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 1 2 3 
 
 1 
 
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 6 
 
h'?> 
 
 1-2 EDWARD VII. 
 
 SqdiiI* iiii'Ot No. 1, to the 
 
 SESSIONAL PAPER No. 22b 
 
 A. 1902 
 
 -Fourth Annunl Report of tht- Departmeot of Marine and Fisheries 
 KISIIKKIKS 
 
 SPECIAL REPORTS 
 
 ON 
 
 I.-Tho Hatchiuir ivnd Pluutinu: <>1 Trout. 
 . II, -The Plantiiiy: of Predju'i-ous Fish. 
 III. The Aim ami Methotl of Fishorv lA'tfislatiou. 
 
 BY 
 
 PROFHSSOR K. H. I'RINCH. I'.R.S.. Canm.a. 
 
 Dominion Coinniisxioner of Fisheries. 
 
 ,#< 
 
 1901 
 
 Vr 
 
 OTTAWA 
 
 PRINTKD «Y S. E. DAWSON. TRIXTKR T(» THK KINCS MOST 
 
 E.VUELLKNT MAJESTY 
 
 1902 
 
 INo. 226— 1902 
 
 II 
 
 u 
 
 I a 
 
\-i EDWARD VII. 
 
 SESSIONAL PAPER No. 22b 
 
 A. 1902 
 
 SPECIAL KEPOKTS 
 
 CONTKNTS 
 
 I. — On the IlATrlllNii AMI Fl,ANTIN(; oK TllOl 1. 
 
 
 \iiitiiiHl i>|i»wiiiiiK. iiii'tliiHl of 
 
 \. i;itiiiii of onii» contiiiiiiiiK fry diKinitili- 
 
 r. -1 pliioK to iiluiit fry 
 
 |:. -1 ;!>,'<• for puri'iit tnmt 
 
 1:; iiicUrK ill lianrlliiiK fry 
 
 I 'I 'iiktiiiK wKlir containing fry 
 
 'linK fry in t»nk» to (>•• uvoiilol 
 
 )r xliippinK fry ilcBcril>ed .... 
 
 MkiTH to kvoicl in plautinK tinli . . 
 
 h- . il ('(ftf". removal of 
 
 I I u y. Dr. ex|)«'riment» in frwzinK •Vfp' 
 
 I !i.K» wht'n ' vyvd ' very tmrily 
 
 Ki.v» inon> hardy thnn fry 
 
 i;i,i»ticity of Hull IRK" 
 
 ':v;>iiiiniition of wtttfrM nit'i»i«iiry i.ifori' xtinkiiiif 
 
 I i-li, ulipn inilvtriwd, (?<«><l finKl fi.r fry 
 
 1'. ■.Iin({ fry 
 
 I i iiiiilc trout, niiiniinilHtion of 
 
 K.-rlilizint? fi"'' •■(?(?« 
 
 I rv li'sw hariiy than etfifK 
 
 I ii>t may kill «>;(?« 
 
 i;.iilii'k, Dr. ThtiKlfttUH on fry food 
 I l^iii/i' nettinK at outlft of tanks . 
 li.ntlc trcatnirnt of fry ilpKiraliln . . 
 
 Handling of newly de|x>«ite<! egit» . . 
 Ih.it injurionit to tinh 
 
 I. .. mceaaary when Khipiiinx fry 
 
 I, iki' tnmt fry, where to plant . . . 
 I.inht, exoeiwive ipiantity of, injurious 
 
 I'AiiK. 
 I, ■-• 
 
 M:uiagenient of youn(f ti»h 
 
 Minister of Mcirine and Kishi rieH issues [lerinils to take tniut ••r e^jK.-. 
 
 Nuiiitier and size of eggfs 
 
 I'cruiit from Ottawa necessary to capture parent fish 
 
 I'. licxl of hatching tiuut greatly varies 
 
 riiieiiig fry '•■ deep water 
 
 I'Kicess of a. -iricial »i)awning de»cril)ed 
 
 ' .'uantity of fry to carry in cann 
 
 l;.i|iid planting of fry necessary ... 
 
 Iliiiring Iwxes to be l)lackene<I 
 
 Kimoval of dead eggs 
 
 s.»liment in tanks is injurums 
 
 Si ines only allowed under strict conditions. 
 Si/,e of Hggo 
 
 1 
 
 3. * 
 f. 
 
 • i- 
 
 • 
 
 !f 
 
 
MA KINK ASl> FISH Km KS 
 
 SprinK w»t«r |>rxferAl>lM f<ir hatchfriiw . .... 
 
 Tfiniieriitiiit' c>( wstrr 
 
 Tiiiicii(t;ii|>i>il in inculntimi hmiI li»tc')iinff 
 Twii yt'ar old |mr>'iit trniit »r<' la'«t 
 Waut aiipiilv nhiMilii U. |iiin'»nit iinfHilinir. 
 Whitt'tiiih fry, whort' u> \Aiu:v tlu'in 
 
 1-2 EDWARO Vlt., A. 1<0t 
 
 II. 
 
 -Tub Piioi'AOATioM and I'lantin.i of Pi(Ki»AfK0L8 Fish. 
 
 I5»wi will •'xt'Tiiiinatc Immk tnuit 
 
 ** (lif«|icrm> widnly 
 
 " (iMinlilf M a tin<- koihu fli«li 
 ilefHiiilnl fniiii cliarKtv . . 
 
 II. 1... 
 
 nniiiiiiwiiiiii'r oppiMi'H KiiMiniiii tniiit i.i 
 
 1:; 
 
 i«. II. 12, i; 
 
 1 
 
 i:i 
 
 17 
 
 Hi, 17 
 
 Itriop, < 
 
 «'»ttiiili in Britain of ilimlitfiil Ixuetit 
 
 ('Ii>i<« MWdon, l.inK, iinm-c-MMry for prvduvi-tuii' kiml 
 
 t'aiiwiiBn tmiit (Sulielinut) » Kiicctxn in Kritain. . 
 
 ('•n> ntfPMinry in tran»|>liinting KmIi 
 
 (^'arp, intnidiiition of, a (I Militfiil iK-ni'tit ,, l„ 
 
 .• a ilnig to Ciinailiun fialK'rnii'n ,, 
 
 " nm'fionH injury to the rotoniM' K., r. 8 i, 
 
 I)an(fci» in IranHplimtintf ni'w HiHH-ieH in 11 I" 
 
 DifTt'n-iit conditionN in varioun watxrn ' ,.^ .. 
 
 Kngliwli trout not dtxiralilf in oiir wati-rs j^ |., 
 
 Kxi'tiT, Maninisof. di'fendslAick Uwi.. .. ,", 
 
 KiKxi of trout 
 
 " IwiMH 
 
 " pickirfl or pikc-|H'rch 
 
 Kinli ri'placi' each other in deplete<l waters j^ ii 
 
 ■ ■niylinK killed olf hy tr ,t 
 
 Ilerrinxorirrmit lake' le«.wr whit.>tish) now v.iluahle 
 
 " " ""-.xist with pike 
 
 Hanu done hy injndicioiiH planting 4 "i I(i 
 
 IlcMiKf s|i»rrow an evil on thin continent 
 
 Injii licious planting . „ 
 
 ( . '*, 
 
 Knowletlge ewtential ill intnxlncintr new (i|iecie» !» 1" It; 
 
 IjaketMut coexint with whiteh»h 
 
 replace whitefinh, *ie<irgian Bay 
 
 i\l:wkini nge i. a dangerous s|>ecien 
 
 Minnows in plenty eiwetitial for lilack Iuisk . . 
 
 New Zealand, Kngli»h trout in 
 
 Perch, amazing increime of, after planting 
 
 cannot Ih> nnluced in nuniberH . . 
 
 " valued for npurt 
 
 .. over-run Lakes Erie and Meniiihmn.agog 
 
 d<)iitn>y a trout lake 
 
 I'ike HuitAliie only for inferior water:* 
 
 .. killed ofT Siiittiidi trout and nalmon 
 
 I'icken'l or I)ore very diwtnictive 
 
 I'acitic tnnit undesirable in easteni watern 
 
 Tike iHTch Kupphint nhitetinh in I^ke Krii- 
 
 Prpdaceoim fish over-run waterw 
 
 " are an evil 
 
 •' not cultivated in Tanada 
 
 catfish 
 
 17 
 
 in, i: 
 
 i:. 
 
 17, 17 
 !'■ 
 Ii 
 
 Hi, 17 
 
 Hi 
 
 . . IK 
 
 17 
 
 Hi. 17 
 
 I.t, II 
 
 X. !i' 
 
 16. 17 
 
 10 
 
 Hi 
 
CnXTBSTH 
 
 <it aSlOHM. PAPER New 22b 
 
 I -Miiiac Kiv'T, t'nrp killiil ntf Inuh hi 
 
 r^.' tllll lllwk l»ku< i-o'xint III Willi' witkr* 
 
 i; iiiil'iw trinit, m Kni' kmiic linh 
 
 MiiiliKintlilx ill KUaNnil'itiiiulii 
 .. .. not pn'frnililf lii Itnmk tP'ut 
 K ilililt lilittfix ill AiiKlnilia 
 
 >'.irjcti>ii, r^il rf|iut4M>f 
 
 nut :k H|<awii ilixtniyir 
 
 wiirfh pn'tivtinK 
 
 ditKciilt t" hatch 
 
 ^ iliiMiii V. tniiit in riwrs ... 
 
 ^<liiMiM, Kntclinh, n fikiliirt' in Ni-vv Xji>iiliiii<l . . . 
 
 >h,u\. II '•nert'KK whfii iiilnihiciil into I'lwitii' watJT*. . . 
 
 ■> I. ktTM 
 
 >'n"iiir H|i«viit* ovi'rci»iin* th*' wfaktT niitivf tiHh 
 
 I piiii nut iliKiralilc in went«'rn lakw 
 
 HnKliiih HoiiriKh in Nrw /ttaliinil 
 
 <l .viirft'd in I^«li .\nl, Si-iitlanil 
 
 liniiKiHjil tiMi«'Htr*>y by (lyn!*niit«» 
 
 Kruik, pnffraVili' in Kaiitrrn ("»ni«l» 
 
 ,. f.KXlcf 
 
 .• .1 killtMl off KraylinK 
 
 .. .. are rannitialtf 
 
 may tie preferable t^i nahiion 
 
 (!»i*tr»>y»'<I by Iihimi 
 
 \ ;il\i;ililt' ciiiiiniiTcial tixh unly, lmt<-hiil in ('anail.t 
 
 Whiti'tinh Ktatwl t*i U' preiliic«)ti» in Ii»kf Winnipeg. . 
 
 ■' riHuiiri' *|H»ciftl prMt4n;ti»tn. 
 
 .. iif chief valiif in wt-ntern Canaila 
 
 9 
 It 
 
 II 
 II 
 II 
 
 . H. il 
 
 IM. I!» 
 H 
 lU 
 l» 
 
 13. IS 
 
 .. r 
 
 r 
 
 10, I.I, 17 
 
 IS 
 7 
 
 M 
 I-.' 
 H 
 1.1 
 13 
 \9 
 l.-J 
 
 14. 15 
 
 . . 13, 17 
 
 . 1« 
 in. II 
 
 i-.>. i:t, !!• 
 
 TI' —The Aim and Mkthou cv Fwhkky Lkufslatiow. 
 
 \i,'in(ii an! bnyirB i>f Huh in ciinNitt with finhinm-n . .' 
 
 \ iiiflir'. takfx of tinh liniitifl by law 
 
 Xiigl'Ts oft^'ii 1'pn.iw HHhcmi**n'H int4'n'«tH 
 
 \ rcas iM't apiirt for Hwh proiiftgation . 
 
 Hare hmikM '(frapneli) fur nturtfeon pnihibitiMl 
 
 I'..u«i» of all finliery legislation Ik the public (finxl 
 
 fimrfuM 
 
 Hiitisli Ciilnnibia yieliled exicptiimal ti»lieri.'» n-veniie . 
 
 .1 cannen* vo!unU'ere<l incn-asiMl ftv |iaymontx. . 
 
 lir.inil, hfrriiiK, in .Scotlanil iH'netits iniliiHtry 
 
 or stamp im Canailian Iiil«ter» eiiKiin-s li>(tality 
 
 I'.oiinty fiaiil to tinhemien in Canada how raiwil ami ailniininterert 
 
 I 'anni'm' interentu in H.C. protected by law 
 
 < 'annerx in B.C. granted net licenBe* 
 
 " of Huh often in conflict with tixhemien 
 
 < lianneln of rivera not to lie obstructed 
 
 I laiw interests raise conflicts amongst fishermen 
 
 I 'I'we times, weekly 
 
 " diurnal 
 
 seasonal 
 
 l'an»<lian fishery laws not designi-d for rev.^nue pnriHiseo. ... 
 
 I 'omniercial interests oftt n opjuise Hshi iii'' i « views 
 
 loniiision arist^H from iliMii.il Uoiiiiiiiou .m.i i*iounci.»l .mthority in tishrrv mattrrs 
 
 I 'omimmiises frtHpient in international fishery disputes 
 
 Crown represented by Provinces as well as l>oniinion 
 
 21. 
 
 21. 
 
 27, 
 
 27, 
 
 2* 24 
 
 ... 20v 
 
 S, 23, 
 
 27 
 25 
 
 an 
 
 27 
 33 
 94 
 
 3t 
 
 29 
 2»« 
 28 
 2t 
 
 an 
 
 2H 
 SB 
 27 
 
 2^ 
 
 2» 
 
 2rv 
 
 25 
 31 
 25 
 
 34 
 
MAKIXK A XI) FISHKRIKS 
 
 1-2 EDWARD VII., A. 1902 
 
 Ciiriinf uf ti»li raiiM*» or Iowfn« inarki't \ . iit* of Hah 
 
 (*UNt4iiii<4 ri'irulHtiiiiiK iitiTliip H«»h»Ty l.-iwn 
 
 Ihiininiiin liitx i>iriMiicti<Hi nvcr Init ii<>t ' |>r<>i>"rtv in fiahiriiM* Kincntlly 
 I'lin iiii|MiH4' li tax iin Pr<iviiM'i;tt lirnifM-!* 
 
 Kvidt'iu-*' »tf ti-hiTiiifii U-fiirt- ('oiniiii^Hioiit-rH v»Ty n-.-t-rviil 
 
 Kiwh. iiit«'ri"«ti« of, proriiint-nt in ti»h«Ty Uwm 
 
 KiMht-nnt'ii oftt-n narrow in thfir vit-WH 
 
 iiilopt KUnt- )Htliry ;tf4 hnnrtT?* 
 
 often o|i))0(M' cat-h otiii'r*' int*T»'Nt« . 
 
 Kirthery luwH in alt ('oiintrifN a t?ra(tuAl ^rftwtli 
 
 in ('iin;Mla not (lt"<i^nf<ny a nifiinN of Mt;urinf{ ri-vcnnc . . . 
 
 lilioiiM U- lK»»f<l on mvnruti- knowli'^ljfr 
 
 Kiaifintnl" of lolmltTH inmiot !«• ji'tnlly hoI'I 
 
 Krt'j«h wattT fi»*luTi»s, tcndfiicy U\ incrcuw rffttriction^ in 
 
 KinlitTii - of Canjula, all liavf an inlt-rt-Ht in.... . ., 
 
 Ki»hw»yH to U' |inniili-il whirl inilnril ih rviwiry 
 
 Kimrfiilil Iwsiii of ti^liiry li'ifiHJation 
 
 ||||' (iiirry, or finh-offal, not to |«)ll':tp Wiitt'iK 
 
 lor. ti<ihinf< pt-oliihitiil tlir .^li. f<>c trout and ••y..tt'rM 
 
 IniiiiHtrii'H. nnnii'roiH. iIi'ImmhI on ti^hi'rif?* 
 
 lnt4*rn.itional iiiti'ti-xti* in tiwhu-y li->;i«lation 
 
 Int^'mctB of Knlii'rnii'n (iu»riltHl liy law . . . . . . . 
 
 n H»h .. 
 
 t. !• nutioni* " .. 
 
 <■ Htati' JiM n wholi' .. ... 
 
 .. •• \arioiiH ti^hin^ claHiM'N op|HiHi'il 
 
 Irriftution ilitchiw in NortliWfKt ''unaila nnut havi' piarilK ... . . 
 
 KnowlidK** niie'taary on wliicli ti oiim' jiiHt !:iWN 
 
 Iiawfiil rxcuM' n'Karilinir »a.'"te of tinli 
 
 I^aWN, Huhi'ry, ar»' fourfold in tlii-ir olijit-t 
 
 l^'t^inlatiM' -tuprcniju'y \i*Mti*ii in Nonunion 
 
 I^aMPH, Hnhi-ry. ri-fi-rr»'(l to 
 
 r.!i'**nHi' fi'i'M (Ki'dfral) unuall.y noininal 
 
 Lici-iiMi- Mviti'in a ri'Kulntivr Ii-vit u-itliout fH-naltn - 
 
 .. rttforiN I'ifi'otivi' control 
 
 fjohiiti-r rti/i* limit in Hay of Kunil>- wati'i-w lii-ciiiiii by niarknt *. 
 
 trap ri'^ulation to iH-niiit Kuiall onrs to I'xcaiH' 
 
 gear not to U- M»*t liefoH' waw'ti olM'nj* 
 
 M Mtanip or hr.imi ^iarantii-s ipiality 
 
 Meat, liniken lobnter, not le^fallv wilealile 
 
 MPKliof ni'tji !*|Hi'itii'il ifi cirtain n-ffiilatiotiK , . . 
 
 Manure. itM- of tixh for, priliiditi'd 
 
 Mannfaotnrirs, itiuli prmluitM) im luileil in I'isliiry I»awH 
 
 Mi.iunilerntanilinK ri>rarilin>f Ki«liiTy I^itxvK 
 
 MifrrAtion of ti.th faciliUiteil liy law 
 
 Moral MUiiHion effective in fishery protittion 
 
 NetB, diHtance between, le);ally apecitij-d 
 
 .. lenffth of ... ... 
 
 .. of ci'rtain kinds piotnliitiil 
 
 National interer^tH in tinheries conserved . . 
 
 Norwegian drii-' .irings bi-st prices 
 
 ObKtacli'H to H» i^ation illegal 
 
 < )verli»liinK prevented by law 
 
 by -trjIIH *i;g ttof a|!.-iw('d 
 
 offal prohibition 
 
 ()yi<t*'r niiniinuni legal «i/.i' of 
 
 11 driHlgea forbidden . . . 
 
 a». IM, 
 
 ■-'1 
 ■J I 
 
 'Jii 
 
 ■-•7 
 
 ■J I 
 
 J I 
 
 •-'1. •.•: 
 
 -'I. ■'. 
 
 •-'1, 
 
 •-•I, .'• 
 
 jt 
 L":' 
 
 •.HI. -Jl 
 
 '.'li, 
 
 a;, 
 21, 
 
 •-M, 
 
 •J! 
 
Cf».vrffA 
 
 vU 
 
 SESSIONAL PAPER No. 82b 
 
 |i iiiitK to »lliiw lakihit li»li f'lr iH.'i»'ii'ili< |'iiri»i«<« 
 
 I luliciin ill riK-r!.. At . . 
 
 I |>..(fll'll>ll 111 ^■.ll liy Illfl.' MWTVHI 
 
 I \ iiM-wN in f'liniwla hHvi '' ;H-rtv . HmH 
 
 **»»«*t iiicfpiv rvvi'itii*' *iiic*- M'.u* 
 
 I jr|i*rinK t'> H«li f.irlpiiMi'ii in n-rtuiii iiii».< 
 
 r S'lti' iiit«T»-''t ill ti»htTit». iiiiiiii U' |«riiiiMHint 
 
 t k*' oi \altlH HM fuml 111 ucnti'ni ('."liwln ... 
 
 not pnitj^tisj in i'i»»it»Tn Oaiuxts 
 
 I'r 'liiliituiii may !«• rH«t<ir»tiM-, \>tv\' iitiir anil r<i<triitn>'. 
 
 I.', u'litiiifnt at H>itiery Uw iinjiwtiHalil'- 
 
 -'IiK'KiiiK "( wkterit privately. illHKal imU'»< l<y |icriiiit 
 
 >t,,t<' li»" intrrwt ill priwrviiiK tinliiTy .•MMiunt* . . 
 
 S. Mttisli litw, fnrly on liiil»Ti«m . 
 
 •-. iwiiK r«iiiirf<l for tlitilii'S in h.C, iiml N.W.T 
 
 sc .1 Hsiicrii-a, ttMiiieney to n-iiion- r«*i«tric'tion» .... 
 
 S|>Huiiin|ir ti«li not t«> In- taknn 
 
 >. ,1 coant midenta not morv int«T«it«l in finhfr; th.in otti.r> 
 Si/f limit for fiih 
 
 . l()bat*ni 
 
 ,. oyi4t**ni 
 
 S|iM:iiUtive iinhing Hiacuiintonaiicwl . .. 
 
 Sin'art prohiliited ... 
 
 Siiirf(i'*>n not t» lie taken with liari' hook . 
 
 T.tlul laitft i>f vtTH, HHhintf in. "f I'oiiiiiitii. .iKtit 
 
 I iiwrittt'ii law ctfi'ctive ill tialitrif^ . . 
 
 I 'niviTMal prohibitioiiH (dyiiaiiiite, !«|N*urH, t^t-.,). . . . 
 
 \ unu-ioiM ,'ukI utfU'HH ti'*li liavf no clmb' NiMMinn. ... 
 
 \\ ;ir iiiiniini'iit iit tiiiii-.^ ill tiMlifry iliMptiti-!* .. 
 
 \\';i-*it' of HhIi proliibitcil 
 
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: EDWARD VII. 
 
 SESSIONAL PAPER No. 22b 
 
 A. 1902 
 
 SPECIAL RHFORTS. 
 
 No I. ON THi: }IATCHIN(; ANI» P[,.\NTIN<; OK TltnlT 
 
 \ l'K'iKi;.-i.s')u KiiWAifi) K. 
 
 PkINCK, (.'■iMMI8.'<IOXKI4 AMI tiKNKIi.^l. iN.Nl'Kn.il; 
 
 KimiKuiKs Klin C'.\N.*i>A. 
 
 Ill the hatoliing >. treat and salincin, whose ova are iduiparatively lar^e and lieavy, 
 I' i< usual to place the eags in shallow perforated trays over which pure fresh water 
 [isses durinj; the period of incubation. If the e^jgs are liHjsely spread so that they do 
 tilt unduly press upon each other, and if fro"' excess of light, deleterious chemical or 
 lith'T inriuences are guarded against, the i'-' , of artiticial hatching can Ite acco.n- 
 [Ushed with facility. .More than thirty vt ■• .;go the Coiuiiii-ssioner of Irish Fisheries 
 hatched a ijuantity of salmon liy a simple incultating apparatus in his oliice in the 
 <Jiistom-5 House, Dublin —a clear proof that the obstacles to success are not serious. 
 
 Hefore commencing artiticial tish culture for the pur|ios(! of sUx-king any waters, 
 it is necessary to prove as a first step that the waters are suitable. F,\en streams ami 
 lakes, which onco abounded with trout, may, during the prtn-ess of depletion, have 
 i.fi'iiue alteretl in character, and no longer possess their former favourable features. A 
 teu adult trout transplanted from other waters will in a single season afford the required 
 int'orniation. If the fish survive »nd flourish, there need l>e nti fear of succes.s. Such 
 iiit'orniation is especially necessary in the case of artificial ponds or of waters which it is 
 pmposeil to stock for the first time. Under conditions which are really unfavourable 
 -peokled trout will, of course, live, but not in a healthy, vigoious state. They will even 
 survive in shallow stagnant water, where the supply is small and uncertain, but very 
 'iifFerent conditions are necessary for succssful tnmt culture. 
 
 If it is intended to hatch and rear trout from the egg, the parent ti-li must Ije 
 secured before the close season begins and retained in a pond until rif)e, otherwise 
 trout can only be secured by obtaining from the Minister of Marine and Fisheries 
 a special permit, the conditions attachwl to which are very stringent. Tn>\it, when 
 'WO years old, will yinid spawn, but as the number of eggs yielded i)y them is small, 
 md the eggs hare \ieen proved to be less hardy than tho.se of older tish, it is prc- 
 ti'iable to select parent fish not younger than four years and not oUler than twelve 
 v.>ars. Moreover, the larger fish furnish .i greater numlter of f;^gs, the amount l>eing 
 iiliout 900 for every pound weight of the parent, and the egi>s tliemsdves are of larirer 
 ■•i/e. A salmon produces eggs at least one third larger than those of a small unlsp, .iiul 
 the fry hatched from eggs of large size have l)een found to Ih- liner, healthier, and of 
 more rapid growth than from smaller eggs. This is hs tine also of trout. I he 
 -pawning season I'Xtends over a long perio<l, and iiulividiials containing r ipe c^'irs may 
 !»• found from late fall until spring. It is not necessary to descrilx' the Miellu«|s of 
 ptitaining parent trout, though the drag seine of I in. bar, /. < ., about li in. e.vtensioii 
 iiipsli, is very effective. The seine l«'ing an excessively di'struclive net is generally 
 iisfouraged in Canadian waters, however, and it must nit 1m> tori;otlen tliat the barriii:: 
 •f small streams frequented by tiout and other fiKli is forbidden by law. 
 
 The requisite nunil)er of parent trout havin:.' lieeii obtained and confined in a small 
 ji'ind ready for artificial spawning, it is necessary for at least two operators to assist in 
 ■lie work, one t<i perform the "stripping, ' the other to net lln' lisli. as requireil .and 
 hand the vessels, A'>.., to the operator. Kneeling on the giiiund the operatoi tirmlv 
 UT gently lifts a fish by the Uil out of the landing net, using his left hand and rests 
 I's head for a moment on a towel, lightly passing his right hand towards the throat an. I 
 Clasping it with the op'>n thumb and foretinu'er ii ; r the bnasl tins, the other ilnec 
 ■22b— \ 
 
 ll 3 
 
MAHIXE AXJ> nsJ/KKlES 
 
 t . 
 
 
 ss 
 
 1-2 EDWARD VII., A. 1902 
 fingers of tho li-lit liaiid hein;,' (.le-sed up..ii the left j,'ill cov.t of tlie ti-iJi. The hn. k- 
 of Ih.- lish is pressed iif,'ftin-t the right l>reistof the operator and tlie tail hent bick vM 
 upward. If the lish is fully rip.-, the ripe ejfv'i will shoot out in a continuous vtu-iM, 
 and the a-ssistant completes the operation hy gently pressing upon thr undei side . f 
 the fish and passing his hand from tlie head towards the tail to expel tho .ggs thv 
 may not hnvj run out. The egg- should not fall far, so that the assistant should h„|.i 
 or place on the left of the operator the shallow dish, which is to receive the eg.-s N,, 
 force is necessa-y. If the eggs refuse to .stream out, the tish is most probably not fullv 
 ripe, and a little i>ati.nce will prcve that. Some fish refu.se for a minute or two t.. vi.l.j 
 their spawn, and oM fish always spawn less freely than young examples. Some inan 
 pu ators wrap the lish in a towel, having the snout and hind part of the body fr.,- 
 others hold the fishs head or shoulders in the left hand, and grasp the under side .,t 
 the body with the right hand, holding the tail down and slightly pressing with ti,. 
 right thumb. There are disa<ivaiitages connected with these methods : but iu all alik.- 
 patience and gentle handling are essential. The fish should not be unduly disturb- I 
 or roughly treated, and spawning can thus be accomplished without the sliahf h 
 possibility of injury. \'ery large and strong fish may demand the united ettorls .ff t«„ 
 operators. \\ hen four or five female fi4i havel^en spawned into the plaU' yiel.liti - 
 say, 10,000 ova. the assistant must then land in succession two or three ripe mal." 
 Each fish should be brought close to the eggs as they lie in the plate, and as soon .^ 
 the aUlomen touches the eggs a large flow of creamy milt will be forcibly ejected Tin- 
 plate snould bi. turned round as each new male is brought so that all the eggs niiv 
 receive a share of the Huid milt. A slight pressure of the right thumb and fin 't 
 behind the breast fins and further back will increase the fiow. The milt of a sin".- 
 male will surtice for an extraordinary number of eggs if Iwth sexes be in fully ripe . ",, 
 dition and in case of necessity one male may with confidence be used to fertilize tli- 
 ova of (ive or si.\ f.-mal-s ; but where jiossible the fiist named proportion is .safest He 
 vivitying or fertilization of the egg will 1m; aide,! by gently stirring them with m 
 
 feather after milting, ...ul adding half a pint of water to dilute the creamy milt I .1, 
 dish when thus filled and stirred should be placed .m one side and five more feniii.s 
 spawii.ll into another .lish. In h.ilf an hour they should be transferred to a 1 irger ve-. 1 
 a clem wo, den bucket, and ph.ced under a gentle flow of clean water, to wash > i 
 impuriues and excess of milt away. Tlie e-gs will appear no longer soft and viel,!,,,- 
 and instead of .lingiiig together will be har.l to the touch and separate from each otL<-r' 
 I hey are very .-lastio and will endure great pressure. Thus Frank Huckland, tli." i,i.,-t 
 famous otr-nghsh pisciculturists pl.ced upon some trout eggs a weight not less thin 
 five poun.is SIX ..unces In-f.-re he coul.l crush them Neverthele.ss pressure esp.vi,! , 
 upon newly fertilized eggs is highly injurious. ' 
 
 It is necessary to pla<-e he eggs, after being cleaned, upon the hatching tr..v. 
 Jhese c.msist of lightly ma.i.- s<iuare frames of wo:,d, across which is stretched japan-.,! 
 wire cloth, though in the (iovernment hatcheries perforated tinned trays bli k 
 ,iapanne(), have Im-.-h found advantage<ius. 
 
 The following fiv,. conditions are nee.-ssary for successful hatching :— 
 
 (1) A supply of water which is regular and unfailini;. 
 
 (2) Water of even temperature, that supplied from a -spring at s.)me depth l>en. •!, 
 ground IS preferabl.-. ' 
 
 (:i) Frce.l,)m fr.im impurities and sediment, which .suftwate tho e-gs hence i ,• 
 supply of water shoul i run into a tank to allow sediment to settle l«foiv it runs ,., r 
 Uie hiit.'hing trns. 
 
 (4) Tlie,,uantity .ie.sirable is al)out 100 gallons j)er hour for 10 000 eg«s T 
 greater th' .,uantily of water the letter, as eijgs actually breathe water and .. . 
 amp..- supplies of oxyg.-n which the fresh inflow of water contains 
 
 {f>} Protection from flo.Kls by means of guards and an overflow ditch higher ..: 
 than the supply pipe. While spring water from its equable temperature punty r , 
 other features ,s always preter.ible, yet when incubation has advanced to what is",alS , 
 tlie .-veilegg stage, water from a brook or river will serve quite well 
 
 I rout eggs hatch ,.ut in fr.mi 50 f. l.'.O days, ar-cording to the temperat,,. 
 amount, and rapidity, ,h. well as the character, of the water. Water from limest... 
 
 th 
 
HKI'dHT i>S THK HATfl/iyi. AX/) / '..J.V/7.V'. '(/■ T/:ii( 7 3 
 
 i£53IONAL PAPER No. 22b 
 
 'rutii is sjenpially liel.i to lie Ik-si, and tli»' ;;reatpr tlie i|uanlily of wiiu-r the longer can 
 i!,cul)ati<)n !«• protracti-d. Teiiiperature is of ooursf most potent, ami a clian^r of one 
 wtfiee Fahr. rise or fall, shortens or len^'thens the proce.-'> of incuhati.m four or five 
 1 t.v. Egjfs of trout which hatch out in "lU dajs when the temperature of the water is 
 ..■ptat .")0 Falir., will take 100 .lays if (he temperature i> kept as low as 40 . T'le 
 tilled hatching; trays are plactni in woolen tanks open at the top. and a tl(»w of water 
 tiiiough the Ijoves must Ix- arran;;ed to ensure two inches or less of water o\er the ei^gs. 
 l>if>it light shoidd l)e excluded to cliscourage fungus growth. De^d .ggs .-liould Ik.- 
 I icked out each day. When eggs die ihey lose their delicat.> transparency atid l)loon), 
 ;n i assume a dead white apix-arance, and unless rt-movi-d a feathery fun;.'us rapidly 
 iveis the egg, and spreads to other healthy eggs. Heme tiie ne(es,sity forpnmptly 
 leui-.ving them. If cgg> rei|uire moving on the tray it should In- don.-'gentlv with a 
 ■..ft camel hair pi-ncil or brush. They may l)e softly swept into .-i s|ioon when it is 
 .i.-ind to remove a few from the tray A tray may l>e emptied hy lifting it out of the 
 water and skilfully overturning it into a dish. Kggs must ntver Im' touched liv the 
 Land, and dead egg* are l>e-t removed with wiMnlen pincers or forceps. 
 
 Hatching and rearing bo.xes reipiire to Ik- blackened inside. Charring is much to 
 i>>' jireferred to black varnish. Ulack paint iiiu>l be avoided. Hot Mocks of iron .<> 
 ibs. or •-•8 lbs, weight are closely applied to the surface to be charred and this dose 
 i.iiitact prevents burning. All lioxts. trays, Ac, after charring, varnishing, .Vc , must 
 If- well seasored in water some time b. fore hatching operations b'.gin. 
 
 When the delicate young fry, callt-d " alevins," iK':;in to hatch they do so in such 
 i.umljers that special tanks are necessary to which to transfer them. .Many of the fry 
 . iniiot free themselves from the eggshell or capsule, and require a little skilful help 
 !.y means of an artists camel hair brush. When not more than two hours old the 
 lit'le fish ha\e intelligence enough to dart away from dan^.-r. It rei|uircs some agility 
 t.i capture one with a spoon. A S(<x>p of tine gauze or jx-rforated zinc is eU'ectivc, 
 The following |)oints may be noted in connection with managing the fry : - 
 !l) They should \>e expo.sed to very little light 
 
 (2) No food is required until the large bag of yolk attached to each ahvin is 
 aliiiost absorbed. 
 
 (.3) Prevent massing together, their jelly like bmlies when crowdeil logetlur re-ult 
 ill .suffocation and death. 
 
 (4) Cover the e.\it with tini- gauze to prevent the tail and yolk sac of s.nne of the 
 try passing tlirough, and occasionally >wcej) them gently away from the point of 
 i ulllow. 
 
 JSefore the yolk is gone, trout fry will pick up minute particles of foinl, and. indeed, 
 it fry are kept more than six or .seven weeks, systematic feeding must l.e ri--,()rtc«l to .\t 
 tiie Hcstigoucho hatchery, Mr. .Me\. Mowat was granted petmissiori in Isyg to retain 
 iii'J rear 10.000 sea salmon fry until they weie six months old, when many of them 
 rp.iclie<l three inches in length. This very successful attempt is referred to in'the report 
 'V the olliccr nanie<l {Sf |)epartmenl's lieport for that year, .\ppendix 11, Kish- 
 < jlture < >j)eralions) fr.im which I iiuole the following: — 
 
 As regards the 10,(X)0 fry retained at the hatchery in open aii tanks until si.v 
 111 >iiths old, the experiment was most successful. .Many of tliese littit- tisl- were fullv 
 '■'■ inches in length when liberated in the autumn. The fo<wl for the fiy consists of 
 |.LiUeri/ed liver and raw fish, the tish oidy being used ns a thiid food, and the liver 
 :.'iated into powder A great amount of attention and care must attend the «ork of 
 f-edii,g the fry, and keeping all dead and decayed matter lemoved from the tank- I 
 am confident that from the trial made during the past summer at the Ite<'."Side hatchery, 
 tiiat Urge numbers of the fry can !»■ fed and reared in the tanks for at least six months 
 l.efore being liberated. 
 
 The utility of using other tish, in a powdere<l or mas)ie<l - ite for the sustenanie of 
 aivanced try « as suggested long ago by that pionee." in tish culture cm this ontinent. Dr. 
 TheoJatus Garlick, of Cleveland, Ohio, I'.S.A.* Dr. (iarlick, in his interesting' little 
 ■ Treatise on the Artificial Propagation of Certain Kinds of p'lsh ' publi-.hed in \^'>7, 
 
 n 
 
 ■|7( iiiv |i.i]i, 1 I 
 
 ' Kl>li Cnltiiii- 111 <':ilia.la ' 'l'l.-»ll«acl. UttilMn I, it. :iiu) .-sci 
 
 I'lri II . p li.l 
 
 
I- 
 
 ■f 
 
 4 MAItlXK AX/> FJSjnUJhS 
 
 1-2 EDWARD VII., A. 1902 
 said (p. X'J.}: It has l)een ascertained tlmt tlio lean llfsh of animaK, when l.oiirti, is an 
 excellent article of food for young lish, or ev.-n old ones. As the fish ar^ very small i- 
 is necessary to hash it up into very Hn.- particles ..r they will swallow it : in fact i- 
 shouhl b<- pounded or grated very Hne, hut as they increase in ^ize, it niav l>e given in 
 coarser particles. The tlesh of other kinds of fishes, where th.y are plenty^ would be n-i 
 excellent sulistitute for the flesh of animals, either cooked or uncooked: I think rln< 
 kind of food preferable to any (.iher. 
 
 The question has often \^en tliscussed whether fry whose incubation has b»>eii 
 protracted are stronger than those which have been liatched earlier under a liiuh.-i 
 temperature. Certainly tlie mortality in hrixxls of English trout hatched in wat^r 
 below 40 F. is far less than when tlie water is of a higher temi«?iature. The sainr ha- 
 been found to be true of the Canadian speckled trout and the Hainlww trout. 
 
 In a series of ova which had reached an advanced stage in water of 4S F an i 
 were then placed in trays supplied with water Id h.wer, the hatching out di.I not'tak- 
 place until the l:;Oth day, though th-y are known to liatch in 50 or 00 days under t 
 higher temperature. The resulting fry are more robust, and fewer die during the early 
 stages after lil)eration from the egg than in those hatched at a temperature of »> •". 
 60 . Actual tests on spawning beds have shown that for long periods the water inav 
 not rise above 34 or 3.-| until April, and the period of hatching is therefore prolong- 'l 
 to I.jO or 160 day.s, wit/i the result that the fry are stronger and more healthy. 
 
 In accordance with the conditions which obtain in nature, the fry, after exclu^i.i, 
 from the egg, should not be subjected to very low temperatures, but water ran"i- - 
 from 4o' to .)5 is most suitable. The carrying of fry to the localities where thev'ai" 
 to be deposited is an import^int matter. Railway journeys, if not too protracted ,: , 
 jjttle harm to fry, unless the cans or tanks holding them are kept too near a stove .• 
 hot pipes. Excessive heat often proves fatal in railway cars, but as a rule, journevs bv 
 rail are less perilous than by t.am over rough roads,' when the shocks and colliMon., 
 seriously disarrange the delicate organization of the young fry, and damage it is l>eliev,. i 
 the sensitive otocysts of the little fish. Team-drives over rough trails through forn^-- 
 are not conducive to the well-being of fry, and when j)Ossible. cans should l)e carried i ■ 
 the manner described later, over very rocky or uneven tracts. Conveyance by ix«it . 
 canoe IS by far the best mode. Cans specia'ly contrived for the purpose are best an 
 should Iks made of heavy galvanized iron! or stout iron well tinned, and holding In • . 
 12 gallons of water. They may Ik' 24 or 26 inches high, and say 18 inches in diaintt. i, 
 but may be of the form of a truncated cone, with a narrow neck in th« centre for t'l' 
 purpose of prpventi.ig the splashing and loss of water as far as possible. Into thf n.-.k 
 (say G inches in diameter), a cylindrical can fits, the bottom of which is made of fm- 
 raet;d gauze. The gau/.e not only allows of aeration, but when necessary serves a- ■ 
 receptacle for pieces of ice, which, melting, trickles into the water Ix-low "in which tl-.- 
 hsh are s- imming about. The ice is often broken up into Hne pieces or crushed it i- 
 does not melt and cool the 'vater properly. It should always be remembered that t!..' 
 y.ung lishe.s, above all salmonoid fishes, cannot endure heat, nor are they able • . 
 withstand frost with impunity. Indeed, ice placed in the lid of the can or tank ha- 
 proved harmful when on warm days the fry have been surrounded for some hours l.v 
 waterof .)0' or60 . Hence the advisability or transporting young fish either in '.".■ 
 early spring months or during the night, and at early morning when the seasun - 
 warmer and more advanced. At such times they can be most .safely shipped. 
 
 It IS well known that newly hatched fish are far less hardy than eggs. But .-^^n 
 eggs during the first few weeks are very sensitive, and within three weeks after feitiii 
 i.tion they should be subjected as littl.- as p.isMble to concussions and rough u- . ■• 
 baluion rggs 22 days old die<l in s or 'J days after Ijeing roughly handled during <,,!,■ 
 experiments by the late Dr. Francis Day, the well kno«n I'.r'itish salmon autliori.v. 
 but alter the 4.th day only very hurtful causes, such as chemical impurities. Ac ui 
 do them any harm, and -eyed' .^gs iiie haixly in the extreme. So tloubt va-' 
 nuiid«>rs ot ova are lost every year at the head waters of salmon rivrs by Ijeing fi-.,/-ii 
 ' \VI,il.-k:,ili,ui 
 
 il^l. 
 
 ; i^ \>t\ tlMltf 
 
 I irnii i.* tli»' 
 
 lit, ilil<) lli'U 
 
 '.-t iiiut.nat, It mist Ik- r-iiifiiiln-i'.tl that tlif -pirits uf salt. 
 IMS «ti..ukl -taml full ..f walor (oft.n r.iu«.-t|i f.ir . ijflit ..r iiiii>- 
 
i:ki'i>i!t nx TiiK ii.xrrniS'i .i.v/- ri..\xris<. of runtr 5 
 
 rSSSIONAL PAPER No. 22b 
 
 Ortainly in l"^"^!. X.\\U li)s>^ wis vi-ry sc\fri- ■•ii iiiuTjy Sotti-li riv<T-i Tlif fiiiMUH 
 I hysiol-.gist. \>T. l»avy, hrc.ther of Sir" Humphrey l>ii\y, iiiil.f<|i|,>.| saliii'.n p,';.'s in io.-, 
 ii;.l f-iumi tliiit they >uiviMcl ; hut hi> p\|nTiuifnts j.i.iviil.'d cnii.Jitioris pnilwdlv iiicrp 
 -!,i"lu;il than tht" scvete niiu trying ciriiiiiistjiincx ..t' t'lcf/iiii; near tin' soun-.- ..f "a ri\er. 
 
 In or.ler t(i keep the cuns vuitahly oh.I im out'^ide |aik<'t uf inm is ottt-ti pr<>\ id.-il, 
 - paratfd liy an empty -jiaie troin the in-i,),. .-an ci.iitainin;.- flip try. Su.h douhh^ cans 
 ii>^ very eflfitivp, anil hcins; muoii iMxiler than ordinary lans. tho frv an- -hipped in 
 t!iem with much ureater safely and >uc(esi. Whitetish fry which are verv small and 
 (i. Hcatc will t<i the nuniLer of IJ.UOU to •Ja.iMMi. travel in one of these cjins'w ithoiil lo„s 
 if the journey \\o not lonirand trying : hnt half that <|uantity ofhr.Mik trout and siihnon 
 wniild as a rule suttiee S,)me authorities favour the wise pi inciple of putting; a minimum 
 ■ luantity of fry iti each can and n'^ard .'i.OOO to ."..(JOii ,is iimplc. hut with newlv hatched 
 fry liefore the iiills are properly iicv..!op..<l, and heforc they have acpiired their full 
 1 irval activity and vis;our, a greater numher can \»- safely shipjx'd in each i-an. Ten 
 c ins is a full shipment for one teani, and fewer cans are in iiiost cases advisnhle. At 
 the famous Howietoun Ksh ponds in Sc. fland. the I imented Sir .lames (iihsiiu Maitland, 
 whose recent death all interested in lish culture must deplore, used a conical form of 
 • an ■-' I inc' -s in diameter across the hottom, and 41. inches in diameter at the tip. 
 Tlie hei/.t of this can is xl inches, ,ind the weight. "when tille.l. alnnit IVii poumls. s.. 
 that tv.o intn could easily lift it about l>y means of two strong handles fixed at |H)ints a 
 irtle almve the centre of gravity (aUiut 11 inches from the liottoin). Wlien if is 
 I -cessary to convey the cans along fore^l paths or ai-ross rocky hills, two poles are 
 hLii/ontally attached to the handles, and the can is then ensilv carried— one man 
 walking in front and the other liehinil. Many Scotti-h lakes situated on the highest 
 '.'titudes have heen successfully stocked hv this nietho.1 
 
 All fry should he plant'd immediately after arrival If the hour of arrival at the 
 I ' lUting ground he midnight or during tlie small hours of the morning so much the 
 1 -tter. the atmosphere is then cool. In any case no time should l>e lost as every 
 ir.oiiient is of importance, and the sooner the fry are disporting themselves in t! -ar 
 
 waters f.f the stream or creek, the greater is tiie assurain'e of sm-cess. CndtT -a 
 
 vhatever should frv he kept in the cans over the night. (Ircat risk is run hv ,. few 
 hours delay. If through the inipossihility of otitaining a team or other cause it is 
 .i-olutely inipratioahle to at once plant them, they should Ix- constantly watch d an<l 
 fiesh water s|i)ashed in, or the water aerated by a U'llows or other means, .•\eration is 
 I ost easily and effectively done hv lifting up water in a dippier from the can and letting 
 it fall again with a splash : iiut on no account should tlic device be adopted of blowing 
 I'.'wn a tube into the can with a view to aerating th" water Such ,in absurd plan has 
 be.-n actually afiopted by soine mani[)ulator:; ; but in blowing down poisonous air from 
 tl..- lungs, tic water in tJie can already vitiate I with carbonic acid g.is. becoiiies more 
 \ itiated and poisonous. The surest way of killing and asphyxiating tish suffering from 
 lai.k of o.xyiren is to blow air from the iiuailh into their midst. 
 
 Again, fry should not b> unduly knocked about or the cans roughly handloi. • Fry 
 
 will not stand m ich knocking about.' wrote the late Sir (iibson .Maitlanil 'the 
 
 b.ttoni of a tank (or cam use! for transporting fry should be slirtened by cross pii'ces 
 soMerecl underneath, as, if it saggs at all, the fry soon yet fatigued. |iossihly Imcau'e the 
 i«-a-t spring from the hottom frightens ;hem and th'^y exhaust their strength by frei|uent 
 and aimless sallies through the water. The same author also wr te ; •With <are fry 
 can be carried for twtntyfour hours, but the result is not satisfactory if the journey he 
 h.iiger.' 
 
 < »f course small iiuantities of fry can be sent further an I more casilv than large 
 The re-aeration of the water is a ditticulty. It cannot be done automatically, as is the 
 - ase w' 1 earlings. Ix'cause the motion the «,iter acipiires tires out the fry if very 
 V' . .:g. The cans sliouid never be tilled .(iiiri to the top but a cohsMcrahle spice 
 should be left or th" fry will suffocate. .' 
 
 Bread crumbs or narticles of such sup|K)s..d lood should nevei be s,uttered amongst 
 \oung tish. when being ship) eil. Very bad resu'.i > have followed when this has tieen 
 '.cue as bread is a mos', unnatural fond for young tislies. 
 
.I/.I/.7.V/; AX/t ns/fEh'lKS 
 
 * 
 
 les > 
 
 1-2 EDWARD VII.. A. 190i 
 
 It usually sutfic-s in a lon^' journey to change the water at appropnat- iuterval. 
 
 The tact IS well known that l.ttlo salmon and trout, only L' or 3 week, old a.-tivfiv 
 
 wave theii pectoral Hns to and fro and thus create a current of water whioh aid- ;:, 
 
 oxygena ion, and facilitates the breathing operations of the tish. 
 
 The actual plantinjt of the fry is a most important nutter, and a .'..ud .i.al of ^.rv 
 inapjiropriate advice his been published upon this matter. 
 
 It is el.-ai; that fry should not 1)6 suddenly transferred from a war... .an to a . i , 
 of water that is several degrees higher in temperature than the lake or strea... 
 
 rhe t^'mperature should l)e somewhat e-iualized by minglinc the tw.. waters M„,. 
 the hsh are e.nptied out. The temperatuie ..f the water into which the fry a..- f. t,.. 
 transferr-l -hould not l,e more th.n higher or lower than the wat r in whirl, ,|..v 
 nave bei-n carried troin the hatchery. 
 
 It is hardly necessary to say that if fry are l)eing sent some di-tanc- t > 
 
 plant.Hl, It IS an advantage to have all arrat.gements for rheir r-'cepti ... made bef.,,-. 
 han.l, so that t,eams may bo waiting the ar.ival of the <• ., and an imn.Hia'e .t .r- 
 be ...ade. Hetoiv phumg the cans on the team it is a.h. sable to .-emove ihe ice f.v,.„ 
 the covers of the cans unless the outside at...osph,..e In- very warm. Cans of fish shou .1 
 never stand in the hot rays of the sun : but a cover or sheet shoul.l be so placed as '.. 
 shie.d the.... ans shou .1 also be thoroughly rinsed and cooled with water before fr 
 are placed ... them, t.sh frequently become sick Move leaving ,he hatci.erv becai...- 
 this rule has not been observed and the fry placed in can.s which hav be.,. wKrm^i 1, 
 the sun or nearness to a stove. 
 
 It is a go,Kl principle to tind out where the fish naturally spa« n i.i the waters ,o (.. 
 plante.1, or it no hsh of the same species occur, to ascertain when- the !«.t natural .„n 
 d.n.ms ex, t. Ihus whitelisl, should alway. be plant-.l on clean gravelly ..ound :\ 
 tauly .shallow wate-. o,- where reefs of h.,neyc....b rocks e.xtend. H.ook t.out , n i 
 salu.on should be ph.ce.l -lear the he.d of streams or as far up tributa.ies of large riv.,< 
 as poss.ble, avoiding, l.oweve.-. those which dry up during the suinm r 
 
 Lake trout do best if distributed over rocky shoals such as are selected by the ni,. ■ - 
 hsh. In such places as those speciHed there is abundance of shelter, an.l the s.nall ti- / 
 as a rule. ..iike at onco tor niches in the rocks, or the protection of p..l,b|..s and stone-" 
 As pike, p.ckerel and other predacious fish are in the spring occupied in spawning, the.v 
 i> less danger tron. these hsh than is cmraonly suppose,!, especially as the first nan .e.. 
 species are then „» weedy, marshy localities engage.1 in depositing their eggs. If sunlivi,' 
 s^n.iers, sn.all sueke.-s and pike appear to abound, it is best t.? select s^me other ar.,.-' 
 wh.cl, a.-e tree .-on, these destructive pests, or if that is not possible, drive these ti-h 
 away by d.s urbing the wate.-, sweeping a net over the ground or son.e such n.ethod 
 
 It ,s often the ca.se that neither time nor circumstances will admit of reaching tl •• 
 best and n.ost approp,-iate localities, and the planting must l>e done where it is appan r>- 
 the young try would not have been under natural .-onditions foun.l. After mudrex,... 
 nence with young fry I a.n bound to confers that planting fry upon what .,av ,.- 
 appear the most suitable grounds insults in better success thtn ..dght^uve been aiti' V 
 .ited. The ch.yge otten made ag.v.nst otHcials of n.erely dumping in the fry at the ., - 
 convenient rather than the most suitable places is less grave thari might l/imaginedl.v 
 le inexperienced. A man standing on shore, with one foot eneas«l in a fish.",. „^ 
 
 w I • .'• T", • ';"' FT "'** ^'y '''"""y into a deep part near the edue, and the fr. 
 
 will ,n„,ediately seek shelter. A better plan is to gently e.npty the fry from ah ;' 
 and the try disperse hefoi-e they reach the bottom. For a f.^w minutes the mass of vo 
 th. v'^'.rrTi'" " "'r; "V^r ""^ Z*^"" ^^'''^^ themseUes and disappear from sight.^h:." 
 ca e vir r Tli r '•'■"!'■■' " r ''""'""'' '''" ''"'''^- "'■•"'Vdv nnde, applies in tl.: 
 I „; V ' • ' T'"l^' °' "'•' y'^U'Vartsh are in swampy shallows en.M.v.l i, 
 
 depos,t,.,g their .pawn. In thus favouring the planting of fry in deep wate.- when ' 
 
 support ot the late S,.- (Jibson Mnitland who wrote .- • At first we used to place tlLy 
 n the sh-illowesf water n.-ar the inlet of the p nds : but they were so fri-Stene It I ■ ■ 
 they used to be huddle<l t<ig...ther in .-nasses ^ o ir,„niene i tin 
 
 deep water they instantly .iisperse. and in a few minute^'have spre^ul all'ove^U.e "'i 
 in a li\ely n.Ki inijui-itue s[,,r,t. ' 
 
f!i:/'')/:r n.\ runi'.v.ATios AX II r/..i\n.\-. 'ly P!:/:;> !■ /.o/ .< r/sii 
 
 ESSIONAL PAPER No. 22b 
 
 II. -THK riMPA«;ATI<»N AND IM. ANTING nl" IMlKhAiKi >l S I Isll 
 
 I'.v Pi kkssoii K. K. Pimnck, roMMi>sio\KK in l-'i^iiKiars. »iii\»\. 
 
 The science (if aitiiii'ial ti.sli culturi' primarily i-i'iilined it> (>|Mi;iticiiis to icsliM^kiiii; 
 :.jiU-te(l WiittT". Siilinon rivers were |>laiitt'<l with siilmi.n, trout -trfiiiiis were ri-^tm-kid 
 Mtli trout, ami tlie (irent I^kes were rf-p<)|.uln'e(l witli tlit> youni.' of the litkf wliitf 
 iivl.. Therf appeared to Ix- some ^uariintei' iliat the fry disti iliuted from the hatcheri<'> 
 ■voidd have every chance of survival, Iweause they were placed in waters *liere th. con 
 litions were appropriate. They were, in other words, planted m the waters to which 
 rhey were native, and where their fiKKl and environment would lie tavoiiralile and 
 normal. It was not ions; l)efore enterprising,' tish oulturists ventunil to advio-.^.- heyoiul 
 •lieso narrow limits. It was sui,"Kested that y< mm tish mi^ht lie iiitriKJuced into waters 
 lo which t'ley were iioi iiidiyenous, and curiously enough some of the earliest I'xjteri 
 iiic^nts in ti:e transplnntiuK "f tish w«re the Ujldest. and apparently the most hu/anlous 
 to attempt. Trout and salmon from liritish waters were, in fact. >eiit to the Antipiwles, 
 Nil trout or salmon occurred orij^inally in the ii\crs anil laki s nf Australia or of New 
 /."aland, and not a few tish-authorities re:,'arded as perilous if not hopeless, the pro|Hisal 
 •o pi ice the brown trout of Knglaiid, and the salmon of North l!ritain, in the waters 
 ■ if the southern hemisphere. Nearly i'lrty years have pas-fd since these initial ship 
 icents of liritish hsh took place and tlit results are well kn iw u. The salmon for some 
 le.-vson appear to have faile<l to eslalilish themselves, and the theory is that, if th.' youn^ 
 llsh survived after bein;; distributed, lliey went down to the sea as smolts and never 
 returned. With the trout it proved wholly ditrcr<'iit, and the Buccess of the exp'riment 
 
 • \ceeded the most san;{uine expectati.ms. A i,'reat proportion of the tish descended to the 
 I'a and becaiie sea-trout, but sea-tr.>ut far surpassint: their brethren of the northern 
 
 hemisphere. The Biitish brook or river trout ranges in wei;;ht fioiii a few ounces to 
 I wo or m.'ire pounds. Lar;;er tish are recorded, but they are abnormal. .Sea-trout reach 
 1 somewhat larger size, and on an averajje may lie double the weight of t! eir fiesh water 
 
 • oiiiieners. ilut in Antipodean waters the pro;;env of the small Knylish trout planted 
 III the 'sixties' have grown to ;;ij;antic profKirtions. and liune s|><'cimens have 
 iieen repeatedly captured approaching; a weij^lit ol thirty imuiuls. The transplai; jiioii 
 of tish from their native surroundings to waters entirely new to tliciii w.is not only a 
 -uccissful experiment, it was a triumph in tin history of artificial tisli culture. To this 
 successful trial may be compared the inlriKluciioii of the brook trout or Ninth An . i'. 
 char of Canada and the I'nited States into Kngli-h and Scotch waters where it has 
 turned out well. The gaily tiiiU'd ISfilr'liiiii'i /'iinliiiidis is now a familiar tish .1 I'ritish 
 anglers and tisli-culturists. The sp-cies lias suffered no deterioration by Ix'ing trans- 
 port" 1 to waters across the .\tlantic. Other cases might be referred to. Thus Pacitic 
 specie>. of various kinds have been transferred to the Atlantic slope, and every etlbrt 
 mad' to established tliein there, while on the other lianil, extensive shipments of 
 Kasttrn species have been made to Western lakes and rivers, both in the I'nited ."^tate^ 
 and ill Canada. Tiie ex|>*'i'liiieiit of planting Pacitic salmon in rivers debouching into 
 ihe All.mtic has not In-en demonstrated to hiive been a success. Stray specimens of 
 salmon have, it is true, been captuied m cistern rivers : but 110 marked results have 
 iieen recorded. Atlantic shad, striped bass, rivi r caltisli. .Vc . plantid in western waters 
 on this continent have, however, piospered, ;iiid tlure is every ^ign tli.it the step lukeii 
 
 vill prove eminently successful. 
 
 \\ iiiie artiliciu! tiuiisplantHl loll 111 lisiiprioes in iiiusL cases uirt miiy a succi ss . 
 iiut a very real benetit to the territories wiiose waters may be stocked with new and use- 
 ful vi.rieties, yet there are dangers, and very re.il ones, whnh cinnoi be ignored, and 
 unless foiiie regard be hud to the safe limits, within which this biHiich of tishciiliuie 
 may Ije lieneticially carried i n, more harm than goinl mav be i.nne. and evils created 
 wliich it will be well-nigh iinptssible to counteract and remove. Tliis warning is specially 
 
AfJ/HXf A.yi> riSI/K/tlKs 
 
 \l 
 
 f-; 
 
 fl r 
 
 1-8 EDWARD VII., A. 19o: 
 urKeiil iin.l ii.hpss,i, v in ti.e ca..- of pmlar,„iis s|.p<-i..,s. As a rul.' sucl. H-hes are -.tur,i\ 
 artiM. an.i wan.l.-.in- ki.uis. well ainieii l«.tli as t,, spiin.u., tinsaii.l f..nuMlal.l.- t.-.tli ar„i 
 If. th.. ,„niest «itli s,».,.ies l.-ss ^■ugImcious ami stronR, thi-y r.-mlilv -ain tlip utip.-, 
 hand, wlu-h intrcKlucvil into upw suir«un(iini;s. I'mlei nun, mi conditions in thnr nativ.- 
 waters thfy aiv kept in .-heck, or in nio>t cii'-rs t>,ey do not trp.|upnt iirecisply tla- sui,. 
 areas as tlip more detencele>s kinds. Hut if the l.alance of tl.inKs l.e UMdulv\iisturU.,i 
 such rapiLums species even in their native waters, will le found to umluly increase a...! 
 may overn.n *ast areas to the injury and. it niav be, exterraination of less preda.'eo,,. 
 .;»nd UsMaily iimre v.dual.le tish. ( In the oth-r hand a species of fish inav be intrwl.i. e,| 
 into a new iml.it.it, which may be unfavourable for its growth ami numerical increase ,i 
 not actually in.inual to its very existenc-e. This is n..t reuliz.-d by many persons, wh,. 
 are tilled With enthusiasm to have all available waters stock.d witho it i.p.Mrd to tl,.- 
 essential oondiUonsof su.vess. The experience of all Hsh culturists. esi,pciallv Kovernme^r 
 experts, confirms this. A distinifuished r..S. expert, lately deceased, .mce plainly st„t. .i 
 Ins experience as follows . •' I have seen very many applications asking- for brook, bro« ,. 
 and rainlMiw trout fry and brook, brown, ami rainln.w trout finaerliiiKs, all on the saii,- 
 application ami all desired for the same stream or p..i.d. The eternal fitness of things ,- 
 not III the least consuleivd. A man isadvise<l not to plant brown trout in wateis already 
 containing,' the native br.K.k trout, and he replies that he has already done so I think 1 
 can iK.int to htty cases of this .sort. There will come a time wh.-n some one mustanswc 
 for th, imliscrinnnate strnkin^r that has Wn done. That a man asks for a certain kin.i 
 ot hsh for .erlain wu. ^rs that are entirely .ins.ii table for the Hsh, i. no rea.son wl,v 
 the man should have them merely because he is a citizen and a taxpayer and th', 
 hsi, are free. A chemist woiil.l not sell a man active poison simply U-cau-se the man 
 was i^Mioranlot the results from usii.« it an<l ha<l l«>en impre.s.s,.d with the name 
 ami so tan.ied it for Ins system, but an honest chemist would recommend horehoun i 
 candy instead of the prussic acid the man thouRht hp wanted. The Con.missi, , 
 has a letter on tile from a ni,,n whose application was not tilled. He said hew.., 
 entitled to th- tish and would have them or know the n-ason why, with other inten, 
 perate language. f[e was told the reason why that no man was entitled to anv 
 nsh until his application ha.l l)een passed upon by the c'ommission. then if the wate,'^ 
 were.suitable t,.r thelish and the stat ■ ha.l them for .listribution, the fish wei.. sen. 
 not to the individual, but for the benefit of the Reneral public who fished the water 
 
 In unsuitable places where the fish .1.. not actually perish, they may be dwarfed ami 
 lead a lingering .^Mstence. \N hen in 1882 a .,uantity of the famous Loch Leven trout 
 we.e transferred from th..r native lake, on the bonlers of Fife and Kinross, in .Scotland, 
 o the beautiful llij-hland loch. rx,ch AH, by the Scottish Trout Preservation Associa 
 tion, itwastouml three years later by Mr. I). I!. .M„cj;resor, of Clasgow, that specimen^ 
 were l«.,ng cau«lit, but their weight was m.t more than five ounces whereas tin. 
 speces of trout normally reach .louble that weight, or oven twelve or fourteen ounces „, 
 
 mriinr/';' l"'"r' •'^^-'^'' ^"T"- •'^'•■- ^^'^^Sr^-^^^^ "^ --eportin. on the matter 
 . tri uted the .Iwarting intluence i„ L„cl. Aid. to the scarcity, or the difference in kin.l 
 ot t he fo<Kl. (»t .ourse, it is imposible to foresee what results may follow the intn. 
 duction into new waters of a strange or a foreign species. The 'acclimatization ot 
 at.imals,beass. birds, and hshes)ha,syielde.l most unex,>ecte,l results in many case- 
 The labbit plague in Australia, ami Cape Colony. South Africa, for instance, th.. 
 enornunis increase of the Kuropean house sparrow in North America, and the resuh- 
 (most harmful) ..f the hlH-ration of English starlings in certain portions of the Unit,.! 
 
 wll" '*T. • '"■i '"""-■""*, ^*'"'"« "^"^ '" "•« ""^i^dom and riskiness, not to s„^ 
 widespread harm of the transplanting of species of living creatures from their native- 
 .surroundings into new areas, without adequate knowle.ige or experience of the possible 
 ie.ults. ^ollle countries, alive to their best interests have taken efTeetive stei- {o urn*- 
 ami counteract the evil but preventive ami corrective measure should be adopted .', 
 our own and other lan.ls. The action of Cape Colony and Western Australia on tin 
 ^uesnon stands out in marked contrast to the apathy of other countries. Cape Colon^ 
 n LS90, made ,t unlawful ,., introduce rabbits, either by land or .sea. or to urn then. 
 o.«e within the colony : required the rabbits already in the colony to be cr ",ed b' 
 hutches or boxes constructed according to certain prpscril)ed regulations, and at .orize.i 
 
heI'out <>s fi.-ni' \'..\Tin\ .i.v/i /■/ i.vv/.V'. <'/• ri;t:i>Mt:ni->i ri^ii 
 
 --.lONAL PAPER No. 22b 
 
 villi'' li» ilestmy lal.liits fuuriil I'li hi.^ fircini-i'N. (Vuwii IntidH. or :il'ini; |.ulilu' maili. 
 
 \w«tfiii .\u>traliii, proHlini; liy tlic i xi'eiii-iuc ut' tier Ni!<ter lulimii's im tlic in^icrti ■'i'lt' 
 
 till' I'oiitiiipnt, 1ms l:ik<'n iin-asiiri's to siiurc priiteclinn t'min tin' i'\ ils ut itnli*- 
 
 iHiiiiite ainl ill advised iici'liinriti/iitiiiii liv the pa-saa*- ut tln' -"iiillid •• hi'striu'tive 
 
 .1- and animals Act. 
 
 Tin' (litticultif-i lit" ri)(iini,' willi lln' i.iKliil |i|a:;ii<' in Aiistnilla wi-n- i,'r;«|iliiiiillv 
 
 I laiiifd hy Mr. \V. |l. Sfvern in an aildrts,> at tlif liii|ii'rMl Institiitf. I.i.niltm. tun 
 
 iliri'e yars ago. lie pointi'd mit that lliri'c fairs of raliliils «erc nriiimallv iiitm 
 
 ' ipil and they soiin threalfiit'd to turn tlw I'tiiititrv inl" a ^,'il•aIlMl■ raidiil «.irr<-ri. .i 
 
 ■ ^'i> pair it had been t'ound ri'-ultin;.' in a iirii;.'i'ny ut' uvrr I .'{.OOn.iiOC rahliit- in the 
 
 • it iieriiiil of ihrrp yi-ars. Ffmiiii:, |i<iisiin, dijii;in« Imrniws, and drivinu the animals 
 
 • ■ iiinitPil anas wen^ adopli-d at fnurmous i'\|M'n^p . hut the iisf <<i .iisruir scriind tu 
 
 most I'fTt'i'tual. Sir ."sail. 'pI Itakcr. on the sanu c isiiiii, ri'fi'rrpd t" tl.p ipwardut 
 
 -■-'■', I MiO otlered by Ni'w Smith Walts in l.-'s; for a lelialilf rt'iiirdv. and rm Irss than 
 ^"11 sohemes wprc sulimitti- I. und thp|i;nn was «ilo|ilcil nt i'nrli>.»jni:, in a t'rn<<' l.">.linO 
 i"^ lonij. till- raliliits near a supply of wati-r whirh was jioisimpd. and ihry were 
 ' « U'inii I'pduced in nunilxTs. 
 
 It is not nt'cpssary to makp any lengthy rptVicncp to tin' intriMJurtion into tlu' w .iters 
 . ; this continent of <M'rnian t'arp for tlie reason that six years ai;o I expressed pretty 
 t .iy my views upon the matter. (See Speoi.d l{eport ■The I'laee of Carp in Fish Culture, 
 ">' ir. .V Fish. Ivpport, (tttiiwa, 1 S'.tti > 
 
 \N hile upiniims seem to he dividfd as to the evil or tli" •;ood resiiltin:,' frinii earji 
 
 ■ .ituip, it must lie eonfessed that they have spread far lipvund the limits aiitnipat'd hy 
 
 i~e who initiated the stuekin;.; opiratiun. The tish have spread over a wide an-it, and 
 
 lie invaded Canadian waters far frmn tin sites in the I'nited States where thev were 
 
 :.'inally planted. I have lippii npeatedly assui'-d hy Canadian tishernien that the 
 
 i::.'p eatches, which they unvvillini:ly lake in their nets, eannot U- readily or prolitalily 
 
 -piiseil of. In a single haul no les., than "J tons of carp, weiahinjj I or -"i liis. to !» lli-.. 
 
 . . Ii. have l)een take by a |iound tiet in Lake Krie. whereas not more than 15 to JU tons 
 
 • : :he vahialile whiteti^h would In- seeiired hy a fisherman in the whole season l.Vpiil 
 
 I irtolier). The fishermen claimed that all l..ike Krie had Ix'en over run bv c.irp 
 
 I lilted iti Sandusky Bay in It's.**. Commander •)ohn Itrice, siMin after he received the 
 
 ; [ointment in l."<'Jti of l'..s. Fi.li Commissioner, publicly stated his opinion on the 
 
 ! itter of planting; carp and on the policy of tish planting' whii'h lie favoured. He said : — 
 
 ■ There is no reason, llierefore, why the streams of the I'nited States should not be 
 
 t of fish of the species either natural to their wat»'r.-, or which have bpcotne Bccliiii.ited 
 
 : -ucli a denrop that they lloiirish as tliouiih they w ■ fivpto them. 
 
 • We do not profMise to introduce ti.sh in a stream without a full investijjation .in to 
 1- characteristics and the effect il will haveoii the natural denizens of such waters. 
 
 ■Now, take youi Potomac liiver, for instance, as a ease in (loint to illu-tratp what 
 I mean. A few years ago the I'otoinac was full of black bass frotii almve Cabin .lohn 
 i. ridge to its head waters, and tisheiiiien enjoypd mai.'nificent sport a'l alonu' it. Now 
 iliere is general complaint alxmt the scarcity of the bass in the Potomac. This clianse 
 - due to no other cause than the .^arp. The carp is a natural scavenger, and he de- troys 
 tc spawn of a fish wherever he can find it. The carp follows the m-IiooIs to their 
 I awninsr beds and sucks up nest after nest without fear of interruption, U'causp he is 
 r I) bitr and unwieldy for the tish he pursues to drive him away. There will be no more 
 irp distributed by the Cnite.! .St.ites Fish Commission while I am in cl)ar.;e of it, and 
 ,:iey will lie cleaned out of all the ponds wherever thev iiiav In- that come under the 
 luthority of this ottice • 
 
 Ij'uite recently the Attorney (General of Indiana announceil th.it a law for e.itermi- 
 
 : -.ting carp had been et;;)cte<l and the fishery '-ffi'-i^^ls duly fi-vtit',p<l. Tie' Fis!; C-niiiii-- 
 
 ioner a.sked tlie Attorney Ceneral if he could have the lakes in norihern Iiidiiina 
 
 -'•iiie<i and kill the carp, irar and tuud turtles, whidi are found in those lake- by the 
 
 'housands and which kill the kind of fish that the State desires to fovfer. 
 
 Attorney (ieneral Taylor's recommendation is that an immense >eine, piibably 
 i I'OU feet long, lie procured and all the smaller lakes lie seined. When the seines are 
 lulled in the cirp, •j.Ar and mud turtles will be killed but the liass, perch and other lisli 
 
10 
 
 M.4m.\f AX /I ns//t:t;/t:s 
 
 1-2 EDWARD VII., A. 'cri 
 Unu.l.t uj, i„ ,he ,ei„e w.ll In- immedmtely thrown l.a. k in the water. Mr Ta^ " 
 
 Th». .\|,H.n K»,lr.«,J Company will b. ine Cetlnr lake .n u s|.„rl time ami will kill ai 
 . arp. gar an.l turtles brought up .n ,1... ,.ine. T!... work will 1.1"" under tie ..: 
 tioii ot the commissioner. »■■'■ m 
 
 The policy a.lopte.1. for a perio.l of many v.-urs i„ fish .ulturn operations i,. • 
 o.n.n.on has Wn on w.,.e an.l cautious li„.... A w.ll inform.d Liicy eonrt,... - 
 he work mainly to the hatchin« and plant.n« of ,alu,oM. lake whitetish. and.reut i f 
 rout th« las, re,uen.ly called salmon trout, has l...„ unifo.n.lv pursued a' i'-" 
 policy has proved h.-neficiai and safe. • * "'• '. «ii.i 
 
 Of cour..e many species have Ijeen constantly | ress,-.! „,«,„ th.- (iove.nM,. v 
 auention bu most o the tinh recommen.led l».in« mor. or lis pretlacJu" ^o .- i 
 them extremely so ,t has been felt that even at the risk of .lisapLnt ne the Tu , 
 tl.. pro,«.gation ami planting of these kinds w.s hazardous, and m-X result ini' "'.,.: 
 
 f urSe""s°^"rur!;'' 'j"'- '•'^'' "\ '»>« ,'lH...ing of salmon if the conditio,, a .. 
 
 a^oural.le .\s « rule a salmon river is m.t p.-rfectly adapt-d for other tish unl.v, :. 
 
 be seat.out an,l br.H.k-trout. and in certain ca,ses sturVoi. and stri. J 1 a , Z "r 
 resl. vater l.ng and togue or touladi .K^cur in such rivers a, the s . .J„h„ Hive. N. 
 
 Kun-wKk; but on the whole, t». ;dmon is the pre.lommant lish in ou VrMa.i .^ 
 
 salmon rivens. .ami elWts to keep up and to increase the supply of those L.le!', 
 rt"'The 'l r"%'^l" be an uninixed benefit if profj/y^.d succe^stull ^a ! 
 out. The planting of lake wh.te.ish fry involves no d.w.yer to other .pecies Its h' Li- 
 are inoffensive, It is toothlt.s ami subsists chiclv on small crustace'an mollusk ■ 
 similar nnnue food It ,s sUt.d to devour small fKh. such as youi^gSel' ', 
 
 imisuTl ''VieT"''' .n Uke '.VinnifK.g and other great-lakes, bile Zh pieX,,; 
 unusual. Ihere is not the same certainty about the great lake trout. It is a power ,' 
 and voraciou.s hsh, well armed with nrong teeth, and a most formidable f.^ t. V 
 >maller hsh it planted in confine,! w.iters. In the ^reat lakes of cit te , : 
 dungmos months ot the year fre.,uent the deeper waters, and onlv move int. ,:: 
 hoiv shalh.ws about spawning time, /... late (>ctolK.r or early XovemlKM-. Du > • • ■ 
 spring and summer its habits and the nature of its food keep it in regions not fre len-l 
 
 bywh.tehsh.hencethesctwoiniportuntmarketablefishes have coexisted in O^^^^^^^^^ 
 waters generally. I ..th fishes spawn in the fall, and in many l-x^ali ties they have :.' . 
 taken toge her in the same nets, the two species at this time being n,^ rlJ • 
 company, tJiough as a rule whitefish do not .spawn on precisely the saL g ou Is i, -. 
 gieat ^-U.m. It .nay also b*. added that during the spawning peri.nl ne the,- . 
 
 uiat ti:'; '.'.'"e t'l"'"'-''';'"';' 'f ^■""•^'f'"" ^'^ '*>« ^^'■»-'' incnX that t ,..: 
 
 ..C that tin,.- hence there is little danger then to the inotlensive whitefish froii •' ■ 
 proximity ot the hordes of xoracious lake-trout 
 
 The maintenance of the balance l^t wen predaceous and non-predaceous k„ . - 
 
 he Iffer rhTt":' ""''' "P?"i" '""''y "^ ^'''"'*"- I '"'^■'^ indicate<lo„e. ;. 
 
 ukdi be ^n^J Wh '."'""""^ l>y various species i„ the same waters, but ^U...: 
 
 Kin , ^"' ''0*"*e'-' t»''« ''alance is disturbed, as in the great lake- v 
 
 ishing operations on a vast .scale the results are fre.,uently mite n.exnlcal I Tl ' 
 
 nue.ise in such pr,Hlace<ius sp,.cios as the blue and vellow pike iHTch or pickerel ,d"; 
 l.ut by an enormons increase in the takes of .so-calie.l lak.^herring oHesser w li ;ri . [ 
 
 rrr.t'r '7TT ^n '''" ''"''''""^ ""^ "*' '^^ --ket-yalue. In Ge^^ian las , : 
 he waters of Lake Huron generally, the .liminshed supply „f whitefish seems to 1 
 
 rL.r'o"'r'-" ''^ " -y-PP'-eoiable increase in tlTe'.uantit of gr^rttk^t 
 I. L,vke Ontario tuentv years .ago ,!„• .vl.itetis!, ranked a< of fir,!' imporUu ce in i 
 ityand market value the lesser whitefish ualled lake herring, ra, k Tne t an '• • 
 
 ;t.si™;S' """^^'' ''^ ''' p'^^-'-' -'^"->^-'i''yt..e long-no:";,: .. 
 
 are /if ''I'i.^f-r.o-Ut'''^ inferior, or lesser whitefish <socalle,l herring, and the^rass ; 
 hke tou tar f ""P"'- "T' 'Le pickerel or dole ranks next, and the whitefish 'a, . 
 laket.out aie of comparatively ,nsign„ica,a ,„.„„e„t. It is extremely probable ,' 
 
nKi'iinr Its rum' \<.An<tS .\si> ri.wrtX'i "/• ri:t:i'.\i t:i,rt yi.<// 
 
 -lONAL PAPER No. 22b 
 
 n 
 
 I ; -iiul change* in tin- chnikrter nf tlip gfat lake", and ihf MirrdiiiidinK ■•nuiitiv. Iiiiw 
 i.. ■ . |h>tent in drinking aUiut tlips*- results; (lft'i>r<'))t>iti<>n no doutit wurkinu \n>t ilmn- 
 ;i mil tliv pxt«'n'<ive u--!' nl' tin- ilfinlly lirii^; wine on the ■.hallnw *|uiwniiiu !»• |« lm-- 
 v tiii thfi ileterioratinn ; l.ut at the nanu' tinif, it is not . nsv. fn.ni a liii>l6Ki<'<>l point or' 
 .1 V. to •<•»■ wliy a smaller and inftrior s|Hin's of wliitfti»fi shoul.l !ttir»i»«', alonu wiili 
 , .iit.UH siK'lies like tlie grasn pike, «hi'n thf largn- ami inoie xalu<'<l kitiil of «hitfti-li 
 h : <ieoline<l in (jiiantity to »o «eiio<i'< an i-xl< nt. 
 
 It ri'i|uirps no ai'Kunicnt or pro^lu' ti.in ot flaU>rate fviclrncc to (leinon>trate tliat a 
 .(• ik<r s|M'i'i«!* is iHJtind t" MUcrunili in tlie struyjile foi existi'nc'<- with .i Klronk'i'i- ami 
 iir .' vorai'iout .sprcie*. Nevt rthiie>s tWli i-iiltiii i^tt nri- lontlnuiilly iiri:>'<l to trv t! e 
 ii-kv fX|HTiinciit ot' piantins; thf weaker ami more itioft't-nMve kiti • of tisli in w-atns 
 ii.iriiliiiK in (Hiwerful and piedaceuii^ ti-h, and to thus add to the uiie'|iiHl iialiireof the 
 .!: iijijle. The Hiithoritiei ('liar){e<l with the task tif fi'a!iiiiig Hshtrv r.'t'ulation-^ an- pr 
 -i-'.iiily pres>ed to alford inrreasfd prolfcti. n to tlif laltei. 'fhus iti thi waters of 
 l.i«i' Huron and tieorKian H.iy wliili- the valuable whitelish h*s di-iTeii-.ed in abiiiidan<'e 
 t. I nuiiiU-i of years, the Miiallei and less vulualile kinds have not done so. anii tli.- 
 .i. It lake trout has apparently shown an iniprovi-nn nt in nuiiiliei's, and this last imnied 
 tu' is the more reinatkahle because the present close season, l^t to .'{(ith Noxenilwr. is 
 ;i.iinitteil to cover only part of the spawning peri d. The fntei national ('i.iiiinis«ioners 
 111 ifOti were struck by this noteworthy state of thing's. Theysav(pp. I'JM ;ind I'i'.t of 
 'I.I ;r report) — 
 
 • There has be<'n a tast deireasi- in the abuiulame of the whit' lish in [jike Huron. 
 aii I 'liis decrease has continuml unchecked to the presi-nt tiini-, the sunt' iM'inj; due to a 
 
 pli-fttion of circuinstances. The location of the most cxo-nsive fishery for this 
 
 -|i. .'ics has varied fi<»iii time to tiilie. and it is !ti>.'iiificnnt that •lurin){ any Kiven prrioil 
 
 t which ve h-vve know|eili;e. the region of the ifri'ile^t lisheiy, whethrr i>v yill n''ts or 
 p aid nets, has been the region of greatest dei i i'a,se. 
 
 • It is impossible to say whether or not the amount of apparatus aloni', unaoium- 
 |.,i!ii"d by other abuser would have induced the decrease noted. There is no doubt that 
 . 'Misiderable harm is done by the capture of small whitelish in the iw.mihIs, ami p' rliaps 
 to - .me extent in tlif yill nt-ts lls|ie,| ostensibly for inenominees. Along the north shore 
 ■ '■.I tnitli sides of the Uiundary line the citch of small whitt-fisli of int'eiior valui' to the 
 li-heiiiiaii, but of vast coiiseipienci- to th<' fishery, is nn evil of the pound ni't lishitv 
 »!iKh rec|uii'es correction. 
 
 ' A (onsiderable proportion of all the whitctish tiikeii in the lake are caught during 
 il.' spawning time, when they are close inshon- and n-adily accessibli-. and the facility 
 w)fh which they iipiy l>e taken nt such times is pro! uibly, to some extint responsjM.' 
 t'l their deiTease. 
 
 • Duiing the |.eri<Ml for which we were able to acc|uite infoiiiiatioii there appeirs 
 t'i have lieen but little decrease in the trout. The large shoal wati'r variety .aught in 
 tli> fall has apparently fallen off to s<im«' extent, but th>' deep-wati'i- form exist, in 
 .i|'|.arently undiminished numljers. The immunity of this s|»>cies from the .'trfcts of th'- 
 1 iiious agencies which have dejiinated the whitetisli is, no doubt, dii.- to its habits and 
 
 iisrributio. It is less gregarious than the whitetish, and, in.sti.-viof ' ing idtifimd to 
 tliH coastal-platform, it liiis a lake wide distributi'ii and an apparint._. .ide indiviilual 
 M'ige of movement. It apparently swks its fooil at all depths and tinds it in corisi.lfr 
 
 li'i'' ^ariety at.'! is, therefore, not much affected by the {>ollution of the Ixittom. A!- 
 ' ■■ugh the gill net tishery f. r this species is ipiite exteiisiNe, we ha\e failed to note any 
 
 - rious effect upon its abundance. Voun:.' lisli are sunietiines caught in the gill nets, 
 i' .t as they usually Injcome entangled by the teeth no remedy suggests itself. 
 
 Many fishermen Ix'fore ,i (\inimission, which sat in \>i!2, gave similar vnw-s. Thus 
 "Mr. Hutchins, of Midland, »»nt., informe I the commissioners that ■ whitetisji are the most 
 valuable tish in the Georgian Hay - that is for the fishermen and should be Intsbande I 
 iii'ire than any other, for they can be destroyeil more nuiikly than anv of the other 
 i-nds of tish by reason of their innocent nature ; they are not greedvor voracious, v\hile 
 
 - iiinon-trout feed largely upon them.' 
 
 In my re|K)rt alreaiiy refoned to (.'JJnd .\nii. Uep. of hept. af M.ir. arid Kisheri's, 
 ( '.xxvii, I drew atlention to this matter and jsiinted out that 'the great lake tinut i< 
 
 k' 
 
18 
 
 Mi 
 
 'il'l 
 
 s »s 
 
 MM.'I.YK .!.V/» ns//y/ffs 
 
 1-2 EDWARD VII., A 
 
 a , r.-.„« pre,iHo....u^ „„,. ,n ►,.„,.■ r.H,,^..,,. umJesiral-le »i,h. mnkin;? war up..n *l, ,, , 
 
 s,».,.|m,„ .H.,ho>t, Im, „|,,.,,,„|i,.,| ,„ Uk.. H„,„,. „n.i <;...,rKmn Hay „t am ■' 
 t.M.n.s..n. , ,.. .na.rtena.u-.. ut a fa.r M.,,pl^ ..f .h.-H.. ,ish. It is plain tUt pre.!,., . : 
 M-ci;-- call tor l^s prr>t,..t„.„ tl,«n ,n..r.. I.annless an.l d.-f.-ntvles, siK-ci... 
 
 r h« R..n.-ran,Mc UM.m to I* .Iraw,. »>..,., all th.se ..l.serv«tion, is ,h„, a kn..wi. , . 
 ... h. _l.al.... of t, .1.. of tl„.,r alMl.tv to a.com.no late theniselv.-s to their siirroundin,-- .T.! 
 h..l.|the,ro«na„a,ns. other s,«..,es, is essential in oarryinK -ut a svs...„, „f ,"'„• 
 o„n.r,sha„.l..f ,t.K.k,n. new water. Hanlly less i^np.'^tant, ..rhaps .y^i '^ 
 -MportaMt, ,, H kno« le,l^.. ot the prohaLie increase an.l pmlominatinK p...er ., . . 
 ...• Mia. k.ml of h,h .ntr.«lu.e.i. or about to Ik- intrcnluce.!. in'o water, to U.ch th.V. . 
 n.. native rhere,s«.H...|„„,,.., j,, „,;, ^...^^ of transpianUtion unless it 1 . .,, 
 
 ar'ln w i*",'"" '-'f "^ "'" 'rY, "'"' P"-'""'"" "^ "- --• •^-rious harm „,av . - 
 
 Ln ?Je^ , ^ ■rr..n.,.l.al.Ie_unl..s, .auti.m and .liMPtion, K«e,l up,m al, 1 
 
 kn..v lert... Uyxercse,!. At on., tnue H>h culturists of pnm.inence an.l au h..ritv «.. 
 . a:, .r to .ntr.H)uce .very p..sMble kin.l of (i.sh int.. all available waters. Wester, 1 ,. . 
 a...| r.ver« were to be stock..! w.th ..astern Hsh, an.l ,/,v ,.r.„, while a .reat va .■ 
 l-.e,tr.m hnta.n. (.ermany Han-e. Austria and other countries, were to b.. ,,„, 
 
 ''""■'' """ "•' .""'r " )'"" ';"'"''"•'" ■ '''^"- "^ P'"' "f "'" •"'^heme. North Am.' 
 . .e.-.e. were t.. be sh.p.HMl for planting purp.,se.s in retur . .Such hastv and ill-copM, ■ 
 .,, p.,.als «ere hkely to do n...r.- hann than k.kmI. Thus, our AmeriJan catfishe^ .'v •' 
 
 itted for super or i-ame an.l -•onnnenml .p,.cies. The (J,.rnm,. carp, wel,.on.e no ,1,. „ 
 
 to (.ernmns an I Austr.ans. w'.. i„ their native lands never knew anv better Hsi" i' , 
 
 ..t .lace ,n the crystal waters of Cann.la. „„,l the .en.h. barb.l. brea.n am) otheMi - 
 
 MtnetoHnta.n.«r.-altou'..therund...irttble in the waters of this western com ,' 
 
 .uttheobj..cf..n to these tid...s is not that they woul.l dev..ur or drive out ou,'.; 
 
 w?:; ' Tr r'r •"! ";"' '*"•> "■"■ ""^ *""*' '»"■ "^'" ^^^-^ --••' -cu ." u ,. 
 
 . of natne A neru-an sfH-ces. Tl..- same objection .joes not appear to have ... ,„u,.|, 
 to In the Donnn.on (.ovornn.ent .-ven in resar.l to such Hsh has been a wise one \. 
 
 l:u t ■ the ^r *"",'■''"'';', "-; ."-"Ut. . ft,.n calle.l brown trout, is a case in ,.,„. 
 I.ut that he pol,..y we have followed >s wi.e iscl.>ar fr.m. the change in the views „,!,, 
 ■nncpal I n.ted >tntes otM.ers ch .r.-ed with the work of Federal Fish Culture I 
 ( .. nnnss,..ner Hnce ,n a pubLsh..! .nterview, said :--'. \\ , ,io not propose t.! ntn i • 
 an n.ore tor...,n t.h ,n An.er.can waters. There is so„,e demand or U>e i„tr...l,„ ,„ 
 ..t the (...rman trout m th.s country, but the persons who desire .su.h an imp., u 
 
 w .Id u uTh' ':';\ " '""■, ^■^"■"">'' ''"•' *'■ '' *«■•« i"tro<luced into thi.s counr, v „ 
 
 ' V con i, ,V?r ■' ' "" "T"^;"-""' '" '»'" '••«^t--*'"l therainbowtrout in Califo,-,,,. 
 
 ti.les ,»;,;'" i'''''''""'" "'"""• '''^•'"^'■•' "•"' P>--^ervation and increase .„ ,1„. 
 
 r win w , '" -^"r.--'?"" '^"'*"--/"- -I'ich have b-en foun.l to adapt the-n^.-he, 
 
 n .,b ec , f r ''"'""• ""' "'■ ''•'■^"•">-'"S ^''^ n^'i^e varieties, shoul.l l.e the aun 
 and .)t))..ct ot the hisli ( oiiimission. 
 
 lake nhi'I '' ::;;"''"";»''^'^'>- tl'"*" """!'"•■• "f t--"^" -m thrive, as ,ust remark.-.!. ,„ . 
 
 kl-i, \ . -^"^t'l"! ''. 'l-*I7Port..mately larger nuu.ber of whitefish. Then ,.v 
 
 tnh .Vde^i ''■ "r, r;' ""'' •^''■^''''''^''-^•••'•'^f'i'^'' at present yield an almnuu,, 
 
 TS.I ! 1 T'"r'''J" '*'" -"l"^-»n'l Indians and Half-breeds: bu; -i „ 
 
 CO m.,dr .lll« """• . ^"^ "^^»"«^'-'- i' -oM inevitably disappear were brook-t,..., 
 
 alon^ the Atlantic cast have, ,n many case.s, suffered from trout, bo h the fresh v^.-.r 
 
 c f 'm.e rn I r"'T ''^r^ '"'"' ^'"" ^° ^*'"""-''>- "^•"'■"" ^^at the dimirur, ,. 
 
 .utualh u.ged a t.-w years ajjo that the use of dynamite (prohibited by statute) sh„„ i 
 
lONAL PAPER No. 22b 
 
 .i/7'<.v .i.v/( /'/ i\T/.V'. '»/• mm \rf-:,,i-< f/>ii 
 
 13 
 
 >ini< 
 
 l.llt 
 
 I, .iiiiitte)! for tl xpress pur|i<*p .if .liiiiitii-liiiii: tlip li.iflfx ..f iinut wlii. Ii m 
 
 ,,. , lm<l U'.oirM' «ii|v«'riilmmliint. Mml that . xiniin' slip U. n •in. tinii«..| l.v 
 |i liiiioii «i..\ernnieiif, II.) iloutit tin- »r..iu wi.ulil liii\. \»-ru ifiiimd m nuiiilMr.. 
 
 ,i; 1 iim-nKc .|U(iiilitifs i.f Nalfii.in, youiiu' uri.l ..LI, *.ml,i hn\,. 1 „ |cil|n| iIihi 
 
 !,, II niiKlit iii.t hme IwH-n r.|Miir.(| t..r innriy yeiiix. lt««|,iitHl.lp [rfixdis h.ld, li..w.v.r, 
 ft.,- in ih*- lonu mn the river wiiLi ImM- U-cn U'lMited. Tin- tmual f...«l ..f' tlin ti..ut 
 I- |iiiitie Inrvir. lieetUs, (lies iiiul ^.iiimII li«li . l.ur it is a ni..si inv.t.-riiJf i|r-.ti..v> r ..t 
 -I ii.m <■««'• «n<l fry. \Vh<Mi flit'«c nrt- iml t«i I.' h.i.i it will ntta.k .-^eii l.iii;p'r ti-li 
 11,. -piiou-s (JeiTfii-e in the s-jjiply «( tlie l>«»utifiil aii<l Viiluf.l u'rii\liiiL' in ilif Stat, of 
 M hiiiitn li'iM b«fn HtlrihuttMl lm>{rly t.i hrwik tn.ut. Th.' N.-w Y..rk /'.r.-./ aii.l .^^..l.,. 
 .1 ,ly ll»(Jl, p. .'TM) said u|h>ii this iimttfr - 
 
 •The Michigan ^raylini.'"' are now only fouiiil in llif upper wai.rs of u f<-« ..t tin- 
 -ti.anis of that Stat.-, and are. s«.| t.. ^ny, rapidly l.fititf exi.rimnat.-.l, Th.y Hp|..ir 
 .1.1 ly cannot witlistAiiil tlie inroa.l of tV lir.K.li an.l th.- r.iinlH.w tr..iii, wliiol. ar.> 
 .|iM.kly taking |x>ssession of the onco fruitful i;r«vlin>; waters ..f Mi.hi^an. Th.- 
 aii.'liii!,' tourist will still Hnd tlipin in up|*r Mani-iee and in Au^al>le lliver ..t ili" 
 ."^t.ite name*!.' 
 
 When insect fonj, or even the youi;- or the nmtuie stai;e» of ollur lish are not to i»> 
 r. .i.lilv had, the trout turns i-ann:l)al, a. I ilevoiir-. the eirijN a . ' y..iiiii. of its own »i«m ies. 
 \i .Mr. .S. II. CanipMl said in his olli i... report f.ir I'.miI, „.. the .State I'lsh llai.htry, 
 W yotnint' -' The trout is the most destru.tive tish to its kin.l. in the matter of d. niiov- 
 in:.' itseiigs during the spawniny M-a-son. While on the -pawnini.' I^ds hundreds ol trout 
 ir.' ^'ftthe^ed, mule ind female, and devour the egn^ ao fast an they are deposited on th.' 
 ;;i.i\el and bottom of the stream or lake. It is only the e^'^s that are covered ..r fall 
 miii.ng the rocks that ever hatch out from natural repr-Hluction. It is not the „ther 
 kiiuls of fish, such as suckers, chub .., 1 dace, that ilejttn.y so iiiaiiy of the trol.^ r^ii* . 
 liut it is the trout theniselvefc.' 
 
 Species which for market or for sjK)rt are of highest value to the community have 
 i'.n hatche<l under the auspices of thr Pominion<i.>vernment. ami dangerous or .loubt 
 till -pecie.s have been excluded. Am.ngst the species which have rarely, or n..t at all. 
 l...n inciude<l in Canadian tishculture, but which .orre^iiondents have persjvtenlly 
 i.'...miiiende<l for inclusion are : — Canadian brook tr..ut, rainlw.vi trout, black bass ..f 
 r-ih species, sturgeon, yellow perch, cattish, pike, niiiskiii..iii.'.- and other kinds. 
 
 I.«t us take the biook-trout first, for mi the opinion of most |Mople it is a tish 
 uhich can 1« regai-deil as out of place in .. ^ lake, river, or stream. It is a mistake 
 tn intriKluce brook-trout into lakes in which whitefish are almndant, unless sn. h lake^ 
 !'•' of great extent, .and contain •-•onsiderable ilepths. 
 
 In our North-west Territories, where tish ha\<> a sery si^cial value, a value luinllv 
 t'. lie jiaralleled in other provinces less remote fr.iin the seac..ast ..r ^'reat lakes, m small 
 lake stocked with whitefish is of far more im|i<irt:ince than if -t..cked with trout. Not 
 .'Illy will the same area of water furnish a greater ainou t of ti^h t.«ul (if whitefish ai.' 
 planted not trout) l)Ut trout are prtflaccous, when s wintetisli are ii.it. Ti'.iuf 
 ilfvour other specie.s. and even make war upon each .ith.-r. It is no .loubt iin|His«ible 
 in most salmon rivers to exterminate the trout, or prevent their ini-.Mils ; but eveiy 
 liieans ^:liould be taken to keep their numliers d.iwn ami su.cessfully .lit. k th.ir sup.t 
 :ilnindance. A salmon river should, as tarns posMbl.-, be a liier for saliii..ii. an.l no 
 -tep should I)e negle<'ted to make it s.i. i In the other han.l m trout stream is not to be 
 'i.-ipised : but a trout stream should be a stream for trout, a stream thai is to sav. in 
 wiiich every encourai,'enn nt for their increase and welfare, and every pn.te. tioii ii:.Minsi 
 Hiiiry and depletion is afiTor.led them. It is justifiable in a ),'.mmI troiit stream toexclu.le 
 I I destroy .salmon f<ir, as that most enthusiastic of trout cultiirists. the late Sir , lames 
 ■ •liiMjn Maitland once deciareil. — ' iroui are most destructive to saliii.in -pawn. an. I 
 ~iinion in their turn arc, after spawning, most destructive to trout.' 
 
 Closely conni'cted with the brtwik trout vr.'ins salm.m i|Uestion. and the in, oiii 
 1 itibilily of cultivating iHith in the same waters, is the fip(|uently su}.'!.'.".ted plan ..f 
 • ickin;: speckled-trout lakes and streams with the justly esteeinefj rainl-.w iiout ..f 
 ■'" Pacific 8lo|ie. In this case a^ain the choice between a familiar an.l vahieil nativ 
 
 EM: 
 
 %. 
 
 it 
 
 t -> 
 
 I and a much vaunted stranger ari-es. No doubt the rainbow. trout is a hirdv, hand 
 
ill 
 
 14 
 
 .1/ (/.7.V/; AXi> r IS unit IKS 
 
 I 
 
 ''■■^ * 
 
 i 
 
 1-2 EDWARD Vil., A. IJOJ 
 
 i"iiif nri'i I'int i^iowiiij; ti.,!). A^ a s;aiiie fish in its niiti\e waters it could not U- •;iii- 
 jiasvti. lliou;;li it i>. aileued tlint wlieti |>1anted in onstein waters it beeomt-s laii;;iiiii 
 ;iiid inactive, anil f'vnv.-s liirjie ari<l fat and la/y in its new suiTiiundings. Mv < wn 
 ojiinioii always lias lieen (liat our eastern lirook-trnut is the U'st fish for eastern whi.k. 
 and that every etVoit should Iw made to increase its nuniliers, and prevent th(',,,ii. 
 
 tinuance of that depletion in the streams of the Maritime Provinces which must n 
 
 result in exterininalinn. There are hun Ireds of streams, not naturally adapted t'.ir 
 silmon whiih would well repay restocking, and more active protection. Such striiims 
 no douht mij;ht he stocked with rainbow-trout. The sujtgestion has, indeed. l.iM-n 
 i.-peatedly made, and in one of our l)i)minion hatcheries rainltow trout purchased at tl,e 
 Caledonia estahlishment, NY., have heen hatciied and p'antcd in certain Nova Sroiin 
 watiTs, r.ut I am strongly of opinion that the native br<M)k-trout are to l>e prel'ernil, 
 and in this opin'im I tind myself confirmed by the views of a most able and aicompli>! iii 
 tish cultiirist, .Mr. Alfred Ogden, the iKmiinion othcer in charge of the Bedford .'^aliiiMn 
 Hatchery, near Halifax, N.S., who says (in his IS'.t'.t reiHirt): — 
 
 'Although the rainlM)w-trout is a good game lisli, an active l)iter and mak> ~ ;i 
 strong Mi;!it, giving gi'eat sport to the angler, I think tliat it would be a great nii.-.t,iki- 
 to introduce it into waters where our native trout al> unds. Wi.ere foi«) ■'» pleiiiiful, 
 and waters in<Hlerately cool, the rainbows will grow fast and attain a weij^nt of fr^ in "i 
 lis. (o |(» lbs., and will no doubt soon destroy the native trout of smaller size. The iiiii 
 bow trout are not as fim- a fish for foot! as our native sjiecies, and the tiesh will not k'.i. 
 long after lieing taken out of the water.' 
 
 I am of opinion that the Pacific trout will Ix' found to destroy both the eggs aijil 
 young of the e.istern trout : but that remains to l>e proved. Their rapid growth and 
 attainment of a disproportionate si/e in a comparatively short t'lne supports thc> i.iea 
 that the native trout will not ln' able to hold their own against the introduced stratj;;. r. 
 11. >w i:!>|iortant. then, it is to have more information and to use extreme caution betiup 
 ^anoti nin.' attempts to stock our eastern witers generally with the voracious and i|iii.k 
 irrowin;; western species, 
 
 A few worils upon the stocking of new waters with the justly esteemed bla k 
 l)ass, are highly important when dealing with this subject of the planting of pi'ed.K m..u< 
 fi-h. The black bass of both species are typically predaceous lish. The reputation wln.h 
 they lia\e enjoyeil as ga:ne tisli is well justified, and many experienced anglers go >u t ir 
 as to compare the landing of a hirye black bass, of tfie small mouthed species, to the 
 landing of a salmon. They are most musculai and powerful, and not easily played •• r. 
 lighting to the last. The traditions of sport forbid this comparison of '■••Imon and Im^s 
 lisjiin:.' : but I was assured, a few years ago, by a high government oHicial from Kngl.i' il. 
 who was sf)ending a hiliilay in Canada, that a week's black bass angling in theGatii;iiii 
 waters, north of the city of ( >ttawa, had given him more enjoyable and exciting -p. rt 
 than he had experienced in Kiiirlish or Norwegian Falmon rivers. From its \erv vora i!v 
 t lie black bass is a b)ld and fierce biter. The angler need rarely be disapp I'intc.l ot a 
 'rise it' there be any b'ack biss aliojt. It needs some skill ti strike at the li.lit 
 nioiiiciit. and still more skill and wrist endurance to sustain the fight, with the vigoi..is 
 and untiring \ ictiiii. which po-sesses all the canning and activity, and almost tlif 
 ■ngth of a fresh run salmon. The comparison of the b.iss with the trout is ii."e 
 .niissible perhaps thin that just referred to. One of the best known angler- t 
 i'emi^vlvania mikes this compirixin, and points out how the two fish differ. Hesi.l 
 that to play a sprckled trout gave him a higher and keener sens- of delight tlian : ■ 
 hook and play a lordly black bass. ■ P.uth,' he slid ' ma'ce a glorious anil intellii." ■ t 
 ^tru;,'i,'le for life. Uiit there the comparison ends. The trout figfits like a trained bo\. i 
 
 il 'ber like a savage. One a?-ousPs all my admiration and the other my blood. W .'K 
 
 I'lie I feel as though I was engaged in a friendly conte f, with the other abiiovi i- 
 though it was the life of either myself or the bass.' 
 
 There is a i.-.ck of rctiiiiijont about bas.s fi.shing, which marks it oil at any i.i ■■ 
 from the traditional stately contlict with that monarch oT the ri\er, the salmon 
 
 Waters, in wliieli black biss iibound are to 1m> coveted ; but th ■"' H«h should i ' 
 be desir.'d or planted everywhere. Hiook trout without <|Uestion win i vitablv di- > 
 pear bef Pie the new and pugnacioiH marauders, and in most cases tlie trout are t' 
 preferable fish. .Vs a matter ..f fact a lake will sustaii far fewer biss than brook-tro . 
 
nKi'itiiT US rnorA'i.irioy a\/> /•/..!. vr/.V'. of i'i:t:i>Ai:h:i>i •> itsii 
 
 15 
 
 r'^ 
 
 iSIONAL PAPER No. 22b 
 
 llie reason (hat the l>ass arc inDnliiiatp ft-fiiiT-*, ami are on llie "irt'on^ivc at all liiii<"-, 
 
 lUL'h especially iH-Uicose in June and .Inly when in nio^t luoalities tliey an- at the 
 
 i;:ht cil iipa«nin>.'> or jcal' ii>ly ;;uar(iiii;{ their iie-,t> Moreover the siIi<m)1s of yomii; 
 
 . ire :;reat wanderers, and will niaki' their way into all the n ■i;{hl)ouriii;i w.lter^, if aere>s 
 
 ;t all possible, passing through M-ry small atid shallow channels, wheii foragini; for new 
 
 • ding grounds. Waters should be well supplied with nuinerou.s and small eyprinoidn 
 
 .inter to satisfy llie voracious appetites of the lnss h» tlu'y are especially liable to 
 
 lasiles and disease if allowed to get into [Mwr c<>nihtion. and not supplied with ample 
 
 istance. Ponds, though abounding in insect and crustarean life, will not keep ba.ss 
 
 iieallh and vigour. They must have live lish and if possible frogs and Rii''h lar;;*- 
 
 .aiiie for food. 
 
 At one of the I'nited States hatcheries ( Seoshosla, .Miss, i five or si\ years ago, it 
 
 i> found in rearing ba.ss and brook trout in ponds th.it then' was a very serious loss, 
 
 I which it was ditiicult to account, consiilering the expert c ire atlorde.l to the bnnMl. 
 
 t was pointed out in a published leporf tha' the 'net output of the basses and trout 
 
 a> verv discouraiiing in view of the fait thai these |is'i were carefully as.sorled each 
 
 .nth and the different sizes kept separate. The loss of the bass was undoubtedly due 
 
 cannibalisni. though enormous i|uantities of tDiim were collecteii as foixi f. r theui. 
 
 ills food i.s very acceptable to the rock bass, but the lilaik liass have Ix-eii observed to 
 
 it each other when the bo toni of the pond was covered » ilh youug ''ori;<j In view of 
 
 .Hse losses it is strongly recommended that the distribution lureafler bf maiie during 
 
 .'• months of iSeptcinber and • »ctol>er. a> it is believed that a much larger percentage 
 
 ! the ti.sh can l)e sived by so doing. In adilition to this l)elt'T results can be obtained 
 
 V jilanting tish in the early tall, when the water is full of natural food. ISass indeed 
 
 e found as a rule to al)8olulely refuse foo<l other than small living lishcs, 
 
 t»oiMe interesting details are given in the T S. Fish (/Oinuiis.sioni r s Hepoit for 
 s;is ( Washington, 1 ■*9V',) on experiences in the artificial feeding of various species of 
 -lies exhibited in the glii.ss tanks at the Teinessee Centennial Kxhibition at Nashville, 
 ; -ef. liver, shell lish and other animal matters were tried, the beef U^ing cirefully 
 ..■sled of the fat and sinews, and cut into small fragments suitid to the various lishcs. 
 i or the small specimens saiil l>i. Haveinl. • it was ground down tine m a nieatchoppei 
 liile for the larger it was cut in pieces of varying size . . ijie black bass and crappie, 
 iiich were the most ditlicult to keep, were fed entirely on minnows. 
 
 There are lakes containing only small inferior specii s of lish, < r containing no lish . 
 
 ,t capable of beini; supplieil with so called ' minnows and into such w.ilers black bass 
 
 ,'ht l<e introduied. There are lakes and channels, pc.pled only with pike and coarse 
 
 —diiceous species, whidi are eipially suitable ; but the utmost ci.ie is ilesirable lesi, 
 
 ••er the bass liave established themselves, they (ind too ready a.'ce.s.H t.. neigliboui ing 
 
 Iters and overrun regions oixnipieii by brook trout, giayling, or olhenlesirable kinds of 
 
 -ii. Witli this ])rov iso that the conditions a ii whol.' ate understoiKJ, and all possibilities 
 
 T liaiiger recognized and guarded a:,'aiiist, there is tea'ly nothing to Im; .said against the 
 
 •■w which the Mar(|uis of Kxeler expressed on .June "Jlst, l."*."*:!, iit ihelAimlon 
 
 .sheries Conference. < Mi that occasion the Maiipiis said that he fell Ixiund to utter 
 
 .i w.ird in defence of the jHxtr black bass, w hicli had lieen so hardly ii.st.l lie fully 
 
 .red with the reni.irk that tl.ey should not be put into tmut streams, where they 
 
 ■ uld l)e as destructive as pike, but in many parts of Ivigland. [.arlicularly in his own 
 
 ..untv, there were neither salmon nor trout in the streams, only pike, percli. and the 
 
 ..1st abominable of all lish. coarse bieaiii. In those waters the black bass would be a 
 
 ■•'ful addition, he would nse to a lly ; he w.iuld taki' any biit , he wiiuld live with the 
 
 .ki'. and he was exceedingly goiwl eating. They contained very few Inmes. and lie 
 
 ...ugiit the tlesh was decidediv u or.' like fresh whiting than any other tish.' 
 
 .Still more caie and cauti ui re.|uire to be exercised res[.ectiiig the |.lanling of 
 iskinonge. It is true that this huge h .Ifbrolher of tl e lon«iiosed pike iLmius) is 
 . ^•.nie lespret:! less woifisli. m'>rp g^imcy, and a far ^ip rior fish for table purisosei; but 
 .' is essentially a pike, and can miy be introduced into waters whicii are peopli'd by 
 sii e.pially active, well armetl and predaceous, Simil.irly. the pike perch or pickerel of 
 Hilda, for which requests are continually beins.' leceived in i 'ttawa. is a most un'iesir 
 '.e tish where trout, whitetish or similar species are iH-ing protected an.i cultivated, i 
 
\i "ffl 
 
 N'"-. 
 
 16 
 
 MAHIXK AXIi F}s/lE/.-n\S 
 
 1-2 EDWARD VII., A. 19:2 
 
 fully agref with the opinions ot' a c; respondent in Forist and Sir' ai,. N. Y. (April 21 •. 
 I'JOO) who artinns that ' every angler knows the nature of the food of the m\ : 
 xnusi'iilnnjif and also knows that it is a tish of the cold Northern waters. It is oertaii. . 
 one of tlie most voracious fishes known, and in habits is to he closely compared with .- 
 conf;-ner, the walleyed pike o j^ike perch (SiMSttdion). Such tishes arc the wolvi v t 
 the waters, and their introduction should be attempted with great care and knowledir- t 
 the waters into which they are to be placed. Where they become abundant tlv 
 effectually kill off nearly all other kinds of tishes in the waters they inhabit, cspecia .• 
 if it be an isolated pom! or lake where other fishes do not freely migrate into it. If ~i, , 
 pond or lake contains only the coarser or less valuable forms of fi>4lies, it may be well , 
 sfi-'k it with muscalonge and walleyed pike, but if tine tish or other desirable i.'ai» 
 tish are abundant, it is certainly advisable to prevent these wolves beneath the wat. . 
 from exterminating more valuable forms of life. Here again is <lecided need of biologi u 
 investigations to determine what waters should be and what should not be stfwked «i!i 
 such tish.' 
 
 Of pike, suckers, perch, catfish and similar coarse predaceous fish little neeil ;•> 
 said. There may be occiisionally muddy ponds or isolated lakes where these fish cmi I 
 lie safely planted without risk of their overrunning the whole of "-.he waters of th.> 
 adjacent district : but it may be laid down as a general rule that these fish do not iie.- i 
 the aid of artificial fish-culture and they should be kept as far as possible within tli-i' 
 present range. To introduce them into virgin waters where they will soon inevitai^v 
 hold supreme sway, outnumliering and overcoming in an incredibly short space of ti:!..» 
 the indigenous kinds of fish, is criminal. Well might an eminent U. .'^. tish-cultuii^- 
 declare, a year or two ago : — 
 
 • There will be no wall-eyed pike distributed. We have received many rei|UHs> 
 for tish of this character under different names from various parts of the country, b ■ 
 they are all walleyed pike, pure and simple, a most pernicious and destructive fish, an 1. 
 as I .said, none will bo distributed. The perch is another destructive fish. There ii.- 
 very few members of the perch family that do not come under this condeiniiat.i! v 
 head. Like the carp, they follow the schools of fish and desi-oy their spawn 
 The damage done by unwise planting of tish it may never be pos.sible to undo, A reo> iit 
 private letter received by me, from a well-known gentleman in the province of yucl)' ■. 
 indicates how seriously such a fish as the yellow perch may affect tine anglitig lake-. — 
 ' I own " he says " a lake in the County of Portneuf in which, some years ago, iiothi?!^ 
 but trout could be found ; to-day, however, the only fish found there are perch. \:\ 
 some Canadian lakes the yellow perch, formerly unknown or not occurring numero sly, 
 has increased so vastly as to endanger all other fishing. The Pennsylvania fisliei y 
 authorities wen' the first to point out, .some years ago, that the yellow perch, in ev.n - i 
 la ge a body of water as l.Ake Erie, were becoming a menace, luxuriously ennigli a^ 
 tliev increased in the greater waters, they were observed to become scarce in the siiialicr 
 lakes and streams — to ijuote from their report. — 'While yellow perch are beconiiIi^' 
 scarce or hive disappeared in some of the st reams and ponds through the thoughtle.-..'n.-^ 
 of anglers and Iwys, and the ra\ages of pot hunters and criminals, the tish seem to tj 
 actually on the increase in Lake Krie and in the other gn-at chain of inland sea- it 
 which it is one. To such a surprising extent is this true, that a large numlx-r ot tii' 
 lake fishermen became firmly convinced that tlic Fish Commissioners of this and otli.'i- 
 states, as well as of the United .States government, had confounded the identity of t: •■ 
 yellow ]M>rch and the whitefish, and had taken to hatching and depositing the fry "t 
 the former in the waters instead of the latter.' 
 
 The spawn of the perch is one of the best adajited for accidental transportation iv' ■ i 
 one laki' or river to an other, and, while in many cases the regrettable step ha> lien 
 taken of actually de]iositing spawn or fry in new locations, there are no doubt mult tU'i> - 
 of cases in whicli waters have iK'en stocked by birds, especially ducks and other ai|uat ■ 
 species. The spawn of the p<'rch is arranged in long; tenacious rojies or frills, and iiri; ,' 
 laid in shallow water, U'comes readily entangled in the feet or feathers of water-fri ^ • 
 ini,' aiiini.ils. When yellow perch establish themselves, they soon dominate the who!- i 
 the locality, and are most dilliciilt if not impossible to exterminate, .V newspij 
 publishe.l at Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, recently stated that ' twenty tons was about t 
 
uEronr o\ i'/.o/'ahatiox .i.v/> rr.AxriXi; or riit:i>,:ch:<>cs nsii 17 
 
 ^SSIONAL PAPER No. 22b 
 
 .Tioiiiit of perch that was takoii in tliis bay liurin;; tlio |M>t »f)i-'.i;. At .in a\<ia^'i' of 
 iiiic cent a pound tlietli (ilers have ]iiii(l out .*l,0<iO ipii this .1. count. l>c<|iitp this .iiornious 
 , ,t>li from j-car to viar, there apin'.us to \y tio |ieir.'|.til)le iliniinutii.n of thr |ierc li in 
 icse waler.-^. hut tliey appear to he a^ autniTnus as o\>r.' Lake .Mi in|ihraiuai;ni; was 
 iver-run with p<'rch a few years after thev were planteij liv persons in Vermont though 
 'lie salmon trout devouied tliein, seven or eiiilit peich heini; taken "Ut of thestoinaih 
 i.l' .1 large trout. 
 
 The j«)wer of successfully nmintainint; tluir iiumlx'is in the content wiih oiinr 
 s|.icies, is \iTy marked in ninny kind-: of (ish. .mil it is nece^siuy to tiike thi-^ into account, 
 when friiniini; protective regulations, .is 1 Imve pointed out elsfwher-- - Sit- Itepori of 
 M.irine and Fisheries Ocpartnunt — lf<'.''.l--p. l\x\ i). I'oinmerciai ti-lc riiifii lia\p felt 
 ;lie force of this view, and on many occasions dinini; the >ittini;s aitaniicd liv the 
 liominion (ioverninent for the special < 'nt.ii io Fish I'nmmission. \i hich tiK.k f\ idence lil 
 .ileMU the iircat lak»'S, in NovcinlKn' aiul jteceinlier, IS'.l'J, prominent tl.sl.ermen gave 
 • Apression to this sentiment, that much Icg.il protection is wul nece^-;ary in the c,i.>-e of 
 s.iiiip of the pri'daceous tlsh .iliovc named, and that their uiulue increa-e ha-- re-ulteij in 
 the depletion of more valued and more desirahle species. The opinion expie-setl iiy 
 Ml. \\ . \V. Cliurch, of .Midlanil. a tislierm;in of over |0 years exp.rience. may he taken 
 M-. tyi>ical. lie told the commissioneis that • Whitetish were nioie numeiou-- in Like 
 < iiitario than any other kind of tish. I'ike, pickerel, ha^s and trout, eat voini^r ti'-h, 
 and sonii- kinds of fish destroy the >pawii. W hitetis . • vertheless, held tiicirownin 
 the old days of fishing and salmon tncit were plei.i:n.l at the same time. When 
 whitefish dropjied oil', salmon trout were gone into more fully, and then thev likewise 
 dropped off. It would he a benefit if pike and jiickerel, ba-^s, eelpouts .ind di'::ti-.h were 
 t.iken out — it would benefit the whitetish.' 
 
 The International Commissioners (l»r. Wakeham and Mr. Iiithliun. foui' yeirs 
 later, found the same opinion pre\alent in certain tishing loc;iMtie>, and on p. "!' of 
 their re|Ort, referring esjiecially to the )iickere; or dore, (otherwis.- saugcr or wallevcil 
 pikei. they remarked that ' tiie policy oi affording any mea--ure of pi-otection to the wall- 
 cycti pike and its related species the sauger. has l)een strongly deprecatcil by many fisher- 
 men because of their well-known predaieous habits, and it is even claimed that the 
 ■ alching off of these forms in Lake Kric has produceil an increase in the supply of 
 herring.' While the Commissioners did not feel able to acce|it the condusicm reacheil liy 
 the fishermen, they placed on record the fact that the pickerel (blue and yellow 1 are ^ery 
 destructive to other fish. From their ow n examination of specimens they state that ■ the 
 species seems almost entirely piscivorous Of many cxamiiles examined, nearly :ill 
 contained some fishes of some kind or other and scarcely anything else. The species 
 found oftcne-t in their stomachs was the alewife. .Viiioni,' others seen were \ari(ius 
 minnows, young yellow perch and young suckers. N'o young whitetish, trout or lake 
 herring were seen in their stomachs. 
 
 The exclusion from the scheme of Can idian fish culture, as carried on under 
 I'ominion auspices, of the more typically predaceous species is well justified. Parties in 
 various provinces have become impatient of this strict limitation, and in the pri'^s md 
 otherwise, have jwinted to the extreme variety of fish hatched in the establisimients of 
 the United States and other cnuntii(?s. I'.ut it is better to be wise in time. l'".ven in 
 well protected and cirefully supervised waters, like the sporting lakes and rivers in 
 England and Scotland, the coar e predaceous tish may g.iin the uiip-r liatiil and be 
 lechiced with difhculty. During the early months of the year I'.'dO i .•■ waters of the 
 F.arn, in Perthshire, Scotland, were overrun by pike, the local journals ni \| ril announc- 
 ing that "the ravages of pike on trout and young salmon in the Karri have berome so 
 great, that the river watchers have had instructions to net as many of the voraeinus 
 marauders as po.ssible.' 
 
 In the true interests of fish-culture, destructive measures are as necessary as those 
 ef propagation and rearing. I he ' wolves must be destroyed, tliat the ^aluable lan.bs 
 may have a fair chance. Ill weeds, the old jiroverb declares, grow apare, and as « rule 
 the coarse inferior fish are able to look well after themselves, too well, f! efish lulturists 
 often thinks, when he realizes the dithcuky of diinini-.hing or of whol'\ clearing them 
 22i— 2 
 
 Ir 
 
'¥• 
 
 •tK 
 
 S, ' 
 
 18 
 
 MA/HXK AX/> FlS//K/:lKs 
 
 1-2 EDWARD VII., A. 1902 
 
 out. Kxccpli'Hially, sonip nf these ti--ti mny I* tolenitoil. As tlic Inwn Fisli Coram. <■ 
 sion ill ihiir lusilitli liieiiniiil ]{ep:>rt .-saiil : ' Suiue of our imtivt- li.-ilu's iiif of -to t'xoinl. 
 iii;;l_v Miiiioiou.s habits that they are, or have lieeii, tMiuieiuiUMl as uiitit to plant in «iiv 
 water.~. Ijut we have many .'■hillow mud lake.s that are torally unlilted for tlie liett.'r 
 grad's, and the voraoiou-f pickerel and yellow pereh are perfectly at home in them. 'I'l„v 
 furnisli mucli [ilea>ure, and a very p.ilatalde addition to the I ill of fare for the pe<j|iiii. 
 ami .■^uoh waters shoulu lie kept w<'li stocked with them.' 
 
 Artilicial lish propai;ation if intellij;ently can ied on takes aieount not o': of the 
 very dili'erent condiliun.s whieh various waters j^roviiie : Ijut also of the \erv liflVreut 
 need^ of the localities to he stoekeii. Fish, like the yellow pereli. which are dLiested in 
 .so'ne waters, are re:.'.irded in olhers as desirahle tish for annling purposes. The followin;.' 
 remarks of the late Mr. A. N. Cheney, illustrate the dilliculties e.\perieneed by tli.. 
 I'orist. Fish and (Jauio Coiinnission of N''W Yolk, in dealinj; with applications ii,r 
 supplies of brook troutfiy. He said : — 
 
 ■ ft is generally nnder-tood that when a per.-on de-iies to obtain tish for Jilantii;:; 
 from the I'orest, Fish and tJame Coinmi.s.sion of New York, particularly if the iisli wanted 
 are trout, an application nmst be made out, tillin:; in arjswers to certain i|Uestion», un^ 
 of wlddi is to declar.- whether or not the water is natural trout water, and another is t'l 
 state the kinds of fi .ither than tiout, that are iti the water in which it is desired tlim 
 the trout be planteu 
 
 • More and more, apparently, the answer to the last mentioneil i|ue,stion is 'pickerel 
 .... the pike commonly called pickeiel. IJrook-trout and pickerel do not, as a nil- 
 thrive in the same water, aside from the fact that pickerel will ]iiev upon trout, Imr 
 occasionally pickerel will make their way into and establish themselves in the ro,)! 
 waters nai iiral to trout, and generally the commission deilines to furnish trout to Ije 
 planted in waters tliat pickerel have iii\ aded and become a fixture. (_lne man wroti' 
 th U to reject tiout applications for water.s that contained pickerel ' would lie to remove 
 the greater pait of the streams in thai region from the list of trout streams'. Another 
 applicaiit who had declared th.it pickerel were found in the stieam for whieh he wished 
 tlu! trout mentionei! in his ajiplication, made a personal call u|ion the commission after 
 Ids application had been rejected, and argue(i that lie should ha\e the troui he avkni 
 for because he had been frank enough to admit that the stream contained once in u 
 while a small pickerel, for he thouglit no one else would hive made tlie admission. He 
 was soiuewhal surprised when tljere was shown to him a report made by one of thest.it.' 
 game prut colors that the stream was unsuitable for trout, not only becau-e it containeil 
 pickerel, but because it was used by a large village as the outlet for its sewage. In one 
 week two men asked for trout to be planted in waters infested with pike, or pickeie,, 
 lock b.iss. suntish and yellow perch, and both admitted when ijuestioned that the water 
 was not suitabh for trout, but they thought if trout were planted this act would stop 
 winter lishinj; through the ice under S tioii ."iS of the u'aiiie law, and thev were inehiieii 
 to be indignant because their applications were rejected. I )ne man thoujiht if lanje 
 trout were planteii they could protect themselves from the pickerel. Tlie Conimissiuii 
 tries to int'oriii itself about .my water in which there is tlie least doubt as to its titnes* 
 for members of the salu'on family, am; so when the a|iplieant's answers to the queries in 
 the application are not conclusive, the state g.iiiie protector of the district in whii h the 
 water is situated is asked to report on it There are plenty of streams and ponds tliiil 
 have been inipro|eily planted with tish, and in some instances there is a remedy f(.i tin- 
 ml-take ami in others not. If there is a remedy the applicant generally wishes the -tate 
 to apply it. for ii means an expenditure of time and money. It is much easier to put 
 fish into a pond or stream than it is to get them out after it is discovered that the 
 putting of them in is a blunder. 
 
 'Again and again I ha\e advised correspomlents to remove pickerel from trout 
 waters and try and restore it to its original condition instead of putting in other tish. 
 generally black bass, that cannot be removed. 
 
 A word reiiarding the sturgeon must conclude this hasty sketch of a largi^ an.i 
 complicated subject. There is a universal opinion amongst fishermen that the stur;;eon 
 is an undesirable pred iceous tish. The ;:iounds for this opinion are far from satisfactory. 
 Indeed, the evidence at present available points the other way, as the stomachs .f 
 
nKl'onr ns /'i;'>i>.{<;Min\ .i.v/i /'/..I.V/7.V'. "/■ /•i:i:i>.\' rms risii 19 
 
 ESSIONAL PAPER No. 22b 
 
 -lurijeoii exatiiiniHl hy iiiyNflt. aii(| •iome furciun autluuitifs \ver<> ili--t<'iiiii-.l with t'mj 1 '<( 
 tiit'liiost iiitiocciil kind, iiii)>tly shi'll ti-li. insiv t-. .llwi ■.miiil foinl ; Init im s]>.iwii i>f 
 '. oung fry. Tlic lulfrniitioiiii! ( 'iMuini^^intier-. in the if|ri)ti from whi.li I Ij.i.i' .ilnM^lv 
 mule Bcvorfil t|uotiili«>i\s, dn not rciiiud tlu' i)|iiriioii, tliit ir in a lii'-itpivcr iil nthiM- ti-ii, 
 I. very ouncluslve, ami tin-y spiMk upon the .■<iiti|''i-L in Um' foll.iwiin,' icnii- ri-spm tiiii; 
 I, iki> Krip .slurp'on : — 
 
 ' ((riginally one cif thf most o<Mniiii)ii li^'ic^ of th. I.ik, , tin- >tiu\'«'<)n \\,i- ^iitlir>Ml 
 I. liitively iiiori- depletion tliiin any other It wa^ forrn rly a \ ery prominent fiiUin- of 
 'lie pound net eatcli. especiiilly liefoie it^ value had iieeii reeonni/ed. an I while it.s 
 : .ipliire wa."* resrar led as a nui^ince. The li-iherin<'n at that lime de>troved it in iiiiimn'.e 
 qiiaiititip.s. and when a market had heen found the supply w a.s alreadv iiun'h redu' ed. 
 It has I'ontinued to Ik- taken liy the pound-nets and li.is ,dso lieen m.ide the otijeet of a 
 special fishery hy means of ;.'ill nets, hooks and lities and seines 
 
 The .species is at present mist ahun<lafit at the extretne eastern end of the lake, 
 ,iiid elsewhere more plentiful alon:; t'le northiTn than the southern shore. The prineipal 
 r.iuse of decrease, anil the one which has l)een longest in opei.ition h.is l»'en the jMiu'id- 
 iiet fishery, hut the statistics show a continued and h'i'^y diminution in the supply 
 where >;ill-iiets and hooks alone are now employed. The sturgeon is classed amoni; 
 predaceous tishes hy many fishermen, hut in what ile;,'ree it merits this distinelion we 
 li.ne l)een unatjie to decide. Fn the ahsenee of Uiore < onehisive evidence as to the 
 extent of its destruetiveness, ami for tl;e leasons siali'd in coiineetion with the w.ill eyed 
 I'ike, we reeard the species as di'vervini; of such protection as can h" :;ranted it without 
 d'triineiit to the more important hiaiiche-. of the lake ti-herv. Its ^i/e and hardiness 
 P'-rmit of the return to the water ali\e of all immatut'^ indi\iduals whieli m.iy he taken 
 iiy any method, and inueli good can undouhtedly he aci ompli~he<i hy this nieatis, as a 
 iii;e proportion of the p mnd-net catch especially consists of the small lish. It is 
 important, furthermore, that the I'Xtent of tiic s])eeial lisheriev for the specii-s should he 
 materially reduc(d.' 
 
 The sturgeon might fairly claim a place in any schejne • f intelli;;.iit scieititic ti-,h- 
 culture, were it not thai certain jirattical dilliculties beset the procurilii,', fertilising, and 
 handling of the eggs in hatcheries. The sm.iU jelly like enihrvo sturgeon, which hatch 
 out in 5 or G days, are most ditKcult to plant, and, until some special incuicitini; and 
 distrihuting apparatus is devised, the sturgi'on cannot he brought to .i condition, that 
 is an age, which <vill admit of their safe an.l successful transportation from the hatche y 
 tanks to the waters to be stockeii. In vii!w therefore of the pre\alent opini'in that 
 sturgeon are unusually ile: .ructive, so far as the sp:iwn of whitetish. i- com'erned, 
 MUil considering that the ohstables to theii' successful propagation aititii'i^'lly on a la'ge 
 sile appears at present not very practicable, it seems de-^irable to rdv on the nat ir,d 
 ion of these tish and afford them reasonable [irotec tion by meatisof c|o^etime>, 
 ight limits, and li!;al means • f capture, inthei' thin allow the Uuriieon to be 
 di: in the hope ''.a' artiricial liatchinL: will m.dnt.iin lie- abundance of this 
 
 inc. 'flly valuable n ; 
 
 To suiniLirize the contents of the preceding ]viL;es it rrjav be briellv aid ; — 
 
 ( 1) T-'oUt sliould not be encouiaged in salmon rivei^. 
 
 (J) lilack Hass are most undesirable where trout and L:ia\lin_' exist, and should 
 he introduced oirly into isolated waters, where they .■atirmi ^pie.id and miniate. 
 
 (o) Pacific species are not tiesirable in eastern waters 
 
 (4) Maskinonge. pike, pickerel aird peidi cart coexist in the --arrie waters. 
 
 (.")) Whitetish as an element of food, .is a rule, are nrorc valuable than spurting fish 
 ill Western Canada. 
 
 (•)) Predaceous tish should be plante<l only where minnow^ an<l other fiiid are 
 ibtindant. 
 
 (7) The irre.atPst caic and caution should in c.i-.e^ be e\i'!cisi-i! ii; thi- pluntiu-.; o{ 
 |iredaceou.s species. 
 
 pro) 
 si 
 
 •JJ/— L'J 
 
20 
 
 ^f.lflrxE Axn FisuKf/iEs 
 
 1-2 EDWARD VII., A. "902 
 
 » f 
 
 r 
 
 No, in.— Tin: AIM .\Mi .MKTHoKuF KJ.SHKHY LK(;ISLATI<>N. 
 
 r.\ l'l;OFK.SSOl: rjiNV Mill E. l'l:l\( K. I>0MINH>.> C'OMMISSIONKII OF FiSIIKKIK.S, <»Tr\u\ 
 
 A Special report which I piihlish<Ml in the I)('pai'tineiual (Fisheries) Itlui' Hook in 
 !>•'.•',', fully explainiti:; tin- (>l)|ivt of Icjisi.itive eti;ictmetil-i reiatinsj to close seiison^ f'.r 
 fi-ili, Mffonled, I liavi- riMsori to ktiow. infi>riiiatio:i which a j^n-at many intciosteil person- 
 liail siiught for in Viiiii. The suhjcet i-s one \ery loiiiinonly misunderstood, if, indeed, it 
 i-. ^eneially known fit all. Sir Frederick Pollock, the famous Knylish jurist, has ^;ii(l 
 of lishery laws, as a whole, that their very '-.xistence is harilly known except to tlin 
 parties interested in theii- suhject matter, yet, he added ■ thev aieof considerable extent 
 and intricacy, and may raise important <|Uestions of ;;eneral les;i-lativc policy. Thii> it 
 is evident that in the case of the tisiiery laws, the (|uestioii of interference with priMit.' 
 discretion by tlie authority of 'he state has constsntly to he decided one wnyoilin' 
 other. In deaiin!; with fii'sh-water lislieries the tendency of inoiiern law makini; Ins 
 been to impcsc new restrictions ; in dealiiii; with sea tisheries to remove old ones.' 
 
 In the report, al)ove referred to, I pointed out the very diverse reasons, which I'd 
 to the framiii;; of the difTerent existing close seasons for fish of economic importance in 
 the Dominion, and numerous letters, aildiessed to the depar riient, or to ine person^illv, 
 .show that my attempt had furnished precisely the kind of nforniation that wasde^iivii. 
 
 The aims and olijccts of all ell'ective fishery legislation, apart from what is called 
 Inletiiatioiial law, may he summarized under three or four heads : hut the methods i,v 
 which such aims and objects are achieved are complicated and variou.s. The inetluHl 
 of fishery le^dslalion has Keen moulded into sui h diverse forms that the body of ena.-t. 
 nients in Canada, as in other countries, is cumbersoma and complicated in the e.xtreiiic. 
 The Canadian code of fishery laws and regul.ition.s is the result ..f gradual growth ami 
 accretion throujjh a peiiod of many years, and its variou.s provisions exhibit much oxer- 
 lapping and inconsistency, if not absolute self <()ntradiction in .some cases. 
 
 In various parts of the Dominion there is a common impression, though a grosvjy 
 mistaken one, that fishery regulations are merely a nieansof securing revenue to the govern- 
 ment, and are essentially a method (pf ensuring a form of indirect taxation. .Much of 
 the irritation and re.sentment at fishery regulation aroused amongst the fishing popula- 
 tion may \>e traced to this errtmeoti.s idea. They say ' why should our vocation, our 
 means of livelihood be t.ixed, and others go free ! Certainly fishery regulations all'ect the 
 fisherman's vocation, and the imposition of license fees, the inlliction of fines and penalties, 
 .■ind other subsidiary accompaniment.s to legal processes, bring to the public treasuiv, 
 pecuniary contributions which are ailded of course, to the public revenue. Fishermer; are 
 led from this ci-cumstance to regard fishery law.; as a somewhat covert method of comjiel- 
 ling them to pay additional tribute to the state : and government commissions, conduct inn 
 ini|uiries into fishery matters, encounter no obstacle greater than the unwillingness .,f 
 fishermen to help, as they think, in formulating new and oppressive enactments, ami the 
 exaction of further license fees and taxes. Fishermen shrink from freely and fully tellini.' 
 the facts, through tear that further and perhaps more stringent legal burdens inav lie 
 laid upon them. The complaint, on examination, is found to Ix^ a very inisUiken one, 
 and one very far from just, so far as the Dominion government in concerned. It is 
 noteworthy that the government of Cvinada, durinii the longperiotl of over thirty year-, 
 following confederation, during which period it exercised the pre<iorainant power nf 
 issuing leases and licenses, of collecting fee.s. and of enforcing preservative and protecti\c 
 r?g-iiation=, i-pver rpgaidi'd the fishing indu.-^tries as fit subject for ta.xalion. Ail ix".c:;t!e 
 resulting was ancillary and incidental. The federal government has cusistenlly 
 disowned the I lesire to 'make money ' out of the fisheries, <iuring the years when very 
 high authorities held that the Dominion alone ha<l the right of property and jurisdicti<in 
 in regard to fisheries. It has adhere<l to the same view fiince the announcement of the 
 
 ' This applies less ti Canaila than tu iitliei r.,,mtrii». 
 
nici'onr ns mm .i.v/» .sti-.i'imi) oy tisithiiy i h<.i>i..\ rios 
 
 21 
 
 C-ESSIONAL PAPER No. 22b 
 
 1 i-lieries .luiigiiieiit by the Judical I 'oiimiit tee i)f tin' IVivy Council, Lnruioii. iti J urn- 
 1>'.'S, wlieii the • |iropcily ' was (IciliirtMi to 1h', on thr wlioli-, vested in t!i<' proviiioi's, 
 ;iiid the ■jurisdiction' in thf |)oininioii. oddl\ fiiou^h. tlir vi'iv |>>w('r which tlw 
 fi'diTftl government has iilwiiys shrunk tioui exercisinj; i> the \<'ry [Miwrr ulnch the 
 uliuve .ludjjuicnt pronounced to lie the [wiuliar riijht of the dominion. % i/ : tl .iwer 
 ..f ini|>osin}; a tax by way of license as a loiniition of tiie ri<,'hl to li^h. The provinces 
 ii'xoeptinj; Manitoba, the Nortli-we,t Territories, and the IMstrict of Yukon; iiave the 
 |iiiwer to issue licenses and exclusive tlshin;; privileges. Yi". it is precisely this right of 
 iiiipojiii',' a tax for revenue which the l>iiniininn ;;civerniuenl never exercised, anil most 
 -tudiouslv refrained from exercising. Province .iftir province iin;;lit !»• named in which 
 (he t4)tal amount of Do ninion license fees tell siiurt. verv fir -hurt, of ihe amount 
 ( \pended upon adndnistration and on conservation of the lisheries in the public inlere..t. 
 License fees were in most cases nominal, an I were imposed meiely to ijivi' el1ecti\eness 
 •iiid force to a system of ju<licious control. An escepilonal province, like that of Itritish 
 Columbia, no doubt paid into the iMminion Tieasury an annual amount ;;reatly in e.xcess 
 of the exjienditure upon the otHcial slafl", up<in the fisheries, tisheries cruisers, salmon 
 hatcheries, fish-passes an 1 the liki- : but such resenue was altogether un.soughi ami 
 unforeseen, and was due to the surprising riclinessand rapid development of practically a 
 single fishini inilustrj-, viz., the salmon industry, which in s ime respects has no paralh-l in 
 the world. When the ISritish Columbia fishery regulations wen- framed the license fees 
 ^pecitied were regarded by the canriers and fishermen .is too ninderale. The cmiiers, on 
 iTiore than one occasion, in public petition-, and otherwise, as recordeil in the Fislieries 
 Depirtuient, Ottawa, favoured an increase, ami voluntei'red to li'vy upon themselves 
 additional taxes or fees in order to further certain desirable objects, such as new fish- 
 liatcheri.'s, ite. At several conferences, cliielly of ia'inon canner-. which I held in \ icioria, 
 New Westminster and other British Colunii)ia centres, represent.it ive men laid ■-tres.-.on 
 the desirability of levying further assessments upon the canners to promote the lis eries. 
 
 It is clear then that, to th ■ principle underlying the p ilicy of the l».>m:nion 
 government, the British Columb a fisheries were no exception ; and that regulations, 
 the enforcement of fees and restrictions, were to be c.irried out in the interest only of 
 the fisheries and of the lishing papulation, in other wonls, in the interests of the putilic. 
 The sy.stem of bmnty, paid to Atlantic deep sea tishernien, has Im-cu by some parties 
 regirded .«s proving the disinterestedness of the Dominion government in regard to the 
 imposition of fishery license fees ; but it neeii hardly U' pointed out th ii such a conclusion 
 is inadmissible. The fund which provides the annual amount for the piymenl of iKiunty 
 claims is really a sum paid as com|)ensation by the I'l 'ted .Slates, f.iliowing interna- 
 tional arbitration, and usually known as the Halifax Award. The Ixiunty payments are 
 made under authority of an Act pas.sed in l^^i, intituleil 'An Act to encourage the 
 development of the Sea Fisheries and thebuildingof Fishing vessels.' It must 1h ailmitted, 
 however, that the encouragement of any fishing industry by a system of Bounty would 
 not be inconsistent in principle with the p<jlicy uniformly followed in Canada, tin 
 the contrary, it would !)e fully in accordance v» itli the s,iirit and piaclico of that policy. 
 No doufit individual provinces in the exercise of their rights, defined and decided in the 
 Fisheries -Judgment, ISO.S. have vigorou-ly followed the reverse p .licy and have 
 already converted the fisheries into a means of considerable levenui-. Tie i)oiniiiion 
 government never favoured that view of the m.it'er, and never reg.irded the fisheries ;is 
 .1 source of revenue to be maile to yield a maximum annual leiurn, and has scru|mlously 
 abstain(!il from imposing upon the provincial licensees the lax by way of licen--e tee' 
 fur revenue purpo.ses, which the Fisheries . I udgmeut ~o clcirly spicified as within the 
 light of the Dominion authorities. 
 
 It is interesting to ini)uire, when entering upon a review of the scope iiiul ne-lhod 
 of fishery iegishrtion, to iii(|uire why it is that in all ci. ili/ed countries, hslieiy tvgula- 
 tions have been devised : Why has il been deemed Jusiiii.iiile and iieces.-aiy to have 
 fishery laws at all ? Fishing industries, it must l>e replied, are really the exploit ition by 
 a section of the communily of a n.itural resourc •, which is the herita;,'e of all. 'It 
 cannot be questioned that the inhabitants of this Dominion ' said the lati- Mr .lu-tii-e 
 t'lwvnne, ' in whatever province they may reside, have an interest in the regulation 
 
 * Tlie ivversi.-. li..H.^v»T. cMiM not in utiy c;^"' ;i|i|i'iv. \\'. ■ tin- ini|«'sition ot .. i,,..\ incial fit- in :i(l-liti.>n 
 to a fi-e for a legally valid huniinion liit-n!* rn''. I'iny Cuuncil Hi-i")rts. Ijniiiiiin Nu. *. IS'.C |.. '.'3. 
 
118 
 
 22 MAniS'E A SI) FISHEItlES 
 
 1-2 EDWARD VII., A. 1002 
 
 and prr)tcction of th«! fisheries, whetluT tlipy Xtc spucoast nr inlaml nn'l this 
 
 intprpst cifthc piiblic is not thp less hpcau-ip in our inland wnterx, consiHtinijof riveptand 
 lakes tppniiii}; with the tini-st llsli, jui.ntp persons may liavp piopprty tliprpin.' * Such 
 iK'ini,' the case, th" wliolp country, speaking through ihf Ipfjislature, has the duty and 
 the riiiht to re^'ulate the tisherie^<, to protp.l, jireservp. and enhanco their value and 
 productiveness, as a national lesource. The resilient on the sea-ooa-t has therefore a 
 voire in decidin:,' whether or nor inland waters shall be pn-served and rendered more 
 priMluotivf, or depleted and il-stroyed : wiiile the dweller far inlan<l has tlie rij,'ht to say 
 whether or not sonv maritime fishery, Ik- it for lohsters, mackerel, seals or whales, shall 
 he allowed to bo destroyed or be properly and etr.'otually protect<>(l. It is fortunate that 
 this is so, for, observant and intelligent as fishermen are, their views are often narrow 
 and one-sided, if not wholly mistaken. They rarely combine to foster the common intc 
 rests of all or to further the industries upon which they as a class depend. The public 
 have an interpst in the proper rarryinj; on of the fisheries. .\s Mr. C. M. Keye.s, one 
 of the best known men connected with the Ohio fisheries, said some years ago ' the fish 
 prtKluct of the <;reat lakes has become such an im[H)rtant article of food to the vast 
 pop dation tributary thereto, that laws prohii)itin),' unreasonable waste or destruction of 
 thi.s valuable commodity of o immerce shou'd b.' enacted and enforced. The people 
 generally lixik to commercial fishermen only for tlieir supply of fish food, and are in a 
 wjiv as much interested in making commercial fishing a successful industry as are the 
 men operating the fisheries.' 
 
 No doubt the indiflTeiPnce of fishermen generally to the interests of the public, and 
 of their own class as a class, is due to thoughtlessness. A Scottisli fisherman, in his 
 evidence before the Hoyal Commission on Trawling in (Jreat Hritain (1H84), tersely 
 expressed it, ' in the fisheries, ' he said, 'it was always u case of each haul all, and 
 deuce take the hindmost ! ' 
 
 The New York Fishititj (in-Mli, February .'9, 189fi, conUined a reference to this 
 imjiortant matter of the attitude of the fishermen towards the interests of the state, 
 and the position of the fishing industry in relation to state regulation and restriction, 
 and the following extract, it must be granted, sums uj) the situation most accurately :— 
 
 'This industry should not be hampered by laws based on the fanciful theories of th • 
 fish culturist or infiuenced by the arguments of the fish \andals who operate on the plan 
 that all are fish that come U) their nets, hut the best interests of the whole public should 
 Vje considered, and in the end such a system of laws would be to the best interest of the 
 producer and the consumer alike.' 
 
 The position of the fisherman is, of course, very unlike that of the ordinary labourer 
 or handcraftsman and whol y diflFeient from that of the trader or manufacturer, hence his 
 views 9& to the larger national aspects of his industry are often peculiar. Like the hunter's 
 profession, tlie fisherman's pursuit is full of danger and uncertainty : and the hunter, 
 as is well known, is too often selfish and limited in his views, and will kill deer or other 
 game that should be spared, lest another hunter may secure it. Now, while sea fisheries 
 may be pursued by any British subject without let or hindrance apart from legislation 
 of a limited local ch iiacter, or under conventions with foreign powers applicable only to 
 particular water-s. the estuaries and fresh- water fisheries are placed in cjuite a different 
 category. In the tidal parts of navigabi'! rivers fishing is of common right, unless 
 limited or superseded by private right— a v, ry unusual circumstance ; but in non tidal 
 waters the exclusivi> right to take fish V)elongs to the owner of the soil. Unless alienateil 
 and shown to have l>eeii transfeired to some grantee, such ownership belongs \n the 
 Crown; but in Canada the Crown is represented both by the provinces and the 
 rtoininion. As was stated in the Fisheries Judgment, 1S98, waters whether vesterl in 
 the Crown, as represented by the Dominion or as represented by the province in which 
 they are situated, ire equally Crown pruptrrly and tht; rights of the public in respect of 
 of them are precisely the same. For this reason there has arisen some confusion and 
 not a little o\.Tlapping in the management of the fisheries ; but the decision by the 
 highest tribunal in theemiare that the enactment of fishery ie;,'iilations and restrictions 
 is within the exclusive competence of the Dominion legislature and is not within the 
 
 * .ItulKii.-nt in tli.' K\iI,,,|Mi i- C.nrt ..f Ciiiwitn. rnh Kcports ..f i,ii:...ii ,■. Huhritsoii, Ottawa. lOSi. 
 
i;f:r't/!T '».v .i;.i/ .i.v/> mkth'i/i uf ns/fEi;r i F'ls/.ATinx 
 
 23 
 
 SESSIONAL PAPER No. 22b 
 
 1 ^'i..lniive powt-rs iit' iht* proviin-inl lei»i«latiire!<. >PtM rtnally «t r*'*t M iiut'«ti<p,i a» to 
 lilt" authoritv of the ff'deriil >;o\ornni>Tir in t-nai'tinn tish.'iy l.iws. Tli»' It'i^iHliitivo 
 -;ipreiniicy of thf fwleral !»ovfrnnu'tit in ti-.lifry iimtt«*rs i-imtttiuf>s iiiiiTnpiiriil .itxl it is 
 iiiiiiiirtatit thornfiir<' to iioinl "Ut ^nmtr nt tin- iiiaiii i'liiii'iic'tfristi,'< nf tliii; lcui--liition. 
 
 It is worthy of noto tlim i griMt di-iil lias bpfti ai'c.>iii|ili-ilie(l in tin" way <>( tith.Ty 
 ri'i^ulatinn anii restriction by iiipaiis <if unwritli-n law. And s.> ioni; as t!if I'oniinion 
 ^iiverninent practically enforced all lishfry rcL'ulatiuns, very rmicli was iichii'vcil liy jire 
 v.ntion, by moral suasion, by tiint'ly warniiii; of more ri'_'orous fiiturt- iiction, und ospp- 
 ii illv bv attai-hin^ conditions to I'lniinion licenni's entHiltni,' the cancellation i>f tishin^ 
 iiiivilp^'es in case of violation C'f t\f rci,'ulation». Then- was a laiidabl*- desire, on ttix 
 jiirtof successive Ministers of tlie t rown in i I'tawa, chiirgeii with the admiidstration of 
 the fisheries, not to unduly multiply oflences or to make thplisiierv l.iws to<i complicated 
 ;ind exactini;. This use of moral leveraije, this exertion of indirect prov^ure tlirouijh 
 the license system, worked most successfully, and undue harshness, fornuil letfal pro- 
 1 esses, arid an undesirable increase in criminal offences, were a\iiiiie*l. To nmke e\ery 
 trivial abuse an illegality, ,in i e\eiy otl'enilin>; fisherman a criminal, was too serious a 
 measure, and was successfully .uoiiled by the system referred to. 
 
 Of course, all fishery laws to bo effectual and satisfactory ou;;ht to lie lwsi>d upon 
 facta and upon accurate information. Here was an initial olistiicle. It was cJitHi-ult to 
 ibtain t!'e desired information from the fishing population, while the riv.il interests of 
 ditl'erent classes of fishermen, and of the merchants, buyers, puckers or cantiers, .Vc, 
 added to theditBcultv. Fishery interests had often to l)e subordinati-d to conunercial 
 and industrial interests. .Manufactures were freijuently ti\ycu precedence. A noble 
 river, valuable for its fisheries, mix'ht bepollutP<l, bltn-ked by dams and utterly (lestroye<l 
 in the interests of the lumber business or of chemical and other in<lustries < if course, 
 tisherv authorities have often stated that by exereisinj; a little care anil c.iulion the 
 tisheries anil manufacturinj; industries could continue side by side. The utilisation of 
 refuse iin<l waste products and the exercise of a little consideration on the part of com- 
 mercial men would have save<l from ruin many a fine river and lake ; but, in an a^'e of 
 iron, harsh iron methods often prevail. 
 
 From the outline here attempted of existini; fishery regulations in Canada any 
 historical review or philosophical discussicm of the ultimate ground of fishery laws must lie 
 omitted. A sketch of the evolution of fishery laws would be superfluous. As Sir Henry 
 Maine, in his ' .Vncient Law ' showe'i, a legal enactment in its pre-ent form jiroves to 
 be, on analysis, not an isolated rule, but the last link in an historical series, the first link 
 in which was probably an arbitrary act of compulsion or an '•,•• i-ath'tirn dictum. The 
 series of precedents, which have yielded the body of statutes and regulations now in 
 foice started in the assumption, or rather the fact, that fishery rights were vested in 
 the Crown. They ndght be so vested as /w^c/iyia/u'iiKi and capable of alienation, or as 
 held in trust for the public. Nor was the claim of the Crown limited to rivers and 
 inland waters, or to coastal limits. Just .is Spain and Portugal dividwl the Atlantic 
 (•cean l)etween them under authority of a P.ip.al Hull U!':!, so Kngland rlaimed the 
 N'orth Sea or German Ocean, the Hay of Biscay, the English Channel, and the seas 
 north and we<t of Ireland, and so late as lti(i4, the Scottish crown claimed the fisheries 
 for a distance of 14 miles from low-water mark, as is specified in the draft Treaty of 
 Cnion with England. When private parties or public Ixnlies acquired fishery rights as 
 grantees of the Crown, such rights w.-re exercised under regulations. Thus in Scotlan<l 
 all Salmon fishings are enjoyed by Koyal grant : but from the earliest times the holders 
 were reijuired to observe strict conditions imposf>d in the public interest. As early as 
 1 1"."), a Statute of William the Lion rpipiirfd engines and traps to be so set as to leave 
 a pissage clear in midstream for the ascent of the migrating (ish to their spawning 
 grounds The Act is very fpiaintiy expressed, and enjoins that passage in toe .iieidle 
 of the stream or river is 'aye to be free sae inuckle as a swine of :>. years old well-fed is 
 of length see that neither the gronzie (snout) nor the tail may win t»e ony ^ide.' The 
 statute also shows the antiquity of the observance of Sabbath rest even for salmon in 
 Sc )tland, for it provides th U no fi»h shall be taken from Saturdy evening until sun- 
 rise on Monday. Manv statutes of a similar nature all directed to restrain certain 
 modes of fishing continued to be passed by Scottish Varliaments <lown to th" date of 
 the Union. The objects of these statutes, according to Lord Westbury, were three in 
 
24 
 
 MAfilXf AXf) /V*WA'/f/ffA- 
 
 It 
 
 1-2 EDWARD VII., A. 1902 
 nuiaUr- 'One to insure to the salmon n free bu<1 unimjieded aocea-. to the upi)er fresl, 
 watern which arr th- n ilural spawning urouiids of the ti.h. The sei-on.l to necure the 
 un.mp,.,led r.-turn to the sea of the siuolt or younj{ fry of the .almon. The third to 
 |irohit)it the lulling of iiiidean tish.' 
 
 Ii. (Juna.ia the Crown U represented by both the Dominion and by the Province 
 unci much oomphcation has insulted, in eon!w.iuence, in the interpreUtion and adminis" 
 nation ot fishery law.s. French seixnoriul rights, too, enter into the matt«r in the 
 i'rovince of gu,.U,.c, and in New Brunswick. But apart from these higlier and more 
 liilhcult aspects of l.sheiy law ami fishery prero-ative, there remains that practical side 
 of l.shery legislation, which has directly for its object the protection and preservation 
 ot the fisheries u> a national resource. 
 
 The basis and aim ..f fishery legislation may be said to be fourfold ; or rather four 
 mam interests have l«en promine.it in the framing of fishery i-egulations geneialiv 
 These are : l-irst.-the interests of the fish. If there were no 'fish there would 1« no 
 lishermen and no hshing industries. HencK the preservation and fostering of the fish 
 supply in their native waters is imperative. .Second,— the interests of the fishermc i ».s 
 an industrial comuiunity. The body of fishermen have legitimate rights, which must be 
 recognize.] by the state. The rights of lal>our cannot and ought not to be ignored, and 
 the hsheniien form an important part of the population in m.wt countries. Both on 
 account of their numbers, of the households dependent upon them and on account of 
 other in.lustries nnolved in and bound up with the fisheries, the fishermen have a 
 recognized claim to consideration. It is hardly uecessarv to point out that net and 
 twine making, boatbuilding, barrel and box-making, tin and can facU)ries., ice and salt 
 industries, and the like, depend very largely on the fisheries. Their imporUnce is vast 
 and far reaching. Thiid,— the interest of the state as a whole. The interests of the 
 state, or as it is commonly expressed, the public interest, mav not always coincide with 
 the first or second interest .lescril)ed above, indeed they may 'come into "serious collision 
 and many authorities might l>e quoted to show that the public interest shoul.l be par- 
 amount an.l that all the interests .(lould be regarded as of secondary importance The 
 most patent case to the ordinary c.izen is that of mill-owners blocking by dams or 
 O.verting the channels of imporUnt rivers for their own private business purposes, the 
 !5upreme Court of Iowa, in a case be..-e them two years a<o, publicly expressed its 
 view asfollows:—' The streams and lakes are the natural abiding places for the fish 
 In them they ca.st their spawn and multiply their species. They constitute an impor- 
 Unt and ^aluable article of ,iiet for the rich and the poor, and, with the ways open that 
 nature has provi.led, they are accessible to both. If the lo^vest riparian owner of a 
 streani may legally block the way of their migration, the consequences to result to 
 the thousands are readily imaginable. The law that would permit it would 
 I...- the entering wedge by which the few would profit at the expense of the many ' 
 tourth -International interests, which may affect the comity of nations and which 
 have often reached a stage so crucial and perilous as to override the interests of the 
 hsh, the hsheiiuen and the nation, requiring these interests, indeed, to a large extent 
 to be sacrificed to avoid momentous and lasting evils, such as foreign unfriendliness or 
 even war. The imminent danger of armed conflict has more than once shown that 
 international interests are of supreme significance : but, at the same time, the lesser 
 interests have l,een fre-iuently insisted on. and opposing international claims and pre 
 tensions have been set aside or compromised. The history of international fishery 
 legislation is, indeed, a history of compromises. 
 
 In the foregoing summaiv the interests of the fishermen, or rather of the fishing 
 in.lustries have been referred to as one, as though it were possible to reduce the;,, 
 U) a simple type eii.sily understood, and succinctly stated. But such is not the ca.e. 
 J .!.> n\a. '.r.r.'rp^ts '.f diffei'riit classes of fishermen f ui iiish th.we ofiicors, char.'ed wiiii 
 the administration of fishery regulations, with some of their most difiicult problem^. 
 Jhislieruu-n often tall int.. op|wsing classes on account of their different methods ..f 
 hsnng. Ihe steam-trawl fishermen on the .-i.st coast of Britain and the long lin, 
 fishermen were long at war with each other : the lobster fishermen of New Brunswick- 
 were regarded by the salmon fi^u'rmen as a most injurious class, just as the suggested 
 use ot salmon traps in British Columbia has l>een most bitterly oppost>d by the drift- 
 
RBl'OftT O.V AIM A.S'li MKTHOti nf f'l!<ttlCKy LK'HilATlnS 
 
 26 
 
 SESSIONAL PAPER No. 22b 
 
 i.i'l tighermen of the Straits of <iforj{iii »n<i tli<> l"r»»«»r Hivcr. It i^ iimttcr of ■■(>tiinioii 
 kiioH'Ipii^e that the «portHiiii'ti ami aiii(l>*r!* are. km ii rule. iiuMt jt'.iloim of tlt>- litheriiien 
 *\\'t UK*' lifts ami who tiiih for market . whiU'even suoli oloselv relattnl viHatutiiiiiiMoviiter 
 li^hin^, anil dam tishi i{, lM>th illusl ohell fish inilustries. have frei|iiently I'onie into 
 r.iiitlict. It is U'ss Rurprisin:;, however, that lish canniiii: 'ixi |«icltini{ irulmtrien shoulil 
 Ix' often op|Mme(i to the actual lishinif industrv, as the interests of thowe wlio merely 
 liiinille and put up the products nmy freijuently iliffer from those who secure the raw 
 jiriHluct, viz. : the fishermen. Packers ami commercial n^jents iiiav wish to limit the 
 ■.upply owing to the state of distant markets, when the fishermen wish to dis|mse of 
 l.ii-^e catches ; or the prices de.tireii hy the tishernu'ii may not apin-nr rbafumalile or 
 priK-ticable to the merohants. 
 
 On tlie wholi', however, tliese various interests conv.Mije, and as the tishermen and 
 tlie buyers, packers or mereh" *s, are mutually indispeiisalile, the fisheries to 1m' cairie«l 
 (11. ^successfully, require the uniteil effort.s of all concerned 
 
 I have titate<l that fishery laws may l>e grouped in four cateKorien, cirresfHtmiing 
 t.i the four great interests mentioned in the preiwling pages. These, in a luoredetnileil 
 manner, may be divided into ten separate divisions as sel forth lielow. 
 
 (1.) Laws designed directly to preserve and pr it' ct fish. They may be sulxiivided 
 as follows : — 
 
 (a.) Close timed enforced for a few hours only dailv, or on a certain series of days, 
 like the i-egulation regarding dipping for gaspcreaux or alewives in Nova Scotia streamt. 
 
 (Ii.) Weekly close times of ".'l. 'M'l orino e hours weekly and known as ."sunday clone 
 times devised to secure the safe passage upstream of part of each ascending school of 
 fish, especially wimon. to the s^tawning gruunds. Most salmon authorities hold that 
 if a few breeding fish of each salmon school be allowed to pass up, including the earlier and 
 later schools, a river may be kept in good pnxluctive condition. The Tweinl .Salmon 
 Cmnmission, Scotland 1 181*6) laid stri^ss on that fact. Such a weekly close timecovering 
 4:; hours in the salmon rivers of ISritish t'olun.bia is frequently reii<lered ineffective by 
 tlie netters, who on Monday morning go as far up the river .vs the law allows and 
 overtake the fish which pa.sse«l up during the prohiliited hours of the day lieforo 
 (.Sunday). 
 
 {c. ) A short close sea.son such a* was tried for some y*»;kr.s in British Columbia covering 
 three or four weeks during the later run of salmon, with the object of ensuring the safe 
 .lucent of a sufficient numlter of fish. These fish lielonged to the early schools of eohoe 
 or silver -salmon (until recently of no if reat economic im|)ortanc<-> and the late run of 
 .sockeye or blue-back salmon, which in many cases are not suitable for canning Iwing 
 soft, ripe for spawning, and in poor condition for market pur(>08es. 
 
 (</. ) The definition of a minimum si/e limit, lielow which none of the kinds of fish 
 named can be taken, is another effective protective device. It aims to jirotect 
 immature and undersized fish until they breed. Thus lobsters are stated not to breetl 
 until 9 ■ !it^s long — hence a '.' inch size limit has U-en enforced 
 
 (f.. A size limit may be enforced on other grounds, .is for instJiiici. the U) inch 
 lobster limit in a portion of the Bay of Fuiidy. The remuner.itive markets of Bo.ston. 
 r .S., would not acceiit lobsters under 10 inches in length, hem e certain Canadian 
 ti--hernien urged that this limit lie specifie<i in our laws and such a law was in certain 
 w:it«rs carried out. The size limits for trout, black ha.ss, atul inapy other fish have 
 been specified in the geiieml interests of the fisherv or in soiuf cases, of sjiort. 
 
 ( /. ) Mesh of net regulations aiming it the same object, viz. : the liU'tatioii of small 
 u.seless immature fish. 
 
 (y. ) A specified distance Iwtween the slats in lobster traps or a speci.'l mesh in 
 leaders of trap-pounds, to favou- 'he capture, only of si/eable fish : or the naming of 
 ■I iniiumum diameter and length as in the case of oysters in order to secure that tiiose 
 undersized shall not be taken. 
 
 (A.) Prohibitions en.'orced which forbid the takiriii of tisb spawn, the catching, 
 killing, or even possession, of fry iind small sizeil tisli, the voung of any of the tisli 
 mentioned in this Act ' as it is expressed in the Canadian Fisheries Act, chap ".•"), 
 .V.r>. If<t<t). While aiming to prevent the destrintion of useless small fish, it also 
 forbids practically the stocking of new waters with small fry, which might, indeed, lie 
 
1 1 
 
 X MAHlXf: ,I.V/> riSHfKIKS 
 
 1-2 EDWARD VII., A. 1902 
 
 • •Prions inn- •• to Miili waters unl.>^« timet ioiieil by .|UulififHl expert'*. FUli iintl tlxli 
 ■paw II may In- ..iken for st.Kkiiijf or tor sciciititi.' purjHme, if minttionwl l.jr the Minister 
 of Murine aiiiJ Fi«lieriei in (.'iininl/i. 
 
 (i.) KeserveH or h|»., irti arPHs of water may I* set aport for eiicouruninjf tli.. 
 propagation of lish anil thuH iiiaiiitaininu or improving the supply of tisli. Forty or 
 fifty -fH-oially rewrved rivers, lakes an.l other waters, are si^oitieil in an i )r.ler in ('oun.il 
 
 • lateil Auu'iist l'r<|. l,«?(l», under .Weotion :.'l of the Fisheries Act, Chapter \>^. Herrini.- 
 spawninn reserves have Ihcii .htine.l liy s|HHial iej{iilation off tiraiid Manaii, in New 
 Hruiiswii-k. In lertiiin hays anil inshon- area^ in Scotland, h: earn trawlini; has heen 
 forl.idden, inV.r.ler to prH>ei ve spjiwiiing urounds and nuiMries for small tisli". and ..th. i 
 measures of this kind have been adopted in connection with different fishinir ineth.»ls 
 (oyster dre<lj,'es. iVc. ). 
 
 (/. » Improvement of fisheries and the increase of desirable tish is often sought l.v 
 the withdrawal of pro-ection of voracious species .luring the spawning time or the 
 curtailment of their close season. Saliii.m trout or like trout are thus kept in check l>v 
 a ch.se time not covering the wliole periml, and pike, whi! prote t- d !.y .. . '-.s.. i.easoii 
 in spring in the North-west Territories, are atlorded no such protection in Ontario ami 
 the eastern provinces of Canaila, where they are of inferior quality and value. 
 
 (2.) I'ontiol of the tisheries, which is adinitte<lly wise and in the public intere-t, is 
 a'.hieved in various ways such hi-, — 
 
 (II.) Licenses, leases and permits involving more or less exacting conditions in the 
 exercise of the privileges conveyed. 
 
 (''. ) Licenses or other permits granted with limitations io as to exclude foreigners, or 
 prevent overcrowding or use for s[K>culative and similar purposes. .Sites or fishing ligations 
 which are idesirable and useless may l»e appli.xl for to give the holder a claim after a 
 while to so., other l>etter l(H;ation which would not at first have been grantwi. The 
 IimiUtion n; ly involve refusal to allow nets or fishing gear at jiarticularly favouiable 
 and destructive spots, such us a projecting point at the mouth of a salmon river. 
 
 (3.) Prohibitions embracing times, pla.-es, .Vc, such prohibitions "oeing,— 
 
 (n.) Hestorativp, as in the sturgeon fishery of the St. John River, New Brunswick, 
 and extending over a nuinln^r of years, deemed sufficient by the authorities to re.st)re 
 the depleted sturgeon supply. stripe<l bass in the -Miramichi River were simiiarlv 
 protected, and with complete success., as was pioveil at the end of the third year. 
 
 {/:) Preventitive, as in the forbidding of non-tidal salmon nets in rivers : cod-trawLs 
 Of bultow.s, which are long lines of baited hwks on snood.s, and laid along the bottom, 
 and objectionable liecause of their alleged destructive effects upon breeding fish, and 
 similar prohibitions of general application. 
 
 (<•.) IxK-al prohibitions .specially applicable to particular localities and districts e.</. 
 pound and trap prohil.icions- in .Manitoba ami in Georgian Bay, Ontario, or the piohibi 
 non, for^ many seasons, of seines in Ontario, or of oyster dredges in Richmond Hay. 
 Prince Ed wa id Lsland Salmon are not to be taken a.scending a pass, a leap or in a 
 breedin}.; p<iol. = i^ r 
 
 iil.t I'nivfrsal prohibitions of nefarious and injurious methods, \c., which covers 
 the us." of .lynaniit<« and explosives g.nerally, also submerged trap-nets, fish spears, and 
 purse seines ; all of which methals while effective, are too destructive to l>e regai-ded is 
 fair and legitimate means of capture. 
 
 C.) Special prohibition.s .such as that prohibiting the taking and handling of salmon 
 spawn ; but not tl.at of trout or any other fish : a {irohibition bas.^d no doubt upon tlif 
 seiitiiiient prevailing in old countries that salmon are entitled to more protecti..n than 
 other fish. A j)eculiar regulation- .sj>ecial even among 'Special " regulations, is thai 
 
 occurring in th.- Canadian Lobster Regulations pass(><l in 1M)9, which enjoins that ii. 
 oil.- .shad buy or sell iiuu;!ale.i lobsters or br.ikeii lobster meat. The object is t<j prevei 
 
 11 
 cers to 
 
 tnasion of the lobster size limit regulations, it being impossible for fishery «tTi 
 detect violations if fisherinen could handle wilfully broken or mutilated lobsters. 
 
 The seri.ius nature of this nefarious procedure is being felt in the Kastern States, 
 and the followintr. taken fr.un the N.Y.. Fishing '.aztltc : - 
 
 .V lobster pirate is tn.ikii ;; a g.Hxl revenue in the waters of the .Maine ., buvini: 
 sh..rt lobsters at 2 c nts ea.h from the fishermen and Iwiling theui on a steam launch 
 
RKI'ORT US' MM AXI> HETimn nr nsHKIir l.h:<.l>l. iTlnS 
 
 27 
 
 ««I0NAL PAPER No. 22b 
 
 : ii'h hf hn!i filtwl up with a Uiilir. H«« lireiikt lh<' liiiN itnil <l'»v»< fniiii tht- luliiim 
 ■ I liii.H niitliiiiif til t'l'.'ir ir.'Ux tlir li-li mil y iiiu' wiinlent, fir tln-r- • i» tin «•« ic|t>tiop In 
 iiwi-t liliii, lit* oun tiniKlli- *IH) pdUtuU of m.Mt y-T il.iv, wlmli Im s.'IU in Itn^inn, 
 
 Mining; ff-iA pruTs I'mni tin' lii.tdn ami ri'^tiiiiriiiit«. I|i ti'i-iiiplnte-. Imviiii; thrrn 
 
 >Tv iiiuni'licH tliit KUiiiiiK'r. 
 
 (4.) I'revpiiiiim «.r' «rt-.t»' in tin- llsliiiricH «liirli is ilpalt \t ith in iikiiiv rouiiluliims 
 . h /i.-" the t'olliiwiiin 
 
 CI.) 
 
 rh«' iMplui'' "t i\-h t'ni .i.iiMrv 
 
 iiri' iM.so^ in whii h nipturfil ti»li fin U' tiiiiifil t 
 
 to niiiiiure is piiitilliili'ij. ( (f I'oiiisp ttn'rt* 
 
 tht-r u«f, c-pi 1 iiillv if l>» pt ti 
 
 III, an'l HoiiiH \\A\ liki' tin' »o(io.ils of ilyni'.' :>l»>wivc.* in t!if urt-tif lakes i»r»> most rt-iiililv 
 itiliseil f'-r oil ami for tVrtili/<Ts. « tist- sill niort' jiistitiilijf in i|it> ('(iso of dog ii<h iiinl 
 
 in III. my sii.li . .ist's -lawful fXiusf ' miv \w piniulml ami 
 
 ilililr 
 
 O SptM'IPS 
 
 iiilt 
 
 woulil Im" aiTept<'<l liv till' otlicfis of the liiw 
 
 I'l. ) Kishiiijf thioiiiili tin- iiv for trout nnil for ovstprs, .vi' . is fiirliii|i|<>n, not lt(>raus« 
 ilic s|iawnin^ lime is in winter or liecaux- tlie li«h are not in umiii condition liut U'cause 
 .•t the wa.sle ami the abuse which such tiithin^ encourni;e«, .Many tiout waters in fxisl 
 times »i I.' ilep'fti'il liy winter li-ioln» through the ice, anil in the case of ovlers it seeiiiH 
 (o lie iinfNissilile to a\(iiii ?eri.iu^ ile-lnution of djmt and small ov.ter«, which |«"rish, 
 *h.->n the ■ haul ' is iluinped upon the ice; Imt sudi aouses are le»s likely to o cur in 
 •-ummer Hshin^. 
 
 (. ) tirates are re<|uired in wiiue jirovinces at the intake of irri};ati<>n ditches to pre- 
 vent tho ascent of small tish from rivers and lakes. 
 
 (»/.) Mire uiibaiteil lnNiks cr trawls for stur;;eon are prohil>ite<l in oriier to prevent 
 the impaling ami loss of spawning' female ti-h, which may rt'lea.se t: einiu'lve.s after 
 lieinjj severely injured and as a rule ilie and are wa.sted. 
 
 (5.) < 'ver-tishinK (either by the niethixl of tishini; or the clarncter of the tackle) it is 
 sought to prevent in various ways: (//. i Limitation of length of net and numlier, or by 
 specifvinj; the numlvr of h(Hiks allowed on a lona line, .vc. 
 
 {!>.) Providinj; for an iidei|uate distance Ix-'twcen nets, traps, weirs, anil rixed, 
 or niovini;, nets generally. 
 
 (c.) Steam tuajs are in some cases forbidden toenifane in actual lishins; operations, and 
 may coiim y crews, Imats and s*''"". <*'' carry li.e takes : but not actually fish in such ca es. 
 
 (</.) Limitation of the amount of catch or i|u.intitv to lie lei»allv shipfMsl. This 
 specially applies to ){.inie fi.-sh and like the laws »j{ainst pothuiitinn for i;ime, has force 
 cliietly against undesirable intruders from the United .*»tates. n<it true and lef;itiinate 
 sportsmen. 
 
 (6.) Laws to facilitate the minratiiins of fish to and from their feedinj; and brced- 
 ini; grounds have lieeii enacted on the followini; lines : — 
 
 (a.) Obstruction to the ascent of fish to simwiiing resorts are forbidden. 
 
 (/). ) Character and lenitth of Iciulers to traps, fixed nets. .Vc, are defintsl bv law. 
 Siielt bag-nets for f-xample have been found to have verv loni; leaders of brush or 
 wickerwork whi h rendei' these nets t<Mi liestruclive. 
 
 (c. ) The main i-hannels of rivers iiiay not. lie obstructed and no net shall extend 
 more than one third of the breadth of such river ■•ourse. 
 
 ((/. ) Fishways must be proviiled at dams, ,vc., if judj,'e<l to lie necessary bv the 
 authorities. The cost to b« Imrne by the owner, unless the Minister of .M.irine and 
 Kisheries consents that h.ilf he paid. 
 
 (7.) Protection of interests of fishermen and parties concerned in tho fisheries is 
 sought by special rejiulations. 
 
 (<(.) Certain tie;s and ni'iiles of capture may Ih? prohibited in the interest of • ose 
 pstablishe<l in the industry. Tims in the Bav of <.,>iiinte, ;;ill nets in suiiiuier :•! not 
 allowed because the nets easilv rot when use<i there, and while a few men «i d use 
 tliem, the majority in their own interest do not desire to do so. So also in the |!ritish- 
 Oolumhia fisheries, trap or pound nets have in general Ix-en forbidden because the yreat 
 body of fishermen dejiended up(m ;;ill or drift-nets. 
 
 ib.) Salmon canners in Hritish Columbia though notactuallv fishermen were granted 
 a specified iiuiiilier of licen.-es, at tirst 40. tin n '.'."i or I'li, and lastly 10 licenses, the 
 purpose being to secure the caiiner fnim li.isly or injurous action by the fisheruien, who 
 
. ^:! 
 
 )i 
 
 mm 
 
 iS 
 
 28 .VARIXK A\/> FISHERIES 
 
 1-2 EDWARD VII., A. 1902 
 might refuse to fish, and put the canner in serious ditJiculty at the height of the season 
 Tliere is of course no necessary connection between the canning of a product such as 
 salmon, and the capture of the fisli by fishing. In some remote districts, where reliance 
 must be placed upon Indians, unless the canner had licenses ;.'ranted to him, he might 
 not Ihj able to operate at all. Yet a canner is not a fisherman any more than a tailor is i 
 farmer, although woollen cloth necessitates the production of wool on the farm. In view 
 of the eanners vested interest (his capital and outfit) he has by law been considered as 
 entitled to fishing privileges. 
 
 (-•.) In order to meet tish-buyers needs and trade requirements, regulations have 
 been moditied as in the case of the Sunday close time whicli is reallv a Saturday .lose 
 time on Lake Winnipeg for special trade reasons, and in British Columbia the Sund.iv 
 close time ends at 6 p.m., not midnight, for the benefit of the canneries.* 
 
 ((/. ) Similarly, re;;ulations e.\ist compelling one class of fishermen to desist from 
 fishinu at a specified tim e in order to meet the desires of another class. In southern 
 New Hrunswick certain nets in the sea, it has been urged, should by law be required 
 to be taken up at daylight to meet the wishes of other men in the locality. 
 
 (8.) Itegulations of the nature of precautions form a distinct group by themselves. 
 The possession of illegal nets and apparatus would l)e a most effective measure in this 
 direction : but being difficult to justify, is still in/iitiin): but the following are noted ; — 
 (fi.) Fishinj; in the mouths of rivers with seines is forbidden, anci a specified dis- 
 tance is named in the regulations with reference to that. 
 
 (4.) Near salmon nets other apparatus, such us lobster traps, must not be set. on 
 the ground that the fish would lie deterred from entering the net.s, and the hauling of 
 the lobster traps would drive the salmon away. 
 
 (c.) Preparing to fish, like loiU'ring or suspicious conduct under the Criminal dde, 
 m.iy l>e criminal under the fishery laws. Such precautionary measures prevents fishing 
 operations before the opening of the legal time, or renders "it impossible for one party 
 to monopolise anothers ground by taking possession prematurely and preparing to set 
 fishing api>aratus. 
 
 ((/. ) The presence of dynamite or explosives on board fishing vessels for the pur- 
 pose of killing fish is unlawful in accordance with a recent regulation (April 12th, 1902) 
 of a rather exceptional character. 
 
 (9.) Injurious infiuences att'ecting fish-life and closely bound up with .sanitary que.n- 
 tions, have formed the subject of much fishery legislation. E.xisting regulations have 
 been framed on two lines: — 
 
 (a.) As pollutions injuriously affect fish, fish-life and eggs upon spawning grounds. 
 (/'.) As pollutions annoy and deter migrating fish, espei ially when entering or pas- 
 sing up rivers. An offal prohibition in the Gulf of St. Lawrence was based on the 
 alleged disapparanee of the schools of cod from certain localities in Labrador on account 
 of tveoffensiv.' tloating gurry or putrefying fish-waste in the water. In the Fraser 
 Hiver the otTal from the canneries has also been regarded as harmful and therefore 
 foibidd en by law. 
 
 (10.) Hej.'uliitions aiming to secure (luality and purity in manufactured or prepared 
 fish-products are included under fishery laws, though strictly speaking they belong to 
 trade and commercial legislation. 
 
 ('(.) Hrindingof packages and barrels with an ofiicial stamp, after strict examina 
 tion and approval, has proved most effective in Scottish cureil herring. The branil has 
 given them the status they hold, as perhaps the finest ((uality in the markets and for 
 trade purposes divided into several reios(nized grades. 
 
 ('-.) Stamps on cases or cans .specifying the legality of the time anil season when 
 packed. Thus Canadian lobsters, if not bearing, outside the woo<len case, a tinted 
 stamp, are thereby recoginzed as unse.isouable and in most cases us illegal gowls. 
 
 (f.) Certain customs re«ulati(<i)s practically coincide with the objects of some fishery 
 laws, as in the case of Cnited States. States' saliuon importe<] free of duty by a special am 
 cession, into British Colundjia, the main consideration against such concession Iwing that 
 the rish, as a rule, were in bad condition, often wholly unfit to can, on account of the circiun 
 
 - Th.- »alii.oii iriiiKt 1.- ciuiKlit l«-f..m .iaylitflit in ..nliT to t.e a\ailali!.- f.ir Ciiiiiiiiis? .i|«-n»tl..nH, wIimii th.' 
 I'iu-kiiijf liaii(l» nri' rt'sdy on M'liidav iiinriiiiiK'. 
 
ft E POUT 
 
 V/i METI/'l{> OF flsnKUY /.K'ilSf.ATl'iX 
 
 29 
 
 SESSIONAL PAPER No. 22b 
 
 -tiinoes of capture and transit. In the crowded I'nited States trap net-, the tisli are often 
 terribly crushed and mutilatcKl. ami alter l)ein;; dumped intoa liufje scow may lieexjx. • i 
 fur hours to the heat of the sun in .luly or .\uf»ust, and at the close of the tnore ^ir le^^s 
 Iriigthy trip, from the net to the cannery, they have whi)lly dctcritiratiHl, and. it is 
 alleged, may be in a state of -ieniiputn'faction. No doubt canners of tisli are fret|uently 
 iiireless as to the (juality of their j^(kh1s. and the enipli>ye«'S itidifferent as to the exci'lletu-e 
 .iiiil appearance of the connnodities they pack ; but tliis is not .-ilways sn. .Miinv lirnis 
 liiive a constant and strong desire tn establish and to keep up a f;o<Hl reputation, and ~i.nie 
 ;.'(> so far as to insist that tiie ^' ernment shall step in and insist on a certain standard 
 lit (|Uality in the tisli products marketed. Five or six vears ayo a prominent man in the 
 tishinu' industries of Lake Kric, on the ("iiited States side, came forwaril and stroni;ly 
 a'lvocatcd this vi.'w. He claimed th.it : --' • »ur law inakini.' brnJies, should pass laws that 
 will not only foster and increase this great industry, but will also compel dealers iind 
 shippers to jiriKluce and sencl to the consumer, wh'Tever he may 1m' h)cated. this \aluable 
 to<Hl product in the most perfect and wholesome condition possible. The people have a 
 light to this protection and should enforce their just demands throiii;h the medium of 
 their respective legislators ' 
 
 Some 11. V. canners in 1S7S xoiunteerecl to lux themselves to raise .-■7,."(h.) per 
 antium to promote' tlie tislieries in adiiilioti to the usual license fi'es, and, later favo«re<l 
 a tiovernnient Brand or Stamp on packagi s of Fraser !{i\er lish. 
 
 The sardine industry of .M.iine, the lobster canning industry in certain Canadian 
 Provinces, the herring trade of the l)oniinioii, .is a whole, has suffered from the inddl'e- 
 lonce of fishermen and packers respecting the (piality of the prcxluets sent into the mai kel. 
 
 Ten years ago I reported <.n the (|ualily of the dried cml shipped by certain Nova 
 Scotia forms to the I'nited .States, and I pointed out that whereas our cod realised onlv ^1 
 pel ([uiiital, the Norwegian dried coil prepared more carefully and intelligently brought 
 as niuch as ^\2 per ipiintal. t 'ana<lian cod being, however, of a higher standaid than that 
 jirepan'd by the United States curers generally, the priMlucts of the latter rarely realising 
 iiK re than ."«4.."i() per nuitital. Tlie less fishery regulations however trench upon inatfjers 
 purcly-of trade and commerce the more they fulfil there original purpose, the protect on 
 of tish as a great natural resource of the ( ountry. Hegulatioiia such as the provini'ial 
 prohibition, forbidding trespass upon premises and waters lea.sed for purposes <pf tishe ry*. 
 lire ofien to criticism, as advaticing beyond the proper limits of fishery legislation. 
 Kven offences against the fishery legulations foibidding tlie pollution of risers anil 
 lakes may often be more efTectively and apiiropriately dealt with by local health 
 aiithoritie.s under the Public Health and Sanitary laws. 
 
 It is not the purpose of this sketch to invade the somewhat controversial and 
 perilous field of international law as affecting fisheries. The aliove summary aims, rather, 
 to outline the main types of fishery regulations as illustnited in our Canadian laws, 
 accompanied by a brief Mu-gestion as to their nilinnal' and liasis ; but it dot's not in 
 any way profess to lio exhaustive. 
 
 If such an outline brings out the main fe.vtures of existing legislation, .ind if it 
 removes any misconceptions re^xarding its aim and purpose r.ither than its form or literal 
 expression, theobjectin view has been fully accomplished. It will l)»! apparent that the 
 ten main groups of regulations roughly tabulated, and the forty two sulxlivisions into 
 which they fall, cover the four main objects of all fishery laws : — the interests of thy 
 lish. the fishermen, the state, ai d of foreigners with which we ha\e relations on fishery 
 matters. Tliesc four objects embrace tip- essential aim of all fishery legislation ; but its 
 method is very diversiform, as has been inilii'ated. The tendemv has been to multijily 
 the detailed forms of fishery n gtdation chiefly in response to supposed local peculiarities 
 and s|>ecial conditions of the fishermen or the fish. The bane of fishery ii'gulation is 
 complication and iliversity in local detail. 
 
 There is no course, in the long run, more wise and laote beneficial than a resolute 
 opposition to hasty, ill considered and facile multiplication of <letailed fishery regula 
 tions. If carried to excess it nullifies regulation altogether, for no laws can lie enfoned, 
 which apply only in restricted areas, or for petty reason?. If a fish for example can i.e 
 
 * t{ev. Statutes of (»tit;iii'i c, 3'> <•. :.'ti. 
 
 i i 
 
30 
 
 ilARtXE AXD Fi SUE HIES 
 
 1-2 EDWARD VII., A. 1902 
 legally laught in one area at the sime time that it is prohibited in the next area, 
 poaching will go on ail the time, and any illegal fish detected in one district will \1 
 declared to have been taken in the ..ther .listrict. Fishery law,, the fewer and nimpier 
 they are, will l.e all the more effective and beneficial for the reason that they are n'ore 
 easily understcwd, and that there is less excuse for wilful violation. Caiiudikn fisherv 
 legislation is all based on the Fisheries Act, Uiiapter U5 (1886) which consists of •'■• 
 sections and (i8 subjections. Under the British North Ameiica Act it was held that 
 the Canadian larliameat had power to enact these Statutory Regulations, thouah as 
 already pointe<l out, certain of the clauses are now d'-clHred to be invalid and ultra viv.. 
 Since the date of the statute. 18.s(;, numerous amendments and atlditions have been 
 maJe, at least four new sections (consisting of -.'I' .subsection?) have been added and 5 
 other subjections .ippended, while •_• new sections (one embracing 9 sulwections) hi-ve 
 been substituted for old ones, and 8 old subsections in atldition. replaced by new oiie^ 
 One section of the Act has been repeale.l totally. Few fisherv •• -dations enacted iu 
 recent years are statutory, no less than 309 (Jrders in Council . .bodying new fishery 
 regulations have been passed -sine. 1890, such Orders in Council having un.ler section 
 1». of the Act ( 188(;) the force ot die Act itself. The re<luctio,i in number and simoii. 
 fications of this formidable series of legislative enactments is most desirable, but a useful 
 and inclusive body of regulations em only be framed, after deliberate and exhaustive 
 consideration of the fisheries as a whole. Hasty and ill considered legislation is it 
 once a danger and an injury, as Mr. C. E. Fryer, one of His .Majesty's Inspectors of 
 l-iaheries, said at the Great Fisheri.s Conference in Ix)n(lon, Julv 27th', 188.3 •— ' One of 
 the greatest evils to which any industry can Ix- subject is that of spasmoflic legislation- 
 legis atjon framed to meet a popular cry of the moment. Among a certain class of 
 people whose view IS bounded by the horizon of their own particular sUndp lint a 
 demand for legislation is heard on every imaginable pretext.' 
 
 Fishing laws are too serious in their effects, direct and indiieci, upon the fishery 
 resources of the country, the welfare of the fishing population, and the interests Jf 
 the state to allow of ill-informed, one sided or hasty formulation of regulations aud 
 injudicious or blindly ligourous enforcement. 
 
1902 
 
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