Buckskin to teach a IJriti.sh general bow to fight!" Siicli
was his contempt for .'scouting parties, that he accepted with cold inditlir-
eiice the services of ^iiorsre Croghan, who had offered himsiilf with 100
Indians for the iin|)ortant business of scouring the woods. The consei|ii(iic(;
was, the Indians, one after another, lell the army in its march, iiiucli to tin;
regret of Jfanliiinxton and other provincial oflicers, who knew how to ap-
preciate their value.
When the fh\st division of the army had nearly ascended the hill, as the
rising ground was called, the Indians broke the silence of the morning with
a most ap])alling yell, and at the same moment poured a mo.st deadly tire
from their coverts upon the devoted column. The first .sjiocks wire sns-
tuined with (irnmess, and the fire was returned, by which a few Indians were
killed, and the French commander-in-chiefl M. de licmijeu, mortally woniided.
It is sai<i that the Indians now began to waver, and but for the good conduct
of M. Duman, second in command, wdidd have fled ; but by his exciitions
order was restored, and the firing, which had not ceased, was redoubled.
The advanced column was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel G«fif, since
.so well known as governor of iMassachiiselt.s, in 1775. This coliinin \Vi\s
about 100 yards in advance of the second, which had just hegne to ascend
the hill when the attack began, and the main body, under the gencnil in
person, was but a few rods in the rear of this, and on heiu'ing tlu! tiring in:
press(>(i forward to support the engaged parly.
Meanwhil(> the extensive line of Indians upon the right flank made an
onset from their s(!ction of the ravine, and from their superior nuiiiheis, the
shock could not be withstood, and the column was immediately broken, uiid
roiiipanio s, as thiiy
Sparks's WaslUri^lon, ii. WJU — 76.
t Ib.c.l.4C9.
Chap. VI.] CORN-PI-ANT.— JUS Hl'KKCH TO VV.VSIIINOTON.
113
began to rotrnnt in disdrdcr down tlio liill — ronCiision find di^niiiy onsnnd —
no (!xorlions of tli(! i>trK'(!rH conld pnsvcnt tlid |iaiiic Iniiii s|ir(i;i(liii!f iimong
the iTf^ular froo|is, and tin- light was ancnvard.scdntiniicd in ihi; utmost irreg-
ularity. luiltoldcrMMi liy tlic confusion of tlu; lOnglisli, tlu! Indians now
nislit'd n|ion tlK^ni with thoir tomahawks, which, nilcr near two iioiirs, tcr-
miiialcd ihc hattlf, and the field wa.s U-t\ in tiicir possession. Not oidy the
liild of hattic, hilt ail tho killed and many of the wonndcd, all the artdlery,
(eleven |)icces of cannon,) all tli(; gi'ncral's haggage, and even private |>.'ipers,
ami nil the ammnnition and iirovisions, fell into the hands of the victors.
All Itnt. tli(! Virginians fought f()r some timt^ in the most wretched confn-
bion; hut the ollicers were moin*nfully sacrificed — sometimcH charging tlio
enemy in a hody hy themselves, hoping hy their exani|ili! to draw out tlieir
mill ill a manner to repel their adversaries; hut all to no |)nriioH(! : and it is
not doiihied hut that the confused multitude of regulars killed many of tlii'ir
rmiipanio s, as tlic^y oi>en fired fifty or a hundred in a huddle together,
si'ciiiiiigly for no other ohject hut to get rid of their ammunition. The Vir-
fiiiiiiiis fought in the Indian manner, behind trees and coverts ; and it was
owing to their good i-ondiict that any of the wriitched army escaped.
Alter having live horses i hot uiirhu* him, (jfeiieral Hrnddork received a
; wound in his lungs, of which he diijd on the \-\\\\ of July, 4 days alter tli(5
.; Iiiittli!, at Fort (^iimherland, whither he had arrived with a part of his sliat-
i incd army. fi^<isliin«rl(ni had been siiireriiig, liir some time before arriving
atllieliital battle-field, from a (iiver; and in a letter which he wrote to his
:ii()tlior, dated July I81I1, Ik; thus sptviks of himself: — "The Virginia troops
fhinved a good deal of bravery, and w«'re nearly all killed ; for 1 believe, out
of' three c()ni|)aiii»!S that were there, scarccdy -iO men are left alive, (^ap-
l;iiii Fejirounif, and all his oflicrers down to a corporal, were killed. Caiitaiii
Poison had nearly as hard a tiite, for only one of his wen; left. In short, iho
(iastanlly behavior of those they call regulars (ixpo.sed all others, that were
inclined to do their duty, to almost certain death, and at last, in despite of
all llio eflorts of the otH(;ers to the contrary, they ran, as sheep pursued by
iloL's, and it was impossible to rally them." " Sir Pdcr Halkd was killed
in the field, where died many other brave ofKccrs. I luckily escaped with-
iiiit a wound, though I had 4 bullets through my coat, and two horses shot
miller me. Captains Ormc, and Morris, two of the aids-d(!-camp, were wound-
ed euily in the engagement, which riJiidercid the duty harder upon me, as I
ivas the only person then left to distribute the general's orders, which I was
Mreily able to do, as I was not half recovered from a viohjiit illiKJSs, that
bl eoiifined me to my bed and wagon for above 10 days."
We know of no battle, in which so great a proportion of ofTicers fell.
There wen; 8() engaged in it, and (i."{ wen; killed and woimdiul, of whom 2()
wire killed. IJesidtis those already named, tliere were among the wounded
Cokiiii I Burton, 8ir John St. Cliiir, Colonel Ormc, and Major Sparks. Of the
]iriv;it« soldiers there were killed and wounded 714, half of whom were
killed, or fell into the; hands of the Indians, and suffered a cruel dcjatli alter-
ivnrd.s. Mr. John Field, then a lieutenant, and IMr. Charles Lewis, two dis-
lin;;iiislieil oflicei-s aflerwards, escajied the carnage of liraddock\i field to
liill ill a more fortunate place. They wen; colonels under (iiiiieral Jlndrcw
Urns, and were killed in the battle of Point Pleasant, as will be found men-
imied in the life of Loa;nn.
Ill the yciar I7!)0, liiir-lrep. Corn-plant and Half-town appeared at IMiiladel-
pliiii, and, by their interpreter, communicated to Presiclent Washington as
ibllows : —
^Vnlhcr : The voice of the Seneca nations s]>eaks to you ; the great coiin-
wllor, ill whose heart the wise men of all the </nV<ccn7?rc."» [I JHJ. S.] have
jiliiced tlieir wisdom. It may I>e very small in your eai-s, and we, therefore,
entroiit you to hearken with attention ; f()r we are able to speak of thing.s
wliii'ii are to us very great.
"When your army entered the country of the Six Nations, we called you
iv town di'slroifer ; to this day, when your naiiK! is heard, our women look
lieliind them and turn pale, and our cliildren cling close to the necks of tlieir
laothers."
10 »
■:-.'
m
■ * >
^;-.
••<l,» .-
114
CORN-ri,ANT.— HIS SI'liKClI TO WASMINCiTOIV.
[liooK V.
" Wlitin our chiofrt rfiturnnd from Fort Stiiiiwix, luiil laid lioforn our coun-
cil what had bocii done there, our ualioii was surprised to lu-ar how L're.it
country jou liad (M)in|>elled thcui to ffive up to \oii, without your paviu'r to
US any tiiirif^ for it. Kv»'ry ono said, tiiat your hearts were y("t swelli'd \vii|,
resentMH'Mt UKimist us for what had iiappened thuinj,' tht; war, hut that nno
day you would consider it with more kindiu-ss. We asked each otiier, /r/,,,/
have tvc (lone to tfescrve such severe chastiseineiil J
" Father: when you kintile<i your Hi fires separati'ly, tlm wise; men iK-scm-
bled at them told us that you were all brothers ; the" children (»f one jUina
father, who re}i;arded the red people as liis children. They called ns
brotiie:s, and invited us to his |)rolection. Tliey told us that he. rcsid,.,!
beyond the frreut water where the sun iirst rises; and that he was a kjn.p
whose |)ower no iteople could resist, and tiuit his goojlness was as iiriirJit ns
the sun. What tliey said went to om* hearts. W«! accepted tiie iuviCni,,,,
and promised to obey him. What the Seiuica nation promises, they liiith-
fully perform. When you refused obedience to that kinjf, he ctuuniaiidtil
us to assist his behrvcd men in niakiuff you sober. In obeyinjr him, we did
no more than yourselves hud hid us to promise." " Wt! were deceived; Imt
your people teachinj; us to confide in that kin^^, luui lielped to deceivi; ns-
and we now a|»peal to your breast. In all the blame ours/
*' Father: when we saw that we had been deceived, and heard tlie invita-
tion which you gav»' us to draw near to the fire you had kindled, and talk
with you concerniu}? peace, we made haste towards it. You told us viiu
could crush us to nothing; and you detnanded from us a ^reat coniitrv as
the price of that pi'ace which you had offered to us : as if our wtnil of
stretifflh had destror/ed our rights. Our chiefs had felt your power, and wcin
unable to contend against you, and they therefore jrave u|) that conntrv.
What they agreed to lui.^ bound our nation, but your anger against us must
by this timt! be cooled, and although our strength is not increased, nor vonr
power become less, we ask you to consider calmly — Here the terms didutcd
to us In/ your commissioners reasonable and just "/ "
They also remind the president of the soh>mn ])romise of the coniniission-
ers, that they shoidd be secured in the peaceable possession oi" what wiis
left to them, and then ask, "Does this promise bind you/" And tiiai no
sooner was the treaty of Tort Stanwix coiu'hnled, than comniissioiierH Inun
IVniisylvaniu came to purchase of thcfu what was included within tL; lines
of their state. These they iidormed that they did m)t wish to sell, hut hi ing
further urged, consented to sell a part. IJut the conunissioueissaid that "Mcy
must have the whole ;" for it was already ceded to therm by the king of ling-
land, at the peace following tlu! revolution; but still, as their aiM'est<iis luul
always paid the Indians for luiul, they were willing to pay thiin for it. Htjng
not able to conteiul, the; land wjis sold. Soon after this, they eiupowcrcd a
jierson to let out part of tiieir land, who said congress \im' sent him tiinlio
purpose, but who, it seems, frauduleiuly procured a deed instead of a pnivcr
to lease; for tiiere soon came another person claiming all tl ;(>ir coiuitiy nnitli-
ward of the line of Pennsylvania, saying that he purchas( d it of the otlici-,
and for which he had paid 120,000 dollars to him ami 20,000 more to tlio
United States. He now demanded the land, and, on being refused, thiiatcn-
cd immediate war. Ktiowing their weak situation, they held a council, and
took the advice of a white man, whom they took to be their friend, hut who,
as it proved, had plotted with the other, and was to receive some ot'tiio
lanti for bis agency. He, therefore, told them they must comply. " Astonish-
ed at what we heard from every quarter," they say, " with hearts aching \vitii
compassion for our women and children, we were thus compelled to give nj)
all our country north of the line of I'eimsylvauia, and east of the (Jcncsee
River, up to the great ;orks, and east of a south line drawn iij) liom tiiat
fork to the line of Peuiisylvaiua." For this he agreed to give them 10,000
dollars down, and 1000 dollars u year forever. Instead of that, he paid tlicni
2500 dollars, and some time after offered 500 dollars more, insisting that
tliat was all he owed them, which he allowed to be yearly. They a<id,
"Father: you have said that we wore in your hand, and that hy closing it
you could crush us to notliiiig. Are you duteriniued to crush us ? If you
¥
evasion in answerinjr s(
Chap. VI.]
CORN-PL.\NT.— DKATII OF lUG-TREn.
115
arc, tell IIS ho; tlmt tlioso of our nation who liavc! Ih-couk' your cliildrcn, and
liiivc (l<'t«jrminL'(l to di); ho, may know what to do. In thin case, one chief
liiis said, lif would ank you to |)ut him out of liin pain. Another, who will
not think of dyin^ liy tlii; hand of liiH lather, or his hrollu;!', has said Ik; will
retire to the Chatuiigli(jut;, eut of the liital root, and nleej* with his fatliers iu
licace."
" Ail the land we have heeii Hpeakiiif,' of heioiifred to the Six NntioiiH. No part
of it ever ludoiiffed to the king of liiifrlaiid, and he could not giv(! it to you."
" Hear iiH once more. At Kort Slaiiwix W(( agrj'cd to deliver up thone of
nur jH'opIe who should do you any wrong, and that you might try them and
|iiinish them according to your law. VVi! delivered u|) two men accordingly.
|}iil instead of trying them according to your law, th(! lowest of your peopio
Idok them from your iimgistratc, and put them immediately to death. It is
|iist to puiiiHh tlni murder with death ; hut the feeneciiH will not deliver up
ilicir people to ineu who disrcganl the treaties of their own nation."
Then! were many other grievances enumerated, and all in a strain which,
we should think, would have drawn forth immediate reliiif. In his answer,
iVcsident jyiushingtnn said all, perhaps, whi(di could he said in his situation;
mill iiis good feedings are manifcHt throughoMi: still there is something like
cviision in answering some of their griiivauces, and an omission of notice to
iitlicrs. His answer, nevertludess, gave them much encouragement. Ho
Insured them that the lands obtained from tluMii by fraud was not sanctioned
liv tilt; govermiKMit, and that the whole transaction was declared mill and
viiid; and that the jicrsons wh > murdered tluMr peo[de should be d(;alt with
as tliungh they had inurdenMl white in(;n, and that all possibh; means would
In' iiseil lor their apprehension, and rewards should continue to be offered to
ctll'ct it. Jiut we have not learned that they were ever apprehendud. TIhj land
ciiii\eyerl by treaty, tin; presiileiit inibrmed them, ho liud iio authority to con-
cini with, as that act was biifon; his administration.
The above speech, ulthoiigh a|)|»earing to be a joint production, is believed
to have been dictated by Corn-planter. It, howevcir, was no doubt the si^nti-
im'uts of the whole nation, as well as thosi; of himsidf. Half-town and Hif;;-
ircc. Of this last-named chief we will here speak as follows: — In 17!M, an act
jiiisscd the legiHlatiirc of Pennsylvania, "to empower the gov(!riior to grant a
|iiii(iit to liifr-tree, a Seneca chief, for a certain island in the Alleghany
River." lie lamentxul the disaster of St. Clnir^s army, and was heard to suy
aitrrwards, that he wonld hnvc two scalps for General Butler's, who fell and was
siiilpcd ill that tight. John Deckard, aiioth(!r Seneca chief, reptjated the same
wiinls. liriiig on a mission to Philadelphia, in April, 17!>'2, he was taken
sick lit his lodgings, and died after about '20 hours' illness. Three ».ays after,
111 iiig Sunday, the 22d, he was buried with all riMpiisiK; attention. The river
liis:-trev was probably named from the circun stance of this chief having
lived upon it. His name still exists among some of his descendants, or
iitlii MS of his tribe, as we have seen i' subscribed to several instruments
uitliiii a few years. To return to Corn-planter.
His Indian name, as we have before noted, was Gj/antwaia ; an! most of
uiir knowledge concerning him is derived li"om himself, and is contained in
li letter sent from him to the governor of Pennsylvania; and, although writ-
ii'ii by an interfireter, is believed to be tlje real production of Corn-planter.
It was dated "Alleghany River, 2d mo, 2d, 1822," and is as follows : —
"Ifecl it my duty to send a speech to the governor of Pennsylvania at
iliis time, and inform him the place where I was from — which was at Cone-
uiiiii;iis,* on the Genesee River.
"When I was a child, I played with the butterfly, the gi-asshopper and the
fin;rs; and as I grew up, 1 began to pay some attention and play with the
liiiiiaii boys in the neighborhood, and they took notice of my skin being a
(lilU'ieiit color from theirs, and spoke ahout it. I inquired of my mother the
cimse, and she told ine that my father was a residenter in Albany.f I still
* Th s was tiie Iroquois lorm to dcsieriiatc a place of Christian Indians j hence many
places l)car ii. Ii is llic same as Caugitncwaga.
t It IS said (Aracr. Rug, ii. 2:28) that he was an Irishman.
('
rl
Hi ,
-•»i'/ii;
miM
116 CORN-PLANT.— COMl'LAINT TO PENNSYLVANIA. [Rook V.
oat my victuals out of a hark disli. I grew up to ho a younj^ mnn, and mur-
ricil me a wile, taul I Jiad no kettle or f;iiii. I then knew wiiere my liithtT
lived, and went to see him, and Ibnnd he was a white man, aiul spoke iho
Enjrlish lafguajre. lie gave me victuals whilst I was at liis iiouse, hnt wlicn
I started to return home, lie gav(! me no provision to eat on tins way. |[,;
gave me neither kettle nor gun, neither did lie tell me that the United ytutes
were ahout to rebel against tiie government of England.
"i will now tell you, brotheis, who are in session of the legislature of
Pennsylvania, that the Great S|)irit has made known to me that I have liccn
wicked; and the cause thereof was the nwolutionary war in America. 'V\u>
cause of Indians having been led into sin, at that time, was that many of
them were in the practice of drinking and getting intoxicated, (iicut
Britain requested us to join with them in the conHict against the Americans
and promised the Indians land and iicpior. I myself was opposed to joiiiinc'
in the conflict, as I had notiiing to do with the difficulty that existed bltutjca
t!ie two parties. I have now informed you how it happened that the Indians
took a part in the revolution, and will relate to you some circumstances tliat
occurred after the close of the war. General Putnam, who was then at
I'lii!adel|)hia, told me there was to be a council at Fort Stanwix; and tlio
Indians requested me to attend on behalf of the Six Nations; which I iljd
and there met with three commissioners, who had been ap|)ointed to iiold tlie
council. They told me tliey woidd inform me of ilie cause of the r voln-
tion, which I requested them to do minutely. They then said that it IkkI
originated on account of the heavy taxes that had been imjiosed upon ilieni
by the British goverimient, which had been for fifty years increasing upon
them ; that the Americans had grown weary thereof, and refused to pay,
which affronted the king. There had likewise a rlifficulty taken jilace alwut
some tea, which they wished ine not to use, as it had been one of the causos
that many people had lost their lives. And the British government now
being affronted, the war commenced, and the cannons began to roar in onr
country. General Putnam then told me, at the council at Fort Stanwix,
tliat, by the late war, the Americans had gained two objects: they liud
established themselves an independent nation, and had obtained some land
to live upon: the division line of which, from Great Britain, run tliroii<,'h
the lakes. I then spoke, and said that I wanted some land for the Indians to
live on, and General Putnam said that it should be granted, and I shoidd liuve
land in the state of New York for the Indians. General Putnam then en-
couraged me to use my endeavors to pacify the Indians generally; and, as
he considered it an arduous task to perform, wished to know what I wanted
for pay therefor. I replied to him, tiiat I would use my endeavors to do us
lie had requested, with the Indians, and for pay thereof, I would take land.
I told him not to pay me money or dry goods, but land. And for hiiving
attended thereto, I received the tract of land on which I now live, which was
presented to me by Governor Miflin. I told General Putnam that I wisiicd
the Indians to have the exclusive privilege of the deer and wild game, wliich
he assented to. I al.so wished the Indians to have the privilege of hnnting
in the woods, and making fires, which he likewise assented to.
" The treaty that was made at the aforementioned council, has been broken
by some of the white people, whicli I now intend acquainting the governor
with. Some white people are not willing that Indians should hunt any more,
whilst others are satisfied therewith ; an<l those white people who reside
near our reservation, tell us that the woods are theirs, and they Imve
obtained tiiem from the governor. The treaty has been also broken
by the white jjeople using their endeavors to destroy all the wolves, whieh
was not spoken about in the council at Fort Stanwix, by Grcneral Pitinam,
but has originated lately.
"It has been broken again, vvhicli is of recent origin. White peojile wish
to get credit from Indiatis, and do not pay them honestly, according to their
agreement. In another resjiect, it has also been broken by white jteople,
who reside near my dwelling ; for when I plant melons and vines in my
field, they take them as their own. It has been broken again by wiiite
people using their endeavors to obtain our pine-trees from us. We have
Chap. VL]
very f<;w pine-trees oi
and Indians often get
' (|iiaiitity of whiskv I
^ Imliaiis obtain it iun
place which is very ti
i "The white people
' to pay_ taxes fiir my
iijion for that purpose
, liiraiiie irritated, ealle
nitii them and .siiiized
I" li't the cattle go. A
•tood the militia was
wont tf» Warren, and,
my note for the tax, th
my ilesire that the gov(
10 white peo|)le; and i
niiiy he refimded to n
ivlio attends to the situ
in Alleghany, that I jim
lie be authorized to in
lliemselves towards the
"The government ha
lodians and wliite peop
sre now in a trying s
aiitliorized to attend tl
lliat irrass has grown bi|
"The governor forme
lake care of them. W
diaiis cannot exist, unle;
fend a person authoriz
approaching summer. :
Whether the governr
oriier they took, ujion th
lliaf an independent tri
poi'le, is absurd in th
only the tax was remitt
I Jainage.
Corn-plant was veiy
I nitlistaiiding lie confirn
m, at the treaty of F(
'""try, and for which
'iivatened his life. Hin
frciisons. The Six N a
on, when the king's jiov
1 10 the miserable alternat
'nericans required, or
I %-/ree, made a most p;
[far condition, and a re
"iiig memorable passa'
"Father: we will note
I las preserved the Corn-pl
iskeontiimally, "Wiiere
tei after them, are to li(
imni Peimsylvania to Lak
fc line nmning from Bef
ntst, and we see that it is
I We It away by oi-der of i
'.»"«•' He is silent, for
Jo^vn, he opens his hear
M^amupon tho hills he
m'^^
Chap. VI.l
CORN-PLANT.
117
very fow pine-trees on our land, in the state of New York ; and nliite pcojilo
aiidliKliiiiirt oih'ii jjet into (lis|Mifo n's|H'ctin<,' tlicin. 'J'licn! is also a f;reat
quantity of wiiisk y liron^ilit near onr rcsiMvation liy wiiile jieoplc, and the
Indiana obtain it and IxM-onio drunken. Another circiunstance lias taken
place whieh is very tryinj? to uu-, and I wish the intcrlcu'cnee of tlie ;,'()vernor.
"Tlie white people, who !/e at Warren, ealled tipon uie, some lime ago,
taxes lor my land; whieh 1 ohjeeted to, as 1 had never been ealh'd
W to pay
ni8 to
have
■n cn-
aiid, us
iuiited
do as
land,
ijiving
;li was
wislifd
wliicli
Hinting
iioken
ovenior
y more,
rt'side
,' have
broken
, wliirli
Pi(/imm,
lie w\s\\
to their
people,
• ill my
white
have
y
ii|i(iii for that |)urpose beibre ; and havinjf reliiscd to jjay, the white! people
luManie irritated, called upon me frecpiently, and at leiif^th broiijijht four {juns
ivilli them and seized our eattle. I still refused to |)ay, and was not wiHinjf
1,1 lit the eattle <,'o. Afb;r a time of dispute, they returned home, and I uiider-
•loml the militia was ordered out to enlbree the collection of the tax. 1
ivciit to Warren, and, to avert the impending ditliciilty, was obliged to give
iiiv note for the tax, tin; amount of wlii(;h was 4;{ dollars and 79 cents. It is
my desire that the governor will exem)»t me from paying taxes for my land
;o white |)eople ; and also cause that the money 1 am now obliged to pay,
uiiiy he refnnd«!(l to me, as 1 am very jwtor. The governor is the person
ulio attends to the situation of the people, and 1 wish liini to send a person
11 Alleghany, that I may inform him of the particulars of our situation, and
lie he authorized to instrnet the wiiite people in what mamier to conduct
lliciiiselves towards the Indians.
"The government has told us that when any difficulties arose between the
Indians and white people, tlajy would attend to having them removed. Wo
ire now in a trying situation, and I wish the governor to send a person
aiitliorized to attend thereto, the fore[)art of next sunnner, about the time
iliiit irrass has grown big enough for ])astiire.
■the governor formerly recjuested me to pay attention to the Indians, and
lake cure of them. We are now lu-rived at a situation that I believe In-
Jians cannot exist, unless the governor should comply with my request, and
ifiid a person authorized to treat between us and the white people, the
apiiioaching summer. I have now no more to speak."*
Whether the government of Pennsylvania acted at all, or, if at all, what
order they took, uj)on this pathetic ajipeal, onr author does not state. But
lliat an independent tribe of Indians should be taxtd by a neigiiboring
jMii'le, is absurd in the extreme; and we hope we shall learn that not
wily the tax was remitted, but a remuneration granted for the vexation and
Jamage.
Corn-plant was very early distinguished for his wisdotn in comicil, not-
ivithstaiiding he confirmed the treaty of Fort Stanwix of 1784 ; five years
iller, at the treaty of Fort Harmer, lie gave up an innnense tract of their
fouiitry, and for wliich his nation very much re|)roaciied him, and even
tlireateiied his life. Himself and other chiefs committed this act for the best
of reasons. The Six Nations having taken part with England in the revolu-
lion, when the king's power fell in America, the Indian nations were reduced
10 tlie miserable alternative of giving up so much of their country as tlie
Americans required, or the ivJiole of it. In 17i)0, Corn-plant, Half-town and
Si^-tree, made a most pathetic appeal to congress for an amelioration of
ik'ii' condition, and a reconsideration of former treaties, in which the fol-
lowing memorable passage occurs : —
•^Father: we will not conceal from you that the great God, and not men,
lias preserved the Corn-plant iVom tlu; hands of his own nation. For they
isk poiitinually, " Where is the land on which our chihlren, and their chil-
ilrpii after them, are to lie down upon ? You told us that the line drawn
from Pennsylvania to Lake Ontario, would mark it forever on the east, and
tlic line running from Beaver Creek to Pennsylvania, would mark it on the
west, and we see that it is not so; for. first one, and then another, come and
lake it away by order of that peojde which you tell us i>romised to secure it
lo us.' He is silent, ibr he has nothing to answ(>r. When the sun goes
down, he optuis his heart before God, and earlier than the sun appears,
s?ain iijion tli3 hills he gives thanks for his inotection during the night
* Jiucliatum's Sketches.
?•■',;?■; fi
%■
i.'
118
CORN-PLANT.
[Rook V.
Chap. VI.]
con
For ]io frols tlmt iiinonw men Ikm-oiik; (Icsporato by tho injiirirH tlipy mistain
it is (Jod only tliiit ciin prt'scrvc! Iiini. lit! lovcw ptacc, and all lie ||j,(| in
storo ho lias f^ivcn to tlio.sf who havo Itccn rohlHul hy yonr pcdnli. |,. .(
they should phindLT tho innocent to repay thonisclvcs. Tin; whole s.'aMiii
whirh others have oniployod in provi<ling for their laniilies, Ik; has spmt in
endeavors to preserve |)eaee ; and this moment his witb and ehildren are
lyiiif^ on tlie ffroinid, and in want of food."
In IVesideiit lynshiui^toti's in'swor, we are <.'ratified Ity his particular notice
of tills chief. He says, "Tlu! merits of tiie C'oni-^;/«/i/, anti his liiciKisJiii)
for tiie United States, are well known to me, and shall not he forjrottin; and
as a mark of esteem of the United States, I have directed the secreturv of
war to make liini a |)resent of two hiindnd and Jijhj doUurs, either in laniicv
or floods, us tlu! Corn-plant shall like best."
'J'hcre was, in 178)1, a treaty held nt Marietta, between the Inchinis and
Americans, which terminated "to the entire satisfacti(ni of all cunceiii! d
On this occasion, an eh'gant entertainment was provided. 'I'he liuli;iii
chiefs [)ehaved with the fjreatest deconnu thronghont the dav. After (liiim r
we were served with jrood wine, and Corn-planitr, one of tiie first chi( t's t<i'
the Five Nations, and a very great Avarrior, took np liis »iass and said '•/
tluink the Great Spirit for this opportunity of smoking the pipe of friendship and
love. Ma}i we plant our own vines — be the fathers of our own children— and
maintain them.'' *
In 17t*0, an act passed the legislature of Pennsylvania, for " frrantin<r ftQO
dollars to Corn-planter, Half-toum and Big-tree, in trust lor the Seneca nntion
and other pm'f)oses therein mentioned." In February, 1791, Corn-planl wna
hi Philadelphia, and was employed in an extremely hazardous expedition to
undertake the pacification of the western tribes, that had already siiown
themselves hostile. The mission terminated unfavorably, from insininoniit-
able difHculties.t There were many, jit this titne, us in all Indian wars, who
entertained doubts of the fidelity of such Indians as pretended liiendsliii).
Corn-plant did not escape suspicion ; but, as his after-conduct showed, it
was entirely without foundation. In the midst of these imputations, a letter
written at Fort Franklin says, "I have only to observe that the Corn-plaiil
has been here, and, in my opinion, he is as friendly as one of our o>vii
people. He has advised me to take care ; 'To?-,' said he, ^you mil soon have a
chance to let the world know whether you are a soldier or not.'' When he wt iit
off, he ordered two chiefs and ten warriors to remain liere, and scout nhdiit
the garrison, and let me know if the bad Indians should either advamu
against me, or any of the frontiers of the United States. He thinks tlio
people at Pittsburgh should keep out spies towards the salt licks, iiir lie
says, by and by, he thinks, the bud Indians v/ill come from that way."
In 17i)2, the following advertisement appeared, signed by Corn-plant: "My
peo|de having been charged with committing depredations on the fnuiiiiT
inhabitants near Pittsburgh, I hereby contradict the assertion, us it is cer-
tainly witholit foundation, raid pledge myself to those inhabitants, tluit tlicy
may rest jierfectly secure from any danger from the Senccas n sidiiip on the
Alleghany waters, and that my people have been and still are fVieiidlv to the
U. States."
About the time Corn-plant lefl liis nation to proceed on his mission to the
hostile tribes, as three of his peojile were travelling through a settli'iiinit
upon the Genesee, they stopped at a house to light their pipes. There iiap-
pened to be several men within, one of whom, as the foremost Indian stoop-
ed down to light his jiipe, killed him with an axe. One of the oiliers wiis
badly wounded with the same weapon, while escajiing from the jioiisc
They were not jiursued, and the other, a boy, escajied unhurt. (The poor
wounded man, when nearly well of the wound, was bitten by a snake, which
caused his immediate death.) When Corn-plant knew what hud hii|)|ienr(l,
he charged his warriors to remain qui<'t, and not to seek revenge, anil was
* Carey's Museum, v. 415.
t " Causes of tlie exisiiiii' Ilosiilities,"' &c. drawn up by llie sec'y of war, General Knox,
in 1791.
heard oidy to say, *' j
for the whites, that we
ami warriors helter tim
jhoiild practise u|ion
Do i/e to others as ye i
iiiinian form, in a'gos
ills actions, his utter (
" 111 It^KI, the Revert
I ill Meadville, Pennsy
hImU liv(!d seven mi
lll.giiany, upon tho
tiiiil, a little within
iv:,icli exhibited sign
acres of land, (iOO of
cotice," ohs(;rves Mr.
fniiii the numerous ei:
aiiiniiher of oxen, cov
!iii!l and the Pittsburg
ciucli in favor of the C
It. Wlien iie was ap|
lOiiK! iiim to his vilhigi
|| Mioii as a chief; Jiavii
•ill the ancient patriai
»; took care of their
for them.
The Western Missic
ai|iiest," established a
fUCCC'SS.
Corn-plant received j
bides his proportion o
nation.
Oos-kuk-ke-wa-na-kon
'■> Corn-plant, and resii
iir.vioiis lo 181().f Co
iiuoiiliglitened peojile, v
spirit liad told Jiim not
preserve any mementoei
"liereiipon, among othe
^'Vdiil. He often mem
likule, liis son, he sent
ffiinkard on returning
i'mi-jjlnnt lius other so"n
aiimiig tlie whites, for in
fouiitenances Christiunit
II. Jilt probably from the
file following story, J
ave oihni heard ji simih
ifcit it originated with //
"p liave more respect fl
l''i'P".sed to the Indians
™li tlie liide of a bulk
"Diilil be covered by it,
«a^* offered as a good iir'i
™ the skin into a line of
fi^. wJio, in silent indij,
quantity of land encomp
'fss, the Indians had jnist
' Formerly c.illed Oh>,l,'/ow
Amcr Resistcrfor 1816,
I 1 1""" accouiii of E. T
''Tv '"'"'•'"a'ion upon n.nii
} Voijagt dam i'JrUerieur di
loOK V.
svistain,
liail ill
ill", lest
s.'USdii,
pent in
It'll iiro
r notice
l'llllslli|l
11 ; iiiiil,
lary of
1 laoiicy
iiiiis and
iiccrii; (1.
: liiilitia
r tiiiiiK r,
■liict's di"
said, '• /
'sh'tii and
rvn—nnd
itiii"; (^00
•u iiiition,
plant was
edition to
ly shown
iiniioiiiit-
ivai's, who
i'iiMidship.
iliowed, it f
lis, a letter i
Vorn-plaiit |
■ our cvvii '
0011 have a V
he \vent I
otit about j,
r advance
links the
<s, lor he
ant: "My I
e iVontier
it is ccr-
th;it they
inir on the
idly to the ||
1*1011 to the
eltlmirnt
lieiv hap-
iaii stoo])-
heis w!i3
he house.
;riie poor
like, which
hai)iien((l,
, and was
neral Knox,
Chap. VI.]
CORN-PLANT— NOTION OF CIVILIZATION.
119
heard only to say, "It is html, when I am' nv/ people arc Ini'me; to make peace
i for the whites, that we shoulil receive surh reward. Iran ii^overn m;i ijounir inen
and ivarriurs heller tluin the thirteen fires can theirs.''^ \Unv is it that this iiiiiii
slidiihl praetisc ii|)oii the inaxiiiis of Confucius, of whom ho never heard?
: Oo i/e to others ((.1 ife would that theij should do unto i/ou;) and tin; monster in
liiiiiiati form, in a ^^ospel land, taught them from his youth, slioidd show, hy
ills actions, his ntter contempt of them, and even of the divine mundat(! ^
' 111 181(1, the Reverend Tiniothif .Uden, then president of Allejjhany eollejfc,
11 Meadville, Pennsylvania, visited the Seneca nation. At this time, Corn-
]',inl WwA seven miles helow the jimetion of the Connewanjro with the
Allejrliany, upon the i)anks of the latttu-, "on a piece of lirst-rate holtom
liiul, a little within the limits of Pennsylvania." Ihtre was his villa>re,"
wi.icli exhihited signs of industrious inhahitants. lie then owned 1;{00
aiics of land, (100 of which comprehended his town. "It was grat'liil to
;:iiiic<'," ohserves Mi: Jllden, "the present agricnltiind hahits of the place,
fiMiii the nmneroiis enclosures of buck-wheat, corn and oats. We also saw
aiiuniher of oxen, cows and horses; and many logs designed I'or the saw-
mill and the Pittsburgh market." Corn-plant had, lor some time, been \(ry
I ,iurh in lavor of the Christian ndigion, and hailed with joy such as professed
,1, When he was apprized of Mr. Alden^s arrival, ho hastened to s\{-\-
iniiic liim to his village, and wait upon him. And notwithstanding his hii^h
ilation as a chief, having many men under his command, he chose rather,
■ill the ancient patriarchal style," to serve his visitors liimMlf; he, iliere-
jiri', took care of their horses, and went into the field, cut and brought oats
for them.
Tiie Western Missionary Society had, in 181.'), at Cora-/;/rt?irs " m-geiit
request," established a school at his village, wliich, ut this time, promised
success.
Corn-plant received an annual annuity from the U. States of 2.')0 dollars,
lK'?ides his proportion of 9000 divided equally among every member of the
iialioii.
Gos-kuk-ke-toa-na-kon-ne-di-yu, commonly called the Prophet, was brother
:> Corn-plant, and resided in his village. He was of little note, and died
|ir(vii)us to ISlG.f Com-/j/an/, ' ve believe, was, when living, lilie all other
iiucuhglitened people, very superstitious. Not long since, he said the (Jood
Spirit had told him not to have any thing to do with the whites, or even to
ircseive any mementoes or relics they had froui time to time given him ;
ivliereiipon, among other things, he burnt up his belt and broke his elegant
sword. He often mentions his having been at Braddock^s defeat. Henry
Okule, his son, he sent to be educated among the whites. He became a
mmkiird on returning to his home, and is now discarded by his father.
('ijra-/</aHnias other sons ; but he says no more of them shall be educated
aiiioiif; the whites, for he says, "It entirely spoil Indian." And although he
loimtenances Christianity, he does not do it,"it is thought, from a belief of
ii, hut probably from the same motives as too many whites do. \
The tbllowing story, M. Bayard says,§ was told him by Corn-planter. We
have olten heard a similar onc; and as ollen a new origin ; but never before
iliat it originated with It'illiam Penn. However, as our author observes, as
w have more respect for truth than great names, we will relate it. Penn
I ;iii|)osed to the Indians to sell him as much land as he could encompass
with the hide of a bullock. They, supposing he meant only what ground
ivouid be covered by it, when it was spread out, Jind looking njiou what
"as offered as a good price, consented to the proi)Osition. Penn, like Didon,
cut the skin into a line of immense length, to the astonishment of the vend-
ers, who, in silent indignation, religiously observed their contract. The
ijiiaiitity of land encompassed by the line is not irientioned ; but, more or
bs, the Indians had passed their word, and they scorned to break it, even
' Fiirmorly called Obnlelown. Sec Pa. Gaz. 1792, and Stanbury's Jour.
t Auicr. Fioirisicrfor 1816, vol ii. 226, &,c.
t Veil)al account of E. T. Foote, Escj. of Chatauque co. N. Y. who possesses much
lalualjli; iiirnniialioii upon mailers of this kind.
j Voyage dam VInterieur des I ats-Unis, et cot. ps. 206. 207.
120 TECUMSEH. [n„„^ y
tlioii<,'li tlioy would Iiiivo, bo'^ii jiisliCicd l)y tlio disrovpry of tli(> iiinid. We
do ii(»t vouch for tlic tnilli fil' this iiiattt!!", nor do \vt! hi^hcvt! hillinin P<iin
ever prnctiscd a trick of tlic kiiul. Nc» douht soim; perMoii did ; mid |icriiii|is
Coni-fdantcr liad \h'v\i tohl that it uaH Peiin.
VV»! have now to rt'coni the death ol' tho vencrahli! Coni-ulant. lie died
nt his residiMice on the Senecu resurvatioii, on tlic 7th of i>iarch last. iKJd
njred upwards of 100 years. '
TmslaefTct, or Clutiits C'orn-ulnntei; was a party to the treaty of IMoscow
N. Y. in Idijy. llo vvaa prohunly u son of Kotentwa/ik, or Cyunlwaia, '
9i00e
CHAPTER VII.
TEuuMSF.it — Ills great errrtinns to prrrrnt the xrhitesfrnm orrrninnimr Us cimiilrii~
I lis criicdition oh hlaclier's Crcrli — CoOperution ofliix lirullicr,llir. I'roplut — His, of
l/ic (I {ificullies between Tecumneli and Oorernor Harrison — ^/leerli. of flie Jhrmtr in
a eonncil at Vincenurs — Fearful oeeitrrenrc in that council — Winnk.mak — Tirinnsrh
visited hy Governor Harrison at his canip — Determination of loiir the result if the
intiri'iew on both sides — Characteristic anecdote of the chief— netcrmints, in iltg
event of war, to prevent barbarities — Battle of Tippecanoe — liattle of the Thiniirs
and, death of Tecumseh — Description of his person — Important events in his liii:
ViiKV.v.^MV.no, father of Tecumseh — His death — Buttle of Magatigo — Siiccimrn uf
the cihairanee language — Particular account if Eli.skwatawa, or the I'hoimikt—
.ficcount of RouND-HKAi) — Capture and massacre of General lUnchester's nniiii at
the Hirer Raisin — Mvkeraii, or the Ckane, commonhj called Wai.k-in-tiik.-\V atkr
— Tevoninhokerawrn, or John Nokton — Looan the Shairance — Bi.AtK-iiiKn—
Massacre at Chicago — Wawnahton — Black-thunukr — On gpatono a, or Biu-elk
— Petaleshabo — Mete A.
TECUMSEH, by birth ii Shawanoc, and brif^ndier-peneral in the nriny of
Great Britain, in the war of 1812, was born about 1770, and, like his great
prototype, Pometacoin, the Wanipanoag, seems always to have made iiig
aversion to civilization appear a prominent trait in his character ; and it is
not presumed that he joined the British army, and received the red siisii and
other badges of office, because he was fond of imitating the wiiites ; l)iit lie
employed them, more j)rol)ably, as a means of inspiring his countrymen witli
that respect and veneration for hiiriself which was so necessary in the work
of expulsion, w hich ho had undertaken).
Tilt; first ex|)loit in which we find Tecumseh engaged was upon a braiioh
of Hacker's Creek, in May, 17i)'-i. With a small band of warriors, ho came
upon the liunily of John Wagsroner, about dusk. They found Wnggomr
a short distance from his house, sitting upon a log, resting himself i iter tiic
fatigues of the day. Tecumseh directed his men to capture the faniiiy, while
himself was engaged with Wafr^oner. To make sure work, he took delihorntc
aim at him with his rifle ; but fortunately he did not even wound him, tljoii;:h
the bail passed next to his skin. fVags;oner threw himself off" tii(> loir, ami
ran with all his might, and Tecuvxsch followed. Having the advantage of an
accurate knowledge of the ground, IVagsroner made good his escape. Mean-
while his men succeeded in carrying off' the family, some of whom tlicy l)ar-
barously murdered. Among these wen; Mrs. Waggoner and two of her
children. Several of the children remained a long time with the Indians.
This persevering and extraordinary man had made himself noted and con-
spicuous in the war which tenninated by the treaty of Greenville, in 17!)."),
He was brother to that famous impostor well known by the name of the
Pro/j/ie<, and seems to have joined in his views just in season to prevent iiis
fiilling into entire disrepute among his own followers. His ])rinci|)al jilarc
of rendezvous was near the confluence of the Tippecanoe with the \Val)a.'h,
upon the north bank of the latter. This tract of countiy was none of hi?,
but bad been possessed by his brother the Prophet, in 1808, with a motley
band of about 1000 young warriors from among the Shawanese, Dela-
wures, Wyandots, Potowatoniies, Ottowas, Kikkapoos and Chippeways. The
)0K V.
Chap. VII.]
TECUMSEH.
121
We
Pnin
i!i-|ia|iH
»' ilinl
;. iKtC,
oscow,
vnitrij—
-llisi nf
)rini.r in
I'inniisilt
lit nf the.
s, in llif.
Tlidiiirs,
Ills liii —
c/m (71 (//
O I'll Ki-
ll' iiniiij lit
■■.-VVatkii
K-II1U1I—
•BlU-Kl.K
nrmy nf
lis grciit
mult! liis
and it is
Hiisli and
liiit lie
lien wilii
the work
Mimnii-H wnro vcrv much oppoMorl to this iiitriision into tlioir country, but
wrrc lint powcrt'iil fiKin^li to ic|ifl it, and many of tliijr cliiclM were |Mit to
dcatli in tin- most Itarliarons manner, for rciiionstratinf; a;rainst their conduct.
Tlic maladminiHtration of the Prophet, however, in a nhort time, vi-ry nnich
reduced his mimherH, ho that, in ahout a year, his liillowerM (■onsii-tetl of hnt
about MOO, and these in the most iniHeralile Htate of existence. Their haliitH
had heen such as to lirin<r liunine upon theni ; and hut f r tiie piovisioiH
tiiriiished hy (Jeneral Harrison, from Vinceunes, starvation would doiihth'SH
iiave ensiu'd.* At this junctm-e, Tcntmsch made his appearance am«)nj;
ilicm ; and although in the character of a siihordinate chief, yet it was known
iliiit he directed every thin<j afterwards, altlioii}.'h in tlie name of the Prophet.
Ills exertions now iiecame inmiense to e!i;,'a|;e every triho upon the continent
III a confederacy, with the optjii and uvowed oltject «tf arreMtin<; tiic progress
if the wliites.
Afrreeahly to the direction of tho government, Oovernor Harrison purchn.sed
nt'tlie Delawares, Miamies, and I'ottowatomies, a lar<;e tract of country on
both si(!es of the VVal)ash, and extending up tiie river (iO niih's aitove Vin-
rriiies. This was in IHU!), altont a year after the Prophet sctth'd with ids colony
upon the Wabash, as belitre stated. Tecunmh was absent at this time, and
his brother, the Prophet, was not considered as havinff any claim to the coun-
try, being then; without the consent of tht! IMiamics. Terumseh did not view
itia this light, and at his return was exceedingly vexed with those chiefs
who laid made the conv(!yance ; many of whom, it is asserted, he threat' ned
vitli death. Tecumseh^s displeasure and dissatistiiction reached (Jovt mor
Harrison, who despatched a messenger to him, to state "that any claim- ho
iiii^dit have to the lands which laul been cetled, were not afti;cted h\ the
inaty; that he might come to Vincennes and exhibit his pretensions, and if
tiny were found to be solid, that the land would either lie given uj», or an
ample compensation made for it."t This, it must he confessed, was not in a
strain calculated to soothe a mighty mind, when once justly irritatt'd, as was
lliat of Tecumseh, Ifowever, u|)on the 12 August, IHIO, (a day which camiot
fail to remind the read«T of' tin; fate of bis great archetype, Philip, of Poknn-
oie/,)heniet the governor in council at Vincennes, with many of bis war-
riors; at which tiine he spoke to liitn as follows : —
" It is true I am a Slmwanee. My forefathers were wan-iora. Their son is
a wunior. From them I only take my existence ; from my tribe I take noth-
ing. I am the rnaker of my own fortune ; and oh ! that 1 co»dd make that
nt'iiiy red people, and of my country, as great as the conceptions of my
mind, when I think of the S()irit that rules the univ(!rse. I would not then
come to Governor Harrison, to ask him to tear the treaty, and to obliterate
the landmark ; but I would say to him. Sir, you have liberty to return to
your own coinitry. The btiing within, communing with past ages, tells me,
that once, nor until hitely, there was no white man on this continent. That
it then all belonged to red men, children of the same parents, placed on it by
the Great Spirit that made them, to keep it, to traverse it, to enjoy its jH-odiic-
tions, an-' to fill it witii the same race. Once a ha|)uy race. Since made
niiserpMi! by the white jieople, who are never contenteu, but always encroach-
ing'. The way, and the oidy way to check and to stoj) this evil, is, for all the
red men to unite in claiming a common and equal right in the land, as it was
at first, and should be yet ; for it never was divided, but belongs to all, for the
use of each. That no ])art has a right to sell, even to each other, nnicij less
to strangers ; those wlio want all, and will not do with less. The white peo-
ple have no right to take the land from the Indians, because they had it first;
itistlieirs. They may sell, but all must join. Any sale not made by all is
not valid. The late sale is bad. It was made by a part only. Part do not
know bow to sell. It recpiires all to make a bargain for all. All red men
Iiave ('(]ual rights to the unoccupied land. The right of occupancy is as
good in one place as in another. There cannot be two occupations in the
same place. The first excludes all others. It is not so in bunting or travel-
ling; for there the same ground will serve many, as they may follow each
* Memoirs of Harrison.
11
t lU'A/ee.
133
TKCUMMKII— CONI'KUKNCK AT VINCENNES.
tBoot V
otlnT all (liiy ; 1)iit tlic rMiM|» is Htntioiiiirv, "nd timt is occiiimnry. It Ix'liinirii
t*i till' til':*! \\ III) sits ildwii nil his liltiiikt't or skins, wliirh In- lias lliniwii iiimiii
til*- ^'roiiiiil, and till lie lra\«'s it no oiliir lias a li^'lit." *
Hon near tliis is to llic oi'i;xinal is iiiiknown to ns, hut it ii|i|irai's too imicli
AiMfiiraiii/('»l to coiTt'siioml with oiir notions ni' 'IVcitmnih ; iicvtjrihrlrws it
may ^ivc the true iiKaiiiii^'. ()n<- ini|iortiiiit |iai'a)(ra|ili oiij^'ht to hi- mlilnl
wiiirli we ilo not liiiil in tin' iiiitlior Innii which we have rxtrartol tlii'nli<i\r'
which was, '■ that the Aiiiciicaiis hml (Irivcii tliciii lioiii the sni-consis, uiiii
that they woiihl shortly |)nsli thciii into the lakes, and that they were ditrr-
iniih'd to make a staml where the,\ uere."+ This lanuna^rc (orcihiy reiiiiiuls
IIS oT what the ancient Itrilons said ol' then enemies, when they hesoii;.'hi uid
ot' the Uomaiis. " 'The harharians (said the\ ) drive ns to thu sea, ami the srit
lieats lis hack ii|ioii them ; hetween these extreiiK-s we arc cxposttd, eitli r to
be slain with liie sword, or drowned in the wa\i s." \
'riiumsvU, liavinit thus e\|dained his reasoiiH a^'aiiict the validity of ih,.
purchase, took his seat amidst his warriors, (lovernor I la rri son y\i\ his niilv
Maid, "that the white people, when they arrivetl upon this continent, hiid'
found the .Miamies in the o<-eiipation ot' all the country on the Wahasli, mimI
at that time the Shawaiiese were residents (»!' (icorffia, lioiii whicii tiny
were driven hy the ("reeks. That the lamis had heen purchased froin i|h,
IMiamies, who were the true and ori}:inal owiiersol'it. 'I'liat it was ridicu-
lous to assert that all the Indians were one nation ; i'or if such had heen tin.
iiiteiition t>t' the (treat Spirit, he would not have put six dili'ereiit ti)ii;.'iirN'
into their heads, hut liavt* tau;j;ht them all to speak a laii;^nia<;t! that all could
iintlerstiind. Tiiat th*^ Miamies toiind it for their interest to sell a pait nt'
their lands, and receive tor them a liirther annuity, the heiietit of whicli tiicy
liad loiii.' experienced, from the pimctiiidity with which the seventeen liiey
[the seventeen United States] complied with their en^'a^cments ; and tlwit tin-
Hhawaiiese had no ri^dit to come from a distant country and control tlio.
Miamies in the disposal of their own |»roperty." Tin; j;overnor then took
his seat, and the inter|)reter proceeded to explain tct Tirnmsck what lie liml
said, who, wIumi he had nearly tinished, suddenly interrupted liiin, anil vk-
v\n\[in'{\, ^* H is (ill /'(list' ;" at the same tinu; <,'iviiif,' to his wiirriois a sipml,
they seized their >var cliihs, and spriinj; upon their I'eet, li'om the iiiceii finiss
on whicli they had heen sittiiifr. The "overuor now thoiif^dit himself in im-
iiiincnt daiifrer, and, freeiiifr himself from his arm-chair, drew his sword, iiiiil
jm-pared to defend iiimsell". He was attended by some ollicers of his ;;(iv-
crnmeiit, and miuiy citi/eiis, more numerous than the biditins, hul all uiiiiriiii'd ;
most of whom, however, seized upon some weajion, such as stones .'ind cliilis.
Ticumsvh continued to make fiestiiies and speak with frreat emoiion; iiiiil ii
guard <d' I'i armed men stationed by the fiovernor in the rear wen; (udcird
up. i'or a few mimites, it was exjiccted blood would be shed. Mtijor (1. 1{.
Flui/dc, who stood near the fiovernor, drew his dirk, an<l ft'liinemiik cocked his
pistol, wliiidi he had ready primed ; hi; said Tcctimsih bad threatciied liis
life tor haviiii,' siifurd tho treaty juul sale of the disjtuted huid. A Mr. If'iim,
the Methodist minister, ran to the governor's house, and, taking a gun, stood
in the door to doiiMid the family.
On being iiitbrinod what Tccmnsek bad said, the governor ro|tlied to hint,
thiit " h(> was a bad mail — that be Avould havi! no further tidk w itii him— tliiit
In- must return to bis camp, and set out for bis bomt! imnieditileiy." Tims
ended die conieroncc!. Tcciimsch did not leavi; tho neigbhorhood, hut, thu
iievt morning, having n'flecteil upon the impro])riety of liis conduct, sent to
til" govi'riior to have the c(uiiicil renewed, and tipologized liir the afrnnit
oflered ; to which the governor, alter some time, consented, having taken llit'
precaution to hiivo two additional comj)aiiies of armed men in retidiiii ss, in
case of insult.
Having met a second time, Tecumseh was asked wlietber he had any other
grounds, than those be had stated, by which lu; could lay claim to the land
ill cpiestioii ; to which ho reiilied, "No other." Here, then, was an end of
all argument. The indigimiit soul of Tecumseh could not but be enruged at
Chap. VH.]
tlio idea of an "np
comimisdlloii (iir Ian
lull iiiinilrif / »• '|"h(
i-nl from what it hi
mid ccdiectid, and |
liriiied liinino any i
inKised by white nii
liim at his place of i
jMised to (.'overiior i
i"ii(bise the trihis i
MMiii put out of ullici
till' land to the hidii
llic survey o/' the lai
iilil tioiiiii/iin/. Thei
(lltowas, anil ii \\ii,
liy 7\ciiiiis</i, whom
iiili>rmed Tirumsih
ill III, alleging, nt tin
liiii|iiislieil, and that
cloricd.
Tlie governor wi
[Missihly, Tniimsr/i n
liis own tent. Acci
III!' chief in bis cam|
iicxH and attention, an
On heiiig asked by tl
(■V|»rcssed himself" ill
with great reluctance
wiioiii he had no otii
lliiit he was extreniel
wiitild prevail upon tli
iiLTOc never to make a
Hoiiid be their liiithfii
uiiom he knew wen;
liii'ids and hallooing .v,
tires ; hut if they won
iti other respects, he w
tlii'i-c was no iinibabi
tlu' givat chief is to <
M'tisc enough into his
It is true, he is so fin
ill liis town, and drink
Ht'lind sail! befijn-, w
"iili'ss his term;-) wen
rest 1 1111/ fact, inilU / /,
Thus is exhibited
ilii|»licily appears, and
i|ii'''<tioiie(I, again and ..
I'losi'ctite this plan; a
i^iiowii, no fiction, it i
'nlics to the west of tli
'liinni, were visited an
niiscil ill tjiese tribes t
'III' Americans to the e
?iiitif iis Tecumseh, and
. The following cliani
"Iff'' lit Viiiceimes. A
nm, and was about to
'"■"1 placed for him.
IS the iiiterj)ieter baiid«
* Hist. Kentucky.
t Mem. Harrison.
\ Seller's EngJana.
I'-
Chap. VII.)
TKCIiMSI'.ir.
(if ilui ;.
riply, ^
II, llllll i
A\, 1111(1 i
I'
\\ they i
'
mil tliii J
riilicii- j
I
I'll tli(^ 1
I ■
()n;.'iii'S j
V
1 I'liiilii ]
\>nv\ lit'
i-ll llli'V
I'll tires
■,
tllMt till'
Irol till'
cii tiiok
li(> llllll
mid t'X-
1 si^'Miil,
I'll f-'HISH
r ill iiii- 1
onl, iiMil 1
liis ;.'iiv-
iiiiriiii'il;
III I'lllllS.
i; iiiiil a
(irilriTil
jor (;. li
ii'kcil Ills
ciicil liis
r. /r/dd',
nil, sKiOil
t(i liiiii,
liiii— tliat
V'l
." Tims
'-'4
liut, liio
rM
t, SI'llt to
ic iilVnmt
taki'iiilic ^
diiii'ss, ill
any other
'^H
till' iiind
11 end ot"
nru-red at
llio idt'ii of nil "♦'t|iii\ali«nt for a niiiiifry," or, wlmt iiicaiif tlio hiiimc tliiiij?, o
(om/'< "'"'/""I liir laiiil, \\liit'li,ul)i'h i'r|M'iiti>il,iiM it liail Imtii, nmhiM simii «r/;i'/i//i(
lo<i III II III rji I '''I'lif liliaviiir <»! '/Vnnn.vli, iit lliis iiilrrvirw, \mis very dilll-r-
I'lil li'Diii what it had JHrii ihr iIm\ lii'liiri'. ||i> di'|iii|-||iu lit wnn tli^'iiilinl
llllll rollntrd, and he .•'hiiwcil not t|i<> least dis|iii,4itiiiii tu Im- iiiHidriii. |lo
ili'iiii'd liaviii;: any intmliivii ol' attacking' tlir pivcriKir, jiiit said ht> had lirt'ii
jiihincd hy white men " in do as he had dmie ; (hat twii white inen hud visited
llllll at his plai'e ol'i'esideiii'e, and Inid him that hairihe white penple were ii|).
|i(isi'il to (■overiior lliirrisoii, and willing; lo i'elini|insh tiie land, and told hini
iiiiiihi»e the liilns not to reeei\i' pay liir it; I'or that the ^'o\eiiior would ho
!i(ioii put out ol'otllee, and a '• ;rood man " sent in his plaee, w ho wonlil i:i\e up
IJic land to the liidiaiis. 'The ^'oveiiior askid him whether he would prevent
ihit survey cd' the land : he replied that he was determined to adhere to iho
,,/(/ houniliini. 'I'lien arose a Wyandot, a Kikkapoo, n INittouallomie. an
Otlowas, and a Winn('l>at.'o ehief, eaeli deelariii:,' his deiermination i.) stand
liv 'I'lnimsrli, whom they had ehoseii their eliieC Aller the j.'o\ei'iior had
jnrormed Tickiii.vIi that his words should he truly reported to the presi-
iliiit, alle^^in;:, at the same time, that he knew the land woulil not be rv-
liiii|nishi'd, and that it would h(; iiiaiiitaiiied hy tli(< sword, the eonncil
fjosi'd.
The ^'overnor wished yet to |)r()|onjr the interview, and thoii^ht lliat,
{iiissilily, Tiiuiiiiiili mi<>ht appear more siihmissive, should he iiiii t him in
Ills own tent. Aec<)rdiii!,dy he took with him an interpreter, und visited
till- chiel' in his eainp the next day. 'The ;iovernor was received with kind-
iii'S!< and attention, and 'Vicumsrh conversed w itii liiin ii c(nisideruhle tim(\
(111 lieiiif: asked hy the ^'overnor if his determination really was as he had
(Xjiressi'd hiiusell' in the council, he said, "Ves;" and added, "that it wa.s
with ;;reat reluctance he would make war with the I'nited States — ajraiiist
wlioiii ho iiad no other complaint, hut their piirchasin^r t||(> Indians' land ;
iliiit he was extremely aiixiiais to be their liieiid, and if he (the <,fovernorj
wiiiild prevail upon the president to fjive up the lands lattdy purchased, and
;i^fi(.(' never to make another treaty, without the consent of all the tribes, Ikj
wiiiild he their iititliful ally, and assist them in all their wars w ith the Kniilish,"
wlioiii he knew wert! always treatin;; Xhv Intlians like dofrs, cla|>pin!,' their
liiiiiils and hallooinjf stu-boij ; that Im '.voidd much rather join thi; seventisL'n
tiri's; hut if they would not jjivo up said lands, and comply with his reipiost
ill other respects, Im would join the l''ii<i;lish. When the ^'overnor told him
tlirrc was no probaliility that the president would comply, he said, "Well, na
till' itreat chief is to determine the matter, I hope the (ireat Spirit will put
M'lisc eiioii<rh into his head, to induce him to direct you to fiive up this linnl.
it i>; true, he is so far oH' Ik; will not be injured by the war. lie may sit still
ill liis town, and drink his wine, whilst you and I will have to lidit it out."
lie Imd said before, when asked if it were his (leterminalion to make war
unless his terms were complied with, " // iti iivj ildd-niimtHon ; nor trill I give
rtsi In inilfect, unlil I liuvc "n'lU-d nil llic nil nun !n tin like risohilion."
Tliiis is exhibited the determined character oi' Tcrmnscli, in which no
liiililiciiy apjiears, and whose resentment iiiiLdit have It. en expected, when
qiirslii)iied, a<rain and auaiii, upon the same subject. Most rcli^'iously i\.d ho
I
osecuto this plan; and could bi.s extraordinary and wondeifnl exertions be
Mown, no fiction, it is b;lieved, ciMild scai-cely surpass the reality. The
irilies to the west of the iMississipjii, and thosi; aboiir Lakes Superior and
Iliii'Dii, were visited and revisited by him pre\ions to the year IHIl. lie had
miseil in these tril)es the hifrli expectation that they sluiuld be able to drive
Americans to the east of t!io Ohio. The limioiis liUii-iackd was as san-
... . . . - . !'.
"lime
Tecumsch, and was his alu'ttor in uiiitiii<' distant tribe
Tlio foliowiiijr characteristic circumstance occurred at one of the meet-
to (
loverii
or Hi
fir-
inw lit Viiicennes. Al>er Ticnmsih had made a spe
nmi, and was about to seat himself in a chair, he obsi'rved that none had
lircn placed for him. One was immediately ordered by the ij;overiior, and,
as the interpreter handed it to him, lie suid, " Your father reipiests you to take
* Memoirs of Harrison,
m
■ ''^1
:i|
J
• f
■ l'\'l
M
124
TECUMSE II.— BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE.
[Book V-
a chair." "Mif father'?" suys Tecumsch, with great indignity of expression
" the sun is myj'athtr, and the earth is my vujther ; and on her bosom I will repusc • ''
aiid iniruedititely seated liiiuself, in tiie Indian manner, upon tlie ;;roiin(l.^
Tlie figiit at Tij)i)ecaiu)e Ibllowed soon after. This afiiiir took piaci! in tJie
night of Nov. 6, Itill, iu which 02 Americans were ivilled, and 12(J woiuidcd.
Tecumseh was not in tliis fight, but liis brother, the Prophet, condiicied or
ordered tlie attack. During the action, he was ])eribrniiiig conjnnitions on
an eminence not far oft", but out of danger. His men dispkiycd great Imsvciv
and the fight was long and bloody. Harmon lost some of" his bravest otK-'
cers. The late Colonel Snelliyig, of Boston, then a captain, was in tliis figiit
and took prisoner with liis own hands an Indian chief| the only Indian taken
by the Americans. The natne of the cajrtured chiei" we do not Icain, hut
from Ins fear of being taken for a Shawanee, it is evident he was not of tiiat
tribe. When lie was seized by Capt. S7iellins;, he ejacidated, with lnnried
accents, " Good man, me no Shawanee." f The chiefs White-lion [ ffupamanfrwa )
Stone-eater {Sanamahhonga,) and Winnemak, were conspicuous at tiiis Time.
The latter had been the pretended friend of the governor, but now apjicared
his enemy. He was killed the next year by the lamented L i;nn.
Just before liostilities commenced, in a talk Governor jirrison had with
Tecumseh, the former expressed a wish, if war must foh.iw, that cruelty to
Erisoners shoidd not be allowed on either side. Tecumseh assured him tiiat
e w ould do all in his ])ower to prevent it ; and it is believed he strii-ily
adhered to this resolution. Indeed, we have one example, which has ucvlt
been called in question, and is worthy the great mind of this chief. When
Colonel Dudley was cut off, and near 400 of liis men, not far from Fort Mei'fs
by .'ailing into an ambush, Tecumseh arrived at the scene of action when the
Americans could resist no longer. He exerted himself to put a stop to the
massacre of the soldiers, which was then going on ; and meeting wjtii a
Chippeway chief who would not desist by persuasion nor threats, he buried
his tomaliawk in his head. \
It is said that Tecumseh had been in almost every important batde with tljc
Americans, from the destruction of General Harmer^s army till his death upon
tlie Thames. He was under the direction of General Proctor, in this lust
great act of his life, but was greatly dissatisfied with his course of jirocced-
ings,and is said to have remonstrated against retreating before the Americans
in very pointed terms. Perry's victoi-y had just given the Americans the
command of Lake Erie ; and immediately after. Proctor abandoned Detroit,
and marched his majesty's army up the River Thames, accompanied I)y Gen-
eral Tecumseh, with about 1500 warriors. Harrison overtook llieni near the
Moravian town, Oct. 5, 1813, and, after a bloody battie with the Indians,
routed and took prisoners nearly the whole British army; Proctor saving
himself only by flight. After withstanding almost the whole force of the
Americans for sotne time, Tecumseh received a severe wound in the arm, hut
continued to fight with desperation, until a shot in the head from an unknown
hand laid him prostrate in the thickest of the fight. § Of his warriors 120
were left upon the field of battle.
Thus fell Tecumseh, in the forty-fourtli year of his age. He was about fivo
feet ten inches in height, of a noble appearance, and a perfectly syninictiic.ii
form. "His carriage was erect and lofty — his motions (piick — his eyes |)(ii-
etrating — his visage stern, with an air of hauteur in his countenance, whiili
arose from an elevated pride of soul. It did not leave him even in death."
He is thus spoken of by one who knew him.
At the battle of the Thames, a chief by the name of Shane served as a
guide ti Colonel Johnson'» ••egiment. He informs us that he knew Tecumseh
well, and that lie once had had his thigh broken, which not being propcily
set, caused a considerable ridge in it always after. This was publislnd in ,i
Kentucky newspaper, lately, as necessary to prove that the Indian kilhd h)'
* Schoolcraft.
t James, i. '■»J\— Perkins, 221.
t Iiifbrmalion of liis son, W. J. i^nplling, Esq. of Bnsion.
!i Tl)e story thai he fell in a personal rencounter with Colonel Johnson, must no loiiifpr he
ieved. Facts are ejitirely opposed to such a conclusion. Indccu, we cuiinot le;irii lliat
the colonel ever claimed the honor of the achievemcut.
OOK V-
ession,
'jiosc ; '
III.-
; ill the
>iiii(U'(l.
I'K'd or
ions ou
ira\irv,
est olfi-
is tii:lit,
.i\ taken
ani, but
t of tliat
iiun-iiij
Kinirwa,)
lis time.
Hipeared
liad with
riiehy to
him that
B strieily
las never
: When
irt Meifrs,
when tiie
top to tlio
)g with a
he buried
t
e with the
eath 111)1111
1 tliis Uist
jiroceed-
nicricaus
icaiis tlie
d Detroit,
d hy Gei>-
1 near the
Indians,
lor saving'
rcc of the
e arm, liut
\[ imkiiuwii
irriors I'iO
about fivo
liiiiiietricid
eyes iieii-
licc, whicli
in death."
:!rvcd as a
Tecumuh
yr ])roi)cv'v
llislii'd ill 'I
]n iiill«<i hy
I, of Boston.
Iiio lon^pr li«
lot loiini llmt
&';
J.T ;
A
r*
^
^l-n-|l I i:l-.si|.);:
NlNl'l! I iliSir^KNT ('!•• MTIK IINITKIi STAT KS. lii)",M l-'Kli'i III. 17/, I.
INAU'GUIUTRU MAHi'li 4 TH. lUKl ) AI'KII. l:il IHIl.
1
'h^l
r'
*::
1
'•i;!:
if
,')! ■
riV:
''''.
y
i^.^.
1 uMsii Yoi; ','1 rf;i)i-:i(:![AMi ihk. ifiiiK i'1ii\^.:ii'|.k.s I'F rut; ij'Htknmkni
I Wr-H Mll,:.l .■■AKIilKl. ilU.lASK K(.||ilNC, Mdl,!.-'.'
Chap. VII.]
Colonel Johnson \vi\
even on tiic diiy of!
were Tecum.trh, aii
altlioii;ili it WHS (1(m|
tlicre \v;is a <l(!niiii',|
HO pass, tliinkin^ it
tiioir most dreatlcd
event, many felt a (l|
friends; but when
with tlieir opinion, fl
Tliat the Anicric;!
victory, by oiitrajrinJ
iijion the lifeless boi
meet with too scvi-nl
goine of thoni as niel
(leiieral Hnrrison, at|
Tiie celebrated speei
warrior " to (iencrall
many not to be jrenl
pvcjij periodical of tl
omit it bore. The
Another, in our opini
in a work said to be
authority of a jjuijlie
Among the skirmi
rendered the nortb-\
spimous part.
Maiden, situated
considered the (Jibral
first object would be
Cnjoiiei jyrJlrihur cai
Terumseh. About 4 i
body of the enemy; ■•
Colonel Cass,§ in efFe(
lliat in a ^^i'ew days
a^'ain the Americans i
1(1 reconnoitre, that (
enemy, and narrowly
Indians who had near
Major Va7}honi was
men, to convoy 150 O
In liis second day's n
Indians nndr>r Tecums
were (Japtains M^Cu
wounded. The rest i
Major Vanhorn hiiv
the 8tli of August, wii
jinrts. The next day
?ii!>rd, connnanded by
of British and Indian?
from Detroit. The m
began. Captain Snell
inidcr a heavy fire, u
Tiie force against whi
* We have often heard i
«hn still own razor straps
t John Dunn Hunter,
4 Since governor of Mi<
|1 Urarkenridg'e, Hist. V
^ til this officer's porki
account of his having kille
" Gilchrist, commonly
11*
Chap. VII.]
TECU.MSEH.— BATTLE OF MAGAUGO.
126
Colonol Johnson was Teninuich, From tlio same pa|)nr it would pcpiii, tliat,
even on tlic day of Imltlo, it was tlonbtod hy sonio wiit'tlK-r lim cliiof killed
were Tecumaeh, iin<l that n critical iinnKsst was held over his I'ody; and
altlionjih it was dtjcided to be he, yet to the fiict that the colonel killed him,
there was a dtMnnr, even then. JJnt, no doid)t, ::iany wen; willing it shonlcl
so |)a.ss, thinkini^ it a matter of not much conseqnenco, so long as Ter.unvieh,
du'ir mo.st dreaded enemy, was actnally slain; and, perhaps, too, so near '
event, many felt a delicacy in di^.■ientinf^ from the report of Colonel Johnsmis
frien(ls; hnt when time had dispelled such jcialousy, those came out frankly
witii their opinion, and hence resnlted the actual truth of the case.
That the .American soldic-rs should have dishonored themselves, after their
victory, l»y oiitrajrinif all decency hy acts of astonishinir fcMocity and barbarity
uj)on the lifeless body of the fallen chief, is grievnus to mention, and cainiot
meet with too severe condemnation. J'ieces of his skin wen^ taken away by
some of them as mementoes!* He is said to have borne a personal enmity to
General Harnxon, at this time, for haviiifr just before distroyed bis family.
The celebrated s|)eech, said to have been delivered by the great "Sbawaneso
warrior" to (iencral l^roctor, before tli<! battle of tlu; Thames, is believed by
many not to lie <remnne. It may be seen in evt^ry history of t' c war, and
evcij periodical of that day, and not a few since, even to this. Tiitn-elbr;- we
omit it here. TIk; speech of Lofffni, ])erha|)s, has iiot circulated wicUu*.
Another, in our opinion, more worthy the mijrhty mind if Tixumseh, pullished
in a work said to be written by one who heard it,f is now generally (on tiie
aithority of a public journal J) discanh.-d as a fiction.
Among the skirmishes between the brdli'/erents before General Hull sur-
rendered the north-western army, Tecumsc,<. and his Indians acted a con-
spicuous part.
Maiden, situated at the junction of Detroit River with Lake Erie, was
considered the (Jibraltar of Canada, and it was exi)ected that GiMieral Huirs
liist ol)ject would be to possess himself of it. In a movement that way,
Colonel jyPJirthur came very near being cut ofT by a party of Indians led by
Tecumseh. About 4 miles from Maiden, he found a bridge in ))ossession of a
hody of the enemy; and although the bridge was carried by a force under
foionel Cdss,^ in effecting which, 11 of the enemy were killed, yet it seeius,
tiiiit in a ^^i'ew days afterwards " they were in jiossession of it again, and
asraiii the Americans stood ready to repeat the attack. It was in an attempt
to reconnoitre, that Colonel M''Jirth-r "advanced somewhat too near the
enoiny, and narrowly escaped being cut oft" from his iiien"|| by several
Indians who had nearly prevented his retreat.
Major Vanhoni was (letached on the 4 August from Aux Canards, witb 200
men, to convoy 1.50 Ohio militia and some provisions from the River Raisin.
Ill his second day's march, near Brownstown, he fell into an and)iisli of 70
Inilians imder Tecumseh, who, firing upon him, killed 20 men ; among whom
wrc Ca|)tains M^Culloch,^ Bostler, Gilcrease,** and Ubrij : i) more were
wounded. The rest nuide a preci|)itate retreat.
Major Fanhorn having failed in his attempt. Colonel Miller was sent on
the 8tli of August, with (lOO n)en to jJrotect the same jirovisions and trans-
pnrts. The next day, August Dth, about 4 o'clock in the afternoon, the van-
sriicnl, commanded by CnjUain Snellins:, was fired upon by an extensive line
of British and Indians, at the lower end of the village of iMagango, 14 miles
fioni Detroit. The main body was half a mile in the rciU' when the attack
began. Captain Snellinsr maintained his position in a most gallant nnimier,
iiiidpr a heavy fire, until the line was formed and advanced to his relief.
Tlie force against which the Americans were now contending was made up
* We have often heard it said, l)iit whether in truth we do not aver, tliat there are those
»hn still own razor straps made of it.
t Jnhn Dunn Hunter. \ North American Review.
{ Since governor of Miohig-an, and now secretary of war.
i Urackenridge, Hist. War, 31.
^ III this officer's pocket, it is said, was found a letter written for his wife, giving an
account of his having killed an Indian, from whose head lie tore liie scalp with his teeth.
" Gilchrist, romnionjy written.
11*
^;<ti
:. ' mi
' , ■ t
136
TECUMSEII,
[Hook V.
of n body of SOO Tiidiaiis utnUn- Tenimsth, Ifalk-in-the-wakr, Marpot, ami thn
>iiu'(! fmiKnis lilmk-littivk, niul a (•iinsidinilih! iiiiiiitH>r of wliitcH under Maior
Muir. Tliey wtio tbniicd hcliiiid a hreaHtwoik of fe' tnu'N. Wli'.i,
fiicii jr ,(.raiifr from ilicir
Colonel j)/i7/f;- had hronxlil ids men into line, tlio
hiding-places, and llniiicd in line of hatilc, and a fierce and' upimllinir stiit'b
ensued. Tlit^ Hritisli and Indian iluce was oni; tliird frreater tlian ilie Ameri-
can, hut nothiuf,' could withstand them, when led on hy fuch otlicern as
Miller and >Sne}lin<;, and tin; jrroiiiid was disputed inch l»y inch liir iieur
two miles, to tla; villafr(! of IJrownstown, Here the JJritish took to tiieir
I oats, and the Indians to the woods, and thus the hattle closed. It was owiii"
to a disobedience of orders on the part of the cavalry, that the liritish
escaped entire destruction ; l()r ("oloiitl Miller ordered them to rush upon
I cut them up wiien their gnus were unloaded, and their ranks were
•<ioii, but they would not, althoufjh Captain Sndlinir ollered to lend
them and
in eoidtisioi
them in person. In this afKiir the Indians and JJritish lost 100 killed aiiii
200 wounded, and the Aniericans had IH killed and M woun«led.*
A Hritisli writer upon the late war, f alter havinp related the battle of the
Thames, in which Tecumsth t'ell, says: "It seems extraonlinary that (ieneriil
Harrison should have omitted to UKMition, in ins letter, tlie death of a chief
whose fall contributed so larj^ely to bn-ak down the Indian spirit, and to trivo
peace and security to the whole north-western iionjier of the U. t^tates.
Tecuiniieli, althoufih he had received a musket-ball in the left arm, was still
seeking th(! lioltcst of the lire," when he received the mortal >voun(l in tiie
liead, of wliiidi he in a fvw monu'iits expired. The error, which lor some
titne jirevailed, of his beini;- shot by Colonel Johnson, is copied into tlii.s author's
work. Tlu! following tiescriptions, tiiough hi some respects erroneous, me
of sufiicient value to be preserved.
Tvcumseti was endowed "with more than the usual stoutness, possessed nil
tli«! agility and perseverance, of tlu; Indian character. His carriage was
dignilied ; bis eye jKuietraling; his countenance, winch, even in death, be-
trayed the intlications o\' a lolly s|)irit, rather of the sterner cast. Had he not
possessed a certain austerity ol" maimers, be could never Jiuve controlled the
wayward passions ol' those who Ibllowed him to battle. He was of a silent
habit ; but, when his ehxpience became roused into action by tlu; reiterated
eiicroaehments of the Amerii^ans,]; his strong intellect could sup|)ly hini with
a flow of oratory, that cmabled him, as he governed in the field, so to pre-
scribe in the council. Those who consider that, in all territorial (picstioiisi,
the ablest diplomatists of the I'. States are sent to negotiate with the In(lian>',
will readily ajipreciate the loss sustained by the hitter in the death of their
cliampion. The Indians, in general, are fidl as fond as other savages of the
gaudy decoration of their ))ersons ; but Tecumseh was an excej)tion. ( "lotlies
and other valuable articles of spoil h:ul often been his ; yet he invarialiiy
wore a deerskin coat and ])antaloons. He had freqiamtly levied subsidies to,
com[)aratively, a large amount ; yet lie jireserved little or nothing lor hiiiisilf.
It was not wealth, but glory, that was Ttcumsih''s ruling |iassion. Fatal {lii\ !
wlien the 'Christian jieople' first p('iietratcd the forests, to teach the arts of
'civilization' to the poor Indian. Till then water had been his only bcverajre,
and himself and his race possessed all the vigor of lianly savages. Now,
no Indian opens bis lips to the stream that ripples by his wigwam, while lie
has a rag of clothes on his back, wherewith to |)urchase rum ; and he and
his s<iuaw and his children wallow through the day, in bi'astly drunkenness.
Instead of the sturdy warrior, with a head to ))lan, and an arm to execute,
vengeance U|)on the oppressors of his country, we behold the puny, besotted
wretch, squatting on Ids hams, ready to barter his country, his children, or
himself, for a few gulps of that deleterious compound, which, fiir more than
the arms of the United States, [Great Britain and France,] is hastening to
extinguish all traces of his name and character. Tecumseh, himself, in early
life, had been addicted to intemj)erance ; but no sooner did his judgment
* Skf/ches of the War, i, 22. t Ji^mes, i. 287, &c.
} As though the English of Canada had never been guilty of cucroacluncuts !
I
CUAf. VII.]
(Icei(h) against, tl
Bevond ,„„. ,j,. i^y
it Was Naid not
permit his wanioi
power, hut ll-oi„ I
and Indians, 7Vra;
surrender, (Jenera
the prisoners ; to i
with thdii."
Soni' of the Ki
States' si^rvicc so a
I y
lis behovi! to ()U(
i""l«'% if they ha
was a more wilv el
imtiiral abilities" inl
see no reason to U,
Kiiro|iean warfare i
course with the wlii
military tactics than
or contemporaries.
A nulitary man,* ;
jiidg<! of position, ,
the whole comitrv tl
iiicating the hifbnnn
course of spectators,
he asked Temmseh m
case of his proceedii
tending it on the gro
knile, aiul with the p(
try, its hills, woods, r
was, for the purpose
had pn!pared it. l»|e
his having, by iiis chi
mediate party, to cro.^
and militia, General i
his sash, and jihiced i
honor with evident
sash. General Brock,
interpreter for an ex
that Tccumeh, not w
alder, and, as Ik; said,
the sash to the Wvan
Thi' |)lace of tjiis
iicioio Kiver, „ear win
JWmcIi means, //,>/,/y,
w4. Ifis mother's n
kr c^fTs in the sand. .
three sons :-~Ellskwa(
fropki ; Tecumseh, ^v
>'?ertl,at_fliesintheni,
VV<! will here preset i
gungi!, in the Lord's Pi
Coe-tlln-a, spim-i-key
m-i-tum-any-pau-iidl
o^^-lcey-kie pi-se,, spim
fa-mp-a-ki tiKk-whan
I '^^-^■tiim-a ma-chil-i-i
m-si-loo wait po tonn-
^■si-cut-i-ive-way thaij
* Mr- James, ut supra.
Cma^-. VII.]
TECUMSEH.
187
I the
tajor
t'llCIl
llicir
suite
IIUMl-
rs us
II far
tlieir
Iritisli
ii|i()n
i were
^ lend |,,;
(I and p
of the I
Iciii'rni
I cliii't',
to \:\\ii
t^tates. ,:
k as titill ':',
I ill tlie
)!• some
uitlior's
JUS, are
isscd nil
igc was
iatli, be-
et lie not
liled tlie
' a silrnt
iterated
lim with
1) to pre-
iestioii!<,
Indiana,
of their
•s of the
C'lotlies
iviniatiiy
idles tn,
' liiinsi'lt'.
atal day !
ic arts of
M'veraire,
Now,
wliiie he
il lie and
duMiness.
execiito,
besotted
ildien, or
[lore than
Iteiiiiifl "^
; in early
judgment
dec.ido iigaiiiHt, timii \m niMolutioii oiiahltul liiin to quit, ho viln a iiabiu
B«yoii(l our or two ffjasses of wine, be never athsrwanls indiil^'ed."
It was said not to bo from frood will to tlie Ainericaus, tbat bit woidd not
permit iiis warriors to e\ereis«f any eriudty ii|ion tliem, wbcn fallen into tbeir
power, l»ut from |)riuei|tle alon(!. VVIieii Dtsfroit was taken by tlie Uritish
and Indians, l\'ninwh was in llie action at tlie li(«ad of tlie latter. After tbo
surrender, (jeneral lirock reqiiesttMl liini not to allow bis Indians to ill-treat
the prisoners; to wiiieii bo replied, ''jVb.' / despise them loo nmchlu meddle
with Hum"
Som ' of tlio Kiifjlisb bavo said tbat tbero wen; lew ollietrs in tlie U.
States' .service so able to command in tin; field as Tenuiisch. 'I'iiis it will not
us litdiovo to (piestion; hut it would better liavc beconit! siicli speecli-
iiiakers, if timy bad a(bled, "in liis pcicniiar mode of warfare." 'I'liat be
was a more wily cliief tliaii MishikiiKikwii, may bo doiibtcul ; tbat eitlier bad
iiutural abilities iiiforior to iboso of (ieneral //Wi/«r, or (Jeiieial lirock, wo
see no reason to believe. liiit tliis is no arf,'uni<'nt tbat tliey could practise
Kuropean warfans as vv(dl as those ffenerals. It is obvious, from bis inter-
course with the whites, tbat Terumseh must have boon better skilled in tlioir
military tactics than most, if not all, of bis countrymijn, whether |iredecessors
or eontomporaries.
A nfditary man,* as wo apprebind, says, "He [Tcruiiuieh] was an excidlent
jiid^e of position, and not only kiitnv, but could point out the localities of
the wboi(! country through which ho bad passed." " liis (iicility ol" comnm-
iiicating the Information Ik^ had aci|iiired, w.is thus displayed beliire a c(ui-
roiirse of spectators. Previously to (.'eneral W;oc/.'.« crossing over to Detroit,
he nskod Tecwmeli what sort of a country he should have to pass through in
case of ills proceeding farther. Tecmimh, taking a roil of olm-bark, and ex-
tending it on tbo ground by moans of four stones, drew t'orth bis scalping-
knife, and with the point presently etcliod upon the bark a |dan of the coun-
try, its bills, woods, riviirs, morasses, and roads; a plan wliicdi, il'iiot as neat,
was, for tbo purpose required, fully as intcdiigiblo us W .flrrowsmith himselt'
Imd pre|)arod it. Pleased witli this unexpected talent in Teciunseh, also with
his having, liy his charactciristic boldness, iudiUMtd tbo Indians, not id" his im-
mediate party, to cross the Detroit, prior to the embarkation of tli(> regulars
and militia, G(^neral Brock, as soon as tb(! business was over, publicly took off
Ms sash, and placed it round the body of the eliiof. Tccumse.h received the
honor with evident gratification, but was, the next day, s(^';n without his
sash. General Brock, fisaring something bad displeased tbo Indian, sent bis
hiterjireter for an explanation. The latter soon returned with an account
that Tecunuieh, not wishing to wear such a mark of distinction, wIkmi an
older, and, as he said, abler, warrior than himself was present, hud transf(Mred
the sash to tbo Wyandot chief Round-head"
T\v place of this renowned warrior's birth was ni)on tbo banks of the
Scioto Uiver, near what isnowCbillicotbo. His father's name was Ptikirsbeno,
which UKiaiiH, [ liffldj'romjlyins^. Ho was killed in the battle of Kanliawa, in
1774. His motlu'r's name was Meetheeinshe, which signifies, a turtle loi/ing
li(Tf£fgs in Ihesnnd. She died among tbo Cherokeos. She had, at one birth,
three sons: — Ellskwalawa, which signifies, a door opened, was called the
Prcphet ; Tecumseh, wliich is, a tiger crouching for his prey ; and Kumskaka, a
tiger that flies in the air. f
We will here present the reader with a specimen of the Shawanee lan-
guage, in the LorcTs Prayer.
Coe-tJ in-a, spim-i-key yea-taw-yan-oe, o-wes-sa-ycg ycy-sey-tho-ynn-ae : Dny-
fole-i-lum-any-pay-itch ilia-key, yea-issi-tay-hay-yon-ae issi-nock-i-key, yoe-ina
mis-key-kie pi-sey spim-i-key, Me-li-na-key oe imo-ki cos-si-kie ta-wa-it-thin oe
^ta-wnp-a-ki tuck-whan-a ; piick.-i-tum-i-wn-loo kne-won-ol-i-lhey'Way, Yea-st'
, ick-i-tum-a ma-chil-i-toio-e-ta thick-i ma-chnw-ki tus-sy-neigh-piick-sin-a iva-
mm-si-loo imu po toon-ot-i-they ya key-la tay pale-i-lum-any lony tms-sn kit
v!(is-si-cut-i-we-way thay-pay-we-way4
'd?
:Q;
* Mr James, ut supra, t Schoolcrafl. \ Carey's Miiscmn, vi. 318, ((nr 17f!;i.)
128 KI,I-SIC\VATA\VA, 'VUK PROPHET. [Book V
III 1820, the only siirviviiij; son of Teciim^rh, ■ liosc nanio ih PurhtUu;
\\\i'u\t s\pnl'u'» ciuuchiiifr or W(itrlunfr his ji/rij, Ui\ IIk; Oliio to sntlc l)c\(iiiii
tli(! iMi.x^issippi.* 'J'liis son, wlitiii his liilhcr was slain, was lif;hiin;r h\ Irs
tiidi'. "TIk! [irinci! rcfifnt," says Mr. Jamc.i, "in IHIl, ont of n spi-cl i,,' t||"y
ini-niory to the old, sent ont as a prrsiMit to tin' yoini;,' Tccuinsih a hmidsonic
.sword;" and thfn closes this |mraffra|tli with this most savajrc laincritntioM-
" Uidiirtnnaloly, however, i'or the Indian caus(! and connlry, finnt are iIk)
pros|)ects that Ttrunmh llio son will ever etpial, in wisdom or prou'e>is
Ttcum.sch the lath<'r."t "'
l'"-Ll,SK\VA'rA\V.\. Althonjrli W(! have ffiven some important lacts in
tlie !if(! of this im|)nst()r, tlitM'e are some eirenmstances wiiieh elaiin to he
related. Atlor tiie termination of the war of IHI'2, he received u pension
from tli(^ ffovernment of (Jrcat IJritain, and resided in (^-mada. In lHO(i |i,,
Avas prevailed upon to leave that eonntry, and w'ent, with others, to settle hf.
yoiid th«! Missi>sippi. At the same timt; also went the only snrviviiig son of
Tecuin.'icli.
l"Miich has been said and written about the Prophet; and, as is geiiendly
the case, ilu; accounts vary, in proportion to their multiplicity. From a welf.
writt(;n article in a I'orei^rn periodical,^ it is said that, (ltn-in<r the fii>t ."iO years
of his life, he was remarkable for iiothin<r except bis stupidity and into'vicji.
tion. In liis .'iOtb year, while in the act of li^ibtinj,' bis pijte, be (ill Imck in
liis cal)iu, n|)on his bed ; and, continuing for some tiuK; lilMess, to all iipnear-
nnces, preparations wiM'e made for his interment; and it was not luitil the
iribe was asse'mbjed, as usual on such oet^asions, and they werenn the act of
removing liini, that lie revived. His first words were, " /^o/i'/ ie o/(;n»((/. /
have seen heaven. Call the nation tui^ether, that I inaj/ tell them what has tmnnred
to me." When they were assendihid, be tol<l them that tw; beautil'ul yoiiu"
men had been sent from heaven l)y tin; (Jreat Spirit, who s[)oke thus to liiin"
— The (jlreat Spirit isauj^^ry with you, and ^viil destroy all the red men: iuiles.s
you refrain from drimkeimess, lyinjr and sKialinj.', and turn yourselves to liini
you shall never enter the beautiful jjlace which we will now show you." IJo
was then condiu-ted to the gates of heaven, from wbi>nc(! be coiild helioM
all its beauties, but was not |termitted to enter. Afti'r imdergoinff several
lioiu's' tjmtali/ation, from extrem(! desire of participating; in its indescrihahio
joys and pleasures, he was dismissed. His conductors told him to tell all
tlie Indians what be had seen; to re|)ent of their ways, and tbey would visit
him again. My authority says, that, on the Prophet\i visiting the neiglilioriiijf
nations, bis mission had a good effect on their morals, &c. IJnt this part of
his story, at least, is at variance with facts; for none would lie.Mr to him, ex-
cept the most abandoned young warriors of those tribes be visited, and their
miserable condition in colonizing themselves upon the Wabash, in 1811, is
well known, '^n
There was an earth(|iiake said to have tak«!n jilace in the Creek country,
in December, 181 1. 1| TIk; Prophet visited the Creeks in the previous August,
and " pronounced in tlw jiiddic .square, that shortly a lamp would apjx ar in
the west, to aid him in bis hostile attack upon the whites, and, if they would
not b ■ influenced by bis persuasion, the eartli would ere long tre'nble to its
centre. This circumstance has had a |)owerfnl effect on the minds of these
Lidians, and would certaiidy have led them, generally, to have united with the
northern coalition, had it not b»;en for the interposition of travellers." This
statement was made by a Mr. Francis M^Henrjf, in the Georgia Journal, to
contradict that ever any such eartlKjuake did take place, and by which \vc
* Johnson's Iiid. Nar. 217.
i The New Monlhly Miigazinc.
^ Tliis famous vision oi' the Propliet will compare in strangfcness with that o." /\>;)os/i,
head chief of the Delaware nation, related by Loskeil, (ii. lit.) He lay to nil a|)))r;iri\iice
dead for three days. In his swoon, he saw a man in white robes, who exhibited a calalo^ne
of the people's sins, and warned him to repent. In 174!t, he was about f!0 years of a^L'. and
was baptized by the name of Solomon. We have related in Rook HI. an account of
Sqnamln's vision ; and others might be mentioned.
{{ "The earthquakes, which, in 1811, almost destroyed the town of New MaHri<l of the
Mississippi, wcr<! verv sensibly felt on the upper portion of the Missouri country, and occa-
sioned much superstitious dread amongst the Indians." Long^s Expedition, i. 272.
Chap. VII.]
If^'ii'ii that timt pan
tli.it jil.-ices Ii,„| I,,.,
tmiy to state that 1
]i:ive amioMiiced e
iiiitiiority of «„ jvj
"ut the a^r,. „,• ,r,^ ,
mdered as linally |
•Montreal, wliere, ta
ill this .sjmco receiy
known." The r,mi
iw a barbingor of (
I rnnhct * s&,7a;1 to f
I hi was .said to J inv
simiway towns were
Cumphell; hut this m
HOUND-HEADv
tieastwar. He ^^^
I'"' iiivei- Itjiisi,,. T
»'inchestcr's fpiartert
',''•; nght cojinnence
(allfii upon by the
iiound-head seized w
severe cold morniiij.
snow. '^
Our chief, in a mat
liiniseir of ;,is great <
to protect iiim from t
uiifi] lie had got on th
111 tin's condition, tliat
miicli persuasion tJiat
and it wjis with still n
iie iiud so short a time
TJiis was a most dif
tiinul, according to tlu
the American ; || and
immediately after.
In Colonel Proctor's
of the conddpt of the
zeal and courage of t
tliiiii on this occasioi
liruvery."
Colonel Proctor has
sin. It was said that 1
and then paid no atten
Indians in their harbai
dread, that they mifrht
tlie IJrifisb bistoriaiis sj
discretion," and not " o
wing allowed to retai
returned to them," as si
il'ia heen the understan
"■fill drawn up ; but, in
t Military Occurrences, i. '2<S3. M 'fl'nis. Stripped to 'hi-
Unhrrf, who publishec
?oliiu.7V<yw,.says, "■
»laiid:lHaImake„odonb,
refunn,i,n;a(iery„„„„„,sV
lioul.i ever read this speech
"ons to prove that he Is a /;,
Halcyon Luminary, i. a
I I crkms s Late War, 100
I llioinson has 522. Uisi
CitAP. VII.]
ROUND-IFEAD.
129
111, »"X-
tlu'ir
fill, is
•niiiitry,
Aiiiiiist,
ii'iir in
Wdllill
to its
r tlicsc
with the
This
iiniiil, to
licit wc
jriuii tlmt tlint pnrt of tlin siiporHtitioiis world r';;,lly lit-Iiovcd that it Imd, and
tli.it j)l:icrH iiad hccii iictiially Hiink. 'ri'<' saim^ i-oiniminicaiit wayH, " I liavo
only li» statn that [ liavt? coiiifortahly rc|i(is(!il in lioii.scs wlicrt! mnvspaprrM
li;ivi' aiiiioiiiiccd every disa|i|»earaiuv! of eartli." lit; states idso, upon tlio
mithoiity of "a Mv. Chmlhuiy, an l''iii;,'lisli f;(!ntlenian, from Ciiieliec," tliut,
•'at till! a;,a; of I."), this Indian disappeared from iiis relatives, and was con-
sidered as iiiially lost. That he strolled to (.inebee, luid from tlieneo to
Montreal, where, tai\ ii as a pilot to Halifax, he remained several years ; and
ill tliis spaee received an edncalion tpialilying him to act tlio part already
'viiouii." The comet of 1811 was viewed i»y many, tliroufihout the conntry,
:;s a harhinfjer of evil, and it was upon this secminf,' advantage that tho
Vnmhvi * seized to frichtim his red brethren into his schemes, f
lie was said to have Ixsenkilknl on the 18 November, 181'2, when the Missis-
siiwnvay towns were destroyed on the Wabash by u detachment under Colonel
t'umphell; but this was only a rumor of the day.
HOUND-IIEAD was a Wyandot, and fought against the Ameri'^ans in
the last war, lie was very conspicuous in the battle at rrenchtown upon
llic River llaisin. The Indiiui force in this affair was about 1000,| (icnerul
If'inchestcr^s cpiarters were at 1 or 200 yin*ds from the main army when
the fight commenced, and, in an endeavor to render it Jtssistance, was
liillcn upon by the Wyandots, and himself and attetidants captured.
Round-head seized upon General Wincheshr with his own liands. It was u
severe cold morning, 22 January, 1813, and the ground was covered with
!-IIOV\'.
Our chief, in a manner tridy characteristic, obliged the general to divest
himself of Lis great coat and all his uniform. With nothing but his shirt
to protect him from the cold, /foiuifZ-^arf condu'ied him to a fire, but not
until he had got on the general's cocked hat, '.uiiform coat, vest, &c. It was
ill this condition, that Colonel Proctor foinid him ; and it was not without
much persuasion that the stern warrior relinquished his important captive ;
aiul it was with still more reluctance, that he gave up the uniform, in which
he had so short a time to strut about and show himself to his countryrnen.§
This was a most disastrous expedition for the Americans: 538 were cap-
timul, according to the British accor.ut, which does not differ materially from
tiie American ; || and 300 killed in the battle, and massacred by the Indians
immediately after.
In Colonel Proctor's official accoiuit of this afftiir, he speaks in high terms
of the conduct of the Indian chiefs and warriors. His words are: "The
zeal and courage of the Indian department were never more conspicuous
timn on this occasion, and the Lidian warriors fought with their usual
hruvcry,"
Coldnel Proctor has been much censured for his conduct at the River Rai-
sin. It was said that he agreed to the terms asked for by General Winchester,
ami then paid no attention to their observance, but rather countenanced the
hiiliiuis in their barbarities, thinking thereby to strike the Americans with
diciid, that they might be deterred li-om entering the service in future. But
the British historians say that "the whole of tho left division surrendered at
discretion," and not " on condition of their being ])rotectcd from the savages,
luiiig allowed to retain their private property, and having their side-arms
rf'tiirned to tluiin," as stated by General ffinchester: for, Mr. /ames adds, " had
this licen the understanding, one may suppose that some writing would have
lififiii drawn up ; but, indeed. Gen. Winchester was not in a condition to dictate
toinis, Strij)ped to his shirt and trowsers, and suffering exceedingly from
* Liimhort, wlio pul)lishe(l three volumes of (ravels in America in 1810, (London,) inspeak-
'.njol'iho /'ro/j/ic<, says, " Tlius wo find, that proplicis are not confined to our own iuippy
island: tint I make no doubt, that many of our sealed countrymen and countrywomen, who
are running after Joanna Houtliroit from one end of ilie kingdom to the other, will (if llicy
sliouhl ever read Uiis speech) turn up tlieir nose at the Indian, and quote a text from lleveia-
tioiisi to prove thai he is a false proplicl." Lambert, i. 3%.
t Halcyon Luminary, i. '205, litc. New York, (June,) 1812.
t Perkins's Late War, 100. $ James, Miiit. Occurrences, i. 188.
i Thomson lias 322. Hist. Sketches, 104.
liii-
** M 'I
!k
III
130
VVALK-IN-TIIF.-WATER.
[H.M.K V.
the 01)1(1, t|,«' Aim rican jjcticnil was li)iiiiil liy T'ol. I'rorlor, iwar to one ,,\' ij,,.
Iiiilian Cuts, in posscHsidii dl" iIm! W'vaiiilot I'liirf Uintnil-hvml.'^
So, ai'coidiiii^ to tlir iii(lf.'iiM'iit of tliis liistoriaii, ('(»l()iicl Prortor was iiiiilir
no <)lilii,'ati(ni K keep his word, lieeause tliere was "no writiiij;" wiili \,\^
name to it. Tiit liisforiaii tlial will even set up a defenee iiir treaelierv inav
caleulalc! with ci rtaiiity upon the valu<! posterity will set ii|iom his wmk
We want no other than ('olonel t'rod()r\t own account from which to con-
demn him of, at lea^t, ^'reat want of humanity. We do nut pretend that tin;
Americans were always I'vcv I'rom thi' same charges; hut we would as soon
Hcorn their extenuation iis that (»f their enemies.
Jiound-hml \\i\^ present with d'eueral liiork inu\ Tecuinsih when they todk
possession of Detroit, on the l.''» Aujrust, |F<I'.*. When ahout to cross flu.
river to lay w'^r to Detroit, (irneral liror.k present id TtcnmHvh with his red
sush. This chief iiad loo much goods<'nse to wear it, well knowin;; it woiilii
rreate Jealousy amonjf the otiier chiefs, who considered themselves e(|iiii|
with liim; he therefore presented it to lloiind-hmd, as has heen mentioned in
tlio life j)f Tecuinsth.
Wiiether tins ciiief were more wise than Tecumseh, in tin; last affair in
which the latter was engaged, we are tmabic! to say; hut it appears iiighly
probable that the conduct of (Je'iieral Proctor was tiie cause of hi.s l^ia"
abandoned by most, if not all the Wyaiidota, jtrevious to the battle of i||^
Thames.* As ftoinif/-/ic«(/ was their chief, to him will be attributed the caiisu
of their wise proceeding.
The following letter, written after the buttle of the River Raisin, (we con-
elude,) ia worthy of u pluce here.
" The Hiirons, and the other tribes of Indiaits, assembled at the Miami liniiids
to the inhabitanis of the River Raisin. — FViends, listen ! You have alwuijs lubl us
you ivoidd give us ani/ assistance in your power. fVe, therefore, as the cn'em>i is ap-
proaching us, mthin 25 miles, call upon you all to rise up and come here immedlnlchi,
orins;injr your arms along with you. Should you fad at this time, ice will not
consider you in future as friciuls, and the consequences may be veni unpten.innt.
We are well convinced you have no tenting forbidding you to assise (ts. fit are
your friends at present.
Round-liead ft I'is mark.
Jfalk-in-the-ivater @ his mark, f"
• WALK-IN-TIIE-WATER also signalized himself in these events. His
native nam(! i:; Myeerah. lie is a Huron, of the tribe of the Wyandots, and,
in IH 17, resided on a reservation in Michijraii, at a village called Magimirii,
near BrrAvnstown. Mr. Brown, in his valual)le Wester.n Gazf.ttf.i;k, justly
styles this liunoiis chief one of "nature's nobles." The unfortunate (Ji ncnil
Hull mentions him as one of the principal "among the vast ninnber of cliidis
who led the hostile bands" of the west when the war of 181'^ comnienccil.
The Kaskaskias Wyandots, in 1814, were nearly ecpially divided bitwecu a
chief called Tarhe, wiiieh siginfies the Crane, and Myerrah. The lt)ruier\vas
called the grand chief of the nation, and resided at Sandusky. lie w;is a
Very venerable and intelligent chicif. \\\ iWi, .Myeerah told sonn) Anicricim
officers who were sent to the Indians to secure their tiivor, that the Anieiiiiin
goverinnent was acting very wrong to send an army into their comitry, which
would cut off their connnunication with Canada. The Indians, he said, were
their own masters, and would trade where they pleased ; that the afiiiir (it'tlm
Wabash was the fault of General Harrison entirely. lie connnaiidctl tlie
Indian army with Round-head at tiie batth; oftlii; River Raisin.
After the battle of the Thames, in which also JValk-in-the-water was a con-
spicuous connnander, he went to Detroit to make i)eace, or rather to ask it (if
General Harrison. In crossing from Sandwich with a whit<! flag, many were
attracted to the shore to see him, where also were drawn up the Keiitncky
volunteers. All were struck with admiration at his noble aspect and feailt:>g
* General Harrison's offirial letter, among Brannans OJjlcial Doc. p. 237.
t Englith Barbarities, 132.
Chap. VI/.]
pnrriape, oh ho nscor
(li'Tx. The irnwitesf
chfdiinrr was npon li
(•niciilated to discovi
Ix'li'ie, he |,„.| (i.iijri,
lie now passed thrrn,
We have not bean
rah ; but, whether al
I lii." contem|)orarv, '/'<
: cninicil an .Ignmnnm
Mi/irrah. Th(! se.pi,.
Hlicre he (ignres nnd
nt Detroit between tli
and the I'nifed States
liist-named inhe. ||'j
l!'Of^, anotjicr treaty v
addition „f f^yo d.|,.
>ii.'ii"d at this timi'. 1
I'ort Industry in 180."),
Less is known of ||'
joniethinir, f|,,.,„ „fn,;i
T^:^'()\JM[()Kl:|
miller tlie appellation .
}m-sn^n, [180-J or .5,]
iHwsiiion and a vigor
on all wlio uvre int
liiirli degree, the (pialiti
nd at the upper rooms,
A young F-ngJislunan,
wcral abrupt cpiestio
Ilk''. To tla;se Mrlon
inquirer, Jiowever, e\i,
almost |)lain terms, thai
ii'fiii sii|.|.ressed liis re.-
tliiit tliis account of hin
'li'' "tlKT, ' if von realh
'Hilling to the savages 1
I'liiiice of intellicreiu'e, '
]Wmagine,forII}ndU
"If spirit of genuine
''ii'iijiied, dnriiiir tiie j
^I'cnes of fiscfnl ^,,,,^^1
'mm; (or the benefit ,
«' men will hear with s
Kiiroil, under the aiispie
oiiK employment of t,-,
ton-riie."* Whether tin
Slime translation, I am n
Wf ifClinp. i. Yoriirl,,
m o'rhnuhhotm te>/odo,
n-oiii the London ]\I„
•atone of the America
Pri'seiited by the respect
[iiral 8oci ty's ..r.-at r,„
lirr
And the same w
"'"^ 111 Lngland, entitl.
"'P Gospel of St. .John, ,
"i^liich are discovered
* Janson's l
K V.
(• tin;
Ulllrr
I I lis
limy
A ink.
CDll-
It till!
Mtion
\' tiiok
<s tin-
is i-i'd
Wllllilt
t'i|iml
lu'd ill
fl'iiir in
liifrjiiy
I Ifiii;;
of tin;
e cmise
vc cnii-
Bapiils,
Itll'l us
vj is ftp-
IC(/l(l((/_l/,
will iiol
plemnnt.
/ft are
iark.f"
Its. His
lots, and,
iliiiruiiifn,
r.K, jnstly
(Iriicnd
lot" cliii't's
liinciici'd.
■twocii ii
iiiLT was
,(• was a
im-ncaii
MH'i'icau
ry, whicll
[aid, w»;re
faiiMiftlie
idod tlie
las a rnii-
j ask il of
laiiv wtTO
iiMitucky
ll fearlesa
cii.w. vn.]
TEYONINfrOKKHAWEN.
131
rmTinpf, as lio nsrondcd tli(^ Imiik niitl jmsHi'd tliroiisrli tlic ranks of tlin hoI-
diiTs. Till' irrcatcst ririiiiirss iitlciidi'il his steps, niid flii' must di^'iiilicd non-
thnldiirr was ii|ii>ii his (•(iiiiiti'iniiu-c, iiKtwilhslaiidiii;; liis (•(iiKJirnni was now
rali'iihitrd to discoviM' liiiiiiiliatii)ii and d)'<-|) di'pnssiini. <>:lya few days
Im'I'ok', he had liiii>;ht hand to hand witii these; sanii' \(diint<>i<i's, whose rankH
111! now passed thron^di.
We have not heard ol' the death oi' the heroic and truly frreat chief .Mi/re-
rfl/i ; lint, whether alive or <lea(l, oiir veneration is the same. It was said of
liis contemporary, 7Vr'i(;;i,f(/i, that in the lield he wiih an ./r/uV/i.'?, and in liio
(•niiiicil an .lirttmimiion. At least, we think, as iiincii may in triit' he said of
}liinruh. The si'ipiel of the lit!; of 7V//V(r will he found iii a liirmcr chapter,
wliere he ri<,'iires iindi'r the name of Kinjjf 'mxr. In IH()7, a treaty was made
at Detroit hetween the ( 'liippeways, Oftowas, PottowafloinieH and Wyandots
and the I'nited States, Two chiefs hesides ^Mi/cirah sifrned on helialf of the
Inst-nained ll ihe. His name to that tri-aty is written Slinr. The next year,
HH anotln-r treaty was made at Mrownstown with the same trihes, with tin;
addition of two d"le<rates from the Shawiinees. Three hesides Mjitcrah
siiili-d at this time. He was also, we believe, a party to the treaty made ut
rmt Industry in lr<().">, on the iMiiuni of the Lake.
Less is known of the history of the two next chiefs, of which w-e shall say
viMiiethiiii;, than of inanv oth(;rs less distinguished.
'n■;^■()^M^'ll()K^:l{.■V\VI■:N was a Mohawk chief, who is generally known
under tin; appellation of ./o/iH .Vf>r/o)j. -'This interestiiij^ Indian, aliont two
\ ■ins airo, [IHOI or .'>,] visited limjlimd, where inimeroiis traits of an ainiahio
; (Ihposiiion and a vifjoroiis int(dlect p;-odiiced the most pleasinj^ impressions
i 11 all who weri; introduced to him. A proof of his possessinjr, in a
j iiiL'li de^rree, the (pialities of a <;dod tem|»er and <ire;it mental (iniekness, occiir-
I nd at tin; upper ruonui, at IJath, wh(;r(; hea|)pear(;(I in the dress of his coiintiT.
I Ayoiinj,' I'iii^'liHhman, who had been in America, acco.sted tiie elijcf witji
<ivcral abrupt (pu'stions respeetiii<r his place of abode, f;ituation, and the
liki'. To these .Yorlon returned answers at oiue pertinent and modest. The
iiKluirer, however, ex|)ressed hinisidf dissatistied with them, and hinted, in
aliiiDSt plain terms, that he b(di(;ved him to be an impostor. Still the Am«;r-
iiaii suppressed his res'iitment, and endeavor(>d to convince \\\i' froilteiiinn
'lint this account of himself mifjht Ik; depended upon. ' Well, but,' returned
ilii' other, ' if yon really are what you pretend to be, how will y(»u ndish re-
iiiriiiii^' to the savages of your own country ?' '.S'lV,' replied Norton, with a
I'liiiice of intelliuence, ' / slinll not erpcrienrc so gridt a rhnns;c in mi/ sonct;/ ns
m im(tirine,for I find there are S(iV(t<i;i:t in thi.s eininlrtj also.'' Animated with
llio spirit of <r(;iiuiiie iiatriotism, this ^(enerous cliielhiin was imweariedly
occupied, dnriii<r the int'-rvals of lii.s public business, in acipiiriiifj every
fpci'ics of fiseful knowledfre, lor the ])nrpos(; of trans|)ortin;r it to his own
roiiiitn, for the benefit of his |)i ojjIc ; and what the Iriends to the happiness
ot'iucii will hear with still <rre:iter admiration and pleasure, he was also eii-
jaircd, under the ansjiices of Mr. ft'ilherforce and Mr. Thnrnton, in the lab'iri-
oiis employment of traiisla!iii<r the (iros|)el of St John into liis native
tonsriio."* Wliether that published by the American Bible; Society be the
Siiiiio translation, I am not positive, but believe; it is. The followinj,' is the ."Jd
veiiin (il'(!lia|). i. yori<rhw)!j;nr<<con ne rode ivci/cnuk-'len, ok tsi nikon nc kai^hson
P'^h os;li)Vtlili()ten lejindon ne ne Hd'xft ntonlinh tc hrvitulnre.
Itoiii tlie Ijondon Monthly |{e;:o>itory it appears, that JV*or<on was educated
"atone of the American universities. There is an excellent portrait of him
presented by the respectalile llobert Jiarclay, liun<j up in the Hath Agricul-
tural r'oci ty's irri'at room; for he was made an honorary member while
hero," Aiui the same writer adds: — "I have a pamphlet puldished by him
while ill Eiifrland, entitled 'An address to the Six Nations,' recommending
tlic Gospel of St. .Tohn, one side in Knglish, the other in Mohawk Iani;nage,
in whicll are discovered sentences very similar to the Welsh ; for instaucq,
* Janson's Stranger iu America, 278, 4to, London, 1807.
;tjf ■ • -u'"!
132
I,()(3AN, TUF, HIIAWANEE.
[Flooit V.
Indian. O Nivoli tofdinii cn-n tenlii\\vi>fli(! in* wi|,'niriniui wiilmni.
VVr.f.Mii. () Nliaw iiaddii^' rroiii <ly di'viHlmid jm am wlialiaiii.
KxiMMii. i) (iod, take not Iroiii lis lliy giiicf, l»oiauM(! \\v, liavi- umd from
tliy wayH." *
Rnrnn of thi> words wliicli norm to In- i-oiTCHpoiidin;,' and analoj^oiiM to the
rye, ill till! two first laii^'iiau<'s, arc not ho in nicaniii;,' ; in fact tlicri! is im
analo}^y whatovi-r ln'twrcii flm Welsh and Indian laiiffiiaifcs.
In IHOH, this cliicf was tlio Iwarcr of a loii>.' and i'\cc»'din;;ly cvci'llciit t.ilk
from the Sriifcas west of the Oliio, to tho Indians of the interior of < 'miiikIii
ahoiit 100 miles from Nia^'ara Kalis. It was from a Prophet named Hkanva-
PAUIO.+
We learn also from Mr. Jnnsen that when Tei/oninhukfrnwen was in f;i|.».
land, he "ajipeared to he ahoiit 4.') years of a>re ;" tali, miiHenlar, and well lu-o-
j)ortioned, poHjiessin^r II fine and iiiteiliffent eoiinlenanee. liis mother wiis h
8eoteh woman, and he liatl spent two years in Hdinhiiruli, in his voiitji,
namely, from his i.'Uli to his l.'>th year, read and spol<e I'lijilish and iVeiicli
well. He was married toji tl inai<! of ids own tril)e, i)y whom he Imd two
riiildreii. He served in tin; last war with the English, as will presently Im-
relnt(ul.
Hecnnse this eliief spent a f^w years in Seotiand wlien yoiinir, some his-
torians [ liave asserted that lie was not an Indian, lint a Heotehmnii ; mhiI a
writer § of a sketch of the iate (.'aiiada war says lie was related to iho
FriJiich. Of tliis we liave no doiilit, as it is notimeommon llir many of those
wiio pass for Indians to iiiive white fiitliers. We slnnild think, therefore,
tiiat, instead of liis mother's Iteiiig a Seoteli woman, his fatlier might liave iiccii
a Frenelmian, and iiis mother an Indian.
Of JV(»ion\i nrTei/07ttnh()kerawrn\i «'xploits in the last war, tiiere weic not
many, we presume, as tiiere are not many recorded. V^lien Col. Murni;/ sur-
prised r-'ort Niagara, on the ]!> Dec. IHl;J, JVoiinn enter* 1 tlie fort with liim,
at the liead of a force of ahoiit 400 men. || Fort Ningani was garrisoned jiy
about MOO Americans, of whom hut '20 esra|ied. Ail wiioresistiMl, and some
who did not, were run though witli tiie iiayonet. We only know tliat.Vor/on
was present on tliisoeeasion.
On tlin <5 JiiiH!, 1814, (Jeneral Vincent and Morton, wltli a coiisi(!er,ii)Io
force,1I attacked an American camp ten miles from Huriiiiglon Bay. at a pluce
called Fitly Mile Creek. The onset was madeiii'fore day on a Sunday morn-
ing. The invaders seized upon seven pieces of cannon, and turned tlnin
upon tlieir enemies. Th" night aviis very dark, and the confusion was very
great. The American (Jenerals Chandler and Winder, one major, five cup-
tains, one lieutenant, and 11(5 men, were taken jirisoners. Nevertheless tlio
Americans fought with sucii resolution tliat the attacking party were ohli^'cd
to aliandon tlieir advantage, leaving I.IO of their iiumher hehiinl them. They.
howi'ver, carried off two pieces of cannon and some horses.
LOGAN was a great Shawanee idiief, who was more liravethan foitniintc.
He was no connection of Los:(tn of 1774, hnr was e(]n:dly great, and, in tiic
liands of a Jefferson, would liave heen equally celebrated. Hhorfly aOer (Jen-
eral Tupprr's expedition to tlie Miaiiii Riipids, Captain Jnmts Loirnn, ns lie
was called by the English, was sent by Ceneral Harrison in the direction of
tlios;' rapids, with a small ])arty of Ids tribe, to reconnoitre. He met with u
superior force of tlie enemy near that place, by which be was so closely pin-
sued that his men were obliged to break and flee for safety in the true Indiiiii
manner. Logan, with two of his companions, Cajitaiii .Ioh.v and UnKiirr-
HOR.N, arrived safe at General Winchester\<i camp. When he gave an iiccoiint
here of what had happened, accusers in the army stood ready to chiirgn liini
with treachery, and a design of aiding the enemy. He felt the false clmrge
* Mnnthlii Ri'pository. iii. 715. I.oikIoh, ISOJ). t WW. 70!l,
X Jiimi'.i, IVIililary Occiirrciiros, ii. Hi. ^ Mr. M. ffinith, who lived llion in ("niiada.
II Some American liistorinns sny, " nritisli and Indians ; " l)Ut Mr. James (ii. IG.) saj'S
there was Init one "bidiaii," and lie was a Scoichman !
IT Tlie number of rank and file was 701, of Uie Americans about 3(X)0.
CiiAP. vir.j s
with ciittiuR Bfiveri
trary, lie determin
WHS not thus to Ini
Aceordinglv, on
msolved either to |
attempt. When h.
north siih^, he met \
nientioneil in this
this |iarty was t*M» h
them bi'ing „n hoi
iiig to bn of the Uri
.'riendly deportment
mik, of whom tiieni
foiig'it at the head e
him Mid denounced
the friend of the Hr
forinatii.M of the niti
proceeded on his wi
lowed with him. ;
when they had pro*;.
flcize and tie them ;
iwajie they could be
fan, overhearing thifi
to make an attack up
Loi>;nn had intended
Nd sooner was the
nil fired three rounds
driven their adversar
liorse.s. FJliot and //
Oilowa chief was kil
Bri<rht-horn were had
retreat, and, seizing t
fiifilaiii John (-scaped
Miowed, hitnself; ami
Lnsan had now im
wounds proved in'ortii
fnil Harrison, he says,
appeared on the milit
ills rank, and with soi
iies.sed." Thus wro|(
"His physiognomy
est marks of (•oiirage,
very serviceable to oi'i
ivitli General Hull to
for the relief of Fort
Ifiniicinak, while in
lif I'oiiimanded all th
e.iiised the ma.ssacre <
Cliicago, after having j
t'int [ilace to Fort \Vn'\
In 178(), General /i
ami kept him some tin
considerable education
ever afterwards friendl
sth and the Prophet. I
liilkej a whole night w
ayninst the States ; I)ui
His wife (probal)ly befi
Colonel Hardin, iii 178
Greenville. In the an
6oii-in-law of General
wimt was due him for
12
CUAP. VII.l
SIfJNAL EXPLOIT OF CAI'TAIN I.OfJAN.
133
nrtiiniitc.
ill till'
Wvr (ioii-
friH, iH lie
rtu'tioii of
t with ii
soly \wr-
ic iiidiiiii
IklGHT-
n nt'duini
ar|:o liiiii
sc cimrfre
]hiil. 70'.i
II Canaila.
ii. 1(5.) sa.vs
with nittiiiK ""Vfrity, hut without any iiirhimtioii (iir nivriiffo. On the con-
trary, ho <lifcriniinrl to provi^ hy hoiiio iini;<|iiivorul unnoiinroinunt that ho
wiiN not thus to hi< tiikt'ii iis ii npy.
Arconhiijfly, on !2*i Novcniln'r, with the two mon ahov<' natnrd, he wt ont,
HiHolvcd cithiT to hriiijr in a prinoncr or a scal|», or to lia/ard his lili" in tho
8tt<-tnpt. When litt h/id |)ro<-iM'i|)><l down thi* IVIiatiii alioiit 10 niih'N, on ih«)
north Hide, he met witii ( 'aptain Klliol, (son of him of" inrainoiiH memory, hf(i)ro
nK'iitioiM'd in this IxKtk of onr iiistory,) accompanifd hy five Indians, Ah
tiiirt |mrty was t(M) stronjf for Ijotrinnwui his two hrave roinpanions, four of
thnn Iwiiif,' on horsrhack, ht; theri-titn; (h-tcrmiind to pass thrni, pr(!tnnd-
iii^r to 1)6 of tlir liritish party, and advanced with ronlident hohhiess and a
.'ritsndly deportment. Mnt it iinfiirtnnately happened, that th(! noted ff'inne-
rm^k, of whom mention lias heen made in the hlti of Ticutiuvh, and who had
foiijf'it at the head o(" tht; INiltowattomies in the hatth' of Tippi-eancte, knew
hini i.nd deiionneed him as a spy, Loiran, however, nersisted that he waH
the frn'iid of the llritish, and was tlien on his way to tlm Uajiidct to give in-
fonnatii.ti of the situation of tiie Amerieans. Aller eonversni); a while, he
proceeded on his way, and IVinncmnk, with his companions, turned and fol-
lowed with him. &innemnk and his party closely watched the others, and
when they had |»roceeded ahout eijfht miles, he proposed to (Captain FJiiot to
seize and tie them; hut he said it was not necessary, l(»r if they attempted to
escape they coidd he shot down, (»r easily rini down with their horses. Lo-
^nn, overhearing this, eoinnumicated it to his companions, aiul it was agreed
ti make an attack upon them, idthough they were five to three. Until now,
Ls/T"" had intended to ffo on with timiii till iiifrht, and then escape.
No sooner was the resolution taken than the t\fi\\t hejran. When they had
nil Fired three rounds apiece, tim advanta^v^ was in liivor of tli(! three ; having
driven their adversaries eonsid<Tal)le distance, and cut them off from their
horses. Elliot niu\ IVinnemnk luul hotli liilleii mortally woimded, and a youtig
Ottowa chief was killed. Towards the close of the fight, hotli Losrnn and
Bns;hl-horn were hadly wounded. \s soon as Lounn was shot, he ordered a
retreat, and, seizing the enemies' horses, they eflecttui it to Winc/ics^;/-'.* camp,
Cuptaiii John escajied imhiiit, and idler taking tli(! scalp of the Ottowa chief,
flowed, himself, and arrived there the ne.xt morning.
Lnsnn had now indeed established liis reputation, hut he lost his life ! His
wounds proved mortal two days after. In (ieiieral fVinchisttr's letter toCJen-
eriil Harrison, ho says, "More firmness and consummate bravery have seldom
iippcuied on the military theatre." " lie was biirif^d with all the honors due to
his rank, and with sorrow as sincerely and generally dis|)laycd as ever I wit-
nessed." Thus wrote Major Hardin to (iovi'rnor Shdbi/: —
"His physiognomy was ion ned on the best model, and exhibited the strong-
est marks of courage, intelligence, good-huiiKtr and sincerity. He bud been
verv serviceable to our cause, by acting as a ftilot and a s|»y. He hud gone
with General Hull to Detroit, and with the first Kentucky troops who marched
for the relief of Fort Wayne."
Ifmncmak, while iti conversation with Los;an before the fight, declared that
lie eoinmanded all the Indians in that quarter; and boasted that he had
raiisfid the massacre of JVells :ind thos«! who had surrended at the battle of
Clileago, alter htiving gone with jydls, as a friend, to guard the garrison of
t'lnt i)lncn to Fort Wayne.
Ill 17H(i, (Jleiieral Lofran, of Kentucky, took Logan, then a boy, prisoner,
and k('|)t him some time. After sending him to school till he had acquired
considerable education, he gave him his liberty and his own name. He was
ever afterwards friendly to the whites. His mother was own sister to Tecum-
S(h and the Prophet. He said that in the summer |)rece(ling his death, he liud
talked a whole night with Tccumseh, trying to i)ersuuile him against fighting
ajrainst the States ; but Tccumsch urged liim as strongly to join the British.
His wife (probably before she was known to Logan) wns taken prisoner by
Colonel Hardin, in 1789, and had remained in his family until the treaty of
Greenville. In the army Logan had formed an attachment to Major Hardin,
6011-in-law of General Logan, whom, before he died, he requested to see that
wlmt was due him for his services should be faithfully paid over to hia family.
12
134
BLACK-BIRD CAPTURES FORT DEARBORN.
[Book V.
which was done. Ilis family resided at Wapoghoognata, which was called
Lojran's village*
ULACK-BIRD was a Pottowattoiiiie cliief, who made himself notorious by
the massacre of tlio garrison of Fort Dearborn. Before it was known in the
western region of the upper lakes, that war had been declared by the United
States, Indian and Canadian forces were collected at several points ready lor
the word to be given. That act seems to have been anxiously looked for by tlie
Lidians, as well as some of their advisers, who seem to have l)een much
better prepared to meet the emergency of war than those who declared it.
Mackanaw, or as it is generally written, Michillimakinak, was garrisoned
at this time with only 58 effective men, and the first news they Ijad of the
declaration of war was the ai)pearance of 500 Indians and about the same
number '" Canadians ready to attack them. The fort was therefore surren-
dered by Lieuienant Hanks, on the 17 of Jidy, 1812.
When General Hull heard of the fate oi' Michillimakinak, he rightly jnd<'od
that Fort Dearborn, now Chicago, would be the next object of attack. Ac-
cordingly he (les|)atched orders to Ca|)tain Heald, then in connnand there, to
evacuate the place with all haste. But before tins message reached hini
Black-bird, with a host of his warriors, was prepared to act according to cir-
cumstances. A large number of the neighboring Indians, who had pre-
tended friendship, hearing that the place was to be evacuated, came there to
receive what could not be carried away.
On the i:} July, Ca])tain fVells, of Fort Wayne, arrived at Fort Dearborn
with n-.out 30 Miainies, to escort Captain Heald to Di^troit. They inarched
from i:'(i fort on the 15 July, with r. guard of IVlianiies in front, and another
in -he rear, under Captain ff'ells. They marched upon the shore of the; lake
ur.d when they had proceeded about one mile, they discovered Indians pre-
pared to attack them from behind the high sand-bank which bounded tlic
beach of the lake. Ca|)taiii Heald then ascended the bank with his nn'ii,uiid
a fight was inunediatcly begun by the Indians. The Indians being vastly
numerous. Captain Heald saw that it was useless to contend, and immediately
retreated to a small eminence in the adjacent prairie, and not being followed
by the Indians, was out of the reach of their shot. Meantime the Indians
got ])ossession of all their horses and baggage.
Tl«e Indians, after a short consultation, made signs for Captain Heald to
ad\aiice ji'ul meet them. He did so, and was met by Black-bird, who, atlcr
shakiut; iiands .vitb him, told him, if he would surrender, the lives of the
prisoners shouii! be 8|mred. There was no alternative, and after all their arms
were sur jndered, the party was marchod back to the Indian encanipmcnt,
near the il-.i, and divided among the different tribes. The next niorniiiir,
they burned the fort, and left the i)lacc, taking the prisoners with tlniM.
Cajrtain Heald's force was 54 regulars and 12 militia. In the fight mi the
bank of the bike, 2(5 of regulars and all of the militia were killed; licsidcs
two women and 12 children. Eleven women and children were auioii<r iln'
captives. Captain JVclls and many other officers were killed, and Cajitiiiii
Heald and iiis wile were both badly wounded, and were taken to the hkhiiIi
of the St. .Tosc|)li's, where they were taken into the family of an liidiaii
trader. Soon after, Black-lnrd set out with his warriors for the ca|)tm(' of
Fort Wayne, and Captain Heald hired a Frenchman to take him to Mich-
illimakinak. He was afterwards exchanged. What other successes this
chief had during the war is unknown.
Black-lmwk, in speaking of the capture and tn^ntment of Ca|)tain Hmld
and his men, says,f it was owing to their 710/ keeping their word with tlu? Indians.
The night before the fort was abandoned by the whites, they threw nil the
powd(;r they could not carry with them into the well, \v'>ich they had prom-
ised to give them.
The next chief we introduce chiefly to illustrate a mostcxtraordirmry mode
of doing penance among the nations of the west.
* Taken principally from Nile.i's Register, and DarnaWs Narrative.
t In his Life, written by himself, p. 42.
CUAP. Vll]
WAWNAIITON— BLACK-THUNDER
135
WAVVNAHTON,* a l)old and fearless chief, of the tribe of Yankton.t
(wliose nuine, translated, is " he tvlio charges the enemy") was considerably
noted in the last war with Canada. " He had," s:iys my autiior, " killed seven
enemies in battle with his own hand, as tiie seven war-eagle plumes in his
hair testified, and received nine wounds, as was shown by an e(iual number
of little sticks arranged in his coal-black hair, and i)ainte(l in a manner that
told an Indian eye whether they were inflicted by a bullet, knife or tomahawk,
and by whom. At the attack on Fort Sandusky, in the late war, he received
a bullet and three buck shot in his breast, which glanced on the bone, and
passing round under the skin, came out at his back." This, and other ex-
traordinary escapes, he made use of, like the famous Tuspaquin, two ages
before, to render himself of greater importance among his nation. At this
time he was supposed to be about 30 years of age, of a noble and elegant
appearance, and is still believed to be living. J
Major Lorjfif's com|)any considercid H^awnahton a very interesting man,
whose acquaintance they cultivated with success in the neighborhood of
Lake Traverse. They describe hiiu as u|)war(ls of six feet high, and pos-
sessing a countenance that would je considered handsome in any country.
He prepared a feast for the party, ns soon as he knew they were coining to
his village. " When speaki^'g of the Dacotas, we purposely postjioncd men-
tioning the frequent vows which they make, and their strict adherence to
them, because one of the best evidences which we have collected on this
point connects itself with the character of Wanotan, and may give a favora-
ble idea of his extreme fortitude in enduring pain. In the summer of 1822,
bd undertook a journey, from which, apprehending tnuch danger on the part
of the Chippewas, he made a vow to the sun, that, if he returned safe, he
would abstain from all food or drink for the space of four successive (lays
and nights, and that he would distribute among his people all the property
which he possessed, including all his lodges, horses, dogs, &c. On his return,
which happened without accident, he celebrated the dance of the sun ; thip
consisted in making three cuts through his skin, one on his breast, and one
on each of his arms. The skin was cut in the manner of a loop, so as to per-
mit a rope to pass between the flesh and the strip of skin which was thus
divided from the body. The ropes being passed through, tbcnr ends were
secured to a tall vertical pole, planted at about 40 yards from bis lodge. He
then began to dance round this pole, at the commencement of this fiist, fre-
quently swinging himself in the air, so as to be supported merely by the cords
which were secured to the strips of skin separated from his arms and breast
He contimied this exercise with few intermissions during the whole of his
fast, until the fourth day about 10 o'clock, A. M., when the strip of skin from
his breast gave way ; notwithstanding which he interrupted not the dance,
although supported merely by his arms. Ai noon the strip from his left arm
8imp|)ed ofl': his inicle then thought that he had suffered enough," and with his
knife cut the last loop of skin, and Wanotan fell down in a swoon, where lio
lay the rest of the day, exposed to the scorching rays of the sun. After this he
gave away all his |»roperty, anu with his two squaws desertttd his lodge. To
such monstrous follies does superstition drive her votaries !
in Tanner's Narrative, there is an interesting account of an expedition of
an iuicl(! of fVawnahton, at the hcid of 200 Sioux, against the Ojibbewas. JVaw-
nahlon was himself of the party, but he had not then become so distinguished
as lie was allerwards. They fell jpon a small band ol" Crees and Assinne-
boins, and after a fight of near a whole day, killed all the Ojibbewas but one,
the LUHc-clam, two women and one child, about 20 in number. This hap-
pened .lot far from Pembina. § In 1822, he very nnich alarmed that post, by
murdering some Assinneboins in its neighborhood. ||
JiLACK-THUNDEH, or Mackkntannnamnkee, was styled the celebrated
patriarch of the I'ox tribe. He made himself remembered by manv from an
• W.iiintiiii, in /.on f',« I'xpe I to Si. Pelors. i. 1-1-8.
t Viiitklodii, ( f.oii'X, il>. IJ.4,) which siijiiifics desrcmled fi'om, thi' fi'rn Ifaves.,
j Fiuis |HiliHshc(l i>y W. .1. fi'h'ilinfr, Ksc]. It is snid by A>a/in»-, in Aonn-'s Exped. i.
4>H. iliai 111) wiis a!)(nil -^i vi ar. of age. This was in 115'.'3.
J Tamier't Narialivi", 138. || West's Red River Colony, 84.
■?"fn-'
: mk
136
excellent
BLACK-THUNDER —ONGPATONGA.
[Book V.
spc'.>ch wliich fie made to the American commissioners, who had
assembled many cliiels at a place called the Portage, Jidy, 1815, to hold u
talk with them upon the state of their ad'airs ; particularly as it was iielieved
by the Americans that the Indians ineditated hostilities. An American com-
missioner opened the talk, and unbecomingly accused the Indians ot" breach
of former treaties. The first chief that answered, spoke with a treniiiloiis
voice, and evidently betrayed guilt, or perhaps fear. Not so with the upri<rlit
chiei' Black-thunder. He felt equally indignant at the charge of the white
man, and the unmanly cringing of the chief who had just spoken. He
began : —
" My father, restrain your feelings, and hear calndy what I shall sav. I
shall say it ])lainly. I shall not speak with fear and trembling. I have never
injured you, and innocence can feel no fear. I turn to you all, red-skins and
white-skins — where is the man who will appear as my accuser? Fatiier I
understand not clearly how things are working. I have just been set nt
liberty. Am I again to be plunged into bondage ? Frowns are all around
me; but I am incapable of change. You, perhaps, may be ignorant of what
I tell you ; but it is a truth, which I call heaven and earth to witness. It is a
fact which can easily be proved, that I have been assailed in almost evere
possible way that pride, fear, feeling, or interest, could touch me — that I have
been pushed to the last to raise the tomahawk against you ; but all in vain. I
never could be made to feel that you were my enemy. If this be the conduct
of an enemy, I shall never he your friend. You are acquainted with my re-
moval above Prairie des Chiens.* I went, and formed a settlement, and called
my warriora around me. We took counsel, and from that counsel we never
have departed. We smoked, and resolved to make common cause with the
U. ?*tates. I sent you the pipe — it reseuibled this — and I sent it by the Mis-
souri, that the Indians of the Mississippi might not know what we were doing.
You received it. I then told you that your friends should be my friends—
that your enemies should be my enemies — and that I only awaited your signal
to make war. If this be the conduct of an enemy, 1 shall never be your friend.
Why do I tell you this? Because it is a truth, and a mehncholy truth, that
the good things which men do are often buried in the ground, while their evil
deeds are stripped naked, and exposed to the world, f — When I came here, I
came to you in friendship. I little thought I should have had to defend my-
self. I have no defence to make. If I were guilty, I should have come pre-
pared ; but I have ever held you by the hand, and I am come without ex-
cuses. If I had fought against you, I would have told you so : but I have noth-
ing now to say here in your councils, except to repcjat what I said before to
my great father, the president of your nation. You heard it, and no doubt
remember it. It was simply this. My lands can never- be suiTeudered ; I
was cheated, and basely cheated, in the contract; I will not surrender my
country but with my life. Again I call heaven and earth to witness, and I
smoke this pipe in evidence of my sincerity. If you are sincere, you will
receive it from me. My only desire is, that we should smoke it together—
that I should grasp your sacreJ hand, and I claim for nyself and my t.ibe
the protection of your country. When this pipe touches your lip, may it
operate as a blessing upon all my tribe. — May the smoke rise like a cloud, and
carrij away with it all the aninwsities which have arisen between us." \
T^lie issue of this council was amicable, and, on the 14 Sept. followinjr,
Black-thunder met commissioners at St. Louis, and executed a treaty of
peace.
ONGPATONGA, § or, as he was usually called. Big-elk, was chief of the
Mahas, or Omawhaws, whose residence, in 1811, was upon the Missouri. || Mr.
* Tlifi upper niililary post upon the Mississippi, in 1818.
t " Tliis passage forcibly reminds us of that in Shakespeare :"
' The evil that men do lives aAer Ihcm j
The good is often interred witli their bones."
t Philadelphia Lit. Gazette.
Onirne-pon-tue, in Iroquois, was "men surpassing' nil others." Hial. Five Nations.
" The U' Mahas, in number 22^, not long ago, abandoned their old village on the south
\m:
Chap. VII-l
PETAL ESHAROO.
137
owmjr,
euty of
ons.
, the south
Brackenridge visited his town on tlie 19 May of tliat year, in his voyage up
that riv(!r. His " village is sitnated about three miles from the river, and con-
tains about JJOOO souls, and is iiiiii miles from its mouth."* We sliall give
here, as an introduetion to him, the oration he made over tlie grave of Black-
buffalo, a Sioux chief of the T(!ton tribe, who died on the night of the 14
Jiny, 1811, at " Portage des Sioux," and of whom Mr. Brackenridge remarks :t
" The Black-buffalo was the Sioux rliief with whom we had the conference at
the great bend ; and, from his appearance and mild dej)ortment, I was induced
to form a high opinion of him." After being interred with honors of war,
Ongpatonga spoke to thosi; assembled as follows: — " Do not grieve. Misfor-
tunes will happen to the wisest and |j.,.^t men. Death will come, and always
comes out of season. It is the command of the Great Spirit, and all nations
and people must obey. What is passed, and cannot be i)revented, should not
be grieved for. Be not discouraged or displeased then, that in visiting your
father t here, [the American commissioner,] you have lost your chief. A mis-
fortune of this kind may never again befall you, but this would have attended
you perhaps at your own village. Five times have I visited this land, and
never returned with sorrow or pain. Mislbrtunes do not iiourisli particularly
in our path. They grow every where. What a misfortune for me, that I
could not iiave died this day, instead of the chief that lies before us. The
trifling loss my nation would have sustained in my death, would have been
doubly paid for by the honors of my burial. They would hwve wiped off
every thing like regi'et. Instead of being covered with a cloud of sorrow, my
warriors would have felt the sunshine of joy in their hearts. To me it would
have been a most glorious occurrence. Hereafter, when I die at home, instead
of a noble grave and a grand procession, the rolling nnisic, and the thundering
cannon, with a flag waving at my liead, I shall be wrapped in a robe, (an old
robe perhaps,) and hoisted on a slender scaffold to the whistling winds,§-sooa
to be blown down to the earth ; {{ my flesh to b^ devoured by the wolves, and
my bones rattled on the plain by the wild beasts. Chief of the soldiers, [ad-
dressing Col. Miller,] your labors have not been in vain. Your attention shall
[ not be forgotten. My nation shall know the respect that is paid over the
dead. When I return, 1 will echo the sound of your guns."
Dr. Morse saw Ongpatonga at Washington in the winter of 1821, and dis-
coursed with him and /sMo/o/jprt, chief of the republican Paunees, " on the
subject of their civilization, and sending instructors among them for that
purpose." The doctor has ])rinted the conversation, and we are sorry to
acknowledge that, on reading it, Big-elk suffers in our estimation ; but his
age must be his excuse. When he was asked who made the red and white
people, he answered, "The same iieing who made the white ])eople, made
the red peo|)le ; but the white are belter than the red people." This acknowledg-
ment is too degrading, and does not comport with the general character of the
Amoiican Indians. It is not, however, very surprising that such an expression
should escape an individual surrounded, as was Ongpatonga, by magnificence,
luxury, and attention from the great.
Biif-dk was a i)arty to several trwities made between his nation and the
Unit (1 States, previous to his visit to Washington in 1821.
PI'7rAIjl']SHAROO was not a chief, but a brave of the tribe of the Pau-
nees. (A brave is a warrior who has distinguished himself in battle, and is
next in importance to a chief.1I) He was the son ol' Letelesha, a flimous chief,
coiMinoiily called the Knife-chief, or Old-knife. When Major Long and his
company travelled across the continent, in 1815* and '20, they l)ecame ac-
quainted with Petalesharoo. From several persons who were in Long's
side of ilic Ulinsouri, and now t'wcll on the Elk-iiorn River, duo west from their old village,
K) miles wesl-nortli-wesl from Co incil Hlufl's." Morse's Indian Report, t'lX.
• Hrackcnridtfe, nt sup. 91. t Jour, up tlie Missouri, 240.
} (iovonior l.dwarils or Colone' M'ller.
\ Ii is a ousloni to expose the d»ad upon a sraffold among some of the tribes cf the west
See linw.kmndire, Jour., WVt. ; Piki's Expedition ; Lontr\<t do.
I'l'he engraving at the commrnccmenl of Hook II. illustrates this passage.
ll Long's Expedition, i. 356 j and Dr. Morse's Indian Report, 247.
"m
138
PETALESHAROO.
[Book V.
company, Dr. Morse collected the particular of him which he gives in hia
INDIAN Report as nn anecdote.
In the winter of 1821, Petnlesharoo visited Washington, being one of a
deputation froin his nation to tiie American government, on u business
matter.
Tliis brave was of elegant form and countenance, and was attired, in his
visit to Washington, as re|)re8ented in the engraving. In IHiil, he was
about 25 years of age. At tlie age of 21, lie was so distinguished l)y lij^
abilities and prowess, that lie was culled the "bravest of the braves." But fisw
years previous to 1821, it was a custom, not only with his nation, but tbose
adjacent, to torture and burn ca|)tive8 as sacrifices to the groat Star. Jn an
expedition performed by some of his countrymen against the Iteans, a lenmle
was taken, who, on their return, was doomed to sufl'er according to their
usages. She was fawtened to the stake, and a vast crowd assembled upon
the adjoining plain to witnes.^ the scene. This brave, unobserved, had sta-
tioned two fleet horses at a small distance, and was seated among tlie crowd
88 a silent spectator. All were anxiously wait'Mg to enjoy the spectacle of
the fii"8t contact of the flames with their victim when, to their astonislunent,
a brave was seen rending asunder the cords wi..ch bound her, and, with tlie
Bwifhiess of thought, bearing her in his arms beyond the amazed multitiidt' •
where placing her upon one horse, and mounting himself upon the other
he bore her off safe to her friends and country. This act would have endan-
gered the life of an ordinary chief; but such was his sway in the tribe, that
no one presumed to censure the daring act.
This transaction was the more extraordinary, as its performer was as
much a son of nature, and had had no more of the advantages of education
than the multitude whom he astonished i)y the humane act just recorded.
This account being circulated at Washington, during the young chief's
stay ^here, the young ladies of Miss ffhite's seminary in that ])la'*e resolved
to give him a demonstration of the high esteem in which they held him on
account of his humane conduct ; they therefore presented him an elegant
silver medal, appropriately inscribed, accompanied by the following short hut
affectionate address: "Brother, accept this token of our esteem — always
wear it for our sakes, and when again you have the power to save a poor
woman from death and torture, think of this, and of us, and fly to licr
relief and her rescue." The brave's reply : — " This [taking hold of the
medal which he had just suspended from his neck] iinllgive me more cast than
I ever had, and I tcill listen viore than I ever did to white men. I avi s;lad that
my brothers and sisters have heard of the good act I have done. My brothers and
sisters think that I did it in ignorance, but I now know tvhat I have done. I
did it in ignorance, and did not knoiv thai I did good ; but by giving me this
medal I know it."
Some time afler the attempt to sacrifice the Itean woman, one of the
warriors of Letelesha brought to the nation a Spanish boy, whom he had
taken. The warrior was resolved to sacrifice him to Venus, and the time
was appointed. Letelesha had a long time end(,'avored to do away the nistoin,
and now consulted Petalesharoo upon the coiii"so to be pursued. The youiiif
brave said, "I will rescue the boy, as a warrior should, by force." His father
was unwilling that he should expose his life a second time, and used grrnt
exertions to raise a sufficient quantity of merchandise for tlie jiurchase of tlic
captive. All that were able contribut(>d, and a jiile was made of it ut tho
lodge of the Knife-chief, who then summoned the wamor beibre him. Wiicii
be had arrived, the chief commanded him to take the merchandisr, iuul
deliver the boy to him. The warrior retiised. Letelesha then waved his
war-club in the air, bade the warrior olxjy or prepare for instant doatli.
" Strike," said Petelesharoo, " / tinll meet the vengeance of his fncmls." Hut tho
prudent and excellent Letelesha resolved to use one more endeavor bel()re
committing such an act. He therefore increased tho amount of property,
which had the desired effect. The boy was surrendered, and the vuhud'ie
collection of goods sacrificed in his stead.* This, it is thought, will be tlio
* Long, ut supra, 35-78.
Chap. VII.] me'
Inst time the inbni
of this .sangiiiiian
their interconi-sn v
of their entcrprisi
adhering to the du
III hi.s way to '
Mr. JVeagle had a f
with wonderful sii
aii ' idoi-ns tlie i^cr
/JirrrU, chief,
of the ojiposition
1821, he resided ii
182J, we find hJH
At the treatv of Cli
ingspeiTh, After (Jo
"My father,— W,
retii-e to our camps
us at present. [Tl
coiiiicii Was again (
becaii.se we had pro
upon among ounselv
what we say. Yon
and wiien we .s,it oi
ships and diffieni*" ■■-
away to a small si;-,,
reflect much upon w
all the chiefs and wi
our tribe, that one ii
may he witness of w
you first came atnoii
tentive ear, and hav
have had a proposal i
us, we have always U
'yes.' This you km
our land.s, and our <
sense. We are all '
they would not njipr
their spirits, if we se
we do not sell them.
we have counselled a
the land. Our count
to hunt upon, to ma
our beds upon whi-n
bar-rain it away. W
we IukI a little, and
conld spMi-e no mon
We have sold \ou ;.
Sflhl it to you "for th.
we hav(! now hut lit
not how long we iiia\
tojiiiiit Ui)on. You
children are driviii<r n
yoii lia\e, you may^rc
Perliaps, that I speak i
[iKf! one of your owi
hunting and fishing, b
now to bring tip my ,
hmd at St. ftfarys.
children, and the las
last you would ask fo
I.'"(?
Chap. VIL] METEA'S SPEECH AGAINST SELLING LAND.
139
in liU
was
l»y Ilia
ut I'ow
t tboso
In an
I'enmle
tiicir
(I upon
md stu-
crowd,
tucle of
slinient,
ivitli the *
ihitncli- ; J:
le otiicr, ■
1 eiidan-
ibe, tluit
was as
tlurution
rdcd.
g cliief's
resolved
1 l)ini on
n elegant
short but ;
I — always j-
e a [loor f
y to lier J
I of the
cast limn
fflad that
lihers and
done. I
ng mc this
lie of the
n be had
the time
rustom,
le yoiin;;
is fathiT
ised ftroat
asc of the
it at th-
. When
idiso, and
waved liis
unt doiitli.
But tiK'
vor bel()re
property,
vttlual'le
ill be the
i
Inst time tlm inliiiman cnstnin will bo attemittod in the tribe. "The origin
of this sanguinnry Harrifice is iniknown ; prolvably it existed pnsvioiisly to
their intereonrsn with the white traders." * They believed that the success
of their enterprises, and all inulcrtakin^s, depended upon their faithfully
adhering to the duo perforuiance of tiiesi! rites.
In his way to Washington, he staid snine days in Philadelphia, where
Mr. .Yeasrle had a fine opportunity of taking his portrait, which he pcirforined
with wonderfid success. It was copied ihr Dr. Godinan^s Natural History,
all ' idorns the second volume of that valuable work.
RiFiTFiA, ciiief of the I'ottowattoniies, is brought to onr notice on accoinit
of the op])osition In; made to the sale of u large tract of his country. In
1821, he resided upon the Wabash. To nuiueroiis treaties, from 1814 to
1821, we find bis name, and generally at the bead of those of his tribe.
At the treaty of Chicago, in tin; year last mentioned, he delivered the follow-
ing speech, after (Joveruor Caw had iidbrmed him of the objects of bis mission.
"My fiither, — We have listened to what you have said. We shall now
retire to our camps and consult ujton it. You will hear nothing more from
us at present. [This is a uniform custom of all the Indians. When the
council was again convened, JMeka contiinied.] We meet you here to-day,
because we had i)romised it, t<- fell you our minds, and what we have asrrced
upon among ourselves. You will listen to us with a good miiitl, and b(^li(!ve
what we say. You know that we t^rst cam(i to this country, a long time ago,
and when we sat otu'selveK down upon it, we met with a gn^at many bard-
ships and difficul*' Our lountry was then very large ; but it has dwindled
away to a small sp.'.i, and you ".vir:li to purchase that! This has caused us to
reflect much upon what you have tohl us; and we have, therefore, brought
all the cinefs and warriors, and the young men and woirien and children of
onr tribe, that one part may not do what the others objtict to, and that all
maybe witness of what is going forward. You know your children. Since
yon first came among them, they have listened to your words with an at-
tentive ear, and have always Inmrkened to yoin* coimsels. Whenever you
have had a proposal to unikc to tis, whenever you have bad a favor to ask of
us, we have always lent a favorable ear, and our invariable answer has been
'yes.' This you know ! A long time has passed since we first came upon
our lands, and our old ])eoj)le have all sunk into their graves. They bad
sense. We are all young and foolish, and do not wish to do any thing that
they would lutt np|)rove, were they living. We are fearful we shall offend
their spirits, if we sell our laiuls; and we are iearful we shall offend you, if
we do not sell them. This has caused us great perplexity of thought, because
we have counselled among ourselves, and do not know bow we can part with
the land. Our country was given to us by the CJreat Spirit, who gave it to us
to hunt upon, to make our cornfields upon, to live u|)on, and to make down
our beds upon when we die. And he woidd never forgive us, should we
bargain it away. When you first s|)oke to us for laiuls at St. Mary's, we said
we bad a little, and agreed to sell you a jiiece of it ; but we told you we
could sjtMre no more. Now you Jisk us again. You are never satisfied!
We have sold you ;< great tract of land, already ; but it is not enough ! We
sold it to you for the benefit of your children, to farm and to live upon.
We liave now but little left. We shall want it all fiir ourselves. We know
not bow long we may live, and we wish to have some lands for our children
to limit ui)on. You are gradually taking away our hunting-grounds. Your
cliildien are driving us before them. We are growing uneasy. What lands
yon have, you may retain forever; but we shall sell no more. You think,
perhaps, that I speak in passion ; but my heart is good towards you. I speak
like one of your own children. I am an Indian, a red-skin, and live by
hunting and fishing, but my country is already too small ; and I do not know
how to bring up my children, if I give it all away. We sold yob a fine tract
of land at St. Marys. We said to you then it was enough to satisfy your
children, and the last we should sell : and we thought it would be the
!t yon would ask for. We have now told you what wc had to say. It is
Long, ut supra, 357-8.
140
KEEVVAGOUSIIKUM.— AN HISTORICAL SPEECH. [Book V.
what was (Ictermiiicd on, in a council ai.iong ourselves; and wlmt I have
spoki'ii, is tlie voice of my nation. On tliis account, all our people liuvo
couK! Iiere to listen to nic; but do not think we have a had opinion of
you, Wliere sliould we f;et a bad opinion of you ? Wo speak to you
with a good heart, and the feelings of a friend. You are acquainted with
this pi»;co of land — the country we live in. Shall we give it up ? Take
notice, it is a small ))iece of land, and if we give it away, what will become
of us ? The Great S|)irit, who has provided it for our use, Hows us to kcci)
it, to bring uj) oiu' young men and su|)portour*aMiilies. We should incur ills
anger, if w«' bartered it away. If we had more land, you shoidd get nioro-
but our land has i)een wasting away ever since the white people became our
neighbors, and we have now hardly enough leit to cover the bones of our
tribe. You are in the midst of your red children. What is due to us in
money, we wish, and will receive at this phice ; and we want nothing more.
We all shake iiands with you. Behold our warriors, our women, and cliii-
dren. Take pity on us and on our words."
Notwithstanding the decisive huiguage held hy Metea in this speech, against
selling lainl, yet his name is to the treaty of sale. And in another speech of
about equal length, delivered shortly after, upon the same subject, the sunie
det(;rmination is manifest throughout.
At this time he ajjpeared to be about forty years of age, and of a nol)le
and dignified apj)eararice. He is allowed to be the most eloquent chief of
his nation. In the last war, he fought against the Americans, and, in the
attfick on Fort Wayne, was severely wounded ; on which account he draws a
pension from the British government.*
At the time of the treaty of Chicago, of which we have made mention
several other chiefs, besides Metea, or, as his name is sometimes written
Meetei/d, were very prominent, and deserve a remembrance. Among tlicni
may \w particularlv named
KEKWAGOUSHKUM,a chief of the first autliority in the Ottowa nation.
We shall give a speech which he made at the time, which is considered
veiy valuable, as well on account of the history it contains, as for its merits
in other respects. Indian History by an Indian, must be the most valuable
part of any work about them. Keewagoushkum began : —
"My father, listen to me! The first white people seen by us were the
Frencti. When they first ventured into these lakes, they hailed us as children ;
they came with presents and promises of peace, and we took them by the
hand. We gave them what they wanted, and initiated them into our iiioile
of life, which they readily fell into. After some time, during which we had
become well acquainted, we embraced their father, (tlie king of France,) as
our father. Shortly after, these people that wear red coats, (the English,)
came to this country, and overthrew the French ; and they extended tlicir
hand to us in friendsiup. As soon as the French were overthrown, the Britisli
told us, *Wo will clothe you in the same manner the French did. We will
suj)ply you with all you want, and will purchase all your peltries, as they did.'
Sure enough ! after the British took possession of the country, ihey fiilfiiied
all their promise.s. When they told us we should have any thing, we were
sure to get it ; and we got from them the best goods. — Some tinu^ after the
British had b(!en in possession of the country, it was reported that another
f)eople, who wore white clothes, had arisen and driven the British out of the
and. These people we first met at Greenville, [in 1795, to tri'at with Cenoial
fVaijne,] and took them by the hand. — Wlien the Indians fir.st met the Aincri-
can chief, [fVayne.] in council, there were but few Ottowas j)resent; blithe
said to tliem, 'Wlien I sit myself down at Detroit, you wi|| all see nic'
Shortly after, he arrived at Detroit. Proclamation was then made for all the
Indians to come in. — We were told, [by the general,] ' The reason I do not
push those British farther is, that we may not forget tlieir example in giving
you presents of cloth, arms, ammunition, and whatever else you may require.'
Sure enough ! The first time, we were clothed with great liberality. You
gave us strouds, guns, ammunition, and many other things we stood in need
* Schoolcraft's Travels.
Chap. VIH.]
of; and said, «This
also said, that who
When the Indians
heard it with both
the Pottowattomiei
separated li-oin eac
ties of blood, langu
things have been f
consulting us." « f
tract ofland at Saga
but we received nci
towattofuies, Ottowj
their lands without
much that we can ii(
may think I have c<
share of lands to wIj
We have never be
Detroit last fall, Gov.
and listen to what h,
woods, and never set
among us, we Jmve r
our neighbors, and t(
lire independently, a
'pceived notliing less
the present treaty, is i
"Aseriesof niisfor
friendly, modest, and i
while off the mouth o
by a flaw of wind and
and all his children, e?
shore ; but, as if to en
been poisoned for the
The result of this t
pewas, and Pottowatto
peninsula of Michigan
iliey received of the Ui'
funis were awarded t
others for a limited ter
treaty were opposed to
son was poisoned.
Black-hawk's war— Hi
them— Murders among
-Dies m prison— Trial
*o Menoniinies — Indiar
party— This occasions
arms them beyond the
turn again to their villa
them— They retreat up
/
It will be necessary, j
'"ilians as will often be
fciie ourselves to such
0' tlie Lakes Michigan
nei)Hgos. Tliis tribe in
rises between the Lak
Itself into the Mississirip
«ere found seated liere
; V.
Chap. VIII]
DLACK-HAWK.
141
ave
lavo
of
you
with
riike
oiiic
keep
r his
loro ;
J niir
f our
VIS ill
more,
cliil-
f^aiiiMt
cli of
suiiie
nol)le
liof of
in tlie
raws a
entioii,
vritten,
U them
nation. f
siilered |
i merits |
/uluable fi
ere the
liihlren;
by tiie
nr inoile
we liad
ince,) as
ish,)
111 their
British
l\V«' will
hievdid.'
iidfilled
Iwe were
tiller the
aiiotiier
It of tlie
General
! Aineri-
; blithe
I see me.'
br all the
I do not
lin giving
I require.'
|ty. You
II in need
of, and snid, ' This is the way you mny nlways exj)oct to ho nsod.' It was
also said, that wluiiievor we were in <]freat necessity, you would lielp us. —
When the Indians on the Maiiinec were tirst about to sell their lands, we
heard it with l)oth ears, but we never received a dollar. — The Chippewas,
the Pottowattomicf, and the Ottowas ivere, origiiiallu, but ont nation. We
separated from each other near Micliilimacktuac. We wore related by the
ties of blood, languaj,'e and interest ; but in the courst* of a long time, these
things have been forgotten, and both nations have sold their lands, without
consulting us." — "Oiu" brothers, the Cliip))ewa8, have also sold you a large
tract of land at Saganaw. People are constantly passing through the country,
but we received neither invitation nor money. It is surprising that the Pot-
towattomies, Ottowas, and Cir»i>|)ewas, who are all one nation, should sell
their lands without giving each other notice. Have we then degenerated so
much that we can no longer trust one another? — Perhaps the Pottowattotnies
may think I have come here on a begging journq|r, that I wish to claim a
share of lands to which my [)eople are not entitled. I tell thcni it is not so.
We have never begged, and shall not now commence. When I went to
Detroit last fall, Governor Cass told me to come to this jilnce, at this time,
and listen to wliat he had to say in coimcil. As we live a great way in the
woods, and never see white people except in the fall, when the traders come
among us, we have not so many opportunities to profit by this intercourse aa
our neighbors, and to get what necessaries we require ; but we make out to
live inde])endently, and trade upon our own lands. We have, heretofore,
'eceived nothing less than justice fiwri the Americans, and all we expect, in
the present treaty, is a full j)ro|)ortion of the money and goods."
"A series of misfortunes," says Mr. Schoolcraft, "has since overtaken this
friendly, modest, and sensible chief. On returning from the treaty of T icago,
while off the mouth of Grand River, in Lake Michigan, his canoe was struck
by a flaw of wind and upset. After making every exertion, he saw his wife
and all his children, except one son, perish. With his son be reached the
shore ; but, as if to crown his misfortunes, this only surviving child has since
been poisoned for the i)art he took in the treaty."
The result of this treaty was the relinquishment, by the Ottowas, Chip-
pewas, and Pottowattomies, of a tract of country in the southern part of the
peninsula of Michigan, containing upwards of 5,000,000 acres, and for which
they received of the United States, in goods, 35,000 dollars ; and several other
sums were awarded to the separate tribes, to some yearly forever, and to
others for a limited term of years. Some of the chiefs who attended to the
treaty were opposed to this sale, and hence the reason that KtewagoushkunCa
son was poisoned.
CHAPTER Vm.
Biack-hawk's 7car — Historical account of the tribes engaged in it — Treaty between
them Murders aviong the Sioux and Chippewas — Red-bird — Taken for murder
—Dies in prison — Trial and execution of Indians — Black-hawk — The Sues murder
23 Menominies — Indians insulted — Their country sold without the consent oj a large
party— This occasions the war — Ordered to leave their country — General Gaines
drives them beyond the Mississippi — Conclude a Treaty — Treaty broken — Sacs re-
turn again to their village — Determine on war — General Atkinson marches against
them — They retreat up Rock River.
It will be necessary, in this chapter, to give some account of such tribes of
Indians as will often be mentioned as we proceed. We shall, however, con-
fine ourselves to such tribes as took part in the late war in the neighborhood
of the Lakes Michigan and Superior, more especially ; and firstly, of the Win-
nebiigos. This tribe inhabit the country upon the Oui.sconsin, a river that
rises between the Lakes Superior and Michigan, and which disembogues
iLself into the Mississippi, near the S. W. angle of the N. W. territory. They
were found seated here when the country was first visited by whites, about
v'.;.:ri'^,r
m
■ ]■'[■■
142
DLACK-HAWK.
[Book V.
ISO years ajyo, and hero tlioy still rniiiain. In 1820, tlioy wero snppo.sod to
nuniIxT 1550 sDnIs, of wlioni 500 weiv men, .'{50 women, and 700 i-liildivn
and lived in tt-n towns or villafrcs.* A iiody of VVinnchaj^'o wuriiors was ia
tho fif,'lit at Ti|»|»c(!anoc, nndcr tlic impostor FAlskwalawn. Sanaiiuihhonifit,
called Stonc-taUr, and HapaiiKtiiifwa, or )f'liilc-lo(in, were h aders of tlie Win.
ncbago warriors. Tlie latt(M- was one that opposcid (jeneral IVaijnr. in I7<)4
bnt was reeoneiled to tin; Anuuieans in 17!»5, by the treaty of (jreenviih..!
He also treated with Centn-al Harrison, in lbO!>, at Fort Wayn«!, and ajrain at
Greenville in 1814 ; bnt be was aetive in the war of 18iy, and on tlie Hritisli
8id(;. Winnebago Lake, wbieb discharges its waters into (iret^n May, wms
probably named from this tribe of Indians, or, wliat is (|nite as probable, tiiey
received their namt- from the lake.
Seeondly, the Menoniinies. This tribe inhabits a river bearing tliejr naiuc
and is sitnated abont one degree north of the Winnebagos, froni vvhoni tlicy
are separated by a rangt; tf moimtains. Th(;y nund)ered in IH'JO, accDnJinir
to some, abont .'i55 persons, of whom not more than 100 were lighters • but
this estimate conid apply only, it is thonght, to the most popnlous trilie.
Thirdly, tlie Pottowattomies, or Pontconatamis. This nation was (;arly
known to the French. In the year KMJH, 800 of them visited Father .Vloucz
at a place which the French called Chagonamigon, which is an island in
Lake Snperior. There was among them at this time an old man 100 years
old, of whom bis nation reported wonderfnl things; among others, that liu
conld go withont food 20 days, and that he often saw the Great Sjjint. Ho
•was taken sick here, and died in a few days atter.t
The conntry of the Pottowattomies is adjacent to the south end of Lake
Michigan, in Indiana and Illinois, and in 1820 their munbers were set down
at 3400. At that time the United States paid them yearly 5700 dollars. Of
this, 350 dollars remained a permanent aiuiuity until the late war.
Fourthly, the Sacs and Foxes. These are usually mentioned together, and
are now really but one nation. They also had the gospel taught thein about
16G8, by the Jesuits. They live to the west of the Pottowattomies, generailv
between the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, in the state of Illinois. The cliief
of the Sauks, or Sacs, for at least 14 years, has been Keokuk. Of liini \vc
sludl particularly speak in due course. The Sacs and Foxes were supposed
to amount, in 1820, to about 3000 persons in all ; one fillh of whom may be
accounted warriors.
Thus we have taken a view of the most important points in the history of
the tribes which were engaged in the late border war under Black-hawk, and
are, therefore, i)repared to proceed in the narration of the events of that war.
It will be necessju'y for us to begin with some events as early as 1823; at
which i)eriod a chief of the Winnebagos, called Red-bird, was the most con-
spicuous. This year, the United States' agents held a treaty at Prairie du
Chien, with the Sacs, Foxes. Winnebagos, Chippeways, Sioux, &c., for tlio
purpose, among other things, of bringing about a |)eace between the tirst-
ninned tribe and the others, who were carrying on bloody wars among tliciii-
selves; the treaty stipidated that each trib(! slionid confine itself to certain
bomularies, which were designated ; and as i)arties from them all were con-
stantly visiting the United States' forts, upon business, or various otiitjr occa-
sions, it was agreed that any [)arty should be jjrotected from insult or injury
'' ju) any other Indians while upon such visits. It would not seem, however,
that the makers of the treaty could have supposed that any such agreement
would avail much, where deep hatred existed between any of the jjurtics ;
for the very circumstance of |)rotection being offered, would lead directly to
difficulty, by placing one i)arty in a situation exactly to accommodate another,
in their peculiar method of surprise ; nor could any one have supposed tiiat
any fear of punishment froju the whites woultl have been ecpial to the
gratification of nivenge. Yet the motives of the whites wero good, however
little was effected by them.
As was expected, frequent murders happened among the Indians ; and it was
• Dr. Morse rated tliem at 5000. Ind. Report, Ap. 302.
t Cluirlevoix, Hist, de la Nouv. Fraiice, i. HOo.
Chap. Vlll.j
not often that tho:
in the summer of
were surj.rised by
llie coiiiniandant
into the haruls of
tlie <lir(Ttions oft!
the procr-edings oi
upon the (;iiipp,.„
alter, but was defi.
neighbors derich-d
What were the .
known, nor is it in'
certam it is, he ban
tiic Chippowas; lij,
WHS to revenge the
fold, Were (jxecute
Mdhodt, near Piuii
case.
. --^s he could not i
"Iff It afnong the w
'I<'«pertulof's, like hi
to I'ran-ie des Cjii,.,,
and wounded a thin
which they !)ought n
NX days alh*r, J„Jy ;
kee|-|)oats that had I
nunc into the ambu
caped witli the loss c
'''"Other fell into tl
Jiiiich injury.
Notice has probah
pvx'iits ; but as lie rel(
sihit! to assign some
Not long afVor thes
into the Winnebago c
>iueceedcd in makin-r
jvere held i„ confinen
On the 25 October, M
lli(\V were tried, all cj
S}m,mu\ Chik-honEr-sl
for the miu-der of Tfe.
of which t -cntion ha
honfr-sic was tried lor
saiiif, as his accomp
scalping Louisa Gasr.
were brought in guilt
ami If allien was accj
im-hontr-sic was aci
of the /blowing Dece
The two charged w
'•■'I Ity a 7ioUe prosequi
"»;" witten, and Kai
prisonei-s cJiarged wit
flmi-go not being .sust
Wiisalsoasonof^et^.
lliiis it appears a y(
|li'y were brought to 1
imprisoned Indians te
could have been, iuflj,
ni'tted. They cannot
at once be punished, ai
act when guilty: the
IK V.
Chap. VIII]
TRIAL OF SKVEN INDIANS.
143
['(1 to
(Ircii,
iiH ill
"".!r"i
W'iii-
17'.>4,
iivillc.
nil) at
liritisli
)\ was
L', tlioy
iiaiiii',
II tlicy
Miriliiii;
rs ; Imt
8 curly
tUloucz,
ilaiul ill
years
tliat lie
rit. Ho
of Lake
K't ilown
irs. or
tlicr, and
III about
generally
ilie cliief
liiiii we
Isupposed
may be
listory of
\iawk, and
tliat war.
iet>:}; at
uowt cou-
''rairie du
'., for tlie
tlie first-
»ng tlieiu-
;o cortain
Lveni c<)M-
Itlitu- occa-
or injury
however,
ligreemcnt
Ic parties;
Lirectly to
|te another,
Iposcd that
liial to the
[1, however
, and it was
not oftfiii thiit thoso guilty of thoin roiilil l»o found or rcc.ogniz.'d. At longth,
in tiie Hiiiiiiiicr of IHti?, a party of ^4 ('hip|H'\vMs, on a tour lo Koit r^ncliing,
won? surprised liy II iiaiul o|" Sioux, wiio killed and wounded eight of tnein.
Tilt) coiniiiaiidiint of l"'ort Snelliiig captured liiiir of tlieiii, whom he delivered
into the hands of the ChippewuH, who iiiiUK iliately shot tlieiii, aecordiiig to
the directions of the couiiiuuidant. A Sioux chief, named KKOiinu), resented
the procciHlings of tho commundant, and residved upon a fm-ther retaliation
npon the ('hippuwus. Accordingly, ho led a war parly against them soon
ulter, but was «lefeatod; and upon his return liome from the ox]iudition, his
neiglil)ors derided him, as being no brnvc.
VVhat were tlu; gniunds of Kal-binrs enmity in the first place is now un-
known, nor is it important to be inquii">d into in our pri^seiit liusiness; but
certain it is, he liad, or conceived that he had, just cause for bis attack upon
the Chippcwas; bis last and unsuccessful expedition against them, liow(>ver,
was to revenge the execution of those at l"'ort Snelling, who, he hud been
tnid, were executed for the murder of a lamily of seven persons, named
MeUiodt, near Prairie des Chiens. This, however, was not very likely the
case.
As he could not get revenge of the Cliippewas, Red-hird resolved on seek-
ing it among the whites, their abettors; therefore, with two or f!:ree other
i desjieriuloes, like himself, of whom Black-hawk was probably one, \w. repaired
'. to l'rairi(! des Chiens, where, on the 24 July, lH'.i7, they kilh-d two persons
I and wounded a third. We bear of no plunder taken, but with a keg of whisky,
' which they bought of a trader, they refire<l to the mouth of liad-axe Jiiver.
i Six days arter, July HO, with his company augmented. Red-bird wavlaid two
■ koel-boats that had Iieeii conv(!ying commissary stores to Fort Snelling. One
nunc into the ambush in the day time, aiid, uller a fight of four hours, es-
'• fupcd with the loss of two killed and four wound«!d. It was midnight before
; the other fell into the snare, and, owing to the darkness, escaped without
I niui'li injury.
Notice has probably hocn taken by Black-hawk, in his narrative, of these
oreiits ; but as lie relates every thing without any regard to dates, it is ini[)os-
sihie to assign some of his incidents to their jiroper places in history.
Not long atVer these events, in September, IH^/, General Jiikinson marched
into the Winnebago country- with a brigade of troops, regulars and militia, and
succeeded in making jirisoners of Red-hird, and six other Wiiinebagos, who
were held in confiiieinent at Prairie ('c Chien until n trial could be had on tlujm.
On the 25 October, 1828, at a special term of the United States' Circuit Court,
tliey were tried, all excejit Red-bird, who had died in prison. IVaniga or the
SiMi, and Chik-hong-sic, the Littk-bidl, were each tried on two indictments ; one
for the murder of Registre Gagnier, as accom|)lices of Red-bird, in the murder
nfwliich 1 'tntion has already been made. On the second indictment, Chik-
kong-sic was tried for the murder of Solomon Lipcap ; and H'aniga on the
faini;, as bis accomjilice. On the third indictment, fVaniga was tried for
scalping Louisa Gagnier with intent to kill. On the first indictment, both
were brought in guilty. On the second, Chik-hon^-sic was brought in guilty,
and IVaniga was acquitted. On the third, IVaniga was found guilty, and
Vluk-hong-sic was accpiitted. They were sentencetl to be executed on the 26
of the fallowing December.
The two charged with the murder of Mr. Melhode and family were acquit-
ted by a nolle prosequi. Black-hawk^ or Kara-zhonsept-hah, as bis name was
then written, and Kanonekah, the Yoiingest of the Thtmders, were among the
prisoiiei-s (diarged with the attack on the boats the preceding year ; but the
charge not being sustained for want of evidence, they were discharged, as
was also a son of Red-bird.
Tims it appears a year had passed since these Indians were captured, liefore
they were brought to trial. Such a delay of justice was to the friends of the
imprisoned Indians ten times as insufferable, if possible, as any jinnishment
could have been, inflicted in any reasonable time after a crime had been com-
mitted. They cannot understand why, if one be guilty, he should not
at onee be punished, as it seldom hapjiens, with Indians, that they deny an
act when guilty: the most of them scorn to do it Hence, the white people's
i|j.!ii
m
n
lU
k
MURDER OF THE MENOMINIES.
(Book V.
kfcpin'r them iniprinoiifid, th«y think an net of great cowardice ; l>rr8UMiinL'
tluv (liirc not piiiiiNli tlie culprit. It hiiH Hometimes hu|)p('iie(l, tliut uAcr uii
Indian liiid h(M ii inipri.soncMl tor a h>ng time, and been diHcliarp'd tor want of
evidence, althoii<,'ii at ihi? time of his caotnre tJiere were no doul)tN of his jruilt
even npon his own eoid'cMsion, lie h.i.. i».."n Hhot by Home sknlking white bor-
derer on his way to his home. This, tim friendH of hocIi Indian, is tiie
most alioininable crime ; and these thin had all Jiappcued in Illinois belure
the end of IH'M
Black-hawk, as w(! hav(! just seen, was cajrtured and held some time in du-
rance for attacking' the i)oats, which, it seems, could not be proved against him
as lie was discharged; but if there were doulits of his guilt before, there can
be none now, according to his own confession, which, it would seem, he hud
too miK'h craft to acknowledge before his trial.
Matttsrs continued in a ruffled state for about three years, though acts of
violence seem nototlen to have ociuirred. In 18.'J1, it was the general opinion
on the li'ontiers, that the Indians intended to forbear no longer; and it was
rightly judg«Ml by (ieneral Jltkinson, that efforts had been, or were being nmde
by sonu! of tiiem to unite all the Indians from Rock River to Mexico in a war.
Ihat this was the truth of the case we will hear Black-hawk in evidence.
He say.'^, "Runners were sent to the Arkansas, Red-River and Texas — not on
tlie subject of our lands, but a secret mission, which I am not, at present, per-
mitted to explain."
The diflercnce between the Sacs and Foxes, and Menominies and Sioux
was one great cause of the troubles jirevious to the war of lbJ)2, The whites
used their ciiideavors to bring about a peace between thein, and finally cHected
it, altliouj;li at the very time murders were committed by one party ii|ion tlie
other, while on their way to attend a treaty for their own benefit. But such
is theii thirst for revenge, that they will take it at the hazard of thenisehx's
and all their connections. Black-hawk himself relates, that on a certain time,
which, I believe, was in the summer of IHJJO, the chiefs of the Foxes were
inviterl to attend a treaty at Prairie du Cliien for the settlement of their riif-
ferences with the Sioux. Nine of the head men of the Foxes, with one
woman in their company, set out to attend the treaty, who, on their way, were
met by a company of Sioux, near the Ouisconsin, and all of litem, except one
man, were killed.
This murder went unrevenged until the next year, when a band of Sioux
and Menominies, who were encamped within a mile of the fort at Prairie (hi
Chien, were attacked by some Foxes from Black-hoick's party, and 28 of tliein
were killed. The whites now demanded the murderers, but Black-hawk said
they had no right to make such a demand, for it was an affair between tlie
Indian nations, over whom they had no aiitliority ; and besides, he said, wiien
the Menominies had murdered the Fox chiefs, the year before, they made no
Bucii demand for the murderers.
According to the treaty of the 15th of July, 1830, at Prairie du Chien, the
Sacs and Foxes sold their country to the United States, and the Sioux, Onm-
halis, loways, Ottoes, and several other tribes and bands, participated in the
sale ; but Blnck-hnwk had nothing to do with it. Keokuk, or the fVatchJ'ul-foi,
at this time headed the paity '^T Sacs that made the treaty ; when Black-hawk
knew what was done, it very much agitated and displeased him ; but Keokvk
had pleased the whites, and sold his country, as the ill-advised MUniosh hud
done. The next summer, 1831, Black-hawk says, that while on a visit to the
Indian agent at Rock Island, he heard, for the fii-st time, "talk of our having
to leave my village. The trader (he says) explained to me tli; terms of the
treaty that had been made, and said we would be obliged to leave the Illinois
side of the Mississijipi, and advised us to select a good place for our villajje,
and remove to it in the spring." This trader was the ado|)ted brother of \\\c
principal Fox chief, whom he had persuaded to leave his village and build
another on the west side of the Mississippi. Keokuk had consented to go,
and was using all his influence to induce others to go with him.
A party now began to organize itself in opposition to that of Keokvk.
They called upon Black-kawk for his opinion about it ; and, says the old chief,
♦'I gave it freely — and after ques^oning ^uctsh-qua-me about the sale of the
Chap. VIIl.j ]
lands, ho as.suro(
I now promised
opposition to Ke^
Tlie Sac vi|la>r
Mississijipi. 'j'|°
whicli extended t
to the tradition
The whole exteni
of the Oiiiscoiisi)
Missouri, in |(.„^,,
About the tinn-
rages were connni
mgi—Oneof 7i/„
a hollow tree, tool<
cumstanco, repair
theirs, and Jk, jrav,
plunder of all the ;■
off also. Tiie casi
to his trader. Tlic
for his family, in ci
About this time .
wlio met him in tli«
8e\-erely that he wji
hn< (lone them an i
h.id driven the Ind
net on the offensive,
he caiiK! to trial ; f
Winnebagos and P
Xcapope, who had I
or he intentionallv
(loiihtless the greatc
received wamjium fr
cooperation. Beside
principal Sac chiefs,
them, in case of w'l
without doubt, a strJ
"itciligence. The ell
visited by Black-kawa
respect to being ohlil
lionestly told them tl
taken fi-oni them. I
VVIien the old cli
village, with the rest I
saw and conversed wJ
'ie had done what he \
and use all his (uid.J
country for it: BlacA
tlioy could only he a|
and on which were t]
'or years, undisturbed,!
With strong liopesf
set out upon their ugj
the whites cami; on al
f iirned, they saw faJ
''■It they had lefl thf
Jndians worn now uil
home or lodge to cov!
« the white man that
even fl^ most servile I
tno Sacs were encJ
turned from their huJ
niatiou of the state of]
13
Chap. VIII.] RELUCTANCE TO LEAVE THEIR COUNTRY.
145
lands, lio ussurod mo thnt ho never Imd consented to tlio hjUc of our villngo.'
I now promised thin party to l»o tlieir lender, and raised tin- standard of
opposition to Keokuk, with a full determination not to leave my villaj,'e.*'
Tho Sue, village was on tho point of land formed hy llock River and tiie
MisHiHsi|t|»i. TIk! tribe had here usually ahont 700 arres of olanling land,
whieh extended ai)ont two and a half miles nj) the Mississippi. According
to the tradition of the Indians, a village had stood here ahont l.~)0 years.
The whole extent of the Sac country on tint Mississippi, was from th(! mouth
of the Ouisconsiii to the l*ortag<! iles Sioux, almost to tho entrance of the
Missouri, in length near 700 miles.
About till.' time of the treaty of which wo have been speaking, some out-
rages were committed upon tho Indians by the whites in kind like the follow-
ing: — One of Blitck-hawk^a men having found a liiv<; of bees in the woods, in
a liollow tree, took it to his wigwam. Some whites, having learned tho cir-
cumstance, repaired to the Indian's wigwam and demanded the honey as
theirs, and he gave it up to them. They not only took tho honey, but made
plunder of all the skins he had got during his winter's hunt, and carried them
off also. Tiie case of the Indian was exceeding hard, for he owed the skins
to his trader. Therefore he could not pay him, nor could he get necessaries
for his family, in consecpience of his inability to meet his former contract.
About this time Black-hawk met with gross ill treatment from some whites
who met him in the woods a-hunting. They toll upon him, and beat him so
severely that lie was lame; for some time alter it. The whites pretended he
hn'' done them an injury. Such outrages, added to those of a public natiu'c,
li.ul driven the Indians to desperation, and finally determined Black-hawk to
net on the offensive. lUit he was sadly deceived in his veal strength when
liR came to trial; for he had been assiu'ed that the Chii)pewas, Ottowas,
Winnebagos and Pottownttomies all stood ready to help and second him.
Xeapope, who had been among some of them, was either deceived himseUJ
or he intentionally dec(!iv«'d his chief. But the Prophet, Wabokieshiek, was
(loubtless the greatest dticeiver. He sent word to Black-hawk that he had
received wamj)um from the nations just mentioned, and he was sure of their
coiipcration. Besides this strong encouragement, it was also told to the
principal Sac chiefs, that their British father at Maiden stood ready to help
tlicin, in case of wrong being offered them by the whites ; but this was,
witiiout doubt, a stratagem of the Prophet, or JVenpope, the bearer of the
intelligence. The chiels of the whites at Maiden and other places, had been
visited by Black-hawk or his head men, and, on being told their situation in
respect to being obliged to leave their country, these friends of the Indians
honestly told them that, if they had not sold their country, it could not be
taken from them.
When the old chief. Black-hawk, found that Keokuk had sold the Sac
village, with the rest of their country on the east side of the Mississippi, he
saw and conversed with him about it, and Keokuk was so well convinced that
he had done what he had no right to do, that he promised to go to the whites,
and use all his endeavors to get it back again by giving any other part of the
country for it: Black-hawk said he would give up even the lead-mines, if
thoy could only be allowed to enjoy their old village, and the little point of
land on which were the beautiful cornfields which their wives had cultivated,
tor years, imdistm'bod, and the adjacent bury ing-grounds of their honored dead.
Witii strong liojjes tiiat something would be effected for them, the Sacs
set out upon their usual winter's hunt, in the fall of 1830, and meanwhile
the whites came on and possessed tlieir lu'loved village ! When the Indians
returned, they saw families of intruders in their ov/n wigwams and lodges,
that they had left the fall previous — the Avives and children of the jjoor
Indians were now upon the banks ol" their own Mississijjpi, but without a
home or lodge to cover them ! This was insufferable to Black-hawk — where
is the white man that could endure >uch things ? There are none that could,
even the most servile slave.
The Sacs were encamped on the west bank of the Mississippi, having re-
turned from their hunting-grounds earlier than usual, on account of infor-
mutiou of the state of things in their village. The ice had not left the Mis-
13
|i''li!
ut'l
it^: ( 1
JM
TIIKIR VILLAdE POSSESSED BY THE WIFITES. [Book v.
■isMi|i|ii; but li<'t'on> it wmh tiiiu' to plant rorii, tlio firiii riHohitioii oPtlic r|iii>ni
wiiN titkrii, iliat tlii'ir villa^o- tlit'y wmiUI nuaiii |)<)Hhc8s. 'I'liry lu-tnl in acronl.
ann; with tin ir rcMoliition, ami wfiiton and took |)osH(^HHion. 'I'lm wliitrs wcrn
ularnH-d, anil ilonlilin^' of tlicir aliilifv to ilrivc ott' tin; Indians thru, said thry
woidd lii<c anil jildiil Inffiihir ; lail look can; to stii/.j- n|ion ail the \»'>\ |>lii'iiinir
land. 'I'Im' Indians wt-n- dcliriniiird not to Im; tlic first toconiinitaiiy liostilfuct
and siihiniltcd to ^rn,.at insults; Miinc oftlii'lr woiiini hriii;^' ^|iai,„.|',,||y |„,,|,,,^'
hy llit'ir wliiti) n«'i>{liliorH tiir tlic nio.-l tiitlinji otrcni-f, to wliicli tlicir new
Hitiiatioii had nnavttidahly Hiihjt'ctcd tliciii, and onu yoiiiif^ man was actually
hcatcn to death, or so that hr soon alter iliod ; nt-verthcli'ss, to the shanic of
those w hites he it told, there is no uc<'ount which iiu8 ever come to nie tlmt
tlu; Indians attnnipted to retaliate.
Other evils were experienced while tho poor Sacs endeavored to live with
(he whites in their own vilhij^'o. Ardent spirits were brought in, aiul iih-iI to
cheat the JiidiauM out of their peiHonal property, their guns, uiul articjcti
with which they huntitd.
In th(; tiill of IK'K), the Indians hud l)een told that they must not cnmo
n^'ain to the east side of the river. Meaniime ihts lands of the Hac villa>;(>
had been sold, or a part of them, and nil the Indians were ordered to leave
them. lilnrk-linwk and his band, however, would not oliey, and soiiie of
them remained on the unsold lands, while tlie others were on their hiiiiiin^r
expcditioiiH. Aiul early in the spring of 18.'}l,atlcr having used (!very means
for a reconciliation, without giving up their village, ihe Sacs in ii hmly rc-
crosseil the river to their old (Cornfields, and in a nifiucing manner took
possession ; but if we can believt; Black-hawk, he did not mean to hv |iro-
voked into a war by any thing less than the life-blood of some of his people;
which he said the whites dare not take, at leu8t so long as he remained on lliu
goveriuneiit's land ; for by an article of thv. treaty which had caused these
troubles, the Indians were not ohligi>d to l(;uve the lands so long as ihey re-
mained unsold. Jlnt the settlers critid out against the encrourhmvnts of the
Jmluins upon them, which soon became so loiul and clamorous that (Governor
Reifnolds forthwith taking the responsihiliiy, declared the state of Illinois in-
vaded by hostile Indians, although it does not appear that any of them were
mioii other lands than those owned by the United States.
Accordingly, on the 2H May, IK'H, (j'overnor Reynolds wrote from Belleville,
the capital of the state of Illinois, to (ieneral Gaines, the mililaiy comniaiulor
of the western department, that he had received undoubted int()rmation that
the section of tin' state near Rock Island was at that time invadtnl by a hos-
tile band of the Sue Indians, headed by Black-hawk ; and that in order to re-
pel said invasion, and to j)rotect the citizens of tho state, he had called on
700 of the militia of the said state, to be mounted and ready for that service.
He till refore, "as executive of the state of Illinois," respectfully solicited his
coiiptM'ation. General Gaines said in an.svver, the next day, that he had ordered
six eom])anies of regular troops to proceed from Jetrerson Barracks the
day Ibllowing, JMay 30, for the Sac village, and if necessary he would add
two companies more from Prairie dii Chicai. This force be considered suf-
ficient to ])Ut down the " hostile Sacs ;" l)Ut, he said, if the Indian force had
been augnu;nted by other Indians, then he would correspond with his excel-
lency by express, and avail himself of his offer of the 700 mounted volunteers.
Governor Reynolds had just belbrc (2(5 May) written to General Clark, tlic
sui)eriiitendent of Indian nffuirs at St. Louis, and among other things said, lie
liuil considered it necessary to order out troops "to protect the citizens "of
the state " near Rf)ck Island from invasion and depredation ; " but from his
letter to Gaines, dated only two days after, the state was actually inradcd.
Hence it appears, that in something less than two days, by thinking the mat-
ter over, the governor bad, in bis mind, changed the fear of invasion
into actual invasion. In the same letter he goes on : The object of tlie
govoriiment of the state is to protect those citizens by removing said Iiuliaiis,
" peaceably if they can, but forcibly if they must." "I consider it my duty to
inform voii of the above call on the militia, and that in or about 15 days, a suf-
ficient force will appear before these Indians to remove them, dead or alive,
over the west side of the Mississippi." Whether his excellency did not
Chap. VHI]
mean to stop wit
eertainlv he says
of the Mississippi
ahh; business, per
west side of the i
Zens of the ^ltate.
on his part "had I
who had ceded tl
lleiu'»! no altcri
drive off the Imlia
' in dispute, and by
culty, which, as m
anatunted to hut
agrees very well v
tile reader. It is i
" I have visited i
ties, and, as fju- as
in the opinion I h
of hostility, they ar
fire-urniM except in
tlieir women and i
somewhat conliisei
fied their chiefs tin
should desin; to ini
rected them, 1 did
tliem. I had with
panics of infimtry.
ated tlmt I could fn
kind of houses tin
probably without tl
u shot without M)ui
the part of the In, I
cross the Mississip
friendly chiefs repo
tlieir women urge t
to ulmndon their ho
Thus stood matt<
party wishing to .
Black-hawk met Ge
not remove, and to
council-house at tl
pected to be attack
But the general wa
to assist them were
the affairs of the Si
ing his account wit
tribes," observes tlu
Kikupoos, have b;!ei
ascertjiin that nion
whether these will „
As General Gaint
he concluded to wa
These the Indians t
militia would siibm
across the Mississip
June 2(), the armv t^
gun on either side,
played to show his
tliis ended in a treal
In his despatch ,
opinion that " tliese
chastised in battle,
Chap. VIII. ]
GENERAL O.VINES'S EXrEDITlON.
147
■'©.I
iiiomi to Htop witli li'iH liiiliiiiiH Klidrt of tli« Wi'Ntorn Oronn, I cniinotwiy, Imt
certaiiilv lioKiiy.s iiotliiii^ (il'lniviii^ tlictii any wlii'n* on tiiiuh mi \\ni wir'tHiiiu
of till! MiHHissi|i|ii ; li*', liowcvii', liiiiiiaiicly aild.-^, " Hut to mwv all this (irsa);rfO-
al)li! Immiik-sh, |h rliii|m a rcqiicHt troiii you to tlifiii, tor tlit'iii to n-iiiovt! to tlio
w»!st nidi' of tlif river, would cH'cct llic ohjcrt ot' iirociiriiiu; piacr to tlic citi-
zoiiM of till! ^llat(•." (iijiii'ial C'lmk rciilicd, two liayH nl>cr, that every etlort
oil IiIh |iiii't " had lieeii made t(» uttbct tlio ruiiioval I'roiii llliiioiH of all the tribes
who had eeded their lands."
Ileiiei! no alternative now leiiiaiiied hut to |)roeeed on with nil nriiiy to
<lriv(! otl'the IndiaiiH. Aeeordiii;,dy (ieneiid (ininis |tidceeded lo the coiinti^
ill diHpiite, and hy hin prudent niiiiia;,'enient siieeeedi d in Hettliii^ the dith-
oiilty, whieli, as matters immediately alterwards turned out, s. ems to havo
aiiioiiiited to hut liti;e; and as (ieimral (f'(M'/i'.«(',» ae<-oiint of his expi'dition
n>,'r(!es very well witii what lilitrk-luiivk has since said ahoiit it, we luy it heli)ro
the reader. It is eontained in a letter dated Koek Island, 'JO June, JKM.
"1 huv« visited the lloek Itiver villa>;es, with ii view to useertaiii the locali-
tifs, and, as tiir as jiossihle, the disposition of thi; IndiaUH. They eonfirni mo
ill tlie opinion I had previously Itirmed, that, whatever may he their yif/in/f»
of hostility, they are re.solvcd to ah.stain from the list; of their tomahawks and
fire-arms exeejit in self-defeiiee. Iliit few of their warriors were to he seen —
their women and children, and their old iiieii (i|ipeare(l anxioii.s, and at lirHt
HOiii(>what cunfusiid, hut nciiie attein|ited to rim off. Having' |)reviously noti-
fied their chiefs that I would hav*! nothing' more to say to tliem, unless they
should desire to intlu'iii im; of their intention to move forthwith, ns I had di-
rected them, I did not speak to them, tliou;,'li within 50 yards of many of
tlieiii. I had with nie on hoani the .steani-hoat some artillery, and two coru-
punies of infaiiiry. Their village is immediatelv on Rock River, and so situ-
ated that I could from the stuam-lmat (htstroy ail tlieir hark hoii.ses (tii;- uiily
kind of liou>es they have) in a lew minutes, with tin; force now with iiio,
probably without the loss of a muii. Rut I am resolved to abstain from tiling
u shot without .4ome bloodshed, or some manifest attempt to slird blood, on
the part of the Indians. I have already induced nearly one third of them to
cross the Mississippi to their own land. The .esidiie, however, say, as tlio
friendly chiefs report, that they nevtr will move ; and what is very uncommon,
their women urge their hostile husband:', to tight rather than to move uiid thus
to uhandon their homes."
Thus stood matters previous to the arrival of the Illinois militia; neither
party wishing to do any thing to bring on hostilities. On the 7tli Juno,
Black-hawk met G'Uieral Gaines in council, and plainly told liiiii he would
not remove, and to let biiii know he was not afraid of his forces, went to the
council-house at the head of bis band, armed and painttid as though they e.i-
pected to be attacked; the coiisecpienn was, nothing was eff(;cted thus far.
But the general was satisfied that the rejiorts of other tribes having engaged
to assist them were entithul to little credit. That the general well understood
the at^iiirs of the Sacs at this lime, no doubt will be entcirtaincd, on compar-
ing his account with the statement of Black-liawk in his life. "Several other
tribes," observes the general, '•such as the Winnebagos, Pottowattoniie.s, and
Kikupoos, have buen invited by these Sacs to assist them ; but I cannot positively
ascertain that more than ^00 have actually joined, and it is very doubtful
whether these will remain true to their ofibnding allies."
As General Gaines found he could not effect a conipliance with bis demands,
he concluded to wait for the militia, who, on the '25 June, promptly arrived.
These the Indians thought it not proper to oppose, knowing well that border
militia would submit to no restraint from their officers ; tlu-y therefore fled
across the Mississippi to avoid being massacred ; and on tlu; following day,
June 2<), the army took possession of the Sac village, without the firing of a
gun on either side. On the 27th, Black-hawk cans .d a white flag to be dis-
played to show his disposition to liave a parley, which soon afler ensued, and
this ended in a treaty.
In his despatch to the secretary of war, General Gaines said he was of
opinion that "these Indiaas were as completely bumbled, as if they had been
chastised in battle, and less disposed to distm'b the frontier inhabitants;"
148
BLACK-HAWK RETIRES UP ROCK RIVER.
fBooK V.
and that Governor Reynolds was of the same opinion. But in tliis tln-y wore
bot]\ niistuken, although when the; treaty was nuuU', lUack-hmk without
douDi intended strictly to observe it; yet lie could not Ibrescij win t would
Jiappen. lie .had been promised corn to supply the wunts of his people, in-
Bteud of that which they had been obliged to ;;'mnd()n; but what tlicy
received was '.ur from sufhcient, and they began to feel the encroachment of
famine. In tiiis state of things, a party of Sacs, as the old chief says, went
over the river to steal com from their ownjield-' ! and thus began a new series
of troubles which ended ni bloodshed.
Black-hawk, with Jjis chief men, had signed the treaty, and it was broken
the same year by both pai'ties. It was dated on the (JO June, 1831, five dava
after the "flight," and among the . i::r( rswe recognize, besides Mucata-.MI-
Hi-EATAK (Black-hawk), as his name was then written, Pashepaho {Stahhing.
chief), VVeesheat [Sturffeon-head), Kakekamah [Mlrfish), and several otiiers.
It was in the course of the same summer, that the party from Black-hnwk^s
band killed tne 28 Menomonies, of which we have before given an account
and although the whites considered it their concern, seem not to have under-
taken to revenge it ilntil the spring of 1832; and the jtrobability is, they
would hardly then have undertaken it, had not some of tiie Sacs intriidej
themselves again into their old village, by which a new cry was raised
against tliem. Be this as it may. General Atkinson set out for the lip|)er .Mis-
sissippi, about the first of April, at me head of the sixth regiment of I nited
States iniimtry, at whose approach Black-hawk and his party abandoned tliejr
tamp on the Mississij)pi, wliere P^ort Madison had been built, and aseendud
Rock River. It was in this direction he expected to be reinforced by tim
Pottowattomies, Winnebagos, and Kikapoos, but who in the end declined the
hazardous and unequal conflict.
As Black-hawk moved leisiu-ely up Rock River, he r jceived several ex-
presses from General Atkinson, ordering him in a pcremptv>ry manner to leuve
the country ; but he constantly said he would not, and 'id he was going to
the PropkeVs viilage to make corn, to which he hud v^^en invited, and the
whites might attack him if they dared : that they might come on if they
chose, but they would not find him unpn ured ; yet he would n<n begin with
them.
Meanwhile General Atkinson, not judging it expedient to pursue the Indians
up Rock-River, made a stund at Dixon's Ferry, and waited foi a rein-
forcement.
90i§t
CHAPTER DC
March of Major Stillman — Kills some, of Black-hawk's men — Stillman's drfcat—
Talk with the Winnebagos — Menomonies join the xchites — Settlement on Indian
Creek dejlroyed — Captivity of ttco young women — Murders — Plum River settle-
ment broken up — Congress orders out troops — Murders near Galena — Indians cut
off by General Dodge — Snider's defeat — Stevenson's defeat — Jittack on the fort at
Buffalo Grove — On that at Apple River — Defeat of Major Dement — Murdtr at
Cincinawa Mound — Ravages of the cholera among the regulc 'roous — Battle of
the Ouisconsin — Action withjthe steam,-boat Warrior — Battle oj ihe 2d of August,
and end of the war.
Before the arrival of General Atkinson at Ogee's or Dixon's Fen7, (ieneral
Whitesides had proceeded there with a considerable body of mounted men,
and a iuarch of discovery was resolved upon. Accordingly, about the lUth
of May, a company of 270 men proceeded on towards Sycamore Creek, under
Major Stilltnan. Black-hawk being apprized of the march of this detach-
ment, sent out three young warriors with a white flog to meet them, and in-
vite them to his camp; but the whites, paying no regard to the Hug, took the
bearers of it prisoners. Five others hud been sent aftei- tlie first, to see what
enbued, and to report what might take i)luce. Tin se fiv«! weiK discovired
and pursued by a small party of the whites, and, l-eing overtaken, two of
llflli
Chap. IX.]
STILI.MAN'S DFFE.VT.
149
them were killed, and the rest escaped. It was now near night, on the 14th
of May. The jmrty that had killed the two Indians rotin-ned to the main
body, which, it seems, was preparing to encamp for the night when this eir-
cumstanco t»«/k place ; all immediately monnted their horses and rn.-;lied
forward in eonfnsion. It does not appear that BUtck-hawk had any thonghts
that the whites WDuld attack him, for he had not hut about 40 of his men
with him at this time, the others being out upon a liunting excursion ; but
when his spies returned, and reported tliat two of their number had been
bnrlmrously niurd(;red, the war-whoop wa? sounded, and the hesX prepara-
tions were made, that the time would allow to meet tlu; invaders.
When they ap|)roached Sycamore CrecK, the whites proceeded to cross it
in the same di.sorderly manner they came to it, although the country was very
favorable for ambushes. The Indians stood firm, and were (loid)tlcss sure of
a victory, .seeing the enemy pass the creek man ity man as they arrived;
and when u sufficient numb(;r had cross d, the Indians rushed upon them
with their usual fury of attack. The whites say the Indians "showed them-
selves on every quarter, monnted and armed. They connneneed the attack
with giuis," and contimied it with knives and tomahawks. Their situation
became in a moment desp(!rate, and Major Stilhmtn, who was in the rear,
learning the situation of the advance colunui, immi'diately ordered a retreat,
but none was (iffected — it was a most disorderly and wretched flight! scarce
two flying together ; and it was owing to the smallness of Black-hawKs Ibrce
that any were so fortunate as to escape.
Thus Blitck-hnwk with about 40 men had put 270 to flight, and dispersed
them in such a manner, that it was reported at fir.st by themselves, that (50
or 70 had been kilh^d ; but, as it jiroved allerwards, it was their great fear of
the Indians, that iiad driven tiiem so far liom their companions, that they
(lid not all arrive at Dixon's Ferry for .■several days ailer tiie fight, although
the battle-ground was only 30 miles from that place. They generally came
in, one at a time, ar; tliey had crossed Sycamore Creek on the eveni"u' of the
i4th; and in tiic end, all but V2 were accounted for, and 11 of tl ■ were
fcnnd aflerwardn on the battle-ground and interred. A letter from that
country .says, "The dead that were found wero cut and mangled in a most
sliocking and indecent manner ; their hearts cut out, heads off" and every
species of indignity practised upon their persons. One alone escaped this
treatment: he was found dead, with his head nearly cut oft", embraced by
the arms of an Indian who had been shot through tl'c body, but yet had
strength enough remaining to tomahawk tiie man who had shot him, and
pirtly to cut off his iiead, dying in the very fict — his last convuKsive struggle
boieg an embrace of his eiuimy even in death." From Black-hnwk^s own
accoun*, it appears he lost but three men in the whole transaction, and that
these, were killed who were sent out to meet the whites in their approach to
Sycamore Creek.
Hence it appears that the whites were gtiilty of the first blood shed in this war.
The aftiiir of Sxcamore Creek caused a (fire ahirm to be sounded through-
out the western region. Black -hawk' k W warriors were magnified into 1500,
and only the next day athr SI HI inn it'' n dcll-at, Governor Rctfnolds issued ;\ proc-
lamation calling on tlie iniliti.i to assemble at Hennepin, on Illinois River, by
the 10 of June, m the number of ^000 men; which number, he said, he "con-
sidered necessary to subdue those Indians, and drive them out of tin! state."
Althonjrh the news of Major Slilliiiiin''s disast- r flew over the country
among tiie whiles with great rapidity, yet it is mentioned as a circumstance
\V(II worthy of remark, that messengers from the hostih; Sacs, bearing to tlin
Mifi.S()ini Indians the news of their victory, arrived at the Dos .Moines Hapids
24 liourf, before the express sent by Governor lin/iwlds at the same (tlaee.
,\hoiitthe time the proclanialion of the 15tii ol May was issued, calling for
2000 militia, an attem|)t was inade V.y the whites to secure or draw off the
Wini,' b'lgos, and prevent tlnMr joining the war party. On tln^ QG May,
Mr. Grntolt, a sub-Indian agent, held a couiu'il at the head of the Foiu' Lakes
witii a lunnber of the Winnebago chiefs, and tlu^y all signified their desire
of retuaining at |)eaeo with the white people. At this council, the chief|
called the Litllf-bl-ick, made a speech, and among other things saitl,
13*
'■i\
150
JIURDERS ON INDIAN CREEK.
[Book V.
" Fntlipr, what yon have heard of us is from forked tongues, and what vou
have heard of Man-eater is false. Man-eater is sick; l)ut lie has scut IiIh siker
and daughter lisrc to speak for hiui. Fatlicr, since I knew you, I Imve al-
ways lieard your counsel, and did what you told nie. My fiither, the (ireat
Spu'it, hiLS i^ent you hoth here. You have taken me by the hand, and you
havi! held it fast in yours. We hope, in the name of the Great Spirit and
all our women and children, that you will hold it fast, and we will hold ,',„ jf,
you so hard that you cannot shake us off. My lather, I ask nothing hut a
clear sky over our heads, which have lieen hanging down lately, and tlie sky
has been dark, and the wind has been blowing contiiuiu'.ly, and trying to blow
lies in our ears, but we turn our (!ars from it; but when we loc'. towards you
the weather is clear, and the wind does not blow. My father, our yonug
men do not travel much, for they are afraid of the Sacs, and afraid they will
be taken for Sacs by the troops. My father, we wish you to give us a paixT
like the oni; General Jitkinson gave us, that we may show it to the wjiites
whom we meet, that tliey may know we are friends and for peace."
As soon as the troubles be<'aM, there were many of the Menonioiiics and
Sioux, who, thirsting for the blood of tlie Sacs, came and offered themselves
to the whites, to fight for them, but their services were refused ; now they
had had a fight, and being beaten, they were glad to call upon the Indians
for assistance, and it was granted. Yet it should not bo supposed that it was
from any love tlusy bore towards the whites that they were glad to figlit (br
tljeni, but from their natural inclination to war, and to seek revenge for in-
juries they had received from the Sacs during their former troubles. Con-
se(piently several hiuidn ds of them were soon upon th(i inarch in various
directions to surprise those belonging to the war party, and others attached
themselves to the army.
Blood had now been shed, and no one had any right to expect but that the
Indians would retaliate upon any whites, according to their manner, whether
in arms or the cradle. There was a small settlement upon Indian Creek
near its confluence with Fox Riv(!r, about 25 miles from the town of Hennepin,
the rendezvous of the army. On the 20th * of May, this settlement was
fallen upon by a small band of warriors, led by a Pottowattomie, who, after
killing 15 persons, took considerable plunder, and proceeded to Black-hawk's
camp.
The Indians gave as a reason for their attack upon tliis place, that not long
before, a man who lived there by the name of Hall, had severely beaten the
Pottowattomie who led the j)arty that committed the murder. Yet the fiunily
of this man, if not the man himself, had been told by a friendly Indian, that
a party would come and murder them, and advised them to fly fbi their lives.
Tliey immediately did so, but as vengeance had decreed, they appear to have
returned again very soon, as tliey were there found and murdered, as hef()re
stated. Two daughters of Mr. Hull were led Jiway ."aptive, one about !(!, and
the other about 18 years of age ; two brothers of these young women, who
were at work in the field when the massacre began, made their escape aiul
arrived safe at Dixon's Ferry. Black-hawk said the young women would
iiave been killed by the Pottovvattomies when they were taken, hut were
S])ared at the intercession of two of his men, who were with them. The
following account was written innn(!(liately afler they were delivered fioin
captivity, by a person at Dixon's l'"erry, where they were delivered, and is
probably correct.
"Of the Misses Hdln, whose case seems to interest eveiy body, (and wiio
are now at Galeiui,) it nuiy not be uninteresting to hear the following, as the
best information that could Im collected from the Indians who succeeded in
prociuing their liberation. Afler the bloody scene of dcsspntchiug siicii ot'ilie
family as were about the house, (to which they could not avoid being eye-wit-
nesses,) those young woukju were each placed on a horse, which was led Ijy
a man — other men walked alongside, to guard and kee]) them from falling oft
" The editor of the American Animal Rr<risler is under a pfrcut mistake in placinij this
aflfair a inDi.tli earlier. It changes lliu whole aspect of uH'tiirs ; inakinfj; the Indiu'"' lliu fint
murderers, whicti is not fact.
Chap. IX.]
in difHcidt passof
them, and elderlj
tukvu care of! S
cried and wept, a
the young womi;i
tJiem. They als(
going through a
more of the cair
there was more d
young warrior cla
up; but afler usin
say they had to ue
the ofler, obtained
a lock of iier hair
whites, but is to !>*
bv tJie Wiiuiebago
all to the amount c
Black-hawk was
80urc(>s of Kock I
Atkinson was in pu
had retraced his 8t(
About this time,
was killed on the r<
carried off as a tn
being re|)resented a
picious Indians w<'r
stojiped, n treated t(
tile Dimkard preach
night, and was kille(
On the 22 May,
son, with despatches
four of thetn wcr<: 1
ber. Tliey were all!
camp. St. Vrain Ihh
ing their retnoval.
About tills time, a
Mounds on the Ga
was killed near Dixo
same place, but it W(
On ih(! «)th June, n
from Galena, was atl
tliey had wisely takt;
for about an hour, Iti.
itaiits then went dow
wen killef«, I do „ot
By the beginning o
country, that Blnck-h
Iroutier inliabifants.
coinhat 500 Indians,
"'!ir the defence of,
On the- I4lh of Jui
■-■ar Galena, and on
place. Gent ral Dodi
mounted men immed
discovered J2 Indiauc
niiinlers, and he purs
Mst Pichetoneka Cr
Tlie whites dismount
piiHid to watch fbi
fetrcating Indians, 'I
cniiiinate sluugliter,
111(1 wlio
', UK ilie
mmI»'(1 in
;li of the
(•yc-wit-
H "h'd Ijy
iliing off
acini? lliis
c tliu first
Chap. IX.]
DODGE'S FIGHT NEAR GALENA.
151
in difficult passes. — At niglit n lodge was set apart, and blankets spread for
theiri, and elderly s(iua\vs ninde to sleep on each side, by vvlioni tliey were
taken care of. Siieli Ibod as the Indian.s hud, was offered to them ; but tliey
cried and wept, and were too unwell to eat or be conifortcul. All of wbich
the young women say is true, and tiiat the Indian men oflered no insult to
tliem. lliey also conHrni what is .><tated ol" lilack-lmwk!s camp, as seen in
going through a narrow passage, where their horses mired in tlu? nuid: —
more of the camp, it is supposed, they were not allowcjcl to sof!. It seems
tliere was more diliiculty in procuring tFie liberty of one than the other: a
young warrior claimed her fis his prize, and was very unwilling to give her
up; but alter using all the arguments tliey were capabh; (»f, the VVimiebagos
sny they bad to use threats, which, together with an addition often horses to
the offer, obtained his consent. The young warrior cut from Miss HuWs head
a lock of her hair; wbich, by tb(^ by, has no affuiity tc a similar act among
whites, but is to be kept as a trophy of bis warlike «!xpl )its. The price jiaid
by the Winnebagos is stated to be forty horses, wampum and trinkets, — in
all to the arnotmt of aOOO dollars."
Black-hawk was now in the neighborhood of Four Lakes, at the bead
gources of Rock Riv«'r, about (iO Ukiles from Fort Winnebago, and (lenerul
Atkinson was in pursuit of him; but before be rea<;hed bis place of retreat, be
had retraced his stej)s, and was next discovered on the Ouisconsin.
About this time, a travelling preacher of the denomination called Dunkards
was killed on the road to Chicago. His head was severed li'om bis body, and
carried off as a tro|)hy. lie was noted lor bis odd appearance ; his beard
buing represented as near a yard in length. He had been informed that sus-
picious Indians w(>re in the neighborhood, and a fiimily, at whose house be
8to|)i)ed, n tr(;ated towards the settlements on receiving the information ; but
the iJunkard preacher thought proper to abide in the deserted house over
night, and was killed.
On the 22 May, a party of spies having been sent out by General Jltkin-
son, with despatches for F'ort Armstrong, were attuekt.'d by the Indians, and
four of them wen-, killed. St. Fmin, an Indian agent, was among the num-
ber. They were all scalped, and their scalps wen; carried to Black-hawVs
canij). St. Vrain bad been odious to the Sacs from the part he took concern-
ing their removal.
About this time, a man by the name nf Smith was murdered near the Blue
Mounds on the (Julena li-ontier, and Mr. fVinters, a mail contractor at Galena,
was killed near Dixon's Ferry. The body of another iiuin was found near the
same place, but it was so disHgure<l that it was not known.
On th(! <)tb Juno, a small settlement at the mouth of I'lum River, 30 miles
froia Galena, was attacked, and the people retreated to a block-bouse, wliicli
they had wisely taken the precaution to enict. This the Indians tri(!d to take
for about an hour, but could not effect their object, and drew off. The inhab-
iuuits th(^n went down the river in u boat to Galena. Whether any persons
\vcr( kille(', I do not find.
Hy the beginning of Jinic, there were so many troops spread over the Indiait
country, that Black-hawk\<i party (bund btit few (vpportunities to miu-der llie
frontier inhabitants. And although there wtire aboiu .'UK)0 men in arms to
conilmt 500 Indians, yet congrciss ordered (iOO moiuited rangers to be raised
"for the defence of the fi*ontiers."
Oil th(! I4lh of June, five pj'rsons were killed not far below Hamilton's Fort,
M>ar (jah^ia, and on the Kith one man was killed within a mib; of the same
place. Central Dodfrt being in the neighborhood, marched with 30 of his
mounted men immediately in pursuit. When about three miles on his way, he
discovered 12 Indians, whom he took to be the party who bad conuuitted the
murders, and he pursued them with great spirit. Immediately after crossing
East Fiihetoncka Oeek, the Indians buried th"mselves in a thick swamp.
The whites dismounted, and after securing their horses, and placing a small
guard to watch for any that might attempt to escape, rushed in afbr the
retreating Indians. They presently came up with them, and began an iinlis-
criiniuato slaughter. No resistance was made, and every Indian was killed
ill,'!
M
■ -1
■t. ■'
152
STEVENSON'S DEF.5AT.— FORTS ATTACKED.
[Hook V.
or murdered in a few minutes. Not satisfied with this, they tore off the
scdips of every one, and bore them off in triumpli.
O'' the same day, Captain Snyder met with and defeated a small Indian
force near Keilujr's Grove. Foin- of the Indians were said to have been i<iiied
and one of the whites was mortally wounded. In their return march, they
were attacked by an ambush and defi'ated, having three of tiieir men killed
and mo:. ally wounded. The whites now escaped by flight.
On the 18th of June, as Ca|)tain Stevenson with a small force was scoutin'r
near where General Dodge cut off the V2 Indians, be was met by a Ihrc.v under
Black-hawk, and a fierce; contest ensued. The whites fought well, but tiiev
were defeated. At one time, Ca[)tain Stevenson was lefl almost alone; by Ins
part}', and was severely wounded ; but they rallied again, and eflecti d a
retreat, with the loss of three ordy of their nund)er. The fight wan close
and di'sperate for a short time, in which bayonets, knives and tomaliawka
were chiefly nsed.
An attempt was made on the 24 of June, by n considerable body fjf war-
riors, to surprise the fort at Bufliilo Grove, on Rock Kiver, oidy about 12 miles
to the northward of Dixon's F'erry. It was guarded by 1.50 militia, who were
prepared to meet them, and a consideraWy sharp contest ensued. Sixteen
of the Indians were killed before they retreated. But few of the vvliitea
were wounded. The garrison was in great fear of being cut off, havinj: ex-
pended all their ammunition before a reinforcement arrive«l, wiiicli had Imm
sent for while the attack was going on.
About this time, as Black-hawk Avas approaching a small fort on Ap|)lR
River, about 12 miles from Galena, he fell in with four men who had been
sent express to this place. They did not discover the Inflians until tired
upon, when they fled for the fort, and the Indians ])ursued them; one of the
men, a Mr. IVeUh, was wounded before reaching the fort, and another nuin
was killed in the fort, who had raised his head al)ove the pickets to ninke
discovery. The Indians contented themselves by taking away a considerahli;
quantity of flour, and a number of cattle and horses. They would douh;l(;ss
have burnt the fort and buildings, and killed all the people, but from lour
that the light of them would be seen by some large body of white soldici's,
who might pursue and overtake them.
Oh the 25th of Jime, a pretty severe fight took place between a company of
spies under Major Dement and a Imnd of Indians, not far from Kellog's
Grove. He had arrived there only the e: ling before, and being int<)rnied
that an Indian trail was discovered in the neighborhood, se'. off iuunedintely
with 30 mounted tnen to attack them. He had not proceeded fiir bei()re the
Indians appeared, and confidently attacked him. The Indian yell so friirht-
ened the horses that they were thrown into confusion, and soon Ix'iiaii a
retreat. The Indians pursued them a considerable distiuice, and lost nine of
their number, two of whom were chiefs. Five of the whites were killed,
and they lost about 30 of their horses.
On the 2!)th of June, three mei; were attacked in a field at the Cincinaway
Mound, about 10 miles from Gaiena, and two of them were killed. iMiijor
Stevenson marched iunnediately in pursuit of the murderers. On arriving ut
the Mound he found the Iwdies of the two men, John Hvompson and Jnmea
Boxley, both shockingly mutilated. The heart of the former was taken out,
and both were scalped. Having lefl a few men to bury the dead, Major
Stevenson followed the trail of the party to the Mississippi, where he found
they had stolen a canoe and effected their escape across the river.
Mention has been made of the prompt action of congress for the relief of
the frontiers. "General Scott was ordered from the sea-board with nine com-
panies of artillery, and their cannon were to be drawn from the coast ; nine corn-
Einies of infantry were ordered from the lakes, and (wo companies from
aton Rouge, to [>ut an end to the war. Such was the j)rom[)tness with
which these orders were executed, that five out of the six companies of
artillery ordered fi-om Fort Monroe in the Chesapeake arrived in jdd.iysat
Chicago, 1800 miles distant in the interior of the country. Unfortunately
this detachtnent was attacked by the cholera on the route, and the whole
Chap. IX.]
RAVAGES OF THE CHOLERA.
153
were rendered unfit to take the field befiire tliey arrived at the scene of action."
Accordingly (jleneral Scott inibrined (ieneral Jllkinson timt lie could not
cooperate with him without endangering the troops already in the field, and
tlieretbre directed him to act without ret'orenct; to his forces.
The scenes of horror occasioned by this most singular disease will doubt-
less be told oY in alter-limes with an effect which has not been surpassed in
that of the histories of the plagues in ancient day.s. Several of the com-
panies before mentioned were entirely broken up. Of a corps of 208 men
under Colonel Twiggs, but nine were lelt alive. Mr. John MorveU, at Detroit,
wrote on the 12th July, to the editor of the Pennsylvania Enquirer, concern-
ing its ravages in that region, as follows : —
" I regret to add, that the intelligence from the regular tntops is disastrous.
Of the three companies of artillery under Colonel Twiggs, and two or three
more companies of infantry with them, few remain, 'i hese troops, you will
recollect, landed from the steam-boat lleiiry Clay below Fort Gratiot. A great
number of them have bei;n swept off by ti:e d:«»""«o. Nearly all the others
have deserted. Of the deserters, scattered all over the country, some have
died in the woods, and their bodies been devoured by the wolves. I use the
language of a gallant young officer. Others have taken their flight to the
world of spirits, without a companion to close their eyes, or console the last
moments of their existence. Their straggling sai-vivors are occasionally seen
marching, some of them know not whither, v -•th their knapsacks on their
backs,- shunned by the terrified inhabitants as me source of a mortal pesti-
lence. Colonel Twiggs himself, and Surgeon Everett, are veiy low. They
were still living at the latest accounts from Fort Gratiot, and sanguine hopea
were entertained of their recovery. No other officers liave yet been assailed,
e.':cept Lieutenant Clay.
"You will remember that the troops under Colonel Cummings, several of
whom died here, embarked on board the steam-boat William Penn, on Sunday
last, for Chicago. The sickness among them increased as they proceeded to
Fort Gratiot, and became so great by the time they arrived there, that they
were disembarked, and have returned to the vicinity of this city, and en-
camped at Springwells, about three miles below town. Seventeen or eight-
een of them have died, and so.ne still remain sick, probably never to recover.
One half of the command of General Scott, ordered to Chicago by the lakes,
will never reach him; a large portion of them dying; a still larger number
deserting from an overwhelming dread of the disease, and tlie residue obliged
to march back again."
In pursuing the thread of events in our narrative, we left General Atkinson
in pursuit of Black-hawk, .vl.csc camp was said to be at the Four Lakes.
General Atkinson had got this information from a Pottowattomie Indian, named
Wapanseth, whom, with several others, he had employed for the [xirpose.
He said the old chief's camp was " inaccessible on all sides, except through a
narrow pass, which was nujddy, being otherwise surrounded by water or
swamps. It was a little above the junction of a small creek, called White-
water, with the principal stream of Rock River, and between the two."
Rut, as we have already noted, when the army arrived at the Four Lakes,
Black-haioh had gone ; and so well did he manage his retreat that the whites
were deceived as to the direction he had taken.
"Gen. Atkinson, expecting, when he marched, to meet the enemy in a
short time, had taken with him but n small (juantity of provisions, in conse-
quence of which he was obliged to halt ami divide his forces at Lake Cosh-
ko-nong (one of the four) above named. He himself with the regulars, some
650 strong, remained at the lake ; the militia, consisting of three brigades,
under Generals Posey, Dodge anil Hcnnj, ai)out 2000 men, were ordered to
march f Tort Winnebago, on the Ouiscoiisin, where stores were hourly ex-
pected. It was the intention c f the comtnander-iii-chief to consolidate his
forces, and remsw the pursuit a i s»»on as he had obtained snificiiMit stores,"
Iiisteail of crossing the cour.ry to escape beyond the Mississippi, as was
Mpocted, Black-hawk i\iiSCPA}. Kid the Ouisconsin to escape in that direction;
liy wliich nteans General Dodge came upon his trail and coimnenc(Ml a vigor-
ous pursuit. The old chief had received encouragement that in the country
-3
154
BATTLE OF THE OUISCONSIN.
[Book V.
to wliicli lie liad retreated, he should not only receive additional forccH hy
wiiic-h he (Hiiild witiititiitid ull the Ainerieans could l)ring againnt iiim, hut
also provisiouH in ahundance. He found too late that he had been deceived
in both jtarticulars ; he was obliged to fly from Atkinaon^s army, without pro-
visions, nor had he time to jirocure any upon the way. Dodge was iuuuo.
diately upon his trail, but did not overtake him until near a hundred miles'
pursuit.
On the 21 of July, General Dodge, with about 900 men besides Indians
came up with Black-fMwk. on the Ouisconsin, 40 miles from Fort W'innol)ii<;o
over against the old Sac village, and 't was only by the superior nianageinent
of the old warrior chief, that himself or any of his people escaped capture, A
great nund)er of Indians belonged to Dodge's army, who contributed nmcli
to the successful result of the atfair. The whites came upon the Indians as
they were about to cross the river, and the time being evening, may account
for their not being all cut oflT; for immediately after the attack began, it was
BO dark that the whites could not continue it without disadvantug<) to tliern-
selves. A letter dated at Fort Howard, 25 July, gives the following account
of the affair : —
" Last evening we received the intelligence of a battle having Imen fought be-
tween Gen. Dodge and his division, and the Sacs and Foxes, in which the limner
were victorious. The particulars, as stated in Capt. Plimpton's letter to C'apt.
Clark, are these : Parquett, with a few Winnebagos, left the Portage a It-w
days since, to proceea to Gen. Dodge's army, and guide them to the Hue
camp. On Saturday morning last, 21st inst., Gen. Dodge sent his adjutant
to report to Gen. Atkinson of his movements. He had not proceedeil fhr
before he can.e upon the Sacs' and Foxes' trail, directing their course to the
Ouisconsin river. He immediately returned and reported the circunistaiice
to Gen. Dodge, who ]Hirsued and overtook them about sundown of the same
day, (Saturday) on the left bank of the Ouisconsin, and about 40 miles front
Fort Winnebago, wlnsn the fight ensued ; the Indians at the same time re-
treating. The night being very dark, they found it impossible to pur»ne
them. They had found, wlien Parquett left them, which was early tiie next
morning, Iti Indians killed, and but one white man killed, and four wounded.
Parquett thinks not less than 40 Indians fell in the engagement."
We have the official account of the battle by General Dodge ; but as it
contains no additional facts, and is less minute than this, it was not thought
worth while to insert it
The truly deplorable condition of the Indians at this time cannot well be
conceived of. In their pursuit of them before the battle, the whites found
numbers dead in the way — emaciated, and starved to death ! When overtaken
by Gen. Dodge, they were not estimated to be but about 300 men, besides
women and children, and although the affair of the 21st is called a battle, it
does not seem that it can scarcely deserve that name, for if there had been
any thing more than a show of resistance, more of the whites would have
been killed.
Tiie Lidians report that they were attacked about a mile from the river:
the approach of the army was discovered, and Black-hawk, with only 50 or
60 men, met them, to give the remainder time to cross to an island. JSi'eapope,
who had been ordered to march in the rear with about 20 warriors, to give
notice when the whites were discovered, had been passed by them by an un-
expected route, and Black-hawk heard no more from him until after the war.
He found there was no chance of success by continuing it, deserted liis
braves, went to the Winnebago village, and soon afler became a prisoner to
the whites. Meanwhile General Atkinson had marched from Cosluononfr,
and following in the trail of Dodge, had arrived within two days' march of
the place where the fight had been with the Indians, and was immediately
ready to cooperate with him. After receiving the news of the battle, he marched
to the Blue Mounds on the Ouisconsin, opposite to where the fight had been.
The Indians were surprised that they were not pursued ; but for want of
boats or canoes, or the means of constnicting rafts, they could not even crofs
to the island to which the Indians had escaped for two days after, and in the
mean time they escaped. That they were not pressed harder on the night of
Chap. IX.] AFFAIR WITH THE STEAM-BOAT WARRIOR.
155
ught be-
D Ibriiier
to dipt.
;e a lew
tlie Sac
adjutant
ecit'il fur
■sc to the
iinistaiice
the same
lilcs from
time re-
to pur»iie
' the next
Iwoiindeil.
the river:
only 50 or
ji'eapope,
•rs, to give
\)y an uii-
r the war.
isertod liis
)risoner to
[oslutonon?,
march of
amediately
he marched
luid heen.
for want of
even crosss
and ill the
ihe night of
the battle, General Dodee urged in excuse, that his men wore worn down with
futigiio, having niurched tO niileo that duy.
Among the prisoners taken by (iencral Doilfcc^s party, was the wife of the
warrior culled the Bio-^ake. Shu was a .sister of Keokuk, and Iilt Inishand
had heen killed in the fight. Although the whites were satisfied before, they
were now informed by this s(;uuw of Black-lutwk's final resolution ; which
was, for such of bis men as hud good horses to proceed with hiiu and strike
the Mississippi above Prairie du Chien, while the remainder should jiroci^ed
by the Oiiisconsin ; and a place of rendezvous was appointed for all to meet
on the west side of the great river. This s(]uuw also stated that before tlie
battle on the Ouisconsin, in which she was taken, 200 of Black-lmwkh men
had been killed.
General Dodge having recommended a cunnon to bo |)laced on the bank
of the river, at a suitable place ImjIow the battle-ground, to cut off such as
should attempt an escape in that direction, marched with bis army on the
23d, and joined General Atkinson at the Blue Mounds, and every thing was
immediately put in readiness to pursue the main body of the Indians under
Black-hawk.
As was intended, many fell into the hands of the whites as they descended
the Ouisconsin. Some of the boats conveying these poor wretches were
overset, and many of those in tiicm were drowned; the greater nundier, how-
ever, fell into the hands of their enemies in their passage. Many of the
children were found to be in such a iiunished stute that they could not be
revived.
Several untoward circumstances now transpired to prevent the escaj)e of
the main body under Black-hawk. The first was bis fulling in with a steam-
boat on the Istof August, Justus they were preparing to cro.ss the Mississippi, by
which means that day was lost. And ui)on the next day, the wholi; army of
whites under General Atkinson came upon them, which completed their
destruction. As in the affair of the 21 of July on the Ouisconsin, Black-fiawk
did not wish to fight, bi - to escape ; and when the steam-boat fell in with
liini he used every means to give the captain of hev to understand that he
desired to surrender. He dis|)liiyed two white riags, and aiiout 1.50 of his
men approached the river without urnss, and made signs of submission ; but
whether, as was said by the whites, the interpreter on boiu'd was so frightened
tliut he could not convey the meaning of those on shore to the captain of the
boat, or whether, as it would seem, the whites were deternnned to kill Indians,
we will not take upon us to decide, but lay before the reader the uccount of
the artuir by Captain /. Throcnwrton, of the boat, which is as follows : —
"Prairie du Chien, 3 Aug. 1832. I arrived at this ])lace on Monday last,
[30 July,] and was despatched, with the Warrior alone, to Wupushuw's villuge,
1'20 miles above, to inform them of the approach of the Sacs, and to order
down all the friendly Indians to this |)lace. On our way down, we met one
of the Sioux band, who informed us that the Indians (our enemies) were on
Bad-axe River, to the nund)er of 400. We stopped and cut some wood, and
|iivpared lor action. About 4 o'clock on Wednesday afternoon, [1 Aug.]
we lound the gentlemen [Indians] where he stuteil he had left them. As we
iieared them, they raised u white flag, and endeavored to decoy us ; but wo
were a little too old for thtun ; ibr instead of landing, we ordered them to send
a boat on board, which they declined. After about 1.5 minutes' delay, giving
lliem time to remove a few of their women and children, we let slip a six-
poiiiider loaded with canister, Ibllowed by a severe fire of musketry ; and if
evci you saw .straight blankets, you would have seen them there. I fouirht
tluMii at anchor most of the time, and we were all very much exposed. I have
(ibull which came in close by where I was standing, and passed through the
bulk-head of the wheel-room. We fought them for about an hour or more,
until our wood began to fail, und night coming on, we left, and went on to the
Praiiie. This little fight cost them 23 killed, and, of course, a great many
wounded. Wo never lost a man, and had but one man woutidrd, (shot through
the Kg.) The next morning, before we could get back again, on account of a
hiavy fog, they hud the whole [of General Atkinson''s] army upon tlicni. We
fouud tlieni at it, walked in, and took a hand ourselves. The liist shot from
^W'^
150
DEFEAT OF nLACK-HAWK ON THE MISSISSIPPI. [Book V.
the Warrior laid out three.
in great lii.st*!, ;i I am now
I can hardly tell you any tliinff about it, for I nni
on my way to thr tichl nj,'ain, Tlin army loHt
eight or nine killed, and Heventecn woimded, whom we hron^rht down. One
died on deck laxt ni'jht. We brought down .'{(iprisonerH, wonitn and chiidn!!!.
' tell you what, Sam, there is no fun in fighting hnliauH, particularly at thin
season, when the grass is so very bright. Kvery man, and even my eabin-hoy
fought well. We had 1(5 regidars, r» riflemen, and liO of ourselves. Mr. Uow
of Platt(!, Mr. Janita (<. Soular/f, ami one of the Rolettes, wcro with us, aiul
fouglit well."
Lieutenant Kinsrahurji, an officer in command of the United States' troops on
board thcs Warrior at tlie time of the fight, reported that, al)out 40 miles above
Prairie du Chien, a great number of ihe Sacs and Foxes were seen, wlio hoisted
a white flag, but would not send a canoe on l)oard, although they wen; told
that, in case tliey did not, they should be fired upon, which was iinnie-
diately done. They seemed much alarmed when the six-pounder was dis-
charged upon them, and all innnediately covered themselves with trees and
whatever o-.' red. Five or six were supposed to have been killed.
l.i*''' on tJie morning of the next day, August 2, tiie whole combined army,
amoui'i; .j^ . KiOO men, came up with the Indians; and the following are
the jiii iculi r ''itails of that whoh transaction, as published at (ialena, four
days a; / it Iia; •■ led, namely, Ai gust (5.
"The whole ut .y under Gcnciul w^/AiJWon, embracing the brigades com-
manded by GtMierals Hennf, Posey, and Alexander, and squadron under cotn-
mand of (ieneral Dodf^e, all crossed over to the north side of the Ouisconsin
at Helena, on the 28tTi and 9!)th ult. They took up a line of march in a
northerly tlirection, in order to intersect the Indian trail. At the distance of
about five miles, th(! great trail 'vas discovered, leading in a direction i\. of W.
towards the Mississippi, and supposed to be about four days old. General ,11-
Mnson, seeing the direction of the enemy, knew well that it would require nil
diligence and expedition to overtake them before they woidd cross the Mis-
sissippi, and hence commenced from that time a forced march; leaving all
baggage wagons, and every thing else which was calculated to retard the
pursuit.
" The country through which the enemy's trail led our army between tlic
Ouisconsin liluffs and the Kickapoo River was one contiiuied series of nioiin-
tains. No sooner bad they reached the sinninit of one high and almost ])er-
pcndicular hill, than they had to descend on the other side equally stcej) to
the base of another. Nothing but a deep ravine, with muddy banks, se|)arat('(l
these mountains. The woods, both upon the top of the highest mountains,
and at the bottom of the deepest hollows, was of the heaviest growtii. Tlip
under-bushes were chiefly thorn and prickly ash. This is a sliort description
of the route, and shows the difficulties of the |)ursuit. Notwithstinding all
this, our army gained on the enemy daily, as ap[)eared from the enemy's cn-
cam[)m('nts. The tedious march thus continued v.as met by our brave tioniis
without a murmur; and as the Indian signs appeared more recent, the oflicers
and men appeared more anxious to push on. On the fourth night of our
march from Helena, and at an encampment of the enemy, was discovered an
old Sac Indian, by our spies, who informed them that the main body of the
enemy had, on that day, gone to the Mi8sissipj)i, and int( nded to cross on thr
next morning, Aug. 2d. The horses being nciu'ly broken down, and the men
nearly exhausted from fiitigue. General Jltkinson ordered a halt for a few
hoiu's, (it being after 8 o'clock,) with a determination to start at 2 o'clock ("or
the Mi8sissii)])i, about ten miles distant. At the precise hour the bugles sound-
ed, and in a short time all were ready to march.
" General Dod<re\<i squadron was honored with being placerl in front ; the
infantry followed next ; General Henrifs brigade next ; General Alexander's next ;
and (jfcneral Posetfs formed the rear-guard. Gineral Dodg;e called lor, and
as soon received, 20 volunteer s|)ies to go aliead of the whole army.
" In this order the march commenced. They had not, however, gone niori-
than five miles, before one of our spies came back, annoimcing their liavini;
come in sight of the enemy's picket-guard. He went back, and the intelli-
gence was quickly conveyed to General Atkinson, then to all the conunandera
w
OK V.
I am
y loH»
' Oiii-
ildrcn.
It tlii8
iii-lxiy,
. How,
[XSy and
lops on
\ ultovo
Iio'ihKmI
n; told
imnie-
vas dis-
;!cs and
m1 nriny,
a\\'^ art!
•iia, four
Ics coni-
Icr t'oin-
iiispoiisiu
ircli ill a
itaiicc of
iN.nfW.
Mienil .'U-
•ctniiri' all
tlio Mis-
leavini; all
retard the
;weeu the
of nioiin-
most per-
ly steep to
spparatod
inoiiiitaiiis,
.vtli. The
ics.-ription
■Hiding all
[iK'iiiy's en-
•avc'tioojis
[the oflicers
kht of our
Irovered an
)()dy of the
'ross on the
lid ttie iiieii
for a few-
o'clock for
o-lcs sound-
front ; the
Iju/cc'siicxt;
led for, and
ly-
. orone more
licir hiivui!.'
. the inlelli-
loiurnanders
CHAf. IX.] DEFEAT OF BLACK-HAWK ON THE MISSISSIPPI.
157
of the lyrigades ; niid the celerity of the mnrch was instantly incrcnsed. In a
few iiiiniites more, the firiiij,' commenced atal)oiit 500 yards ahead of the front
of the army, hutween our spies and the Indian |ncket guard. The Indiong
were driven hy our spies from hill to hill, and kejn np a tolerahly brisk firing
from every situation commanding the ground over which our spies had to
march ; hut being charged upon and routed from their hiding-places, they
sought safety by retreatmg to the main body on the hank of tlie river, and
joining in one general effort to did'end themselves there or die on the ground.
"Lest some might (>scapc by retreating up or down the river, (leneral JU-
kinaon very judiciously ortlered (ieneral Jllexani' r and General Posey to form
the right wing of the army, and march down to the river above the Indian
encampment on tin; bank, and then move down. General Henry formed tho
left wing, and marched in the main trail of the enemy. Tho if. S. infantry,
and Genend Dodfre's squadron of tho mining troops, marched in the centre.
With this order our whole force descended the almost perpendicular bluff,
and came into a low valley, heavily timbered with a large growth of undi^r-
brush, wee<ls and grass. — Sloughs, dee|) ravines, old logs, &c. were so plenti-
ful as to afford every tiicility for the enemy to make a strong defence. Gen-
eral Henry first came upon and commenced a heavy fire, which was returned
by the enemy. The enemy, being routed from their first hiding-places, sought
otiiers. GiMieral Dodge's squadron and the U. S. troops soon came into action,
and, with General Henry^s men, rushed into the strong defiles of the enemy,
and killed all in their way, except a few who succeeded in swimmin*r loi'i/h
of the Mississijipi, 150 yards wide. During this time the brigades of L nc' 3
J}lexander and Poitey were marching down the river, when they fel' m v ..S
another part of the enemy's army, and killed and routed all thai ippo^cd
them.
" The battle lasted upwards of three hours. About .50 of the enemy's women
and children wer<^ taken prisonei*s, and many, by accident in the battl , were
killed. When the Indians were driven to the bank of the Missi-ssippi, some
hundreds of men, women, and children, plunged into the river, ; '. hoped by
diving, &c. to escape the bullets of our guns ; very few, liowever, .-scaped our
shurp-shooters.
"The loss on the side of the enemy never can be exactly ascertained, but,
according to tin; best computation, they must have lost in killed upwards of
150. Our loss in killed and wounded was 27.
"Some had crossed the river before our arrival ; and we learn by a prisoner,
that Black-hawk, while the battle waxed warm, had stolen off, and gone up
the river on this side. If lie did, he took nothing with him ; for his valuables,
many of tliem, together with certificates of good character, and of his hav-
inff toiight bravely against the United States during the last war, &c., signed
hy British officers, were found on the battle-ground.
" It is the general impression in the army and at this place, that the Sacs
wuuld be glad to conclude a peace on almost any terms we might propose.
On the morning of the 4th inst. a party of Sioux came to our camp, and beg-
ged jH'emission to go on the back trail and have a fight with them. On the
same day, our whole army started to go down to Prairie du Chien, (about 40
miles,) and wait fiirther orders.
"General Jllkinson, accompanied by Generals Dodge and Posey, with tho
U. S. inlantry, arrived at the Prairie on the evening of the 4th, on board the
S. B. Warrior, and will remain until the mounted volunteers arrive. The
Winnebagos, at Prairie du Cliien, are daily bringing in Sac prisoners and
scalps.
" On the same day, a party of 15 men from Cassville, under command of
Captain Price, were reconnoitring the country between that pkice and the
Ouisconsin, and fell upon a fresh Sac trail making towards the Mississi|)pi.
They rushed with full speed of horses, and soon came upon, killed and took
prisoners to the number of 12.
"General Scoit and staff leil here this morning for Prairie du Chien, in
the steam-boat Warrior, to join General Atkinson"
This was the finishing stroke to the war with the Sacs and Foxes, although
Biuk-hmok himself had made his escape. General ^kinson immediately
14
lii
11
!
Hi ft
\
; 1:
* !.
' ■>;■ '■ '
' * 11
, *-•
iii
MB
NEAPOPE.
[Book V.
direi'tetl Keokuk to Homl out soiik! ofliiH IndiaiiH to (liMimtitl n Hurrondcr of ull
tlif vviiiTiorrt lliat Imil <sca|H'(l, and il' |iot*sil)l(j to captun) Black-hawk und
bi'in^ liiiii ill (Mtliii- alive or <l(!ad.
|{r.s|M-ctiiig his last liatlli-, Blark-liitwk Iuih naitl, that wlien th<! whitts caine
li|)oii Ids |H>()|ih-, thi>y tried to ^nvo theiiiselv«-H ii|), and iiiaih; no sliow of ru-
fiistaiic*' until the Holdiern befjan to slaii^thler tiieiii, and then his liraveH <leter-
iniiied to (ijrjit until tlu7 were all killed. With a Hiiiall party Iks went to iho
Winnehago villajje at I'rairie la Crons. Here he told the eiiief he dewiitd to
ffivt! hiiiiM-lf up to the whites, and let them kill him, if they wished to <lo so.
The sqiiawK at this plaee miuh^ him a dress of white ileerskins, lireparatory
to his departure for I'rairie dii Chieii, to which it apiiears ho wont volunturily
with tiiose tiiat had heeii Heiit out alh>r him.
'I'iie Sioux, of whom we have made mention, that had permission tof.ni out
afl(>r the tlying Sues on the Md of August, were alioiit !()() in mmiher. 'I'liey
Hoon afttM' mt;t with tin; tlyin^; hand on tlie W(>st side of tht; Mississippi, and
indiserimiiiately murdere(l ahoiit 1*20 of thi; poor half-Htarvud oroutures wlio
liad t-seaped from the whites throu;;li so many perils.
.\ most distressing iiieident is related as having taken place m the battle of
tlie 2 ,\ngust, which it may not be iiiijiroper to lay befon; the reader, ilml ex-
amples of the horrors of war may not Ix; wanting. " When our troo|is cliarg(>(l
the enemy in their deliles near the bank of the Mississippi, men, wonien, and
children, were seen mixed together, in such a manner us to render it dillinilt
to kill one, and save tin; otli(;r. A young squaw of about I!) stood in tlio
grass at a sliort distance from our line, holding lier little girl in her arms
about four years old. Whihr thus standing, apparently unconcerned, a hall
struck the right arm of the child above the elbow, and, shattering the hone,
passed into the breast of its poor mother, who instantly ttdl dead to tlit;
ground. She tell upon the ciiild, and coutined it to the ground also. Durini;
the whole battle, this babe was heard to gromi und call for relietj hut iioiio
liad time to afford it. When, however, the Indians bad retreated from that
epot, and the battle had nearly 8ul)sided, Lieutenant Jliukrson, of tiie
Unit"! States' army, went to the place and took from under tiie dead motiicr
her wounded daughter, and brought it to a place selected for surgical aiil. It
was soon ascertained that its arm must come oil"; luid the operatit>n uas|H'r-
forined upon the little suH'erer without drawing from it a tear «ir a shriek."
At the last accounts it was floiiig well. When W(! are told that this Imliaii
child was sucking a piece of dry biscuit during the whole time of the ain|in-
tation, it almost causes a disbelief of the whole story ; but such are tlic
facts given.
Although no further depredations could be feared i'roni the Sacs, yet on the
9 August, six Indians upproachtul a block-house on Cedar Creek, wiiich runs
hito llenderson's Itiver, about 10 miles north of Warren court-house, and shot,
tomahawked and scalped a young man named IViUiam Martin. Tiiey
Ictl behind them n pair of leggins and a loaded gun, and i\inl, lus was sup-
posed, over the Mississippi. A company of 15 rangers went in imniediate
pursuit, but could not come up with iliem. It was soon aller discovered that
tliis murder wus committed by some of Keokuk's bund, und he gave U|) iiis
nephew us the perpetrator of it.
CHAPTER X.
Particulars in thelives of the cliief mm — Nf.apope — Ills urroiinl of hi mm If — Surren-
der of Bl.ACK-HAWK — Spreches on llir. occasion — Ills spcrch on ihr saiiir — I'lirlicu-
lars in his carl ii history — \Vabokiksiiikk,</jc I'rophrt — 't'rratij of Hiptembcr, K"i;(!i—
— Jiccmint of Black-hawk's companions — Jirrinal of the Indians at IVashington—
Black-hawk's interview with the President.
Neapope was second in command to Black-hawk, and in all the expeditions
against the whites ; he was taken prisoner in the fight with the Sioux, and at
Chap. X.J
his examination
l>«'«'ii coimnitted
"I always beh
when I came ba
iiad moved m-n
jVophet, „„ It,,,.,
IVophet sent me
''"'•• inid his Imi
Ameri<7iiis came
them. If ,|„. ^
shaken liaiids, an
Syracuse Creek.
At that time | |
"tar IIS. I pn.pu
young men o„ „
finished, I heard m
young men ran oi
our camp. My yc
my young men .-h
Mapofie liirih.T
left them, and that
with Black-hawk;
h"< ""<t, at last, V
(igainst iliem. It \
that Black-liawk siu
pitied the women t
to the whites, und I
wliich inim«!diately
of this will not |„,
of the Wurrior's ov\
might Imve been hi
<iglit with the India
Parties of the frj,,
very probable the p
cxpijctations wen; si
liis Projihet were di
brought by two Wii
drc.>i.«(ed in a full (
seated in the presei
spoke thus to liim :_
"My father, I no«
return soon ; but I c
distance, [to the Dai
liavi! done what you
two you told lis to g
do what you tell us,
to get these men, ai.
goi'S. We have hr,
1 liht one, Mucatami
Voii told IIS to brin<
us to bring their heu'
less difticult than w
joiir hands. We Wv
ttiiiriors, hilt to you
trii'iid. Wo want
not wish to see it. \
lillle birds liav(! been
PjTfd to IIS that ther
"inls will let our ear
our i)art, and that is
ove your red childn
love us. We have
liil
Chap. X.]
SUUUKNDKIl OF ni-ACK-HAWK.
iriO
Ii'iH rxiuiiiiiatioii alVdrwnnls l»y C<;iinral Svoll, alioiit tli« iniinlorfl wliicli liad
bncM niiiiinittcil on tlx; wliitcH, lii; finvf tliis a<M-iiiiiit <it' liiiiiscir: —
"I always huloiignl to Hliick-haii<k\H baiul. Last snniiiH'r I wciil to IMaldeii;
wlitiii I raiiin liack, I loiiiiil that by tlic treaty witli (itiiioral (itiinm, llit- Sard
liail iiiovcil an-oss tlir IMississi|i|ii. I mnaihcil iliiriiiK tlit; winter with tho
Pro|)ii<<t, oil Rock KiviT, '.\rt miles aliovo thi; iiioiilh. During' the winter, tho
I'rophet sent iiie across the Mississi|i|ii, to Ultirk-liitwk, with a message, to tell
him anti his Imiid to cross hack to his villa^'e anil make corn; that if tho
Americans came and told tliein to move again, they would shake hands with
tliom. If the Americans had come and told us to move, we shonld liavo
shaken hands, and immediatily have moved |ieacealily. VVe encam|ied on
Syracuse ("reek. We met some I'ottowaltomies, and I madi! a feast lltr tiiem.
At that time I heard there were some Americans [iindisr Major Slillnutn]
near us. I |ire|iared a white llai; to go and si'i> them, and sent two or tlirno
young men on a hill to see what they were doing. IJefore the fnsl was
finished, I heard my young men were killed. This was at sunset. Some of my
young men ran out; two killed, and the Americans were seen rushing on to
our camp. iMy yiaiiig men tired a few gnus, and tht; Americans run otV, and
my young men chased them ahoiit six miles."
J^iapope further said, that the Pottowatlomies of the village imuK^diately
lct\ them, and that no Kikapoos joined them, lint thosi; who wen; originally
with lUnck-hawk; hut the Wiimeliagos did, and hroiight in scalps freipient-
ly; that, at last, wIiimi tliey found tin; Sacs wonhl be licateii, tlii;y turned
ngainst ilieiii. It was also given in liy some of those examined at this time,
that lilark-hawk sjiid, when the steam-lioat Warrior approached them, that ho
pitied the women and ciiildren, and began to make preparations to surrender
to the whites, and for that purpose sent out a white Hag to meet the boat,
which immediately finui upon them. Then said he, ^^ IJired loo." The truth
of this will not be ipiestioniMl, inaHmnch as tho tacts agree with the captain
of the Warrior's own account. Hence the inference is clear, that iiincli blood
■night have been saved, but for the precipitancy of tliuHo wiio only sought a
figlit with the Indians.
Parties of the friendly tribes were so continually on the alert, that it seemod
very probable the principal (chiefs would soon fall into their hands. Theso
expectations were .soon realized; for at 11 o'clock, 27 August, Black-hawk and
liis Prophet were delivered to (loneral Sired at Pruirii; dii Cliieii. They W(!ro
brought by two Winnebagoes, Dtcorie and Clutdar, uud, when delivered, were
dressed in a full dress of white-tanned deerskins. Soon aller they were
seated in the presence of the officer, Decorie, called the One-eyed, rose und
spoke thus to him : —
"My fatli(!r, I now stand before you. Whim we parted, I told you I would
return soon ; but I could not come any sooner. We have had to go a great
dJHtiuice, [to the Dalle, on the Onisconsiii, above the Portage.] You see wo
liiivo done what you sent us to do. These [pointing to the prisoners] are tho
two you told us to get. We liaye done what you told us to do. We always
do what you tell us, because we know it is for our good. Father, yon told U8
to get these men, and it wotild l«! the cause of much good to the Winiieba-
gots. Wc have brought them, but it has Immmi very bard for us to do SQ.
Tiint one, Mucalamishkitknekq, [meaning Jilack-htiwk,] was a great way off.
You told us to bring them to you alive: we havi; done so. If you had told
us to bring their heads alone, we would have doiii! so, and it would have been
less difficult than what we have done. — Kailier, we deliver these men into
your hands. We would not deliver them even to oiir brother, the chief of the
warriors, but to you ; because we know you, and wci believe you are our
friend. We want you to keej) thcMii safe ; if they an; to be hurt, we do
not wish to see it. Wait until wi; are goiu! before it is done. — Fatiier, many
little birds have been flying aiioiil our eai-s of late, and we thought they whis-
pered to us that there was evil intended for us ; but now we hope these evil
birds will let our ears alone. — We know you are our friend, because you take
our part, and that is the reason we do what you tell us to do. You say you
love your red children : wi; think we love you as much if not more than you
love us. We have confidence in you, ami you may rely on us. We have
$
. p
',/,*'
i'8
160
BLACK-HAWK.
[Book V,
I'Sf IIK'lt
been |)roiniM;(l n grvnt deal if W(! would tnko llirw; riicii, — tlmt it would do
liiiiidi good to our |i«M)|(|('. VV4' now lio|)i; to hcc vvliat will Im; doiii! lor u>,—
We liavf' coMH" in liiuste ; we arc tired and liniij;ry. Wi' now pui tin i
into your liandH. We liave done all that you told uh to du."
(jeneral Street Haid, in answer : —
"iMy eliildren, you liave done well. I told you to hrintf tlicHO men to ui(.
and you have done ho. I am ph^aHed at what you have dom.-. It Im for umr
good, and for this reaNon 1 am pleiwed. I nHHured thi! great ehiet' of tliu
warriorH, ((ieneral .-/Mi/woh,] that if thewe men wtTe in yoin* (Country, miu
wuidd lintl them, and hring them to me, and now 1 eun 8ay nnich tor uiiir
{^ood. I will go down to Uoek Inland with the prisonerH, and 1 wish you who
luvu hrought these men, especially, to go with me, with such other ehicls and
warriors an you may sehtet. My eliildren, the great ehiet' <d' the warrioru
\Tlien he lell this plaee, directed mo to deliver these, and all other iirikoimn^
to the ehief of the warriors at this place, Colonel Taylor, who is hen; hy nie.
— Some of the Winnehagoes south of the Oniseonsin have liefricnded ijio
Saukies, [Sacs,] anti some of the Indians of my agency Jiuve also given ilit'ni
1,1 II
nlei
aid. Thiai displeaseth the great chief of the warriors and yoiu' great tiitiier
tliu president, and was eidculated to do miicii harm. — Y<inr great liithcr, the
president ut Washington, has sent a great war-chief from the far east, (iencrul
Scott, with a i'resh army of soliliers. Ho is now at Rock island. Your great
father, the president, has sent him and the governor and chii;f of Illinois to
hold a council with the Indians. He has sent a speech to vou, and wi.'>lies
tlic chiefH and wurrioni of tlie Winneba^oes to go to Rocic Island to tlio
couiKul on the tenth of next month. I wish you to be ready in three dayii,
when I will go with you. — I am well plcasiul that you have taken the lilack-
hawk, the Prophet, and others ]irisoiier8. This will enable mo to say niiicli
for you to tin; great chief of the warriors, and to the president, your great
father. My children, I shall now deliver the two men, Black-hawk and tliu
Prophet, to the chief of the warriors here; ho will take cure of them till we
start to Rock Island."
Colonel Taylor, having taken the prisoners into his custody, addressed the
chiefs as follows : —
"The great chief of the warriors told me to take the prisoners when you
Bliall bring them, and send them to Rock Island to him. I will take them
and keep them safe, but I will use them well, and send thcin with you and
General Street, when you go down to the council, which will l)e in a few days.
Vour friend, General Street, advises you to get ready and go down soon, uiid
Bo do I. I tell you again I will take the prisoners; I will keep thorn safe, Imt
I will do them no harm. I will deliver tli(!m to the great chief of the war-
riors, and he will do with them and use them in such manner us shall be
Ordered by your great father, the president."
Chaetar, the other Winnebago, n<'xt spoke, and said, "My father, I am
young, and do not know bow to make speeches. This is the second time
1 ever spoke to you before people. — I am no chief; I am no orator; but
I have been allowed to speak to you. If I should not speak as well asotlins,
Btill you must listen to me. Father, when you made the speech to the cliiclii
Waugh kon Decorie Carramani, the Oini-eyed Decorie, and others, 'tother day,
I was there. I heard you. I thought wliat you said to them, you also .said
to me. You said, if these two [pointing to Black-hawk and the Prophet] who
taken by us and brought to you, there would never more a black cloud bung
over your Whinebagoes. Your words entered into my ear, into my brains,
and into my heart. I leil hero that same night, and you know you have not
seen me since until now. I have been a great way: I had much tioubli';
but when I remembered what you said, 1 knew what you said was ii;:lit.
This made me continue and do what you told mc to do. Near the Dulle, on
the Oniseonsin, I took Black-hawk. No one did it but me. I say this in (bo
ears of all present, and they know it — and I now appeal to the (ireat Spirit,
our grandfather, and the earth, our grandmother, for the truth of what 1 suy.
Father, I am no chief, but what I have done is for the benefit of my nation,
and I hope to see the good that has been promised to us. That one fVn-bo-
kU-shiek, [the Prophet,] is my relation — if he is to be hurt, I do not wish to
m
Chap. X.]
•"«« if. Father,
"f Indian prisoi
I Jioite this will
'i
'pe tliiH will
he (itilowii,
mirrendend |,i„|
. " Von hav." till
''>r I e\|„.,-ted, i|
more troiil.|,( |„.(i
hut your last gm
">". Wli,.n I s
to ru.^h on y„„^ „|
well aimed. Ti„
like iIm! wind tlm
it began to look t
iiH ill the niorniii!!
ball of til-,.. 'I'll,,
dead, and no |„„„,
wliit(( nwu ; t|„,y.
Olid is not ati-aid'o
"He has done n
fought for his com
cniiie, y,.,,r aOer \
the eau.w of our i
to Im' ashamed of
Crom their homes.
'""I «'f tlio Indian,
III"'; hidiaimdo not
"All Indian, wht
would !)(• put to del
»*<'lioolnm.sterH ; tliei
ill tlie fiico of the p
?/iiii their coiifidenc
tvive.^ We told tin
'""'•'d on, 1111(1 |„,(^(.t
!<imke. They poi.s«H
fifiiiger. We weiv I
(lroiie,s, all talkers, ai
" We looked up to
enronrage,!. ijj^
;.'"t MO satisfaction.
lilt' fiirest. T|„, opo
mill oiir ,N(|iiawH and
"•■ railed a gnnit coi
nrose and spoke, to n
••"llllril fire. I, yy,,,^
'il'Ilie tomahawk : oi
''if'l' ill his bosom, \
»!|l f(" to the world (
"Hi itie,.t him there,
, " Black-hawk is a t
''"■'"« wife, hisehibl
w.'s fi,r his nar on ai
"'•' white men o n
''efiif ; it is not pu,,.
"ill, ill a few years li
amlili,.remnstbe,a-
'"takecareofthetna
t-irewell, my n„t
"™"^"'. He drank tl
.'''"■'•. and his ,,Ians ar
"'« s"ii is setting, and
14*
Chap. X]
ni.ACKII.WVK.
161
win if. Kiithnr, snldii'is soiiiclirncs utick llic cihIh Dl'tln-ir ;riiiiH into tlic Itarki
of Indian priHonn-N when tlu-y arc ^oin^ altoiit in llic liumlH of tlu; ^nard.
I lioiKt tliiH will not Im> done to tlicsi- intii."
Tlif lollowinx ■'* •'"'*' ''• '"' •'"' '<|'<'<'<'li which IHark-hawk niudu when liu
mirrtindurcd liiniM-lf to tlio ugt;nt at i'airiit dn Cliicn: —
" Yon liavc takon uv iiriHonor with all my warriorn. I am nnicli Krinvod,
for I «>\|.iM-ti-d, it' I did not dt'Tcat you, to hold out nnii*h loiipT, and \(\\r yiai
nioi'u ti'oiilih^ hcli)r<> I sm'rt'ndm'd. I trifd hard to l>ring yon into amIinHh,
hilt yonr last gciutral nn<l(>i-stands Indian li^rhtin^r. The tiixt otif was not ho
wiMi. Wlirii i Haw that I coidd not heat yon l»y Indian tijihtinj;, I di-tt rniiiu'd
to rush on yon, and ti^'ht \ on tiicc to tare. | I'on^dit hard. Knt your \t,\\\w wiru
w«>ll aim(;d. TIm^ hullcts Ih-w like Itirds in tlii> air, and whi/./od hy om- carci
like tilt! wind throiifrli tin- triM's in tlir wintir. IMy warriors fell around inc ;
it hi'guii to look diNinal. I saw my evil day at hand. Tlir siin rosr dim on
lis in tli«! niornin}(, and at ni^dit ii sunk in a dark cloiid, and looked likit u
hall of tirt'. That was tin* last sun ihiit shone on lilack hnii'k. Mis heart in
(lead, and no loiip'r heats iinick in his liosom. — lie is now a |irisoner to tlio
white men ; they will do with him as they w isli. lint he can stand torture,
mid is not afraid of death, lie is no coward, liliirk-linwk is an Indian.
"lie has diMU! nothing' for which an Indian ought to lie ashamed. He liiiH
fought for his countrymen, the sipiaws and |ia|iooses, against white men, who
came, year al\er year, to cheat them and take away their lands. You know
the caiisn of our making war. It is known to all whitt; men. Tliey ought
to Ih- ashuined nf it. The wliitr men despise iIm; Indians, and drive tlieni
from their homos. lint the Indians are not deceitful. The white men speak
Imd of the Indian, unii hiok at him spitet'iilly. lint the Indian does nut tell
Ill-it ; Indiaim do not steal.
" An Indian, who is as had u.s tlic wliit(> men, rould not live in our nation ; ho
would he put to death, and eat up hy the wolves. 'VUv white men are Imd
wlioolmasters; they carry false looks, and deal in falsi! actions; they sinilo
in the face of the poor Indian to cheat him; th(!y shake them hy the hand to
gniii their confidence, to mak*! them drunk, to deceivt! them, and ruin our
wives. VVc told them to let us alone, and keep away from us; hut they fol-
lowed on, and tieset our paths, and they coiled thems(!lves among us, like the
simke. They poisoned us hy their tnuch. We were not safe. We lived in
danger. We were hecoming like thorn, hypocrites and liars, adulterers, luzy
drones, all talkers, and no workers.
" We looked up to the (Jreat Spirit. We went to our great father. We were
enroiiraged. His great council gave us iiiir words and hig promist!H; hut we
i;()t no satisfaction. Things were growing worse. There were no d(!er in
llie (iirest. The opossum and heaver were Hcd ; the springs were drying up,
mid our srpiaws and pajiooses without victuals to keep them from starving;
«!■ called a great council, and hnilt a large tire. 'J'lie spirit of our fathers
arose and spokt! to ns to avenge our wrongs or die. We all spoke hcfort! tho
nmiicil tire. It was warm and pleasant. We set up the war-whoop, and dug
ii|i the tomahawk : onr knives were ready, and the heart n[' Hlnrk-hnwk swelled
lii$!li ill his hosoiii, wli(!n III! led his warriors to hattle. He is siitislied. Ho
will go to the world of spirits contented. He has done his duty. His tiithor
will meet him there, and commend him.
^^ Hlack-hawk is a true Indian, and disdains to cry like a woman. lie foola
for his wife, his children and friends. lint he does not care for himself. Ho
WIS for his nai hi and the Indians. They will siifier. He laments their fiite.
Tlic white men '> not scalp the head; lint they do worse — they poison tho
lieail; it is not piire with them. — His countrymen will not he scalped, hut tlioy
will, in a few years, hecome like the white men, so that you can't trust them,
anil tli(!re must be, a^ in the white sittlements, nearly as many officers as men,
tntake care of them and keep tln!m in order.
"Fiirewell, my nation! liUirk-hnwk tried to save you, and avenge your
wrongs. He drank the blood of some of the whites. He has been taken pris-
omr, and his plans arc stopped. He can do no more. Hi! is near his end.
llisi siiu is setting, and he will rise no more, rurewell to lilack-hawL"
14*
M
'ii^'il
i
1
*,.. f
h
,i^ii
162
BLACK-HA^VK.
[Book V.
It is somewhat singular that iho old c-hiershould ever liavehcen tuk'>ii iilive
and he prohably never '.vould have been l)y tlie wliites. When it was r(|i(,rt-
ed ciirroiilly tliut lie had jiacrificed liinisell' in tlio stand tiiat he niadc upon
the baniis of tlie Miadsslppi, i:i the end of July, as has been rehtted, Sptnxer's
famous lines were the first to discover themselves to our mind, upon the great
event
" Unto the mighty stream him to betake,
VViieru he an ciui ol' battle and of hie did make."
Faiiiy Quken.
But we were soon glad to learn tliat tlie rejjort, "Ike the lines of Spensn; wna
only poetry.
It ri'u be scarcely necessary to add that the prisoners were set at lihertv, and
the oi-i'iiders « ere ordered again to be soujjht atler.
On t'le 7 SeiHember, the Indian prisorers and their guards went on board
the stei.m-boat Wiimelmgo, and were conveyisd down the rivtT to J( lU rson
Barracki-', ten miles below St. Louis. Tlicrc were, besidips Black-hawk and
the proahet, eleven chiefs or head tnen of the Sacs and Foxes, togetlnr with
about nrty less distinguished warrioi-s. These were landed just above the lower
rapids, on their pledge of reisuiining peaceable. Two days before, a liom
had conveyed to the barracks six or seven wiu-riors, among whom was ,Vvn.
pope. On their arrival at the barracks, all of them were put i: moiis.
Black-hawk \s uot so old a man as was generally supposed. Home, v.lio
knew him well, said he was notidjove 48, although the toils of wars iiad made
him aj)pear like one of 70.* Ho was by birth a Pottowattomie, but hionirlit
up by the Sacs. His height is about six feet. As to his physiognomy, it is i»i-
necessary for us to add concerning it here, as that may be better had tinni au
inspection of the engraving of him, as our likeness is said, by many wiijliavo
seen him, to be excellent.
Like other Indian names, his is spelt in as many ways as times used by
different wrifns. At a treaty which he made with the United States in IH'^I, at
Prairie tiu Chieii, it is written Hay-ray-tshoan-sharp. In a (hiscription olliim
about the time he was taken, we find him spelt Mus-cata-miah-ka-katk ; and
several others might be added.
The Prophet, or IVabokkshkk^ (White-cloud,) is about 10 years old, and nearly
six feet high, stout and athletic. He was by one side a Winnebago, and tlie
other a Sac or Saukie, and is thus described : — He "has a large, broad lace,
short, blunt nose, large, full eyes, broad mouth, thick lips, with a full suit of
hair. He wore a white cloth head-dress, which rose several inches above the
top of his head; the whole man exhibiting a deliberate savagcncss ; not tiiat
he would seem to delight in honorable war, or fight, but marking liiin as the
priest of assassination or secret murder. He had in one hand a white tla>r,
while the other hung carelessly by his side. They were both clothed in very
white dressed deerskins, fringed at the seams with short cuttings of the same."
This description, though written long before any painting was made of hjin,
will be Ibund, we think, to coaespond very well with the eiigrtiving of liini
which we have given.
It is said by many, and is evident from Black-hawVs account, that li'ahok'm-
hick was the prime mover of this war, and had powwowed up a belief «f.noii<,'
his people, that he was idile to conjure such kind of events us ht- dtsiied;
and that he 1 ad n:ade Black-hawk believe the whites were but few, atid lo.iM
not fight, and therefore might easily be driven from the disputed lands. It
seems, however, rather incredible that Black-hawk should have believed that
the Atnericans icerefeto and covld not fght, when it is known that lie was
opposed to them in the last war, and nnist, therefore, have been convinced
of the fidsity of such a report long be'bre this war.
In Septeuiber, a treaty was made by the United States with the Winiieiia-
* In the account of his life, published by Mr. /. H. Patterson, in 183'1', ninrk-hnwh- shv'; he
was born in 17(i7, on Rock llivcr ; and hence, in 18.'}2, he was in his (i.Oti) year. Mis liiiiicr'a
name was Pyksa. His "jreat-grandl'aiher'i name was Na-na-m.\-kkk., or Tlutwlcf, who
was born in the vicinity of Moulrcal; " where the Great Spirit first placed the Sau aalioii."
looic V,
Chap. X]
BLACK-IIAWlv.
1G3
II alive,
n|ii>it-
\{) upon
tptnatr's
le great
EEiN.
IS' r, WMS
crtj , and
)ii lioard
J( H( rsoii
'(((6'/) iiiid
111 r with
tlio loWlT
e, a boat
ivas At'ft-
OHIO, v.iio
liad iiiiide
t broniiiit
ly, it is 1111-
.d til I in an
\vli'.)liavo
3 used l»y
iinlH'>!t,at
ion ol' liiin
■kaek ; and
and nearly
o, and the
hroad I'ai'e,
iill suit ot"
above the
; not that
liiii as the
white tin;;,
led in very
the saini'."
ide ol' him,
iiig of him
tt H'abnkks-
lief'f.iumg
be desired-,
and I'o.ild
I laiidH. It
dieved that
lat be was
oonviiired
Winneha-
■luiwl; s;i\s lie
Ills IjliluT'S
Tliniiilii; who
Sac nation."
pocs, and anotlier with the Sars and Foxes. The former ceded all their lands
ijoiith of the Oiiiseonsiii, and east of the Mississippi, anioiiiitiii^ to 4,(i(H),U00
acres of valuable lands. The treaty with the Saes and Foxes was on tli«) 21
of that mouth, and ({,000,000 acres were aefpiired at that time, " of a (piality
not inferior to any L'.jtween the .simie parailelH of latitude." It uboimds in
lead ore, and the Indians say in otiitTs.
For these tracts the United States agreed to make the following considera-
tions: — " To pay an annuity of 'J0,000 dcdlars f()r 80 years ; to support a lilaek-
smith and gunsmith in addition "i those then employed ; to nay the debts of
the tribes; to sunpiy [irovisions; and, as a reward for the fidcdity of Keokuk
and the friendly liund, to allow a reservation to be made for them of 400
miles srpiare * on the loway lliver, to include A'co^hAj's principal village."
By the same treaty, Bluck-hnwk, bis two sons, the Prophet, .Yaojiope, and
five others, principal warriors of the hostile bands, w«'re to remain in the
himds of the whites, as hostages, during the pleasure of the presidtMit of the
United States. The other prisoners were given up to the friendly Indians.
A gentleman wl;o visited the captive Indians at Jefferson HarraeUs, Mis-
sotiri, speaks thus concerning them : — " We were immedialtdy struck with
admiration at th(! giirantic an' symmetrical tigiirts of most of tin; warriors,
who seemed, as they reclineu :ii native ease and gracefulness, with their half-
naked bodies «!Xpos(!(l to view, rather like statues from some master-hand,
than like beings of a race whom we had lieanl chiuacteri/ed as degenerate
and debased. We extendtul our liand.s, which they rose to grasp, and to our
question, ' How d'ye do?' they responded in the same words, aecoinpaiiying
them with a hearty shake." "They wi-re clad in leggins and moccasins of
buckskin, and wore blankets, which were thrown around them in the manner
of tlie Roman to^ "^o as to leave their right arms bare." "The youngest
among them wen 'inted on their necks, with a bright vermilion color, and
had their faces tnuisvei-sely streaked with alternate red and black stripes.
From their bodies, and from their tiices and eyebrows, they jiliick out the
hair with the most assiduous care. They also Nliave, or pull it out tiom tl.'eir
lieads, with the exception of a tuft of about three fingiMs' width, extending
iVoni between die forehead and crown to the back of the head ; this tliey
i^oiiK'times plait into a queue on the crown, and cut tin; iilges of it down to
an inch in length, and plaster it with thi! vermilion, which keeps it erect, and
givi's it the appearance of a cock's-comb."
The same autiior says, thi; oldest son of Black-hawk, JVasinewiskuk, called
Jack. Jilt tor want of "thtit peculiar expression which emanates tiom a culti-
viif' u intellect," could have been hioked U|)on by him "as the living personi-
ficiuioii of his beau ideal of manly beauty." He calls Black-hawk Mack-alamo-
sic-ac-ac, and states bis luiight at aljout five leet eight inches, and that he
should judge his age to be 50. Those who have known him for years, say his
(lisjiiisitioii is very amiable ; that he is endowed with great kindness of heart,
and the strictest integrity ; that, like JMishikinukwa, he vas not a chief by
birth, but ae»|\iired the title by braverv and wisdom.
.VfweitsAritc^^ortiie Thundercloud, istfic second son of Black-hawk, atu\ ticcoin-
paiiied him in his captivity. He is said not to be very handsome.
Optekceahuck, or Wabukicshick, the Prophet, of whom we have already given
some particulars, carries with him a huge pi|)e, a yard in length, with the
stem ornamented with the neck leathers of a (luck, and beads and ribands
of various colors. To its centre is attached a fan of leathers. He wears hia
hair long all over his iiead.
Ni;-A-i'OPK,jVaopo/>c, JV«a;>o/j(', &c., or firo</i, of whom we have also several
tiniei) spoken, was brother lO the Propl.et, and "some years his junior ;" and
our iiit()rmant adds, "he resembles him in height and figure, though he is not
M) robust, and his face is more sharp: in wickedness <d' expression they are
far nobile fratrum." " When Mr. Catlin, the artist, was about taking tin' por-
trait of JVaapope, lie seized tli'i ball and chain tiiat were fastened to his leg,
and raising them jii Jiigh, exclaimed, with a look of scorn, '■Make, me so, ana
* So says our autliorily, {Niles's RiigisLer,) but we very much doubt this enormous spnco.
40 miles square gives IfitK) square inilcs, wliirii purhap!) iniijlil have been the irulh, But
wheu 160,000 8<iuare miles are considered, all probability is outraged.
164
BLACK-HAWK.
[Book V.
show me to tluc great father.^'' On Mr. Callings refusing to paint liini as he
wisiicd, he kept varying his countenance with grimaces, to prevent hini from
catching a likeness.
" Powees/aec/.-, or Stratvheny, is the only Fox among them, the rest
being all Sacs, lie is the son of the chief Epanosa : his jjurents dying while
iie was an infant, he was adopted by JVaapope. He is 19 years of age."
"Poinahoe, or Fasl-simmming-Jish, is a short, tiiick set, good-natured old
brave, who boars his misfortunes with a philosoj)hy worthy of tiie ancients."
The fbiiowing act ol" congress we extract, as it throws light upon siihse-
quent details: — " Foi the expenses of 12 |)risoner8of war of the Sac and I'ox
tribes, now in confinement, and to be iicld as host;iges, under tiie !<evt nth
artichi of the treaty ol" 21 Sept. 1832, embracing tlu; cost of provisions and
clothing, compensation to an inlerprtter, and cost of removing tiieni to a
place of sali^tv, where they may be kept without being closely confined, the
sum of 2500."'
On the 22 April, (1833,) the captive Indians airivedat Wasiiington, and the
next tluy Black-hawk had a long interview with President JacLion. Tiie first
words with which it is said he accosted the president were, " I AM A MAN,
AND YOU ARE ANOTHER.]'
The president, after a few brief observations, directed the articles of dress
provided fi)r them to be exhibited to them, and told Black-hawk tiiat tlie
whole would be delivered to him to be distributed as, in his judgment, lie
should think best. He then told them they nuist depart immediately for Fort
Monroe, and remain there contented, until lie gave them permission to return
to their country. That time, he said, depended upon the conduct of their
people; that tliey would not be set at liberty, until all the articles of the
treaty liad been complied with, and good feelings were evinced by their
countrymen. The Prophet then said : —
" We expected to return immediately to our people. The war in which
we have been involved, was occasioned by our attempting to raise provisions
on our own lands, or where we thought we had a right so to do. VVi; have
lost many of our people, as well as the wiiites. Our tribes and fiitnilies are
now exposed to the attacks of our enemies, the Sioux and the Menominies.
We hope, therefore, to be permitted to return home to take care of them."
Black-hawk sjioke some tinie to the presidcMit, giving a clear and comiHc-
hensive history of the rise of the war, and, towards the close, said : —
"We did not expect to ''onquer the whites; no. They had too many
bouses — too many men. I took up the htUchet, for my i)art, to revenge
injuries wiiich my people could no longer endure. Had I borne them longer
without striking, my people would have said, Black-hawk is a woman ; he is
too old to be a chief— he is no Sac. Tliests reflections caused me to raise tiie
war-whoo}). I say no more of it ; it is known to you. Keokuk once was
here; yon took him by the hand, and when he wished to retiun to his
home, you were willing. Black-h.awk expects, that, like Keokuk, we shall be
permitted to return too."
The president added, that he was well ac(piaii.;.;.i with the circinnstaiices
which led to the disasters to which they had alluded. It was luinecessary to look
back upon them. He intended now to securt! the observance of peace.
They need not feel any uneasiness, he said, about their o«n women and
children. They shoidd not sutler from the Sioux and Menominies. Me
would compel the red men to be at peace with one another. That wlnni lie
was satisfied that all things would remain (piiet, then they would be i)ermitted
to return. He then took them by the hand, and disniiss<^-d them.
It is said, that, wliiJe in Washington, the Indians expressed more surpriso
and pleasure at tin' |)ortraits of tht; Indian chiefs in tliu war department tliar.
any thing else that was shown them.
On Fridaj', 2(5 April, the captives were coinlncted from Washington
towards Fort Monroe, which is upon a small isl;iiid, at Old Point Conil'ort,
on the west S'de of the ( 'Insapeake Bay, in Virginia,
IJefore closing the pnsent ehapt' r, a ft!W other interesting matters shall
be hiid before our readers. We have just given the description of the Indians
while at Jetli-rson IJarracks, by one who visiti d them tht re not long ntler
theii- coufineineut. We ujw intend to give what the author of Knicker-
bocker says of
dated Washiijcr
about y miles (
j)rison(,'rs— a fb
himself; a mea,
Roiiian style of
Sijice we art
place, perlia|)s,
tlie |)en of the
Ibund time, yes
chiefs, and the J
l>er, and found i
sitting in a cha
middling size, w
one of the finest
Prophet has a i
decision and fini
of Black- hawk is
would end)ody tl
dressed in a stra
their appearance
whole ofthedepi
Muhserpiently wer
which white men
led the Hawk to n
It was remarl
forehead " very ni
liis countenance
Stephen Girard.
lesejiibled the late
It is not difficn
Indian war, much
iiiid the desi)airin^
willingness to suri
only answer they i
more Creek, a fi-w
tentions, and unde
MO interview couh
which all, it seem
is Indian talk — it i
whom they first di
proves nothing on
Is it not plain that
was attacked by tli
if he coidd get ter
says the old chief;
loo many of them
more upon this ma
The reader has.
An aiinnyinoiis iiu
""^ llifir iiuiiiJs, &LC. as
MsoMit-i-niiHk-t'-Miciic
Aa-she csciK k, hvi shx,.
Wa-!)e-ke-Jiliick, the Pro
Chap. XI]
BLACK-HAWK.
les
bocker says of them soon iiflcr. Mr. /ri'i;i£f's account is contained in a letter,
dated Washington, IS Uoc. Iri'.i'i. — "From St. Loiii.s I went to Fort Je<fi'rs(tn,
about 9 miles distant, to see lilack-hawh, tlie Indian warrior^ and Ids iMlow-
j)risoners — a forlorn crew — emaeiatrd and dejected — the \\ douhtahle (rhiellain
liiinseltl a meagre old man upwards of 70. H<^ has, iiowever, a tine head, a
Roniun style of fiice, antl a prepossessing countenance. '
Since we are upon descriptions, the Ibllowing will not ho thought out of
place, perhaps, although we had reserved it for our n«:xt chapter. It is from
the pen of the editor of the V. States Literary Gazette, I'hiladelphia. "We
found time, yesterday, to visit tht; lUack-hmck, and his accompanying Indian
chiefs, and tlie Prophet, at Congress Hall Hotel. We went into i\\v\v <'ham-
her, and found most of them silting or lying on their heds. Black-hawk was
sitting in a chair, and ap|)arently depressed in spirits. He is about 05, of
middling size, with a head that would excite the envy of a phrenologist —
one of the finest that Heaven ever h-t fall on the shoidders of an Indian. The
Prophet has u coarser figure, with less of intellect, hut with the marks of
decision and firnmess. His fiice was |)ainted with red and white. The son
oi' Black- hawk is a noble specimen of physical beauty — a model for those who
would end)ody the idea of strength. He was paiiued, and his hair cur and
dressed hi a strangt; fantasy. The other chiefs iiad nothing in particular in
their appearance to distinguish them from other natives of the f()re8t. The
whole of the deputation visited the water works yestimlay, [June 11 or I'i,] anil
Hubsecpiently were taken to the Cherry- 'lill Prison, and shown the manner in
which white men punish. The exhibition of arms and ships at the navy-yard,
led the Hawk to remark iiiat he suspected the <^reat father ivas getting read;/ for war."
It was remarked by some in Philadelphia that Black-hawk^s "pynimidal
forehead " very much resembled that of Sir fi'cUter Scott, Others oKserved that
liis countenance strongly renunded them of their late worthy !)enefacior,
Stephen Girard. In Norfolk it was noticed tliat the old warrior very much
resembled the late President Monroe.
CHAPTER XI.
From the time of the netting out o/Bf.ACK-HAWK and his five* companions from For-
tress Monroe, 5 June, IfiM, to their arrival on the Upper Mississippi, on the first
of August following ; prefaced by some reflections upon the events oj the war.
It is not difficult to perceive, without a formal commentary, that in the late
Indian war, much blood was shed which might have been avoided. Twice
Imd the despairing Indians displayed the wliite flag, to give notice of their
willingness to surrender ; but, like the wretched Hallibees, the rifle was the
only answer they received. When Major Stillman was on his march to Syca-
more Creek, a few Ir 'ians were sent from JVaopope's camp with fi'iendly in-
tentions, and under a white flag; but sucii was the carriage of the whites,
no interview could be had, and they were obliged to fly to save their lives,
which all, it seems, were not fortunate (mough to do. This, it will be sjud,
is Indian talk — it is even so. What say the whites ? They say, the Indiana
whom they first discovered were only a decoy. This is mere asscMtion, and
|»roves nothing on their own side, neither does it disprove the Indian account.
h it not plain that Black-hawk caused a white flag to be exhibited before he
was attacked by the steam-boat Warrior? He h.id resolved to fign» no more,
it' he could get terms of |)eace ; but his flag was at once fired upon ; then
says the old chief; " /^iref/ <oo ; " and the whites expected nothing else, and
too many of them, it would seem, desired nothing else. But we reflect no
more upon this matter.
The reader has, in thi; last chapter, been conducted through the principal,
' An aiionyirious KUtlior, of wlioin we liavii made consilri'al)lo use in i!ii» cliapU'r, gives
lis iheir names, &lc. as follows . —
Maor ut-i-niiNl<-e-('ttriin, Blark huwl;. I'ariiiilin, rn'ji'irl's limllifr, fV./i Fin.
Na-slie escui k, his son, /.oud 'I'liuiiilrr. I'o wi zliiik. I'li'iilicl's uiiviiUd ■■uni,. .Sirairh.rry.
VVa-l)e-ke-rUick, the Prophet, Clear Day. Naiioiie, the icarriur, Strunn Souf.
166
BLACK-HAWK.— LEAVES FORTRESS MONROE
fBooK V.
le
and all tlio iniportiuit events of the war, ai:<l nccof.ipanied tl-e cliiefH of ti
indiuns eiigaf((!d in it to Fortrcxs Monroe, in Virg.i;id. ''' i- ti nv f* ol;.
It rve wliat |)a.«se([ ill tli<;ir travels from hence throiii,'li several jf our "n al
. lie-, and tlience to I'leir vvihierness homes in the disiant W( Si.
Having been conducted to Fort Mom-oe, the captives touiid I'.emricltv: in a
kind of elegant confinement ; and instead of balls and e./iiiis v.) tLeir iDkles
were kindly treated, and saw nobody but friends. This state of things, how .'
ever, must luive become, in a short time, exceedingly irksome; but an early
order for their liberation jtrevented such result. For, on the 4 June, 18;l'J, orders
came for tiieir l)eing liberated ; and the next day, Major John Garland set
off with them in a steam-boat lor Baltimore, by Norfolk, (J'>«inort, Ports-
Uiouth, &c.
]3uring tin Ir short stay at Monroe, the Indiuns I.ecame much aitached to
its commander. Colonel Eustis, and on the afternoon of the same day that the
order of release arrived, ii/ncA'-AajoA: went and tock his leave of huri, and at
parting made the following speech : —
" Brother, I have come on my own j)art, and in behalf of my companions,
to bid you farewell. Cm- great father has at length been pleased to |)erinit
us to return to our hunting-grounds. We have buried the tomaiiawk, and
the sound of tiie rifle will herealler only bring death 'o the deer and the hniih-
lo. Brother, you have tri ated the red men very kindly. Your stjuaws have
made them presents, and you have given tiiem plenty to eat and drink. Tiie
memory of your friendship will n-main till tiie Great Spirit says it is time
for Bi.ack-IIawk to sing his death-song. — Brother, your houses ai-e us mnner-
ous as the leaves upon the trees, and your yomig warriors, like the sands upon
tlie shore of ilie big lake, which rolls before us. The red ?nan has but few
houses, and few warriors, but the red man has u heart which throbs us warm-
ly as the heart of his white brother. The (Jreat Spirit has given us our hunt-
ing grounds, and llw skin of the deer which we kill there is Isis favorite, for
its color is white, and this is the emblem of peace. This hi'ct'ig-dress and
these feathers of the eagle are white. Accept them, my i); <ther; I have
given one like this to the fVliite-otler. Accept of it us a memorial of Bi.ack-
HAWK. When he is far away, this will serve to remind you of him. iMay
the Great Spirit bless you and your children — farewell."
Colonel Eu3tis, in his reply, suiil, the fortune of war hoA placed him in his
hands, and us it was not the ])ractice of the whites to attack an unarmed
foe, he was safe ; but that if he had met him in the field -.f battle, his duty
would have retpured him to have taken liis litt;. He rejoiced, he said, at
his prospect of speedily returning to his friends, and !!0|)ed he would
never again trouble his white ntMghbors. To which Black-hawk added,
" Brother, the Great Spirit punixhec those tcho ({"ceive us, and my faith is now
pledsced"
On leaving Fort Monroe, ili« ?i lians were taken to Portsmouth and Gos-
port, to se(! the nctvy-yard, thf ir;v dock, and men-of-war. At Gosport, they
went on board the 74 Delaware, where they coidd not but express nnuli
astonishment at the vastness of the " big canoe," as they called it, and its
extraordinary uncouth furniture. Black-hawk seemed the most to admire
the ship, and wished to see the chief who connnanded it, and especially tlio
man that built it; for he wished, lie said, "/o take him by the hand.'''' Wiieii
they left the ship, they passed around under her bow, which terminates
in u colossal statue of an Indian warrior. This the Tndiuns beheld with
considerable emotions of surprise and evident demonstrations of liigli
gruiification.
At Norfolk, the rush to see the Indians was very great, and many could
not be gnitifiiid even witii a sight of them. This great curiosity in the very
vicinity where they had Jicen for near 10 weeks, will not be thought strange,
when it is considered, that no oinr expected their immediate removal, and
tli'-refoio few hud been to see them ; thinking they couhl do so when some
mon) convenient time offered.
Having taken lodgings at the hoiel in Norfolk, the Indians were aware
of the great iiriosity of the people, and therefore they exhibited thenisdvis
upon th'! I) licony, from whence fVahokieshiek, tlic Prophet, made the follow-
ing address : —
,?^^
Chap. XI]
BLACK-IIAWK.—BALTIMORE.
167
111 in Ills
iiannt'd
lis duty
said, at
would
added,
Ik is now
and (lOS-
lort, tlicy
'ss imicli
and its
admire
allv the
When
•rminati'S
luld witii
of liiirli
■re aware
KMiisdvca
III" folio w-
'■■1l>a Great S[»irit sent us here, and by the same tiat we are now 'lappily
■ 1 co return to our own MisHissippi, and our own people. J' attnids iis
iinieli liappine.ss to rejoin our frienilis and kindifMl. \Vt woi.kI siiaki; liaiids
with all our while frii'iiiis assendled, ;iiid oH'er our best wislit .^ for tlioii- ,)i-o-.-
perity. Should any of t'lcin go lo oiir rountry on the Mississippi, we would
take pleasure in requitinji: this many kindiies.ses we have loreived from tiieir
p(M)ple here. We v/ill go home with peaceable dispositions towards our
white brethren, and endeavor to make our condiiet hereafler more satis-
factory to them. We bid you ail farewell, as it is the last iine wc, may
see each other."
Blark-hmck then said a few words, expressing the same sentiments ; and
one o'clock having arrived, they departed. Tiiis was 5 June.
Wlien the steam-boat was near Baltimore, it was discovered that th(>re had
been a robbery committed on board ; and when this became known to Black-
hawk, he showed considerable concern, fearing some of his i)arty should
bo .;!is|)ccte(l ; and when the boat lay to at considerafile distance from tlio
wharf, to make seari'h for the iiione" Ve said, "Ae desired that himself and
companij shoxdd be searched, for he loould let the whiles know that the Sacs did
not sleat.'"
President Jackson had arrived in Baltimore, and after Blark-hawFs arrival
lie had an interview with him. The Indians were conveyed in the steam-
boat Columbus, and arrivisd about 11 o'clock in the forenoon of the next
day, after leaving Norfolk, namely, (i June. Among the crowds who visited
them were many ladies, to whom, generally, the Indians said, " Pretty squaws,
pretty squaws."
The Indians and the president attended the theatre the same night, and it
was remarked, that the attention of the house was pretty nearly (!(|ually divi-
ded bttweeii them. On the next day occurred the interview between them,
of which mention has just bcien made; at wliich time, among other things,
the president said to the old chief: —
" When I saw you in Washington, I told you, that you had behaved very
badly, in raising the tomahawk against the white peojile." lie added, that
liis conduct last year had caii.sed him to send out his warriors agaii'.st iiiin,
mid that he and those with him had been surrendered to him to be kept dur-
ing his pleasure, or until lie should think there would be no danger Irom hit-
ting him go. "Itold you," Ik; continued,"! would inquire whether your
people wished you should return, and whether, if you did return, there
would be any danger to the frontier. (Jciieral Clark and (ieneial .fUkinson,
whom you know, have informed me that Sheckak, your principal chief, and
the rest of your people, are anxious you should return, and Keokuk has askiul
me to si'iid you back. Your chiefs have pledged themselves for your good
conduct." — " You will see the strength of the white jieojile. You will see
that our young men are as numerous as the leaves in the woods. What can
you do against us?" — "When you go back, listen to the counsels of Keokuk
and the other friendly chiefs."
To this the Prophet said a few words, as follcws; —
"Father, my ears are ojien to your words; I am glad to hear thei i; I am
glnd to go back to my people. I want to see my family. I ilid not behave
well la.st summer. I ought not to have taken up the tomahawk. But my
peo|)lr have siifteied a great deal. When I get back, 1 will remember your
words. I will not go to war again. I will live in peace. I will hold you by
the hand."
Black-haivk intcndc^d to have made a long speech at this time ; but the
president was uiii.ole to hear him out, on account of the great fatigues ho
Imd undergone, and the old chit'f was, therefore, very short. He said, ".U^
hmrl is liiiT, for I have much to snij to iny great father^' and closed, after many
i'X|)ii'ssions of affei^tion and respect for him. The warmth of the weather
and he great crowd that surrounded the hotel in which the Indians were
lodgi d, caused them to retire to Fort M'llenry, about 3 miles below the city.
The laiidh vd said the crowd was so great about his house, that they bad
lurried awiiv bis baiiLstcns, windows, and he was f arful, if they remained
longer. I' .' ' i • whole liouHC would be carried away also.
If. i
168
BALTIMORE— NEW YORK.
[Book V.
Tliry visited tlic Wasliiii<rt(in iiioniiinciit, among other plarc«, while at
Bnltiiiiori>, and were at tirst ati-aid to aHr<!iid in it, npon itw circular stoiin •
BaywifT it was tlu! Mmiilou ol' the wliito jH^oplo. At length JVaopope said h«'
wouhl venture up. lUark-hnwk ol»serv«ul, tliat then they wonid all j— ; for
if it fell down, li«; said tiu^y woidd not he safer on the ground at its l)ase than
if they were in it.
They visited th(! cirrns dso, while here, and were mneh hetter pleased
with the |»erl()rrnani'es there, than at the theatre. The elegant horses |)li'asi'd
them tiir more than the stars and garters of the nioek lords and ladies of the
theatre, and it was very natin-al they shoidd. To see a lady ri(h' npon one
foot, while lli(! horse was rnnning at his utmost speed, was matter of fact to
them, and excited the greatest admiration. Hut to see a fellow popping' (>,||;
from hehind a enrtain, strutting ahoiit the stage, uttering to hitnself sonic
unintelligihle nonsense, rould not interest any one similarly situated. Tiicy
suiti llicy IxHieved those who ro(h; in the circus rould hunt hidliilo even
b<!tter than the Sacs,
Coi»sid(.'rahlo ineonvenienre was experienced from the meeting of two
Bueh eons|)icuons eharaeters as the i'rf.siuknt of the United States and
litnrh-hdwk, i\t the same time, in (lopidous |)laees; and it was anno'iiiced
in a Philadelphia paper, of i) June, that Major (hirlnnd had arrived there,
hut hati \i'\\ the Indians in iialtimore, and that they would not pro<-e('(| to
N. Vork until tiie day atlcr the president. Aeeordingly they did not arrive
in Philadelphia until 10 June, when they were e«>ndueled to lodgings in ("on-
tp-ess Hall. The next day there was a great military display, accompanied
)y an immensf; procession, and the whole passed up Third Street, o|iposito
C'lingress ilall, hy which means the Indians had a fine opftortunity to sett and
contemplate their numbers. Pointing to the sohliers. Black-hawk asked if
tl)(!v wen; the same that were in his country last simimer.
Having visited ail places of amusement and curiosity in Philadelphia, the
Ii.diaiis de|iartt'd for N. Vork, where they arrived in a steam-hoat of the
Peophi's Line, about f) o'clock, M June, on Friday. The arrival of Lnfiijiitte,
in 18'irt, could not have attnicted a greater cr<nvd than was now assenihled
;!t and in the viciiuty of t'asth; Garden. As it happened, Mr. Duranl, the
acMonaiit, had just got ready to asct^nd in his balloon trom the garden. Tin;
steam-boat, therefore, roimdc to, that the passengers might witness the
nscension. VVhee it was known on shore that the Indians wer«^ on hoard,
tli)^ cheering and elappini; beeamt^ tremendous; and it wa.-t not a litlh; aug-
mented I'roiM those on board the inuneroiis crall in tii*^ riv«!r. Those in the
boat answe;ed as well as their numl)ers would admit. The Indians, at tirst,
were some terrified, supposing they bad at last come to an enemy, am! that
the noise aooiit llicni was the war-whoop of tlie whites, but wc.:; soon
tmdecciived.
S t' M alter the balloon had cleared the walls of the castle, anfl Mr. Duranl
had unfurled his flag, lUack-hnwk was asked what he thought of it. To
which he answered : —
" Thitt man is a grcnt brave. / donH think htHl ever gc< back. He imi.il he a
.SVi ." Another said, " If he is a Sac, he^ll fret nojie of his brothers to follow iu
his trail. Mone of Vm unll ever see the smoke of his tingioam. He will have to
live alone — without any squaw."
When the balloon had attained a vast height, and almost out of the old
r!'irf\^ sight, (which had l»ecome considerably impaired,) he exclaimed,
" / '/u'j.t /it; mn go to the heaveiis ; to the (Ireal Spirit." Pomahoe then said,
" / thit k he can see the countr\j of Ihe Fjnj;;lish." 'I'he Prophet, or H'abokivshkk,
ha !i!g ' een asked wdiat he tnoiight of the balloon, said, " I canH form antj
iUtti. hv; ihink he can f^o up to the clouds if he will. Should think he could see
the iireat Spirit 7iojt>."
Chap. XI]
BLACK-IIAWK IN NEW YORK.
169
TIk!
ss tlic
lionrd,
ltl<! iXWjf-
)se ill the
at lii^t,
aiu! tliiLt
soon
Durant
it. 'J'o
' tliP old
rliiiiiiHl,
leii snid,
tokicshid',
form rtM.V
could set
On their landing, s\icli was tlic dt^nHity of the orowd, timt for n time it
FfTnied iinposHiltlo to rlfi'ct n jMiHHngc f<>r them. AUcr soiiit; timo, htiwever,
hy tlic uid of tins police otHccrH, timy were tukeii tip in earriu>;eH, and cnrritvl
to their lodgiii^H nt the lOxchaiiffe Ifotel in Broad Htniet. The sparioiin
square and street adjaeeiit were inistantly filled hy the ])eople, whose eajjer-
ncH.s to see the strniit,'erH was so great, that it schemed almost iiiipossihie to
prevent a forcihie entrance into the house. Whereupon thc! directors of the
liKliaiiH let lilark-hawk show himself several times at a window ; and imme-
diately alter, the miiltitiide (itiiotly dispersed, without carrying away hanisters
or windows, us had heeu complained of in Italtimore. Thus ended Friday.
On Satunhiy (svening, they were conducted to the Bowery Theatre, and on
Monday, the papers of tin; city uniiounced that they would visit (Jasth? (iar-
(len that evening, the Park Theotre on Tuesday, Nihio's on Wiidnesday,
Richmond Hill Theatre on Thursday, Vatixhall Ourden on Friday, and, on
Saturday, leave for Allmny. 'J'hus were tlici doings of every evening of their
stay allotted, which, we believe, cam«! to pass accordingly. Of the maimer
in which the daytime was spent, wc shall, in the next place, |)roceed to give
some account.
On Monday, 17 June, tlie Hon. John Ji. Grnham met the Indians, at their
quarters, and made a speech to them, which is as well uda|>ted to the Jnditm
manner, as any thing we have seen. He began :
" Brothers, open your ears. You are brav«! men. You have fought like
tigers, but in a bad cause. We have concpiered you. We were sorry, hist
yivir, that you raised the tomahawk against us ; but wo believe you did not
know lis then as you do now. We think, that in time to come, you will be
wise, and that we shall be friends forever. You see that we are a great jmk)-
|)le — numerous as the flowers of the field, as the shells on the sea-shoro, or
the fish in the sea. Wc jnit one hand on the eastern, and, at the same time,
tlid other on the western ocean. We all act together. \\\ someiimes, our
frrcfit men talk loud and long at our council fires, but shed one drop of wiiite
nicirs blood, our young warriors, as thick as the stars of the night, will leap
on hoard our great boats, which fly on the waves, and over the lakes — swifl
MS the i 'igle in the air — x\w\\ penetrate the woods, make the big guns thun-
(liT, and the whole heavens vvA with the flames of the dwellings of their en-
emies. Brothers, the president has made you a great talk. He has but one
iiiniith. That one has sounded the sentiments of all the |)eople. Jiisfcn to
what he has said to y<.u. Write it on your memories. It is good, very good.
Ih.ACK-iiAWK, take these jewels, a pair of topaz ear-rings, beautifully set in
^'oid, for yoii" wife or daughter, as a token of friendship, k»!e])ing always in
Miinil that women and children are the fiivorites of the (Jreat Spirit. These
ji'wcis are from an old man, whose head is whitened with the snows of 70
winters; an old man, who bius thrown down his bow, put oft' his sword, and
now stands leaning on his staft', waiting the commands of the (Jreat H|tirit.
Look aroun.l you, see all this mighty peoi)le, then go to your homes, open
your arms to receive your families, lell them to bury the hatchet, to make
hiifrht the chain of friendship, to love the white men, and to live in [)ea< e
with them, as long as tin; rivers run into the sea, and the sun rises niul ststs.
If you do so, you will be happy. You will then insure the prosperity of im-
liorii generations of your trib(\s, who will go hand and hand with the sons of
tlio white men, and all shall be blessed by the Great Spirit. Peace and hap-
piness, by the blessing of the (Jreat Spirit, attend you. Farewell."
When this was ended, Black-hnwk said, ^^ lirother, ive like your i'C';. We
will he friends. We like, the white people. Thetf are verrf kind to im. We shall
not forget it. Your counsel is good. We shall attend to it. Your valnnhle
present shall go to my squaiv. It pleases me verjf much. We shall alioays be
Jhends.^^
Tlie following circumstance is said to have occurred, while the Inilians were
ill New York : One day, afler dinner, a gentlemim got admittancf! to their room,
whose object was to communicate to them some religious instruction. He
Itt'caii with lilack-hawk^s son ; but when the young fiillow imdcrstoo*! In the
iiitornreter what his object was, Ik; said, " / lazee" and, covering his face with
his blanket, stretched himself out upon a sofii, and went to sleep.
15
', 'S.
'■ -i
170
RI-ACK-IIA\VK.— NEW YORK.-ARSENAL,
[Book V.
Tho Chorokoo Pliu'iiix was hIiowii to lilack-hawk, in Nnw York, l)v a prn-
tlciiiaii, ulio ptv(> tii(< fliict' to iiiulnxtuiKi that it was tlu; (iiHt and only iu-wh-
l)a|)<'i- priiitrd in Indian. Alh-r explaining tli)> peat nHi> ol'|)a|K>rs to fiini, tlio
cliit'f was well pleased, said Uv knew the Cherokee trihe well, hut did not
know they had siieh a tiling among them as a n(;ws|iap«T. He reqnested tlits
gentleman to niak«\ the name of liUtck-hitwk on it, whieii he did, and gave it
to him ; when the old ehiet' earetidly ti)lded it np and laid it uway, saying hu
wonid show it to his people; when iu; got home.
On Thnrsday, !20 jnne, the Indians were shown tho tinnons arsenal in
White Street. The great eaimon, mortars and shells, on tlai lirst floor, tilled
ti.epi with astonishment and awe, in spite of their philoso|)hieal inditlerenee.
On visiting the second do«»r, their countenanees were seen to enliven. Tlnj
sight of 10,000 :^*tand of small arms, all as liriglit as polishing eould make
them, with all tlie Imyonets tixed, was evidently more agreeahle to them than
the gr(!at, nnwieldv eannon below. Their admiration was greatly heightened
on heing shown the operation of Mr. Hid(lon\t new jiatent artillery loek. It
had heen fitted for the ueeasion, ou the beantitid brass M poimder, which (lov.
Tompkins gave the state in IHI4. This gnn being |»laced in the yard, and
cliarg«'d with a blank cartridge, Con. .^rnUaritts, of tbo arsenal, drew the
string attached to the lock, and tlu; discharge was instantnneons. Hero
again they conid not conceal their astonishment, which was mncli raised hy
the inysttM'ions opera*ion of the lock. The camion being again chargcil,
lilack'hau'k w"- invited to jinll the string and discliarge it ; but he declim d
from timidity, and all tiie rest followed bis example. At length the I'ropliet
stepped Utrwnrd, with a great air of resolution, and «lischarged it. The; re-
port st^n'tled bim a little ; but tbe moment ath;r, finding himself mdianned,
lie laughed In-'artily. Then all tbe rest ventured to discharge it. When Mr.
liiddun showed them tbe fiilminuting wafer, upon wbiob his lock acts, "the
vacant seriousness an<l gravity," says one present, " with which they returned
it, as a matter (luitc too protbund tor their comprehension, was irresistibly
comic."
Several of tlie ca[)tivcs had been attacked with an inflammation in their
eyes, accompiuiied with sonu; lever, supposed to have been brought on by
the liitigues th»!y had experience«l during their journey. But while dicy
remained in New York, they hutl nearly recovered.
Wli(!n it was annouiu*ed in tbe papers, that the? Indians would not proceed
any iiirtber ni)rtli, great disap|iointment was fidt here ; but we beard no one
complain. All seemed scinsible that to show them about from place to jilacc,
was iiiHi:'ting a punishment upon them which c«)u]d in no wise benefit lis.
There might be one exception, lor we were informid that u gentleman had
made large arrangements here for writing lilack-hawk^a lifl*. But whether it
were the old chief's good or bad f()rtune that prevented bim from fidling into
the ambush of that biographer, we do not undertake to say ; but there may
be those cold-hearted beings, who are glad that both Black-hawk ami the pub-
lic have «'scaped.
On Satin-day, 22 June, they left New York for Albany, where they arrived
tbe next day at evening. Here, as we should expect, the crowd Avas tiir
more savage than had binm witnessed any wliere in tlii! journey, and it was
near three hours before a landing for them could be eflected; and even then
only by disguising them. Black-hawk was not nn-ognized until hi' bad got
almost to tbe tavern when; he and his i)arty were to lodge. One observes,
that Albany, at this time, was more lik(i an Indian camp, than the residence
of civilized beings. Some urged, that if Black-hawk bad hv.ini permitted to
have shown himself to the multitude, and addressed th«'m, they would at
once have ceased their boisterous clamors. It is said he was about to do so,
but his son would not consent to it.
VV^hether the conduct of the jmpiilace was such, af\er they were in their
quarters, as to cause alarm f()r their sali'ty, is not mentioned; but certain it
is, they set off from Albany in the night, 24 June, and proceeded west upon
tbe railroad.
Will!!! they bad got u|)on the grand canal, and seen how they were trans-
ported by means of locks, some of the party said U must be the work of a
Chap. XI]
Mamtou, /c
rivers.
The inten
'Tien, the Se
"'•rived at B
inoiniug. T
Kock, where
place. I-Vorr
nnwk immedii
'I'c "djacent (
I'ngland, in i
tnto Fort Erie
i''n(', he said,
the aflernooii
li'cted at the c
addressed by
already spoke
t>leasure wliici
'Vvcs, and afi,
iiiH visitors to i
no more to fjj
ri'jdied as fbjin
" Our aprerl b
of a frood and
same color, and
gdher. Brother
rich, and very *
yplh much knowi
itke good men.
you now ICC met
tilth ivhat we hai
The Prophet
he said lie wish
west of the Mis
I'rom Biifiii
nrrived Ju\y.
not exactly sue
indifli-rence, tin
fill! forth. A
streets "u[duio\
tlir-y were burn,
and when he vi.-
old council groun
opposite shore, an
I'"rom (jfreen 1
niid VVinnebagoi
Sacs and Foxes,
Having left C
foiisiii, Black-lut
tlio fine villages
lie seemed nine
It was about
Armstrong, on
leave of them.
* This liibe is div
bptoro inemioue,) is
ill I82(;. flir. iV J
of 1.5.
'Hie iinnio Winne
same iiaiiiu, in grcnt
Chap. XI]
HIS VISIT TO THE SKNKCAS.
171
Mamtou, for it teas the first river they ever saw f(o over hilh ana across other
rivers.
The interview of our travellers, the l^nrs mid Foxes, with their coimtry-
ineii, the SenecaH, raniiot titil to be IntereHting to all our readers. Having
urrivt'd at Buttalo on Friday, yH June, they remained there until Sunday
morniuj?. The next niorninj^ aller their arrival, they rode over to JJIack
Rock, where they viewed the union of the xrand canal with the lake at that
place. From this place they had a full view of the Canada shore, and Hlnck-
hnwk inunediately puiiited out Fort F-rie, and seemed well acimainted with
the adjacent country ; he having been there in the time of the last war with
England, in the Hritish service, and at the time ^^ when the Jlmericans wnlked
into Fort Erie" ns !-) exjiressed th(! capture of it. Aller the hattle of liake
Krie, he said, he was obliged to return with his hand to his own country. In
the ailernoou of the same day, the party visited tlu; Senecas, who had col-
lecttul at the council house, on their reservation, to receive them. They were
addressed by the chitif, Capt. Pollnrd, or Knrlundawana, of whom we have
already spoken, an old and very res|»ectable man. Afler expressing tho
1)leasure which it gave him and his people to meet the chiefs of the Sacs and
''oxi's, and aHer alluding to the present state of the aborigines, he counselled
his visitors to return home with a peaceable mind; to cultivate; the earth, and
no more to tight against so powerful a people as tho whites. Black-hawk
replied as follows: —
" Our ap^ed brother of the Senecas, who has spoken to us, has spoken the words
of a {food and wise man. Wc are stranf^ers to each other, thoiiijch we hnvc the
same color, and the same Great Spirit made us all, and ^nve us this countr;/ to-
gether. Brothers, we have seen how threat a people the whites are. Tiny are very
rich, and very strong. It is folly for us to fi!>;ld with them, lie sliall /^o home
unth much knowled^r. For myself, I shall advise my people to be quiet, and live
like good men. The advice which you irave us, brother, is viry good, and we tell
you now ice mean to walk the straiglU path in future, and to content ourselves
with what we have, and with cultivating our lands.
7'lie Prophet added a few sentences, but nothing worthy of notice, except
lie said he wished ail the tribes of Indians could be colh^cted upon ont; spot,
west of the Mississippi.
From BuHiilo the Indians were conveyed by water to Detroit, where they
arrived July. Here a curiosity was evinced by the inhabitants to see them ;
not exactly such as had been shown i'l the Atlantic cities, but with that cold
indilference, their near vicinity to the late scenes of blood was calculated to
call forth. A writer has remarked, that they were soon seen walking the
streets "uidiiiowing and unknown," and newspapers from that region say
they were burnt in elVigy. Black-hawk had often been there in times past;
and when he visited the former residence of iUiv. Cans, he said, " This is the
old council grounrf. I have heard much good counsel hire ; but my trail led to the
opposite .shore, and my ears were close l,^^
From Grei'n Bay they were to pass through tho country of the Menominies
and VVinnebagoes* to Chicago. As these tribes arc bitter enemies to the
Sacs and Foxes, troops were detached li'om that ])lace to attend them.
Having left Chicago, as they passed up Fox River and down the Onis-
consiii, Black-lutwk wouhl point out the spots, wliere, once, he said, had stood
the fine villages of the Sur . His depression at the sight was evident, and
he seemed much to regn;t their emigration beyond the Mississip))!.
It was about tlie first of August, IS'-Hi. that the captives arrived at Fort
Armstrong, on the Upyier Mississi))pi, where we are presently to take our
leave of tliem. The Prophet had been set at liberty a little belbre at Prairie
* This liibe is divided into five rainilies — llie Pcrorie, Hlark-lcir, vtc. (hif-i-itrd Ih'cnrie,
boloro ineiilioiu'd, is oni' of llicir most rons|>icuous cliipfs. Ho appeared aliout JO vears old
in l!i'2l). Mr. W. J. Utiettinj^ saw liim at ihe Portage in lliat year, accompauied bv a wife
of 1.x
The name Wiimehaffo is supposed to be that of a kind of duck, found on the lake of the
same name, in great abundance.
S.<; f
1!
w ■
172
HIS LIBEKATION.
[Hoot V.
du Chien; Iio tinviii^ declurcd IiIh conviction of tlio povvflr of tlm Arn*>ricanH,
and that now Ik; would ivtnrn uiid livt; in |M'acf. "IHm r«>tiiiii," hmvh our
informant, " Ih attuiidcd with an many nii|>lca.Mant ansociations t\tt that of any
of tlio party. Tlio villain over which hi; once prcNidcd Imih Iiccii Itrokcn np;
IiiH wigwam liaH b*;<'n liurnt to tho groinid; liiH family withont a pruttctor
and ho miiNt find a homo in the village of Homo noighboring chinlhiin."
'I'ho Indians wore at first gloomy and tacitnrn, on ontering tii<;ir own
forcHtH, liiit in a Hliort timu they Ix-gan to 1m; more cominnnicativc, and at
length would laugh and talk about the jokeu and odd inauu'uvrcH they had
Heuii among the whites.
Uoing now at Kock Inland, where it wus concluded to disminH the jxirtv,
they were couHiderubly disappointed in not meeting with Honie of their
friendH, from wliom they might gain intelligence of tlieir tiunilieH. Mean-
while they examined tlieir bundlett and jiackageH, containing the presents
they had received duriiig their journey. 'J'hese were by no meaiiH in.oe-
oiderabie, and were 8aid, by those who Haw them, to be in value of at iea,'<;
1,0()U dollars); which, when their friends arrived, were liiierally distriixited
among them. They had not been long in HUHpenM- when this happened. \
band of Foxes arrived the next day uller them, who gave the desired intrllj-
cence. To an observer of nature, tlieir meeting must liavt; been exceedinjiiy
iiitcroHting. Notwithstanding their long sepanition, tlieir first interviews were
nearly the same as though it liad b(;eii but of a day's continuance. Hut tliey
very soon discovered to th« spectators, that they liad met with those who
were capable of enjoying again their society ; and the freedom of early lilb
began gradually to show itself.
" Fort Armstrong, Rock Island, Illinois, was selected us the most ajtpro-
priate place for the liberation of Black-hawk and his party. It lieing tin!
most central point from the surrounding villages, a greater number of Indintis
could i)e there assembled at a short notice, than at any other point on tin;
]VIississif)pi. With most of the party, their return was the return of happy
days, ond of those manners and customs which tiiey hud looked f()rward to
with much anxiety, during ilieir long and arduous journey. But with Jilitrk-
hiu'k it was the revival of those scenes associated with bis former greatness
and power — when no white man crossed his trail, or encroached ujnui his
hunting grounds. He is now hailed not as a cliieibiin, nor us n warrior, hut
as a Sac, divested of his honors, an humble suppliant for the sytnputhies and
hospitalities of his tribe.
" It was understood, on their arrival, that Kcocuck, the principal chief of
the tribe, wus absent with most of his bund, upon a buffalo hunt, and it wtis
doubtful whether he had yet returned. A courier, however, was des|)atche(l
to his village, with instructions, if returned, to recpiest his immediutr attend-
ance, with as many of liis tribe as could conveniently accompany him. Tiie
messenger returned the same night, saying that Keocuck was encumped about
20 tniles below, with a large number of his tribe, and would arrive duiiiijr
the day. About noon, the dull monotony of tlic hidiaii drum, ac(-oiii|)aiiit'(i
with occasional shouts, was heard, which announced his approach. He led
the van, with two lurge canoes, lashed side by side, with a Inrge canojiy
extended over him und his three wives, where he sat in all his dignity, with
the American flag waving over the bow. About 20 canoe followed in his
train, each containing from 4 to 8 of his companions, who made the 'welkin
ring' with their wild and savage songs. They proceeded up the river iit a
moderate rate, and encam|)ed on the opposite side from B[ack-hawk\t cninp.
After remaining about two hours to arrange their toilets, they again com-
menced their songs, making their way directly across the river. Kiociirl; was
the first to laml, decorated, as well as tli»^ rest of the party, witii all their
medals, and in all the parupheniulia wliii h distinguishes the braves from tiic
common Indians. After tlie |)arty had landed, lie turned to tlu'in and said,
' T^e Great Spirit has sent our brother buck. Lit us shake hands in friendship.^
He then proceeded towards Black-hawk, who was seated with his party, ia
front of their tent, leaning upon his cane, ap|iaiently lost in deep reflection.
He extended bis hand, which the old man seemed to shake with some cor-
diality. IlavinjT saluted the rest of the party, he took his ^eat in their imnie-
Chap. XI ]
nLACK-IIAWK'S lU'/niUN.
178
dintn vicinity. Win cniiipHiiiuiiH followrtl tlic example, anil Hoattrrfil tliunw
8fllvc!H u|K>ii tlif ground. Not a iiiiiriiiiir was lirani aiming tlir irowil. No
oiu^ |)r<-.sinii<-(l to Itn-ak tlic Hilciicc, until the cliifOaiii li.iil H|iok<>ii. i''illi'i-n
ininnti's ('laiir*r<l liclorr a word was iitlt'ird liy any ono, s\Im'|i Kvonirk askrd
HUirk-lufwk liow loiij; lie liad Im-ch n|M>ii the road? ' V'W /w lutii been cj/Hrlin^f
him, and wits coining iin in Ihr irperldlion of meelinff hinu' I'lpcs wen- soon
introdnri'd, and passed anioni; liotli partirs, as an iiitcr<*lian^<> ol' piod tcil.
iiig. Altor snioKinff and talkin;;, altcrnatclv, l<*r idiont an hour, a ^'< niial
niovo was inadi; for their ilcpartur*-. Ktocnrk arose, sliook liands with all llio
party, saj in jj, ^lo-morrnw he nhoultl rr/ani.'" 'I'liey now crossed the river in
nileiice, and the ni^'lit was s|M'nt in son>rs and dances. On Uio next day, by
n])poiiitnu'nt, was to lie opened tia; ^n-and council.
"A coniinndions room in the jjarrixon was prejmred for tlio reception of
both parties. About 10 o'clock, Kronirk was announced by the incoherent
and guttural strains ol' more than I0() stiva^'cs. When they arrived at (lie
garrison, they Collowed silently in, pr ded by their chiei; who was shown
to the room, where be was to be elevated upon the ruins of lui indiscrei-t olil
man, with whom he bad been stru).'Krm<j iiainy ytmrs litr supremacy. Ilo
took bis seat with I'drshcparho, (the stabbing' chief,) cli'ef of the Sacs, upon
one side, imd lyaptlla, (the little prince,) chief of the Toxes, upon the otla-r.
lie told his youn^ braves to sit immediately behind him; and all maintained
tiie most prnf()und silence dm'inj' the inltu'view. Keocuck, they said, woidd
8])rak tor all of them.
" liUitk-hnwk and bis jiarty soon made their appoaranci!. As they entered
the room, the chiefs arose ami shook hands with them. They passed roimd,
and took their scats immediately oj)posit(>. lUiuk-huwk and bis son appeareil
quite dejected. 'I'hey numili'sied some reluctance to the prupo.sed cotmcil,
the day previous ; and that morniu^r, as it would bavi; too much importanco
atUichcd to it, the son felt keenly his situation. It was as humiliating to biin
as it was to his (iitber. !\bij. (Siirland was the first to break the silence! in
council. I(e told them that be was ^n'attHid to tind so nuich good feeling ex-
isting in the tribi! towards Hlack-hawk and bis party. Il« I'vAt confident, from
what ho had witnessed since bis arrival, that they woidd hereafler live in
peace. He bad but little to say, as tlu jtresident's speech to ii/rtfAr-/Mti<>A: and
party, at Haltimore, said all, wiiich should be read to them. It was inter-
preted to them by an able interpreter, to which the whole company respond-
ed, at the ttTininution of each sentinice."
Keocuck t\wA\ arose, shook bunds with the most iniportjuit personages pres-
ent, and connnenced: —
"I have listentMl to the talk of our great father. It is true wo pledged our
honors, with those of our young braves, for their liberation. We thought
niiicli of it; our councils were long; their wives and children were in our
thoughts. When we talked of them, om* hearts were full. Their wives and
chiUlren came to tis, which made us feel like women; but we were men.
The words which we sent to our great fiitlicM' was one word, tht; word of all.
The heart of our great fiither was good ; h(! spoke like the fiitlicr of children.
The Great Spirit made bis heart big in comicil. We receive om- brothers in
friendship; oin* hearts are good towards them. They once listened to bad
counsel; now their ears are closetl. I give my hand to them; when they
shake it, they shake the bunds of all. I will shake hands with them, and then
I am done."
Maj. Gnrlimd then told them, that he wished it distitu-tly understood by rdl
present, that the pre>ident considered, a I should in futm-e acknowledge
Keocuck us the principal chief of the natio.i; that he wished and expected
Black-hawk to lixten and ronjhnn to his counsels; and that if any discordant
feeling now existed, it nuist be buried here ; that the two bands that had
heretofore existed in the tribe must be broken up. From the misji|>plication
of some word on the part of the inter|»reter, Hlmk-haiitk understood him, that
he must coidorm to the counsels of Kvornck. 'F'lie old man became com-
pletely infuriated. The s|)irit and vigor of bis youth broke tiirth like a vol-
cano ; he rose to speak, but was so much excited, he coidd scarcely urticiUatc.
He said: —
15 »
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23 WEST MAIN STREET
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O
174
BLACK-HAWK DEPOSED.— HIS DISAPPOINTMENT. [Book V.
" I am a man — an old man — I will not conform tc the counsels of any one,
I will act ibr myself^ — no one shall govern nie — I am old — my hair is gray —
I once gave "ounsels to my young men — am I to conform to others ? 1 simll
soon go to ^lie Great Si)irit, where I shall rest. What I said to our great
father in Washington, I say again — I will .ilways listen to him. I am done."
The feeling wliich he evinced, caused a momentary excitement among all
present ; it was his last expiring struggle. The nature of the remark was
ex;)lained to him — that the j)resulent requested him to listen to Keocuck. He
made no reply ; he sat completely ahsorbed in his own feelings, when Keo-
cuck, in a sujjpressed tone, said to him, " JVhy do you speak so before the white
men ? / mil speak for you ; you trembled ; you did not mean it." He consented,
when Keccuck arose and said : —
"Our brother, who has again come to us, has spoken; but he spoke in
wrath — his tongue was forked — he spoke not like a man, a Sac. He knew
his words were had ; he trendded like the oak, whose roots have been washed
by many rains. He is old ; what he said, let us Ibrget. He says he did not
mean it ; he wishes it forgotten. I have spoken lor him. What I have said
is his own words — not mine. Let us say he spoke in council to-day — that
his words were good. I have spoken."
Col. Davenport, who commands at Rock Island, then told Black-hawk that
he was gratified to meet him — that once he was his enemy, but now he met
him as a friend — that he was here by the conunands of his great father, and
should always be glad to see him. If he wished for advice at any time, he
should be always ready to give it to him ; he had had, during his absence,
frequent talks with his tribe, who were anxious ibr his return ; and ( ould
assure him, that his nation entertained for him and his party the most friendly
feeling.
M aj. Garland told him, that he was now at liberty to go where he pleased ;
that he, and all the Americans, were pleased with his and his party's unilbrm
good conduct while among them ; that they were convinced that their hearts
were good, but they had listened to bad counsels. They had seen the power
of the white men, and had taken their great father by the hand, who had re-
stored them to their families, upon his and his tribe's faithful assurances of
peace and friendship.
Black-hawk, after reflecting upon what he had said, requested that if his
remarks were put upon paper, a line might be drawn over it — ^he did not
mean it
Wapella, chief of the Foxes, said lie had nothing to say. " I am not," said
he, " m the liabit of talking — I think — I have been thinking all day — Keocuck
has sjjoken — I am glad to see my brothers — I will shake hands with tlieni.
I am done." A general shaking of hands was connnenced by the chief,
which was an indication that the council was adjourned sine die.
The impetuosity of Black-liawKs speech was undoubtedly influenced by
the presence of his son, who evidently governed his spot- h and actions dur-
ing their tour through the United States. He appeared anxious that his lather
should maintai '. 1 is former stand, in spite of all opposition, and no doubt
gave instruction^ lu that effect. The old man's pride was deeply wounded ;
yet he would have submitted to any degradation, rather than to have been
committed in the presence of so large a number of the most conspicuous men
of the nation. He felt convinced that he had erred, and endeavored to atone
for it, during the day, by saying, " he did not know what he said."
That evening, Maj. Garland invited the principal chiels, together with
Black-haiok, to his quarters, as it would afford a good opportunity to ascertain,
explicitly, the feeling which existed among them towards their fallen Ibe.
About seven o'clock they arrived. They took their seats in silence, passed
the pipe for all to take a whiff", and in return quaffed a glass of champagne,
which seemed to have a peculiar relish. Parsheparho shook hands with all
present, and commenced : —
"We met this morning; I am glad to meet again. That wine is veiy
good ; I never drank any before. I have thought much of our meeting to-
day ; it was one that told us we were brothers, — that we were Sacs. Wc had
just returned from a buffalo-hunt ; we thought it was time for our brothera
Mi
to be liere,
before the
the iiand ii
the trail of
tiinied, aiK
j"g for tliei
i l»ut they ha
■ country of
"ion; 'they
thanked th(
i 'M-other lias
. council to-c
: is clear— let
liave been o
whose word
voice which
listen to Keo
to ills talk,
his dui-k pi-i
wives and c
stiaight his
i;.iSoner. j
the rising sin
trail to your ■
the Sacs, sen
Jiiin ; I reach
l)y tlie hand ;
down in pea
said to-day, U
Keocuck, aft
that you hav(
wine whicii w
white men m
glass, as I hav
to-day we sho
glad to see tin
said they wou
wigwams, wh
talked to our
Great Spirit w
listened to ba
closed, they w
ears were ope
lie has sent to
liim ; our brot
elled a long r
young men to
through the vi
great prairies ;
i want to see
much of him,
snow is off" of
liiin, before it's
liiin that Kcoa
'orget; he told
t
Blaek-h/iwk .
am an old man
we met many o
what my brothc
since 1 left then
Wigwam; I tha
3ooK V.
ny one.
I };ray —
1 Hhall
ir grout
done."
iioiig all
luik was
ick. He
len A'eo-
the white
)nsciited,
ppoke in
tie knew
II washed
3 did not
have said
day — that
hawk that
»w he met
iither, and
y time, he
s absence,
and (ould
ist friendly
le pleased ;
^•'s uniiorm
;heir hearts
1 the power
vuo had re-
surances of
that if his
-he did not
Chap. XI.]
BLACK-HAWK.— SPEECHES.
175
In not,'
said
ly — Keocuck
with them,
the chief,
kicnced by
ictions dm--
jt his father
[d no doubt
wounded ;
have been
|»iciious men
red to atone
rjether with
Ito ascertain,
Ir fallen foe.
^nce, passed
[chanipa!-'"^'
inds with all
nne is vei7
meeting to-
ns. We had
lour brothers
to be here, as our fathers at St. Louis told ii.s thi.s was the moon. We started
betbrc tlie rising sun to meet you ; we have met, and taken our Itrotliers by
the hand in friendsliip. Tliey always mistrusted our counsels, and went from
the trail of the red men, where there was no bunting grounds, nor friends re-
turned, and found thi; dogs howling around their wigwams, and wives look-
ing for their husbands and children. They said we counselled like women;
but they have found our counsels were good. They have been through the
country of our great father. They have been to the wigwams of the white
men; they received them in kindness, and made glad their hearts. We
thanked them; sav to them that Keocuck and Parslicpnrho thank them. Our
brother has j)romised to listen to the counsels of Keocuck. What he said in
council to-day, was like the JMississij)pi fog — the sun has shone, and tlic day
is clear — let us forget it; he did not mean it. His heart is good, but his ears
have been o})en to bad counsels. He has taken our great liither by the hand,
whose words are good. He listened to them, and has closed his ears to the
voice which came acro.ss the great waters. lie now knows that be ought to
listen to Keocuck. He counselled with us, and our young braves, who li.stened
to his talk. We told our great father that all would be peace. He opened
his dark jirison, and let him see the rising sun once more, gave him to his
wives and children, who were without a lodge. Our great iiitbcr made
st)aight his patii to his home. 1 once took the great chief of the Osag(!S
p. iSoner. I heard the cries of his women and children ; I took him out by
the rising sim, and put him upon the trail to his village ; 'There,' said I, ' is the
trail to your village ; go, and tell your village, that I, Parsheparho, the chief of
the Sacs, sent you.' We thank our great father; say to him that I wish to sec
him ; I reach out my right hand ; lie is a great way off, but I now shake him
by the hand ; our hearts are good towards him ; 1 will see him before I lie
down in peace ; may the Great Spirit be in bis councils ; what our brother
said to-day, let us forget. I am done."
Keocuck, after going through the usual ceremonies, sai<l, " We feel proud
that you have invited us here this evening to drink a glass witli you ; the
wine which we have drunk, we never tasted before ; it is the wine whicli the
white men make, who know how to make anything; I will tako uiMther
glass, as I have much to say ; we feel proud that we can drink such wine ;
to-day we shook hands with our brothers, whom you brought to us ; we were
glad to see them ; we have often thought of our brothers ; many of our nation
said they would never return ; their wives and children often came to our
wigwams, which made us feel sad ; what Parsheparho has said, is true ; 1
talked to our young men, who had the hearts of men ; 1 told them that the
Great Spirit was in our councils ; they promised to live in [)eace ; those who
listened to bad counsels, and followed our brothers, have .said their ears are
closed, they will live in peace ; I sent their words to our great fiitber, whose
ears were open, whose heart was made sad by the conduct of our l)rothers;
he has sent to their wigwams; we thank him; say to him that Keocuck xhnuks
him ; our brothers have seen the great villages of the white men ; they trav-
elled a long road, and found the Americans like the grass; I will tell our
young men to listen to what they shall tell them. Many years ago I went
through the villages of our great father; he luul many, that were like the
great prairies; but he has gone, another is our father, he is u great wai' chief,
1 want to see him, I shall be proud to take him by the hand, I have heard
much of him, his head is gray, I imist see him ; tell him that as soon as the
snow is off of the prairie, I shall come. What I have said, I wish spoken to
liini, before it's put u[)on i)aper, so that he shall hear it as I have said it ; tell
him that Keocuck sjjoke it ; what our brotiier said in council to-day, let us
forget ; he told me to speak ; I spoke his words. I have spoken."
Blnck-hmvk then said, in a very calm and dejected manner, "I feel that 1
am an old man ; once I coidd speak, l)ut now I have but little to say ; to-day
we met many of our brothers, we were glad to see them ; I have listened to
what my brothers have said, their hearts are good ; they have been like Sacs
since 1 left them; they have takcMi care of my wife and children, who hud no
wigwoin ; I thanked them lor it ; the Great Spirit knows that I thunk them ;
t. f :(■ :
176
BLACK-HAWK.
[Rook V.
before tlu^ sun sjets bcliind the Iiills to-morrow I shall see them, I want to see
tlicm; when 1 lelt tlieui, I expected soon to return; 1 told our great fiither,
when in Washington, tliat I would lislen to his counsels; 1 say so to you, I
will liisten to the counsels of Keocuck ; 1 shall soon he far away, I shall have
no village, no bund, I shall live alone. What I said in council to-day I wish
iorgoticn. II' it ha.i be(Mi put upon pa])er, I wish a mark to he drawn over
it. I did not mean if. Now we are alone, let us say we will i'org(!t it. Say
to our great iiither and Gov. Cass, that I will listen to them. Many years
ago I met Cov. Cass in councils, fin- across the jirairie.s, to the rising siui.
llis counsels were gocd. My ears were closed ; I listenecl to the great fiitlier
ncross the great waters. My father listened to him whose band was large.
My hand was once large. Now I have no band. I and my son, and all the
])aVty, tliiink oiu' great father for what he has done. He is old, I am old ; we
shall soon go to the Great S|)irit, where we shall rest. He sent us through
bis gnat villages. We saw many of the white men, who treated us with
kindness. We thank them ; say to them we thank them. We thank you and
Mv. S/irairue for coming with us; your road was long, and crooked. We
never saw so many white men before. When you was with us, we felt as
though we had .some friends among thciri. We felt safe; you knew theni all.
When you come upon the Mississi|)pi again, you shall couje to my wigwam.
I hav(! none now. On yonr road home, you ])ass where my village once was.
No one lives there now; all are gone. I give you my hand; we may never
meet again ; I shall long remend)er you. The Great Spirit will be with you,
and your wives and cliildreii. Before the sun rises I shall go to my lainily.
My son will be liere to see you, hefbre we go. I will shake bands with my
brothers here, then I am done."
The party separated with a most j)erfect understanding among themselves,
and in lellowsliij) and good feeling; but Black-luiwk was cast down, his pride
was wounded, and he departed in silence.
9§i§c^
CHAPTER XIL
From the. time Black-hawk iras set at lihcrtij in hij own country, in 1833, to his death,
on October 3d, 1838, with other imjiortant mutters connected with the Indians in the
west.
" III pain iind prril, wlmn lliy years wore few,
Anil (IcHlli's (lurk shadow on lliy piilhwiiy Ml,
Tliiin lo llin ;;reiilnf'ss of thy trial {rrew,
Bailo fortune, friends, and blighted hope farewell."— S. h. Fairfield.
For about three years afler the liberation of Black-bawk, few incidents of
imi)ortance seem to have; transpired. The first we shall notice is the death
of a great Winnebago chiefj some of whose family have passed under our
notice in a former cha[)ter, from the conspicuous 'vart he acted in the capture
of IJIack-hawk. His name was Schachipkaka, ^v Decorie. He died in
Wisconsin, on the 'JOth of April, 1836, in his {)Oth year. Died also, at the
Seneca reservation. Major Bkrry, aged 74. He fought with the Americans
in the war of 1812, and died a pensioner. His place of residence was known
as Jack Berry's town. He wao a distinguished vhief. And on the 2iltli of
the same month died that celebrated pioneer of the west, Simon Ke.nton,
aged 82. He, it will l)e recollected, it was who was engaged as a |)ilot to the
trmy of Lord Dii/iniore, in 1774, being then about nineteen years of age.
He afterwards spent numy years in a most wretched captivity among the
Miami Indians, ami fintdly made some escapes, which, it seems to us, that
nothing short of miraculous interference could have brought about.
On the 24th ol' May, I8."V), a treaty of cession was made at Washington,
between a delegation of chiefs and others of the Chippewas, and the United
r
•"■■!!
Chap. XII.]
SIOUX WAR.— VVAUCOSn.\USHE.
177
! m
Faibfiki.d.
States, by which all the reservations heretofore held by them in the state of
Michigan is reliiKiiiished.
A report was cnrrent among ns in the snmnier of thip year, that a san-
guinary battle had been fought on the iiOth of Jnne, at a noted plaec! on the
Red River, called the Chjss Tiniliers, between 25 Shawanecs and ;}50 C.iinan-
ches ; th.it tiic battle lasted a whole day, and eventuated in the deteat of the
latter, who lost 77 of their number.
On the li)th of November, 18;3(), a large war party of Sioux surprised five
lodges of Foxes, on the lower loway, 15 or 20 miles from where the liMc of
the "Black-hawk purchase " crosses it, and killed about 20 of them. One
of the Foxes, a young man, though severely wounded in the neck, made his
escap(!, and carried the news to l*oweeshie(!k's village.
In May, 1837, died at the Huron village, Lorktte, or Grand Louts, wiiose
Indian name is Tandarelion, aged 74. He had been a great Inmter, and an
upright man, though at times intemperate. A man who iiad a grudge against
another, endeavored to hire him to shoot his enemy, hut Lorette replied,
"Je ne suis pas en guerre avec iui," "I have no cause of war with that iriaii,"
and turned scornfully from him. And on the 13th of the fbllowu)g June,
another respected ciiief paid the debt of mortality.
Capt. George, i)rincipal chief of the ancient and once famous tribe of the
Onondagas, died, aged 70. He was one of the most able orators of the Six
Nations, not only jjossessing the confidence of his own, but all the coidederate
tribes, and was greatly esteemed by the white people.
In the order of time, tiie next event of importance was a severe battle
between the Sacs and Foxes, and Sioux. And what makes it to be the more
lamented is, in consequence of the criminal negligence of our government.
When the Sacs and Foxes sold us the best portions of Illinois, Missouri, and
Wisconsin, amoimting to 26,500,000 acres, which included all the lead mines,
for the sum of THREE CENTS PER ACRE, certain provisions were to
be made them ; certain grotmds were to be put in cultivation, certain amount.s
of money paid at certain times, and, especially, they were promised protection
from t) i'lr bloody enemies, the Sioux, when hunting upon certain grounds
allowed to tnem. IJut none of the jiromises made them had been |jeribrmed,
and famine forced them, when they could wait for us no longer, to go unpro-
tected into the wilderness to hunt for game.
The battle, of which we are to give an account, hayipened about the 2d of
August, 1837, and the histoid we have of it is derived from the chief of the
Sacs and Foxes, who was mortally wounded in it. He had been to St. Louis
to see what could be done for his people and lie says, "when I returned, 1
found our people starving at the village. "vided all the provisions I had
received from our trader among them, and j)owder and lead to enable us to
make a hunt to supply our families until our corn was ripe, or that our great
father had paid our money to enable our traders to furnish us." Having
divided his tribe into two parties, that they might himt to better advantage,
one was to proceed along the dividi ig country between the loway and Red
Cedar Rivers, and the other to advance up the right bank of Cedar River.
At the head of the latter division was the chief of whom mention has been
made, whose name was Wau-cosh-au-she. He had in his company aliout
170 people, of whom but 40 were men, the rest women and children. They
found no game for many days, and, says ti.o old chief| "we had to depend on
fish, which we caught Irom the Cedar, to keep our people from dying with
hunger." He was in great expectation, that, if he could reach a belt of
wooded country, between the Wapesepineca and Cedar, to find plenty of
game. Accordingly he sent out some of his young men in advance, and
followed as well as he was able with the rest, but his pioneers soon retiu-ned,
and informed him that the Winnebagoes were hunting there. "This was bad
news," says Waucoshaushe, "in our starving condition, and we could not
return, for we had nothing to return to," and their nearest hope was about
the mouth of Otter River. He therefore bent his course thither.
On arriving oji the confines of that country, he encamped, and sent out
some hunters, but, as before, they soon retnriied, and reported that their
ground was in possession of the Sioux; and, he asks, "What was now to be
' I J
4'. I
■ H
178
SIOUX AND SAC AND FOX WAR.-BATT'.E.
[Book V,
doiio? My iminber oCfifijlitiiig iiion was small ; but to rotrrat was iiiiiiossihle-
for we must have; bww (liscovcrtjd l)y llic Si<tii.\, and (iillowt-d ; and wliciicvcr
you turn your l)ack on an cncsmy, you are sun' of dcd'at. IMy braves a;LM('e(l
with me, that wo sliould immediately start ou tlie trail, leave our women and
children at the camp, and jjo and ascertain their strenjith ; that if we l()nnd
them not too stronj;, to drive tluMii out of our himtinj^-frrounds. We l()llowed
their trail across Otter liiver, imd then it took a <lirection into the prairie, to-
wards where the sun sets. About inidnifjht, we. thought we discovered the
Sioii.x Io<I;j:cs, We raised the war-cry, and rushed njmn them; but liiuiid no
Jsionx there, only sand-hills instead of lodges. They were encamped in a
bollow; and by this mistake we were discovercid. W(! might now lia\e re-
treated ; but, n^decting on oin* condition, — our liunilies starving, our limiting-
grounds possessed by our enemies, and tlie rememiirancc; of our friends tliey
Jiad murd(!'ed last winter on tlie loway, — determined lis to follow them as
far as the line.
" We had not proceeded far, when the Sioux fired on us. 1, with my partv,
nishe'' into their camps, and, aller fighting desperately ()r some time, lijiiiul
they were in too strong a force lor us. AH Miat could, retreated out of the
cam|»s, and, taking a position back of u small rise, within gunshot of their
camps, fired ui)on them until our ammunition was exhausted. We then re-
treated to our camp, — where we had left our women and children, — bringincr
thirteen wounded with us, and leaving eleven killed ou the field."
Such is the account of the battle, by an actor in it As soon as he could,
Waucoshanshe sent two of his braves with this account, to the agenc , , .t
Rock Island, where they arrived on the 8 of August. The chief closed his
talk in the tbllowing words: "My lather, I am one of the wounded, a-id ex-
pect never to see you a^ain. I have followed your advice, and done the Ix'st I
could for my nation, and / do not fear to die. We have with the gr(!atest dif-
ficulty reached our village, and fear that many of our people will die of hun-
ger. Father, I have no more to say."
W^liat was done for these poor, distressed Indians, I have no account, ! ' t
doubt not it might be quickly told! However, a delegation of Sues and Fo\,s,
and another of Sioux and loways, visited Washington in the end of the follow-
ing Septemlier; but we hear nothing of any redress fbi* die former; u't the
government bought of the Sioux 5,000,000 of acres of their land, on the eiist
side of the Mississippi, at twenty cents an acre. These same Indians w(>ie
induced to travel through our great cities by advice of the president, who
wished to make them acquainted with oiu' power and consecpience ; iuid
they accoi lingly arrived in IJoston, the extent of their journey on the coast,
on the a? October, 1837. They consisted of both deputations, — in all, ;i5.
Among the Sacs and Foxes were the well-known and celebrated old ex-cliiotj
BLACK-HAWK, his son Nasheeskuk, (Loud Thunder,) Kkokuk, and Wa-
PF.I.I.A. On Saturday morning, the whole i)arty had an audience of the
mayor, Mr. S. A. Eliot, the aldermen, and common council of the city, in
Faneuil Hall. The Sacs and Foxes arrived first, in carriages, and were sciitcd
on the right of the elevated platform; and the Sioux, arriving immediattly
after, were seated on the lell. As each party entered, a band of music, stu-
tioned for the occasion, plajed martial airs. The mayor then w Icoiiiod
them in a short speech, through their interpreters. Gov. Everett was jiics-
fmt, and, being introduced to them, invited them to an audience in the State-
House, on Monday ; for which civility Keokuk presented him with a bow and
arrows. They were then shown the armories in the upper hall of the same
])uilding, where they expressed high gratification at seeing so many briglit
guns fit fi)r use. They then returned to their lodgings in Concert Hall.
On Sunday morning, a part of the Sac and Fox delegation visited the luny-
yard, and in the afternoon the Sioux and loways wei'e thcrf. They were
presented by Capt. Percival to Com. Downes, who conducted them over the
yard, much to their entertainment. Th" ships of war most astonished tlicni,
ind W(! are not sure they understood the use of that grand aflair, the diy
uock ; they approached and looked down its sides with evident feelings of
awe. To a handsome address from Com. Downes, they made an approprinte
reply, and returned to their quarters. In the evening, some attended the
lo account, 1 ' t
ucs and F()X> s,
i of the Ibllow-
n-nicr; :>('t tlie
lud, on tlie cast
. Indians were
[president, wiio
fieciuence ; wul
;;y on the coast,
lus, — in all, '35.
ed oUl ex-chiet;
OKUK, and Wa-
udience of the
of the city, in
lUd were scaled
Jig innnediutcly
[1 of music, stu-
[hen W'Jconu'd
■erett .vas vrcs-
je in the State-
witli a how and
lall of the same
[so many hriglit
icert Uall.
isited the rnvj-
•<.. They were
[l them over tlie
istonished them,
|d affair, the di7
[dent feefnifis ot
k an approitnate
[ne attended the
Chap. XII.]
HLACK-IIAWK IN nOSTON.-SPEECIIES.
179
oratorios at Boylston Hall and the Masonic Temple. On Monday, tliey hehl
a levee at Faneuil Hall, nnder the direction of the city marshal, tiir the especial
acconunodation of tlu; ladies, wiiich was closetl at eleven o'clock, when pre-
parations were made H)r meeting the governor at the State-House, agreeably
to pnivions arrangements.
As hot a very small portion of the community conld he admitted to the
"Indian council" in the rei»re.sentatives' cluunher, notice was given in the
newspapers to such as might expect admission, that "pass«'s" had hccn pro-
vided for them, and were to he had between !> and II, A. M., at th<! offices of
the adjutant general and city auditor. These "passes" were cards, on which
was jirinted, "Pass to the Repuesentatives' Chamber, JJOth Octoiiek,
lb37."
Meanwhile, the Sioux lefl the city, and jn'oceeded on their journey west.
It was evi(h'iitly unpleasant to both parties to meet at the same time and
place, as the war between them, of which we have; taken notice, had not
ceased, and, for aught they knew to the contrary, the fi-ieiids of (i.ich were
falling by tlic hand of the other, in the country tiom which they were thus
temporarily absent.
Tlu! hour having ari'ivcd for the Indians to make their appearance in the
hall of the State-House, it was crowtled to overflowing, as was every avenue
leading to it. The governor occupied the speaker's chair, w ith his aids and
council around him, when the chiefs eaiin! in and took seats in the adjacent
area. The governor then arose, and, in explanation, stated the object of their
visit. "They are," said he, "a most respectable d(>|)Utatioii from the Sac and
Fox tribes, which are in amity with oiir government. The; object of their
mission to Washington, was to form a treaty explanatory of tlu; great treaty
made in 18ti(), defining tlie boundaiies between their terrilory and that of the
United States. Their lands are situated biitween the iMississi|>pi and Missou-
ri. The united tribes comprise about .5000, of whom about 1400 ai(! braves.
They iire the descendants ot'the Algonquin^, jr Lennape, and sjieak the same
language as that anciently spoken by the Indians of this regioi;." Some per-
sons in the galleries showing a disposition to manifest their ridiculous con-
ceptions, when the Indians came in, the governor obst^rved to the audience,
that any such demonstrations by laughing, however seemingly ludicrous any
appearance might he, would be highly inipro|)er, and the Indians might eon-
strut such exhibition of mirth into disrespect.
The interpreter was then requested to inform them that the governor bade
them a hearty welcome to the hall of council of their white brethren. "Wo
iiave," said he, " before lieard of the Sacs and Foxes, by our travellers ; and
we have been told the names of their great men and chiefs ; and now we are
glad to see them with our eyes. We are called the people of Massachusetts;
it is the name of the red ])eople who onc(! lived here. Li former times, the
red man's wigwam stood on our very fields, and his council-fire was kindled
oa this spot. When our forefathers came to this country, they were but a
small band. The red man stood on the rock on the sea-side, and looked at
tliein. He might have jiushed them off, and drowned them ; but he took
tliein by the hand, and said, ' Welcome.' Our forefathers were hungry, and
the red man gave them corn and venison. They were cold, and the red man
spread his blanket over them, anu made them warm. We arc now grown
(treat and powerful ; yet we remember the kindness of the red man to our
Ibrefiithers.
"Brothers! our faces are white, and yours are red; hut our hearts are
alike. You dwell between the Mississippi and Missouri ; they are mighty
streams. One stretches out to the east, and the other away to tin; west, (!ven
to the Rocky Mountahis; but still they make but one river, and they run to-
gether to the sea. Brothers! we dwell in the east, and you live in the tiir
west; but we are one family. Brothers! as you ])assed through tlu^ hall be-
low, you tojiped to look upon the image of our great father, Washington ; it
is a cold ftone, and cannot speak ; but our great father loved tin; red man,
and he commanded us to love you. He is dead ; but his voict; made a deep
print in our hearts, like the footsteps of the great bufiiilo ill the clay of the
prairie."
; .411
. i
lit I
'1 I
.: ,1
^t ;:
It
i
li^*
1
i^
i
180
HLArK-HAWK IN nOSTON— KKOKirK.
[Hook V.
Krokiik litul Ills son with liiiii, iilioiit M years old. 'i li<> gnvrriior nlliiilnd
to liiiii, when he said, ".May the (Jieat S|iiiit preservt; tlie lile of your son.
JMay he ^rritw np hy yonr side, like liie lender saplin/i by the side of the
mighty oak. i\hiy yon lon^ llonri^li to;;etlier; anti when the n.i^hty oak in
fiilien in llii- liiresl, may the youn^' tree lake ils jtlaee, and sjiread oni jtH
liranelies over his |ieo|ile. Itrolhers! I hav(; niadt! you a short talk, and onco
inoie hid yon .veleonii; to our council hall."
Kkoktk said in leply, " I am very tniich gratified at the jileasure of sliak-
iiif,' hands with the vreat chief of the country, and others ahoiit him. 'j'lio
(Jreal Spirit, as yon have said, made us the same; we only s|»eak diilerent
lau<.;uajres. IJrother! I am very ha|)|»y to he aide to say, heliirii I die, that I
havt^ seen liie hous(> when' yonr tiilhers used to speak with ours, as we now
do with you, and hope the (ireat Spirit is pleased at tlio si<rht. 1 hopt> liu
will loufi kt^'p peace hetweeii th(^ white and red men."
Wai'km.a next spoke, lie said, "I am very hap|)y to meet tny friends in
the land of our toreliithers. 1 recollect, when a litlUi hoy, of iieariuf^ my fore-
tiilhcrs say, that at this place \hv red man first took the white man hy tjie
liand. 1 am very happy that this island can su|>port so many white; men as
have com*; on to it ; I am glad tiiey can tind a living, and happy they can he
contented with livinir on it. I a.n glad to hear the white; men call us their
lirothers ; it is true they art; tla; ohiest ; hut where 1 live my trihe is the
oldest among th.> red men. I shall go homi; and tell my I rethren that I liavo
b(!en to this great |)lace, and it shall not he Ibrgotteu hy me nor my childnn,"
Waacasiiaasukk then came forward, and said, " [ have just listened to the
words s|)oken hy you and my chiels ahftut onr ii)r«'tiithers. 1 have long
wished to see the shores where my fiitliers took tlic white men by the Imnd,
mid J shall not tbrget it."
PowKKSHiKCK ucxt spoke as follows: "You have lienrd what my "liiofs
liave to say. They are much gratified with their visit to this town. This is
the place wh(<re our tribe once lived. 1 have ofh-n beard my fiither and
grnndfiitbcr say that they •)iice lived by the sea coast, where tlu; wiiite man
lirst came. I wish I had a book,-' and could read in it nil tliesc things. I
liave l)een told that thitj is the way you get all your knowledge. I think tlw
AuKU'icans are among the greatest of the white ])eo|)le, that v«>ry H'w can
overpower them. It is so with tin; Sact;, though 1 say itf They call ine a
great man where I live, and 1 am very happy that two such greui men as you
and 1 should meet and shake hands together."
Next came tiie Indian who wore a ixiHido skin all over him, its bead on his
own, with horns erect. His name w« cotdd not get hold of; but be said, "I
am much pleased witii tlu; conversation our chi<;f"s have had with yon. 1 am
glad you noticed Miutsanwout, Keokuk's son. He will succeed bis fiithrr, and
be a chief The chiefs who have spoken to you an; all village chiefs ; l()r
my part, 1 have nothing to do with the villages; but I go to war, and tight for
tlu! women and children."
Ai'PANosEOKEMAR iioxt spoke : "I am very happy to shake hands with you.
I do it with all my heart. Although we have no paper to put down words
on, wt> shall not forget this good counci!. I am a brave, and have my arms
in my bands. 'J'iiey are all my defence ; but I wish to leave them in this
bouse for the white man to rciuu^mber the red man of the fiir west. My
presents may not be agreeable, but they are given with n good heart." And,
divesting himself of all bis clothes, wampum belt, moccasins, &c., except a
blanket, he gave them and bis arms to the governor.
]ii.ACK-HAWK's turn now came. His voice was very shrill, and bo was tiie
oidy one among them with any of the costume of the whites about him. He
began, " I like very well to bear you talk of the Great Spirit. He made us
both of one heart, though our skins are of difterent complexions. The first
white; men that came to this island were French. They were our brothers us
* They proliahly know no (iinbrciico in books, and supposed that any l)ook would read as
might lu' desired. 'J'hey look upon them r.s a kind of oraeh;, and suppose one as good as a
thousand, having" no idea of Iheir different eonlenls. One might fct such an idea from a
certain hymn of Dr. Walts, hut it is original wiih the bidiaas.
t This caused a pleasing seasaiiou in the house.
CllKV. XIl]
ORKAT MORTAI.irV.
191
yon nrv,. When nt tin; president's villaj(e, yom* people pnt ineiluls iiboiit onr
n«!c!vs. 'I'lie l''ieneli nseil In ilo so l>y onr liitl'ers. 'i'lie <irejil Spirit is |ileiise(l
(It onr tiiikin^ to^rctlier. I iini a man. Von are a man. None ol ns are any
thin;; more. J live h(;t\veen the .Mississippi an<l IVIissoin'i. I have now ^ot
to l>e an old man. It is snrjtrisin^ to me liow so many pc^oph' eaii h\e in ho
mnall a place as this vilhi-ie is. I eatniot set! where they fir\ venison and corn
ciion^'h to hve npon ; Itnt itihey like it, I am satislied.* I eamiot shake liandH
with all my friends, hiM hy shaking; hands with yon, I mean it tor all."
Keoknk then preserned his son to the pivernor, who caused his own notj
to shake the hand oltliat oflhe ehierap|»arent. 'I'hen eana? (iirward a lirave,
will) said his latin i was a l''renehman ; he presented the ^'((vei nor with a
])i|K>, His excellency then inliirmed the Indians that sona^ |)resents had heer
]irepar(Ml tor them in th*; halcony in front of the hall, and that they slioidd
proceed then; and rectrive them, which was accordinijly done. The presents
consisted of {j;nns, swords, trinkets, and clothes for their women and chil-
(lr(!n, &c. '\\t th(! son of K okiik the ^'overnor ^niveau eie^'imt . ttle ritle,
and observed that he hoped la; \Nonld soon he ahh; to shoot linlfaloes with it.
All tli«!se alliiirs took up much ti'ia;, espis'ially the s|»eec'ies, as thc! inter-
preters had to repeat them scmteiicci hy senteife, as they wen; delivered, to
both parties of Indians. At lIc! end of (iach sentence delivered to the Indians,
they would sinMiltaiH;onsly ntter asstnit to it in an inexpressibh; soii'd, soiikv
thin^ lik<; what mi^ht be derived from a pecidiar |n'onma'iation ol lettiTH
n-uf!^li-yiih, which most be <lone in tfie sntiw breath, and a ^nadnn ^sin^ of
the voice. And then; was such a «lissii,iilarity in lan^'iiage between one; por-
tion of tb(! chiefs and the others, that two iiitc rpr»;ters wen; necessarily em-
ploV(!(L
A^'reeably to notice fjiven, the Indians w itbdrew ft-oni the Imlcony of tlio
Stat(!-ll<nise to the; senate chamber, wh(!r(! they partook of a collation, and
then ap|»eured on tin; common, where they perl(>rmeil a mock war dance, to
the ^i"at ainnsement of th(! immense multitude. Jn the evenin^f, lla-y visitcid
the 'IVeinoiit Theatre, when- Forrest took a iK-nefit in the "i^anker of "|{o;;otiu"
The Sioux had l)elbre atiencK-d the National Theatre. On Tuesday, tin; .'Jlst,
they U'rt the city, takinj^ their journey west.
Indian deputations wcire thinj,'s n»!W tct this generation, in Hoston, aiui when
some lM!^an to think they were satislicul with seeiiif,' one, another was an-
tionnced; and, on the 20 Nov«Mnb(!r, there arrived in the I'rovichwict' cars ^(i
chiefs, from a country liir beyond that from whence came the preceding; ones.
They wtuv said to rt i)res(!nt the (iraiid I'awnees, I'awiuio JiOnpes, and Ro-
jMiblieaii Pawnees, Otoes, and Omalaus. TIk; name of the principal chief is
Odderiissin, a descendant of the ancient JMohavvKs. They were lod^^ed at
Concert Jlall also, and the i\v\t day visited the nuvy-yard, theatre in the even-
injj, and on Wednesday IctV tla; city. They were dressiid entirely in the liir
forest costutiK;, and fantasiically painted ; and sona; of thcn» were of immenso
stature, and appeared as thon^a tl'ey liad endured the frosts of conntieHS
winters.
Scenes of wr itchedneKs liave b(!on recorded in onr early pages, occasioned
hy malignant diseases, among Indians of our own land. We are now to re-
late the doings of death on a broader scale, in the regions of the lJi)|»er Mis-
.souri. In October last, (18H7,) the sniall-pox was still raging over that vast
country. Up to the fii-st of that month, the IMandans were reduced from 1,()00
to 31 souls; the Minetarees from 1,000 to .500, and they w(ire still dying fast.
The Ricarecs, who had recently joined tlusm, were bunting by themselves,
when ilie disease was raging among their fricsnds, and wen; not seized by the
horrid malady until a month after. They nmnbereJ 3,000, and half of thetn
were in a few days swept away, and hundreds of the sui-vivors were killing
themselves ia despair; some with their own spears and other instruments of
war, and some by casting iheniselves dow the high j»rccipices along the
Missouri. The great nation of Assinnaboines, 10,000 strong; the Crees,
3,000, arc nearly all destroyed. The Black Feet had known no such foe be-
* None of til'' reporters did jiislioe to the old chiefs speech ; but my cars did not deceive
mc. These last two sentences were omiiicd by all,
16
7 1
ii
■lii
182
DEATH OF BLACK-HAWK.
[Book V.
; tvt lus, 111.1 firf.wtii jnviiimni/i i(i inv ujhiii.i /uui) fnniHg
md,^^ 'I'o wliicli Hliick-lmwk nindts tlio fiillowinj,' very
IS picnscrl tli«' (irrat Spirit tliiit I niti licre td-day. Tlie
forp ; it Im'' rcarlird the Rocky Moniitains, and swept away tlic poopio in a
tlioiisaiul lodges. 'I'licy witc rrckoiit'd at ()(),()0() strong. It is irii|i()^sil)|i> to
bf acciirat); in tlu-sc details, hiil such are liie aeeoiiiits froin the west ; niid
tliey are to this day, !HH, iitieotitradieted. lien; is a coiriineiitary upon our
policy of sttttlin^ tiie horder Indians anion'' the wild tribes in the west! of
wliicli we have expressed our o|»inion in an earlier part f)f this work.
l'roceediri<t in the order ol" events, we next tind Hi.ack-hawk, his noted
8on jVitnluiush.k, and his wile, a liandsonie stpiaw of the Sac tribe, attendiiij,' a
hall, hy invitation, at I'ort iMa<lison, in Wisconsin, in honor of \Vasliin>;loM's
birthday, '^i Fehrnary, Iri-'lH. On the -Ith of the .Inly l()llowinff, Hiai-k-hawk
was ajiain present at the same place, when; a celehration was enacted. At
the tahle, IMr. J. U. Kdwards honctred him hy liie l()llo\vinfr sentiment : " Oiir
iltunlnoiis frmsl. Maif his ikdiniii^ i/cnrs lie as rnim ns his prrvintis lifr hits hcni
bniskrous from warlike events. His present J'riemlahip to the whiles f'ulljf eiilitlis
him lo a sent at our hoarrty
sensible reply: " It has
earth is our i:'.ntlier, and we urv now permitted to be upon it. A li^w snows
ajjo, 1 was tiffhtinfj apiinst the white people — perhaps I was wronp — but that
is past, it is buri(Ml ; let it Uv. fi)rfrotten. I love my towns and cornlields on
the Rock River, — it was a beautiful country. I foujrht lor it, but now it is
yours. Keep it as tlu! Sacs did. I was once a warrior, but I am now poor.
Keokuk has been the ca\ise of what I am — do not blame him. I love to look
upon the iMississi|»pi ; I have looked upon it from a child. 1 love that beau-
tiful river; my homo has always been upon its banks. I thank you fur your
fritiudship. I will .say no more,"
Now we have approached the closing scene of the celebrated Ri.ack-
HAtVK. How loiifif he had had his camp on the Dea Moines, we are not in-
formed; but about this time we tiiul him there, and there he died, on the 3
of October, IHJW, aged 7;{. When it was known that the spirit of tin; old
cliief had departed, many, whites as well as Jndians, assembled at liis Un\jn\
and )»erformed his last recpiest, which was, that he mifrht be buried as all Sac
chiefs anciently were, and it was in accordance done. No prave was made;
but bis body was plac«;d upon the frroiind in a sitting position, witJi liis curie
between his knees, and grasped in his hands ; slabs or rails were then jiiled
up about bim. Such was the end of Black-hawk. Here, however, his hones
did not long rest in peace, but they were stolen from their place of deposit
Bome time in the Ibllowiiig winter; but, about a year aller, it was discovered
that they were in possession of a surgeon, of Quincy, Illinois, to whom some
Eerson had sent them to be wired together. Wlien Gov. Lucas, of loway,
ecame acquainted with the facts, they were, by his requisition, restored to
bis friends.
" What fiend could thus disturb the peaceful dead .'
Remembrance pointing to what last he said :—
' Prepare the hollow tomb, and place me low,
My trusty bow and arrows by my side ;
For long the journey is that I must go.
Without a partner and without a guide.' " — Frenead.
9i00e
CHAPTER XHL
MoNAKATTOOATiTA, Or ScAROvADA, at Bradilocli's defeat — His son killed there — His
coolness in battle — His great concern for the frontier settlements after the defeat —
Visits Philadelphia — Speech to the Governor and Jlsscmbly — Wis counsel neglected
— His friendship continues — Incidents of the war in Pennsijirania — Murdered
people carried to Philadelphia — John Churchman. — Treaty of Fort Stanwix.
Having in a former chapter given but a passing notice of a very prominent
chief, we shall in this place proceed with his biography. Monakattoocha,
or, according to Peter Williamson, who knew hun, Monokatoathy, was also
'1
[Book V.
prr>|)lo in a
ll|lllhhilllc to
(• west ; imd
,ry uiHdi (iiir
i(> west '. of
lork.
■K, liirt iintod
i>, attnitliii},' a
^Viisliinf.M(iii'H
, IJliu'k-lnivvk
cnacU'il. At
imcnt : " Our
IS lifi has hi'in
■s I'ulhf rntilhs
liltdvviii},' very
to-day. TIk!
A lew snows
oiip — but tliat
coriirit'lds on
hut now it is
am now iioor.
1 lovf tts look
ovc that hcau-
k you lor your
V)ratr,d Black-
wc arc not iii-
e died, on tho 3
ipirit of the old
ed at his lodjiP,
mried as all f*«c
•avc was nmdc;
n, witli his rune
kero then pilnd
vcver, liis hones
laco of deposit
vas disrovered
to whom some
L^iicas, of loway,
tion, restored to
ClIAP. XIII 1
•rilOir|JI,F..S IN IM'.NN— SCAROYADA.
183
i!
EAU.
IdUed then—His
t ajtcT the ilrfcai--
s counsel nrglccUd
iilrania— Murdered
FOHT Stanwix.
a very prominent
floNAKATTOOCHA,
atoathy, was also
calK.'d Sc AKUoovPA, and Sraroyada. Wo hrlieve iiini to liavo Iwoii a Wyan-
dot, as lie, and also a son of iiis, wco often rnipjoy* d ujiom incssafri's lu;iw«;(!n
that haiion and tho ^'ovcrnment o> i'mnsylvania; yet th*> aiioiiyinouH autlior
of "A IJru'f View of tin; ('ondiict of IVwii'syivania liir tin- year 1755," Hiiyn
ho was an Iroijuois, and liad for a lon^ tiuio iivoii amont; "our frirndly
Indians ahout Shainnkin, and other places on the Siistpiehannah." Il<> was
one of the lew warriors wiio escaped the perils of llraddock's hloody field;
havini; l<>u;;ht on the siih! of the lln^disli, he was amon;; those who stood hy
that uiili>rtunat(; general to the last, (lis son, a hold and intrepid warrior, whom
wo hav*! Just Mienlioned, lost his lite there, thou^di not hy the enemy, it is
believed, hut hy his own liiends, in their random discharges amongst theru-
Helves in their ama/.ed condition. Scaroyada sincerely lamented him, esjM!-
eially as he had been killed hy his own |>eople, whom lie was liiilhtiilly endeav-
orinj,' to serve. \^'lien no mon- could he done, and a retreat was ordered,
tindini; he had tired away all his ammunition, he coolly ri;:lite(l his |iipe, and
Heatin<r himself under tht; branches of a tree, begun smoking as though the
day had goiio tlio other way.
When the border war brokti out anew in October, about three motiths
after Hraddock's defeat, it excited great alarm throughout Pennsylvania, ami
although there was a continual domestic warliire between tlu! general assem-
bly and their governor, K. II. Morris, yet Scuroyada was not tbrgottcui hy tho
latter, who recomineiHled that he m\d .'Indnw Montour, an interpreter, should
be rewariled to their satisliiction lor tlu^r trouble! and great service.
The friendly Jiidians were situated between the English and hostile party,
and they appli^u! to the governor for liberty to leave their country and go out
of the way of the war parties. Scaroyada, IMontour, and Col. Ccmrad Weiser
were employed to persuade them to join the English in the war. J low the
chief viewed tho crisis of this period, may better be learned fiom his own
account than from any other source. Several fimiiliv having been murdered
in the most revolting manner, Scaroyada i)roceoded to Philadelphia with Col.
Weiser anil two other chitsls. "A mixture of gric-f, indignation, and conceirii
sat upon their countenances." Scaroyada immediaK.'ly demanded an aiidienco
of the governor and all the members of the assembly, to whom, when assem-
bled, ho thus addressed himself: —
" Brethren, we are once more come among you, and sincerely condole with
you on account of the late bloodslied, and the awful clouds that hang over
you and over us. Brethren, you may be assured that these horrid actions
were committed by none of those nations that have any iellowship with us;
but hy certain false-hearted imd tnjacheroiis l)retliren. It grieves us more
than all our other misfortunes, that any of our good friends the English
should suspect us of having flilse hearts.
"Brethren, if you were not an infatuated people, we are yet about 300
warriors firm to your interest; and if you are so unjust to us, as to retain
any doubts of our sincerity, we offer to i)ut our wives, our children, and all
we have, into your hands, to deal with them as seemeth good to you, if we
are found in the least to swerve from you. But, brethren, you nuist support
and assist us, for we are not able to fight alone agaitist the powerful nationa
who are coming against you ; and you must this moment resolve, and give ua
an explicit answer what you will do; lor those nations have sent to desire
us, as old friends, either to join them, or to go out of their way and shift for
ourselves. Alas! brethren, we are sorrv to leave you! We remember the
many tokens of your friendship to us — but what shall we do? We cannot
stand alone, and you will not stand with us.
" Brethren, the time is precious. While we are here consulting with you,
we know not what may be the fate of our brethren at home. We do, there-
fore, once more invite and reijucst you to act like men, and he no long< r as
women, j)ursuing weak measures, that render your names despicable. Jf you
will put the hatchet into our hands, and send out a number of your young
men in conjunction with our warriors, and provide the necessary arms, am-
munition, and provisions, and likewise build some strong lioiises for the pro-
tection of our old men, women, and children, while we are absent in war,
we shall soon wipe the tears from your eyes, and make these false-hearted
brethren repent their treachery and baseness towards you and us.
;,;S'li;;
184
SCAIIOYADA— HIIOCKlNfJ MIIUDKR.S.
[nooK V.
" But wo miiHt nt tlic hiiiih' time sohrTimly a^t^^llr^1 yon, tlint if you delay niiy
loiitftT to net litdiiiily in ninjnnition .villi nn, or think to pnt \)h oti; ll^i iisiial,
with niMTitiiin liopcs, yon will ecr our tiici-s nndir tliis rmil" no more. \V(;
inijct Mliill for on- own .xiili-ty, and Irave yon to tin; iiiercy ol" yonr enemies,
(iH an inthtuated people, npon whom we eaii hav«^ dependenee no lon^'ei."
Tears were standinj,' in the old chiei'H eyes when he (iniMlied his speeclr,
l)iit he was doomed to sidli-r yet greater perolexity, from the delay of tlm
a.ssemhiy to act npon the matter. 'I'his anpeal of tin! chiefM was made dii n
Satnrday, and an ndjonrnment was immediately moved and earried, and no
action (*onl<l he had at that time. On the t<>l|owinf,' 'I'nesday the assendily
met aifain, hnt several days passed and nothing was done. The I'riendf-liad
n majority of nnMnhers in that hody, an<l they wonid not lielievi; that war on
any conditions was to he tolenited ; and thns the i;ood intentions of Scaroyada
were thrown away, and the war was carried on with success l»y the eneiny.
Notwithstanding,' the ne^dect shown him on this occasion, we tind lum
bnsily enjra>,'ed in November following in his hnmane purpose of warding off
the calamities from the frontier tiimilies. At one time ho learned that a party
of Delawares and Hhawniiees were jtreparin;; to strike a blow on the I'.n^disii
border, and he forthwith rejtaired to Harris's Kerry, and f,'ave the information
in time to jireveiit tlio intended jnischief We Jiear no more o ' Scaroyada
until 1757, in which yonr he raisr'd a comi)any of Mohawks, and in Ahiy
marched to the relief of Fort Auj,MistuH. In 174'2 mention is made of a chief
Tiamod Skanurady, who was acting a conspicuous part amonjf the Cayn^ms,
lie may bo the same jjorsoi", hut of that we liave no other evidence than the
approximation in the spelliig of the hanes. It may ho mentioned that one
of the chiefs, Caye.\q,uilo<juoas, who vent to i'hiladolphia with Scaioyada
in 1755, had two sons in an ucaileuiy in tiiat city, wliere they had been placed
the year before to be educated. Tlu'y w«!ro supported by the province.
We will in this place recur aeain to an incident in the war of 1755, as it
was a fuKilnient of the i)rediction of Scaroyada, which prol)ably gave I'enn-
sylvania more alarm, and caused iicr greater consternation than any other in
her wliole history ; not even excepting the war of the revolution, or the
" Western Insurrection."
The author of the view of tliut ])rovince in 1755, closea his work with this
"POSTSCRIPT. I sen<l you," h(( writes, "the following postscript to my
Jong letter. The scal|):ng contiinies! Yesterday [December 14tli] the Dutch
brought down for upwards of (JO miles, in a wagon, the bodies of some of
their countrymen who had been just scal|)ed by the Indians, and threw them
at the State- House door, cvr,mif>^ the (^uakers^ principles, and hiddinfr the com-
mittee of assembly behold the fruits of their obstinaaf, and confess that their pre-
tended sanctity would not save the province tvithout tfie v3e of means, nt the same
time threatening, that if theif should come down on a like errand again, and find
nothing done for their protection, the consequences should be fatal. A Dutch mob
is a terrible thing; but methods are taking to pacify them, and jjrevent it."
The manner in which this serious alliiir is spoken of by honest John
CnuRCHiMAN, in h's life and travels, deserves to be noticed, as well for its
addition to the stock of historical facts, as showing how it was viewed by one
of the strictest of the Friends' party. "The Indians," lie says, " having burnt
several houses on the frontiers of this province, also at Gnadenhutten, in
Northampton county, and murdered and scalped some of the inhabitants,
two or three of the dt!ad l)odies w«M*e brought to Philadelphia in a wagon,
with nn intent, as was supposed, to animate the people to unite in jtrcparu-
tions lor war, to take vengeance on the Indians, and destroy them. They
were carried along several of the streets, many peo})le Ibllowing, cursing the
Indians, also the Quakers because they would not join in wju* lor destruction
of the Indians. The sight of the dead bodies and the outcry of the people
were very afflictive and shocking to me : standing at the door of a Irieiul's
house, as they passed along, my mintl was much humbled, and turned much
inward, when I was made secretly to cry, What will become of Pennsylvania'}"
The good man also said to himselfj that the snis of drunkenness, ])ride, pro-
faneness, and other wickedness, had not only |)olluted the borders where tlic
murders were committed, but Philadel])bia likewise, and that in the day of
retribution blood would be retiuired here also.
Ciup. XIV.)
KSTII.I/S Dr.IT.AT.
l^
Seven- ri'tliTt'niii-i were iiuliiljrt'il in relative to the roiidiict of Home of the
(iiiakeis. .Viilhnnirl (inthh, iiieinhrr of the nssi-inlily, niiil ii |iniiMiiieiit rhar-
ueter aiiioii^ tlieiii, was Heiii into tlie iiiteijoi- to hwiiii tlii' tnitli ris|ieeiinK tho
ravages coiiiithiiiieii of; lie is n'|iorii'il to have said that "those killed hy tho
Indians wern only some Smlrh- Irish, who eoiild well enon^li Im> spared ;'^ and
8iich, it was further n'jMirled, was "the coinmon lanjfna^e of many o|" that
sort." iiut tliise eharges ure to Imj taken with larjje allowane«'s.
H
> J
9ifte
cnAi»Ti;ii XIV.
Earlij western hhturij — Inritlrnts of /;«///r.v— K.hhi.i.'m dkfkat — Simon Clirtij — Slffftt
of linjii Ill's sliitiiin — Damki. IJoonk — HArri.K. ok tiik, IJi.uk Licks — Its disastrous
issiir — .Miissiirre of Major I)iih!^IiIijs vim — lliirmrr's ('niii/niiirii — C'di.. IIauih.n —
His first ilifiiit — Sarrow isnipis if itiiliriiluitis — Majoh VVvr.i.vs — Srronil itifrat
— Majors Fontiiinr iind h'l/llijs liillrd — lialtlr near Fori Hfrovrnj — C'hiifs IInhkr-
wi)(n> ANi> Svi.i.Ai) — McMaiion's dkkk.at am> iikatii — (iiilld lit iiftioti f Lieut.
Drake — Citpt. Harlshorne killed — Fate of the chief Sai.i.ai)— Piuminqu.
"Of nil man, unviiia Syllii lln' iimn slayi'r,
Wild piisiicM lor ill IiI'k riiKxt liirkv
or llio iiriiMl niiiiii'i, wliiili ill mir f.iccn nt.iro,
Tho (ii'iiorul BiKMi, liiii'liHiMi Ism 111 ul' Kuiitiicky,
Wim Iiii|i|iii'i4t iiinoii:; iiii>rliil'i iiiiy wlii'ri> ;
'I'hi! |in nciil rinci ill I'liiiil [
Citu in, tliiit lluuii livi'il liiiiiliii;,' ii{i III iiiiinty.
'Tin tru(! Iio Hlirank fnim nii'n, even nl' liit n.ition,
Wlnii tli'V liiiill il|i into lii-i clirljiiu' trni"', —
11' niiivi'il Kiiini' liiiiMlnil hiIImh iiI)', liir ii Hliitiiiii
VVlicre tli(!ro wore I'uwor Iiduhoh and inoro oasc." — IIybon.
As tho tide of emigration roll(;d westward, fiirther and farther was rarriod
fi'om tho Atlantie shores the van hillow, whieh broke in blood as it rolled on-
ward, and whi(!h 'v\ill not cease until it has met its kindred wave, |»roi;ressiiif(
from tho wostorn oeoan, aiitl both shall have swofit down and buried in their
course those liirms of huii.iiiity, in whoso name there will roniain a charm
forever- and which will strike tho imajrination stron<;or and strouf^or, as tho
times in which they w«!rt! are hooii throufrh tin; dim distance of ajres. Wc
can yet view upon the hills of th<! west, as tho sim sinks beyond them, tho
tigiu'o of one of' tho race, with his bow in his hand, and its |)roduction by hia
hide, in his way to his humblt; wifiwam in the ;ileii to which its smokt; above
the to|is of the lotly trees directs him. Is there a landscape in nature like
this? Who that Irus even rtitd of the Indian can ofl'aco it from bis memory?
JJut it is our ruling:.' maxim not to indulge in tlescriptioiis merely to delight
the imagination, but to give our s|)aco entirely to tiicts which should bo
remomborod, leaving potitry to those writers better skilled in it.
Wo shall ben; proceed to tho detail of the; (!V(!nts of one of tho most san-
guinary battles, considering the numbers engaged, over Ibiight in tlu! west.
On the 22 Mar<;h, 1782, a company of 25 VVyandots attacked Estill's station,
in Kt'iitucky, killed one man and took a iiogro jirisoncr. The owner of the
station, Capt. Jamks Estim.,* a bold pioneer, was at tho time absent engaged
III scouting in defence of his neighbors, and having recoivod iufolligonoe of
tiio attack upon his own bouse, hastened in pursuit of the party which had
iiuide it. Thoir trail led across Kentucky River, thence towards tho Ohio,
which Capt. Estill followed with ardor; and when be came within al)out two
miles of Little Mountain, now the village of Mount Sterling, the Indians were
discovered on tho right bank of llinkston's branch of Licking Kivor. I'hey
ininiodiatcly threw themselves into a position of defence, and (JapL Estill,
whose men numbered the same as those of the Indian cliiofj drew up bis in
* In all the editions of Rnono's Narrative it is Ashton. but it is an error. A county per-
petuates tlie name of tlip l>rave Estill.
16*
■ihSi
186
SIEGE OF IJRYANT'S STATION.
[Book V.
front of them on the opposite sid". All now depended on the greatest exer-
cise of skill ; lor neither could claim to be ])ettcr marksmen than the other •
if the whites were good, so were tin- VVyandots. They waited lor the Ken-
tuckians to begin the battle, which they immediately did, and on the first fire
the chief of the Indians was severely wounded. This so disconcerted his
men that many of them were for making a rapid retreat; hut his voice rallied
them to their posts, and the strife was now urged with the utmost deterniinii-
tion on both sides. Each was confident in his own superiority in skill over
his adversary, and for some time but lew fell, owing to the covered positions
both j)arties lield.
At length it was apparent to the cliiefs that it would require a long time to
decide the contest by that mode of action, and each v.aited inipatiently lor the
other to make some advances by which advantage might be gained. It is un-
natural for a wliite man to lie by a deer's [)ath all day, waiting for it to pass,
at the end of which he is quite as uncertaiji whether it will come in the course
of juiother, or, perhaj)s, nut till the end of ten days. It may he as unnatural
for the Indian ; but he will wait day in and day out without half the uneasi-
ness which a white man feels. Thus, at the memorable battle of the Little
Mountain, the whites would not wait for a change of position by the Indians,
and therefore resolved to make one themselves. Experienced tacticians sel-
dom divide their Ibrces. The Indian chief kept his imbodied ; but the Ken-
tuckian divided his, and it proved his ruin.
Caj)t Estill despatched Lieut. Mill' r, with six men, with orders to cross the
river, and come upon the bacV" of ihe Indians, while he would occupy them
in front. Accordingly, Miilei marched out on this design ; and, to deceive
the Indians, the captain extended his line in Iront, with the view of closing in
on the flanks of the Indians the moment Lieut. Miller should divert them in
his di>"ection. Unhai)pily for the whites, that time never came ; Miller was
easily tloieated ; or, as some * say, came no more into action. Yet Estill was
enabled to continue the fight for more than an hour ; meanwhile, his centre
became weak, and being furiously charged by the Indians, his men broke and
dis|)eised. Each man shilted for himself as well as he could ; Capt. Estill,
and his second lieutenant. South, both escaped from the field of battle ; hut
they tell by the tomahawk in their flight. Four on*/ escaped from that san-
guinary strife, — excepting those under Miller, — and those four were all
wounded.
The Indians werr supposed to have lost half their numl)er; hut tliey were
imboldened by tins success, and other depredations followed.
In the following August, that noted fiend and miscreant, Simon Girty, now
twice a savage in disposition, came down upon Kentucky at the head of
above 500 Indians, from the tribes of the Wyandots, ftliamies, Potto watton lies,
Shawanees, and Cherokees. Their object was the destruction of Bryant's
station, on the Elk Horn, which lortuiuitely had news of their apj)roach in
titue to prepare for them. Nevertheless, Girty, relying on his nund)ers, de-
I3rmined to reduce it. A sj)ring near the Ibrt, which supp'''d ii with water,
was un[)rotected, and he stationed a considerable body ne<i it, in conceal-
ment, to cut oft" such as should venture to it during the siege. Anotiier jtarty
was or('"red to j)ost themselves in full view in front of the garrison, l)y which
femt it Wao expected the main strength of it would be drawn out; in which
event a third party was to storm a certain gate, and, if possible, force it, and
thereby gain possession.
The attack commenced in front ; but Girty's design was fathomed by the
shrewd backwoodsmen. They at once saw that but a small party began the
onset, and rightly judged a much greater one lay concealed in their rear.
They now determined to attempt a stratagem on Girty's camj), and with wiiat
success we shall next proceed to state. Thirteen yoimg men were sent out
to attack the Indians in front, while the remainder of the garrison (about 130)
were prepared to receive the party in the rear. Girty was completely de-
ceived by the manoeuvre, for supposing the main body liad gone in pursuit
* Gov. MoREHEAD, in his admirable address in Commemoration of the First Scltleincnl
of Kentucky.
Chap. XIV.]
SIEGE OF BRYANTS STATION.
187
of the small party in front, lie rushed up -witli great fury to execute this part
of his plan. At the same nioinent the garrison opened upon him a most
deadly fire. This was entirely luiexpected, and "the whole Indian army"
fled with the utmost precipitation, leaving tlie 13 brave men, who had mado
the sortie, at liberty to rejoin their friends. IJut tiie siege was not to termi-
nate here ; the fugitives returned in u siiort time, luider cover of logs and
fences, and for several hours kept uj) a continual firing upon the garrison.
Meanwhilf, word had been received at Lexington, that Bryant's fort was in
immhient danger, and a })arty of about 50 men, horse and loot, set oft" to re-
lieve it. The besieging Indians, beuig aware of tl march, andnished the
road near the garrison, and were exulting in the , ospect of cutting oft' the
whole party; but such was tlie dexterity of that company of men, that they
succeeded in dashing through the whole body of Indians, with the loss only
of six of their number ; and even those were lost, as it were, by accident.
The company approached the garrison in two divisions at the same time, and
the party first attacked did not lose a man, while the other, instead of pro-
ceeding directly to the Ibrt, tacked and marched for the relief of their friends,
and thereby came directly into the hands of the Indians, who had now noth-
ing to do but to turn their arms upon them. In this affair Girty was knocked
down by the force of a ball which lodged in his shot-pouch, without doing
him any injury.
Girty, being now well aware that a further waste of time and ammunition
would be of no avail, resolved, as a last resort, to try the effect of a gascon-
ade. Accordingly, crawling up as near the fort as he could find a covert,
he hailed those within, and demanded a surrender ; said diey now had an
opportunity to save their lives ; but if they held out longer, he could not be
accountable for their safety. And, besides, he said, he hourly expected two
pieces of cannon, and a thousand more Indians, who, when arrived, would
make deplorable havoc of every man, woman, and child ; that now was their
only chance of escaping that scene of blood. And, after extolling their bra-
very and courage, he closed with the announcement of the name of Simon
Girty, and that what had be<m promised was upon his honor ; and demanded
whether the gan'ison knew him.
A young man, named Reynolds, was appointed to reply to him, which he
did in a style of taunt which will long be remembered in Kentucky story.
"Know you?" said Reynolds ; "Ay, that we do. I liave a good-for-nothing
dog named Simon Girty. Bring up your reenforcements and artillery, and l)e
d d to you ; we will not fight you with guns, but have prej)ared switches
with which to drive you out of the fort if you should get in ;" with niucli more
in like kind. If Girty was not satisfied before, he became so now ; and, on
the following morning, the whole army marched off towards their own coun-
try. Thus ended the celebrated siege of Bryant's station, August 17th, after
about 3(j hours' duration.
The country had become alarmed over a wide extent, and, on the next day
after the termination of the siege, a large number of men had assembled on
the ground, eager to j)ursue the Indians. Among them were several oliicers
of known valor, the chief of whom were Col. John Todd of Lexington, Lieut.
Col. Triog of Harrodsburgh, Lieut. Col. Boone of Boonesborough, and Majs.
Harlan, McGary, and Levi Todd. Col. Logan had been notified, and was
believed to be on his march to join them ; but such was the ardor of the men
now assembled, though no more than 18*2, to have a fight with those Indians,
whom they believed (JOO strong, that they would not be restrained, and they
marched on the evening of the same day, on their trail. This irrational im-
petuosity, it should be remembered, did not extend to such men as Daniel
Boone,* who coolly gave it as his opinion, that it was not prudent to pursue
until a reenfbrcement should arrive ; but this sage counsel was scouted by
some, while others attributed it to cowardice. Like I ttle Turde, before the
First Settlement
* The writer of the life of " Boon," in the " American Portrait Gallery," has not noticed
the distin^^uished part he acted in the battle of the Blue Licks. This juslly-celebrated man
died in the house of his son, Maj. A. Boone, of Montgomery county, in Septembc/, 1822, in
his 8d(h year.
188
DISASTEIl AT THE Wl.VK LICKS.
[Book V.
buttlM of Miami, Boone bore tlic iiitsult in silence, but did his duty in tlic bat-
tle wliicli ensued.
Art tliis devoted band inan;hed alonf^, it was apparent to every man of ex-
perir'uce wliieli composed it, tliut the enemy expected pursuit, lor they had,
in many ways, left traces of their march, whicli an enemy not courting pur-
suit would n(!ver have mu<le. Boone, and otiiers of his mind, who had doubt-
ed the pro[)riety of the proceedinj^, ho{)ed that the impetuous party would
come to their reason as they aj)proached the scene of danger, which doubtless
wouhl have been tlie case, but for the mad act of one man, and that was a
Maj. i\lc(jary.
Alter a march of about 40 miles, they came tj Licking River, at the since
well-known point called the Blue Licks; and as the hill opened to their view
on the opjwsite side, a few Indians were discovered slowly ascending it, and
leisurely disaj^peanjcl on the other side. Here a council of war was called,
and Col. Todd, the commander-in-chief, called on Col. Boone ibr his advice.
It was given with candor, and caution was strongly recommended, as it had
been belbre leaving Bryant's, on the j)receding day. This course of the com-
mander ought to have silenced all clamors, especially as none could but ac-
knowledge the wiiidom of Col. Boone, He well understood the natiue of the
adjacent country; he had made salt at the lick; hunted in its vicinity; and it
was there he lidl into the hands of the Indians in 1778, and suffered a long
captivity. Tliese considerations availed little. Spies were sent out ; but they
reluiised without making any discovery. Boone described a ravine, in which
he did no* doubt the Indians lay concealed, and proposed two measures ; one
of which he thought should be adopted, Tiie first was to wait for a reon-
forcement; btit if they would not consent to that, he advised that a part of
their force shoidd be detached up the river, to cross it and surjjrise the In-
dians; while the remainder should make a feint in fiont of t'leir position.
Here all deliberations were suspended by the war-whoop, not fi'oni the In-
dians, but McGary, who, spurring his horse into the river, in defiance of all
subordination, called out for all that were not coioards to follow him — he would
show them the Indians. The miserable "example was contagious among the
fiery sjjirits;" and though a part remained with Todd and Boone for a short
time, all were soon over the river, and, says Boone,* " we discovered the
enemy lying in wait for us. On this discovery, we formed our columns into
one single line, and marched up in their front within about 40 yards, before
tliere was a gun fired. Col, Trigg commanded on the right, myself on
the left, Maj, McGary in the centre, and Maj, Harlan the advance i)arty in
front. From the manner in which we iiad formed, it fell to my lot to bring
on the attack. This was done with a very heavy fire on both sides, and ex-
tended back of the line to Col, Trigg, where the enemy was so strong that
they rushed up and broke the right wing at the first fire, Tims the enemy
got into our rear, and we were compelled to retreat with the loss of 77 of our
men,t and 12 wounded," Such is the sunnnaiy account of that sanguinary
battle by Col, Boone himself, a most conspicuous actor in it.
The right wing was dreadfully cut to pieces. Col. Trigg was killed, with
most of his men, while Boone sustained himself manfully in his position,
Maj, Harlan, whom no danger could daunt, maintained bis ground until but
three of his men were left, when he fell mortally wounded. The tomahawk
was now resorted to l)y the savages, and the remainder of the little army iiave
way, one wing after another, and a dismal rout ensued. Some regained tlieir
horses, while others fled on foot. They were a mile from the lick where they
had crossed the river ; and when they arrived there, the Indians in great num-
bers were upon them. No pen can describe the scene now begun. Col,
Todd was here numbered with the slain. Bjone very narrowly escaped,
conveying away his sen by a secret path, who, to his lasting sorrow, he soon
found was mortally wounded, and he was obliged to leave him in the way.
* III a idler to the govornor of Virginia, dated on (lie 30 August following the bailie, ap-
pen<li-(i to Gov. Moreliuad's discourse.
t Tlio Indians wore said lo have lost the same number ; but it is improbable. They bunit
at the stake several of the whiles who fell alive into their hands.
Book V.
tlic bat-
1 of ex-
ley hud,
iiif; jmr-
[l (louht-
y would
[01ll)tl('SH
ut was a
he since
K'ir view
ig it, and
IS called,
is advice.
as it iiad
' the coni-
Id hut uc-
ure of the
ty ; and it
red a long
; hut they
!, in which
;ures; one
for a re(>n-
t a part of
ise tlie hi-
ir position.
Mil tlie In-
lance of all
I — he would
among the
! I'or a short
hovered the
jlunms into
irds, helore
myself on
party in
ot to hring
es, and ex-
strong that
the enemy
of 77 of our
sanguinary
killed, vyith
lis position.
id until l)>it
tomahawk
e army t:ave
gained tlieir
where they
great nuni-
legun. Col.
,iy escaped,
■ow, he soou
the way.
Ihe baUle, ap-
They burji
Chap. XIV.]
MASSACRE OF MAJ. DOUGFITY'S MEN.
180
The flyini: party met Col. Logan with the expected reenforeement, before
they arrived at J3ryant's station. That veteran otHcer shed tears when Ire
heard of the blind liite of so many valuable men. With Col. Boone, and such
others as would join him, he marched tor the battle-ground of the llHh, and
arrived there on the 21st ; from whence, after burying the dead, he returned
to the settlements. "The n(^w,s C'' this grievous disaster went like a dagger
to the hearts of the people of Kentucky." But its strength was to be exerted
under more fiivorable auspices in future. Gen. Clark destroyed the Indian
town of Chillicothe, and several other villages on the Miami, innnediately
athT, which terminated the war in Kentucky. In this expedition, too, Boone
was cons[)icuous.
Passing over minor events of border warfare, we come next to the detail
of Harmer's campaign, one of the most extraordinary incidents in western
history. With the war of the revolution that with the Indians closed, only
to be revived according to circumstances on their part, or when it suited their
convenience. Various acts of hostility w(!re kept up, growing out of what
the Indians with truth were made to believe were infringements upon their
rights and privileges. That both parties had cause of complaint will not be
denied ; but that both had an e(iual chance for redress, is a question no one
will seriously propound. The Indians were by no means on equal footing in
this respect ; and hence the cause of their frequently attempting redress by
retaliation. In fact, few of them knew any other remedy. The complaints
from the western li-ontiers had become so lord in 1790, that congress re-
quested the secretary of war. Gen. Knox, to collect what inlbrmation ho
could, relative to dej)redations by the Indians upon the inhabitants of that
region. An able report v^as the result of the investigation, in which it was
stated that within two years j)ast, upwards of Ij-TOO persons had been killed
or carried into cajjtivity, and a great amount of projierty destroyed. Among
other mischiefs, was an attack upon a comjiany of government soldiers, under
the following circumstances: —
In the month of Ajiril, 1790, Maj. John Doughty and Ensign Sedam went,
with 15 men, in boats, upon some public l)usiness to the friendly Chikasaws.
Having performed their mission, and, as they were ascending the Tennessee
River, 40 Lidians approached them in canoes, under a white flag. They were
admitted on board ; and nothing but a friendly disposition being manifested,
presents were distributed to them, and they left in seeming good faith ; but
no sooner had they ])ut off from their friends, than they poured in upon them
a destructive fire. The Americans were almost entirely unprepared for such
a salutation ; but they returned it as soon as their circumstances would al-
low, and the fight continued lor .some time ; and, notwithstanding the great
inequality of numbers, finally succeeded in beating ofT the Indians, though
not until they had killed all but four of the company. Such are the incidents
of the massacre of Maj. Doughty's men. This, with other events of a less
atrocious character, caused tiie a[)pointment of Gen. Josiah Harmer, then
coimnanding at Fort Washington, to be [)iaccd at the liead of a force, to bo
led against the Indians on the Aliami ; an account of which, in the next place,
we shall i)roceed to give in detail.
Gen. Ilarmer was considered an able tactician, and was an officer of the
late revolutionary army ; and it was expected that he would find little diffi-
culty in breaking up the haunts of the Indians, and sid)duing them, if they
attempted to meet him in a general battle. He had 820 regular troops })ut
under him, with orders to call upon Kentucky and Pennsylvania lor (juotus
of militia to increase his force to 1,500 men. Ai)out the close of Se|)tend)er,
the re(piisite nund)er of men having arrived, the army marched from Fort
Washington for the Indian country. Col. Hardin was detached, with (JOG
men, with orders to proceed in advance of the main body ; aid, after a
nuircli of 17 days, he arrived at the Groat Miami village, Octobi-r Ki. He
found it deserted and in flames. It was situatt'd at the confluence of the
St. .loscph'rt and St. Mary's Rivera — a site now included in Allen county,
Indiana. About 5 acres were enclosed by pickets, within which the army
encamped. In the burning building.s, great (juantities of grain were discov-
eii'd ; and, on further search, abundance more was fbimd in holes hi the
190
DEFEAT OF HARMER'S ARMY.
[Book V.
ground. At the same time, a detacliment of 300 men, under Col. Trotter
and Muj. llliea, murched out upon (lis<;ovcry. They found 5 villages, all
burnt, and saw about 30 Indians. Thinking these a decoy, they did not at-
tack tiieni. The next day, which was the 17 October, Maj. Fontaine, aid-de-
camp to Gen. llarmer, with a party of yOO toot and about 50 horsemen, pro-
ceeded to find Indians. Niuuerous signs were discovered; and, at some G
or 7 miles Irom camp, he tell in with a party, and was defeated with a loss
of 70 men. Others state that there were but 170 men in all, 30 of whom
were regulars under Lieut. Armstrong and Ensign Hartsliorn ; that ^3 of the
latter were killed or taken, and seven escaped by Hight. Lieut. Armstrong
saved himself by plunging into a slough, and remaining most of the night up
to his neck in mud and water. Ensign Ilailsiiorn made an equally narrow
escape. In his flight he stumbled over a log, which, as he fell, he observed
contained a cavity of sutficient magnitude to admit his body. He crawled
into it, and eventually escaped unobserved. While he lay in the hollow tree,
he witnessetl from a knot-hole the burning and dreadful torture of several of his
comrades on the same ground where they had been defeated. Ensign Harts-
horn is believed to l)e the same who fell afterwards in the battle at Fort Re-
covery.
Never did Indians gain a more complete victory, and never was a plan
better laid to insure it. They drew the army after them by their trail ; then,
dividing themselves into two parties, marched back, on each side of it, to a
heath or plain, and there lay concealed in the bushes, while their pursuers
came dire»^tly into the snare. "The militia," Gen. Harmer said, "shamefully
and cowardly threw away their arms and ran, withoi't scarcely firing a gun ;"
and thus the regulai's were left to fight the whole force of the Indians, vviiich
could not have been less than a thousand warriors ; and it is matter of sur-
prise how even seven of the w bites should have escaped.
This defeat was on the 17 Ot lober; and the next day Harmer arrived with
the main body at the Great Miami village, having lost several of his scouting
parties on his march. Among these was Sergeant Johonnet, who publisl . d
a narrative of his captivity, after his escape, which is one of the most intercut,
ing ol" the kind.
We ai'e at great loss to account for the movements the general next made.
Why he began a retreat without any further operations, it is difiicult to see.
Perliaps he had decided in his own mind that any further efforts would be
useless, and, without holding a council of his officers, had determined to re-
turn home. If such was his resolution, and had he kept it, he would have
saved many valuable lives, if he had lost his reputation ; yet, as the case
turned, he not only lost his reputation, but what was of far greater moment
to the country, many valuable lives with it.
Whether conscious that he was grossly reprehensible for what he had
done, or not, we can only infer the fact from the circumstances ; for he gives
us no journal of his marches from place to place, and we next find him about
8 miles on his way home, on the evening of 21 October. Here he made a
stand, and again detached Col. Hardin, with about 400 men, of whom (JO only
were regulars, with orders to return to the Great Miami village, which, it
seemed, the general had already been informed, was in possession of the
Indians, and to bring on an engagement with them. Under Col. Harden
went, at this time, Maj. Wyllys of Connecticut, Maj. Fontaine, Maj. McMul-
len, and Col. Hall. They marched in the course of the same night, and
about day, on the 22d, came to the village in four divisions, to each of which
was assigned a different j)oint of attack. They did not find the Indians un-
prepared ; but were met by them with a braveiy and valor not to be over-
come. Hy one account, it is said the fight lasted three hours ; that, during it,
Maj. McMullen drove a party of the Indians into the Miami. Maj. Wyllys,
with about 60 men, was cut off" by a band of warriors, who came upon him
in the rear, under cover of a field of thick hazels. Maj. Fontaine, having
ordered his men to retreat, himself, " in a frenzy of courage," rode directly
back into the thickest of the enemy, "cutting and slashing," till he was
wounded, and carried off' by two of his men ; but he was overtaken, killed,
and scalped. Maj. Wyllys was left mortally wounded. He requested to be
helped upon his horse, " that he might give them another charge ; but, in the
Chap. XIV.]
ACTION NEAR FORT RECOVERY.
191
at Vie had
)i- lie gives
liini almiit
he made a
)ni 00 only
, which, it
/ion of the
ol. Harden
aj. McMul-
uight, and
h of which
Indians un-
lo be over-
[t, durins it,
aj. Wyhys,
upon him
line, having
,de directly
kill he was
kkcn, killed,
lested to he
but, in the
hurry of the retreat, it could not be done;" and Lieut Frothinghain, of his
coniinand, was left among the slain.
A retreat was made in tolerable order; and because the whites were not
Jmrsued, Harmer pretended to claim a victory! Hut Indians will never
eave plunder to pursue a flying foe, who has left all behind him.
There fell in this miserably conducted expedition, 214 men, of whom 183
were killed in battle, and Ml wounded ; several of these died of their wounds.
The proportion of oflicers was very great; besides those already named, tiiere
were lost, Capts. Tharp, Scott, and McMutrey ; Lieuts. Sanders, VVorloy,
Clark, and Rogers; Ensigns Sweet, Bridges, Arnold, Higgins, and Tlirel-
keld.
On reviewing the conduct of Gen. Harmer in this affair, it would seem
that he was either crazy, or utterly devoid of judgment. It uuist have been
apparent to every subaltern of his command, that the first battle with the
Indians had not only increased their boldness, but their numbers also. Then,
at the very time, the troops are marched off' the ground, leaving them in full
triumph ; and when at a safe distance from danger, a fifth part is sent back
into tli(! very jaws of destruction. With these glaring facts in full view, it is
ditiicult to comiirehend on what ground a court martial could ftonorabhj ex-
onerate Gen. Harmer of all blame ; nor is it any easier to discover how he
could have been acquitted of unofficerlike conduct with honor.
In the battles with the Indians during this ex[)edition, many of them fought
on horseback, having their horses e<piipped with a bunch of bells hanging
down the left side of their lieads, and two narrow strijis of red and white
cloth as a sort of pendants. The Indians themselves were painted red and
black, in a manner "to represent infernal spirits." Their most hideous and
terrific appearance, added to the noise of the bells and the flajiping of the
pendent strips of cloth, rendered them so formidable to the horses of the
militia, that they shrunk liack in dismay, and it was with the greatest diffi-
culty they could be brought to the charge.
The accounts of Harmer's campaign are of the most conflicting character,
no two agreeing in its important details. His official account of it is one of
the most meagre documents of the kind to be found any where. The most
we can learn from it is, that he had been somewhere to fight Indians, and
liad got back again to Fort Washington, and had lost 183 men. But where,
or when, or how it was done, he has left us to conjecture. Judge Marshall
has unaccountably placed it under 1791, and Shallus, who is generally to be
relied on, places his march from Fort Washington, and all his battles (which,
by the way, he never fought any) under the date of 30 September.
I am aware that this account of Harmer's campaign differs considerably
from those before printed, but the main facts were long since obtained from
persons engaged in it, and may be received as substantially correct.
The next prominent event in western history occurred during the cam-
paign of Gen. Wayne, and has been referred to as the action near Fort
Recovery.
Fort Recovery was so named because it was built on the ground where
Gen. St. Clair had been defeated ; and hence that ground was recovered out of
the hands of the savages. This fort became immediately very noted in
history, from a bloody battle fought in its vicinity, on the 30th of June, 17i)4.
Fort Recovery was one of those advanced posts upon which Gk;n. Wayne
depended, in the event of his being obliged to retreat out of the Indian
countrj', upon any unforeseen disaster. It was on a small branch of the
Wabash, (mi.staken by Gen. St Clair for the St Mary's,) about 23 miles from
Greenville, and about 80 or 90 from Fort Washington, (Cincinnati,) and is
upon the southern border of Mercer county, Oiiio, not 3 miles from tin; line
dividing Ohio from Indiana. It had been built in the winter of 1793, and in
June, 1794, the general ordered a quantity of provisions to be deposited there,
as a link in the chain of his supplies. It was not until the 29th of this month
that a convoy was ready to proceed thither from Fort Greenville.
Meanwhile two distinguished Indian chiefs, with a finv followers, had
marched for Fort Recovery, to learn what th(iy could, in the way, of the
vicinity of the enemy. These two chiefs were named Capt. Underwood,
i;"iu I
i
192
ACTION NEAR FORT RECOVERY.
[Book V.
and Capt. Bobb Sai-lad ; the former a Chikosaw, and the latter a Clioctaw.
Tlicy i>eHbrijied tlieir H(!rvice iuiththlly, uiid arrived at Rucoveiy tlic Name
evening tliat tlie convoy did, but whether before or alter, is not mentioned ;
yet the value of their service upon this occasion was lost irum want of a
proper arrangement; for on hailing tlie fort, they were take-i lor tlie ( iit!i,iv,
and speaking a different laiiguage from the western Inflians, could niukc im
communication to those within, and hence were obliged to retire witji uiorti-
fication. They were prepared to conununicate the imjjortant intcHifrcnce,
that "a large army " of Indians was hovering about the Ibit, and were to he
expected inuriediately to attack it It was discovered afterwards, that tiic
Indians had learned the weakness of the garrison, and determined on carry-
ing it by storm, thus proving the value of the information which was lost ;
the important post, Recovery, being then defended by but about JOO nitsn,
under Capt. Gibson. Of these, 30 were inlimtry, imder the iinniediatc coih-
mand of Lieut. Drake, who, in the battle which followed, acted a most con-
s])icuous part.
The onnvcy consisted of 300 pack-horses, 80 riflemen under Cajit. Harts-
horn, and 50 dragoons under Capt. Tiylor; the whole under Major J, McMa-
HON. They arrived the same evening at their place of destination, without
accident. On the morning of the last day of June, as the convoy was about
to resume its return march, it was fiercely attacked by a numerous body of
Indians, 3,000 or upwards, as was afterwards ascertained. Previous to march-
ing, die pack-horsemen had sjiread themselves along their road, and were
grazing their horses, and some were nearly a mile from the Ibrt when tiie
onset begim. On hearing the firing, Major McMahon, su[)posing the Indians
but few, took only the 50 dragoons, and pushed forward lo the point of attack.
Near the extrem'ty of the line of pack-horses, he found himself almost en-
compassed by Ii..lians, who, showing themselves of a Kudden, seemed to
cover the ground for a great distance. With their deafening yells they jmurcd
an incessant fire upon the devoted band with deadly eftect. Among tlie first
killed was the commander, who was shot dead livm his horse. Cai)t. Taylor,
with the remainder of the trooj)s, came immediately *') the rescue, but finding
Inmself surrounded by the great numbers of the enemy, endeavored to cut
his retreat tlirough them, and was likewise slain, as v/as also Cornet Teiiy.
Capt. Hartshorn, who commanded the riflemen, received a s'vere wound in
the knee, and notwithstanding lie was carried some distance by his men, lie
was finally overtaken and killed. They gained an emuience and continued
the fight.
In the meantime the remnant of dragoons and other fugitives had gained
the cleared ground adjacent to the Ibrt, and were contending at mosst tearful
odds with their victorious enemy. Seeing their desperate situation, Cajit.
Gibson permittetl Lieut. Drake, at his own request, to make u sally from the
fort in aid of his companions. " He accordingly sallied out, at the head of
his own men and a portion of the riflemen, skilfully interposed his detach-
ment bet^veen the retreating troo[)s and the enemy, opened upon them a hot
fire, arrested their advance, and thus gave an opportunity to the wounded to
effect their escape, and to the broken and retreating comj)anies to reform and
again to face the enemy. Throughout the whole affair, Drake's activity, skill,
and extraordinary seif-possession, were most conspicuous. The enemy ob-
sciTcd it as well as his friends^ The numerous shots directed at hi/n, how-
ever, were turned aside by {jrovidential interlerence, until he had acconi-
Elished all that he had been sent to perform. He then received a ball thiough
is body and fell ; a faithful corporal came to his assisUmce, and with his aid
he reached the fort ; and those two were the last of the retreating party that
entered it — Drake making it a point of honor that it should be so." *
Lieut. Drake was not mortally, though very Puverely wounded, but never en-
tirely recovered. He returned home to Connecticut in the smnmer of 1796, on
a furlough, and died there shortly after, from the immediate effects of the yellow
* From a communication of oiii- prosoiit worlliv cliief magistrate, Gen. Harrison, by
whirh ho illustrated in the most happy manner, tlinl it was no proof of cowardice foi an
officer to decline fiffhting' a duel ; Drake having before refused to accept a challenge from,
notwithstanding he had been gro«rly insulted by, another officer.
Chap. XV.]
EXPLOITS AT FORT RFXOVERY.
193
fisvcr, it is said, whicli lio liiiil (iontnicUMl in piis.-fiiig tliroiijfli Pliiliidclpliia, in
liis way. Tlu) hravo (Japt. Ilartsliorii, as I'as liciiii inciitioiR'd, was wounded,
and coidd not tn.vcl. Hi; if(|ii('Ht(ul liis men to leave! iiini and talus rare ol"
themselves, and i nmediately a liritish otlicer (the notorions (Japt. iM'Kee)
(•am(! to him, aiui told him to sniTenocr and he shonid he well treatcsd. But
lie had determined never to l;i!l alive into the hands ol" the Indians, and at
ihe same moment aimed a hlow at IM'Kee with his rille, whieh knocked hini
olt'his horse; and he'/ore he recovered, his nejjrro servaiiC and an Indian were
upon Capt. Ilartslioni, ;md had despatched him. Lieut. Marks, of (^apt. llarts-
liorn's eomiAiny, was snrronnded and alone. Me Ibiij^ht, and ke|)t oil' tla;
Indians with his s[)onto()n until it was hrokeii to |)i(!C('s, and tluni jninpiii<;
over the heads of some, and knocking down wifii his list one that had taken
him prisoner, esca|)e(l.
In this protracted and desperate fight, 2.5 ni' the Americans were killed and
40 wonn(ied, and all the pack-hors(!s lost; on many of which the Indians con-
veyed away their dead and woimded; hut tlafir actual loss was never known.
Several other American offic-ers deserve; es|tecial notice; ; as Ensign Dodd of
Lieut. Drake's connnand, and Lieut. Michaed of Capt. Hartshorn's. Michael
had heeii detached with a chosen jmrty, all of whom were killed hut three ;
liimself esca[iing in a similar maimer to that of Lieut. Marks. The Indians
closely l)(;sieged the fort all that day and night, and the next day till ahout
noon, when they drew off. The Indians displayed great hravery, often ad-
vancing in solirl colunm within the range of the guns of the fort.*
Tiic wei. -known chiefs, Little Turtle and Blue Jacket, were among
the foremost leaders of the Indians m this hattle. Of Ca})t. Underwood, we
have no further account ; hut the seepiel of the life of his com|)aiiion is soon
told. He had ahout this time been s(!nt upon an excursion, aifd meeting with
a ])arty of the enemy, deleated them ; pursued one into tlio midst of a large
encampment, where he despatched him ; but, at the same time, lost his
own lire.
There were, in Gen. Wayne's army, 20 warriors out of the tribe of Chok-
taws. PioMiNGo, who had I—en with St. Clair, was also of the miml)er. He
is believed to have been the name, alterwards called Gva\. Colburt, in which
suggestion, if .e are correct, lie was the son of a Scottish gentleman by an
Indian woman, wliose father was killed in an affair near the mouth of the
Ohio, in 1781. His services under Gen. St. (JIair have been touched upon ;
and for those under Gen. Washington, he received a sword, and a commission
of major; and Gen. Jackson gave him a sword also, and a colonel's commis-
sion. Having been always in the interest of the government of the United
States, he sii[»})orted the emigration ])rinciple ; and that his example might
have weight, he went himself to Arkansas, in ISJG, with the Ridge party.
Rut his years there were few, as doubtless they must have been in the land
of his nativity, for in 1839 he had attained his ;)5th year, which ended his
earthly career. He died there in November of that year.
PioMiNGO was a true Indian. His men having taken a prisoner wiio had
been engaged in St. Clair's defeat, he ordered him to iiTimediate execution ;
and that no warrior should be disgraced liy the act, an old man was ap-
pointed to shoot him. He had joined Gen. St. Clair's army with 21 men.
i,/5
9i^ilC
CHAPTER ^V.
EVENTS OF THE INDIAN WAR OF 1763 AND 1764, ON THE OHIO.
Stp.fre of Fort Pitt — Mhj defended hy Capt. Ecuyer — Col. TTenrij Bouquet ordered to
march to its relief — Extreme danger of the undertaking — Throws succor into Fort
* 1 liave been thus circuinstaiUial in dotailinj!; Ihis imporinnl event in oiir Indian wars, be-
cause it lias not been (!one by any writer; several liave, however, noticed it, l)nt their ac-
counts are very incomplotc. My cliiof authorities are, "A LcUer dat'-'l at Fort Greenville, four
daus after the battle," The Western Review, and \Vilher's Chronirles.
17
194
noUQUET'S EXPEDITION-SIKGE OF FORT PITT. [Rook V.
Uffonir.r, (IS ilnr.t Ciifit. Ovnnv — Fort nrilfcrd hr.sirirril — Hatti.k of Brswv Run
— y] second hfittfr — End of t lie rani/iiiiirn — .'In. armij raisiil for inii'iliir—L'ol. Ituu-
f/iiH rom wands il — Col. liriidstriit to ronprrale bij the lulus — Indians comiiUtelii
subdued and sue for peacr — .Surr nder 2()G cuptiocs.
"VViistHUnl till' wnvrii of |iu|>uliiti(in .nil,
J.iki' llin will! |i\r.'iiniil <it' iivv I'lil lliiini',
Swcc'iiiiii; till' hr ttci prairli! williiiiil lontriil,
Urt(<'(i \<y tiorce tuinpoali whiuli no iiiiglit cnii tiiino."
In tliis elmpter it is proiKwed to <I(!tail tlioso i'vcntw of I'oiitiiik's war not
botorc particularly i'()ii."<i<lt'r(Mi. Wv liavt; seen tin; tcniiiiiatioii of the sicfrc of
Detroit, and wo will now retiini into tlio distant soiitii, to anoilicr licsicircd
Ibrt, upon tlii; Ohio, named I'itt, in iionor of tiit; <:ii'at stattsiiian, Wii.i.iam
Pitt. Jt iiad l»cen closely invested l()r many days, wlien INtnliak ^'nvc up
tli(! s\('<ic cl" Detroit, and all coiiimimication was cut otriitini it, wliin an oiilt r
was jriveii for an uttem|Jt to throw sn|)plies into it hy niareliinj!; thron<r|i tlie
wilderness. This fort stood upon ii narrow tonjiut! ot land iiukIc liy tlu; coii-
fluenee of the Monoiifijalielu with the Ohitt, and sncli was llii: holdui'ss nl" tlie
Indians iliat "they had ])oste<l themselves nnder the hanks ol' liolh rivers, hy
tilt! very walls of the lort, and eontinned, iS it wtne, hnried there, tioin diiv to
day, wiili ustonisliing ])atience ; pouring m an ineessant storm of miiskeiry
and tiro arrows;" l)y which they liad couiued upon starving or hurninjr out tit
leiiirth the heloaffuered garrison.
Fort I'itt was connnanded by Capt. Ecuyor, an officer wiio did himself
lunch credit on the occasion. Cor he had not only the wily cliiels of iiiriv haKiis
oi' savages to provide against, hut tlu? tlood-^ates of heaven had been opencl
against him; by v.hicJ) the swollen rivers had nearly (lestroy<!il the fonndation
of his Ibrtress. lie v/as 200 miles, by iusy travelled path, from all settlements,
and could send no account of his distressed condition beyond the walls of
the lort.
(jJ<!n. Amherst was acquainted with the fate of some of tiio out|)osts, and lie
Jiad thrown succors into J)etroit; but whether Fort Pitt was in the hands ol'tlie
Indians or the Fnglish, there was nothing beyond conjecture. Huch was the
condition of things wlien he magnanimously (h'termined fo send a Ibrce to its
reliei; He had only the shattered remainder of the -I'^d and 77th regiiiieiits,
jus' returned from the West Inditis, that he could span; l()r the enterprise, j.nd
it Wi.s ha/arding not a little to attempt it with men worn down with hard ser-
vice and discas(!; when those in liigli spirits and sound liculth could scarcely
hope to pass I'raddock's liital fields with saii'ty.
Tlie forces destined lor tla; exi)edition were ordered to rendezvous at Car-
lisle in Pennsylvania, and Col. Henry IJouquET was appointed to lead tliein.
Melancholy fitrehodings occu|)ieti the minds of tlu^ irontier inhabitants ; a
great numl)er of plantations had biicn plundered and burnt, mills desti .etl,
"and tlie Hill ri|i(! crops stood waving in the fields, ready 1()r the sickle, hut
the rcsapers were not to be Ibund." IJut about 500 efiective men were nil that
the colonel could count u|)on, and it was fearcid that tiny would meet with a
defeat, which would leavis the inhabitants in a vastly worse condition than if
the cxjKMlition had not been undertaken. And such was t'le despondency of
the people, that, notwithstanding a deposit of piovisicrs had been ordert'd at
Carlisle early in the season, wiien (.^»l. Houcpiet arrived there in July, lie Ibiitid
nothing had !)eeu done; and instead of finding supplies (()r his men, he tbiiiid
the wretched inhabitants expe<;ting them of him, and In; actually hestowcd
some upon them out of his own stores. Yet in spite of these discouragements,
he was ready, in about (>igliteen days, to trke up his lire of march.
Meanwhile, l'\)rt Ligonic'r, fiu' advanced into tlie ^^il(ll rness, anc', west of'lio
All(;ghany Mountains, was in the grejitest danjrer oi' lalling into the hands of
the (iidians, and all lu'rte was made by C(;l. I'oiupiet to reach it with the army
to previiut such a ci tastrophe. This was of especial importance, inasnnicli
as that (brt contained a large (piantity of military stores, and was in a ruinous
condition, as well as weakly garrisoned, notwitiistanding two other snaill forts
Jiad been abandoned to stn^ngthen it ; namely, one "at the crossings of the
Juniata," and the other at Stony Creek.
Chap. XV]
UATTI.i: OF UUSIIV RUN.
105
Not hciiiir able to iiw/cli willi tin- main hoi'.y iistHooii iw lio (looiiuul it ueceH-
Hiuy, (Jt)i. I>iiti(|iict (li'tcnniiicd lo mikI thirty iiicii in advanc*' tliroii^di tliu
woods to join tlir j^arrison. " i'or an olycct ol' llial ini|ioilan('r, tncry risk
was to i)(' rnn," it was said ; and lliry set onl on tiicir lia. irdons jonint'y \sitli
Htnall hopes Ij'oni tiicir fricnils. (.'oinrary to wiiat nii;:lit iiavc hciMi rxpt'cK d,
as well as lornitM' cxiairicnco, this litth; haial snf('t'rdt'<l, hy lurccd niarclics,
without hfiiii,' discovcfod hy the Inihans, until tiu'V liad ij;ot within sijiiil oflho
till* hy throwin^r thcnis I. 's into it; and aithon;:h liri'd n|)on, cscajit'd luiiii-
jiircd. Tiicir having; hccn anticl|tatcd, iiowcvci', in tiicir h( iicvolcnt .,ork,
detracts not!iiii;( li-oin tlic lionor ol' its perliirinaiicc ; nor is ("apt. Oinry tho
less to lie connncndcd liir liasin;;- enroiira^icd twenty vohintoers to march Ironi
l''ort IJedlord, wlicrt; lie cuinmanded, upon the same dillicult service. Tli(\so
Tew hrave woodsmen nit^t witli a success proportioiiafo to their coiiragi;.
"Here tlie distressed linnilies, scattered liir twilve or lil'teen miles uruuiid,
th'd liir protection, leaviniL; most ol'tiieir elli-cts a prey to tlie .savu^'cs."
Fort Medtiwd was as closely invcsttid as l/ijionier ; ami ahoiit this time ti
P'lrty ol"eii,'ht(!t,n men wen; s;n-|»rised in its very iieii;hhorliood and all cut otll
'Ihis lia|)i)eiuHl hut a few days previous to the arrival of V-o\. Hompiet at that
place, which was on the "25 .Inly, lli'ii. Fort lledtiird was lUO miles luiyoiul
the Irontier, and the same .iistance from F it Pitt.
As soon as the Indians hecame aciinainted with tin; march of the l'^n<;lisli
army, they broke up the siei;e oi l''ort l'itt,and proceeded to waylay the rontu
they knew it must take. There wen; many liirmidable leaders anioiij; tlicni
at this period, as KiKVusKiNii, the W'oi.k, J)elawari; chiefs; but the most
t;:ivaf;e and dreaded wert; Shawanose, vvho.se names iiave not reached us.
The colonel marched li'oin Fort JJedliird on the '2S July, luul liavinj; to |)ass
several diinjferous iletiles, he prudently determined to leave his wagons and
proceed only rtith pack-horses. Turtle Creek, alouf.' wliich he was to pass,
was commanded tlie whole way by hifrh aial crajrffy hills. This place ho
intended to have jJasi'HMl on the ni^iit of liie '->!). Inly, by a liirced march, thereby,
if possible, to have eluded the vijjilaiice of liis wily adversary; but this he
was i."it able to effeiit ; and we will jrive, in his own words, (Jol. Houipiet's
account ot' the attack iiuide upon his men on their march. His otficial de-
spatch was dated at Edge Hill, twenty-six miles bom Fort Pitt, 5 August, 17(i;J ;
uud is as follows : —
" The 2(1 instant the troojjs and convoy, intemkul l()r Fort Pitt, arrived at
Ligonier, where 1 coiild obtain no intelligence of the enemy; the expresses
sent since the b.'ginning of July, having Inivn either kilhid, or obliged to
return, all the passes being occupied b_> the enemy. On the 4tli, proceeded
with the troo|)s, and about IJ40 liorses laden with Hour. 1 intended to have
halted to-day at IJusiiy Run, u mile beyond this (;amp, ami, alk-r Jiaving
refreshed the men and horse.s, to have marched in the night over Turtle-
Cre(;k, a \vvy dangerous defile ot .several miles, commanded by high and
eraifgy hills ; hut at one o'clock this atternoon, after a march of seventeiMi miles,
the savages siKhlenly attacked our advancetl guard, which was imiiu;diately
re[)ulsed by the two light inlantry companies of the 4'2d regiment, who drove
till! savages from their ambiiscad*.', and pursued tlaMii a good way. They
immediately returned to the attack, and the (ire being obstinate on our front,
and cxteiKfing along our flanks, we made a general charge with the whole
line, to dislodge the savages ti'om the 1 -"ights; in which attemjit we suc-
ceeded, though without obtaining by it an_> decisive advantage; for as soon
as they were driven from one post, they appeared on another, till, by continual
rcenfcvcements, they were at last able to surround us, and attack the convoy
left in our rear. This obliged us to man^h back to protect it. Tlie action then
became general, and thoiigh we wen; iittacked on every side, and the savages
exerted themselves with uncommon resolution, they were constantly repulsed
with loss. We also suffered considerably: Capt. J/ieut. (irahani and Lieut.
M'Intosh are killed, and Ca])t. (Jraham woimded. Of the Royal American
regiment, Lieut. Dow, who acted as deputy (jiiartermaster-general, is shot
tlhoiigh the body. Of the 77tli, Lieut. Donald Campbell, and Mr. Peebles, a
voltmteer, are woimded; in all, a'nove sixty are killed and wounded. The
action lias lasted from one o'clock till night, and we expect to begin again at
daybreak."
^!
19G
noUQURTS ST'fOM) EXrP.DITION.
[Hook V.
Thus elided lite firHt l)i.(tle "iienr lliisliy Willi," iind Itotli iirinie.s were deter-
iniiieil on iiiKitlier ns <{utu as they emild distiii^'iiisli friend rroiii I'ne, it the
earliest return ol" dayiijiht. Aeeordin^dy, " in liie iiMirnin;.'," says <'(i|. Hon.
•inet, "the snviip's snrronnded our eam|i, at (he distaiiee ol' aliont TiOU yiirds,
and hy shoiilinv; mid yel|iin<r i|Mite round that e\teiisi\e einiinili'ieiiee, thoii;^ht
to have territii il lis witli tlieir iiinnlie" : they attaeked ns early, and niMier
fiivor of an iiieessaiit tire, made neve, uld etlia'ts to |ienelrate our enin|);
iind thonirh they liiiled in the atteni|it, tnatioii uiis not the less perjilex.
iiijr, haviiif; exiierieneed that lirisk attack- little elli it iipon an eneni\ uIm»
always f;ii\e way when jtressed, and appeared ajraiii ininii'diatejy : onr iroo|i,<
were, besides, e.\tremciy (iitifrned with the lonj; niareji, and as ion;;- action of
tli(( preceding iliiy, and distressed to the last def{ree hy a total want of water,
rniicli more intolerable than the enemy's (ire,"
Such was tiie eommeneemeiit ol' the second battle near IJiisby linn; at
tills stap' of which many had iieeii killed and wounded, and some liad liillen
into the Indians' hands. Nothin;.' seemed to be friiined, but every tiling' wore
an iinliivorable aspect. Tied to tlieir convoy, the whites could neither pursue
the toe nor continue their iiiarcli, and many of their horses were killed, and
their drivers had taken refiifje in the woods. At leni^tb the colonel put in
]triictice a stratajiem, which proliably was tlu; only means he could liavo
adopted to have saved his army from a total deti-at. lie saw that the Indians
becaiii(> every moment more and more iniboldiiied, and to repulse tlieni
ctfected iiothini;, wliil(> to him it would soon amount to certain defeat ; he
theretiiri! made a ti'ijined retreat, and so masterly was it performed, that the
Indians were completely deceived, and they pressed Ibrward in a body troiii
their coverts to <raiii the centre of tin; circular encampment, while one of tli(>
wings of the army, under Major Campbell, seconded by t'ajit. JJasset, suddenly
closed ill ii])on them from a ]>oiiit of the hill where lu; could not bi^ observed,
pouring in at the siimi; time a tremendous tire, and then charging them with
impetuosity. Many of them were killed, and though they retiirneil the fire,
their ardor was damped, and victory was no longer doubtful. The whole
army was upon them before they iduhj reload, and numbers were cut off by
a cross fire before they could regain their trees.
Th(! battle having now closed, the army was enabled to eiicam]i and take a
little repose, of which it was in extreme need. On mustering, it was found
that 115 had been killed, wounded, and missing of the regular troops, fifty of
which were of the former number. Of the Jndians they learned sixty were
killed. Four days alter Col. IJouipiet arrived at J'ort Pitt, without any other
accident than a few scattering shot fiom imst-en Jndians ; and here he was
obliged to end this camjiaig.i, not liaving siifKcient f()rcc to inirsiie the enemy
beyond tl<e Ohio, nor any jirospect of a leenfbrceineiit.
The next year it was determined to send out a larger force tinder the same
excellent commander, which should be able to strike an (^Hi'etual blow u|)()ii
the Indians in their strong-holds, or awe them into submission. Peiinsylva-
iiia was to raise J,000 men; Virginia was called ii|)on, and 200 fiiendly Indians
tendered their services. With these, part of two regiments of regulars were
to be joined, and the whole were expectiul at Carlisle ready to march hy
July ; but it was the beginning of August befiire they were reatly, and then
no men from Virginia appeared^ and the fiiendly Indians never eame. Vir-
ginia excused hiuself by sa\ ing it had alr(>ady 700 men in tlu? field, and those
were insufficient to jiroteet its own frontier.
Meanwhile, as soon as the spring returned, the Indians fi-U anew upon the
back settlements of Pennsylvania and Virghiia, and spread a deploraiile ruin
over a great extent of countiT, killhig and carrying away the inhabitants with
their wonted barl)arity.
Gen. Gage was now commander-in-chief in the colonies, and he ordered
Col. Bradstreet, with a strong force, to act in eonjunction with Col. Bomiiiet,
by proceeding by way of the lakes, and liiUing upon the backs of the Wyaii-
dots, Ottawas, and Miumies.
Col. Boucpiet marched from Carlisle on tlie August, 17(14, and reached
Fort Loudon on the Itjtii. In this march of four days, des(!rtions had become
alarming among the Pennsylvania troops, notwithstanding they had been
[Hook V.
/vrn (lotir-
I'lIC, l,t till-
('ill. Koii-
noU yartls,
re, lliuiiLlit
mill iiiidcr
oiir f!!iii|i ;
ss |M'r|tli\-
['iit'inj will)
niir triiops
J;- lirliDll 1)1"
it of wiittr,
liy Kiiii; at
i<'luul ralli'ii
tliiiii,' worn
itliiT piirsii(>
• killi'il, ami
lonrl |iii1 ill
ciiiilil liavr
; tlu^ liiiliaiis
('imlsr llii'tu
II defeat ; lu;
lufil, tliat till'
a liDily tVoiii
iU« oiir III' llie
<sct,>^iiilili'iily
In; obscvvnl,
njr tlii'iii with
h-iiimI till" tin',
Tilt" wliiilo
oro flit otl" l)y
np niid take a
, it was li)tiiic|
roops, fifty of
iijil sixty were
lout uiiy other
Ihto iio was
■suo the enemy
liider the same
mil blow iipun
|i. PiMiusylva-
liciully Iniliaiis
n>ifiiiai> were
to iiiareh by
■ally, aii'l t''.V»
■r eaiiie. Vir-
lieUl, aiul tho^e
laiu'W iipoii the
llepliirahh! ruin
[ihabitaiits with
Ind ho ordered
Ji Col. Boiifinet,
Is of the Wyan-
|)4, and reaehed
lis had become
Ithey had been
CiiAr. XV.)
BOUQUETS SECOND EXPEDITION.
197
W'uriied, iiDtli liy lilt; coiiiiiiaiidrr and (•'ov. I'eiiii, of the ruin it would erentn,
uiiii the eiiiidii;'!! iiiaiiiier in wiiieli it would It.' piini.sjied. 'Tlie latter pMitln-
nian had aeeoiii|ianied (<'ol. Itiiiiipiet to (Jarli.sle, and there ap|iropriately ad-
dressed the troops beliire they liepill their liliireli. ,N'e\erllieless liie I'eniisvl-
vania troops had ileereased Irmii !,()()() to 70(1 men, and the eoionel \\a> oliiiifed
to apply lo the ^o\eriior and eonimissioiiers to eoiiiplet>' his eooipleiiient.
And by the exertions of (iov. I'aiKpner of Viri;inia, the ipiota of men Irom
♦Jiat proviiiei; wrr ) enabled to join the expedition at I'itlsbiir^fh.
Ueli)ri; leaving' Fort London, Col. Itompiei reeeived despatches li-om (%i|.
Bi.'idstreet, aeipiainliiiir him that he had ei<iieliided a peace with the Dela-
wares and Siiawanese ; but ('ol. hompiet had no liiiili in their |)reieh.-,loiis,
and on conmmnicalinj^ with (leii. (»aj,'e, the treaty was rejected by him, and
olleiisive measures wen; not relaxed.
As soon as the army bad arrived at I'ort IMit, ten Indians were observed on
till! noj-tli side of the Ohio, who sij^nilied a desire lor a conli'rence. 'J'liis the
cidonel looked upon as a ^(rata,u'<'nl made use of by tlu-ni to iret information
of his sirenjrili and inlentions, 'I'hret; ot" I'.ie \m\-\\ were induced to \i>il tho
litrt ; and not beinj,' able to sitisly llie whiles of their ;|ood inlentions, they
were held as spies, and their associate* Med. On the 'iO September (he colo-
nel sen) one of the three out w ith a niessa,i:'e lo his countrymen, inli>rniin<;
them tliat he had heard of the treaty with (.'(d. Uradstreet, but be bad learned
too, that since then they had coiiimittrd several iiiiirders; that he was now
prepared lo distress them to liie iitmn;|, il' they did not immediately slop
their de|»re(lations, and ^ive assurances of their sincerity by leaving' the path
open to Detroit, and sali'ly ri'turiiinu' the mes.-ciiLiers In,' was now to send to
Col. nradstreet; and il' the said messengers were detained or injurud, ho
would put his hostajics to death, and show no iiitTcy in liitiiro to any *)f them.
Twenty days were allowed them to perliirni the mission.
'I'his talk bad a salutary inllueiici- on the minds of the chiefs; they had be-
come pretty well assured that ('ol. Uouipiet was not to he trilled with, nor
cau<;lit asl(;e|); and on the I October, an Onoiidaua and one Oneida came to
Fort Pitt, pretendiiifj; Iriciidship, claiming to be li-ieiids iimh-r the ancient
leaj^ue between the Five iN'atioiis and ImijiTisIi. They ollered him a little
friendly advice, as that his l()rc(! was too small to think of doin^' any thiiif?
a^^ainst so miinerons an enemy as were the Indians, and that if la; would wait
a little they would all come and iiudve peace with him; and es|)ecially il' '
would set at liberty those he held as liosta^fes. Hut (Jol. Uouipiet understo ,d
hidiaii talk quite as well as they understood him, probably, when he told thoiu
lie should now proceed to Tuscarawas, and, if they had any thiiij; further to
say, they miifbt nu!et him there ; but as to delay, that was out of tlie question.
And the next day, October the ^d, he was ready lo taki! ii|) his line of march,
and his entire ti)rce consisted of 1,500 men. IJefore leaviiifr, ht^ ti)Uiiil it neces-
s.iry to shoot two soldiers iiir desertion. All the women, except one to each
corps, and two nurses I'or the ireneral hosjiital, were ordered to return lo the
settlements, and every other encumbrance was avoided belbrc takinj;' up the
line of march.
On till! (ith the army reached Heaver Creek, and here a soldii'r joined it,
who had been taken near Fort Hedlbrd, and now escajied from his cajHors.
He informed the colonel that the Jndiaiis had watched the armv, and were
siirpris(!d at its numbers. Two miles farllujr on was lijimd the skull ol" a
child set upon a |)ole. On the 9th trees were seen, an 'he bark of which were
many hierofflyphical characters jiainted, said to have been done by the In-
dians to denote their war exploits. On the l:}th the army arrived at Tusca-
rawas, and liiire the colonel tbimd the two men wli.) had been sent to Col.
Bradstreet with despatches, bel()re spoken of. They stated that they had Itceu
made prisoners by the Delawares, who carried them to one of their tow ns, 1(J
aiiles ii'oiii Tuscarawas, where they kejit tliiun until the army reached here;
and now, " makini,' a virtue of necessity " set them at liberty, and ordered them
to tell "the great white ca|)tain " thai the head men of the Delawares and
Siiawanese were coming as soon as possible to treat with him. On the l^th
tliey encamped on iMargaret's Creek, and soon ath-r a deputation of six In-
dians arrived, aud iidbrined Col. Boiniuet tliat the duels were in council ready
M I
i
lOfi
DKI.IVKRV OF CAF'TIVKS.
[Hook V.
to tn-at M'itli him, altiiiit ri^'lit iniirs oil! Ilr rttiiriii'tl atiHWcr tlii.t he would
iiKM't tlii'iii llir iH'M (lay at a iMiwrr at soiiir tli^talH'(■ t'lom liin own ('arii|), ami
ill til)! iiitiTiiii Ibrtitinl IiIh pohiiioii, li'iiHtiiif( lll<l|lill^ in tiirir protcHlatKiim of
ti-iriMlhlii|).
Oil till' 17 Ot'tolii^r tlin foloiii-i iiiiii'clii'il to till! Iiowcr, making tliu Im'sI (IIh-
play lit> coiilil ol' his Ix-st troo|is, i.iiil hoihi alb r the liuiiiiiiH airivnl, and uiir
iiM lidlows: Kn AHiii lA, rliici' nl' tin' .•^cMicas, with ir» warriors; Cdstai.ooa,
rhii>rot'thr Woil'trihc olthr ilclawarrs, and |{k.a\ kk, rhirtdlthr TiirlMv irili,'
ofthc saiiii- nation, with 'JO warriors ; Kkissinai riiiTiiAta fhirt'oriju' Shaw-
iiiicsi',iiii(l (! warriors. 'I'hc Indian speakers were Kivasiii ta, 'I'ijkti.k-iik \ht,
(/'usTAi-ooA, anil Hk.avkii. 'I'hese severally spoke, hut we know not that their
Hpeeehes iiave heeii preserved; hut what they said went only to exeiise tin m.
Helves, and east the hlaiiie on their yoinii; men, and the western nations, over
whom they had no rontrol ; hnt " they sited li)r pea<'e in the most alijeet iiimii-
iier," pi'oiiii^iii^' to <l*'liver lip all their prisoners without delay. 'I'lie roioai'l
then dismisseii them, and told them he wiinid meet them a^aiii the next ilnv,
lint dwin^' to the weather the mei'tiii^' was tleti-rred to the '^(jtli. He then tnid
them their excuses amounted to nothin/i; reeoimted to them the oiitra;:es thev
had eommitted, as killing: and eaptivatiii<; the tiiiiiers sent iimoii^ them at their
own reipiest ; attaekin^' i'ort I'itt, whieli had hren hiiilt hy their eonsent, niiir-
(lerin;; iiair men, win* had heeii sent to them with messages; their attacking'
liis troo|is last }(;ar; their liilsil'yin^' their promise to ('ol. ISradstreet, of ileliy.
criiif,' lip their ea|»tives to him hy the 10 of last month, cVi* ; that they niialii
rt^st assured that thi^ army would not leave their romitry imtil his terms were
complied with, and 1"^ days were idlowed them to deliver the prisoners in,
wliicli was to he done at \Vakatamake. All persons were reipiired, " llnjilisji-
nien, i''renelimen, women and ehildren ; whether ailopted, married, or liviii;r
aiiion^ them under any denomination or pretence whatsoever; and to limiisli
horses, clothiiif^ and |)r()visioiis, to carry them to Fort I'itt." When they liail
fully ctmiplied witii these terms, " they were to he inlormed on what teriii.s
they mifilit have peace."
It should have heeii ohserved, that at the (hst iiieetiiif,', on tlu; 17th, the
Delaware chiefs delivered up Irt white prisoners, and HM small sticks, inilira-
tiiij( the niiiiiber still remaining in their hands. Meanwhilo Col. Jioii(|iiet
(lotermined lo march I'urther into their country, kiiowin<{ that his success in
HeU'iwn prisoners depended much on the presence of his army ; and on tlie'^.')
Ortoher he arrived within a mile of tiie I'orks of IMiiskin^fum, where, instead
of VVakataiiiakc, the prisoners wen; to he delivered ; this position hiiin;
very convenient I'or the Indians, most of their princi|)al towns lyiiif? aroniul it.
Besides, it was a position from whence an ilK'ctual blow iiiij^ht he struck ut
any moment. Here convenient houses were built for the reception of the
captives. On the ^8 October, I'ktkr, the Cau^'hnawaffa cliiet; and W ullicrs
of that nation, arrived from Sandusky, brini,'iiij,' a letter from Col. JJiiidstrcct,
by which it apjieared he had asceiuled the Hiver Sandusky as far as he coukl
ill canoes, but had not iifli'cted any treaty or received any prisoners, and was
uboiit to leave that part of the coinitry.
JJy the 1) November, there were delivered to Col. IJoiiquet 200 captives, of
which !)0 were Virffiniuiis, and IKi beloiijfed to Pennsylvania: amoiij,' tliciii
there were 125 women and children. 'I'lu'ie yet feinaincd with the Sliawa-
iiese about 100 more, which, from their scattered condition, could not ho had,
but hostaffes were taken ibr their salij delivery the next spriiifr. The separa-
ting of these captives tWini the Indians, and their meeting with their friends
and relatives, (many of whom were present,) was u scene past (lescri|»tioii;
cliildren lirought up among the Indians clung to their adopted mothers, and
the mothers to them, Hying with fear from their own jiareiits. The Jiidiaii
lias by many been deniijd that paternal aiiection so common to humanity;
but had such witnessed this scene, their opinions would have changed. Some
would not be sejiarated iioiii their white captives, and even ibllowed tlii; army
in its inarcli to Philaiielphia. Thus ended one of the most brilliant Indian
expeditions iijioii record ; not brilliant by reason of sanguinary battles, but
from far more glorious deeds of liiiniaiiity.
That the ludiuiis were completely humbled by the finn and resolute con-
CiiAP. XV.]
lUHKil'F'.T'rt LAST COM'HUnNri;
109
resolute con-
duct of ('ill. It(iui|ti*'t, has Im'oii rtMimrkril ; liiit \\v niniiot, willi jiiHtiiM* to llic
Niili|<'ct, siiliM'il it, vvillitxil It tiiim till' cliii't's In- I'lilly iD'tird. N(il\\illi>liiiiiliii^
til).' Slia\vaiii'.''i' had, hy tiitii' dr|iul\, as^<t'lltl'll to tiir di-iiiaiah nl ihr i'dIuim-I,
UH far as lh< y i-nuld iiiulrr iii'tr^ciit i-iri-iiiiiNtaiKi'i', tla'> ucif (■iiii>idt'n'd "^till
out ill ri'lMJIidii," and niiiaiiird ti> hr tnatrd with. 'I'liry had hlanMi "a dil-
atnriiii'SH and .><iilli'ii liaii;.;liliiii's.s in all tlirir rondiii-t, >Nhii-li iriidind it vt-ry
."tii.snicions." .\iTnidiiij;ly, a N(|iaiatc niiiliirm'c wa.s had with llirin on llif
r^ Novfiiihi r, when llnic a|ijM'aird tin- chiclK Kkissi.nautc in iiv and Nni-
wii\, uiih the Uki) II.wvk, L.vvissi.>io, Hk.nsivask a, IIwkki i .n\v r.i., Kkki-
i.KKiiK^ir., and 10 warrior.s. 'I'Iiiti! wrro also |iri'sriit, Ih*' ('aii;{liiia\\a;:a,
Seneca, nnd Delaware iliiets. |{ki) Hawk was cliiel' s|ieaker «>r tin.' Hhawa-
luse, and h(> tiiiis addres.scd tla; Kn^disli: —
" Bnithor, listen to us, your younxer iirotliors. Ah wo wsr sometiiinj^ in
your eyes that looks dissatistiiction, we now clear tlieiii. Yon have credited
iiad stories a;,'ainst iis. We clean \onr ears, that yoii may hear hetter liere-
alh-r. We wish to remove cm rv tliinj{ iiad liom yiair heart, that yon may lie
as ;.M»od as your ancestor.s. \. I lull.] We saw yon coniiiij( with an ii|ililh'd
tomaliawk in your hand. We now take it liom yon, and throw it up lit (loi!.
lift liim do with it as lie' pleases. We hope never to see it more. Ih'olher,
as yon are a warrior, takt; liold ol'this chain [lutmUii^ « /jt//] olTrieiidship, and
let lis think no more ot' war, in pity ol' onr old men, women, and chihlreii.
We, too, are warriors."
'I'lie remarkahle li^rnre made use ofin this spi'i'cli, ol"//iro//'i»i<f llif liittrlid up
lu <!i)il, is new; and it was remarked liy Thomas iintchin.s, who heard it, that
by it the speaker wished proli.ihly to he understood that, hy this disposition
oi'it, it would he out ot'tlie reach ot'iiadinen, and would he ^nveii only to the
party in liiinre, to wliom the rijflit of revenp- helon^fcd ; whereas il" it were
i)uried in the <;round, any miscreant mi;;ht di^^ it up.
The Kiiiflish did not much like the talk ot' Kk.d Hawk; they saw no sup-
plication, hut a manly iiide|)eiideiice, vvhicli they ou<;ht to have admired, rallier
than reprolmted. 'i'iiat the hidiaiis, especially the Shavvanese, did not ac-
kiiowii'dfie themselves entirely in tin; wrong, is evident from their prodnciiiff
at this time, lliroiigli their speaker, the treaty made with Pennsylvania in 1701,
and tlirtM! inessaj,'es or letters t'roni that !,'overniiieut, ol'diirerent dates hy w hich
thoy nndouhtedly intended to show that the I'lnglish had lieen irniity o|' har-
harilles n ; well as the indian.s. Ilowt'ver, Kkd IIawk promised, on heliaHdr
liis natio.i, that ail tliu prisuners .slioiild hu (Udivun d up ut Fort I'itt tin; n<;\t
Hprinir.
Col. ]Sou(|iiet Ihidini; no more prisniun'H could l)0 obtiiined, owing, as has
l)(!eii stat(!d, to their iteinir scatti-red with their masters u|>oii very distant hnnt-
iiig grounds, gav(; up his campaign, anil returned to IMiiladelphia, when; he
arrivt'd in the iieginning of January, l/ti."). JJeforn leaving " tiiese remote
jiarts," however, tiu> colonel gave the Indians a talk, in which lie oh.served,
that what the Shawaiieso had s;iid would iiavt; iieeii agrctsahle to him, provi-
ded their acts had corresponded with it. Hi; remindiul them that tliey had
promised, at Tuscarawas, a month hetiire, that ail the |)risoners should he
delivered to him at ids pn^sent encampnuMit in 10 days, and demanded what
riglit tli«!y had to expect iiettt-r tiM'ins than tiie Delawanis and otiiers, who
iiud, witliout delay, hroiight in their <"aptives. Tiiis was ratlier nnreasonahie
on till! part of the colonel, inasmuch as lie was well aware that he was press-
ing an impossihilily. " Hut," he .says, " I w ill cut this matter siiort with you ;
and l)eti>re I explain myself i'urther, I insist on your immediate answer to the
following cpiestions: 1st. Will you collect anil deliver up all the ])risoner.s,
taken in tiiis or former war.s, whether French, Engiisli, or negroes, and with-
out any exception or evasion whatsoever.^ 2(\. Will you deliver (i ho.stages
into niy iiands as security for the perforniance of your promise, and as u
guaranty tiiat your people shall couiinit no more iiostilities on his majesty's
subjects ? "
Bensivasica said tlie Siiawanese would comply, excepting as regarded the
Frencii ; but over them they iiad no control, and the Knglisli migiit do witii
them as they pleased; but he l)elieved tiiey had nearly ail retirned to tlieir
OWL country. And here it will be proper to reniurk that the ''.uptives were
200
RED IIAWK-CAPT. PIPE.
[Book V.
(lelivon .1 at Fort Pitt ugnjojihlt; to tliis trciity. Alter tlio hostages were deliv-
cred, Col. IJoiKpiet remarked to tliem, "tliat tlioiijili lie liad brought the toiii-
aliawk ii; his hand, yet as they had now sidmiitled, he would not let it fall on
their heads, hut let it drop to the ground," and exhorted tluMu to he kind to
liie prisoners, and said he sliould send aloiig with them some of the friends
ofthe ( ajitives, to aid in the eolieetion of them. At the same time the ehiefs
of the other trii)cs present, severally addressed the Shawane ehiels, whom
fliey eailed grandchildren and nephews, and urged them "to perlorm their
promises, and be strong in doing good, that this jk aeo might be everlastiiig."
fiiese transactions occui.-"d on the 1'2 Novemiier, 17(!'1.
In the narration ofthe delivery of captives on the !• ol'the same month, the
relation of u captive was ))a^:sed over which shall here be given. A Mr.
Smallman, who liad been a major of Pennsylvania troo|)s, and had been made
j»risoner in the sununer of 17(>i, near Detroit, by the VVyandots, who delivered
him to the Shawanese, was among those surrendered at that time, lie proved
of great service to the whites, as well as Indians, on this occasion, by being
al)le to confirm much of the inlbrmation given by the latter. He told Col.
Bou(j'iet »';at all the Indians who had heard of his demand had come on im-
mediately with their (;a|)tives. It had been rejiorted among the Shawanese
that the object of the English was to jnit them all to death. As soon as this
news came to be circulated among them, they began to prepare to kill all the
captives; and a French trader among them, who had many barrels of j)owder
and ball, offered it all to them to go out and fight the English army. When
they were about to conunence miu'dering the prisoners, the message from the
colonel was received, stating that he only wanted the ca[»tives and to make
peace with them, and thus a horrid tragedy was prevented. Soon after,
when many pri.-oners had been collected, and marched as far as Wakauta-
iniki(?, news came that a soldier had been killed near the camp of the army
at Muskingum. This the Indians thought would blast all their hopes of
mercy, and they again resolved to put the ca{)tives to death ; and when they
had even got them into a small compass for that ])urpose, another express
arrived from Col. Bouquet, which assured them that he had no suspicion that
they hail any knowledge of the nmrder, and thus a second calamity was
happily averted.
Several eminent chiefs, it will have been perceived, make their appearance
in this part of our work, and to then we can add the name of Hopocan, or
Capt. Pipe. lie was one of the two Indians whom we have mentioned as
having been detaitied as spies at Fort Pitt ; the name of the other was Capt.
JoH>-. These were set at liberty when the ^Oli captives were given u]). Of
the melancholy and barbarous murder of Red Hawk, notice has been taken.
The causes of this war were w(dl known in F]ngland, and the complaints
of the Indians were iicknowledged " to have been too well founded." They
had long watched the progress of settlements n|)oii the Suscpiehannah, and
the building of forts in their country, against treaty stipulations. They hud
not only submitted to this, but to trtjatment the most insolent. They resolved,
in the spring of 17(53, to drivt; back their op])ressors ; not, however, without
first remonstrating in respectful terms to the lOnglish, in one of their caj)itals,
through a deputation of tlieir chiefly. Here they declared that whatever deeds
might be j)roduced by one J. H. Lydias of Albany, or oth(!rs, pr<!tending to
claim lands upon the Sus(]U(!iiannah, they w(!re utterly fidse, and would not
be allowed ; and that they would defend them to the last extremity. The
result we have seen.
Thus we have traced the events of Poutiak's war to its close — a glorious
termination, inasnnich as it was a bloodhsss one. Many years of com|)arativc
peace ensued ; indeed the troubles with the Indians were not very serious
for the next ten years. Cresap's war was the next, wiiicli terminated in the
sanguinary battle of Point Pleasant. Then succecMled the calamities of the
Revolution, from which the Indians never recovered.
FINIS.
Abbioadassi
Abenakies, iii.
Adario, his e
Adiwando, a
Ag-awam, Indii
Ahaton, coun
Ahattawan,
AlTTON,JoHN
Akkompoin i
Alden, Col. kill
ALDERMANbel
Alexander
^J^- His his
. death, 7, 16,
ALMQuiPA, so
Allison, Capt. il
America, so nar
Amherst, Gen. i
Amrdas and Bai
AM0.S, Capt. exi
Amoskeag- Falls
Andrew, his ac
Andover surprise
Androscog-gi,,, it
Anna Won, ii. ]<
Annau-on's Rock
Aiili(|uitiesof An
Archihau, asa
^fpal, Capt. cap
Aristotle, suppos,
Armstrong-, Col. ,
Arnold's Quebec
Arruhawikwa
AscAssAsoTrK i
AsHPELON.hise
AspiNET, sacherr
AspsNquiD, a Tc
ASSACAMBUIT, ;
110; events in i
As,SACt;MKT .sold
AssIMINAStiUA,-!
ASUHME(J|;|N ^
Alhertou, Mfj. ii. ,
$00K V.
e (leliv-
lic toiii-
t fall oil
kind to
! Iru'iida
le cliici's
s, whom
nil tlifir
•lasting."
ontli, llic
. A Mr.
jen made
dclivcri'd *-
It; proved
by bein;,'
told Col.
lie on im-
liawanese
on as tliis
kill all the
of powder
,y. When
fe from the
id to make
Soon after,
Wakauta-
»f the army
r hopes of
when they
her express
sjiiciou that
daiuity was
appearance
loPOCAN, or
icntioned as
was Capt.
;en up. Of
been taken.
; complaints
led." They
hannah, and
They hud
ley resolved,
;ver, without
\v.\r capitals,
latever deeds
Iretcnding to
\\ would not
Muity. The
- a glorious
I" comparative
vt!ry serious
Inate'd in the
Imities of the
INDEX.
mj" The History is divided into Five Books ; and each Book being paged by
itself, it will be necessary to observe, on referring from the Index, in what Book
the desired page is, which is always noted in the Index. The separate paging of
the Books can lead to no inconvenience, as the nuinber of the Book is seen at
a glance at the top of the inner margin of every folio throughout the work.
The names of the Indians are printed in small capitals to distinguish them from
others, and the names of Tribes in italics. — n. signifies note.
A.
Abbigadasset soils Swan Island, ill. 101.
Abenakies, iii. 1)3, 137.
Adakio, his exploits and history, v. 9, 10.
Adiwando, an eastern chief, iii. 113, 116.
Agawam, Indian troubles there, ii. 'Ifi.
Ahaton, counsellor to VVampatuck, ii. 45.
AHATTAWAN,TAHATTAWAN,&C.ii.48, 117.
AiTTON, JoHN.chief of the Penobscots, iii.l3<).
Akkompoin, ii. 28. — See Unkompoin.
Alden, Col. killed at Cherry Valley, v. 69.
Alderman betrays and kills Philip, iii. 42.
Alexander, son of Massasoit, ii. 27, 28,
100. His history, iii. 3 to 6. Cause of his
death, 7, 16, 17.
ALLiquiPA, sc|uaw chief of Yohogany, v. 37.
Allison, Capt. in the Florida war, iv. 91.
America, so named from Americus, i. 3.
Amherst, Gen. iii. 13'i ; v. .'31, 55, 56.
Amidas and Barlow's Voyaffe. ii. 50 ; iv. 4.
Amos, Capt. exploits of, iii. 85, 86.
Amoskcao^ Falls, Indian account of, iii. 99.
Andrew, his acts, iii. Ill, 116.
Andover surprised, iii. 122.
Androscoggin, \u meaning, 131, n.
Anna WON, ii. 18; iii. 16, 17, 42, 51 to 55.
Annawon's Rock described, iii. .5.3.
Anli(iuities of America, i. 39 to '18.
Akchih au, a sachem on the Potomack, i. 25.
Argal, Capt. captivates Pocahontas, iv. 17.
Aristotle, supposed to refer to America, i.5,
Armstrong, Col. destroys Kittaniiing, v. 38.
Arnold's Quebec expedition, iii. 13.5.
Arruhawikwabemt executed, iii. 120.
Ascassasotik ii. 74; his war, 79, 80.
AsHPELON, his exploit at Dcerfield, iii. 98, n.
AspiNET, sachem of Nauset, ii. 14, 10.
AspiNquiD, a Tarralinc chief, iii. 94, n
AssACAMBUiT, a great Tarratine chief, iii.
110; events in his life. 139 ; his death, IK)
AssACUMET sold into slavery, li. 6, 9.
AssiMiNAS(|UA, a Tarratine chief, iii. 105.
AsuHMEQDiN. — See Massasoit.
Alherlon, Mfj. ii. 58, «. 70, 81.
Atkinson, Gen. in Black Hawk's war, iv.
114, &c.
Attakullakulla, or Little Carpen-
ter, iv. 33 to ,%.
Aubert carries first Indians to France, ii. 4,
Aucocisco, tribe of, ii. 48 ; iii. 93, n.
Autossee massacre, iv. 51, 57.
Avery, Capt. in Philip's war, iii. 49.
Awashaw, a noted Narragans , iii. 77, 78.
AwASHONKs, squaw sachem of Sogkonate,
iii. 65 to 73 ; in Philip's war, ib.
Ayanemo, Kianemo, &c. — See Ninigret.
B.
Badlock, Capt. tortured at Wyoming, t. 89.
Kagnal, Walter, murdered, ii. 48.
Barnard, a aoted Creek warrior, iv. 58.
Barre, Gov. de la, his expedition, v. 5, 6, 7.
Barrow, Sam, taken and executed, ii 62,63.
Bartrain's Travels in F'lorida, i. 47, 4!j
Basha«a, highest sachem among the Tarra-
tines, ii. 7; death of one, iii. 93.
Basset, Capt. in the eastern wars, iii. 86, n.
Battles, — First with the N. Eng. Indians, ii.
9. Of Strickland's Plain, ii. 69. OfPun-
katcesei, iii. 26. Of Sugarloaf Hill, 31.
Of Pocassct, 27. Of Rehobotli Plain, 28.
Of Bloody Brook, 32. Of Narragan.set
Swamp, 35. Of Sudbury, 38. Of Paw-
tucket, 47. Of Turner's Falls, 75. OfDed-
hnm Woods, 75. Of Norridgewok, 127.
Of Pequawket, 129. Of the Falls of James
River, iv. 23. Of Etchoe, 37. Of Au-
losse, 51, 57. Of Tohopeka, ib. Of Tal-
lushatches, 56. Of the Holy Ground, .58.
OfEmukfau,59. Of Fnotoclmpko, ?*. Of
the Ouithlacooche, 82. Of Wetumka, 84.
Of Dunlawlon, 85. Of Lake George, v.
.39. Of Great Meadows, 36. Of'I'oint
Pleasant, 43. Of Detroit. .55. Of the St.
Mnrvs, 74. Of Miami Rapids, 80. Of
Oris'kaiia, 83. Of Johnston, 91. OfMliii-
siiik, 92. Of Newtown, 91. Near Fort
'd I
;■■'
''i
INDEX.
Georce, 100. Of the Monongalicla, 112.
Of Ti|)|)ccanoc, 121. Of Jlagaui^o, 125.
Of the Ui\ cr Kaisiii, 129. Of llie Thames,
124. Of Sycamore Creek, 1 W. Of ilie
Ouiscoiisiii, 154. Of the Mississippi, 15G.
Beaslev, Maj. surprised ami shiiii, iv. 49.
Beers, Capt. Iiis defeat and deaili, iii. 31.
Berkeley, Gov. defeats Oi'KKANKANO,iv.21.
Bible, the, in Indian, ii. 51, 114.
Big Ei.k. — Sec (3ngpatonga.
BiG-TKKK, V. Ill ; his death, 115.
Black Biru lakes Fort Uearl)orn, v. 134.
Black Buffalo, a Sioux chief, dies, v. 137.
Black Point ravaged, iii. 110.
Black Hawk, his life and wars, v. 141 to 1G8.
Black Kettle, famous Onondago, v. 7;
killed, 9.
Black Thundkr, a Fox chief, v. 135.
Black William murdered, ii. 48.
Blind Will killed by Mohawks, iii. 138.
Bluk-jackkt defeated by Wayne, v. 80.
Bo.MAZEKN, iii. 119 to 121 ; killed, 120.
Boston, Indians threaten to burn, iii. 82.
Boudinot, Dr. on origin of the Indians, i. 9.
Bouquet's expedition, v. 2C.
Bow-legs, noted Seminole warrior, iv. G6,
Boyle, Hon. Robert, iii. 98, n.
Bracket, Capt. captivity and death, 112.
Bracket, Capt. son of preceding, iii. 124.
Bradford, attack upon, iii. 97, 111.
Bradtlock's defeat and death, v. 112.
Bradstreet, Gen. expedition of, v. 57.
Brant, a Mohawk chief, v. 81 to 97.
Broadhead, Ccl. his expeditions, v. 61.
Brooklield besieged and burnt, iii. 29, 30.
Buflbn on American animals, i. 12.
Bull's garrison taken and burnt, iii. 78.
BUOKONGAHELAS, V. f)2 to C5.
Burr, Col. in the Quebec expedition, v. 136.
Butler. John, commands at\Vyoming,v. 89, 94.
Butler, Walter, killed, V. 91.
C.
Cabot takes Indians to England, ii. 3.
Cabrera on peopling America, i. 17.
Caliercs' Iroquois expedition, v. 8.
Californian.^ unlike the Asiatics, i. 7.
Calumet, origin of the word, v. 58, n.
Canada, origin of the name, i. 23.
Canasatego, a noted Delaware, v. 18 to 20.
Cannibalism, ii. 4, 65, 86 ; iii. 82.
Canonchet. — See Nanuntenoo.
Canonicus, a great Narraganset, 54 to 57.
Card, Francis, liis captivity, iii. 110.
Carpenter's plantation attacked, iii. 36.
Carthaginians peopled America, i. 5.
Cartier carries Indians to France, ii. 5.
Casco, anciently Aucocisco, ii. 48. Battle of,
86. Besieged, 110. Destroyed, 112.
Cashaw asset, ii. G7, 110; iii. 15.
Cassassinnamon, ii. 99, 110; iii. 49.
Casteins, Baron, notice of, iii. 109.
Catapazat, ii. 82, n. ; iii. 49.
Catataugh, brother of Powhatan, iv. 13.
Caunbitant, ii. 29; his war, 30.
Challons' voyage to New England, ii. 6.
Chaml)crlaiii, .lohn, kills Paugus, iii. 122.
CiiANco reveals Opekanknno's plot, iv. 21.
Chelmsford, massacre at, iii. 117.
-Cherokces, iv. 24, 26, 26, 67.
Chikataubut, ii. ,30, .35, '1.3, 44. 4.5, 46.
Chikatomo's depredations, v. G9. 73.
Chikun, Narraganset captain, killed, iii. 76.
Chinnaby relieved by Jackson, iv. 65.
CiiLUCco, a Seminole chief, iv. 39, 40.
CuocoKtJA, his melancholy fate, iii. 101.
Chopart killed for his abuses, iv. 42, 43.
Christianity, why it has not prevailed, ii. Ill,
Chubb, Capt. iii. 121 ; killed, 122.
Church, Col. iii. 4, 5, 13, 16, 26, 35, 39 to 43 :
51 to 55; 59, 60, 62, 63 to 73 ; 86, 110, 123.
Clark's garrison destroyed, iii. 61.
Clinch, Gen. in Seminole war, v. 82, &.C.
Clinton, De Witt, i. 18; v. 101.
Cobbet, Thomas, captivity of, iii, 106,
Coligni sends a colony to Florida, iv. 26.
CoLBURT, Gen. a Chickasaw chief, iv. 61.
Columbus takes Indians to Spain, ii. 3, 4.
Comets viewed as omens, ii. 16.
CONJANAQUOND, ii. 58.
CoNNECTicoTE, a Mohegan chief, ii. 102.
Conway, Peter, a Nipmuk, iii, 91.
Cornelius, his exploits, iii. 24, 31.
CoRNPLANT, a Seneca chief, v. 110 to 120.
Cornstalk, a Shawanee, v. 42 lo 60.
Coshocton destroyed, v. 61.
Colymore, Capt. killed, iv. 35.
Crane King. — See Tarhe.
Crawford's expedition and death, v. 67.
Cresap, Capt. his murders, v. 41.
Cumming's travels, iv. 26, 27.
CuTSHAMOKiN. — See Kutshamakin.
CuTTA(iUii« attempts Uncas's life, ii, 73.
D.
Dade, Major, defeat and death, iv. 77.
Dalyell, Capt. killed at Detroit, v. 66.
Daniel, a captain under Church, iii. 86.
Decallieres' Iroquois expedition, v. 8.
Decorie captures Black Hawk, v. 159.
Deerfield attacked, iii. 79 ; destroyed, 141.
Dekanisora, great Iroquois chief v. 9.
Delaware, Lord, cruelty of, iv. 15.
Dennison, Capt. iii. 49, 76 ; Gen. 89.
Dermer's voyages, ii. 10, 20, 21.
Devil's Hole, massacre at, v. 109.
Devil said lo have peopled America, I, 9.
Diamond, John, tortured at Wells, iii. 107.
Dicskau, Gen. defeated and killed, v. 40.
Diodorus supposed to refer to America, i. 5.
DoNAcoNA, a chief, dies in France, ii. 6.
DoNY, his fort taken, iii. 123, 124.
Dover, great massacre there, iii. 115.
Drake, Sir Francis, first Englishman in New
England, ii, 19 ; his contemporaries, 60, n.;
relieves the Virginia colony, iv. 6.
Drake, Sir Bernard, ii. 20, n.
Drake, Samuel, Indian teacher, ii. 53.
Dudley, Col. his defeat and death, v. 124.
Dudley, Gov. i. 19 ; ii. 48, 62; iii. 110.
Dunlawlon, battle of, iv. 86.
Duston, Hannah, her narrative, i. 29.
Dutch and Indian war, ii. 68.
Eckanakaka, or Holy Ground, battle, iv. 56.
Egekemet, a noted Tarratine, iii. 103,
120.
Eliot,John,ii,45, 51,81, 112, 117; iii.44,8fi.
Eli.inipsico cruelly murdered, v. 49.
Ei.LsKWATAWA. a prophet, v. 128.
Emistessioo. — See Gukistersigo.
F.mukAui, battle of, iv. ,09.
Endicol's Pequot expedition, ii. 104.
INDEX.
8
I.
01.
3.
ii. 111.
9 to 43;
110,123.
&.C.
.2G.
iv. Gl.
3,4.
ii. 102.
to 120.
,50.
.07.
AKIN.
fe, ii. 73.
V.77.
V. 56.
II, iii. 86.
V.8.
, V. 159.
oyed, 141.
,icf. V. 9.
89.
P-
rica, 1. 9-
Is, iii. 107.
eti, V. 40.
merica, i. 5.
Lee, ii. 5.
rii5.
Ihman in New
jrarics, 50, n. ;
|iv. 6.
, ii. 53.
ath, V. m.
iii. 110.
. i. 29.
J, battle, iv. 58.
Itine, ill. 103,
Ill7; iii. 44, 86.
Id,v.49.
y 128.
tnsiGO.
Ii. 104.
Enotochopko Creek, battle of, iv. 59.
Ensknore, a noted Virginia chief, iv. 4.
Epanow, ii. 7 to 10; Anannow, 30
Ephraim, Iii. 5f), 88, 92.
Etcnolc, battle of, iv. 37.
Etherington, Maj. surprised, v. 52.
F.
Fakmf.r's Brother, v. 100, 107 to 110.
Fenner, Capt. Arthur, captures Tin, Iii. 33.
Fife, Jim, fights under Jackson, iv. 59.
Field, Col. falls at Point Pleasant, v. 43.
Five Nations, erroneously so called, v. 14, n.
Floyd, Gen. wounded at Autosse, iv. 57.
Fluellen, a Tarratlne chief, ill. 91.
Franci.^, a S' -.inole, executed, Iv. GO, G3.
Francis, sachem of Nauset, iii. 17.
Francis, sachem of Penobscot, Iii. 136.
Frost, Capt. C. iii. 106 ; killed, 118.
G.
Gallop, John, exploit of, ii. 103.
Games, Indians addicted to, II. 25; v. 52.
Gardner, Capt. killed In Philip's war, iii. 77.
Gei.i.emeni). — See Kei.alamanu, v. 65.
Oemcraye, Lieut, def'ealod, v. 8,9.
Geoffrey, a noted eastern depredator, ill.
111.
George, Sagamore. — See Winnepur-
KETT.
GiBBs, John, an Indian preacher, iii. 18.
Girty, Simon, v. GO, 63, 67, 74.
Gladwin, Gov. of Detroit, v. 51, 53, 64.
Glikhikan, v. 22; murdered, 2,3.
Gnadenhuetlen, massacre at, v. 23, 24.
Golding, Capt. Roger, Iii. 2(5, 41, 42.
Goon-PETER made prisoner, v. 106.
Gookin, Maj. il. 117; III. 44, 82, 89, n., 92.
Gorton, Samuel, II. 55, G4 ; III. 5, 41, 73.
Gosnold, (^a|)t. his voyage to N. E. ii. 20.
Grand-sun resists the French, iv. 42, 43.
Granoanemeo, a Virginia chief, Iv. G, 7.
Grangula's speech to De la Barre, v. 6.
Grant, Col. his expeditions. Iv. 39.
Great-mortar, a noted Muscogee, iv. 44.
Greenland, N. H., depredations at, iii. 111.
Grotlus on the peopling of .\merlca, i. 6, 10.
Groton attacked by the Nlpmuks, iii. 37.
GuF.ss, George, his wonderful invention, iv.
24.
GuRiSTERSiGo, his defeat and death, iv. 67.
Gyantwaia. — See Cornplanter.
H.
Hadley, troubles there, ill. 100.
Hahatun. — See Ai/aton.
Ha i.f-king, a Huron, v. 22, 23, 35, 36, 58, 69.
Hai,f-to\vn, a Seneca chief, v. 110, 111.
Halliheex, massacre of the, iv. .57.
Hall's family, captivity of, v. 150.
Hamden, John, li. 19, 25, and »i.
Hampton, Indian murder at. III. 123.
Hamlramk, Col. with Gen. St. Clair, v. 74.
Hnnam's voyage to New England, ii. 6, n.
Hanno, notice of his voyage, i. 4.
Hans-jacod, son of Canassatego, v. 20.
Hardin, Col. taken prisoner, v. 63, 64.
Harmer, Gen. his defeat.
Harmon Garret. — SeeCASHAWASSET.
Harmon, Maj. takes Norridgcwok, iii. 127.
Harper, Col. famous exploit of, v. 106.
Marpersfield destroyed l>y Indians, v. 92.
Harrison, Gen. v. 121 ; ileleals Tecumseh,
124.
Harris, Thomas, of Narragaiiset, ill. 3G.
Hassanamesit, Its etynwlogy, II. 51.
Hatfield, descent upon, lli."33, 99.
Haverhill attacked, i. 29 ; sacked, ill. 140.
Havens, Jack, a VVampajwag, ill. 71.
Hawkins. — See Kankamaous.
Hawkins, Ben, severely wounded, iv. 54.
Hawkins, Sam, executed, iv. 64.
Hcald, Capt. dclcaled and killed, v. 134.
Heckcwelder, John, his captivity, v. 23.
Henchman, Capt. expedition of, ill. 92.
llKNDRitK killed at Lake George, v. 29.
Henguepushes, a noted Delaware, v. G5.
Herkimer, Gen. v. 83 ; killed, 85.
Hertel sacks Salmon Falls, Iii. 177, 178 ; de-
feated by Black-kettle, v. 8 ; killed,
ill. MO.
HiAcooMEs, a Christian Indian, ii. 118.
Hicks, or Tuko-see-Mathla, iv. 72;
Charles, 55.
Hide, Sam, a noted Indian, dies, I. 21.
HiGGON, Ned, ill. 114, 118, 124, 126.
Hill, Col. his signal defeat, iv. 22.
Hillishago (Francis), iv. 58,60, G3; hang-
ed, 64.
Hid, king of New Albion, il. 19.
History is not always the same, iv. 23.
Hoare, John, ii. 45 ; ambassador, iii. 62,88.
Hobomok, 11.29 to 40.
Hobson, Capt. his .oyage to N. E. ii. 8,
Holioke, Capt. at Turner's Falls, iii. 75.
Holy Ground, battle of the, I v. 58.
Homer supposed to refer to America, i. 5.
HoPEHoon, ill. 105, 116; killed. 118.
Hopkins, Stephen, i. 21, 13, 24. '
Horace supposed to refer to America, i. 5.
HoRNOTi.iMED taken and hanged, iv. 64.
Horseneck, great battle there, ii. 69.
Horseshoe-bend.— See Tohopeka.
Hostages, Indian, ii. 73 ; murder of, iv. 35.
Howland, Lieut. J. ill. 51, 62, 55, 71.
Hudson's discovery of New York, ii. 4.
Hunter, Capt. a Nipmuk, iii. 88.
Hunnewell, Lieut, wounded, ill. 124,
Hunt's voyage to New England, li. 8,
Hutchli\son, Ann, murdered, il. 68.
Hutchinson, Capt. killed, ill. 29.
Hutchinson, Mr. commissioner, ill. 121.
Hussey, Mrs. killed at Hampton, iii. 123.
I.
Ijasocke, a Wampanoag, ill. 4.
Indian Bible, some account, il. 51.
Indian Creek, III. murder at, v. 150.
Inncs, Judge, on Logan's speech, v. 48.
loway River, battle near, v. 15G, 157.
Trnqnois. — See Fivf Nalinns.
Irving, W. visits Black Hawk, v. 165.
Ishkatappa, a Pawnee chief, 137.
Itopatin, or Opitchapan, iv. 13, 15.
Iwiklies. — See Tu-ightees, v. G.
Iyanoogh, a Wampanoag chief, li. 14, 32.
J.
Jacobs, Capt. surprised and killed, v. 38.
Jacobs, Lieut, his exploit, iii. 38.
Jack-berhy, interpreter, v. 110.
i I
) i
' 1
INDEX.
Jack-of-the-feather. — Sec Nematta-
NON.
Jackson, Gen, iv. 50 to 52 ; 55 to GO.
Jack-straw serves 8ir W. Italc^li, ii. 49.
Jamks-thk-printkr, ii. 50, 51 ; lii. 5f), 81.
Jamks Sacamork. — See Montovvamfati:.
JaNKMO. See NiNIGRKT.
Jai'azaws betrays Focaiiontas, iv. 17.
Jaqiies kills Father liasle, iii. 127.
jAfiUKT, 1'etkr, an Oneida chief, v. 107.
Jcfl'erson's answer to Utitlbn, i. 12.
jKFrKKv, a VVampanoag, iii. 59, 65.
Jemmy-Johnson, a Seneca chief, v. 103.
Jeofkey. — See Geoffrey.
Jethro, Old, iii. 81 ; Tantamous, 83.
Jethro, Peter, iii. 81, 83, 90.
Jews, ancestors of Indians, i. 8.
Jon, Col. dies in prison at Boston, iii. 126.
JoHN-NUM, r Wampanoajf, executed, iii. 61.
John, Sagamore. — See Wonohaquaham.
John, sagamore of Pawlucket, ii. 49.
John, accused of witchcraft, ii. 120.
John-sky, a Seneca chief, v. 103, 110.
Johnson, Col. R. M. wounded, v. 124.
Johnson, Sir William, v. 39, 81, n.
Johnsion, Charles, captivity of, v. 69, 70.
Josiah. — See VVampatuck.
Josiah, Capt. — Sec Pennahanit, ii. 116.
JosiAS, Charles, ii. 45. — See Wampa-
TUCK.
Jumonville's expedition and death, v. 36.
JuSKAKAKA,0r LlTTLE-BILLY,V. 36, 71., 110.
K.
Kadarakkui, v. 8 ; etymology of, 14.
Kaimes, Lord, on Americans, i. 16.
Kankamagus destroys Dover, iii. 113—116.
Kattenanit, Job, iii. 87, 88, 89.
Keewagoushkum, an Ottowa cliief, v. 140.
Kki.elamanu, a Delaware chief, v. 65.
KiLi.-BucK,or Kelelamand, v. 65.
Keokuk, v. 14-1., 145.
Keiiistone, John, killed, iii. 111.
Kennebis, a Tarraline chief, iii. 101.
Kevveenam, a Wanipanoag warrior, iii. 61.
Keyendeanue, a Seneca chief, v. 110.
Kianuogewa, a Seneca chief, v. 111.
Richtan, Indian god, ii. 32.
KiENEMo. — See Ninigret.
Kimhal, Thomas, killed, iii. 97, 111.
King-crane, a Wyandot, v. 72, '3C.
King-paine. tiesperate fight, death, iv. GC.
King, absurd name for chiefs, iv. 47.
Kinshon, the country of N. E. in Iroquois, v. 5.
Kita 'JSTA, iv. 35. — See Skjjagusta.
Killanin^destroyed by whites, v. 38.
Knight, Dr. a captive, escapes torture, v. 67.
KoNKAPOT,JoHN, aStockbridge chief, v. 40.
KotiUETHAGAEEI.HON. — ScC WHITE-EYES.
KuMSKAKA, brother of Tecumseh, v. 127.
KusTAi.oGA, a noted Delaware, v. 37.
KuTSHAMAKiN, ii. 41, 45, 4fi, 61 to 53, 83,
^b, 100, 108, n. ; 110, n. ; 113; iii, 96.
L.
Labials not used by some Indians, ii. 26.
Labrocre, Gen. defeated and slain, iii. 107.
Lafayette, Gen., and Red Jacket, iv. G2;
v."l04.
Lancaster assaulted, iii. 65, 80, 81.
Landing of the Pilgrims, ii. 12.
Land, how obtained of Indians, v. 32, 33.
Lane, Gov, Ralph, ill-treats Indians, iv. 4.
Language, specimen of the Mohegan, ii. 87,
Of the VVampanoag and Nipmuk, iii. 40,
Of the Tarraluie, 137, Of the soulhorn In-
dians, iv. 24. Of the Iroquois, v. 5. Of
the Sliawanee, 127. Comparison of the
Welsh and Indian, 132.
Lee, Arthur, commissioner, v. 65, 111.
Leffingwell, Lieut, relieves Uncas, ii. 92,
Letelesha, or Old-knife, v. 137, 138,
Leverett's Narraganset expedition, ii. 83.
Lewis, Col. killetl at Point Pleasant, v. 43.
LiGHTFOOT, Capt. iii. 40, 86.
Little-billy, a Seneca chief, v. 110,
Little Carpenter. — See Attakolla-
kulla.
Little-eyes, a Wampanoag, iii. 68, 86,
Little Turtle. — See Mishikinakvva.
Liltafuche, town of, taken, iv. .%.
Logan, a Cayuga chief, v. 41 ; his famous
speech, v. 4() ; its genuineness doubted, 47.
Logan, the Shawanee, his death, v. 132,
Long-knives (whites), v. 47, tiG.
Long-warrior. — See Chlucco,
Loihrop, Capt. his fiefeat and death, iii, 32.
LovETT, a Creek chief, iv. 54,
Lovewell, Capt. his expeditions, iii, 128.
LowRY, Col, a Cherokee chief, iv, 61.
Lucas, Thomas, killed, iii. 41.
M.
Mad-dog, a Creek, iv. 47.
Mad-dogs-son, at Autossee battle, iv. 61,
Madokawando, aTarraline,iii. 104to9,118.
Madok of Wales, iii. 110.
Mad Wolf, a Mickasauky, killed, iv. 92.
Magaugo, battle of, v. 125.
Magnus, squaw sachem, iii. 64.
Mammoth, Indian account of, ;. 28.
Manatahq,ua, murdered, ii. 48.
March, Capt. besieged at Casco, iii. 110.
Marlborough Indians surprised, iii. 38.
Mascononomo, of Ipswich, ii. 41, 46.
Mascus, brother of Canonicus, ii. 55.
Mason, Capt. ii. 78, 91, 100, 105.
Massachusetts, origin of the name, ii. 17.
Massacres.— See the separate heads.
Massandowet, of Pennakook, iii. 113 to
116.
Massasoit, chief of the Wampanojgs, ii. 15
to 30 ; 39, 40, 49, n. ; 98, 99 ; iii. 17.
Matantuck. — See Quaiapen.
Matoonas, a Nipmuk, iii. 79, 80.
Mather, Dr. Cotton, i. 7 ; iii. 99, and n.
Mather, Dr. Increase, ii. 106, n. ; iii. 99, n.
Mattahando Killed at Pemaquid, iii. 119.
Mautamp, a Nipmuk, iii. 82, 87.
M'Crea, Miss, murder of, i.35.
M'GiLLiVRAY, Gen. Alexander, iv. 45
to 47.
M'Culloh, Dr. J, M. his researches, i. 14.
Medfielc!, attack upon, &c. iii. 37, 82.
Megunneway, a Tnrratine, shot, iii. 113.
Menatonon, a Virginia chief, iv. 4, 5.
Menavvay, a Creek chief, iv. 53.
Mendon, men killed there, iii. 79.
Mfnominies, some murdered, v. 144.
Mesambomet, of Androscogg'in, iii. 124.
Merrill, Mrs. heroic conduct ol, i. 36.
Messesaffves join the Iroquois, v. 4, n.
Metacomet, one of the names of Philip,
iii. 3,
Metea, a Pottowaltomie chief, v. 139.
MiAMTUNMOHOH, of Nafragauset, ii, 7, 65,
INDEX
66 } his parentage, 68 to 67 ; 82 to 94, 107 j
iii. 73.
MicANOPY, a Seninole chief, iv. 72, 71..
Mimms, garrison of, massacred, iv. 49.
Miiiisiiik, great battle tliere, v. 93.
M'Intosii, Chilly, escapes slaughter, iv. 51..
M'Intosh, William, executed, iv. 51 to 54.
JVlioxKo, of Mnrtha's Vineyard, ii. 118.
MisiiiKiNAKwA, V. 73,74,75; 7(j to 79.
Mitchel, W. S., Indian agent, marries, iv. 54.
Mitchill, Dr. S. L., on origin of Indians, i. 13.
M'Kce, Klliot, and Girty, v. 03, 80.
M'Krimmon saved from torture, iv. 63.
RIoGG, of Norridgewok, iii. 126, 127, 128.
Mohawks, ii. 45, 49, «. ; 58, n. ; 84 ; iii. 37, 94,
97, 1 13, 138 ; tlieir history, v. 4.
Mohegans, ii. 87; tiieir wa-s, 97.
MoNCACHTAPK, his narrative, iv. 40.
MoNoco, a Nipmuk chief, iii. 80, 81, 82.
MoNOHOK, the Prophet, killed, iv. 60.
MoNONOTTO,Pcquot chief, ii. 52, 102, 107,109.
MoNopoiDE, a Peijuot, iii. 49.
MoNTow aMpatk, a Nipmuk, ii. 41, 47.
Montgomery's Cherokee expedition, iv. 37.
Montigny's expedition, iii. 139.
Montreal sacked by the Iroquois, v. 8, 10.
MooANAM,son of Massasoit.— See Alex-
ander.
Moody, Mrs. and family, murdered, ii. 68.
Moravian Indians massacred, v. 24, 29.
Morion, Thomas, i. 0; ii. 17, 36.
noLiely, Capt. ii. 84 ; iii. 24, 32, 31, 77, 89, 95.
Moses, Sam, killed at Casco, iii. 86.
Mossup, ii. 53. — See Pes.sacus.
Moullon, Joseph, of York, iii. 108.
Moxus, a Tarratine, iii. 107, 110, 124, 139.
MoYTOY, a Cherokee, iv. 27, 28, n.
M'CluEEN, a Creek warrior, iv. 60.
Mkiksah, ii. 66, 60, 70, 75, 76, 84, 86.
MuGG, a Tarratine chief, iii. 105, 110.
MusHALATUBEE, a Choctaw, iv. 62.
Musq,UASH, a Wampanoag, iii. 61.
N.
Naanashciuaw, a Nipmuk, ii. 49.
Naanishcow, a verv aged Nipmuk, ii. 49.
Naamkeke, iii. 95 ; Naemkeek, 93, n. ; 99.
Nahaton. — .See Ahaton.
Namontack, a subject of PmoUatan, who
sends him to live with the whites, to learn
their arts ; goes to England, iv. 11.
Namumpum, wife of Al'ixandcr.— See Wee-
TAMOO.
Nanaheunt, a WampMioag, iii. 9.
Nananuntnew, a VVampanoag, iii. 15.
Nanepashemet, a Nipmuk of great fame, ii.
40; his death and burial place, 41.
Nantaquaus, a son ol Powhatan, iv. 10.
Nanuntenoo, a great sachem among the
Narraganscis, iii. '16 ; his men defeat the
English under Capt. Peirse, 47; taken
prisoner, 49 ; magnanimous behavior on
that disaster ; shot at Stonington, 50.
Naoas, a Nipmuk, ii. 50, 116.
Naopope, a Sac chief, second to Black
Hawk ; his own account of himself, v. 159.
Narra^anset, variously written, ii. 2!, 38 ; its
meaning, 23, n. Geography of the country
of, 63 ; war with the Pequots, 19, n. f ; un-
fairly treated by the English, 94 ; partici-
pate in Philip's war, iii. 23 ; send some
English heads to the Nipmuks, 88, 89;
great destruction of them m the Fort fight,
19 Doc. 1676, 33; finally desert Philip}
reason of their deserting him, 91.
Nashoonon, a Nipmuk, ii. 30, 42.
Nasheeskuck, son of 13lack Hawk, v. 165.
Nasott, Job, a Nipmuk counsellor, ii. '14.
Nassowanoo, son of Nashoonon, ii. 42.
NataniSj a Tarratine in Arnold's Uucbeok
expedition, iii. 135; wounded and taken, 136.
Natombamat, a Tarratine, iii. 114.
Natik, meaning of the word, ii. 114.
Natckez oppressed by the French, iv. '10 ;
they massacre 700 of them, ib.
Nattahanaija, a Tarratine chief, iii. 101.
Nattahatta wants, a Nipmuk chief, ii.53.
Nattawahunt (ii. 29). — Sec Nashoonon.
Nattawoum IT, father of A^a«(i/ianu(/a,iii.97.
NtWASHAwsucKquarrelswiihPuinhain,ii.72.
Neamathla, a noted Seminole warrior, iv.
71,94,96.
Nec(iuash. — See We<iuash.
Nemattanow, a warrior under Ope.kanka-
no ; executed for murder, iv. 20.
Nepanet, Tom, a Christian Nipmuk, iii. 56 ;
his embassy in Philip's war, 90, 91.
Nepeoe, a VVampanoag under Caunbitant,
ii. 29.
Neptune, John, a Penobscot captain, iii. 136.
Nesutan, Job, a Nipmuk, a\A%Eliot'm trans-
lating the Bible into Indian, ii. 51, 112;
killed in Philip's war, ib.
Netaump. — See Mautamp.
Netawatwees, a Delaware of notc,v.2fi,27.
Netus, a Nipmuk ; depredation of, iii. 80.
New-arrow, a Seneca chief, v. HI.
New Albion, discovery of, ii. 19.
Newbury attacked by Indians, iii. Ill; the
first born of, 71, n.
Newbury, Capt. massacres 200 Indians, iii. 65.
Newcom.— See Matoxes.
New England, so named from Nova Albi-
on, ii. 19 ; called Kinshon 'jy the Iro-
quois, v. 5.
Newman, Gen. wounded at Autosse, iv. 68 ;
at Camp Defiance, ib. Goes against the
Seminoles, 66.
Newman, Rev. Noah, iii. 28, 47.
Newport, Gov. duped by Powhatan, iv. 12.
New River settlement destroyed, iv. 75. [76.
New Smyrna destroyed by the Seminoles, iv.
New Style, ireaning of, ii. 26.
Newtown, bi lie m,v. 91.
Nianticks, accouijt of the, ii. 67.
NicxoTAWANCE succeeds Opekankano,
iv. 22.
Nihorontagowa. — See Big Tr^e.
NiMROD. — See Woonashum.
NiNiGRET, sachem of the Niantiks, ii. 67; dif-
ficulties with neighboring chiefs,70; English
prepare to attack hi.n, who desist on his
promise to pay them the expense of their
preparation, 72 ; new troubles, 73 ; all'air
with CuTTAQUiN and Uncas, ib. : war
with AscASSASSOTiK, 74 ; journey to Man-
hattan, and jealousy of tne English, 75;
speech to the Dutch, 76 ; mortgngc of his
country, 81 ; anecdote of his opposition to
Christianity, 82; called Kiankmo, 89; re-
solves on war with the Mohcgans, 90 ; will
not make peace without Uncas's head, 91 ;
protects some fugitive Pequots,106 ; shrewd
reply to Mayhew when importuned about
receiving Christianity, 113; protests against
its being forced upon his people, iii. 76.
NiNioRET, Charles, sod of the precediuj',
ii. 82.
■',<
:*
6
INDEX.
NiNioRET, George, tomb insciiption, ii. 85.
JNipmiiks at warwilli the Moliegans, 11.97;
without a saclicni, 11. 18 ; uiidor a S(|uaw sa-
clicin, 10, 100, H. ; abandon 1'hilif, Hi. 91.
'.tInTANAiioM, a LoiijT Island saclicm, ii. 79.
»NoM.\N, a Wanipanoag, ill. 63.
NoMo.NV, John, a Ponnakook, ill. IM.
NoMPASu, a VVain()anoBg, Hi. 6; celled
Anumpash,G7; ol Sogkonate, 69 : death
of, 73.
NoN.sEquESSEWiT, George, a Nipmuk,
ill. 81.
Northampton attacked bv the Indians, ill. 38.
Norton, Capt. killed by Pequots, 11. 103.
Norton, John. — See Teyoninhokera-
WEN.
Norridgewok, capture of, iii. 1275 properly
Nerigwok, 119, n.
O.
Oakmulge FlcULs, description of, iv. 25.
Obbatinnua, sachem of Boston, 11. 30, 40.
Obeai., Henry, son of Cornplanter, v. 103,
n.; 119.
Obechikwod, a Pequot, 11. 96.
Obtakiest, a Wampanoag, 11. 35.
OccoM, Sampson, Mohegaii preacher, 11. 119.
OcKoNosTOTA, a rcHowned Creek chief, Iv.
33 ; treats wiili Gov. Littleton, 3'1 ; attempts
the liberation of 22 hostages, but falls, and
they are murdered j Invests Fort Loudon,
35 ; takes it, and massacres (he garrison ;
attempts Fort Prince George, but falls, 37.
Oconnoeca, a Cherokee chief, iv. 34.
Oconas, a tribe of Creeks, iv. 29.
Oetan. — See Opitchepan.
Ogeese, a Creek warrior, Iv. 29.
Oglethorpe, Gen. settles Carolina, iv. 29 ;
speech to the Indinns, 30 ; takes several
with him to England, 31, &c.
Oh^uamehud, a Wamj.anoag, 11. 30.
Okase. — See Uncas.
Okoko. — See Uncas.
Oi,I)-brim, a noted Cree't chief, iv. 2J.
Oldham, John, killed by ihe Pequots, ii. 1C3.
Old-jethro, a Nipmuk sachem, ill. 81;
Tantamous ; betraycid and hanged, 82.
Oi.n-KNIFE. — SeeLKTyii.ESHA.
Oi,u-quKEN.— See Quaiapen.
Old Style, rule of dating in, il. 21.
OlWAlHLA, CharleSjIv. 72.
Onamog, a Christian Nipmuk, ii. 49, 116, 117.
ONE-EVKn-JOHN. — Sec MoNoco.
Oneko, son of Uncas, attacks a defenceless
town of Nipmuks, ii. 26.
Oiip'ida.i \o\n the Mohawks, v. 4.
Ongpatonoa, (Hig Ei.k,) an Omaha chiof,
v. UW ; visits Washington. .'37.
Onnntlagos, third of the Iroquois, v. 4.
Onopeiiuin, sachem of Quabaog, ii. 100
Opachisco, uncle of Pocahontas, Iv. 18.
Opekankano, chief under Powhatan, sa-
chem of Pamunky, 'v. 8 ; brother of Pow-
hatan, 13; origin of, 19; seized by Capt.
Smith, 20; leads in a great massacre of the
whiles, ih. ; attempts another, and is taken
and killed, 22.
Opitchapan, brother of Powhatan, iv. 13;
Itopatin, 15; Oetan, 19,
Orlskaiia, battle of, v, 83.
Oimond, Uuke of, entertains the five Iroquo's
chiefs in England, v. 15.
Orvilliers, D', sent against the SenecaS; v. 8.
OsEoiA, a brave Seminole chief, iv, 70,72,73.
Osgood, William, Iii. 111.
Otash, brother of Miantunnomoh, ii. 68 j
Yotnesh, 61 ; an ambassador, 106.
Otassite, a Creek chief, treats with Gov.
Littleton, iv. 35 ; visits England, 27.
Otlinvds, origin of, v. 41.
Ottsoghkoree, an Iroquois, v. 11.
OuEKACHUMPA, chief of Oconits, Iv. 35.
OuNAKANNowiNE, a Crcek chief, iv. 27.
OuREOUHARE, a famous Iroquois, v. 11.
Outhi.etaboa, a Creek chief, iv. 29.
OusAMEQUiN. — See Massasoit.
OusANATANAH, a liostagc, murdered, iv 35.
OWAM0SiMMIN,iii. 13.
P.
Pachgantschihilas. — See Buokonce-
HEI.AS.
Paddy, William, iii. 101.
Paoatt, Joseph, a Wampanoag, 11. .58.
Pahkehpiinnasso, a Christian Indian, 11. 118.
Piiine, Nittlianifl, ill. 14.
Pakanke, a Delaware chief, v. 21.
Palmes, Maj. in Philip's war, ill. 49.
Paniese, chiefs of liigli authority, 11. 36.
Panis, a nation upon the Missouri, 11. 36.
Parish, Col. in the Seminole war, iv. SI.
Pass ACONA WAY, a great chief, ii. 47, 95; a
bashaba, ill. 93 ; farewell address to his
people; petition to the general court, 94;
note on tlie lime of his death, ib. 95.
Passamaquoddy, meaning of, ill. 128, n,
Patacus. — See Pessacus,
Path-killer, a Cherokee, iv. 55, 56.
Patukson, a Wampanong, ill. II.
Paugus, sachem of Pequaket ; his memorable
fight with the English under Lovewell ; falls
in that fight, iii. 128—133.
Pawsaquens, counsellor to Pliilip, ill, 15,
Pawtucket fight, iii. 47, 48.
Paxnous, Shawanee chief, v. 28,
Pechmo, signal exploit of, 11. 7.
Peebe, counsellor to Philip, killed, IG.
Pegin, exploit against the Nipmuks, iii. 89.
Peirse,Capt. expedition and death, iii. 47,48.
Peiskaret, an Algonquin ; his extraordinary
adventures and death, v. II, 12.
Pejepscot, depredation at, iii. 115,
Pekanimne carried ofl'by Harlow, il. 7,
Pekii.i.ok, a Delaware, a traitor, v. 61.
Pekoatli mistaken for Pequot, il. 49, n.
Peksuot, a noted Wampanoag paniese, ii.
31,36; cruelly killed, ih.
Pemissapan. — See Wingina.
PENACHASoN,a Wampanoag warrior, '.li. (16.
Pennahanit, a Nipmuk convr, 1,11. 11(5, 117.
Pcr.n's fc-mous treaty, v 20, 21, 32, 119.
Pennsylvania grants 800 dollars to the Senc-
cas,'v. Ill ; grant to Big Tree, 115.
Penobscot, dcfiiiilion of, ill. 137.
Pepper. Robert, escapes Becrs's figlil, iii. 29.
Peqnui, geography and history of, 11. 101.
Pessacus, a noted Narragaiisct, ii.58; visits
Boston, 67; invaded by an army of whites,
84; war with Uncas, 90; sends presents
to Gov. Winthrop, 92 ; killed by the Mo-
hawks, 58, n.; 84 ; ill. 139.
Perkins, ,Iohn, of Agawam, 11. 46.
Petai.esharoo, a Paunee brave, visits
Washi;iglon, v. 137; great exploit, 138.
Petananuet, husband of WEETAMoo,iil.45.
f'ETCHERANALAS,— SeeBuOKONGAHELA8.
riAMBOH0U,a
Piankatanks, a
Pickens, Gen. m
Pi'lgooii, M;,j. 1,
lilgriiiis arrive .-
Pinchou, Maj. Jc
PlOWANT, aW
P'PE, C'.,-r. v.
Delawarcs, 58
Pipe of Peace.-
P'TVME, Ankr
' ngue among tli
Plato refers to A
Pocahontas pr
Smith, iv, 10
'''«, 14; her
Spilinan ; lake
17; marries an
land; dies, 18.
Pokanoket descri
POKATTAWAGG
Poi-LARD, a Sen'
roMAMSE, a Nar
INDEX.
70,72,73.
Ill, ii. 68 i
10(5.
Willi Gov.
,27.
1.
iv. 3.5.
, iv. 27.
,v.ll.
. 2'J.
>red, iv 35.
BUOKONGE-
g, ii. 58.
Indian,ii.ll8.
21.
. 19.
, ii. 36.
iri, ii. 3G.
r, iv. 84.
, ii. 47, i)5;a
ddress lo his
,ral court, 94;
ib. 95.
ii. 128,n.
r. 55, 56.
i. 11.
I his memorable
jovewell ; falls
'hilip, iii- 15.
28.
7.
illed,lG.
imuks, ill. 89.
calb, iii. 47,48.
IS cxlraordiuary
,12.
115.
|arlow,ii.7.
ilor, V. 61.
ii. 49, n.
loag panicse, 11.
|a. .
r warri"'', '•"• ""•
^T.t.ii.llf', IIT.
fcl,32, 119.
lars to tlie Scnc-
ruEE, 115.
i}7.
frs's figlil, ii'- 20.
Vy of, ii. 101. ,
Iscl, ii. 58 ; visits
1 army of whites,
1- sends presents
[lied by the Mo-
111.4(5.
be brave.
It exploit, 138,
visits
F.ETAMOO,111.45.
OKOKGAUBI-AS'
PETF-n , a Tarratiiie, attacks Bradford, iii.l 1 1 .
Pktek, son of Awashoiiks, pilots Cliurcli
when I'lillip is killed, iii. 51 ; a chief cap-
tain, ()'J ; a messenger from ('hurcli, 71.
Petek, an Irui)iiois, taken prisoner, v. 10.3.
Peteu Jaiiuith, servant lo Lufayelle.v. 107.
PKWA/.E(iSAKE, aTarratiiic of Neg, ,set, iii.
I'liiladelphia, its Indian name, ii. 19. [100.
Phips, Sir William, iii. 121.
Philip II. ludicrous error concerning,!. 22.
Philip, sachem of the Wampanoags, comes
in chief, ii. 28 ; origin of his English name,
iii. 3 ; his pe<)j>le hold a war dance, 5; just-
ly roused to war against the whiles, 9 j his
Iiuliaii name, 13; makes numerous sales of
his lands, 14, 15,16; called Wewasdv. a-
NUETT, l(i ; nicknamed kin<; Philip by the
whites, ih. n. ; a cause of the war of "1675
explained, 18 ; confesses warlike iiileiilioiis,
and ajjrees lo pay a tribute, 19 ; dilHcullies
with I'limoutli, 20 ; refuses to treat except
with hise(|iial, the king of England, 2;5; be-
gins war, 2;! ; fights the English in Pocas-
set, 27 ; ell'ecls his retreat over Taunton
river, 28 ; alUicked, and loses several of his
men on llehoboth I'laiii, ih. ; lights and cuts
olTCapt. Ileers, 31 ; cuts olTCapt. I.ctlirop,
32; attacks llatlield, 33; retires to Narra-
gansel, ih.; besieged there by 1500 English
III a fort ; a desperate light ; is driven out,
aiid many of his men are killed, 31 — ■'}() ;
takes another position, which lie holds for a
time, 36 ; his Mohawk stratagem fails, 37 ;
surprises Lancasler, ih. ; attacks Medlield,
ib.; cuts olVCapt. Wadsworlh at Sudbury,
38; reircats into Plimouth colony, 39 ; at-
tacked at Malapoiset; al Bridgewaler; his
sister and uncle killed, ih. ; his wife and son
taken by Church with 130 others, 40; close-
ly pursued by Church ; swamp fight, 41 ;
flies to Pokanokct, ib. ; is killed ; incidents
concerning his fall, 42, 43, 44; his answer
to Eliot concerning religion, 44; a "blas-
phemous leviathan,'' ih. ; Mrs. Rowland-
son's interview with, 43 ; his ornaments
possessed by Annawan, 55; a Sogkonatc
Indian promises to have his head, 70; rea-
son of tnc divisions among his followers, 91.
Philip, sachem of Pigwoket, iii. 132 ; atilic
taking of St. Franci.s, 134; at the taking
of Louisbourg, 1,3^. [na, iv. 7().
Philip, a Seminole ciiief, attacks N. Smyr-
Phillips's garrison aii-acked, iii. 103.
PiAMUonou,aNipiTiuk ruler at Natik, ii. IIG.
Piankalanks, a tribe of Virginia, iv. 9.
Pickens, Gen. war with Cherokees, iv. 67.
Pidgeon, Maj. interpreter, v. 11.
Pilgrims arrive at Pliniouih, ii. 19.
Piiichon, Miij. John, ii. 83, 100, n. [14, .58.
PiowANT, a Wnmpan"'^, iii. 4; Piants.
P'PE, Cm'T. v. 23 ; of the Wolf tribe of the
Delawares, 58, 59, 60, 65, 67.
Pipe of Peace. — See Calumet.
PrrvME, ANt>iiEW,aNipmuk, iii. 88,92.
PIngue among the Indians of N.E. ii. 16.
Plato refers to America, i. 5.
Pocahontas prevents the execution ofCapl.
Smith, iv. 10 ; reveals a plot against liis
life, 14 ; her birth, 16 ; saves the life of
Spilman ; taken prisoner by the English,
17; marries an Englishman; goes to Eng-
land ; dies, 18.
Pokanoket described, ii. 18, 19.
Pokattawago, a Wampanoag, iii. 67.
Pollard, a Seneca chief', v. 110.
PoHAMSE; a Narragauset, ii. 95.
PoMETACOM, name ofPniLiP, which see.
P()MPA(H)ASE, a Wampanoag, iii. 14.
I'oMUMSKs, a Narraganset, ii. 84.
PoNTiAK, a great Oiioway chief, v. 50; be-
gins war on the English ; besieges Detroit.
53; defeats ('apt. I)alycll,55 ; taki^ several
vess-ls, ."Xi ; raises the siege of Detroit; is
assassinated, .57.
Poor, (Jen. deli-ais the Indians, v. 91
Pope, John, murderetl, iii. 61.
I'opham, Lord, seiuls Prin to N. E. ii. 6, 7.
I'oiluiN, or PoiiuoiM, a Narraganset, ii. 82.
Portsmouth, Indian acts at, iii. 111.
PoToK opposes Clirisiiaiiily, iii. 76; taken in
Philip's war and executed, 77.
Potlowatlomifs. account of, v. 114, 142.
Powhatan, sachem of Virginia, iv. 7; ex-
tent of his dominions, ih. ; surprises the Pa-
yankatanks, 8; (Japt. Smith is delivered to
hiin. and he orders his execution ; liberates
Smith, 10; outwits Newport; plots against
the English, 11; some (iermans build :i
house liir him, 13, 14; ciuleavors to kill
Smith ; dies, 15.
Prat, Phinehas, makes a narrow escape, ii. 35.
Pronlice, (^apt. in Philip's war, iii. 74.
Prcs(|uc Isle, battle of, v. 80.
PuiNTEK, James-the. — See James.
Prill, .Martin, sails to N. England, ii. 6 ; car-
ries (ifVtwo Indians to England, iVi.
Proctor defeated al the Thames, v. 121.
Proctor, Lieut, in the Eastern war, iii. 126.
PuopiiET, the Sliawanee (Eli.kswatawa ),
instigator of war, iv. 55; settles on the Mi-
ami, 121 ; orders the light at Tippecanoe,
124; other events of his life, 127.
PiiDPiiET, the Seminole. — See HiLl.isilAOO.
PiioPHET, the Winnebago (Wabokishiek),
V. 1(;2.
PiJKEESHENo, father of Tccumseli, v. 127.
PuMHAM, a great Narraganset, ii. 28, .56 ;
claims Shaomel, 60 ; troubles, 92, 94 ; trea-
ty, iii. 47 ; kind to the English, 73 ; his town
burnt, 76 ; his capture and death, ih.
PUMPASA. — Sec WOONASHUM, or NlMHOD.
i'unkatecset, great 6ght at, iii. 26.
PupoMPooES, brother of Sassacus, ii. 101.
PiiTTA(lUPPUUNCK, a Pcquot, ii. 108.
Psalter printed in Indian, ii. 51.
Putnam, Gen. and Cornplantek, v. 116.
Q.
Quabaoir.i p.tiacked by Uncas, il. 99; rut oil
Capt. liutchinson in Philip's war, iii. 29.
(lUADE'iU IN A, brother of Massasoit, ii. 21;
visif, the Pllgrim^^ 22; treaty, 30.
QnMAPEN, of grci-'l note and aulhoritv
among the Narragansets, ii. 70; in Philips
war; killed near Warwick, 64, 65.
Quakers, friends to Indians, iii. StJ.
(luAME, a Pequot prisoner, ii. 108.
(iuANNAPOHiT, James, aNipmuk, iii. 80; a
spy for the English, 81, 87.
(luANNAPOHiT, Thomas, iii. 88, 89, 92.
(iiJANONCHET. — See Nanuntenoo.
(Juanowin, a Wampanoag, iii. 4.
(iuAfiuALH wounded in a fight, iii. 74.
tluA(iuEQiUJNSET of (luabakonk, ii. 99.
(iuebeck, meaning of the name, v. 50.
Qnimby, Mrs. assaulted by Indians, iii. 111.
(Juinnapin, a noble Narraganset; son of
(^ONJANAf^uANn ; brothor-in-law to Phil-
ip ; purchase* Mrs. Rowlandson, iii. 65;
her account of, 67; returns with Philip to
Pokanoket ; shot at Newport, ib.
i 'I
INDEX.
QuEQUEODNKNT, a Narraganset, soi or
QuAiAPKN, ii. Bl ; Gideon, iii. C4.
QuiNEMiquET, dauKh'ro(tiuAiAFEN,iii.G4.
QuissoHUL's. — See Quehueol'went.
R.
Raisin River, b.ltle of the, v. 129.
RalKgli, Sir VV. seKles Virginia, i. 18 ; anec-
dote of, ii. 49, n. ; liis Hisiory of the World,
50, n. ; beheaded, i/>.; visited Carolina, i v.29.
Rallc,or Uasic, missionary to tlie yy>enakies ;
accused of exciting them to wiyr with the
English ; they offer a reward for his head,
iii.lM; is killed, 127, 128.
Ramegin, sachem of Negusset, iii. 100, 101.
Rat, the.— See Adahiu.
Rawhunt, anecdote of, iv. 10.
Rechahecrians, war with the, iv. 22.
Rei)-bihi), a Sioux, dies in prison, v. 142-3.
Red-hawk barbarously murdered, v. 49.
Red-jacket (SAaovEWATHA), v. 97;
speech to a missionary, 98, 99 ; his acts in
the war of 1812, 100 ; letter to the governor
of N. York, 100— 103; defends the execu-
tioner of a witch, ih. ; interview with Lafay-
ette, 104 ; visits Philadelphia, 103 ; speech,
ib. : his death, 177.
Red-sticka, Scminoles, iv. G4.
Reed, Joseph, a revolutionary worthy, ii. 73.
Rehoboth bought of the Indians, ii. 27 ; besieg-
ed in Philip s war, 92 ; burnt, 78.
Richard, erroneously said to have killed
King Phu,ip, iii. 'Kj, n.
Ridge, Miij. a Cherokee chief, iv. CI,
River Indians, where found, iii. 97 j v. 14.
Roanoke, settlement of, iv. 4.
Robertson, Dr. his manner of peopling Amer-
ica, i. G ; all men have one origin, 10.
Robinson, , life saved by Logan, v. 42;
his family murdered, 48.
Robinson, John, reproves the Pilgrims, ii. 38.
Robin's speech of Logan, v. 47.
Robin, a Creek war captain, iv. 29.
Robin, a Tarratine, sells Negusset, iii. 100,
Robin, of Agawam, prevents the Tarratines
from destroying the place, ii. 46.
RoniN. — See Cassassinamon.
RoBiNHooD. — See Ramegin.
Rodonnonakqus, a Tarratine, iii. 113.
Rogers, Mai. destroys the St. Francis Indians,
in. 134.
RoGOMOK. — See Ramegin.
Rolfe, John, marries Pocahonteis, iv. 18.
Ronnkssoke, a Niantik, ii. 79.
Ross, Adjutant, a Cherokee chief, iv. Gl.
RouND-HEAr, a Wyandot chief, v. 129;
takes Gen. Winchester prisoner, ib. ; allhe
capture of Detroit; letter of, 130.
Rowlandson, Mrs. her captivity; interview
with kin" PHiMP,iii.43j captured at Lan-
caster, 83 ; released, 90.
RovvLES, a noted Tarratine, iii. 138.
RUMNEVMARSH, GEORCE. — See WlNNE-
PURKITT. — See, also, iii. 92.
S.
Sabatis captured at St. Francis, iii. 135;
another at Kennebeck, 136.
Sabine, William, a juror, iii. 12.
Saco burnt, and people killed there, iii. 102.
Sacs early visited hy Jesuits; incorporated
with the Foxes, v. 142; war with the Me-
nominies, 144 ; partial sale of their country,
144 } description of their village, and extent
of their country, 145 ; private insults, ib. ;
proclamation of Gov. Reynolds :igBiiist,116;
driven out of their country by tlic whites,
147; war ensues, 119 — 138.
Sagndahock, colony of, ii. 7.
Sagamore John, b ncted Nipmuk, iii. 79;
permitted to execute Matoonas, ib.
Sagamore Sam. — See Shoshanim.
SagB'nore, title of, ii. jO; iii. 93.
Sagoyewatha.— See Red-jacket.
Sakaweston, a N. Eng. Indian, taken to
Eng. by C-'apl. Harlow ; goes with the Kng-
li:<h into the Roheminn war, ii. 8.
Salmon Falls dcstroyeil, iii. IIG, 117.
Sallonstall, Sir R. fined, ii. 47.
Sam-Hide, a N. England Indian, i. 21.
Samkama, Philip's counsellor, iii. 19.
Samoset visits tne Pilgrims ; his account of
himself and country ; nis dress described, ii.
12; informs them of Massasoit, 13; accom-
panies him to visit them, 22.
Sampson, abarbarous Tarratine, iii. 120.
Sampson, attorney to Philip, iii. 14.
Samuel, Capt. iil. 124 ; a speech, 126.
SANAMAHONOA.-See Stone-eatkhj V.142.)
Sanford, Maj. goes to attack Philip, iii. 42.
Sanford, John, VVeetamoo complains of, iii. 4.
Sannap, olfice of the, ii. 38, «.
Sassauopeomen. — See Opitchepan.
Sassenow of Sagadahok, ii. 7.
Sassacus, chief oTthe Pequots, ii. 52, n. ; ma-
lignant and furious, 73 ; rumor of a marriage
ol his brother and Ninigret's sister, disturbs
the English, 26. ; a .error to his neighbors,
101 ; English make war upon him ; destroys
his tort and escapes, 106; deeds lands to
Winthrop, 108 ; killed by the Mohawks,I09.
Sassamon, JoHN,sent on a mission to Pcquot,,
ii. 108; secretary to Philip; preacher at
Namaskel ; settled there by Tuspaquin, iii.
9 ; in the Peqiiot war, 10; Woosansaman,
ib. ; found dead in a pond, 1 1 ; interpreter
to Philip, 14; witnesses Philip's treaty at
Plimouth, 17.
Sassamon, Roland, interpreter to Alexan-
der, iii. 7 ; brother to John, 14. [10.
Sassemore, Betty, dau. of J. Sassamon, iii.
Sauseman, a principal Sogkonale, iii. G6.
Savage, Maj. in Philip's war, iii. 89.
Scalps first taken in Philip's war, iii, 2G ; re-
ward offered for by the Eng. 127 ; iv. 33.
Scarborough taken by Mugg, iii. 110.
Schenectady, destruction of, i. 31.
Schuyler, Ulaj. goes against the French with a
company of whites and Indians, v. 7; with
the five Iroquois sachems, in England, 15.
Scrany, Old, wonderful escape of, i. 23.
ScuTTUP sells Narraganset, ii. 81 ; iii. G4.
Sealy, Lieut, in the Pequot war, ii. 91.
Seat of King Philip described, iii. 43.
Seminoles, their name and origin, iv. 25 ; wars
with, 63— GG ; 70-96 ; removal by U. S. C5.
Senauki in Eng. with Gen.Ogletliorpe,iv.30.
Senecas, fourth nation of the Iroquois, v. 4.
Seneca supposed to refer to America, i. 6.
Se^uasson, chief under Miantunnomoh, ii.
64 ; one of his men wounds Uncas, 88.
Sequin, supposed author ofacruel massacre
at Wethersfield, ii. 78, n.
Sestaretsi. — See Adario.
Sewan, bags of wampum, ii. 79.
Shallisi.oske, a hostage murdered, iv. 36
SHATTooKquis sells Brookfield, iii. 82, n.
Shawanese, facts in the history of, v. 4.
Shaw, Jonathan, a juror, iii. 12.
Shed, Mr. tutor to Gen. M'Gillivray, iv. 46.
Sheepsi
She 1,0 K
Shrinipio
Shikki.i
I'hilad.
Shinois,
WhsIim
bounty
warrior
Frederi
Sholan,
ed by A
SlIOSIIAN
93 ; hei
and hiui
caster ;
an exclii
from, 83
SlLOUK Sll
SiMMo, C,
1703, m
Simun, Joi
SiNQUISTJ
in llie bii
SlNTOUtHl
Silz, IV'ter,
Stjc Nation
Skenando
of; dies,
Sketwakf
mouth, ii.
Skijagust
27 J visits
28; hisdc
Skiko, sacli
Slaves, Iiidii
Smalley, \Vi
Small-pox <l(
Smith, Jiunc:
Smiiii, (Japi.
Eng.; so n
brought to
list ol Indij
93, /(. ; goi]
dians, iv. 1
proceediiia
natan, (/;.
show liiin
to be exJ
aiirl his Ii J
him ills arl
ib. ,• elecleJ
operatfs at
have himkl
a plot lo ki
of it, and il
by an cxplJ
land (or iiKf
Sinilli,.S.S.
Smith, Uicliaii
of Niirni^-al
Smiih. Willial
Smith, Zm,.„,
Sniyih, Fr,iii(l
Snelliiii,r, C-i'
takes pri.sol
„ 121; iniiiel
Sochoso, a
S0C()NI)N0C()|
SonconkwhI
SoNOliKKIIof
for wiichcrj
the wliilcs,
SOPAQUIT..
INDEX.
Sheepscott, John, a Tarraline, iii. 121.
SiiKi.oKTA.u Creek,. son oI'diiN ABV, iv. 65.
Sliriiii|iluii, .Sniiuiel, Uriisier, ii. 71.
SiiiKKi.i.iMus, I'uilior ol'liOUAN, V. 17 ; vIhIis
I'liiliulelpliju, ill.; nCiiyii<i;ii; Ills dealli, Dt.
ShinciI.s, iiolc'tl Delaware cliieC, visiled hy
WHsliiiif^tuji, V. 35 ; (tiitappoiiils liiin, 'Xt ;
bounl>' ollercd for Ins lieati, 37 ; f^realesl
warrior of liis lime, 3U ; Ills friendsliip lo
Frederick Tost, .i'J.
Siioi.A.N, . sachem of Nashua, 11.95; succeed-
ed liy IMathkw, iii. IJ5.
SiiosUANiM, a Ni|)inuk (Saffamore-sam,) ii.
'J5 ; helrnyod into llic ininds of iho whiles,
and han<;ed, iii. 83 ; at the .sackin<r of l..<ui-
casler i UsKATUH(iiJN,8oi his leller about
an exchange of prisoners, UU; other letters
from, U3— «5.
Sii.DUK saves the life of Col. Bird, iv.38.
tiiMMo, (,'apt. chief speaker at tlie treaty of
1703, ill Casco, iii. 121, Vli,. [73.
Simon, John, anecdote of, i. 21 ; preacher, iii.
SlN<iUisTKU, a ('reek prophet, iv. 58 ; killed
in ihe hattle of Tohopeka, GU.
SiNi'outiii goes to Eng. with Gen. O. iv. 30.
Sitz, I'eler, taken prisoner by Hrant, v. 8G.
Six Nations. — See Iroquois.
Skcnando, a venerable Uneida ; anecdote
of; dies, v. 29.
Skktwakkoks carried to England by Wey-
mouth, ii. G ; returns with I'rln, ib.
Skijagusta, head warrior of Passetchie, iv.
27 ; visits England ; speech to the king,
28 i his death, 29.
Skiko, sachem of Virginia, iv. 4.
Slaves, Indian, ii. 8, 107 j iii. 40, 104.
Smalley, William, narrative of, v. G4.
Small-pox destroys many Indians, ii. 47.
Smith, James, buys Negussel, iii. 100.
Smith, (^apt. John, surveys the coast of N.
Eng.; so names it from Nova Albion, ii 19 ;
brought lo our notice by Ralegh, ii. 49; his
list of Indian names of places in N. Eng. iii.
93, a. ; goes to Virginia ; severe with the In-
dians, iv. 8 ; they lake him prisoner ; their
proceedings with him ; deliver him to Pow-
nalan, il>. ; practise conjurations upon him ;
show him about the country, 9 ; condemned
to be executed ; Pocahontas interferes,
and his lilc is spared ; Powhatan appoints
him his armorer, 10; liberated; anecdote,
ib. ; elected governor of Virjjinia ; Newport
operates against him ; Pow-lialan strives to
have him killed ; visits Powhatan, who lays
a plot to kill him ; Pocahontas informs him
of it, and ills frustrated, 14; badly burned
by an explosion of powder; returns to Eng-
land for medical aid ; dies in London, ih.
Smith,. S.S. oil the human species, i. 10, 12.
Smith. Richard, buys lands of Massasoil.ii. 28 ;
of N.irniganset, 53.75, 7G, 81 , 82 ; ii. 3G, 47.
Smilli. William, of Rehoboth, iii, 83.
Smith, Ziirliary, killed by Indians, iii. 79.
Smyili, Fiiuicis, messenger to Pessacus. ii. 90.
Snelliii^-, ("ol. speech of Rod-jacket lo, v. 100;
lakes prisoner a chief al Tippecanoe battle,
124; ill ihe battle of Magaugo, 125.
SocHoso, a grcal Peqiioi chief, ii. 57. [74.
Soco.NdNoco, a Narraganset, ii. 5G, 92,95 ; iii,
SuMroiNTK.KN, a Wainpaiioag, iii. 15.
SoNcoNKUHKW, a Wainpnnoag, iii. IG.
SoNOKK.Kllooi), a Tarratine, iii. 100.
S()ONi)N(i(iisK, a .Seiioca, executes a woman
for wiiclicraft, v. 103; tried for murder by
the whites, but cleared, ih.
SopAQUiT. — See Alkxander.
18*
SosoMAN. — Sec Sassamon.
Soto, Ferdinand de, allcmpis the conquest of
Florida ; dies in the country, iv. 2G.
Soiithack, ('apt. rt^lieves ('a>c(>, iii. 110.
Soiilhworili, CoiislanI, lii. 15, 21, 58.
Soillliworlli, N., ('hurch's lieulenaiit, iii. 71.
Spaniards murder a I'Voiich colony, iv. 2().
S|ieeclies ; of Massasoit, ii. 21 ; ol Canoniciis,
5<> ; of IVliantunnonioh, i>2 ; of iMiaiiliiinio-
moli lo Waiandance, G.i ; Uucas lo Mian-
tuiuionioh, GG ; of Ninigrel lo the niagis-
trutes of Jloston, 72 ; of Mexhaiii, 7.j ; of
Pessacus; Ninigrel, 7G ; of Pessacus, 8|. ;
of Pliilijt, iii. 23,45 ; of Passacoiiinvay,9l ;
of Waiinalancet, 98 ; of Assiiniua.s<|iiii. 10.) ;
Madokawaiido. iL. 107 ; of Kankaiiiagiis,
113; of Capl. Simmo, 125; of Ca|)l. Sam-
uel, iVi. ; ol John Neolune, 137; ot Powha-
tan, iv. 12 — 14; of 'lomocomo on the ninu-
bers of the Kii"lish, 15 ; of PoealionUis to
Capl. Smith in England, 18; of Opekaiika-
iio, 22 ; of Skijagusta lo the king of Eng-
land, 28', of Oueekachuinpa to tJen. Ogle-
thorpe, M; 'i'omocliichi to him, ih. ; the
same lo the king of Eng. )'A. ; of Atlakiilla-
kulla, 34 ; of Aloiicachtape, 'K) ; of iMad-
dcig lo IMr. Ellicolt, 48; of Wenlherford to
(ieii. Jackson, 50 •, of Mushalatubec to Oen.
Lafayette, G2; Pashamala to him, i7>. ; of
Grangulaeo|)ak,()8 ; of Rig-warrior, G9; of
Oseola, 72; of (irangula, v. G; of Adario,
9 ; of the Five Sachems to (iueen Anne,
14; of Canassalego, 19; of (ilikliikan ; of
Half-king, 22; Nelawatwees ; of 'I'adeus-
kund, 2G ; of Red-jacket lo a missionary,
98 ; on witchcraft ; lo Lafayette, 104 ; to
gov. Penn. 105; of Farmer's-brother, 108;
of Cornplant lo Gen. Washington, 113; of
Tecumseh, 121 ; of Hlack-lhunder,13G ; of
On'jpatonga, 137; of Petalesharoo, 138;
of Sletea, 139; of Keewagoiishkuni, MO;
of niack-hawk, 144; of LitUe-black, 149;
ofNeapopc, 159 ; of One-cyed-Decorie, ii. ;
of lilack-hawk on his surrender, IGl ; his
speech to Pres. Jackson, 1G4 ; of Waboki-
eshiek, IG7.
Spkkn, Abram, a Nipmuk,iii. 81.
Spkf.n, Jamks, a Nipmuk, iii. 88; narrow
escape from Mohawks, 98, n.
Spkkn, John, teacher al Naiik ;diesadrunk-
ard. ii. IIG; Thomas, of Nalik, il>,
Spilman, Henry, his life saved, iv. 17.
Spoonant, Joskph. — See Watapacoson.
Spriiiglicld, attack upon, iii. 32.
Spring, Dr. S. chaplain with .Arnold, iii. 13C.
SftUAB.SKN, a Wampjaiioa"-, iii. 4.
S(iUAMAU(i, counsellor to Wampatiik.ii. 44.
S(iUAMATT, son of .'Vwashonks, iii. G7.
SiiUANDo, sagamore of Saco ; account of his
singular vision, iii. 102; insult lo his wife a
cause of the eastern war, ?A. ; burns Saco,
103; restores a captive, 104; a powow.ii.
SciUANTo, a Wampanoag, carried to Eng-
land, ii. 2 ; errors of authors concerning, 7:
resided in London ; interpreter for the pil-
grims, 14; his death, 15; the only Indian
who escaped the great plague, Ifi ; saves iho
life of(Jiii)l. Dormer, 20 ; accompanies iMas-
sasoitlo Plimoutli,23 ; his manner of catch-
ing eels for the English, !/(. ; taken ;irisoner
by Cauiibilaiit, 29 ; liberated, 7'/). ; uses de-
ception, 38 ; pilots the English to Massa-
chusetts, 40 ; Sf/iMntiim so named from, 42,
Squa w-SACHKM, of Massachusciis, ii. 40;
widow of Nanopashemct ; marries Wcb-
cowit, 41 J treats with the English, 42.
■U
i
io
INDEX.
SavAW-SACHEM. — Sco Maonus nnd Wr.r.-
TAMOU.
Shuiiikayskt murders W, Hngiinl, ii. 4B.
HiiiikIMi, Aloxnii(li-r, iii. 71.
Hluiidisli, C'iijil. Miles, difficiillics wi(h the In-
dians, ii. If), 2.'i; iiiijs Mnssiisoit agoinstCa-
Donicus, !27 ; sent ngaiiist Cniuilnlniit, 'iii;
disrovers a plot to ^■ut oil' llie Knglisli among
(he liuliaiis, .i2 ; s(>iit against them, '.iH ; kills
the cliiel', I'KKslior, ih.
Stnllord, ('apt. massacres Indians, iv. 5.
titunloii, 'I'liomas, ii. 71, 7d, (id, &J, 'M ; John,
iii. I'J ; Uoliert, ib.
St. <'lalr, (ion., his acrount of the disaster of
his army, v. 71. ; hiogruphiral notice of, 7(1,
n. ,' conunissioner at Fort ilarmcr, 111.
Steiiart, Capi. u prisoner, iv. 37, .38.
Stevenson, Mai. (h^Ceated, v. 1 12.
St. Francis, trine of, destroyed, iii. 13-I..
St. (jlrcgory, opinion of, respecting a country
west of Kuropc, i. G, and n.
Stillman, Maj. defeated, v. 149.
St. Leger invests Fort Htanwjx, v. 83.
Stockweil's cnptivity, iii. U8, ;i.
Stone, Capt. kdled l>y IVquots, ii. 102, 103.
Stonk-katkk (Sanamalionga), v. 121, 112.
Stonk-wai.i.-john, iii. 77 ; killed, 78.
Stoughton, Cant, in the I*e(|uot war, ii. 107.
Street, (Jen., 15. Hawk delivered to, v. ItJO.
Strickland's I'lain, battle of, ii. 6!).
Strong, a Seneca chief, v. 110.
Sluart, Isaac, account of Welsh Indians, i. 3G.
Stukely, Sir Lewis, receives the son of Poca-
hontas to educate him, iv. 18, I'J ; betrays
Sir VV. Ralegh, 20 ; dies in wretchedness, ib.
Sturgeon Oeek. attack upon, iii. 111.
Sturgis, Edward, a juror, iii. 12.
Style, of keening the year, ii.21, «. ; difference
between O/rf and AVm:, iii. 117, n. / 118, it.
Sugarloaf-iiill, battle of, iii. 31, 32.
Sullivan, (ien. Indian expedition, v. 91.
Si'NK-sQUAW. — See Quaiapen.
SuNSKTO, a Mohegan, ii. 85.
Sus«li'\NKH.— See Pessacus.
Susup, a Penobscot, tried for murder, iii. 13G.
Swamp-fight at Pocasset, iii. 27; in Narra-
ganse., S-l; near Taunton River, 40; near
Waruick, G6. [ca, i. IG.
Swinton, Dr. John, on the peopling of Amcri-
Syll, Capt. in Philip's war, iii. 89.
SVMoN,a noted Tarratine, aChristian Indian;
attacks Newbury, iii.l II ; attacks Sturgeon
Creek, ib.; his depredations at Casco, 112.
T.
Tadeuskund, a noted Delaware chief, v.
28 ; events of his life, 28,29 j his death, ib.
Tahatdner, son murdered, li. 117. [ii. 117.
Tahatawan. — See Nattaiiattawants,
Talcot, Maj. cuts off Quaiapen, iii. 65.
Talladega, battle of, iv. 67.
Talmon, Peter, complains of Philip, iii. IG.
Tammany, an ancient Delaware, v. IG ; a
society named for ; legends concerning, 17.
Tame-king, a Creek, iv. 4G, 47.
Tamoueesam, a Wampanoag, iii. C5.
TaNTAMOUS.— SceOl.D-JETHRO.
TANTOfiUiESON, a Mohegan capt. seizes Mi-
antunnomoh, ii.'G4, n ; his life attempted, G9.
Tantum, a New Eng. Indian, assists Capt.
Smith in his survey of the coast, ii. 8, n.
Ta(Iuansicke, a Wampanoag, iii. 14.
Tarhe, or the Crane, a Huron chief, v. 131.
Turratines, dreaded by the Indians of Mass.
ii. 17, 40, 42, 46 ; country of, iii. 93.
Tahdivi kin, chief of the Androscoggins, iii.
ID.') ; speech in the I'aconnet council, ib.
Tasiitassih K, ancient chief of the Nurra-
gansets ; fnlher of Cnnonicus, ii. M.
TAssA<ii;ANA'viTr, a Narragnnset, ii. 95.
Tassucke, a Tarrnline, iii. lOl.
Tatamomok sells hinds in Swnnzcy, iii. 1 ;
lands near Pokanoket, 15; Atunkamo-
niake, ib. ji.
Tat( iimuAtiii, a Creek chief, iv. 29.
Tato.'*()n, a noted Wampanoag capt. under
Philip, iii.GO ; surprises Clark's garrison, 01 ;
surrenders to the whites, who behead him,
(>2 ; further notice of, 85.
Tattacommet, iii. (i5, G7 ; Tokknmona,73.
Ta VosEK, one of I'hilip's council, iii. 19.
1'a WEKAKET, a noted Iro(|uois cliief, i. 31.
'rAYi.oR, Capt. a Cherokee chief, iv. Gl.
Taylor, Uebeccn, a cai)tive, iii. 120.
Teasi.aegee, son of Cornplanter, v. 120.
Tecumseii, chief of the Shawanees, endeav-
ors to raise the Creeks against the whiles,
iv, 55; early exploit of, v. 120; speech to
(iov. Harrison, 121; dillicultics with, )Z>. ;
prevents barbarities among his warriors,
124; defeats the Americans under Van-
horn, 125; various traits of choracler, I2G;
incidents nnd anecdotes, 127; fights the Am.
at the river Tliiunes, and is killed, 124.
TEEYEENEH()GAR(>vv,one ofllic five Iroquois
who visiletl England in 1710, v. 14.
Telfair, Cov. and M'CJiliivray, iv. 4(>.
Temperance, Indian advocate of, iv. G8.
Tensau settlement destroyed, iv. 55.
Teyoninhokerawen (John Norton) visits
Eng., v. 131 ; at the canturc of Niagara, 132.
Thacher, Anthony, ii. 22.
Thebe.— See Pebe.
Thcopompus refers to America, i. 3.
Thomas, John, dies, aged 110, ii. 49.
Thomas, of Nemasket, iii. 10.
Thomas, of Nashoba, ii. 118.
Thomas, a Tarratine of Negusset, iii. 100.
Thompson, Gen. killed in Florida, iv. 81.
Thorowgood, T. on origin of the Indians, i. 8.
Till, Joshua, executed as a traitor, iii. 35, n.
Tilden, Joseph, ii. 46.
Tilton, Lieut, attacked, iii. 12G.
lIMPOOtHlE-BARNUEI.. — See BARNARD.
Tippecanoe, battle of, v. 124.
I'ipjiin, Lieut, kills Mugg, iii. 110.
TisPEQDiN. — See Watuspe^uin.
TisQUANTUM. — See Squanto.
Tituba accused as a witch, ii. 118, 119.
ToBAcco-KATER, a Muscogee, iv. 44.
Tobacco, act against disorderly drinking, ii.
22, w. .■ first carried to England, 49, n. ; Up-
powok, iv. G.
Tobias. — See Pocgapanosso (iii. 10,68).
Toby. — Sec Nauhnocomwit.
Tockamok, a Wampanoag, iii. 14.
Tohatooner — See Nattahattawants.
Tohopcka, battle of. iv. 51, GO.
ToKAMAHAMON,a Wampanoag, ii. 14; faith-
ful to Eng., 25 — 29 ; aids Standish against
CaunbilanI, ib.
ToKAMoNA. — See Tattacommet (iii. 20).
Tokinosh, aChristian Indian, ii. 118.
Toi.ony, Awashoiiks's husband, iii. G5, C7.
Tom -J EM MY. — See Soonongise.
Tom-the-infant, a Seneca chief, v. 103.
Tom, Taioson's brother's son, iii. Gl ; per-
haps Penacliason, 85.
Tom, Capt. — Sec Wattassacomponom.
Tom, Capt. a noted Tarratine, attacks and
kills people at Hamnin", iii. 123
INDEX.
11
ToMociiinii, snchcni of Ynmncrnw, iv. 29 ;
inlervifw willi (joii. ()gl«'tlior|)(' ; ffoos wiili
him to Hii^., ;)() 1 Ills si>eucli (o (Ik- King, '/'.,
returns to (,'uroliiiu } (lies; moiiiiniciit to his
mi'Miory, ',i\.
Toivitx oMi), t'oiinsellor to I'owhiitnn ; sent to
Kn^. as a spy. iv. I I ; liis sia^nlMr cnuniu-
ration of the Hnf;li»li, 15 ; marries Poca-
lioiitus's sister. Hi.
TooNAKowi L'oes to England, iv. 2'J ; figlits
tilt' Spanianfs, M.
Tditi'Ki.Mtrr, a Tarrnlinc sarliem, iii. 122.
ToTiU'oToMol notired in lliidihras, iii..'j;j ; of
Pamunkev -, successor of Nikoiowance ;
killed in lli(> Uecliahecrian war, iv. 2^i.
ToTosoN. — Se(! Tatoso.n.
T<iur, l.ord <le la, iii. 123.
INiwiisend treats with Indians, iii. 121.
Tra<lilioiis not to l>e relied u|>oii,ii. M,'J2\ iv.25.
Treat, Maj. relieves Mosely, iii. .32.
Treaties with Mnssasoit, ii. 2'J; another, 21' ;
with nine sachems, ,'iO; the Massachusetts,
4); the Nipmuks, 42 ; Miantuinioinoli anil
Uncas, (iO ; Narragansets, 70 ; another, 1)1 ;
Pcqiiots, 102; I'liifip, iii. 17 ; Narramnsets,
27 ; Tarratines in cnnoes, lOfi ; Pemma-
qiiid, 109 ; seven chiefs in Hiigland, iv. 28;
Paine's Landing, 71 ; Fort (irecnville, v.
81 ; Fort Ilarmer, 111 ; IJIack Hawk, 1 1?.
Troup, Oov. of (Jcorgia, iv. .'j.'J. ."jl-.
'I'lueman, Maj. and others, murdered, v. 03.
Ttu-kabatchees, iv. 48; Tnckabatche, 51.
TucKi'oo. — ISec Watukpoo.
Ti;kapkwii.i,in, a preacher, ii. 50 ; iii. 88.
TuMMADoKVoN, a Tarratine, iii. 1(X).
Turner, Capt. ii. 52, 71 ; killed, iii. 7.1
Turner's Falls, great fight there, iii. Tl ; im-
properly so called, 75, n.
Turner, Humphrey, ii. 45.
Tutrarorns join the Iroquois, v. 1..
Tu.sfiuor.KN, iii. 58, n. — Sec TisPAquiK
TusKill vjo, a Seminole chief, iv. 65.
TwKNTV-cANOKS, a Sencca chief, v. 110
Tiiighliries at war with Iroquois, v. fi.
Two-GUNS, ;\ .Seneca chief, v. 110.
TvASHti, one of Philip's captains, iii. 63.
u.
Um.vathum, iii. 16. — Sec Woonashum.
Umpame, Indian name of Plimouth, iii. 67.
(Jmptakisokk, a VVampanoag, iii. 16.
Uncas, favored by the Eng. ii. 62 ; war with
Scquasson, ii 64 ; war with Miantuiinomoli,
66 ; besiege' in his fort, 6!) ; attempt to kill
him, 73; omplains of witchcraft, 71 ; his
deprcdat.ous iiponNinigret,77,78; the Eng.
blind to his faults, SO; murders (Mght of his
neighbor luds. ; his character, 85; outlived
his enemies, ib. ; his arts in the I'cquot war,
87 ; his various names, 61 ; renders the Eug.
great service, 87 ; wounded, 88 ; plot against
Miantuniiomoh, ih. ; his treatment of him,
90 ; war with Pessacus ; relieved by the
Eug. ih. ; attacks aNarragansel sachem, 95;
trial, 96; found guilty of a " denilish false-
hond" ih. ; forcibly lakes another's wife, 96 ;
a like com|>lnint against him, 97; makes war
uponOusamcqiiiji, 98 ; Eng. march against
hnn, 100; in the l'e<|uot war. 105; screens
fugitives, 107; a Christian, iii. 12 ; aids the
Eng. in Philip's war, 28 ; protests against
the introduction of Christianity among his
nation, ii. 113.
Uncalannisnel, since Millou, ii. 62.
Underhill, Capl. John, ii. 68, 105, 106.
UwKoMpnm, tincio to Philip, ii. 28 ; hid chief
counsellor, ii, 14, n. ; claims lands in Swan-
zev. Hi ; signs a Ireniy nt I'limoulh, 17 -
called Woonkaponeliunt, 19 ; VVohkoinjii^
heiiilt, 20; killed nt 'raiinlon River, 39.
(IppANiPPAHi)KM, a Nipiuuk, ill. B4.
Uppowoc (tobacco), iv. ii.
IJsKDTiiiKiUN. — See Siiosii \ni!H.
ir-rTAMAToMAKIN. — See 'I' MOKDMO.
Ui"rs<)u>VEK!*T,a Wumpano.ig warrior, iii.GI.
V.
V'auhorn, Maj. defeat of, v. 125.
Vaudreuil, (lov. attacks N. E. iii.
140.
17.
\'ene;'as oi. peopling America, i. 7.
Vercheres killed nt Haverhill, iii. I4<).
Verazziiii, his voyage and ilealh, ii. 4.
Vines, Uichard, early in N. England, ii.
Virginia, seltleiiiciil of, iv. 1 1— ii.
Vixoii, Hubert, jr. n juror, iii. 12.
Vpi< AS. — See Uncas.
Voliiey, C. F. on the Indians, v. 77, 70.
Voltaire on the Indians, i. 5, 12; v, 21.
VssAMEOiN. — Sec Massasoit.
W.
Waran, ii.40,. 53, 112, n., Ill—I 16; iii.l 1,81.
W'dliiri^d, River Iniliruis, iii. 97 ; v. 14, n. H.
WAHoKiKsiiiKh, a Winnebago, v. MA— l(i,}.
Wacjiisokk (I'liii.iP), iii. 4, 16,84.
Wadsworth, Cnpt. defeat and death, iii. 38.
Wadsworlh, John, of I'limoulh, iii. 12.
VVAiKiuiWAcuT visits llosiuu, ii. 49, lOt!.
WAiiowAii.iii. 114,129.
VVaiandansk, ii. 63, 74 ; acts of, ib.
Waiie, Serg. Richard, ii. 75, m.
Wakely, Mr. his family murdered, iii. 103.
Wai.cht, the ruler, iii. II.
VValdron, Mnj. ii. 58, n. : iii. 97 ; killed, 115.
Wai.kkh, Maj. a Cherokee chiel', iv. 61.
Walking-Purchase, v. .33.
Wai.k-in-thk-watkh, v. 126, 130, 131.
Walton, Col. expedition of, iii. 120.
Wai.umhk. — See VVouombo.
VVAMiiKRqiTA.sKK, n Peouot, ii. 109.
Wamesit, Indians burnt there, ii. 117.
l\'am))(nino^s, dominion.s of, ii. 18.
Wampapaciuan executed, iii. 12.
WAMPVTurK, JosiAS, sclls Bostoii, ii. 45;
sachem of Namassakeesel, iii. 17.
VVampatuck, son of Josias, sells Braiiilree,
ii. 44 ; some of his people killed by Uncas,
80 ; his Mohawk war, 45.
Wampkv, G. ii. 45 ; '' a .shm Indian," iii. 12.
VV^lMPUM, its value, ii. 71 ; how made ;" Jino
nor Devil can couulerfeit," iii. 45; signifies
a muscle, 55, n. ; value of. 66.
Wamsutta.— .See Ai.f.xandkh.
Wanaduounbuf.nt, a Tarratine, iii. 124.
Wan \matanamk.t, of .\quidnek, ii. 60.
Wannai.ancf.t, sachem of Merrimak,ii.l17;
made prisoner, iii. 95; friend of the whites,
ib. : Gov. letter to, 96 ; restores captives,
97; Mosely's depredations on. 97 ; impiis-
oned for debt, 98 ; of Pennnknok, 1 14.
Wanno. a VVampanoag. iii. 10, 12, 15, CO.
Wanuiio, a Mohegau sachem, ii. 85, n.
WANUNfioNET, a noted Tarratine, iii. 110.
Wapansktii, a Poiiowniiomie, v. 153,
War first proclaimed in N.Eiifj. ii. 36; all wars
barbarous. V. 94; l.iud principal cause of,74t
WARFtiJNcUNT, a Penobscot chief, iii. 124.
Washinglon, Gen. iv. 46; embassy to 4hc
French, v. 35—37 ; measures of*, towards
H I
I
!l I
I :
^'-
ty ._
? ■: 1
11
INDKX.
Iho wPDlrrn Indiani, 73 ; answer to Corn-
plniilcr, I IT) ; iiIidwh him klncliii'mi, 110.
Wa sill INK. — Mff A WAKIIAKS.
WASiNVMHiiMtr, a 'riirraliiii', iii. 121.
W«NN vi'iN KWAT, liriiilii-r of Oliinkicit, ii.'M.
Wak.siikmki , a'l'iirriiiiiio, iii. lOI.
Watai- \( Dsoix, a M|>imiii, iii. HI.
Wai Ai'A i\iii'K, n \V'ani|inmiHK, iii. 11.
Wa roMiiAMKT, a 'I'iirralinc, iii. 1»«.
VValsoa, Jiilin, liiilian h^mmiI, iii. iii.
Walsoii, IVIaJ. ill Ori^ikaiia halllc, v. RS.
VVattani'Mon, a Tarraliiic, iii, I'il, I'iH.
Watta?'A( (iMl'KNoM oxrciilcd, li. 117.
Wa rr^, John, a ('r«'«-k warrior, iv. 'Ui.
Watiiki'iiii, coiiiiscllor Id I'liilip, iii. I<0 ;
lakni iirisiiiicr, <>!.
W,\Ti'si'K<ti'iN, xrcat Wain|inii()ajf ra|>lain,
iiaclicin of Assawomsct, iii. !); si'ciirily tor
Tdhins, 12 ; suIN lands with I'liilip, If! jolli-
er sales,. Oil ; Imriis pari oCHridncwalcr and
I'lini'iiiili, bti ; .snrrcn. to Kii<r.,excriilcd,liU.
WAlMiiiwAMiNii, a Narraifniisrl, ii. !>.'>.
Wa\v\i.(iam, wifv (>riMiaiiiunii()iii(ili, ii. Gl.
Wawnaiiton, a Yankton cliii-f, v. 135.
VViiymoiilli, Capl. voynffu of, ii. 5, (i.
Wayne, (Jpii. named l>y tlio IikIs. v. 77; liiii
expudiiion afj^ninst, UU ; dofuats the south-
ern Indinns, iv. CH.
Wkathk.rfori), a Trerk rhief, iv. 4fl ; mas-
sarrt's the p^arrison at Fori IVlimms ; gives
himselfup, 'W ; spcorh to (Jen, Jackson, 50.
Wkhcowit, a Nipnuik, ii. 4iJ.
WKCdi'AifiiiM, a vVuinpanoa?, iii. 14.
Wkktamoo, wife of Alexander, a " potent
prinress," iii. 3 ; romplains again.st iier liiis-
onnd, 4 ; joins Philip, 5 ; wife of (tuinnapin ;
drowned, 5, fi ; " a proud dame," 6fi.
Wkhanipwnowit, sarhcm of N. H. iii. 100.
Weiser, Conrnd, inlerpreler, v. 18, ID.
Welsh Indians, i, 'M ; iii 110.
Wells, ailark upon, iii, 107.
Wknk.movkt, a Tarratinc, iii. 108.
Wk. iKW, n Narraffanset, iii. 27.
Wei wciiim, a Nnrragnnsel, iii. 27.
Wkpitkamok, his son, and 20 others killed,
ii. 80 ; Wc!)atamuk, 8-1, 95. 102.
Wkquash, a Pequot, ii. r)7, 74, 95, 9fi, 105.
Westbrook, Col. his expedition, iii. 127.
Western Antiquities, i. 39 — 4«.
West, I laneis, romplains of Philip, iii. 17.
Weston, Capl. Thomas, ii. 15, 33.
Weihersfielil, massarre there, ii. 78.
Wewasowanukt (Philip), iii. 16, 48.
Wcynioulli, Edward, iii. 111.
Whk.k.i.barrow, a Seneca chief, v. 110.
Wheelock, l)r Elcazer, ii. 119.
Wheclwrifflit, Rev. John, iii. 100.
Whitk-kyk.s, first captain among the Dela-
wares, v. 2(i ; nfTairs with Pipe, CI ; Indian
name, fiO ; death of, 27.
White, (ipii. destroys he Hallihees, iv. 67.
While Hills, descri;-. ion of, iii. 131, n.
Whitk.-i.ion, r. Huron chief, v. 124.
Whitk-i.oon, a Wiimehago, v. 142.
While, Nalhaniel, a captive, iii. 121.
While, Peregrine, the first born in N. E. iii.71.
Whitk-thundf.r, an Iroquois, v. 36,
Whilmiiii. Vallenline, interpreter, ii. 76.
Wickahaug. ambush at, iii. 29.
Wickliird. deprcdalions at, iii. 3fi.
Wilcox, Daniel, interpreter, iii. fi9.
Wii.Dnow. Sam, a Narragansel, iii. 77.
Willard, Maj. ii. 48 ; sent against Uncas, 99;
relieves Hronkficld, iii. 29.
Willei, C.ipl. Thomas, iii. fi, 8, 1.5,
Willet, Col. Marinus, iv. 4G; v. 85, 91.
Williamiton, Col. hii cxpe<lilion. v. 23, Sfi.
Williainson, II, on otifjni of lii(linn», i, 7,
Williams, John, captivity of, iii. |4|.
Williams, Col. E, killed at I., (irorge, v, ^0.
Wilhiims, Roger, ii. 17; kind to Indians, 27;
his iiccoiint ol the Narragaiiveli, ,'>,'> ; not dI-
loweil to visit lloslon,lil ; inlerpreler, 9.'!.
WiNriiMiiDNK., wile of Monoiiollo, ii, 110;
saves the lifi- of an I'.nglishmmi, ih.
Winchester, (icn. his deleal, v. IJ!).
WiNOKNiiM, a Delaware chief, v. (17,68,
WiN(;iNA, a '» irginia rhief, iv, 4, 3,
WiitHfliitifoei, tribe of, v, 141, 143.
Wl N N K.-M A K .opposes 'IVciiinseli,v,122; foneht
at Tippecanoe, I.i3 ; killed by Logan, u>.
WiNNKi'DKKiTT, SOU of Naiiapaslieinet, ii,
_41 ; his marriage, 47; anenlote, iii, 94.
Winiiipisiogee, Nipisipiiiue, iii. 1 10.
Winslow, (vlward, ii. 19, 24, 2.5, 28, 31.
Winslow, Maj. iii. 7, 1.5; commands in the
Narragansel ligtil,.'l.5 ; wiiiiiided, 71.
Winslow, Nathaiiiei, of Plinioulh, iii. 12.
Winihrop, (iov. ii. 27. KJ, 62.
WispoKK. — .See WoosPAsurK. iii. 26.
WissKMK.MKT ( Niiainemet), iii. 121, 128.
WiTTAWASH, a Niirragnnsel,ii.70, 95.
WiTTDWAMK.T, a Wampaiioog chief, ii. 32 ;
surprised and slain, 'M\.
WoAKDMPAWiUN. — .See llNroMPoiw.
W(iHK(ti)oB, a Narragansel, iii. 27.
WoiiAWA, iii. 1(X).— See Hopkhood (116).
Woi.K-KiNfi, a Creek rhief, iv. 2.3.
Woi.F, a Mohegan, v. 40 ; a SImwanee, 60.
WoNoiiAQUAfiAM, son of Nanepashemet, ii.
40 ; aiils Canonicns in war, 42 ; his wig-
wam burnt, 47 ; Sagamore John, ib.
Woodcock, a Wampanoag, iii. 61.
Wooily, R. complains of Pessacus, ii. 83,
WooNASiiKNAH, a Wampaiiong, iii. 61.
WooNA.sifUM (Nimrod), iii. 15; Munashum,
16; treaty at Plimoiith, 17; rotinsellor to
Philip, 19; another treaty, 20; killed in 'he
fight at Renobolh Plain, 28.
WoospAsucK, Philip's counsellor, iii. 19.
WooToNKKANtJSKK, wife of Philip, iii. 10,
13 ; sister to the wife of Quinnapin, 66; Ta-
tamumaqu(>. 16.
Wo(iijA(ANi>osK, a Narragansel, ii. 81.
WoRoMBo, a Tarraiiiie, iii. 107; residence,
113; his fort taken, 116; treaty, 122.
WoTOKOM, Philip's counsellor, iii. 19.
WUTTACKQIJIAKOMIN, a Pequot, ii. 102.
WvKJAH, a C^herokee, iv. .36.
WyfTii) Richard, life saved, iv. 16.
Wyoming, destruction of, v. 87.
Y.
Yahani.akf.e, a Creek chief, iv. 29.
Yahvaiitu.stanijo, iv. 44.
Yamacraw settled, iv. 29.
Yankee, origin of the name, i. 23.
Yazons, destruction of, iv. 2.5.
York destroyed by Indians, iii. 106.
YoTAsii, Y«)TNF.sn, — .See Otash.
YoiINOKST-OF-THF.-TIlUNnKRS, V. 143.
YouNo-KiNO, a Seneca chief, v. 110.
Younglove, Dr. captivity of, v. 83.
Z.
Zeisberger, David, a Moravian missionary,
seizerl by the Hiirons, v. 23.
Zinzendorf, Count, mission to the Delawarei,
v. 18 ; anecdote of, ib.
INDEX
TO THI
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
ian missionary,
the Delawares,
ABF.NtiUin murdered, iii. 121 ; aiintlicr, 149.
Abiaca (Sam Jonks), iv. VZ.i, 147.
Abraham (NeKr()chift'),iv, 77, U.l, l.'W, 110.
AcTKON, iioUmI i'X|il()il of, iii. Ij'2 — IM.
Adams lion. J, U , ii. 44 ; iv. rA, IKi.
Adamx, Li<Mit., cxpluit of, iv. 141.
AoAMcus (Cai'T. Tom), oxploil of, iii. 130.
Alden, Kov. T., missiomiry, v. II'J.
Ai.LKiAToii, iv. 77, l;U, (;'" 147, 151.
Aliia, wrccii of the, iv. 1 1'l
Anecdotes, i. 18— JU; v. 1(X
Anti(|uitics of Aiiicrira, iv. i* > ; v 108.
Apples, " better made into rider,' i. iJ6.
Atiitidiiek, sale of, to the whiles ii. GO.
Akatomakaw, anecdote of, i. 12.').
Ahcxus, his visit to ItostoM, iii. Mi).
Arinistead, Uen., in Florida, iv. M.
Arthur, Lieut., in Florida, iv. 153.
Ashby, ('apt., captures Osceola, iv. 142.
AssACAMBi;iT visits Portsmouth, iii. 156.
B.
Bald Eaoi.e, murder of, v. 42.
Hnncroft, Lieut., lolievcs Exeter, iii. 150.
IJeall, Capt., iv. 147; exploits, 1 18, 153.
Beard, Indians not without, v. 92.
Hellows, (^ol., siffiial exploit of, iii. 151.
Bkkrv, Maj., v. 110; death of, 171).
Big Kktti.k, a Seneca chief, v. 110.
Bio Wakrior's speech to Jackson, iv. 69.
Bt.Acic UiRT, iv. 79, 93, 128.
Black Hawk, in N. York, v. 169; escapes
a biographer, 170; visits the Senecas, 171;
liberated, 172 ; at Boston, 178—180; death
of, 182.
Bloodhounds in Florida, iv. 119 ; operations of,
150, 151 ; three killed, ViZ ; exploits of, l.M.
Bloody Brook, battle of, iii. 32.
Bi.uK-J\cKET, at Fort Recovery, v. 193.
Blue Licks, battle of the, v 188.
BoMAZEEN imprisoned, iii. 148.
Books, Indians notions of, v, 180.
Boone, Col. Daniel, v. IS."}, 187—189.
BouDiNOT, E., executed, iv. 120.
Bouquet, Col., Ohio expeditions, v. 194, &c.
Bracket, Anthony, escape of, iii. LW.
Bradstreet, Col., expedition of, v. 19G.
Bright Horn, exploit of, v. 132.
Brooke, Lieut., killed, iv. 143
Bryant's station, siejTe of, v. 186.
Bi'shy Run, battle of, v. 19.5—196.
Bul4erfield, Mr., killed by Pequots, ii. 105
o.
('(i'«nr, i. 9; never fouf^ht Indians, iv. 137.
('allKinn, lion. John ('., iv. 105.
Ciilico Hills, nnilinsh near, iv. 151.
("all, (J(.v. of Floriila, iv. 13.5—1.39, l.'iO.
Carroll, (Jen., Cherokee mission of, iv. 102.
Center, Adj., kille<l at Okechobe, iv. 143.
CiiviKiKA surprise<l and killed, iv. 155.
(Chambers, Lieut., iv. 138.
Charlotte llarbor attacked, iv. 131.
Cherokees, expatriation of, iv. 97—132.
Cherokee Plxmir, iv. 114, 170.
Cherry Valley, tiestructiou of, v. 89.
Church, Col.," death of, iii. IKi, l.'iO.
Clark, (Jen., Miami expedition, v. 189.
Clinch, Oen., iv. 129—131.
Cloud. — See Litti.k Cloud.
('oAcoocHKK (Wild Cat), iv. 141, M3.
('oAHAjo. — See Allioatoh.
Coburn, R. , Indian agent, iii. 156.
Colman, John, killed, ii. 4.
Colooshatchie, massacre at, iv. 149.
Consert, Cornelius, iii. 21., '25, 31, 144.
CooPKR (Osuchee) killed, iv. !.38.
CoRMAN, iii. 47; insulted in Boston, 145.
Courcy, Mr., family murdered, iv. 153.
(Veus, Dr., killed, i^v. 131.
Cross Timbers, battle of the, iv. 171.
D.
Davidson, Cnpt., death of, Iv. 156.
Dkcorik, death of, v. 171, 176.
Defiance (Fort), v. 73, 80.
Devil, singular charges against, i. 9 ; ii. 36.
Dogs. — See Bloodhounds.
DouBi.KiiF.AD, i. 28 ; murdered, iv. 121.
Doughty, Maj., disaster of, v. 189.
Drake, Abraham, of Hampton, iii. 112.
Drake, Capl. Georce, the first Englishman
who sailed in the River St. Lawrence, ii. 20.
Drake, Dr. Daniel, on mounds, i. 41.
Drake, Lieut., gallant exploit of, v. 192.
Dranc (Fort), attack upon, iv. 131.
Diunmer, Rev. Mr., killed, iii. 107, 148.
Durill, Mr., family destroyed, iii. 151.
Duiham.— See Oyster River, iii. 119, 120.
E.
Fames, T.. family destroyed, iii. 80.
Eastman, P., captivity of, iii. 97.
Hi
14
INDEX TO THE ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
Eastman. A., caplivily of, iii. 152, 153.
Erhota.—Spe AVic Echota, iv. 102.
Ellis, ('apt., exploit of, iv. VVl.
Emathla, Chari.ks, iv. 125, \^5.
Estill, Capl., defeat and death of, v. 185.
Everett, Gov. E., iii. 32 j v. 180.
F.
Fall Fight (Turner's Falls), iii. 74.
Fi.AMiNoo visits Philadelphia, i. 28.
Florida War, iv. 70—76; 121—156.
Flournoy, Col., killed, iv. 93.
Fontaine, Maj., killed at Miami, v. 190.
Foot, Capt., 'tofliire<l to death, iii. 151.
Forbes, Mr., escapes Wildcat, iv. 152.
Fox Point, N. H., destroyed, iii. 150.
Frontenac, Gov., and White-John, i. 18.
Fuxi£ murdered, iv. 13C.
G.
Gallop, J., executes Pequots, ii. 106.
Gamble, Col., of Florida, iv. 151.
Gansevoort, (^ol., v. 83.
Gary, Maj., the mad prank of, v. 188.
Gendal, Cant., seizes Mocio, iii. 105,
Gentry, Col., killed, iv. 143.
Georok, Capt., dies, v. 177.
Georgia. — See Cherokees.
Gill, Col., in the Florida war, iv. 135
Gilmer, Gov., iv. 103, 113.
Girty, Simon, the miscreant, v. 186.
Good Pktkr, v. 10(i.
Goodwin, Col., iv. 131.
Graham, Hon. J. A., v. 169.
Gray, Mr., family murdered, iv. 148.
Green, Col., exploit of, iv. 152.
Greenville, Sir Richard, iv. 7.
Groton, destruction of, iii. 148.
Gyles, John, iii. 107; killed, 148.
H.
Halec-hajo parleys with Jesup, iv. 146.
Hai.ec-tustenugge, iv. 152, 154.
Hanson, Col., iv. 153, 154.
Hardidge, David, surprised, iv. 96.
Hardin, Col., under Harmer, v. 189.
Harjo, embassv to Florida, iv. 137.
Harlan, Maj., killed, v. 188.
Harmer, Gen., v. 73 ; disastrous expedition of,
189.
Harney, Col., disaster at Synebal, iv. 149,
155 ; among the Everglades, 155.
Hartshorn, Capt., v. 190; killed, 193.
Hatchc Luste, battle of, iv. 1,38.
Heads, some of the English, sent to the Nip-
n uks, iii. 89 ; of Matoonas and Philip, gib-
beted, 43, 80; of Pequots, set on Sav-
brook Fort, ii. 105.
Heald, Capt., killed, at Chicago, v. 134.
Heillman, Maj., death of, iv. 131.
Hernandez, Gen., iv. 138, 141, 142.
Higgins. Paul, a captive, iii. 156.
History, true, little reud, ii'- 115.
IIix, John, iv. 123. 141.
Hogiown, murder at, iv. 74, 1.30.
HoLAToorHEE, iv. 154, 139
HoPEHooD, iii. 150, 151.
Howell, Mr., family destroyed, iv. 153.
Hiilburl, Lieut., killed, iv. 149.
Humphreys, Col., iv. 122.
I.
Indians, origin rf their name, i 3 ; some have
no tradition of their origin, 7; render good
for evil, 18; management of wives, 20;
tolerant in religion, ib. ; first seen in Eng-
land. France, Spain, ii. 4 ; cannibals, 4, 65,
86. v. 72 ; first seen bv the PHgriins. ii.
11; attack them, 12; uance when visited
by strangers, 15; groat sickness or plague
among the New England, 16, 17, 20, 75;
" so many God cann(/i kill them," 16 ; never
forget injuries, 21; their beds, 25; some
whipped at Boston, '14 ; ravages of the
small-pox among, ii. 47; v. 181; much
addicted to gami '~, ii. 25; will play away
the skins from their wives' backs, 31 ; em-
ploy games as stratagems, v. .52; exact in
the bounds of their lands, ii. 56, CO; abuse
sauaw captives, ii. 81 ; but never insult
white squaws, iii. 45, &c. ; never abandon
their slain but to save their own lives, 23;
saMcity in following a track, 40; many
sold into slavery, ii. 8, 107; iii. 40, 104;
dress of the New England, ii. 22 ; iii. 56 ;
naturcil swimmers, 1(32; first employed in
the revolution, 1.36, 166 ; manner of flat-
tening heads, iv. 25; not without beard, v.
92 ; do not want for natural afl'ection. — See
Pocahontas, Bouquet's Expedition, &c.
Indian Bii.i.y killed, iv. 135.
Indian Key, massacre at, iv. 153i
Indian Language. — See Language.
Indian Laws, ii. 56, 60.
Irviii"', Washington, visits B. Hawk, v. 136.
Izard, Lieut., killed, iv. 89.
J.
Jackson, Gen., iv. 102, 103, 106, 109.
Jackson, Serj., devotion of, iv. 152.
Jacobs, Capt., killed, v. 38.
James-the-printer, iii. 147.
Jefferson, T., on Indian rights, iv. 109.
Jennings, Lieut., killed, iv. 1 W.
Jesup, Gen., iv. 95, 96, 135; at the Wahoo,
137; surprises Cooper, 138 ; captures eight
chiefs, 141; wounded, 1'15; recommends
giving up the war, 146 ; ijeizes another
parly, 147 ; leaves Florida, ib.
Jim Bov, iv. 96, 134; fights for the whites in
Florida, iv.
Jon, Co I.., insolent at a treaty, iii. 1.52.
Johns, Mr., barbarously killed, iv. 133.
Judd, Lieut., ambushed, iv. 1.55.
Juot, R., Journal of Hudson's voyage, ii. 4.
Jumper, iv. 93, 124, 138, 139 ; death of, 147.
K.
Kellog's Grove, fight at, v. 152.
Kelly, Mr., dcvotedncss of, iv. 13-1..
Kcnnebunk, attack upon, iii, 151,
Kenton, Simon, v. 45 ; dies. 176.
Keokuk, v. 172, 17.3, 175 ; visits Boston, 178.
luk'ipoos, some sent to Florida, iv. 140.
Kilburn, John, defends Walpolc, iii. 154,
L.
Lake Monroe, battle of, iv. 139.
Laiiil), Mr,, family destroyed, iv. 152.
Lane, Col., iv. l.il; death of, 1.3,5.
Lane, John, Penobscot agent, iii. 156.
INDEX TO THE ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
15
■ the whites iu
Language,Tndian,ii. 23,26; iii. 99; i. ; viii. ;
iii. 131., 137
Leilner, Dr., killed, iv. I'H.
Lellers from Indians, iii. 37, 83, 147.
Levcrctt, Gov., iii. i"!, 96, HI.
Lieiilsay, ('ol., in Florida, iv. 131.
Little Ci.oud, iv. 77, 1.39, 141, 143.
Lilllc Turtle, at Fort Recovery, v. 193.
Logan, Co!., expedition of, v. 189.
LoRETTE (Grand Louis), death of, v. 177.
Li RON, embassy to Boston, iii. M9.
M.
Macoml), Gen., iv. 148; his treaty, 149.
Madokaw.\ni)o atGrolon, iii. 147, 148.
Man does not degenerate here, i. 12; iii. 71.
Manners and Customs. — See Indians.
Marshall, Judge, iv. 111.
Martin, Lieut., cut off, iv. 152.
Mason, Capt., killed, iv. 152.
Massachusetts, name of, ii. 17, 42.
Massasoit, chief of thirty' tribes, ii. 24.
Meganiimba at Boston, iii. 149.
Mellon, Capt., killed, iv. 139.
Memecho, Geo., iii. 29, 30.
Mikasaukies, iv. 93, 128, 139.
MicANOi'Y, iv. 123, 129, 154.
M'Kee, Capt., v. 193.
M'Intosh, Gkn. iv. 27, 107. Chilly, 125.
M'Laue, Mr., family cut off, iv. 152.
M'Mahon's defeat and death, v. 192.
M'Neal, Lieut., killed, iv. 141.
MONAKATOOCHA, V. 3.J, 183.
MoNiAC, Maj., kiliei' at Wahoo, iv. 136.
Money of the Indians, iii. 141.
Monroe (Lake), battle of, iv. 139.
Monroe, Pres., iv. Ill, 112; v. 165.
Montgomery, iVlrs., killed, iv. 156.
Moore, Col., i. 25.
RfosES, Capt., mischiefs of, iii. 153.
Motte, Mr., killed, iv. 31.
Mounds, traditions concerning, i. 14; v. 108.
Uount Hope, description of, li. 18, 19.
Mcxos destroys Pemmaquid, iii, 148.
M'L'ea, Rev. Mr., killed, iv. 151.
* l'shalatubee dies, iv. 148.
N.
Nanuntf.noo, iii. 146.
Natanis, an Abenaki, iii. 156.
Nebine, an .\benaki, iii. 149.
Nelson, Gen., iv. 143, 141..
Nepanet Tom, ambassador, iii. 1-46, 147.
New Echota, treaty of, iv. \&2.
O.
Oddeuussin visits Boston, v i81.
Okecliohe (Lake), battle of, i". 143.
Onux, wife of (iuiiniap'n, iii. 56.
OuoNo visits Cambri<lffo, iii. 155, 6.
Osceola kills a chief, iv. 125; insulted, 130;
an escape, 132 ; another, 13;) ; visited by a
Creek deputation, 137 ; courage quostioned,
139; visits '.he whites, 140; imprisonment
and death, 142 — 5.
Osuchee (Cooper) surprised and killed, iv.
138.
Ot cite, biography of, iv. .32.
OUCHEE BlLI.V. — ^ce UcHEE BiLLY.
Oyster River, iii. 119, 120; iv. 152.
P.
Paouy Carr in Florida, iv. ISt, 139.
Paine, Mr. J. H., Georgia insults, iv. 119.
Paine, Kino.— .See King Paine, iv. 66,124.
Prtine's Landing, treaty of, iv. 123.
Palmes (should be Palmer), iii. 49.
PARSHEPAniio at Boston, v. 174.
Path Killer and Gen. Jackson, iv. 106.
Peak, Mr., killed at Walpole, iii. 155.
Pemir.aquid, destruction of, iii. 148.
Pcqiiots, some executed and cast into the
sea, ii. 106; many made slaves, 107; war
with, 101—106.
Perkins, John, of Agawam, ii. 4C.
Perrine, Dr. H., ina.«acred, iv. 153.
Peyton, Lieut., exploit of, iv. 141.
Philip defeated at Walpole, iii. 154.
Philip of Topkoliky, iv. 141, 147.
Philosophical Transactions, iii. 90.
Pierce, Maj., in Florida, iv. 132, 136.
PiOMiNGo (Colburt), iv. 61, 62 ; v. 193.
Pipe, Capt., taken captive, v. 200.
Pollard, Capt., visited by B. Hawk, v. 171.
Post, Frederick, mission west, v. 39.
Powell, Lieut., defeated, iv. 144.
Purchase, T., house robbed, iii. 116.
Pushmataha, death of, 62, 63.
R.
Rains, Capt., defeated, iv. 152.
Randolph, John, dies, iv. 19.
Recovery (Fort), v. 75, 80; battle of, 191.
Rei> Hawk, the Shawane, v. 49, 199, 200.
Removal, the policy of, examined, iv. 136.
Rhode Island, purchase of, ii. 60.
Ridge, Maj., iv. 100, 108; murdered, 120.
Riley, Col., his exploit, iv. 152.
Ross, John, iv. 53, 100, 107, 108, 118, 141.
Rowell, Capt., defeated, iv. 148.
Russell, Capt., ambushed, iv. 148.
S.
Sabatis, fate of, iii. 154.
Sac and Fox, and Sioux war, v. 177.
Saguaaram. — See LoRON,iii. 149.
Sam Jones (Apiaca), iv. 139, 141, M3.
Sanderson, Lt., defeat and death of, iv. 152,
San Felasco, battle of, iv. 133.
Saunders, Capt., disaster of, iii. 149.
Saunders, Lieut., his barbarity, iv. 154.
Sa(iuarexis, a hostage, iii. 149.
Savage, Ensign, wounded, iii. 25.
ScAROYADA.— See Monocatoocha.
Schermerhorn, Rev. J. F., iv. 101.
Scott, Gen., sent to reduce Cherokees, iv. 103.
Searl, Capt., killed, iv. 150.
Seminotes, iv. 121, 128, 132, 140.
Sherwood, Lieut., killed, iv. 156.
Shrimpton, S., ii, 71 ; iii. 144.
Sioux, some at Boston, v. 170.
Soulhworth, Lieut. N , grave of, iii. 146.
Shkckled-snake, speech of. iv. 110.
Stanley's plantation al!..?ked, iv. 152.
Stanwix (Fort), v. 36, 83, 114, 115.
Stark, John, iii. 152 ; captivity of, 153.
Stevens, C;ipt. Phinehas, iii. 153
Slinson, David, killed, ill. 153.
St.. Johns (Fort) taken, ill. 149.
Swashan, noted chief, iii. 156.
Synebal, massacre at, iv. 149.
16
INDEX TO THE ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
T.
Taunton attacked by Philip, iii. 39.
Teoanisorkns. — Sec Dkkanisoua, v. 9.
Thompson, Col., killed at Okccholic, iv. Ii3.
Thompson, Gen., agent, iv. 12k
Thompson, J. W. H., iv. 131.
Tiger-tail, a talk wiih, iv. 119, IM.
Tilly, John, murdered by Pequots, ii. 105.
Todfd, Col., killed at the Hlue Licks, v. 188.
Tom, Capt., escapes Col. Church, iii. 130.
ToMOKA John taken, iv. 141.
TosKEGEE defeats Lieut. Powell, iv. 144,
145 ; talks with Gen. Jcsup, 146 ; escapes,
148. 149.
Toxus — See Moxn^, iii. 107, &c.
Trigf^, Col., killed at the Blue Licks, v. 188.
U.
UcHEE P'LT.Y wounded, iv. 91 ; killed, 141.
IJndep ood, Capt., killed, v. 191.
Upsawah {an Abenaki), iii. 114.
V.
Van Buren, Martin, iv. 127.
Vane, Sir Henry, ii. 107.
Vann, David, arrested, iv. 115.
Vanswearingen, Capt., killed, iv. 143.
Voltaire, errors of, i. 12 ; v. 92.
W.
Wahoo Swamp, battle of. iv. 13'}.
Wahwa, murderous exploit of, iii. 150.
Walcott, Serj., killed, iv. 155.
Walpolc, N. H., siege of, iii. 154.
Wampum, iii. 144.— See iVloney.
Wapem.a visits Boston, v. 178.
Wiiril's Simple Cobbler of Agawam, i. 9.
Waucoshaushe killed, v. 177, 178.
Warrun, Col., iv. 133.
Wcatlierslicid i^eople killed, ii. 78, 105.
Welike, battle of, iv. 131.
Wells, Mr., killed at Cherry Valley, v. 90.
Wells, Capt., killed, v. 131.
Wenamovet, an Abenaki, iii. 148.
Wheelock, Lieut., death of, iv. 131.
Wheelwright's Pond, battle of, iii. 151.
Whedan, Lieut., killed, iv. 151.
Wildcat (Coacoochee), iv. 152; attacks
some players, 153; bold exploit, 154, 155.
Williamson, Col., expedition of, v. 69.
Williams, Maj., killed, iv. 132.
Winder, Capt., exploit of, iv. 144.
Winthrop, John, Jr., ii. 96.
Wirt, VVilliam, iv. 99 ; dies, 100.
Wiswall, Capt., killed, iii. 151.
Wilher's (/hronicles, valuable, v. 49, 69.
Worcester, Rev. Mr., imprisoned, iv. 114f^
117.
Wormwood, Lieut., killed, v. 86.
Wyllys, Maj., killed at Miami, v. 190.
X.
Xavier, Francis (Abenaki), iii. 149.
Y.
Yaholoochie (Little Cloud), iv. 77, 139.
Yeardly, Sir George, iv. 20.
Z.
Zeigler, Serj., fight, iv. 153.
THE WHOLE NUMBER OF PAGES IN THE WORK.
Book I. (including Preface, &c.,) 60
« II 120
" III 156
" IV 156
" V. (including Index,) .216
Total, 708
THE END.
s.
vam, i. 9.
, 178.
78, 106.
Jley, V. 90.
148.
131.
iii. 151.
152 ; attacks
loit, 154, 155.
r, V. 69.
44.
0.
V. 49, 69.
ned, iv. 114--
86.
, V. 190.
I, iii. 143.
, iv. 77, 139.
ORK.
60
....120
156
. . ..156
216
708