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v.. ,. THEIR CURE, RECIPES, ETC. BY PROF. JAMES LA^'- Ys MKR PROFESSOR ,x T„K ALBERT VeS^^^^.^^ ^ ««"A'N ; FOR- TO WHICH ARE ADDED A HISTORY OF THE Kr>R<:v . tno ,,^ DURANCE SCIeS?ip ^Stv EXPLA^N^n n^^ '^'^^'^ ^^^ =N- HIM BY HIS FORM AND APPEARANr?' S^""""^ ™ J^^^GE PROFESSOR HOCKWElI^SeW Sr^EDUCA^"" ING AND TRAINING HORSES ''^'' ILLUSTRATED ■* / - - OEO. W. BUCK LAND. ^■■^ 5n^5 • i-3 i'^^lt |i«faa to tht dmnbkn €bitwn An experience of nineteen years in teaching the t>rin cples of Veterinary Science, and for nearly hi f of TwI tm,e to students of agriculture, had stronglv iLres'ed the a„ horof this woric with the need of s!ch a™ at as would „eet the daily wants of the farmer and ^ne" s tockowner and bring his knowledge up to the presen ;:Xe;rrurwY=-T^:eTr"-~ wh.ch it has .et With fro^:!, E^gL^i s/p:-;:;:: the h,gh ,„„„,„ j^j.^^^ .^ ^^^ received from theTade^s of the veterma,y profession in Europe and America the umversaUestimony that it is the J r.^eri,Z2^) hat meets the wants of the modern stockowner arHhe peedy exhaustion of a large edition in the United sttt nave fully justified its publication in Canada. The ob,„: e e character of much of the matter in the current popu ar ve ermary books, and notably of that which relate to the d.seases propagated by contagion and by itlZ^ render these the most unsafe guide's to the farmed d1 uirerti:^ ""'"'^ T"'"y '"^'■"'^ slocko™:r re quires tol)e forewarned, in these Hpv= ^f k qufck trafsit, and their ineSeTo^X'rrS spreadmg plagues. On these points, as welMs on th^ noncontagiou, disorders the /^W can be confident recommenced as being up to date.and thoroughlSl*^ That the work may prove a means of preservinTand .mprovmg the live stock of the Dominic^, andTsL,^ of much profit to their owner.,, is the fervent wish of THE AUTHOR "^Oq^i/i^j- mm%pmmmmm^ INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. This work is especially designed to supply the need of the ybusy Canadian farmer who can rarely avail himself of the advice of a scientific veterinarian. The Author is deeply sensible of the low estimate placed upon Veterinary Medicine and Surgery in this Country, and of the necessity of educating the public up to a better appreciation of its value. We have a property in live stock estimated at $150,000,000, and rapidly increasing in value, consisting of at least six different genera of mammals, besides birds, and therefore affording an almost unlimited field for the practical exercise of humanity, political economy and scientific research in the pursuit of Veter- inary Medicine. In the Old World millions are saved yearly to each of the Western European Nations in the exclusion and extinction of animal plagues, and many instances can be adduced of an i: telligent veterinary supervision saving at the rate of $30,000 per annum on a stud of 400 horses. But in the Western Hemisphere, apart from the larger cities, the great pecuniary interest in live stock is largely at the mercy of ignorant pretend- ers whose barbarous surgery is only equalled by their reckless and destructive drugging. The constantly le- curring instances of absolute and painful poisoning, and injurious vivisections practiced under the name of reme- dial measures are almost sickening to contemplate. To give the stock owner such information as will enable him to dispense with the unprofitable and perilous ser- vices of such pretenders, and to apply rational means of cure when he happens to be beyond the reach of the ac- complished veterinarian, is the aim of this book, and this it is confidently hoped it will accomplish for all who will intelligently study its pages. With the view of condensing the work, the doses of medicines for the different: animals are rarely given in the text, but one 01 more agents are named as ap- plicable to every distinct stage or phase of the disease and species of patient, and the reader must turn to the INTRODUCTORY REMARKS ticularly for what puroose th^ ^ '" ^^ "^"^^ "<^te par the dose accordingl^as the XV' F'^"' ^"^ ^^^^^^ usually essentially diVerentf.o ^1 ""^ ^^'^^ ^^ses is Thus comn^ou w/givefiW^^^^^^ '^"' °^ ^"^^'^ ones. tonic. SulphurVurllo^^^^^^^ V ^/^^^^^^^ and ones a/Uratw,, ^-^/^^iLf/anV!/ .^^''"^^^ ''"^ '" '^^^^ pentine in W doseXlto^r '^'f^'^'^'^''- Oil of tur- such as prevail in Eumpe and are ^^^^ ^ ' ^"' ^^'° be brought into our mS bvlmnn ^^^* ** 1">' ^''"^ ^^ imperative that the CanadLn f. ^ '^^?^'''"- ^^ is no less of pestilences that t^^ea ^n him'f'^°"^l^^^^^^^-^"ed those that beset him arhom^ /'^'^n^^'''^^^' t^ of the principles that s^ou d guTde us fn'n'" '"^^^ ^^^^^''°"« ^ tmguishing the disease are^con^^^^^^^^^ ^'^- Allthe important parasi'tes Lri^- . S^^^'^^"^^ ^^^^ conditions of life and Sv duaf '.^^ ^"^ ""^ ^^^'' out of the bodies of doScanilt"'°'P^?'"' '" «"d well as their migrationrfrom rr"an to'^ '1'"''^ ^°' ^« animals to man wherever suTh^xFsts Th"^^' ^'?^ ^''^"^ ance of animal parasites is onlv hi •* ^^^ ''^'^ ^'"Port- jn connection with therfr^l^^f^P""^"^ *° ^^ ^ into which tney havfbeen intro/^''^,^^' ^" ^^""tries have been allowed tolncrease , n^^'u^^.^' ^^^'"^ they statement of their forms hfblts"^^^^^^^^ """^ ^ '°"''^^ imperatively necessary for thi nrn^ '^^^'^^ j^ therefore owner. This subject ^hasaccord^nf^K^" °[ ^^^ ^^^^k to the date of present ohlr 5 ^^^ ^^^" ^^^"ght up <^"ough for the perusa of the k^'""^ though%hor? sound basis for the hm trtion . ^ J^'^' '^ ^'" ^"''"ish a these noxious pestl ""^ destruction of each of JAMES LAW. CONTENTS. Preface, ---..., CHAPTER. I.— History of the Horse, - II.— Contagious and Epizootic Diseases, IH. — Parasites, - - . . ' ^w"~S'^^^''^ ^"^ Constitutional Diseases v.— Diseases of the Respiratory Organs VI.— VII.— VIII.— IX.— X.— XL— XII.— XIII.— « (I II (( Heart, Blood Vessels and Lym- phatics, - - . Digestive Organs, Liver, - - . . Pancreas and Spleea, - Urinary Organs, - Organs of Generation, - Mammae (Udder) and Teats, - - _ Eyes, - . - _ Nervous System, - XIV.— XV.— XVI. — Skin Diseases, _ . . _ _ WII.-General Diseases of Bones, Joints and" Muscles, ----__ XVIIL— Special injuries of Bones, Joints and" Muscles, ----._ XIX.— Diseases of the Foot, -.11 XX.— Diseased Growths, . - . ' Explanation of Terms, - . I Drugs and Doses, X?i J"~'5'^"''^.^'°^ ^"."^ Training of the Horse, I XXlI.-How to Break up Bad Habits and Vices of the Horse, - - _ Index, - - . . " ■ FAGB. • 5 39 87 95 104 136 147 154 205 221 223 239 256 260 267 283 305 325 364 389 39a 396 403 410 425 PAGB. 5 ym- Eind md nd es ' 17 39 • 87 95 104 136 147 154 205 221 223 239 256 260 267 283 305 325 364 389 39a 396 403 410 42s wmmma '' li : { .■ f ! I ^^* THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. ♦ CHAPTER I. Fee?it'^Prina>&'of r""'^'''"' ^f"^^'^^" Management anc ShoeinJ. The Points n?'«"^- ^"^''^^^ Treatment. Age Speed,^Streng?h, Sty^n'd^ETd';^^ """^ ^° J"^^^^ ^'^^ Twelve Point! of a good Horse * ^^""^'^^ Remarks. The oIde.st and best authenti- -^-^ the sacreH V^'" ^^ obtain from him early among the E^vo^n.^ "J^' '"^"'^ "^^ ^"^ Joseph CO.PO..I ...e^t^- ^^^^^ ea&' wl^h'the Xtd ''T^". '"^ •'■'"^- *.. hoJ^et^SVillS^^^^^^^ tHat the from Egypt, buUt was as IJ'' undoubtedly derived before the' Arabian horse had ft "'V'^™* "ntury degree of perfection whTh is the bea"u id^f r \ "'^' and for which the Arabi .. ^L ?i • ■ '^^*' "^ * '•orse, The horse has bfen fouid v,. •' '" J"^"y ^'ebrated. in size, and in utili?v"„ aTthI /^'"^ materially in form, ' sultry and in man7of the ^tf v^P'^t^' '" "'°^' °f 'he TR rei^ions of tile Qid if i8 THE FARMER'S V?:TKRINARY ADVISER. ![ World, He is also found wild ranging the Pampas o1 South America and the New World, and on the plain5 of Tartary. These herds are all clearly descendants of those which have escaped from the slavery of man. Those of South America being the numerous progeny of a few horses left by the Spaniards during their early expeditions. The troops of wild horses in South America have been described by travelers as immense, and one writer affirms to have seen as many as ten thousand in one herd. Each herd is headed by a leader, who appears to be the noblest and most courageous of the flock and whom they implic- itly obey, •* His head clothed with thunder" and **thc glory of his nostrils is terrible." It is sometimes dangerous to fall in with these troops of wild horses, as it is with the utmost difficulty that your horse is restrained from answering to their frantic calls, by a leap for liberty. It has already been stated that the earliest records we have of the horse trace him to Egypt, from whence he gradually found his way to Arabia and Persia, and thence to the other parts of the Old World. Therefore in giving a brief account of the various breeds most useful to man at the present time, we will begin with those of Egypt, and describe only those which hav<- contributed to the excellence of the English and American breeds. The varieties of the domesticated horse are the Barb, Dongola, Arabian, East India, Chinese, Persian, Toorko- man,Tartar, Turkish, German, Swedish and Norwegian, Iceland, Flemish, French, Spanish, Italian, English and American. The Dongolian is described by Bessman as being the most perfect and beautiful in the world, being most beautifully symmetrical in their parts, nervous and elastic in their movements, and docile and affectionate in their manner. The Barb from Barberry is remarkable for his fine and graceful "actions. Is about 14 hands I inch high/ HISTORY OF THE HORSE. ,m horse. ThecelebratedGodolBhin A"'!.°f 'he ^"S'ish The Barb gave to the Sp^h^.^StcellSc:. ''"^- The Arabian.— The tvnp r.f k ^ and docility we will speak or.tc V*^' 'P''*'^' S^^^e, ing a model for our readers whl ""'• ^'"?'^ "^ ^"^"'«h- breed, the Kadischi or mixed T:^u''^' ormferfor the Arabian pretends ^otmcel.l'f'^' "^^^'^ genealogy careful account is now kept of^'"^ ^""''f ^ "^«^t with true oriental exae^Sfon V ''^ genealogies, and the stud of Solomon ^^" ^'^ ^^^" ^'^^^^ back to ^^^''^t:r:Z^^^^^^^ ^y the Bedoum Pr^e%^^^^^f-^^^^^^ obtain a mare so high ^ are Thr"''/'''J ^° Purchase "or the Arab. ^ ^ ^'^ ^^^^ valued and prized by ^rol\TZtia!l^^^ If always traced more concerned n nfluelfc ± th^"^"' n^"' '^' "^^^^ ''« than the stallion. '"""^"^^"^ ^he excellence of the foal . ."^he Arabian horse is celebrat^rl fr.. u- jniniitable head. The broadnJf« /?',,^'' P^''^^^* and l^ead, the shortness and fineness of" the ""''^"^^^ ^^^^- minence and brilliancy of his eves th^ u^^' ^^^ P'"^" ears, and the beautiful tracervo?V '!"^"ness of his ^^y be light and h s ches? ^l "^u"'" ^'« ^ody swells out Irandly behind th. - -"^ '^^ ^^'■'^' play for thS lung^ *^^ ^''"^ ^"^ give sufficient sho'ulSef tfdT :^!h"'^o'; in^cH^ "A'^^f ^'^^ -^ ^he n^ely adjusted that in^ des/endi 1"^ Vlf .T''^ '"^ ^^ edge of the hame never ruffleft^^skin T^*'", ^"'"1 ""' d wfrv «,i,;i^ ^^ V""'es tne skm. The lee^s. fin -.: ".».v .»c muscular development" is peV: . flat 20 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. feet. He is gentle, docile, even-tempered, intelligent, courageous and speedy. He presents the true combina- tion for speed and bottom, strength and courage. The horse is treated from a foal with the utmost considera- tion and kindness, made the companion of the children, all of which has had the happiest effect upon his disposi- tion and temper. The Arab who thus lives with and loves his horses, and regards them as the most priceless jewels of his possessions, yet puts the young horse to a severe trial, in order to establish his reputation, " Prob- ably the filly has never before been mounted ; she is led out ; her owner springs on her back and goads her over the sand and rocks of the Desert at full speed for fifty or sixty miles without one moment's respite. She is then forced, steaming and panting into water deep enough for her to swim. If, immediately after this she will eat as if nothing had happened, her character is established and she is acknowledged to be a genuine descendant of the Kochlani breed. The Arab is not conscious of the cruelty he inflicts. It is an invariable custom, and cus- tom will induce us to inflict many a pang on those whom, after all, we love. " The East Indian is a beautiful and graceful animal. The Chinese HoRSii is weak, informed and without spirit. The Persian Horse is next in lank to the Arabian, and possessing many similar points. IE To(3RKoman Horse is large, i6 hands high capable of immense endurance with great speed, yet lacking a graceful action and form. The Tartar and Calmuck Horses resemble the wild horse of America, being more vicious. The Turkish Horse is a beautiful animal descended from the Arabian horse, and has contributed some to the improvement of the English breeds. The Byerley and Helmsley Turk are samples. The German Horse is slow and heavy. lorse to a HISTORY. OF THE HORSE. ^^1 and spirit. ' remarkable for their speed The Iceland Horse is sm=n „» Tliere are numerous herds of thJIli' °"^ ^""^ ^wift. conded from the Norwegian ho^S ''°'''" '" ^«'»"d des- anJ^e^au'itf^r an"dS^-;;«°f - -e '-^e. strong lence of the English Draught Horse" '° *" "'^'='='- The French Horsf ic o .. i but inferior to the Englfsh thou°hY' T" """^' ^"'"""K the improvement of the EnS K ^^*' contributed to s.derable attention has bfen^ pL ?„ t ■ ^='"^'>' '°'>- and France is now well suDolied , ,Z "'^"' <="'"vation, for the road, the carriage"r''Sta:^'L»«"-' "»-" spS^ ir^i^"hrorr„;:^-f,^^-^'^'>'e»"..ana The iTATiAM H ■"""" '^ '"s descendant, .•orated, llt^.V^Z'ls:t t'.T'^f'' ^^^ ^^'er- oountr,, though some l„e ho;res't ^eltiST r^ va?Jti™;e^r^f.^i:,='4:^°-'^^-ch.^n,,ght be said of t'he beautiful animal of Easteni exLl , ''^"'^' "<= '« a ins present perfection by L mo tn?"^^'"' '"■°"S''t to The English thorough-bredls nn,!. T, "u"^ cultivation, splendid form and m°any nob le "'1, ■"■ t" l'"''' 'f^''. '" some respects has been faukv f ?'' """ '"' '"'"'ng perfect devil. '*"">• ^^ m temper he is a world. Dexter and ol^lrM^-.'^^l""^^^ ^^ the others, keeping bnVht and. H^- ^^'^' ^'th a score of -hich their^wo^rth/predecessors'll '" "'^^ 5^^^ ^' '^^^ i^wn brilliant deeds ^''^''^""^^^ illuminated with their t»L^'^]!"^!^^^"^°r«e is peculiarlv.n A^er-^ , ,. »Ch is to bring out that which ^♦' IS 22 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. most useful. Therefore we find the American horse unequaled by any other horse on the globe, in all. that makes an animal such truly valuable in every kind of service. What is sought for in this country is speed, strength, endurance, sagacity, beauty, gentleness and graceful motion. We want trotters not runners, and some of our best breeds of horses are unequaled as fur- nishing the best combinations for these various qualities. The celebrated Morgan breed is an instance of this combination of qualities. In the General Management of the Horse, the common-sense principles which direct the daily manage- ment of the affairs of the family, should be brought to bear upon the care of the horse, especially as to food, air, light, exercise, &c. Air. — The horse should have in his stable a proper amount of pure air, admitted in such a way as not to constitute a draught. The common error is to exclude as much as possible every breath of air and to have the atmosphere of the stable hot, contaminated and unwhole- some, A stable should neither be too hot nor too cool. It is equally an improper habit to take the horse into a very warm stable from the cold air, or to keep him too warm indoors and to then subject him to the colder atmosphere out doors. Putting the humanity of the thing out of the way, it is unnaturally absurd treatment, to thus subject the ani- mal to catarrhs, rheumatism, and inflammation of the lungs. The stable should be roomy, and not less than 12 teet high, especially when the hay loft is directly overhead. In ordinary stables, to keep the manger clean and sweet, quick lime, sparingly used, is of much benefit. The stable should be kept clean, every portion of litter which has been wetted should be swept away, so that the air be not contaminated by the foul gases emanat- ing from the rapidly decomposing urine, which are pre- judicial to the health of the horse. MANAGEMENT AND FEEDING. ^S of^Xiranalemenr TTX '"""^Slected branch admitted so aftomLJl V^ "."V"" i°°ei^"'>g. but stable isoccupied bylho^sf ^ A^n,"''.';^!'' "''^" '"^ the sunshine at least once »H=„ , P"'i'"' '"PP'y <" favorable is highly beneficL? to ^h!'" "'^ *^'-"l>er is stable. The stable sho?, M ^ u ^''""^' ^'^'^ <2f the den changes from ^ht^k "ofth: I^aWe^t'o the t^nf" starting habits " of 'nflammafo,. of the eyes, and ma^tTorrcrc^re'^^^tLfe"^^^^^^^^^^^^ "l'^ ''^ a brush and curry-comb onen.fl. "-"bbrng with the circulates the blooTto trsur^aceTd e^ the skin and animal. suriace and extremities of the drSrE^Trr^or^dtyreff^tr o^''*-^^ ''^' r insensible perspiration i, nm^^f ? j ?"''P°^^' »= the tion produc'ed aVuseT aS tK^.^e: of the sS'"^ '^- pensed wfth and even th? h T ""^l «"°g«her be dis- A hair cloth while It wNls.u"'*' •"""'' "<'' ^ '°° h^'d, be almostsuffici nt w "ho iesTh'aThf Th' 'T^' "'" have not been neglected """ ^" *"'' toS°h:::erskf„ a^d^rf "^'"^ "^-fi' °"-"-°" observe the effect nrn/ 5'=k''°"' S^erally need only legs of a tired ho si^ mn ^ ^^«" hand-rubbing the ;.nd the painfol stiffnes!"' ap^:^ t"TeT' ^""^"^^ their natural warmth anH k V ^"^ ^^^^ attain Petite, and vL Inl^lTn^ tTtr.^^ '°'' "^^' ^P" KXERCISE—Exercise should i'oned to the age of the horse. be somewhat propor- young one requires A 24 ii •{ n i' I 1 ( 1 ! } THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. more than an old one. Nature has given to young ani- mals a disposition to activity; but the exercise should not be violent. It should be given in such a manner as to preserve the temper and promote the health of the animal, and there- fore should be moderate, at least at the beginning and end of exercise. A rapid trot or gallop may be resorted to in the middle of the exercise, but the horse should be brought in cool. The owner should exercise a supervi- sion of this part of the horse training, and if possible have it done within sight, and not trust to the management of boys. Food. — In this country there is less general variation in the food of the horse than in Europe, where the beet, carrot, turnip and bafley, wheat and beans compose a large part of his food. Therefore we will simply give what we believe to be fundamental principles in the di- rection of the food and keep of a horse. The time of feeding should be as nearly as convenient at regular intervals, three times daily ; and when it is likely the horse will be kept longer than usual from home, the nose bag should invariably be taken. The small stomach of a horse is emptied in a few hours, and if he is suffered to remain hungry much beyond his accustomed time he will afterward devour his food so voraciously as to distend his stomach and endanger an attack of staggers. The true origin of this disease is in the major- ity of cases, irregular feeding. When extra work is required from the animal the system of management is often injudicious; for a double feed is put before him and as soon as he has swallowed it, he is started. It would be far better to give him a double feed on the previous evening, which will be digested before he is wanted, and then he may set out in the morning after a very small portion of corn or perhaps only a little hay is given him. One of the most successful methods of enabling a horse to get well through a long journey is to give him only a little at a time when on the road and at night to give him a double allowance of corn and hay. In ordi.iary PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING. hTXTcU^n^ '^''^ ^^-^^ - be ,,Ven .o. J Infct-eC^^^^^^^^ not too cold, his, for he will never drink hard /nn'l'^^^"'^^^^ lias access to soft water he will ,. '^u'' '^^^^'' ''^ ^e P^irent and pure water of the we 1 J^^ '^-^ "^^^^ ^^^n^" the water may be turbid and if Ju ^ "^^"' although Hard, cold ^4ter acts on thl ^^^ "^"'^^'^^t pool, stomach injuriously ofL "• • ^ sensitive coat of the tinee times a day "^ny wa? buf T^^t' "^ ^°^^'^- Water to et him get too dry We ' V u'^'r ''-^^ ^' "^^^^ vvater he requires less Wafer .hn ul ^'^^ ^^^^^^ to meals at all times. The horse shoM^' ,^' ^'■^^" ^^^ore down before feeding. Neverlel ^h ^^"^^^'^ ^^ ''"bbed without a good grooming! '^ "^''^"^ ^^^^ night progeny will inherit the quamd^'"'^"'" ''^" '" ^^^^^hf ' fhe parents. There is sc^arce a dT^ ""'"^l"^ ^"'-^^'^'^^ of 's affected with that the foaT t'i Z?-"u^^' '^' P^'"^"* a predisposition to it. Pec liar tV^fV"^"''"' ""' ^* ^^^^t t'on W.1I be inherited. T^e exceLn ? t"^ ^°"^titu. much a point of importance aTH^''^ ""^ ^^^ 'nereis as mare, let the horse be a p'e'fec ' /''" ^"' '^" ^"'"^>' «;ill rarely be produced, irselectinl "'"^'.^ ^°°^ ^^al there is considerable diffiadt '"^1,^ "'''^^°'* ^'"^^d'"^ necessarily be somewhat cSnff ^' ^"'"^'^'^'^ should carcase should be lorn, to '-"^ ^'''''" ^^e horse. Her there should be cXac^^l'Sf fn' " ^^'^ ^^^ ^^tus, bu too much length of back or W "''" ''''^ '^''' ^"^ "ot ^^X::^:!.^:'^/^ -- depend upon breed The points of bWd I uu"'^ ^^" ^^^'^^ to 'Should be rigidly exam „ed T^ • '^'^ ^"^ dispo..ition tance that the parents sho.dH 1 '' ""t T^ ^'"^^ ^'"ipor- their natural stren^Si and ^^ '" ^"" possession of -rorthatbecause^™Js'r^^ Jt is a common for breeding wh^n n. i!l\^f once been good, she k fit " ^"'^^^' ^^'^P^ble of ordinary work <6 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. ^11 P n Her shape and size may insure a good form, but the foal will be su e to inherit some of the worn-out consti- tution from which he sprung. A mare is capable of breeding at three or four years of Jige. Some injudiciously commence at two years, before her form and strength are sufficiently developed. The mare comes into heat in the eaily spring. She is said to go in foal eleven months on an average. The stallion should be perfectly calm when brought to the mare. None of your tearing, plunging, vicious kind ; while the mare should be prepared by previous heating by means of a gentle exercise. Other things being equal a good foal will be the result. Moderate exercise only after time of covering is desira- ble. When nearly half the time of pregnancy is elapsed the mare should have a little better food. After foaling the mare should be turned into some well sheltered pas- ture and well fed. Nothing can be gained by starving the mare and foal at this period. It is the most impor- tant time in the life of the animal, and if from want of sustenance his growth be arrested, his puny form and want of endurance will ever afterwards testify to the error that has been committed. The care of the colt should be guided by patience and kindness. Breaking should commence at once, and the colt be familiarized from birth with the associations with which he will be connected through life. The period at which castration should be performed depends much on the breed and form? of the colt and the purposes for which he is destined. For the common agricultural horse, the age of four or five month's will be most advisable, or at least before he is weaned. Very few horses are lost when cut at that age. For the carriage or heavy draught, he should not be cut before he is a year old. If not well developed, six months later is advisable. Castration should be performed late in spring or early m fall, in order to avoid the heat and flies of the sum- mer. The mode and operation is best left to the veter- inary surgeon. R. ti, but the 3ut consti- four years :wo years, developed. g. She is age. The jht to the ous kind ; us heating ngs being g is desira- is elapsed ter foaling Itered pas- •y starving ost impor- n want of form and ;ify to the )f the colt Breaking imiliarized he will be performed 3lt and the of four or before he :ut at that should not Jvisable. ig or early f the sum- • the veter- r i SEVFV YE aTT' , OLPt EIGHT OB NIN2 YHARH fSf.r>, ILLUSTRAIIONS SHOWING THE AGE OF A HORSE BY THE TEETH. AGE—SHOEING—POINTS. epidemic, and inflammato y dTse'ses n. ,•" "^^^ ^ ^^^ if he has good care. natuTe wm ^'^'^."^'^'' ^° ^^'^ '<'nd. trouble without the ^iS of m^d ine''^ p'?'^ ""u' ^' '^^ the natural condition of hThor " Tl^^'r ^"^'^'^ '"« and unsound horses are mj. ^T, ItelJ^ir The Age of a Horsf tt« plainly by their teeth unt^lthelie of' .'^^" '^^•'' ^^^ their teeth, having become m.T J'^'^^^ '^'' "^"e- when cause the disappcLnce "TthT Lt^.T "°^" *° ^^ *° tushes are also full size. After thU ''^'''^>'- 'T^^''' guess work than a certaintv Ti, • « ^^'^^ ^^^ '^ '^ more grow longer and more s fm l^T ""'P^'l'" Sra<^u^ny from the upper and lower aws"^ r^F?^"^ '^'^ ^'^^' There is also a Joss of firmn! u^^' "'^''^ ^^^"tinglv. them to hang dovvn inTxttmf 'm '^' ^'P^' ^^"-^'"g hollows over tL eyes brco^fd'e'p^nld '^" ^^^° '^^ sufh^r;-!^/-^^^^ It, W should be done in The frog, which is the TniW "f Z '^^^' f '^' ^°°t- and essential to the strencrfh ^.u , ^''"^^ ^f the hoof o the foot, shoulS^^orbf cut'lwav^Th"' '^' ^"^^-^ be of the proper size to fit the fn^^^'.u ^^^ '^°^ should of the outside of the hoof .n/ hT'^?"*^ "^"^^ rasping wider than the foot so «^at^h/^ ^^' ^"^^ "^^^^ a mtlf over the edge of th; shoe too s^o""' ""' "^^ ^^^ -'^ for'ttlttft^ta?- ^^^^^"- The Wace and the nails when driven turned ^n°" m°"^^ ^^ ^"^'^^^h The PnTM.^c ^"'"^^^ ^° ^^^ ontside' ^^HE roiNTS OF A HORSP T;^ ^^^ ^tudy of anything else, yor^ilft abb'to d' •'/ '^^^' ^^^^"^ the temperament of the anim.l i. ^^^^ ^' ^°"^hi"& good or ill over the entte o"g"nizatTon ^'"^''"^'^^ '"^ his style' of nlk'^Tdmel^r- '^f^'"'^' ""^h "Pon .-.ess and adjustment of hi refk rnVt^-^n' ''^".S"'' ""*- who e appearance of the animal i^n''"^'. '""''='"8" 'he serv.ce-a thick, heavy mSarn.T' ^' '"'""'^^ his njany a disadvantaged?" peid,,* In ?''f "'''^'^ ''^ lore narts vhU- ,*f • /'F'^cu, as it loads Hm.m 4-u« P-rts, vh.I= .t ,s an advantage to the draught ho;^;: 32 THE farmer's VETERhXARY ADVISER. The English thorough-bred race horses have sh'm necks; but for fast trotting I do not think a very slim neck has any advantage. It should be of good thickness at the shoulder, length and curvature enough to secure beauty and the graceful balancing of the body, and small where it joins the head. Some of our best American trotters have model necks, and a refutation of the idea that advantage in speet' is gained by a neck too slim for the beauty and graceful appearance of the animal. The Chest. — The chest or cavity which contains the heart, and lungs, the organs which have the function of circulating, vitalizing and puryifying the blood, on which the growth, life and vigor of the whole organization de- pends, should be large. In animals, as well as in man, a large chest not only indicates great lung power but vigor and strength of constitution. In the draught horse his full breast and large round chest indicate his great strength and endurance, but as in most horses speed is an essential qualification, the shape of the chest becomes important as well as its size. It must not be so broad in front as to interfere with the fullest action of the shoulder, at the same time it must be large and have the capability of increasing its capacity, to accommodate the expansion of the lungs in extreme action, for speed is what tries the lungs of a horse and puts them to the severest tests. This end is accomplished by increasing its depth. The ^jiest should be deep like that of the greyhound. This deepening of the chest gives the cavity an oval shape. The construction and curvature of the ribs of a horse is such that when, from his rapid motion, his lungs become highly inflated the ribs are elevated on the sides by be- ing rotated a little so that the arch is carried directly outward instead of inclining back, and the capacity of the chest is increased as it assumes a more circular form ; while on the contrary if it were round at first tne more the ribs were arched the less would be its capacity. Therefore, a horse's " wind" depends greatly upon the depth of his chest. The length of ilic chest is also to be THE BACK. 33 tne more left for the full action of thinT.' ^.'"^^'"^- "'"^t be his speed. " '"nd-quarters according to tlie shoulder to the ZTolrtlrt°\^'°'" ""^ P°'"'<>f consider his speed as itoTtll o/htst^T^h''''?" >'°" of endurance. screngtii and power length Tf ^;S:, t^ ^?; ^re^ ,t ' » '-? back will givo stride depends much more uoo„ the"T "'f ''="2"' <" from thepoint of shoulder to'bTck of h?'[ ''^??',''' (^'■^" long in proportion to the len.^th r Jl^L* "'"'='' being length and position °n the sho!, 1 k.*''.'^ 'l^* '"'^'^^^^^ thigh bones If we wanted hr.^ "''^' ''""'^'•"s and should want light airThorsesLThn'^h'"'' ^""'"S we but these are not the^horses needed^^ ft?' '°"^ "'^"^'^^ ^ horses with short strong backs 1- M """"^'y- '""^ want strength in the back and ? ^™^ ^"^^ ■ "We strokes in I straight hn^'whrrh "l!"'.'" ''^"™'- 'heir and handily whel 1 ey brS " .'f ' '°. "'^^ l^'':^ recovery;"^, not theselon J stride J",!'^/,'"'''^ >>"' q"'* long under the sulky -"and •■ fh,f u '" '?^'= "'eir legs evidence that the horse will cult t"'"' ''f'' ''' « ="^« distance and not tire nl wH l^ k^^T '°="' ^ &■•«« under fast driving '■ ' ' ""^ break down easily the"ireighr?f\ttuitf ^'r.'-^''-'^^ "-bupon which it regula ed bv th-. 7"^ 'i'"^'"'' of the loins shoulder andV he s?^ lunfh. °''''' T''^''' °^" the which afford large surface Vt' T"^'^ t""^ ^ip bone. strong muscle which ex?, d^fr" ^""^''ment of the whole length of the back and tins "" "«* "^r the of Ihe srd'an^bac'kTnrr'T; °."^ ^ «-" - others each side of tL back so as to .i! ^.' "'" ^^^^'oped on o7r !!L-Pr-d shourfe'e?rm"/„:i°L"i^PP^— • •- -. snonio come out nearly straigh^and the bore^ 34 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. over the kidneys giving breadth of loins and hips. At- tention should be given to the curvature of the back ; its curvature downward enables a horse when ridden to carry the weight with greater ease to himself and to the rider. This curvature should not be too great or abrupt from the withers, as in the case of some horses, or what, is worse, at the loins. A rouched back horse may in some cases be a fast trotter; but such formation is dis- agreeable to the eye, and not fit for the saddle. Too nmch attention cannot be given to the length and forma- tion of the back for if a horse fails here he fails every- where. The Shoulders and ThiCxHS. — We now come to the machinery of locomotion, the running gear of the horse. In comparing a heavy draught horse with a fast trotter, leaving out the great difference in thickness, they will be found to differ much in two very important things. 1st. In the obliquity or slope of the shoulder blade and haunch. 2d. In the length of the forearm and large leg bone. In the trotter, the knee and hock joints come very low down and the distance from these joints up is very great, while, on the contrary, the draught horse has a straight shoulder and is square across the haunches, and has a short, thick forearm and leg, bringing the joints above mentioned high. It will be easily seen that this difference is what gives one the advantage in speed, the other in pulling, and can be easily demonstrated on purely mechanical principles. The straight shoulder, the upper part of which with the neck is generally thick, allows the shoulder to bear on the whole length of the collar, and more of the horse's weight is thrown into it, or forward of the line of sup- port, in the fore-legs. There is also an advantage gained in strength in the short fore-arm, for when the knee is bent, as in pulling, there is a greater leverage. The same is true in regard to the hind leg ; but horses thus built are necessarily slow. It may be well to mention some ot the advantages gained in speed, bv the slanting shoulder and hauncli. THE KNEE AND HOCK JOINTS. ,e and the greater length of the different bones connected with these. By th.s construction the elbow and s^^e are earned forward and downward which enahl-T," I I bring his foot far forward; it alsole ps to elevate th/f '"^ part of the body and to sustain him tCugtaTng s't S? at the same time he can come nearer to fhe ground be' s?rid:s'it/"' ^'" be thrown straight forwar^rhek he" Another very important thing gained by this slantin^r d;rection, is the spring, which enables :, hl.T !^^"V"§^ t.on to which the power is applili, wUl be nearer a oer" pendicular. In this and in the lenith If tKrl P?,' are attached projects out fr^m thl joinf *' """'^'' ife^fttZ" *' "'"' J°'"' ™s is theS of W™. Tne muscles which control the act on ofThes e oaTt; ^nroTtSrreTst'"' compUcated, anS ITrTev^ .o;tLfe:uir:r '--"- -' Apt^'ioL:!^ „I'^^:'^.f_^f/''° H°« JOINTS.-Both of these ioin.c ". .„bj.acd to severe strain and are the seat of many of 36 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. the diseases that produce lameness. These joints should be large and symmetrical, and show a decided swelling at the knee and hock. However small the bones, it is a mark of strength and activity to have sharp and promi- nent processes at the joints, where these bones come togetlier, to furnish sufficient surface for the attachment of the tendons. The hock bone should be as large and as long as symmetry will admit of. The back cord standing out as in Goldsmith Maid shows a strong joint. The cannon bones or ankles, for a speedy horse should be flat and wide, looking fine and thin from the front view, and showing heavy, strong chords from behind; not bound down too close under the knee j-^int, as in the case of some horses, for this causes friction and loss of power. A clean, smooth ankle indicates solid, elastic bones. These bones in the slow dray-horse are large but more porous. The fetlock, composed of the three bones called the pasterns, will also depend on its length and position, upon what is required of the animal. A short, straight pastern being best adapted for heavy pulling, as it will have greater strength and enable the horse to press harder on the toe ; but this would make him more liable to stumble if driven fast, and with the straight shoulder would be very unpleasant to ride; while on the contrary, a longer and oblique pastern is more elastic, helps bring the heel first to the ground, and is better adapted for speed and graceful movement. The pasterns are always more oblique in the fore than in the hind leg. There is not much to be said upon the foot, without describing its anatomy. But a medium-sized, well-pro- portioned foot, smooth in appearance, slanting down at an angle of about 50° is the one most desirable. A corii- pact, solid, tough looking foot, looking strong about the quarters, and well united to the frog, and having the sole of the foot well arched. General Remarks. — We have now gone over the pj-jncipal parts of the horse, and endeavored to show le fore than GENERAL REMARKS. briefly the proper construction of each fnr =^ speed, more particularly i„ rJLTt^' C^' f ^"g^h and but we would not overUk t^e fact thi'^ !"' ^'"'''^ ' several parts are well connertpH a f' f • ""^"^^'^ these muse, the bone struret:uldtr£ ''''' '"'^^^^ iul and compHcated mTcuLrs ^^ e^re' "^ '^' "°"^- But we will s mply sav th^i- Lf.^' the external fitness^^f tWnl^s in T ^^^^^"ce with God throughout nature, tha? the best .nd°''^"^'"'^'P ^^ development of muscular powe in h."'^'^ ^''^^^^ which clothes him with the most oerfe.Ml^ ^^"'"^ '' '^^^ metryof form, and Jve To J ^' ^ ^^^"^>^' ^"^ sym- graceful and eaLy motion 'Movements the niost eye"and fiiif e? aJi^krc^nfribiVTr ^''^ i^/sment. Let of the bonlmuscLs a d"^^^^^^^^^ Feel horse because he has -i ...f J5' .^' Purchase a part, if he is deficient orT^ f-^P-entofone points. Keep in mind wN-it vrt. ^ u ^^'^' important him thoroughly foTlhe e v c^^eq^uTred^^^'W '°^' \"' ^^>^ horse for his noble pedip-ree „n^^^ [ • ^"^ "^^ ^uy a See that from the line of^the rumf .^fJ' "°^^" ^^"^^^'f- of the hind foot, that bone Lr^ to the ground surface they were of such sfze and ?f "^T^^ '''^'^^ ^^^^^ ^^ i( adapted in their prperposition^S' T.k ^° ^^'"'"'•^^'y and do all things; and see thith: •^''' '^'>^ ,"^" ^"^"'-e for what you wLt of h.m h , '•' especially adapted given. ^ °* ^'"'' '^>^ applying the rules herein , from'lheTon? Skit' f/'th'" '^•^1^''°"^^ ^^^ --ed |breast,^-sthatofrwed4 'i''^''^'''' /Moulders and i^^ie better, as it i^dicIL J^? "^^''^ P^^-^^ct this shape taper of the LTdeTlnd^^^^^^^ --" [breast. ' ^"^ Proportionate width of ft ™ng dock is nalu'X cnnnTc-d n.,>, -'"^ '^^^- ^ ' y-"i It 4lso indicates nerve. ^ ^■''^ *'"' " «rong back, 38 THE farmer's VETERII^ARY ADVISER See that he ts well buttoned up behind, and that the evacuations are frequent and little at a time. Such horses have both nerve and good health. A horse should have a fine glossy coat, which indicates go5)d bloodi good care and good temperament. Attention should be paid to the color of a horse ; dark bay, chestnut and brown are the most hardy colors; also a deep, dark, hazely brown is the best color for the eyes. Very light colored eyes are not so strong. A good horse has the following TWELVE points: Three like a Lady, Three like a Fox, Two like a Grey-hound, Two like an Ox, An ankle like the swift-running Deer, And a warrior's spirit which shows no fear» Like a Lady in beauty of form, And her movements of grace, In the intelligence and gentleness That are seen in her face. Like a fox, in his sharpness of ear And his splendor of tail ; And also in his lightness of foot, Having speed like the gale. Like the hound in the form of his chest, Made expansive and deep. In the length and shape of his quarters Giving greatness of sweep. Like the Ox, for his fullness of eye And his shortness of back ; A sign of his endurance and strength Which he ne '■er should lack. 5ER nd that the me. Such ch indicates nt. borse ; dark colors; also or the eyes. u car* U k, nrhgnant cholera ,n all animals. These demand sera \ .on destruction, and disinfection. To tlT second or' less fatal class of exotic maladies belongs : tL%hthoJs fever or foot and mouth disease. This demands seclusion and dismfection. ^"iduus sttiusion by contagion. Among these may be named "St^ Z ,!J , ^^- ^"""'-Mer, intestinal fever of swim or hog-cholera. tnJlHettza, strangles, canine distetnLr IZ perhaps the variola or tox of horse cZ, 1J^,J- j «V^, All of these dow^ to inZ^^ef^s^ iTke aismiection, with destruction or not of the disen^pH according to the severity and diffusibH ty of the oar' ticular malady. The remainder fr..! • a ^ ^^^' are either to^o mild frw* such mers:^ rt'cfo eas,ly spread to be satisfactorily contfolTed by Sem ° native or imported ones For th,-« f A« ^f'^ ^P'^ead of to the author's largeT^or/^ktw t^df oi^d^t^^^^^ tion are, however, indispensable. clisinfec- DISINFECTION. pools!' htTis.'^Sinr :'tensr";r\f r- "^' llll V.!:: ^°"^' be^care! ,, — ■« ^t/^ omi,c In close pli'-"' ^' laces they are usu ally !l 43 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER, chiirged with invisible particles of organic matter in a slate of decay, the most suitable field for the growth of contagious principles. These, too, tend to purify them- selves in a free circulation of air, and ventilation maybe largely relied upon for this purpose, unless the delete- rious supplies are too abundant from some adjacent putrid accumulation, as dung-heaps, cess-pools, leaky drains, or soil saturated with filth. Purity of the sur- roundings kills many contagious elements on the prin- ciple of starvation. Of agents reputed to be disinfectants, some act merely by changing the physical condition of organic matter, without .my abstraction from, or addition to, its con- stituents. Thus, heating to the boiling point (212° F.), coagulates albuminous matters, and destroys infectious properties generally. Bui it must be prolonged for a variable time according to the size of the object, to allow, of the heat penetrating to all parts alike. Clothing may be heated in an oven to 300" F., or safer, boiled, and even the prolonged application of hot transparent steam directed from a hose, upon wood-work, etc., previously well cleaned, is found very effectual Some poisons, like that of Texas-fever, are destroyed by freezing, while others are unaffected. Other disinfectants act by chan^;.) ^ the chemical rela- tions of organic matter, and inv-.w.. conta 'ous princi- ples, by uniting with them to torm '^ <-w compounds, by abstracting some ot their constituent elements or by adding a new one. Thus the alotropic state of oxygen called ozotte, produced abundantly during thunder- storms, is supposed to be one of nature's most potent disinfectants, acting by hastening the oxidation of organic matter. Yet, at times, its excess seems to be without effect, as in the influenza of horses in 1872. Camphor and many of the odorous essential oils are sup- posed to be of some slight use by reason of their devel- oping ozone. Burning is an effectual mode of disinfecting organic matter, old rotten wood-work, clothing, fodder, manure, &c. It niav even be used on the air bv movinff a tUSlNFKCTION. plumber's charcoal-stove from nl^. . , entire infected building- If- nf. . ^^^^^ ^^^r the the opening of drains, or as a^amrf^^ "'"^^ ^^^^ of outlets of infected building ^ '" ^^"^ ventilating Chlorine, set frpp fr^^r>-. „ vitro] and k htt! \^ ToxS^^?" '^^^' ^^ ^^^"'^ oil of lent disinfectant of tL a Vhf^ -''""''''' ^''^ ^^^^'- vacated buildings, andTs moLt effec'uaUnl^'n ^t '^ huclilorine, a comoound r^f Mi • " ^ ^"^^ l>ght. be obtained 'by add2 at frl "? ^"^ ^^>^S^"' ^^Y chlorate of potassa to a^gi:ss&;'"^^^-^^' ^ 1^"]^ may be used m occupied^bufldints ^^ "'"""'^^ ^^'d- ^t ^^////.;/m.^ «^/^ i3 ^ J excellent- ^- • r the air, and can easily be produr.J ^^^'^^ectant for burnnig flower of sulphur on a slinn/" ^"^ f"'^""' ^^ |ron shovel. Like chLine k is ^^st ^/r' ^t'^- °" ^'^ J'ght. In occupied buiIdino-= l ^ efficient in day- Tully pinch by pmch wit lout^ nin "'^^- ^" ^"'""^^ ^^'"e- ^^^^-^./.^- .^.Xay al o^ '" h • ^^"'""^'"8^ ^he stock, being allowed to evapomte f^^^^^^ 1? ,?''"P^'"'^ buildings, ■nixed with ether or^°acoho7om'^^r^"^'"^'^lo"e or' :'P at intervals, or from dnfhr T^'''^^^'^ '"^'gs hung '^■ept iturated with the a1^^.'^'""^ /^"^il^ting inletj difiused through the air of I i Z'- ^"^">^' '^ ^^V be Carbolic and Ly^^ .'L mav .1 "? ^^ "" ^^°'^^^^^. Meeting solids and liquidT h2. ^!. "'^^ ^«^ ^i^'"- ■sprinkled on the floors ^v.l^ P?"'^^ ^"^° ^"-^ins or building. For the I^?f ' ^"^ ^"^ ^^l^er parts of the be <:iluted wf?h'o:Jt;^d?e7tim;'': ^^^^"^ ^^^^ '-^ Tne cheap impure acid is usuX'n''r'!.^^ °^ ^^^^er. heaps, yards, and other oMt.M?^ Preferred for dung- agreeable indoors. c'^/^taL^"^^^^^^ ^"^ ^'^ '^ dit contained carboh'c acid andTlltH "^'f'''^''' ^^om their for out-door uses '^'^ Products, are also good ^.^The^following are especially apphcable to solids and '•rains, as a solution o(JlUt2T\f^-' ""/ P^"'"^^ ^nto a/w^^ ^/^,>,^ . °' 4;^- ^^ ^ gallon of water. / ,..,^ J. equaziy eriicxent but more expensive 44 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. :ii m ii ;V| and chloride of aluminium {ckoralum) is somewhat l«:ss potent. Sulphate of iron {copperas) is one of the most efficient and cheapest disinfectants for drains, manure, floors, yards, etc., and may be applied either in fine powder or in solution. The sulphates of copper and zinc and perchloride of iron are efficient but much more expensive. Saturated solutions of caustic potassa and soda are satisfactory for wood-work, harness and utensils, but they are useless if diluted. Lime is useful in graves by absorbing the water and uniting with the organic debris, but is very unsatisfactory as a general disinfectant. Permanganate of potassa promptly changes putrefying organic matter, rendering it sweet and wholesome, but it is que^^tionable how far it can destroy living organic germs, ol which many of the contagious principles are .obably composed. The same remarks apply to char- coal, animal and vegetable, and to earth, especially that containing a considerable portion of clay or marl. Horse-pox. — This is probably identical with cow-pox, being indistinguishable when inoculated on men or cattle. It most frequently attacks the limbs, but may affect the face or other parts of the body. There is usually some little fever, whfch, however, passes unnoticed by the owner. Then swelling, heat and t' nderness supervene, commonly in a heel, and firm nodules form, increasing to one-third or one-half an inch in diameter, the hair bris- tles up, and the skin reddens unless previously colored. On the ninth to the twelfth day a limpid fluid oozes from the surface and agglutinates the hairs in yellow scabs, on the removal of which a red raw depression is seen with the scab fixed in its centre. In three or four days the secretion ceases, the scabs dry up and the parts heal spontaneously. It is easily transmitted from horse to horse, to man, or to the cow. No treatment is re- quired. Cow-POX' — This is the same disease appearing in the cow. There is a oreliminarv sliuht fever, usually c^ver- SHEEP-fOX 45 tment is re- looked succeeded by some diminution and increased coagulability of the milk and the appeai-inre nf f^f on the udder and teats The udder t«^f } ^ '^°'^ for a day or two. then littlTpare'rld nodti e:'!:";':: contents ani'often a 'c^ t^r^l'rp'jess S'„ 'TZ'fJ^ The liquid m each pock is contained in several diSh^S sacs and cannot be all extracted without alScessfon ?f punctures on different parts. The UnniH =% « I T changes to yellowish wh'ite (pusV andloon dries" p^'^' sc.es form, often j>rovins very obsttate' and even ,/aT .ng to nflammation of the udder, abortion, or death obwrrs'o"Th:tarA''=^iis^r'' '^^"■4"- - salts is however, usu^Uy desS^ab? ." T^e^'t^^tf m^arb': smeared with an ointment formed of an ounce S of drawinl the teats. "^'^^''^'^y to avoid injury by V'dn ir IS only known as a contagious disea-^P Tin« TsXl is tZC:1 °' ''/ P''^"" atTft-enl"?: ten to twdve in" Then f7' '" T'"''. ^'"' '™'" ^•^ r -?-n thnti'Tnd'-aS place toss of tneH?/'''? ""=• ^^"P''°" «^"ally akes weeninalp. f/ u ""? ''""'mation, costiveness, red n.?'"f tf =" 'I'l^harge from the nose, and the apnenr.' -•>-<= .1 red patches mside the limbs and aloi i 'the 46 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER.' I:: abdomen. Soon minute red points appear, and increase to papules with a firm base, extending into deeper parts of the skin. These are flat on the summit, (rarely pointed or indented), and become pale or clear in the centre from the effusion of liquid beneath the scurf skin, with a red margin. With the appearance of the eruption the fever moderates, but increases again in three or four days, with the development and irritability of the vesicles. These may remain individually distinct {discrete), in which case the attack is mild, or they may run together into extensive patches {confluent) and the result is likely to be serious. The pocks will even appear on the diges- tive or respiratory mucous membrane. The eruption passes through the same course of exudation, suppura- tion, drying and dropping off as in cow-pox. The dura- tion of the disease is three weeks or a month. The mortality in the milder forms may not exceed seven per one hundred, in the more severe it may destroy almost the whole flock. But the losses of lambs by abortion, of wool, sight, hearing, hoofs, digits, flesh and general vigor, often render recoveries anything but unmixed blessings. Treatment. — Keep in cool, dry, W2ll-aired and litt<)red sheds, shelter from rain, and feed roots, or, if very weak, oat and bean meal gruels, with a drachm of saltpetre to each sheep. Common salt may be supplied to be licked, and the drinking water may be slightly acidulated with vinegar. The bowels should be opened by injections of milk-warm soap suds, or 30Z. sulphate of soda if neces- sary. Avoid heating agents. In the advanced stages support by quinia, gentian, nitric acid, and nutritious gruels, even animal broths. The pustules maybe treated with the ointment advised for cow-pox, or, if unhealthy, with weak solutions of chloride of ainc. Prevention. — Nothing short of general infection will justify the treatment of this disease. It should be ex- cluded from our country by the most stringent supervi- sion over the importation of sheep and their products, and when it does appear should be promptly stamped out by the destruction and disinfection of th.e sick and GOAT-POX-SWINE-POX-DOG-POX-BIRD-POX. 47 the punficatjon of all with which they have come in con- tact noculatwn^^ a measure of prevention is unwar conttn^'en'cv'I cITn^^r^^ of widf-spread infection a contingency which ought never to arise in this country. Goat-Pox -This is a rare and mild affection with an eruption on the udder and teats closely resembling th^t teZTy; . ''^^ ^^^" ^^°"^h^ '- bL sTontaneL 1^ he goat, but IS known to be derived from sheep suffering from Sheep-pox. It follows a mild course and require! the same care as Cow-pox. Seclusion or destruction and disinfection are, however, imperative when danger is likely to arise for sheep. ^ SwiNE-Pox.--This is more frequent than Goat-tox It IS communicable to man and goat. Young p?^sC hought to be most liable. The eruption appiSlLfde the forearm and thighs and is usually precedS bv con siderable fever. It is discrete or coJLt^^tsilpZ'x and the seventy corresponds. The duration of the mild forms is twelve to fifteen days. Treatment is sinnHaT o that of Sheeppox and the same precautions shon IH k! taken to prevent its dissemination ^'^"^'°"' '^^^^^ ^e DoG-Pox.— These animals sometimes contract Small poxovSkeep-pox^nd have been supposed ^^have £ own specific torm besides. The young suffer most fre quently and severely. There is the usual preTr^narJ ever with an eruption on the sides and beHv pTssfnT from pimples to vesicles and pustules, and finalfv drv^ ing up into crusts which drop off The erunHnn ^o 7" ^...../.or...A..,. the latte'^r being very fa^d^iSiw T/oT """"^ "^ demanded^as inX othefSs BiRp-Pox.--Birds seem susceptible to different form«! of variola, having contracted the disease from mln^ some cases, and in others conveyed 1 to tlTJn o?^^n"' ^f'^ '° ^^"^^^^^ ^^-/-1n threxperiment^<; tM v' sth?;" in . I^^-P--^ veryfataVinS:" '■-"'" -'ppear^ mamiy on the head under the wing, 48 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. II on the tongue, cr in the pharynx. In fatal cases deatn ensued in four or five days. Treatment would rarely be desirable, the great point being to stamp out the malady by destroying the diseased and disinfecting the place. Aphthous Fever.— Foot a^d Mouth Disease.— A contagious eruptive fever, atl -cl-ng cloven-footed ani- mals and communicable to othei i. xrm-blooded animals, including even man. Its special feature is the eruption of blisters in the mouth, on the udder and teats and on the feet. It is only known as communicated by conta- gion whether in western Europe, in Great Britain and Ireland, where it was introduced in 1839-42, or in North and' South America, which it reached in 1870 by imported stock. Like the other animal plagues it follows in the track of great armies and in the channels of commerce. The contagion does not readily spread on the air, a river or common road being often sufficient to limit it, but no poison is more certainly transmitted by contact, direct or through the medium of human beings, tame or wild ani- mals, fodder, litter, manure, clothing, drinking-troughs, etc., etc. Milk is one of the most frequent sources of contagion to pigs, dogs, and even to infants, producing the most dangerous intestinal irritation and diarrhoea. Symptoms.— -T\\^ poison may remain latent in the sys- tem' for one or two days, or, in exceptional cases, per- haps as many as six. Then there is roughness of the coat or shivering, increased temperature, dry muzzle, hot red mouth, teats, and interdigital spaces, lameness, in- clination to lie, and shrinking from the hand in milking. The second or third day blisters arise, on any part of the \^hole interior of the mouth one-half to one inch in breadth, or on the teats and between the digits about one-half inch across. Saliva drivels from the mouth. collecting in froth around the lips, and a loud smacking is made\vith the lips and tongue. Swine champ the jaws. Sheep and swine suffer more especially in the feet, often losing the hoofs or even the digital bones, a contin"-encv not unknoi^'n in neglected cattle. RINDERPEST. 49 r^^^inl^':^'^^^^ "Hf' the loss of kicking, abortions, pemanentl.m' "" ^''.^'^ °^ ^''^'°"s incapacity for ^i- da^^r^r ted.^g^r^t^^^ cared for, the disease passes in fitlen d^^Xn • """" ill consequences, excepting the ooisnn hVi ^'"'"^ "° t- building. The averag^e loss Hesh 's /.To ^ ^ ?" dairy cows it is much ruofe ^^ to $io ; in k glycerine 10 o^ Wnd ^'h ' •'""'? <'^"'""'<^ ^'^^ 4 after cleaning the .oace hiL fF'i.'^'^ """' » father cloth throu J t) After Hri •'" l'!" ^°°^' ''y drawing a bandage. The hi^d f et ^I'Z V'^'I'f '" ^ '" ra se each seoaratpl,, „,ifi i ^ dressed if two men in front of he hock^ In fri°"^ '?,."' « enclosure. place where the diseased hate^ben'^hrulJh''', ^T/^ a wniter or disinfected the rnllt f ' , ? . ''*= '='°'^ed for safe place, or boiled and 4ve,^ to '•''^ ^^ ''""'^d in a litter, etc. may be" burned or riJT [ '?""''^' '"f^^'^d plowed under by horses No ritr^.S'"''! '''"""''^d and nioved until fifteen days aftl? An'' ^"""='' ^''""'d be fi« be sponged Z^^lIZS^^^^^^ ^ ^"-d .io'^rir o^f^7ttrcor^^^Lr^''^^^^^^ - .a. a..d characterised by a Z?"""'"' '° °"'" 'uminants ■fenibranes, burabove al^ H?i ?!f' °" °^ ""^ '""'^O"' testines, ank an ex/A' ^ '.^" f "'"'"-"f.^h and i- .v.. ^.,„^ji an^ shedding of the 50 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISEi: superficial layers of cells on the skin and mucous mem- branes. It is only propagated by contagion, at least, out of the Kirghiz Steppes and Kherson district in Southern Russia, but spreads further on the air than Aphthous Fever. Symptoms. — Incubation lasts about two days until the temperature of the body is elevated, or four days until the appearance of outward signs of illness. By this time the mouth, inside the lips, on the dental pad of the upper jaw or around the gums of the lower front teeth, shows minute white elevations, like the aphtha of the mouths of children, calves and lambs suffering from thrush (mug- uet). This may be exceedingly slight and transient but is most characteristic. The other mucous membranes, (eye, vulva, rectum, nose,) show a more or less dark flush and concretions may appear around these and on other parts, of the skin, especially the teats. These are solid aggre'gations of epithelial cells, not vesicles nor pustules. In twenty-four hours they undergo fatty softening and are easily detached, leaving small pink erosions, and by the sixth day a great part of the mouth and muzzle may have become raw, and the surrounding mucous mem- brane of a deep red. About the fourth day the skin feels greasy, and dullness and impaired appetite and rumina- tion appear. In cows the milk is diminished, richer in cream, and even slightly coagulable. Urine becomes scanty and of a high color and density. These signs in- crease until tilt; sixth day, when the mouth is often raw, saliva drivels, appetite and rumination are gone, bowels relaxed, the dung passed with much straining and pain, the everted gut appearing of a deep red or port -wine hue. the ears are drawn back, head pendent, eyes half-closed and watery, back arched and often insensible to pincii- ing, abdominal muscles tense and resistant, and there is a peculiar check in the act of expiration, the breath be- ing suddenly arrested with a flapping sound and concus- sion of the entire body, to be exhaled a second or two later with a grunting noise. Sighing and whistling stninds are heard in th«» chest and it becomes unnaturally drum-like to percussion. A sudden lowering of tempera- « THE LUNG FEVPR OF CATTLE, „ Hr-^rbuttrngS^Trnd" t""; ""^^^^•^■'' ™"' de- while in the milder ca'es^th"*"^™'''' """""^ '°''"^- almost altogether conTned to S,e"ki; ""P""" "^^ ''^ -||5^';.rd :'^-:r "^'X- -an, amount. legally '^2bitJd''under'ril"^,-5 ""'' P'^S"^ ^''°«'d be tempts of the different schools o?""'";""'- ^" "«^ ^t" Piricism have only "ncreased ft/ """ """^ "f ™'- and even countries and dktrict/H'f."' "'""^ "='«°"» ;^ed . out and excl^ nit:?a::d tiiTr^^ ven^eTCa""s;;^Ttt1u':eJ4'"ion^^^^^^^^^ *°"'d "^^ P^-- t.ers and a quarantine of sS T? S^-P"?" ^"'l ' -■»- should be ruthlessly destroved i*^ ^"^."""^d, the victims places and things with wS .1; I'^P'^ ^""^''- ='nd all disinfected in th^em^st ^iSt mTn':^ "'""' '" ""'-' Ho'p^X'N^!!i-^3ped&f-^-^-«°"« r-EU. with extensive exudations fntoth'T"! '''™'' "'' "^^''k- , Like the other plaluA =i ^ ^^' ""'' '""S«- known in Europe andTmericf . ^ '""'''^' ""'^ ^'^ <»"/ Its ■■nportation'^into the different ^ "^""'^g'O''^ disease has always been traceaW^ t^ I " countries of Europe feasts or their products Th^' ""™.duction of diseased Haller, more than a centJ.^ ''"',1°" "^'he immortal by contagion, has rece.^d the'fm'n^.' " "V^'P^frated fecent times. It inv^ZTj , ''"'.P'est confirmation in "ttle, EnglandtlS'w Irish '' '", ^'^9-40 by Dutch den and Denmark in ,8^7 h' \- ?■ P""^*" '^='«'«. Swe- agam by English and tfutc^ m"^''* ^'°*. »"d later ected Ayrshires, Oldenburg i, ZT^ i%'«f° b^ -- .'«S9. in each case bv A,,,- J? 1 ^S, and Schleswig in » ;854, Australffi7,^/st ™ E^rt^'^S"'' «°p" L I, in 1843 hy a T^,,tchr^ Ji'iglish cow, Brooklvn. 3 -^ ^ •'"'"'= '""•' ^'"i ''gain in 1850 by a« 52 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. I i I I! ' English one, New Jersey in 1847 by English stock, and Boston, Mass., by Dutch cattle in 1859. I" ^^^^^^^"' Norway, Denmark, Oldenburg, Schleswig, Massachu- setts and New Jersey, it was stamped out, in the last case by the importer, Mr. Richardson, sacrificmg his whole herd and voluntarily assuming the loss, but in the other places named it was left to itself and spread disas- tiously. ^ , . , ,- Symp/07ns.— The period of latency of the poison in the system is from four to six weeks, and in exceptional cases perhaps two or three months or as short as ten days. In- creased temperature of the body usually appears a week or two before other symptoms. Then there is a slight cough, erection of hair along the ba.:k, sometimes shiver- incT and always tenderness of the back to pinching, the animal crouching and groaning. Soon breathing and pulse become accelerated, bowels costive, urine scanty and high-colored, milk diminished, appetite impaired rumination irregular, nose alternately moist and dry, and legs and horns cold and hot. If in the field, the sick leave the herd. The cough increases in harshness, depth and painfulness, and all the symptoms are aggravated until the animal stands in one posture, with head extended on the neck, mouth open, and every breath accompanied by a loud moan. From the earliest stages the ear applied to the sides of the chest detects an absence of murmur overparticular parts of the lung, or lungs, w.th a line cf crepitation (fine crackling) around it, and jccasionally rubbing, wheezing, and other unnatural sounds. On per- cussion over the silent parts the natural resonance is found to have given place to dullness, and the animal winces and groans. Other peculiar sounds may follow later, into which we cannot enter here, and exhausting liquid discharges from the bowels and kidneys, tym- panies and abortions are frequent results. Death may take place early, from suffocation, when both lungs are involved, or may be delayed six weeks or more. The percentage of deaths and permanent destruction to health is fifty or sixty, or when all the more suscepti- ble animals have perished it may be reduced much lower. THE LUNG FEVEk OF CATTLE. 53 Treatment — Tin's Hftimc^ ;, 1 treatment than Ri 'derpest h'^t T"'' "^""'^ ^"^^"'^^Je to less reprehensible/ ar?heooLn ^•'"''''^^ ''^^ '^'^^ '«"« diffusible through the atntosX: ^hTdden'"'^'^' "°^^ for a greater length of time in ?he bodJ" f "r"P-""'"^ and wnen manifested is far x^J.v m ^ ""/ '^'' ^'^tim, for other diseases (pneumonia nl. • ^^u ° ^^ '^'^^^'^^n treatment should ever be a ImviH"'''^' ^''^^^hitis). No secluded buildings, far from rc^I' f^''^' '" P^^-^^^^ly or animals can get access Id tn-i t "? '''^"^^ "^^''^ atmosphere. ' """"^ '" ^^ constantly disinfected soda) with aconite 2y be g'en'int;:? '""^P.^'^^ «^ ^yater or mild laxatives dJo^\:x,T''^'T^ °^ ^-'^•"ni the bowels, and blisters aPDjicdtn ^1^'^ "f ^ ^' ""^^"late (mustard and oil -of tu'Sie) '?%^'^^\°f the chest tion sets in, stimulants^^^reeripirit^" r^'v"^^ matic ammonia, etc.) and tonics 1.°^"'^':^' ^"'"^' aro- carilla, boneset, sulphate of iron ,1^'"^^^"' cinchona, cas- etc.) are called for^ AnHsen/' ""^P"''."^'""^^' ^^'^^S such as can be inha edin Ev .su[nh"'f"^' ^'^'^'^''y acid vapor or sprav) anH f i. (^"Jphur fumes, carbolic ease. ^^^^ ^"'^ ^hus reach the seat of dis- ^^M^r^tl^^l^t^'TXi^y ^ -^ -ng out of water kept closely appl-ed L elasfir''^ ^X '^^^'"^^ ^'V 0"es followed b/a cold doLhe and "'"'^"^^^ foranhourand has proved very successful b.fS"' ^"bbing till dry, enthusiasmandactiWy on thep.^^^^^^^^^^ intelligence ' Hie pack is repeated as Xn ^ ll ^ ^^'^ attendants. /^r^^;.//.;..-il^portatio^^^^^ ^f the temperature rises, countries free from^the p a^'e ^^ ^ ^"^^ved from no suspectea stock for ala^t thr.'^' '^"'^^" '''^''''^'^ inspection and, if thought ne?e sirv n"'°"'^-'.' ^"^' ^^^^•• port of entry. But th^ nfc 7' quarantine, at the YorlM'ConnLfcuf)NewTe ITn ''^^^^ "^ New Maryland, Virginia ind D/s^TiPc^''"'^^^^ Pennsylvania, to be rooted out bvmtl ^°^""'^'a- This ought government a^ ^^C^d^t ^flll^^'-^^.^^^ -'-J _UL or r„c ijuolic treasury. 54 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. Little good must be looked for from isolated action by States, counties, townships, or individual owners ; the danger threatens the entire country, and for the general safety rU must pny. It is absurd to expect the unfortu- nate possessor of sick animals to beggar himself for the public good. There should be destruction of the sick, partial remuneration of the owners, thorough disinfection under professional supervision, and the most perfect con- trol and constant inspection of all suspected herds and places until the malady has been eradicated from the land. This is the most insidious of all our animal plagues, the one which now most urgently presses for active inter- ference, and which, if neglected, will bring a terrible retri- bution in the future. Inoculation, as a preventive, like medical treatment, is suicidal unless whce a country is very generally in- fected. Strangles. — Distemper in Young Horses. — A specific fever of young solipeds, usually attended with swellings and formations of matte.- between the bones of the lower jaw, or elsewhere in groups of lym- ph itic glands. Causes. — Early age, hange from field to stable, from grass to dry feeding, from idleness to exciting work, the irritation of teething, and, above all, change of locality and climate. Repeated attacks will occur in the same horse under the influence of the last named cause. Ex- posure to cold and wet, impure air, sudden thaws, etc., contribute to hasten its development. Lastly, contagion is a common cause, and, in some cases, the malady may be even conveyed to man. Symptoms. — The disease is often preceded by a period of unthriftiness, staring coat, loss of condition, dulness and languor. Then there appear cough, redness of the nasal membrane, and watery flow from the nose and eyes, slavering, accelerated breathing and pulse, costive- ness, scanty high-colored urine, and increased thirst. Soon a swelling rises between the bones of the lower jaw, hot, tender, and uniformly rounded and smooth, at first 'luite impossible Wi h^. .°"°"''' difficult and noiJ ^"^ ■nay usually be counted on "''' ""^ ^ ^'^^dy reS ^'''''X'llar Forms —Ty. ' of softening, and maintafn X h"*^ "^^ •"^■'den in pla„ ■"■'tter may form ?n th ''"'^ """'^ ^'^^S^^Vt T^""- about the shouWenVofn ^th^P' "^ '>'"'Sc- gll^d": mesentery, the braiA «c ' ',^. «. in «ses o, 'iocs well bu? tY"'^ '^«^'ed5he ™^>' P;°'^-->cted f„r ent parts of the fa J'"?"'""°"^ ^"'elhn Js fn thTf "■'"'- quent result. ''°''>' (^'"-/»'-« ^^^..^^.^I^J isTf '" ' ^'■<'«'"«K/.-_Sustirr, n, ''^' •lb- idance of ^nft ."'^ strength of t^» .• a.id sewM ,f"'' T^' "ed down the r^wi^ ?"' '">'" , dropping out'^ «!,"''= « 'he chin to 'I'tt ' "• V^^'-' i hot ,ntS- 4» '■ " °' °" meal mav helJ^ .""-^ fr""' maslies fr';„f ^"""',"8 ™''y be done h„ f !. =''°igwith points it 4lM"°H'%^"S,'>""g on the iK^idvi^g hot bran "« Poultte conH ^""'}y evacuated with'th^ ?'" '"^"'^■■ ^Tocationl Jhr """'■'° ~mp:--te he oft "'"'' '"^ I , '"'''™^^' ''•^ -"*.pe m;sf be';n„// \y THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. in the middle of the neck, and a tube inserted to breathe through. Medicine is rarely required. Yet costiveness may be counteracted by warm water injections, and weakness by stimulants (muriate and carbonate of ammonia) and tonics (gentian, columba, willow-bark). Complications must be treated according to th-;ir nature. Influenza. — A specific epizootic fever of a low type, associated with inflammation of th'i respiratory mucous membrane, or less frequently of other organs. It has prevailed at intervals over different parts of the world in man, horses, dogs, and even cats. Causes. — Nothing can be definitely stated as to the primary cause of its development, as all peculiar condi- tions of soil, volcanic action, atmospheric electricity, atrial, moisture or dryness, density or levity, season, tem- perature, winds, calms, ozone, and antozone, fail to accouni for its appearance. The great American epizootic of 1872 was preceded and accompanied in Michigan by an excess of ozone, but the excess did not determine its appearance in other States, which it invaded by a gradual progress and with a rapidity proportional to the celerity of communication. Again, insular and sequestrated places escaped, as Prince Edward Island (frozen out), Vancouver's Island (quarantined). Key West, Hayti, St. Domingo, Jamaica, La Paz, by the non-importation ol horses (Cuba suffered through imported American horses). It stopped at Panama, where there is no horse traffic owing to the state of the country. (See the author's re^rt to Government, and report of New York Board of Health.) Sy.nptoms. — The disease comes on suddenly, with ex- treme cakness and stupor. There is often pendent head, half-closed, lustreless eyes, great disinclination to move, with swaying gait, and cracking joints. Appetite is lost, mouth hot, clammy, bowels costive, urine scanty and high-colored, pulse accelerated and wr>ak (sometimes hard), a cough, deep, painful, and racking, comes on, crepitation or harsh blowing; sounds are heard in the INFLUENZA. ciulness or percussionSv [,1,^11./ '^'' '^''''' ^^'^^^ Involved. Thus there may be 1^. ^"^' ''''' seriously nia, pleurisy, bronch tl hLrLl '^'"^Pt^"^^ of pneumo- pericardium et^Qot^^l^l^''^^ modifying the heart souLsTndr' ^°'"' "^ ^^^^ ^^^^''t, In other cases th^.hH ''"^ P'"ov"i^^ rapidfy fatal. great torpor "r tZ'^n^f''''/ "'^^^' ^^ ^^^^ dominal walls, there are cni.Vl ^""^'^''"ess of the ab- coated tongue yellowness of hf ^ ^^?'' ^"^^^"^ ^^irst, and eyes, ydlow o reZsh vrine ^T^'t""'' f '^' "^^^ in pellets thickfy coafed titrmucuf '' '""^^^ ^"^ ^""^ pl'c:rttSustl^^^ take last for months. At others nil ''^'' ^"^ "^^^ ''^^en ensue, or, finally, sev^reln^^^rafcrth?^^^^^^^^ ^'^ war^trref ^^;:rThlrd?h'"'"",^'^^ "^i-^--^ of or aloes. Give m^Idt^ ^^iu^t cs^ ^?-^ -^ of ammonia, spirit of nitrous ethpr^,lY^"'''',''^^^^^ate tract of belladonna), and vvhen fev^r f k"T^>^""^ <^^- prostration comes on, stimS/?n^> ^^'^'^'^ ""' ^'^^^ draughts, and warm clothiL are' el ' f"?^ r^' '"'^^^"t throughout ^ ^^ e:,sentials of treatment ^'^ ^^'^^ abdominal oro-an<: at-^ fi, supplement the medi?hiS abov n "'""'^ ¥^^ °^ ^'^^^^e, (^'■Ppery elm. mallow bonc'i":"'f ^^ ^demulcents' ' '^-' '^n^ecd;, and anodynes 58 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. (opium, hydrocyanic acid), with, in some cases, a gentle laxative (olive oil). Nervous symptoms may demand wet cloths to the head, blisters to the sides of the neck, pur- gatives, unless contra-indicated.and bromide of potassium. The rheumatic complication must be treated like ordi- nary rheumatism, with colchicum, propylamine, acetate of potassa, turpentine, warmth, counter-irritants, etc. The following system of treating the epizootic influ- enza is practiced by a well-known veterinarian : " Good nursing is the primary requisite in all cases. Keep the stall clean and dry, and admit a proper amount of pure air, without having a draft directly over the horse. Chloride of lime should be used as a disinfectant, and sunlight admitted in clear weather. Keep the animal care- fully blanketed and groomed, as good rubbing opens the pores of the skin and circulates the blood to the surface and extremities. The following prescription has been used with great success in Boston, New York and Chicago : Sulphur 8 oz. ) ^ PoTASSiE Nitrate 4 oz. ( j, ' '^ Pulverized Ginger 3 oz. X ™ Pulverized Digitalis i oz. ; ^^ell. The dose, a tablespoonful, may be given with the food, which should be a hot bran mash, when the horse will cat, or laid upon the tongue when nourishment and food are refused. The effect is almost immediate ; the cough subsides, the catarrhal indications grow less, the fever ceases, and appetite is resumed. If the throat is sore and swallowing difficult, it will be necessary to apply a counter-irritant to the throat, or if the lungs are affected^ to the chest. The following never fails to give immediate relief : Spirits Turpentine 2 oz. Linseed Oil i oz. F. F. F. Ammonia i oz. Mix well and apply to the affected parts thoroughly." Tyhpoid, Gastric or Bilious Fever. — This .strongly resembles the abdominal form of influenza, and TVPHo:n, OASTRic OR Bruoas p.v... ,, sometimes occurs in f-In:^ ^o appears independen'lTl-n h ""^ ^^ '^" ^^"^^ ^ime. It '-"g their coats in spnng^^„3 .T" ^'"^^^"^^ ^y ^^^ed- ■i hot, close, impure anH f ""^^ ^"<^"mn, m those kept in insufficient]; or on"ad?y pTet^i^""^ atmosphere'f fed Hjjured ah-ment, supph-ed\wt?wate ' "'?'^' °' ^''^"''^^^"^^ of decomposing or^^nic matterf ?• "'"'^''^"'"S^ ^" excess to overwork, etc. FinaHv ,> ' '^ ^''regularly, subjected J^ned insalubrious MdL^' ^d'^o^'^'f^^'^"^ ^'" -- those that arc wholesome aSd w.n • "" / ^^'' ^^^ent, in generally acting influe^e makes tT'^" ^-^"^^ ""'^'"^^n season than another. '^ '"^''^ virulent at one Symptoms. — There ar/. ^ r tude, followed hythtl^J^Z ^^' "foulness and lassi- coat, shivering, aLrnatf heat a?d" r M ^''"' --Staring face, restlessness, hot drv mouth /i'^T' °^ "« =^"t ternal temperature of the bod' ■ rf "'^'"■°" °f 'he t.n?e of the mucous membran;, ^''""^ '= ^ yellowish l«"is, full, tense, tender be Ivn' ~"^"™ness, colicky I'a'd pellets of dung covefeZ' ■£,■'='£'= °^ ^ few dark! equity, reddish, and depoStlnrl^^H"""""' "'"• """= Jiid weak, and there ma,, „ ^ sedmient, pulse raoid excited breathing a,?d IZZf^^ "°' ^^ ^°'e throlt ■"-e favorable else st,s JR ™'" "'<= "°^e. I„ the ;;We ■" eight or „i„'e days an7, '"r'"' """^ "°"'ee- "lade. In the unfavoraWe th. .P^'u " "'"overy is ;v;eak and rapid (eighty ?oninetv ».f' ^'''?""' ™>»". ''Otter, more clammy, Md covered*^ mmute), the mouth orsreenishbiotche.(^the Sm1,arf r"''-'*'''''™"'"''^'' the bowels more irriVah?., ""aom nal ivalls more tender '-a, and the str^^Xt r^Z'r', "'"> ^ ^tid d LS « constantly pendent, the eVl.^I'^T'^- The head ''e countenance stupid and 1?-,^ J "' ""= expression of S.^'-^Xrrii~^^^ -.th .ually takes ^.Te ''f- ^ re^^ttt-! -i^f r;:^tra^fiT^t,r[.r t-tV^'^ '"-" - -'- ^vannth of ^nrf^rf^ -,,.-! .P"^^^. "ot too rap d a 0-^^,-1 - -nrrace and exiremities a hvicTui"' f^"^J-u 'L>us, a ought eye, cheerful X - -i.-.i 6o THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. countenance, whitish fetid dung, and much yellowness of the eye, nose or mouth, a few doses of calomel (lO grs.) and opium (30 grs.) repeated twice daily, may be useful in stimulating the liver and throwing off injurious agents from the blood. But it is to be avoided when there is a weak, rapid pulse, and great prostration and debility, and in no case should it be given over two or three days, or until the system is saturated with the drug. Severe cos- tiveness may be obviated by 2 or 3 drs. of aloes and a drachm of calor^.el, or by a daily dose of 2 or 3 ozs. of Glauber salts until relaxation occurs. Soft feeding and copious injections of warm water must be continued to maintain the bowels in a healthy state. A drachm each of chlorate or nitrate of potassa and muriate of ammonia may be given three or four times daily with the water drunk, or in case of great dulness and debility, an ounce of oil of turpentine, sulphuric ether, sweet spirits of nitre, or carbonate of ammonia, may be given as well. Great ten- derness of the belly may be met by persistent hot fomen- tations and mustard poultices, and if necessary by half- drachm doses of opium. Tympany is treated by hand rubbing and by aromatic ammonia or oil of peppermint. During recovery 3 or 4 o/.s. of tincture of gentian or cinchona may be given twice daily witlt muriate of iron and stimulants. Feed throughout on soft bran mashes, sliced roots, boiled oats or barley, green grass, oil-cake, etc., giving from the hand if necessary. Secure pure air and water, cleanliness, warm clothing and general comfort until restored to health. Canine Distemper.— A specific fever of the young domestic carnivora, affecting the respiratory organs, and it may be the abdominal viscera, the brain, the muscular system and joints, or the skin. One attack usually pro- tects from a second. ^^,^j^j._Connected, like strangles,, with domestication, it is most severe on pet dogs kept in hot, close rooms on spiced food, or confined in kennels. Change of climate, teething, and contagion, are other causes. Symptoms.— VuluQss, peevishness, loss of appetite, dry lowness [10 grs.) 5 useful s agents lere is a lity, and days, or 'ere cos- is and a 3 ozs. of ing and nued to hm each mmonia le water in ounce of nitre, reat ten- t fomen- by half- by hand ipermint. mtian or :e of iron mashes, oil-cake, pure air 1 comfort le young yans, and muscular tally pro- istication, rooms on f climate, )ctite, dry MALIGNANT CHOLERA-ASIATIC CHOLERA. 6. becomes paroxysmal anH St <-u ^^ ';°=^- The cough matter not beilgTutduJ" '^""°;:^''> vomiting, the turbed,and thechestsonnM? ^ '"' ''^ b^athing is dis- implydiseaselhere T™e^„7„^"^P''-«onandpe''rcussion emaciated, and ditrrhcea, u ce?a ^7:^^ '""'"I'' """^ chS,Vne"!^r"e",:t:r?tiri;tr^^ ^^■".P'"'"^ °f bron- nitis, and skin-di eTse Dfaeiles of T^T"™'> P''^^" convulsions, chorea, paralysis ifnH 1,- '"■'"" ("^""P*. ceedingly common mTe^^d 3 a^ ''Tr "^ f^" ispecuhar, consisting of small hi?.* ^ T''^ eruption reddish or purple fluid "' ""'^'"'"g often a milt^'Sd-fnd^Sl'ftf -^ "='• P"^ -■^- -d a should not be so exrln^ ,„ • J ^'\ ""portant. The diet only. ^elusive m dogs having had anim.-I food (catTon):r;b':Svt'b:'r>' °^ j ^■■•s"' '-a,ive febrifuges (saltpeter) and .• ?"' fe"""^"' I"'"'!'), with pel-hap's an'aS;„r(tl Xn Tas ^'P^-^^"'-). tonics must be eiven frepl w, f ^^•. ^^ ^'^^^'" subsides, Fowler's solutioli) In afc^^^ -sulphate of iron as for the differen diseases hTt-'^^'/^'^P^'"^^'^"^ ^^ea ^ies, and keep up toS^^^^^^^^^J^^r^^r.^^- -^^^eS^L^ CHO.EK.-_This with man, and has beenTrnH ^^'''^' '''""^^^^^ feeding the dried bowel derariTT?e^"'"^"?">^ ^^^ increase in virulence from the fiSio fl^fv T^ ^°""^ ^° decrease to the fifth dav Jfvl I- u^^ ^^"""^ ^^^^ and to (Sanderson). ^^' ^"^'^ ^"^'^^ ^hey were harmless Ios?7m7oVot"a"n^^^^^^^^ P-f -tion, partial body temperature (80" F Si ^'"''l^^ tremiWes viscid fnr^^ ^^'V ^e"ithly-cold bloodle... .v_ »es, viscid tardily-flovv.flg blood, and lastly, violent 62 THli farmer's veterinary ADVISER. i! ffll abdominal pains and fluid bowel dejections, often having the specific f/V^-ze/^^/^r appearance. Treatment. — The disease is mainly important as propa- gating a poison so fatal to the human being, hence the most perfect disinfection of all bowel dejections is imper- ative, together with the seclusion and burial of the sick and dead. As an example of current treatment may be named aromatics (oil of anise, oil of cajeput, oil of juni- per, tincture of cinnamon), stimulants (ether), and acids (sulphuric acid), mixed and given every quarter of an hour. In the early stages add opium to check diarrhoea. To overcome surface coldness and collapse, use hot fomen- tations, rubbing, inhalation of nitrate of amyle ; to sheath the intestines, demulcent drinks (linseed tea, mallow, slippery elm), and to meet other states according to indi- cations. Every separate case would demand special treatment. In fowls, change of the yard, and sulphate of iron and carbolic acid in the water are especially reliable to check. Intestinal Fever in Swine — Hog-Cholera. — A specific contagious fever of swine, attended by conges- tion, exudation, blood extravasation, and ulceration of the membrane of the stomach and bowels, by liquid foetid diarrhoea, by general heat and redness of the sur- face and by the appearance on the skin and mucuous membranes of spots and patches of a scarlet, purple, or black color. It is fatal in from one to six days, or ends in a tedious, uncertain recovery. Symptoms. — Incubation ranges from a week or fort- night in cold weather to three days in warm. It is fol- lowed by shivering, dulness, prostration, hiding under the litter, unwillingness to rise, hot, dry snout, sunken eyes, unsteady gait behind, impaired or lost appetite, ar- dent thirst, increased temperature (103.2° to 105° F.) and pulse. With the occurrence of heat and soreness of the skin, it is suffused with red patches and black spots, the former disappearing on pressure, the latter not. The tongue is th'ckly furred, the pulse small, weak and rapid, the breathing accelerated ancJ a hard, dry cough is fre* TEXAN FEVER. 63 o quent. Sickness and vomitinn- mav J.« nial grunts or screams if the bdlvl^ t ^!"T"*' ^^'^ ^n'" may be costive throurfiout but ^. ^"''^^^' ^^^ '^^'^^^Js come relaxed about the third T^ ^°"^"^only they be- foetid diarrhcsa ensues Lyn^l^^^ k,"^^" exhausting he dung Before death the fatlentr^^ "'"^^ ^^^^ ^'^^ Ji'nd hmbs, and is often sunkfn ^T "^""^'"^^ ^^ the muscular tremWine \erkin^l J ■ ^°"^P^ete stupor, with the bowels. ^' J^'^'"§^ ^"d involuntary motions of Causes. — 1 1 is m a • n 1 , , ^ faults in diet iT^fl^l"^^^^^'^^ by contagion, though The poison will bTow fal a Ln^^ '"'"" to develop It. and ,s with difficulty des roved n T ""^'^ °" ^^^ ^^""d. Treatment ought not fn h7 i" hog-pens, fodder, etc stantly disinfectfd atm^^ptrr"?'^' ""^IT '^ ^ -- of barley or rye, or in c?^Tlt' ^^^^' ^vell-boiled gruel starch made with bo HnJ^wate^'' •'"''' '^" ^^^^^' ">rn water. slightly acidula ?d w ^h^lT '" ^""^ ^^esh cool early constipation give a m f M ?"^P^\"'''^ ^cid. For the barb,) and injection of\Trm ^Tl t''""' '''^> ^^u! ever medicine (nitrate of potaTsaand^?^^^^ up with If the patient survives thefirsffL H. ^''"^Pb\te of soda), of ulceration of the bowels boodvH^' ^"^ shows signs g've oil of turpentine fifteen n.^ "^""S^' ^^"^^r belfy ) -orning. FolL u^wittes S c^; '^T ."'^^^^ ^^ P/e^vention.~-K\\\ ^.r,^ burv fh^ r'^ '^^"^ '°^t ^^^^ing. 'dismfect all they have corned' „. /'"'^'"'^ ' ^boroughfy •surv.vors for the first sfgn 0?^^!^"°"'?',^^^ ' ^^^^^"S.xi jects w,th the thermonteter in S f"^ ^^^Picioussub- from the herd if it shows more than 10? T'.""^ ^^^^^^^^ soon as distinct si.crns of tl orK ^ ^v destroying as vegetable or animal cLrco. k'??- ^'^ ^bown. Feed ^cd or sulphate of irt o ^t tal^"'" ''/°'^' ^^boh-c Pectedfood, places, or even Vv.fe? ^^^''^'' avoid all sus- diseased herd. All newW n i^^'i^ ^^''^^ ^"^ "ear a placed at a safe distance in nnr''-"'"^ P'^^ should be tendants until their SL^^^rbTen^^oved" ''^^'^'^ ''' Texan Fever a c ^ r malarious grounds oA?|f^f/f™;;' "-^'"g '" the low. g on the G, ^Tof 64 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. Mexico, and communicable to the cattle of the elevated lands of the same and other States in a more fatal form. It is characterised by an enlarged spleen, profound changes in the blood, escape of the blood elements into the substance of the various tissues and with the urme, causing bloodv discharges from the kidneys, yellowness of the mucous'membranes and fat, great prostration and debility. , , • r r Symptoms.— T\\ert seems to be an mcubation ot tour or five weeks, ending in elevated temperature (103° to 107°) and followed in five to seven days by dulness, lan- guor, drooping head till the nose reaches the ground, arched back, hind legs advanced under the belly and bent at the fetlocks, cough more or less frequent, muscu- lar trembling about the flanks, jerking of the neck mus- cles, heat of horns, ears and general surface (limbs cold— in exceptional cases) and impaired appetite and rumma- tion. Soon weakness compels lying down, by choice m water, eyes are glassy and fixed, secretions lessened, dung hard and coated with mucus, or with clots of blood, and the urine changes to a deep red or black and coagu- lates on boiling. The mucous membranes are of a deep yellow or brown, that of the rectum seen in passing dung is of a dark red, as in Rinderpest. All these symptoms become aggravated, weakness be- comes extreme, and the patient dies in a .state of stupor, or sometimes in convulsions. The disease usi Uy passes unnoticed in the Texan cat- tle, but is exceedingly fatal in nortnern beasts. Contagion takes place through the bowel discharges, and roads, pastures, water- courses, etc., become efficient bearers of the virus. It is destroyed at once by irost, and has never been satisfactorily demonstrated to be conveyed from one northern animal to another. Sucking calves rarely suffer. One attack does not protect against another. Prevention.— It should be enforced by United States law that no Gulf-coast cattle should be moved north ex- cepting after the first frosts of autumn, or before the lasi frosts of spring. Then would the traffic be safe for all CANINE MADNESS_RAEIES-„Yl>R<,P„oBrA. 65 but ru^^o^^trii^K^t ''■•r-^'--. should be by diVect ronfP u -VL J- ^^ extreme north lowed byJecoverr Chfof: eofTt"'"'' '!""^'=^" f"'- potassium, and carbohV /.mk ^ ''?'?• "'"•«, iodide of vantage. C-shee" oactl^t ^'' f ^"^^''^ been of ad- be beLfieial and e?ri„e "nV''n. .•^"7"^'™-'' ^''"'"d (digitalis, nitre, or nitro"s eTher ) accordl";"?^'"."'^"" tons of tlie nartiVubr ^,0 i ?. '"S to the indica- cases would dCnd'rvan'a tion^:?^ Ifatt^r ^f T' throughout should he of c^ff u '^'^^^^"^ent. The diet dinarf fibrous a,l?„:°;r/,X^J/^lX™ liable to cut off by gastro-entritis '^^'^^'""y. as being spe'cr Sr ^u'p^7ed^1f 'al 7 '"^'^■'°™°«'^)--A genus canis (dog wTf ?oV?andTn fr"'f ^°"='>' '" ">^ nt.'^^Itt'^^^AV^^^^^^ tional, and nervous fu' ct ons -,?t "Vril?^'"^'. emo- temper, optical delusion"" p^^'f^,^, ''"'"'^ '■'"^I'le iab^"cTu7'"°t catrjfnl^'nr '"^ "'"'' (^'-sU^var- raost counJrfes ''"o ' "^"'f'=,^"y arise spontaneously in water, Zro'er food m ' r '"'''"^' t''"^^' P"™«°" of ftertL"?hTser°et;orod ,!-"^' r'^'^™ "" ^fi'^'' <■"■•- the development of th^H- l'""^"^^ "'""^ ^nd hasten implante7"the sv tem a' ""^^ "'f '"'=<'^ ^^« ^''-''^^dy of testimony poLts toThe ctnT' "I'^ '""^>»''"g mass an ungovernabrsevnal d. J • °" "'"' ""^ '■<'^'""'n' of ■"••"- !' » even supposed that the 66 THF, farmer's veterinary ADVISER. maternal instinct has had a similar effect after the pup- pies have been removed. Males chiefly suffer, partly, no doubt, from their special liability to natural exciting causes, but mainly because the rabid dog is far more likely to bite a male than a female. The poison is resident in the saliva and blood, but not in the milk. The saliva of rabid herbivora, omnivora, and men is equally virulent with that of carnivora, though in all animals it varies in intensity according to the stage of the disease. Of animals bitten by a violently rabid dog nearly all contract the disease, whereas among men the proportion is five to fifty-five per cent. This ap- parent immunity is largely due to the cleaning of the teeth on the dress before they reach the skin. Incubation varies in dogs from five to eighty days, the majority showing symptoms thirty to forty days after the bite ; in the horse fifteen to ninety days (usually thirty) ; in cattle twenty to thirty days ; sheep twenty to seventy- four days ; swine twenty to forty-nine days. In man it ranges about the same, exceptional cases extending oyer years, being manifestly instances of disease resulting from fear, a common occurrence in the human being. Symptoms— In the Dog.— Any sudden change of habits, or instincts— dulness, restlessness, watchfulness, tendency to pick up and swallow straws and other small objects, constant desire to smell -or lick the anus or generative organs of themselves or others, to lick a stone or other smooth, cold object, to rub the throat or chops with the fore paws, silent endurance of pain, rubbing or licking of a scar, the seat of the bite, liability to sudden passion and attempts to bite at sight of another dog or cat, may be looked on as very suspicious, if rabies exists in the country. Soon the characteristic howl is omitted. The voice is hoarse, low and muffled, and there is one loud howl, fol- lowed by three or four more successively diminishing in force and uttered without closing the mouth. Some dogs appear unusually fond of their owners and fatally inocu- late them by licking their hands and face. Others turn the head and eyes as if following imaginary objects and snap as if at flies. Barking without object, a constant CANINE MADNESS— RABIES— HYDROPHOBIA. 67 searching, or tearing of wood, etc.. to pieces, a seeking of darkness and sec usion and a disposition to resent dis- eurbance, or a pilgrimage of several days' absence from liome are among the most common precursors of the disease. Furious Rabies.-VoWov^Xn^ some of the above symp- toms there ,3 a redness and fixed glare in the eyes squmting roh ng of the eyes after fancied objects, more frequent howhng, and increasing irritability vVith a ten! dency to worry all animals that come in their way the respect for and mimunity of former friends being lo^t in the vio ence of a paroxysm. The victim can no longer rest but undertakes long journeys at a slouching ?r?t ready to fly at all that cross his path, especially if they make any noise or outcry. He may die during one of hese Purneys. or return dirty, careworn and sullen, with he rabid glare m his eye and ready to resent any nTer- ference Each paroxysm of violence or wandering is ollowed by a period of depression and torpor p 000 - tionate to the preceding excitement, during which dark and seclusion are preferred, though any disturbance w II arouse to violence. From the fourth to the eighth dav para ysis sets in, first in the hind limbs, then in the iaw and the whole body, the certain precursor of approaching ■JTttf ^''^■"'''^\'^'' "^^^ P^'^^y^''^ ^ith droop- ing of the lower jaw is shown at the outset, and graduallv extends to the whole body. The animal can'not bite eat nor drink, rarely barks, and dies early La/iar^ic (Tranquil) Rabies.~?B.hy of the jaw is less maS''"', H^"'-^' '""^P^^^^ apathy, the pSt r^! maining curled upm one position, and is not to be roused especa ly common in bulldogs, hounds, and the less h:rr;t;c'- '"' '"^'^"' ='"' '-='"''"" *- '"^ Pop,/ar Fallactes.-l name these because of th. ..a\ 4 ' '" 68 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. results of entertaining them. i. Mad dogs have Vio feaf of water (hydrophobia). On the contrary, they swim .•ivers, plunge their noses in water, or lap their urine without hesitation. 2. Appetite is not lost, only depraved, and the stomach after death is found to contain an end- less variety of improper objects. 3- There is x^xc\y froth at the mouth, though saliva may run from it when the jaw is paralyzed. 4. The tail is not carried betivecn the legs but is rather held erect during a paroxysm. Foxes and ivolves have symptoms like those of the dog. the animals losing their natural shyness or fear and attacking man and beast indiscriminately. ^/J attack with claws and teeth, flying at the face and hands, and utter hoarse loud cries, as in heat. The //^r.y^ bites, kicks, neighs, draws his yard, rolls his eyes, jerks his muscles, and dies paralyzed. The mischievous propensity dis- guishes from delirium. The ox is restless, excitable everts the upper lip, grinds his teeth, bellows loud y and as if in terror, scrapes with his fore feet, and butts and kicks all who approach. There is jerking of the muscles and finally paralysis. Sheep are similarly excited, show sexual appetite, stamp, butt and bleat hoarsely. Ihey die paralytic. Swine are excitable, restless, grunt hoarsely, champ the jaws, bite intruders, tear objects to pieces, gape, yawn, become weak, and die paralytic. Recoveries are so rare as to be extremely questionable. Treatment.— T\\\s can only be warranted m the lower animals in hope of discovering a curative method for man, and then with extreme precautions, and in iron cages. Theoretically, vapor baths, with sulphites and antispasmodics (datura, atropia, chloral-hydrate, etc.,) would promise the best results. The boasted curaive accents have all broken down when tried on well-marked cas'es in the lower animals, in which diseases of the imagination are not to be looked f^^- , , , ^ . Prevention.— SNhcn bitten, at once check the flow ot blood from the part in the limb, by a handkerchief or cord with a piece of wood through it. twisted tightly around the member a little higher than the wound.— in other parts by sucking or by cutting open the wound to x\ofear ;y swim :ir urine epraved, an end- diy froth 1 the jaw I the legs the dog, fear, and ts attack inds, and es, kicks, muscles, isity dis- jxcitable, »udly and jutts and e muscles :ed, show y. They 3S, grunt )bjects to ytic. stionable. the lower lethod for d in iron •hites and ate, etc.,) i curative :ll-marked ;es of the le flow of ^^- ^ ^^^ skewer, loss painful. Jk,t oil o? wtS si// "^ "^ f''''^ ^'-^^ is caustic potassa or soda but er T\^ ''''^' "'^''^ ^^'d- z.-nc, nitrate of silver, blue stone ^"'"^°">' chloride of caustic at hand should be at oncl' ^T^'"''^^' ^"deed any should be thoroughly cauterSed T^^T"^' ^he wound elapsed since the bite as Ih^ '"S^h some time has take place at once. ' ^^^"'"P^'^n cloes not always All dogs should be recristererl f.^^ 1 with a collar, bearing thei? o vn t'lH H ' ^"^ ^^^^^'^^^^d and that of their rcSidince ^' Drdn^ the^"""''^ "^'"^^ rabies m a country all do-s fcnZ% existence of should be destroyed SusoerSn^ ""^ t'^^ unmuzzled under supervision for thr' r'^'ntT^ '^'l'' ""' ^^"^ "P developed earlier. Do-s that hTw\. ""l^'' ''^^'^^ '"^ should be similarly shuf uo for / ^\"'" ^""^^" beings ence of the disease or othenvH^. '''"'' '° '''' '^' ^'^^^t- Malignant Anthray a .• . arising in rich, damp localises .^T'^^'^^^^ disorder, b.rds, and comniunicab^ hlfno' , l''^'''^'^' ^^^'"^ ^^"cl and to man. It shows seff h"'''"^''^^'^'? ^^ o^f^^r animals characterised by IXe, ^e cha^r"^ '/^^''f ^ ^^^"-. ^'I vtal properties of thrbliodte?! "V^^^ '^^^^'^'^^^ ^"^ .^lobules, extravasat ons of blooH "^'i^^'^" °^''^'^ b^^od- d'Tferent parts of the bcxV with nT "'^'"'"°"'^ ^uids in yellow or brown mucou^';" nb^^^e^s "enT ''^""^^^""^' -rupture of the spleen i^::S'^t^^lZ ^^o^S^!:^ to die ^y contact with the blood, lic^ tjidatl^n^^tS 70 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. the diseased carcass, fat, skins, hair, wool, bristles feathers and bowel evacuations, and rarely or not at all through the atmosphere. Simple contact of these mat- ters with the healthy skin of a susceptible subject is enough to produce the disease. The virus is most potent when received from an animal still livingor only recently dead, and yet may be preserved for months in all condi- tions of climate, temperature and humidity. _ EatincT of the flesh of animals killed while suffering m this way^has often conveyed the disease in spite of the cooking to wh'-ch it was subjected. Fifteen thousand of the inhabitant, of St. Domingo once perished in six weeks from this cause, and a whole family was poisoned a few years ago in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, ihe lar- tar« perish in great numbers from eating their ant rax horses. Mosquitoes and other insects with perforating appciratus to the mouth probably help to communicate it, as nearly all cases in man occur on exposed parts ot the ^ ]i^ development in a locality is determined : I. T!.y the rich surface soil abounding in organic matter, and the impervious subsoil preventing natural drainage. 2. Uie frequent inundations of banks of rivers flowing through level countries and the drying up of ponds and lakes, leavinences in one point on the surAce ^tor ''™ " ""'" tlierc is first an nnh^^lfl, ^"""^p^ (malignant pustule) which hurst'd^; utatd t:r^a"n:;e,"''f • i''"' by external disea:e"o Te n^'^r^.^^^^ "-"^-'ed ances To the first class bel^; ?he carb^ nrf' ^PP^r"'- elas of sheen and =„„•„» 7 ■ '' carOuncular erysip- gloss-anthS or'blTck- or f "bTacko" T'' "'J^^"' murrain, the boil plao-ue of q'ih, • ^^",^'' '■■'' "'' """d}' pustule of man. £a, second S '"^ f^.-^^'ignant of the disease in which thereTr^ .h S; ?li those forms the blood, with engo cement o? th/ 'P<="='fi'=,';hanges in ins and exudation? ilrt^Uerntl o'g/nto'niy '°°'"'^'"- i^«W ^«.W ,am External Lesions. nn^L«L^bV?f Tn^hS'"^ ^"V'"^---TWs i^ from Siberia fc not uScnmvn In^'fi, '""^ ''l""?'' "^"'^d sWyering and fever ar"e foZved by% tell' "^ ^"s,"' udder, sheath, breast throat or .1=»\ Mve ling on the increases sometimes to the ;ize of "?' ^^'"^ "P'^'v first soft, it hardens, assurnW a veil L"^^"*'^ ''^'•"^- At ance, with red str^aksTndsootf +^"":'*'= ''??'=="•- twelve or twentv fo,Tr L ^ , ' ^'"^ animals die in The blood rrnSest^te so ch'r'r '"™""S "'^^'^ ^U" bacteria, enlarged speenanS ,,„•"'" "^ ^"""-^x. with Mtle similar tumors apniar 1.;^?"'"*^°".' ^'^"='™=- I" or. dewlap, in .&^ and'^S "n the^h" "'" 'r'""^*' ''^*. P'gs around the throat In^n ""f ""'•'^'<^'=^' ""d in conveyed to .nan producesdie /,/ ? "'f *'^<=='=<=' "-''en «" e). At the ouse all case pfov^^t ^f £"'->"' Pu- cries occur under the local nse' m ' ^^''•'' "'^^v- '"cat use o. cold water, or the hot 72 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. iron or other caustics pushed to the depth of the tumor, and mineral acids internally, (2) Malipiant Anthrax ivith Diffused Local Swcllvigs. Typhus. — This is usually confounded with the purpura ha;morrJiagica, which is in no sense a contagious affection, but occurs in weak condition^ of the body, as a sequel of debilitating diseases (influenza, bronchitis, pneumonia, etc.). Our limits forbid extended treatment, hence the general symptoms will be named, and the observer left to distinguish the two diseases according to their origin, communicability, and prevalence. Symptoms. — Shivering, lassitude, stupor, impaired appe- tite, whitish discharge from the nose, accelerated pulse and breathing, costiveness with slimy dung or scouring, high-colored, odorous or bloody urine, swellings the size of a walnut or closed fist on different ; arts of the body, or a continuous swelling beneath the cnest and belly, or extreme engorgement of the limbs or head. These are at first hot and tender, and easily indented with the finger, but soon become hard, the skin gets rigid and exudes drops of a yellow serum or pure blood. They may render the patient unable to walk, see, feed, drink, urinate, or breathe, according to situation. The mucous mem- branes become swelled, puffy, dusky or yellow, with red spots and streaks, and a viscid, bloody, and finally foetid discharge flows from the nose. Breathing may JDCcome labored and quick in connection with exudations into the chest, or violent colics may supervene from effusions in the abdomen. With internal effusions, death ensues in forty-eight hours ; with external only, the effects may last for weeks or months before ending in recovery or death. In the latter case the swellings may suddenly disappear to reappear elsewhere, they may subside permanently in connection with free action of the bowels or kidneys, or they may slough, leaving extensive and sluggish sores and scars, (B) In the Ox. — (i) Black Tongue. Also in the Horse. — This is manifested by the crupti n of blisters, red, purple or black, on the tongue, palate and cheeks, MALIGNANT ANTHRAX. m. increasing individually often to the si^e nf . u ' There is a bloodv dischnrlf ""T " '"' t«n>efactio„. sets in, and dea^h entuefifr ^.'"r'"""''^"'™''^^^'- hours. " '" twenty-four to forty-eight JL^ifZhe^fn^"''^ ^-««.-This is n,alig. quarter, neck,' breasroAide i"?"^^"'?"' °f^ shoulder, and rapidly thriving st^rltv/,- '"°f '^'^'J"^"' '" y°""g herd or tho^s trivfnfmtt rallv^/:<'' '^' """' °f ^''^ quicltly that its victiL^„ "P',°'>'L''"d runs its course so as th/first iVi,^:;r:fTnyX'X'misf ' ifs'" '""I '''" life there are the o-p„„,.,i 1 \ If seen durinij with halting on one^ImbstTffnf/ P'^^"'"''^' f^^^^' iiess of some nart" of ?,. .r ' f Y"'' excessive tender- by swellings o'fs^ch pa tsw!!h n' P™"S"y f°»°»-d from the s^rfacctdCckHng XT ;i,tf' '¥f^ svvellinsfs become firm f^r,o« • •, P^^^s^"- These and if the sublet srv'ives ni'av"|,';"n '''^ ='"", "''" ~W, leave large, un'sightly™ nd TnTctlve s^'ort^^r""™ '"" are the exception, and too often 'Lw^rnd tedts?""" (^) l^ Sheet— CariuKa,/ar£rysiMas -^l.I^f , resembles black-quarter of caSle T r Tu ?^''^°"s'y the finest of the^ock and the bodies of ^*.'' ?"^^'^^ found dead in the fiplH n-u P^^"^^,°' ''s victims are then a red or violt ^weTl^T ^f ''•'' ^''"''"S ''" => '''"'b. PelXtd~SlS^^ ^A'c'^mTarab^lI'ji^S''^'" '^°"; ^'"^"■- "^ '^- h-ke that Sthf sheen *f'*'''^"V''''*'''«'''«'-<'0'«>^^^^^ "io-a tlVJ^at „hf;/t ■^T''' "'•""'"■^ '^nd tumors anthrax chamc" sometimes at least have the (i) The Caybuncular Ervsif)fl^« steady movement, colfckv oaL f -""'^ ''^ =" «'»* """ turmng the head towa ds the flant^'"?^''^'? ^"'^ *»?■ erect, the hide tense anH n,! ' ^'"= ^air is dry and ^trembles or swra'trabouTtr e^rrl'"" "^"^^"^^ fne eyes and nose assnm. , fi ' ^'oows or th ghs i^h-yellow tinge wi?hoften«mlT ^ '''^i'*^'' °'^^°^^- The pulse is l^alc. the head's imn, «''°:''l''ck spots. elbow strong, breathing labored Tn' .,'""''."'' "'^ '-^f A frothy, bloody fluid mT,? !„ ''""''' ''"^ catching, bowels are costive thi^ ^ ^PP^""" "' the nose. Th'- -•tb streaks ^f'S^"^ '^."-^^^^^ «"' -"cus, or loose ted and puffy. Great wl^kn'^s <-""■' ''"''"■''^' '^ "^^ <'='* d-es in conv,dsions orcto^^X "k" °" ^"'^ ""^ P^^^"' usually occurs i„ twelve o^twentvf^'^'T' '=^''"- "'=""' ^"tktax Fever in nJ. ™;"ty:four hours. «entc.,sesfecdTngandTumh,& ^^^''^''^-^-Tbe pa- trembles, has cartlal ?„„^ ?'°''''°^sso' ^^^X sick oxen houitnt?"ttr ^ ^^"''^'■^,"^' ^^-"'-ts (alco. are useful. ' ' "^^^^"^"^ ^"S^^^^a, camphor, etc.,) lated'fonwS^^^^^^^^^ ^— ^"^ -t^ inocu- gloss-anthrax m.h-l ! ("malignant pustule, boil-plague, the poison £^^^^^ if employed'^before fever. For these fSer.nf ■ I '^'^^"^ ^"^ P^^^^^ed antlsnntic c-^u - ' cauterization andespeciallv with -PtK cau.u.s crystallized carbolic acid, the mine al m>JM!g*im^ 78 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. acids, chloride of zinc, chloride of iron sulphate of iron or copper) is successful. But the whole diseased tissue must be reached, and in the case of the tongue the blisters must be first laid open and the agent applied in small quantity with a brush, or more freely in a diluted condition. In some external cases the hot iron is used with advantage. Such treatment may still be applied to circumscribed tumors accompanied by the fever, being followed by poultices to encourage suppuration. For extensive engorgements use astringents (cold water, vinegar, etc.), weak antiseptic lotions and, above all, injections with a hypodermic syringe of antisept^s (diluted tincture of iodine, diluted carbolic acid—i-ioo, etc ) The hypodermic treatment is equally applicable to the circumscribed tumors, but we must saturate then- whole substance, otherwise absorption of the poison will lead to general disorder. Preventton.-i. Drain the soil thoroughly 2. When a soil cannot be drained, soil the stock in-doors or on other pastures rather than graze them. 3- Remove the stock from pastures known to be dangerous as soon as summer heat and dryness of the soil favor malarious emanations (late summer and autumn). 4. Shelter tne stock at night and secure the shade of trees or sheds during the day. when, after a hot, dry season, there comes an extreme difference between the day and mg.^t tem- oerature. 5. Secure abundance of pure water, avoiding such as is stagnant or putrid. 6. Keep always in good thriving condition, and avoid sudden accessions of ple- thora Artificial feeding in dry times is often necessary to secure this, or in case of -11 over-luxuriant pasture, seclusion in a barn-yard for four or five hours a day Sheep may be shut up on moonlight nights, to prevent feeding, in dangerous localities. 7- Overwork, exhaus- tion, close-aired buildings, ill-health, or whatever tends to load the blood with waste matter, should^ be avoided. 8 Exposed animals may have a little nitro-muriatic, sulphuric or carbolic acid daily in the water or food. Q Diseased animals must be separated from the healthy 10. Carcasses, secretions, dung, litter, etc., of diseased GLANDERS AND FARCY should be abandoned for thaf "'^""eaed. Pastures safely fron, trespl's for wo yTa"" ' n" T'^/'-'^f attendants should approach the diseased f, «'r"'" handhncr, cauterize -ill r-,,,,, °'=';^sed. 12. Before '"nar ca^ustic, and wad he hTndt °" '"""'', °' '"''« «""' carbolic acid both befor and"tft:r ' 7^4"'^'°" "jf dogs, cats, and pigeons i7 wt,!!^' n^' ■ "' "P »" milk to pass into'^consumptit '"" '"°"' ""^ ^'^'^ °' o«^g'T„ solfpedf ?nVt'' ^P-'fi^./^brile disorder or hioculation, o it ' oat h"'""'"]'''' "^^ ™"'^g'°n is characterized by a'p'eSr rinn ''-.^"'^..'"'•T- '^^''''"''« the n,en,brane of^he no e an/? .k'"! "'""-Wion o„ /»■€, by deposits of the same Lt '^f '"."2"' ^"=- ^"d of the lymphatics of he Sin fITI ^"t "'""''""^ anuic form. The an,t^ f^"' ^"'^''..''as its acuU and oculation, or in weak and wT "'"^''^ '^^""= f™™ in- the com,^on ?ause-conh„T """"' '^''^™^- besides d.seases, and imp"ure a r a ' ' °";chIi:Tni *• ^^"^"^""S Symptoms of Ar«i^ ri !'^P'='=''V'>' "njunous. coat, red, weepin " le^ ^^""'"^ ^"^"°''' ^'^- ''^""S pulse and breat& Zlbwbh^^eH 'PP'"'t' '"^'^■•ated patches in the nos?' w, w , i?'' ?"''?''' ^'■'^aks or «.nes painful'drrATr^liri^'o^theTmbs"''' ^°™^- iioon the nasal flow becomer,„ii„ ""^j'^l^.s or jomts. the hairs and skin of the Tnct ^, 1 " 5?'' ^'"^''y- ""='"!? upon the mucoLs mlbrane' °°*'''r°S^'''"'^"d with red spots, pass Hn I^m P^'^'' y'"°'' elevations of irregular fomlnH^ on into erosions and deep ulcers tende,rcyo heal The"? "°^u' """ ™"^ ""'= o-" "o iowerjaf.,wheethepurse.^?,tt' ^''"''^ '"^'''^ ""= and nodular, like a m^t^c ' '^^^"""^ enlarged, hard 3ionally firmV adherer t°o'rh\^^3^[„^!r/v-d -^ "cca- detects crepitSr la^^-^-. - -^cultatlon 8q the farmer's veterinary adviser. increase in number and depth, often invading the gristle or even the bon<:, liur ^l.ads also enlarge but remain hard and nodular, the discharge becomes bloody, toetid and so abundant and tenacious as to threaten or accom- plish suffocation, and the animal perishes ni the greatest distress. ^, . . , i. • j Symptoms of Chronic Glanders.— T\i\^ is characterized by the same unhealthy deposits and ulcers in the nose, varying extremely in size and number, often, indeed, situated too high to be seen ; by the same viscid dis- charge, but usually much less tenacious than in the acute form ; by the same hard, comparatively insensible ■ nodular glands on the inner side of the jaw-bone ; and a cough, which, however, is much more rare. Excepting at the very outset, the animal usually appears to be in the best of health, with the apparently insignificant draw, back of the nasal discharge, and hence he is often kept and used till he contaminates a number of horses or even men. The case is easily recognized, unless where the ulcers are invisible or the enlarged glands removed. It is sometimes needful to inoculate a useless animal to decide as to the nature of the malady. It usually proves fatal to the inoculated animal in about ten days. Symptoms of Acute Farcy.— The premonitory synrip- toms resemble those of acute glanders, of which it is but another manifestation. The local symptoms consist in thickening of the lymphatic vessels, which feel like stout cords painful to pressure ; and the formation of rounded inflammatory swellings (farcy-buds) along the course of these corded lymphatics. There follow ulceration of these buds, raw sores, discharging a glairy, unhealthy pus, and dropsical engorgement of the limb or other part affected. It is usually seen to follow the line of the veins on the inner side of the hind or fore limb, but may appear on any part. The cording usually extends from the feet towards the body, and is most likely to be con- founded with lympJuingitis, in which the swelling begins high up in the groin. It usually proves fatal, becoming complicated with glanders before death. Symptoms of Chronic Farcy.— T\\\^ may follow the GLANDERS AND FARCY. ^^ liard, nut-like mass mav be f^T? ''1'^'' °"^' "nd a round, bursts, and discharlSThe char '1 •'^^'■*''"""> ">f''"» matter. The Ivmohitir^ i ^- "^'"^ ^«™»5 «■• glairy become cordelrnd fL v ^ "^ ''°"' " "'-''-""^'"le course. Or the round peuike t . ''''''''''' 1°"^ their innersideof thehodc OTon «„ .l''PP''" ^^^ °" "'e soften burst, and'^discLge-^^for^'a'n^co d'"^ 'r°^ lymphatics can be felt ^ cording of the later, hard and permanent it ''^}^^^^^^ by exercise, fail to soften, bufrSn hard .nH •"'f', '^^ farcy-bnds G-/..;/./^;^^ ,; r/^edopT. ' "^ '"'^°^^"^ ^°'* "months, but as deadly ifitt onterd^bTcrtttr'^ ^^^^^'°"' man. G/au^ers in man presents thT ^'"^ ^°''^ °^ ^o toms as in the horse and n^o^ ^t '''?'^ S^^"^'*^^ symp- ^m...... ^/ ^/-^"-^rVe'L^^^^^^^^^ ^--^S. Tiie chronic form occasiomlK.n ^'sease is fatal. more commonly the s'mS:'''^^ ^° ''^'^^^'"' though pear whenever^he an^^a mT' ""I^'T''"^ "P. to reap- tHe dagger o-^^^^^^^ because^^ arsinLte^rft^ctaTr.^^^^^^ ^^^ b- biniodide of coppe f! dr f cnnn""- f^"'/ °^^°^^ ^^ drs.). table tonics, sul^te oftpp^f ^'d^^^^ ^^ ^'"'^ V^ ^'^^ Phate of iron (4 drs.) chloride of h.'" "' ^'"^'^^-^S^'). sul- etc. Pure air and r ih fooH . I"""' ^°P^''^^' ^"bebs. Portant. To the not t T ^^'^^''^P' ^^^'" "lo'-e im- f^^mes of bunding tar carn.'-?PV'^- ^"^P^"'' ^""^es. The enlarged 5-.nH«u'''^''^ '°^"^'°" '" spray, etc solutions, alid' iS tith %dl,?e i"tt' ''"'''' ^"^^^^^ be excised with the knif^ '"J^^ctions, or may even Trcat7ncni of Chronic Farcv -^ \c^Wr^ ^ , • ^ tion may demand punrahv/ / 1 f T- ^''''''^ '"flamma- Pota.ssium),withvvarmfomen ^f ''^' '^'"'"^^''^^ ^'^^Ide of exercise. /nH . 'Lr? J" ^""l^"t':^t'ons or astringent lotions soft non-stimul ating diet. In x\ iC .iDScUCe 83 THE 1-^ARMER'S veterinary ADVISER. 1 1 ''it of such indications use tl>e tonics advised for glanders, choosinr/ in the order named. The corded lymphatics and unbroken farcy-buds may be blistered or rubbed with iodine or mercurial ointment. The raw sores should be treated with caustics (carbolic acid, nitrate of silver, corrosive sublimate, chloride of zinc, or even the hot iron). U!»e iodine, diuretics, exercise, rubbing, etc., to reduce the swelling, and feed liberally. Prevaition. — i. Destroy all glandered horses, and all with acute farcy and open sores, and bury deeply. 2. There should be a high penalty attached to the exposing of glandered horses in public places. 3. Suspected ani- mals should be secluded under veterinary supervision until they can be pronounced sound, or destroyed. 4. The stable, manure, litter, harness, clothing, utensils, etc., with which the disease has come in contact, should be thoroughly disinfected. 5. Neither strange animals nor men should be admitted, and attendants should disinfect before leaving. 6. Horses should be protected as far as possible from exhausting work, rbroitic, wearing-out affections, and above all, impure and rebreathed air. Venereal Disease of Solipeds.— This is a curi- ous disease of unknown origin, existing in Arabia, North Africa, and Continental Europe, bearing a strong resem- blance in many points to Syphilis, and propagated by copulation. I name it here because of the probability of its importation with European or Arabian horses. Symptoms. — Erom one to ten days after copulation, or in the stallion sometimes after some weeks, there is irritation, swelling, and a livid redness of the external oro-ans of generation, (in stallions the penis may shrink) followed by unhealthy ulcers, which appear in successive crops, often with considerable interval. In mares these are near the clitoris, which is frequently erected, with switching and rubbing of the tail ; in horses, on the penis and sheath. In the milder forms there is little constitutional disturbance, and the patients recover in a time varying from a fortnight to two months. In the severe forms the local swelling increases by intermittent TUBKRCULOSIS-CONSUMPTION^PININC. 53 Steps. The vulva is the sea^ . - , een v.'.i f and extensive ulceration . <„! '^^P ^'^^^t congestion neum, tail and between t'\ 'th^h.'.fP^^''" "^^ *^^^' P^n- are parted, exposing thV ,.''11^1 °^ '^^^ ^^'^^'^ ulcerated, and lardaceous t t ,„ ' "°'^"^^''' puckered, abortion ensues, wi i' .m^c : ;'? ,"^"^°"''^ "lenibane, and death after ^ wre che?^ ence nTr^'' P'''^^>'^'^' two years. In horses su 1 ,n^ f , ^ ^""^ "^^^"^^i'^ to the only syn.ptom ^o^ ryear^hL H '^^''*' "^''^>^ ^^• dark spots of extravasation M. ^ ^^'^''' "^^^ ^"^Jow penis, the testicles 'maTsveif^rl^^^T^^"'^ ^^ '''' extends forward beneath The. h^^'''^ engorgement lymphatic glands in d^ere^u narr^? T\t'''' '^' swell, pustules and ulcers annpL I 1 '^? ^°'^>^ '"^'^ and nose run, a weakness anT vacHlat t '^'"' '^^^^ ^^^^ the hind limbs gradually increises o n.^ movement of period varying from three monfhC Pf ^^^^'S' and in a puts an end toSheTuffer^ng ^^ '^''' ^^^"-^ ^eath ^isL: e^ ^;e?ch\relt ^uX^"^. ^^^^^ ^^'"^ at once, as its insidiou^'Ju^ \vo5ln\ble1t T'^' ^^f to the great destruction of stock '^'^^"^ Tuberculosis. Consumption Pininp tk- • hereditarv constitutional afrJn\; ' ^^^^*^<^-— This is a specific deposit of ceHs laSe .n^A '^^T'''''"^ ^y ^ network, b^t without bLod-^essels 'Ti'V f^^l:^' preference in the jrronn« ^f , ,^- . -^t: is situated by "H-croscopic gland! k'P 33^1, oTtS'i-^^^'"'^' °^ '" ^^^ may b« seen in all sta4 from ^u •^''?"^ °''^''^"^' ^"^ congestion in wh ch the d' n. . • '""P^" '"^"^^^ ^nd through the solid rn-avkh.T'^, '' ""^^ commencing, cheestiike mass refuW fr^'t' '° .'^^" '^^' yellowish ter. There are also thf oT '^' '"^'""^"^ ^^ ^^^^ l^t- their rupture ^ndtedschaT." ,"^;,^^'^\resulting from ter. and chalky masses from^^^^^ '^' tuberculous mat- within them. Thev miv h? 1 "^^P"'^^ °^ ^^^^hy salts ■ »!»,*».■,(-«»»«»«>«»*»»,»»«•■ ; li: iH, Till-: FAKMKR'S VK'rKKINARY ADVISKR. with loHL- lei-s, ti;inow chest, attenuated neck and ears. :^^ lo"^ s^ near t<.,ether. ^1-^. -^^-^ ;?:;^:if corresponding conformation arc next in order of habili- ; wl^nJ hor^s. do,s. and fowls arc comparaUve y cx- en Pt Oft-reneated exiK-ri.nent has shown that tubercle is c m.Mu.ueable to healthy* animals by moculation, o. L^- e U ni he aw. diseased product, and that it is supcr- i.uluc a a..y predisposed individual by setting up a linf n.n,atiLn. It has also been transmuted by 1 c v.vm fresh milk, but probably only when the d.s- Mse has nvaded the n^unmary ^^lands; in many expen- cnts including those conducted by the au hor the S^Ls ^rovejTharmless. Close ^adly-au-ed bu, dn^s (as town cow-sheds), are amon-,^ the "^^/^^ P«f '//j^^^^^^^ of the disease, as are also chan^^es to a coldei climate, to ac^ld,expos:xl locality, or from a dry to ^;i ow, damj)^ u,Kl a ned re^^ion. Finally, any cause which tends to w c'r out the^.^.neral health tends to tuberculosis in a ^^' trjt mai^t developed in any part of the body, as IK lun^s. thc^r serous covering, the membrane sup- port ng the bowels, the coats of the intestines, the th. oat. the spleen the liver, the pancreas, tiie ovaries, the kid- neys thi bones, especially the ends of long bones, and in rare cases, the muscles and connective tissue. 5;V;.;vary according to the seat of the deposu -ct there is a constitutional condition ccmmon to all. and the lungs are almost always involved in the late, svve giving rise to a great similar ty of symptoms Tic disease may be acute, but is usually chrome. The Inset is nsidious and easily overlooked, tubeixles be.n, often found in animals killed in prime condition, and I ve ecu them in f.rf.nfion fcrcr, wluch is always aurd^uted to plethora. There is some dulness, loss o J va t enclerness of the withers, back, and loins, and o^^^w^dls of the chest, occasional dryness of the nose, heat of the horns and ears, want of i^hancy in the sk. . si 'htl)' increased temperature (102^ ). weak, accelera pulse, mawkish breath, stiffness of the hmbs. wandei pe haps from one to another, slight, mfreqijcnt, d.y TUMKUcULosLS-CONSUMmON- -i^INING. 85 couj;!), and blue, waters ^'u r ' ^ cheesy matter. f^t^Z^^' «^^^" •'^'^"•Hlant .vith Pofassa in excess. Th; t'l f^^'^l' ^"'^' '^°da and !l>'oat are often mani/cstly^fc ^^^"^.l- ^^out the I'xnts may appear, or a Lnm f, fi /^^^^ '"ffs of the -ay be heard over the lower "nd !??^^'' '^T "^^^^^^ I'S chest. With deposits in the .hH ' """^^^'P^ ^'^ '" ly m or near the ovaries of cows tu T""-' ''"'' ^■^P"^'''^'- ■s often constant (/...//.r.) thou'h '^"''''•^''' '^'^ '"^J^' completion of gestation are usuaHv r"''^'-?^ ^"^ ^he n;k' oxen are easily overdone and hi ^°''-'''"- ^'''^' ated from day to dav. Ts tho H' "^^ '''''^^>^ ^'^^'»^''- cycs smk in tiieir sockets anr I ^'^n'^ -idvanccs the •sl<.n '-^ i'ciebound, harsh iry and Tn 'T^'^''^^^^ the ^'•-y, and erect, the men br?n. r ''i"'^>'' ^^'^ ha'> dull "•o"^'' of a pale.ye W fc ^^ '^^^ 'y^'> "ose and f-^ .^d witlV pink vTJ;el a SVtr^^^^^ ^^"^^^ °ft-" takes place froni the nose anH 7 1' discharge often pulsiveness and often di.tCffJn^ r'u^'' '""''^^'^^ re- bowels arc iru'olved. scou"i J^^ ;^^^^^ bones, swelling and hnu'^ ' common, and if the -th profuse ^en'.-rSr"" Exhaustion! occur on the slio],tJst eve -h-.n 1 ^"^^""^^ breathino- m^ follows each meal anH h ' '^^^fPP^tite fails, tym"-' ^ncl lessened in quantitv T "" "'l"' '' ^' °"ce poorer '■J^-e or chalky partfcleft^eoVtaHn ' ""/'^"^ ^'^^^ ^'>^^-^y- ^'"^ other abnormal noises ^'reh^' ?1^^^'"S' S^'-glfng, percussion shows dulness in n r''^'^ '" ^^^^ ^'^^^ and '"?. All of the sympto , b^ ^^''^"^^'' P""'^' ^^^tb ^vinc- -^^i.the animal usCl^'p^HshST '^'^'j'^ ^^^^^^^ respiration or the profuL f^^^ . ^'T l^^ ^'fficulty of affcctrng the bones, Sie nahV^ diarrhoea. In cases ;;^ the bony prominences mav m^{ ^'.""'^^^ ^^ ^^-"^ tJie slan. or even crumhit ^^^"^^'^ ^'^^^'' way throufrii ^'Pon tliem. If ?he tu^e de" i' H ''''■ ^'^'^^'^ thro^^n ^^cX^^S^'^^-'^-^^^^ *«»-««,«-«a«^J*« 86 THE FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER, subjects, but more frequently the disease progresses to a fatal issue. _ . .f;cfarfr.rv as beiniT rarely sue- r««.«««A-Th.s ,s unsatis W J^^^ .^ cessful, and even then in P'^^erv "& jis- '^'r?:^ disSfe'a d r&eV-a /Jy pur- Pt 'as ^oLit^^ c^veyin. the malady to man. '^ The most prom.smg course .s to =^^";^^° /'/ tibk s:t'^nLKi$'=rvS|bHs ''T'ri.>«.-This would ■'f^^^j^z'^.txx pasture by trees, a™.danceo changes ^°'^°„i^^ localities, a -.varm s"™y .'°f' .°f i°evenUon and cJre of able feeding and ^^''^'''f'.^^C'"^™ leases, protec- all debilitating, ''"d espeaallyj^romc d s^^ ^^, P.^^^ ^^ tion aganjst overwork or excessive .^^ ^,^^^ a stimulating but 'P"™^'f ''/,•„„,. breeding and mill;- young. undeveloped animaagamstbreed,^ .^ ^ can be dS,oyed by tL most thorough cool<,ng. CHAPTER III. PARASITES. Parasilcs— their ntimKp -t nurusCerebralisandtri;^tfeT;?s?'""''- J^enia Cccnunts. Cre- Water-brain in Calves aTd l2ibV''YS^F?-^''^' ^id, Sturdy, ococciis Veterinorum CHomTni.? r I "" Echinococcus, F.chin ■Solimn. CysticercuscinrsT ii'.r?sittT°'?^^'^^^«^- Ta?nfa McCocanellata, Cysticercus Medbcanella p' 'p' '" •^•^'"^- '^^'^"i^ Cattle, taia Expansa, TapeZrTin^t/^'^T'' ^^^'^^^'^^ '" Worm, Kidney Worm of HogrSron J^^r^- ^"^ Jr^^tle. Lard 1 nchina Spiralis, Trichinosis! '^^'^^'"'''Sy^ns Gigas, Kidney Worm. tha^Uwo htfndTeJtect ""''"^^^ ^^^^or no less feated in ^^l^':^^]:;;^^ -'".be found preiient book will restrict ,?sf. 7 r^,"" ^'"^'^^ ^ftlie 'ous. For convenTence of '? ^ ^^^^ of the more injur- "otcd in connectrw-rhfhe'o"^^^^^^^ ^^;-^\ -e a.r-passages,) which they infe^^ anH h ' °'^^^'' ^'^^^' name such as hnvinon-^ inie.,t, and here we w 1 onlv body cannot wdlbf ^^nX^a^v ''^"^■°" "^^°"«" '"^^ »<-n-irea to any one organ, Tape-Worms.— These areflnf Ur. v j of small segments joit'd'end to ;d Ind wh '"^r T"^'' "^ varying in length from one inch 1 ^" ^"" §^'°^" The narrow end termiL^Ic • ° °"'" ^""cired feet. burnished vvith circuJa ' h •'' ^.•'^'"^" globular head '^^^•allyencirclcdbvon/ ^''"^cs, and a probo.scis >i'c oL. end the^Tpe ' ^'^'l^,-^- °^ booklets. From Cached and exDell^rl r^ ." t"^'? ^'''' continually de- "-d as li^lltS^^ nXnei ^^' "''^">^ ^^ ^-^■■ -Hff over soil and ve". If^^^^^^^ objects progres- '"1^1 clepositino- .n . V' ^^^ ^orm-hke movemenf -^^^ ^^'Sich'hS;!. 1 ;^:^ --^- <^r nncroscopic cgg^ '"■e csti.nated to lav as n ^^ ^°"'^ tape- worms ^^•^'> the food or water iro^h'\'^A°°^^^^ ^^^^n water irt^ the body ofasuitabh host. #K':*aW!^l*te'.-^'.'l**S**i»W '^ 88 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. these eggs open and set free an ovoid six-hooked em- bryo, which bores its way through the tissues until it reaches that organ or tissue which is the natural habitat of its species in the young or larval state and there cncysts'itself. It may survive indefinitely or even die m this situation, or if its host is eaten by a carnivorous animal it may develop ir its bowels into a mature tape- worm and reproduce its species as before. Fortunately nearly all the eggs perish from failing to be taken into the body of a suitable animal in which they can develop into the cystic form, or this peril escaped, because the first animal host is not devoured by the right species of animal in which the young cystic worm can grow into its mature tape-worm form. But from the enormous fecundity of these tape-worms in eggs it is manifest that there may be scarcely any limit to their increase when the different animals which form their hosts in the cystic and mature condition abound together in the same locality. Staggers— TuRN-SicK — Gid— Sturdy— Wai'er- Brain in Lambs and Calves— A tapeworm of the bowels of the dog, of one to three feet long, has its cjs/tc form in the brain and spinal cord of sheep and cattle, giving rise to nervous disease, varying much in character, according to the exact site of the cyst. Symptoms. — Great nervousness and fear without ap- parent cause, or dulness, stupor and aberration of the senses, and disorderly muscular movem.ents. The sheep is found apart from the flock w th red '^yes, dilated pupils, blindness and unsteady gait, but with a tendency to mo^-u restlessly in one direction. Left to itself, it ne- glects to eat or drink, and wastes daily. But, if well-fed and excitement avoided, it may even gain flesh. If the cyst is situated on one side of the brain, the lamb turns to that side, moving in a circle and making a beaten track. The limbs on the opposite side of the body act in a disorderly manner, being partially paralysed. If there is one on each side of the brain, the sheep will turn to one side or the other, according to the relative activity STACGERS-TORN-SICK-CID, ETC. gg and advances hTsLZ ll ",'? "'™'^'^ '"' "<>»■= obstruction. When Sed ,?^f^ T'\ ''°PP'''' '^>' ^""k^ (cetebeUun,,, the TosMm^i tnbs'i fierW ''^ ■="'"• fectuall/in its^Cs to ri ' f "' '* '^°"-' "'"' ''"'=f- cord, difficult breat h, "a^H ;, '^^' "^"--d ■" the spinal afterwards undergo a tcmno. ■"'""''"'' =" "'•«. ="«' missions and aXvattnrh '^ '"iprovement, the re- varying activity "o? the pansifeal'^Hr^'^'y '^"'^ '° "'« pie tu,nors, maintaining a steadilvt''™' P"™''^- S""- rarcly give rise to .such^nter.n'i ,^ sy^^i^f P—^ The coenuru.s mostly aftVrf« ci.<. ^-^ '"Ptoms. and those that are o t'^of S^d r'^ ""^f'^Y-arsold .nals,kept for show, will ^"r X J^' *%fine« ani- cattle, the young, weak and • ll .; n'^^'he ™ "." '" posed, but all may suffer 1 ,„ ^ """*' ^^- d;T„rheZ:r '-"^■■-^^'"^'^ rrrtSe-Js K-eptr;Thrn! s-r^, hrads°n-r' ■•( "-^^ --' •=<= them at frequent inTe'r'^, 1 ^.fd^ e^xp iTn'tfn; ^"^"r vermifuges, (oil of turpentine male fern T """"' ^^ nut, etc.) Keeo the ,i,„„ i ™''"=-'ern, kousso, areca thriving'coudS Jr^lil :S " f ""l^ ■■" g°°d, posed ones. *•' Pastures, shelter ex- foiw"^t7oV^rcrsrsr"''".^°"^ ^""-^^ "■^'^ tl.e head or a fal . Ho"^,^ pass^rf ,°" '"'u ' ^'°'' °" ""■ougl, the nose into "he b'o „ »^ v^ """'"'"S "">« small trocar for the t^^nZl'^jT'' ",<'"»" => •■■asily punctured and evfrarti.H Vi '"ecyst is more «rthe skull. In advnc,! ,'.''' '^°^?'l '^^ "PP'^'' Part •1"^ cyst h,r, sometl,,,;" -t? f?"''^"' """""' P'-'='^"'-«= <"" »t"ll. This should be laid .pi w 'h^^T' ""f '"^"^"^ p^"'-.re, just enough to ^n^z:.:i:'i:^:^ji!::::z 'rfl- QO Tllli FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. onc-cij^hth inch in diameter, through which the hquid may c'scapc slowly. The animal may be turned on its back- to complete the evacuation, but held firmly so that no sU-uggling can take place. As the cyst is emptied a membrane will be found projecting through it, and should be slowly drawn out. This is the parasitic cyst, and from its inner surface will be found projecting one hun- dred to two hundred little elevations like pin-heads, each representing the head of a tape-worm and being capable of development into the mature parasite if swal- lowed by a dog. The wound should be covered with a pitch plaster and a leather hood, and the patient placed in a dark, quiet, secluded box, on soft, laxative diet for a week. . '^ i. J If the bones are not softened the point to be pencrated must be ascertained from the symptoms. If the sheep turns to one side, open a little in front of the correspond- in.r ear, and about half an inch from the median line of the skull. If the head is elevated and the walk straight forward, without much terror or disorderly movement, open at the same level but in the median line. If there is awkward, hesitating movement, much terror, flurry and stumbling, open in the median line further back. A flap of skin is to be dissected up from the bone, large enough to admit a trephine one-eighth inch in diameter (in an emergency a gimlet will do), with which the bone is to be perforated. After this t'. - cannula and trochar is used as above advised. If more than one cyst should be present the operation may require repetition, and with care recoveries often ensue. Tape-Worm of Dogs. — A tape-worm of the dog. not exceeding one inch in length, lives in its cystic form in the niost varied internal organs of men and animals. As the cvstic form of this parasite has the power of increasing its numbers almost indefinitely, and grow- ing into' enormous multilocular cysts, it becomes ex- tremely injurious and even deadly to its brute, and, above all, to its human victims. One-sixth of the human mortality in Iceland has been attributed to this parasite, ■■lltll MEASLES IN SWINE qj water foundin the livpr pnrlM ^ ""^ ^^"^ ^^^ts of ciomestic anil s a ^pedmen 'of "/""'^ "''^^'"•^ °^' ^^^^ they are not niore freruen^Iv fall "'r^'' '""^ '^^' largely to the shortness of ^hJi; /"?^ '''' attributed very fine needll S^S "^^.r^th'Z P^^^i"^^" *'"^ ^ "■'th a syringe, and compotrnd tine ure oZr '™"""'1 into the sac. tincture of lodnic nijected fro^rZ:fc?o?3e:-L^" -?"«-- do,s. Keep others offal. ILxamine freauenf ^f ^Yr''"' ""''■ ^"'^ "^iecially are passed dear th m ^' '"^ 'f ^^gments of tape-worn, contents of ev^ac ated ifdat £''Z T '?/f-"°™-^' *- crysts. jaatids and all offal containing- Measles IN Swine —Th„Ki„i J the immature form of the IZ "^"'''^"vorm of pork is caused by pisrs havin^;..!^r °™ °^ "•''"• ^"^ '^ °"fy places near'^^riWes etc from r 7"? <=^'='-™ent. or to Luman tape^wo Tm' may avel" 'iL"" ?""="'^ "^ "^^■ ■ibout the size of a o-ro,-„ "r u , ''^'""> rcspectively cles. in the foose Sneetve'''''^' "''l '"""'' "' ">•= ™"^- •i"<='"een them, and under the toX in the 1^"' T""''/^'""^' '" "'« ^ve, |;l.so found in" this"u'„'dev:r ed^'form-^In'-^he '''''' T Oram, etc., of man n „«,■„„ i- . "'^ muscles, tl.c parasi e is usually coLe"'H'l""' ''=■•'"'■ ^o man pork-: or in the cys?c fo™ h^' ^^' """:'"« ""derdone ■-food (salads, eC) and wat-r"""" " '' "'^ '^^ in ' "»&eTo7g!;: ^Snt :r in" "'"f' '' -" b oi in nie eye. In man there .ire the rfl "+ i l> tj' It f 92 THE FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER. general symptoms of intestinal worms and the passage of the ripe segments. Other symptoms may attend the presence of the cysts according to the organ which they invade. Thus when passing into the muscles there are pains and stiffness resembling rheumatism ; when into the brain, coma, stupor, imbecility, delirium, but when they have once become encysted they may continue thus indefinitely without further injury. Treatment— T\i^ cysts scattered through the body are beyond the reach of medicine. Prevention.— VLViVt\^\\ beings harboring tape-worms should be compelled to take measures to expel them. Their stools should be burned or treated with strong mineral acids. Swine should be kept apart from all deposits of human excrement ; no such manure should be used as a top-dressing on pasture open to swine, or on land (market gardens, orchards, etc.,) devoted to the raisinn- of vegetables to be eaten raw. Avoid raw meat, especrally pork, even if salted and smoked, and under- done meat and sausages, also well-water from gravelly soils in the vicinity of habitations. MEASLES IN Cattle.— This consists in the presence in the muscles of cattle, especially young ones, of a cystic parasite, two to four lines in length, which as a mature tape-worm, inhabits the human bowels. When the eggs were given experimentally to calves, they caused stiffness, wasting and death in three weeks Or improvement began at the end of a fortnight and ter- minated in apparent recovery, the live cysts of course remaining in the muscles and ready to develop into their adult form when eaten by man. Under prevention and treatment might be repeated what is stated under measles of sivinc, merely substi- tuting the word cattle for pigs. The current practice of eating raw beef ham is especially reprehensible. Tape-Worm of Sheep and Cattle— r^/^/« Ex- pansa is the name of this worm, which causes great loss in some localities in America, as well as in Australia, LARD WORM OF THE HOG. ^e™. etc, .L bu.4»L'°™S P'gs apart beS' reTed "t^Tt^T^T'"- .*'■'* ^ -P^^'e of common in man. tl,e hog" ^d the"m 'S'-tP'^'^''^' almost microsconic vnrv.'nrv r ^- ^richnic-E are "-tines of ^"i"t\"t7mrat!:^''irrut^4'Lt I iilil '}^ '!■: 94 THE FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER. the muscle The latter can only reach maturity and re- od" ce t^^eir kind when the animal which they mfest ,s devo red by another, and they are set free by he d.ge - tion their cysts. When thus introduced mto the bowels lev 'row and propac^ate their kind, giving nse to much ri atlon fcr the fiJst fortnight, dmrr/^cra, cutcntts or per- /^; S The symptoms caused by their bonng through the lowels and into the muscles last from the e.ghth to fiftieth day. There are violent ."-ocular pamsld^e rheumatism, but not affecting the jomts, a stiff, semi- flexS cond tion of the limbs and sometimes swellings on fhe skh. In man the affection is often mistaken for heuttism or typhoid fever; in the 1-- ammab the symptoms are usually less marked, but arc the same m ki7 There are loss'of -PP^tite, indisposi ion o mc^^^^^ pain when handled, and stiHncss ^ehmd. If no patient survives six weeks recovery may be expected, because the worms no longer Irritate after becoming encysted ,n "^"^ait.-ln the first six weeks but .specially for i1ip first fortnio-ht, use laxatives and vermifuges. bl>- ccdnrbenz ne animal oil, chloroform alcohol and picric acid ar^e'fatal to them in about the order "'?'L.//.;/.-Never eat underdone meat Trichina survive 140" F. Hams thoroughly smoked are safe S Ihtly-smoked hams and those steeped m creosote or aubolic acid are most dangerous. Pigs should not be kept near slaughter houses, and especially should the •?s e of these places be forbidden them. Such hog- ens indeed all piggeries, should be kept scrupulously K and clear of rafs and mice. The carcasses of swine fed near slaughter-houses or where rats abound should bo subicSJd to a thorough microscopic examination before ^^^o consumption. Wherever a case of tnchinosis ;-c s in a human subject the pork should be raced to ; source if possible, and the pigs reared m the same lace killed and subjected to long boiling. The rats and mfce should be eradicated and the hog-pens and manuic burned. pP CHAPTER IV. DIETETIC AND CONSTITUTIONAL DISKASES. Ergotism —From time immemorial animals and mer htZ ?. , , '^ '^''^'"^' ^^^ ^^•'^^'^^ S'-ains which hav. been attacked with ergot. This was especialh- the cas. when agncidture was in .is infancy, for then' a damp cloudy season would can c this affection to spread afte. the manner of a plague. The same holds still to a les^ extent, and m the New World as well as the Old Not on y the cvj^o^ but even the s;,m/ of maize will bring about untoward effect.. These results n.ay be divided intc three categories according as the poison acts on the drain producmg coum/s/ous,/>ara/ysis ox profotuidlethavpy or the womb tending to al , uon ; or on the extremities caus- mg dry gang raie. Symptoms of the Nervous /^^r;«.— Unsteady gait, a great tendency to he down and to remain in a torpfd st ite lit- tle conscious of what is passing around, loss of lustre oi hair or feathers coldness ofskni, dilatation of the pupils of the eyes, and dulness of the special senses, mark the early stages This may go on to paralysis or deep lethargy without an active nervous excitement Or par- oxysms supervene, during which the special senses be- come more acute, the animal very excitable, and twitch- ing of the muscles or spasms like those of lockjaw or epilepsy convulse the patient. Then there is a relapte into the former stupor and drowsiness, with palsy of the hmd hmbs or knuckling forward at the fetlocks. Death may ensue in a few hours or days, or the affection may become chronic, the patient remaining with variable ap- petite, but getting no good of his food, with spasms of (9S) pP IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) .// W.r '^ C/a A 1.0 I.I 1.25 ! M 1.8 U ill 1.6 V] <^ /a. 7. 'c^l e: e7. % ^ vV ^CW cV '^ O^A ^ "W Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST r^AIN STPEET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 '<*' V i\^* ■^ o ;\ % -b^ ^^^ fSBOOR go THE farmer's veterinary adviser. the pharynx, vomiting or diarrhcca. He usually passes off in a convulsion. Symptoms of the Abortion Form do not differ from those of abortion from other causes. (See Abortion). Symptoms of the Gangrenous Fortn. — Nervous symp- toms may or may not usher in the disease. Then follow swelling, heat and tenderness of the extremities, usually the hind feet but sometimes the fore, or the tail, ears, or root.^ of the horns. Lameness usually first draws atten- tion to this condition. Soon the extremity becomes cold, insensible, of a deep brownish-red appearance and dry, hard, or almost horny. The swelling, heat and tender- ness persist higher up, but the lower part is dead, includ- ing^even the bone up to a given point At this level a red, circular crack appears in the skin separating the dead from the living, and if the patient should survive long enough the whole gangrenous part drops off. It usually occurs in winter from the dry hay fodder, but is distinguished from frost-bite by implicating the deep as well as the superficial parts, and attacking the feet in preference to the more exposed tail and ears. Treatment is only successful in the mildest cases, and the earliest stages. Change to wholesome diet, includ- ing plenty of roots or potatoes. Clear offensive matter from the bowels by laxatives, and give tonics (cinchona, gentian,) stimulants (ammonia, valerian, angelica, musk,) and antispasmodics (opium, chloral-hydrate, chloroform, or nitrite of amyle). Use soft, warm poultices contain- ing camphor. Prevention. — Ergoted hay. known by the black, spur- like growths out of the husks,-should be withheld, or fed only in limited quantity in conjunction with roots and potatoes. Be careful in selecting seed clear of ergot. Seed may be protected to a large extent by sprinkling with a strong solution of blue-stone or bisulphite of soda before sowing, and drying with quicklime. Contaminated soil should be used for other crops. Drainage and open sunshine are conducive to healthy growth.. Hay from affected pastures must be cut early, before it has run to §cyd. GOITRE— RHEUMATISM. q- disease, poor feed ino- nK„c. ^ vvcaKness trom any ine Af firc«- if .\. ,. r*. ^ '-"'i^ie ana m the median it t fi™ Se''a dt ,-:"anr;„dtS'^'v'"^ ^^'""^^^^ £Tri>f-xr T« 1 u •. '^•^'•^^i^"t, and It cut into may even h<- m,c synnge, or the nutrient blood-ves^d^ Zy beTe/ or exercise in the open air during the winter 98 THE FARMER S VETERINARY ADVISER. moves from joint to joint or muscle to muscle it is very diaracteri^ii. The swelling is at first soft and after- vvards h^^^^^^^ it may fluctuate from excess of vnovia .n a joint, but rarely from the formation of mX With the inset of the inflammation comes Tctve fever with full, hard pulse, increase, temperature, hot clammy mouth, dry muzzle, hurried breathing cos- iiot, Clammy , ^j^j,,j^ j ^j.^^ urine, sometimes :r: neutral or e^ 'n acid%eaction. Cattle often remain diwna'd refuse to rise. If the di-ase extends to he heart the pulse has a sharp, often intermittent or incgu lar beat and one or other of the heart sounds .nay be Lccompanied by a hissing or sighing murmur. (6.. ''7^:1'f:J:X^^ resembles the acute, excepting that it is less severe, usually unattended by fever, and may even appear only on exposure, and disappear in Te warm sunshine. It is liable to induce fibrous and e^en bony enlargements, and in cattle suppurajon,^^^^^^^^^^ i'lUv about the joints, and in such cases the disease if ^.o;e stable and less inclined to shift from place to ^^""freatmcnt.-G^v^ a laxative (horse, aloes ; ox or sheep. ^rcamcm^ ^^^^.j^ anodynes E) f pain's%Sremt'a^ follow up with alkalies Erbonat^e of potassa or soda; acetate of poassa or ^«.1a creai^ of tartar.) and diuretics (coch.^^^ muriate of ammonia, nitrate of potassa). Suam^^ room ; warm clothing ; rugs rung out of boil ng water 11 r^r^w^A iT> the skin and covered with diy , oags ^nit^JaS brfn or sand; rubbinR with hot smoothing r/o 7ov™ a thin covering;, hot air or f am baths , aconite ■ acetate of ammonia ; guarana, etc ) are m the hXst' decree beneficial. Some agents, hke propyla- mfne and muriate of iron, have been very serviceable m Certain ha^ds Local treatment consists m the appl.ca- cutani "an^^- ^. indicated, and also blisters Tonl aqua ';mmon"a'td olive oil), which may be inpUed septal times a day, and the inflammation fol- & up as it recedes from structure to .structure. ACUTE ANASARCA-PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA. 99 Th^T''.-^''^^u^^^—P^'^^U'^^ HEMORRHAGICA - The affection to be described herl is altogether diffet^; m Its nature from the dropsies which result from he ob struction of veins, in phlebitis, or because ofTr^ssure bv a diseased structure, as also from those dependen? on suppresion of the secretion of the urine, on hSrt disease or a watery state of the blood with d^ficiencTof blood globules. It IS not at all inflammatory, nor of Ve nature of malignant anthrax, as is general!; assumed It s exceedingly common after influenza and otheT affections animals''?^'''^ 7^^^' '" ^""^entilated stablefwhe^e animals are compelled to use rebreathed air, and n vei^ open cold barns, where they are liable to be chiUed afS te3«.^r''^ ^' ^^'■^- S'^^^^" ^^^^««ive Bering of temperature or exposure to cold rain or v^nd s ofms I7t:^^n TtVT,7'' P^r^'"^' ^^^ efficient Tau^s sldn tL J- •'^'^^" ?^^^ ^° *^^ secretions of the skin. The disease is much more frequent under the ex b^eme vicissitudes of temperature of Canada than in ?he' more equable climate of the British Isles. Sympfoms.~The disease is manifested abruptly bv appearance of ense. painful, rounded or diffuse sweJlint^ on the nose, lips, face, neck, inner sides of the 1 mb? belly or, indeed, anywhere over the body. These Tend nfn"K''^?''K''""?^"'^"''^"d to gravitate downwards nto the hmbs and the lower parts of the trunk where they form extended, tolerably smooth swellings pTttin' on pressure and subsiding abruptly into the sound sCaf their upper margins. The membrane lining the nose oy pressure, even at this early stage, sometimes inde^H ^acal and oLJk ""t" "/"»"y dense, thick, ammo- niacal, and often brownish-red. Shivering often marks tile period of effusion, but there is at first little cha^treS fntv:z7trJ''i'i:"'' °^ -pp^tite. as &»! >ngs increase, the animal becomes unable to see to eat or even to move, almost, and breathing may be carried o' only with the greatest difficulty. thr^oughVeswol"^^^^^^^ n mm mm 100 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. rlosed nostrils. Transverse cracks and yellowish liquid ooz^t appear in the bends of the joints ; httk bhsters wiU veuSwish or bloody contents rise, especially in the o low cVthe heel behind the pastern, and, burs mg con- inue to discharge. Yellowish serum or dark blood may oo^e from the general suiface of the swelling ; patches of skfn die drop Sff, and leave unhealthy, weak sores with a seous discharge ; the exudation may even soften the muscles and foo'sen and detach the tendons from the Co eading to turning up of the toe or other distor- Uons Sometimes the superficial swellings suddenly sub- side and unless a critical diarrhcea or diuresis occurs serous infiltration of some internal organ like the lungs ot bovvels s apt to ensue, cutting off the patient suddenly, wi h ^riat oppression of breathing, or violent and persist- at cSucky pa^ins. and, at times, a bloody f^tid diarrhoea The symptoms anu dangers vary with^the seat of che cffu on The result is most favorable when this is under ?he sk"n the main danger then being from suffocation extensive death and slou^ghing of skin, and softening and de achment of tendons and ligaments Unless improve- ment s^shown by the third or fourth day the disease will usually las? over twelve or fourteen days, and the result- ing sores even for months. Preveniton.-Ke^e^ in strong vigorous health, and avoid the various causes (exposure, etc.,) known to precipitate he ma adv. Drainage of damp localities is no without s influence. Lastly, avoid weakening treatment n "es of the respiratory organs, -pe-a 7 s-h - -e attended with a low type of fever ^}ll}!^fXZuTor above all, avoid exercising such animals to fatigue, or exDOsing to inclement weather. yraLnt.-Gwe a mild laxative (olive oil, Unseed oi. ' aloes,) and follow up by diuretics (sweet spirits of nitre oirof turpentine, buchu, nitrate of potassa,) carefully ' aduated^in amount to the strength of the patient and Sse freely agents calculated to increase the viscidity o the blood (tincture of muriate of iron i di chlorate of potassa 2 t^o 4 dr., bichromate of potassa ^^^ S-"') J^^^^^ bitter tonics (quinia, cascanlla, camomile,) and it neceb ANy^MIA. lOI oil of turpentine). LocX th^c ir ^^^^pholic liquors, bathed with tep d lotions if tfnrr'"? '^^^"^^ ^^^ carbolic acid, or chloride of zinc dlu't "I ''''''''' °^ ^''^^' "•ntating. Astringent solutions hnM^K ^' '° ^" "«"' employed about the head and if '^/ ""■ '''"^^'^"o^sly oned, tubes of gutLpercha m 'f^'^'^^^ ^^ threat- nostrils to keep^them oDcn T \' '"'"'"^"^ '" ^he avoided if possible, to;^ethT,w\-th/.''v°^^ '^ ^^ ^^ 'ngs, because ofth^ risk of unhJ i.i "^^''"- ^^^^^^^^v^e^l- Mod^y^e^^,ru^s -Tht mild ^ Vj"' ''^"^^'"^• been described as scJrht,^ thTTr^'^?^ ^^^^^^^^'«" ^^ve on the punctiform nature o^^ severity of the sore-throat \nd 1-h ^^^^^-^tamin^, the dation. But there iJn?' ! ^^^ "^^''^ moderate exu- that seems to waTrta^the dSt"' "'V ^"'^^^' -3^^hrng may be especially benefited 1^ ''",'^.^'"^"^- '^'^^''^ ^rni irritants to'the throat? by thetlSt"/"' ^°""^^'- vapor, and by astringent electiarres/rhl.'^^''r"' "^^'^^ 2 oz., vinegar 2 oz., linsee^' rne^i . ^'^^^^''^^e of potassa orm a pa/y mass. W^ onetlht^'oTth' ^""^"'^"^ *^ back teeth twice a dav^ Of I ^ , ^^"^ "^^^s on the same as for purpura. ' ^'^^^^^^^ ^he treatment is the ^iStTn^h^ blZTitir vtS ^ '^l^^'-^^ -^ mined by a variety of cause. H?= '^f> "^^^ ^^ ^^ter- this work. Amon^g these mavhl'"^"^!" °'^^^ P^^^ts of ing, excessive secre^tionsfrorth^ "amed: profuse bleed- etc. chronic diseases "of restionor'oV^if'^^ ^°"^^^' gands, feeding on alimenScfe;^ in ' ^^"^^^^"^^"^ element, on what has been .rt!. ^^^^ essential restriction for a lengtirof^tTr^?r P^^',' .^""^>^ ^°'J^' starvation, diseasefo^f hf faws or^e?.. ^^^ "^ ^^°^' badly-aired buildines secln.iin f ^^v^' ^^"^P' ^ark, cases, however are not ?r^' m T '""^^S^^"^^' ^^c. Some and it appears tht they set ?nLd '"^ ^^^"^'^^ ^^"^^• good h/^enic arranger^en's an^in t^h?^^' '" '^'^ °^ obvious disease of struSure ^^'^"^'^ °^ ^"X 102 THE FARMER'S VLTERINARY ADVISER. passed in small quantities and ^'^ha^''' ^"^^^''^^'tt; iiSiisil hut'e'r/eathlng becoming quick and wl--ng on the !r ^ T^t-dftre^d^r mly aS^^^^^^^^^ £|^KLTCcre^^:tn:^^^^^^^^^ even die in harness. , liberal supply of grain. Tn rases due to parasites or other removable causes, attention ?o these is'manifestly the first step to preven- ^%eatmenL-Mt^v removal of the causes, support by ANEMIA. 103 nounsh.njr, ca.ily-d.gestcd food in small bulk, to avoid exhausting the powers of the stomach. ' Ground oats barley, 0,1-cake, and a little natural hay, may be esne cially ment oned, though, for weak subjects ?hick well" boiled gruels and beef tea (even for heibiviraT m^rbe resorted to. Tonics are all-important (iron San quassm cascanlla, cinchona, common sa t, pepsinf but' should be given in small doses to the weakeSiect" ron and gentian, given in tinctures, are especiLly S, * In extreme cases, health may be speedily revived bve ransfusion of blood from a healthy animal. ^all cases the patlcnr should be allowed to rest in a dry, warm «:^ ^'"'' '"' ^'"'^' ^^^^ ^'ght, sunsl^ie and FiGuw Showing thb Couksk of the Blood tmougm tb. H««^ a ip^^i CHAPTER V. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. General causes of diseases of the breathing organs. Physical examination of these organs :— Auscultation, percussion. Bieed- in-T from the nose. Nasal Catarrh. Cold in the head. Collection ollnatter in the nasal sinuses. Abscess of the false nostril. Abscess in the guttural pouches. Tumors in the nose. Malignant catarrh of cattle. Sore-throat. Croup. Roup. Diphtheria. Chronic roaring. Bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis. Glander heaves. Acute congestion of the lungs. Pneumonia. Inflammation of the lungs. Pleurisy. Inflammation of the membrane lining the chest. Pleuro- pneumonia. Broncho - pneumonia. Broncho - pleuro - pneumonia. Hydro-thorax. Water in the chest. Pneumo-thorax. Air or gas in the chest. Abscess of the intercostal spaces. Dropsy of che lung. Apoplexy of the lung. Pleuro-dynia. Rheumatism of the walls of the chest. Asthma in dogs. Heaves. Broken-wind. Bleeding from the lungs. Haemoptysis. Parasites in the upper air-passages. Grub in the head. Larva of CEstrus Ovis. Pentastoma Taenioides. Parasites in the lower air-passages. Lung-worms of sheep, etc. Lung- worms of horses and cattle. Gape-worm of fowls. Verminous bronchitis in calves, sheep, swine, and birds. Diseases of the Respiratory Organs.— These are of the first importance in domestic animals, alike as re- gards their frequency and the mortality and other serious consequences they entail. In young horses especially they are far more common and more destructive than any other class of diseases. Among the general causes of diseases of this class of organs the following may be stated in brief: i. The great extent of the respiratory surface in the lungs = 200 to 500 square feet. 2. The extreme tenuity and delicacy of the membrane covering this surface, protective cells (epithelium) being almost wanting in the air cells, contn.ry to what exists on every other mucous surface in the body. 3. The extraordinary work to which the lungs are subjected in the rapid paces and severe efforts made by the horse, 4. The close, im- pure air of the stable in contrast to the clear, bracing air (104) DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 1 05 Of the fields to which the colt has been accustomed. 5. The effect of the hot relaxing: air of the stable is not only on the lungs directly but on the skin, with which the lungs and all internal organs so closely sympathize. 6. I he heats and chills, and violent nervous excitement to which young horses are subjected in passing into training l^eZl'h \^u^ '^'"^"^ ^^ ^^^^''^y- f^^^'"g ^nd man- agement to which young horses are subjected on leaving the breeder. The variable weather and sudden, extreme wwP of spnng and autumn. 9. The susceptibility which results from the want of habitude of bearing ex- treme heat and cold, and which tells especially at the above seasons 10. The draughts of cold air to which animals are often subjected, and particularly when warm and perspiring. u. The frequent exposure to cold drenching rams, night dews, and the like after the excite- ment and relaxation consequent on a hard day's work. 12. ihe arrest of circulation through the lungs owinjrto imperfect aeration of the blood when an animal out of dumice" '^ ^^ ^ ^^^^ heyond his power of en- Modes nf Physical Exploration of the Respiratory ^/Sans— Auscultation z.xi<^ percussion are the most essen- tial The first IS the application of the ear alone or with a Stethoscope to the surface over some part of the respi ratory organs (nose, throat, windpipe, chest,) to listen to the natural sounds of breathing, and to detect any un- natural change or absence of these sounds. The natural sounds must be studied on the healthy animal, and then the different modifications followed on the diseased. In SI *^'T^' ^^^'^ '\ ^ ^^^'"'"- ^°""d to be heard in health over the nose, throat, windpipe, and between the upperand middle thirds of the chest In the rest of the cnest is a soft, rustling murmur, which has been compared h. 1 ff "iK^'^ ^^Pt^' '^''""§" ^"y ^^^^^- J"st behind the left elbow in horses this murmur is absent and re- ai^'". -^Ji .t'^"""!? °J ^^^ ^"^^t- I^^t^^^" the upper and middle thirds of the chest it mingles with the blow- ing sound anteriorly, but is unaccompanied by that over I06 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. the few last ribs. Percussion consists in drawing out the resonance of any part by striking it gentle taps with a hard object, the blows falling perpendicularly to its surface, and of a force proportioned to the depth of the organ it is meant to sound. Thus, foi the surface the gentlest taps with the tip of the finger are wanted, while for the centre SHOWING HOW THE BLOOD IS PURIFIED BY PASSING OVER THE AIR-CELLS OF THE LUNGS. I I The rieht lung. 2, 2, The left lung. 3, The trachea. 4, TheVghlSroSaltule. ' 5. The lajt bronchial tube. 6666 Air cells. 7, The right auricle. 8, The right ventricle 9, The n cuspid valves. 10, The pulmonary artery. "' JJie branch to the right lung. 12, The branch to the left l""g- ;3. Th^.ght pul monary vein. 14, The left pulmonary vein. 15, The leit auucle. 16, The left ventricle. 17, The mitral valves. of the chest in large animals the closed fist may be ad- vantageously used. For intermediate depths the tour fingers and thumb may be brought together, in a straignt line at their tips, and the surface tapped with this When a cavity, enclosed by a hard, bony surface, such as tlie { .■■ BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE. lo; bur/f 'fh^"*"^r''^""''''^r'^ '' ^^" ^"°"gh to tap this direct may the two middle fingers of the left ha„7be empWed to compress the soft parts and receive them. The front ,1^ aT'" l*"""" be^PPlied against the surface Tnd ;^.is;t'^rd:te^"^YonoriT^Kvf'^^^^ deir hnf -f ^"^' ",-f """'^ ^'"'^ »". but still full and de?' ' orn -r^"" ^ '?"'' ''°^>'' « ""^ "'igh, it is du 1 elbCv ZcSTu ""'"'7? '" '■'=^""''"'=<-- Behind the left kss exten? fn itn""'' " ^"^ '"'^ '" ">e horse and, to a le.s extent m cattle ; and on the last ribs on the rioht s.de m cattle, sheep and pigs, a similar duness is found m accordance with the position of the liver Any Urease dimmution or loss of resonance Dver particular par^s thus natural state of the parts, but the observer must Ipam rZr^^y ^''P"i^-n« on the healthy and d eased fon?: iSigiSe!""''^ "'™'™ °"' - "--^^ -»" . Bleeding prom the Nose.— Bleedin"^'-".''' ^^"-^ -d acco'm;a°„"^:^ Dy a cough Bleeding from the stomach also comes from ?etchi"nr '' "' " "'■="• "°"^''' =°"^' -d «rnded by 7''-^ dr., glycerine oz telid water I qt.) This is thrown in with a syphon haiinfone arm sixteen inches long and the other leaving ?ha a^t aA angle of 45^ three and a half -f^^ l°"g f "^ narrowing to half an inch at the point. The short limb U nsertfd into the nostril, having first been passed through a hole in the centre of a piece of sole leather in- tended to prevent the return of the fluid f^rom the nose. -■ Tdaptation is perfected Hv nled^ets ot tow. and the hraVbeTng b^ough^ i^ vertical position the liquid poured into the long end of the syphon until it rises in MATTER IN THE NASAL SINUSES. ,09 that nasal chamber and escapes by the oDoositp nn.fr.i One or two such injections are usually suffide^t Collection of Matter in the Nasal Sinusf^; V^fil "" "^T^"'' °^ '^^ "PP^r back teeth . Tctbe"twe:„%h"'""^ on percussion on tha d? of which extends down beneath th^lf^ J ^^e bony ridge persistent use of sulphate of iron orcopper! orotherto, t 'r;: stress tt"^''' °[ -J.urin/i„,;ltant™ e': is .^ ^ In^omy °'"™""' " ">oroughly conversant witl. ■ , Abscess of the False NosiTur, tk;, • , - juna .swelling in tiic outer part of the nostril. r .," ' im 110 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. It is SO firm as to feel solid but collapses at once when opened. It should be laid open from withm the nose along its whole length and plugged with tow till the raw edges have skinned over. Abscess in the Guttural Pouches.— These are two cavities situated above the throat and peculiar to solipeds. Each has a small opening at its anterior part through which any liquid within them can escape only when the 'head is depressed. Hence a collection of matter in these sacs, consequent on a sore throat, escapes and is dis- charged through the nose intermittingly when the head is down drinking, or still more in grazing or nibbling roots The discharge comes from both nostrils and there may or may not be swelling beneath the ear. Many such cases will recover if sent to grass or fed from the ground and treated with some of the tonics recommended for chronic catarrh w glanders. But should ther^j fail the sac must be laid open, setoned and washed out daily with a weak astringent lotion. This operation requires the most accurate knowledge of the parts to avoid the many important structures in the region. Tumors in the Nose.— Tumors of almost every kind grow in the nose and must be removed by surgical means. Malignant Catarrh of Cattle.— This appears mainly in cold, damp, marshy situations where the vitality is impaired, or in. unusual seasons. In_ the cold earlv summer of 1876, I met with it in cows in several marshy places. Low, damp river-bottoms are most sub- ject to it, and probably it is due to deleterious agents taken in with the food and water as well as to chills and ''''^s7^Ztoms.—A slight diarrhoea may be followed by costiveness, the dung being black, firm and scanty. 1 he hair is rough and erect, shivering ensues, the head is de- pressed, the roots of the horns and forehead hot, eyes sunken, red, watery, with turbidity in the interior and in- tolerance of light, muzzle dry and hot, mouth hot with ■^' SORE-TIIROAT. „, much saliva, the membranes of mouth, nose and vagina hZtj ' ^t' ''^'^' "^P"^^^ °^ h^^^t ^-^^k, breaching o 7h. h °;'^^'u""^ scanty and high-colored and surfacf of the body alternately hot and cold. In twenty-four hours all he symptoms are aggravated, the nose dis- charges a slimy fluid, the forehead is warmer, and dulle^ on percussion tne mouth covered with dark-red blotcl ei irom which the cuticle soon peels off leaving raw so es appetite IS completely lost, dung and urine passed w?th much pain and straining, and there is general stiff™ and indisposition to move. From the fourth to the sbcth day ulcers appear on the nose and mu.zle, swellings tal e place beneath the jaws, chest and abdomen, and on ?he legs, the skm may even slough off in patches, a foetid saliv^ drivels from the mouth and a stinking diarrhoea succeeds ^o\Trr.'- ^-^^-»-"y ensues from the gh^ Ln^ "t f? "^"l^' P^^<:S^^^, perhaps, by convulsion's or signs ot suffocation. The disease strongly resembles the Russian cattle plague, but is rarely contiguous r^m/;;^.«/.-Clear -ut the bowels by a laxative (olive o. and laudanum), following this up by slightly shu- lating diure ics (sweet spirits of nitre, liquor of ace ate of ammonia,) with antiseptics (chlorate of pota=sa b ?h romate of potassa, hydrochloric acid). Wet clotL mav be kept on the head, the mouth and iiose sponged ^l very weak solutions of carbolic acid, and only soft mashes and sliced or pulped roots allo^^^d. SORE-THROAT^-This may be confined to the larynx o ll^'C^ °^ '^' ""["^P^P" (laryngitis), or the phalynx nL^.T.h'^rf P?"? '^'■^'•^^^ ^^'^h ^'' ^"d food both mav be tl^^t?J ^^^ ""^/"^^ (Pharyngitis), or the whole s^re th3c ^iaryngo-pharyngitis). There are, besides sore-throats connected with specific diseases (croup, diph- theria, influenza, strangles, distemper and purpuraP^ The CAUSES of simple sore-throat are the same as in horsl "'''''""^' ^°'' '" '^" '^'■^^^ may cause'? JSti''^'~^^^ "°'f '^ '^'^"^ ^"d protruded, the nead bemg carried suifly and more in a line^with the TI2 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER neck than usual, and there is swelling of the throat or beneath the roots of the ears. There is cough, hard in laryngitis, and dry and husky in pharyngitis, and, later, loose and gurgling in both diseases. With laryngitis there is much tenderness to touch, and, in the early stages, a loud, harsh blowing sound which may become loose and rattling as the disease advances. With pha- ryncritis there is a little tenderness, but difficulty in swatlowing, chewed morsels being often dropped again and water rejected through the nose. The discharge from the nose is more glairy th^n in nasal catarrh or bronchitis, and on its appearance the active fever usually subsides in great part. If there is much redness of the membrane of the nose, and high fever, the case is likely to be severe, and the same is true of cases with a paintul paroxysmal cough. , In Chronic Sore-throat W\cx& may appear to be general cTood health, but a cough comes on in paroxysms when the patient comes into the cold air, drinks cold water, eats dry oats or dusty hay, or undergoes active exertion. Th^re are also more or less tenderness and wheezing or rattling in the throat, and sometimes slight swelling Treatment.— K^st in a clean, dry, airy stable or box. Clothe warmly and flannel bandage the legs if cold or tending to shiver. Tie a rug or sheep-skin with wool in around the neck. Steam the nose as for .y/m;^^/^.f. Un- less the fever and pulse are low or the affection of an, influenza type, a laxative is usually beneficial (horser aloes ; ox and sheep, Glauber salts ; dog and pig, castog oil •) following up with nitre or acetate of potassa in thf water, and anodynes as electuaries. Solid extract o belladonna 4 drs. ; tannic acid i dr. ; bisulphite of soda 4 drs. ; honey or syrup 5 oz. ; mix. Dose-horse and ox a piece as large as a hickory nut ; sheep one-fourth dog one-tenth of this bulk, thrice daily. To be smeared on the back teeth and swallowed at leisure. In most cases, a thin pulp, made with mustard and water, should be well rubbed in around the throat as soon as the bowels respond, and covered up ^r two hours, but, in the most severe, this may be preceded tor . CROUP-CROUP OR ROUP IN FOWLS. ,13 plied by a s^alf s;:„V'lm™ov"alfy ^tf^rn^r ^e^c/P-f whalebone. In the worst cases suffocation musfbeob ra„^/.S"|atberbSe^it,r^'ri£ -. , r 1 "-V i'eems at times inmno'is TV/=.,.ri., ..^ '.vco fowls are most liable to contract it, yet it does not 114 THE FARMER'S VETEKI^ARY ADVISER seem contagious in the ordinary sense, but rather Inher- ent in soil, locality or conditions of life. S-mptoms.—V^vi\r\Q^% sleepiness, neglect of food, ruf- fled feathers, unsteady walk, quickened breathing, with a hoarse wheeze, and an occasional loud c-wmg "mse On the tongue, at the angle of union of the beak, or in the throat appekr yellowish white fy\ms (false membranes) firmly adherent to a reddened surface, and raw sores u^^ e these have been detached. The nostrils may be completely plugged with swelling and ^'^charge that breath can only be drawn through the open bill. Ihe rnflammation may extend along the wmdp^e to the serial cavities and lungs, or along the gullet to the intes- tines In the first case, death may take place from suf- focation, and in the second, from diarrhoea and as early as in twenty-four hours. Toward the end of an out- break, the malady may last twenty days and still prove fatal False membranes may form on other distant parts of the body, but especially the comb, wattles, eye, or on accidental sores. , ^ , ^ u i Treatment-T^\^^^se raw grain, and feed on vegetables and puddings made of well-boiled oats, barley or Indian meal Dissolve carbonate or sulphate of soda, or chlo- ^?e of potassa freely in the water drunk, remove the fa se membranes with a feather or forceps and apply to the surface with a feather the nitrate of silver lotion ad- V sed for croup in quadrupeds. If diarrhoea supervenes, e ve a teaspoonful of quinia wine thrice a day. It is all- fmportant to change the run of the chickens for a time at least. DIPHTHERIA.-This is seen in pigs, and it is even claimed to occur in horses, but the false membranes in the Tatter animals rarely amount to more than thickened r^ucus I? appears to be due to the locality rather than Tntagion. Close, filthy pens, and want of care have ap- oeared iniurious in some cases. P 5^V'«^.-Sudden illness, with sore-throat and ex- treme weakness and stififness of back and loins The pig jJToves slowly and crouchingly. with raised head, open dry CHRONIC ROARING IN HORSES. The eyes are dull and sunkenTnH fi, ^^'^^. "Membranes, a few hours all the structures of throt?^^'^''"^^"^- ^" vol ved. there is much svvellinf fL.u^ ^""^ nose are in - and shreds of /^/i^'^mK"^ '^'""'^"f^ -^"ffocation, patient remains iwnXon-.T '°u^^"^ "P' ^^he the fence, and usually perishes n ^ITf''' T ^^^"^ °" rrm/;;.^,,/.-_Must be rarlv L ^^ of coughing, the throat for fals^meXar-- '"'" ' ^'"''' '^^"^"^^ jn pigs, holding the Sa wi?h nV" ""'"' ^^ sore-throat jaw. If white patchesTresTen "T^ ^'^""^ ^^^ "PP^r the nitrate of siLrttira?vs;dl'^^?^^^^^ ^'-'^ often as may seem necess irv tn 1.1 .u ^P' ^""^ ^^P^^t as in check. The bowels m'v be frt? '^' ^^'?^"^ S'-^^ths tive (jalap) and twenty d^o^psSuTof^l '^ ^ ?"^^^- irofi, and ten -rains nitre Jven thWr^ [^^'^•"'"'"'^^^^f spoonful of cold water G?elf If? ^- ^ "^^^ ^" ^ ^'-^ble- the comfort and Irsecure soft I'T^S-"'"^' be given to ■sometime. ^ ^°**' easily-digestible food for Chronic Roaring in HoRspq tj.;. • whisthng or hoarse rasping sound~J. '•' ^ "l^'^^^'^^S, part of the windpipe (larvniwn K ^u^^ '" ^^^ "PPer ly when excited^^ It^ is^l^i K.'^'f^'h^^g^' ^"d especial- wasting of the muscles on t^t sid'e o?.^''^'''' ^"^ which open the channel for the aland^ ^^'^u"^^ ^"^ the noise is only made in LI ■ ^^^'.^^^ »n such cases stiuction in the iS^eai f K "'"^.^'r^"- ^^t any ob- heard most commonlv n hnflf ^'" ^'^" ''''' ^^ ^^^"n^. tion. Thus paTs^ of the no.t-r'r'"'^'"" ^"^ ^^P^'^a ^■•on of the bone/of the nose tm/''-'"f ""^ ^^P^^^" ^^''■"dpipe or bronchi false^;^K' '" ^^'^ "°^^' ^^roat the air^assages drops calsw^n-'"'' f^^^^^ing across ^nd in stallioL uS 'ccun^f it"^ ^^^"/ '^^ ^^roat, "■'se to it. In the tvnir;i f • 2"' °^ ^^t' "^^Y g'Ve geal muscles ?he an fn^af ™.T P'^ ^".^^>^ °^ ^^^^^O^"" a wall ; or if a fein/^. F J ' ^^'°^"' ^^^n led up to - -- .or some distance on leverg^^fe^;:^' '^i J'^:' .•# ,,6 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. '^ strikingly brought out. ThyX^^tH^^^^^^^ to draw a heavy load or one with ^hf^f^^J °'^^^^^ rrm/;«r;./.-In incipient cases with sim^^^^^ of the mucous membrane, benefit may anse irom swa b ng oi'the larynx with nitrate of silver -l^t «" - ^^^^^ com'mended for croup, or ^-2 thejkm overjhejh ^^^^ with a red hot iron. But »^the muscle ^^ fatty these means will be fruitless, ana we u mechanical or surgical measures for help. Fads attacn t'ing s o °:ir will enable many roarers to do moder- Hor^cfse^f :f^Sale^■totel. on vetches, iuZ^uTTarila or C--; may be cured by chang.ng Sa^r- ^oS, ::rd s fbt 1^ ScteS .; breeding purposes. Buo«c„ms.-Inflammat^n of th '^^^^^^^^ :irdora;fof ISxlt'^ -e throat anaj. tt m^v also Xnd on influenza, strangles, contagious pleuro'^pneum'onia, distemper in dogs, tuberculosis, and oarasitic diseases of the lungs. . , »- T • 7 J ... fll Symptoh ffis, — In mild cases 'there are dulness, imp laired BRONCHITIS, J becoming soft and ra tin- ".. ^''°l^'' ^' ^''' *'■'"•'' ''"' from the nose Such mavf.rL ''■'^T '^ ^■'"'Wished treatment ™^ '"'"'" '" " f''«' dayrWMmm ing, with loud blowta ' s^nAfP P1''^; '^•'"'•^'^ '"•'^^'h. windpipe and S fhe "^dHll^'^r *k 'T '"<^ °f'h^ The cough is drv hJi * ""^ "'^ *' der-blade often oclurrl^g'^j;' fc'a„'d°"s°e"min;"l'^''''" <^^'''"S^' depth of the chest. P^mL'^^",^ . T ^""^ ""e sonance at any part oah™t as ,^ ."° '''""?'= °'"'-^- membrane of the nose has a S. j" P"V"'">"'a- The '•"g in proportion to the^en.rM^ '^ r" Y'"'''' ^ue, vary- chial tubes and esnecianffh ™Pl'^a"°n of the bron- drowsiness and dr^opfn^of tVe^h id to ?h' '"" ""^''^ ''* complete in two Tthree™" """ ^^~^"y "V be o.h'efr,^tlfmtlt"Si't"^''r' *e d-ase. i"g the ribs, as in^^ni; ""' " "° '^"derness on punch- war^rCd"Ige"tU",imTsT^ ''L"'^^ ''"/■''''■"^' ''°'h- warm sloppy mfshfs of whea bra~ It'"'',' "'!'' ^'^^ "seful, but if there is weakness sr^^ II t '''""'^ " °f'™ or anj. yellowish tinge of the muc^t I'^^'f ' P^^*"""" rejected and warm #ater nfechW L^S'^'"'f "' '"*° "^^ the bowels. Give frequent dhi»f f- '" ^ """^ '° """^^ of nitre,) anodynes Jbenadonn^fK.-'"'"'^' '^^^«' ^P'"'^ Pectorants rJuor imSa »;!? .^''^' ''™""^'> ^^d «" guaiacum. ipecacuanha a„imo„v)'ThT"''' f ^?"'"- frequently steamed as if f^i ,?^^' , "^ "°^^ ^'lon'd be sulphur fumes mt'edjlifrtfrf^' ^r" if-alations of »>ay be added. Mustard cr'o'ther'blStrl^Srdra"!: ii8 THE farmi:r's vkteuinary adviser, plied to the sides of the chest, and repented if any re- Sewed access of disease seems to demand it When ?ever has nearly subsided, and there ^^ fj^^^J ^^^^^^ discharge from the nose tomes should be used, (bee '^^:^^:'lst!^^o£!ai and weakness stimu- lamstarom^c ammonL. carbonate of anrnjoma. wme, etc) may be required, even in the early stAges. n ANDFR HEAVES, CHRONICBRONCIIITIS IN HORSES. occurring in fits, a wiiite u sciuu^c r t^^^^^ llrnVclt is not very satisfactory in cases of old stand- mainly arsenite of strychnia, or sulphate of iron or cop per and tannic acid. ACUTE CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS IN HORSES -- ThTs^s iways the first stage of Pncumonta, but ma^ oc- cur in a sudden and fatal form from over-exertion in fa or otherwise ill-conditioned horses. An amnia tha^ h «;^nod idle in the stable or has been rapidly fattenea lor sak wh^i aken out and driven or ridden at the top of &ion, deep red or blue nasai mcmuiauw ana .»pio, •- PNEUMONIA. ,j pared to a dark-rej jellj' ^ " '''^"' '"'S'" '"-■<:"'»- n-ay ha,„pcr breathin?^ tS"„"'the land to d?" • "h '"'" anactivcstimuIantakAhnl^rli 1 1- ?■ "■' ""'"d. Riw or any of it, comor nnd, i^ ^Icoliolic liquor,,, ammonia >^i.iriti^of niTre, XT*' °'',,f "!?»'■'«; "her, sweet liand, in a full do,Ff„iif "^"^ ^' . f^''^^ '^at comes to tions and acve hand lbr„? T *""' ^'■^'•'" ^™'" '"J«- -liof n,a, oft/n &at'7b/ bfeX" Vomlhr'"''' lir, but tins should not renlarp fl,^ t,„ " , thejugu- vis-^d but should be added o them ?""''" '1 '"'='"'>' '"'- when available is to vvrio frr m 1 ;, . " .?^'^e"='" resort outofhot water and coverlS '""^ u°i*"' '" '""^^ ""■""? being meanwhHe actLX i f ^ T^K^'^ °"^'- "■<= ""'''s to this part of he skh S .r'''^^'' '" ^""S the blood If tl>i patient surt'e'and does'^'foH't" o„r''";- , recover the ease beeomes one of^L"l?I " '""^''^ cS"X^~''''"-^".'-^''"'°-"' "^ T„E Lungs- chest ■Ako%hersutt o? „°"'" '"^""= d-ases''of'the S.-..-on, or ofl'aS's'ifthelu:.^^""'"" ""'' ^"'^ ~"- nb;trs:HbTd'tre ifl:;"?,-"" ^-"'^^ -"S-«°" - according to the CTavitvnf? ',"°'''-' °' kss .severe f..si.. This iS foiro^^ed' .'i? i^-;"fvi"r?^ "'^^; 'I>e eye, nose and Siu^tM ""',"' -""^ n.embranesof •I'c dip h of the ehTst bu't tt'°"f ' '? '■'^'P ■•'^ 'f''™"' "1 bronchitis Thpl,'„; T' '" ''''"■'' ""^ ™ Painf"' as "SOS, obs i utely tand wit'l 7^'' """^ "'^ ''^' '" ^ad out „„„ ,-, V fra"ds wrth legs aoart. elbow, turneri '". "osc cvtcnced and usually approached to a door or 120 THE FARMmS VETERINARY ADVISER window. In cattle expiration is generally accompariied b^amoan. With the^ever there is ^sUv^ness h.gh- colorcd scanty urine, in cattle, heat of horns and ears and dryness of muzzle, and hidebound. Auscultation de- Lets a very fine crackling (crepitation) over the affected nart of Ihe lung, or there maybe an area of no sound ^n^ed\y a ?ine of -pitat^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^J.^he^iuU ;TlTSng1SunJs rm^the-:a.Ser tubes or the beating of he heart may be detected. I^.rcussion causes mnching or even groaning when th. affected pa .s reached • the space where sound was wanting »n ausculta- fon sou^idsdull and solid and the remainder of the chest "tains its healthy resonance. There is "O tenderness on merelv pinching the spaces between the ribs. By auscul- uUon and percussion the increase or decrease of sohdifi- '"iZXp^^i^^^^on) on\.. lung may be followed f^om dav to dav excepting in the parts covered by the thick, muscular shoulder. In this way aggravation and improve- ment can be noticed. A yellowish or whitish discharge f?om the nose comes on as the disease advances. ^ TrZZt.--G\v^ a pure, dry, airy box with windows or doors turned to the sun or away from the direction of prevaihng winds, clothe warmly, and flannel bandage ihe Umbs, or even rub them with ammonia and oil. The hot nS advised for congested lungs may be applied and wLn removed l^t^t be done a little at a^^^^^^^ the oart rubbed dry and covered by a dry blanket, ur .mustard poultice may be applied to the sides of the chTst Large injections of warm wat«r and drinks of v'Trm gruef .n.:^ also be given. A axat.ve is^ o^^^^^ beneficial in the more active forms of the disease, out shodd be 4en ca. dously as in bronchitis, and rejected when therl is low fever, and much depression. Neutra Talts (n ?re, acetate of potassa, bicarbonate of soda,) should be given with sedatives (belladonna, henbane, t ncture of aconite, digitalis or white hellebore ; in pigs a^ do.s?tar?ar emeti?,) or if there is much prostra.on or when the fever has in the main subsidea, stimulant diuTetks (sweet spirits of nitre, liquor of acetate of am- PLEURISV. ,j, monia,) repeated three or four times a di« Ti,„ -j slmuld be blistered witl, a pufp o7,^,e\e;T;„ISd mu? t..rd m water, or Spanisli flics or in cattin 3 ■ .nustard and turpentine, and the blister may'bCeTcat'' cases the iT".''^' '? P™'™'''' ™^^'- When in severe' cases the blister refuses to rise the — ^'^ ^ PlEURISV.— INFLAMMATJON OF THE Mpmrpjw^ Lining the Chest and Cotoring™e Lungs This IS common in all domestic animals a ui wrtfculT LI f '"'''• K^'P"'"'^ localities, which suffer at'"he same ca™:efo-/'c!;t'^- r. "'""'^'^ " -- ^y^ Symptoms.—ShWenng^, followed bv hpnf nf fi,« i • and even of the limbs, and parHal swLts of the s^rffc'e" tULrr""'.'' P^"'"g^"d ^"■etimes iol ng at ^^^s--taH^SH i^l r^1,^■lP'"'r '^ ^'°" ''"d prolonged. TOs char' pSc d on thr?t"^ "'^^.''^ ^^' °b^^^-d with he e" g^^ thV^Lif Vhr*;™ ;!j::.i-p-p- - j-.| p:;- j/Tth'e^U-r "t hL'd^ln^CH E^ 122 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. is touched. The ear applied to the ^^^\^^^ ^S^^ a soft, rubbing sound during the movements of ins mira- tion and expLtion. There is at first no other change in auscultation or percussion. The anmial often changes his posture or place as if seeking an f^^'^r position and emits a short, hacking, painful cough. There is much less redness of the nose than in pneumonia or bronchi- tis less heat of the expired air and no nasal discharge. _ in twenty-four to thirty-six hours effusion ensues in the cavity of the chest, the rubbing sound ceases, the catching breathing and ridge on the belly disappear, the pulse b^ecomes soft, the anxiety of countenance passes iway, and the patient may begin to feed as if well. But soon the pulsc^ loses its fulness, and gains in rapidity, oreathing becomes labored and attended with a lifting nf the flank and loins, the nostrils are widely dilated, the aose protruded, the elbows turned out, the skin sweats, end there may be signs of imminent suffocation Aus- bultation detects no sound over the lower part of the chest up to a given horizontal line, and up to the. same fevel there is dulness on percussion. This shows the extent of watery effusion. The pulse becomes weak, with a peculiar thrill at each beat, the limbs and lower aspect of the chest swell, the patient moves unsteadily and falls suddenly to die. , , , i j In other cases the effusion is re-'.bsorbed and a good recovery is made. In others it ceases to increase but fails to be taken up and rem.ainj as a cause ot short wind ; it may even give off gases, in which case a gurg- ling sound may be heard in the chest, or a sound as of drops falling into a half empty barrel, after the patier rises from the recumbent position. In other cases still there remain false membranes attaching the lung tp the inner sides of the ribs, or enveloping the lung in whole or in part, and in either case impairing respiration. Trcatmait-Glxe the same general care as in bronchi- tis and pneumonia. In the early stages of chill treat as for congested lungs. Later give a laxative (horse aloe, ox and sheep, Glauber salts ; swine and dogs castor-oil,) following it up with neutral salts (nitre, acetate of potas- PLEURO-PNEUMONIA-TIYDROTIIORAX. 103 iodine rubbed on the chest '^™'"'>' '""' tincture of appL?;yr7hTcheT;;ib: '^'l' P°"'«- -^^ ^e cd to dry cunoinr^ nr ^„ ^-^ be shaven and subject- as for pn^uSL^' '" """"'= '^''^'" -"^y be applied I^d'm's^^'d" Tnffflr *"^^?"''"S -fi-ocation the (i^ee Tympanv) hiserteH ,fV '■"^".•^^"""la and trocar ihe lower'Td o "trnfnth r,^'thf s?°?"-'''^ ?"'^ "^" drawn aside to fnim , nb the skin having first been being taptrpS™nt^,™l;ta^n:eTf';ir^rr"d and-Se'^ptZn-'lerr, 'd" P^^' ' ^^^ ' '° -°^ ^^°"L be followed bvonicsSh,!-^ " f"'^ ""■ '™- " ^''™ld tian,) stimula^nts ( eet Ss oVm^I^'r^'T.?' S^"' (iodide of potassium) * ^"'' ''""■^"'" tions of "/^^^,"''°-™EUMONIA are common complica- X4, a*d h rresoTc^ ^'•''"''"'"' /-"'«««- ancl may be'^infeLd froS descrS'^f 't1 "'" '"^ ^"' cd afl-ections. description of the uncomplicat- 'tVDROTHORAX.— Water in the rriFtn r • . ^ri^s d^e'asTotth'''r ^^^ r ^^ piratic ;h;dsrd%°th ^m'^oTbid It ^ef ' ^^r'^^^y"'' ST^notrerlntr-^^f^^^ other diseLes™,; ^ ilch ftl^ ''r.^ ''^"^Pr, "^ «>- .» essentially the same after tf'nSid co^^tii^S 124 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. has caused the effusion has been removed. If that is in- curable neither can this be remedied. Pneumotorax.— Air or Gas in the Chest.— This often attends on hydrothorax when the contained hquid has undergone some decomposition. More frequently it is the result of a wound penetrating the walls of the chest, with its edges pressed inward so that they admit the air from without, while the chest is dilating, but close like a valve when it is contracting. A little thus entering with each breath and none escaping, the lung is soon compressed into a small solid mass against the lower end of the windpipe. The same may happen from a broken rib having torn the surface of the lung even without any external wound. A little air escaping from the lung with each respiration the cavity soon be- comes filled and the lung compressed and collapsed. Treatment is limited to the prevention of the introduc- tion of air through an external wound, should such exist ; the relief of pain by opium and other anodynes ; the management of the resulting pleurisy on ordinary prin- ciples ; and the drawing off of the accumulated air by a needle-like tube and aspirator, or even by a small cannula and trocar. Spontaneous recovery often takes place, the wound being closed by inflammatory exudation and the air absorbed. In cases dependent on decomposition of the products, both gas and liquid should be drawn off and a weak solution of carbolic acid (one part to two or three hundred water) thrown in, in small quaatity. Abscess of the Intercostal Spaces.— This occurs especially in the horse as a result of pleurisy, a diffuse swelling appearing at some part of the walls of the chest, tender and pitting on pressure, and, finally, softening in the centre, bursting and discharging a yellowish or whit- ish matter. The prtient should be well fed, and poultices or warm iomentacions continuously applied to the part until there is softening in the centre, when it may be freely laid open. Continue to support the patient by nourishing food, stimulants and tonics. DROPSY OF THE LUNG, ETC 125 -Dropsy of the Ltinp ir-i^-o ;^ • i valvular and othe'diseas^;Tf\h heaT'x^o oe7cu '• "' Fever of I»resZfF^.^''T^nZ"ZtTT' '''f'"'^ gives way and the blood esclpfnT rales the ZIT"""^ Asthma in Dogs.-A spasmodical affection of the circular muscular fibres of the bronchial tubeT occurr n^ m paroxysms with irregular intervals and associated w^h corpulence and disordered digestion, distended ^ run ^dnrs^ oTtngtt?:?rheS^ — - 126 THE farmer's veterinary adviser out in the advanced stages. A slight cough becomes frequent, hard and sonorous, with habitually labored breathing aggravated at intervals so as to threaten suffo- cation. Then the patient stands with open mouth, pen- dent tongue and staring eyeballs, panting for breath and having his condition rendered still more threatening by every change of position or cause of excitement. The frequency and severity of the attacks serve as a means of estimating the danger of the patient. In the intervals between these paroxysms may be noticed signs of in- digestion, in a variable appetite, perhaps vomiting, a tumid tympanitic (bloated) abdomen, constipation and piles. The skin is dry, harsh and bald in patches, the teeth covered with tartar and the breath foetid. Treatment. — i. During a paroxysm. — Cause to inhale ether, chloroform, the fumes of burning stramonium or of burning paper which has been steeped in a strong solu- tion of nitre; or one or two teaspoonfuls of laudanum with 2 oz. castor-oil may be thrown into the gut as an injection. Or if there is reason to suspect overloading of the stomach shake a grain of tartar emetic on the tongue. 2. In tJic intervals between the paroxysms. — Check any existing bronchitis or pneumonia as advised in the earlier pages of the book, and restrict to a very moderate diet of oat meal or corn meal mush, with skim-milk or butter- milk. Exercise well but in no case for three hours after feeding. Give a laxative of castor-oil twice a week. Wash frequently with soap, drying afterward by rubbing, and brush daily. A daily sedative (stramonium, tartar emetic,) is beneficial, but in advanced stages and weak conditions, vegetable tonics (quinia, gentian,) will be de- manded. Heaves— Broken Wind. — This is closely allied to asthma, but is more continuous in its symptoms, and less paroxysmal. Causes. — Overfeeding on clover hay, sainfoin, lucern and allied plants : on chaff, cut straw and other bulky and innutritions food. In Arabia, in Spain, and in California ivhere there is no long winter feeding on hay, and in our HEAVES-BROKEN WIND. i erntories where clover i« ♦. unknown; it has advanced west "'^^^^^ \''"^^ '' ^''•^"^"y clover hay has been introduced as fh^" '" Proportion as horses, and it has disapneareH 1 I , ^^""^'''^ ^^'^^^'^ ^^r land in proportion asThe 'olf h k"^^^^''"^ ^"^ NewEnl as other ali„,ent had to b^supphed'^^^^^ fons are when a horse is left Tt ' t J'^^/^^^^t condi- weeks eating clover hnv^reVen^^^^^^^^^ days and I^ay of other kinds, to ti^; extent o?T'^'^^'"*'^^ ^^"^ty ^vards daily, and is suddenlv taL^ '^^'r>'P°""^^a,'d up- rapid pace. Violent ev. r?; r " """^ ^"^ ^Iriven at i ortl. lungs are aLo fS^t^nrcr/s"!^ i''"'^ ^'--- of old horses, but nia^ attLl the rll ''?''"'>^^ ^^'^^^^e I^nially, horses with smni m . ^°^^ of two years old ti- disease proves L'Slarr "" ""' ^-^^ef and thl'' each expiratory act thi;/bern"'l!;f "'r^^ ^^^"'^' ^^^^ abdomnial walls and then afte? . ' ^ ^"'"^ in .f the nsnig of the posterior oart of H P^^f^ptible interval a empt>^ngofrhe chest^a so a W J ^' ""^^''^ '''^ "^audible cough, followed by a whe. "^^y^ ^eak, almost occurring in paroxysms when ^oIonH "' '^' '^'''^'' ^"d brought from the stable into the cold ^ exercised, when of cold water. The breatW T,"^ ^''' ^'^^^^'"''^ drink wheezing noise above all ev den? '! ''^^^P^^Panicd by a cited by work, or whai he et ;\^'"r'^" ^^^^'^"^ ^"^ ex! the chest. Indigestion is also . I ^^^'^"^ °" ^^'^ ^icle of manifested by a^-avenous nneti>;;''"'"'"^ '>^'"P^«'^' ^"d by the frequent passaZ ;Wetite, even for filthy litter often by svvelling'aT3?um in':;' ^''°'" the bowe'is,;nc; 'j^en. IVhen string o^a Wn?' h""" °^^^^ ^^^^do- dung very frequently at first ''and l '^'' '"^^"^^^ P^^s distance may go much better ThJ ''"^'^^^^h-ng some are soft and flSbby and t!"" nin H "'"''"^^'' ^>'«tems ^vork. Frequent ag^rava ion of H?''" '''^''^^y '" '-^^tive seen ni connection with ovXh-^ ^^ -^y^^Ptoms may be a hot, close stable a thirl ^ stomach, costiveness severe day's work' "' '""''^-y atmosphere, or a very hyTestJct-''''''!,-"^^ ^' temporarilv n^.,)..^ ^, . • , , y r.stnct.ua m d.et, abstinence fron, vvaterind tt ':« I 128 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. of sedatives, but there remains an unnatural action of the nostrils, and a full drink of water, and above all a free supply of water and hay will bring back the symptoms in all their intensity. Treatment. — Turning out on natural pastures or feed- ing cornstalks or other laxative food will relieve, and even cure mild and recent cases. Feeding on dry grain with carrots, turnips, beets, or potatoes and a very limited supply of water will enable many broken-winded horses to do' a fair amount of work in comfort Hay should never be allowed except at night, and then only a hand- ful clean anu rweet. The bowels must be kept easy by laxatives (sulphate of soda 2 or 3 oz.), the stable well aired, and sedatives (digitalis, opium, belladonna, hyos- cyamus, stramonium, lobelia,) used to relieve the oppres- sion. If a white discharge from the nose co-exists tonics should be given as for chronic bronchitis, to which wild- cherry bark may be added. Tar water as the exclusive drink is often useful and a course of carminatives (gin- ger, caraway, cardamoms, fennel, fcenugrec,) may be added with advantage. But nerve tonics and above all arsenic in 5 grain doses daily, and continued for a month or two, are especially valuable. No broken-winded horse should have food or water for from one to two hours before going to work. The following recipe has been highly recommended for heaves : iJE^ oz. laudanum, i^^ oz. pure ether, i pint raw linseed oil. Mix well. Dose the whole in severe cases ; in mild cases half the above. Bleeding from the Lungs. — May occur in any of our domestic animals as a result of excessive plethora, over-exertion, disease of the heart 01 tuberculosis. If in limited quantity, the blood comes from the nostrils and mouth of a light red and frothy and with coughing. If in greater amount it may fill the bronchial tubes and cause death suddenly by suffocation without much escape by the nose. Treatment, — When brought on by severe exertion per- fect rest and quiet walk will check. Keeping the head PARASITES IN THE m-PER AIR PASSAGES. lig Opium benefits bvcfeckin J r"^'. *"'''• "^ "^eful cas« acetate of lead emof nf^ ""'^''' ^!"^ '" °''^«n«= muriateofiron o, oil nf^" '>^^' "'^^"'°' """"^ "' rally three t ,„es% Hal "^k"""" ""^ ''' ^iven inter- Glauber salts and keTn ;„ ^' , ""P™ costiveness with least a fortnight ^ ""'■ '"'y P''«^« =" «« for at (CEstrus 0'^)\tiJf'di;o3i s t, n? f ' r^'' ^^"^"^ margin of the nostril, wheC t c eps upTnt^fh^ ""? Sinuses. It stavQ fh*»r« ^ • ^'^^P^ "P into the nasal often pro4ng ha™ esTb,^s3e-^' winter and spring, ritatio!;, redn^ess of the no I kal'^'rwhlt?"^ *""''' "' lent discharge, with dulne« inH =? , ^' ■""'^o-puru- disease of the brain Tn^""'' ""P""' f™™ sympathetic •he sheep should brfedsauT^m hv '"\'''^ "^ ""^ "j' bored in a log. the surfa J if ■.™'?' ' ™-'"=h augur holes so that thev let a rir.lf„ '""'• " ""=*'•«'' "-"h tar, less sati ISo'ry method s^toTuTn """ J'"^*" P^^'''^^ ^ ture so that tL ir '"™."P ^^ '"'•■•ow in the pas- grotnd when Inacked." "'^ ""' '""'• ""^^ "''°">e larv^toTtre'i^i:^ LSod"""'"^^" *-P' *^ salt, vinegar or Z^P^^^^T:^:^^^ ^^^ by ln"ee i*": ""FoVruch 'as'^em';?; 'r.' ''''' ^^ ^ipd^al!;VnTi;x;tLL^:s^^^^^^ HvIstrraTsin^^r^"^^^^^^^^^^^ mesenteric glands of sheep and other lrWvl"''i'," "" b;ruriro?:-r™^4-£'^^^^^^^^^^^ — r .r,.^i,i,ii,jg tiic sinus 130 THE FARMICR'S VETERINARY ADVISKR. Parasites in the Lower Air Passages.— The most common arc the different forms of round worms, which in certain animals (lambs, calves, pigs, birds,) may assume the dimensions of a plague, and cause enormous yearly losses to a country. The sheep, goat, dromedary and m#'/ harbor two round woims i\\ their air passages and lungs : the small Stron- gyliis Filaria, a thread-like worm of one to three and one-half inches long, and S. Rnfcscens of considerably greater length. The calf, horse, ass and mule have the Strongyliis Micrurus of from one and one-half to three inches long. The pig, the Strongylns Elongatus of eight lines to one and one-half inches long. Finally the bird {hen, turkey, pheasant, black stork, magpie, hooded croiv, green wood-pecker, starling, swift, etc.,) have the Syngamus Trachealis, male one eighth inch, and female one-half to five-eighths inch in length, always found united together, so that the male appears like a process from the neck of the female. The Strojigyli in their mature condition inhabit the air passages within the lungs, but they may be reproduced dther in or out of the body. In the first mode the female worm creeps into an air cell and there encysts herself, and produces eggs or young worms already hatched, or she dies and the myriad eggs, hatching out amid the debris, the young worms finally migrate into the adjacent air passages, grow to maturity, and reproduce their kind. In the second mode the impregnated female worm is ex- pelled by coughing, and perishes in water or in moist earth or on vegetables, and the eggs, escaping from her decomposing remains, may lie unhatched for months, or even a }car, or, in genial "leather, may rapidly open and allow the escape of the almost microscopic embryo worms. These, in their turn, may live an indefinite length of time in the water, or moist soil, or on vegetables, and only begin to grow to their mature condition when taken in by a suitable host with food or water. This is true of those of the sheep, goat and camel, of that of the ox. horse and ass, and of that of the pig. Only those of the sheen- once introdur.ed into the system, will main- N... VKRMINOUS BR0KC„ms-HOOSE-„„SK. ,3, Thatofthlox,er on^thST '>'<' ^^ t-^'ken in be expelled, and therefor. °ft " ^^."^■ '^ ■""'•e likely to a limited period "'"'''°'^- ""^ '"fests its host but fo? tor];tf^?tr body'^b^u^'tis''?,?^"''?^ ""^ -- »- Studied. ^' ^"^ ^^'^ ^as not been so carefully ™Sl%ta?^l\tif;::f^t'tb'" ''- -^" *"- to die that the eges maThF 1 / "^^^^ "^ "hen about the air passages fh^ey S ?? ^'^^ ^^^^ ^"f. hatched, l"„' to pneumonia and dlMsitf rlc '"""^hit.s, in the lungs distinguishable under the mlr'"'''l"S '"bercles, bS? the elliptical eggs a'n" t': ZL^Zl^j::'' P^^^^^ "' 4' nff rCeh^,!''^'^^ ■•■^'"^'s th^alr passages, and AithVugh^Td tiSt;?- -?f '■^'t' '° '"^ ^-"^• P-e much less destructi::rd%5: X'^uXctf &i:^trd''tf L^HF'hS sH'^lr worms, either singly or Tolled "F''k'* .T ~ntaining ?t first only a sliht*^ather h^i, ''""'"^'- There it '"•egular intervals^ fherefoiS T^^ ''"P^^^d ^t embarrassed breathini/rn^ 'ollows dry, staring coat 'he cough becomes Zuentl?„""'' T^^''^«°" ^ -th expectoration ofl"ucu?a™"S^"^,^"^«'"S. 's soft, loose and wheezinfr on^^S ' .^^^ the cough hide-bound, with sunken efes and n.P'lt"' '« ^^^1 membranes, dropsical c;,;^^li; I P^^^' ^^'" or Puffv °^ belly, and no Tppeti'e ' K .T'^ '^^ J^^«' S WfromitsfellovTia*corn."^''''^"^^>^ ^^ ^^"nd ^••ed with flies and sinking rS °' ""^^" ^ ^ree, cov- and death. Inie^t^nd wf-r^'^^ '"^° ^^^^^'"^ debili.l « e„t.nal worms ^.n cattle, 6Vw,^/^ ^^ 13" THE FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER V retracanthum, Ascaris Megalocephala Oxynris uir two or three months, and recovery n^^.^^^f P^,^f , ,^^^ Prevention.— In localities and countries to which the diseased new the parasite should be killed out by the "uous^medical'treatment of the d^-- VaiioToi nr if necessary their destruction, and the separation oi s'me kind%r allowed access to water used by such s'tock Sh;ep. goats or pigs may be sa ely fed on such and Avoid^iver-stocking. Drain the land to clear off pools or wet spots. Keep the young stock from infested orsuspected pastures while wet with devy or rain and from dover or allied plants, which, by their moisture are^iable to harbor the worm. Su.spected beass should be W apart from the healthy and from healthy pas- tures until subjected to thorough and continuous treat- r^ent The carcases of the dead should be very deeply bur"ed or better, the lungs and windpipe removed and burned to ashes.' All exposed arflmals should be weu fed on a diet including dry grain, and should be allowed salt to Hck at will, this being destructive to the young ''Ti/;«^^.-Feed liberally on linseed cake, rape cake, cotton cake, roots, maize, oats, beans or other sound nu- ?r?t ous diet to which may be added a mixture in equ 1 parts of sulphate of iron, gentian and ginger, m propoi- ^on of four^ounces to eve?y ten calves of three month^. To destroy the intestinal worms, give every morning. fasting a tablespoonful of table salt or an equal amount VEKMINOUS BRONCHITIS. ,,, ofoilofturpcntine shaken up with mJIt r .1 , parasites, place the iff^r^Jr\ • , . ^^^ '^'^ Junfj and burn pinch after nlnc^ '" ^ ^'°^^ buildinf piece or p?per'lJd'':;P"tn'sho7erintiU^^^^^ ^" ^ much charged with the fnm^= . .t ' ^'' ^^^^ ^"" ^^ as coughingvilenlrThead^ns r7 ''" ^ear without theminthebuildhigtoavofdaccd^^^^^^^ ""^f ''">' ^^'^^ apph'cation for half an hour n A /• V""^ ''^^P "P ^he peated several davsn.- ^^ ^ ^'"'^^ It should be re- week forseveal weeks oasTo kiil?.' '^ '""''''''^^ ^' ^ they are hatched out in succVssivl h J^""^.^^'''^^ ^' all cough and excitement- of h^ I ^"J^"^'' ^"^ "^^ until the animal be considered °s safe tn"^-^""^ P'-^^?^ ^^^^^ go on a healthy pasture. ""*^ ""''^^ °^^^^^ ^'^ ^o those in the calf. Therels a short T "^""^^'•P^'-t of with a frothy discharg^frl tt ^os/^^^^^^^^^ '^"^^h, or their eggs, loss of annXI j^°"^^'"'"§^ ^orms shedding o? dryTn^andTf/i'^P'r r^^'"^^' diarrhcea. thirst and irre^uTa? or denr'! 7^ °^ '^' ^"^°'' ^^^^•^•^-ve disposition to eat earth Ti''^^?^'*'''^^^ ^^'"^ ^ cough becomes very harassin:^nd%fH"''' '''^'' '""^ suffocation. IntesLal n! " ,> / c'' ""^^ ^"'"^ ^''^"^ Taenia Expansa, and Skof t^^^^ ffyPostomu,:, -e even rSore nume^o^ufa^ inl^S Tha" n^^^^^^^^ Prevention All th^ .^^ -juiJuus tnan m calves. in calves wilUppl! eouaX ?' I'l^ f"'"'^^- ^°'" ^^^ ^''^ease that thepara4'e?L?l^etTheepToar ? ^^'7---. camel, so that thev ax^U?L,^?'F^^'^^''^^^^''y^^^ feted pastures mZ K "^ r^"'^ ^^ ''^P^ ^P^''^' ^^hile in- assesofm Tes Nath,l.^f ^j; ^T^^^^ ^^^^'^- Worses. ing the eTririamt in r/ i^K '^" ""^^'^•"^ ^y keep- th? late ones undl autumn ' ^^t ^T^^ ""^'^ ^ay, and places on roots and ho' ^^ ^"^^'"^ '" the same f^-eding and a free acce^sVV'l^'"'^^''"- ^^""^^^^ ^^V 7^rm/;«.^/i¥hisTs nr ° .' 1 Trf "'P^^^^^^y ^^^•'-^bli^ The tonic mixture AVon^^^^ the same as for calves. mixture (iron, gmger and gentian.) may be 134 TFTE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. ^iven to the extent of two ounces to every ten three months lambs daily. For the intestinal parasites, a tea- spoonful each of salt and oil of turpentine may be given in milk every second day, before eating if possible. Fumigate precisely as for the calf. Symptoms of Verminous Bronchitis in Pigs.— Rayer and Bellingham supposed these parasites to be harmless to pigs, but my experience agrees with that of Dcguileme, that they will accumulate in such numbers as to cause bronchitis and death. The symptoms are es- sential) v the same as in other animals— the coughing up of worms and eggs being the only reliable evidence of the disease. Prevention and treatment a.e essentially the. same as for lambs and calves. Symptoms in Birds— Gapes.— Young turkeys or chickens a few days old frequently open the mouth wide and gasp for breath, sneeze and make efforts at swallow- ing. These movements become more constant and severe, breathing is oppressed and wheezing, and the lit- tle patients grow languid and dispirited, droop and die. It is especially prevalent on old-established farms with large flocks of fowls. Treatment.— 1\\Q worms may be partly removed by a feather stripped of all its plumes except at the tip, or still better bv a horse-hair twisted up so as to have a very fine loop. The mouth being opened the feather or hair is passed into the opening seen in the middle of the tongue, pushed to the lower end of the windpipe, turned round several times and withdrawn, when a few worms will be found attached. It may be repeated at intervals and is still more effectual if the instrument is first dipped in oil, salt water, or a weak solution of carbolic acid, to- bacco or sulphurous acid. The treatment is only par- tially successful as it fails to remfbve worms lodged in the bronchial tubes or air sacs. Cobbold made an incision in the windpipe and extracted the worms with forceps, while Bartlett succeeds with turpentine smeared on the CAPES '35 neck-and which is, of course inhal^H A are ^senaStroS:::^;"" "' """''''-'^ ''^^ petroleum. S.^ected w-,^ -r J, .T'^'"-?"'''""'-- •"■''I "^ Avoi.l all rrcr, food frnr! T'' '',' "'('''■•■■Id or boik^d casscs of the de:,d ™ rSb ;;iS^'^'y"':;"'r ,'^"^' ^- ra.sed safel,- indoors on the S inSted^a.™!"'^'^' '" CHAPTER VI. DISEASES OF THE HEART. Frequency in differeni animals. General Symptoms. Palpita- tion, thumps. Displacement of the heart. Cyanosis. Enlargement, hypertrophy. Wasting, atrophy. Dilation. Pericarditis inflam- mation of the heart-sac. Endocarditis, inflammation of the lining membrane of the heart. Carditis, inflammation of the structure of the heart. Chronic disease of the valves. Fatty degeneration of the heart. Tumors and parasites of the heart. Rupture of the heart. These are tnuch more common in domestic animals than is generally supposed. Though protected in ani- mals from the strain consequent on the upright position of man and excessive mental efforts, the heart suffers from the severe physical exertions of dogs and horses and in all animals from its contiguity to diseased lungs -xnd pleuivx, from the increased force accessary to propel . le blood through the lungs or general circulation when '' .ease ofi"ers mechanical obstructions, and above all '.>.ni the settling of rheumatism on its valves and other fiorous textures. Dairy cows suffer greatly from pins^^ needles, and other sh'arp-pointed bodies swallowed with the food and afterward directed toward the heart by its movements. High-bred oxen, ?heep, pigs, and even pampered horses are very subject to fatty degeneration ot the muscular substance of the heart and consequent dilatation of its cavities. General Symptoms of Heart-Disease.— i. The pulse in full grown animals at rest may be set down as follows per minute:-— horse 36 to 46 ; ox 38 to 42, or in a hot building or with full paunch, 70: sheep, goat, and pig 70 to 80; dog 80 to 100; cat 120 to 140; goose 1 10; pigeon 136; chicken 140. In old age it niay be five less in large quadrupeds and twenty or tliirty in ?mall ones. Youth sr.d small size imply a greater (136) GENERAL SYMPTOMS OF HEART DISEASE. I37 rapidity : The new-born foal has a pulse three times as frequent as the horse, the six-months colt double and the two-year old one and a quarter. It is increased by hot, close buildings, exertion, fear, a nervous tempera- I, The descending vein. 2, The ascending vein, r The rieht vemricie^'c Th^P-T^ bet-veenthe right a?ricle and he gh ventricle. 5, The right ventncle. 6, The tricuspid valves 7 The pulmonary artery. 8, 8, The branches of the pulmonary alteJ; that KarVary;f'\'o"'TEl^i""^-- 9, The semZar valv'eT ofSp'ul- Tart M tL I'J^ ^"'"'?" ^^*'^^^" t^^ *^^o ventricles of the neart. n, The pulmonary veins. 12, The left auricle n The opemng between the left auricle and ventricle. 14, The ieft Jentri! SVe/^S^ao;;?^"'^"' '^'^^' The aorta, z 7, The semilunar ment and pregnancy. In large quadrupeds there is a monthly increase of four to five beast per minute after r.l;A ) ""^"^ •• Independently of such conditions a rapid pulse implies fever, inflammation or debility.^ The f.vJl^'' pulse may be felt wherever a considerable artery passes borLrnf^f^f'^ bone: thus on the cord felt running across the thi k1 -5® lower jaw just in front of its curved portion: beneath .il »r^ ?u^^ '^^'''^ extends upward from the eye: in horses in- side^the elbow: in cattle over the middle of the first rib or beneath thigh" '° "°^^ '^ * groove running down the inner side of the 138 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. force of the pulse varies in the different species in health, thus it is full and moderately tense in the horse ; smaller and harder in the ass and mule ; full, soft and rolling in the ox ; small and quick in sheep ; firm and hard in swine ; and firm and with a sharp (quick) beat in dogs and cats. In disease it may become more frequent, slow, quick (with sharp impulse), tardy (with slow, roll- ing movement), /////, strong; zvcak, small (when thread- like but quite distinct), hard (when with jarring sensa- tion), soft (when the opposite), oppressed (when the artery is full and tense but the impulse jerking and difficult as if the flow were obstructed), jerking and receding (when with empty, flaccid vessel it seems to leap forwa»-d at each beat), intermittent (when a beat is missed at regular intervals), unequal (when some beats are strong and others w ak), irregular (when without any distinct in- termission for a period equal to an entire beat the inter- vals between successive beats vary in length). Beside these a peculiar thrill is usually felt with each beat in very weak, bloodless states. Of these the jerking, intermittent, unequal and irre- gular pulses are especially indicative of heart-disease. The jerking pulse is associated with disease of the valves at the commencement of the great aorta which carries blood from the left side of the heart, and is ac- companied by a hissing or sighing noise with the second heart sound. The intermittent pulse implies functional derangement of the heart but not necessarily disease of structure. The unequal and irregular pulse is met in cases of fatty degeneration, div"'P['''^>^ ^^'■°^^' ^^e arterial anJ'ief f/f ^^''^' ^^.f"^ of the vessel may be sought t^ th soft parS'bene ^''^^''l "^^>^ '^^ P^^^^ through and tied over a corfnl'' ^I '^\"^^ °^ ^ ^"^^^^ "^^^le, It niay beuntwfsted^n^ h' °" '-^^ '"''^^^^ °^ ^he skin Or - n.H?.^"^ '^'*^^" out in twenty-four hours and^rrdualt:."''^ ^^ ^^'^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^-P 6^" Po"nt atedfornD?es^/"n^^^^^^ ^"Ik (gradu- ^ith an iron St a dull red h;at ' °'^^'' "'>^ ~ ^ ^^^"^^^ ffl; 148 THE, farmer's veterinary advise Tearing, stretching, twisting and scraping through arte- ries usually lead to retraction of their coats and complete closure, and these measures are sometimes adopted to check haemorrhage. Arteritis. — Inflammation of an artery may be exter- nal or internal according as it affects the fibrous sheath or the inner lining membrane. In the external inflam- mation there may be little danger, even if matter is formed, as the vessel will continue to transmit the blood so long as its inner coat is sound. But in internal inflam- mation the blood coagulates, layer after layer, on its inner surface until the channel becomes impervious. This may cut off the blood entirely from the part to which the artery was distributed, leading to loss of power and sub- stance, and in the case of the limbs to a lameness, which comes on whenever the animal is exercised, and increases with the exertion, but disappears with a short rest of ten or twenty minutes. Or small clots may be loosened from the mass and passing on block smaller trunks, causing circumscribed inflammation at distant parts. 6a«.f^^.— Over-stretching of arteries. Plugging by clots from the heart in endocarditis, or from inflamed veins. Wounds, parasites, etc. Symptoms. — Loss of muscular power and coldness of ihe parts beyond the seat of plugging, extreme tender- ness over the line of the vessel at the inflamed point, and sometimes general fever. Treatment. — Perfect rest, warm fomentations, laxatives, (horse, ox and sheep, linseed oil or Glauber salts ; pig and dog, castor oil,) and afterward diuretics and sedatives. The persistence of the plugging and lameness must be met by patience, the animal being turned into a small yard or paddock where he can take gentle exercise and live well, until the collateral vessels have had time to en- large and carry on the circulation. Three or four months will sometimes secure a tolerable recovery. Dilatations of the Arteries.— Aneurisms.-- These are mostly seen in the horse among domestic DISEASES OF VEINS, , ,q an artery, or ^v'eTjfe^^^^^^ of the vessels are m.rh? r'^u. ^"J""^' ^^ ^^^ walls aneurism than in man L ''%^^t '^ *^^ '^"ovvecl by of the blood "and tl'^e^dy f:rmal^„^or'" P'^^^'^'^'' coagulable lymph. Thev are sofT fl^. .-^ ^^''T"^ °-' tumors,^ffaceable hv nS u ' ^"^^uating, pulsating Being Sy situatL^?n?"'''',^"' reappearing at once^ DISEASES OF VEINS . Sro7-?-Jj'-^^^^^^ ^'-° '-e escape o, together by a ,SS tow twi^'.'^H"* '"'^l' \"'' '^'"8 *«"< the pin i„ t^ke fo^of th^fi"™': s" Or J'' 'T -"""^ °< be paced near m.^t, ^fif^ j ", ^"^ several pms may therS and from pin to pt in'^tt'"^' ''" '"'^^^^ ^^""^ may be tied, but this rfsks the n^ '^""^ '''^?"^*- ^^^'^^ less you kniw that there is a freeT'^ ^/ ^''T^ """ collateral trunks Thevm- > circulation of other until the wound is close^dS^' compressed for a rime compress be"ng used or thl '^""P^- ^ "'"^P^^ P^^ ^"d vised for arterifs ' ^ ''^"^^^ ^'''^ ^"^^ ^^^^ as ad- p ISO THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER ' 19 Symptoms. — Swelling of the wound, gaping and red- ness of the lips, and the formation of a hard painful cord along the line of the vein in an upward direction where the blood is necessarily stagnant- and in contact with the clot already formed. The exudation may be fibri- nous with a tendency to contraction and obliteration of the vein, or suppuration may occur, in which case the matter must escape externally. Clots may be detached and washed on to plug the arteries in the lungs, and rouse pneumonia, or perfect recovery may take place with loss of the vein, and a tendency to swellir*g of the part from which it comes, when that is in a dependent position. Treatment. — If from an inflamed wound after bleed- ing, take out the pin, remove hair, pus, clotted blood or other irritant, and foment with warm water. Then rub in, at an inch distant from the wound and along the course of the hardened vein, an active blister (Spanish flies 2 drs., lard i oz.,) and tie the animal to the two sides of the stall, so that he cannot rub the part. If a vein is lost in the neck, never again turn out to grass. Diffuse Phlebitis. — Resulting from an irritated or poisoned external wound, or in the wound after parturi- tion, is usually fatal, the clots forming on the inflamed lining membrane being washed on in greater or less amount, to set up inflammation in the lungs and else- where. Dilated (Varicose) Veins. — These are common over the d'.stended hock joint m bog spavin, and I have seen them in the posterior tibial and other veins, but they are rarely or never injurious. Entrance of air into Veins. — If veins are vj^^ened in the lower part of the neck or elsewhere in the vicinity of the chest the suction -power may draw in air in such quanti<-y as to work the blood in the heart into a frothy mass, and block the minute vessels in the lungs, causing sudden death* There is heard a. gurgling sound as it DISEASES OF THE LYMPHATICS. 15, animals falls in a faint Thl H • ""^'' ^^'^^ the '•s usually supposed, as it takes sTJZ '" "°' "^ ^''^^^ ^^ .ntroduced to kill k horse c^'f^^ '^''-' suddenly to close promptly all Zrte vS? "^^"'.^'te. however, of the chest. ^ ^^ ''^'"^ ^P^^e'J i" the vicinity I^fSEAS£S OF THE L YMPHA TICS. ,,^^f ^£?^NGITIS-lNFLAMMATION OF THE Lvmp„. TICS.— This occurs in two fnr,,,. -LYMPha- disease and the other T simnl I ""? ^^^^^nstitutional initation of a wound or hT^h '^l-^^''''°" ^^^ to n.atter. """^ ^''^ absorption of poisonous Constitutional form— Weed-Sitot n. r^ -This IS seen mainly in he^v,! 1/ u ^ .^^ Grease horses, kept at hard fvork orheivrfe^d' ^^'\-'^^^-^ midst of this left in the staH for f7 ^u"^' ^"^ '" the out any exercise or change of feed xV^^'f ^^^' ^'^h- on Monday mornin- or after nnl '^ '' ^^'^'^^^ tha. have kept the fersesin door" VZl '''""'T '^>'^ sudden access of plethora hn?Tf- ^^'^ ''^'"^^ ^^ a circumstances in over S^^^^ "^,1?^ ^^^"'' '" similar In either case it is due to an t ^'*• '"''"'^^ ^°''^^^- of deleterious produc s that .hn m"^''"V" ^'^^ ^^^^d off by exercise ^ '^°"^^ ^^^^ been worked bufvr4'T"ve7e''!:r7h" ^''^^^'"^ ^^ ^ ---bie extent breathiy^pid i^d'^r U^eSl ^ '^ ^T'^^^^^^ "1 one or both linih/ P S^"^'^* f'=^«'' and stiffiiess f'oin, by the side "of' rte^he'aT: -'""dd '^^'"."P '" ""-■ Jar.q:ement and greit f^nL ^ udder, detects en- ^he patient usually -.^^^^^^ '^' '"§^"'"^1 glands, ■''e seems ready to fall oJX ^"^,^^^'"8^ out his limb til ^h'lenn, give! ^laS^t^t irt's'^.t^^^^ r'^T *^^ and sweats, and the linih .,1^.? fu^ ' *^^ ^"""^^^e burns 152 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. two three or four times its natural size. If allowed to go on, abscess, sloughing and unhealthy sores may re- sult the patient may perish, or the fever may subside, leaving the limb permanently thickened to almost any extent and correspondingly liable to future attacks. Trcatmcnt.—UM cases may be entirely restored by giving the animal a fair amount of exercise. In those that are somewhat more severe, a smart purgative (aloes 6 to 8 drs.) must be given, warm fomentations apphed continuously to the limb, and walking exercise enforced as soon as the patient can be made to move. The pur- gation should be followed up by active diuretics (nitre, iodide of potassium,) and when the inflammation has somewhat subsided tincture of iodine may be applied over the swollen glands. In the worst cases in vigorous plethoric subjects a prompt effect should be secured by a free bleeding from the jugular, until the pulse is soft- ened and the same treatment followed out as in other cases' Diet should be light and laxative (bran-mashes, roots, scalded hay, etc.,) and the water given with the chill off. ^ . , 1 r J- For the chronic thickening of the leg, regular feedmg and exercise, a bandage smoothly applied from the foot up when in the stable, the application of tincture of iodine every four days to the limb, and the internal use of tonics (iron, Peruvian bark, columba, gentian, nux vomica, etc.,) and diuretics (iodide of potassium, liquor of acetate of ammonia,) will be beneficial. Some use vcratrum. Local Form.— This results mainly from wounds, bruises (saddle or shoulder scalds), from injuries of un- yielding parts (pricked foot, tendon or fascia), and above all from the absorption of putrefying animal matter or other poison by these vessels. The same occurs from the specific poisons of glanders, farcy, etc. There are slightly swollen cords (red in white skins) extending along the course of the lymphatics and veins from the Doint of irritation or noisoning ; nodular painful enlarge- ment of the lymphatic glands along their course, and DISEASES OF THE LYMPHATICS. ,53 may leave induration of fh. li ^ "'^ suppuration, it and surroundinrnarts or^ ^^^""f'' °^ ^^^" ^^e vessels made. ^ ^ ' °' "^ P^'^^""^ recovery may be water I qt.) If th^inX^maln^uSt "h^ '>' '^•• be expedient to use warm poul ices to 117^ ^ ""^'"^ with^the lancet. If ?hT affeSnT" ^"'^=""' ^-^'^ threatens permanent induraH^n^,. -T" ^^"""'^ '"^ subjects. iod!a?S. ^%t aS^ '■» --^ A SICK HORSE, CHAPTER VIIl. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. Their frequency and gravity in different animals. Stomatitis. Inflammation of the mouth- of the palate— of the gums— of the tongue. Thrush, Aphthous Stomatitis. Mercurialism. Wart on the^lips. Laceration of the tongue. Cysts under the tongue. Tumors of the mouth. Cancroid of the lips. Cancer of the tongue. Supernumerary teeth. Wolf teeth. Parrot-mouth. Crib-biting, wind-sucking. Displaced teeth, overgrown and uneven teeth. Carious teeth. Disease of the membranes of the teeth. Tartar on teeth. Dentition-fever. Salivation, slobbers. Salivary calculi. Salivary fistula. Inflammation of the parotid gland. Choking. Stricture and dilatation of the gullet. Impaction of the crop. Tym- pany in cattle. Hoove. Bloating. Overloaded paunch. Impac- tion of the third stomach. Gastritis in cattle. Indigestion in oxen. Indigestion in calves. Iambs and foals. White scour. Acute gas- tric indigestion in the horse. Acute intestinal indigestion in the horse. Windy colic. Impaction of the large intestines in horses. Chronic indigestion — catarrh of the stomach and bowels ia horses. Vomiting. Depraved appetite. Foreign bodies in the stomach and intestines. Spasmodic colic. Acute haemorrhagic enteritis. Acute muco-enteritis. Croupous enteritis. Inflammation of the rectum. Diarrhoea, scouring. Dysentery. Obstruction of the bowels— impaction, invagination, volvulus, etc. Hernia— diaphrag- matic, mesenteric, umbilical, inguinal, femoral, ventral, vaginal. Eversion of the rectum. Piles. Fistula in anus. Imperforate anus. Peritonitis. Ascites. Gastric and Intestinal parasites. Diseases of the Digestive Organs.— The impor- tance of these diseases in the domestic animals follows an ascending series from the carnivora, through the om- nivora and solipeds to the ruminants. The small capa- city of the digestive organs in carnivora (dog and cat), the completion of the greater part of the digestive pro- cess in the stomach, and the facility with which vomiting is accomplished sufficiently account for their compara- tive immunity. Pigs stand next in these respects, and last come the herbivora, with their enormously long and capacious digestive organs, the slow digestion as the food passes through the bowels, and the difficulty of (154) INFLAMMATION OF THE MOUTH. 155 Jmpossibility f getting quit of irritating agents bv vomiting In the ox and sheep there iS thffurther comphcation of the four stomachs, the first three of which are little more than macerating and tritSn/ cavities, and in which an enormous bulk of food is con? smually stowed away. From their rapid collection and twailowing of food, poisonous, irritating and unnatural objects appear more liable to be taken in by oxen whL horses suffer more from hurried feeding and from hard work immediately after feeding. Horses, too suffer much from faults in watering, as excess of cold water when hot and fatigued, causing stomachic and inteS congestions, an excess after feeding grain, washint tLt on undigested to ferment in the bowel, oic AgSn^U of the herbivora are especially subject to digestive dt orders from food that is unnaturally grown, o? spolLd fn harvesting so that m unfavorable seasons affections of the stomach and bowels may spread like an epizootk. Inflammation of the MouTH.-Caus.s.-Mechani- caland chemical rritants. There may be wound bruise.s. injuries with bit or switch, irritant vegetables scalding food, snake and leech bites, stings of^fnsects injuries from ropes tied round the lower jaw and tongue fronri giving " weak lye " and other irritants esDeciSuv to the horse, which can resist swallowing liquidsTs on^ as he chooses from pricks with thorns, needles and other sharp-pointed bodies, from cutting, decay, over-growS or irregularity of the teeth, from %ough dragginl upon the tongue, from the use of mercury an^ othefsalfvat^n^ drugs, from parasitic growths, and from some specifi? fevers (aphthous fever, rinderpest, etc.) ^'Pecinc Symptoms of General Tnflaimnation of the Mouth — Difficulty in taking in food and water Tswollfnrit.^ ender lips and cheeks ; red membrane of the r;io^h ' slavering ; saliva often fcetid ; swelling between he bones o the lower jaw ; the formation of bSso? sores inside the mouth ; and sometimes swelling of the Stands beneath the ^rc AKorf-cc nr ^,-- may result. ^^D.cess or tycn g^angrene II % 156 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER, Treatment. — Remove the cause, whether irritants in food, drugs, sharp bodies lodged in the tissues, injuries by the bit, twitch, or otherwise. If injured by lye, wash with weak vinegar ; if by acids with calcined magnesia, lime water or bicarbonate of soda ; if by caustic salts, white of tg'g, boiled linseed, slippery elm or the gluten of wheat flour. Give the same agents as a draught. If from the bite or sting of venomous animals apply ammo- nia to the part and give it internally. In all the severer animal poisons the wound should be cauterized (see canine madness). In simple inflammations open the bowels by injections of warm water with soap or other laxatives, or, if it can be done, give a mild laxative (olive oil). Wash the mouth frequently with cool astringent lotions (vinegar and water ; vinegar and honey ; borax, alum or tannic acid, honey and water ; water slightly sweetened with carbolic acid, etc.) Have fresh, cool water constantly near to drinK at will, and feed with boiled gruels, or soft mashes cold, or pulped or thinly sliced roots. Poultices beneath the throat and lower jaw are often very useful. If erosions and ulcers appear touch them repeatedly with a feather dipped in a solu- tion of 10 grains lunar caustic to i oz. distilled water. If fluctuation shows the presence of matter, lance at once. If sloughing takes place wash with a solution of perman- ganate of potassa i dr., water i pint. If there is much swelling keep the head tied up. Congested Palate. — Lampas. — A red, swollen state of the soft parts behind the upper front teeth, attendant in young animals on shedding of the teeth, or in older ' ones on digestive disorder. The taking in of food may be painful and awkward from the tender palate project- ing beyond the teeth. Treatment. — Feeding hard unshelled Indian corn has often a good effect. Scarify slightly with knife or lancet for half an inch, back from the teeth. Follow with astrin- gent lotions if necessary. If with costiveness or disorder of the stomach give a dose of physic. INFLAMMATION OF THE GUMS, ETC. ,57 partly detached and%carify theTums For tht 'l^S cau^s-diseased teeth and" .erS X^:^ ge':sixraLTo7tL''S",wI''r r/r r' in takfng in food, chewing and drink neTd a f'f^ [h^ To'.z ^'"^ °^ '^^ -"^-. whicro'?tf;,r4/r Ti bod^;Thrra;!r™tenc"a"e'd"thr ^"" ^"^ '•'"'^"' ^«^tfe,^H^£S?-i^^ flammation of the mouth "^ ^™"^' '"" -MOGu'e? °'lJ«i!f""™-APHTHOUS STOMATITIS que.,y „th a .o.ufon of h."u1phi)r ots^^dl 7tJ7c MERCURrALiSM.—Inflammation of the mouth „lr.ro retf.T;s:rriro?raV"^^^^^^^^^ but are now fortunately rare Theret"ri Tk""."'^' order of stomach and bowels loss of aDnenl", K,''^^"■ rumbling in the belly, badly digested fSs'toiu "5' grcit languor and denression 1u. u °°'^; ^"'' tincture o^f iodine or S,Torate ol^Z:"^'!^^^^"^^ potassium internally. potassa, and iodide of moTe'wTfhT.;™'' ^"5 "' ^"y ^°"""°" ■•" dogs, Re- move witn scis.sors. and nnf'-r-'-- •»'- • ? ° with a pointed .tick o?runar caustic: ' "■"^"ghly 1^8 THE FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER. Laceration of the Tongue. — Causes.— Especially common in horses from hard bits, nooses of ropes, or rough dragging with the hand. The lacerated tongue may hang from the mouth. Sew up the wound with cat- gut previously softened in water ; feed thick gruels only, and wash out the mouth frequently with a lotion of per- manganate of potassa. Any dead portion must be re- moved with the knife, but it must not encroach on the living. The whole organ may often be saved when almost entirely torn off. Cysts under the Tongue.— These are tense elastic rounded swellings, and are easily remedied by a free in- cision with the knife. Tumors in the Mouth. — These mostly grow from the gums and tongue, and may attain the size of the closed fist in the horse. Small ones may be removed with scissors, the lalrg-er with the ecrasciir. Cancroid of the Lips. — Cancf^' of the Tongue. — The former of these attacks the angle of the mouth in horses and cats as an eroded unhealthy sore with hard thickened margins ; the latter appears in horses and cattle as an increasing hard swelling with unhealthy open sore and giant cells. It should be excised when very limited. Later it is incurable. Supernumerary Teeth.— In the case of nippers or grinding teeth these should be extracted or pinched out, as they are liable to injure the gums, prln-te, cheek, or tongue. Wolf-teeth cannot be looked on as superfluous, being natural and harmless. 'They are insignificant t^eth situ- ated directly in front of the upper, and less frequently of the lower grinders. Being present during the shedding and cutting of the teeth, when recurring inflammation of the eyes is most frequent, they are in very bad odor with people who cannot see the distinction between the mere Coincidgncc and the cause and effect. They are useks'S PARROT-MOUTH— CRIB-BITING. 159 however and may be extracted without injurv-. though if broken they may irritate the gums. ^ ^ Parrot MouTH.-Abnormal length of the upoer law may lead to mordinate length of the upper fronfteiX vh.ch project over the lower like a parrot's bill If this interferes with grazing the extra length should be removed with a saw or with tooth-shears. "fiut rarrot-mo^^hed horses usually do well fed in-doors. mouthed of^'thf "te^^hTsI^^ " ^ ^'^^°^^'°" -^^- ^han a disease ot tnt teeth, these being worn away on their anterior MUZZLE FOR CRIB-BITER. n?5t'°f t? ^° f^^"^ "^°'^ ""' ^^^s Of the yellow dentine in nay, nowever, exist without crib-bitinp It inav h^ Treatment.— ■S.m^^t the front of the manner with -lo-, "f otner b.tters. Cover all exposed wood wo?rw)th sheel! i6o THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. iron. Place a small revolving rcller above the front cf the manger, so that the teeth nay at once slide off. Apply the muzzle shown in the adjoining cut. In pure wind-suckers a strap may be tied tightly round the upper part of the neck, though at the risk of inducmg roaring. Displaced Teeth.— Though loosened and partially displaced, teeth will often grow firm if at once replaced in their sockets and the animal fed for some time on soft mashes. If they cannot be returned to their natural situation they should be at once extracted, as any faulty direction wUl be a source of after trouble. Overgrown and Uneven Teeth.— The teeth of herbivora are liable to be overgrown into sharp hurtful processes along the outer margin of the upper grinders or the inner border of the lower, because the lower jaw is always narrower than the upper. In old animals and those having broken teeth, extensive over-growth will ensue from the absence of wear. In other cases a tooth is displaced and failing to meet with a tooth in the other jaw, gets overgrown, cuts the soft parts, and sets up dis- ease o{ these or of the jaw-bone. There ensue the usual symptoms of disease of the teeth, with swelling of cheek or tongue, tumefaction of the jaw or even a running sore, or a fffitid discharge from the nose. The overgrown teeth must be reduced with the tooth-rasp, cut with tooth- .shears, or with a guarded tooth-chisel. Carious Teeth. — Caries is quite common in the grinding teeth but rare in the incisors. Symptoms.—Slow, careful mastication, and dropping from the mouth of half-chewed food (hay. green fodder,) which, impelled by hunger, the animal takes in but fails to swallow. Greedy swallowing of soft food, indiges- tions and colics from imperfectly chewed aliment irritat- ing the stomach and bowels. The presence in the dung of undigested grain which has been swallowed whole. Unthrifty, staring coat, hide-bound, pale mucous mem- CARIOUS TEETH. i6i sweatf;r.n/ '''n''''^^"^f'' emaciation, and liability to The mA^: '^/^''"^> °^ *^^ ^'■'S^ ^'•e "parked features The more specific symptoms are: swellinLr of the iaw thelZ'-''' ''^^'^^' ^^"^ «^ -^" - running so e f in around tVe'T' 't ^"^ "'^^•°" °^ ^^'''^^^^y ^h^^ed food ?heek t.nH. '^' ?"u ^-^P^C'^Jly between it and the cheek tenderness of the tooth when touched or eentlv oSfe' p^i^t' ontf "^"r ''^ P^^^r^^ '' ^ biacMp^ot on kldfnJ^ frnm H '"'■^'''^' °' °^ ^" cxcavated channel. h^^y 1 ^''l '''^^''"S: surface down to the fan? oi^ filled vWthn ^';^ ""^ '^^ J"^^-^°"^' ^^'^ -^vity being aXersist^er /^""^ t"'' ""^ ^'^'"^ «"^ ^ "^^^^ offensivf fn Piece Tn.''- '?""' '"'"' '^" '°°''^ '' ^'"^k^" Ind tnrn .> f ^"^'"'"^ ^he mouth draw out the tongue TvitZll "S n'''"""" '"^^ J^^^^' '' better keep the jfws apart with a bailing ircn. If the diseased tooth belongs ^hL7K J"^. ^'^^f^^'-ge from the nose, which with its JW have led to Yh'^i"^'"^"^ °' '^'' ^^^"^^ beneath the Ijl^^dered destruction of many such horses as ^uS'c£''o,7r^'" '^''^'^ u"^"^^ inflammation of the ben fl.f? i^ ^ '^ ""^""'^y °^ ^^^ t^oth with the aid of a ^oft bran m. h^''' f^ ^'^""S^ ^'^^ ^ent nozzle, feed cine /horsT ff'' ''"^^' '"^ ?''^" ^ ^°^^ of laxative medi- Te and nl •?' ''^,°'' '^"^P' ^"^Ph^^^ «^ magnesia; cold for a fX;^H ^^ = ^ wk"' '^l ^""^^ ^"^ P^-^^^^t from ZtnTft lu^^I: ^^^^" inflammation is less severe SsedT.l^' t'^r'"^ '^""''y ^" black, softened o by heat Zl/f- ^'"^ J' ^^'^ gutta-percha softened Tt^eam of f ^"^ '"^° ^^^ ^^^^'^^ ^"^ hardened bv a Sr ?/ . n-^T ^^'' '^^"^^ fi'-^t be deadened by by stuffinrr ?if ."''',°" '^ '°° S'-^^t ^« ^"^^ of success S^'need fn/^?/''''^"^"-'' ^" extracted, and the cavity m,7liriun"' '^'u "^'^'' ""^'^ ^t ^^^^^ "P. ^nd then deviat nc f ^"".fP-^'^^^ ^"^ P'^^^"t the adjacent teeth Sf^"^^°T '^^'' P^-P^r direction. If very loose, the ' "5 tceiii or iarge quadrupeds may be extracted l62 THE farmer's VKTKRINARY ADVISER. with large tooth forceps, but if at all firm an opening must be made over the fang ^nd the tooth driven into the mouth with a mallet and punch. This operation requires accurate anatomical knowledge, especially in )'oung animals. In small animals the teeth may be removed by ordinary dentist's forceps. After the re- moval of a tooth in herbivora the opposing teeth on the other jaw must be occasionally cut or rasped down to prevent injury from overgrowth. Disease of the Membranes of the Teeth. — The membrane surrounding the fang or that lining the pulp cavity may become the seat of disease. There may be loosening, suppuration or shedding of the tooth, devia- tion from its true direction so that the outer edge of the upper grinder or the inner edge of the lower may get overgrown and injurious, or a hard deposit may fill up the pulp cavity, or surround the fang wedging it into its socket and setting up disease and swelling of the adja- cent jaw-bone. These conditions ma)'' often be relieved in the early stages by soft feeding, protection from cold, lancing the gums, a dose of physic, and daily sponging of the gums with tincture of myrrh. Dentinal Tumors. — These occur from the action of any irritant applied to the tooth ivory. Some years ago I removed a large mass ot this kind attached to the second upper temporary grinder of the horse. It is usually necessary to remove the teeth from which they grow. Tartar on Teeth. — This is common in dogs and may be removed by a wooden probe with a small pledget of tow dipped in water rendered slightly acid with spirit of salt. Dentition Fever. — Considerable irritation and fever often attend on the cutting of the teeth in animals. Horses are most liable to suffer in the third year when they cut four front teeth and eight back ones, and in the SALIVATION — SLOBBERa 16^ fourth year when they cut four front, eight back, and four tushes. Cattle suffer less and mainly from the second to the third year. One of the first grinders which come up at this period is sometimes entangled with the crown of its predecessor, causing much loss of appetite and condition and foetid breath. Pigs usually cut thirty-six teeth from the sixth to the twelfth month and are most liable to suffer at this age. Puppies and kittens suffer even to convulsions, between the third and the sixth months. The temporary tushes should always be extracted, if not shed, before the peimanent ones come up. The redness, swelling and tenderness of the gums in such cases may extend to the throat, causing fits of coughing, and retained temporary teeth are to be sought for and removed. Otherwise treatment consists in a slight lancing of the gums, washing with tincture of myrrh, using soft food, keeping the bowels open, and avoiding hard work in horses and dogs. Salivation— Slobbers.— This is often a symptom of some other affection (aphthous fever dumb rabies, epil- epsy, stomatitis, pharyngitis, dentition, caries, and other diseases of the teeth wounds and ulcers of the mouth gastric catarrh, etc..) all caused by irritant food and drugs (rank aqueous rapidly-grown grass, musty mow-burnt todder, lobelia, wild mustard, colchium, pepper, gadic ginger, irritants, caustic alkalies, acids and salts, and the compounds of mercury used internally and externally). Mercurials are especially hurtful to cattle. Paralysis of ot the hps will cause a free flow of saliva, as will also ir- ritation with the bit, and especially from chemical agents attached in bags to the bit. Symptoms.~Yx&& discharge of saliva in stringy fila- ments or frothy masses, frequent deglutition, increased thirs'. and disordered digestion. For mercurial salivation Bee stomatitis, I reatment. — Discover and remove the cause, use astrin- gent washes a?? aHvicpH fnt- cf^rMof-.'t.v a«j ^i ^. cold water. In obstinate cases give a course of tartar 10 i64 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. emetic, opium, chlorate of potassa, or iodide of potassium. Rub the glands beneath the ears and between the jaws with iodine of ointment. Salivary Calculi. — These are small concretions of earthy and organic matter usually around some foreign body (a grain of oats or barley, or a particle of sand) which has accidentally entered the canal. They obstruct the ducts and give rise to the feeling as of a tense elas- tic cord extending round the border of the lower jaw and upwards on the side of the cheek, or forward along the inner side of the jaw-bone. The pea-like con- cretion may be felt at the anterior end of the cord, and if there is more than one they may be made to rattle on each other. Sv,metimes matter forms and bursts and the concretion may be felt in the depth of the wound. Diffi- culty in chewing and swallowing, and indigestions arise from the lack of saliva. Treatment. — Pass the calculus onward to the mouth by manipulation with the fingers, or this failing lay open the duct and extract it from within the mouth if possi- ble. If it must be opened through the skin, first shave the part, make a small incision with a sharp knife, ex- tract the mass and cover the wound with layer after layer of collodion, allowing as little exposure to the air as possible. Allow no food whatever for twelve hours, and then only soft mashes and gruels until healing is completed. S;^LIVARY FiSTULA. — This is found wherever a wound penetrates a duct of any of the salivary glands. It is especially liable to occur from opening abscesses in strangles and from wounds about the lower jaw. Symptoms. — A free discharge from the wound during feeding, of a clear, slightly glairy liquid, especially abundant where the food is dry and fibrous. Chewing is slow, difficult, and carried on on the opposite side of the mouth only. Digestion and general health are gra- dually impaired. Treatment. — If recent, shave the edges of the wound, bring accurately togethei' and cover with collodion, INFLAMMATION o. THE PAROTID GLAND. ,65 bZ-:!g"^T\Tof^lrS 'T^'' '" P--"t it from fail, the edges must be mprll . u • Should this wound firmly closed by carboL?J ^.^ P^""^: and the ture. If the channel h^Hv.f,^'^ "^^^^"^ ^'^ ^^'^ted su- has become impervtu^^^^^^^^ kept open by a Crpassed'th'rou^TIt '^"^'^ -^"^ by bein- fixed to a flat bnffnn ? § '^ """^ retamed walls a. no longe? raw and ?a^ ?"'f ^!,J"^ ^"' ""^^^ ^he thread is to be withdrawn and tlf^ to adhere. Then the by stitching, blister rcolbdion' "'"'"^^ "^""^ ^^^^^ sides :fth"eitS,^Ti^,^Vpi:"4s"r '^ ^^^^ - ^-^ rub the wound andnlfT ?i, ' ''*' """°' possibly soft mashes and gruels ' ""^ '""'""'^'^ absolTaely to a.coho,. wii, usuaiiy d"es?:o;1u-s'e"c^:[i„^^";^:;". ' "'■ °' JT:IZT^^C, thfear^f^r ^"^•°- " ^his from mechanical iniurv and oh V'"'!'' '° '"fl^""»'-^ 'he :IS : '^""^ -d estabhshfng a'i'st*, 1^™; ,.r'^5,r,j: ' '^-"-We, use ioume externally and interSy"'' 1 I \66 THE FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER. Choking. — This is especially common in cattle feed- ing on roots, potatoes, apples, pears and the like, because of the habit of jerking up the head to get the object back between the grinders. Pieces of leather, bone, etc., chewed wantonly oft^n slip back in the same way. Horses suffer mainly from badly shaped balls or sharp- pointed bodies, dogs from bones. Ravenous feeders will choke on dry chaff, cut hay, etc., being imperfectly mixed with saliva, and the same will happen in case^ of diseased teeth or salivary fistula or calculus. Symptoms of pharyngeal and cervical choking. — When the object is arrested in the throat or neck there is great distress, staring eyes, slavering, violent coughing, with expulsion of dung or urine, continuous efforts at swal- '< "ving, and in cattle tympany of the first stomach, Wuich may sulTocate the animal in fifteen or twenty minutes. I have seen an animal die in five minutes when the object was lodged directly over the opening of the windpipe. In horses there is in addition an occasional shriek, and water returns by the nose when drinking is attempted. In omnivora and carnivora retching and vomiting are prominent symptoms. A careful examina- tion along the furrow on the left side of the neck will usually detect the offending object. Symptoms of thoracic choking. — If the object is lodged in that part of the gullet which lies within the chest, cough, slavering and gulping may be absent, but there are efforts at regurgitation and the discharge of liquids by the mouth (in horses the nose). Thib, with the in- ability to swallow solid food, is very characteristic. Tym- pany is usually slight, and there may be tremors at in- tervals. Symptoms of choking luith finely divided dry food. — These are the same as for solid masses, according to the situation, but in addition there is in the groove on the left side of the neck, a diffuse soft yielding swelling, provi d the obstruction is situated above the chest. Tre -ment. — Sharp-pointed bodies lodged in the throat must be carefully sought for and extracted. Solid ob- jects in this region can usually be withdrawn with the CHOKING. 167 liand. Have the animal held with the head elevated into a hne with the neck and the mouth held open with thetTtVI^^ Vi!"? u'^- ^°"Sue bein^. drawn out with he eft hand, the right is passed through the mouth into the throat by pressure beneath it with one hand in each furrow along the lower border of the neck. A vigorous jerk at the last seconded by the action of the phar^aix wi 1 often lodge ,t in the mouth, but if not it is easily extracted as above advised. ^ Should this fail and tympany prove threatening lose no time in gagging the animal. A smooth roller of wood two inches m diameter is tied into tK, mouth by cords carried from its ends around the top of the head-be- hind the horns in cattle. Swelling never increases dan- gerously with this applied, and in a fev. 'ours the ob- struction usually passes on. More prompt relief may be obtained by using a pro- bang of leather or other material with a spiral spring wire internally, the whole two-thirds of an inch in dia- meter SIX feet long, and with one end enlarged to one and a half inches in diameter and cup-shaped. This is oiled and the head having been brought into a line with rne neck, the balling iron introduced and the toncrue drawn out, the cup-shaped end is introduced and pushed on until the obstruction is reached. Steady pressure must be kept up on this for a few seconds, when it will yield and should be passed into the stomach by intro- ducingthe probang to its whole length. If it resists leave the animal for an hour or two gagged, and trv ag^im. In the horse the probang cannot be safely passed without casting, and it should never be passed on until t^y examination in the furrow on the side of the neck the operator has ascertained that it has entered the p ull-tand IS clear of and above the windpipe. For the small ani- mals the probang must be made correspondingly small The use of whips and such like objects is very repre- hensible, as being liable to tear the gullet. An effective probang may be constructed out of a piece of stiff new rope, a few off-he hnnr11/:>o r^f fh^ — ,J -r...i_-_r 1 , ^J^ J - -- -- ,, oi cHu cnu xji vviiich nave oeen opened out and tied back so as to form a cup-shaped ex- s .. ill ! 1 68 THE i-'ARMER's VETERINARY ADVISER. tremity. After being used, this may be hung up straight on several nails driven into the wall, and will be ready for the next occasion. In choking with finely divided food the probang only packs it firmer, and gagging and time will rarely dislodge It. Pour water or well-boiled gruel down, and seek by manipulation to break up the mass and allow it to pass on little by little. Instruments have also been devised for extracting the obstructing mass. Failing otherwise, the gullet must be laid open, the offending matter extracted, the wounds sewed up, and the animal fed for a time on liquids only. Horses are sometimes choked by eggs given by foolish grooms. These may be punctured with a needle and then crushed between two soHd bodies on different sides ot the' neck. Prevaition. — Besides the more obvious resort of with- holding dangerous articles, the mere tying down of tlie head will prevent choking in cattle feeding on turnips, apples, .:c. A loop of rope fixed to the ground is to be hung over the horn when such food is supplied. Solfd food should be to a large extent withheld for a week after the relief of choking, until the slight irritation or inflam- mation has subsided, StRICTURK AND DiLATaTION Ox^ THE GULLET.— These usually co-exist, the first giving rise to the second, because of habitual accumulation of food above the nar- row part. The narrowing results from mechanical injury in choking, etc., or from the presence of a worm (spirop- tera) which lives in galleries on the mucous membrane. The symptoms are the formation of an extended diffuse soft swelling along the turrow on the left side of the neck when the animal feeds or drinks, and the subsidence of this swelling during abstinence. The only permanent treatment is by bougies or probangs passed daily, begin- ning with tho.se that will just pass the stricture, and u.sing them larger as the former ones begin to pass easily. The food must be restricted to soft mashes and g-ruels. Cattle are usually slaughtered when attacked in good condition" IMPACTION OF THE C..OP IN BIRDS. 169 Impaction OF the Crop in BiRDS.-S:ym/,toms.- Want of appetite, dulness, sinking of the head between the wings ruffled plumage, and enormous and firm dis- hrnd?e"d ''''°^' ^^'''^ recognized when the bird is Treafmeni consists in pouring down tepid water and nnoulding the crop so as to force its contents a h'ttle at a time back into the mouth. This faihng, cut the croo open empty it, sew up tlie wound, and feed gruels or soft mush for a few days. Tympany of the First Stomach in Ruminants- H00VE-BL0ATlNG.-a;.....--It is especially common m weak, ailing, (3f underfed stock when put on rich luxu- riant food, especially green food, in spring. Some food IS dangerous, .such as clover (white and red) ; green food covered with dew or hoar frost, soaked by inundations or drying after a shower ; diseased or frosted potatoes or turnips (roots or tops) ; partially ripened but uncured gram and crowfoots and other acrid plants. It may be caused by overloading the stomach with sound fodder bv the presence of hair-balls and other foreign bodies in 'the •stomach, by fever, choking, stricture or parasites in the gullet, tuberculosis, etc. Sj7n/>^oms.--Swenmg of the whole left side of the belly, often rising above the level of the hips and back- bone, tense and elastic, recoiling at once when pressed in and drum-ike on percussion. There is great diffi- culty of breathing, distended nostrils, bloodshot eyes open mouth driveling of saliva, occasional belching of gas with loud noise, and frequent passage of dung and III T P^^l^"t stands to the last, and falls to die with ruptured diaphragm or stomach, congested lun-s and profound nervous shock. "" T7-catinent—G^ggix^g is alleged to succeed as in chok- wSVr"! .riT ""''^ '^: ^^''^^^"^ ^ b^^J^-et of cold water on the body may give temporary relief by con- densing the gas and favoring eructation. The hollow probang passed into the stomach, as for choking, will dllow the escape of the gas. In urgent cases the paunch J 70 THE FARMER'S VKTERINARY ADVISER. must be punctured with the first instrument that comes to hand, and the openings in the stomach and skin kept in apposition until the gas flows out. The most suitab'e instrument is a cannula and trocar, at least six inches long, which may be plunged without fear in the left side in a downward and inward direction, from a point equi- distant from the hip bone, the last rib and the lateral processes of the backbone. The trocar being withdrawn the canula may be tied in and left for hours or days In the absence of these a pocket-knife may be used, and should be kept in the wound until a large quill can be obtained and held in its place. A small trocar like that used for hydrothorax in horses is suitable for sheep and goats. « ^ When urgent cases have been relieved in this way, and m milder cases without any such surgical resort, antifer- ments and antacids must be given ; aromatic spirit of ammonia, (ox 3 oz., sheep i oz.,) crystalline sesquicarbo- nate of ammonia (ox i oz., sheep 3 drs.,) oil of turpentine {o? oz.. sheep }4 oz., in oil, milk or eggs well mixed ) whisky, brandy or gin (ox 1 to 2 pts., sheep X Pt ) ether, pepper, ginger, oil of peppermint, etc., in full doses, wood tar (ox 2 oz., sheep y^ oz.,) carbolic acid or creosote (ox 2 drs., sheep )4 dr. in a pint of water,) sulphite, hypo- su phite or bisulphite of soda (ox i oz., sheep 2 drs.,) chloride of lime or chlorate of potassa. Antacids (potassa soda, ammonia, and their carbonates; soap-suds and lime- water,) check the fermentation by neutralizing the acidity Care should be taken to see (by tasting) that thev are not used in too strong and irritating solutions. A dose of physic is usually necessary to clear off the offensive food, and should be accompanied by a stimu- lant (sulphate of soda and ginger). C/tromc tympany, due simply to indigestion, may be remedied by careful dieting and a course of tonics, (foenu- grec, oxide of iron, carbonate of soda and common salt in equal parts, nux vomica, 2 drachms to every pound of the mixture. Dose: ox i oz., sheep 2 drs., daily in food). i^or chronic tympany, due to foreign bodies in the Daunch= sec below* OVERLOADED PAUVCH. 17, .h.?!^'''^''^''\°.^^ ^^^— This differs from the last in hnt he paunch is overloaded, overstretched and nara y.cd by excess of solid food, rather than gas Rich" tempting and unusual food (luscious grass'dover luc^rn' vetches, tares, beans, peas, grain ) i? esoerinK ' ous, as is food which^ferme^nts ;Vh the' oTn^^a'^^it^^^^^ hne, frothy mass, (potatoes, especially diseased or frosted ones,) food containing a narcotic or paralyzfne Drincinfe (green Indian corn, partially ripened whe^tb^arWo^s' beans, peas, tares and grasses,) bulky, dry, fibrous inn u ^teZlf^^T""''' (aftermath mixed\ith old w ihered" stems of a former growth, hay that has ripened befor^ IZl pea's t?)tnSl ¥''''''''' starof'rip:n:d ucans, peas, etc.,) and finally musty, rusty or othprwJc^ injured hay. Salivary fistula or obstruct Land worn or diseased teeth may contribute to it. 5j;;///^;«, Develop more slowly than in tympany There is dulness. slucfmshness ra^cJ^r^ Ko^i u ^ "^; mere IS rne same difficult breathing as in tvmnanv w/^wj-.— Irregular (impaired or even ravenous) ap- petite, swollen, tender, drum-like abdomen, sour eruc- tations, profuse, foetid, white, watery diarrhoea, white or grayish fur on the tongue, dry, scurfy, unthrifty skin, and rapid emaciation. Treatment. — Give a dose of i to 2 ozs. castor oil {]A for lambs) with a teaspoonful of laudanum. Then with each meal give a tablespoonful from a bottle of sherry in which Tyi of the fresh fourth stomach of a calf has been steeped. Or with this give a carminative (i oz. tincture of cmnamon) with an antacid (prepared chalk or magne- sia I dr.) and soothing or anodyne agents (gum Arabic, bismuth) with, it may be, an astringent (dncture of kino or catechu i dr.) If there is much tenderness of the abdomen apply a pulp of mustard and water. If yellow- ness of the mucous membranes and white, very foetid dung, give 2 grs. calomel and 5 grs. chalk twice daily. In all cases give fresh, warm, wholesome milk thrice a day, with several spoonfuls of lime-water added to each meal. In some instances the tone of the stomach may 1-- srea-.;_j n-oiuicu uy a Luuicspooniul or nnctuic oi gen- tian twice a day. I 176 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. Prevention should be sought in breeding only vigoroHS families, sheltering properly, and feeding the milk of the dam or of a healthy nurse, unaltered by faulty feedi.ir- or excitement or by standing. When a foal must bt« brought up on cow's milk, dilute with one-third its bulk of warm water, sweeten with sugar and add lime-water l^or the carnivora use only the upper third of cow's milk. Acute Gastric Indicestion in the Horse — Tympany.— This results from sudden filling of the stomach to excess, from suspended indigestion in con- nection with hard work immediately after a meal from the washing on of undigested food, from a full drink after a {qqC. of grain, from certain indigestible and ea'^ily fermented aliments, such as cause tympany in the ox from irritant plants, and from hurried swallowinjr of hot' cooked food, ' ^>;///^/w.— These appear just after feeding, and are at first those of simple colic, (see Spasmodic Colic) soon followed by fulness and tension of the belly, a drum-like sound when it is percussed, quickened, deep, oppressed breathing, dulness and increasing stupor. 'The pain is continuous though of varying intensity, there is no dispo- sition to eat or drink, draughts administered tend to aggravate the symptoms, the sufferer yawns, places his fore leet apart, arches the neck, drawing in the nose towards the breast, and in exceptional cases, may obtain relief by belching gas, or even by vomiting, the food escaping mainly through the nose. More commonly the occurrence of vomiting implies rupture of the stomach and presages death. The pulse then becomes rapid weak and soon imperceptible, and the countenance very haggard and dejected. In the advanced stages the ani- mal is usually sunk in stupor, and rests his head on the manger or pushes it against the wall, while in some instances nervous movements of the lips and limbs occur. rreatjnenL—GivQ early, full doses of aromatics, stimu- lants and tonics, (tincture of pimento or ginger, oil of peppermmt, aqua ammonia, ether, alcohol, peppers, nux TYMPANITIC COLIC. "^71 vomica, etc. ) rub the belly, and if relieved fo'low un with a dose of physic. Alkalies are sometimes uspf.^ Imnger before allowing grain ^ ''P^^'"^ When the bow^ehare „aTn it fr! 1" TT^I^ °' ''°«"=1=- The Vmpto'Srcre,; ;esrbL^"hte"of t'^""'"''-'^- stomach, only there is morr,.^ . . °^ tympanitic - Poss,b^li';rof.rJ^nro^;re^,r;ilVhT-Vr Impaction of the large Intestines in Horsk. rtisea e ■ of Z ^P"^?'^' Preparation of the food ,n cession. 1 here are pawing with the fn.e u/t ■ nea,v movements, or k.cking of the belly with tJ,e iTind; l^in^ ^^y 178 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. down and rising at short intervals, turning of the nose toward the flank, and the frequent passage of wind and of dung, the latter a few small pellets at a time. There IS special fulness and tension of the right side of the belly, dulness on percussion, solid resistance when pressed,' and if the soaped hand is introduced through the last gut the solidly impacted bowels are usually to be felt. The pressure of these on the bladder often causes fre- quent discharges of urine. A favorite position is one with the fore limbs stretched forward and the hind back- ward. Treatment. — In mild cases and in the early stages give a laxative diet (roots, soft bran mashes, oil meal, corn-stalks,) and two or three ounces of Glauber salts daily in the food. In the more severe, give aloes, gen- tian and nux vomica, and in case c<" tympany, carbonate of ammonia or pepperment ; rexx..e u^in by hyoscya- mus or belladonna, and follow up with trequent injec- tions of warm water, and frictions and fomentations of the abdomen. The aloes should not bo repeated under twenty-four hours, but if there is evidence of their hav- ing passed off by the kidneys they may be replaced by imseed or olive-oil. The action of the bowels may be deferred three or four days without a fatal result, whereas too much medicine will often cause rupture of the gut in front of the impaction. Prevention should be sought by a more laxative diet, by a liberal supply of water, by exercise, or even by daily doses of one or two ounces of sulphate of soda in the food. The addition of two drachms of powdered gentian and ten grains of nux vomica will often restore lost tone to the bowels. Catarrh of the Stomach and Bowels in Horses. — Thi.s is a form of chronic indigestion resulting from faults in diet, as regards quality, quantity and regularity; from a habit of bolting food ; from starvation and hard work ; from a sudden access of rich food ; from the irri- tation of worms ; from congested or torpid liver ; from impaction of the bowels or from any irritant in the food. -OMITlNG-~J)EPRAVED APPETITE. ,79 stipation, hard balls of hmerfr. h / ''-''"''"8 "''"' ''°»- with a film of mucus f ",?d Iour^„jFV^'' dung covered nux vomica, wWe bismuth ,n!f , T'"' fe<=""^» "''th ing and evening Ch^^ge from on^-^"" ° ^'"""'^ '""'"- they seem to lofe their effect 9^""=,'° t"°"'" ■''^ -d. manow. etc., are oftfrLd'^^^H^Skirg S.'^ exSXrrrJta catrTn ''" ?,f "'™" «"d pigs but asses a„d°rLles It mfj L ^ "!" '"°'''= =° '" horses, causes, as direct irri'ItToTofhe^lma^hr; T^'-^' °* congestion or inflammation dleasrof\h^ k"''' ''°''°"' some other (rgan which nr ,f„ J\ I ** *"■*'"■ "r of or which, lilce^th^Th oat ortu^ri^'h"'^"'' ""= =y^'^"'. relation with the stomach lu!ll f '"*™"^ ""™"^ torn of other diseases •,„;! • ^^"^\°'^ -"ostly a symp- ^tion is a metToTrd . f 'VhT/Z^^To'/ '^^'"' '"'' of the stomach favor Tt- k/-" ^^ "^'"'^'^^ ''■'"'Nation When empded thllr! \g^^'"§: tepid water freely. men may often be Wn to shpJfwi, Gum and albu- -d a blister may be^ "onlreVt'oVtTe'rmX ' .•ng''eTrrifme:\n^^hTd'rJ"s 'T'^'^ '■°^^-- -'" fWngs, and in' cows eltin^ c°Sw f "Ik'"^ "i' ^""^ °^ wood, leather ir^^t^u^J^'^- ^^'■"'> ^^nd, gravel bones lead etc T^l' ^""^ "'"^'^ "^ ^'"'hi^g^ haS habit is "nlintd as^Sse'tt' f^'"' K^'T^ '^ ^ «omach deranging the feit?£?;h!';tTm'o'^! tSo THE 'FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. bid cravinrr. Pregnancy, tuberculosis, and a defic'.ency of phosphates in the soil and food are occasional causes in cows. The habit should be checked by keeping- tempting objects out of reach, dealing with tuberculosis and chronic gastric catarrh as advised under those heads, with a deficiency of phosphates, by an abundant artificial feeding on sound grains and a course of tonics, and with indigestible bodies in the stomach, by a careful feer: j to prepare the beast for slaugher, or that failing by o^ •■:- ing the paunch on the left side and removing the offend- ing agent (see impacted paimcJi), Foreign Bodies in Stomach and Intestines.— These may be taken in by accident with the food or may be deposited from it in the form of calculi or concretions. Cattle suffer much from sharp-pointed bodies like needles, pins, nails, etc., taken with the food, and afterward making their way to the heart which they penetrate, caus- ing sudden death, or in more favorable cases making their way through the walls of the abdomen and escaping. Blunt objects remain in the paunch and honeycomb-bag, causing much or little irritation according to size or num- ber. The most varied objects are often found in the cat- tle slaughtered for beef and in good health, nails, coin, shot, solder, buttons, and hair-ball:-^, are among the most common. I have known fifteen h-'^ir-balls from three to six inches in diameter in the paunch of a healthy fat heifer. In sucking calves, in which they form in the true stomach, they cause dyspepsia, diarrhoea, and emaciation. Sheep suffer from wool-balls, from the fine hairs of clover and other ailments, and from collections of sand and gravel when fed turnips from damp soil. Sivine have balls of bristles in the stomach and lar-^^ intestines. Horses have concretions of phosphate of linv, with smooth stony surface ; of ammonia-magnesian phosphate with rough crystelline structure; of the fin^ Lrr om the* surface of the oat with a fine velvety surfac . and t f two or more of those mixed in one calculus. The^e are formed equally in the stomach and large intestines. SFASMomc COLIC-BELLV-AcriK These foreiVn bodts m, •" ' P"^''^'^ "P '" Play. result, or the/ma; causTt™?' ""'""' ='">' "'■■•nifest after every meal, vom«LT„T"/ '". '^"''' ='"'' ^h^ep gestion in the hirse, and In all ?„;"', P'?'' ^'^"'^ ■""' ^^ the But these cases can ra^e^vh. ^^"gerous in the laree and are neccesaSy Sd'^^a'll'^^t^'"^']-^^^^^ yagination, constriction, etc of Zh ' f r^^^''^' 0'"- there is irremediable obstruction and iT^t'^ '" ^^^^^ or later in death. °"' ^"^ ^^^'ch end sooner Spasmodic CorTr tjt^t. 'ooselyusedtodesigna^allc nH,^'"'— This "=™ « Pa.n in the belly, wi"ether frn^ J?"' '" *'"''^'> "-ere is creas, urinary organs llnl 1° ^^^"^^^ °^ I'ver, pan bowels, and Se cS^b^^Tn''^"'"' ^^on^Xlr nation, improper posiUon stfan^.lr' "■"'*"°"' ''"«^n'- by adjacent organs': obstruc??riy fo^eiC "^T''^'^^ f''- -i^e present remarks IV,- 1 1 k ^^T^'S" bodies, etc.. '■' ".ore purely "ervous and whll result" 'r' "= '■"■=" "^ici; contraction (cramps) of the bo vL """^ ^P^^^odic 'n certain susceptible sts 'ps „f »' d'Kestion, without impact on or tm •''"^■^ " ""ght in- "•d'fstible matters that wouW V ''^J!^' "'^ '^king of a"otlicr time, a drink of idcoU Tl ''"." '"'™'«^? ^t and exhausted, a chill rain or dew vi i ' "'''^" P^^'-^piring the most excruciating agony ' '^""'^ ^P^^^s and ^^^!:^!^,^^^f^< the horse paws -^ an..,, ^ou„t.fcj;S\'^Liri^^^^ l/S Srj; I82 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER, eye, crouches with semi-bent limbs for a few seconds, and then throws himself down with a prolon^^ed groan. He rolls, lie* on his back, sits on his haunches, atid may get up, shake himself, take to feeding and appear quite well. Another fit comes on in ten, fifteen, twenty or thirty minutes, and after each there is a period of free- dom from pain, with natural pulse and breathing. This with the reckless manner in which he lies down, and the entire absence of tenderness of the abdomen, or of ele- vated temperature, serve to distinguish from other bowel diseases, especially inflammation. Each succeeding attack may be less severe until they cease, or they may increase in severity and the disease emerge into acute tympanitic indigestion or enteritis. In cattle there are similar symptoms, with uneasy shift- ing of the hind limbs, kicking with the upper one when down, twisting of the tail and moaning. It rarely lasts more than an hour or two. Dogs curl themselves up to rest, but move uneasily or moan, and with the more violent pains start up with a sudden yelp, move round for some time, and lie down until the next spasm comes on. The eye is bright, the nose cool and moist, the pulse natural, and the appetite retained. Treatment. — In all animals alike, a laxative (aloes, horse ; linseed-oil, cattle and sheep ; castor-oil, pigs and dogs ;) is the safest treatment, as it soon relieves the spasm and carries off any irritant that may have con- tributed to maintain it. .It is usually desirable to add an anodyne (belladonna, hyoscyamus, opium, aconite, chloral-hydrate,) to relieve the pain until the laxative is absorbed, and a stimulant anti-spasmodic (carbonate of ammonia, sweet spirits of nitre, ether,) to quiet the nervous excitement. Copious injections of warm water with or without anodynes and anti-spasmodics are not to be neglected, neither is quiet walking exercise. If <].e aliec- tion appears purely spasmodic, the laxative may be v ith- held until two doses of anodynes and anti-spasmodics have bee 1 given at intervals of half an hour, but should these fail, give the opening medicine at once, and then .V aviec ^ ACUTE HEMORRHAGIC ENTERITIS. 183 only enough of other agents to moderate excessive oain until ,t has had time to be absorbed. ComXlrelkf may be looked for in three or four ],ours. ^'^^^ '^^'^^ Acute Hemorrhagic;; ENT,.KiTis.-This is verv common m hard-working horses in some local tie and' s also seen m cattle, sheep, swine, and dogs. It may' follow unrelieved obstrtK:tion of the bowels, especilSlVthZ 1 ave been treated by powerful opiates and stimu ants o? dangerously irritant purgatives. To these musTbeTdded excessive fatigue, heavy, hurried feeding and dn-nkin^ iced water, exposure to a cold draught, chill rain o cold sponge when exhausted, a sudden'chinge to d^ ?ra n feeding, to new oats or hay. to rank, rapid ly-gro^v^ctover or grasses, or to musty food. ^ ^ ^^^ Sywpfotns.—WhQu not superveniag on indiVesfInn r.. obstruction of the bowels its Lset is .fudden T^e paUen s amps, paws, looks at his flank, moves from pface to place, walks crouchingly, lies down, rolls, acts in short as in spasmod:c colic, but there is a more carkul ^"n. do v^ there ,s no mtermission to the pain, the face continues P.nchcd and anxious, even if the beak stards qS^i a feu- seconds, the eye remains fixed and glazj^the punHs d.Iated, he breathing hurried and catching he ^pdse rapid and becoming smaller and weaker. the?;mner?tu S oTa,Klt^'f'/'"'7'^^^^°^^^ " u;^ cndT '' "t T "^.'"'^^y ^°^^- The abdomen IS usual I \ tcndei. As the disease advances the animnl may become still, but ail the other sio-ns are worsf oT .'om thre. to tvventy-four hours after the onsef 11 j Jiiffil.li vein may give prompt relief if the nuke Is stiM 'iN and stong. But neither of there ean be v' t.ire ' on --cept at the very outset, and theref^ e in .1 c g et '"..JO, ,ty of cases arc to be avoided. Apply hot fomfntv '" '1 iiM. Iw 184 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. tions to the belly by a blanket wrung out of water nearly boiling, rub the limbs with ammonia, mustard orturpen- tme, and give injections of warm water containing ano- dynes (belladonna, hyoscyamus, opium, aconite, tobacco, etc.) If the soft, weak, rapid pulse bespeaks already existing effusion, avoid bleeding and laxatives, give one or two drachms of opium by mouth, or better one or two grains sulphate of morphia injected under the skin, repeating as often as may be requisite to moderate suffering and keep the bowels mactive, accompanying this by hot fomenta- tions and counter irritants. In case of improvement feed linseed or oatmeal gruels, boiled linseed, or very sloppy bran mashes only, and in small amount, for several days. If the bowels continue confined, give four or five ozs. olive-oil or three or four ozs. Glauber salts once or twice a day. But prevention is especially to be sought in such a rapidly fatal disease. Regularity and sufficient frequency of feeding, m moderate quantities at a time and of good quality, and a gradual instead of a sudden change of diet, are important. When new hay or grain, or heating agents like maize or wheat are fed, one feed daily should be replaced by a sloppy br-an mash, or one or two ounces of common or Glauber salts added. Avoid full draughts of cold or iced water when sweating and exhausted, and of any water after a meal of grain. Acute Muco- Enteritis.— All the domestic animals are subject to this form of inflammation, chiefly of the mucous membrane of the bowels. The causes are mainly the same as those of h.-cmorrhagic enteritis acting on a less susceptible subject, or with lessened force. These may be named exposure, sudden extreme changes of weather, coarse, dr>', fibrous, musty, or otherwise irritant indigestible food, abrupt changes of diet, impure, stagnant or putrid water, too much water after feeding, or iced water when fatigued and perspiring, drastic or oft-re- l^eated purgatives, suppressed perspiration, sand in the food, parasites, and the various mechaiucal obstructions ACUTE MUCO-ENTERITIS. m (calculi impactions, invaginations, hernia). Cattle sheen and swme especially suffer during the VicissTtud^s a^^^^^ extiemesofspnng, summer and autumn, and the latter from want of water to drink and wallow in. Among do's he young suffer most and those kept on animal food, Sr that bathe in rivers when heated in the chase. Chickens con ract it from faults in feeding and watering, but espe- cially from exclusive feeding on grain and deficiency or impurity of the water. ^ Symptoms.~ln the mildest forms are fever, increased temperature, thirst, scanty, high-colored urine, costive bowels, the small masses of dung covered with a film of mucus, tender belly, small, quick, hard pulse, ydlowish- red eye^s, hot clammy mouth, furred tongue with redness along the edges tip and lower surface, impaired appetite, dull sluggish habit, joss of flesh, unthrifty skin, and slight colics after meals. ^ In the more severe forms all these symptoms are in- creased in severity, appetite gone, dulness and depression extreme, head carried low, gait unsteady, breathino- ex- cited, a ridge on the tender abdomen as in pleurisy and more frequent colic, with pawing, uneasy shifting of the imbs, kicking at the abdomen, looking at the flanks and lying down and rising. Diarrhcea may set in and herald recovery, or it may become profuse, bloody and fatal m addition to these general symptoms, cattle ^.n^i sheep have impairment or loss of rumination, frequent belching of gas foetid breath, and tenderness mainly of the ri-ht side of the aodomen. When due to acrid and irritSnt plants, .he back is arched, abdomen tense and tucked up constipation obstinate, tongue often purple, and the urine high-colored or even bloody. It may prove fatal after a lortnights sickness. In szvine the affection is usually mistaken for Intestinal Fever, which indeed it stron-ly resembles, but without the ineffaceable black spots on the skin and mucous membranes, and without a conta-ious principle In dogs much dulness, drowsiness, restlessness. ^vltil tucked up. tense, very tender abdomen, violent constipation and very painful and difficult passage of oung are added to the general symptoms. Vomitino- jg 1 86 TiiK farmer's veterinary adviser. common in dogs and pigs. Chickens lose appetite and vivacity, droop the head, raise the feathers, move slug- gishly, scour, strain violently, and show much tenderness of the abdomen when handled. Treatment. —ha the outset give a laxative (horses, aloes ; ox or sheep, Glauber salts ; or for all animals, ohve oil) ; with anodynes (belladonna, hyoscyamus, Indian hemp,) in a mucilage of slippery elm or gum Arabic, and repeat these mucilages and anodynes as may be needful to quiet the suffering. Mild cases may be successfully treated by small daily doses of sulphate of soda with abundance of mucilage, and tonic doses of gentian and nux vomica. Give injections of hot water, with anodynes, and apply fomentations, or in small animals poultices, followed by mustard or other counter- irritants to the belly, as in haemorrhagic enteritis. When profuse diarrhcea sets in give freely of mucilaginous and starch drinks, with quinia, gentian, nux vomica, or other bitter and opium. The diet must be restricted to well- boiled, mucilaginous gruels, and in the case of herbivora. sloppy, warm bran mashes. The treatment of diseased chickens is always very satisfactory, but the whole flock must have mush, vege- tables, and boiled potatoes, with clean, pure drinking water, to which may be added cream of tartar or Glaube^ salts, I oz. to every quart. Croupous Enteritis.— This occurs in cattle, horses, sheep and dogs, and may be considered as a modification of the other forms of enteritis and produced by similar causes. The symptoms may approach those of either of the two forms of the disease already described, the suf- fering being extreme and lasting, or violent but short, and followed by dulness, depression, fever, and tenderness of the belly. If the animal survives long enough the false membranes are passed in great white, friable masses or shreds. In its earliest stages a laxative will often alter the condition of the membrane and contribute to a prompt recovery. Later treat as in enteritis. Saline laxatives (sulphate of soda or magnesia) and bitters (nu.\ INFLAMMATION OF THE RECTUM-SCOURING. ,87 vomica gentian quassia, quinia,) are especially indicated when the membranes are separating. If es Ht ine from n, connection with the impaction Jf hard neddunfT nSucti'x;;^ tuVgifpteT.'^r "" f r 5 p"Srd\t1;l' r^ -l-'n/anrpl °^f cf n-ofb or even hlf H TK ''"^ '^ '' ™™''=d with mucus, pus or even Wood. The everted gut is of a deep red coin,- th.cK-. infiltrated and hot. Rupture may ensue f it i, not chcved. Treat by emptying the gut with he oiled hand or finger give a spare laxative diet bran mashes roots, gruels,) frequent injections of warm wae contain ;fiMoiiro;.'rs:ed''oii'r °"' ^""^ ^" °"-'°"""-- su»=^nT?ierd:t^„ =ta?e"d.'^^ "^ DrARRHCEA.-ScoURlNG.-.This is a frequent dischame semi-hqu,d or liquid dung from the Lwl viS griping or violent straining. It is -i svmnf^n J^r T food , cooked food for hard- working horses - manv irr tc ■'sta^nanV'T'y ^P""^" P°'"'°-' •-->""?;; "C. , stagnant, putrid water; undio-ested matter ,v, tl, bowels from imperfect masticktion of dTgesHon i mVac t.on of .some part of the bowels ; worms etc ' I maJ occur from irritants secreted from the bk,od?as n "he va e71f7:,^S^"'^ accidentally taken in' witi food Kin erpest Te.xan fever, hog cholera, lung fever) ; cMiiiUr '•'' "■•","!'? '''■°"' ""= ^kin, as in Sxposure to ch.lhng rains, night de„-.s, or to damp stalls, or to hot ml 1 88 T)IK KAKMER'S VETERINARY ADVISEA. tl.inip buildiii^rs, seasons or localities. II lal pulpy orscs are espec il)le to siipi'ipurijatioM if worked or supi)Hed with sic. quent icc-coid water (liiriii<,r tjie operation of a dose of phy .Sj/;//A>;//.v.--'riicse nKi> be sli-dit as ill the fr< evacuations ol animals fed exclusively on roots or severe, as in the excvssive and almost constant dis' char.L,^e of a dark colored .iquid mixed wit! dianluea does not affect tne appetit 1 mucus. with improvement in condition, but in ti there is loud rumblint-: in the abd Slight e nor interfere le seveicr forms ar-c o'nen, loss of appetite I condition, rapid, small, weak pulse, hurried breath- kness even to un- pawinj; and ... - , . . ill bail cases. rses It IS olten followed by inllammation of the ini,\p;ul!d mucous membranes, and weal .steady j;ait. Distension of the belly, with ........ other siijns of abdominal [)ains may appear in bad In horses it is oficn folIou/.-d K«r' .'.wi ,.:..., feet. TrCiXtmnit. Unload the bowels by linseed, olive or castor oil, accordin^r to the patient, adding; laudanum, and follow up by mucilai;iiunis (linseed .slippery elm) or starchv drau.'ssccl with .still uore nd ■ ' '™''!y offensive, and tlie s;unc „,-,inr„, IrliJ'f • ^'nnn.ng. J.ater still, thuuKh tl c re in','', '° '"■'!'« ■■'""y -'nything repulsive tlun eve, \ d ' ■''■^"-' T'" "''^"PP'--^'-* "'°'-« Is 'gradually lost "„;" ' i^^rcrel::^^;'"' F '^- ''^''^•"■•" Sist, with starinc coat im, ""'"^'•,''?- F'^^er ex,sts at mouth and accented .^uhe bS? t> "•"■,"-' ''°*' '■^''"^'l the disease beco.nes c r™Vc T .e^M '"'' 1^'"^^'='^ ^ of .silver . S3 Jos'es of on ^F^^'' "■' "^°PP"- ""^^''^ osote or'ear£o"2 acid often'a be, e^.^anv':; ^'T' "!," mucous membnnp o., ''*-'^ °^"^"-'aliy on the diseased injections T nucnacrinl fl '"]' "Sv '^ "^"^^ '^^ ^'^^" ^« easily digested and f^H v^lf'' ^^^^' "^"^^ ^e bland, uheatbmn orLur from . ''\^', ^ ''"^"- ^^^^es of ley or oats Zu flJ : ^'"'^''^^ ^''^'" of wheat, bar- uje Dprbivoi ci , and farinas made into puddings IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I ■so ""^B 12 11:25 Ml 1.4 m 1= 1.6 1 motograpiiic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 iV •M "% A ^s- ^ '%'■ t^^- f/j I go THE FARxMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER with just enough juice of meat to insure their being eaten, to the carnivora. Fresh raw meat without fat, beaten to a pulp in a mortar will often agree when nothing else will. The drink should be mixed with a little boiled linseed, gum, slippery elm or barley water. Obstruction of the Bowels.— Under this head may be considered all cases of complete obstruction of the bowels excepting those of the nature of hernia or rupture. It will include blocking of the gut by hardened dung, calculi, and foreign bodies swallowed ; invagina- tion or the slipping of a portion of gut into what is adja- cent, like the drawing of a finger of a glove into itself; volvulus, or the rolling on itself of a portion of intestine with its coimecting membrane until nothing can pass through it ; strangulation of an intestine by another rolled round it, by a tumor hanging by a long pedicle, or by a band of false membrane formed in some pre- existing inflammation and gradually contracting; tumors formed within a gut ; and in steers the strangulation of a loop of intestine in a pouch in the right flank formed by contraction on the sperm'atic cord in castration. The syinptoius of complete obstruction are those of severe spasmodic colic, but v^ithout the intervals of com- plete freedom from pain. It differs also from enteritis in that there is no rise of temperature at first. The dung may be abundant at the outset, but as the disease ad- vances is more or less completely suppressed, the portion of intestine beiiind the obstruction having been emptied. The horse often seems to obtain a partial temporary re- lief by sitting on his haunches or lying on his back, and will retch, though vomiting is rare, unless the stomach is ruptured. If the obstruction is in the pelvic flexure of the hrge bowels it may be felt by the hand introduced through the rectum. In rinninants the preliminary colics may be followed by quietude, but there remain extreme lassitude, depres- sion, sunken eye and dry hot muzzle, and even stupor or coma. In cattle the hand introduced into the rectum will detect the mass of the ovcrdistended bowel above i HERNJA—RUnURE— BURST. 191 the obstruction. It may also ascertain the existence of a pouch imprisoning the gut in the right flanic and may even pull it out and relieve. -^ In dogs violent colic may be absent, but there is much depression niappetence, vomiting of the bile or feces arching of the back tucking up of the belly, the pnssage with much pain and straining of mucus- covered feels and later straining without any passage, while the over- belly! "^^^ ""'^^ ^'^^ ^^'°"^^'' ^^"^ ^"^"^ °*" the Treat7ne;,t~.ln most cases of absolute obstruction nothing can be done except to relieve the pain by ano- dynes (opium, belladonna, stramonium, Indian hemp etc.,) and leave to nature. Invaginafion, volvulus or J/. //., when their presence is ascertained in ruminants, pigs or dogs, would warrant an incision through the walls of the abdomen and an attempt to rectify with the hand In cat le the opening must always be made in the right flank, the left being occupied by the paunch. The wound must be afterward carefully sewed up and the animal p e- vented from rubbing it. Gut-He may often be remeSed by manipulation with the hand in the rectum, or even by the simpler expedient of jumping from a bank about two fee high though. If due to adhesion of the cord to an in- testine the abdomen must be opened and the band cut. Hernia -RUPTURE.-BURST.-Hernia is undeistood to mean the displacement of some internal organ through a natural or unnatural opening. Of abdominal organs he bowels and omentum are those that icst commonly pro! trude, though the womb often escapes in bitches ^ Ac- cording to the structure through wliJch the organ passes the hernia is named .--into the chest, diapkrlgml^clr Phrenic- through the omentum or mesenteryr. ^'L/ ^....«/...; through the n^v^\, umbilical ; into the scro- tum, tngumal or scrotal ; through the femoral arch to the inner side of the thigh, femoral; through an arti! ficial opening in the walls of the abdomen ventral- through the relaxed walls of the ^^g\n^,- vagM ' Diaphragmatic Hernia may occur from violent muscu- 192 THK farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. lar efforts, from the violent shock of a heavy abdominal organ on the midriff in leaping or from laceration with a broken rib or other offending body. The worst cases are suddenly .atal from suffocation. In others there is a sudden access of difficult breathing with gurgling sounds on auscultating the chest. In still others, wi: . a smaller rupture, the rumbling in the chest may be absent but there is violent, continuous colic and rapid prostration as in obstmctjon. In tli.e slightest forms there is only an ex- tra lifting of the flanks as in heaves. Treatment is use- less, though rest and anodynes will allow a slight case to merge into the chronic form. Mesenteric and Omental Hernia give rise to complete obstruction of the bowels and can rarely be recognized nor remedied. Umbilical Hernia is common in horses, dogs and very young ruminants. It is usually congenital but may re- sult from violent straining, running or jumping. The swelling is very manifest and when handled its contents are found to move on each other, to gurgle and to pass back in a mass when pressed. Treatment is often needless, the sac becoming effaced with growth. If not, make a soft pad for the navel and attach it to elastic bands passing round the body and fixed in their turn to others extending back from a col- lar round the neck. Or in slight cases blister the sac severely and repeatedly ; or apply wooden clamps over the skin close up to the belly, having first perfectly re- turned the protrusion, and let them be worn until they drop off. higidnal Hernia occurs in the male quadruped of any age, as the sac containing the testicle remains continuous with the abdomen throughout life. It is rare but by no means unknown in the castrated animal. It may exist without any other symptom than an unnatual swelling of the scrotum, the contents movable on themselves, the thickening extending up to the abdomen, and the who!e disappearing suddenly and in a mass when pressed. Or these signs may be associated with the violent and con- tinuous colicky pains of obstruction. In all cases of colic EVERSION OF THE RECTUM. 193 |n entire males the possibility of hernia should be borne in mind and an examination made Treatment is very varied, in difficult cases requiring anatomical knowledge and attention to many Snu fe which cannot be given here. Yet in many cases ^he her^ ma may be returned by simple pressure with the hand with or without the other hand inserted into the last gut and carried down to the internal inguinal rinn- If the patient IS thrown on his back with his hind parts well raised the return wil be greatly facilitated. In pigsind dogs castratior. should be resorted to. the gut be^ng first ront'of thet ""f^ "^^'IJ ^ P^^^^^'"S "P°» theTaLl ^ front of the testicle, and finally the wound in the skin ewed up. For particulars of treatment of the ario^s forms of inguina hernia see the author's larger wirk treSS. "" '" ^'''''' '''''y demand! or receives Vmtrat Hernia is easily distinguished from other swellings of the abdominal walls by the movable o^^^r P e"sf urr'^Th ''1:'^ "^""\^^^^ ^^^ '^^ abdf ^n^^ pressure Though often masked by surrounding inflati- mation these characters can usually be Sniz d Treatment is most successful just after the injuryls s^s ained as after the margins of the wound haie^ecome insensible they will not contract and heal. Return t^e protrusion, throwing the animal on its back and quiet L^ vith opium, ether or chloral i( necessary. The^n cov"? he opening with pads and cover with a strong sheet wound round the abdomen and laced tightly a"ong the back Keep the sheet in position by bands cSfrom its anterior border to a collar round the neck AdiuS naSu'^"" '''' ^''"^ RECTUM.-The rectum protrudes naturally ,n passing dung but returns immediately. If l^^TiT^ '""""t '^ ^^"^^"^^ interference. Poorly kep animals (dogs, pigs. ) are liable, and it may be caused in aU 194 'i'HE I'ARMEk'S VETKKINARY AUVISiiR from violent straining in work, parturition, conLtipation diarrhrea or dysentery. The protrusion may be confined to a mucous fold at one side of the anus or the entire gut may protrude to the length of several feet. If recent it IS little altered, but if old, is red, thick, softened or even ulcerated. Ths protrusion must be emptied, cleaned and returned, the oiled finger or arm (according to size) bemg introduced into the gut and through the constric- tion of the anus and the other hand used to strip it off from this. The head ofif the patient should be turned downhill and straining prevented by pinching the back In small animals with old protrusions the part may have to be cut off close to the anus and a few stitches passed through the edges to keep them in apposition. When returned a truss should be applied as for nwrted uterus or vagina and a spare, laxative diet allowed, nourishing or not according to the needs of the patient. Piles.— These are dilatation of the veins on the inner and outer sides of the anus, with exudation and fibrous thickening of the surrounding connective tissue to form rounded swelling. They are reported in all domestic animals but are especially common in dogs. Melanotic tumors in horses are often confounded with them. They are generally connected with torpid, inactive liver and an aggravated costiveness, straining and the presence of irritants in the large intestines. Dogs draw the annus a ong the ground as in intestinal worms, pass hardened blood-streaked duni ivith much straining, pain and sharp cries, and present aiound the anus bluish tumors which bleed freely if wounded and are connected with the ter- mmal end of the gut that hangs out through the open- ing. The general health rarely suffers much. In other animals there is itching, switching and rubbing of the tail v/ith the characteristic tumors and much straining and difficulty in passing dung. Treat by mild laxatives (sulphate of soda and common salt, 3 ozs. daily for the large, and 20 to 30 grains for the small quadrupeds ; or . podophyllin in one-fifth the usual doses, daily). Give moderately of laxative, easily-digested food and main- I FISTULA IN ANUS— IMPERFORATT ANUS. I95 tain tone by bitters (nux vomica). Locally bathe with ep.d solutions of opium, stramonium and astringSts (sugar of lead, alum, tannin, sulphurous acid, benzfated ox.de of zmc omtment). Check bleeding by soluUons of sulphate of iron or matico. It is sometimes necessarv to remove with the ligature. necessary FISTULA IN ANUS.--This is a communication between a suppurating sore and the terminal part of the recTum There are usually two openings, one in the gut and thl' other close bes.de the anus. The rational treatment is to remove any foreign body or other cause of irritat on and then passing an india rubber cord through the canal to bring the end from the internal wound LtthS the anus and, stretching the rubber, to tie both toge^hfr after which, by its elasticity, it slowly cuts its wav through, while the wound steadily heals behind. ^ IMPERFORATE ANUS.-This is not uncommon in young animals and may be relieved by a free incision as soon as the accumulation of dung in the end of he rec! tum furnishes a firm pad on which to cut. The incision ttf.^ SI?" ^" '^^ f^"^^'' ^^ '^' fir- muscu ar in" ?e afrfelt 7 '"''"^'' '^' "P^"^"^' ^"^ ^^ich ma? be easily felt. In mares spontaneous relief is often ob ained by a rupture into the vagina. If the gut as well as the opening is wanting, there is no remedy - Peritonitis— Inflammation of the Lining Mem BRANE OF THE ABDOMEN.-This occurs in all domestl" animals and may be limited to a particular part or may be general. It is mostly caused by mechanical injurieJ as wounds of the abdominal walls-surgical or ither: vwse, or by rupture of an abscess, of the stomach, intes- ne, bladder or womb. It may also result from sudden coldlff °^-J\"'^''' '^'"^ ^'•^"^ ^^P^^""-- to excessive cold, to frigid showers or dews or to a wet bed after per! p.ration and fatigue. This is of course most f equ^ent m horses and oxen. Similar exposure to cold is a Vm- nsin T.'\' peritonitis after wounds of the abdomen. as in castration. ' 196 THE FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER. Symptoms. — If very circumscribed there may be sim- ply slight colic, worse at one time than another, with acute pain when the affected part is pressed. When more general there is shivering followed by a hot stage, colic, stiffness of the hind limbs, especially in the smaller animals, swelling, tension and great tenderness of the abdomen, constipation, or in rare cases, watery or even bloody diarrhcea, complete loss of appetite, vomit- ing in animals capable of this act, quick, catching breath- ing and rapid hard pulse, becoming softer, weaker and smaller when serous effusion takes p'ace. Efftision is further attended by a relief from the colics and tender- ness, a more sunken eye, pallid mucous membranes, deeper breathing, and a more pendent belly with a sense of fluctuation when it is handled. In ruminants the right side is especially tender and the animal stands crouching with its ^our feet near together. The wound of the abdomen usually completes the list of symptoms. Treatment. — The abdomen may sometimes be cupped or leeched with advantage, though warm fomentations or poultices, (or even warm baths for small animals) followed by mustard poultices, are more generally appli- cable. Then the preparations of opium may be given in full and frequent doses to allay pain and keep the bowels inactive. VVell-boiled gruels may be given frequently as injections, as what is thrown on the stomach is usually vomited or lies unabsorbed. During recovery great care must be exercised in feeding. Decoctions of linseed or well-boiled gruels of oat, barley or rye-meal should gra- dually give place to soft, warm bran mashes and finally to hay and ordinary food. The carnivora may have beef tea. Anodynes (opium, prussic acid,) may be given to relieve pain and diuretics (nitre, digitalis, sweet spirits of nitre, etc.,) employed to remove-the effusion. Tonics (oxide of iron, gentian, cinchona, etc.,) may be demanded and occasionally mustard poultices to remove tenderness. Ascites — Dropsy of the Abdomen. — This may be a result of peritonitis, of obstruction to the flow of blood through the intestinal (i)ortal) veins as in diseased liver, GASTRIC AND INTESTINAL PARASITES. jgy spleen, pancreas, mesenteric glands valves nf f»,« u . etc.. or finally it may depend on an .^nT i .^ ^^^'*' of the blood as in cerf^Jn r? v- ""^"^"^^ ^^^^""y state ^W/.^..lDLtended foot? hnr^i °'^'^ ^'^°^^^^'''- lous. with hollow flanS or if ^th/^-^^ -^ ' ^'^ P^"^"" dant, rounded and TnU FI .^. T"^ ■'' "^""'^ ^b""" pressure is made at two different S." '' ?'">^ ^^^^ '^ elicits a dull dead sou^d in J. ^'u' ''"'' P^'-cussion like resonance of the botd^ ^ The^rif'"^"^ '^""- tite and digestion imDaired S J..if- f '' ^''^"^y- ^PP^" condition poor andTetf?nc; ^"^^^^'"^^deep and excited, and often s^heddfng fnd w^r'''' ^^'' ^T '■^"^^' ^'^'^ part of the bodt"i^i:"tLTnfed^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ pn-m~u;i"''^^^^^^^ ^t rs^^^ '-^ r-'^^^ ^^^ true etc.. in as t^n doslTlTZ' f^""^A '^!^''^"-' "'t-- tonics (sulphate of iron ^.nH ""^'^ ^'" P^''"^'"^' ^^^^h tincturi of^odL o'er thSoVer "xh '? ^' ^."' ^^^^^ drawn off with a fine cnnnnl. ^ ^^ ^"^"'^ '"^y be being extracted at a time aLd'tSe Z""^!^' ""iT^^^^ ^^^^ supported by a hVht b^nH-fl • f-'^'"''^ '''''"' ** <^nce ff uy d iignc bandage encircling the body. Gastric and Intesttnat padact^. Insects.-.?^/. -These are thri'''''?T'^^^^^ '''' species of P-aa/^v thS nl. ^^1 ^^^^^ 9^ ^our different autumn, glufnl^d^erltXv. ^^''^^^ '" ^"'""^^'- ^"^1 hairs ben?athfhe ^w on .h L*" ''^^'^ "^^^ °" ^he long limbs on which thfemn?^ the breast, shoulders and fore the winten^'^^^ht ^l^^^^tl^^^^^^^^ and are devoureSwith Yt 'X 'th7 'h" ^"/V't^^^^ around their hp;,Hc X ll' C^^, ^"^ ^^^ ^^ the hooks membrane ma niy ofThe tft 'l^.7fT ^^ ^^^ "^"^^- often also of ntZr I V ^^ft half of the sfomach, but stomact the duo^enC'n'"'^ u '^' ''S^' ^'^^ ^^ the stomach and the thmaT Th?'".P' ^'^^'"^ ^^'^"^ ^'^^^ ^i-interand^:^XpaS^:S::;SS^;j^&^ II 198 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER In the soil, and are transformed into the gadfly. The disturbance they cause depends on their numbers and the portions of the canal on which they attach them- «^elves. In the throat they produce a chronic sore-throat and discharge from the nose, which continues until the following spring, unless they are previously extracted with the hand. In the left half of the stomach, which is covered with a thick insensible cuticle, they do little harm when in small numbers, hence Bracy Clark sup- posed them to be rather beneficial in stimulating the secretion of gastric juice. When very numerous, and, above all, when attached to the highly sensitive right half of the stomach or the duodenum, they seriously in- terfere with digestion, causing the animals to thrive badly, to be weak or easily sweated and fatigued, and even determining sudden and fatal indigestions. This last result is especially liable to occur in spring or early .summer, when the bots are passing out in great numbers and hooking themselves at intervals to the coats of the sensitive bowels in their course. They will sometimes accumulate in such numbers as to actually block the passage. They even attach themselves to the skin out- side the anus, causing the animal to go awkwardly, to switch his tail, and to give other signs of extreme discom- fort until the tail is raised and the ofTender discovered and removed. Alleged perforations of the stomach by bots are usually ruptures, the result of indigestion. The irritation caused by their presence is not easily distinguished from other forms of indigestion and colic. It may be tympanitic or not, accompanied or not with diarrhoea, and of the most variable intensity. If occur- ring after a period of abstinence when the worms are pre- sumably hungry, or if in spring or early summer, if the bots are found passing with the dung, if the horse turns up his lips as if nauseated, and if the margins of the tongue are red and fiery, there will be so much more cor- roborative evidence. ^ Treatment.— \\\ cases of irritation following abstinence give potatoe juice, gruels, etc., to feed and quiet the bots, adding some anodyne (opium, hyacyamus,) or mucilagin- P INTESTINAL WORMS. ,^ Z urTJi""' ^■■'''''' ^''^""^ ""'''•^- ■fallow, slippery eim,; ii it appears necessary. * * ^ We cannot certainly kill' the hnt« in tUc. .*■ i. they will resist the stro^ngest ac^stj" Ikali^ ^rnVs? irresp.rab e and poisonous gases, the most pS narco ics and mineral poisons, empyreumatic oilsretc 01 of turpentme. bryony, eth.^r and ben.ine have been Ve ied on by different practitioners, but none of tL^are a fte satisfactory. It seems probable that these like other verm.fuges will act best in autumn or ealv win tr before 1 c larva has acquired his hard, horny cokt of r^ail \^[d around stables i.: th^l^rto^^^otct^^o'^^bl I^T ably acts m this way, if at all, being cropped and iual lowed by the animals while the bots^re stm wWte sof ' and permeable to liquids ' °'^' baJct%tr°ii^nn1'^ '? ^S ^''^^'"^ ^y anti-spasmodics (to- bacco, stramonium, laudanum, etc.,) and mild laxatii^^ the d arn\"ndt^ k "^'^^ "^" '^^ '^ support him uS rHt.nt ' T ^^'P ^¥ ^^'^''^^ g^'-ged, lazy, and non- ritant In summer when the bots are coming- awav their exit may be precipitated by a good dose o?|hTsk Pr.^.«/,.;, Trim off the long hairs of the aw Et' revtrthTe^^^^^^^ "'^V"' apply a little 'oiTdairto pi event the eggs from adherine- Or hmcH r.f( i-u^ w,th soap-sudsVily before thfy have hadlime oVaffh aws i/X ^P'^^^^fclothextended across beneath he laws IS often employed to protect this part. KAT-TAttED MAGGOTS, the larva of /W«-//« are »Un found m horses' intestines, but are not kntwfto be i^ju" clalsJs''rTt.T''"'-^''^^^ ''' "'""^^'J ■•" four up of a sucJes^ilrr''""' '=°"^'^"»g °f flat bodies made nert ■'„^"'^«^^ ?n of/egments or links, with a narrow M^s. soft-bodied, flattened, leaf^fke Tr ovoid wirms! 200 THE lARMERT) VETERINARY ADVISER. with digestive organs ami a variable number of sue in g discs ; 3, the thorn-hcadcd worms, with long rounded bodies and retractile snouts furnished with hooks, by which they attach themselves to the mucous membrane, but neither mouth nor digestive canal ; 4, lastly, the round zvonns, which differ from the last in the absence of a protractile, hooked snout and the possession of mouth and digestive canal. The horse harbors in his intestinal canal at least three tape-worms and seven round worms ; the ox, two tape-worms, two flukes, and five round worms; the sheep, one tape-worm, one fluke, and seven round worms ; the pig, one thorn-headed worm and five round wor. ris ; the dog, thirteen tape-worms, one fluke, and five round worms ; the cat, five tape worms, three flukes, and three round worms ; the rabbit, ne tape-worm and three round worms ; the go p. and duck, nine tape-worms, seven flukes, one thorn-headed worm, and seven round worms ; the chicken, four tape-worms, two flukes and seven round worms ; and the turkey and pigeon, at least two round worms each. Of these eighty-eight worms of the digestive organs it is useless to attempt any descrip- tion in a work of the present limits, so that our attention must be mainly confined to their symptoms and treatment. For further information the reader ?s referred to the author's larger work, or to those of Leuckhart, Diesing, Dujardin, Baillet Cobbold and other helminthologists. The transformations of tape-worms have been already referred to under parasites, and those of flukes under diseases of the liver. The thorn-headed worms lay their eggs within the body of their host, and these being passed with the dung are swallowed by crustaceans, in which they encyst themselves and develop the characters of the adult worm in minature, but remain very minute and fail to attain their full size till their host is swallowed by another animal. Among domestic animals ducks and pigs harbor these, probably because of their carnivorous appetite. The round worms mostly live in their young and immature condition, out of the body, in water or moist earth, or on vegetables (see lung worms, verminous bronchitis,) but sc>me are exceptions, like the common ■am— I INTESlINAL WORMS. 201 pin-worm of the horse (Sclcrostormim Equliuim) which hVes in pill-like masses of dungr, in little pouches and closed cysts of the mucous membrane of the large intes- tines and in dilatations of the blood-vessels, especially the arteries of the bowels. This, with two other common pin-worms of the horse (Sclerostomum Tetracanthum Oxyuris Curvula,) are each about an inch in length, and all mhabit the large intestine in their adult condition, sometimes becoming so numerous in a district as to cause an epizootic. Another round worm. (Ascaris Me- galacephala) about six inches long, is very common in the horse's small intestine. Cattle suffer less from intestinal worms, but the follow- ing are not infrequently injurious, .pecially to calves The Ion,: tape-worm (Taenia Expansa), Ascaris Bovis (like a common earth-worm), the hair-headed worm (Tricocephalus Affinis), the Sclerostomum Hypostomum and Strongylus Radiatus. Sheep suffer severely, especially from the long tape- worm, Sclerostomum Hypostomum, Strongylus Fillicol- lis, S. Contortus, Dochmius Cernuus and Tricocephalus Affinis. The thick portion of the body of the last is about an inch long, the other round worms are mostly under an inch and a half The tape-worm is usually three feet or under, but is alleged to gain a len^rth of twenty, thirty and even one hundred feet. ' '^ Swwe suffer severely from a thorn-headed worm (Echinorynchus Gigas) from three to eighteen inches long; a hair-headed worm (Tricocephalus Crenatus) a little smaller than the ruminant's ; an ascaris (A. Suilla) like that of ruminants; the Sclerostomum Dentatum three to five lines in length, and the Trichina Spiralis' one-eighteenth to one-sixth inch long. ' In addition to the tape-worms mentioned in the gen- eral articles on parasites, the dog suffers much ^om others, as from the following round worms; Ascaris Marginata, two to four inches long ; Spiroptera San- guinolenta, one and one-half to three inches long- Strongylus Trigonocephalus and Dochmius Trigonoceph- alus, each under one half inch; and Tr/cocephalus II 202 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. Sf incf ''n "'' '^'' ^h';r\P^rt of which is about one- threeTnckr ^SLT'" "^ '^' ^at, Ascaris Mystax. one to cnree inclif long, deserves mention because of its beintr harbored also in the human intestine ^ G^W Sj^m/>toms of Intestinal ^m«j._These are shown when worms are present in large numbers when they attach themselves to the mucoL membra'nrs or when they bore through these to reach other pTrts There h de^hn^'^J ''^"' of ill health, poor condition, pot-beMy hide-bou^^^^ «f the skin, often with Itching, irregular and usually voracious appetite f^d breatn, diarrhoea alternating with costivenesfthe pa ?aee of mucous ^ylth the dung, slight colicky pains with tvm pany especially in the morning before feeding a nnffJ rem d"e! ^itVll'"^ ""1 >'f ^""^' which t"o^ie?su? In the horse there is often a tendency to elevate fh^ upper hp and to rub it against wall or manger to iLk earth or hme, or to shake the tail or rub out th^ h.' about its root. There may. though rarely Le severe flatulent or spasmodic colic, enteritfs or perkoniL In .J^///. there are advancing emaciatiordeprr^ed or aTd ttidEh: ''^'''''' ^""^^"^^^-' colics^r/i^raniS Sheets lose appetite, scour, suffer from thirst wasting bloodless eyes, clapped, unhealthy or ThS/wool ^' voiaX and vet M^ J'T- ^ symptoms, have unusual or skeo w^fh Ti ^'^'' "'"^^' "^°"^' ^^^^rt from rest Dogs suffer from inordinate appetite wactino- itch^r skin, staring coat or loss of hair. KS'tions coHc oc^ «a.ional scouring or vomiting, fc^tid fS^and itching ":t* INTESTINAL WORMS. 203 temper, s&rting wiThout ca^s'e dI^,^ *°"' '"-'"'^^^ convulsions. ' P-''P"ations, vertigo or t;onZf:^nirl^tnu^^' '^'^''''f '■"'° tl>"dministra- o/tliemS their eLsanTn?/'^^'"'^"''^^^ in llntef soulf^fS ha°l1t^^ 'T ''" '"""""■ - or beets, and, i-J th'e" trs'e^'at talt ToL"of°t1;;""'P' nutritive grains (oats, barley beans rnm V I "'f* etc.,) ground or ungriund ^>?Jrmav ,^' T"^'^ ^^''^• food, roots, a liberal supply of tvTin^ and i?':' f^K?" buttermilk. Dogs mayfav^e salt^m^at!"^' ~^5 ou;ea7ufelhrS^,o':L'.t ^st^V'T'' salts ; swine, dog or chick;n, castor oil) It shoSZ^" be g,ven fasting before the morning's feed and ff i™ rsTrthi^mouth'"^ ''''' '-'''""-■ 'y ^^^^^ dels t!,1nttraTeSf:sreerr"S- 'T aS^atfr.^:°rt%-isSr^^^^^ prove poisonous to another P^"™*' "'»"''' ■offhdrtS tdTrprthefr tteT''?"'^^' r'^"™ S:^'L^ssbS^S^.p; of K oz. to the large quad^peds ? rir fr"^ '" ''°''i S\°n7s;?^;° fe>n?^" ? ^ ^'^Z^ wee, and X^edi;;TsS Sr^?^"^" ''^"^ '» « ■•"jection acts -vdl ^"' ' concentrated solution as an 204 THE farmer's VETERINARV ADVISER. Among the more direct vermifuges are: Common salt allowed to be licked at will (must not be mixed in large amount in the food of swine or chickens) ; oil of turpen- tine ; calomel ; tartar emetic with sulphate of iron, for SIX mornings running, and followed by a purge ; empy- reumatic oils, and especially those coming oft" at a slightly lower temperature than creosote and carbolic acid ; aaedarach ; Spigelia marilandica (pinkroot) ; san- tonme ; sulphuric ether ; asafcetida ; tansy ; savin, etc. These are general vermifuges, and may be used especially for the round worms. For tape-worms use areca nut ; kousso ; root of male shield-fern ; pomegranate root bark ; kameela ; pumpkin seeds ; ailanthus glandulosa ; or oil of turpentine. In every case the agent should be given fasting, it may even be repeated at the end of four hours, and should be followed by a smart purge. For weak animals areca nut is especially suitable. A course of tonics (sulphate of iron, gentian, coiunba,) should follow with sound nourishing diet and pure water. In the case of the Sclerostomum Equinum, it will usually be needful to repeat the treatment at short inter- vals to kill the young worms, which have escaped because ©f their being buried in the mucous membrane. Prevention is to be sought by measures advised under lung-worms, especial attention being given to sound nourishing food and pure water. CHAPTER IX. DISEASES OF THE LIVER. Effects of deranged functions of the liver. General symptoms and causes. Saccharine urine, Diabetes Mellitus. Blood-poison- ing from imperfect oxidation of albuminoids, Azotemia, Azoturia Enzootic Hsmoturia, Spinal Meningitis. Red-water in cattle' sheep and pigs Wood Evil. Jaundice, Icterus, the Yellows. Con- gestion of the hver Rupture of the liver. Inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis. Chronic inflammation of the liver. Result of t!,C* ;?^"-=*°"^^- Biliary Calculi. Fatty degeneration. Tubercle. Cancer. Hypertrophy. Atrophy. Parasitic diseases of the hver. Liver-rot, Fluke disease. Fasciola Hepatica. Disto- mum Lanceolatum. Only now, when the functions of the Hver are being more fully discovered, do we begin to apprehend the full importance of its various disorders. Formerly this organ was supposed to have exhausted its functions in the secretion of bile, and the various modifications and im- paired discharge of this product, together with inflamma- tion morbid growths and degenerations, circumscribed the list of hepatic diseases. But the recognition of the formation of glycogen and cholesterine in the liver to- gether With urea and other less perfectly oxidized nitro- genous bodies which pass into the blood in place of being discharged with the bile, points to the liver as the chief local seat of various disorders, such as diabetes cnolestenne plugging of vessels, blood-poisoning from' imperfectly oxidized albuminoids, and urinary culculi General Symptotns.—ThQSQ may be stated shortly as tollows: obesity, sluggishness, irregular bowels, the dung being abundant, liquid and deep yellow or orange from excess of bile in active congestions of the liver, or on the contrary there may be costiveness, with light-colored, tatid, inperfectly digested stools in cases in which bile IS not secreted or is debarred from entering the bowels (205) lameness in the right 206 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER fore limb, or even in one or more of the remaining mem- bers, without any observable local cause ; cramps and even paralysis in the severer cases with poisonous pro- ducts thrown into the blood ; a tardy pulse, sometimes not more than half its natural number ; yellow or orange color of the eye and other visible mucous membranes and of the urine in cases of obstructed bile-ducts or intestmes with reabsorpticn of bile, or in destruction of blood-cells by taurocholic acid and other products abnor- mally present in the blood ; tenderness or groaning when the last rib is pinched or struck w-'h the closed fist; a yellow or orange fur may sometimes be seen universally diffused or in circumscribed spots on the upper surface of the tongue ; the presence in the urine of deep brown or reddish granular deposits replacing urea is another sign of liver disorder. Obstructed circulation in the liver causes congestion of the portal vein, engorged spleen, intestinal catarrh, efifusion of blood on the bowels Plies, dropsy of the abdomen, and swelling of the hind limbs. These may therefore be attendant symptoms. The conditions in which animals live may further assist our decision in suggesting an efficient cause. The fat idle, over-fed and pampered stock are especially subject to liver disease, and more particularly if kept in close, hot, damp buildings or climates, or supplied with putrid water or unwholesome food. Thus the pampered family horse, the idle farm horse during our long winters, the high-bred ox, sheep or pig, in which everything has been sacrificed to secure excellence as meat producers, the pet dog, and the Brahmas, Cochins and other plump hens of Asiatic extraction, present frequent examples of liver disease. The stabled animal is more subject to it than those running at pasture, and the subject liberally fed on dry fodder than that nourished on succulent green food. Then the denizen of the warm latitude and damp miasmatic soil is more liable than others. Saccharine Urine. Diabetes Mellitus.— Very rare in the lower animals, but has been seen in carnivora (dogs), omnivora (monkeys), cattle and even Iti the horse. SACCHARINE URINE. ' 207 Temporarj' sweetness of the urine is not disease but if fBeS or I 7' ""^''\'' ^'""^^^^y ^^'^^y' enlarged liernard) , or less frequently to the failure of the liver to transform the sugar of the food into glycoUn or^t may be from disease of the medulla oblonga^a^apoplexv me Ddse of the bram. It has been produced exoeri mentally by giving alcohol, ether, chloroform quJnh ammoma, arsenic, phosphoric acid, and woora^.' ^ ' Sj'm/>^oms.--R^pid loss of condition, scurfy unthrifty k,n costive bowels, indigestion, ardent thirst^andexces^ ive secretion of urine of a high specific gravity-horse and ox 1060; pig, goat and sheep. i03o\nd upward , The tests for sugar are : r, taste ; 2, fermentation when yeast IS added and the whole allowed to stand n a warm tesTKof'.' /' ''; '''''r",'" " '''''' -' the urine ha test-tube of a few drops of solution of blue vitriol and a considerable excess of potassa, and boiling the Hqutd for a moment, when, if sugar is present, there^is a dSt o the yellowish-brown suboxide of copper ^ 7>m/;«^//.- Rarely successful. The 'best results ire to be expected in cases in which an active cause chs .tdTn? '^\^T'^""^^ ""' ^'•^'"'^-" be recogii.;' and kept in check or cured. Thus, with liver disease ax^tivTVood'^'S"" "^-"^^ ^^''^' ^-- or oth r vil^: axat.ve food, and cupping, mild blistering, or even iease^.r'/^n'P"'""^ "^^>^ ^^ beneficial In lui " disease the treatment must correspond to its na uro whether inflammatory, tuberculous or otherwi e Toiiics b i'T^^'"' T- "^'"^■''^ ^^''^y' demanded AlUh' ot soda have been used with profit. Opium which exr^errAf ^'^^^'^ ^^'^ '^f repeatedly succeeded at thS expense of a severe attack of rheumatism. Free secre- vwarn": ' I'.V '" ''l^f ^^-"-1 --1 should be ei ou aged .iminlv Ih '•"'^' ^^'\ ''^"^ ^'""^t^- ^i^t should'be i -, ij^auj, v<_n.,nei., iicsh df ■ • ■- r- " lepnved of fat, etc. 208 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. Blood-poisoning from Imperfect Oxidation of Albuminoids. — Azotemia. — Azoturia. — Enzootic Hematuria.— Spinal Meningitis. — Variously de- scribed in the books as disease of the kidneys and spinal cord, this is really due to disease of the liver, which fails to efifect the transformation of albuminoids into urea, and entails an accumulation in the gland and in the circu- lating fluid of partially oxidized products, such as leucin and tyrosin, which pass off in variable amount by the kidneys. It attacks almost exclusively horses which have stood idle in the stable for a few days, on good diet, and are then taken out and subjected to active exertion. Symptcms, etc. — These are very variable. In the mild- est forms there is only some lameness and muscular trembling in a particular limb, without apparent cause, brought on by sudden exertion, and attended by a dusky brown color of the membranes of the eye and nose and some signs of tenderness when the short ribs are struck. This may be entirely cured by a course of gentle laxatives (podophyllin, i scr,) and diuretics (colchicum, muriate of ammonia, taraxacum, nitre,) and a graduaPinuring to work, beginning with the slightest exertion, and increas- ing day by day as the condition improves. The worst form comes on during or after driving, it may be not more than one hundred yards, the fire and life suddenly giving place to anxiety and despondency, the subject seems to be in violent pain, the flanks heave, the nostrils are dilated, the face is pinched, the surface drenched in perspiration, the body trembling violently, the limbs weak, so that they sway and bend, while the animal walks crouchingly behind, and soon goes down unable to support himself. If urine is passed it is high-colored, dark brown, red or black, and is usually thought bloody, but it contains neither clots nor blood-corpuscles, its color being due to the imperfectly oxidized albuminoids mixed with an excess of urea. When the patient is down the limbs and whole body are still convulsed at intervals, but are beyond the control of the animal, showing the poisonous effect on the nervous system. The pulse is WOOD EVIL. 209 variable but high, and the temperature of the body nor- mal at first, though it rises slightly if the animal survives. Death may ensue m a few hours or days, or improvement manifested at any period may go on to complete recov- ery. The blood IS dark, difRuent, clots loosely if at all and smells strongly. In some cases of recovery a partial paralysis of the hind limbs or wasting of the crural nerve and muscles above the stifle will sometimes persist for a time, showing structural nervous disease l/fZZf''' fV"" ^^ Tti ^y ''"^"^^'^ ^^"y exercise. In the case of horses which have had a period of abso- lute repose, submit to walking exercise only at first gooVlTc^idLt^^ '^y^-'' '"^^y W attained Trm^menj.-Char out the bowels and unload the por- tal vein and liver by active purgatives. Podophyllin V. drachm, aloes 4 drachms, may be given by the mouth and copious injections of soap-suds, with oil or salts, by the anus, until the bowels respond, in which case a favor- able termination may be hoped for. Drachm doses of br-mide of potassium may be given frequently to calm ' nervous disorder, and when the bowels have responded half drachm doses of colchicum and drachm doses of muriate of ammonia three times a day. Warm fomenta^ tions o the body but especially to the loins, are benefi- .nH V ^^ '" soothing irritation in the liver, spinal marrow and kidneys, and in securing a free perspiration and the elimination of morbid matters by the skin. They may be replaced by a newly removed sheep-skin applied with ^e fleshy side m, and followed by a mustard poultice When the appetite returns the diet must be of sloppy mashes and moderate in quantity. ^ In cas^e the paralysis persists after the acute symptoms have subsided, treat as for functional paralysis. P,^^^?, ^^^L;-I^ED Water of Cattle, Sheep and nGS^_Uncier this name we designate a malady gener- ally described as bloody urine ( hcematuria), but as the ZJ?^^^ y""^ "'"^,"'^ ^°"^^'" b^^°^ globules or clots, - rne liver is -nmost invariably enlarged and soft- 210 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. ened, and the blood elements are largely destroyed, it must be conceded that the affection is more intimately associated with disorder of the hepatic functions than of any other. The cause, which may be stated as feeding on irritant and unwholesome food, is such as is calculated to disorder the digestive organs and liver. The blood seems to suffer secondarily, though it is by no means disproved that other blood-forming functions besides those of the liver are involved. The blood itself is usually thin, watery and comparatively incoagulable, with a deficiency of fibrine, albumen and red globules — the last named elements being smaller than natural and irregularly notched around their margins. The urine varies in color from a simple reddish tinge through the various shades of red and brown to black. It contains albumen and various albuminoid agents, excess of urea, cholesterine and phosphates, implying hepatic disturbance and de- structive changes taking place in the blood. This is essentially a disease of unimproved localities, and attacks animals fed too exclusively on products of such land, which are naturally stimulating to the diges- tive organs and liver. Turnips and other saccharine roots, though perfectly safe from ordinary soils, are dan- gerous from these, and in the natural meadows and woods the young shoots of resinous trees (coniferse) and the acrid plants of the' ratiuncultis, colchicum and asdepias idimxXiQS, etc., are held to produce it. Its pre- valence in woods and uncultivated meadows has pro- cured for it in almost all European countries some name equivalent to wood disease. An important element in the causation is the existence of soil rich in organic matter and soured by the stagnation of water owing to a clay or otherwise impervious subsoil. Cows are very susceptible just after calving, and often perish. Symptoms. — Dulness, languor, weakness, especially of the hind limbs, trembling, surface coldness, staring coat, dry muzzle, hot mouth and horns, and diminution of the milk, which is white and frothy and may throw down a reddish sediment. Appetite is lost, thirst ardent, pulse small and weak, beats of che heart tumultuous, amount- JUANDICE.— ICTERUS—THE YELLOW*. 211 relaxed atterwards costive, abdomen tender, urine oassed frequently in small quantity and often w th suffednl ief fn ?n K i ""^^'^ !^ extreme. Delirium even will set in in bad cases, and death usually supervenes on a state of extreme prostration. "pcrvenes on a ..^•^^''^'''u ""f/ ^^ ^°"8^ht in thorough drain e • in restricting the allowance of objectionabll food i sud pkmenting it with sound, dry grain and odd;r n the" sprint un'tille^'^P' ""^.'^ ^"^ "^^^^^ meadows in rdectfon of hav frot^f^^^^ ^'°^'^ °^ ^^^^^' ^"^ i" the of acrS plLts"^ ^ faulty pastures containing an excess cJd7t^ler7yf'' '^r°"''' °^ '^^ ^'^^^^^ "°thing suc- ceeds better than a free evacuation of the bowels and depletion of the portal vein and liver by an a?tTve pur ga ive When there is no abdominal pain or other S ofinflammaionofthe bowels, salts or any other act ?e purgative will suffice, but with colic and ^nderness of the abdomen, we must restrict our choice to olive oHand other bland materials. I„ advanced and welk cond^ nTmkf''''f'T'°^^'"^^^^^^°"^d be resorted to. The iron ?LiV. ^^, ^"Sr^ed by diffusible stimulants and he.f£^ '7'^^ ^^^^"^^^ °^ P°t^ssa, and the bowels sheathed and protected by infusions of slipperv elm nr ma low, decoctions of linseed, eggs. milkTr S^uc Sge ^ uelf h"^"^ '°"'^' °^ ^'"^^^^ dicoctions, wen-boned d%t;dto"d""'"' '''' °^^^^ -^"^- -d -Sy _ Jaundice.— Icterus.— The Yeli ow«! t^.-o „ js given to that condition in Sthe vSbTe ^"00": sue"a;eT-^' skin-ifwhite,-the urine ^d the ?fe ng mat4 "iMrj^"' """^^ °' ^'°^'^ by bile color- bS ?tut I "'^.* sy^P'oin of various disorders brt It IS so specific m its character that the narae bids Xosed 'b^T '°' ""= ^'^^^- '' '^ "°* caused^ as once supposed, by the non-secretion of hilf frop, n.-. ui.-j 0"tDy the re-absorption of bile already sec^ctc^ "'""* 212 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. This absorption may be detennincd by various cases, I. Obstruction of the bile duct, by gall-stones, parasites, foreign bodies entering from the gut, fibrous or spasmodic stricture of the duct, inflammation or ulceration and swelling of the mucous membrane of the canal, or the intestine near the opening, tumors, or overloaded intes- tines. 2. Obstruction of the bowels which hinders the discharge of the bile. 3, Diminished fulness of the capillary vessels of the liver from partial mechanical obstruction of hepatic artery or aorta. 4. Excessive secretion of bile in congested states of the liver. Jaundice may also result from imperfect metamor- phosis of the re-absorbed bile, as in certain fevers (anthrax, Texan-fever, hog cholera, purpura haemorrha- gica,) in blood poisoning (septic matter, snake venom, phosphorus, mercury, copper, antimony, chloroform, ether, carbonic acid). It may further result from the breaking down of red blood-globules and liberation of their coloring matter to stain the blood and textures. This may be caused by excess in the blood of water, bile acids (taurocholates), alkalies, nitrites, ether 01 chloroform. It may result from freezing, burning (140" F.), and frictional and induction currents of electricity. It is noticeable that the coloring matter in the blood of solipeds is very easily dissolved, and that of carnivora only \vith difficulty. Hence the frequency of a dusky or jaundiced appearance of the membranes in horses and its comparative harmlessness, as contrasted with similar conditions in the dog. It is further probable that the re-absorbed bile acids are transformed into bile pigment in certain states of the blood. Symptoms. — General coloration of all the tissues, but especially the mucous membranes of a yellow, or over large veins of a greenish hue, and also of flie urine. When there is obstruction of the bile-duct, the dung is devoid of bile, foetid and often clayey in appearance, but if from other causes it may retain its natural color and odor. Other symptoms may appear dependent on the nature of the attendant disease, or the poisonous action of the CONGESTION OF THE LIVER. 213 harmless. '°'°'^''^" '^^^If seems to be comparative!; cau^^l:l7e'!;e[:,T'l'^r"'r °" ^^^ nature of the bowels, the frfe elimin^ fn,r ?i/^?.? *^" ^^t.on of the the po tal veTn anT Hver °n'''' ^''" ""^ ^^P'^^ion of Small daily dLs of n-'/K^ ^^^^ i^""di^e. with on. o"^ Xe oun'^Tach of ^ClT^ ^".' °^ ' ^^^ common salt as mnv k1 ,r , ^^^"^^r, Epsom and efficiently. Or aloes^ii"'"'^^';'' ^" ^^^^" ^^^ very podophyL Ta aSc.lP'"'' 'k'^"'-^^ "lay replace the tic or purga ive doses or aT\^' ^'^"" "'^^^^^ '" ^'"••^- turned out on a Sacr/Ji'''^''r"' P^^ient may be grass, indeed" ts some ffes In'h^t ? '" ' T^""''?.' '^''^^'^ are useful in efferHno- i- • ""^ '"^ needed. Diuretics carbonate and ?ceateso?'nof" "' :5^^ P'^"^^"^' ^he being especially toodR^H^'!!'' f "^^ ^"^ ammonia valuable in counteracting I .' -^""^ '^'^'^' ^°"'^^ ^''^ ^^^n 'He nat.; Of ^ru3tVrSL^.^e^rS.'° Congestion of the I tvfp ti,- • horses in warm climates ^h^r V '^ " common in thora) and hot seisin! V f ^"'^"riant grasses (ple- the Southern States an?'''" • ^r^'''P°^"- "^n^^' ^^ are moist as wel Und whtf ^'^'^"^ '" ^°'"^^^'^^ ^^^'^^h it may be looSd for ht .^^ ^?'°"' emanations exist, idle animals W in L^ , '' ^\'? '"^" ^'^ Pampered food and ?he colara^ive T "'^^^f ^">^^^^'-^- ^'-^ and breathing Xovtonn f?'u ""^ '^^'^^ ^>^ ^^^^^cise is rendered iLle To Z "'^ ^^^_.°' °" ^he liver, which the immSiate eVchinl^.^'"^ '"^ congestion. Among changes of temDerlt^S "' "^^^ ''^ "^"^^^ ^"^^^n warm^amp reXn ch n^ ^ ^'''"' ^ "^^ ^o a days/sudSSi eSrti'on wh '" '^^ ^/^>^ "'^^^^ ^^^r ^ot and bad condlS e Jrt LVund ^ '' 'l^ ^^"^ '"-t sun, and blows on the rfcr^n ""^^^.'"tense heat of the tlje^oun^. vf"4^-'^ -^^^-^^ ^'''''' P^rticularlv on / -«^ , wnvu;> ^uagesuon irom imperfect action of 214 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. ' i y the heart valves is a cause of hepatic congestion, at once predisposing and exciting. Symptoins. — These strongly resemble the severe forms of poisoning, by imperfectly elaborated liver products, the two conditions being often co-existent and mutually dependent on each other. There are the sudden pros- tration, dull, sunken eyes, pinched, anxious face, excited breathing and pulse, trembling, swaying linibn, perspira- tion, sighing, and violent colicky p.; ins with frequent looking at the flank, lying down and rising. Striking the last ribs with the fist causes flinching, groaning, or even attempts to kick or bite, .*.id some jaundice and furring of the tongue are often seen. When fainting ensues, this, with the pallid mucous membranes and quick, weak pulse, imply rupture of the liver and exten- sive loss of blood. In the slighter attacks the symptoms are correspondingly mitigated. The attack may subside and end in complete recovery, or blood effused intothesub- stance of the liver may be slowly absorbed, or organized into fibrous material, or may determine extensive and fatal softening of the liver, or finally, the patient may perish in a fainting fit from rupture of the liver and loss of blood. Treatment. — At the outset a free bleeding will often obviate effusion of blood and rupture and check the disease. It must never be resorted to, however, when faintness, a we;:k, small pulse, or a small stream from the orifice implies already existing effusion. Quiet, mus- tard poultices or other derivatives applied to the limbs, and saline purgatives (i lb. sulphate of soda), by the mouth and as injections, will prove valuable in directly depleting the portal system and liver. Cold water or ice to the last ribs will often serve to check effusion already begun. The sulphate 'f" soda may be kept up in small dose^. (i to 4 ozs. daily), and a mustard or other blister may be applied over the region of the liver. During treatment the animal must have the purest air, and, as food, soft bran mashes and roots. After recov- er)'' feed moderately on sound easily digested food, keep in pasture or airy stable, and never neglect moderate pxcrcise even for a day. INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. glC Inflammation of the Liver.^Hepatitk. n to the same causes as congestion buf mn^if i i ^'"'^"^ In dogs, beside the ceneral r-^ f«l ? "^'^ ^^^f frequent, the inluence of sh^arStedri's^waLttr^"^^^ violent pam and excitement and more fever Th ?' IS accelerated, the breathintr ^ ".'7^ '^yer. I he pulse inflammation if the l^er ca^le Ih/"'^' ''^f'^^y >"" ribs is very tender toT h^.r' ?u '^^1°" "^ ^^^ ^a^t ruminants)f the niouth ho^ ani?. '^" ''^^' ^'^^ «"Jy '" mucous membranes Lre oTLfS?^ tongue fu-ed. the heat of the body raised by "'"orupU'rd^'^?' bowels may be at first loose yellow anrl u^;u ^^'^ are confined, the small pe lets oTdul k "''^"' '°°" wifh a yellowish mucous, fnd this state^Jl?^ '^''"'"'^ place to a mucous diarrhoea AoneHf! • ^ ^^f" ^'^^ Pletely lost, emaciatiof advan^T^apM^^^^ and patches appear on the visiWp mf ^' ^^^^^'^Po^s and the legs, L'pecially\tZd'ors"s"4lT Tr^^ Great nervous atony, convulsions orev;n del r.^.n. ' appear towards the last. aelinum may incl^nf^V^^^1•'' ^'^^^ ^"^"^^^ ^"^ "^"^cular weakness mc mation to he constantly, unsteadv crX y^^^^^^* yellowmembranes,furredtoLue nroi^n^ ' 1-"^^^ °^ ribs on the nght side and ?5nM' P'^"''"^ "^e of the last their cartilages When th. H "^'' ^i°"^ ^^^^^ ^"d the tumid edle of ^e Hver n..'T%'f [""^ developed rib and the costa cartilages lur "^' u'^'"^ '^' ^''' rhcea succeeds tn\hl ^^ ■ brownish, mucous diar- rervous prost atL and tuZ"^ constipation. Great The disease is verv fatli nT "'u^"^ P''^^^^^ ^^ath. the chronic form wfhLe^^^^^^^ "^"? "^''^^^ ^"to . w., especiaii; trs^refy'i^r'^^^^^^^^^^^ ironi hepat tis when wpII f^^^ ^ 11^ • ' ^""^r much yard.. TheyX d'su^den^i^^^ ^he liver, without any previous s°i„ so? 'M ^'°°^ «" "^ay droop for som. ^i,,! 1 J-A^- f '""^^'' ^'^ ^^^^y ^ ' "^ ^vcn weeks prior to death. 2l6 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. Any change in the habits of closely confined, pie' horic fowls should lead to suspicion of liver disease. Ruffled feathers, sinking of the head between the wings, slug- gishness in running or feeding, drooping in a corner alone, with a withered brownish appearance of the comb and jaundice of the skin are especially to be noted. Trcatmtni. — Bleeding is rarely beneficial, and we must rely mainly on depletion from the portal system and liver by purgatives, or counter-irritants and change of habits. A pound of sulphate of soda may be given at once to the larger animals, or an ounce to a shepherd's dog and an equivalent amount by injection. Podophyl- Hn, aloes, etc., may be used instead. Friction, with loose bandaging of the limbs, with or without excitation hy mustard, or ammonia and cupping, or in small animals leeching over the region of the liver or mustard poultices are demanded. After the bowels have been freely opened, smaller doses of Glauber salts or cream of tartar may be given daily to keep up a free action of the bowels, and throughout the diet must be soft (mashes, roots, green food), and restricted in quantity. Taraxa- cum with bitter tonics (Peruvian bark, gentian, columba, gelsemium, etc.,) will be useful during convalescence, and when the herbivorous patient is well enough to be pastured in a field well stocked with dandelion, this may be resorted to. In carnivora and swine ipecacuanha and guaiacum are useful in favoring free elim.ination by the bowels and skin. Fotvls attacked usually die, but the morbid state in which the disease takes its origin may be counteractec' in the remaining fowls by a free range, by cabbage, cooked potatoes, turnips and other vegetable food in place of grain, and a small quantity of salt or Glauber salts in the food or water. Excess of common salt is poisonous. Chronic Inflammation of the Liver.— This is seen especially in horses and dogs, the liver often attain- ing an enormous size or undergoing fibrous degeneration (cirrhosis). It is attended by the same symptoms as the GALL STONES.— BILIARY CALCULL 217 i given at acute form, but these are less urgent, and 'dropsy of the belly and legs is a common result. It is to be treated in the same manner as the acute form, but less energetically, mild laxatives with bitters daily, and, above all, a free range in the open air • for herbivora, sound, juicy pastures, and in case of a malari- ous soil or impure water, a change even for a (qw miles to a higher locality. _ Gall-Stones.— Biliary Calculi.— These are espe- cially common in oxen when subject to the dry feedino- of winter, but are found in all domestic animals, often in great numbers. They occur as round masses, angular masses when they have lain in contact, or as incrusta- tions on the walls of the duct, of which they form dis- tinct casts. They often fail to cause manifest disorder but if they obstruct the ducts there is acute spasmodic pain in the abdomen, with all the signs of colic, tender- ness over the last ribs, and more or less jaundice. The attacks are liable to recur as new calculi are displaced, and the general health suffers. Carnivora vomit, and in all diarrhoea may set in if relief is not obtained. Sheep generally have incrustations when affected with flukes (liver rot). The formation of these calculi may usually ht prevented in herbivora by allowing a fair amount of exercise and succulent food, and they nearly always disappear in cattle turned out on the rich grasses of spring. Beside these measures their removal may be sought by the daily use of carbonate and sulphate of soda and common salt, with abundance of good water and exercise. Dur- ing the attacks give anti-spasmodics, lobelia, belladonna, hyoscyamus, chloral-hydrate, etc., and keep up hot fomentations perseveringly to the loins and abdomen. Chloral-hydrate and chloroform dissolve cholesterine culculi. Other AFFECTIONS of the HN^-^, fatty degeneration, tubercle, cancer, hypertrophy, atrophy, are manifested by the general symptoms of hepatic disorders, but space forbids further notice of them here. 2i8 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE LIVER Liver-rot.— Fluke Disease. — This affection is most destructive to sheep, of which it has destroyed as many as from one to two million head in England alone in certain years. It is immediately determined by the presence in the gall ducts of two flat, leaf-liko parasites ■ — the Fasciola Hepatica and the Distomum Lanceola- tum — the first % to i inch in length, the second 4 lines. These inhabit the gall ducts of all domestic animals, of many wild animals and even of man, but in most of these they do little harm. The eggs of these parasites laid in the gall ducts cannot be developed there, but pass out with the bile and dung, hatch in pools of fresh water, in which the embryo floats until it finds a mollusk, in which it encysts itself and becomes a brood capsule, developing many new embryos within it ; these embryos may form new brood capsules, and thus increase their number materially, or if swallowed by a mammal along with its food or water, they develop into the mature flukes, inhabiting the bile ducts and reproducing themselves only by eggs. The necessity for these intermediate generations, and the fact that they can only take place in fresh water and fresh water mollusks, points to thor- ough drainage as the most efficient means of limiting the ravages of the parasites. In small numbers they do little harm, and as they cannot multiply within the body their presence may be of no consequence, but when present in large numbers they become most destructive. In certain damp lands stocked with these parasites sheep cannot live, no matter how well fed, and cattle often perish as well. A single infested sheep brought on such damp lands will speedily stock them, as infested German rams did the colony of Victoria in 1855. Symptoms.— SYiQQ^ may thrive unusually for a month or two, but soon they bc-^in to lose flesh and waste with a rapidity that is surpiising. The skin and the mem- branes of the nose and eyes become soft and puffy, the naturally bright pink vessels of the eye become yellow- ish, dark or even quite imperceptible, the whole eye LIVER ROT.— FLUKE DISEASE. 219 assumes a yellow t,nge. the skin is pale, bloodless, defi- c.ent m yolk or oil, dry and scurfy. The wool loses ks brilliancy and comes out easily when pulled. The mus- cles waste the animal is ra.or-backedXh^ hip-bones Z- Sr k'^^J^^"^ ^"5°"^^^ sunken, the belly pendent and the back drooped from dropsical effusion^ Similar effusions take place in the chest, beneath the abdomen and breast-bone and under the lower jaw. The head 's no longer carried erect, the expression of the face s ardent, and there ,s occasional diarrhoea. Examination .tMn^dTaie^er "^^'^'^ ^^ "^^^"^^^P^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ Treatment-AXmost all the tonics of the pharmaco- alTul^T f? rP^°^''^ ^'^^ "^^^^ «^ less effect, but all usually fail when many parasites have gained acce.s I^J:^: ^'^ ^^"^^^"^ ^^ ^ ^-^ --P^e of a Linseed, rape, pea, oat, barley or unbolted wheat nour ---.._ Powdered gentian or anise seed - I '. '. Common salt --.-... Sulphate or oxide of iron • - I '. I Give half a pint daily to each sheep. 40 lbs. 4 " 4 « » « In all treatment it is essential to remove from the in- fested meadow to a perfectly dry pasture or salt marsh on either of which the eggs of the fluke will perish To the"pa?asites* ^^'^"'^ '" ""^"^'^ ^° ^^''''^ ^^'^^ ^^^^ /'r^z/^////^;/.— Keep sheep on high dry pastures or salt marshes where the fluke cannot live out of the body hf ?J? daily If flukes exist to however limited an ex- mn I'.f ir' ^^lu"" ^^^ y°""^ ^"'^^^' ^"d will destroy oftff.r ^' ^^^y ^,? *^^^" ^'"- Thorough drainage mVv f!n i,^^'i^"T.'"^"u^^^^ '^^"^ wholesome. This ca I.^^l 1 ;i ^f "^/i r^'i^'^ ^° inundations, and in this craL ^ -"^ Should be devoted to raising hay or other InA .^^fr"f *^? '^^^P °^ ^^^ '■"^'e-'^ted fields at nights and until the dew leaves the ?rass in fh^ mnm.n^r ,v|ii i;u a long way towards protecting them. In some^'n- »■ 220 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. stances of the introduction of this parasite into a new country the contaminated sheep should be destroyed and the infested pasture, with a wide area around' it, proscribed from being grazed. For other parasites of the liver , see general article on " Parasites." STEED OF THE DESERT CHAPTER X. DISEASES OF THE PANCREAS AND SPLEEN.' Diseases of the pancreas : inflammation, degeneration, calculi, etc. Diseases of the spleen : tuberculous, cancerous, glanderous ';':Sn:^::XrnSr' ^^^P'^^^'^- "^P-^-phy. Atrophy, Lym-' Diseases of the Pancreas.— Though subject to a variety of diseases, as shown by the existence of abscess, tuberculosis, sarcoma, melanosis, cancer, calculi and worms (Sclerostomum Equinum) after death this organ is so deeply seated and the result of its disorder so little manifest, that its pathological states usually pass without recognition during life. One symptom alone is characteristic— the passage of much undigested fat with the dung. The fatty aliment is mainly emulsionized by the pancreatic juice, and its presence in the stools un- changed may be held to imply suppression of that secre- tion. If this condition coincides with general fever colicky pains and tenderness behind the last rib on the right side, inflammation of the gland may be suspected • if with sharper colic but without fever, obstruction of the pancreatic duct by calculi will be suggested. Inftamfnation should be treated on general principles by laxatives, blisters to the right side of the abdomen and spare diet ; Calculi by antispasmodics and fomenta- tions as for gall-stones; and simple suppressed secretion by stiiphunc ether. Diseases of the Spleen (milt).— These are if possible, even more occult than those of the pancreas And yet this organ is involved in nearly all diseases of the hver, in specific fevers due to a poison in the blood and in disorders of the lymphatic vessels. Obstructed circulation through the liver sends the blood back this organ and over-distends it almost to rupture. (221) on 222 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. Advanced tuberculosis and cancer rarely fail to show secondary deposits here. Glanders sometimes show the same tendency. Anthrax and anthracoid afifections and, to a less extent, other specific fevers, lead to enlargement and even rupture of the spleen, in connection with the long retention of the blood and disease poisons in its venous cavities. Of particular diseases the spleen suffers from wasting in starved animals, from extraordinary in- crease in the highly fed, and from changes of structure, such as glandular degeneration and enlargeme; t {lympha- denoma). Some of these diseases, and notably the latter, are associated with an excess of white globules in the blood {leukcemia), vhich condition revealed by the micro- scope may assist in diagnosis. We can do little for these affections besides giving attention to the general health, by tonics and a sound hygiene. ,yi CHAPTER Xr. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. «c?c^"n^^K^"'^^''"'^?]''"P^°'"'• Examination of the urine. Diu- SS.% I^f^betis, Insipidus Polyuria. Bloody urine, Hematuria. Simple inflammation of the kidneys, Nephritis. Bright's disease Desquamative Nephritis. Albuminuria, Albuminous urine. Spasm l°"5ri . c'"'-^^'''*'^- , Inflammation of the Urethra, Gonor- Ti?n^ r : ..Stricture of the Urethra. Eversion of the bladder. Unnary Calculi and gravel. Stone in the kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra and prepuce-in horses, cattle, sheep, pigs and dogs. Diseases of the urinary organs are not infrequent in the domestic animals, though less prevalent than in man. They prevail above all in certain localities, as : on the magnesian limestones, in company with goitre, on lands aboundmg in diuretic or resinous plants or water m damp regions where fodder is secured in a wet, musty condition, where it is fed covered with hoar-frost or where frequent cold rains and winds repress the perspi- ration and throw undue work on the kidneys. Feeding to excess on aliments rich in phosphates of lime and magnesia— bran, beans, peas, vetches, etc.— the habitual privation of water, injudicious dosing with diuretics, dis- eased heart and lungs, which throws the blood back on the veins and determines passive congestion of the kid- neys, diseases of the liver which interfering with the oxidation of the albuminoids predispose to urinary de- posit, and finally mechanical injuries to the loins or pelvis, all tend to induce various urinary diseases Genera/ Symptoms. —With most acute inflammations there is a stiff straddling gait with the hind limbs, the loins are tender, as ascertained by pinching on the spines or the transverse processes of the backbone, there is less aitticulty experienced in backinfr than wli^n there i- Bprain or fracture of the back or iSins, and the animal is (223) 224 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. » more likely to lie down though it costs an extra effort to rise, there is straining to discharge urine, which is passed in excess, in deficiency, in jets, in dribblets only, or not at all. In the larger animals the bladder and its excretory duct (urethra) are easily and satisfactorily examined by the hand introduced through the rectum or vagina, and any tenderness, flaccidity, swelling, over-distension or foreign agent (stone) is easily made out. In the smaller breeds of horses and cattle even, the kidneys may be reached in this way, and any heat, swelling, tenderness, etc., perceived. Then brain diseases, dropsies, and skin eruptions are common results of urinary disorder. Examination of the Urine. — But a certain class of urinary diseases are only to be made out by examination of the urine. Beside the modifications of quantity and flow already referred to, this may be altered : ist, in color, as zvhite, from saline deposits, brown or red, from blood clots and coloring matter, or from imperfectly oxidized albuminoids, yellow or orange from bile or blood pigment, pale or variously tinted from vegetable colors taken with the food ; 2d, in density as measured by a hygrometer (urinometer), the natural urine being in the horse and ox 1030 to 1060, pig and goat lOio to 1012, dog 1020, and cat 1058; "i^d, in chemical reaction, ■a.z\6\\.y ox alkalinity, as ascertained by blue litmus or red test-papers (healthy herbivorous urine is alkaline, turning the red papers blue unless after prolonged abstinence or a flesh diet ; carnivorous and omnivorous urine is acid except- ing when confined to a vegetable diet); 4//^, in organic ingredients, as when it contains albumen (coaguable by boiling or by strong nitric acid or in the horse giving the liquid a ropy consistency), sugar, blood, bile, cylindroid microscopic casts of the uriniferous tubes or the eggs or bodies of worms ; ^th, in its salts, which may crystallize out in the system or at once after the liquid is dis- charged, or after cooling, or finally may have to be pre- cipitated by chemical reagents. Diuresis — Diabetes Insipidus.— Polyuria.— Ex- cessive secretion of urine= This may occur in any animal BLOODY URINE.— H.EMATURIA. 225 from agents, medicinal or alimentary, which undulv trequent sufferer, bemg more than any other anmal subjected to reckless doling by those abo^uthm with pd vate nostrums and much advertised quack preparations "ain 'm,T^"."'^ "^^-^^ ""^^>^ -^ inju'redTay "and gram. Musty hay, gram or bran is perhaps the most common cause, the noxious agent being p^robably the c yptogams produced on this damp, heated fodder Musty oatmeal will even affect the human bebg New oats very watery food like the refuse of distiHen'es and cooked food, seleniteou. waters, acrid diuretic p ants in he pastures or hay, exposure to extreme cold and wet and excessive thirst consequent on feeding salt or on 7rri ' tat.on of the stomach are other causes. ^ Whole Lcks of sheep sometimes suffer at once from acrid plants eateo Sj'w/>foms -Frequent (often almost constant) passage of a very pale-co bred urine in large quantities and of low specific gravity, insatiable thirst, rapid falling off in co,^ dition and spirits sluggic-hness and weakness at work and perspiration on the slightest exertion. The discharges are comparatively inodorous and more like water than horse s urine, and contain little solid matter though the quantity of solids passed in twenty-four hours is in excess The skin becomes rough and hide-bound and all the si^rns c Ill-health set in, though the animal may suffer and su" V ve for months or even a year. More commonly he d"es patient '^^^"''^°"' °^ glanders supervenes and kills the Treatment is very successful in the early stages Ston the use of faulty food and drugs and give^dry wholesom? hay and grain, with no suspicion of newness or mustTneTs w t'h itr^^T i ^"^'"^^ ^'''^y ^^^^ the.water drunk,* with phosphate of iron 2 drachms, Peruvian bark 1 drachms, and iodide of potassium 2 dmchms daily Cre^ osote may often be added with advantage. SDr^a?n?n7.^T^-~"5''^''^^^'^-'r^'^ ^^^"''s ^fter n'Te Hdney "urinarv '-T^ " ''" region, with stone - U.C Kiane>3, urinary ^jas^ages or bladder, cancer, 226 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. I tubercle or even abscess of the kidney, etc., or lastly some poisoned condition of the blood, as in malignant anthrax. Acrid diuretic plants, cantharides, May-bugs, etc., are occasional causes. When bleeding occurs from local irri- tation or in a tolerably healthy state of the blood, it is partly at least in the form of clots and fibrinous casts of the uriniferous tubes, about one-hundredth inch in diam- eter, and entangling blood-globules. If from poisoned and disintegrating blood, there is a diffuse coloration with haimatine, with perhaps fragments of blood-globules, but rarely perfect ones, clots or casts, and a similar oozing of blood is liable to take place at other parts of the body. The blood-coloring matter is easily distinguished from bile by chemical tests. It is less easily distinguished from the brownish-red albuminoids which escape by the kid- n-eys in Azotaemia. Beside the passage of the blood there may be the general signs of urinary disorder, but these are not constant. When gravel co-exists, gritty masses pass with the urine or collect on the hair of the prepuce. Treatment. — Remove the causes, give comfortable, dry dwellings, sound food, mucilaginous drinks (linseed tea, mallow, gums, elm, etc.,) and acid astringents (tincture of chloride of iron, sugar of lead, vinegar, buttermilk and oak bark). In profuse discharge cold water may be applied to the loins, while in inflammatory cases a sheep-skin or poultice may be first used and followed by a mustard plaster. (See AzoT^EMIA AND RED-WATER.) Nephritis.— Simple Inflammation of the Kid- neys. — Causes. — Blows or sprains in the region of the loins, stone in the kidneys, use of diuretics to excess, musty fodder, irritant or acrid plants in hay, too exten- sive blisters of Spanish flies, paralysis of the spinal cord. Symptoms. — A variable but often very high fever, heat or even swelling of the loins, tenderness often extreme beneath the bony processes about six inches from the spine, a stiff, straddling gait with the hind limbs, little marked in chronic cases but so severe as to amount almost to helplessness in the worst, the loins arched, progression difficult and attended in some cases by groaning, there i-T ALBUMINURIA.— BRIGirr's DISEASE. 227 looking at the abdomen and colicky pains, more severe at one time than another. If the patient hes down it is with caution. In males there arc alternate retraction and de- scent of the testicles, and in all there is likely to be fre quent passa-e of urine in small ainount,of averyhigh color and density, and containin^r fibrinous casts of the kidnev tubes one-hundredth of an inch in diameter, and some times blood or even pus. The bowels are costive, and there IS a rapid pulse, an elevated temperature, and excited breathing. The legs tend to swell uniformly frc^in the foot up, and swellings may appear under the chest or belly, or even in internal cavities. General ill-health, with stocking of the legs, casts in the urine and some tenderness of the loins to pressure, may be all that is seen in the chronic cases. Treatment.— In acute cases, with strong pulse and ro bust patient, an immediate advantage may be gained bv bleeding, but this is rare. Give a laxative of olive-oil or raw linseed oil, or in case of necessity of Glauber salts or aloes, accompanying this with an anodyne (opium bella- donna, tobacco), throw anodyne and mucilaginous iniec tions into the rectum, and cover the loins with a fiish sheep-skin, the fleshy side in, or with a soothing poultice or fomentations, following this up in six or eight hours by a mustard poultice. Mucilaginous drink? may be given freely, but diuretics are to be sedulously avoided and warm clothing used to favor sweating and thus relieve the kidneys of work. Laxatives and anodynes must be repeated as may seem necessary, and finally a course of bitter tonics may be allowed. Mp^p^^J!^'''"^^^r-I^^^^."^'S.DlSE-^'5E-DESQUAMATIVE NEPHRITIS.- This consists in inflammation of the kid neys, acute or chronic, with degeneration and sheddin ot the epithehum from, the kidney tubes. Symptoms.~M.ore or less awkwardness of gait behind and tenderness of the loins, in some cases indisposition to lie down thick gelatinous ropy urine, with microscopic casts ot the kidney tubes, containing murh --nhpri'cal epithelium and granular matter. The urine coagulates in H rr 228 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. part in whitish flakes when boiled, or under the action of corrosive sublimate, acetate of lead or nitric acid. The general health suffers, and the patient dies sooner or later of ur.xmia with dropsy, or of some other affection which has been aggravated by the impaired vitality and the excess of the elements of urine in the blood. Treatment is not always satisfactory, though a certain proportion recover. Avoid exposure to cold, keep in a warm box and warmly clothed. Keep the bowels acting freely by a restricted diet of warm bran mashes, etc., or even by laxatives. Give tonics (phosphate of iron, quinia, willow bark,) and mineral acids, and use mustard applica- tions to the loins. If the kidneys fail to act, do not give diuretics, but use cupping over t'-e part, or hot fomenta- tions with water, or better still a trong infusion of digi- talis. Albuminous Urine, which is always ropy in horses, is no proof of the existence of Bright's disease, but is an at- tendant on nearly all extensive inflammations of impor- tant organs, on rheumatism, fevers and certain poisoned conditions of the blood. Spasm of the Neck of the Bladder.— CVi«^^5.— Prolonged retention of urine in mares at work or in horses hard driven. Chill when heated. Nervous irrita- tion. Is a common attendant on severe colic, and gives way when that is relieved. Males suffer most frequently. Symptoms. — Frequent attempts to urinate, which prove ineffectual or secure a dribbling only after much pain and straining. There may be anxious looking at the flank and uneasy shifting of the limbs, or in cattle twist- ing of the tail. There is tenderness in the back part ol the abdomen in the median line below. The hand, oiled and introduced into the rectum, will feel the distended bladder, with its firm dense neck and no enlargement either there or backward in the urethra, as from stone. If unrelieved the bladder becomes immoderately dis- tended and finally bursts, especially in ruminants. This is followed by tenderness of the abdomen, febrile symp- toms, dulness and languor, and if the bladder is exam- I I PARALYSIS OF THE BLADDER. jjg recognised b/iisldor ^ '"'P* ""^ """^' ^^^"y wilfT:S«tdut"f,tJ" 'TnoT'" *^ ""- modics mtroduced by the rectum I T' "=^J'""»Pa^ fcott.e"^%'SFjV^ a7yt thf-d-^ otXsiu';!,nt^ri^1ut!ot':f iti"rofs:--3lnclt small catheter miy be passed n th^K'n^' ='="T™'' * he fnsert'ion of on, 1"'%'^''''"' ""^y be overcome by whirfs1o°un°d'inTh: m:dia"„"^Z '0',"^ 5'^^ "P^."'!-^ oassacrp aV.^„f f^ • "leaian line ot the floor of the LUC Diaaatr, or decomposition of the urin^ Tf ;^ the^pta cTrd'IrMaTkltf T'"Tp- of cjated with pai;y of'^^h^TaK'/f- ry'-be^^^^^^^^ Symp^oms.—Ifthe neck is in-'-^Ived the ..r-'n. a.'.uu^ away constanfhr «M-fV,^ *. . .^^^^" ^"^ "i^Jne dribbles sheafh ."^ ^:, ^^^""^ straining, is discharged in the sneath and runs down nside the^ fvTJrrK , • ■ ■ . »nd inflammation in bofh uVu^ I ''■^"''"^ irritation urine accumutteipth.i^uJ^^ '-^ unaffected the in rn. ^xaddci, causing over-distension, 1 230 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. irritation and rupture. The urine decomposes, setting free ammonia, which softens and dissolves the epithe- lium and establishes the worst type of cystitis. Trc Ttment. — In cases of broken back or disease of the spinal cord attention must be given to that, and, if reme- diable, the urine must be drawn off frequently with a catheter, to prevent over-distension and injury to the bladder. In local paralysis, or after the spinal cord has recovered, apply a blister (mustard) between the thighs beneaih the anus or vulva or over the back part of the belly inferiorly. Give belladonna extract (i to 2 drachms), cantharides (i to 3 grains), or nux vomica (^ drachm for large herbivora). Inflammation of the Bladder. — Cystitis.— Causes. — Abuse of diuretics, acrid diuretic plants in the food, the application of blisters (Spanish flies, turpentine) over too extensive surfaces, prolonged retention and de- composition of urine, irritation from stone in the blad- der, etc. Symptoms. — If confined to the mucous membrane, urine i. passed frequently, painfully, in sm^all quantities, -.M'fV, trtore or less floating mucous and flat, microscopic, fibrin t; s shreds of exudation, entangling columnar or :^.-'' (' ithelium. The bladder is very tender to the ttuc^ .;.'.d if tht, finger is passed into it in the female its neck and walls are felt to be thickened, sometimes enor- mously. There are colicky pains, frequent looking at the flanks, uneasy movement of the hind feet or twisting of the tail. The gait is stiff and straddling. There is fever, usually slight. If the muscular coat is involved there is distension of the bladder, and if the neck parti- cipates the urine escapes involuntarily. If due to unre- relieved stone that will be found on examination. The case is most hopeful if due to irritants or some clearly removable cause. Treatment. — Remove the cause, whether foods, drugs, blistering agents on the skin, stone, gravel or retained and decomposed urine. Give spare, soft, aqueous diet, with mucilaginous agents (linseed decoction or tea, slip- INFLAMMATION OF THE URETHRA. 231 pery elm, gums, etc.,) laxatives of olive or linseed oil soft pure water at vyill, and mucilaginous and anodyne injections into the Dladdcr(gum Arabic i drachm, opium I drachm, tepid water i pint). Blisters may be used in paralysis. In severe cases these may be preceded bv fomentations. Finally, when the acute symptoms have subsided, small doses of .stimulating diuretics (copaiva subebs, jumper, buchu,) will often serve to tone up the mucous membrane. ^ INFLAMMATION OF THE UrETHRA.-GONORRHCEA. -GLELT.--p;...^x-Like cystitis, this may depend on irritants m the urine, taken by the mouth or applied to the surface, excessive copulation, connection with a new y-dehvered female or one that has otherwise con- tracted a vaginal discharge, mechanical injury to the penis in serving females, irritation from the passage or arrest of small stones or gravel. ^ Sj^wp/oms.—SwelVmg and soreness in the sheath and penis, pams in urinating, the liquid coming in jets and frequently arrested because of the suffering. In do^ there is continual licking of the organ, and soSn a creamy pus drops from the orifice. -^ Treatmeu^.--U before the discliarge of pus ^ive a laxative and foment the parts with warm water' Wash out any gravel. If after suppurations, use soo'thing or astringent injections permanganate of potassa acetate of lead, sulphate of zinc or nitrate of silver, 2 gis'. to i o. water) Tonics and stimulating diuretics ma^ be finaHy needed as in cystitis. A soft restricted diet is demanded Stricture of the URETHRA.-Usually a result of local irritation :-gravel, strong astringent injections used m the early stage of gonorrhoea or the healing of ulcers formed when that disease is neglected Sj^mptoms.-Gre^t difficulty in urination, the liquid fuTScfionsr " ''"'" '"' "^'' P^"- ^^^^-"^ P'^- TuatmeHt.--Passmg, daily, catheters of gradually in- creasing sizes, beginning- with on^ in^f lo.^t „p„ il :^ enter with gentlelorce. " """ '""- ""^ ■^"""^" '^ Mr n-l'.: k I 232 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. EVFRSION OF THE BLADDER can occur only In the female, from severe straining in irritation of the urinary organs, and especially after the organ has been rendered torpid or paralyzed by over-distension, severe parturition or otherwise. The animal strains violently and a red, tumid, rounded mass appears from between the lips of the vulva. On examining its surface near the neck the two orifices of the ureters may be detected with the urine oozing from them in drops. Treatment. — Wash with milk-warm water containing laudanum, and return, pressing the centre of the mass inward so as to correct the eversion. The main difficulty will be met in returning it through the contracted neck of the bladder, and if the eversion has lasted long enough to determine inflammation and sotfening, great care will be requisite 10 avoid tearing the coats. Should strain- ing be so violent as to threaten renewal of the eversion, a truss may be applied as advised for eversion of the womb. Urinary Calculi and Gravel. — Stone.— These vary in chemical composition with the genus of animal, and especially with the nature of the food. In herbivora the urine normally contains a large amount of the car- bonates of lime and magnesia and of oxalate of lime, a small quantity of silica, sulphate and phosphate of lime, ammonia-magnesian phosphate, hippuric acid and some- times uric acid, besides the more soluble alkaline salts. Carnivora, on the other hand, have an excess of phos- phate of lime and magnesia, of sulphates and chlorides, more uric acid than the vegetable feeders but a minimum amount of carbonate and oxalate of lime and silica. The omnivera occupy an intermediate position, the salts of the urine varying with the frequent changes in the food. The nature of the food determines the excess of parti- cular salts in the urine and their precipitation in the form of crystals. These carbonates of lime a?td magttesia, which make up the bulk of most urinary calculi in horses and ruminants, are due to the larfre amount of vecretahlp ari'f1<5 /rifrafias tartrates, malates, acetates, etc.,) in plants. These be- Urinary calculi and gravel.— stone. 2^^ coming further oxidized are transformed into carbonic acid, which unites with the magnesia or lime present in the blood. Oxalate of lime is due to imperfect oxidation of the vegetable acids, oxalic acid containing an equivalent less of oxygen than carbonic acid. It appears in excess in certain diseases of the lungs or other conditions which interfere with respiration. Silica enters the system as silicate of potassa in food and water, and especially in cyperaceaea, horse-tails, oat- straw, oat meal, etc. It is displaced as silica whenever it comes in contact with a stronger acid. Phosphates enter the system in bran, in beans, peas, and the leguminous plants generally, in oil-cake and rape-cake, or (the carnivora; in the flesh and bones. When present in undue amount in a given quantity of urine they tend to crystallize out, but when a large amount of phosphate of magnesia is present, it is only necessary that the urine should be retained longer than usual in the bladder and that decomposition should set in with evolution of ammonia, to have the insoluble ammonia-magnesian phosphate at once thrown down. Sulphate of lime is derived from sulphates in the water or the oxidation of sulphur contained in the albuminoid principles of food. Urea, Uric Acid, Hippuric Acid, Creatifte, Creatinine, Kiestme, Leucin, Tyrosin, etc., are all nitrogenous ele- ments, derived from the waste of muscle and gelatinous tissues, or from albuminoid matter in the food. Urea is to be looked upon as the healthy product of such decom- position, while uric and hippuric acids, etc., are products m which the process of oxidation has stopped '^hort eaving the products in a less soluble condition and more liable to crystallize out of the urine. Impaired breathino- from diseased lungs or otherwise, and imperfect action of the liver, whether from local disease in that organ or from feverish states, with impaired functions generally, are therefore amono- the raii«pc mrhiVii oft.rtr>H" r^— j: L to urinary calculi. 234 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. ii Besides these, a certain amount of mucous, fat, coloring matter and even blood enter into the formation of urinary- calculi. Accessory Causes. — To the above named causes favor- ing- the formation of urinary calcuH, may be added all such as favor concentration of the urine. Thus, scarcity of drinking water, excessive loss of liquid by the bowels or skin (diarrhoea, dysentery, etc.,) dry winter feeding on hay and grain, feverish states in which little urine is secreted, and hard waters appear to have this effect. The last named cause is not generally credited by phy- sicians, but its coincidence with the prevalence of stone is exceedingly common. Mode of Formation. — The first requisite is that some solid body should exist as a nucleus around which layer after la}'er is crystallized, and hence the stone is always composed of a scries of concentric layers. The nucleus ma)- consist in a particle of mucous, fibrine or blood, a crystal deposited from over-saturated urine, or even a foreign body introduced from without. I have seen a large calculus in the kidney of a deer formed around a piece of wood, which must have penetrated the kidney and broken off, while the wound by which it entered had healed up. Appear a uce.-^C^\c\x\\ vary much in character, but the most marked varieties are the smooth stones formed by carbonates, oxalates, phosphates and silica, and the rough, jagged crystalline specimens of ammonia-magne- siati phosphates. Renal Calculi. — ^Those found in the kidney are usually moulded in the pelvis, though I have found many like small lentils in dilatations of the microscopic tubes in the substance of the gland. Cattle fed on dry hay and grain during winter, rarely want small, yellow crystalline masses in the pelvis. Even when so large as to distend the pelvis and weigh several ounces, they are not always incompatible with good health and aptitude to fatten. When so large or rough as to produce manifest disorder, this appears its irritation of the kidneys, tender loins, stiff, straddling gait, etc., with the passage of microscopic URINARY CALCULI AND GRAVEL.— STONE. 235 crystals, and perhaps blood or pus in the urine. In cattle and sheep the salts from the concentrated urine usually crystallize out on the hairs around the opening of the sheath. AH species of domestic quadrupeds suffer 1 here is no satisfactory treatment, and the great obiect below ^'^''^"' ^^^'' formation by the measures named Uretral Caleuli.-These are lodged in the small canals which convey the urine from the kidneys to the bladder They are usually formed in the pelvis of the kidney and being washed on with the urine are arrested in the ureter Ihe symptoms are more violent than those of renal cal- culi, since the flow of the urine is checked and the ureter and pelvis of the kidney are over-distended, while the kidney itself undergoes inflammation, and, if the animal survives, is finally removed by absorption, the opposite kidney meanwhile enlarging and doing the work of two Ihe colics and general symptoms are like those of nephritis. The elastic distended ureter may sometimes be felt with the oiled hand introduced through the rec tuni. Like renal calculus, this is usually irremediable Antispasmodics will sometimes succeed by relaxing the duct and allowing the accumulated urine to pass the obstruction onward. They are best given by injection into the bowel. If nephritis sets in the treatment must correspond. Cystic Calculus. —Stone in the Bladder.—SQQn in all domestic animals. Symptoms —Fx-eqxx^nt straining to pass urine, which escapes in dribblets, in jets checked by a sudden arrest or not at all. Blood in clots, and microscopic crystals w^w^ •i"ff"^.^^'l''^^^ ^^^ """^- Examination with the oiled hand in the rectum will detect the rounded mass in the bladder, especially if it is partially filled with vvater. In the female it may be struck by a smooth metalhc sound, or even touched with the finger Trcat7ne7it.~By breaking the stone into Jmall pieces which may pass with the urine {lithotrity\ or by extrac' aon whole after dilatation or cuttinrr of \\^/ x.^.. r^r.^. {lit/wtomy). Lithotrity is effected with the lithStrite^of 2^6 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISKfe. I I the surgeon, and is only applicable to the female quad- ruped, in which extraction is usually easy and safe. A pair of long, round-bladed tongs, like a glove-stretcher, may be used to slowly dilate the neck of che bladder, after which the warmed and oiled forceps, che blades of which should be broad enough to cover the stone, are ir.Uvduced, and the stone being seized is slowly with- df i-v, J . by gentle oscillating movements. The injection of a little warm water into an empty bladder will greatly facilitate the seizure of the stone. The ma/e is operated on standing or thrown on his right side. A catheter is passed up the urethra to the point where it bends forward over the hip bones, and an incision about two inches long made down upon this in the median line. If the stone is small the forceps may now be introduced and the calculus withdrawn as in the female. If too large for this the passage must be dilated with a probe-pointed knife, guided by a grooved director or the index finger, the incision being carried obliquely between the point of the hip bone and the anus. The stone once removed the opening may be stitched up and treated like any ordinary wound. In the ox a catheter should be passed as a guide in cutting, as the thickness of the erectile tissue over the arch of the hip bone and the small size of the urethra render the operation far more difficult than in the horse. Urethral Calculi. — Stone in the canal by which urine is discharged from the bladder. In horses these are found in the terminal end of the urethra and its papillae on the glans penis. In the bull and ox in the S-shaped bend of the penis just above the scrotum, and in the ram in the same situation, or, more frequently, in the vermiform ap- pendix at the point of the penis. In horses the straining is violent and constant ; in cattle and sheep it is little marked, but the tail is slightly raised and the accelerator urinae muscle is seen contracting just beneath the anus as in ordinary urination. Examination along the course of the urethra will detect one or more hard nodular enlarge- ments at the S-shaped curves or elsewhere. If more than one are present, they may be made to grate on each othci . Meputial calculi. 237 Treatment. — If in the papilla or vermiform appendix, try to extract by manipulation. Should this fail, slit open the duct, or in the ram cut off thr; appendix. If higher up it must be cut down upon, through the skin, and ex- tracted. In cattle it is desirable to first pull the penis backward or forward, so th?>t the incision may clear the scrotum with its excess of areolar tissue and fat. Preputial Calcull— Stones in the Prepuce or Sheath. — In oxen and sheep urinary salts often crystal- lize out on the hairs, and may even block the passage somewhat. They may be easily removed by manipula- tion or with scissors. The accumulations of sebaceous matter, in the bilocular cavity or on the end of the penis or in the sheath of the horse, sometimes receive this name. They are best removed by thorough washing with soap and warm water, and the parts may then be lubricated with sweet oil. 2 anus as Sand-like Deposit or Soft Magma in the Blad- der. — This is frequent in the horse, the spherical granules of carbonate of lime and magnesia remaining apart instead of becoming agglutinated into a stone. Its mildest form is shown in the passage of a white matter at the completion of the act of urination. When accumulated so as to fill half of the bladder or more, this comes away in large amount and is found within the sheath and on the inner sides of the thighs, for the urine escapes involun- tarily and continuously. Treatment. — Wash out the bladder by pumping water through a catheter by means of Reed's stomach pump or a syringe, then shake it up with the hand introduced through the rectum, and allow the muddy liquid to flow out through the catheter. Repeat this until the bladder is emptied and the ^vater comes away clear. Prevention. — T^ie next point is to prevent its forming anew by measures calculated to obviate urinary calculi in general. Correct any fault in feeding — excess of beans-, neas^ bran, etc,^ — and any disorder in the liver functions. Give abundance of soft water, encouraging 23^ THE FAkivTER's VETKRINARY ADVISER. its ingestion by a fair supply of salt, let the food be aqueous, consisting largely of roots, especially carrots and give daily in the drinking water i dr. caustic soda or potassa, or common ashes from hard wood. A course of bitters should also be given (cascarilla/cofumba, willow bark, gentian, quassia, or others) TVUKISH HORSS. CHAPTER XII. DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. General causes. Inflammation of the testicle. Dropsy of the scrotum. Hydrocele. Water stones. Tumors of the sheath Disease o the penis. Ulcers of the penis. Castration of males Evil results of castration. Strangulated cord. Swelling of he sheath. Phymosis Paraphymosis. Tumor on the sLmiati? TV^' ,^'''^'^^'?'} «f females- Castration of male birds. Abort on Difficult pai-tuntum. Premature labor ,,ains. Induration of the neck of the womb Twisting of the neck of the womb. Po vdus m the vagjina Wrong presentations, deformities, etc. Maxims for ass.st.ngin difficult parturition. Anterior presentation with head K^t'v ^^"i"-^ r™""^ ^1'^-. Posterior presentation with one or both hind limbs turned back. With water in the head or abdom'^^n Disorders following parturition. Flooding. Retained afterbirth' Leucorrhcea, catarrh of the womb or vagina. Eversion of the womb or vagina. Inflammation of the womb. Metritis. Parturi- tion fever, milk fever, parturient apoplexy. Are mostly confined to breeding and dairying dis- tricts. They are largely obviated by castration and the virgm condition. Amongst the principal causes may be mentioned mechanical injuries, excitement and irrita- tion accompanying coition, gestation, parturition, over- officious or ill-directed a.ssistance in delivery, a very rich or poor diet tuberculosis, poisons, (ergot, savin, rue, can- thandes, etc.) sympathetic irritation from excessive milk- ing, from disease or injury of the mammary glands of the urinary organs or of the rectum. Inflammation of the Testicle occurs mainly from external injury, though it may be roused by excessive copulation, or by glanderous deposit or other diseased process in the organ. The animal moves stiffly and with a stradd ing gait, and the testicle is enlarged, tender and frequently drawn up and dropped down a'^ain, It is to be treated with a aose of purgative medictne, restriclied (239) 240 THE FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER. soft diet, fomentations with warm water, and smearing of the bag in the intervals with extract of belladonna, laudanum or some other anodyne. Should fluctuation announce the formation of pus, make an opening with a sharp knife to evacuate it, while if destruction of the gland is threatened castration must be performed. Hydrocele — Dropsy of the Scrotum.— Usually associated with water in the abdomen. Distinguished from scrotal hernia by not passing back with a sudden movement, but with a steady current and gradual dimi- nution^ The same treatment is needed as in ascites. Water Stones. — In geldings a considerable accu- mulation of water often takes place in multilocular cavi- ties connected with the still pervious inguinal canal, which may be emptied by compression, the water re- turning to the abdomen with a continued thrill. They often disappear in winter to reappear the following sum- mer. Though not injurious they may be re:noved by cutting down on the cavities and dissecting out the sacs. Tumors of the Sheath. — These are easily removed by twisting them off. Some, however, bleed freely, and these should have a stout waxed twine tied firmly round their necks and be then twisted or allowed to drop off. If bleeding occurs ifter removal seize the bleeding orifice with forceps and tie with a waxed thread. Disease of the Penis.— Small warty growths may be cut off with scissors or knife and the part cauterized with lunar caustic. The soft condylomatous growths which occur in dogs may be treated in the same way. But when the large cauliflower-like masses are associat- ed with hardening of the whole end of the organ, it must be amputated behind the indurated portion. The sub- ject should be prepared by laxative diet, and, having been thrown, the yard is withdrawn, washed, and cut through gradually, beginning at its upper part and tying the arteries as they are reached. On reaching the CASTRATION OF MALES. 241 I urethra .It the lower part of the yard it is to be dissected out and cut across so as to leave it three-quarters of an inch longer than the rest. Considerable bleeding from the venus cavities may come on a few hours later, and especially m hot weather, but may be easily controlled by dashing cold water between the thighs or stuffing the sheath with tow saturated with tincture of matico or muriate of iron. Ulcers of the PENis.-These may arise from accu- mulation of sebaceous matter but more frequently from the irritant discharges in a female recently delivered or suffering from leucorrhcea. They may be treated with a lotion such as the following .-—Sugar of lead, i dr. ; carbolic acid, 60 drops ; chloralhydrate, i dr. : water i pint. ' ' Castration of Males.— Numerous modes of cas- trating the male are followed, but in all the essential points are the removal or destruction of the testicles and the prevention of bleeding from the spermatic artery which IS always found in the anterior portion of the cord In small animals (pigs, lambs, calves, dogs, cats,) the testicle is seized so as to render the skin tense, and a free mcision with knife parallel to the nedian line lu J^f'' ^^ ''"'^^- "^^^ ^"^^^ '^ '^ow passed between the middle and posterior parts of the cord and the latter cut through. The anterior portion is then twisted and hnally torn through, the upper part being held by the finger and thumb of one hand while traction is made by the other. In the colt and old- horses and bulls the structures are so tough that the cord must be seized by twLstm ''^ ^'"'^^""^ '" ^''^^^ ^° accomplish satisfactory Clamps (sticks) are very generally employed in horses, he important considerations being that the wood shall hi tough ana unyielding, that they shall be grooved to eive greater security of hold, that they shall be tied together wr^h wel twined inelastic cords, and that when applied tiiey shall be squeezed together with pincers while the 243 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. end is bcinfj tied, that the included tissues may have their vitality destroyed. The other methods of tying, searing and scraping the artery, etc., cannot be described here, though one plan will succeed as well as another, if properly done. For these and castration of cryptorchids (originals, rigs,) see larger work. Evil Results of Castration.— Strangulated Cord.— When the cord is left unduly long and the wound in the skin small, it may be strangled by the swelling and contraction, giving rise to intense suffering and high fever. The beast walks with a stiff gait, and the end of the cord is felt red and tense, protruding from the wound which grpsps it tightly. All that is necessary is to enlarge the orifice with a knife and push up the cord to give perma- nent relief. SWEixiNG OF the Sheatii may occur, and especially in the young, from unhealthy states of the system, or from premature closure of the wound and imprisonment of matter. In all such cases reopen the wound with the fingers and apply fresh lard to prevent a second adhesion. It is a good plan to apply lard to the wounds in castrat- ing to obviate adhesion. Next foment the parts con- tinually with warm water to hasten the formation of matter. When a free cream-like discharge is established the swelling will rapidly subside. Phymosis and Paraphymosis.— In such cases the penis may be imprisoned within the sheath or protruded and swollen so that it cannot be withdrawn. It may be necessary to incise the sheath or scarify the penis and apply cold water and other astringents, with manipulation to return the protruded organ. Tumors on the Spermatic Cord.— This results from rough handling in castrating, from strangulation, or from inflammation consequent on the presence of irritants in the wound or exposure to cold. It may grow for years without disabling the animal ; its growth may cease, leaving an inconsiderable thickening on the cord ; it may acquire the size of a large udder of a cow, and contract I CASTRATION OF FEMALES. 243 numerous vascular adhesions to surrounding parts • or it may extend up through the inguinal canal into the abdo- men, as felt on examination through the rectum. Treatment— Thost confined to the end of the cord mav be removed like the testicle in castration. Those that have contracted adhesions to the thigh and sheath may still be removed with care, each vessel being tied as it is reached. But when the adhesions are very extensive and the tumor very large it is almost impossible to do this and m the case of extension of the disease into the abdo- men nothmg can be done beyond partial destruction of the mass with caustics. Castration of Females.— In small animals this is done through the flank ; in large, more conveniently through the vagma. The animal is stretched on its left side the fore limbs and head being firmly secured and the hind limbs extended backwards. The hair is shaved from the flank a little below the angle of the hip bone and an incision made from above down, extending to an inch m the pig or bitch, or sufficient to introdu'^e the hand in the heifer. Then with the finger or hand as the case may be, the womb is sought, backward kt the entrance of the pelvis in the interval between the bladder and the straight gut. Being found, one horn or division IS diawn up through tht wound until its end is exposed with the round mass of the ovary adjacent. The h tter IS seized and cut or twisted off, according to the size of the animal. Then the next horn and ovary are brought out and treated in the same way. The womb is nowl-e- turned to the abdomen, and the skin accurately sewed up. Evil results are rare, though peritonitis may ensue from rough handling or exposure, and abscess or calcifi- cation of the wound is not unknown. Cows are castrated by making an "incision through the superior wall of the vagina, just above the neck of the womb, and inserting two fingers, by which the ovaries are withdrawn and twisted off with a torsion instru- ment. Space will not allow of a fuller description in thia work. ^ 244 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER Castration of Male Birds.— The bird is placed on its back with the left leg pressed against the abdo- men and the right one stretched backward and outward, an incision is made inside this thigh large enough to admit the finger, which is directed towa-ds the back at the point of union of the last ribs with the backbone. There the testicles are felt in contact with each other, and are separately detached with the nail and extracted through the wound. If lost in the abdomen after detach- ment there is no matter, they will adhere to the perito- neum and become absorbed. Lastly, the wound in the skin is carefully sewed up with a fine thread. Abortion. — This consists of the expulsion of the foetus before it can live out of the womb, but in the lower animals the term has been indiscriminately used for cases of premature parturition as well. Causes. — Blows or pressure on the abdomen, slips, falls, riding of animals in heat, diseases of the abdominal organs, (tympanitis from wet, frosted or musty fodder, inflammation of the bowels, diarrhoea, poisoning with irritants taken with the food or otherwise, renal calculi, or other diseases of the kidneys or bladder,) stal's too much inclined backward, overfeeding, plethora, hot, damp, relaxing stables, severe muscular exertion after long rest, exhausting feeding for milk at the expense of the system, breeding at too early an age, proximity to or contact with slaughter-houses or dead and decompos- ing animal matter, especially the abortion discharges of other animals, drinking putrid or iced water, disease, deformity or death of the foetus, feeding on ergoted grasses or smutt;- wheat or corn, and, finally, the pre- sence in the passage of a microscopic vegetable parasite, which is easily transferred from one animai to another so as to procure abortion. Symptoms. — In the earl}' stages of gestation abortion often takes place without any warning, and is only ascer- tained by the animal again coming in heat. Later the preliminary signs and progress may be those of an ordi- nary parturition, or in other cases a whitish muco-rjuru- DIFFICULT PARTURITION. 245 I ent discharge may take place from the vulva for some time before abortion occurs. A fiUing of the udder and a loose flaccid condition of the external generative or/ans often furnish premonitions. ^ Prevention~TreatmenL~Kvo\d. the various causes attentionT' when found to exist Especially should fw? K • . ^'!;-" ^° '^^"'■^ ^ ^iet and regimen which n irt'nf oi;rn'/n''^r'i° ''^^'^'^ ''-^ ^he hay-fidds all rntant plants, to feed a certain amount of roots in ergot before they run to seed, or betters till to plouo-h them up and put under a rotation of other crops to fe?d Consumed f T^l ^'^ "^ ^"""^ ^^^ '' thesfmust be consumed, to let the system be somev/hat developed be- fore breeding and not to milk too heavily the first year to give pure air and water and wholesome buildings 'and finally to use anti-septics on the discharges, and t'o keep a sound animals apart from the diseased 'or their pro? n n A . ^^ aborting from whatever cause should be rvJd afain"" wf' ^-^ral periods of heat before she i^ served again When abortions have broken out in a herd good results have followed a course of chlorate of potas a m y,oz doses daily. When the beasts are ^thoric benefit has been derived from bleeding or a bare d et with occasional mild laxatives. When run down by poo feedmg or by early breeding and feeding for milk a course of omcs (phosphate of soda, sulphati of 7ron gentmn and ginger,) has proved beneficial."^ When the discha^^e betrvt iif [:"°"''°7 ^^"P^°"^^ ^PP-^' laudanum ma; be g ven in large and repeated doses to quiet the system and keep the tendency in check. Quiet and seclus on ar^ t°n r^'h''",!'"^' .^^^^" '^' abortion becomes ine^abe It must be allowed to proceed, or assistance given if nee! essary as in parturition. ^ "^^ mA'o/'tvY Parturition. -Parturition is easy in Ztlh^^r'T"'''^'''^'' wedge-like outline of the - , pet^'c^n the iorc limbs rendering- it an affair n. mechamcal simplicity. The same is tru! of the ptsen! 246 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. tation of the two hind feet. If left to nature the passages are prepared by the relaxation of the ligaments of the pelvis and falling in on each side of the croup ; they are then gently and equably dilated by the advancing soft and elastic water-bags ; and then if the back of the foetus is turned toward the back of the mother so that the curvature of the body may correspond to that of the pelvis, the process is rarely difficult or protracted. Danger arises mainly from parturition being precipi- tated before its natural period, from unnatural conditions of the passages, from distortions of the foetus, or from turning back of one or more members so as to impair the regularity of the wedge and to increase the bulk poste- riorly. Premature Labor-pains. — Caused by excitement of travel, goring or riding by their fellows, blows and other mechanical injuries, violent purgation or diuresis, diseases of the digestive or urinary organs or womb, ergoted grasses, etc. If there is no relaxation of the pelvic liga- ments and falling in at the side of the rump, no enlarge- ment of the vulva, no dilatation of the neck of the womb nor enlargement of the bag, place in a secluded place and keep quiet by repeated doses of opium. The pains will usually subside. Even if otherwise apparently prepared, the closed neck of the womb will demand similar rest and anodynes, though a little solid extract of belladonna may in this case be smeared round the neck of the womb to favor relaxation. Induration of the neck of the womb is often erroneously supposed to exist in these cases, but such a conclusion need not be reached until the quieting treatment has been followed for one or two days without success and the neck of the womb remains rigid, nodular and gristly. Being fully convinced that the closure is due to disease, it may be dilated by passing in a narrow-bladed, blunt- pointed (probe-pointed) knife and cutting to the depth a quarter of an inch in four directions, upward, down- ward, to the right and left. Then the hand may be intro- duced, with fingers and thunub drawn into the form of a WRONG PRESENTATIONS, DEFORMITIES, ETC. 247 cone, and the passage gradually dilated. Or the sponge tents used by the physician may be employed. Twisting of the neck of the womb, so that the lower surface of the organ comes to look upward or to one side IS a curious form of obstruction hitherto only seen in the cow. It may be surmised when labor-pains continue without any appearance of water-bags, and conclusive evidence is furnished by the neck of the womb bein^ closed and thrown into spiral folds. Place the patient with Its head uphill to relax the twisted neck, and intro- ducing the hand into the womb seize the fcetus and press It against the uterine walls, while one or two men roll the cow on its other side in the same direction in which the twist has taken place. If the womb is not distended by decomposition of a dead foetus, nor attached to adjacent parts by inflammatory exudations, the untwisting is easily effected, though several successive attempts may be requi- site to secure it. Suddenly constriction around the wrist gives way, the water-bags enter the passage, and delivery is easy. Polypus in the Vagina.— A tumor growing from the walls of this passage is another obstacle to parturition / examination its point of attachment is found, and i^ should be slowly twisted off, or, better still, removed by an ecrasiier, an instrument with a pitch-chain which is gradually tightened so as to cut through the parts with- out loss of blood. Wrong Presentations, Deformities, -Etc — Max- ims for assisting in Difficult Parturition.— l^f-ver inter- fere too soon. Let the water-bags burst spontaneously when they have fulfilled their purpose of dilating the passages. If there is no mechanical obstacle, let the Icetus be expelled by the unaided efforts of the mother iNever msert t..,e arm for any purpose without first smear- ing It with oil or fresh lard. When the water-bags have ruptured and the pains have continued for some time wi hout^any presentation, examine. When one fore foot only anu tnc nead, or both fore feet without the head, or the head without the feet, or one hind foot without the 248 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. other appears, examine. Whatever part is presented should be secured by a cord, with a running noose, before it is pushed back to search for the others. In searching for a missing member the dam should be placed with her head down hill, and if recumbent should be laid on the side opposite to that on which the limb is missing. Even if the missing member is reached do not attempt to bring it up during a pain. Violent straining may be checked by pinching the back. If the passages have lost their natural lubricating mucus, smear them and the body of the foetus thickly with lard before at- tempting to extract. In dragging upon the fcetus apply force only when the mother strains, and pull slightly down toward the hocks as well as backward. If under the necessity of cutting off a limb, first skin it from near the foot and leave the skin attached to the trunk. Never cut off a member in the middle, but in the case of fore limb bring away the shoulder-blade, or in the hind the thigh-bone. Head or fore limb turned hack. — Secure the presentinff limbs with ropes having a running noose drawn tightly round the fetlock, or the head with a noose round the lower jaw, or still better round the neck behind the ears, then pushing them back secure the missing part and bring it into position. In searching for the missing parts it is well to follow those already presented. The left arm will usually answer best for a limb at the left side of the womb, and the right arm for the right. Reaching the shoulder, the hand may be slid down to beneath the elbow, and that joint bent so as to bring the knee up ; then the hand is slipped past the knee to the shank and by a similar movement, pushing back the upper part of the limb and pulling forward the lower, the foot is brought up and secured with a noose. All are then brought forward and delivery is eas3^ In order to bring up the missing part it is often needful that an assistant shall push back the body of the fcetus after the limb has been seized. The assistant may stand with his back to that of the operator and introduce his left arm along by the operator's right or vice versa. Or a smooth i WRONG PRESENTATIONS, DEFORMITIES, ETC. 249 round pole like that ^f a fork-handle may be introduced and planted in the oreast of the foetus as a means of pushmg it back. In either case the pressure should be shghtly upward toward the back of the foetus so as to brmg up the breast and fore limb toward the passage. The missing head may be turned back on either side, downward upon the breast or upward upon the back! First ascertain its position, then if it cannot be reached by pulling the limbs forward into the passage, push back the body in such a way as will favor the advance of the head. If the ear is reached the head may be pulled by it, till the socket of the eye can be gained, and the body being still pushed back the nose can soon be seized and brought up. Often it is necessary to insert a hook into the eye socket or between the branches of the lower jaw, so that more force may be exerted. The ring in this case should be turned at right angles to the hook, and a cord passed from the hook side of the ring, to the oppo- site, and then knotted so that the greater the force ap- plied the firmer it w-ll hold. Presentation of one hind limb alone is recognized by examining it as far up as the hock, which cannot possi- bly be mistaken for the knee. The same principles are applied here. Noose the presenting limb, and pushing back upon it and the buttocks, bring up first the hock and then the foot, bending all the joints to their utmost. In the cow, success can usually be counted on, but the long hind shanks of the foal often prove an insuperable obstacle, and it becomes needful to cut the hamstrings and, leaving the hock bent, to straighten out the limb above this and extract in this position. Presentation of the buttocks is to be recognized by the rounded mass, with the tail and beneath it the anus and perhaps the vulva. The process of extraction does not differ from that last described, but in very powerful mares the pains may be so violent and constant that it is impossible to bring up even the hocks, and the limbs have to be separated at the h'p-joint and extracted separately, after which the trunk will come easily. 250 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. Double heads and bodies atid superfluous limbs ha\ne tc be removed on the same general principles, but space forbids their further notice here. Water in the head is often an insuperable barrier to delivery, to be easily recognized by manual examina- tion, and as readily relieved by plunging a knife through the membranes and evacuating the liquid. Water in the abdomen is equally frequent and to be obviated in a similar manner. Disorders following Parturition— F'looding. — Bleeding from the walls of the womb. Mostly after a too hasty parturition in which the uterine walls are exhausted and fail to contracts ; or when the womb has suffered violence in extraction of the foetus. Symptoms. — Bloodless pallor of the mucous mem- branes, coldness of the surface, weakness, weak pulse, with or without palpitation of the iie?rt and discharge of blood from the vulva. The hand introduced into the womb finds that organ soft, flaccid, dilated and filled with liquid or clotted blood. Treatment. — Apply cold water or bags of ice to the loins and external genital organs, remove the afterbirth and clots with the hand and, if necessary, inject cold water, acids (vinegar, dilute mineral acids,) astringents (sugar of lead, tannin, matico, alum,) into the womb, and give small doses of acetate of lead or ergot of rye by the mouth. In desperate cases a large sponge soaked in tincture of the muriate of iron may be introduced into the womb and emptied by squeezing. If the patient is sinking it may often be saved by transfusion of blood from another animal. Retained Afterbirth — Causes.— ?remd±\x\Q parturition, poverty of condition, too hurried delivery and failure to establish subsequent contractions, adhesions, the result of pre-existing inflammation in the womb, etc. If not removed it rots away piecemeal, a portion re- maining and putrefying in the womb, causing irritation, discharge, rapid loss of condition and milk and in seme cases absorption of putrid matter and poisoning. DISORDERS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 35 1 TVv^/w^///.— Various methods are followed, i. Attach a pound weight to the mass, so that the constant tugging may stimulate the womb to contraction and expulsion of the afterbirth. 2. Seize the mass close up to the vulva between two pieces of wood and dragging gently move it from side to side to titillate the passages and stimu- late the womb to contraction. 3. Give a dose of physic (Glauber or Epsom salts) with aromatics (ginger, pep- per, copaiva, cardamoms, caraway, etc.) 4. The most satisfactory method is to remove it by the hand, in twelve to twenty-four hours after parturition, before the neck of the womb has closed so as to forbid the intro- duction of the arm. In cows the protrudin«//r7«^.f.— Dulne.ss, languor, uneasy movements of 254 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. the hind limbs, a full, bounding pulse, red eyes, hot head and horns ; soon the cow becomes vv ^ak on its limbs, unable to rise, lays the head back on the flank or dashes it on the ground, breaking the horns if the surface is hard, and struggles convulsively with its limbs. The surface may now be bedewed with perspiration, the eyes red, fixed or rolling convulsively, the pupils dilated, the heat of the head still greater and the pulse quicker and weaker. Sensation is completely lost, the skin may be pricked at any point without the slightest response, and the eyeball touched without causing winking. Neither dung nor urine is passed, the intestines and bladder being also the seat of paralysis or torpor. In one form of the disease the heat of the head, deli- rium and violence may be almost entirely wanting, the prominent symptoms being the fever, accelerated pulse and breathing, elevated temperature, loss of power over the limbs, paralysis of sensation, inappetence, torpor of bowels and bladder. Both forms are exceedingly fatal, almost all attacked within two days after calving perish- ing, and a large proportion of those taken ill during the first week. Prevention. — Spare diet (starvation in the plethoric) for a week before and after calving, an active purgative (Epsom salts) to act as soon after calving as possible, plenty of fresh, cool air, milking, if necessary, before calving and thrice daily after. In the full flush of grass it is needful to keep plethoric parturient subject in-doors, upon dry hay with plenty of salt and water, or on a very bare pasture. Even if attacked a week after calving they usually recover. I reatmsiit. — If the animal is seen before it goes down, bleed four or six quarts from the jugular, but never after the pulse has lost its fulness or hardness ; apply ice- cold water, bags of ice or a solution of an ounce each of nitre and sal ammoniac in a quart of water to the head, round the base of the horns ; give a powerful purgative, (2 lbs. Epsom salts, ^ oz. carbonate of ammonia, yi dr. nux vomica,) apply friction to the limbs, draw the milk off at frequent intervals and repeat the ammonia and PARTURITION FEVER IN COWS. 255 nux vomica every four hours. The nux vomica may be replaced by strychnia, i grain with 2 or 3 drops of vine- gar m a teaspoonful of water, and injected under the skm twice with four hours interval, or ergot of rye mav be used instead. The fever may often be materially re- duced by enveloping the whole body in a sheet wrun^ out of cold water, and covered up with one or several dry ones, according to the season. In the second or torpid lorm of the disorder there is often no call for cold applications to the head, while pur- gatives and nux vomica are especially demanded CHAPTER XIII. DISEASES OF THE MAMM/E (UDDliR) AND TEATS. Bloody-milk. Blue or viscid milk. Congestion and inflamma- tion of the mammary glands, Garget, Mummitis. Impervious teat. Sore teats, Scabs, Warts. Simple and cancerous tumors of the glands. Bloody-milk. — Causes. -Blows on the udder, or commencing inflammation from any other cause ; heat or rut ; a sudden accession of rich food, causing local congestion with increased flow of milk ; the consumption of acrid plants (ranunculus, hydropiper, resinous shoots, etc.,) and the conditions which give rise to red-water. The milk may have a red sediment from feeding madder, logwood and other agents. Treatment. — If from congested glands, a saline laxa- tive?, followed by nitre, restricted diet anji bathing with cold water If from acrid plants, withhold them, give a laxative to clear away any yet retained in the stomach, and follc^w up with small doses of nitre and acetate of lead. If from partial congestion, with a somewhat nodu- lar state of the gland and but little heat or tenderness, rub daily with compound tincture of iodine mixed with three times its bulk of water. Milk carefully anfl gently. Blue or Viscid Milk.— Due to cryptogams in this liquid. Remove from the vicinity of decomposing ani- mal matter, withhold food or water containing vegetable germs, and administer daily bisulphite of soda (2 drs., cov/). Congestion and Inflammation of the Mam- mary Glands— Garget— Mammitis. — Causes. — Blows on the gland, lying on a cold or sharp stone, sores on the teats, leaving the milk unduly long in the bag (hefting), (256) GARGET.— MAMMITTS. 257 Stand ng ,n a current of cold air, exposure in cold showers or inclement weather, rich milk-making food too sudden y supphed indigestion, or indeed any derangement "f the general health is h'able to produce this dls^aseTn an anmial m full milk. Ewes oftin lose their bigs or theTr lives from sudden weaning of their huubs. or cows from Z^rouT^ ^"^- ^°"^ ^'■"^"^^' ''^' ^^"«" ^^-^^'^" ^akcd) bag, or there may be a circumscribed nodular mass in the centre of the bag. In severer cases ?here is ^^nd 'with" '^' '^^^'"^ '''''' ^ ''^' hot, ten': paTnfu gland, with no secretion or only a bloody clotted mass These cases come on with violent shivefing, highTem^' perature. strong rapid pulse and quickened b eathing dry nose, costiveness and suppression of urine Thev may end m abscess, induration or gangrene, or a perto recovery may ensue. ^, ^t a periect Trenrment—Jn mild cases with no fever and little pain rub well with camphorated spirits or weak iod ne S dav and'rTr ^''"'^ 'f. elbow-gnase. Milk thn'e a day and rub for a considerable time on each occasion tieLTr '''"' '"^'"^ P"' ^ S^°^ h""^"-^ -^if to In the severe cases, if seen in the shivering fit. give a ti ong cordial (gmger, peppc .. whisky, brandy*^ gin or ale ' aiMn .^^h'-'I' "^ ^'""^ ''^'''^ ^"^ envelope from head 1 . K,""^ '"^ '':''""- °"t °^ ^^t^r as nearly boil- ig as possible, covenng all vath several dry blankets and binding firmly to the body; give copious warm water mjections and bring if ^isslble info a sweaT \Vhen this has lasted half an hour uncover gradually rub dry and cover with a light dry wrapping. ^ ^' It the disease has advanced further and there is already active inflammation in the gland, fo.nent con! muous ly with warm water or supper? in a pou tS cu"- i'ev'e the n^^' '^r''^'^' ^'"'"^ ^^^'^^ bellarnna to re. rL/i^^nl"''^ Tt "r"'^- ^'"^^^ °^^ "^^ "^^JJ^- frequently, '^ing a milking tube if the act is very painful Jf fhe 258 THK FARMERS VETEUINARY ADVISER. discharge smells sour inject a weak solution of carbonate of soda and permanganate of potassa (five grains of each to one ounce of water). If the gland becomes hard and indurated, rub with iodine ointment or mercurial oint- ment, not both. If matter forms, open with the knife. If gangrene ensues, use lotions or carbolic acid or chlo- ride of lime. Many sheep do well with a coating of tar on the gland. In the advanced stages nourish well and give tonics (sulphate of iron, gentian, columba). Impervious Teat. — From concretions from the milk, which are freely movable in the teat and up into the gland. From polypus in the teat hanging by a band from the mucous membrane and hence movable only in narrow limits. Fro a thickening of the mucous mem- brane and contraction of the walls of the duct to absolute closure. From the formation of a membrane across the duct of the teat. From closure of the external orifice of the teat effected in the healing of a sore. Treatment. — Concretions may be extracted by mani- pulation or with a grooved director, the teat having been first relaxed in a warm solution of belladonna. Polypi are removed by making a free incision through the teat, twisting off the tumor, accurately sewing up the wound, and milking for some time with a tube. The oblitera- tion of the duct by contraction of its walls or by a mem branous growth is to be met by a bistnori cache (a knife one line in breadth hidden in a groove of a sharp-pointed handle, but which can be pressed out of its case so as to cut to any extent desired) and a silver or gutta-percha teat tube to be kept tied in the newly made channel un- til it heals. It is well to leave these surgical operations until the milk is dried up. A simple instrument is in use by dairymen, consisting of a steel probe flattened out to two lines at one extremity and with finely sharp- ened point. Sore Teats— Scabs — Warts, — Sores, chaps and scabs on the teats are to be treated by soothing applica- tions. One ounce each of spermaceti and aimoird-ui' o SORE TEATS.— SCABS.— WORTS. 259 melted together will often suffice. Or five grains each of balsam of Tolu or Peru may be added. ^Or a salt t.on of five grams of sugar of lead or chloraY-hvdrate and half an ounce each of glycerine and water. But no plan w,l succeed without gentle milking, with dry teats especially m winter, or in bad cases without the use of a milking tube. Warts are to be removed by the k.^fe scissors and caustic. ^ "^' are'^m'S^^rh''if ^^^'^^'^^ ^W.ofhe mammary glands are met with in 1 species of domestic quadrupeds and demand removal with the knife. 4"«*"»^upeas and THEARASANDHtS ^T£ED, CHAPTER XIV. DISEASES OF THE EYES. Trichiasis. Torn eyelids. Superficial inflammation of the eye. Simple ophthalmia. Conjunctivitis. Parasites on the eyes. Specks or films on the eye. Ulcers of the transparent cornea. Tumors of the transparent cornea. Enzootic ophthalmia in cattle and sheep. Internal ophthalmia. Inflammation of the deep structures of the eyeball. Iritis. Choroiditis. Retinitis. Recurring ophthalmia. Periodic ophthalmia. Moon-blindness. Cataract. Palsy of the nerve of sight. Amaurosis. Glass eyes. Glaucoma. Cancer. Staphyloma. Worms in the eye. Trichiasis. — Turning in of the eyelashes ; a common cause of inflaniniation. Snip off the offending hair with scissors. Torn Eyelids should be accurately brought together and held by collodion, which is to be laid on with a brush, layer after layer, until strong enough to hold safely. If this is not at hand bring together with a quilled suture — the stitches, with carbolated thread or catgut, being tied round two quills lying on the respective flaps, so as to prevent puckering of the edges and to secure even heal- ing. If the lips are brought into accurate apposition and stitches placed closely together, the quills may be discarded. To prevent rubbing of the healing and itch- ing eye, turn the animal round in the stall and tie short to the two posts so that the head cannot reach either. Feed from a bag hung in front and cut open half way down to admit the nose. Superficial Inflammation of the Eye.— Simple Ophthai MIA. — Conjunctivitis. — Causes. — Blows with whips, etc .lay-seed, chafif, dust, lime, thorns, etc., in the eye ; stana ng in a current of cold air; irritant emana- tions from dung.ind urine; obstruction of the lachrymal (26c) I WHITE SPECKS AND CLOUDINESS OF THE EYE. 261 duct With swelling at the inner angle of the eye and Snnf "fl""".'"' 'u" '^' ^"^^^ °f ^he duct as seenTn the floor of the chamber of the nose; in horse and ox he presence of a worm-//«;^,-a /acAry,m/is~inside the eve lids ; and m pigs of the measle bladder- worm-?,' W^^ ceilulosa~xn the fat around the eye cystica cus Symptoms -Red, sore, watery eyes, with or without ever according to the severity of the attack, soon fol "per tL'n the'-'7''%"\" °^ °P^^^^^ extending no .tl u ^. ,'1!*^^^'' °^ ^^'^ transparent part of the eyeball The swelling of the eyelids may extend to the hollow above the eye, filling it up. There is no s.i .r n^^o? con taclio'n of ^^^^^i"^° ^ t>nght light, nor any undu" contraction of the pupil as compared with healthy eyes Itatfon ' "'" P'"'"'"' '^''^'''^^ bedetectedL ex: J;'m/«.^«/ Hay-seed, chaff, etc.. may be removed with a pair of small forceps, with the point of Head pencil, or with the head of a pin covered with a soft handkerchief. Lime and sand may be similarly ren^oved or washed out with a fine syringe. Thorns may be picked out with a needle, the animal having beTn ^firs? thrown and the eye fixed with the fingers of by putting Or' ifno? t ""^" '\ '"^""^^^ °^ ^^^- - chloS^To irf Or ,f not too deep they will slough out of their own frZ ?/ ^^y ""' 'r- ^^' P^t'^"t must be pro ected with n "^.^f °^pl^ysic and have the affected eye covered o 1h '^ rr'^'^'^y ^^^ ^'th ^ ^^l"tion of 1 dr. suglr wl e T,f ^P f ^ <^f T^' ^o grains morphia, and i p^n betaintaii^d t" "'^^^' '''''' ''' ^' "^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^o'uld White Specks and Cloudiness of the Eye- Tl.ese are the results of inflammation, and if confined to movedZr"', °"''7°''^^ "^'^'^ 'y^ ^^y usuallv be re' moved by touching them daily with a feather dipped in a solution o 3 grs. nitrate of silver in an ounce of dF.m'd hcoart?."^ ill '• ^PPi'^,^t'°" «^"'^ "^^^^'^ be made\vhiJe th. pait 1. still inflamed and the eyelids swollen and red 262 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. as it will then be painful and injurious. It will usually fail to remove the speck when that consists in a thick cicatrix following an ulcer, or when red vessels are seen running across it. Ulcers of the Transparent Cornea. — These also follow inflammation, and are to be recognized by the visible breaks or abrasions in the surface layers of the transparent coat of the eye. Apply the same agent as for specks, but of double or treble the strength, and im- prove the general health by a liberal diet and a course of tonics (sulphate of iron, nux vomica, cinchona). Tumors of the Transparent Cornea — These, if not of a cancerous nature, nor connected with the vascular colored curtain which encircles the pupil (the iris), may be removed with the knife or scissors, the part touched with a stick of nitrate of silver, and a lotion like that used for simple ophthalmia applied on a cloth. Enzootic Ophthalmia in Cattle and Sheep.— This affection attacks one or several herds or flocks in a locality, at any season and without apparent cause, ex- cept proximity. The symptoms are those of simple ophthalmia, but of a severe type, with much fever and complete clouding of the eye from exudation into the whole thickness of the transparent cornea, followed by ulceration, and sometimes perforation of this membrane, loss of the humors of the eye, and permanent blindness. Treatment. — Separate the sound from the diseased and from the pastures or buildings where the malady has appeared. Give the aff"ected strong purgatives (salts) followed by diuretics (nitre), place in a dark, quiet, dry building, and keep a cloth over the eye saturated with a solution of a drachm each of nitrate of silver and carbolic acid and lo grs. of morphia to a quart of distilled water Blisters may be applied to the cheeks or behind the ears (Spanish flies 2 drs., lard ^ oe., for rattle ; twice the amount of lard for sheep ; rub well in). The resulting ulcers may be treated in the ordinary way. INTERNAL OPHTALMIA. ^6i Internal Ophthalmia.— Inflammation of the Deep Structures of the Eyeball.— Iritis —Chor- oiditis —RETiNiTis.-a^«^^i-.-Severe blows or other iorms of local irritation ; extremes of darkness and li^ht • exposure to a draught of cold air, to a storm ; various constitutional disturbances, especially those of the di- i„^estive organs. Symptoms —Like those of superficial ophthalmia, but with more fever, constitutional disturbance, accelerated pulse, loss of appetite, increased heat of body, and above a 1 with retraction of the eye into its socket, protrusion of the haw from its inner angle over its surface, closure ot the lids and contraction of the pupil when brought into the light, and the presence of a turbid liquid behind the transparent cornea, with white floating flakes, and a yellowish or whitfsh deposit at the bottom of the cham- ber. The brilliant reflection of the iris or curtain is also largely impaired. As the disease advances a white speck or cloud appears in the lens, behind the pupil and iris. Treatmen^.—mace in a dark building with pure, dry air purge (cow, salts ; horse, aloes ; dog, castor-oil,) and follow up with febrifuges (nitre, digitalis ; in dogs or pigs tartar emetic) ; apply alternately by means of a rag ov?r the eye a lotion of 20 grs. acetate of lead. 20 drops ex- tract of belladonna and i quart water, and one of 20 grains sulphate of zinc, 20 drops of tincture of (phvso- stigma) Calabar bean, and i qt. water, changing twice daily ; blister the face or neck as for enzootic ophthalmia. Recurring Ophthalmia.— Periodic Ophthalmia. -Moon-Blindness.— Attacks solipeds only Causes —Hereditary predisposition ; breeding in damp, coudy foggy, or marshy localities ; keeping in damp, close, ill-conditioned stables ; the irritation about the head attendant on teething; clogging the digestive organs by feeding wheat or maize without salt or sul- phate of sodcw, the presence of worms in the intestines ; whatever lowers the general health, and the general causes of iritis Sjfm/ftoms.— -Like those of internal ophthalmia with, in m 264 THE Farmer's veterinary adviser. many cases, increased tension and hardness of the eye« ball, and its deeper retraction into the orbit. The main difference is in the liability to recur, at intervals of three weeks, a month or more, if the exciting causes have not been removed, until the subject is left blind. In the intervals between the attacks the transparent coat of the eye retains a hazy bluish cloudiness around its border, the iris is wanting in its normal lustre, the anterior chamber has often a slight deposit at its lower part, and the upper eye-lid is bent at an unnatural angle about one-third of its length from the inner angle. After two or three attacks a cataract remains. Prevention. — Avoid, for breeding purposes, all horses belonging to an affected family ; all localities that are damp, 'io^^^y, cloudy or relaxing ; as well as ill-appointed stables. Maintain good health and condition by sound feeding, watering, housing, grooming and exercise. When threatened remove to a drier and more bracing climate. Treat .:ent. — As for iritis. Some cases, like rheumat- ism, aic benefited by colchicum and the free use of alkalies (carbonates or acetates of potassa or soda). Those that present increased tension and hardness of the eyeball should be early treated by iridectomy, which can, however, only be undertaken by the surgeon. All ca'^-es should have a course of tonics (oxide of iron, nux vomica, ginger) as soon as the violence of the fever has abated, and should be submitted to a regimen calculated to improve their condition so as to ward off a new attack. Recovery from a particular attack may be expected in from six to ten days, and this contributes to sustain the reputation of such ridiculous resorts as knocking out the wolf teeth, and such injurious ones as cutting out the haw (hooks). Cataract.— This is the most constant result of inter- nal ophthalmia, though it may occur from other causes, such as diabetes or uraemia. The condition is opacity of the lens, and may be recognized as a white speck or a white, fleecy cloud, filling, in the worst cases, the whole I PALSY OF THE NERVE OF SIGHT. 265 of a Widely ^'ilated pupil. Tt is best seen with the ani- mal looking out of the stable door, and with a dark back- ground. V still more satisfactory examination can be made with a lighted taper in a dark room. Three images of the tap( r are reflected, (i) from the surface of the eye ^cornea), (2) from the anterior surface of the lens, and (3) from the posterior surface of the lens. The two anterior are upright, the posterior is inverted. If either of the two posterior images is changed into a diffuse white haze in passing over any part of the pupil it implies an exu- dation into that part of the lens— a cataract. Haziness of the large anterior inwge is only caused by opacity of the cornea. Treatment.--lv. CHAPTER XV. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. ... General causes. Epilepsy. Falling sickness. Chorea, St. Vitus s Dance, St. Guy's Dance. Vertigo, Megrims in horses Lock-jaw, Trismus, Tetanus. Convulsions, Fits. Sleepy Staggers, Coma Somnolentum. Apoplexy. Inflammation of the Brain, Phrenitis, Encephalitis, Cerebral Meningitis. Inflammation of the spinal cord, Myelitis, Spinal Meningitis. Epidemic Cerebro-spinal Meningitis, Cerebro-spinal Fever. Enzootic Myelitis in sheep. Trembling, Hydro-rachitis. Paralysis. Loss of sensation or vol- untary motion. General Paialysis. Paraplegia, Palsy of the hind hmbs. Hemiplegia, Palsy of one lateral half of the body. Facial Paralysis. Other local palsies. Stomach Staggers and Acute Lead Poisoning. Sun-stroke. The frequency of these affections bears some relation to the development and activity of the great nerve cen- tres and especially the brain. The\' are often symptoma- tic of other diseases, the irritation' being co.nveyed along the nerve to the nerve centres so as to derange their functions ; at other times they have their origin in these centres themselves. Among common causes may be named: exposure to intense heat or cold, especially with a dry parching atmosphere ; excess of light ; deranged cr excited circulation, as a loss of blood or plethora, ob- stacles to the return of blood from the head, by the jug- ular veins, or imperfect supply from thickening of the cranial bones ; the influence of poisons, pressure, etc. ; severe over-exertion ; digestive, hepatic and urinary dis- orders, and parasites. Epilepsy— Falling Sickness.— This is seen in dogs, cattle, horses and pigs in about the order named. It usually exists independently of any observable change of brain structure. Thus, in dogs it follows distemper, or depends on teething, worms in the stomach or intes- (267) ■L 26& THE FARMKR'S VETERINARY ADVISER. tines, or acari in the nasal sinuses. In pigs indigestible substances in the stomach may determine it. Brown - Sequard showed how it could' be developed at will in Guinea-pigs by tickling the neck, and has even produced It m the human subject. In all animals it may be looked on as, generally, a reflex act. Abscesses, tumors, etc., of the bram have been found in certain instances in horses and the malady has supervened on a severe fright and u/cse, or a broken horn or other injury to the head in cows. Probably in these cases the disease of the brain has rendered it more susceptible to the impression com- ing from a distant part of the body. The disease has proved hereditary in cattle. Sj^mpioms.—Sudden loss of sensation and voluntary movement, with convulsive contraction of the muscles of the trunk and limbs. The patient may or may not ap- pear dull or stupid for some time, but the attack is al- ways sudden, the victim crying, falling to the ground, stiffening all over, with clenched jaws, frothing at the lips, and fixed red eyeballs. The attack may last for one or several minutes, after which the muscles relax and the animal becomes conscious but retains consider- able dulness or languor for a day or more. The attacks are more or less frequent according to the activity of the exciting cause. Treatment— K&movQ the causes— worms or other irri- tants in the intestinal canal or elsewhere :— in excitable plethoric animals restrict diet and give more exercise • in the bloodless, feed highly and give iron and bitters • m dyspeptic pigs gWQ sound food and bitters (gentian, quassia, camomile, boneset, serpentaria, myrrh,) with iron. In excitable stallions castration is usually need- ful. During the attack inhalations of chloroform or ether, or the injection of these agents or of chloral- hydrate will serve to cut short the attack. If dependent on irritation of some known part of the surface, attacks niay be obviated by cutting the nerves proceeding from this part or better, by light firing with an iron at a red or white heat CtlOREA.— ST. VITUS'S DANCE. iSg Chorea— St. Vitus's Dance—St. Guy's Dance.— Mainly seen in the dog and horse. Occurs in subjects debilitated or worn out by disease as in dogs by distem- per. There is no constant structural change in the brain, but the occurrence of the disease as a consequence of ex- hausting disorders and the excess of urea, etc., in the urine, may be taken as implying an altered state of the blood, and of the processes of sanguification. Symptoms. — Momentary spasms of the voluntary mus- cles, leading to jerking of one or more limb.s, of the head or of the entire body. This continues without intermis- sion in sleep as in walking, and, by wearing the subject out, increases the disorder. In the hor: ^^ it occurs mainly in the hind limbs, but will also attack the fore, and tem- porarily the muscles of the body. Treatment. — Re-establish health and vigor by abun- dant nourishment, open air exercise, tonics (sulphate and carbonate of iron, cascarilla, quinia,) cold baths, rubbing' dry afterwards, and strichnia. Nerve sedatives (chloral- hydrate) may be given to check or moderate the spasms. Vertigo— Megrtms in Horses.— An equine disease characterized by sudden and temporary loss of sensation and voluntary motion, with trembling, and it may be champing of the jaws, but without the general spasms of epilepsy. Causes. — Brain disorders such as tumors, congestions, effusions, etc., or modified circulation from compression of the jugular veins, or disease of the heart. Plethora is a frequent cause in the young. Symptoms. — The animal drawing a load, especially up hill, with a tight collar, driven hurriedly in extreme heat, or in a strong glare of sunshine or snow, suddenly hangs on the reins, slackens his pace, staggers a little perhaps, and if not stopped, drops in harness, first it may be start- ing to one side or rearing up so as to fall back over the driver. If stopped on the first sign of failing, the attack may usually be warded off. If it has taken place, the loosening of the harness and a few minutes rest will generally bring the animal round, so that he can get on ^1 ' I 270 THK farmer's VETKRINARY ADVISER. his legs, but ho remains nervous and excitable for several ^ Prevention— Treatment— \n plethoric vounL^ horses improve the condition by restricted diet and regular in- creasing exercise, or turn out to grass for a time. Give an occasional laxative and diuretic. Avoid tight or badly fitting collars, or whatever presses on the v?ins of the neck Shelter the top of the head from the direct rays of the sun by a sunshade. Wear a wet sponge con- stantly between the ears when at work. When the pre monitory symptoms appear, stop, slacken the collar cover the eyes, c pply cold water or ice to the head and neck; blood may even be drawn from the palate the temporal artery, or the jugular vein. This should be lollowed by an active purgative (aloes, Glauber salts) and nerve sedatives (chloral-hydrate, bromide of potas- sium). A laxative diet must be kept up for some time or a run at grass allowed. Lock-javv-Trismus— Tetanus.— This consists in persi.s.ent cramps of the voluntary muscles. When con- fined to those of the face it is trismus or lock-jaw, when general, tetanns. -^ ' Causes— ^onn^^, especially of unyielding structures like he foot, the firm fibrous layers covering the limbs shoulder or croup, or the bones (tail). Wounds impli- cating large sensory nerves, or enclosing rust, grittv mat- ters, or castrating clamps, or subject to Jhafing as between the thighs, are occasional causes. In other cases exposure to cold or wet, or a continual droppin- on some part of the body is the cause. In still others \t appears without any obvious reason, though probably from internal lesions. It is remarkable that it rarelv occurs until wounds are well advanced in healing. In Iambs it has been observed in connection with overfeed- ex" olurQ ^ ^^^^ """ *'^^°'^' ^'^'"' ^^''•' ^^ "^^^ ^' ^^^"^ 6>;;///^w^._General stiffness ; hafdness of the affected muscles ; protusion of the haw from the inner angle of the eye, over the ball, becoming more mark^ if fh- CONVULSIONS.— FITS. 271 ai Imal is excited, as by jerking up the head ; in the V orst cases the head is elevated and carried stiffl}'', the tail raised and trembling; the legs directed slightly out- ward like four innmovable posts, and in walking are lifted almost without bending ; the animal cannot lie down, or if he gets down, rouses the spasms fatally in his struggles to rise ; the bowels are always torpid ; the breathing is excited, and in bad cases stertorous ; and though the spasms never give way they appear in paroxysms, which are easily roused by movement, the presence of strangers, loud talking, banging of doors, rustling of straw, or any other noise or commotion. It usually proves fatal by the cramps of the muscles of the throat (larynx) and chest. Tteatmmt. — Secure perfect quiet in a dark box, safely locked from curious observers ; place slings beneath the patient, so that he can stand clear of them or rest in them at will ; remove straw or other source of excite- ment ; feed very soft bran mashes or thick gruels, from «uch a level as does not require ary dropping of the head to reach them ; give a strong dose of purgative medicine (horse, aloes ; sheep, ox, sulphate of soda or magnesia ; swine, dog, castor oil,) following this up by antispasmodics, three daily (belladonna, prussic acid, chloral hydrate, lobelia, tobacco, etc.,) or these may be given by injection, or chloroform, ether or nitrate of amyle by inhalation. If it does not excite the animal too much, give a steam bath, or a thorough perspiration with hot rugs covered with dry ones. The bowels must be kept open by small doses of powdered croton seed or podophyllin mixed with solid extract of belladonna, and smeared on the back teeth as often as may be necessary. A bad case will require six weeks to acquire complete ease of movement. Convulsions. — Fits. — Seen more frequently in young dogs and cats during teething, and in bitches at the period of parturition or when reduced by suckling a large litter. In dogs or pigs they are common from in- digestion or intestinal worms, and will occur in all ani- TPals from disorders in the brain or poisons in the circy- 272 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. lation. The symptoms are those of sudden a-^itatin? spasms of one or more parts of the body, usually pro. trusion and redness of the eyeballs, and frothin/from the mouth, with complete insensibility. Treatment con- sists in removing the causes as far as ascertained : lanee inflamed gums; expel worms or irritating matters from stomach and bowels ; correct dyspepsia by good feeding, air exercise, lodging, and by'tonics (bitters, non, etc.) The convulsions may be checked by such agents as ether or chloral-hydrate given by inhalation or injection. Sleepy Staggers. — Coma Somnolentum — a chronic disease of horses, characterized by drowsiness wi h impaired consciousness and voluntary movement' without fever. It maybe associated with pressure on the brain by tumors, soft or bony, b ' above all by serous effusion. Increase and decrease of the brain, and thickening of its membranes are other occasional con- comitants It appears to be at times connected with deranged blood-forming processes, as in diseases of the right heart, lungs and liver, or with defective elimination as m kidney disorders. ^ ^J///^/^;/^^-.— Sleepiness, listlessness. want of life and intelhgence, a stupid demented look in the eye, droopino- hds, unsteadiness in the gait, perhaps only seen in turn" ingor backing; in worse cases the patient will twist the legs over each other in walking straight, or will even rest tne head or haunches on manger or stall The bowels are torpid. The symptoms are h'ke those of stomach staggers, without the abdominal disorder 1 he animal may recover so as to work well in winter while utterly useless in summer, and this state may last for several years A complete recovery is rare, and yet it IS occasionally seen, everything depending or the structural changes existing. But even in the incurable cases the progress may be retarded by treatment Treatment.— In hot weather keep in a cool, well-aired place or in the open air in the shade. Give soft laxa- tive diet, free access to cold water and an occasional APOPLEXY.— INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN. 273 purgative (sulphate of soda). A course of tonics (iron, nux vomica, gentian), and diuretics (digitalis, iodide of potassium, oromide of potassium) are often useful. Blis- ters may be applied to the neck or limbs if there seems to be effusion. The correction of any existing disorder in the lungs, liver or kidneys, will increase the prospects of cure ; when well enough to use, such horses should wear a breast-strap in place of a collar, and should not be overdone. They should never be used for breeding purposes. Apoplexy.— Sudden loss of sensation and voluntary motion from effusion on the braui, and associated with a turgid condition of the blood-vessels of the head and neck. Causes.— It occurs in plethoric animals during exer- tion, in those suffering from softening of the brain, the result of plugging of the veins with fibrinous clots, of concussion, congestion, etc. The symptoms are conges- tion of the head, dullness, heaviness, followed by complete paralysis, sensory and motor, loud stertorous' breathing, and dilatation of the pupils. Treatmoit. — In the early stages, before the patient is paralyzed, apply cold water or ice to the head, bleed from' the temporal artery (just behind the eye) or the jugular vein, keep perfectly quiet, and freely open the bowels. Inflammation of the Brain. — Phrenitis. Encephalitis.— Cerebral Meningitis.— This is seen in all domestic animals, but especially in horses, oxen and sheep. Among the causes may be mentioned : blows on the head with concussion of the brain or fracture of the cranial bones ; plugging of the vessels in the brain by clots formed in diseases elsewhere ; infection of the blood with pus or putrid animal fluids ; sudden changes of temperature ; exposure to extreme heat or cold ; the over-exertion of plethoric animals ; alcoholic poisoning from feeding spoiled products of distilleries ; congestion rroin a tight collar, loss of jugular, or diseased heart \ 274 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. sympathetic nervous disorder from indigestion; th« growth of tumors or parasites in the brain; feedina on ergoted grasses or smut. ** Sy7nptoms.--l{ the brain substance alone is involved there is usually dullness, stupor and palsy, sensory and motor; if the membranes covering the brain, there is more violence, delirium, irregular movements, pawine stamping, champing the teeth, and partial or general convulsions. In either case there is trembling, efevated temperature, excited pulse and breathing, heat about the upper part of the head, injected, glaring eyes, rolling or set, extreme excitability and violent trembling. Iven when just aroused from stupor. The patient will some- times bore his head against an obstacle, or rest his haunches on any object within reach. The violence is not necessarily continuous, but usually occurs in par- oxysms, leaving intervals of stupor and comparative quiet iJuring the paroxysm the subjects may cry horses neigh, cattle bellow, sheep bleat, pigs squeal and grunt During the period of stupor the pulse and breathing are usually slovv, and this applies also to those cases in which the disease has merged into a condition of vertijio coma or paralysis. ^ ' Treatment.— A^^Xy ice or cold water to the head give injections of turpentine and oil, a strong purgative (horse aloes and croton ; sheep, ox, Glauber salts and croton • pig, croton beans,) with chloral-hydrate and ergot • bleed from the temporal artery and jugular vein, and follow up with diuretics and sedatives (nitre, bromide of potas- sium). The animal should be kept in a cool airy stall If paralysis follows, treat as for that disease. Inflammation of the Spinal Cord— Myei itis ---Spinal MENiNGlTls.~The causes are similar to thos.* ol p/irenitis. The disease may show itself by paroxysms of convulsions, with exalted temperature, increased cir- culation and rapid breathing, finally merging into paraly sis ; or It may be manifested at once by palsy witho ^l previous spasms, but with coldness, and usually dryness of the paralyzed part, though the anterior part of the EPIDEMIC CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 2/5 body may be bathed in perspiration. There may he ten- derness on striking the spines in the affected region of the back, and there is great pain and unsteadiness in any attempt at movement, even though the patient may be able to stand. There is no redness of the urine as in aisot(smta. TreaimeuL— Apply cold water or ice to the affected part of the spine ; cup or leech if this can be done ; purge as mphretutis, adding ergot of rye or chloral hydrate. As improvement sets in blister the back (cantharides, mus- tard, etc.,) and give diuretics, chioral-hydrate, bromide of potassium, ergot of rye. Care must be taken to turn thr patient often if unable to stand, giving a soft dry bed and to draw off the wateT frequently with a catheter unless it is passed spontaneously. Epidemic Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis.— Cerebro- spinal Fever.— Inflammation of the substance and cov- erings of the brain and spinal cord in horses, sometimes prevailing widely in stables or cities, from some cause acting generally. 1 he true cause is unknown, though m many cases debilitating conditions, like unwholesome food or water, overwork, sudden exposure to intense heat or suddenly induced plethora, will serve as immediate excitants of the morbid process. It is peculiar to no season, but has not been recognized in Europe. Symptoms.— '^ChQse, are varied according to the case. Some are seized abruptly with cramps of the voluntary muscles, especially those of the neck and hind limbs . which soon give place to general palsy— motor and sen- sory. In other cases the ons >t is slow. Tl.ere may be trembhng, dullness and lassitude for some lie srs or days or there may be some local paralysis, V"- that of the throat or lips, incapacitating the animal i/om swallowing liquids, or causing profuse slavei 'ng. But sooner or later, 111 all cases alike, paralysis sets in and the animal is barely able to support itself, or, if worse, lies proo...ate on his side with hmbs extended and fiaccid. If the case is to prove fatal, coma and complete stupor usually precedes death. If recovery ensues, appetite is often preserved throudi- 17 t- ^ m 276 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. out, and restoration of the general health precedes the disappearance of the palsy, sometimes by several months. The pulse throughout is little varied, oein^ usually slow and soft at first, and weaker and more rapid as the disease advances. Breathing, at first little affected becomes deep and stertorous as coma sets in. The sur- face temperature is cool and that in the rectum usually natural. The bowels are generally costive, and the urme unchanged and may pass involuntarily. Tender- ness of the spme may sometimes be detected by percus- sion, and will guide to the precise seat of local disease. Treatment.— T\i& disease is very fatal, though varying much in successive outbreaks. Excepting in cases of complete paralysis and confa the patient should be placed m slings and have what laxative food (bran mashes roots, etc.,) he will take. Cold lotions (nitre and sal-ammoniac) or bags of pounded ice and bran should be applied to the spine, and hand-rubbing and mustard or other stimulating embrocations, to the limbs Copious injections of warm water may be thrown into the rectum, containing in solution aloes or other purga- tives. Opium or chloral-hydrate may be given to relieve extreme pain or spasms, but the agents which are especially demanded in the early stages are bromide of potassium and ergot of rye. These may be used as in- jections, or, still better, subcutaneouslv, the first in strong solution, the last as c^-gotine. When swallowing IS perfect they may be administered by the mouth. When the acute symptoms have passed, stimulants (am- monia, ether, alcoholic fluids,) and tonics (quinia, casca- rilla, boneset etc.,) may be given, and blisters (mustard, bpanish flies,) applied along the spine. The remaining palsy must be treated on general principles. (See Par- alysis.) ^ Enzootic Myelitis in Sheep. -Trembling. - HYDRO-RACHITIS.-The true cause of this affection i. unknown, but it has prevailed especially on newly- limed land which has undergone a great temporary increase or fertility. In some parts of Scotland its pre- PARALYSIS. 27; valence is circumscribed by the windings of a river ( Ivveed) and without any ostensible cause; or it is fatal on one slope (south) of a hill, while the opposite escapes ; or again it prevails on the richest table-lands. It attacks mainly lambs or sheep under i^ years old and proves very fatal, often destroying the entire off- sprmg of the year. Symptoms vary somewhat. Many lambs appear para- yzed when dropped, either in the hipd or fore extremi- les or both, others are attacked a few days or weeks later. Sometimes the head or entire body is drawn to one side by a spasm, in other cases there is spasmodic movement of the limbs in progression (louping^m^ Ihere is usually much apparent stupor and drooping ears, but the patient is easily startled, and in its effortt to escape will tumble headlong. A nervous trembling - frequent, and there is tenderness or itching of the or croup. ^ reatment of the lambs would be on the same general , mciples as in inflammation of the spinal cord in other animals, buL will rarely pay. Prevention is to be sought by keeping breeding ewes and young sheep from nevvly limed land; by using none for breeding under two years old, and by close attention to food, water and shelter to secure good health during pregnancy. Morm J^'^^'/'-^f ^^ ?^ Sensation or Voluntary -^vmiQ^.—Lossof voluntary motion is known as Motor paralysis, loss of sensation as Semory paralysis or Anes- thesia. Paralysis is also /m>>^^m/ when it occurs from injury to the irerves (chilling, tearing, cutting, pressure inflammation, degeneration, etc.,) and central\h^\ arises from injury to the great nerve centres, the brain and spinal cord. Sensory and motor paralysis may exist independently of each other, and loss of sensation on one side of the body may co-exist with increased sensitiveness on the other. An injury to on. side of ttie orain usually paralyzes sensation or motion on the T^T '1 v,^ u f\ ^°^^'- ^"J^^'y *^ the lower part ot one lateral half of the spinal cord, paralyzes motion on 278 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER the samt side of the body behind the lesion ; while an injury to the upper part of one lateral half of the cord paralyzes sensation on the opposite side behind the hurt and in a small adjacent part of the same side, while the rest of this side behind the lesion is rendered more sensi- tive. Space forbids our following further the indications furnished by the nature and seat of the paralysis, as to the probable lesions in the central nervous system ; this must be left for a larger work. General Paralysis.— Paralysis of the face, trunk and extremities, but without the implication of the mus- cles of respiration, may arise from pressure on the brain, or as a reflex action from distant organs (impacted stomach, constipation, pregnancy, etc.,) and may not be mcompatible with life. If from section or cutting of the spinal cord in front of the fifth neck-bone (broken neck pithing,) it is promptly fatal by abolishing respiration. Paraplegia.— Palsy of the Hind Limbs.— This is a common form of paralysis resulting from broken back or loins, or it may reflect from disordered indiges- tion, etc., (in horses, cattle, dogs). It may also occur from tumors or parasites in the spinal cord, from bony swelhngs, the results of sprains, from inflammation and softening of the cord, and from lolium temulentum (dar- neH, and the newly ripened seeds of its allies, lolium hnicola (flax rye-grass), and lolium perenne (perennial rye-grass). The chick vetch, millet, ergot and various blood poisons (taurocholic acid, leucin, tyrosin, urea, etc..) have a similar action. Hemiplegia.— This consists in paralysis of one lateral half of the body, to the exclusion of the other, usually as the result of some disorder of one side of the brain or spinal cord. It occurs in all animals, but less frequently than paraplegia. Facial Paralysis. — This sometimes occurs from a continuous current of cold air striking on the side of the STOMACH STAGGERS. 279 face, but also from bruises behind the eye and Joint of the jaws, by a badly fitting bridle, a collar, or apparatus commonly used ibr breachy horses. Cows suffer from similar injuries from stanchions. Finally it may result from disease of the brain or middle ear. Other local paralysis, such as of the ear, eyelids, lips, tongue, laryjtx, tail, etc., result from corresponding causes. Treatment for Paraly sis. —Owx first object must be to remove the cause, whether this consists in digestive, urinary or uterine disorder, in congestion, inflammation,' or pressure on the brain or nerves. When a nerve is cut across, we must wait for its reunion. When the cause is irremovable the paralysis is necessarily incurable. In cases of inflammation we must proceed as advised for inflam- mation of the brain or spinal cord. Then apply cold douches and friction to the paralyzed part, followed by a blister. Blisters may also be applied to the neighbor- hood of the nerve centre presiding over the part. In some cases the application of the hot iron lightly is bene- ficial. A current of electricity directed along the course of the nerve or through the paralyzed muscles may be repeated daily with the best results; or nerve stimulants (nux vomica, strychnia, nitrate of silver, etc.,) may be given daily, commencing with small doses and gradually increasing them until twitching or slight cramps of the muscles are seen ; then stop their administration for a few days, and resume with half the former doses. Never . continue when the system is affected, as shown by muscu- lar jerking. In some cases of local paralysis (retina, etc.,) excellent results are obtained from subcutaneous injec- tions of strychnia. Stomach Staggers and Acute Lead Poisoning. —These are affections commencing with functional stomach and brain disorder, and leading to congestion and inflammation of the great nerve centre, and deserve a special notice. The stomach staggers of horses and cattle usually arise from eating particular articles of food, such as the dif- ferent forms of rye grass, millet, vetches, tares, etc, wh^- : 28o THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. ripening and not yet cured. A poisonous princiole exists, which m the case of the loh'um temulentum'ha been separa ed as an extract, and administered vS fatal effects to horses, cattle and dogs. It acts bv oar^ lyzmg the stomach and congesting the bra n Catt" will suffer similarly from the vciy rich vegetation o spnng^^from the dry irritating fibrous grass mixed with h^rd water ' ""' "" ^ '"^^'^'^ ^^^^"^^^ ^^°"^ ^^^ to Symp^ows T\\^ first effect is drowsiness, the horse being sluggish at work, and falling asleep whi e eatin° or drinking, or the ox leaving his fellows and lying dC with his head on his flank, his eyelids semi-closfd a d his pupils dilated. The bowels continue to move, passii^^ indigested matter and wind, the abdomen is full and l^e sea o frequent rumbling, and the appetite is retained so hat the orp.d stomach is still further distended. This state of thmgs may continue for several days, and is fo ovyed by imperfect control over the limbs, hind or foJ so that the subject sways unsteadily in walking, and leans' n the stable T"^"'"' ^isquarterson thi'stall whe" in the stable. Sometimes paraplegia is the first siVn drowsiness being absent throughout^ The drows i e f in time ?;ves place to restless and involuntary actions ferk" ing ot the head, champing of the jaws, pus^iing the head against the wall, movements of the linfbs, walk n' n a 1^0°; T^'S^^^^r^T^ ^^^^'-^'^^-^ «f obstacles, s^prng- ing or dashing violently about, convulsions, etc. Thefe periods of violence or delirium occur in paroxysms leav "STtuoor ff ^TP-^'-' though no^ abso'lute, qX iu] tl3 1 T .^^^^^"I'y «^^^^"-ed the animals often kill themselves dunng one of these paroxysms. The tTeTat^fstagef "'^ ''' '"'^ '' '-'' '^' ^^'^'^^^^^ '^^ r.i^^^'^ll'^''''- ^"'j'''''''^^' i" cattle results from eating red or white paint often the refuse of paint-pots which has lain for years in the soil), sheet lead, spent bullets o 'lead oT f''''a'''' '^""" ^''^'^ ^^h'^^ h--- held su^a' Of lead or of soft water that has run through leaden SUN-STROKE. 281 pipes or stood in leaden cisterns. The symptoms are usually indistinguishable from those above described, the preliminary dullness and drowsiness merging into active delirium, with reckless dashing about and violent bel- lowing. Treatment in all cases consists in stopping the inges- tion of the poison and carrying off from tiie bowels any that still remains there. Double the usual amount of purgative medicine must be given, with stimulants, their action favored by injections and the brain symptoms kept in check by applying cold water or ice to the head, as well as by bromide of potassium. In lead poisoning sulphate of magnesia or soda are the appropriate purga- tives, and y^ oz. sulphuric acid should also be g'ven in two parts of water to precipitate in an insoluble form any lead that may still be retained. If later there is a suspicion of lead being retained in the system give iodide of potassium. Should paralysis persist when the active symptoms have passed away, treat that on general prin- ciples. Sun-Stroke. — This is especially common in horses in the hot months and in the large cities, but is seen in cattle and sheep as well, when exposed to the full glare of the sun. Among the causes which co-operate in its production may be mentioned foul, badly aired stables, tight collars or girths, overwork in hot weather, heavy milking in cows, obesity, poor, unwholesome food, and indeed any health-deteriorating condition. Horses are usually attacked while being speeded, or at heavy draught work, in a collar, and exposed to the direct and reflected rays of the sun, as in a valley, on a hillside or in the streets of a city. Symptoms. — Sometimes without any observed premoni- tory sign the horse will suddenly stop in harness, droop his head, prop himself out on all four limbs, pant violent- ly, fail, and after some convulsive movements, die in a state of coma, marked by stertorious breathing. In other cases the attack is slower, the horse flags in gait, responds very imperfectly, if at all, when urged, hangs on the bit, 282 TIIK farmer's veterinary ADVISER. may perspire freely, or have a dry burning surface and becomes unsteady on his limbs. If still urged he 'falls but ,f a lowed will stand with legs extended, head lovv and stretched out. nostrils dilated, superficial veins dis tended, eyes protruded and red, pupils contracted, breath- ing rapid and wheezing or deep and stertorous, the pulse quick and weak, and the heart-beats tumultuous. This is followed by prostration, a state of unconsciousness pa sy or convulsions and death. If recovery ensues it is followed by dullness, uncertain movements of the limbs drowsiness, or other sign of brain disease Trmtmeut.-Douche the head and necl: with cold water, and make the same application to the whole body unless the weakness of the patient forbids this. Throw stimulating injections into the rectum (ammonia, or oil of turpentine and oil). If the convulsions are aggravated by the douche, use injections of chloral-hydrate instead Apply frictions and mustard embrocations to the limh.' and the sides of the nec^:, especially when unconscirs! ncss and coma comes on. Improvement may be ex pected when consciousness returns. A failing pulse" should be met with stimulants by the mouth and rectum To/;vz;^/// sunstroke much may be done by keeping in vigorous health, avoiding ill-aired stables, using breast" straps ,n place of collars, and wearing a sun-shade and a small wet sponge on the top of the head. Parasites in thf Brain. See Parasites, CHAPTER XVI. SKIN DISEASES, Classification. General Causes and Treatment. Congestion of the Skin, Chafing, Chilling, ritants, Sun's Rays. Congestion with Pimples, Papules. Inflamn.ation with Blisters, Vesicles. Inflamma- tion with I'ustules. Inflammation of horses' heels. Swelled Legs, Cracked Heels, Grease, Grapes, Scratches. Inflammation of the skin with nodular swellings, Tubercles. Surfeit, Urticaria, Scaly skin disease. Pityriasis, Mallenders, Sallenders, Scratches. Boils, Furuncles. Nervous irritation of the -kin, Neurosis, Prurigo. Warts, Callosities, Black-pigment Tumors. Epithelial Cancer. Parasitic skin diseases. Common Ringworm. Tinea Tonsurans. Honey- comb Ringworm, Favus. Diffuse Baldness, Tinc;i Decalvans, Para- sitic Pityriasis. Parasitic Grease. Contagious Foot-rot. Mange. Scab. Itch. Scabies. Acariasis. Ticks. Ixodes. Warbles, Larva of the Gadfly. Attacks of Flies, Maggots. Sheep-tick. Melopha- gusOvmus. Fleas. Lice. Erysipelas. Wounds— cut, punctured, bruised, torn, poisoned. Burns. Scalds. Skin Disease^ will be considered under the following heads : 1. Diseases dtte to general causes and embracing all the grades of inflammatory action : — congestion— a red pointed eruption (papules)— a similar eruption with minute blisters (vesicles)— the formation of larger hemi- spherical blisters (oullae)— the formation of pus in these vesicles (pustules)— the formation of round nodular tran- sient swellings (tubercles)— the excessive production of scales or dandruff (squamous)— pustules with circum- scribed sloughing of the deeper layers of the skin (boils). 2. Diseases manifesUd by derange 'sensation — ;^i"eurosis. 3. Diseased ^/'t?ze///Af— warts — callosities — epithelial cancer. 4. Parasitic diseases, — vegetable and animal. 5. Diseases connected with a specific poison — different forms of variola (pox)— measles— scarlatina— erysipelas —malignant pustule, etc. 6. Wounds. Burns. Scalds. (283) IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) fe '^ / C/x 4r 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■^iiia ■ 50 ""'= xa. - 6' IIM M 1.8 JA III 1.6 V] <^ /y ^^m />^ m. 'm ^^. w // Pnotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBf TER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 iV "% V M m \\ ci^ % w '^l^^ '% fe '^ ^ m/A 284 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. Gmeral causes.— Ti\^s& are exceedingly varied. Many cases are the result of simple local irritation, as chafing radiating heat, cold and wet, chemical and mechanical irritants, or the presence on the skin of parasitic plants or animals. A large class is due, however, to disorders of internal organs with which the skin is in sympathy or that have failed to transform or throw off elements that prove cutaneous irritants by their presence in the blood, or when being excreted abnormally through the skin. Disorder of the liver, stomach, bowels, kidneys and lungs, are especially apt to act in this way. Sometimes skin disease rs a mere symptom of general ill-health General treatment— 1\^Q first object is to discover and remove the cause ; then if the disease is of an inflamma- tory nature and acute, soothing agents may be applied to the irritated skin — fomentations with tepid water, oxide of zinc powder or ointment, starch, lycopodium, sperma- ceti and almond oil, solutions of sugar of lead, sulphate of zinc, or carbolic acid, collodion, etc. Give internally cooling laxatives (sulphate of soda, tartrates or citrates of soda or potash,) and diuretics (acetate of potassa or ammonia, carbonate of potassa or soda). . In weak states tonics are often wanted, whereas in pfethoric subjects depletion is equally essential. A cool, clean, airy stable and cleanliness of the skin are all-important. If the disease is not so recent or the acute symptoms have been subdued, a more stimulating class of local ap- plications are in order: ointments of iodine, sulphur mercury, nitrate of mercury, tar, oil of tar, oR of turpen- tine, oil of cade, etc., may be used. Supersedents, too, may be given internally : sulphur, antimony, arsenic, mer- cury, Dunovan's solution, are examples. Congestion of the Skin.— Simple redness, heat and tenderness, with no dark color nor eruption. This mav coexist with all the different forms of inflammatorv erup- tion according to the degree of irritation at different points. It occurs: From chafittg, in the axilla, between the thighs, m the heels or under the harness in hot weather ; I CONGESTION WITH SMALL CONICAL PIMPLES. 285 from chills after being wet, in the heels of horses and on th€ teats of cows exposed to wet in winter ; from hard- cued mud m the space between the hoofs in cattle sheen and pigs; and from tfie sun's rays in white-faced or white hmbed animals. winic Treatment.~l{ i\,^ surface is only tender, wash clean and apply a solution of table salt, sugar of lead (% oz K ' f^A T "" x^'"^" camphorated spirit. If the surface I's abraded (raw) use bland powders (oxide of zinc, starch lycopodium,) wool, collodion, glycerine i oz., aloes 20 grs., or, if It can be kept covered, sulphurious acid solu- ion and glycerine (equal parts), laxatives, diuretics or tonics must be used according to the indications It is all important to avoid further irritation. Light well- fitting harness must be used, and the stuffing taken out and the part beaten down where necessary, to avoid pressure on a sore. Zinc fittings to the top of the collar are often very serviceable. So too. must exposure o affected heels to damp or mud, and the wetting of teats in milking, be carefully avoided. ^ PAPm?f ^f'^.v'"'™ ^.""^^^ ^°^^^^L PlMPLES.- PAPULES.-In this case there is an eruption of finely- pointed pimples without any watery exudation or blister It IS usually itchy and even painful, and by reason of rubbing may go on to exudation, with great thickening of the skin bleeding scabs and open sores. Horses especially suff-er in spring and autumn, at the time of shedding the coat, the eruption often confining itself to the neck, shoul 'ers and limbs. On turning back tie hair on parts w.uch are itchy or sore, .ut that have not suffered from rubbing, the nature of the eruption will be seen especially If a slightly magnifying glass is used The affec ion usually gives away readily under the use of weak alkaline washes (carbonate of soda i dr wate? tle^laxL^ver^"'""^'' ^ '"''"'"'^ ^"^"'^^" ^'''' ^"^ ^^"- INFLAMMATION WITH VESICLES.-In this form of skm disease papules are crowned with little blisters, so mmmi 286 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. small and pointed as to require a magnifying glass to make them out distinctly (eczema), or as large as a small pea and rounded (herpes, bullae). These forms are com- mon in horses and dogs, and to a less extent in rumin- ants, especially in connection with diso-ders of digestion. Highly stimulating food, :lipping and hot weather are particularlly favorable to their development. Boiled food, diseased potatoes, green food or any change of diet may cause them. One form of this affection is induced by a too extensive use of mercury to the skin. Cattle suffer from eating the refuse of distilleries and gardens, garbage from kitchens, etc.; sheep are attacked after exposure to cold rains. Old horses suffer from an in- veterate form in connection with bad food and want of grooming and wholesome stabling. In dogs, too, it becomes inveterate and chronic, the whole skin being denuded of hair and of a bright scarlet, with the charac- teristic eruption mixed with cracks, sores and scabs (red mange). In the milder forms, dogs suffer mainly inside the thighs or on the scrotum ; horses suffer under the harness, and especially at the root of the mane and under the saddle, but the eruption may spread '>ver the whole body; cattle suffer on the limbs, especially the hind, but not exclusively so. The other eruptions are often mingled with the vesi- cles, the hairs become bristly, and as the skin is broken by rubbing, a bloody or straw-colored exudation con- cretes in scabs and mats the hair together, while else- where extensive raw sores appear. Treatment. — Give a saline or oleaginous laxative, and follow up with acetate of potassa or other alkaline agents in the drinking water. If there are signs of disordered liver give small doses of podophyllin to keep the bowels slightly relaxed ; if debility, bitter tonics. A restricted non-stimulating diet, (herbivora, mashes, roots, etc. ; car- nivora, bread and milk, oatmeal porridge, etc.) pure air, cleanliness and skin washes of carbonate of soda or potassa, containing a few drops of carbolic acid, will prove valuable. In dogs this last agent should be omitted. INFLAMMATION WITH PUSTULES. 287 In all forms of inveterate and chronic eczema the scabs should be soaked in oil for a few hours and removed by- washing, after which mor^ stimulating applications may be resorted to : ointments of sulphur, iodine, iodide of sulphur, sulphuret of potassium, mercury, nitrate of mer- cury, etc., with or without alkalies. In some cases a few drops of oil of vitriol in a quart of water, will much relieve the itching and pain. In others the same end must be sought by adding prussic acid or cyanide of potassium in small amount, great care being taken to prevent the patient from licking it. Internally, use supersedents — arsenic, with or without iodide and bromide of potassium ; or small doses of Dunovan's solution may be resorted to in bad cases. Inflammation with Pustules.— This differs from vesicles in this, that the elevations on the skin have the scarfskin raised by the formation below it of a white, purulent matter, in place of clear liquid. The prominent forms are those with large pustules (ecthyma), and those with small (impetigo). The hair stands erect, and scabs form on the surface covering the sores, especially after rubbing. Even if not rubbed, they dry up in scabs, which soon fall off. Horses suffer mainly at the root of the mane, on the neck, the rump, and on the lips and face, especially if white ; cattle and sheep, especially the young, are attacked on the lips and other delicate parts of the skin (vulva, etc.,) and pigs and dogs on any part of the body. Causes. — It is often chargeable on some disorder of digestion, as the result of unwholesome food, or a sudden change of food, as from dry to green, or from one kind of pasturage to another. In young animals (foals, calves, lambs, kids, pigs,) it appears to be an occasional result of heated or otherwise unwholesome milk. Vetches affected with honey-dew have produced it in white horses or in white spots of those of other colors ; and buckwheat has affected white sheep, pigs, goats, etc., in the same way. It may, however, arise from habitual exposure to cold ^ \ "^^m. 288 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. and wet, local irritation, as from rubbing, etc., or from disorder of other internal organs. Treatment consists in softcni;ig the crusts with oil, washing them off with soap-subs, and applying soothing or gently astringent agents to the part (spermaceti and olive oil, benzoated oxide of zinc ointment, lime-water sugar of lead lotions, etc.) When it attacks the root of the mane cut off the hair, and if the pain is excessive foment or poultice until the eruption comes to a head, ulien some of the above agents may be applied. When the pustules have burst and show little tendencv to heal- mg this may often be hastened by touching the sores with a pointed stick of lunar caustic, or a weak solution of this agent (2 grs. to i oz. water) may be lightly painted over the part. The internal treatment consists in the administration of laxatives, followed by bitters (gentian, quassia, boneset, cascarilla, willow bark, etc.,) and diuretics. In obstinate or long-standing cases, the same treatment may be followed as in chronic eczema. Inflammation of the Heels in Horses. — Grease —The skin in the region of the heel is so vascu- lar and so abundantly provided with oil-glands, and is so frequently exposed to irritants, wet, cold, mud, filth, etc., that a special notice of its inflammatory condition seems demanded. The causes are a lymphatic constitution, with a tendency to stocking of the legs ; a weak circu- it tion, diseased heart, liver or kidneys, with swelled legs; ishing the heels with caustic soap ; leaving them wet and muddy when put in the stall ; currents of cool air striking on the heels ; irritant fumes from accumulated dung and urine; soaking of the heels in putrid pools in the straw-yard ; standing in snow or in the slush of melt- ing snow ; and besides, any of the constitutional causes of other skin diseases. To these might be added horse- pox,^foot mange, and an eruption associated with a vege- table parasite, bat we must leave these to be considered with specific and parasitic diseases. Symptoms.— We. find all grades of inflammation in the heel : ist. Simple swelling with dry heat, tenderness and INFLAMMATION OF THE HEELS IN HORSES. 289 great lameness from inability to stretch the skin and bnng the heel to the ground ; 2nd, Transverse cracks or chaps more or less extensive ; 3rd, A pinkish-whi:- fetid discharge from the surface, with oftentimes some modera- tion of the lameness ; 4th, The eruption of pustules of variable size ; 5th, The formation of fungous growths (gra^pes), over the affected surface, of a size from a pea to a cherry, red, angry and covered with a fcetid dis- charge. This last form often invades the frog, con- stituting canker. The same occurs in sheep as the result of long-continued irritation to the skin of the coronet, and IS the worst form of non-contagious /^^/-rc?/. 6th A sixth form of the affection {scratches) is much more com- mon in our light American horse, exposed in the deep mud of spring, and consists in minute excoriations becoming covered with thin scabs, which remain tender and troublesome for an indefinite length of time. Treatment.— The prime essential is to avoid the cause whether exposure to filth, cold, wet, local irritants, low condition, or disorder of some internal organ or function. If the inflammation runs high, a cooling laxative (Glau- ber salts, aloes,) and mild diuretics (nitre, iodide of potas- sium,) should be given, unless contra-indicated by low condition or debility. Tonics (iodide of iron) should be conjoined with gentle diuretics for weak patients, and the food should be cooling (in part green or roots). Gentle pressure from a bandage, evenly applied from the foot up, is beneficial. In simple inflammation, without eruption or discharge apply cloths wet with a weak solution of sugar of lead or other astringent, and in winter cover these with a dry bandage to prevent freezing. Or a poultice may be ap- plied with a little sugar of lead lotion on the surface. When cracks have appeared, apply a similar lotion with the addition of a few drops of carbolic acid or grains of chloral-hydrate (enough to give it an odor) ; or sulphur- ous acid solution, water and glycerine in equal propor- tions, covering promptly and perfectly with a bandage • or, glycerine, aloes, etc. • ' In case of discharge or pustules the lotion may be JC)0 THE KARMEK's VETERINARY ADVISER. made with chloride of zinc or lime in place of sugar of lead, or finely powdered charcoal may be sprinkled over the poultice ; carbolic acid or chloral will be equally in place. When fungous growths appear more active measures are demanded. Strong carbolic acid may be applied to them individually, or better, pledgets of tow, saturated with tincture of the muriate of iron, should be bound on by a tight bandage extending from the hoof up. Or the growths may be snipped off with scissors and the muriate of iron applied ; or they may be individually strangled by a stout thread tied round their necks, or cut off with the sharp edge of a red-hot blacksmith's shovel, a cool one being held beneath to protect the skin. Then apply any one of the antiseptics above men- tioned. Scratches are among the most obstinate forms of the affection, because not severe enough to demand the seclusion of the horse from wet, mud and snow. In feeding the subjects of this affection avoid all buckwheat, maize or other heating agents, and if it proves obstinate resort to the various internal remedies advised for chronic eczema. Locally use benzoated oxide of zinc ; glycerine and aloes ; camphorated spirit and chloral ; the same with a few drops of tincture of chloride of iron, etc. When irritation subsides and the scales drop off, leaving a healthy-looking surface, smear with a bland ointment (spermaceti and almond oil). Cutaneous Inflammation with Nodular Swell- ings.— Tubercules.— The most remarkable example of this is what is known to horsemen as surfeit, by veteri- narians as urticaria. It occurs in spring and autumn in horses, cattle and pigs, and is at once connected with moulting and sudden changes of food or weather. With some fever, there appear on different parts of the body swellings varying in size from a pea to a walnut, and often running together so as to form extensive patches, which will close the nostrils, eyelids or lips, and put a itop to feeding and even threaten suffocation. There is SCALY SKIN AFFECTIONS.— PITYRIASIS. 29 1 little pain or tenderness and the swellings are very tran- sient, appearing and disappearing on different parts at short intervals. Treatment consists in clearing oui: the bowels by a purgative (horse, aloes ; ox, salts ; pig, oil or jalap,) and following this up with bitters (gentian, etc.,) and diuretics (nitre, carbonates of soda and potassa). Scaly Skin Affections.— PiTYRiAsis.—These are exemplified in the scurfy, scaly affections which appear in the bend of the knee (mallenders) and hock (sallen- ders) and on the lower parts of the limbs, by scratches, and by a scaly exfoliation and shedding of hair of the mane and face of old horses, and of different parts of the body in cattle. Some of these, like mallenders, sal- lenders and scratches, may commence as papules or vesi- cles, while the scaly affection of the face is often con- nected with a vegetable growth, but this form is distin- guished by extreme tenacity, and a gradual progress from its point of origin; that which is dependent on constitutional causes is jnore diffused. They depend on the general causes of skin diseases— heating, unsuitable diet, sudden changes, imperfect grooming, heats of sum- mer, disorders of the lungs, bowels, liver or kidneys, on oxahc acid in the blood, and some constitutional causes Beside the scurfiness and loss of hair, the itching is often so extreme as to render the subject almost unmanage- able, and useless for work. Treatment,— h. moderate laxative diet, consisting in part of roots (carrots and turnips), the free administra- tion of alkalies (carbonate of potassa or soda, etc.), and if still inveterate a prolonged course of arsenic will be requisite. Locally use mercurial ointment, or, if exten- sive, sulphur or tar ointment, etc. Boils.— Furuncles.— These are too well known to need description. They consist in circumscribed in- flammation of the deep layers of the skin, with pustule and sloughing of a limited part of the fibrous tissue. 1 hey are not uncommon on the legs of horses, and if a lo 292 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. appear in succession are a source of great number trouble. Treatment.— VJhW^ still a simple inflamed nodule they may often be- arrested by incising crucially with a sharp knife and applying cold water bandages. Or apply a poultice or thick wet cloth to bring quickly to a head. If the resulting sore is indolent or unhealthy touch with nitrate of silver. The free internal use of alkalies (car- bonate of soda) sometimes checks their production. Nervous Irritation of the Skin.— Neurosis— Prurigo. — This is often seen in horses that are overfed on grain (especially the more stimulating varieties) and hay, and have close, unwholesome stables. Hot weather is also a cause. Though occasionally associated with pimples or even vesicles, the irritation is found to be equally severe on parts devoid of eruption, yet the in- tegument tends to become thickened and rigid as the disease persists. The irritation may be slight or so severe that the harness cannot be kept on. It must not be con- founded with rubbing of the taiUrom pin-worms. Treatment.— VxxrgQ, put on restricted diet, with roots, wash the skin with soap and water, and apply water slightly soured with oil of vitriol. If this, with carbonate of soda internally, fails to cure, a long course of arsenic is demanded. Warts.— Callosities.— Cancer.— Black Pigment Tumors.— Warts are to be removed by scissors and the part burned with some caustic (lunar caustic if near .the eye, butter of antimony, blue-stone, chloride of zinc, etc., elsewhere). Or they may be destroyed by tying a thread tightly round the neck of each, or by the use of the hot iron. Callosities are common under the saddle (sitfasts). A circumscribed portion of skin, the seat of a former chafe, has become thickened and indurated to almost horny consistency. The skin around the edges is inflamed, raw and angry. It can usually be loosened by a poultice, so as to be easily removed with a sharp knife, after which it is to be treated as a common sore. PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 293 Black Pigment Tumors (Melanosis) are exceedingly common in gray and white horses, attacking the black parts of the skin (anus, vulva, udder, sheath, lips, eye- lids, etc.,) and though sometimes cancerous are often quite harmless, and should always be removed with the knife. , Fpithelial Cancer is not common in the lower animals, but is seen in the lips of horses and cats. Here again the knife isthv^ best remedy. PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. Common Ringworm.— Tinea Tonsurans.— This is common in horses, cattle, dogs and cats, as well as in man, and is readily transmitted from one to the other. It is especially commo)i in winter or spring, and occurs as round bald spots on the face or elsewhere, covered with white scales, and surrounded by a ring of bristly, broken hairs, or split hairs with scabs around the roots and some eruption on the skin. Soon this ring of broken hairs is shed and a wider bristly ring is formed. Among the naked eye characters the breaking and splitting of hairs in the ring, and the perfect baldness of the central part are the most significant. Chloroform bleaches the affected hairs, while the sound ones are unaffected. The . microscopic appearances are the presence in the hairs and hair follicles of a vegetable parasite {trichophyton tonsu- rans). Treatment. — Shavejthe hairs from the affected part, or better, pull them out with a pair of pincers, and paint with tincture of iodine, or a solution of corrosive subli- mate (40 grs. to I pt. of water), or of bisulphite of soda {Yi oz. to I pt.) Honey -Comb Ringworm. — Favus. — Common in cattle, dogs, cats, rabbits and chickens, as well as in chil- dren {scald-head). It shows the same general appear- ance of baldness advancing from a centre, which is described above, but a cup-shaped, yellov/ish scab results which has obtained for it the name. The parasite {Acho- rion Schonleini) appears to be but another form of the \j i 294 TIIK FAUMER's veterinary AD.i. ER. fungus of ringworm affected by its conditions of growth »nd especially by the weak and unhealthy condition of the host. Treat as for common ringworm. Diffuse Baldness (Tinea Decalvans).--Parasitic Pityriasis.— Two other forms are seen in tlie horse one attacking any part of the body, and recognized by the agglutination of five or six hairs together in a white crust, and the other attacking the heads of old horses and cha,racterized mainly by the scurfy product. Both are exceedingly inveterate, though not attended with excessive itching, and demand the persistent use of tincture of iodine or corrosive sublimate lotions in order to effect a cure. In all t Dse cases the harness, brushes, conibs and w jdwork must be washed with a solution of caustic potassa or soda, and then wet with iodine ointment or a solution o ■ corrosive sublimate, otherwise all treatment may be fruitless. Horse blankets should be boiled for a length of time. Parasitic Grease. — Contagious Foot-Rot in Sheep.— In inflammation of the horse's heel, attended . with fungus-like growths (^a/es), a vegetable growth is often present and seems to be a main cause of the disease. The contagious foot-rot in sheep presents the same appearance of the skin, and is presumably due to a similar parasite. With or without an abrasion, the mat- ter from a diseased foot produces in the healthy one swelling, excoriation and fungus growths round the top of the hoof, as well as an excessive growth, softening and loss of cohesion of the horny elements below. Treatment consists in laying bare the diseased surface and applying active caustics and parasiticides. Pare the horn to the quick, and apply tow soaked in tincture of muriate of iron, butter of antimony, solution of blue- stone, or nitrate of silver, bind up firmly and repeat the dressing daily. All overgrown horn must be carefully removed, and means taken to prevent irritation from dried mud, etc, MANGK.— SCAH.— ITCH.— SCAIJIES.— ACARIASTS. ^95 Mange. — Scab. — Itch. — Scabies.— Acariasis.— lhe.se names amonc: others are given to disen.ses of the skin caused by acari. OT parasitic acari there are three principal species : Sarco/>/es, which burrow in canals in the scarfskin and are difficult to find and eradicate, and dermatophagiis and dermatocoptts which live on the sur- face or among the scobs, and are more easilv disposed of. Another species— ^r;w^r.i-_inhabits the 'sebaceous glands of the skin in sheep and dog, and cau.ses much irritatioL, with acne like eruption. Among acari occa- sionally parasitic may be mentioned : the dermanyssits (misnamed hen louse), the gamasur of musty hay, and the icptus (misn. ned jigger in the Western States), all excepting the last living on the surface and easily dis- covered. Lasiiy, a tyroglypn is accidentally parasitic on all domestic animals. Of the sarcoptes there is one species lives on the horse, which will temporarily inhabit the skin of man ; a second IS peculiar to the goat ; a third is common to dogs and swme; a fourth to cats and rabbits, and a fifth to chickens, horses and foxes. One species of dermatophagus lives on the heels and legs of horses, another on the tail, neck, etc., of cattle, and a. third on the pastern, limbs, and, less frequently the trunk of sheep. ' -1 /• 0{ dermatocoptes th&XQ is also a particular species for each of these animals— horse, ox and sheep— though usually confounded with each other. These are the most common causes of mange, and from their non-bur- rowmg habits are most easily disposed of Accessory causes.— Though the reception of theacarus IS the one essential cause of mange, yet others conduce to Its speedy diffusion— as poor condition, filth and warm seasons. Some acari, like the dermatophagi, may even seem to suspend operations in winter, and cause little or no trouble until the following spring. Symptoms.— ^Nz must state these in general terms throwmg the whole class into one group. There is intense, uncontrollable itching, aggravated by hot wea- ther or buildmgs, and by perspiration. If the affected i;i r 296 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. part is scratched the animal shows his gratification by moving his body as if rubbing, and especially (in horses) by a nibbling movement of the lips. In sheep the wool is torn off, and white tufts hang on the dark surface of the fleece. The skin is thickened and rendered rigid by exudation into its substance, as well as by the accumu- lation of crusts on the surface. In fine skins, like that of the sheep, there is a distinct papular eruption, and in all there are excoriations and even deep sores and ulcers from the incessant and desperate rubbing. The bare patches are less absolutely so than in ringworms, for hairs still adhere at intervals, and though the hairs may be broken they show less brittleness or tendency to split up. But the one reliable sign is the presence of the acarus which may often be recognized by the naked eye when a little of the scurf in placed on a plate of glass and closely watched. The scab will be seen to move and a little observation will enable one to detect the almost invisible insect. A low magnifying power is a great help. To find the sarcoptes it may be necessary to expose the skin to the warm rays of the sun, to detach a crust and tie it for twelve hours on the skin of the arm when the acarus will be found in the centre of a pale red papule, and may be removed with a needle. The dermanyssits may not be found on the skin unless the subject is examined in the stable at night. They are large and easily detected when bright crimson, from being gorged with blood. There is always the suspicious proximity of chickens or their dung, the latter swarmine with grey acari. * The demodex, living in the hair follicles of dogs, causes loss 01 hair and prominent red nodules (acne) while the sebaceous matter squeezed from the follicles contain specimens of the acarus. The sarcoptes of chickens attack the comb, wattles and teet, causing great irritation. ^ Treatment is local, though nourishing food, cool, clear air, clean, dry buildings, and the avoidance of crowding or exertion are important auxiliaries. By soap-suds, preceded if n#»rf>ooQr" H" '^•'! u-~_i. 1 . .» J- -^ — ^* ♦'/ oj T^ii, wicat4 up anu remove ine "t* TICKS.— IXODES.— LARVA OF GADFLY. 29; I scabs and crusts ; then apply thoroughly with a brush, oil of tar i oz., whale oil 20 ozs., or 5^ lb. each of tar and sulphur, and i lb. each of soap and alcohol. For sheep with heavy fleeces baths are very efficient. The following example will neither stain the wool nor materially en- danger the sheep. Tobacco 16 lbs., oil of tar 3 pts., soda ash 20 lbs., soft soap 4 lbs., water 50 gallons. Boil, the tobacco and dissolve the other agents in a few gallons of boiling water, then add water to make up to 50 gallons, retaining a temperature of about 70° Fah. This .vill suffice for fifty sheep. Each sheep is kept in the bath three minutes, two men meanwhile breaking up the scabs and working the liquid into all parts of the skin. When taken out he is laid on a sloping drainer and the liquid squeezed out of the wool and allowed to flow back into the bath. A second and even a third bath may be necessary in inveterate cases. For newly shorn sheep oily applications are better, being less liable to be washed off by rains. One part of oil of tar to forty parts castor oil or lard will usually suffice, but sulphur may be added if desired. The common use of mineral poisons, and especially the compounds of mercury for sheep dips, must be strongly deprecated. In all cases an essential part of the treatment is to dress with similar agents, or with a strong solution of caustic potassa, aH harness, brushes, combs and wood- work, and to subject blankets to prolonged boiling. In pastures, dress every rubbing post, tree, stump, stone, or wooden fence, or change the field. Ticks. — Ixodes. — These are common on stock in some parts of the country, and .Tiay be picked off or dressings applied as for acari. Larva of Gadfly.— Warbles.— These may be found in little rounded tumors the size of hazle-nuts, on the backs of cattle in winter and spring, each tumor having a hole in the centre, through which the grub may be seen or extracted. A second species attacks sheep as well as cattle, while a number of others in different 298 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. countries, but especially in the tropics, live in the skin of ?n^J? ^ ""^"^Y ""^ ^"^'"^^'- "^^^'^ gadflies abound animals are greatly terrified and injured by their attacks Ihe best treatment IS to examine all cattle in spring and enlargmg the opening with a knife when necessary This cuts off the supply of flies for the coming year, and them out ^"""''"^ °^ ''""' '^'^^' ^' ^^P^^^^^ ^° kill Attacks of Flies (Diptera). _ Maggots. - The tnJnX m' ^'^ ""^^^^ very troublesome and even fatal o .tock. Many agents, such as oil, infusions of walnut eaves, rue or wormwood, are used to drive them off but TrnK^ture T'"^ 'T'''' ^" ^"''''' ^^^ ^^^^s of sheep effectual ^^"'^^'''' turpentine and asafoetida is very th.^W^^fl "^f'-?"^^ ^" '^'"^ localities from the larva of ' on r j;;.- f ^ Zu-^^l ^^P ^'^ ^'''y P^r^ «f the skin, as on the tails and thighs when scouring. In such nei^^h borhoods the existence during summe? or autumn of a dark wet spot on the skin, of\ white tuft of wool? or of wriggling of the tail, will demand immediate attention Treatment.-CUp off the wool and filth pick off all maggots and apply oil of turpentine orV ?ar 5 oz camphor i dr., asafoetida ^ dr.; dilute carbolic acid o^ kerosene may be used in the absence of anything else sc'ab'or'c'ut off^h"r'.^ "^^ ,^'^ ^^^^^P ^'P ^^--^1,; pat ^ate^r^f plrts.''^'^ ^'°°' ^"' ^^^^^ ^^^^^''^ -^ ^ TilT!l'^^'~^-^^''^J'''^ (Melophagus) Ovina.- ment of fu^ '''"' '"f"- ^'^r^^^^ by the non-develop- Torscaf T. TJ""^'- -^', ''. ^''' ""'' ^y the dips advised tor sca^ It IS especially important to dip lambs, after affected ewes have been shorn, as the insects mig ate to the young, where they find more wool to shelter them. diD^era''"" W?f '' ■*^' *^' hippoboscids, are wingless c '■a.iv.cy cacu lor tne aog, cat, hen LICE. — ERYSIPELAS. 299 fltid dove and in tropical America i}^Q piilex penetrans or Ungoe which burrows under the skin and there lays it«^ eggs to be hatched out in the flesh. Persian insect powl der IS one of the best agents to dust over the animals us well as over the carpets, rugs, etc., on which they have lain ; or wash with the yolks of eggs and a teaspoonful of oil of turpentine to each t^g ; or a mixture of an ' unce ° uu\. anise-seed and ten ounces olive-oil may be rubbed over the body and washed off with soap six hours later bprinke the soil where the animals roll with quicklime, carbolic acid, or petroleum ; deluge kennels and roosts with boiling water, and afterward paint the cracks with oil of turpentine ; dip mats or rugs in boiling water, and litter the buildings with fresh pine shaving.? ^^^^^.T'^^^^^ ^e degraded wingless hemipterous in- sects. . here are two kinds : blood-suckers {hcBmatopinusY with narrow head and long trunk-like sucking-tube : and bird-hce {irichodectes\ with very large, broad head, and no sucL-ing tube, but biting jaws. Of the blood-suckers there is one species each for :_ ancT ferret ^^^' ^""^^^ ^^^ ox ; ox ; goat; swine, and dog Of bird-lice there is a species each for :— horse and ass : ox and ass ; sheep ; goat ; dog ; cat ; duck and goose ; two for the peacock ; three for the turkey; four for the pigeon ; and five for the hen. They may be safely treated by sprinkling with pow- dered vyood ashes or by rubbing with sulphur ointment or whale-oil, with water saturated with petroleum or kerosene, or with a solution of sulphuret of potassium or hme (4 oz. to I gall, water). Clean the buildings, clothes, etc., as for fleas. ** ' ^\^rrf}u^^^-~^ .'P^'^'^^' ^•^"^^' spreading inflamma- tion of the skin, often involving the loose connective tissue beneath, and sometimes the internal organs, asso- ciated with fever, an unhealthy state of the blood, and usually a poison bv \v\\'\c\^ i> ma., Ko ^^rv,.^„_;„^-j ^^ anothxir animal with broken skin. Ill, II 3od THE farmer's veterinary adviser. Causes.— hxi unhealthy (septic, etc.,) condition of the atmosphere, the presence of impurities in the blood, from foul air or food, plethora, exhausting work, debilitating diseases, disorders of the liver, kidneys, or other blood- forming or purifying organ, or the absorption of putrid matters from a sore or other diseased surface. Sheep, horses and swine fed on green or even harvested buck- wheat are liable, and all animals kept in close, filthy, unhealthy places, or in the vicinity of accumulations of decomposing animal and vegetable matters. Sudden sup- pression of an ' ibitual discharge, heating food, and new grain and forage are occasional causes. But probably all of these do little more than lay the system open to the attack which would otherwise be escaped. More direct or exciting causes we find in local irritation — as exposure to a hot sun (newly-shorn sheep), chafing inside the elbows or thighs, the presence of rancid fats on the skin, injuries from the harness, bites of insects, etc., burns, scalds, wounds, dropsies of the limbs, and above all the keeping of patients with open sores where there is exces- sive emanation from decomposing organic (especially animal) matter, or the dressing of erysipelatous and healthy sores with the same sponges. Symptoms. — There is usually a preliminary fever, loss of spirit and appetite, heat of the skin, accelerated pulse and breathing, constipation, high-colored, scanty urine, and elevation of the temperature of the rectum, soon followed by a diffuse, hot, tender, shining, itching swell- ing, spreading from a wound or other seat of irritation, or even on a previously healthy skin. In white skins the redness is very deep, the shade being darker according to the gravity of the case, and disappearing under the pressure of the finger only to reappear quickly on its re- moval. The swelling will be greater, according as the inflammation involves the skin only, extends to the con- nective tissue beneath (phlegmonous), or is complicated by a liquid exudation (oedematous). It shows a tendency to wide and rapid diffusion over the skin, its advancing border being always abruptly elevated from the healthy integument, though at points where it is recovering it ERYSIPELAS. 301 may subside gradually and sensibly to the healthy sur- face. The inflamed skin is tense and smooth, but pits on pressure and often presents vesicles on its surface. After a few days the swelling and redness may diminish, and the blisters dry up into scales, which drop off, leaving a dark, red, tender surface; or cracks may form with a sluggish, unhealthy action, and little tendency to heal. When matter forms it is liable to be diffused without any limiting membrane as in an ordinary abscess, and to lead to extensive death and sloughing of the skin and sub- jacent structures, or to absorption of pus and its deposit in internal organs, with fatal results. In horses it is seen mainly about the head, chest, belly and hind limbs, and is especially liable to prove oedema- tous. It is distinguished from Anthrax and Purpura Hemorrhagica by the presence of the wound or sore, by the low inflammatory character of the swelling, by the greater tendency to suppuration, and the implication of the adjacent lymphatic glands. Cattle suffer especially about the head, but also on other parts of the body. Sheep suffer mainly about the head, but often and more severely about the udder, belly and inner side of the thigh or arm, and it may be else- where. Swine are mainly attacked about the head and neck, and less frequently on the inner side of the limbs, the chest or belly. Treatment. — Open the bowels freely (horse, ox and sheep, Glauber salts ; swine and dog, castor-oil,) following it up by frequent and full doses of tincture of muriate of iron, and a nourishing, easily-digested diet. In case of much weakness or with very low fever use stimulants, alcoholic or ammoniacal as they may be demanded, but never if they cause drjmess of skin and rise of tempera- ture. Diuretics may be used in oedematous cases, but in a guarded manner because of the depression. To the affected skin apply warm fomentations, by preference, with weak solutions of tincture of muriate of iron, hypo- sulphite of soda or sulphate of zinc. Sometimes dry applications have a good effect — as a mixture of sulphate 392 THE farmer's VETERINARY. ^ADVISER. i It -i* m I of zinc and starch. Iodized collodion, too, is often of service. If matter has actually formed it should be let out with the lancet, the wound being dressed with a solu- tion^of muriate of iron to prevent unhealthy action. Wounds. — These are divided into simp/e clean aits (incised), stabs, pricks and punctures (punctured), bruised or crushed (contused), and torn (lacerated). Clean cuts often heal readily when the edges are brought together accurately and retained so. But such union bv adhesion is most probable in strong, healthy, well-conditioned animals, and least so in the weak, poor and diseased. In fowls it is almost invariable, in sivine nearly equally so, in dogs, cattle and sheep there is still a strong tendency to adhesion, while in horses all wounds readily form matter and primary adhesion is exceptional. Bleeding should be checked (see wounds of arteries, etc.,) clots washed off with a stream of tepid water, foreign objects carefully removed with fingers or forceps and the wound closed with as little exposure as possible. The edges may be stitched together by means of a curved flat needle with silk or linen, well waxed or steeped in a weak solution of carbolic acid, or better, with catgut which has been steeped for a month in oil and carbolic acid, or with silver, or other metallic wire. It may be closed by a cont nuous stitch as in sewing a glove, when adhesion is to be expected, or by separate stitches, a half to three- fourths of an inch apart, when primary union is more doubtful. To secure uniform approximation of the edges or pressure of the different parts, the stitches may be passed round a quill placed on each lip of the wound (quilled suture). Or pins may be passed through the lips at suitable distances,'and a few fibres of tow twisted around each like the figure 8. Small wounds may have their edges shaved and layer after layer of collodion applied until the covering is strong enough to hold them together. The use of a weak solution of carbolic acid or other antiseptic agent will further favor adhesion if it can be applied without causing movement of the lips of the wound. WOUNDS. 303 I If the wound fails to heal by prompt adhesion, Pr«««- /^/.^«^ form covered with a thin layer of pus, and these gradually fil up the sore, leaving a scar. Or if the lios of the wound are still kept together the granulations may adhere (secondary adhesion), or finally, small sores will scab over and healing take place beneath Granulating wounds may be washed daily with a stream of tepid water, after the first three days, and may be covered with a simple dressing of tow saturated in water or oil, to which a little carbolic acid has been added When necessarily left bare the same liquids may still be applied.^ AVhen the granulations become soft, flabby and projecting (proud flesh), touch lightly with a stick of lunar caustic, and expose to dry air. When they become indolent and when healing and contraction come to a stand-still, apply gentle stimulants— tincture of mvrrh and aloes, etc. When the deeper parts of the lips of the wound do not come in contact, pads may be applied on each side to keep them in apposition. Granulating wounds usually heal by contraction from their edges, and If this IS arrested by adhesion to bones and other firm parts beneath, further healing may be impossible. In his and other cases of tardy healing, the implanting of thin slices of scarfskin, just cut with a shatp instrument from other parts of the integument, and their retention with strips of sticking plaster, will usually hasten the process. Punctured wounds often heal promptly, and especially in animals prone to primary adhesion, when cleansed kept at rest, with warm dressings and pressure on theii^ deeper parts. If inflammation occurs in the deeper parts with suppuration, it may be necessary to enlarge the opening to allow of a ready discharge, and to let it heal outward by granulation. Bruised and torn w.unds may be treated like punctured ones, and in birds, pigs and dogs, and in the more vas- cular parts of the larger animals, will often heal by adhe- sion Should they fail to do so, they ought to be stitched together, not too closelv. and allnw^^d ^r. h«oi k„ lation. Parts that are absolutely dead may beTemoved' r I' 304 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. but none that continue to show signs of life, and atove all, no skin that can possibly be saved. Poisoned wounds should be promptly cauterized (See Canine madness, Malignant anthrax, LymphangitisY Sub- cutaneous wounds in which the deeper parts are injured with little or no breach of the skin, mostly heal satisfac- torily, and the main object should be to secure a suitable position of the part, lest distortion should occur from undue contraction or extension of the structures in heal- ing For wounds that have resulted in fistula, see poll evil fistulous withers and quittor. Whenever a foreign body IS lodged in the wound it should be removed be- cause of Its tendency to cause fistula, especially in horses. Burns and SCALDS.-The gravity of these will vary much according to their extent and depth. The treat- ment of the more severe is rarely desirable in the lower animals, because of the danger of fatal results from in- ternal complications ; or of ruinous distortions from the contraction of cicatrices. For slight burns apply cold water Goulard water, water perceptibly sweetened with carbolic acid or flavored with oil of turpentine, keeping l'.-7j""'c5^ '^' violent pain and inflammation havf subsided. Success attends the exclusion of air by cov- ering the part thickly with flour or cotton wool until irritation is past The same end is gained by bathiW the burn with oil of turpentine and afterwards covering with resin ointment. When large blisters have formed punc ure with a needle and smooth down the cuticle on the skin by gentle pressure, following up with the sooth- ing measures a ready recommended. When the skin is stiH more deeply burned, and sloughing is inevitable, the stimulating apphcations (oil of turpentine with resin ointment, equal parts of linseed oil and lime-water, etc..) are still more demanded. As the sloughs separate, the detached parts should be cut off with as little irritation as possible, and when the severe irritation subsides soothing applications will be in order. Finally, the heal- ing process will be greatly hastened by ingrafting thin iliCes ofscarfskin as tW":"— 1 ---j •' , '^ ^ -.■>■» uijuvi \v Oundi ■--i-|^'«V ■■! . SER. i, and a'bove terized (See tgitis). Sub- are injured eal satisfac- e a suitable occur from ires in heal- ila, see poll ir a foreign emoved be- \y in horses. 3e will vary The treat- n the lower ts from in- is from the apply cold tened with le, keeping ation have air by cov- wool until 3y bathing Is covering ve formed, cuticle on the sooth- the skin is Stable, the with resin 'ater, etc.,) )arate, the : irritation subsides , the heal- fting thin I '"•irrw.ix NAMES OF THE EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE HORSE. NAMES OF THE BONES OF THE HORSE. ^•nf^Z n.^'*^' ''*'^'''""* °'*^"^' f Shoulder. p. The haunch, consisting of the ^.''^i^'/S. vertebra or bone, -"'- o-" ''^•"ow-Seat of elbow ^ Jiock. ^h^avin, six bonea-the 01 iKG nauncn. «. Carpus or knees— seat o! splent w. Splint bone. ' /. CAudal vertebrsB or bones of the or splint. t»U' 0. Metacarpal bones. 1 & 2. Jaw bone. 3 & 4. Skull and lace, the seat of Big-head. 6. Pastern. Seat of Ringbone. Hind pastern. Smaller hind pastern. Fore-pastern. Smaller Fore-pastern. Ringbone. Hind CHAPTER XVII. GENERAL DISEASES OF BONES, JOINTS AND MUSCLES. Lameness, symptoms, at rest and in exercise. Diseases of Bones. Inflammation. Ostitis. Periostitis. Softening. Enlarge, ment. Suppuration Ulceration. Scrofulous (TubeTcular) Dis- ease of Bone. Softening and Rarefaction of Bone. Rickets Osteo Malaaa. Softening in Cows. Softening in Horse? Bg- head. Fractures. Diseases of Joints. Inflammation. Arthritis Synovitis. Ulceration. Bony Deposit. Anchylosis. Open Join!' MntT^'T f ^"•^^/"d Sheaths of Tendons. Di'^^^asis o t^^.^nHQ "P^^T-r ^'i^^'"'"^^'^"- Fatty Degeneration. Rup. ?afcfficat?on " *^°"'- ^P'^'"'* "^^'^kening. Shortening Lameness.— As the three following chapters will em- • brace most of the different causes of lameness, the more promment manifestations of this failing may be here noticed. ' Siandm£.~The patient should be approached quietly and when you are certain he is free from all exciting causes. If resting on all four limbs, the pastern of the lame one will usually be more upright than the others. Une forefoot advanced eight or ten inches in front of the other suggests some tenderness of the heel or the struc- tures in the posterior region of the lower part of the limb Bending of the knee and fetlock and resting of the foot on the toe, without any advance in front of the other, usually implies disease of the shoulder or elbow The advance of both fore feet, the rest being taken on the heels, and the hind limbs brought well forward un- der the body, should direct attention to the frc-t cf the feet. Resting of one foot more frequently and for longer periods than its fellow is suspicious. Lyin^-.-^An inclination to lie down, and remain so, is to be similarly regarded. If the animal remains down persistently, we mav inffr o-r^t cii«v»..;r,cr f.-,^«...-^„ _^ much weakness, (305) 306 THE FARMER'S VE'I KRINAKY ADVISER. In Exexcise. — Lameness may be shown in the walk, but better in the slow, easy trot, the animal being led in hand with about three feet of free rein and without noise or other cause of excitement. Some horses manifest a bridle lameness from the mere leading, but if the leader goes first on the left side and then on the right, the drooping of the head will correspond first to the one foot and then to the other, showing it to be only a feint. In all cases of lame less in a single limb the foot is rested on the ground with less weight and is raised as quickly as possible. There is therefore not only the visible halt- ing on that limb, but a lower sound made by striking the ground and thus the ear comes to assist the eye in detect- ing the ailing member. If one fore limb is affected, the head and anterior part of the body are elevated when its foot comes to the ground, but drop firmly when the sound foot is planted. A depression of the opposite hind limb accompanying the elevation of the head, when the faihng fore limb comes to the ground, must not lead to the suspicion of lameness behind. In single lameness behind, the gait resembles that seen in lameness before, the haunch on the diseased side being raised when the foot is planted and allowed to droop thereafter until the opposite foot reaches the ground. In some, the elevation is the prominent feature, in others the depression, but in all the rising and falling are greater than in the opposite quarter. With lameness in both fore limbs the step is short, the stroke on the ground weak, the rest of each foot on the ground shortened, the shoulders are carried upright and stiff, the head is raised, the loins are arched, the croup droops, and the hind limbs are brought unnaturally for- w rd bene, 'h the belly. Lameness in both hind limbs is marked by the back- ward position of the fore feet, the short rest and weak impulse of the hind on the ground, the extension and drooping of the head, and above all the difficulty of backing. Lameness in the two limbs on the same side deter- mines a crait apT^roachinc^ the cifnhle or tctck^ with the firm DISEASES OF BONES. 307 planting of the opposite members, I.imeness of one fore and the opposite hind i^roduces a simple exap^era- lon of the gait caused by disease in one of these limbs When the cause of lameness exists in more than one limb It is difficult to make the animal keep the trot In all cas-s it is well to have the animal driven or ridden so as to heat him, and then keep him perfectly still for half an hour to cool, before completing the ex- amination, as many lamenesses will disappear when the subject is warmed by exercise. DISEASES OF BONES. These may be divided mto '.-inflammation of the bone Itself {ostttts), or of its fibrou:, covering {periostim which may result in softening, consolidation or induration enlargement bony growths and tumors, abscess, ulceration ^vA death {necrosis). Besides these there are the dejen erations and diseases of bone such as deficiency or eZcess of earthy salts, with binding or brittleness of the boneT*^ tubercle, cancer and sarcomatous, cartilaginous, cystic vascular or other tumors, etc. But the great mass of bone diseases in the domestic animals consist in inflammation and its results, to which accordingly, the following remarks will be mainly ^n- fined. Every bone is permeated even in its densest parts by an abundant network of minute blood-vessels and s udded throughout with microscopic soft elements he^llf ''^ kP-KT'"'" '^" ^"^^^^^^ "^^terials f^om K th!!. n^f -^"'^"^ '.''""' "P ^"^° ^^^ h^'-d bony texture. a e modifieH .V' •' '"^^'u'^ *^"^'" P°^^^^^ ^^ assimilation are modified, their numbers are multiplied, and they be- come surrounded by an excess of semi-fluid matter lymph) with, It may be. one of the following resuTts 1 1st, the softening of the bone and the removal of its earthy slt3, til it can be cut with a knife or ^^^s^l^ tionof tLr^ I?^/^' animal :-2d. the trfnsforma^ ion of the lymph into pus on the surface of the bone or m Its interior, where it mav remain imr^ric^^^^ f^_ „- indefimtc length of time :_3d, the"hard"eS„7of riimiteS ■ IHi' 308 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. ii amount of lymph in the cells c inter-spaces of the bone, compressing the blood-vesse s, limiting the supply of blood and favoring ulceration or even death of the part : — 4th, from the above cause, or from a perversion of the plastic or assimilating powers of the nuclei, ulceration sets in on the surface or in the interior of the bone, and the bony matter is steadily removed to be replaced by an irregular ejxavation or a cavity filled by a bloody ichor: — 5th, the swelling may completely close the blood-vessels of the bone or the inflammation may cause coagulation of the blood within them throughout a con- siderable portion, which accordingly dies, and has to be removed as a foreign body : — 6th, short of those extreme conditions and more commonly, the exudation leads to a partial softening and general swelling of the inflamed part, and this becoming consolidated and hardened there is a material increase of size : — 7th, and by far the most frequently, the inflammation aff"ects the superficial layer of bone and its investing fibrous membrane, and the exudation, taking place between these, is soon consoli- dated into a layer or tumor of bone on the surface :— 8th, any exudation on the outer side of the fibrous cov- ering is also liable to be calcified and to form hard tumors, but these do not acquire the true botiy texture like that formed between the membrane and the bone. General Symptoms.— \n the slightest forms of inflam- mation there may be little or no lameness, though usu- ally there is a halt on the affected limb when trotted on a hard surface. The affected portion of the bone is ten- der to pressure or percussion, and is the seat of swellings at first soft and yielding, but later hard and resistant. In the severer forms the bone itself is softened, extensive exudation of lymph takes place around it, and the invest- ing soft structures become the seat of violent inflamma- tion and swelling ; lameness is then extreme. In the slighter and chronic cases there is no disturbance of the general health, but in the more acute and severe, intense and even fatal irritative fever may come on. When suppuration takes place in the interior of a bone the matter may remain imprisoned indefinitely, the spot I TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATION IN BONE. 309 being marked by a general increase of the bone, and ameness persists. If suppuration takes place between the bone and its fibrous covering the danger is even greater, for the matter is liable to separate the bone and membrane, producing further inflammation or ulceration or even death of the bone-the supply of blood being cut off The superficial abscess is to be detected by its fluc- tuation beneath the fingers, as in abscess of soft parts. Ulceration may result from pressure of matterf etc.. or from exposure to the air. If without external opening, (t is not easily recognized, but there is lameness and ten- derness, with httle alteration of the surface of the bone or the presence of slight bony deposits alternating, it may be with soft open spaces. If the ulcerated bone is open to the air It is found to bo softened in texture, breaking down readily under pressure of a probe, and in the centrl of the ulcerous cavity rounded bony deposits are felt as evidence of an effort at repair. The discharge is then l'.Hr"?Vfi?-'^^^^u""'^'i" ^""y P^'^'^^^^ and earthy smetls bad! ^^^^^""^^ ^^^ commenced to decompose it Death of the bone is always associated with an open sore discharging a very foetid ichorous fluid, with gritty particles and the power of rapidly blackening silver. If probed the hard bone is felt without any fibrous cover- ' iF' 5" u i-^" ^Y^ '^ ^'^^^' yellowish, white, or of some health bone ^^^^0"^ any of the pink aspect of Genera/ Treatment of Inflammation in Bone.—Vnless in the very mildest cases, the first object is to check the inflammation by soothing measures. A purgative is usually desirable. Rest is indispensable. Whenever possible, such a position should be given to the part as will obviate pressure, weight, or gravitation of blood toward the disease. Soothing local measures, such as Jomentations with warm water ; a thick wet bandaire covered with dry ; the persistent application of cold water, by continuous showering of the r-rt, the water j^ .-.V.J511U ii-^m a L»ui;KCt piaceaat a i 'her level bv means of an elastic tube fastened to the body ; in certain 310 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. cases ice-bags may be applied ; or cooling astringent lo- tions, such as vinegar and salt ; acetate of le^d i<^ oz., vinegar 2 qts., carbolic acid 60 drops, etc. Th . may have to be kept up from five to fifteen days. Wnen heat and tenderness have subsided, counter-irritants are to be used. In slight cases rubbing with compound iodine ointment, or with a mixture in equal parts of liquor am- monia and olive-oil, may suffice. In others we must use active blisters, such as Spanish flies 2 dr., camphor 5 grs., alcohol 5 drops, lard i oz. Or a drachm of the Spanish flies may be replaced by a drachm of iodide or biniodide of mercury. In either case the hair should be cut off and the ointment well rubbed in for several minutes against the direction of the hair. The animal's head should be tied short for twelye hours, to prevent gnaw- ing of the part and blistering of the lips. After this the surface is to be smeared with lard, daily, until the scab drops oft*. In still other cases the hot iron may be de- manded. It should be applied in points, each applica- tion being very temporary, to avoid the effect of radiated heat on the adjacent skin. The usual distance between the points is from }4 to ^ inch, and the depth will vary in different cases. When the irritation from the hot iron has passed off", blisters may be applied if necessary. In all cases the use of counter-irritants must be stopped and soothing measures resorted to when it be- comes evident that active inflammation has been set up anew in the bone. A long period of rest is essential to allow of the hardening of the newly-formed bony tissue or of the old bone which has been softened or otherwise altered by disease. Matter forming in the interior of a bone is to be evacu- ated by boring down to it with a circular saw (trephine). Matter forming between the bone and its i*' vesting mem- brane must be promptly evacuated with a sharp knife or ^^ncet. Simple ulceration is to be treated like an ordinary wound, the pressure or other cause of its existence hav- ing been first removed. A nourishing diet and a course of tonics (chincona, gentian, etc,,) are usually demanded SCROFULOUS DISEASE OF BONES. 311 I A dead bone should be removed. If a simple scale or film on the surface, it may be taken off with a sharp knife or chisel. If larger the bone-forceps or saw may be necessary. It may sometimes be needful to remove a piece of live bone with the circular saw, to make way for the extraction of a dead portion imprisoned within Should the outer fibrous covering of the bone be pre- served intact, new bone may be formed in place of the old, but never so perfect in form, and, as a rule, the ex- tensive loss of an important bone, in one of the lower animals, renders it useless and should warrant its de- struction. In no case should a cutting operation on a bone be undertaken while the soft parts around it are in a state of acute inflammation, as, although the diseased or dead parts should be removed, the adjacent bone is likely to take on unhealthy action and to prove worse than at first. In case of new bony deposits and tumors, it is rarely desirable to resort to cutting instruments, unless when they have a broad mass and narrow neck connecting them to the parent bone. In this case they can be laid bare and removed with bone fcJrceps or chisel Other forms are best left to nature after all unhealthy action has been subdued, and will materially diminish when preserved from hard work, strains, jars and all excitants to renewed growth. When continuous gentle pressure can be applied without irritation it greatly favors absorp- tion. In some instances the distension of the fibrous membrane covering a bony swelling is the main cause of continued inflammation and lameness. This is to be met by dividing the membrane with a narrow-bladed knife inserted to one side of the swelling, much care being requisite to avoid entrance of air, injury to joints, etc. Scrofulous (Tuberculous) Dlsease of Bones.— J his is mostly seen in young animals when the bones are soft and growing rapidly, and may be suspected when the patient comes of a i-iihprnlonc fotr.iiv Tf ...ni -*■*■- -\- -- — .•»..iii^. XL will aLtav-K any part, but is especially common in the lower part of 312 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. the limbs, and is one form of *^ foul in the footr It at- tacks the ends of long bones or the whole bulk of short ones, those parts, in short, which have an open cancel- lated texture. The interspaces of the bony tissue fill up with gelatinoid lymph, which may or may not pass into the yellow cheesy tubercle, and similar changes take place on the surface, long outgrowths appearing, the interstices of which are filled by the same product. Ulceration en- sues, sores form in the skin, discharging an unhealthy matter, the softened bony tissues may be felt breaking down under a probe, and the ends or processes of the bones may be found detached from the shaft or median part. There may be coexisting tubercle in the lungs, bowels, etc., with cough, expectoration, diarrhoea, etc., and some- times in young animals the navel remains open and the urine dribbles from it continually. Treatment is hardly advisable, as tuberculous animals are undesirable alike for breeding or for human food. It consists in securing a good nurse, well fed on grain as well as fodder if the patient is young, or good feeding if beyond this stage. Lime-water in the sucking, and in all subjects tonics (phosphate of iron, hyposulphite of iron, cinchona, cod-liver oil, pancreatine, etc.) Softening and Rarefaction of Bone. — Rickets. — Young animals (puppies, sheep, calves and, less fre- quently, foals,) often sufier from an imperfect nutrition of the bones, with a deficiency of earthy salts, so that the bones, especially those of the limbs, bend under the weight of the animal and assume various unsightly dis- tortions. The affection runs hereditarily in certain fami- lies, and its appearance is often determined by insuffi- cient, excessive, or injurious food, such as poor, sour or fevered milk or inadequate substitutes. Anything that undermines the general health will develop it in a predis- posed subject. The malady may usually be checked by a change to rich or moderate feeding, as the case may demand, a dose of pepsin wine at each mealj with dry, warm, airy sleeping places and access to open air, sun- SOFTENING OF THE RONES IN DAIRY COWS. 313 shine and gentle exercise. Puppies may have bones to gnaw at will. In cases of severe threatened distortion much benefit may be derived from support by well- padded bandages. Softening of Bones in Dairy Cows.— This re- sembles rickets in its dependence on the nature of the food, but appears only in breeding cows. It is a disease of poor, sandy and gravelly soils, the vegetation of which is deficient in earthy salts, and even on these is shown only after a dry season when fodder is at its worst. Diseases of digestion and assimilation will also, exceptionally, determine it. The parts that primarily suffer are the bones of the haunch, the disease resembling in this respect the osteo malacia of women who have borne children. Symptoms. — Lameness, difficulty in rising, with som« alteration of form in the quarters are the first signs, and an examination of the pelvic bones by the oiled hand in- troduced through the rectum will detect a want of sym- metry on the two sides, from bulging, irregular swellings at different points. In more advanced stages the bones break and crumble under the body's weight, and the animal remains constantly down, unable to rise. A depraved appetite and a tendency to eat all sorts of unnatural objects, though a common symptom in breed- ing cows, is excessive in many of these cases, and the patient mostly loses flesh rapidly, though some will re- main fat for a length of time. Treatment. — Change the locality to one with a richer fodder, or bring the wholesome fodder to the animals, and add, liberally, grain (barley, maize, oats, beans,) from sound localities. Fresh air, sunshine and dry resting places are, all important. Avoid breeding again until health is fully established, or better, fatten for the butcher. Fractures. — These are simple when a bone is broken across ; comminuted when broken into several pieces ; and compound when the soft parts are torn so as to establish a communication between the broken ends 314 THE farmer's VETERINx.RY ADVISER. and the external air. The tno last are extremely dan- gerous, but the first is more hopeful. Simple fractures, however, vary in gravity according to their kind. Thus in the very young the break is liable to be imperfect, with a number of pointed processes locking into each other {greenstick fracture), send as the ends are easily and accurately replaced and the bones soft and vascular, re- pair is prompt and perfect. In others the break is directly and smoothly across, or with indentations and processes, so that when the ends are placed in apposition they cannot slide pas. each other; these too are easily repaired. A third class are broken obliquely or with a bevel, so that the broken surfaces slide upon each other under the contractions of the muscles, and the sharp ends are continuallv jerked into the soft parts around. The continuous movement prevents union, and the irri- tation of the soft parts sets up inflammation, so that such fractures may prove as troublesome as the compound. Symptoms. — Disuse of the affected bone, distortion of the part, shortening, if it is the main bone of the limb, tremblin ' J't'^ ; ^»hula. Sprain or laceration of the muscle which bends tbe hock. Sprain of the hamstring. Rupture of the hamstring. Capped hock. Displacement of the tendon plav- ,u. k ■ 1 %r^""- ^' "■"'= "utit. oprain or me liexur lendon behind UK hock. 1 horough^in. Distension of tbe.sheath of the extensof (325) 326 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. • tendon in front of the hock. Fracture of the inner maleolus. Frac- ture of the point of the hock and other hock bones. Bone spavin. Inflammation of the true hock joint. Bog spavin. Dropsy of the hock joint. Blood spavin. Curb. String-halt. Other causes of lameness. Fractures of the Lower Jaw.— These take place in the anterior part occupied by the front teeth, or more frequently on one side, between these and the grinders: In simple fractures with no great tendency to movement an exclusive diet of soft mashes will often suffice, a double halter being so arranged that the animal cannot possibly reach either fodder or litter. If the fracture is between the front teeth a copper or silver wire wound round two teeth on opposite sides of the break may fix the parts sufficiently. If further back and very mobile, it may still be retained at times by using the tushes as fixed points from which to carry the wire. Where these cannot be availed of, the jaw may be perforated by a fine drill in front of the fracture and behind it, and the two parts firmly bound together by a silver wire. If this is not available, a mould of gutta percha or wood is made to fit the lower jaw and sides of the face from the throat as far as the chin, and this is strapped on by four belts, one passing behind the ears, one in front of them, one on the middle of the face, and one on the nose but four inches above the nostrils. The straps may be held to- gether by another or a simple cord passing down the middle of the face, and the two lower ones should be slightly elastic. This should be kept on till union is effected, and no hard food should be allowed for two months. In cases of compound comminuted fractures remove all foreign bodies and detached pieces of bone, aiid make an opening in the case, through which the wound maybe dressed with antiseptic liquids (carbolic acid i part, water lOO parts). Injuries by Bit and Curb.— These often cause slight fractures or superficial necrosis on the upper or lower borders of the jaw, Extract detached pieces or fractiJre of the upper jaw, etc. 327 5^:l•ape off dead, and when the wound has healed drive with a snaffle. Fracture of the Upper Jaw.— This is much less serious. If at the anterior part fix by wiring the teeth together. If further back, and- associated with discharge from the nose, trephine the sinus (see diseased teeth) remove detached pieces of bone, and inject with a weak astrmgent solution (diseased teeth). Fracture of the Bones of the Nose.— Here the depression of the space between the nostrils and the difficulty of breathing are characteristic. Shave the skin above and below the fracture ; make a smooth cone cf wood, rounded at the apex, and just large enough to fit the nasal passage ; with this inside the nose raise the bone to its proper position, and strap it there by strong adhesive plaster passing over the interval of the fracture. In obstinate cases we can resort to plugging of one nos- tril with tow, or of both nostrils if tracheotomy has been first performed. Fracture of the Frontal Bones.— If beneath the level of the eye the danger is slight and after removal of detached pieces of bone it may be treated like an ordinary wound. If above, the depressed bone must be raised with a lever to avoid compression of the brain when exudation takes place. Fracture of the process which forms the upper boundary of the eye-socket, may be raised in the same manner to avoid subsequent blemish. Fracture of the Crest of the Poll (Occipital) —If split straight down and without opening the cra- niuni and exposing the brain, the animal should be tied so that the nose is kept habitually protruded and the injury treated like a simple wound. It may be needful to use astringent lotions, or even to make a counter- opening below to secure a perfect recovery. 328 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. Fractures at the Base of the Cranium. — These are usually due to blows on the poll, the shock being conveyed through the harder structures, and expended fatally on the softer bones below. Being in contact with the most vital parts of the brain, and beyond the reach of surgical interference, such fractures are fatal. Dislocation of the Lower Jaw. — This sometimes occurs in the dog from opening the jaws too widely in giving pills, etc. The jaw is slightly advanced and held open in spite of all attempts of the animal to close it. Wrap the thumbs very thickly in cloth, and seizing the lower jaw press it forcibly downward and backward, when it will slip in with a jerk and the jaws will close firmly. Open Joint Between the Upper and Lower Jaws. — A wound exists midway between the eye and the root of the ear, discharging a glairy fluid when the animal chews. Fix the jaws by a bridle with straps drawn tightly around the nose, feed thick gruels and soft mashes only and treat as advised for open joint. Cancer (Encephaloid) of the Orbit. — This occurs in horses and cattle, great, angry, bleeding, fung- ous growths, appearing from the soft and hard structures about the orbit. The only hope lies in early removal. Tooth-like Tumors Under the Ear. — They are manifested by a running sore, just above and behind the joint between the upper and the lower jaw, with a hard object to be felt at the bottom. Their extraction can only be undertaken by one intimately acquainted with the parts. Poll Evil. — This is of two kinds : 1st, a simple ab- scess, the result of a blow or other local injury, and which is only serious because of the strong enveloping fibrous membranes that imprison the matter beneath them ■ and 2d, disease of the ioint between the head and the first bone of the neck, or between the first two bones. POLL-EVIL. 329 The first if unrelieved, will usually give rise to the second, since the surface of the bones becomes the seat of disease, which gradually extends to and involves the joint. The milder form may be distinguished by the su- perficial position of the swelling and fluctuation, and by the comparative freedom and ease with which the head is moved, whereas in the other the head is carried stiffly and cannot be moved on the neck without extreme suf- fering. Treatment— ^\\Qn seen early with only a slight in- flammatory swelling behind the poll and no fluctuation, purge and keep a cooling lotion (tincture of arnica 2 oz., iodide of potassium i dr., vinegar i qt, camomile infu- sion I qt,) constantly applied to the part, the patient at rest, and the head tied up to the rack. If matter has formed and fluctuation is felt, however deep, it must be opened at once. Select the part where fluctuation is most marked, and plunge a knife into the cavity. Then with a bent probe find the lowest point of the sac and cut down upon this, making a large opening from which the matter may flow as it forms. A tape should be tied in the wound and the sac syringed out daily with a stimu- lating wash (chloride of zinc % dr., water i qt.,) until from the disappearance of swelling and matter it be- comes evident that the sac is obliterated, when the tape may be cut, pulled half way out, and left hanging from the lower wound until the upper is closed, when it may be completely withdrawn. When new sacs of mat- ter appear these must be promptly opened and treated m the same w>y. A change of dressing is sometimes needed as one appears to be losing its effect (tincture of muriate of iron i oz., water i quart). In obstinate cases it is sometimes needful to lay the sacs open by an exten- sive incision and treat like an ordinary wound. But all these operations are only safe in the hands of those who are intimately acquainted with the structure of the part. In case of disease of the bone it may be felt bare at the bottom of the sac by probing, and may be scraped to remove any dead or diseased part, and expose sound bone which may undergo the healing process. 330 THE farmer's veterinary adviser If the joint is implicated the case may be deemed des- perate, as it is usually only a question of time for the spinal cord to become involved. Fistulous Withers.— This is analogous to the milder form of poll evil, diffenng only in its site, which is on the spines above the shoulders. It is to be treated in the same way, by free incision, the formation of a dependent orifice and injections. If the spinous processes are dis- eased they should be removed with bone forceps until a healthy surface is exposed. Fractured Processes of the Neck Bones. — This may arise from muscular effort, but more commonly re- sults from jamming between two heavy bodies. If on one side only, the head is drawn to a .^ide ; and in any case the detached piece of bone may be felt among the muscles, and grating even may be produced by moving it. The only treatment is to keep the head in one posi- tion until the detached parts have become adherent, which they usually do with a visible swelling. If abscess or fistula forms the detached bone must be extracted. Transverse Fracture of the Bones of the Neck. — These occur from pitching on the head, and are fatal from the sudden cessation of breathing. Fracture of the Spinous Processes of Back AND Loins.— This is detected by the mobility, with or without grating, of the spines implicated. If comminuted, the splinters should be extracted ; if simple, replace them and retain by a pitch plaster on each side, or with a saddle having a high tree and plenty of padding at the sides to support the fractured bone. Sprains of the Back or Loins.— There is inability to back, above all when mounted, or to turn quickly in a circle, tenderness at a given spot on pinching along the back, drooping when mounted, and difficulty in urina- tion from the pain attendant on curving the back. It has TRANSVERSE FRACTURE OF BACK OR LOINS. 33 1 come on suddenly after slipping, falling, bearing a heavy weight, etc., and is independent of fever. It is distin- guished from ^z-tW^X paraplegia by the perfect sensation m the hind parts, by the absence of any change in their temperature as compared with the rest of the body, and by the retention of perfect sensation and motion in the tail. Treatment. ~Y\^c^ in a narrow stall in which the'pa- tient cannot turn his body or even his neck ; apply slings to prevent any attempt at lying down ; foment with warm water if there is much pain ; when that has subsided, blister. It is all-important to give hxative diet, and to correct any costiveness or other impairment of the gen- eral health. TRANSVERSE FRACTURE OF BACK OR LOINS.— This occurs suddenly from an evident cause, such as slipping, over-weighting, a wrong step, or struggling when cast for an operation. If displacement has not taken place there IS an exaggerated manifestation of the same symptoms as in sprained back, but if the bones are displaced, or when the resulting inflammation and swelling have produced pressure on the spinal cord, there is paraplegia, coldness of the body behind the seat of fracture though that in front may be hot and perspiring ; the tail is implicated in the palsy, and there is much tenderness and often a manifest depression of the seat of fracture. Treatment.— ThQ slighter forms are treated like sprained loins. In the more severe, the subject should be destroyed at once. If after recovery in other respects a certain lack of power remains, it must be treated like paraplegia. Laceration of the Muscles Beneath the Loins. —This occurs from the hind limbs slipping unexpectedly backward or from their going back into a ditch which the animal is attempting to leap. The manifestations resemble those of broken back, as there are difficulty in rising and an imperfect control over the hind limbs, which are dragged awkwardly forward and not advanced 332 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. so far as in health. But there is no indication of paraly- sis and no alteration of temperature or sensibility in the hind parts, the functions of the tail are perfect, and exam- ination through the rectum detects a soft doughy swell- ing, with heat and tenderness beneath the loins. Treat- ment is by slings and fomentations to the loins. If the horse is unable to get up, raise him by block and tackle and he will easily stand. Several weeks are wanted for repair of the injury, and the patient should have a run at grass before returning to work. Fracture of the Croup (Sacrum). — Seen in cattle and less frequently in horses, and caused by riding each other or by the fall of heavy bodies on the part. There is a manifest depression at one point of the medium line of the croup, and the tail usually hangs paralyzed. Ex- amination with the oiled hand in the rectum at once de- tects the displacement, which is always downward. With one hand in the rectum pressing on the depressed bone and the other pulling the tail, the bones may be replaced and should be held so by a stiff leather sheath well padded, fixed round the root of the tail, and connected in front with a surcingle and collar. Recovery of power over the tail may be looked for. Fractured Ribs. — These usually result from falls, blows and other forms of mechanical injury, and maybe easily detected by a depression or soft part at the seat of fracture. If simple, they will be readily repaired under the influence of rest and girths to restrict the movements of the chest. But if comminuted, abscesses may form or necrosis ensue., demanding the removal of the dead or morbid matters. If the fractured ends have been driven in so far as to penetrate the lung, a still more serious complication is met. The air rushes from the tubes of the lacerated lung into the pleural cavity during each inspiration, and as it cannot find its way back, the whole of that half of the chest is soom filled with air and the Iuot com'^ressed into a small solid mass attached to the lower end of the wind-pipe, and opposite the base of th« WOUNDS PENETRATING THE CHEST, ETC. 333 heart. The lesion is thus liable to prove fatal, though If arrested early by the exudation of lymph in the wound of the lung, the air may be absorbed and recovery may ensue. Wounds Penetrating the Chest. — Whether con- nected with broken ribs or only involving the muscles between the ribs, these lead to the accumulation of air in the chest and collapse of the lung, as when a broken rib has torn the lung tissue. The edges of the wound, having been driven in, act like a valve, allowing the entrance of air during the expansion of the chest, but forbidding its escape when that cavity collapses. It is far more serious than the accumulation of air in the chest from a torn lung, as decomposition and irritation are set up by the presence of germs which are filtered out in passing through the lungs. Unless the wound is small and can be closed early it is necessarily fatal. Shoulder Lameness. — The lameness which accom- panies injuries to the shoulder may be so characteristic as to be recognized at a glance. The specific features are, the carrying of the head low ; the dragging of the toe on the ground in advancing the limb ; the swinging of the foot outward so as to describe the arc of a circle in bringing it forward ; and, if severe enough, the standing with joints partly bent, the heel raised and the toe resting on the ground, but without any advance of the lame foot in front of the other. Tumors on the Shoulder. — Often preceded by chafing or galling, these consist of inflammation and suppuration beneath the large flat muscle which covers the front of the shoulder The tissues around the matter become thickened and indurated to an extra- ordinary extent, so that it is often impossible to detect any fluctuation, yet it may be assumed in all cases of considerable swelling that matter really exists, and the recovery will not ensue until that has been evacuated. In slight cases only will a little nut-iike induration form without matter. 334 THE farmer's veterinarv adviser. Treatment. —In cases in which injury has just been sustained, suspend work or drive in a breast strap, and treat as for chafing. If a tumor forms, first subdue the more active inflammation by a dose of physic and a wet rug slung over the shoulder for several days ; then open it with a knife, or preferably, draw off the liquid once or twice, at intervals of two or three days, with a cannula and trocar, and then, when the sac has been reduced to a small size, lay it freely open with the knife and treat like an ordinary wound. In very large tumors it may be necessary to push the cannula in as far as four or even six inches before the matter is reached, but the operator must persevere, directing it always to the exact centre of the swelling. The small .solid tumors are to be cut out with the knife, a straight vertical incision being made through the skin, directly over the majs, which is then di.ssected out, and the skin brought together with stitches and treated like a simple wound. Sprain of the Coraco - Radial Tendon.— Shoulder Sprain.— This is a sprain of the large tendon which passes over the point of the shoulder (the most prominent part directly in front), and in bad cases the double pulley over which it plays in front of the upper end of the arm bone is involved in inflammatioi. and ulceration. * Symptoms. — Pendent head, dragging toe, swinging out- ward of the foot when being advanced, shortness of the step, and a tenoency to stand with the toe only resting on the ground and the limb bent but not advanced, Swelling of the point of the shoulder is sometimes, though rarely, seen, but pres.sure of this point with the thumbs will detect tenderness, which is especially marked as compared with that of the other shoulder. The pressure should be made successively on the inner side of the ten- don, on the outer, rnd on its centre. Treatme7tt. — First subdue the inflammation by rest, a high-heeled shoe, and a wet rug kept hanging continually over the shoulder (a blanket folded several times and tied round the neck and chest), with or without a purge and SPRAIN. 335 restricted diet. When the heat and tenderness have subsided, apply a smart blister over the point of the shoulder, and repeat if lameness persists. In obst ate cases it may be needful to use the hot iron, but only on the outer side of the joint, and never on the point where the collar rests. Sprain of the Muscle Outside the Shoulder- Blade.— This is a sprain of the muscle which fills up the posterior cavity on the outer side of the shoulder-blade and plays over the outer side of the shoulder joint (outer tubercle of the head of the humerus). It occurs mainly in young horses when first put to plow or in others going on uneven ground and stepping unexpectedly into holes. In the endeavor to recover the equilibrium on stepping into a furrow or hole, this muscle which form? the outer support of the joint is injured, and there .esult heat, swelling and tenderness on the outside of tht joint and a most characteristic gait. The horse may waik, or even trot, without much apparent lameness, but standing di- rectly in front of him the affected shoulder is seen to roll outward from the body to a far greater extent than the sound one. Soon the muscle begins to waste rapidlv, and in bad cases the shoulder blade may be denuded until' it appears to be covered by nothing but skin. Treatment—In the first stages, with heat, swelling and tenderness outside the joint, res\ employ a wet rug, etc., as for sprain of the coraco-radial tendon. When this has subsided allow exercise on smooth ground (walking working in a light cultivator), and increase the circulation over the wasted muscle by active friction with straw or a piece of wood : or by mild blisters (ammonia i pt, oil 2 pts. : or Spanish flies i part, alcohol 25 pts., steeped for 24 hours and strained) : or stimulate with a galvanic bat- tery. It may take months to refill the cavity, but in all ;-cent cases perseverance will be rewarded. In old stand- ing cases with fatty degeneration of the muscles, a veiy partial restoration only can be effected. It must be added that wasting of the shoulder muscles IS a common result of all lameness entailing disuse of the 336 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. limb, and hence many injuries of the feet and elsewhere are referred to the shoulder and designated sweeny {Schwinden) by wiseacres. In the absence of the peculiar gait above described, of the early heat, swelling and ten- derness outside thi \.\nt and the rapid wasting of the muscle, the cause of the sivee7iy should be sought else- where than the shoulder. Disease of the Shoulder Joint (Inflammation Ulceration, Etc.— In the large quadrupeds, in which swelling and tenderness on handling are rarely seen, dis- ease in the joint is to be mainly distinguished by the general symptoms of shoulder lameness and the absence of any of the signs of local disease in the tendons, already described. Movement of the joint by drawing the limb forward, and espetially by drawing it backward, will usually give rise to pain, sometimes of an extreme nature. In dogs the capsule of the joint is found to bulge on each side of the coraco-radial tendon which plays over the point of the shoulder, and tenderness may be shown when it is handled. Treatment. — When inflammation is very severe, rest and soothing measures should be first resorted to. In the majority of cases it assumes a subacute type, and is to be treated by a high-heeled shoe, rest and counter-irritants. Repeated blistering with Spanish flies may suffice, but in obstinate cases, and wherever there is reason to suspect ulceration, the hot iron is most serviceable, applied round the outer side of the joint only. Other Affections of the Shoulder.— The shoulder-blade is subject to fracture, ulceration and necro- sis i the muscles beneath the bone to lacerations ; the jomt to dislocations (rare in large quadrupeds) ; and the lymphatic glands insidt the joint to abscess (especially m strangles), all of which must be treated on genera! principles, space forbidding their further notice in the present work. Shoulder lameness may further arise from liver disease, which see. AFFECTIONS OF THE ELliOW AND ARM. AFFECTIONS OF THE ELBOW AND ARM. 337 Lameness in the region of the elbow is characterized by the inability to extend the joint fully or to bear weight upon it in this condition. Tn bad cases the elbow and knee joints are kept semiflexed when standing still, and when walking or trotting the dropping of the head and body is extreme, in consequence of a similar flexion. Movement of the joint will also give rise to symptoms of tenderness. Tumors on the Point of the Elbow.— These are usually caused by the heels of the shoe when the horse lies with his fore limbs bent under him (cow fashion) from undue narrowness of the stall. Symptoms.—ThQrQ is first a hot, tender swelling and if the source of injury is kept up this may increase by small degrees to a very large size. Soon the swelling fluctuates from contained serum and it may remain thus indefinitely, the liquid being confined by the tough fibrous walls. Or the serum may be absorbed, leaving a hard nut-like tumor with no sign of fluctuation. Treatment.— Sooi\i the early inflammation by fomen- tations or a wet rug hung over the part, and keep on a soft laxative diet. If the amount of serum thrown out is hmited, it may be entirely re-absorbed by using tincture of iodine to remove the swelling. If more abundant let It be drawn ofl"with a cannula and trocar and the sac in- jected with compound tincture of iodine diluted in double Its bulk of water. If this is not available, lay the sac freely open at its lower part and heal like a common wound. If a liard mass is left beneath the skin it is to be cut out, as advised for those on the shoulder ^ By way oi prevention the stall must be widened, and in the case of animals that will lie on the breast, a pad or girdle of two or three inches thick must be strapped round the pastern at night to prevent the heel striking against the elbow. The pad must be .soft, covered with chaniois's leather, made without a seam on its outer side, and buckled above and below sn thai nr^fhJnfr v^^^^a n,^/ touch the elbow. ' II'" 338 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. Wounds of the Elbow.— Wounds in this situation are often complicated with air under the skin puffing up the whole region, having been pumped in by the move- ments of the elbow. R.est is requisite, and the wound may be treated as others. Fracture of the Point of the Elbow.— This is easily recognized, as the leg dangles, bending at the elbow and knee, and it is impossible to bear any weight on it. On taking hold of the back of the elbow the process of bone is- found to be detached and loose. If excessive swelling prevents this, place the foot upon the ground, bend back the knee forcibly and let an assistant raise the opposite fore foot. If the bone is broken he will drop, if the muscles only are injured he may stand. Treatmmt~\{ the injury has occurred ', from a kick, which has seriously contused the joint surfaces, all treat- ment may be futile, but if not, the case will be hopeful and especialy in the young. Bring the detached bone as nearly as possible into position, and retain it by a pad placed inside the elbow, and a bandage and splints con- tinued from the foot up. The patient must be placed in slings. Disease of the ELBOw-joiNT.—This must be diag- nosed by the general symptoms of elbow lameness and by pain in moving the joint, but especially when it is fully extended. Treatment as for diseased shoulder-joint, the applica- tions in this case being made to the elbow. If far advanced or connected with fracture of the lower end of the arm bone or of that forming the point of the elbow, it will be usually unsatisfactory. Fracture of the Arm Bone.— Fracture of the large bone between the point of the shoulder and the elbow may occur from blows, or even wrong steps, and is often attended by much swelling from extravasation of blood. The only resort is to place the animal in slings anu keep nim perfectly quiet. in rare cases re- FRACTURE OF THE FOREARM. 339 cases re- covery has taken place with no distortion, the broken ends in a transverse fracture, remaining in apposition. Usually they are drawn apart by the muscles, and ride over each other so that the limb is shortened. Such a result is only desirable in breeding horses and in stock for dairy or butcher. Fracture OF THE Fore-Arm.— Fractures between the elbow and knee in horses or cattle necessarily leave the animal unable to rest on the limb ; if in dogs or cats one of the bones may be broken while the other remains unharnied, and weight can still be borne. There is trembling of the muscles, distortion easily felt on carry- ing the hand down the inner side along the line of the bone, and grating when the limb is moved. Treatment.— li \hQ fracture is very oblique, treatment will rarely pay in horses ; but if transverse or jagged, so that the bones do not ride, the case is very hopeful, betting the bones, with the aid of extension or counter- extension, or even ether if necessary, applying splints and bandages from the foot to the elbow, and placing in shngs (if a large animal), are the essential conditions. Sprain of the Radial Ligament.— This is an in- jury of a strong, flat, fibrous band, coming from the lower third of the fore-arm and joining the back tendons just above the knee. It is characterized by a tendency to carry the pastern upright, or even to flex the knee and to stumble. The knee cannot be fully flexed without much pain, and there is a hot tender swelling immediate- ly behind the bone, and extending from the knee about four inches upward. Treat by rest, a laxative, a high-heeled shoe, and fo- mentations or cooling astringent lotions ; followed when heat and tenddrness subside by active blistering, should lameness continue. Sprain of the Back Tendons Behind the Knee. „ ,,, ,,^ iiiiv x->.iTii:,t. — Aiiis ia ixiiiiiiicsrea by a tense fluctuating swelling on each side of the back 21 fr- : St 1^ 34C THE farmer's veterinary adviser. tendons just above the knee and behind the bone of the fore-arm ; also of a swelling behind and immediately be- low the knee, pressure on one of these swellings causing the filling up of the others, and vice versa. There may or may not be much lameness, or impossibility of flexing the knee so as to bring the fetlock pad in contact with the elbow. Treat the inflammation as in sprained radial ligament, and the liquid distension by blister, by bandage and pads shaped like half of an egg cut longitudinally, or still better by evacuating the liquid with the nozzle of a hypodermic syringe, and then applying pressure with wet bandages. Synovial Swellings in Front of the Knee.— These are of three kinds; 1st, the distension of a bursa or formation of a serous cyst under the skin, exceeding- ly common in heavy cattle ; 2d, distension of the theca of one or more of the four tendons which pass over the front and outer side of the knee ; 3d, and finally, disease inside the knee-joint and distension of the capsule. The first is superficial, though often possessed of very thick walls, is generally diffused over the front of the joint, and is little affected by flexion or extension. The distended thecae extend vertically along the lines of the tendons, reaching above and below the joint, and are bound down at intervals by transverse bands ; their size is little af- fected by bending the joint. Distensions of the joint capsule appear in the intervals between the tendons, do not extend beyond the joint except in very extreme cases, and disappear in part or entirely when the joint is bent. In this case the joint is rarely kept fully extended in standing, and cannot usually be flexed to make the fet- lock touch the elbow. Treatment. — For Subcutaneous cysts puncture with nozzle of hypodermic syringe, draw off the liquid, and compress strongly with wet bandages. If this cannot be done, pass a tape from above downward through the cavity of the sac, and keep in until resulting suppuration has ceased, when it may be drawn from above downward WOUNDS OP THE KNEE. 341 p little at a time. Excess of inflammation may be sub- aed by fomentations and thick wet bandages. The distended theccB may be punctured with a noi'zle of a hypodermic syringe and subjected to pressure, or treated with strong blisters (biniodide of mercury 2 dr lard I oz. ) repeatedly applied ; or simple pressure will suttice If kept up for some weeks, increasing the time daily, betons would be dangerous. For distended joint see below. Inflammation of the Knee Joint.— This may' be seen in all stages from that in which the animal starts forward perceptibly at the knee and manifests suffering when you try to fully extend it by strong pressure on its anterior surface, to the most violent and destructive in- flammation with extehsive exudation of lymph and even the formation of abscess. It tends to leave the puffy swellings of its capsule referred to under the preceding heading, or distinct hard bony enlargements on the an- tenor surface of the joint. The animal stands squarely upon his feet with no inclination to raise the heel, and in action carries the knee-joint comparatively unbent, takes a fairly long step, and comes down with greatest torce on the heels so as to wear the shoe at this point A riderhas a peculiar sensation of the chest sinking under mm. 1 he lameness increases with exercise, especially on hard surfaces. ^ Treatment. ~^Q^t, without shoes; subdue inflamma- tion by soothing applications, after which blister the part. If the animal persists in using it too freely, apply sphnts and bandages to fix the joint, and place in slings. WOUNDS OF THE KNEE. Dislocation of the Knee-Joint with laceration of the lateral ligaments occurs, and though if put in splints and slings the patients will sometimes recover with a stiff knee, the result is a very undesirable one. Bruise OF thf. Inner Side of the Knee.— Speedy UUT.— This usually results from a blow with the opposite 342 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. foot, in horses with high action, in those with narrow chests, or, above all, in horses driven in the snow-path. It is manifested by an inflammatory swelling on the prominence of bone inside the joint, resulting in a per- manent scar, a serous sac, or an abscess. Its early or inflammatory stage may be treated by lotions of cold water or astringent liquids, kept constantly applied ; the serous eff'u.sion by pressure or by drawing off the liquid through a fine tube, and then bandaging, and abscess by a free incision with a knife or lancet. To prevent, keep the foot rather bare inside, with the shoe slightly beveled from its wearing to its bearing sur- face, allow no ragged nail clinches to project, and re-ad- just the shoe sufficiently often (every three weeks). Or a boot may be worn extending from the fetlock to the knee, and with a rim at its upper part to warn the animal when his foot approaches this point. WoUxNDs IN Front of the Knees.— Broken Knees. — Usually sustained in falling, but it may be by striking against a manger or other hard object. They are of all degrees of severity: ist, simple loss of hair and slight abrasion of the scarfskin ; 2d, a severe bruise of the skin without laceration ; 4th, a wound laying bare the tendons and opening their sheaths ; 5th, a wound laying open the joint and exposing the bones with or without laceration of the tendons ; and 6th, when the joint is opened and the small bones of the knee broken. Treatment. — ist. With simple abrasion no treatment is needed ; 2d, if much bruised tie short to a high rack to prevent lying down and bandage lightly, using a mild astringent lotion (sugar of lead 5^ oz., carbolic acid 60 drops, water2qts.); 3d, in all cases in which the woynd extends through the skin it is desirable to bend the knee to the position occupied when wounded so that the deep wounds may correspond with the superficial, and wash off with a stream of tepid water or soft clean sponge all dirt or foreign bodies, but never probe nor run any risk of opening cavities which have not been injured. Any shreds of tissue which are absolutely dead should be cut SPLINTS. 343 °?;,^"*"«^^e»'»"emove any skin, however contused, as it will all be wanted. Then cutting the hair from the flaps of the wound above and below bring them together by straps of plaster 6r tow dipped in shellac paste, leaving sufficient intervals for the escape of matter. If the wound inflames and swells, give a purgative and dress with the lotion advised for bruised knee. In all severe cases it is desirable to sl.^ng the patient after the first few days to obviate any attempt to lie down, which would seriously protract the case ; 4th, the exposure of the tendons, with escape of the glairy synovia, will entail more swelling and fever and permanent enlargement of the joint, but will demand the same course of treatment ; 5th, when the tendons are crushed or torn and the joint opened, and above all when the bones are broken we have cases of in- creasing severity, and in few such is it desirable to subject to treatment, unless the patient is to be valuable for breedmg purposes. Considerable death of tendon and even necrosis and elimination of bone may be expected and the patient can only recover with a stiff" joint. In addition to the measures already -recommended, it be- conies imperative to encase the limb up to the elbow in splints and bandages, as for a fracture, leaving open the part in front of the knee for dressing the wound. Splints.— These are circumscribed inflammations of the periosteum and small bones in the region of the shank, involving or not the shank-bones themselves and resulting in small bony swellings. They occur almost invariably on the inner side of the Hmb, between the large and small bones of the shank, and may be usually recognized by running the fingers down the slight groove termed between the main shank-bone and its small ac cessory one behind. It usually connects the large bone to the small (anchylosis), but may be confined to the pos- terior part of the small bone, or may extend across the back of the shank-bone and appear at the same level on the^inner and outer^sides of the limb alike. In old horses It IS not unfrcquent to find the small bone united to the large along two-thirds of its length. If situated high up 344 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. and close to the knee, it is more likely to cause continued lameness than if lower down. Again, if an animal has several splints and other diseases of bone he is highly objectionable, as predisposed to bone disease. Symptoms. — Beside the feeling of the splints on hand- ling, as above mentioned, these symptoms may be seen. The patient may walk sound, or even trot so, on soft ground, but is exceedingly lame when trotted on a hard surface, and this lameness increases with exercise. The extreme drooping of the head is characteristic. Even before the formation of the splint tenderness may be shown on pressure, and some little heat recognized. In . some cases considerable soft swelling may be felt in the early stages. In acute cases, threatening abscess, the lamness is extreme. Treatment. — In the early stages, rest, purge, and apply cooling lotions. When heat and tenderness subside, blister. Some cases will recover promptly, others re- quire repeated blistering and a long period of rest. If heat and great tenderness return, resort again to sooth- ing measures. Ir extreme tenderness, threatening the formation of matter, the periosteum should be d'vided with a very narrow-bladed knife, which is passed through the skin half an inch below the swelling and carried up over it. The part must then be covered by a wet bandage. Inflammation of the Membrane Covering the Shank-Bone. — Sore Shins. — This occurs especially in over-worked young horses. Racers are very liable, but cart-horses are not exempt. There is general tumefac- tion of the shank-bone or of some part of it, usually the lower, with a lameness greatly resembling that of splints. If slight and circumscribed, the exudation that takes place between the membrane and the bone is ossified, giving rise to permanent thickening, and exudation out- side the membrane may follow a similar course, causing a very considerable swelling. In the more severe cases, the abundant exudation, separating the membrane from the bone, may cut off the supply of blood and entail necrosis ; or the ij^mph may degenerate into pus which SPRAINS OF THE BACK TENDONS. 345 burrows beneath the membrane, separating it from the bone and destroying the life of the latter. Tcatment. — In mild cases treat like splints. In the very severe with great tenderness and doughy swelling of the bone, make a series of incisions through the mem- brane covering the bone, with a very rarrow-bladcd knife, and by valvular wounds, passing the blade a short distance beneath the skin before cutting down on the bone. Then apply the lotion advised for broken knees. Sprains of the Back Tendons.— These are the two cords which form the posterior line of the limb be- tween the knee and the fetlock. About midway down the shank the front one is joined by a strong cord com- ing from the upper end of the cannon-bone and the lower row of small knee bones. This last is by far the most frequent seat of pain, so that the swelling and ten- derness are observed between the upper half of the can- non-bone and the round cord which forms the posterior outline of the limb. In other cases the tendons have participated in the sprain, and they too are thickened and tender from the middle of the .Uiank (the point of junction with the ligament) down to the fetlock. In a third class the sprain is confined to an inch or two above the fetlock. In these the swelling is to the two sides if the anterior of the two tendons is injured, and backward if the posterior is sprained. The symptoms are a stum- bling gait, with a tendency to stub the toe into the ground, and to bend over at the knee and fetlock ; an inclination to stand with the knee and fetlock slightly bent, the pastern upright or the heel a little raised ; then passing the hand along the line of the tendons and in front of them in the upper half of the bone, the thumb on one side and the fingers on the other, any slight thickening is easily recognized, and if heat exists and pain on pinching, your suspicions are confirmed. In old bad cases the stay ligament and lower half of the ten- dons are greatly thickened throughout and the knee kept constantly bent, sometimes to the extent of causing the patient to walk on the front of the hoof. In other case:? 46 THE farmer's veterinary ad/iser. the cords are knotted, hard and wanting in suppleness, showing calcific, tion of their substance. Treatment. — In the early stages of severe cases, rest, shorten the toe, apply a high-heeled shoe, and apply hot fomentations continuously, or cold astringent lotions. When heat and tenderness have subsided the high-heeled shoe may be dispensed with, the loot shod level and active blisters applied. The preparations of the iodides of mercury are among the best. In old cases of extreme contraction the tendons can be cut across by a narrow- bladed knife, with as little external wound as possible, and the limb extended to its proper form and retained there by splints and bandages until new fibrous tissue fills up the interval between the divided ends. The operation is performed in the middle of the shank below the connection with the stay ligament, and is very suc- cessful in appropriate cases, restoring a helpless cripple to perfect usefulness. Sprain of the Back Tendons over the Fet- lock Pulley.— Wind-Galls.— Sesamoiditis. — This is the result of sprains or severe exertions, and is always associated with round elastic synovial swellings on each side of the tendons, familiarly known as puffs or wind- galls. Similar swellings arise, independent of sprains, as the result of over-exertion or dropsy of the part. The swellings may become solid by coagulation of the lymph and may be absorbed or organized, or the inflammation may attack the bone, leading to ulcerations or stony de- posits. Similar stony deposits, with or without ulcera- tion, may take place on these small bones in connection with injuries of the suspensory ligament. Treatment. — Simple wind-galls, dropsical or from over- exertion, may be made to disappear by persistent pres- Bure with a bandage and pads applied at first two hours fwice a day, and two hours more twice a day thereafter, until they can be kept on all the time. It may, however, require five or six weeks, and should be stopped if it causes inflammation in the sac. Another plan is to draw off the liquid through the nozzle of a hypodermic syringe I ELASTIC SWELLING IN FRONT OF FETLOCK. 347 and apply a firm wet bandage. In some quiet animals a weak solution of iodine may be injected, but this is too often injurious, or at least fruitless, from the irritability of the horse. Recent puffs will sometimes disappear under strong astringent lotions (oak-bark and alum) or under an active blister, or after firing, the contraction of the skin during healing appearing to be a principal cause of their absorption. Where there is sprain with much heat, tenderness and tension, treat by rest, purgative, a high-heeled shoe, and fomentations or cooling astringent lotions, to be followed by blisters when the tenderness subsides. Disease of the bones {Sesamoiditis) must be treated with severe blisters and even firing, with long continued rest, but if ulcers already exist on the gliding surface of the bones, a complete recovery need scarcely be looked for. Elastic Swelling in Front of the Fetlock.— These are of two kinds : " ist, a serous abscess or enlarged bursa under the skin ; and 2nd, the distension of a large synovial bursa between the extensor tendon and the capsule of the joint. The first swells out as a uniform rounded tumor on the front of the joint. The second has at first the appearance of a double tumor from the swelling appearing at the two sides of the extensor tendon, and it is only in severe cases and advanced stages that these ever meet in the centre. They usually result from pricks or bruises, though the second form may be associated with .sprain. Any existing inflammation should be subdued by soothing measures and a blister applied early to secure absorption of the liquid if possi- ble. Should this fail the liquid may be drawn off as ad- vised for wind-galls, and the part tightly bandaged. Or a free incision may be made in the lower part of the sac, and wet bandages applied to keep down inflammatory action, while the sac is obliterated by healing from the bottom. Disease of the Fetlock Joint.— This is occa- sionally the seat of simple dropsical effusion, causing it 348 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. to swell out like wind-galls on the inner and outer sides, just above the sesamoid bones. The swellings are, how- ever, placed more anteriorly than distensions of the ten- dinous sheath, and pressure upon them does not cause bulging nor fluctuation behind and below the fetlock, on the line of the tendons. This is not necessarily con- nected with lameness, thgugh if the result of inflamma- tion of the joint, that is more likely. Inflammation of the joint may be recognized by the habitual resting of the leg, which starts forward at tlie fetlock, by the appearance of wind-galls just described, and by a swel- ling, heat and tenderness of the entire joint. Bending the joint fully causes intense pain, as does also full extension. Treatment does not differ from that of other inflamed joints. Blows on the Inside of the Fetlock.— Cut- ting. — Like cutting on the inner side of the knee, this arises from blows received in action. Weak animals with turned-out toes and distorted feet are most liable. It is to be treated by soothing measures, and if the bones or joints become involved, treat as advised for the respec- tive injuries. To prevent, let the feet be kept a little bare on the mner side and the shoes slightly levelled off, but avoid lowering the foot or thinning the shoe on the inner side. On the contrary, a very slight thickening of the shoe on the inside is sometimes beneficial, by straightening up the fetlock and removing it from danger. If this fails wear a leather boot with a projecting rim, or a simple woollen bandage. In weak subjects benefit is often derived from bringing into a better condition of health. Bony Growths on the Pastern Bones.— Ring- bones.— These usually begin as inflammation of the membrane covering the bones, and at such points as give attachment to ligaments, namely : the lateral aspects of the lower or small pastern bone, and of the lower end of the upper or largo bone. This is a circumscribed, RINGBONES. 349 I tender and somewhat elastic swelling, with more or less soft, doughy engorgement of the investing soft parts, and in course of time the exuded matter, at first soft, becomes hard and bony. The process in the early stages often appears to consist in the dragging of the periosteum and vessels from the surface and the development of bone beneath. But as the disease advances the whole surface of one or both bones may become involved, lead- ing tp a general deposition of new bony matter, extend- ing, it may be, over the joint between the two pastern bones, or between the lower pastern and the bone of the foot, and abolishing all movement. Ringbones may also take origin in partial fractures, in concussion, in rheumatoid disease, and in faults of nutrition, in which the earthy salts are largely passed with the urine. Sj/m/>iofns.— Lameness may be almost altogether ab- sent, or it may be extreme in such cases as are attended by active inflammation of the bone or joint, or when the joint has become fixed by bony deposit. The heel may be first brought to the ground or, in the hind foot, the fetlock may knuckle over and the toe strikes first. The lameness is worst on hard ground, and usually increases with exercise. Swelling may be scarcely perceptible and confined to the inner or outer side of one pastern bone, or it may be an extreme enlargement of the whole pas- tern region. It may be hard throughout in old cases, or softer and slightly elastic at points where active disease is still going on. Forcible bending of the pastern causes much pain, as also pressure on the swelling and especiaWy on the softer and more recent deposits. Treatment. — Rest, second the indications of nature in order to secure an easy position, using a high-heeled shoe when the animal walks on the toe and a thin-heeled one when he walks on his heel. If there is very active inflammation, adopt soothing measures first, and then blis- ter severely, or even fire. Corrosive sublimate and cam- phor, 20 grains of each, muriatic acid, 10 drops, and oil of turpentine, i oz., is often useful in such cases, but .^i..,um s ,v- rv tlt»^iiC\-(^ clixvi Vy a.3ii\».Li Oil vvii^^xi buiiivKlCliL cX'* udation has taken place, otherwise it may b'emish. \\\ 350 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. firing it is usually desirable to penetrate the skin in points, but never keep the hot iron long in contact lest the radiated heat destroy the integument. It is often needful to allow a rest of several months for consolida- tion of the new deposit. When the joints are much affected, the only cure is by the growth of bone over them and the abolition of movement, and then there re- mains some stiffness, though there may be ability for slow work. Old horses recover less satisfactorily than young ones. If there is reason to suspect a rheumatic comph- cation or any general fault in nutrition, these must be attended to. Sprain of the Flexor Tendons behind the Pastern.— This is of two kinds, though both in almost ^he same seat. Opposite the first pastern joint the pos- lerior tendon divides into two branches which passing over the inner and outer sides of the other tendon are inserted on the corresponding aspects of the head of the small pastern bone. Between these branches the other tendon plays over a raised fibro-cartilaginous pulley Its gliding being favored by a synovial sac. This last tendon may be sprained as it plays over this pulley in the median line of the back of the limb, and either of the branches of the other tendon may be sprained close to its attachment on tjie inner or outer side of this pul- ley. ^ Sj^mpfoms.Standing quiet, the animal keeps the fet- lock and pastern joints slightly flexed, the foot advanced SIX, or eight inches, the heel slightly raised and the toe resting on the ground. In action he steps short and stubs the toe into the ground and generally improves as he warms up to work. The toe of the shoe wears faster than the heel, and the heel in old standing cases may be a little contracted, but it is not unnaturally warm, nor is there wincing on tapping the quarter or the sole to either side of the body of the frog, with a hammer. 1 his serves to distinguish from disease of the small pul- ley-shaped bone of the foot— the misnamed coffin-joint disease. Pressure on the tendons in the hollow of the heel causes much pain and wincing, and the precise seat SPRAIN OF THE HIP. 351 of injury may be ascertained from the position of great- est suffering— in the median line, to the inner side or to the outer. Trmtmeuf.—Shorten the toe, apply a high -heeled shoe, and surround the pastern with bandages soaked in cold water, or some cooling astringent lotion. A purgative will be useful if inflammation runs high. When heat and tenderness subside, any remaining lameness may usually be removed by a blister on the front and sides of the pastern. Sprain of the Hip.— This is one of the most com- mon injuries of the hip, and is located in the tendon of the largest muscle of the buttock as it plays over the large process on the head of the thigh-bone. Its exact site is easily found in thin horses by the prominence over the joint, and midway between the anterior and posterior angles of the hip-bone. There is the usual dragging hip lameness, a quick short step with the affected limb, the hip being moved as little as possible, sufTering when the member is drawn fox .vard and tender- ness to pressure on the seat of the sprain. Swelling and heat are rare because of the depth of the lesion. In cases of any standing the muscles of the quarter waste. Treatment.— Long continued rest, with at first fomenta- tions, and later, active and repeated blisters, or even the hot iron applied in points. Some chronic ca^s do well under a combination of exercise and counter-irritants as follows : rub the affected quarter with oil of turpentine, then take out and exercise in a circle until covered with perspiration ; then return to ^the stable, rub down and clothe with a double wet blanket over the lame quarter. Repeat daily for some time. Displacement of the Abductor Femoris.— Lean cattle are subject to a peculiar form of hip lameness, from displacement backward of the large muscle which plays over the prominence at the head of the thigh-bone. The high, bony process presses on the anterior border of the muscle, preventing it from resuming its natural posi- 352 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. tion. The anterior border of the muscle forms a prom- ment painless cord extending from behind the hip-joint to below the stifle. In moving, the toe is dragged alono- the ground, being extended backward, and the limb is flexed with effort, and often in a sudden and convulsive manner, and accompanied by a dull sound. These symp- toms are most marked if the animal is made to step over a bar of six or eight inches high as he leaves the stable. Treatment. — Some recover under good nourishment with or without blisters, but usually it is best to make an mcision over the front of the cord, an inch or two below the head of the thigh-bone, and cut the border of the muscle across with a narrow-bladed knife. The animal may be kept quiet by the bull-dog pincers in his nose, and by drawing the opposite limb forward with a line passed through a collar. Disease of the Hip-Joint.— This may be con- nected with a partial fracture of the bones of the quarter extending into the joint, with laceration of the ligaments, with ulceration of the bones, or with simple synovitis! from over-work, rheumatism, or other cause. The symp- toms strongly resemble those of sprain of the hip, but there is no pain on pressure upon the prominence on the head of the thigh-bone, but often much suffering when the hmb is drawn outward and backward, so as to place thejigaments on the stretch. It is attended with wasting of the muscles of the quarter. Treatment.— KqsI, sling if at all convenient, foment the quarter with a thick rug repeatedly folded, and finally, blister actively, or, still better, fire. A long period of rest is usually necessary. ^ Dislocation of the Hip.— This is almost unknown in the horse excepting in connection with fracture, but is not uncommon in lean cattle and small animals as a consequence of falls and dragging of the limb to excess in any one direction. It will even happen from extreme dragging of the limb outward when caught over a bar. _ Displacement is usually forward or backward. In the 5 I DISLOCATION OF THE KNEE-CAP. 353 former case the limb is shortened, the prominence of the head of the thigh-bone carried forward and the toe turned but. In the latter the limb is elongated, the prominence of the head of the thigh-bone carried back- ward and the toe turned inward. Dislocations inward and outward are also described and would be marked by the deviations of the limb from its normal position, and the depression or increased prominence of the head of the thigh-bone. Rediictio7i. — Lay the animal on the opposite side of the body; maintain the body immovable by a strong sheet carried between the thighs, and held by several men or fixed to a firm oL>ct ; attach a band round the limb above the hock and let two men drag upon this,or one man carefully with the aid of a block and tackle ; meanwhile the operator, seizing hock and stifle, must turn the upper part of the limb in a direction opposite to the displacement. H forzvard the hock is raised and the stifle depressed ; M backward the stifle is raised and the hock depressed; \{ inward a smooth round billet of wood is to be placed between the thighs, to act as a fulcrum, upon which the limb is depressed when sufficiently stretched ; if outward the lower pai t of the limb must be drawn outward and upward, while weight is thrown on the thigh-bone ; or by movementc of the limb it may be changed to a dislocation forward and reduced from that position. It may be necessai^ to relax the muscles by a full dose of chloral-hydrate before attempting to re- duce. When reduced the head of the bone slips in with a jerk and an audible sound, and the limb assumes its natural position. The animal may then be let up, and should be kept quiet and alone for several days. These cases do far better than could be expected from the anatomical arrangements of the pL t. Dislocation of the Knee Cap.— Not uncommon in certain breeds of horses, this usually occurs when standing at rest in the stable or rather after rising. The limb is drawn forcibly outward and backward, the foot resting on the toe, and the animal is helpless to move it. 354 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. The bone may be felt displaced at the outer side, at what should be the most prominent anterior point of the stifle. In young horses it may be attended with ulceration of the pulley over which it plays, but, in the adult, this is very exceptional. Reduction may sometimes be effected by starting the animal with a whip, the limb being brought forward un- der the violent effort and the bone meanwhile slipping mto place. More commonly it is requisite to draw the foot forward, either by simply lifting it, or by the aid of a rope having a noose round the fetlock, and passing through a collar on the neck. While the limb is being advanced, a hand should be placed on the bone outside the stifle to press it into position. When reduced keep on a level (not slippery) floor ; apply a shoe with a toe piece projecting an inch in front of the hoof, and curved up ; and finally put a smart blister on the joint. Second Form,— A modification of the above is seen in horses and cattle, in which the knee-cap is drawn too high during extreme extension of the stifle, and then pulled outward by the abductor muscles ; its inner lat- eral ligament slips into the notch above the pulley, over which the bone should play, and the animal remains helpless with the limb drawn back as in ordinary dislo- cation. There is a depression in front of the upper part of the stifle, surmounted by a swelling which is soft, not hard, as it would be were the current explanation of cramp of the muscles correct. The reduction is by the same method advised for ordinary dislocation, and the after treatment identical. Disease in the Stifle Joint.— If between the knee- cap and Its pulley the patient usually drags the toe on the ground, steps short and brings the foot forward with a swinging outward motion. The leg is kept half bent when standing, the knee-cap is left to move loosely on the pulley, causing pain, and an elastic fluctuating swell- ing IS felt beneath it in the intervals between the three descending ligaments. In disease of the inner or outer iivision of the true ioint the animal stands with it in the I PRACTURE OF THE LEG. 355 same position, but in walking it may either be jerked up suddenly, or in the worst cases, this joint and the hock are carried in a stiff extended position and the principal movement is in the hip. An elastic swelling may usual- ly be felt beneath the knee-cap but it is less prominent than in disease of the pulley, and the bone is less mobile and does not cause pain when moved. Treatment.— K\\ cases require a high-heeled shoe ex- cepting such as are attended with dislocation of the knee- cap, in which case a thin-heeled shoe with a projection forward at the toe is indicated. Rest is essential, and in case of very acute inflammation, fomentations should precede repeated blistering or firing. A long rest is im- perative. In ulceration of the bones and dislocation of the knee-cap in young animals, the fault is mainly in nutrition, and a rich diet, tonics, pure air and sunshine are demanded. Fracture of the Leg between the Thigh and Hock.— The principal bone of this region {tibia) lying superficially on the inner side of the leg is very liable to fracture from kicks. The symptoms are patent enough when the fracture is complete, the bone hanging useless and the broken ends being easily felt beneath the skin' But in very many cases the bone is only split part of the way through and the patient may show little lameness may even do a fair day's work or perform a long journey with his broken bone. But with the occurrence of the exudation and softening around the seat of injury the bone gives way under a slight strain, and thus the 'frac- ture appears to have occurred from getting up in the stall, though several hard days' work may have been done since the injury was received. Treatment.~ln all cases of blows on the inner side of the leg in which a line of tenderness extends from the point of the bone which has been struck, place the ani- mal in slings and wait for repair. A compound or com- minuted fracture of this bone need hardly be treated in larP"e nnaHninprl*: A cimr^l^ ^.-'^rx^. — . — r A. =' "i X • t..|J■l^. Lidiiovirisc iiiiCLurc may recover in sling^s, with a ^rm bandage and splints from 2? 356 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. the foot up to above the stifle, I have had a fair recov- ery even with a very oblique fracture, but this should only be attempted in valuable breeding animals. The smaller bone of the leg {fibula) may be fractured by falling in shafts or across a pole or beam. The re- sulting lameness is most puzzling as the broken ends 0/ the bone are held together by fibrous tissue, and though they move hinge-like no grating is produced. Then the bone is so deeply covered by muscle that it cannot be felt. A blow on the outer side of the ' ind lesf, just be- low the stifle, inducing persistent lameness, with tender- ness on pressure along the line of the bone on the outer side of the limb, and without any other apparent injury, implies fracture of this bone. Treatment. — A month's absolute rest and one or mort: blisters over the seat of injury. Sprain or Laceration of the Muscle which Bends the Hock.— This is often sprained at its lower part, and especially in its inner branch which passes over the front and inner side of the lower part if the hock joint, giving rise to a swelling exactly in the seat of bone spavin. It is distinguished by its tense, elastic nature and by its position on this tendon rather than above or below it. Treatment. — A smart blister, or this failing, evacuate with a fine nozzie of a hypodermic syringe and then ap- ply a wet bandage or blister. This form is rarely hurt- ful. When more severely sprained the swelling, heat and tenderness may be felt in front of the hock or on the anterior and outer side of the stifle according to the seat of injury. The limb is usually carried very straight, there being little or no bending of either hock or stifle. It is to be treated in the ordinary way by soothing measures followed by blisters or firing. Lacerations of the muscle, or more frequently rupture of the tendon occurs, causing the hock to be carried straight and the shank dangling nearly in a line with the leg. In some instances from violent contraction of the extensor SPRAIN OF THE HAMSTRING, ETC. 357 muscles the foot may be jerked out backward when the patient IS started. In injury to the muscle there is a? first a depression at the part with swelling above and below, but soon the hollow fills up and may become prominent, soft and doughy. In rupture of the tendon che depressed interval, or later, a soft doughy swelling cTaracterl^i-c '''^ ^" ''"''' ""''''' ^^^'^^ '' ^"«^'^-"^"? i.ZZf^Tf-'^^^t^' ^""^ astringent lotions to the part iCs do well ' '"' '''''' ' ^^-^ ^^^- -- ^^--t Sprain of the HAMSTRiNG.-This is productive of lameness with manifest pain in extending the hock and a jerk in lifting the limb, and is easily recognized by the firm swelling of the cord above the point of the hock It IS to be treated by a high-heeled shoe, with fomenta- tions and subsequently blisters to the part. RUPTURE OF THE HAMSTRING.-This is much more serious, the hock and fetlock bending so as to render the limb useless whenever weight is placed upon it The separation of the divided ends can easily be felt through the skin. ^ Treatment— \{ in large quadrupeds place in slings In all apply an immovable bandage, and splints extending from the foot to some way above the hock, so as to keep that joint fully extended. ^ CAPPED HOCK.-This is of two kinds : rst, a serious distension of a bursa which exists between the skin and the point of the hock ; and 2d, sprain of the tendon m- serted on the point of the hock (gastrocnemius) or of the one which plays over it (perforatus). I. The distension of the subcutaneous bursa usually results fi-om kicks or blows, and is to be feared as indi- cating vice, but rarely causes lameness. The soft fluctu- ating swelling is directly backward from the point of the nock. anH ma\r h*^ <-if nlrM^o*- ^^ :__ c^i- 1 . . -, ^ J I,.. „. ai.jiw::.!: any Di£c. ongncana recent cases may be treated hy a purge and soothing lotions to ill; 11 -i I " * If ^iii'^ 358 THE. farmer's veterinary adviser. be followed as soon as heat and tenderness subside by a smart blister (iodide of mercury 2 drs., lard I oz.) Should the sac remain, evacuate with the nozzle of a hypodermic syringe and apply a wet elastic bandage ; or open by a small orifice below and heal like an ordinary wound. To prevent its repetition is a much more difficult matter as it usually implies the cure of a vice. Stretching prickly bushes or chains behind him, tying chains or logs to the limb above the hock, or applying hobbles are all more likely to ensure permanent injury to a nervous ani- mal than to cure him of his vice. A kicking strap will often succeed in harness. 2. In case of sprain of the tendons, the swelling takes place at the two sides, and above rather than at the point of the hock. It is more or less tense, but elastic, and even fluctuates on pressure. It is often attended with severe lameness, which may become permanent, in connection with ulceration of the bone. It is to be treated like an ordinary sprain by high-heeled shoe, and fomentations or cold astringent lotions, followed by blister. If swell- ing remains it may be punctured and compressed as in the first fofm of capped hock, but a seton should not be used. Sprain of the Flexor Tendon (Perforans) be- hind the Hock.— Thorough-Pin.— This tendon plays over the back of the hock, to the inner side of the bony process which forms its point, and has a large synovial sheath extending above and below the joint. When sprained at this point there is lameness, a tendency to knuckle over at the fetlock, and a round, tense, elastic, fluctuating swelling on each side in front of the point of the hock, and in the hollow between the hamstning and the bone. Pressure on the one side causes bulging on the other, and pressure on both causes fluctuation on the line of the tendon below and behind the hock. Treat}nettt.—Kh.\gh-\iQQ\Qd shoe, rest, fomentations, or cooling lotions and a purgative. When heat and tender- ness subside, blister repeatedly, or even fire when there 1^ reason to suspect disease of the bone. When all lame- FRACTURE OF THE INNER MALLEOLUS. 359 ncss has passed off, leaving only a puffy swelling, or when that has appeared without lameness as the result of work or as z. dropsical effusion, apply a spring bandage with two smooth round pads pressing on the inner and outer swell- ings. Fracture of the Inner Malleolus.— This con- sists m fracture of the bony prominence on the inner side 01 the hock at its highest point. It usually results from a blow with the opposite foot in fighting flies. There is more or less swelling of the part, with an unnatural mobility of the process, and, in some cases, distinct grating It is not unfrequent to have a wound in the sk-in, and a flow of glairy synovia from the opened joint. J 11 other cases, independently of fracture, there is inflam- mation and enlargement of the bony eminence. Treatment.—KQst is imperative, as the fracture often implicates the joint. If synovia escapes, rse a sugar of lead lotion (i oz. to i pt. water and 60 arops carbolic acid), or even apply a blister around the joint, leaving the space of an inch around the wound untouched. In other cases rely on soothing applications, followed by blisters when heat is diminished. Such cases usually do well, even an open joint being harmless from the w6und being at its upper part. , Even pieces of bone may be taken out with portions of the joint surface, and yet a satisfactory recovery ensue. Fracture of the Point of the Hock.— This may merely implicate the extreme summit of the bone in young horses, or it may occur lower down in the middle of the bony process. There is much lameness and dif- hculty in bringing the foot to the ground, the limb being otten kept raised and semi-flexed, and the detached por- tion may be felt in front of the point of the hock, or a line of tenderness may be detected across the middle of that bone, detachment and grating being obviated by the strong fibrous investment. TreatmenL—n a portion has been detached from the summit, place in slings, extend the joint and replace it, 3^0 THE farmer's vetlrinarv adviser. retaining it in position by firm pads of tow placed in the hollow in front of the bone, and a strong starch or plas- \tn ^^^^^^^ extending from the hoof to beyond the hock When there is no detachment, soothe the parts till heat and tenderness sub.^ide and then blister, allowing a Ion? period of rest. Fractures of the other Hock Bones.— If these implicate the upper or true hock joint, they are usually beyond remedy, but if the lower flat bones only, they present symptons like those of bone spavin, and may re- cover by union of the small bones. Bone Spavin.— This consists in disease (inflamma- tion ulceration, bony deposit), of the small flat bones in the lower and inner part of the hock joint, often impli, eating those of the outer side as well. It may be mani- fested by local swelling, heat and tenderness, or these may be altogether absent as in cases of ulceration in the centre of the joint between the flat bones~(Occu/^ Spavin). The swelling, when it does exist,is on the antero-internal aspect of the lower part of the articulation, to be seen by standing about two feet from the fore limb and looking across the front of the joint. It is hard, and to be distinguished from the tense, elastic swelling caused by sprain of the inner branch of the flexor tendon, and from the soft distended vein (so-called l^/ood spavin) which passes across this part of the joint. The bony swelling may be more to the front or more backward on the inner side of the hock, or it may even show mainly on the cuter side. It frequently im- plicates the head of the shank-bone, and in bad cases may extend up to the true hock-joint and even abolish its movement. Lameness, which is usually present in recent cases, and is the only symptom in ocatU spavin is shown by moving stiffly on the toe, when the horse is turned from side to side of the stall. The same stiff walking on the toe is seen for the first few steps in start- mg, after which jt^ disappears, but there remains a stiff- ness and lack of bending in the hock and stifle joints, which a little practice will enable one to recognize. »^ INFLAMMATION OF THE TRUE HOCK JOINT. 361 There is sometimes, however, a jerl-in^- up of the limb as in string-halt. If turned quickly in a narrow circle, the animal drops ca the limb, carries it stiffly, or even rests on the toe only. If the lameness is only moderate it will usually disappear when the patient becomes warmed up at work, hence the propriety of placing him in a quiet stable for twenty minutes before examination. Treatment.— Ktst ; a high-heeled shoe ; fomentations and laxatives are appropriate to the early inflammatory stages. Later, counter-irritants are demanded. Blisters of any kind will usually succeed. The hot iron is per- haps even more efficient. Deep firing in points is espe- cially beneficial. Some cases will resist all these modes of treatment, but recover after section of the flexor ten- don which passes over the swelling. Other methods are pursued with variable success. All may do well in young horses with no constitutional infirmity, and all will fail in some old subjects. Inflammation of the True Hock Joint.— Bog Spavin. — Inflammation of the upper or principal joint of the hock, where nearly all the movement takes place, occurs from overwork, sprains, rheumatism, punctures, wounds, fractures, etc. There is a puffy, fluctuating swelling, with heat and tenderness on the antero-internal side of the upper part of the joint, where in the natural state there is hollow or depression. There is also a similar swelling behind in the seat of thoroiigh-pin, but distinguishable in that it can be pressed forward by com- pression, the anterior swelling meanwhile filling up, but there results no swelling below and behind the hock as in thorough-pin. The lameness resembles that of bone spavin, but there is perhaps more tendency to a jerking up of the limb. The disease may go on to ulceration of the joint, to bony deposit, and even to anchylosis, with abolition of all movement. Treatment. — Rest, and use a high-heeled shoe. In case of very violent inflammation, use soothing measures (for mentation), and when extreme heat and tenderness have subsided use blisters, as for bone spavin, or still better .i. ( I. 362 THE farmer's veterinary advtser. the hot iron applied h'ghtly at nearly .^ vl»it . heat. Open joint is to be treated here as elsewL ^re, en active blister being often of great advantage in a e nu.rr move- ment, closing the wound and abating irfiam r v on. Bog spavin is most obstinate in old anir^ ias and in rheumatic constitutions, with cracking o^ »; c joints in starting a walk. Dropsy of the Hock Joint.—Bog Spavin.— An excessive secretion of joint-oil, from over-exertion, or a dropsical effusion into the cavity of the joint produces a svyelling, having all the characters described above, but without heat, tenderness or lameness. It may sometimes be benefited by a blister, or even by a bandage wet with some strong astringent lotion, but as it is only a blemish and does not interfere with the animal's usefulness, it is best, as a rule, to let it alone. Blood Spavin.— This is a dilatation of the vein which runs over the seats of dog and done spavins, and being harmless should not be interfered with. Curb. — ^This is a swelling, at first soft and doughy, but later hard and resistant, in the median line of the limb and just behind the lowest part of the hock joint. It is best seen by standing to one side of the limb and looking directly across it. The injury is usually a sprain of the tendon (perforatiis) which plays over the front of the hock, though in some bad cases the ligament of the hock beneath this is injured as well. There is heat and tenderness with more or less lameness and a tendency to knuckle forward at the fetlock. Curby hocks are con- genital in some horses and cannot be looked on as dis- ease, but rather distortion. Treatment. — Keep quiet, put on a high-heeled shoe, and apply hot fomentations or cooling lotions until in- flammation moderates, when an active blister may be applied. In some severe cases this may require to be repeated, or resort must he had i"n thf» linf irr»n Kuf fhje is altogether exceptional. m. r. !.U sesamoid may be broken after it has been weakened b> superficial ind internal absorption. The pedal bone may give way from concussion when previously softened by disease, or in cases of blows on the surface, laceration anci detachment of horn, or wounds with nails or other sharp bod-es implicating the bone. The sudden and extreme, lameness followiiig an evident injury or a long-standing; disease may rouse suspicions of this, and if grating be heard the case is certain. Treatment is rarely successful, excepting in circumscribed fractures from wounds, in which case the detached bone must be removed. Inflammation of the Foot. — Laminitis, •— Founder.— This consis+s in inflammation of the sensitive itjtiair.. . ^' Ji^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. <. *>>. 4^^ "A f/. ^ Z. 1.0 I.I [fflM 1^ KM IIIIM II 2.2 1 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 -* 6" — ► V] ^ 'cM cr-: c*J /2 ^> /. :^ Ssft / Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 4^ 4^ f/2 \ m 374 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. parts of the foot, but predominating in the anterior por- tion of the laminae, where the greatest strain comes in standing. Causes. — The disease may arise from direct injury, as in over-exertion on hard roads, blows, bruises, or freezing of the feet, pricks or binding with nails, continued injur>* from a badly applied shoe, or the constant strain upon the feet during a long sea voyage. It may also occur from a sudden chill, from drinking cold water when heated and fatigued, from over-loading of the stomach with grain, from muco-enteritis, the result of ars over-dose of purgative medicine, or from diseases of the lungs (pneumonia, bronchitis). Small and deformed feet and large flat ones often suffer. Horses with heavy fat car- cases are also predisposed. Symptoms.—When not caused by direct injury to the foot, it is usually ushered in by fever and general stiff- ness and soreness of the surface, with or without shiv- ering, but independent of any tenderness of the foot. If not relieved these are soon followed by tenderness of the foot, usually predominating at the anterior part, but sometimes settling in the heel and causing pgda/ sesa- moiditis. When acute inflammation is developed in the laminae of the fore feet the horse is in a high fever, with full hard pulse, excited breathing, distended nostrils, ex- tension of the fore feet forward, so that they rest only on the heels, and bringing of the hind feet far forward be neath the belly, to bear as much of the weight as possi- ble. If moved, the horse groans, sways himself back on his hind parts, and drags the fore feet on their heels, or balancing himself on the hind, lifts both fore feet at once and brings them down again on their heels. The affected feet arc warm, even hot, and the animal refuses to have them lifted because of the pain consequent on standing on one. If they are struck with a hammer the animal winces and groans. The arteries on the pasterns throb violently. The hairs of the mane and tail may often be pulled from their follicles, showing the general implica- tion of the &kin. If one fore foot only is affected it is kept raised and advanced, If the hind feet, they are advanced I INFLAMMATION OP THE FOOT. 375 beneath the be ly, and the fore feet carried as far back- ward as possible to bear the greater part of the vveitht but no ^n? -TI" '5" '"''^"^ ''^^'' ^^^h general stiffness but no special tenderness of the feet over other parts vascular and nervous tension may be relieved and the disease suddenly cut short by full doses of sedatfves (lo- oersni atinr' T"''" ' ^''^ ^^'"^ ^^^'^^"^ '^ ^"^^urlge feet ^are h.^n ^- '^'" ^^ ^ ""^^^ ^^^^"^^^ «^^g^' ^hen the feet are becoming congested and tender, the same mav tkesTnH'.. '"' '^'/''' ^^'"^ ^"^^^^P^d i" warm pouY tices, and the animal encouraged to lie down by supplying iJfT r"?^°"^ble bed of straw. Or in place of pouh"c^ w.1lctnl r'."'.'^ '^'^ '° '"^P^^^^ the^irculaticn by walking without shoes on a soft, newly plowed field the heels having been slightly lowered, if ve?y high, to allow pressure on the sole, or the patient may even be walked and% "l ^^'^•'" ^^'''^ ^^"^ ^^' shoef with broaTweb been aSd"''^^/' ^,f'^ '"^ '^^ ^''''^'' ^^^^ion), has wh! n fP ^- ^"^ "^.^^^'"^ ^^" "^^^r be resorted to when the extreme tenderness and fever show that active nflammation has set in. In this case a mild laxa tve aloes) must be given (unless already purging) and foT lowed up by aconite or other sedatives, thi feet must be enveloped in large poultices and the animal encouraged lulh 7^\ ^^°"^.^ j^" ^^^"^^ ^° ^^^ ^«^"' the hoof, wall should be rasped down to let the^ole come in con- tact with the ground In severe cases the coronet may be scarified with a sharp lancet and the foot placed in a fevor' ' H^'''" r't'' ""' ^°"^^"^^d ^'^^ th^ same to favor 1 eeding In the course of two days, if the suffer- ing fever and local tenderness are increasing rather than abating, the sole may be thinned and opened at the toe so as to evacuate any serous exudation and limit th^ separation of the horn from the quick, the poultices be! ing kept on after as before. In the course^of ten days or a fortnight the inflammation should have subsided far enough to warrant the application of a blister to the fs f f^J f ointment to the hoof, while the patient LrlnTt- T """ ^ '''^^' r^^ P^=^^"^^' °^ ^^Pt standing a part of his time on wet clay, * a I llln ifii J 376 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. Chronic Laminitis. — Convex Soles. — Pumice Feet. — If the inflammation persists in a slight form, an excessive growth of soft, spongy horn takes place in front of the lamina; at the toe, separating the coffin- bone from the hoof-wail and allowing its anterior border to press upon the sole, or even to perforate it. The hoof-wall becomes covered with rings usually running together at the toe, where it bulges out below and falls in above. Complete restoration cannot be expected in the worst cases of this kind, but much may be done for the majority. P'lt on a thick, broad webbed, bar shoe, beveled toward the inner side on its upper surface and thinner at the heel than the toe, dress the sole and wall daily with hot tar, apply gentle blisters around the coro- net, and keep in a very soft, damp pasture. The new growth of horn may grow down almost perfect in ap- pearaince, but it retains an undesirable brittleness. Cracks in the Hoof- Wall. — Sand-Crack. — Quarter-Crack. — The predisposition to this is usually to be foimd in rasping and drying of the hoof-wall, in uneven bearing of the shoe, in alternate soaking of the hoof in water and ^drying, and in treads or other teni- porary wounds or injuries to the coronet. The crack extends from the coronet downward, for a variable dis- tance, in the direction of the horny fibres. If attended by lameness, the laminae are usually being pinched be- tv/een the edges of the crack, the irritation is perhaps further increased by the presence of sand and dirt, and fungous growths may appear in the sore. Treatmetit. — A carefully applied bar shoe having an even bearing all round the foot ; a nail driven through the edges of the crack and riveted so as to hold them together ; a transverse groove, ^ to i inch in length, cut to the quick just above the upper end of 'the crack, and active stimulation or slight blistering of the coronet above this point will usually succeed in obtaining an unbroken growth from above, and when the crack has grown off at the lower border the hoof is perfect. But the inflammation will sometimes demand poulticing; FALSE QUARTER, ETC. 377 the nail may have to be replaced by i metallic plate fixed to the hoof on each side of the crack by screws not exceeding a line in length ; a gaping crack may re- quire filling with gutta-percha or other hard substance to keep the edges immovable ; or, finally, it may be requisite in bad cases to cut out a V-shapcd piece of horn, the apex corresponding to the middle of the crack and the two limbs to the coronet on the two sides of the crack. False Quarter.— This is similar to a sand-crack in appearance, but caused by such destruction of the secret- ing structure at the top of the hoof that it is impossible to obtain a growth of horn to fill up the interval. Pallia ■ tion by careful sli .cing is all that can be accomplished. Horny Tumor of the Lamina.— This is a result of sand-crack, the irritation leading to an increased secre- tion of horn on the inner surface of the hoof-wall, which, in its turn, may press on the quick and cause lameness. With or without any remains of sand-crack there is ten- derness on pinching that part of the hoof, and when the shoe is removed and the hoof pared, there is observed a semi-circular encroachment on the sole by a white spongy horn extending in from the hoof-wall. Wet swabs on the foot and rest may subdue any inflamma- tion, but should lameness persist, the only resort is to cut out a triangular portion of the wall, including the tumor, poultice the part, then cover with tar, and wait for the horn to grow down in a healthy condition. Corns. — These are at first simple bruises of that part of the sole included between the bars and the wall at the heel, but later there is often an increased production of horn, and the formation of a horny tumor, which presses injuriously on the quick. In other cases the bruise causes active inflammation and the formation of matter, which, if denied escape below, will burrow toward the coronet or less frequently around the toe, and give rise to disease in the deeper fibrous network, the cartil- 37^ THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. age or the bone. In these last conditions it usually results in fistula (quittor). In other cases the corn is pared out as is supposed, but the heels, having lost the mechanical support of the sole, curl forward and inward, repeat the bruise continually, keep up the inflammation and suppuration and what is equivalent to an open sore in the heel. The irritation often produces absorption of the margin of the bone at the heels with bony deposits above or below, and ossification of the lateral cartilage, a condition which almost necessarily perpetuates the bruises or corns (see side bones). Corns may exist in either heel, but are usually in the inner or weaker one, and prevail above all in flat feet with low weak heels. Symptoms. — Lameness with a tendency to point, with the heel slightly raised when at rest, and a short, stilty, stumbling step when moved. Pinching the affected heel with piincers or tapping it with a hammer causes wincing. If the shoe is removed and the heel pared out, the horn may be seen to be blood-stained, but unless this is seen on removing the flakes, no one should allow curiosity to lead to a deeper search. If suppuration has taken place the tenderness is extreme, often causing the animal to keep the foot raised and scarcely daring to touch the ground with the toe, a tender swelling usually appears at the coronet above the affected heel, and pinching or ham- mering of the heel is unendurable. A horny tumor may be recognized by symptoms similar to those shown in keraphyllocele. Trcatrnent, — If a recent bruise and uncomplicated, apply either a bar shoe or a common one, but rasp down the bearing surface of the afifected heel, to avoid pressure as advised for side bones, and place the feet in water or keep the wall moist with wet swabs, and the sole with oil meal or clay packing. When tenderness has sub- sided, smear the hoof with ointment and work carefully. Remove the shoj early enough to prevent pressure on that heel, and in preparing the foot retain the strength of the heel by preserving the elastic horn of the sole be- tween wall and bar. Never allow this to be pared and BRUISES OF THE SOLE. 379 weakened unless it be to evacuate matter or sand, or foi* the removal of a horny tumor. If suppuration has takci place, par,, down the heel until the matter escapes, remove all horn detached from the quick, and pare the horn around this to a thin edge, poultice until the surface Is smooth, dry and not at all tender, then apply a bar shoe, a leather sole, and a stuff- ing of tow and tar or crude turpentine (pine pitch). No pressure should be allowed on this heel until the sole has grown up to its natural level, as a support. Horny tumors may be removed by paring out and treating as above advised, until the sole attains its natural growth. l( old-standing corns are connected with death of a por- tion of the heel, of the foot bone, or ulceration of the lateral cartilage, these must be scraped or cut off before improvement is to be expected. If connected with side boties, they are liable to be kept up by frequent pinching of the quick between the bone and horn, and demand careful shoeing to avoid pressure on the heel. Some cases may be benefited by cutting out the side bone. Bruises of the Sole.— Whether resulting from badly applied shoes, stones, accumulated gravel *• dried mrd, these are to be recognized, like corns, by pinching the hoof or tapping it with a hammer, and are to be treated on precisely the same principles, relieving the pressure when necessary, soothing the parts, opening when matter has formed, followed up by poulticing and bar shoe, with leather sole and tar stuffing. Graveling is closely allied to the above, dirt having worked up through the unnatural groove between the wall and sole, and set up suppuration. Except in the careful removal of the foreign elements, treatment does not differ from that of suppurating bruise or corn. Pricks and Binding with Nails.— These usually occur in thin, weak feet or such as have been reduced by over-cutting and rasping till there is little to hold the nails ; in the case of nail stubs being left in the hoof from a former shoeing, so as to turn the new nails in a 38o THE farmer's veteptnary advi&er. v/rong direction, and when the blacksmith is too stupid to recognize the difference between the stroke of driving a nail into the soft spongy horn and the hard firm outer horn of the wall. Simple binding with the nails may cause intermittent or persistent lameness, and there is flinching on striking the heads of the nails or the walls with a hammer, or in compressing the margin of the hoof with pincers. If matter forms there are all the local tenderness and inability to use the foot spoken of in sup- purating corn. In simple pricks an examination of the nail clinches usually reveals one higher than the rest, and if this is a posterior one it is all the more suspicious. A nail may be driven too near the quick, and yet not cause lameness for a week or two, until some slight shifting in the position of the shoe causes it to press painfully. Treatment. — In slight cases the withdrawal of the nail may be all that is necessary. In more severe it may be requisite to punch the nail holes nearer to the toe, to drive the nails low, to apply cold water or other sooth- ing agent to the foot and to rest for a day or two. If matter has formed the course of the offending nail must be followed with the drawing-knife, the pus evacuated and the parts treated afterward as in suppurating corn. If the bone has been reached and a dead scale exists on the surface this must be cut down upon and removed. Incised and Punctured Wounds of the Sole.— That part of the foot which is uncovered by the shoe is liable to penetrating wounds from nails, glass and other sharp bodies on the ground, as well as nails, pitchforks, broken planks, etc., against which they may kick. Such wounds are dangerous according to their depth and position. If from a clean nail, and no deeper than just to penetrate the quick, they are usually of little conse- quence, and a little tar or gutta-percha may be used to fill the wound, if any, until it is seen whether inflamma- tion will ensue. If deeper, a vertical wound will be most serious in the middle third of the sole, because of the implication of the flexor tendon and small sesamoid bone, and the risk of pedal sesamoiditis, or even an optn DISTORTIONS OF THE COFFIN-BONE. 381 coffin-joint resulting. If in the anterior third, the danger lies mainly in injury to the lower surface of the coffin- bone, with death and removal of a thin scale which must be thrown off before the wound can close. If in the posterior third the elastic frog alone is wounded and will heal vtry readily. Treatment will vary accordingly. The simple removal of the foreign body may suffice. Cold applications may be needed, matter may require an opening to escape, or the bone may have to be scraped to expose a living sur- face. But in wounds of the tendon or joint the foot must be wrapped in cloths, the heels raised if standing, and a constant stream of cold water kept up on the part, by having a caoutchouc tube attached to the limb and foot and acting like a syphon to bring the water from a bucket at a higher level. This rriay require to be kept up day and night for several days. The subsequent treatment is like that iox pedal sesamoiditis. Distortions of the Coffin-bone.— Under this head may be named a great variety of deformities, the result of disease. Thus in long continued inflammation of the kminae the fibrous net-work in front of the coffin- bone is partly ossified, giving this part a convex aspect from above downward. Continued irritation of the sole will equally develop a bony enlargement which is asso- ciated with a circumscribed convexity and tenderness of the sole. The pressure of a horny* tumor, whether on the laminae, the quarter or elsewhere, corresponding to and pressing on the bone, will cause absorption and de- pression of the bone to an equal extent. The pressure on the anterior border of the coffin-bone, when separated from the hoof-wall and resting upon the sole, leads to extensive absorption and rounding of this part with a bony deposit above, on its front. Persistent irritation along the lateral borders of the foot from binding with nails, or the separation of the wall and sole, with or without the presence of gritty matters in the groove, causes absorption and rounding of the sharp lateral margins of the coffin-bone. But the heels of the coffin- 382 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. bone are the parts which above all suffer in this way. Bruises from setting in of the shoe, from gritty matter or hard clay, especially if a furrow has been formed betvveen wall and sole, from curving forward and inward of the heels when the supporting sole has been pared out in search of corns or to prevent their formation ; pres- sure fvom curving in of the wall which has been allowed to grow too long without support from the sole, or has been rasped till it dries or withers ; uneven bearing ot the shoe ; all undue paring of heels and quarters contri- bute to produce absorption and rounding of the natur- ally sharp border of the coffin-bone at its heels, bony deposits above and below, induration, softening, ulcera- tion or death of more or less of the bony tissue, and jer- manent unsoundness The existence of such distortions must be ascertained from the unnatural appearance of the hoof ; the signs of a horny tumor ; a rugged unhealthy hoof-wall ; a flat or convex appearance of the sole in whole or in part ; a deep furrow between sole and wall ; wasting and dimin- ution of the foot as a whole, but especially of the heels and quarters; and it may be side bone or fistula. There is more cr less tenderness of the feet and stilty careful gait, or there may be extreme lameness. It will be ob- served that these distortions are usually connected with some other disease of the feet, and the symptoms will vary according to the nature of the accompanying lesion. Such changes of bony structure are permanent as a rule, so that our attention must be given, first to the removal of any unnatural condition which has caused and is perpetuating them, and then to secure such a sys- tem of shoeing as will allow of the utilization of the animal in spite of the acquired deformities. The hoof must be encouraged, by ointments, stimulants to the coronets, and perhaps a cool moist pasture, to grow ?s nearly as possible to the natural condition. Then the shoe must be applied so as to secure the greatest extent of bearing surface, without injury to the deformed and weak points. In many cases a bar shoe is wanted to avail of the frog for bearing weight ; a leather sole may ■I CONTRACTION. 383 be necessary in others ; a broad web to the shoe, on one or on both sides, may be essential for protection ; in other cases the upper surface must be bevelled ; in still other the nail-holes must be stamped only around the toes ; clips, small nails, artificial repairs of breaches in the hoof-wall may be resorted to, but it is beyond the scope o' this work to do more than hint at what can only be accomplished by a combination of anatomical knowledge, mechanical skill and manual dexterity. Contraction.— This is a great bugbear of horsemen, since it exists in nearly all the affections of the foot. It is usually a result and symptom of disease, attending as we have seen on many different maladies, in which the hoof shrinks from the heat, dryness and disuse. It may also occur from simple idleness in a stall ; from over- growth of the hoof-wall, which curls in for want of sup- port from the sole and moisture from the laminae ; from hardening and shrinking of the heels as the result of rasping, or of alternate soakings and drying ; from undue paring of the heels, bars and frog, thus removing the natural supports ; and from the effects of the shoe and nails in preventing the normal expansion in growth, and in removing the frog and sole from use and pressure. Thus produced it is not a direct cause of lameness, and feet can be shown in which the two heels overlap each other without such a result. Yet such contraction im- plies wasting or absorption of the internal sensitive structures, diminution of the basis of support, with a cor- responding weakness and tendency to disease under slighter determining causes than in the healthy state. The simplest treatment is to remove the shoes round the edges of the hoof-wall to prevent splitting, and keep standing sixteen hours a day, for two or three weeks, in a puddle of wet clay, then use hoof ointments freely, aftd apply a shoe with equal bearing throughout and with- out any bevel on its upper surface. Treads on the Coronet.— These are especially common in winter, when the shoes are sharpened for i il §'"'-:i!f( ti 384 THE FAKMKR'S VETE.a'lARY ADVISER. frost. They are dangerous because of the frequent iiH' plication of the horn secreting structures, so as to cause false quarter, and from the tendekicy of matter to burrow beneath the horn and in the supporting fibrous net-work to form a fistula. They should be thoroughly cleansed from all sand and mud, the inflammation subdued by soothing applications (wet bandages or weak astringent lotions) and care taken to prevent the further introduc- tion of dirt. To this end a simple covering of tar will sometimes suffice, but in other cases a carefully applied bandage is essential. Muddy roads should be avoided until healing is complete. Fistula of the Coronet. — Quittok —Causes.— Treads and other wounds of the coronet ; suppurating corns, bruises, pricks and wounds of the sole ; suppura- tion from the working in of sand or gravel between the sole and wall ; irritation from sand-cracks and false quarters, and disease of the coffin-bone or its car- tilage. Symptoms. — Following on some one of the above dis- orders there is a tender swelling at the coronet, which bursts, discharging a more or less whitish serous fluid, and shows no tendency to dry up or close. If probed, it is found to lead into one or more small canals in the fibrous net- work which covers the bone and elastic struc- tures of the foot, and it may be to diseased or dead por- tions of bone or gristle. Treatment. — If the inflammation is very violent the foot should be enveloped in a large poultice and a laxa- tive administered. When moderated, inject a slightly caustic solution in the direction of each canal and rs far as possible. (Bichloride of mercury 5 grains, spirits of wine I oz., muriatic acid 20 drops.) Less depends on the composition of the mixture than on the application. Inject it three times the first day, twice the second, and once a day thereafter. When the discharge has ceased and the wound is almost superficial, stop the injection and apply a simple dressing of wet tow. In aggravated cases, with disease of the lateral cartilage or bone, these SEEDY-TOE. — THRUSH. — CANKkiil. 385 may require to be cut out o»- scraped, but our Utnits will not permit a further notice of this. Powdery Degeneration of the Deep Parts of THE Wall.- -Seedy Toe.— The result of uneven bear- ing of the shoe, the formation of furrows between the sole and wall, direct violence, as blows, or the too tight hammering of clips, etc., this is manifested by an irregu- Jarity of dryness of the affected part of the wall, and the formation of a cavity, filled with horn powder between the laminae and the wall of the hoof. Clear out the cavity until the tough healthy horn is reached, then fill with varm tar and shoe carefully to give a uniform bear- ing. A clip may be useful as a support to the under- min ' horn, but it is destructive to hammer it tight. The dressing must be repeated at each shoeing until the cav- ity is filled up. Inflammation of the Secreting Membrane of THE Frog with Discharge. — Thrush. — Causes. — Exposure to wet and filth ; standing on dung, or in a dirty, wet yard ; stuffing the feet with cow-dung ; bruises of the frog ; undue paring ; wounds of the frog ; accu- mulation of dried mud or gravel in the cleft ; extension of disease from the skin of the heel, etc. Sympioms. — Foetid discharge from the cleft, soreness of the skin behind this, lameness or not according to severity. Treatment. — Wash out the diseased part, pare away all ragged, detached horn, and apply some astringents (dry calomel pressed in on a pledget of tow ; tar with a few drops of sulphuric acid on the surface ; carbolic acid ; or finely powdered sulphate of copper or zinc). Canker. — This is a most inveterate inflammation of the frog, and it may be the sole, representing in the horn-secreting structures that aggravated affection of the skin of the heel in which red fungous growths appear. It may be preceded by thrush, and is due to the same general causes, though it is also attributed to a j>: -asitiC ^ 386 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. fungus. It is especially common in coarse lymphatic subjects. Symptoms. — A rapid growth, from the frog or sole or both, of a soft, unhealthy, spongy horn, the tubes of which are unnaturally large, open and wanting in cohe- sion, so that they often stand apart from each other, and have the appearance rather of a fleshy material than of horn. If cut down it may grow up to the same level in twenty-four hours, and the enlarged villi are reached and bleed long before this would have happened in healthy horn. As in thrush, there is a most offensive discharge, and the disease is very obstinate to treat. Treatment.— 'Q\x\. down the fungous horn till blood comes, and the adjacent horn to the same level. Then cover with tow soaked in tincture of muriate of iron, and apply firm pressure by slips of wood placed side by side, with one end of each resting above the web of the shoe at the toe, and the other on a slip extending across the bulbs of the frog, and resting above the heels of the shoe. This must be removed and the dressing renewed at least once in twenty-four hours. Should the course of im- provement seem lagging, change the dressing for carbolic acid, chromic acid, the mineral acids, sulphate of copper or iron, chloride of zinc, quicklime, chloride of antimony or other caustic, resort being had to a new one in every instance as the former seems to lose its effect. The re- moval of tb-^ entire sole is essential to recovery in some cases. Simple Foot-rot in Cattle and Sheep. — This is a simple inflammation of the horn-secreting structures and adjacent skin, the result of direct irritation. Wearing of the sole to the quick from long journeys on hard roads ; curling in of over-grown walls on the sole on soft boggy pastures; wounds with sharp bodies like nails, glass,"^ etc. ; the accumulation and drying of clay or mud between the claws ; softening of tiie horn and irritation from standing on hot, reeking manure ; irritation of the skin around the coronets by iced water, etc. Symptoms w^ill vury according tc the form, but in a!i ':^* CONTAGIOUS FOOT-ROT. 387 there is lameness, often severe, the sheep getting down on its knees to feed, and an examination of the foot shows the nature of the injury. In the case of wounds with'nails, glass, etc., the heat of the hoof will show the injured one, and a slight paring will detect the wound if not the offending body. Treatment. — In case of a simple superficial rawness be- tween the claws, clean the part and touch with a feather dipped in a mixture of one part of sulphuric acid and three or four parts of water; or the surface may be smeared with tar and a bandage tied between the claws and around the pastern. In case of the formation of matter beneath the horn, the foreign body, if any, should be removed, the detached horn pared away until we reach that which is still connected with the quick, the surround- ing horn should be pared down to a thin edge and the sore covered with tar, with a few drops of sulphuric acid on the surface^ the whole being closely bound up in a bandage. In exceptional cases the severity of the inflam- mation may demand a poultice, over the surface of which a weak solution of sugar of lead may be poured. One tar dressing is often enough, but the foot should always be examined a few days after, and any hindrance to the healing process removed. Bad cases with fungous growths must be treated like similar cases in the horse. Sheep kept in low, soft pastures should have the hoof shortened by a knife or toe nippers at short intervals, to prevent injury to the sole. Contagious Foot-ROT presents symptoms resem- bling those of simple foot-rot^ but usually begins at the coronet, unless in the case of pre-existing sores, and tends to produce fungous growths of the skin around the margin of the hoof, and a degeneration of horn in some respects comparable to canker. It is mainly to be recog- nized by its spread in a flock as a sequence of contact with diseased animals, and without any sufficient cause in their management or in the dampness of the locality. Treatment does not differ materially from that of sim- ple foot-rot^ except that a preference must be given to 3S8 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. antiseptics in the selection of caustic dressings. Hydro- chloric acid reduced with thrice its bulk of water ; chloride of zinc I dr., water I pint ; carbolic acid ; butter of anti- mony, may be cited as examples. Much more miportant, however, is it to separate the sound from the diseased, and from contaminated pastures and buildings, and to thoroughly cleanse and disinfect the latter before they are again used for the shelter of the flocks (see Disinfec Hon). Foot-rot from Tuberculosis. — This is common m cattle and sheep, the disease commencing in the digital bones, which are enlarged with interstitial and surrounding deposit, leading to open sores, open joint and complete destruction of the member (see lubercu- losis). lir'JrZ^i — - ^> %B. . CHAPTER XX. DISEASED GROWTHS. ^3^ Jjmits of the present work forbid .uiy systematic descnp .on of the various degenerations of tissue (fa?ty! mineral amyloid, pigmentary, etc.,) and of the tumors o ZIX' ^^ ^^^^.y'^ °"'y ^^ "°t'^^d so far as to point out the principal distinctive characters of the mahVnant tumors or cancers, and the simple. i^iignant Simple Tumors are composed of elements like those previously existing at the same or some other part of the t/fl ^"^ul "°' 'r^ *° ^"-^^ surrounding structures nto their substance, but grow between thesS and push them aside ; usually they are surrounded by distinct sacs which separate them completely from sur^round?ng tis- sues except where the blood-vessels enter ; they do not tend to produce swellings in the nearest lymphatk from the ^Hr'°". °^ propagation of elements abso bed from the diseased mass, nor an unhealthy constitutional state~dyscrasia--tending to the formation of such dis eased masses in internal organs ; and their elements tei^d to be resolved mainly into fat or gelatine by bo 1 ng which shows there is little albumen in their structure Cancers, on the other hand, usually contain elements unlike any previously existing in the system. The pre ! ence of large cells each containing smaller ones (nude ) mits interior, and these still smaller nuclei (nucleolT) was at one time thought characteristic of cancer ad tiiough this cannot now be maintained, yet the abund ance o such cells, or of any cells, implying the growth the tumor s always highly suspicious^ These fumors have no clearly defined limit, nor limiting sac, butTrow n the natural structures, drawing them into the rsuT ance and transforming them into a cancerous mass Hence, a cancer near fhe «:nrfnoo ,..;i! „f^_.. , _ , . • pression at first by the drawing in of the kin. and in the (389) 390 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. mammary glands the drawing in of the teat is a most characteristic early symptom. They are hereditary, tending to appear in the offspring at the same age as in the parent. They lead to early and painful swelling of the adjacent lymphatic glands, of the internal lymphatic glands and of the spleen, and produce or aggravate the unhealthy constitutional state on which the deposition of cancer depends. If removed, there is a great liability to the formation of cancer in the same situation or some ot' ir, and especially if we fail to remove the whole organ in which the disease primarily appeared. They are more vascular, and grow faster without apparent cause (mechanical injury, exposure,) than simple tumors. Finally, they contain an excess of albumen, and the larger the proportion of albumen, of cells and granules, the more rapid is the growth and the more redoubtable the result. , . j The Hard Cancers (Scirrhus) are firm and crisp under the knife, and from the cut surface exudes a whitish fluid— cancer juice— containing the characteristic cells and granules. Soft or Brain-like Cancer is very soft and friable, bleeds freely when wounded, contains a great excess of cells and granules, and from its rapid growth pushes existing tissues aside so as to feel more circum- scribed. It is the cancer of the young and of particular organs, such as the eye, grows rapidly, opens early, ex- posing a raw, unhealthy, bleeding surface, and has a short and fatal course. It is often complicated by an extensive production of black pigment (melanotic can- cer). In Epithelial Cancer the morbid product consists mainly in epithelial cells, and it grows downward into the substance of the tissues as well as outward from the skin. It is slow to implicate adjacent lymphatic glands, or to produce a constitutional dyscrasia with internal de- posits, and hence its removal is much more frequently successful. Colloid Cancer is characterized by the forma- tion of a mucous or gelatinous liquid containing a kernel of granules and rounded simple or nucleated cells, en- closed in spherical cavities, surrounded by a delicate membranous stioma, made up of the former tissues oi TREATMENT OF TUMORS AND CANCERS. 391 the part. Osteoid Cancer of ivory-like hardness, with a vascular surface and interspaces, has not been observed in the lower animals. Treatment of Tumors. — Recent simple tumors, still largely cellular, may sometimes be removed by stimulat- ing embrocations, as iodine ointment or tincture, cam- phorated spirit, soap liniment, etc. Others may be greatly reduced or even entirely removed by the occa- sional injection into their substance, through a very fine needle-like tube, of discutients (weak solutions,of iodine). In cystic tumors the evacuation of the liquid through a fine cannula or needle-like tube, and the injection of a weak solution of iodine (one part of the compound tinc- ture and three parts water) will often succeed. But most frequently, and especially in old-standing tumors, resort must be had to the knife or to caustics. Excision with the knife is the quickest and usually the preferable mode, but in some dangerous situations caustic may be pre- ferred. Its employment is founded on the fact that it tends to eat away the diseased mass sooner than the healthy ; but this partial immunity of the sound tissues will not warrant the use of such agents as caustic potassa or soda, which quickly permeate all cell structures alike and destroy them. Nitrate of silver, chloride of zinc, sulphate of copper, ter-chloride of antimony, or the min- eral acids, are usually preferable. Protection against cold, ill-health arising from other sources, mechanical injuries and exposures to cold or wet are important ele- ments in treatment. For cancers, an early and extensive removal with the knife may be said to hold out the only hope. The whole organ in which the cancer grows should be cut out, as a rufe, to insure the removal of all diseased elements, and any interference is to be deprecated when the adjacent lymphatic glands are already enlarged. Attempts have been made to dissolve and remove cancers and other tumors with pepsin, and with consid- erable success, the agent virtually digestif. - \e diseased products with little pain, while the healthy ii^sues remain unafifectad. fll \ m : iMr*^' ACTION, DOSES, ETC., OF MEDICINES. To some readers a few words of explanation may bo necessary in order to the pi»oper understanding of th« drugs and their doses. I. EXPLANATION OF TERMS. Alteratives change in some unexplained way the con* ditions and functions of organs. Ancest/tetics deprive of sensation and suffering. Anodynes allay or diminish pain. Antacids are antidotes to acids. Anthelmintics kill or expel worms. Antiperiodics obviate the return of a paroxysm in periodic diseases. Antiseptics prevent, arrest or retard putrefaction. Antispasmodics prevent or allay crampr Aperients gently open the bowels. ArofJMtics, strong-smelling stimulants which dispel wind and allay pain. Astringents cause contraction of vital structures. Carminatives, warming stimulants (Aromatics). Cathartics freely open the bowels. Cholagogues increase the secretion of bile. Demulcents sheathe and protect irritated surfaces. Diaphoretics cause perspiration. Discutients dispel enlargements. Disinfectants destroy infecting matter. Diuretics increase the secretion of urine. Ecbolics cause contraction of the womb. Emetics induce vomiting. Expectorants increase the secretion from the air tubes. Febrifuges counteract fever — lower temperature. Narcotics allay pain and produce sleep. Parturients (Ecbolics^ Refrigerants diminish heat. (392) ACTION, DOSES, ETC OF MEDICINES. 393 Sedatives depress nervous power or lower circulation Soporifics induce sleep. Stimulants temporarily excite the nervous or circula- tory system. Sudorifics (Diaphoretics). Sialogogues increase the secretion of saliva. Stomachics improve digestion. Tonics gradually and permanently improve digestion and nutrition. Vermifuges kill and expel worms. 2. GRADUATION OF DOSES. The dose given may be held applicable to full-grown animals of medium size, therefore some allowance must be made in any case in which the patient exceeds or comes short of the average of his kind. A similar modi- fication must be made as regards young animals, not only on account of their smaller size, but also of their greater susceptibility. The following table may serve as a guide : HORSE,ETC. ox. SHEEP. SWINE. DOGS. 3 years. iK-3 " 9-1 8 m'ths 5-9 " i-S « 2 years. 1-2 " 6-1 2 m'ths 3-6 '• 1-3 " 1% years. 9-1 8 m'ths S-9 « 3-S " 1-3 " I s m'ths 8-15 " 6-8 " 3-6 " 1-3 " Yz year. 3-6 m'ths lYz-l " 20-45 days. 10-20 " I part. Y2 - % - 1-16- Allowance must also be made for a nervous tempera- ment, which usually renders an animal more impressible; for habit or continued use, which tends to decrease the susceptibility for individual drugs ; for idiosyncrasy, which can only be discovered by observing the action of the agent on the particular subject, and for the influence of disease, when that is likely to affect the action. Thus in most diseases of the brain and spinal cord, and in some impactions of the stomach, double the usual quantities of purgative medicine will be necessary, while in influenza i n Wi 394 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. and other low fevers half the usual dose may prove fatal. In acute congestion of the brain, stimulating narcoticsi (opium, belladonna, hyoscyamus,) would aggravate the symptoms, etc 3. FREQUENCY OF ADMINISTRATION. Anodynes, Antispasmodics, Narcotics, Sedatives and Stimulants may generally be repeated once in four or six hours in order to maintain their effect. Alteratives, Diaphoretics, Febrifuges, Refrigerants and Tonics may be administered twice daily. Purgatives should only be given when necessary, and should never be repeated until from the lapse of time we are assured that the first dose is to remain inoperative. Thus, unless in urgent need, a horse should not take a second dose of physic under thirty-six hours after the exhibition of the first, and in all cases, until the medicine has worked off, he should be kept at rest and allowed only warm bran mashes and water with the chill taken off. In ruminants a second dose may be ventured on in twelve or sixteen hours, and in carnivora and omnivora in from seven to ten hours. Emetics should be given in full doses and repeated in five or ten minutes if they fail to take effect, their action being further solicited by copious draughts of tepid water, and tickling of the back of the mouth with a feather. 4. THE BEST WA\ TO ADMINISTER MEDICINE. Drugs may often be given as powder or solution in the food or water ; they may be made into a soft solid with syrup and linseed meal, rolled into a short cylinder and covered with soft paper ; they may be converted into an effusion with warm or cold water, or into a de- coction by boiling ; or they may be powdered and sus- pended in thick gruel or mucilage. They may be given in a liquid form, from a horn or bottle ; or, as a short cylinder or pill, may be lodged over the middle of the root of the tongue ; or, as a sticky mass, they may be smeared on the back teeth ; or they may be given as an ACTION, DOSES, ETC., OF MEDICINES. 395 injection into the rectum ; or finally, in the case of cer- tain powerful and non-irritating agents, they may be injected under the skin. No agent should be given until sufficiently diluted to prevent irritation, if retained a few minutes in the mouth, and irritants that will not mix with water (oil of turpen- tine, croton oil, etc.,) should be given in a bland oil, in milk or in eggs, after having been thoroughly mixed. ii ^ II DRUGS AND DOSES. IFhen not otherwise stated, the doses for the horse may be. given to ox, au and mule, and those of the sheep to the goat and swine. EQUIVALENT. A tablespomiful is equal to half an ounce by measure; a dessertspoonful is equal to two fluid drachms ; a teasjwonful is equal to one fluid drachm ; a wincglassful is equal to one and a half fluid ounces. The surest way, however, to get the true quantity is to have the article measured by properly graduated weighs and measures. It will not^ hew- ever, he necessary to weigh each powder separately : thus, half a pound of ginger can I ' easily divided into ten or twelve equal parts with a knife, without the trouble of weighing each powder separately. AOKTio AOID, antidote to acids, cooling astringents : Horse 1 dr ; ox 2 dre ; ass 1 dr ; sheep 1 scr ; dog 2-8 drops. TiNOTURFi OF ACONITE, sedative, diaphoretic : Horse 20-30 drops ; ox 30-40 drops ; asH 15-20 drops ; sheep 3-5 drops ; dog 1-3 drops. Alcohol, stimulant, diuretic, narcotic : Horse 1-3 oz ; ox 3-6 oz ; ass 1 oz ; sheep 4 oz ; dog 2 drs. Locally cooling astringent. Brandy, whiskey and gin, stimulant, diuretic, narcotic : Horse 3-6 oz; ox 6-12 oz ; ass 2-5 oz ; sheep 10 oz ; dog 4 oz- Locally cooling astrin- gent. Strong ale, stimulant, diuretic, narcotic : Horse 1-2 pints ; ox 2-4 pts ; ass 1 pt ; sheep 4 P* i dog 2 oz. Locally cooling astringent. Barbadoes aloes, purgative : Horse 4 drs ; ass 3-4 drs ; dog 4 dr. Cape aloes, purgative : Horse 5 drs ; ass 4-5 drs. Alum, astringent : Horse 2-3 drs ; ox 3-4 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep 4-1 dr ; dog 4-1 .scr. Ammonia, liquid, diffusible stimulant, antispasmodic, antacid, diuretic: Horse 4 oz ; ox 4-1 oz ; ass 2-4 drs ; sheep J-l dr ; dog 10 drops. Locally blister. Aromatic ammonia, diffusible stimulant, antispasmodic, antacid, diuretic : Horse 1-2 oz ; ox 2-4 oz ; ass 1-2 oz ; sheep 4-1 oz ; dog 1 dr. Locally blister. Carbonate of ammonia, ditfasil»Ie stimulant, antispasmodic, antacid, diuretic : Horse 2-4 drs ; ox 4-6 drs ; ass 2 drs ; .sheep 4-1 dr ; dog 10-15 grs. Locally blister. Muriate of Ammonia, .stimulant, discutient, alterative, diuietic : Horse 2-4 drs ; ox 4-6 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep i-1 dr ; dog 20 grs. Locally cooling discutient. Acetate (5f ammonia, solution, diaphoretic, diuretic, stimulant: Horse 2-3 oz ; ox 3-4 oz ; ass 2 oz ; sheep 4-1 oz ; dog 2 drs. Anise-seed, stomachic, carminative : Horse 1 oz ; ox l-2oz ; ass 1 oz ; sheep 2-4 drs ; dog 1-3 scr. Antimony, tartarised (tartar emetic), emetic : Swine 5 grs ; dog 2-4 grs. Sedative, diaphoretic : Horse 2 drs : ox 2-4 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep 1-2 scr : swine i-1 gr : dog \-ii gr. Locally blister (396) ■ DRUGS ArD DOSES. 397 Amoa Ntrr, rermlfuge, teniafuge : Hone I ok ; ox 1 os ; ass 1 oz j sheep 8 drs ; dog |-1 dr. Arnica tincture, stimulant, diuretic : Horea 1 dr ; ox 1 dr ; ass 4 dr ; sheep 1 sor ; dog 10 drops. Locally cooling, soothing. Aesenio, alterative, nerve tonic : Horse 6 gra ; ox 6-8 grs • ass 8-6 gr» ; ^eep 1 gr ; swine i gr ; dog 1-12 gr. Locally caustic, p.irasiticide. AsAFOSTiDA, diffusible stimulant, carminative, vermifug*( : Horm 2 dlH ; ox 4 drs ; ass 1-2 dra ; sheep i-1 dr ; swine J dr ; dog 10-20 grs. AzEDARAOH, Vermifuge : Horse i-1 oz ; ox 1 oz ; ass 3-4 drs ; sh^ip 1-2 drs ; swine 1 dr ; dog 20 grs. Belladonna, anoKlyne, antispasmodic, narcotic : Horse 2 oz ; (>k 2 oz ; ass 1-2 oz ; sheep i oz ; dog 6 grs. Belladonna, extract, anodyne, etc. : Horse 2 drs ; ox 2-3 drs ; ass 1-2 drs ; sheep i dr ; dog 1-3 grs. Atuopia (alkaloid of Belladonna), anodyne, etc. : Horse 1-2 grs ; ox 1-2 grs ; ass 1 gr ; sheep ^ gr ; dog 1-16 gr. Balsam of Peru, stimulant, antispasmodic, expectorant : Horse 1 oz ; ox 1-14 oz ; ass (-1 oz ; sheep 2 drs ; dog 4 dr. Benzoin, stimulant, antispasmodic, expectorant Horse 1 oz ; ox 1-14 oz ; ass 4-1 oz ; sheep 2 drs ; dog 4 dr. Borax, nerve sedative, uterine stimulp-nt : Horse 2-6 drs ; ox 4*1 oz ; ass 2-4 drs ; sheep 4-1 dr ; swine i dr ; dog 6-10 grs. Locally astringent, parasiticide. Bismuth, subnitrate, soothes irritation of the stomach and bowels : Horse 2 drs ; ox 2-4 drs ; ass 1-2 drs ; sheep 20 grs ; swine 10-20 grs ; dog 5<10 grs. ZoccUly soothing, healing. Blackberry root, astringent : Horse 2-4 drs ; ox 4 oz ; ass 2 drs sheep 2 scr ; dog 4 scr. Blue-stone (copper sulphate). BoNESET, stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic : Horse 4-1 oz ; ox 1 oz ; ass 4 oz ; sheep 2-3 drs ; swine 2 drs ; dog 4-1 dr. Bromide or potassium, nerve sedative : Horse 2-4 drs ; ox 4 drs ; -^ss 2-8 drs ; sheep 4 dr ; dog 5-10 grs. BuoHU, stimulant, diuretic : Horse 4 dr? ; ox 4-1 oz ; ass 8 drs ; sheep 1 dr ; dog 10-20 grs. Buckthor.^t syrup, purgative : dog 4-1 oz. Calomel, purgative : Horse 1 dr ; ox 1-2 drs ; ass 1 dr ; swine 1 scr ; dog 8-4 grs. Alterative : Hoi-se 1 scr ; or. l-S scr ; ass 1 scr ; swiue 8-4 grs ; dog 4-1 gr- Camphor, calmative, antispasmodic : Horse 1-2 drs ; ox 2-4 drs ; ass 1 dr ; sheep 1 scr ; dog 3-10 grs. Gani'HARIDES, stimulant, diuretic : Horse 5 grs ; ox 5-10 grs ; ass 3-6 gra ; sheep 1-2 grs ; dog 4-4 gr. Locally blister. Capsicum, Cayenne pepper, stimulant, aromatic : Horse 2-3 drs ; ox 2-4 drs ; ass 1-2 drs ; sheep 1 scr ; swine 4-1 scr ; dog 2-5 grs. Locally irritant. Caraway seed, stomachic : Horse 1 oz ; ox x-2 oz ; ass 1 oz ; sheep 2-8 drs ; swine 2 Irs ; dog 1 scr. Cardamoms, stomachic : Horse 1 oz ; ox 1-2 oz ; ass 1 oz ; sheep 2-3 drs ; swine 2 drs ; dog 1 scr. Cascabilla, stimulant, bitter tonic : Horse 4-1 oz ; oz 1 oz ; ass 4-6 drs ; sheep 1 dr ; dog 10 gra. Carbolio acid, sedative anodyne, astringent, antisej-*^ic, disinfectant : Horse 4-1 dr ; ox 1 dr ; ass 4 dr ; sheep 10 drops ; dog 5 drops. 398 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. OAKTOR.oit^ purgative : Horse 1 pt ; ox 1-14 pt« ; «m 1 pt ; iheep d-4 OS ; dog 4-1 oz. Cateohu, (utringent : Horse 2-6 drs ; ox 3-8 dr« ; ass 2-8 drs ; sheep 1-2 drs ; dog 10-8(> grs. CuAMOMiLR, stimulant, toiiio : Horse 1 oz ; ox 1-2 os ; us 1 os ; sheep 2 drs ; dog 4 dr. Cherkt bark, wild, expectorant : Horse i oz ; sheep 2-3 scr ; swiue 2 scr ; dog 1 scr. Chloral-hydrate, sedative, antispasmodic : Horse 4 oz ; ass ^-4 oz ; sheep I dr ; dog 20 ■,'r8. Soporific : llorse 1 oz ; sheep 2-3 drs ; dog 4 dr. Chloroform, Htinuilnnt : Horse 1-2 drs ; ass 1 dr ; sheep 1 scr ; dog 6-10 drov . Anuesthctic. Cinchona, Peruvian bark, bitter tonic, antiseptic, antiperiodic : Horae 1-3 oz ; ass 1 oz ; sheep 2-4 drs ; dug 1 dr. Cinnamon, stomachic : Horse 4-6 drs ; ox i-1 oz ; ass 4-6 drs ; sheep 1-2 drs ; dog 10-20 grs. Cod-liver oil, tonic : Horse 4-6 oz ; ox 6-8 oz ; ass 4-6 oz ; sheep 1-2 oz ; dog 4 oz. CoLCHiouM, diuretic, sedative : Horse J-1 dr ; ox 1-2 drs ; ass ^ dr ; sheep 4 scr ; dog 2-8 gra. CoLOOYNTH, hitter purgative : dog 2-6 grs. COLUMBO, bitter tonic : Horse 4-6 drs ; ox 4-1 oz ; ass 2-3 drs ; sheep 4-1 dr ; dog 10 grs. CoNitJM, extract, sedative : Horse 1 dr ; or 1-2 drs ; a%s 4-1 dr ; sheep 10-16 grs ; swine 10 grs ; dog 2-5 grs. CoPAiVA, stimulant, diuretic, expectorant : Horse 2-4 drs ; ox 8-4 drs; ass 2-3 drs ; sheep 4-1 dr ; dog 10 drops. Copper, ammoniated, tonic, antispasmodic, astringent ; Horst 1-2 drs ; ox 1-2 drs ; ass 1 dr ; sheep 10-20 grs ; dog 1-5 grs. Copper; iodide, tonic, discutient . Horse 1-2 drs. Copper, bulphatk, tonic, astringent : Horse 4*1 dr ; ox 1-2 drs ; ass 4 dr ; sheep 10 grs ; dog 2-4 grs. Croton seeds, purgative : Horse 10-12 ; ox 16-20 ; ass 8-10 ; sheep 2-3 ; dog 1-2. Croton oil, purgative : Horse 15-20 drops ; ox 20-30 drops ; ass 12-18 drops ; sheep 5-8 drops ; dog 3-4 drops. Cueam of tartar, diuretic : Horse 1 oz ; sheep 4-6 drs ; dog 1 dr. Laxative : Horse 5 oz ; ox 6-8 oz ; ass 6 oz ; sheep 1-2 oz ; dog 4 oz. Dandelion extract, taraxacum, diuretic, 'laxative, bitter : Horse I-I4 oz ; ox 2 oz ; ass 1 oz ; sheep 3 drs ; dog 1 dr. Digitalis, sedative, diuretic : Horse 16-20 grs ; ox 4-1 dr ; ass 16 grs ; sheep 5-15 grs ; swine 2-10 grs ; dog 1-3 grs. Dover's powder, sedative, diaphoretic : Horse 3 drs ; ox 3-4 drs ; ass - irs ; sheep 2 scr ; swine 1 scr ; dog 2-4 grs. Ergot, checks bleeding, parturient : Horse 4-1 oz ; ox 1 oz ; ass 4 oz ; sheep 1-2 drs ; dog 4 dr. Ether, diffusible stimulant : Horse 1-2 oz ; ox 2-3 oz ; ass 1 oz ; sheep 4 oz ; swine 2-4 drs ; dog 1 dr. Fbnkel seed, stomachic : Horse 1 oz ; ox 1-2 oz ; ass 1 oz ; sheep 2-4 drs ; dog 4 dr. FiLix Mas., Extract, Male shield-fern, vermifuge, taniacide : Horse 1 oz ; sheep 4 ^^ ; "log 10-20 drops, Oalls, oak, astringent : Horse 4-6 djs ; oz 1-2 oz ; aw 4 drs ; sheep 4-1 Bcr; swine 1-2 scr ; dog 1-3 grs. DRUGS AND DOSES. 399 OALtK'aiid TAKNTO AOID, TANNIN astringent : Hone 1-8 ncr ; rsb 1'2 •cr ; clog 1 0-20 grs. Obntiak, bitter tonic : Home 4 drs ; oz 4*1 oz ; acs 4 drs ; sheep 1-3 dn; dog 10-20 grs. QiKO^iR, stimulant, stomachic : Horse 1 os ; ox 2 oz ; ass (-I oz ; sheep 1-2 oz ; swine 2 drs ; dog 2 scr. Olacber salts (hoda sulphate). Henbane, Hyosoyamuh, kxtract, sedative, antisppsmodic : Horse 2 drs ; ox 2-4 drs ; ass 1-2 drs ; sheep 4-1 dr ; swine ( dr ; dog 5 grs. Hemp, Indian, EXTnA( i, Rntispnsmodic, soporific, narcotic: Horse 4-1 dr ; ass 4 dr ; sheep 10-15 grs ; swine 6-10 grs ; dog 1-2 grs. Hydkooyanio acid (pkussio). loDiNB, alterative, discuticiit : Horse 10-20 gra ; ox 20-30 grs ; as« 10 grs, sheep 5 10 grs ; swine 5 grs ; dog 1-2 grs. Iodide of potassium, alterative, diuretic : Horse J-1 df; ox 1-2 drs ; ass i dr ; sheep 8 scr ; sv.in« 1-2 scr ; dog 1 scr. Ipecacuanha, emetic, sedative: Swine 1-2 drs ; dog 16-20 grs. Dia- phoretic, expectorant : Swine ( dr ; dog 3-6 grs. .Talap, purgative : Swino 1-2 drs ; dog J-l dr. Iron, peroxide, tonic : Horse 2-4 drs ; ox 4 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep 1 dr ; dog 6-10 grs. Antidote to arsenic. Iron, bulphatb, tonic : Horse 2-4 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep 1 dr ; swine i dr ; dog 2-6 grs. Iron, carbonate, tonic : Horse 2-4 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep 1 dr ; swine 4 dr ; dog 2-5 grs. Iron, iodide, tonic, discutient ■ Horse 4-2 drs ; ox 1 2 drs ; ass 4-1 dr ; sheep 16-30 grs ; swine 10-20 grs ; dog 1-8 grs. Iron, tincture of muriate, astringent, checks bleeding : Horse 4-1 oz ; ox 1-2 oz ; aas 4 oz ; olieep 4-1 dr; swina 10-30 drops ; dog 5-10 drops. Kino, astringent : Horse 4 oz ; ox 4-1 oz ; ass 2-4 drs ; sheep 1-2 drs ; swine 4-1 dr; do^^ 10 grs. Kousso, vermifuge : Sheep 2-3 oz ; dog 1 oz. Laudanum (opium). Lead, acetate (sugar of lead), astringent, sedative : Horse 1-2 scr ; ox 2-3 scr ; ass 1 scr ; sheep 10-16 grs ; dog 2-5 grs. Lime-water, antacid, astringent : Horse 4-6 oz ; ox 4-8 oz ; ass 4 oz; sheep 1 oz ; dog 1 dr. Lime, carbonate, chalk, antacid, astringent : Horse 1-2 oz ; ox 2-4 oz ; ass 1 oz ; sheep 2-4 drs ; dog 8-12 grs. Lime, chloride, chlorinated, checks tympany, disinfectant : Horse 2-4 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep 1-2 drs. Linseed oil, laxative : Horse 1-2 pts ; ox 1-2 qts ; ass 1 pt ; sheep 4 pt. Lobelia, sedative, antispasmodic, expectorant : Horse 1-2 drs ; ox l-.S drs ; ass 1 dr ; sheep 15 grs ; swine 5-16 grs ; dog 1-6 grs. Magnesia, antacid, laxative, antidote to arsenic : Horse 1-2 oz ; ox 2-4 oz ; sheep 1 oz. Magnesia, sulphate, Epsom salts, laxative : ox 1-2 lbs ; sheep 4-6 oz. Mallow, demulcent : Freely. Mentha piperita (peppermint). Mercury with chalk, hydrarorum cum creta, antacid, laxative : Calf 10-ii grs ; dog 5-10 gis. Mercurial pill, blue pill, laxative ; dog 6 grs. iiii 400 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. Horse 1 dr ; ox 2 drs ; rj« 1 MeKCURT, SUBOHLORmE (o/ '.OMEL). Muriatic acid, hydrochlurio acid, tonic, astringent, caustic, iytin- fectant : Horse 1 dr ; ox 2 drs ; ass 1 dr ; sheep 20 drops ; dog 2-5 drops. Myrrh, stinijilant, tonic : Horse 2-4 drs ; ox 4-6 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheca 1-2 drs ; dog 16-20 grs, ' Nitre (potassa nitrate). Nitric acid, tonic, astringent, caustic dr ; sheep 20 drops ; dog 2-5 drops. Nux VOMICA, nerve stimulant, tonic : Horse 10-30 grs ; ox 20-40 grs ; ass 10-20 g.'s ; sheep 5-16 grs ; dog ^-3 grs. Oak bakk, astringent : Horse 1 oz ; ox 2-4 oz ; ass ] oz ; sheep 4 di« ; swine 2-3 drs ; dog 1-2 drs. Olive oil, laxative : Horse 1-2 pts ; ox 2-3 pts ; •« 1 pt ; sheep 3-6 oz ; dog 1-3 oz. Opium, narcotic, iaedative, anodyne, artispasmodic : Horse ^-2 drs ; ox 2-4 drs ; ass J-l dr ; sheep 10-20 grs ; dog 4-3 grs. Opium, tincture, laudanum, narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmo. die : Horse 1-2 oz ; ox 2 oz ; ass 4-1 oz ; sheep 2-3 drs ; dog 15-30 drops. Morphia, muriate, narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic: Horse 3-5 grs ; ox 5-10 grs ; ass 3 grs ; sheep J-l gr ; dog ^-J gr. Peppermint, oil, stomachic, antispasmodic : Horse 20 drops ; ox 20-30 diops ; ass 20 drops ; sheep 5-10 drops ; swine 5 drops ; dog 3-5 drops. Peruvian bark (cinchona). Pepper, black, white, stomachic, stimulant : Horse 2 drs ass 2 drs ; sheep 1-2 scr ; dog 6-10 grs. Pimento, stomachic, stimulant : Horse 2 drs ; ox 8 drs ; sheep 1-2 scr ; dog 6-10 grs. Podophyllin, purgative, sedative: Horse 1-2 drs ; ox 2 drs sheep 10-20 grs ; swine 6-8 grs ; dog 1-2 grs. Pomegranate koot bark, vermifuge : Horse 1 oz ; ox 1-2 oz ; ass 1 oz ; sheep 2-3 drs ; swine 1-2 drs ; dog 20-30 grs. Potassa acetate, antacid, diuretic, diaphoretic : Horse 6-8 drs ; ox 1 oz ; ass 4-6 drs ; sheep 1-2 drs ; dog 10-20 grs. J'otassa nitrate, diuretic, febrifuge : Horse 6-8 drs ; ox 1 oz ; ass 4-6 drs ; sheep 1-2 drs ; dog 10-20 grs. Potassa bicarbonate, antacid, diuretic : Horse 6-8 drs ; ox 1 oz ; asi 4-6 (Irs ; sheep 1-2 flrs ; dog 10-20 grs. Potassa ohlobats, stimulant, diuretic, refrigerant, antiseptic : H 1-1 drs ; ass 1-2 drs ; sheep 20-40 grs ; dog 5-16 grs. Potassium iodide (iodine). Potassium bromide, nerve sedative : Horse i oz ; ass 2-4 drs ; sheep 2 drs ; swine 1 dr ; dog 20 grs. Potassium cyanide, sedative, antispasmodic : Horse 1-2 grs ; ox 2 grs ; ass 1-2 grs ; sheep -J gr ; dog i-| gr. Prunus Virginiana (wild cherry). Prussic acid, sedative, antispasmodic : Horse 20-30 drops ; ox 30-4(t drops ; ass 15-20 drops: sheep 5-8 drops ; swine 6 drops ; dog 1-3 drops. Pumpkin seeds, vemiifuge, taeniafuge : Dog i oz. QuiNiA, SULPHATE, bitter tonic : Horse 20 grs ; ox 20-30 grs ; ass 16-20 grs ; sheep 6-10 grs ; swine 5-10 grs ; dog 2-6 grs. Rhubarb, laxative, tonic : Horse 1 oz ; ox 2 oz ; ass 1 oz ; 'sheep 1 dr ; dog 20 grs. REsiNi diuretic '• Horse 4-6 drs ; ox 4-1 0JB5 ass 4-6 drs ; dieep 2-4 drs ■ swine 2 dr« ; dog ?0-80 gi-s. ox 3 drs ; ass 2 drs ; ass 1 dr : DRUGS AND DOSES. 401 Horse 1-2 o« ; ass 1 oz : sheep 2-6 Horse 4-6 drs ; ox 4-8 drs ; asa Soap, diuretic, antacid, laxative drs ; swine 2-4 dia ; dog 20-60 grs. Soda, bicarbonate, antacid, diuretic 4 drs ; sheep 1-2 drs ; dog 5-30 grs. Soda, sulphite, bisulphite, hyposulphite, antiseptic, disinfectant, alterative, relieves tympany : Horse 1 oz ; ox 2-3 oz ; ass 1 oz ; sheep 2-6 drs ; swine 2-4 drs : dog 20-60 grs. Soda sulphate (glauber salts), purgative : Horse 1-li lbs : ox 1-2 lbs ; ass i-1 lb ; sheep 6 oz. Sodium, chloride (common salt), tonic, vermifuge, purgative : Horse 1-3 oz ; ox 2-4 oz ; ass 1 oz ; sheep 2-4 drs ; swine 1-3 drs ; dog 10-30 grs ass 4 Horse -J-l oz ass 20-80 grs 0x6-8 Santonin, wormseed, semen contra, vermifuge drs ; shetip 2-4 drs ; swine 1-3 drs ; dog 10-60 grs. Squill, diuretic, expectorant : Horse -J dr ; ox i-1 dr sheep 10-15 grs ; dog 1-5 grs. Silver, nitrate (lunar caustic), nerve tonic : Horse 5 grs grs ; ass 2-4 grs ; sheep 1-2 grs ; dog J-^ gr. « Spanish flies (cantharides). Spioeli A, vermifuge : Horse ^-1 oz ; ox 1-2 oz ; ass i-1 oz ; sheep 2-4 drs ; swine 2-8 drs ; dog 1 dr. Strychnia, nerve tonic : Horse 1-2 gm ; ox 1-3 grs ; ass 1 gr ; sheep i-1 gr ; swina J gr ; dog 1-40 l-lO gr. Sulphur, expectorant, diaphoretic : Horse 3-4 oz ; ox 5-6 oz ; ass 3 oz ; sheep 2 oz ; swiue 14-2 oz ; dog 2-8 drs. Laxative, alterative : Horse 1 o« ; ox 1-2 oz ; ass 1 oz ; sheep 6 drs ; swine 4-6 drs ; dog ^-1 dr. Paras- iticide. Sweet spirits ok nitre, spirit of nitrous ether, stimulant, anti- spasmodic, diuretic, diaphoretic: Horse 1-2 oz ; ox 8-4 oz : ass 1 oz ; sheen 8-6 drs ; dog 4-2 drs. ' Stramonium, narcotic, sedative : Horse 20-30 grs ; 15-SO grs ; sheep 5-10 grs ; .swine 4-6 grs ; dog 2 grs. Sulphuric acid, tonic, refrigerant, caustic : Horse 1 ass 1 dr; sheep 4 dr; .swine 20 drops; dog 5-10 drops. Tobacco, sedative, antispasmodic, vermifuge : Horse 4 ass 4 drs ; sheep 1 dr ; swiue i dr ; dog 5-6 grs. Tar, expectorant, antiseptic : Horse J-1 oz ; ox ^-2 oz Turpentine oil, stimulant, antispasmodic, diuretic ; ox 1-1 dr dr ; ox 2-4 drs drs ; ox 4-6 drs ass I-I4 oz ; ass ^ oz ; sheep 1-2 drs ox 2-3 oz ; ass 1-2 oz swine 1 dr sheej) 4 drs sheep 4 oz. Horse 1-2 oz ox dog i dr. Vermifuge swine 2-3 drs ; dog 1-2 Horse 2 oz dn. Valerian, diffusible stimulant, antispasmodic, vermifuge : Horse 2 oz • ox 2-4 oz ; ass 2 oz ; sheep i oz ; swine 2-3 drs ; dog 1-2 drs. ' Valerianate of iron, nerve tonic : Dog 4-5 drs. Veratrum, sedative ; Horse 1 so/ ; ox ^-I dr ; aBs i-1 scr ; sheep 5-10 ^rs ; swine 5-8 grs ; dog 2 grs. Wild cherry bark, expectorant: Horse 1 oz; ox li oz ; ass oz • sheep 3 dr.s ; dog 30 grs. ' Zinc carbonate, astringent, tonic : Horse 2 di-s ; ox 2-4 drs ; sheep 4-1 dr ; swine h dr ; dog 10-15 grs. Zinc, sulphate, astringent, tonic : Horse 1-2 drs ; ox 2-3 dr ; sheep 15-30 grs ; swine 10-20 gra ; ; 2-?. grs. Emetic grs to 1 dr ; dog 8-15 grs. drs ass 2 drs ; ass 1 : Hwine H 402 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. BLISTERING, ETC. As an example of a simple bliste for the horse, the following may be given : Powdered Cantharides - - 2 drs. Camphor - _ - . 5 grs. Oil of Lavender - - - 10 drops. Lard i oz. Mix thoroughly. When applying it, first cut the hair from the part, then rub the ointment well in with the palm of the hand and against the direction of the hair, for four or five minutes. The animal should be tied short to a, high rack or otherwise prevented from reach- ing the blistered surface with his lips until it is well raised. Then the application may be washed off with soap suds and the part smeared daily with lard. The blister should not be repeated until the effects of the first have passed off. For cattle, yi oz. oil of turpentine or 10 grs. tartar emetic may be added to the above blister. For pigs, cantharides and turpentine may be used alone, I of the former to 4 of the latter. For dogs and sheep, equal parts of strong aqua ammonia and olive oil may be used and rubbed in as often as may seem requisite. » TRA Preiiidic original. ' the horse fo up. To aa.y In treat culties un( that we ai having ma ways of th cry "hum We are al many intel whose biisi arising fror quent dami men or unc •Prof. Boc yet tried, wa the pubh'c wi private schoc For a few lea exacted a pro he wrote out first time, to which he chai VcUriiUirjf A 2i 'f EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF THE HORSE BT Prof. A. H. ROCKWELL* CHAPTER XXL Preindice against "horse trainers." This •vstem of -,1n«-«« v origmal Tried and found to be valuabi iSwrfl fiSf T^ ^"T the horse fo low yon. To add stvl« T« f«o^ if- i ," .^ ^® ™*^« In treating upon this subject we are well aware of the diffi- that we are quite apt to excite the prejudices of men who having managed horses to a considerable extent, anT havfnJ cT'humbT.''l" with which they are satiafied arriike,;"^ cry humbug to any idea which to them is new and straLe We are a^so aware that there already exists in thTmlnds rf many mt^ l,gent persons a settled opposition to all profSnaJs whose business is pretending to improve the Horse-an opZiS ammg from the many failures among that class, and the conse quent damage done to their animals by being handled by such men or under their instructions. We have no reason to expect he wrote out his system of Horse Education, and we a e now ile lo/S^ first tirae, to (^ve it to the public {with all its secrete and m.-Jl' ^^^ which he charged «10) free with each copy of SJ'tH n^l^> ^ij^ r sieramrjf Adviser." ""~ '"'^/tcr* 25 Uoi^ Mi. il lii II 404 THE FARMER S VETERINARY ADVISER. that we can obliterate these prejudices entire! j' ; hut we hav» faith to believe that if we are given a careful hearing, and our advice put into practice, we shall do much to improve the opin- ions of the people upon the subject of the '^Education of the Horse." We do not expect to improve their opinion of " Hoi-se- Taming." It may be of some service, but, in common with thousands of others, we fail to see it. The distinction betwewi taming and educating is clear and positive, and can not be gain- sayed by even the most careless observer. We think we have made this sulfif^iently clear, but desire to impress the point, as it is on account of the " Horse- T'amera" that the existing pre- judiees have mainly arisen. We have devoted our lives to the investigation and study of this subject, and whether our efforts have been of any value to the public or not, we are certain of having had a very extensive experience with horses. We do not by any means claim to be infallible, but we speak of this to satisfy the public that ours is no system picked up in a day, but that it is the result of inces- sant lab&f for yearn. Of one thing we ca7i assure the public, that, whether the ideas we advance are original with ourselves, or whether they are ideas of others adapted to our system, neither are recommended without first having been put thorough- ly to the test by actual personal experience. We advise no plan which we have not successfully tried, and found to be valuable. There is a certain moral responsibility resting upon the author of works of this nature, which is embarrassing to a high degree. The rules which he sets forth are sometimes deviated from with- out the knowledge of the operator himself — either from his not clearly understanding the meaning, or from his having too loose- ly scanned the printed instructions — and the desired result is not reached. This leads to a distrust of the system. Occasion- ally, too, circumstances may arise in the handling of the horse which no foresight could have provided against, and if the operator does not find in the book a remedy for his difficulty he lays it asi 1p in disgust. Nevertheless we submit our work, con- fident of being able to be of some public service. In the education of the pleasure-horse there are many points ' f value to which allusion might be made, which the limits of thiS work will not permit. We shall, however, touch upon those of the most importance in every-day use. Bear in mind that, to make the lessons which we are about to give effectual, it will be necessary to give one or two lessons each day, for a few days, imtil the Labi- «tf obedience is ccifirmed. Before proceeding icdii irom t THE ROCKWE/X BRIDLE. 405 The Rockwell Bridle and How to M\kw it tk;= tno rings of the bit m a vice, and press it flat-wise until a rin^ of the same size will slip over and on the hit tjH ", -""^ tie one end to the near-side ring of the bit ms« Vh. ^,u^ J under the jaw through the o/side riL of fhe b,> th K '"'^ upon the rope you wTnereeiye that^'l.» ?°^' "" ^°'' '.'^ ™ ring, which 'are'attachedrratp otrThe'nL and'n'r fn^f^Ti^^^^'' '^^'^ ^^^^= '^'^ ^oi^r^ow You.— To cause him «« «om u,a i.».d,giye him a few .hort quiet kde^ili't^ A 4o6 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. the right and left, then taking quickly hold of the rope farthtsi toward the end, as you step back say decidedly, " Come h«M sir !" If he comes forward, caress him ; if he does not come, give him a pull with a sideways tendency, and repeat the at- tempt to have him come forward, until he does come ; then start off either to the right or left, with the rope slackened ; if he does not follow you, give him more pulls sideways and try him again. With an ordinary horse, you can teach the lesson in teu minutes, so as to be followed by him when you are near the head. Step partially behind him, lay the rope along his back, and say, " Come here sir !" He will not be likely to do it, he- cause he has only been taught to go forward at the words. To teach him to follow you in this direction, you will then chirrup to start him, repeating the words. If he comes, caress him ; if he does not come, or moves in the wrong direction, pull upon the " Bridle," caressing him as he obeys. The same rule will apply to any direction in which you wish him to follow you. It is qu^to necessary to teach the horse this habit, as it is the foundation of many others, and is one of the most valuable which the horse can posesss. To teach him, for your amusement, to follow you when en- tirely loose, put on the near fore-foot the long foot-strap, »nd place on him a girth; pass the strap under the girth, and, holding the end in your hand, step away from him ; then step toward him, and if he attempts to step away from you, pull up on the strap and say, " Whoa !" If he stops, step up and caress him ; repeat until he will allow you to step up to him without moving away. Now take a short blunt whip in your right hand, and the strap in your left, standing by his side ; pass your right arm over the withers and gently touch him on the ofF-side of the head ; if he starts to move off, pull on the strap and say, " Whoa !" When he turns his head, caress him, gradually with the whip forcing him to turn his head around toward you ; when he will do this every time you put the whip over, you may re- move the foot-strap, and practice him in the lesson until he will come to you every time you lay the whip across his neck ; then put on the foot-strap again, put your whip in the same position, and hit him in the same place quite hard, at the same time saying, " Come here, sir !" After a little he will be very prompt ; then place him in a comer and step off at a distance of eight or ten feet and say, " Come here, sir !" If he comes caress him ; if he does not come, hit him gently on the breast with a long whip 'f he will pefijaf": struggle to get away, sad if HOW TO ADD STYLE TO THE HORSE. 407 to get out of the corner, pull upon the str^p. When he faces you, step up to him and caress him, placing him back in the comer, and repeat ; if he finally shows a disposition to follow step back claxingly, and when he stops, caress him ; at each further repetition use the words, " Come here,! sir !" at each motion of the whip ; in this way he will soon learn to follow you at the word, if you have a whip in your hand. Don't take him out of doors to practice until he is quite perfect, and then beginning in small yards and alone. How TO Add Stile to the Horse.— Take a common three- strand cotton rope, manufactured of as fine material as you can procure, about three-eighths of an inch in diameter, very stron" and about ten feet in length. Tie a knot at each end— an ordi- nary hard knot with the end passed through the tie Ucice instead of once IS proper— slipping it down close to the end. A knot thus tied will not untie ; a single tie is in danger of slipping out. About the middle of the rope tie a common bow-knot not drawing it tight, however ; pass the opposite end through the loop of the bow-knot, barely passing the knot at the end^of the rope through the bow ; then pull the bow out as you would to untie It, drawing the rope through the place occupied by the bow, and then draw the knot tight. You -.vill thereby form a loop at one end of the rope, of the proper size to go over a horse s neck. Standing by the near-side of the horse, near the neck, take the large loop in both hands, pass it over the head and well down on to the neck, the same as a collar is put on. Ihis loop should be of a eize to fit the neck closely, when in that position. Pass the end from front to back through bet' een the rope and the neck ; then place the running loop thus made m the mouth, back of the bridle-teeth, and draw upon the rope rhis will cause the rope to slide through the mouth. Now step in front of him with the rope in your right hand ; give him a gentle pull, raising your hand ; you will observe that this is a powerful and effectual means of checking up the horse By a repetition of this for a few times he will become accustomed to raising his head gracefully at each gentle pull upon the halter and through the control you have acquired over his mouth' W hen you pull up on the lines to drive him, he remembers his lesson, and will need no check-rein to exhibit r le in the head and neck. If he is inclined to put out his nose, r,ull down on the bridle, CsregRing him as he yields freely to the pull ; then put on tha N .i^tS' 408 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. martinj,'ale8, having them rather short, and drive him thus for a number of weeks. After the habit of curving the neck is formed, then apply the rope, and teach him to hold his head and neck up by the upward pull, leaving off the martingales.* You can as well have a shoioij horse as an awkward one. How TO Make THE Horse Lie Down. — Take a short foot-strap, standing on the near-side with your right hand throw it over the back, and with your left hand bring it under and tie it to the near fore-foot ; tie a knot in the bridle-rein on the back of the neck ; with your right hand, pulling over the back, pull up the near fore-foot under him just back of the forelegs; with your left hand hold firmly upon the bridle rein near the head ; if ho attempts to jump, pull him around towards you a few times. He will soon cease his efforts to escape, when you will ease up and caress him, never letting loose, however, while he is struggling to get away ; pull upon the strap as before, and with your left jiand pull upon the bridle rein near the knot on the neck so as to turn his head from you ; then gently but firmly bear down on his back with your right hand until he conies down upon his knees ; shift the left hand so as to pull his head toward you, and crowding against him, hold him firmly until he lies dov/n, caus- ing him to lie down from you ; pull his head well up toward you and step over him ; pass the end of the foot-strap which is in your right hand through the ring of the bridle-bit, and pull the head up and over, and hold it. He cannot get up while in this position. Hold him thus a short time, and pulling the strap out of the bridle-bit, and stepping away say, ** Get up ! " and crack a whip or chirrup. This process does not injure the knees, and after a few times repeated he will lie down readily ; then pull up the foot with the strap as before, and whip liim across the knees until he kneels and lies down. Practice with this will accustom him to lie down at the motion of the whip. How TO Educate the Horse to Sit Up. — When the horse is lying down, as in the previous illustration, take a long foot-p^rap, and passing the centre of it over his neck, bring the end bet\vcen his fore-legs, and pulling him flat on his side, fetch his hind-legs well up under him, and tie them with the end of the foot-strap, then saying " Sit up ! " as he attempts to rise, use all your strength in pushing back on the bridle. He will come into a sitting posture. This repeated sufficiently often will teach him to sit up in the same manner, without the use of. the strap, at the word of comm'-iuda ink TO TEACH A HORSE TO BOW AND KISS YOU. 409 How TO Make a Horsr Sat No.— Stand by your horse near the shoulder, holding a pin in your hand, with which prick him lightly on the withers, and to drive away which he will shake his head. Then caress him, and repeat until he will shake his head at the motion of your hand toward his withers. How TO Teach a House to Bow and Kiss You.— Stand as before, and with a pin in your fingers prick him lightly in the breast, as if a fly was biting him. He will bring down his head to relieve himself of the supposed bite. You will caress him and repeat. If he looks or acts cross, scold him. He will soon nod each time you put your hand toward his breast. Now place an apple, or some dainty for the horse, upon your cheek, and holding It toward him, say, " Kiss me." He will take the apple from your face. Repeated, he will put forth his mouth when you turn your cheek toward him and say, " Kiss me." You may, when the lessons are perfect, say to the horse, " Will you kiss me ? " and cause him to bow ; then turning your cheek and saymg, " Kiss me ! " he will kiss you. PROF. ROCKWELL'S SYSTEM OF BREAKING UP BAD HABITS AND VICES OF THE HORSE. CHAPTER XXII The mouth the controling influence. The " bridle" a powerful influ- ence. The oveidittw check. To break a horse from kicking while hampsa- ing, grooming or shoeing. Balking. Pulling at halter. Bridle pulling. Bad to back. * * Having already made sufficient allusions to explain our theory and \ oactice, with the reasons therefor, we proceed to our les- sons upon tlie habits of the horse. In these there is frequently u.so for the •* Eockwell Bridle," and as it would occupy too much space at each allusion thereto to give the manner of its use, wo refer the reader to the explanations under its proper heading. "We here take occasion to allude to a fact in connection with the use of this " Bridle," which if properly understood and ap- preciated will be valuable to the operator. The seat of the main means for exercising a controlling influence over the horse is the mouth. Get a governable mouth, and your mastery over the animal is more than half accomplished. All horses with bad habits have bad mouths, and you must give a practical force to the theory that it is the mouth to which you are to apply your governing forces, before you have succeeded in gaining a right to ask the horse to obey your will. Having governed, we may then proceed to teach, but not till then. Eemember that for every habit there must be a separate application, and while this " Bridle " (which is so effective in controlling the mouth) is used in only one way, there are as many different meanings to be attached to its use as there are different habits to be cured, or lessons to be taught. Its use, therefore, prepares the mouth and head for the common bridle to carry into effect what is so well begun, and to give practice until the bad habit is broken up or the desired new one rendered permanent. The " Bridle," to accomplish so much good, must of course be a powerful instrument, and caution must be observed not to use it to such an excess as to excite the animal to anger. The overdraw check is another implement which we find very serviceable in connec tion with breaking up the bad habits of the horse, (410) THE OVERDRAWN CHECK. 4,, Tun Overdraw Cnsoi akd How to Maii, Tt xi.„ l.on,e8 are addicted to the habit of carrviM a Wk JT'~. • '' the head up and ,low„, curving the „7r/„ "aa tintelre 3 tZ^l^ "■"'' """""'"i "PWly, etc., for remed; „rwh cJ there are many resorts ; but the rea,^^ „„^ „^5, ^J^^^^ iuue a themseivea aiterward when he is in h •y may develop igh feed aud fine spirits, II ii ii 1 n: i. 4I4 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. There are other methods of accomplishing the same ends which we have used, but those we mention we consider the best. Among those we have discarded is one of putting a strap around the neck, and attaching the strap from the hind legs to that, instead of a halter. We are informed that some person is lately pretending to have a patent upon this plan ; but we used it years ago, until we had learned better modes. KiCKBBS WHILE Harnessino. — Put Oil a ** Eockwell Bridle," and give him a few sharp pulls, and, standing by his shoulder, draw it up vei-y tight, tying it with a half-hitch. Under all circumstances keep hold of the end of the " bridle " when it is thus tied, to be enabled at any moment to pull out the tie if occasion requires. In this position you need not fear his kick- ing. Put on the harness quidtly, being particular in handling that portion of the harness in the rear very gently. Few peo- ple understand why a horse kicks while being harnessed. The reason is simply this : he tirst kicked from being hurt by the harness being thrown too heavily upon hiin, or from some other injury or careless movement. Upon kicking he has probably been struck with a pitchfork or some other handy weapon. The horse, as far as he has any idea on the subject, gets the idea that you strike him because he does not kick hard enough, and he tries to satisfy you by kicking with all his might. AVith a motion of our whip we can make our horse Tiger kick without fail, because we have taught him this. It is teaching the same thing to the horse when you strike him, and he soon learns his lesson so well that he will kick at the motion of taking up the harness. He has learned to associate the harness with injury to himself, and he supposes kicking is what you want ; conse- quently, the harder you strike the harder he will kick To teach him a different lesson, you must place him in a position where he cannot kick, and proceed to handle him gently. Now ease up on the rope and caress him. If he is so bad that the feeling of the harness then induces him to kick, before he can do so, if possible, pull up sharply upon the " Bridle." A f ( w quick pulls will divert his attention to his mouth, and he will begin to find that nothing hurts him in the rear, and he will Rtop trying to kick. Loosen upon the rope and lead him around ; perhaps half an hour may be necessary before he becomes per- tectly reconciled ; then remove the harness. Put on the " Bridle " every time you harness or unharness him for the first lew days. You will perceive a manifest improvemeat by TO BREAK A HORSE FROM KICKING. 415 time and you may now give practice to the lesson by putting on the head-staU first when harnessing, hooking the check-rein into the check-hook before putting oh the harness ; then, if he shows signs of kicking, you will gently pull on the check, which, reminding him of the " Rockwell Bridle," will cause him to hold up his head and forget his other troubles ; as you gently put the harness on the back and proceed to buckle the crouper, you have the same control by means of the back- strap. Keep this up until you are satisfied of there being no tarther need of this precaution, being watchful in putting him into the thills, etc., that he is not hit hard or unnecessarily excited. Save him very carefully groomed and handled. A horse that is not a very bad kicker will probably be broke with much less trouble than we have alluded to— the lesson we give m this, as well as other cases, being adapted to the worst ones. To Break a Horsk prom Kiokinq while Grooming.— A patient and careful man is best calculated to cause a change of this habit. The horse with this habit is always afflicted with too much nervousness, augmented frequently by heedless hand- ling. Put on the "Eockwell Bridle," and treat him the same as the 'kickers while harnessing," drawing it up tight and tying. Then take a currycomb and commence currying him upon the neck, gradually approaching the places where he is tender, when you will very softly and gently pass the curry- comb over the places. Ee wiU not be able to kick, and will stand tolerably still. After two or three timesj currying you may proceed without the "Bridle" being drawn up tight, but as you approach the tender places give him a slight pull, having the end of the rope held in your hand for that purpose, and each time he cringes or shows signs of kicking, pull up suffi- ciently to attract his attention to the head, and curry with a lighter hand. Convincing him that he is not to be hurt soon allays his nervous fears, and he will yield to your control. If the habit is just being formed, apparently pay no attention to the horses movements, but be sure that your currycomb does not hurt him. To Curb a IIorse prom Kiokino and Striking Whim Shoeing.- -The blacksmith should always use every precaution necessary to protect his life while shoeing strange horses, and if there are any signs of viciousness, should at ov.o.p take iteps for his own protection, proceeding according to instruc- 1 1 n ^ il t \ n i : i 1 i n , a g \ ' u II i f mi 4i6 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. tioiis in the followirij:; lesson, as far as his judgment wama him is necessary. The rules we give are to apply to the worst and most vicious animals. Take hold of the halter- stale within a foot or two of the head ; with yourleft hand pull his head toward you on the near-side, and, by a rapid motion with your right, catch firndy hold of the tail, and instantly comnionco whirling him around, pulling the head toward you. Whirl him three or four times around and stop, stepping quickly up to the head ; before he has had time to got over his confusion and dizziness, repeat the whirling opera- tion, and while he is still laboring under the eflects of the whirl, strap up his near fore-leg ; put on the " Rockwell Bridle," and step out in front of him. There is no danger now of him striking you. Use him sharply with the " Bridle," pulling earnestly and vigorously to and fro, and leading him around on three legs, until you are confident that you have completely dis- couraged liiin. So(! that the cord is well down on the neck, and draw up tightly on the rope and tie with a half-hitch. Never keep the head tied down in this manner more than two or three minutes at a time. If you are not through, loosen up and tie again. Take a hammer and strike a few times upon the foot which is strapped up, at the same time handling it. When he grows quiet lot down the foot and take up the off fore-foot, by throwing the webbing over the neck, tying it, and drawing up ; then hammer that foot in the same manner until he allows you to hold it without trying to get away, then let it down. This will do for horses which strike while being shod forward, pro- vided, the "bridle" is kept drawn tight. For kickers, an addi- tional" precaution is required. Take the " short foot-strap," tie it around the near hind leg, about six inches above the fetlock (where the blacksmith usually takes hold of the leg), with a slip-noose knot. Take a short hold with the left hand upon the " bridle," loosen it, and, with the right hand upon the foot-strap, pull him around two or three times. Have some other person hold him now by the head, and step back and pull upon the foot- strap, backward, sideways, etc, In an experience, during our travels, with thousands of vicious horses, we found but_ three horses which the above plan did not bring to perfect submission. Those were brought to terms by taking the " long foot-strap," tying it around the neck with a slip-noose knot (placing it well down on the neck), passing it between the fore-legs, bringing it around the near hind-leg just above the hock, and passing it through the portion around the neck. This prevents the rope KICKING ON ATTEMPTS TO ENTER STALL. 417 tightening around tho neck, and gives you a means of holdin- the hmd-leg which will prove perfectly convincing to the horse that he 18 over-nmtched. Pull up on the hind-leg with one hand and on the " Eockwell Bridle " with the other. If time is important you will find it advisable to shoe him while thus lield which can be done with a little inconvenience, changing the strap as you change legs. Every time you do this without hurting him goes to help cure him, which cannot, however be done m less than five or six days. These same rules will apply to mules, though mules are controlled easier. TaS^f hf " r Attempts TO Enter STALL.-Use a stout halter. Take the "Rockwell Bridle," placed on as usual, except that the rope should, in this case, be tied on the o/iside ring of the bit and passed through the ?iear-8[de ring, and without being thrown over the neck. Lead him into as wide a stall as convenient, tie the halter-stale rather long, and as you come out draw sliohtlv upon the rope of the - Rockwell Bridle," bringing the end out witli you, and hanging it in some handy place. When you have occasion to enter or go near the stall, take hold of the end of the rope, and If the horse kicks and squeals, pull upon the rope, being careful not to pull too hard. This will have the effect to make him stop kicking. In a short time he will have learned that to kick is to be brouglit up by the rope, and he will cease altogether. After having pulled and entered the stall, remember and caress him, impressing upon him that he is not to be hurt bv your entrance You will thus not only teach him better man- ners but win his confidence. JS^ever strike or shout at a horse while you are entering the stall. Balking IX Double Harness.— Apply the " Rockwell Bridle " trequently for about two days, using it vigorously. After the hrst day put the rope up over the top of his head. In pullinrr him to and fro you need not be very gentle ; on the contrary, be severe after each side-pull pulling him straight ahead, impressing upon him that he must move along whenever .nything presses upon the head and mouth. He must be kept in ignorance of his ability to resist after you once commence breaking him of the habit. Start with him, and when half through neglect him, and let him balk again, and you lose nearly all the ground gained You must theretore be sure that you ccm do what you try and be certain that you do accomplish every movement which you Bauertako. Isow, if the horse shows signs of being aiu'r^- Vu 13 4i8 THE F^'.i.MKR'S VETERINARY ADVISER. on the " Rockwell Bridle " with the rope. Tie a knot in the end of the tail ; part the hairs above the knot, and pa.^s tl\e rope of the " Rockwell Bridle " through the opening, pulling it up until it draws the head pretty v/ell around, and tie it with a half-hitch. Then with a whip start him around, and as he whirls hit him first over the face with your hand, then with the whip around the legs, until he has whirled about three times around, then catch hold of the end of the rope and untie it. Do not let him whirl too much, or he will become so dizzy as to fall. This is a powerful controlling influence of itself, and in our hands has fre- quently been sufficient of itself to break balky horses. Now, take hold of the bridle and lead him along. This will suffice for this lesson, repeating it, however, frequently each day for three or four days. He is then ready to hitch up in harness. Place the balky horse on the off-side (if on the near side, of course reverse the whole operation). Take a soft, stout half-inch rope, about six feet in length ; tie a small loop, just large enough to slip on the under jaw at one end of the rope ; put the loop on the horse'^ jaw (regardless of his tongue) ; pass the rope up the off-side of the neck, close to his ears, over and down the near side, through the loop on the jaw. Tie a strap from the harae- ring on one horse to the hame-ring on the other. Take a stiff, stout pole, and eighteen inches from one end tie it firmly to the inside end of the true horse's single-tree ; lay it across the strap running from hame to hame ; tie a strap from the true horse's shoulder to the pole, so that the pole cannot get more than half- way over to the balky horse ; have the pole project a little be- yond the horse's mouth, and tie the rope to the end of the pole, leaving only just sufficient slack on the rope to allow the horse to travel without interference from it while in his place. You will see that as you now attempt to drive, if the horse balks, the true horse will, in pulling his single-tree forward, pull with the end of the pole upon the rope, and remind the balky one that he mitst move ; the strap from the shoulder of the near horse to the pole will prevent a side drrft, and the eighteen inches projecting over at the rear end will, as the true horse pulls up, slide along the double-tree, and keep the weight of the pole fiom pressing the single-tree down. A few times practising with this will re- move all desire to balk. You may work the team with this pole on, never overloading. Another good way to start a balker is to tie a stout strap to the inside hind-leg of the balky horse ; bring it over the pole of the waggon, and tie it, moderately tightened, to the true horse's BALKING IN SINGLE HARNESS. 419 ooUar. As the t'-ue horse starts up, and the balky one lags back, the pull upon the leg attracts his attention, and in his struggle to release himself he forgets to balk, and will move forward. Balking is Single Harness. — Treat him the same as you treat the kicker in double harness up to the point where you get the horse ready to harness. Put on a single harness and let him stand in the stall with it on an hour or two, and then take it off, repeating when convenient. On the second day, having the har- ness on, buckle it up rather tight ; tie the traces into the breech- irig-rings, drawing them up pretty snugly. This will accustom him to the pressure of the harness, toughening him to bear it, as well as if the pressure was caused by pulling a load. He should stand thus for an hour or two, then take oif the harness. Between the times of his wearing the harness have him wear the colt's bitting bridle, pretty well checked up. Don't be afraid of bitting the balky he 3e too much, nor of handling him too much with the " Eockwell Bridle," provided you do not get theonouth sore. If it gets sore, wait for it to heal. Now put on the harness, buckled up tightly, and the traces tied in with the Bridle, bit and rope attached to the blind bridle, instead of the ordinary bit, the rope lying over the neck ; then take the reins and drive him around, twisting and turning in all directions. If he attempts to balk, throw the reins across the back, and exercise him with the " Eockwell Bridle," and renew the attempt to drive. Do this as long as there are any symptoms of balking. Keep the horse well fed during all the efforts to break him. Now hitch him up to a light waggon, having the harness very loose and loosely checking him ; handle the reins very gently, and drive him slowly and without exciting him, giving him every advantage to go. If he only shows signs of balking, pay no attention to him; but if he does balk, take him out of the waggon, and taking hold of the rc^-e of the " T.ockwell Bridle," make him feel it severely; then put him back in the waggon, and start him along gently. If, in holding him up, he attempts to prance, make him go along at a rapid gait (under all circumstances, when colts or young horses attempt to prance or wish to rush ahead, we always let them go, and they soon find their level). If you wish to match or drive him double, mate with a spirited horse. If your horse is a lazy, sleepy balker, he wants treating very differently. Treat him as before, up to the point where you are ready to harness. Instead of harnessing him, we take him when he is in the stall slftenituT. Ivincr. nr BfaTirlinf "nd wifTi a xrar-v 26 420 THE FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER. loud, ?Vorp word or yell, hit him one severe hlow with the whip Do not repeat this until you find him when he is entirely unuwart of your presence, when you may do it a<,'ain — doing it as ofteii as opportunities of this sort offer — and whether in or out of har- ness, surprise and starthi him in this way often. This Apparent- ly unnatural xnode of proceeding may be easily explained. The liorse of this kind is not excitable, and balks because his nervous system does not stimulate him to action. By frisjhtening him in the manner spoken of, you soon arouse his nervous sensibilities, and whenever he is spoken to sharply and a blow acc(;mpaniea the word, ho is quite certain to move with alacrity. The object in not repeating the word and blow is, that the second one might anger him, which is not what you want, as that would make him worse, it being impossible to cause him to obey you when he ia maddened by blows. Never strilce a horse while he is balking } and never load a balkv horse heavy. If you cannot afford to give him light loads, trade him off" to some one who ca*i. Running Away. — In Double Harness. — Use the " }iockwell Bridle " as in the case of kickers, except that in pulling upon it, after pulling sideways, you pull htckward each time. Grive three or four lessons. If you choose, give them all in one. day, though the longer you continue it the better. The next day hitch him up double, using, instead of the ordinary bit, the double-ring bit, belonging to the " Eockwell Bridle," attaching the " overdraw check " to the loose rings of the bit and the reins to the outer rings, with the long " foot-strap " on. When you start him out of the yard, after he has gone a few steps, pull him up suddenly and say, " Whoa ! " pulling on the foot-strap; drive him on a little ways, and pull him up in the same way, saying " Whoa ! " as if you yourself were frightened ; drive him up to objects which alarm him, or cause noises to be made which excite him, pulling him up, fetching him well back to the waggon. You need not pull up the foot-strap every time. It is used in this case more for a protection than to teach. The teaching is to be mainly done through the mouth. He cannot run if the strap is pulled up ; so you are safe if you are watchful. You may, however, frequently put him on a run and stop him by the foot-strap, pull- ing him back. The " Bridle " should be applied for two or three months, at intervals. You may take off the foot strap after you are satisfied it is safe to do so, though you had better not drive a bad runaway until by means of these sudden stoppings he has become well accustomed to being stopped, and readily yields to RUNNING AWAY IN SINGLE HARNESS. 421 the pull and the word. Every few weeks it is well tc, try the foot-strap and use some means to cause him to try and run beinc sure^always to pull up before he can run, to test'lhe fo'e'of Jhe In Single Harness.- We advise that the runaway in sinrfe hP .T ', ?^*^' '^ ««"^«"'«"t, be lutched up double, and apply the remedy for runners in double harness for two or three tiZ/ ^>e " Kockwell Lridle " being applied before hitching up a al ' lut on the single harness, using "Rockwell's Safety Lines '*' Drive with the usual driving-lines held in the left hand and the safety-line held in the right hand, and if the horse attempt to run pull upon the " safety-line.' This will effectually stop him and eventually cdre him. While you are on vour guard Tj may excite him to run, and then stop him. You will in this as well as in many other lessons, avoid a bad reputation for you horse by practicing after nightfall or within your own premises It your horse runs away hut once, immediately apply the remedy. It is smful to risk the lives of those who are to r de after l»m. A lit le time and labor is of no account in com- parison with the damage he may do, and a horse which has Tn once no matter from what cause, is likely to run a^ain mid the remedy should be applied to prevent I The pla^n ofi;in. a strap to each hmd-leg above the gambrel, passing it through The girth, was taught by us for years, with tolerable success; but we have abandoned it for the ones we describe, as we have fould them to be far preferable. We are informed that a patent has been taken out for this tying plan ; but the patent is^voTd from lack of originahty, and, in view of the later improvements b^ us, IS comparatively valueless. ^ To Teach the Horsk to Stand to Carriage.— Proceed the same as when teaching the colt to stand to be harnessed, usin' the common bridle if it will answer, if not, apply the "Eockwell Bridle. Lead him on to the floor, place him in the position you wi8h him and say " Whoa !" The object of this lesson be n" to teach him the application of the word " whoa "-the most inf- portant word m horsenianship-you will proceed by steppin- ' WhiT )T< '°^ '^ ^' '"«"^^' P^^ ^^ b^^'k and rfp^eat! "S«" n„n- "PP'^^^'t^^ t^'ifl« ^^d not heed you, use the Biidle, pulling upon him to warn him to attend to you Practice this unti he will allow you to walk away in any direc .i^a rrx.n^ut muviiig iiiujaeh. Take a whip ht.d crack it slightly. ■ ;tl 422 THE FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER. and if, at this, he moves, put him hack as hefoTe, increasin;:» the cracks of the whip until you accustom him to stand while tho whip is heing flourished. If you are obliged to drive liim while you are trying to break him, do not use the word " whoa," as ho is not yet accuRtomed to minding it, and it will only make mat- ters worse. Shift the position of the horse and repeat the les- son, putting on the harness and leading to places where ho is accustomed to refuse to stand, and teach him to stand iu those pla ea, as well as teaching him to obey the word " whoa," before hitching him to carriage. Then hitch him to a carriage inside a buicding, with the doors closed. Get in and out of the carriage, rat e the thills and shake the carriage, causing him to stand by mea'ns heretofore alluded to. If it appears that the habit is caus- ed oy fear of the carriage behind him, take him out of the thills and lead him around it, allowing him to examine it, and even eat oats out of the measure set in the carriage. Now take him out of doors, and if he renews his attempts to start, take him out of the thills and use tho " liockwell Bridle," fetching him back between the thills, and say, " Whoa !" You will hy this means soon teach him that " whoa " means for him to stop and stand. Repeated, he will stand (piietly until you are ready to give him the signal to start. For the sake of not undoing all you have done, remember the caution heretofore given, to say " whoa" only when you mean him to stop. To CURE THE HoRPE FROM Pur,LiNo AT H#t.TER. — Place on him a common halter head-stall. Put on a common girth. Take a half-inch rope about twenty feet long. Pass the centre of this rope under the tail in place of the crouper ; twist the rope over a couple of times ; pass the ends of the rope under the girth, bringing an end up on each side of the neck, and pass the ends through the nose-piece of the head-stall, under the check-pieces, and tie to a stout ring or place, leaving about three feet play of rope. As soon as the horse pulls back, he being tied by the tail to the ring, he pulls upon the tail, and the hurt coming there in- stead of the head, where ho expected it, he starts up, it being natural to go from the hurt. Another plan may be found — in fact, any plan which brings the pull in the rear, either upon the tail or the leg, will do the business. Your ingenuity will devise several ways to accomplish this ; but we consider tying to the tail the safest, as there is no danger attached to it ; and if he is in the habit of pidling nights, this orrangement may be left on without fear of the horse getting tangled in the rope, as there BKIDLE I'UI.LING.-TO MARK A HORSK RACK. 423 vvould be if tied to the leg. Common-sense will show vou that tlr/h ''?,' ^"'^ "^^'^^^^^ ^'«*^'*"J consoquentlj no hur h« ll? "" iT" ''^' P""'"*-' ^""^ '««« the habit. ^ To nmke the lessons effective, you may cause him to pull by usiiK, such exciting means as are apt to alarm him ^ ^ A roucrher and not quite as effectual a way is to place a duIIv down through the rack and feed-box, pulling it tWh the^inJ o h'erTnd Th! ' ""' 'T /^1*' ^"^''^ ^«' ^« ^^l*-- At" other end ot the rope, which lies on the floor overhead tie a fifty-pound weight. When the horse pulls back the we ht iPio me stall. Ihese rules followed up will cure. BRiDLE-PuLUXG.-Put a rope on the tail in the same manner as lu haltei^puhng. except that you pass the ends throuT?he rings of a bridle, and tie them to a post where the hoS in the S .;?wa';t^^^^^^^^^^ -^^"- ^f «- was attached eve? is am to akS l "' ^^ °^f "' "^" ^ ^^^««lbarrow or what- ever IS apt to alarm him, causing him to pull. As he duIIs th^ pressure coming upon the tail, he will step up tothe post Take ?«w ^^ t '?^ Y^'^"" *^« P°«t and his head, and give it a few pu Is back and forth. By this means he wil learn to s en ttd wtb f " *^'" P"" ^^^^- ^f^«^ ^ f«- 1« e may be the Jnf nf f'l^T^i; ^l'-'^''"P' ^^'' ^^d' »^«^«^«r. parsing throu^"! the ring of the bndle-bit, and being tied to the back-stmn Bn this until you are satisfied you hav? effected a cure ^' ,,'^''}^''^^^^o^^E^^OK.~-TJse the "Rockwell Bridle" And hen tie him to a ring in a wall or building with a W halter stale Lead him past the ring as far as the' length of the halter ,Tni l'\' "?i ^'""^ ^^' °PP°^^^« «iJ« f''«n^ the halter pull back upon the Bndle not using at this time any words. Conthme this un il he backs readily at the pull, then begin using the word l"f and repeat until he understands the° meaning of the word, and will back upon being told to. Do this next in har' ness and If necessary, after he is hitched to a wa '."n Aere% i: wSr?o:g:?r"^ ''' '-'-'' ^P°^ '^^ attenSonto^i: A plan which we once used was to use a rope in somewhat the Eame manner as the -^Eock well Bridle," except that instead of he double-ring bit we had a small loop on the end of the roTwh ch slipped on the under jaw. This cord was used by usT'a while as we now u§e the " Poc^"--!! "d-.-ji- »> v . « ^"j' "» lor a wnue ■ -tvooxxTtva ojiiuiu i uui we louiid it to injure iliiii mi 424 THE FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER. tho moiilh, and in fact we killod one Viorse in Salem, Maas., hy its use, and have since discarded it, Kndinjj by experience that tlio bridle of our invention is perfectly hnrinlesa and more eftec- tnal. With the cord alluded to we would pull backward upon the horse, at the same time lifting up his foot with the " foot- Btrap." The two worst howes we have ever met with in onr travels were broken to liack by these means. The first one was at Brighton, nep.r Boston, Mass., in the spring of 1863. This horse was a large stout animal, which for nine years had not been known to back, and all efforts to teach him had failed. If put into a stall too narrow for him to turn round in, they were com- pelled to hitch another horse to him and draw him out. We broke this horse in twenty-five minutes, so that he would readily back at the word, and he never has forgotten it. We broke him by means of the cord in the mouth, and the " foot-strap," but not without blistering his ^-jouth badly, and marking it for life. The other horse alluded to was broken at Cleavland, Ohio, in February, 1874. In this case we used the "Rockwell Bridle," and a halter attached to a ring in a wall (one of the best places for the lesson to be given). This was done before one of our private clasess in that city, and the animal was so notopously bad that not one of the two hundred spectators present had faith that he could be made to back ; but he did back, and without being in any way injured, within fifteen minutes from the time he was biought before the class, and the lesson was so ^ffettual as to opeiate I'ermanently upon the animal. >.v(;w!^,,//i!i^^ INDEX. Abductor femoris displaced, 351. Abortion, 244. Abortion from ergot, 95. Abscess in bone, 307-308-309. Abscess in false nostril, 109. Ab3cas8 in guttural pouches, 110 Abscess of the walle of the chest, 124. Acariasis, 295. Acari, pcrasitic, 294. Action o^ medicines, 392. Acute enteritis, 183. Acute farcy, 80. Acute gastric indigestion in horses, 17G. Acute glanders, 79. Acute inflammation of the bowels, 183. Acute intestinal indigestion in horses, 177. Acute muco-enteritis, 1C4. Afterbirth, retained, 25. Age, how shown by the teeth, 29. Ages, doses for different, 393. Air in the chest, 124. Air in veins, 150. Albuminoids in the blood, im perfect oxidation of, 208. Albuminous urine, 228. Albuminuria, 227. Amaurosis, 265. Anaemia, 101. Anasarca, 99. Aneurisms, 148. Animal plagues, exclusion and extinction of, 39. Animals, doaea for diiferent, 396. Anthrax, 69. Anthrax, apopUctic, 75. Anthrax fever, in birds, 74 ; cattle, 72 ; horses, 71 ; sheep, 73 ; swine, 73. Anthrax in dogs and cats, 74. Anthrax in man, 74. A.nthra\. of the throat, 74. Anthra::, prevention of, 78. Anthrax, treatment of 77. Anus, fistula in, 195. Anus, imperforate, 195. Aphthous fever, 48. Apoplectic anthrax, 75, Apoplexy, 277. Apoplexy of the lung, 125. Appetite, depraved, 179. Arabian horse, 19. Arm-bone, fracture of, 338. Arterial haemorrhage, 147. Arteries, dilatation of, 148. Arteries, diseases of, 147. Arteries, inflammation of, 148. Arteries, wounds of, 147. Arteritis, 148. Arthritis, 317. Ascites, 196-250. Asiatic cholera, 61. Asthma, 125. Atrophy of the heart, 142. Auscultation, 105. Azotsemia, 208. J 4 i^mf\ 426 INDEX. Azoturia, 206. Back, for strength and speed, 33. Back and Loins, fractures of, 331. Back, to make a horse, 423, Back and Loins, sprains of, 331. Back tendoiis, sprains of, 340. Balking, 417-419. Beef tapeworm, 92. Belly- ache, 181. Belly, dropsy of, 196. Biliary calculi, 217. Bilious fever in horses, 58. Bird lice, 299. Bird-pox, 47. Birds, impacted crop in, 169. Birds, pulse' in, 136. Bit and curb, injuries by, 326. Black pigment tumors^ 293. Black-quarter, 73. Black-tongue, 72. Black-water, 208-210. Bladder, eversion of, 232. Bladder, inflamaration of, 230. Bladder, paralysis of. 229. Bladder, spasm of its neck, 228. Bladder, stone in, 285. Bleeding from arteries, 147. Bleeding from the lungs, 1 28. Bleeding from the nose, 107. Bleeding itom the womb, 250. Bleeding from veins, 149. Bleeding in the bowels from liver disease, 206. Blistering, 402. Bloating, 169. Bloodlessness (Anemia), lOL Blood poisoning from imper- fect oxidation of albuminoids, 208. Blood spavin. 360-362. Bloody flux (Bysenterv), 188. Bloody milk, 256. Bloody murrain, 73-77. Bloody urine, 225. Blow-iflies, 298. I Blowing murmurs in heart, 139. [ Blue disease (Cyanosis,) 141. Blue milk, 256. Bog spavin, 361. Boils (Furuncles), 291. Bone, death of, 309-311. Bone, inflammation in, 309. Bones, diseases of, 305-307. Bone, softening of, 312-315. Bone spavin, 360. Bone, suppuration in, 308-317. Bone, symptoms of abscess in, 307. Bone, symj^fcoms of ulceration of, 310. Bone, thickening of, 324. Bone, tubercle in, 311. Bone, tumor of, 307. Bone, ulceration in, 310. Bots, 197. Bots in the throat, 198. Bowels, foreign bodies in, 180. Bowels, impacted, 177. Bowels, inflammation of, 184. Bowels, obstruction of, 190. Brain, inflammation of, 273. Breech presentation, 249. Breeding, principles of, 25. Bridle-pulling, 423. Bright's disease, 227. Bristle-balls, 181. Exotfn-down 342. Broken knees, 34!?. Broken ribs, 124. Broken-wind, 126. Bronchitis, 123. Bronchitis from worms, 131-134 Bronchocele. 104. INDEX. Broncho-pleuro-pneumonia, 1 23 Broncho-pneumonia, 123, Buckwheat as a cause of skin- disease, 287. Bullae, 286, Bullets, 85. Burns, 283. Bursas, inflamed, 321. Burst, 191. 42; near inflamed Calcifications bones, 324. Calculi in the gall ducts, 217 Calculi, salivary, 164. Calculi, urinary, 232. Callosities of the skin, 292. Calves and Poals, lung worms m, 131. Cancers, 328-293-389. Cancer of the orbit, 328. Cancer of the tongue, 158. Cancroid of the lips, 158. Canine distemper, 60. Canine madness, 65. Canker, 385. Capped hock, 364. Carbolic acid as a disinfectant, 43. Carbuncular erysipelas, 73. Carditis, 145. Carious teeth, 160. Castration, evil eflects of, 242 Castration of males, 241 • fe males, 243 ; birds, 244. ' Cataract, 264. Catarrh, malignant, 110 . Catarrh, nasal, 108. | Catarrh of stomach and bowels. 178. Catarrh of womb or vagina 251. ° ' Cat-flea, 298. Cattle, lung fever in, 51. Cattle, malignant catarrh in, 110 Cattle, measles in, 92. Cattle plague, 39. Cattle, tapeworm in, 92. Caustic potassia and soda as disinfectants, 41. Chafing of the skin, 284. Charcoal as a disinfectant, 41. Chest, air or gas in, 124. Chest diseases, signs of, 105. Chest, water in, 123-124. Chest, wounds of, 333. Chigoe, 299. Chloride of lime as a disinfect- ant, 43. Chloride of zinc as a disinfect- ant, 43. Chlorine as a disinfectant 43 Choking, 166. Cholera, Asiatic, 61. Cholera, hog, 62. Chorea, 269. Choroiditis, 263. Chronic bronchitis 118. Chronic farcy, 80. Chronic glanders, 80. Chronic indigestion in horses. 176. ' Chronic roaring, 115. Cirrhosis, 217. Classification of contagious diseases, 39. Clots on the valves of tho- heart, 144. Cleanliness as a disinfectant, 41 Cerebral meningitis, 273. Cerebritis, 273. Cerebro-spinal fever, 275. Cerebro-spinal meningitis, 274. Coal-tar as a disinfectant, 41. Coenurus cerebralis, 88. Cofiin-bone, distortion of, 381. Coifm-joint lameness, 370. ! I 4 V4i 428 INDEX. Cold drink, indigestion from, 174. Cold in the head, 108. Colic, spasmodic, 181. Colic, tympanitic, 177. Collapse of the lung, 121. Colloid cancer, 390. Coma somnolentuni, 272. Congestion of the lungs, 118. Conjunctivitis, 260, Consumption, 83. Contagious diseases, classifica- tion of, 39. Contagious diseases, losses from, 39. Contagious diseases, propaga- tion of, 39. Contagious . diseases, their im- portance, 39. Contagious lung fever, 51. Contraction, 383. Convulsions, 271. Convulsions from ergotism, 95. Convulsions from teething, 160. Coraco-radial tendon, sprain of, 334. Cornea, ulcers of, 262. Corns, 377. Coronet, fistula of, 384. Coronet, wounds of, 383. Cow-pox, 44. Cracked heels, 289. Cranium, fracture of the base of, 328. Cresylic acid as a disinfectant, 43. Crib-biting, 159. Crop, impaction of, 169. Croup, 113. Croup, fracture of, 332. Croupous enteritis; 186. Curb, 362. Cutting, 348. ' Cyanosis, 141. Cystic calculus, 236. Cystitis (inflammation of blad- der), 230. Cysts under the tongue, 158. Deformities, 247. Dentinal tumors, 162-328. Dentition fever, 162. Depraved appetite, I'^O. Diabetes insipidus, 224. Diabetes mellitus, 206. Diarrhoea, 187. Dietetic and constitutional dis- eases, 95, Difficult parturition, assistance in, 247. Diffuse baldness, 294. Digestive organs, diseases of 154. Dilatation of the heart, 142. Diphtheria, 114. Diseases as afi'ecting the action, of medicines, 394. Diseases of the liver, 205. Diseased teeth, 156. Diseases of the digestive or- gans, 154. Diseases of the foot, 364. Diseases of the heart, 1 36. Diseases of the membranes of the teeth, 162. Diseases of the respiratory or- gans, general causes of, 104, Disinfection, 41. Dislocation of the hip, 352. Dislocation of the knee, 341. Dislocation of the knee cap, 353. Dislocation of the lower jaw, 328. Dislocation of the shouldei, 330 Ii: I tNT»rx Displaced teeth, 160. Displacements of the heart, 141 Distemper in dogs, GO. Diptemper in young horses, Ci. Diuresis, 324. Diurfttics, poisoning bv. 2?3. Dog-pox, 47. Doses, 393-39"). Drainage in anthrax, 71. Dropsy 01* tho abdomen, 196. Dropsy of the lung, 125. Dropsy of the scrotum, 240. Dry gangrene from ergot, 96. Dry murrain, 172. Drugs and doses, 396. Dysentery, 188. 429 Examination of the urine, 224. Extinction of animal plagues, Eye, Hseases of, 260 Education of the horse, 403. Eggs of tapeworms, 87. Elbow, affections of, 337. Emasculation, 241-243. Encephalitis, 254. . Encephaloid face, 328-390. Endocarditis, 144. Enlargement of the heart, 141 Enteritis, 183-186. Enzootic hsematuria, 208. Enzootic myelitis, 274. Epilepsy, 267. Epithehal cancer, 293. Epizootic aphtha, 48. Epizootic cerebro-spinal ingitis, 275. Epizootic diseases, their portance, 89. Epizootic influenza, 56-58. Ergotism, 95. Erysipelas, 299. Erysipelas carbuncular, 73 . E version of the bladder, 232 Eversion of the rectum, 193. Eversion of the womb crina 9.fi2 men- im- or va- Facial paralysis. 278. Falling sickness, 247. False quarter, 377. Farcy (glanders), 79. Fatty heart, 104. Favus, 280. Fetlock, diseases of, etc, 346 ^ 348. Fever, cerebro-spinal, 273. Fistula, 304. Fistula in ano, 195. Fistula of the coronet, 384. Fistula of the poll (poll evil),328 Fistula, salivary, 104. Fistulous withers, 330. Fits, 271. Fleas, 290. Flooding, 250. Flukes in the liver, 218. Food and drink of hoise. 24-25 Foot and mouth disease, 48. Foot, diseases of the, 364-376. Foot, inflammation of, 373 Foot-rot, 386-387-388. Foot, fractures in the, 373. Fore-arm, fracture of 339. Foreign bodies in stomach and i bowels, 180. I Foul in the foot, 312-387-388. i Founder (laminitis), 373. Fractures, treatment of, 313. Fracture at the base of tho cranium, 328-332. Fractured ribs, 124-332. Fracture of the hock, 359. Fracture of the arm bone, 339. Fractures of the back and loins 3.30. ' Ii 130 INDEX Fracture of the croup, 332. Fracture of the face bones, 327. Fractures in the foot, 373. Fracture of the leg, 355. Fracture of the lower jaw, 326. Fractures of the ueck bones, 330. Fracture of the nose, 327. Fracture of the poll, 327. Fracture of the shoulder-blade, 336. Fracture of the upper jaw, 327. Frog, canker of, etc., 385. Gadfly, 129-297. Gradflies of horses, 197. Gall ducts, stones in, 217. Gapes, 134. Harget, 256. Gastric fever in horses, 58. Gastric parasites, 197. Gastritis in oxen, 174. Generation, diseases of the or- gans of, 239. Gid, 88. Glander heaves, 118. Glanders, 79. Glass eyes, 265. Gleet (gonorrhoea), 231. Goat-gox, 47. Goitre, 97. Grapes, 289. Gravel, 232. Grease, 288. Grease, parasitic, 294. Grooming, 23-415. Grub in the head, 109-129. Gullet, dilatation of, 168. Gums, inflamed, 157. Gut-tie, 190. Guttural pouchea, abscess of, 110. Haomaturia, enzootic, 208. H89morrhage from arteries, 147. Haomorrhagic enteritis, 183. Hair-balls, 180-181. Halter-pulling, 422. Hamstring, rupture of, 357. Hard cancer, 390. Heart, atrophy of, 142. Heart, auscultation of, 139. Heart, blowing murmurs in, 139. Heart, dilatation of, 142. Heart, diseases of, 136. Heart, disease of its valves, 145. Heart, enlargement of, 141. Heart, fatty degeneration of, 145. Heart, rupture of, 146. Heat apoplexy, 281. Heat as a disinfectant, 42. Heaves, 118-126. Heels, bruises of, 377. Heels, diseases of, 288. Heels, distorted, 379, Hen-louse, 299. Hepatitis, 215. Hereditary epilepsy, 267. • Hereditary heaves, 126. Hereditary ophthalmia, 263. Hernia, 191. Herpes, 286. High breeding .and heart dis- ease, 136. Hip, diio-ocdted, 352. Hip, fractures of, 349. Hip-joint, diseases of, 352. Hippobosca ovina, 298. Hip, sprain of the, 348. Hock, dropsy of, 362. Hock-jointinflammation of, 361. Hock, fractures of, 359-360. INDEX. Hock, fracture of point of, 359. Hock, sprain behind the, 362. Hock, sprain of the flexor be- hind the, 358. Hock, sprain of the flexor of 356. Hock, thoroughpin of, 358. Hog cholera, 93-62. Hoof-bound, 383. Hoofs, contracted, 383. Hoofs, loss of, from eatinc er- got, 95. *' Hoof, natural state of, 364. Hoof-wall, cracks in, 376, Hoof-wall, powdery degenera- tion of, 386. Hoose, 131. Hoove, 169. Horn, natural state of, 364. Horny tumor in the heel, 377. Horny tumor of the lamina, 377. Horse, history of, 17. Horse, management of, 22. Horse, general remarks on, 36. Horse-pox, 44. Husk, 131. Hydrocele, 240. Hydrorachitis, 27C. Hydrophobia, 65. Hydrothorax, 123. Hypertrophy of the heart, 141 43 T Indigestion in horses, 176. Indigestion, intestinal, 1 77. Inflammation of the lungs, 1 1 9 Influenza, 56. Intercostal abscess, 124. Internal ophthalmia, 263. Intestinal fever of swine, 62. Intestinal worms, 199. Intestinal worms, svmptoms of 202. " ' Invagination, 184. Iritis, 263. Irresular strangles, 55. Itch, 295. Ixodes, 297. Jaundice, 211. Jaws, open joint between, 320. Joints, diseases of, 317. Joints, eburnation in, 318. Joints, general diseases of, 305. Joints, inflammation of, 309, Joints, matter in, 310. Joints, tuberculous diseases of, oil. Joints, ulceration in, 310. Icterus, 211. Impacted crop, 169. Impacted large intestines, 177. Impacted third stomach, 172.' Imperforate anus, 195. j Impervious teat, 258. | Impetigo, 287. Indigestion from cold water 174. ' Indigestion in calves, foals etc., 175. Kicking, to break horse of. 411- 412, Kidneys, inflammation of, 226. Kidney-worm, 93. Knefc, bruise on inner side of 341. Knee and hock joint, 411-412. Knee-cap, fracture of, 352. Knee-cap, dislocation of, 353. Knee, inflammation of, 341. Knee, pufis in front of, 240. Knee, sprains behind, 339. Knee, synovial swellings be- hind, 341 ; in front, 341. Knee, wounds of, 3iL H, J , 'I ' 1 I d%2 INDEX. labor, premature, 246. Lameness, 305. Laminse, horny tumor of, .377. Latninitis, 373. I^minitis, chronic, 376. Lam pas, L56. Lard-worms of swine, 93. Larf];e intestines, impaction of, 177. Laryngitis, IIL Lathyrus sativaas causing palsy, 116. Lead poisoning, 279. leptus, Americana, 275. Lethargy from ergotism, 95. Leucorrhoea, 251. leukaemia, 222. Lice, L:99. i Lime as a disinfectant, 41. Lips, cancroid of, 158. ^ Lips, warts on, 157. Liver, atrophy of, 217. Liver, cancer of, 217. Liver, chronic inflammation of, 216. Liver, congestion of, 213. Liver disease, general symptoms of, 205. Liver, fatty degeneration of, 217. Liver, fibrous degeneration of, 216. Liver, hypertrophy of, 217. Liver, inflamation of, 215. Liver, parasites of, 218. Liver-rot, 218. Liver, softening of, 217. Liver, tubercle of, 217. Lock-jaw, 270. Loins, injuries to, 225. Loins, laceration of the muscle beneath the, 331. Losses from contag ions dieeeei 40. Loss of veins, 149. Lower jaw, dislocation of, 328. Lower jaw, fracture of, 326. Lung, apoplexy of, 125. Lungs, bleeding from, 128. Lung, collapse of, 333. Lungs, congestion of, 118. Lung fever of cattle, 51. Lungs, inflammation of, 119. Lung-worms, 130. Lymphangitis, 151. Lymphangitis, local, 151. Lymphatics, diseases of, 151. Lymphatics, inflammition of, 151. Madness in dogs, 65. Maggots, 298. Malignant anthrax, 69. Malignant anthrax. Ipcal treat- ment of, 77. Malignant anthrax, prevention of, 78. Malignant anthrax, trefttmen*. of, 77. Malignant anthrax, with i»-^♦«'^ nal swellings, 7 1 . Malignant catarrh, 110. Malignant cholera, 51. Malignant pustule, 74. Malignant sore-throat, 74. Mallenders, 291. Malleolus, fracture of, 359 Mal-presentation, 247. Mamm«, diseases of, 256. Mamma, tumors of, 259. Mammitis, 256. Man, anthrax in, 69. i Man, aphtlious fever in, 4^ Mange ^tch), 295. Man, glander: in, 79. INDEX. M;nn, hydrophobia in. 65, Manifolds, impacted, 187 Matter in the guttural pouches, Matter in the nasal sinuses, 109 Maxims, obstetric 247 Measles (parasitic) iij cattle yi ; m swine, 92. ' Medicines, action of, 392 • as affected by age, 393 ; as afl tected by disease, 394 ; as af- 1 lected by idiosyncrsay 395 • as affected by genus, 395. ' Medicines, doses of, 392 Medicines, explanation of I names of, 392. Medicines, form to administer, Medicines, frequency of admin- istration of, 394. Megrims, 269. Melanosis, 293. Melophagus ovina, 298. Mouth, tumors in, 158. Muco-enteritis, 184 Muguet, 157. Muscles, diseases of, 322 Muscles, general diseases 305. Muscles, inflamed, 322. Muscles, ruptures of, 322 Muzzle for crib-bitin^ 15Q Myelitis, 274. ^' ^• Myelitis enzootic, 276. 433 of, Membrane lining the chest, inflammation of, 121 Membrane of the 'abdomen, in- flammation of, 1 95. Mercurial sore mouth 157 Mesenteric glands, pentastoma (linguatula) in, 129 Metritis, 253. Milk, bloody, 256. Milk, blue, 256. | Milk, concretions from. 258 I Milk fever, 253. Milking tube, 259. Milk, viscid, 266. Milt, diseases of, 221. Mooa blindness, 263.* Morbid growths, 389 Mouth the seat of control of the horse, 410. M^outh, inflammation of, l.r,5 j J^ail^s, pricks and binding with l^asal catarrh, i08. Nasal sinuses, matter in, 109 ^avicular disease, 370 ^eck bones, fractures of, 330 N-k^of the bladder, spasm ofi Necrosis, 307. Necrosis, symptoms of, 308 Nephritis, 226. Nephritis, desquamative, 221 /^"Jf^^^l^^^'^^^^e^, general causes Nervous disorders from liver disease, 206. Ne™ irritation of the skin, {Nervous system, diseases of, I Neurosis of the skin, 292. No^dular swelling of the skin, Non-presentation of head or members, 248. Nose, bleeding from, 107 Nose, fracture of, 327. Nose, parasites in, 129. Nose, peuiastoma in, 129 4.34 INDEX. Nose, tumors in, 110. Nostril, abscess of, 109. Oat-hair calculi, 164. Obstructions of the bowels, 190. Open coffin-joint, 380. Open joint, 320. Open joint, between upper and lower jaw, 328. Ophthalmia, enzootic, 262. Ophthalmia, internal, 263. Ophthalmia, reciirrinof, 263. Ophthalmia, simple, 260. Optic nerve, palsy of, 265. Ostitis, symptoms of, 308. Ostitis, treatment of, 309. Overgrown teeth, 160. Overloaded pnunch, 169. Ox tick, 297. Ozone as a disinfectant, 42. Palate, congested, 136. Palpation, 1 ' '^'. Palpitation, 140. Palsy, 277. Palsy of the nerve of sight, 265. Pampering, a cause of liver dis- ease, 206. Pancreas, diseases of, 221. Paralysis from ergotism, 95. Paralysis from lathyrus sativus, 116. Paralysis, general, 278. Paralysis of the bladder, 229. Papules, 283. Paraplegia, 278. Parasites, 87. Parasites in the nose, 129. Parasites on the skin, 293. Parasites in arteries, 148. Parasites in the heart, 146. Parasites in the lower air-pas- sages, 130. Parasites in &he stomach, 197. Parasitic acari, 201. Parotid, inflammation of, 165. Parrot mouth, 159. Parturient apoplexy, 253. Parturition, assistance in, 247. Parturition, difficult, 247 ; dis- orders following, 250. Parturition fever, 253. Parturition, premature, 250. Pastern, bony growth on the, 248, Pastern, fractures of the. 248. Pastern, sprains behind the. 250 Patella, dislocation of, 353. Paunch, overloaded, 179. Paunch, tympany of, 177. Pedal bone, distortions of, 381 . Pedal sesamoiditis, 380. Pelvis, fractures of, 352. Penis, amputation of, 241. Penis, disease of. 240. Penis, ulcers on, 240. Percussion, 105. Perforans, sprain of, 358. Pericarditis, 143. Periodic ophthalmia, 263. Peritonitis, 195. Phlebitis, 149. Phlebitis, difiuse, 150. Phymosis, 242. Physical signs of chest diseadefe, i05. Pigs, lung worm in, 134. Piles, 194. Piles from liver disease, 205. Pimples, 285. I Pin worms in arteries, lib. Pining, 83. I Pityriasis, 219. INDEX. 435 Pityriaaifl, parasitic, 294. Plague, Russian cattle, 49. Plagues of Egypt, 39. Plagues, propagation of, 40. Pleurae, gas in, 124. Pleurae, inflammation of, 121. Pleurisy, 121. Pleuro-pneuiuonia, 123. Pleuro - pneumonia contagious. 51. Plugging the nose, 107. Plugging of arteries, 150. Pneumonia, 119. Pneumothorax, 124. Podo-trochilitis, 370. Points of a good horse, 29 ; head, 30; neck, 31 : chest, 32 ; back, 33. Poisoning by lead, 280. Poll evil, 328. Poll, fracture of, 327. Polypus in the vagina, 247. Polyuria, 224. Pork tapeworm, 91. Premature labor pains, 246. Presentations, abnormal, 247. Prevalence of contagious dis eases, 40. Pricks, 378. Prolapsus uteri, vaginae, 252. Propagation of animal plagues. 40. i- 6 . Proud flesh, 303. Prurigo, 292. Pufis in front of the knee, 340. Pulmonary congestion, 118. Pulmonary inflammation, 120. Pulse in dJKease, 136. Pulse, its characters, 137. Pumice feet, 376. Purq^itives, adminiatration of. 393. Purpura, 125. 07 Purpura baemorrhagica, 55-99. Pustules, 287. Quarter-crack, 376. Quittor, 378-381-. Rabies, 65-67; rurious, 67; lethargic, 67. Rabies, fallacies concerning, 67. Rat-tailed maggots, 199. Rectum, eversion of, 193. Rectum, inflammation of, 187. Recurring ophthalmia, 263. Red-water, 209. Renal calculus, 234. Respiratory organs, diseases of. 104. Retained afterbirth, 250. Retinitis, 263. Rheumatism, 97-125. Rheumatism of the heart. 143- 144. Ribs, fractures of, 124-332. Rickets, 312. Rinderpest, 49. Ringbones, 348. Ringworm, 293. Roaring, 115. Rot, 218 ; foot rot, 386. Roup, 113. Running away, 420-421. Rupture of tendons, 323. Rupture of the heart, 146. Russian cattle plague, 49. Saccharine urine, 206. Sacrum, fracture of, 332. St. Guy's dance, 269. St. Vitus's dance, 269. Salivary calculi, 164. Salivary fistula, 164. Salivation, 163. Sallenders, 291. -,-M_ 436 INDEX. SandcmnV 374. Sanii-liko t uposit in the blad- der, 237. Surcoptcs, 295. Scab (Mange), 295. Scald-head, 293. Scalds and burns, 305. Scaly skin affections, 291. Scarlatina, 101. 8cirrlius, 390. Scouring (Diarrhoea), 187. Scratches, 290-292. Scrofulous disease of bones, 311 Scrotum, dropsy of, 240. Sesamoiditis (Windgalls), 346. Sesamoiditis of the foot, 370. Shank - bone, inflammation of, 344. Sheath, swollen, 242. Sheath, tumors of, 240. Sheep and goats, lung-woms in, 133. Sheep, carbumular erysipelas in, 73. Sheep-pox, 45. Sheep, tapeworms in, 92. Sheep-tick, 298. Shoeing, effects of, 364. Shoeing, maxims for, 29-368. Shoeing kicking horses, 415 Shot of grease, 151. Shoulders for speed and strength, 34. Shoulder, abscess in, 333. Shoulder-joint, diseases of, 336. Shoulder lameness, 333. Shoulder sprain, 334. Shoulder, tumors on, 333. Siberian boil plague, 71. Side bones, 372-378. Simple ophthalmia, 260. Sinuses of the head, matter in 109. Sitfasts, 292. Skin, congestion of, 2f<4. Skin disea-ses from l)iick wheat and honeydew, 287. Skin diseases, divisions of, 283. Skin, intlaniation of, 285. Skin, nervous irritation of, 292. Skin, nodular swellings of, 290. Skin, parasitic diseases of, 293. Skin, scaly affection of, 291. Slavering, 163. Sleepy staggers, 272. Slings, 316. Slobbers, 163. Sole, bruises of, 379. Soles, convex, 376. Sole, wounds of, 380. Sore mouth, 155. Sore shins, 344. Sore teats, 258. • Sore-throat, 111. Sore-throat, malignant, 74. Spasmodic colic, 181. Spasm of the neck of the blad der, 228. Spavin, blood, 362. Spavin, bog, 362-361. Spavin, bone, 361. Spavin, occult, 360. Spaying (castration), 24^. Speedy-cut, 341. Spermatic cord, strangulated, 242. Spermatic cord, tumors on, 242. Spinal cord, inflammation of, 274. Spinal meningitis, 208-275. Spleen, diseases of, 221. Spleen, enlarged from liver dis ease, 205. Splenic apoplpxy, 75. Splenic fever, 63. INDEX. Splints, 343. Sprains, 323. Sprain above the knoe, 340 Sprains behind foMock, 346 Sprains behind pastern, 350 330' "^ '^" ^^"^ ^"'^ ^°'^"«' Sprains of the back tendoT.s, 346. ' Sprain of the flexor of hock, 356 bprain of the hanistriiur, 357 Sprain of the hip, 351 • ^^lu"' u^ !^'" "'"^«^«« outside the shoulder, 335, ^^339 ""^ '^'" '^•^^'^^ iiu^ment, Sprain of the shoulder, 334 Spram cf tlie tendons behind the knee, 339. Staggers, 172-279. . Staggers, parasitic, 88 Staggers, sleepy, 272. Stiff-joint, 318. Stifle, disease of, 354. Stifle, fracture into the, 355 Stocking, 288. Stomach, foreign bodies in, 179 Stomach and bowels, catarrh ofi Stomachs in oxen, inflamed, Stomach staggers, 279 Stomatitis, 156; aphthous, 157 btone m the bladder, 232 Strangles, 54. Strangulated cord, 242. Stricture of the gullet, 168 Stricture of the urethra, 231 String-halt, 363. Strongyhis eJongatus, 130 Strongylus fliaria, 130. Strong.vlus micruris, 130. Strongylus rufescens, 130 437 Sturdy, 88. Style to improve in horse, 407 Sulphate of copper as a disin- fectant, 42 ; of iron, 42 • of zinc, 42. ' Sulphur fumes as a disinfectant 42. Sun's rays as a cause of skin disease, 285. Sun-stroke, 281. Superfluous limbs, 248-249. Supernumerary teeth, 158. ' Suppuration, tendency to in dif- ferent animals, 312. Suspensory ligament, sprain of, o45. Sweeny, 335. Swelled legs, 288. Swelling of the sheath, 242 Swine, guttural tumors in 74 Swme carbuncular erysipelas Swine, intestinal fever of, 62. Swine, lard-worm of, 93. ' Swine, malignant sore-throat in. 74. ' Swine, measles in, 73. Swine-pox, 47. Syngamus, trachealis, 130 Synovitis, 317. I Taenite, 88. Taenia ccenurus, 89. Taenia echinococcus, 91. Taenia expansa, 92. Tapeworm, embryo, 87. Tapeworm from measley pork 93. ' Tapeworms, 87. . Tapeworms, fertility of 87 Tapeworm of sheep and cattle. 'I 438 INDEX. ^9 Tapo worms, transformations of, 88. Tar as a disinfectant, 43. Tartar on teeth, 162. Taurocholic acid, poisoning by, 20G. Teat, closure by a membrane, 258. Teat, polypus in, 258. Teats, scabs on, 258. Teat, stricture of, 257. Teat, thickening of its walls, 257. Teat-tube, 267. Teats, wartg on, 258. Teeth, caries of 160. Teeth, disease of, 109. Teeth, disjilaced, 160. Teething, 1 over from, 1 62. Teeth, overgrown, 160. Teeth, supernumerary, 158. Teeth, tartar on, 162. Teeth, tumors of, 162. Tendinous sheaths, inHaraed, 321. Tendons, calcification of, 324. Testicle, inflammation of, 239. Tetanus, 270. Texan fever, 63. Thigh, long muscle of, displac- ed, 351. Thoroughpin, bandage for, 358. Thorougbpin of the knee, 339. Thrush, 157-385. Thumps, 140. Tibia, fracture of, 355. Tick of sheep, 298. Ticks, 297. Tongue, canccv of, 158. Tongue, cysts beneath the, 158. Tongue, inflamed, 157. Tougue, laceration of, 158. lV)oth-like tumors under the ear, 328. TreadjB on theooronet, 383. Trembling, 274. Trichina spiralis, 93 Trichiasis, 260. Trismus, 270. Tubercle, 83. Tubercle in bone, Sll. Tubercules, 290. Tuberculosis, 83-141. Tuberculous foot-rot, 388. Tumors in the mouth, 158. Tumors in the noBe, 1 10. Tumors, malignant, 269-389. Tumors of tei'th, 162. Tumors of the elbow, 337. Tumors of the mamma, 259. Tumors of the sheath, 240, Tumors on the .shoulder, 333. Tumors on the spermatic cord 242. Tumors, simple, 389. Turkish horse, 20-238. Turn-sick, 88. Tympany of the rumen, 1G9. Tympany of the stomach in horses, 177. Typhoid fever, 126. Typhoid fever in hone&, 68. Typhus, 72. Udder, congestion of, &c., 256. Ulceration in joints, 317. Ulceration of bone, 310. Ulceration of bone, symptoms of, 308. Ulceration of neck bones, 330. Ulcers of the eye, 262. Urethra, inflammation of, 231. Urethral calculus, 236. ! Urethra, stricture of, 231. Uretral calculus, 235. \ J^rinarj calculi, 2.32 Urinary organs, diseases of, 223. mDEX. Vaprjna, catarrh of, 261. Vagina, eversion of, 252 Va^dna, polypus in, 247* ^^|;;«;4"["^«^«art,in8ulHciency Varicose veins, 150 Variola (Small-pox), 44 to 47 ^ Veins, diseases of, 1 49-] 50 Venereal disease of soJipeds" 82 Verminous bronchitis, 131, 133" Vertigo, 269. Vesicles, 285. Voluntary motion, loss of, 277 Vomiting, 179. Warbles, 297. Warts, 292. Warts on the lips, 157 pasting of the heart, 142 Water-brain, 88 Water in the abdomen i„ par- turition, 250. ' Water in the chest, 123 Watm- in head in parturition, Water stonos, 240 Watery blood, lOl". Weed, 161. White scour, 1 75 Wind-brokon, (H;ave8) 126 vVinrigalls, 346. ;\ ind-sucking, crib bif in , i er Wolf-teeth, 158. ''• ^^^ Womb, bleeding from, 250 Womb, catarrh of 251 Womb, evorsion of 252 1 Worms in tho digestive canal ^orm.s, treatment of 203 Wounds, 302 Wounds, bruised, 303. Wounds healing of in diffcrenl animals, 302 "^'"^'eni Wounds of the'chest, 124-333 ^V ounds, poisoned, 153 304 founds of the sole, 380 Wounds of veins, 149 VVrong presentations, 247. Yellows (Jaundice), 211. 439 ^, /7 ...,' m Am( Investe A pure] of mem The I best, la Threahe issued. DOMINION GRANGE MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY Amount Insured Nearly tbTZ^ * ■^EARLY $8,000,000. Capital ft I fin rt«« In . . ^"'^ ®""^'-^«' «25,000 ' ^'°°'°°°- Invested mostly in Mort^TA t, • R. J. DOYLE. Manager. OWEN SOUN^ (Box 464). ALBERT HAGAR, BELLEVIEW STOCK FARM. PLANTAGENET, OUT., BREEDER OF PURE-BRED SHORTHORHS AND HICH-QRADE CAniE. (Crulckshank Bull, "Soldier Boy," at head of Herd. Clydesdales^ Shropshire Sheep, Berkshire Pigs, and Plymouth Rock Fowls for sale on reasonable terms. PRICES TO SUIT THE TIMES. JAMES NEIL, COLLING^VOOD, - . ONT., BREEDER AND IMPORTER OF SOUTHDO^V^^I^ SHEEP Use a Bam from thi s Standard Flock if you wan t the best rbsclts. W. C. B. RATHBUli BAY VIEW RANCHE, DESERONTO, BREEDER OF AND SHORTHORN CATTLE. Ch oice Stock. Correspondence Solicited. - CATTLE AND HORSES. Shonhorn'^HjH^p'^?^.^"?^"^^^'' ^eg'stered in "Dominion ferflv n ; ^1 ^""fl ^"■^l^dmg three yearlmg Bulls by But- terfly Duke 6th, sired by the celebrated 4th Duke of Clarence, of Bow Park fame. Also several highly-bred Horses, suited for various purposes. F. C. SIBBALD, "The Briars," Sutton West, Ont. ', ONT., CAnLE. Plymouth NT., CEP. nd for purity :;e, second to 3 for sale at V RBSCLTS. NTO, aliclted. - Dominion I by But- Clarence, purposes. ;t, Ont.