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R E P O R T

■OK —

1 D. M. GKEENE, C. E.,

\o niK

Watei\ Works Pommittee

OK HIE

COlU'OR.VnON OF THE Gin

fVlTAWA,

REPORT

-OF-

D. M. GREENE, C.E.,

TO THE

Watei\^ Works Committee,

OF THE

CORPORATION OF THE CITY OF OTTAWA.

OTTAWA

1871.

KKPORT.

W. JVIOSOBOVE, yiSQ.,

Chaiitnan of Water Works Committee,

City of Ottaioa, Onta/rio,

Sir,—

The various plans pi-oposed for supplying your city
with water having been submitted to me for a decision as to
which in my opinion is the " best method," have been carefully
considei-ed, and I now have the honor to submit the following:

RE PORT.

Immediately upon my arrival in your city, on the 3rd
ultimo, in response to the invitation contained in your lett*^r
of the 22nd June, I was furnished with copies of the Eeports
of Messrs. Keefcr and Perry, and access was furnished to the
map accompanying the former, showing at a glance the
different i-outes proposed — excepting the Little Chaudiere —
together with the system of distribution recommended by Mi'.
Keefer.

In company v/ith City Engineer Perry, I made a tour of the
city, for the purpose of acquainting and familiarizing myself
with its topography; and afterward, in company with several
members of the City Council, I visited and examined the
several routes from the source of supply — the Ottawa — to the
proposed sites for the location of the Pumping Machinery, and
for the commencement of the Distributing System.

These examinations were repeated, and continued from
day to day, as occasion seemed to require ; and I also gladly
availed myself of such information and such suggestions, from
whatever sources, as I was able to obtain.

The Members of the City Council, and the citizens, so
far as I mot them, uniformly manifested a desire to do all in
their power, to put me in full possession of all the information
thus far accumulatetl, which could, in any wise, be of assistance
to me in the proper discharge of the delicate and responsible
duty imposed upon mo.

Gentlemen have, at my request, freely presented what, in
their opinions, constituted the advantages and disadvantages of

the KOvei*al plans ; but I am happy to be able to say, in no
instance has any gentleman sought to unduly or improperly
urge the merits of any particular locality or system.

While there was a great diversity of opinion among those
whom it was my pleasure to meet, and each ha<l his favorite
idea, all seemed to be animated with the common desire and
determination that your city shall be provided with a Water
Works System, and that right speedily.

The necessity of an abundant supply of pure water for
your city is, I believe, admitted by all. The advar»tages
which would certainly attend its introduction, — such as the
increased comfort and convenience of the people ; the promo-
tion of cleanliness and health among the poorer classes ; the
protection from fire, and the consequent reduction in insurance
rates ; the added attractions of the city for persoiis of wealth,
leisure and culture, in the shape of fountains and well-sprinkled
fitreets — all these have been dwelt ujwn at length in the reports
already referred to, and in the general conclusions of which 1
fully concur.

In considering the question of watei supply, the questions
that naturally present themselves to the intelligent citizen, —
and to the Engineer as well, — are :

1st* What ought the works to cost ?

2nd. What amount of revenue may be reasonably expected
from such works ?

3rd. Are there any special pecuniary advantages to be
derived from the j>osses8ion of such wo 'ks ? In a word — wiH
they pay ?

For the purpose of answering these questions, in a general
way, we naturally turn to the experience of other cities.

The following table shows —

1. The total cost to January, 1868, of over f/iventy of the
|>rincipal City Water Works of the United States.

2. The cost for each individual of the population supplied
50 gallons daily — the population being assumed to be such that
50 gallons per capita per diem would just equal the supply
furnished.

3. The cost per annum, of supplying ejich individual 50
gallons per day.

4. The annual receipts for each individual so supplied.

The table has been compiled from official reports, and the
information which it furnishes may, therefore, be relied upon ;
except, perhaps, in the case of the Philadelphia Works, some
of the elements of cost and supply for the several branches of
which have been estimated.

STATISTICS OF WATER SUPPLY.

Nami or Works.

Fair Mouat

Schuylkill

I^tilaware

24th Ward Works
Qerraantown

Total

Croton

Brooklyn

Chicago

Cincinnati

Jersey City

Hartford

Cambridge

Detroit

Burlington

Buffalo

Cleveland

Louisville*

Louisvillef

Albany, 1859.... ..

Troy, "

Boston, '«

Mobile, "

New OrleanH, 18.59.
Pittsburg, «« .

Richmon<l, "

Total Cost of

Works to

December, 186lr.

Averages ,

$ o.

2,395,282 01

1,197,422 39

770,480 20

265,546 27

150,000 00

4,778,730 87
14,000,000 00

7,000,000 00

2,373,919 80
875,000 00

1,373,000 «0
471,872 00
532,273 72

1,000,000 00

56,306 91

705,000 00

690.232 70

1,211,630 60

1,500,000 00
921,892 CO
216,000 00

5,500,000 00
300,000 00

1,400,000 00
900,000 00
654,000 00

Cost per

Otplta,
«*Aob person
00 gallonii

per dttj.

C.
46

OMt of rap-
plying one
person AA
gallons per
(Iny for
on« jrMT

10 88
9 81
7 16

13 34

7
11
28
13

5
16
11
21
12
10

6
18
32

9
18

7
18
60
11

7
16

07
80
37
67
56
01
84
10
67
25
41
09
76
46
44
35
33
00
67
50
35

$15 06 $1 72 ! $1 56

* Present consumption.

+ Full capacity with completed works.

It, therefore, appoai-s that the average cost of works in
the United States has been $15.05 for each individual supplied
50 gallons per day ; and that the average annual cost of so
supplying each individual is 31. "72.

In the annual cost of supplying water are included interest
on cost of works, cost of superintendence and repairs, and the
cost of pumping, — wherever the supplies are obtained by that
means.

Tho average receipts per capita, per annum, are $1.56 ;
showir.g a slight deficiency in revenue. This results from the
fftot that a few of the works are coi-atructetl of a capacity largely
in excess of the present consumption.

Tho principal ohviouH pocnninry iidvanbigos i-egultin/jj from
an ivbundurit supply of water, uro, — the oiihuneed value of
pro})erty, immunity from extensive and destructive conflagra-
tions, and a very large reduction in Insurance rates ; tho latter
amounting to a sum largely in excess of the annual cost of
supplying water.

The ett'ect upon Insurance, however, having been alrejidy
very thoroughly discussed in the Reports made to your Coun-
cil, need not he further discussed here.

Tho pi-oposed capacity of the Works for your City being
ample for u population of 50,000 people, a reason ible expendi-
ture for their construction — bpsed upon the above average —
would be 8750,000 ; or, if the estimate be made upon the basis
of })resont j)opulation, and at the same rate per capitii, tho
reasonable eo;st of Works of capacity to meet present wants,
Kim])ly, would bo 0375,000. The former estimate, however, is
the proper one, inasmuch ife most of the Works included in
tho Table were taxed to nearly, or quite, their full capacity at
the time when the Reports referred to ivere made.

The annual Revenues, 'supposed to be only equal to the
^.annal cost of maintaining the supply, would be $86,000 for a
lK)pulation of 50,000, or $43,000 for a population of 25,000.

1 have introduced the foregoing facts, and the estimates
based upon them, in this place, for the purpose of enabling
you, in advance, to form some idea of the expense which may
be reasonably incurred by your City in the construction of
Water Works ; and of also giving you an idea of the amount of
unnuol Revenue which may be expected from the Works, if
consti-ucted.

A provision, at the outset, for the large supply, will be the
more economical in the end ; for the reason that all the fea-
tures of the larger supply are common to the smaller, while
the cost of each element of the former will be much less, rela-
tively, than in the latter.

The cost of the right of waj^, for example, and of the water
privilege, will be practically the same in either case ; while
the canal for conveying the water to the pumping station, can
be constructed of ample capacity, at first, more cheaply than
it can be enlarged or duplicated at some future time.

Again, owing to the sparse population of the greater part
of your City, it is probable that much of the future increase in
population will be within the present City Limits, so that the
extent of tho distribution required for the larger supply, will
not materially exceed that for tho former; except that larger
pipes will be required. The cost of laying the larger jiljym-

will not, hoNvevor, und^r tl;o circumstancoM, be vavy much in
oxcess of that of Inyin^ t!>o mnuller. These ronmrks rohite
Himply to the quef*tion of firHtcost; other, and entirely obviou.s
coHHiderationH, render il essential that provision be made at the
outset, for furnishing the hir^jjor supply.

In this connection, it may not be out of place to intrmluce
some statistical information in ref^aitl to the capacity of, and
cost of constructing, the City Water Works of New Hedfoiil.
MasM. These Works, recently con.ploted, were constructetl
under the direction of the Hon. Wm. J. McAlpine, as consult-
ing Engineer.

The j)opulation of the City, in 1870, was 21,320 ; or a little
less than the present population of the City of Ottawa.

The capacity of the Pumpin;^ Kngine is 2,000,000 gallorjs
in 10 hours, or 4,800,000 gallons in 24 hours.

This capacity of Engine was providotl to obviate the
necessity of pumping at night, and to provide lor an}' necessary
stoppage for repairs.

The Distributing System, at the close of 1870. embraced
17^ miles of pipe, which has since been increased to 20 miles.
About 10 per cent of the pipe is laid in I'ock..

The Works comprise, a Storing Eeservoir ; a Brick Con-
duit about 5^ miles long; a Eeceiving Heservoir, near the
Pumping Station ; a Pump House, with the requisite Steam
Machinery ; a Eising Main, 1960 feet long ; a Distributing
Reservoir, and the necessary Distributing Pipes.

The Cost of th^jso Works, to Decemoer 1870, was us
follows:

Conduit .' $170,541 42

Dam 18,845 24

Disiributing Eeservoir 59,591 58

Distribt on, including services '164,097 50

Engine - 'iouse 32,156 69

Engine 37,456 33

Eunning Engine - 3,789 95

Engineering = 23,511 88

Storing Eeservoir 45,556 72

Eeceiving Eeservoir 26,448 81

Inspectors 5,570 39

Engine House Lot 16,055 70

Salaries 9,225 00

Incidentals.... 7,843 18

Carried forwaixl #620,700 39

Brought forward $620,700 39

Pump-Well and Culvert... 16.56141

Homestead of A. White 4,000 00

PeckhamEoad 512 00

$641,773 80

Preliminar^'^ outlay 2,605 34

Discount on Bonds sold 5,000 00

Whole amount expended $649,379 14

915,05 per capita, for double the present

population, would amount to $641,732 00

This example, selected as a basis of comparison, onlv for
the rea«on that the Works are of recent construction, ana are
intended for the supply of a City of about the same size as the
City of Ottawa, is, it will iie observed, is a fair representative.
as to cost, of the average of Works in the United States.

If we deduct 25 per cent, as the average difference in cost
of labor and materials, between the United Stat«s and Canatla,
the reasonable cost of City Water Works, in Canada, with
capacity sufficient to supply 50,000 peoplo, will be $562,500.

Youi* Works may he considered cheap, just in proportion
as their cost shall fall below the above sum.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.

In any efficient V^ater Works System the following con-
ditions must be satisfied : —

ii^rst, — There must be an available source of supply.

Second, — There must be an abundant and permanent sup-
ply of pure and wholesome water.

When these are provided it is the province of the Engineer
to point out the bes^; and most efficient mode of collecting and
distributing the supply, and this involves the design and con-
struction of uitable, substantial and permanent works.

The first two conditions are satisfied by the magnifieont
river which runs at your foet, with water and power enough
to supply a hundred cities like yours.

The character of the Ottawa River is peculiar, nuide u]>
as it is of a regularly alternating series of lakes end rapids —
the former serving most effectually to insure the dejwsit of all
earthy matters brought dow^ in mechanical suspension by the
tributaries, and the latter providing for che thorough purifica-
tion fiom a- y organic matter at present existing, or which
may in the future find its way into the river "bove the city.

'■th

Wo cun readily understand whj a chemical analysiHi h' >uld
show, as that of Dr. Hunt has shown, that the purity of
the Ottawa water, oven at its junction with the 8t. Law-
rence, is scarcely- equalled by that of any clt}- supply on the
cf)ntinent.

Nature having thus provided settling ponds and other
moans of purification on a large scale, and t!iere bein^ also
very frequent changes of water from the rapid circulation,
there will be no occasion for the expensive and i/ften indispen-
sable auxiliaries of settling anil filtering reservoirs ; and hence
the water may be taken at once ffom the river and transferred,
by such means as may be provided, to the points of consnmp-
tion in the citv.

THK WORKS.

The topographical features of the city are such as to pre-
clude the possibility' of availing yourselves of the many and
im})orlant advantages of, a Distributing Reservoir; among
which may be mentioned the facility which it affords for storing
ii|) and keeping constantly on hand a large supply of water,
which may be drawn from in case of accident to the Pumping
Machinery, requiring a temporary suspension of its ojy^rations
for repairs ; and also for storing the surplus water at such
times as the consumption may fail below the uniform normal
i-apacity of the pumps, and k'ccping up the supply whenever
the consuuiption exceeds that capacity — in other words, swving
as a sort of balance-wheel for the system.

J u the absence of a site sufficient!}' elovateil and of sufK-
chsnt extent for such a reservoir, the t)enetits naturally flowing '
fi-om it must be forborne, and recourse must be had to the
*' High Pressure System," of which the so-calied " Holly
System " is the American representative.

This system has its advaniages as well as its disa<l van-
tages. Prominent among the former may be mentioned its
comparative cheapnes, especially where wuter power is abun-
dant and cheap, and its availability as an efficient substitute
for the fire engine, Whereby a large saving in the usual
expense of maintaining a Fire Department may l>e effected;
while among the latter may be mentioneil the greater cost of
opei'ation in consequence of the exceedingly variable character
of the speed and power to be developed by the machinery, the
greater stress upon the pipes and house jjlumbing during the
maintenance of lire pressure, i"equiring greater thickness,
weight and cost in the former and greater care in executing
the latter ; the greater liability tx) acx'idont at the precise time

when an accident might prove most disastrous in its conse
quences ; and the absolute necessity of duplicating the machi-
nery, not only for the purpose of guarding, as far as practicar
ble, against those consequences, but to insure at all times the
requisite supply of water.

You have, however, no alternative, and it is therefore
absolutely necessary that not only the pumping machineiy but
the entire works shall be of abundant capacity, and of the most
permanent aud substantial character.

QUANTITY OP WATER,

The mode usually adopted by Engineers in the United
States, ibr determining the daily capacity of works designed
to supply young and growing cities with water, is to estimate
at the rate of 60 U. S. gallons per capita per diem, for double
the existing population. The experience of the past few years
has clearly demonstrated tie necessity of providing thus liber-
ally, not only for the present but for the future wants of cities.

The necessity for extension and enlargement, in a large
majority of cases, presents itself much earlier than was origin-
ally anticipated ; as the Water Works histories of the cities of
New York, Boston, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Albany, Troy^
TJtica, Syracuse, Buffalo, Cleveland, Chicago and Watertown
have clearly shown.

As showing the rate of increase in the consumption of

water, the following figures ai*e presented. They are taken

from the OflBcial Eeports of the cities of Brooklyn, N. Y., and

Louisville, Ky., for uie years 1870 and 1869, respectively ; and

show the absolute average daily consumption for eaoh year,

from 1861 to 1870, inclusive : —

Brooklyn. LonisTille.

Gallons, Gallons.

1861 640,627

1862 5,021,250 1,012,811

1863 6,490,750 948,646

1864 7,932,850 1,241,170

1865 ...,, 9,233,350 1,706,835

1866 10,905,450 1,849,123

1867 12,348,100 1,878,547

1868 15,T10,700 2,055,325

1869 17,630,400 2.475,910

1870 18,682,219

The increase in population from 1860 to 1870, as shown
by the census returns of the two cities, was as follows : —

Brooklyn 50 per cent.

Louisville 48 «

In both cases the consumption was about quadrupled in
ten years. Much of the increase was undoubtedly duo to the
extension of the pipes to localities previously settled but
unsupplied with water ; nevertheless the inci-eased demand due
to increase of population is sufficiently obvious, as the length
of distribution pipe was only dtJ)led in each city in the inter-
val between 1860 and 1870.

Estimating then upon the proposed basis, — i-emeitibering
that the Imperial gallon which constitutes your st&ndai'd is
about 20 per cent, larger than the IT. S. standard — and taking
the present population of the City of Ottawa at 25,000 souls,
provision must be made for supplying 50,000 people with 50
Imperial gallons jjer diem each ; or an aggi'egate of 2,500,010
gallons per diem,

POWER REQUIRED.

In estimating the power which will be requii*ed, iwovision
must be made, not alone for raising the daily supply at a
uuiform rate, but to meet an exti*aordinary demand for the
extinguishment of fires, which may occur at the precise hour
of maximum consumption for other purposes.

While the demand must of necessity vary between wide
'limits, even at the outset, it is desirable, in order to insure the
gi-eatest efficiency in the pumping machinery, that those limits
be narrowed to the greatest possible extent. In accomplishing
this, the size and location of the pumping main will exert a
powerful influence as will presently appear.

For the ordinarj?^ i-equirements of the works, water will
have to be raided about 200 feet above low water in the Bay
above the Chaudiere.

To raise 2,500,000 gallons of 10 pounds, 200 feet, at a
uniform rate, in 24 hours, there will be required an expendi-
ture ( r 105.2 horses-power, etfective ; to which should be added,
for friction in the pipes, say 10 horses power ; making a total
of 115 horses, eft'ective; or, taking the efficiency of the motor
at 70 ])er cent, the gross power required will be about 164
horses.

In order that frictional head in the pipes may be kept
within practicable limits, the average velocity of the ascending
current, in the mains, should not much exceed ? feet per
second ; and it is this consideration which, together with the
quantity of water to be pumped, should determine the size of
the Pumping Main.

Two million five hundred thousand gallons i-epresent
400,000 cubic feet: the average quantity per second will,

therefore, be 4.63 cubic I'eet. W the velocity be fixed at 2 feet
per second, the requisite sectional area of the main will be 2.31
Hquare feet, and it« diameter about 21 inches. A pipe ) 8 Inches
in diametei' — the largest yet rocomraonded — would require a
velocity of current equal to 2.G2 feet per second. This, in
view of the fact that the distance will be short from the proba-
ble location of the pumping station to the points where branch
mains will load otf from the principal main, reducing the
(juantity flowing in it, and consequently reducing the velocitj^
of the current ; and in view also of the fact that the above
velocity is that due to the ultimate supply now contemplated,
is large enough.

Wo have to consider further, however, that the oixiinary
consumption of water will be by no means uniform. During
the night, for instance, the consumption will naturally fall very
much below the average rate ; while, on the contraiy, on cer-
tain days, and at certain hours of the day, the consumption
will very largely exceed the average rate.

I shall assume that the maximum rate of consumption for
ordinary purposes will be double the average rate; in other
words, thai; there will be times when, with the present popula-
tion, the rs.te of consumption for ordinary purposes will reach
2,500,000 gallons per day. To this must be added the maxi-
mum jyrobo,ble requirement for tire purposes — for an extensive
conflagration is liable to occur at the instant when the max-
imum consumption for dortiestic purposes is taking place.

To fully provide for such a contingency, lot it, be
assumed that a Are may occur in the Parliamentary or
Departmental Buildings requiring Jive one-inch strewrm to bo
thrown to a height of 90 feet above the gi*ound in front
of the buildings. In order to reach a height of 90 feet, the
pressure head at the |X)int of discharge must be about 135
feet, so that the corresponding aggregate discharge would k>e

^ 144 = / 2.013, — say 2 cubic feet per second ;

or at the rate of 1,080,000 Imperial gallons in 24 hours.

It appears, then, that the niaximum present requirement
may reach (4.6 3-f-2) (k63 cubic feet per second ; or at the raU'.
of 3,580,000 gallons ])er day. When the population of the City
shall have reached 50,000 souls, the maximum probable rate of
supply, determined as above, will reach (2x4,63 + 2=) 11.26
c.f.s. ; or at the rate of 6,080,000 gallons per day. Of course
it is not expected that the necessity will ever exist, at least
while the population is less than 50,000, for pumping 6,080,000
gallons in any one day ; but it is not unreasonable to suppose

that such a rale of consumption may be reached. Should the
demand equal this rate, if for no longer than 30 minutes, the
power, and water, must be at hand to supply it.

We are now prepared V estimate the ultimate power
required, and for which provision must of course be made. As
a preliminary step in this determination, the two routes pro-
])08ed for the Pumping Main must be considered, with the view
of reaching a decision as to which should be adopted.

If the main be laid along Maria and Theodore Streets, with
an 8 inch branch, extending to the Government Buildings, as
proposed by Mr. Perry, and we take the quantities of water
following through 6,350 feet of 18 inch main and through 1700
feet of 8 inch pipe at 7 c.f s. and 3 c.f.s. respectively, as the
maximum probable requirements for domestic and tire pur-
poses eombmed, we shall find that the frictional Jj ids in the
two pipes will be as follows : —

In the 18 in. main 7. 30 ft

In the 8 in. pipe 70"

Total frictional head, .:: 100

Add height of ground in front of Parliament

Buildings, say 118 "

. And pressure head at delivery 135 "

Total , 353 ",

Again, if the 18 inch main be laid in Wellington street,
and a short 8 inch branch be run up to the Parliament Build-
ings, the heads representing the frictional resistances would
stand as follows :

In 18 in. main 30 ft.

In 8 in. pipe 17"

Total frictional head 47 "

Add, as before, 118 ^

And, 135 "

Total 300 "

Thus, it appears, that in this view the Wellington streot
route for the Pumping Main, at least as far as the Government
Buildings, is decidedly preferable.

Again, by the Wellington street route, the pressure to b®
sustained by the mainwould be less than that by the Maria
street route, by the pPlssuro due to the difference of level of
the two streets plwB the pressure due to the difference in

frictional heads, amountinjf'j in the aggregate to about 40
pounds per square inch, and permitting a saving in weight and
cost of pipe which would alone compensate for the extr", cost
of laying the main in roclc.

By locating the main in Wellington street, therefore, we
have a clean saving of the difference in power required to
pump against heads of 353 leet and 300 feet respectively.

It may be said that, as there is an abundance of watei*
power, this last consideration should have little weight in deci-
ding as between the two proposed routes for the Pumping
Main ; but it should be remembered that the greater the power
used, the greater the expense of constructing the conduit to
convey the water to the machinery, and the greater the expense
of the machinery itself

It would be clearly unwise in developing a Water Works
Scheme to neglect or ignore those considerations which are
essential to the economical and efficient accomplishment of the
deired object, simply because we have an abundant water
power at our command.

The power to be prOvidw must then be capable of raising
6,080,000 gallons, 300 feet high, in 24 hours, and hence must

I • 1 .. * /e.OSO.OOOx 10x300 \ .__ , „ ,.

be equivalent to \ ' oonAh- i ^ih^— / ^^^ horses effective, or

t CO

to (-Q^=) "^^O horses gross.

This power, it is to be understood, will only be required
in a remote but possible contingency, and when the population
of the City shall have reached 50,000 souls. For the present,
however, and for a term of years, one-half this power will
doubtless be ample ; so that while the canal or conduit should
be constructed oithe full capacity indicated ; and while provision
should be made for ultimately setting wheels to furnish the
above power, the present and immediate future wants of the
city will be satisfied by erecting; machinery sufficient to
devolope a power of 400 horses, gioss, or 280 horses eftective.

For this purpose there will be required two wheels o(
approved construction, 5 feet in, diameter, and making about
80 revolutions per minute, under a heiul of 20 feet, that being
the uniformly available head at most of the proposed sites for
the Pumping Machinery.

In case a site should be selected where the available head
is only seven feet, wiwe wheek of the 8am^|izewill be required
for present supply, while for the maxim™ powm"^ estimated
eighteen wheels will be required. *3^*

THE PUMPS.

These, as recommended by Mr. Keefer, and for the reasons
stated by him, should be of the plunger type, single acting,
and in gangs of three to each wheel. In my opinion, however,
these pumps should be set with their axis vertical, — ' ) prevent
friction, wear and consequent leakage; should be connected
with cranks, dispersed at angular intervals of 120° about the
shaft to insure uniform action, and should be so arranged that
either of the gangs, or all of them, may be operat^ at the
same tin^a by any of the wheels, as may be desirable or
necessary.

1 recommend that the diameters of the pump cylinders
be made 18 inches, that their stroke be 3 feet, and that the
maximum speed of plunger be fixed at 120 feet per minute —
corresponding to 20 revolutions per min^it^. Slight modifica-
tions may be required in these speed? an*.' dimensions when-
over the details come to bo finally arranged.

One gang of pumps will tnus suffice to mtet the maximum
j)re8ent requirements of the city, leaving the second gang as a
reserve, and making provision for repairs when necessary.

A spacious air chamber should also be provided, — with
means for constantly replenishing its supply of air, for the
purpose of relieving the pumps and pipes from the injurious
shocks which would be experienced in its absence.

The third and fourth gangs of pumps may be supplied
with the wheels to drive them as the increasing demands of
the city may reouire.

The cast of },umps, pumping machinery, and pump house,
for present purposes, I estimate as follows : —

2 gangs Pumps ...'tri « 6,000 00

2 Turbine Water Wheels 3,000 00

Pump House 20,000 00

Total ^29,000 00

QUANTITY OF WATER FOR POWER.

With a clear head of 20 feet the quantity of water required

to furnish a gross power of 800 horseft will, be ^ 62 5x20 60 ~ ^
352 cubic feet per second.

With a head of jL/eet, the quantity required would be
( —^ — =) 1006 cul^ feet per second, or about one twenty-
seventh of the entire flow of the river at low water.

/'■

TIIK CONDUIT.

Having determined the maximiiia power required, iind the
quantity of water necessary to supply that power, under the
heads stated, we preparetl to estimate the size ol' the conduit
which will convey this water.

For the purpose of reducing, as far as practicable the size
and cost of the conduit, I adopt a mean velocity of current of
4 feet per second. With this velocity, the sectional area of the

conduit which will convey 352 cf.s. of water, must be (-^-=)88

square feet; or, starting at 10 feet below low water in the
Bay, and providing for a depth of 10 feet in the conduit, itw
width must be 8 . 8 feet. For safety, and to insure convenience
in making the oxcavation, I fix the width of the conduit at 12

feet, and the inclination of its bed at . — corresponding to a

fall of 2 feet per mile ; which will be sufficient to induce a mean
velocity of 2 feet per second in a conduit of the size stated.

With the depth of 6 fe^ot, and a mean velocity of 4 feet per
ftecond, the requisite width of a flume or conduit capable of
conveying 1006 cf.s, would bo about 42 feet.

It will be observed that by thus providing for an increased
velocity of current, in the conduit, we are aulo to rtduce its
tiize one-half, and its cost in nearly the same proportion.

DISTRIBUTION,

In regard to the details of the distribution, I need say but
little, as they seem to have been very thoroughly considered
in the Eoports of Messrs. Keefer and Perry. Great care
fihould be observed in the disposition of the 2 in. and 3 in.
pipes; and it is, indeed, questionable, whether any pipes of so
Hmall calibre should be admitted in the system. They should
only be employed, — if employed at all, — in short lengths, and
in the lower districts of the City, whei'c head may, in some
degree compensate for small size.

According to the best authorities, the thickness of the
18 in. Pumping Main, in the vicinity of the Pumping Station,
ahould be l^ inch thick. This thickness may, however, be
reduced to l^ in., at an elevation of 33 feet; and to 1 in., at an
elevation, of 66 feet. At points more remote from the pumps,
the pressure due to the frictional head being reduced, in con-
sequence of the smaller quantity and velocity of water, u
thickness of 1 inch will suffice, even though the elevation bo
loss than 66 feet above the pumps.

Taking the estimate of Mr. Perry as to the weighf of pipe

5on-
, a

required, &» probably a close approximation to tiio truth, and
estimating the cost of the pipes, together with lead for joints,
delivered at the trench, at 2 cents per pound (the cost in (llas-
gow is from 1 to 1^ cents), the cost of the pipes will bo —

$112 387 9fi

Add for Stop Cocks 10,000 00

" Hydrants 18,000 00

" Laying pipe 60,000 00

» House Service 60,000 00

Total «260,387 96

Sat/, 3260,000 ; which 1 consider a liberal estimate — probably
HO! \ewb \' in excess of what the actual cost will prove to be.

In 18f>9, the actual cost of abQut 26 miles of distribution,
for the City of Louisville, Ky., was $273,320 62.

At that time the cost of labour and materials, in the
United States, did not materially differ from the present jjrices
which obtain in Canada.

In ;New Bedford, MasS; the cost of 17 J miles of distri-
bution — a large part of which was of cement lined pipe, which
with us is about 20 per cent, cheaper than iron — was
3164,097 50. Here, however, the portion of the house service
sssumed by the city, embraced only that portion of the pipe
lying within the street lines.

The average cost of distribution j>er mile, in each of the
iibove cases, was —

Louisville 310,512 33

New Bedford 9,377 00

Ottawa (estimated) , 9,629 62

Mean :*r. 3 9,839 65

Those figures may be taken as an indication of the
adequacy of oar estimate.

CANAL BOUTKS ANI» SITES FOK THE PCMPINO MACHISKRY.

The selection of a Canal or Conduit rente, and a site for the
Pumping Station, will be controlled by the following; eonsidei'utions,
viz.: —

l:st. The water power must be permanent and entirely reliable.

2iid. The Pumping Station should be iaidated, as far as praetioable,
from surrounding buildings, especially from nianufaeturing estdblish-
nients, where, from the character of the materials employeil, lires are
liable to occur.

3rd. The point from which water Is to be taken for the T>ower.
and for the city supply, should be in deep and comparatively still

water, »o m to avoid, as far as practicable, the tendency to drair
anchor-ice from the rapid current in the main channel ; and it should
also be located above the more objectionable sources of contaiutnation,
and where not onlj the water itself but the entire canal route may be
wholly ami absolutely within the control of the city.

4th. The location ot the Conduit &hould be such that its construc-
tion will not interfere with street transit, or with any of the legitimate
or proper nses of streets, such as the laying of gas and water pipes
and the construction of drains and sewers.

5th. The location must be snch as will admit of the oonstruotion
of iuh»tantial, permanent works, ti the end that an abundant and
uninterrupted snpifly of water, both for power and for the city supply,
may be assured.

The sites proposed, and from among which a selection is to be

made,

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Tli

are —

Victoria Island.
Amelia Island.
Oregon Street.
Queen Street.
The Gully.
Little Chaudiere.

tT'.t -•
V lUkUittt

'U-

uiid Aiueiiu iHiaiwi scjbemes may be considered
together. These and any other plans which contemplate drawing
their supply from the Government Slide Channel have like advantages
and are open to the same objections. Among the former may be men-
tioned, as most prominent, the cheapness of construction ; while among
the latter it. is to be observed that the sites are confined, that the
adoption of either of them — with the exception perhaps of that on
Amelia Island — would involve the occupation of valuable space now
used by the mill owners, and which can only be acquired at large
expense for damage to present owners and occupants, whose facilities
tor conducting their extensive business is already limited ; and that it
is by no means certain that the Government will permit the City to
erect its machinery upon and draw its water from the Slide Channel.
This work is of great importance to the lumbering and timber interest
of the Dominion ; and as it yields a considerable revenue, the Govern-
ment could not — consistently with its own interests and the interests
of citizens engaged in the timber trade — permit any use of it which
could, by any possibility, interfere in any wise with the full and eflS-
oient performance of its legitimate functions.

The work is built largely of perishable material, requiring
frequent repairs and occasional renewal ; and for this reason alone it
is, in my opinion, unfitted to serve as an important element in a Water
Works System, especially where, as in the ease of the City of Ottawa,
it will be of the utmost importance that the works be not iuterrupted
in their operations even for a single hour.

Again, there would be great risk of obstruction from anchor-ice —
a risk too great, in my opinion, to be accepted, in view of the serious
consequences which might follow a stoppage of the mAchinery ironx
this or any other cause.

Finallj, at this point ttie water will have been ozpo»e(! to all tlie
isauses of pollution which now exist, or which may hereafter be
brought into action above, atiionfi; which may be mentioned tite deposit
of aight-soil and otlier filth along the railway grounds, which, I am
informed, has been practiced during the winter for many years, and
which the city autliorities have thus far been unable to prevent.

In regard to the Oi ^gon and Queen streets nnd the Qully rotites,
the estimates of Mr. Pehrt show that tlie difference in cost — after
<l«ducting from the estimated cost of tlie Gnlly r«mte the cost of drains,
wliich are not properly a water w(»rks charge — is not sufficient of
ttaelf to warrant a decifiion in favur of either. The preference, an
between these three routes, must Ue based upon other considerations.

The right of way for all of these routes would have to be obtained
wholly, or in part, from the same parties : and it might be fo^ the
interest of the city pecuniarily to consult tlieir preferences, especially
if these preferences incline in the direction of any one route which
possesses marked advantages over either of the others.

The OregiKi street route is without special advantages. It is open
iio»vever to serious objections. The head of the conduit would be in
too cU)8e proximity to the head of the Slide Channel, and would thus
interfere with th« mnvement of timber cribs. For this fewoon, uud
for the reason that it would necessarily cross tlie Government Reser-
vation at the head of the Slide Cliannel, the Government would
undoubtedly decline to grant its permission to the City to construct
the (Jonduit and draw its water from that point. Moreover, there
would be danger of obstruction fro.M anchor-ice ; and the objection
us to possible and even probable j»ollution of the water would apply
Jiere with equal furce as to the schemes for taking water from the
Slide Channel.

Finally, the great depth of rock cutting, and the fact that the
ronte lies for a portion of its length through a f>ublic street — the travel
over which must be wholly interrupted during the progress of the
work — and for the remaining portion across valuable private property,
already occu()ied, or required for iraportart improvements contempla-
ted by the proprietors, are objections the iirnportance of wiiioh should
not be overlooked.

WJiat has been said with regard to the Oregon street route —
except so far as relates to interference with the Slide Channel — applies
with equal force to the Queen street route. In making the rock exca-
vation on either of these routes, there would be serious danger of
causing serious damage to persons and property, for which the city
wonld of course be liable. Ordinary prudence suggests the avoidance
of such danger wherever it is possible.

The Gully route has many advantages over the others. By it the
water will be taken from the river above Rochester's Mill, and above
all the more objectionable sources of pollution ; and hence will be
purer and better adapted to the wants of *h« City, than that obtained
by either of the other routes.

This route lies in a natural depression, extending from the Bay to
Ih© proposed location of the Pumping Station at Pooley's Bridge, and

4 i

f r

ill

S i

over land now for the inoNt part vnonnt, iiixl where the ooiiHtrnction uf
the Conduit wonhl he attended with none of those tnconvenienoes or
(langerH wliioh wonhl nooeiwarily be ex[>erienoed on either of the other
ruutef).

The Government ha« already grunted itn porinisHion to tlie Oity to
draw it8 water from this point, both for power and for the Oity unpply ;
iind will undoubtedly transfer to the Oity its reserve of one chain wide
above high water, which will enable the City t() etToctnally control the
river front above tl>.e head of the Conduit, and to adopt measures to
prevent the deposit there of filth of all kinds.

Should th« future growtlt of the Oity extend in thot direction, the
sewerage may be brought down and deposited below the Pumping
Station. By this means the future purity of the water may be
iiHsured.

The only objection to this route is the lengtli of Oondoit required,
which, however, is largely compensated for by a smaller depth of cut-
ting than will be required on either the Oregon or Queen street routes.

To make the Gnlly ront»«railablo for the purposes contemplated,
a Conduit about 8.6(»0 feet in length will i)ave to be constructed,
extending from a ]»(>int in the Bay about 600 feet distant from the
present water line — where a depth of 10 feet may be maintained at
low water— to Fooley's llildgw, al which point a natural depression
provides for the free escape of the tail water from the wheels. This
Conduit will be principally in solid rock, and should, as before stated,
be 10 feet deep, 12 feet wide, and should have an inclination or grade
of two feet per mile.

From a point near the Pumping Station to a point say 2,600 feet
westerly therefrom, the Conduit shoi>ld be arched, for the purpose of
keeping out surface drainage, and so that the ground may be restored
and improved, and thus made available for other purposes.

The necessity for bridging the structure will also be avoided.

From the upper terminus of the arch, pier-walls slutuld be
extended out into the Bay, to a depth of 10 feet at low water. Between
these walls — which should extend about 5 feet above high water
mark — a bulk-head, with suitable head-gates, would be required for
the purpose of regulating and controlling the flow daring high water.

My estimate of the cost of the works, in case this route should be
adopted, is as follows: —

Excavation for Conduit $ 20,000 00

Arch 15,000 00

Masonry at head of Conduit , 15.000 00

Coffer Dam 18,000 00

Right of way 80.000 00

Pump House and MacJ»inery 29,000 00

Distribution, including House Service 260,000 00

^ $387,000 00

Add for contingencies 38,700 00

Total $425,700 00

»l

Thin entitnate is for first cIuhs works, of nbnidant cftpaclty foj
•applying the preHcnt and future wants of the city ; and which, ft^m
tlieir permanent and Hul)BtantinI character wouhl he in a liigh defrrce
croditabl© to tho intelligence and enterprU« of a city of no innch
importance a^ tiiut of the Capital of the Dominion.

Estimates of the cost of the Oregon and Queen street rentes are
not intrwluced for the reason, already stated, that the re?a<t«« costs pre
sufficiently indicated by Mr. PRKRt'a estiniHteH; and for the f\irther
reason that the preference, where the ditfer»«noe in oost is so sliglit,
must be based upon conHiderations to which it money value cannot be
afsigned.

THK LITTLK CnATTDISStC.

This site, and the route leading from it have been carefully exam-
ined. The desirable features of this scheme are, the purity of the
water, and the possible cheai>neH8 Qtf the site for the pumping ,
machinery, and the rigiit of way for the pumping main.

The available head claimed is Keven<ls;»t; which must of necessity
be considerably reduced during the prevalence of high water.

Again, after carefully weighing all the evidence which 1 have been
able to obtain, I have been forced to tijc conclusioa that th« upei-utiuii
of the requisite machinery at the site of Sparks' old mill would be sub-
ject to frequent interruption during the Winter season from anchor-ice.
The only way, in my opinion, in which this danger could be uverted,
and a reliatle power assured, would l)e to extend a wing-dam up to,
and across, the foot of the Bemoox Rapids, of such a height as to
effectually flood them out ; and even this might not prove effective.
Such a dam would be about i^ mile long, and would close up the chan-
nel which I understand to be now used for running timber cribs; and
for ilitX reason, probably would not be permitted by the Government.

Finally, about 8,000 feet of extra main would be required ; mucfv
of which would have to be laid in rock.

I estimate the cost of the Works, oo^ratructed upon this plan, to be
as follows:

New Wing Dam, li mile $70,000 00

Pump RouHO and Machinery , . 42.000 00

Water Privilege and Right of Wuy 25,000 00

8.000 feot 18 inch Main, at |5 40,000 00

Distrii)Ution, including H. services 280,000 00

487.000 00
Add for contingencies 4J},700 00

Total 1480,700 00

It thus appears that the Little Chandiere — when considered with
reference to cost alone — is the least desirable of all the plans.

In view f)f this fact, and of the great risk of obstruction from
anchor-ice ; of the necessary interference with the running of timber ;
of the amount of niachinery required ; und of tiie troublesome effect*
<»f unavoidable variations in the low head at this point, I am forced to

Ml]

:fl

the conclnsion tliat the best interests of the city will not be subserved
by tl«e adoption of the Little Ohaudiere, as a source of power and
supply.

Of the other routes, that tlirough the Gully seenia to me to possess
the greatest advantages ; its location, natural tilaptation, and undoubted
capacity for furnishing an abundant and always reliable power, indi-
cstt; unmistakeably ito superior fitness for the purposes of a water
power and supply for the City of Ottaw. .

Again, the cost of developing this route is entirely reaeonablo.

For these reasons, after careful examination, and nisiture delibe-
ration, I feel constrained to recommend the adoption of the Gully
route.

In fixing upon the size of the conduit, I have been governed solely
by tb*^ requirements of the City. It is obvious, however, that the
route recommended offers unuawal facilities for the development of a
much larger power ; which, on account of the indwcements which it
would offer to manufacturers to establish vrorks of various kinds at
tliat point, might be made a means of contributing largely to the future
growth and prosperity of the citj'. It becomes then a question of some
moment, whether it would not be better in the end, to construct a
conduit of larger capacity, an^to compensate the proprietors of the
route, for the right of way, wholly or in part, by furnishing them the
surplus power; to be used at all times subject, of course, to the require-
ments of the city.

I am not quite prepared, however, to recommend this course, as I
deem it of the highest importance th&t the Works which supply the
city, should be isolated to f'^e great'jst practicable extent, and wholly
under the control of the city.

FIRE ALARM TELEGRAPH.

I fully concur with Mr. Keefer. in the opinion tJiat a Fire Alarm
Telegraph f<hould be c(mnected with the Water Warks. As a medium
of commurication, between di&tant parts of the city — especially in case
of fire — such an auxilliary will prove invaluable. Intelligence of a fire
would be rransmitted to the Piunpin}^ Station as quickly as to the Fire
Department; power and speed could be increased and the fire i)ressure
•realized in a few seconds ; and in a majority of cases, with a well dis-
ciplined Fire Brigade, streams wonhl be playing upon tlie fire within
a period of five minutes after saunding the alarui.

The losses sustained by cirizens of Ottawa, during my short stay
in the city, would pay for the Fire Alarm Telegraph twiot^ over.

Putting the cost of this important auxilliary ut $10,000, as estima-
ted by Mr. Keefer, the estimate will stand thus :

Water Works proper ; $425,700 00

Fire x\larm Telegrapli 10,000 00

Total $435,000 00

>tiina-

AmWAl. EXPENSES.

The annual Interest upon the above sum, at 5 per

cent, will be $26,250 00

Add for Sinking Fund, to cancel Debentures at

end of 80 years 8,000 00

Add for Superintendence, Repairs, and Operating

Expenses f ,000 00

Total Annual Expenses $4C,250 00

ANNUAL BEVENUK.

Taking the present populttion to be supplied with water, at
26,000, and assuming the water rates to be so adjr sted as to be equiva-
lent to the average rate of cost in the United States — 11 72 per capita
per annum — the annual revenue will amount to the sum of $43,000 00;
or $2,760 in excess of the annual cost of the Works.

The average rate per house, per -ftonum, will be about $7 60 ;
while the average cost, per thousand gallons furnished will be only
about 9{, cents.

It thus appears tha*; the works may be made self-sustaiaing from
the outset ; that they may be constructed and maintained without
increasing in the slightest degree, the prenent rate of taxation ; and
that with the inevitable future increase trf population, the water rates
may be gradually reduced; or, the works may be made a fruitful
source of revenue to the city.

FUTURE GROWTH OF THE OITT.

The probable increase in the population of the city is a matter of
much inter^fct in the present connection ; for upon it will depend the
I)ossible future reduction of the water rates ; or, in the event of their
being maintained al the proposed standard, will show the extent to
whicli the works may become a source of net revenue to the city.

An approximate estinnate may be made as follows : —

The census returns of 1870 show that, of 65 cities in the United
States, which in 1860 had populations exceeding 10,000, the increase .
in 10 years was 69.7 per cent. The average annual rate, therefore,
for a period of 10 years, was about 7 per cent. In 1851, the popula-
tion of Ottawa is put at 7,760 ; in 1866, at 12,155 ; showing an
increase, in 5 years, of 4,395 ; equal to about 57 per cent, or an
average annual increase of 12.4 per cent.

Taking the present population at 25,000, the increase has beei>
12,85K, in a period of 15 years, which is an average annual increase ,
tor this period of 7.1 per cent. There at)pears to bo no reason why
the rate of increase in tlie City of Ottawa should be less in the future
than it has been in the past, or less than the average of cities in the
United States, tor the last decade.

Should the rate continue, we may expect the population to be
doubled in 15 years, and quadrupled in 30 years, so that the popula-
tion will be —

In 15 years 50,000

In 80 '' 100,000

^■n

And the aniiual reveunc from the Water ^''^orks —

In 15 years $86,000 00

In 30 " 172,000 00

In view of these result*, the fact that the constrnotion of the
ivorks will prove to be a remunerative investment for the city,
appears to be si.aisfactorily establislied, and the suooess of the enter-
liriec woald fieam to be assured.

THE aEIiEBAL DIBKCTION OF THE OONSTUUOTION
♦ THE WOKKS.

AND MANAGEMENT OP

Having been requested to state my views as to whotr. should be
cliarged with the general direction of the construction of *he works,
and with their management after completion, I have to say tliat, in
my opinion, the entire management of the construction and main-
tenance of the works should be vested in a Beard of Water Com-
missioners.

This Board should be composed of five gentlemen, who should
be elected by the popular vote of the city. In case of any vacancy
in the Board, caused by tlie death, resignation, or rem )val from the
city of any member, such vacancy jhould be filled by a vote of the
Olty Council.

The Commissioners should hold their offices until removed by u
two-third vote of the Council; and should serve without compensa-
tion, except for such incidental expenses as may be incurred in the
discharge of their duties.

They should be authorized to employ such services, of whatever
kind, as in their judgment may be necssary to insure the full and effi-
cient execution of the trust reposed in them ; in a word, they should
be put in possession of the means provided, and should be required,
within a reasonable time, to provide the City with an efficient Water
Works System.

After the completion of the Works, the Commissioners should exer-
cise a general supervision over them ; should establish and regulate water
rates ; should direct repairs, and extensions, when necessary ; and should
make all needful rul^s and regulations in regard to the use of water ;
and to insure the efficient operation and the proper preservv, )n of the
machinery and works generally.

. The proposed Board, selected as it should be without leference to
personal, local or sectional interests, but with reference toJittiMs only,
invested with ample power and acting in the interest of the whole
City, will be able to furnish that which is so much desired — and which
more than anything else is now essential to the future growth, pros-
perity, healtnfulness and safety of the City of Ottawa— an abundant
supply of pare and wholesome water

Respectfully submitted,

D. M. GREENE,

Gi'nil Engineer.