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^W'' ■ •.».' ^^ .
'^
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MIGHT LETTERS V ^'^
:'*)'
t ■
ON
THE PEACE;
. - . ■ 'Vi^:. ; ^jjD ON
THE COMMERCE
AND
MANUFACTURES
■A ^
OF
u^
;
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
»Y
mR FREDERICK MORTON EDEN, BART.
1 )
C
"11
S
^ .*
His ego nee metas rerum, nee tempera, pono-— Viito. )
THE SECOND EDITION,
WITH CONSIDERABLE ADDITIONS.
«
LONDON:
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PRINTED FOR J. WHITE, FLEET-STREET J
J. STOCKDALB, PICCADILLY;
AND
•
1
BY WILKS AND TAYLOR, CHANOKRY.LANE.
■'■i
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1802.
[Trice Four SbiUings.]
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CONTENTS.
.1 1
m
Letter
I. ON THE BALANCE OF POWER IN
EUROPE. - - - - _
n» ON THE PEACE.
IIL ON THE COMMERCE OF GREAT
BRITAIN. - - _ . ,
IV. ON THE TRADE WITH THE WEST
INDIES. ' - -
V. ON THE TRADE WITH NORTH AME-
RICA, AFRICA, AND i^SIA.
VI. ON THE TRADE WITH EUROPE.
VII. ON THE COASTING TRADE J AND THE
TRADE OF IRELAND.
VIII. ON THE FINANCES}-— DEFINITIVE
TREATr. - .
COPT OF THE DEFINITIVE TREATY.
Page
I
43
6n
94
"4
154
197
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ERRATA. li
Page 49, Note, line t, for " See p. 43, 50, 52." read "See p. 50, 51, 53.'
— uo, laft line, for ««io,ja2,4i;i" read" io,3i3,45«."
i8z, for "8,85|" r." 8A37."
; 1 .'!;■'
LETTERS
ON
THE PEACE.
.ii > . 1
LETTER I.
ON THE BALANCE OF POWER IN EUROPE.
r E w political events can occur that w'll pleafe all
parties. On none can a greater diverfity of
opinion be expected than on the Peace recently
concluded with France, Spain, and the Batavian
Republic. The interefts of com. ;rcc, the third
of military glory, the purfuits of ambition, nay
even the unalloyed feelings of loyalty and patriot-
ifm, will, each in their way, give a peculiar tinge to
cur opinions. It cannot therefore be a fubjedl of
furprize, that, though the greateft part ot the
nation exprefs their unequivocal approbation of
the Peace, as pregnant with the mod: beneficial con-
feqUences to the coujitry, fome perfonsfeven among
thofe who are diftinguiflied for fplendid abilities and
upright intentions) (hould be found who think that
B beu^r
c
f
/
C ^ 3
better terms might and ought to have been obtain-
ed, and that the honor and fecurity of Great Bri-
tain would have been be ft promoted by a continu-
ance of the war. In their eflimation we have loft
the " grand and fwelling fcntiments" of independ-
ence which charaderlzedour forefathers; we have
fought to preferve our weahh by debafing our cha-
ra£ler ; and fold our birthrights for a mefs of pot-
tage. They fay we have fandiioned thofe princi-
ples, and recognized as lawful governments thoft
ufurpations of power, which we lately deemed Lo
be deftru6live of the balance of Europe, and ini-
mical to the dearefl interefts of civilized fociety.
They fay, in fhort, that degenerate Britons,
*' Whofs armour confcienee buckled on,
•• Whom Tfcal and charity brought to the field,
" That fmooth-factd gentleman, tickling commodity,
" Commodity, the bias of the world, , ' . i.
*' Hath drawn — . ? . . .
*' From a rcfolv'd and hono\irabIe war, < ■ ,.
" To a mod bafe and vile-concluded peace. '','*
Such are the heavy charges, which have been
urged againfl: tliofe members of His Majcfty's go-
vernment who have advifed, and negotiated, the
treaty of Amiens. Yet thefe charges, I conceive,
contain much mifcellaneous matter which is wholly
foreign to the queftion of peace, and ought to be
feparately confidered. It muft be admitted that
many circumftances attending our prefcnt fituation
iJ C'i"
^ Shokfpeare,
are
t 3 1
are of momentous importance, but it fliould ht
fecolledted that they did not originate in the
treaty. Many circumftances are of the moft fatif-
fadlory nature, ahhough they are not the refult of
diplomatic fkill ; and fome are to be lamented, al-
though thsy furnifli no proofs of m'nillerial inca-
pacity. Among the former I might enumerate
the return of plenty; the internal tranquillity of
Great Britain i her induftry, and opulence; her
increafmg population; her improvements in agri-
culture, manufactures and commerce; her firm
adherence to her civil and religious cflablifhments.
Thefe are not the confequenccs of peace. I might
likewife mention the fortunate ciianges, which eveu
before France had flieathed the fword, had taken
place in her interior organization ; the feeds of
amendment which are obferva'ule in her defedive
inrtitutions ; her abjuration of fome revolutionary
do6lrines and excefles i Cejl quodJam prcdire
tenus;) her toleration of religious worfhipj and
her acknowledgment that m anarchies are legiti-
mate governments. Among the circumflances
which are to be lamented, I mi^^ht notice the mif-
taken policy of the Northern Powers of Europe;
the enfeebled (late of I urkey, the revcrfes of
Auftria; and the general corruption of Germany
and Italy in morals, politics, and religion. Thefe
are evils which our interference did not create;
B 2 and
C
i\
i
[ 4 ]
and evils which our interference cannot cute.
Nor, if the light of reafon, ftill darkened by th?
fleeting clouds of vain philofophy,
" In ciiiTi eclipfc flifaflrous twilight flifds
" On half the nations, and with fear of change '
" Parplexcs monarchi," '
can it be faid that we, who have refifled, and have
urged others to refift, the democratic ftorm, are the
authors of thofe woes t\'hich threaten to disfigure
the faired portion of the globe. The convulfions,
which now agitate Europe, are not imputable to
us. Nor, on the other hand, is it effentially re-
quifite for our fecuvity, that the ancient forms of
government, the ancient divifions of * ritory, and
the ancient fyftem of treaties, fhould be revived and
perpetuated. It is not fuch ties that connect us with
the nations around us. They are bound to us by
their wants; they are rendered tributary by our
indufiry. Calamitous events, indeed, which we
muft deplore, may afflid them, and, by afteCling the
fourcer, and contradling the channels of commerce,
in fome degree prove injurious to us. In the fol-
lowing pages, however, I fhall endeavour to ftiew
that the prefervntion of this country does not de-
pend on the prefervation of the balance of power
on the Continent j that we ftill poflfefs means of
refinance, which will fecure our independence and
Milton.
promote
•m
Is]
promote our profperity.; and that the terms of the
definiiive treaty, whilll they difplay our equity and
moderation, have been felec^ed with a due regard
to tnofe eflential interelb, the fecurity of which
conftilutes the chief value of peace.
Many of the objedions which have been, and
are likely to be, urged againfl the Peace, may be
included in this (hort though comprehenfive pro-
pofition — that by (heathing the fword wc have
ratified the fubverfion of the balance of power ia
Europe, on the prefervation of which our exifteiice
as a nation eflentially depends.
The Peace, indeed, may be confidered in other
poincci of view ; but, for the prefent, I (hall limit
my attention to enquire what alterations this Ba-
lance has experienced, fmce its prefervation has
been deemed important to our interefts; and how
far thefe alterations are likely to affeft the future
fafety of Great Britain. To purfue fuch an enquiry
to any ufeful purpofe, we muft have recourfe to that
guide, from whofe inftrufllve leflbns Siatefmen ac-
quire political prefcience. We muft recur to Hif-
tory ; for the experience which the Statefman derives
from the times in which he lives, is neceffarily im-
perfed. It may, fometimes, (hew him the caufes
of events ; but it can rarelv enable him to trace
them much beyond their immediate effedls. Hif-
tory in fome degree fupplies the defefls of experi»
B 3 ence,
^
[ 6 ]
cnce, by furnlfliing us with complete examples of
the beginning, progrefs, and completion of various
fyftems of policy ; and by connedting every caufe
•with its confequence, it in(lru6>s us, if fimilar
canfes fliould occur, to divine what confequences
will follow. ' '
Thus, from unfolding the records of paft events,
we may confidently determine that laws tempered
by freedom, and favourable to induftry, will render
a people profperous and happy ; that diflraftedand
corrupt adminiftrations mud produce mifery at
home, and weaknefs abroad j that military govern-
ments, after fome time, fall into impotence and
languor; and that pure democracies ufually end in
anarchy or defpotifm. Thefe and fimilar truths we
recognize as axioms of (late, and (though fome-
times difappointed) we make them the rules of
our public conduil : they are either buoys to point
out our danger, or beacons to dire<5t us to fafety.
If we apply political experience to the confider-
ation of our prefent circumllances, and, troni an
invefiigation of the paft, attempt to anticipate the
future, we may poinbly difcover, that in times lefs
profperous Britain had no reafon to defpair ; and
that confidence becomes her now. We may find
precedents to flievv that an advantageous peace has
created diflatisfadion, but we (hu'll find none to
jirove that a peace, figned in the full career of
vidory.
'
[ 7 ]
Tiftory, has been the forerunner of ruin; Ill-
omened birds, vain foretellers of tcmpefls, may
perch on our malU; but the veiTel of the ftate
will hold on her courfe, and bear her gallant crew
unhurt amidft all the dangers of climates, ftorms,
rocks, and quickfands. - ,, ;, . ,T
It is generally agreed that the origin and foun-
dation of the balance of Europe are to be fought:
for in the treaty which in 1648 terminated a thirty
years war, and defined the rights, privileges, and
authorities of the different members of the Ger-
manic bo-ly. It is, however, remarkable, that
the treaty of Munfter, the corner ftone of modern
diplomacy, in fome degree, countenanced thofe
ichemes of fpoliation and aggrandizement, which
we are apt to fuppofe to be peculiar to our own
times. Secularizations and indemnities, the fyf-
tem which now threatens to annihilate the Empire,
then originated. Crafty negotiators, whether Ca-
tholic or Proteflant, carved eagerly for themfelves,
" Some afked for manors, others for acres, that lay
convenitnt for them*." France, in particular, was
a confiderable gainer. Brifac, with its dependen-
cies, the landgraviats of Alface, Metz, Toul, Ver-
dun, and Pigneiol, (not to mention inferior acqui-
fitions,) were farrendered to her. At this petiod
Great Britain v/as too much occupied with domef-
c
I
• S^vift an 1 Arbutlinot's Hiftory of John Bull.
B 4
tic
[ 8 ]
tic calamMe^ to interfere in the geheral politics 6f
Europe. Her only polTeflion on the Continent was
Dunkirk. The other principal powers were the
houfe of Au'ftria, (of which one branch held Spain
and the Netherlands, and the^her the faireft por-
tion of Germany,) and the republic of Holland, a
ilate, fmall, indeed, in extent, but wealthy, brave,
and free ; i6:i\'^ in negotiation, and formidable in
war. Pruffia was then, and long after, a petty
deflorate. Ruffia had not emerged from barba-
rifm.
The ambition of Louis tlie Fourteenth, within a
fhort period after the peace of Weftphalia, by con-
queft or by treaty, added new frontiers to Frande.
By the Pyrenean treaty, concluded in 1659, after
a fhort war with Spain, he not only acquired fcve-
ral places in Flanders and Luxemburg, the greateft
part of Artois, Landrecy and Quefnoy in Hai-
nault, the duchy of Bar, and other places in Lor-
rain, and Roulfillon, Conflans, and Cerdagria, on
the: borders of Spain, but laid the foundations of
uniting the French and Spanifh monarchies under
the houfe of Bourbon. From this time to the
year 1700 (a period of 40 years) he never lofl fight
of chis great objed. In 1662,, he purchafed Dun-
kirk from our profufe and venal monarch, Charles
the Second. By the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle,
which in 1663 terminated another contell with
Spain, Tournay, Lifle, Courtray, Oudenard, Aeth,
4 Charleroy,
C 9 1
Charleroy, and Douay, very important points in
what has been fince denominated the iron frontier
of France, ^ere ceded to him. His northern and
eaftern frontiers were dill further improved at the
peace of Nimeguen in 1678, by which Spain re-
ceived back Charleroy, Binch, Aeth, Oudenard,
and Courtray, but ceded to France, Befanqon^
Valenciennes, Bouchain, Conde, Cambray, the
remainder of Artois, feveral other places on the
northern frontiers, and the whole of the country
of Burgundy or Franclie-Comte.
It is worthy of remark that, during the progrefs
which Louis was making towards what has been
termed Univerfal Monarchy, this country either
viewed with indifference, or promoted with zeal>
the attempts of her ambitious neighbour to fufa-
jugat€ the Continent. The Prince of Orange>
however, profiting by the Revolution, which by
placing him on the throne of James extended his
influence to Great Britain, called forth our ener*
gies; and in 1689 we joined the continental con-
fedtracy, confiiling of Spain, a debilitated mon-
archy, Holland, a ft ill vigorous republic, and
the Emperor, much \yeakened by the dilbac^ed
ftate of his hereditary dominions, and a war with
the Turks. This grand alliance propofed to re-
duce Louis to the terras of the Pyrenean treaty,
(which flated the capitulation of marriage, by
which Maria Therefa, the Qiieen of France, re-
nounced
c
I
C lO ]
nounced'her pretenfions to the crown of Spain, as
the chief part of the treaty, and the moft worthy,
as well as the greateft and moft precious, earneft
of the furety of its duration,) arid to fecure
the fucceffion of the Spanifli crown to the houfe
of Auftria. Neither objeft, however, was accom-
plifhed. The French monarch's conquefls from
the Allies on the right bank of the Rhine, and
Mons, Courtray, and Aeth, on the Flemifti fron-
tier, were reftored to Spain at the peace of Ryfwick
in 1697* ; but Strafburgh, a moll important for-
trcfs on the fide of Germany, was definitively
ceded to him.
Of the ftate and fentiments of Great Britain, at
the clofe of this war, Lord Bolingbroke appears to
h:ive given a faithful pidure, Asa Tory, and a
llrenuous opponent of King William and Qiieen
Anne's Whig Minifters, he is to be perufed with
caution when he defcribes events in which they
were concerned; yet, in the following remarks,
* The 4th article of this Treaty is fomewhat fimilar to one intro-
duced into the Treaty between Bonaparte and Ru(fia. Louis XIV.
engiges his honour, upon the fditU and word of a King, that he
«♦ will in no manner whatfoever favour the confpiracies or plots which
«' any Rebels or ill-difpofcd perfons may, in any place, excite againll
•« the King of Great Britain," who inters into a fimikr ftipulatiou
on his part, Notwithftanding this prccedunt, I ftionld have lamented
if a fiinilar cl;*ufe had been introduced into the Treaty of Amiens.
The internaltranquillity of Great Britain will not, 1 truft, depend on
the guarantee of tl:e Firll Conful.
if
[ •■ ]
if compared with impartial hiftorlans, he will be
found not to have deviated from truth. Thofe
who doubt the veracity of this narration, will at
lead admit that modern times have fhewn that
it is not to be rejt:£led on account of its improba-
bility.
" Our people" (he fays) " belie'ved, and were
** encouraged to helievs, the war could not ht
** long^ if the King was vigor oujiy fupported:
*' and there is a humdrum fpeech of a Speaker of
** the Houfe of Commons, I think, who humbly
** defired his Majefty to take this opportunity of
*' reconquering his ancient duchy of Aquitain.
" We were foon awakened from thefe gaudy
" dreams. In /even or eight years no imprejfion
" had been made on France, that was bcficged
'7S it were on every ftdc ; and, after repeated de-
feats in the Low Countries, where King William
** laid the principal flrefs of the war, his fole
** triumph was the retaking Namur, which had
** been taken by the French u few years before.
*' Unfuflained by fucccfs abroad, we are not to
** wonder that the fpirit flagged at home; nor
" that ' difcontents of thofe, who were averfe to
" the edabliflied Government, uniting with the
far greater number of thofe who difliked the
Adminifiration, inflamed the general difcon-
*' tents of the nation, opprefled with taxes, pil-
** laged
((
i(
((
cc
C
\\
[
lA
]
** laged by ufurers, plundered at fda, and dif-
** appointed by land. As we run into extremes
•* always, fome would havs continued this war at
*' any rate, even at the fame rate ; but it was not
•* poffible they fhould prevail in fuch a fituation
** of affairs, and fuch a difpofition of minds. The
** generality of people grew as fond of getting out
•' of the war, as they had been of entering into
** it ; and thus far, perhaps, confidering how it
** had been conduced, they were not much to be
** blamed. But this was not all ; for when King
** IViUiim had ?iiade the peace, our martial fpirit
** became at once Jo pacijic^that we feemed refolvedto
meddle no mere in the affairs of the Continent; at
leaji to employ our arms no more in the qmrrels
** that might arije there : and accordingly we
*' reduced our troops in England to feven thou-
**fand men *."
The King, however, perfevered in his plan to
reduce the power of France, and exerted himfelf
during peace, to negotiate a new grand alliance
with Holland and the Fmperor, In the midll of
thefe preparations he died : but, " though the
"man was dead, the grand alliance furvivedf;"
hoftilities commenced againfl France and Spain
cc
«c
• Sketch of rht Hiflory and Stare of Europe, Letter viii.
f Burkt's, Rtftcikioiison the French Revolution, p, 88.
m
t >3 ]
in May 170a, and did not terminate till April
17U*- • - - .•■.. : • ■- ■ • ■'■
Mr. Burke mentions tliis war as a proof of the
energy of our anceilors : but here he ftops ; for
it proves no more. Glorious as it was to our
arms, and unequivocally demonftrative of our
national refourccs, it added little to our power;
but more ihan tripled the national debt, which in
1702 amounted to 16,000,003!. j but in 17 14
exceeded 54,000,000!. The acquifition of Gi-
braltar, Minorca, half of St. Chrillopher's, and the
Afliento trade, were no equivalent for fuch of the
conquefts of Louis, on the fide of Germany and
Flanders, as the peace of Utrecht allowed him to
retain, and the eflablifhment of the Bourbon family
in Spain>
After the lapfe of a century, in wbicli the feud*
of Whigs and Tories have given way to other con-
troverfies, unambitious and difpaflionate politicians
may doubt Vv'hether, on the whole, the war of
Queen Anne was advantageous to the country,
A writer, who has examined ti *? moft authentic
documeiits refpefting this period of cur hiftory,
obferve that " there were. certainly many (Irong
" arguments for reftraining that precipitancy of
" determination with which Eri gland rui^ied into
A ■' I
■^1
^0
I
* Mr. Burke, fomewhat inaccurately, afferts that this war continued
for ncixly I bit Utfi y:99j:t. i.Tw.oLet-ttfs po iletiQ;, p. gt.
" the
t «4 i
hi
'* the i^ar, atid which ought to have' fugg^fled
" fuch referve and precautions as might, with-
" out violating the honour of King William,
** have prevented the extravagance with which it
** was carried on, and perhaps have brought it to
" a more fpeedy conclufion. But the generd
** defire of the nation, the ftate of parties, and the
" private influence of a family, which the Sove-
'* reign, at this time, was incapable of refilling, not
" only diverted her attention from pacific counfels,
" but induced the Adminifiiration to prepare for
" hoitilities with an ardour, out of all proportion
" to any provocation received, and with exagge-
** rated expefta'ions of the benefits likely to refult
*' from a fuccefsful war *."
It may be faid, on the other hand, that if we
had not entered into the grand alliance, our Laws,
our Liberties, and our Government would have
been fubverted ; and that to the war of Anne we
owe our fubfequent exigence as an independent
nation. I cannot believe this ; for the very cir-
cumflance we fo much dreaded, the acquifition of
Spain by a Prince of the houfe of Bourbon, ac-
tually took place without producing any calami-
tous confequence to Britain. Still lefs fhall I feel
inclined to admit, that our thirty years peace.
* Soroerville'i Rtign of Queen Anne, p. 3.
which
fm^
m
[ -5 ]
which fucceeded the Treaty of Utrecht, was owing
to the decrepit ftate of France: her public
bankruptcy was expeded in 1708; yet in four
fubfequent campaigns (lie continued the war with
vigour, and in fome inftances with fuccefs. Our
long repofe was not owing to the decrepit ftate of
France; for France, in 1730, was able to under-
take, and adually did undertake, a new war with
Germany ; an i reaped the folid fruits of conqueft,
in 1736, by annexing the valuable province of
Lorrain to her wide-extended territories. The
uninterrupted peace which we enjoyed during
the whole of George the Firft's reign, and thir-
teen years after, may, with more probability, hz
afcribed to the long minority of Louis the Fif-
teenth, the internal diflenfions of France refpefl-
ing the Bull Unigcnitus, the intrigues of the
Spanifh Miniller Alberoni, which forced France
and Great Britain for a time to unite, and, above
all, to the pacific difpofitions of Fleury and Wal-
pole.
Let us now advert to the balance of European
power as it appeared at the French Revolution '.a
J 789. In the courfe of the eighteenth century
Holland had gradually declined. Unable to ftand
fingly againft either England or France (in her
prouder days flie has held them both at defiance)
Ihe has, in all modern wars, been obliged to adl
the humble part of a feeble confederate. Verging
towards
c
<
r
ill
C i6 1
r
towards the Infignificance of Venice, flie mar
expert to experience a fimilar fate, and to become
the prey of fomc formidable neighbour. After a
finglc gleam of national fpirit, the fun of Spain
had long before 1789 fet for ever. The proud
Caililians had long ceafed to think for themfelves.
Of la:e years a war witn Spain has rather been
courted than dreaded. Mr. Burke truly defcribes
her. " She is not a fubfiantive power." But, if
neither the Monarchy of Charles the Fifth, nor
the Republic of De Witt, can now regulate the
fate of Europe, two formidable States have arifen,
whofe voices are heard in the Council of Nations.
Ruflia, which at the peace oF Weftphalia was as
duft in the balance, is now a great commercial and
military Power. Prullia, from being the feudatory,
is become th^ rival, of the Csefars : the refcripts
of her envoys are received with deference at Ratify-
bon» The mandates of Pruffia in 178; opened
the gates of Amfterdam ; the mandates ofRuflia
may fo n open (he gates of Conflantinople.
Such are the principal alterations which have
taken place within the laft one hundred and fifty
years in the territorial divifioti of Europe; and ftill
more important changes appear to be in contem-
plation. It ha3 been feen that various acquifnions,
during this period, have rounded and confolidated
the French Monarchy. In point of extent, the
Britifli dominions in Europe are now (with the
; lofs
C -7 ]
lofs of Dunkirk, and the addition 6nly of Gibral-
tar) precifely what they were at the Treaty of
Munfler. Nature has fixed the boundaries of
the United Kingdom. An ambitious continental
power may add a contiguous province to her fron-
tier : an infular one can only enlarge the bounds
of empire, by acquiring detached provinces. But
whilfl our neighbours have extended their limits,
Britain,
" Hedg'd in with the Main,
" That water-walled bulwark, ftill fecure
" And confident from foreign purpofcs,"*
has increafed her power (the power I mean of de-
fence, for all other is precarious and illufory) by
improvements in internal organization, by dou-
bling her population, by colonization, by agricul-
ture, by manufadures, and by commerce, the
parent of naval power.
With thefe means, and thefe motives, to preferve
her independence, fhe has five times, during the
lafl: century, been oppofed to France. Some wars
fhe has carried on alone ; in others fhe has a£ted
with confederates ; in all llie has (hewn that her
ftation in the fcale of Europe depends not on a
fanciful equilibrium which a congrefs of nations
can adjuft, but on refources which can be created,
and energies which can be exerted, by herfelf.
c
H
* Shakfpeare.
C
Diplomatic
[ 18 ]
Diplomatic interference, negotiation, and treaty,
may fomeiimcs preferve a feeble (late from imme-
diate diflbliition ; but when did they infpire a
timid people with manly fentiment and vigour ; or
make thofe powerful who had no confidence in
themfclves? Of all nations in Europe, Britain
has the leaft occafion to dread the interpofition, or
to court the mediation, of neutral dates. Her
infular fituation renders her inacccffible to all,
except the maritime, powers. Her unfitnefs for
Continental conquefl fecures her from jealoufy.
She can only affedV Europe by alliances and fub-
fidies. Nor are tliefc means of war, now, of much
confequence to her ; for, as Germany is divided
between two great monarchies, Auflria and Pruflia,
whofe mutual antipathies ate not foftened even by
a comiiion interefl, we cannot court the one with-
out difpleafmg the other. Auftria was our ally in
the war of 1742, and Pruflia was againft usj in
that of 1756, Pruflia joined, and Auftria oppofed,
us ; and in the lad, though, from being both inter-
efted to refill the revolutionary fyftem, they had
joined againft France, Pruflia foon withdrew from
the conteft in which Auftria pedevered.
In mentioning thefe Powers, let me remark, that
they are fingular inftances that, notwithftanding
the fuppofed balance of power, fyftems of aggran-
dizement will ftill prevail. By iwo treaties of par-
tition, Auftria, Pruflia, and Ruflla, have parcelled
out
C '9 ]
out to thcmfelves the extenfive republic of Poland;
Ruflia, too, in the early part of the lad century,
ftript Sweden of her mod valuable province, and,
towards the latter end of it, not content with a ter-
ritory ftretching from the Baltic to China, (he ad-
vanced to the Crimea, and now, perhaps, extends
her views to the mouldering provinces of Turkey.
Yet Kuflia might whifper in our ears, that we, too,
have taken our (hare in the divifion of empires :
the northern powers might fet off our two treaties
for the partition of the Myfore againft the two trea-
ties for the partition of Poland. Inouepoint,! truft,
they would own the treaties materially differed.
The northern confederacy dethroned a lawful
prince becaufe his territories were convenient for
them: the Indian confederacy overthrew an ufur-
per, and an implacable foe ; and, in carving out an
indemnity for themfelves, they reftored a lawful
prince to his fubjeds.
Notwithftanding thefe various changes in the
ftates on the Continent, Britain has long flouriflied
" great and free, the dread and envy of ihem all."
Hiftory (hews that the rife of one nation is not ne-
teflarily accompanied with the deftruftion of its
neighbour. The French Republic may poflefs the
Rhine, and yet not annihilate the commerce of the
Thames. England may be free, though Holland is
in chains. Whether the terms of peace are fuch
as we are entitled to, or whether it would have
c 2 been
M.
I
t 20 ]
I
been more advantageous to us to have continued
the war, are conf derations very diftinvt from the
queftion, whether our prefervation depends on the
balance of Europe being preferred. To this fub-
jed I have confined my prefcnt remarks ; and fhall
conclude my letter with a tranflation of a para-
graph in a periodical work, publifhed at Ham-
burgh, which, I think, furnifhes an anfwer to one
reafon, at leaft, for continuing the war.
" The refloration of the balance of power," it is
faid, '^ is as chimerical as the dreams of conqueft
" with which the coalition again (I France have
*' been flattered. — It is the philofopher's ftone in
" politics. The negotiators at Munfter thought
*' they had obtained it; but what has it produced?
" Wars have fycceeded wars : fome ftates, which
were then powerful, have been reduced to infig-
nificance ; others have been annihilated ; others
*' from mere exiftence have rifen into confequence:
*' empires have been ereded ; kingdoms have
" been defiroyed ; the weak have been oppreffed ;
" the ftrong have abided their power : thefe aic
" the confequenccs of this memorable fyHem.
** What new fcheme of policy can we devife that
«' firall be fafc ? The birth of a great man, the li-
•' ccntioufnefs of a mob, may fet human wifdom
** at defiance. We think that when we have
placed equal (or nearly equal) portions of terri-
tory, population, commerce, revenue, and mili-
'* tary
€t
a
(f
<c
[ 2' ]
<(
tary force, in each fcale, we have fecured the
*' balance. But thefe are the mere elements of
" chaos J how fhall we duly appreciate human
*' wifdom which muft combine them for ufe ?
" From a fight of rhe materials we eftimate what the
*' fabric will be withojjit confulting thofe who are
" to be the architeds. We determine what tools
" will produce without knowing what hands will
" ufe them. Calculate as we may, the future will
** frequently elude our grafp, and our conjedures
" be fruftrated by the appearance of a Peter, a
" Fiederick, or a Bonaparte.
" Yet, as a'chemy has led to fome ufeful dif-
" coveries, the attempt, however vifionary, to fet-
" tie the balance of power in Europe may, pofllbly,
'" prove beneficial to mankind*,"
* Le Opeftateur du Nord, Juiliet, iSoi, p. i^?i.
} 1
'^i'
amm
6
<
t
.e 3
LETTER
[ ^2 1
LETTER II.
ON THE PEACE.
1 H E queflion of peace is not to be confidered,
as fome would confider it, merely as a queflion of
territorial acquifition : but, in order fairly to appre-
ciate our prefent fituation, and to decide whether
we have adtcd wifely in terminating the war, on
thofe conditions to which we have affented, we
fhould rrcollecl what was the chief objeft that
induced France to attack us, and how far (he has
accomplifhed it. It was to revolutionize us. That
the Vv'ar, on our part, was purely defenfive, that we
had no views of conquefl: or aggrandizement, that
•we armed only to fuccour our antient allies, to
vindicate our independence, and to prote6l our in-
valuable conllitution from foes, both foreign and
domeftic, no one, who has rtudied Mr. Marfh's
colledion of authenticated fa6ts, refpeding the
politics of Great Britain and France, can entertain
a doubt*. If we failed in the firft objed, our failure
was not afcribable to want of zeal, exertion, or per-
feverance. We fought and negotiated for the
* See Maifli's Hiftory of the Politicks of Great Britain and France.
powers
C n ]
powers of Europe long after they had ceafeJ to
fight or to negotiate for themfelves. But, if we
could not fave others, we faved ourfelves. We have
e>:hibited a fptdacle v. hich will be fought for in
vain among the humbled nations around us; we
have fuccefsfully refiOed the force of France i we
lave fet the infidious arts of democracy at defiance ;
we have fhewn the value we fet on our liberties by
our pertinacity in defending them; and we'have
been rewarded for our conftancy ; for, whilfl: war
has defolatcd the coniinent, the peaceful fliores of
Great Britain have been exempt from its ravages.
Nor did we fhrink from the conteft, when, after
eight campaigns,
" Defuited in" our "utmoft need
" By thofe" our '-former bounty fed,"
we were attacked by a new and formidable con-
federacy. Grateful pofterity will remeuiber that
our negotiations at Peterfburgh, which confirmed
our maritime rights, were preceded by our naval
vidtory at Copenhagen, and that our gallant army
had vanqui/hed the vidorious legions of Bonaparte
in Egypt before we figned the preliminaries with
France.
It is well obferved that "to improve the golden
moment of opportunity, and catch the good that
is within our reach, is the great arc of life."* i'his
is precifely what our Minifters have done. When
* 13y Dr. Johnfon.
c 4
a
<
1'^
f
they
[ H ]
■si
they entered Into officCj they found the current of
ji/ublic opinion fetting very faft againft the continu-
ance of the war. The nation was perfuaded (not
indeed that they were unable to contend with the
French Republic, for every gazette proclaimed
the valour and the vi(51:orie? of Britons, but) that
the refult of a further prolongation of hoftilities
would be an ufeiefs expenditure of blood and trea-
fure. They were perfuaded that no new continental
alliances could be formed with advantage; that
fubfidies to foreign powers had drained the country
of irs fpecie j and that external force would con-
folidate the new-raifed fabric of the confular go-
vernment. Their wants influenced their opinions.
Arguments were prefented to them in the increafed
price of the neceflaries of life. They were taught
to believe that war had created a fcarcity, and that
peace would remove it. Peace is arrived ; and
plenty accompanies her: they will, therefore, I
fear, continue to reafon, miftakingly, as they have
done J — poji hocy ergo propter hoc. Yet they ought
to be informed that, during the laft thirty years,
the cheapeft years were the feven years of the
American war.
The nation, too, was fatisfied that the great objeft
of the conteft had been attained. The popular
notions of revolution and reform, which in 1793
agitated Great Britain, had given way to the ratio.-
^al convidion that no graft from the French tree
C 25 1
of liberty could improve the Briillh conftitution.
The fate of trance had left an awful warning to
Great Britain. 1 he experiment had been made,
jand had proved that the fubverfion of antient in-
^itutions, is not calculated to improve the lum of
human blifs; that the profcripiion of the rich does
pot benefit the poorj that modern ethics offer no
good fubftitute ior religion; and foreign conqueft
jio compenfation ior the lofs of public order, and
domeftic comtort. 1 he pack-horfe may be ill-ad-
vifed who kicks off his burthens in order to alTume
the trappings of the charger.
Let it alfo be recolleded that, when the prefent
JMinifters entered into office, a new confederacy,
-defigned to invade our maritime rights, had ripen-
ed into open hoftility. They n^tr-d as became
the guardians of the honor of a great nation whofe
difpofitions were pacific -, they contended with the
Northern Powers, till our violated rights were re-
cognized ; but they contended no longer. They
perfevered in the war with France, till they had'
refcued from her gripe (not indeed a Britifh colony,
for Britain had loit no territory whatever, but)
a country that had long been deemed (1 conceive
erroncoufly) the direit road to Indian conqucft;
but, having liberated Egypt, they improved the
golden moment by concluding a peace, which
fecures fome of the fruits of vidory, and all the
praife and advantage of fuccefsful refiftance. This
rcfiftance
c
"I*
«
1
[ ^6 ] -
refinance is a ftrong aflurance of " fecunty for the
future;" for the experience of the laft nine years has
proved that the greateft military power in Europe,
which has overrun Holland, Italy and Germany,
can make no impreflion on this ** fea-girt ifle."
We have indeed ceded to the original poffeffors
more colonies than we have retained. So did
France in 1783 ; but no rational politician was led
from this circumflance to contend that fhe deemed
the peace of Verfailles either inglorious or unprofit-
able. She had fucceeded in her objefl; ; and torn
away a limb from the mother country. In the
Jajl war (may it long bear this defignation !) (hq
has failed mofl completely in a fimilar attempt j
and the blow by which fhe hoped to difmember,
has confolidated, the Britifli Empire.
Peace, I admit, has been the refult of neceffity ;
but it is a neceffity forcibly felt by both parties.
France, by a continuance of hoftilities, nuift have
prolonged her internal diftrefTes; and have pro-
tracted the Iong-wi(hed-for period, in which reno-
vated commerce may, poffibly, repair the excefles
of revolution ; excefTes which fhe mull: deplore,
and from which war alone has preferved us : our
coafls, our colonies, were inacceffible. Britain,
by another year of war, mufl have made a great
addition to a debt, which, though not intolerable,
fliould not be wantonly increafed. The blockade
of Breft, or the bombardment of Boulogne^ (and
fuch
fi
[• 27 ]
fuch only, T apprehend, would have been the ope-
rations of another campaign) might have injured
France, but would have yielded us no equiv lent.
Some vifionary politicians have tiippofed that
vaft projefts were in contemplation; and that, if
thr war had continued, we (hnuld have attacked the
Spanifli fettlements in America I cannot, how-
ever, convince myfelf that the balance of Europe
might be fettled in Mexico, although the conqueft
of Canada is faid to have betn 'jfFeded in Ger-
many, ^'till lefs can T fuppofe that the invafion of
Peru would hav : fuinilhed a mi.yity lever for over-
turning the Preiich Republic. Eldornc'o conqueils
would have attradted the gallant Knighis of Britain
two centuries ago ; but T (hould have deemed my-
felf a libeller of Minifters if l had fuppofed that
they meant to confign our brave feamen and fol-
diers to the ufelcfs cnterprlzes and diihonourable
graves of Drake, Cavendifli, and iiawkiris. Had
we continued the war for fuch projedls, well
might Mr. Fox have exclaimed- " O v':alumniated
*• crufadcrs, how rational and mcd rare were your
objects! O much injured L.ouis the Fourteenth,
upon what flight ground you have been accufed
" of reftlefs and immoderate ambition ! O tame
** and feeble Cervantes, with what a timid pencil
*' and faint colours have you painted the portrait
" of a dilorcered imagination!"*
♦ Lctttr to the Ek£lors of VVcftminfter 1793, p. 40.'
In
<c
cc
c
[ »8 ]
In the parliamentary debates on the preliminary
articles, though they have been defended nearly on
the fame grounds on which I thought them defenfi-
ble,* Miniflers have denied that the termination
of the war was the refult of neceflity : yet, I trufl,
I fhall not be deemed to have been guilty of a
folecifm, if, whilfl: I bow to fuch great authority, I
perfift in my opinion, that a peace may be the refuk
of a neceflity forcibly felt by both parties, and yet
be honorable and fafe. It appears to me to be a
very poflible cafe that two belligerent powers may
be fo circumftanced, that a continuance of hoftiii-'
ties, like a long protra(Sled law-fuit, may be ruin-
ous to both. If fuch was the fituation of France
and this country, though I may deny that fuch a
fituation placed us at the feet of the Firft Conful, I
muil contend that the late neceflfary war has been
concluded by a no lefs necefTary peace. Nor (hall
I^ as an Englilhman, feel any humiliation if this
plea, among others, fhould be brought forward to
juflify the treaty with M. Otto.
If, however. Peace is to be confidered as a quef*
tion of policy, and to be appreciated from the terms
on which it has been concluded, it may be faid,
that fome of our greateft ftatefmen have decided on
its merits ; that fome of the principal members of
the late adminift^-ation (an adminiftration which
* By the Lord Chancellor in the Houfe of Lords, and by Lord
Hawkelbury in the Commons.
ftrenuoufly
[ 29 ]
ftrenuoufly fupported the war) have cenfured the
peace, either as bad in terms, or as jbjedlionable
altogether; and that the other members of that ad-
miniftration, who defend the Preliminaries, are
glaringly inconfiftenr, becaufe they thought it im-
politic to enter into a negotiation with Bonaparte,
in 1800. Thefe points have been difcuflcd, very
fully, in Parliament ; and I fliall not invefligate
them further than to obferve that at the
beginning of that year our circumftances were
very different from what they were in 1801.
Ruflia had, then, not wholly withdrawn from the
Continental Confederacy j Aultria was preparing
to a£l with vigour •, the Royalifts, though not
ftimulated by us, were aflembling in the Weftern
Departments of France. Thofe, therefore, who,
two years ago, thought, with Mr. Windham, that
t'le chances of war were preferable to the chances
of peace, may now, without any dereliction of
principle, think the experiment of another cam-
paign inadvifable. Let me add too, that, however
grateful we mufl: feel to Mr. Pitt for having impreff-
ed us with a ju(t fenfe of our danger, for having
developed our refources, and for having conduced
us, I will not fay throttghy but nearly through ^ a long
and exptnfive conted with foes both foreign and
domeftic, however readily we muft acknowledge
his great abilities as a war minilkr, and his flill
greater abilities as a minifter of finance, it does
not
'm
t
^fi
r 3° 1
not follow that peace ought to be rejefted, becaufc
he may be (though I do not think it has been pro-
ved that he is) inconfiflent. Neither his empaf-
fioned and eloquent fpeech delivered in 1800,
Jiagrante hello ^ nor Lord Grenville's official com-
munications in 1797, will furnifh us with a diplo-
matic code, by which the prefent peace can be
tried. It is not to be vindicated merely by refort-
jng to the argumentum ad hominem. If the peace
is a bad one, it is no confolation to learn that
" fecerunt idem multi alii et boni;" if it h lafe and
honorable it will bear the tefl: of examination
without reference to the negotiations at Lifle.
If it places us in a ftate of infecurity it is no juf-
tification of Lord Hawkefbury, that Trinidad,
Ceylon, Cochin, and the Cape, pofleflions which
his predeceflbr attempted to fecure to us by treaty
in 1797, are lefs valuable acquifitions than Trini-
dad, Ceylon, and the Myfore, which are adually
fecured to us : it is no juftificalion, that Lord Gren-
ville's peace exifted only in a prcjet^ which, if it
had been liftened to by the Direilory, might, very
poflibly, have been cut down to terms much below
Lord Hawkefbury 's ultimatum : it is no juftification
that our future fecurity \/as as much affeded by the
treaty propofed in 1797, which allowed the French
to retain all their colonies, as it is by the treaty
concluded in 1801, which reftores them all their
colonies which we have (
iquered during
In
hi
C 3« ]
In truth, " the form and preflure" of the two
periods cannot, in any refpeft, be deemed to he
the lame. In 1797 we negotiated with afaftions
we now treat with a ftate. I am aflured by pcr-
fons who lately vifited France, and who were well
acquainted with the chara£ler of Frenchmen during
the monarchy, that they are now as averfe as can
be imagined to the original ideas and principles
of the revolutionary fyflem ; that they figh for
the bleflings of repofe j and not only tolerate, but
approve, thofe ads of government, which, twelve
years ago, would have been deemed oppreflive and
dcfpotic. They are no longer clamorous for uni-
verfal fuffragc ; or even for the freedom of the
prefs. Their 6000 juftlces of the peace have not
taught them the value of an Habeas Corpus aft.
Royalills and republicans at length coalefce, like
travellers, who, having gone round the world in
different direQIons, meet at the fame point. The
Catholic worfliip (1 will not fay the Catholic re-
ligion) is re-eftablifhed. A vaft force has been
ftnt to St. Domingo, to corre*^ the ideas of negroes
refpeding civil liberty. Who, three years ago,
could have fuppofed that the f rench would become
fach inftru6lors ? No part of this picture is fuch as
an Englifliman, whether he be a genuine Whig or
a zealous Tory, can approve : but, wiih reference
to the poflibility and the propriety of negotiation,
it
D
<
«'■ i;
'•F
I
C 3^ ]
it Is fatlsfa^lory to know that France Is at length
fenfible of the bleflings of order j that, whatever
the view of her rulers may be, the difpofiiion of
her inhabitants to remain at peace with us is warm
and unequivocal : and that her government has not
only renewed, but is capable of maintaining, the
relations of amity with Great Britain.
The people of France, I apprehend, have fatlf-
fied themfclves that the fubftitution of a Conful,
or of Confulsj for an Executive Dire6lory, is a
change for the better : I doubt, however, whether
their fpeculations on this fubjed are as refined as
thofe of an ephemeral writer who informs us that
the Firft Conful " has it in his power, perhaps, to
" lead his countrymen to folid liberty. They
** require a preparation for that ftate. They muft
*' be taught that liberty without order does not de-
** ferve the name. Bonaparte, we truft, is now
** teaching them the wholefome leflbn of obe-
" dience j that fort of obedience, however,
^ which in nations, as well as individuals,
*' qualifies men to govern themfclves— an obedi-
ence which does not corrupt and degrade, but
which elevates and improves. Undoubtedly the
*• French nation has much need of this leflbn*.**
Whether the Firfl Conful will perform all that
is here fet down for him, and '^ lead his country-
{(
(C
* Morning Chronicle, zift Odlober, 1801.
((
men
[ 33 ]
** men to folM liberty," 1 will not atteriijjt irf
proj;no(Hcate. It is not a difficult ta(k to mak«:
a (Irong ^^overnment; but to make a (rcc one,
fuited- to the temper and genius of the French'
nation, to combine liberty with fubordination**
and to provide means for reform without open-
ing a door to revolution, Cimnot be the work
of one man^ howt^ver great, or O' one ai>e,i
hdwcver enliglitened. In the compofuion ofpoli^
(icsll inditutions time muft be the principal agent,
Bonap>arte, htiwever, has one road to glory opened
t "> his view j but, to rcucli her temple, lie mirft not
attempt to mount higher, (as allegory wx)uldinitru(5l
him',) but be content to dcfcend fro:u the eminence,'
SylWj'Clirifliha, and WalV.ington, have donefo be-i
fore hifiT. Public meti, under certain circumftances,
may -find that " th^ poll of honour is* a private
** 'flatio'n." To Bonaparte it would alfo be the poft:
offafety. He may confer happincfs on France,
if, availing himfelf of the power which mihtary
fuccef^ has placed in his hands, he models his future
condu<5l from examples which may be found in
our hifiory, not indeed in the ProtccStorate of
Cromwell, but in the period which immediately
fucceeded it. I cannot bel eve that France is for
ever deftincd to experience an elective government.
The chances of peace may place the fabric of the
ftatc in that country on i\rm foundations: — but
wc mull wait with patience, dum dcjiuat amn'is,
The
D
:i »'
U
: ii. I
!'
f
»E
'ti'i
C 34 1
The tide of revolution is ebbing away very fa^ t
may the returning flood <' lead on to fortune !"
In eftimating the probability of future fecurity,
we do not af)pear to have attached fufficicnt im*
portance to the events of the laft campaign. The
force of nations depends- as much on their moral
charat^ler, as on their territorial and financial rc-
fpurces. A people who think themfelves inferior
to their adverfaiies in military flcill and martiaj.
prowefs are already half conquered. < Doubt is the
beginning of dcfpair. Moftof the fucCe.Tes of the
French arc afcribable to energy and confidence.
Pajfunt quia pojfff vi^ktur. The charm, however,
which led them on from vi<5tory te v.£J:ory, is at
length, I truft for ever, difTolved. They now^i^u(!
know that, even with ifupcrior numbers, they arc
not more formidable to us in the field than on the
ocean. That a French army of equal force ever
fuccefsfully withftood the Britifh b«::onet, no fair
fnftance, I believe, can be adduced. From the
nature, however, of a continental v,'ar, few oppor-
tunities have occurred for large bodies of our
troops to aS. unconneftcd with foreigners. But
the expedition to ^'gypt has proved that in difci-
pline, valour, endurance of fatigue, patient perfe-
vering exertion, the vtcerans of France may be
Excelled by the youth of Prirain. Our army iias
added a never-fading wreath to the laureh> won at
''Bitnheim, Minden, and Quebec. PoUchty will
[ Zi ]
reid vvitfi 4ftoni(hment, that lefs than I4>oqq ♦ of
our troops, many of whom had been nearly t
twelvemonth at fea, landed in a country, above
three thoufand miles diftant from their own ; a
country, too, ftrongly fortified by naturp, and gar-
rifoncd by 28,000 French j-, the flower of thofc
. ■ ■ viftorious
-■•••,;•,-;;■ ' ■ ■•
• I'he returns from the ^rmy under (General Abercromby' in
MarmorilTa Bay, on *^he rft of January, 1800, amounteil to I6 061
rank and file, fit fur duty, including 469 Marines. At this period
the fick lift exceeded zooo' About 17,900 troops arrived in the bay
of Aboukir, in March, and the cfFe£tive rank and file landed in
Egypt did not much exceed 13,000 men. In the moii:hs of July and
Auguft, a reinforcement of about 4500 men arrived from ireat
Britain and the Mediterranean garrifons; and about the middle of
July, the Inaian army of 5000 men, half Britilh and half Sepoys,
reached Cairo, but too late to be employed in the fiege of Alexan-
drift. The arrival, however, of this army in the ,Jled Sea in the end
of April, probably contributed towards the evacuation of Upper
l^gypt, and much afliftcd the operations againft Cairo. The adiftance
derived from the cooperation of the Turks, refultcd from their ap-
pearance and pofition more than from their perfonal exertions.
f The Gazette accounts of the operations of the Britiih army
enable us to afcertain, with fufficient preciiion, the number of ih»
French forces \x\ Egypt in March, 1801, '
Taken Prifoners and capitulated
xCth March, at Aboukir - -
jift March - " - •
19th April, at Rofetta
9th May, at Rhamanie - • -
Cavalry taken ou their way from Alexandria
14th, in veffels on the Nile - • -
17th, the garrifons of fort Lefbe and Burloi
P »
150
seo
368
1 10
53
»5o
70»
Taken
mm
11
D
ami
»t
N
i
Hh':
■li
I
..nil
,: \
c
ifi
]
vif^orious legions, who had fpread terfor through
Icaily, and vanqulfhcd the befl: troops of Auftria. By
three battles, and two fieges, we re-conquercd
Taken with ; 56 GamelJ i -.- -*^^
'^ a^tji 7uJi6» ft Cairo j[mcludjng 500 Greeks)
aift Auguft, in Marabout Caftle
a5th, furprifed by ift battalion of the 20th
600
10,000
i3o
■- 57
td.Sept. garrilbn of Alexandiia (including 1300 Sailors) 940P
- "* " '■'■ ■'- Killed " ■ • —•■■■■
; -1 ,
l<
15th May, in the battle near, Cairo' '. .» -
, Xhc killed, in ijie diifcfeiiit aftiot)s with th<; Britilh, thofe
,. whp died pf thfiiir \vounds, of the plague in Cairo,
, , or ^i^'ere deftrojci^ ^y ihe native*, after the 8th of
.; Maidi, ca»noE, reafq^iaibly; be cflimated at lefs than 5000 ;
Total, exclufive'of the ftHbvvers bf the army, of various * ^''' ^
defcr}{)tions. Of thefe there were taktn 3500 at ' ' '
Cairo; and tnore,^robably, at other places. 27,01^ '
, The number 0^,; French ,fe^ and laud forces employed, in Egypt,
appears from vai]^ious documents, found among the intvrcepted letters
publiflie^ twoy.^ars ago,, to have been nbovc 60,000 men. Some
^ddiuop r.tay. be^ijiaidjE to tliis nuviibtr fur thp crews and troops carried
(jut in vtfTfl^ >vhiclT, h5^ve| entered Alexandria fince Auguft, 1798, and
for the hoft of fpeculdtors, (^'■' faifeurs de fortune," as ih^y were
called,) who accompanied the army to Egypt.
Of the naval force of the Republic employed in this expedition, all
the French line of battle fliips, amounting to 13, were either taken
or dcftroyed ^ and of 14. frigates, which attended them, very f;;w
efcapeda fimilarf.^tc^ The General, indeed, deftincd to be Firft Con-
ful, eluded the vigilanceof our ciuifeis ; and returned to France ;
< : •' Sed quaJis rediiii^ nempe unft nave"—
The lofs of th.: Biitifh, in Egypt, it is fuppofed, did not altogether
exceed aooc men.
[ 37 ]
Egypt in lefs than fix months *, and fent home
23,000 Frenchmen, difgulted with fchsmcs of In-
dian conqueft, and humbled by defeat. They will
record ou;- triumphs in every department of the
Republic, and teach their countrymen to remem-
ber, for many years to come, that the lad events of
the war were difaftrous to France, and glorious to
Great Biitain. Our exploits at Aboukir, Alexan-
dria, and Cairo, by impreflinp: the French with
orre6l norions of our means of defence, will add
pjcurity to peace. The Invincibles, vfho fled before
us in Africa, will not intimidate us in Europe.
If a Northern Confederacy (houid again be
formed to invade our mai itime rights, which have
been formally recognifed by the Convention of
Peterlburgh, the Sound will form no barrier to our
fleets, the harbours of the Baltic will furnifli no
protc^lon to an armed neutrality. In 1780 we
werf » u.Jred with iinpunity: in 1800, Denmark,
Sv«. , ' r. wid Ruflia, again attempted to infult usj
but the '/ron they received from the battle of
Copenhagen will prevent the attempt from being
^ttMl
|l^
<«!
-F * The army landed on the Sth of MnrJi, in tenipeftuous weather,
*'| in the face of a numerous enemy who svere r' eattd with great lofs.
On the 13th the French made an uufucccfsfu! attack, and were again
V. , 'fed with lofs ; and on the 21ft a general aflion took place, in
^>i " thtv wt-rc completely routed. Aboukir Caftie furrendercd on
the . Yv\Oi r/iarch ; Roletta on the igvh uf April ; Cairo on the 15th
of June ; and Alexaiuhia on the ad of September.
"!'
03
repeated.
[ 38 1
I:
repeated, as long as the exploits of a Nelfon are
remembered in the Baltic *.
I confider the iflands which have been ceded to
m by the Treaty of Peace to be moft valuable ac-.
cjuifitions. Ceylon, whether we regard its fitu-
aition at the fouthcrn extremity of the Pcninfula
of India, its excellent port of Trincomale, (the
only good one ""* our fettlements,) or its rare
produdiions, will ii fe ths fecurity, and extend
the commerce, of our Indian empire. Nor Ihould it
be forgotten that Tippoo, the antient ally of France,
(who aimed through him to fubvert our power in
Aifia,) has been deftroyed j that our provinces in
the Carnatic have been ftrengthened on their moft:
vulnerable lide, by the annihilation of fo pow-
erful and implacable a foe j and that the partition
of his territories has enabled us to narrow our fron-
tiers, to form very benefiqialallianpes, and to bid
• Our viftory over the Dants, and our naval preeminence at the
Concluiion of the war, were concifely and elegantly dclcnbed in a
Prologue to the Weftmiofter play ii;i laft December. I regret that
my memory c'ocs not enable me to (^uote more than four hncs; and
fhcf, poinbiy, arc not coire6lly ftated.
fama —
*' Concinct ut Galli ctil^riint aequore toto,
" Ut Batava; Rheno deiitucre rates :
" Continet et Danes uno dilcrimine frados,
" Fadcraque Arctoo firmius i£ta polo."
fc'iftion is ufually confidcred as the province of Poetry: butin'ihit
ii,ftancc Poetry is allied with Truth.
... defiance
[ 39 ]
defiance to the jealoufy of Indians, and the ambition
of Europeans. If the annexation of Belgium to
France is a valuable conqueft, let us be allowed to
compute our giins in the My fore. They are held
by the bed poffible. tenure — good government.
Nor will any reafonable mind feel alarmed becaufe
the French arc to receive back Pondicherry, and
the Dutch are to re-occupy their Comptoirs in the
Eaft. Mere placcsof trade, circumfcribed by ouf
fettL'ments, may excite our vigilance, but can
never prove formidable to our power. In India
we are the lords paramount ; and, though we permit
the huckfter and the chapman to cfeft theirbooths
in our market, we do not fear that the grant will
enable them to ftrip us of our dcmcfnes, or to bc-
fiege us in our caflles.
In the Weft-Indies we retain im ifland, more
cxtenfivc than all the iflands we reftore : more
advantageoufly fituated, both for commerce and
defence, than Jamaica ; lefs exh ufted by cukiva
tion, lefs cxpofed to Jacobinifm. Trinidad, im-
proved by Bricifh capital, and defended by Britifh
power, will, probably, in a very few years rival our
moft flourifhing Weft-India colonies.
Minifters muft comply with fume of the pre-
judices of commerce. The poflfeflion of the
French Windward iflands, as military pofts, was
indifpenfable to i?s in war. They v/en. the poift(
d'appui of our fl^gilr colonies. But I do not regret
-I 04 the
if h
ftnm
D
^(i
.'''
I
{km
wm^im
i
I
lit;
11 I,
J
i 40 ]
the ccdlon of Martinico and St. Lucia to France^
or of Dcmerara and Surinam to Holland. When
ivc contemplate the fate of St. Domingo, we
fhould not wifli to fatten m(ire viftims for facrifice.
The noxioufnefs of a climate more fatal to Britons
than the fword, the proximity of the States of Ame-
rica, and the fj-'irit of infubordinati' n (a fpirit, [
fear, that will not ceafe, even with the abolition of
the Slave Trade) have much leffened the value of
Tranfatlantic property. .
Of the acquilitions of France I entertain very
different fentiments from thofe exprefled by the
advocates for war;- but the limits of a pamphlet
'will not allow me to compare her gains of popu-
lation and of territory with her lolfes, both moral
and p liticnl. The account would l:e a long one.
In lefs diftrat'^led times, France herfelf may proba-
bly firike a fair balance, fet down her loiTes w;th
corrc6lnvfs, and compute her gains without exag-
geration. * '• ■ • •■ " . ■ ■'.'
■ It is no obje6iion to peace, that by it much mud
be hazarded j for more wculd be hazarded by a
prolongation of the contclh All great political
meafures, war and peace moie efpecially, are ex^
peiiments. Our llatefmen well know that more
than mere parchment is required to cement the
arhity ot nations : that time, the moil powerful
of agents, t]:e chief improver of human inftitutioi\s,
mud ccortcrate \\ith politfit^iil wifdom to render
peace
[ 41 ]
peace a bleffing ; that felf-intcrefl: will- foften antlent
imimoruies j and that commerce, " the golden gir-
dle of the globe *," will bind us together, when
our fiercer paflions would difunite us.
It is a narrow policy to fuppofe that our pro-
iperity mud be advanced by the ruin of France.
A commercial nation will be benefited by an
increafc of her bell cuftomers. The more induf-
rrious France becomes, the more fenfible Ihe will
be of the ble dings of peace, and the more anxious
to prefcrve them. Nor will her advances in focial
arts, though they may add to her ftrength, dim:ni(h
our fecurity. It feems to have been w ifely ordained
by Providence that the wealth of nations fhould
not difpofe them to aggrefllon, though it may fur-
ni(h them with defence. The pooreft and mort:
uncivilized tribes have ever been the greateil con-
querors.
The advocates for war apprehend that what
the Republic cannot effcS. by force, flie may ac-
complilh by craft, and that we may fall, like the
Trojans,
" — Captiquedalis,lacrymirque coafti,
" Q<ios ncquc TydiJes.ncc Larilikus Achilles,
♦• Non anni domuerc dectm, non milk carina;."
I entertain no fuch apprehenfions : I confider
our undifputed fovereignty in the Eafl, and our
* CowpLT.
union
Hun
#
I f I
' Xi: .
m
ji'
rl
[ 42 ]
union wiifh Ireland, (another beneficial confcquence
of tlic war,) as fome " indemnity for the paft, and
" fccurily for the future." To thefe moll valuable
acquificions, but above all, to the a^'ilivity of Britilh
ihduftry, and the energy of Britilh fpirit, which
(under the blefllng of Providence) have condu6led
us through war with honour, I look with confi-
dence for refonrces, that may prcfcrvc us in peace-
without humiliation.
I ' » ;
;■ ! ■'
ii .:,
■/ '
' ■;«
,i
j -:.'.v
'f'ii
;!:!
"';.*< ■■
1
f^:
i'.-'! •
1'
■•■ .1
. t -11 .:
LETTER
f 4i 3
LETTER III.
(T
ON THE COMMERCE OF GREAT BRITAIN.
JCiVERY war, in which Great Britain has been en-
gaged fince the reign of Queen Anne, except that
which has juft terminated, has fo much affefted the
relations and connexions of this country with other
parts of the civilized world, that, if the extent of
our commerce be eftimated by the tonnage of the
velfels employed, (which upon the whole appears
to be a fairer criterion of the magnitude of our
trade than the Cuftom-houfe valuations of imports
and exports, though they ought not to be wholly
difregarded,) it will be found to have progreifively
declined during each period of hodility to a point
much below its amount in the preceding period of
peace. In the war, which originated from our
difputes with Spain in 1739, ^^^ tonnage of veflels
cleared outwards from the ports of England and
Wales fell from 503,568 tons, the tonnage before
the war, to 446,666 tons in r744, and did not
reach its former height till 1748, which, as Prelimi-
naries were figned early in April, may be confidered
as a year of peace : in that of 1756, from 661,1 84
r ,, '1 tons,
mnu
fl
I
T^
'■\'U
Hi
w ■
il;'-'
[ 4+ ]
tons, the average of the years 1749, 1750, 'TS'*
(J have not the accounts of the three fubfequent
years before me,) the tonnage funk to 524,710
tons, its lovvelt-depreflion during the war; and
though it afterwards rofe, it did not wholly recover
itfelf till the return of peace : and in the American
war a ftlU more remarkable diminution took place.
The following extra6ts from Mr. Chalmers's Efti-
mate will exhibit' at one view the various fludua-i
tions in our commerce during each of thefe pe-
riods. ,. I . , ,. .".' L..>
. Tonnage of VefTels, Engllfh and Poreign, cleared out-
wards from die Poi'ts of England and Wales.
Years.
Tons.
Foreign
Ton».
Peace
\ »737 (•4,-6,941
»739l
1740 [384,191
Total
Tonnage.
26,627 503,568
}
War I 1741 -'
87,260 47ij45i
Aver,
of 3
years,
ditto.
Peace
Wai
. V
■ r
'744 373>8^7
1747 394,57»
1748 479*236
r^749]
j 1 750 [609,798
1756^451,254
»757 >•
^760 47^*24^
1 761 508,220
^1762 480,444
72,849
101,671
44.6,666
496,24a
534>7i3
51,386 661,184 ditto.
73,456 524,710 ditto.
1^2,737
i»7'y35
120,126
573978
626,055
600,570
i'cace
iii '
[ 45 1
Enpliftx
Foreign
Years.
Tops.
Toos.
•1770
.7P3.495
57.476
1771
77.i>39" •
63>53^
1772
818,108
72,603
ni3
77'>483 •
54,820
L»774
798,240
65.273
r^775
783,226
64,^60
1776
7781878
7:^,188
1777
^36,234
83,468
1778
657^238
• '98,113
»779
590,911
139.124
1780
619,462
134,515
1781..
SA7^<^S3
163,410
1782 '
. 55^.851
208,511
Total TunORge.
V 60, 974
........ .... 836,9*2
Feace^ 1772 8i8ao8 '72,60'? 890,711
826,303
863»5>3
848,086
851,066
8i(),7oa
War ;*77» ^SJ^'^.^.^i •9^13 '755.55^
7.ic.035
753)977
7» «>3^\^
761,362
Of the caufes of this depfcfli^n in our •commerce,
the principal feem to be, that ,in war we are
ufually oppofed to thofe ftates which in peace are
our bed cuftomersj that during hoflilities the rifk
of capture fo much enhances the expence of fieight,
which conflitutes a part of the price of every ar-
ticle exported, and the charges of Teamen's wages
and infurance are fo much increafed, that neutral
nations not only become the carriers of our goods,
but are enabled to underfell our manufadurers in
foreign markets ; and that a confiderable part of the
national capital being required during war, forfup-
plying the exigencies of the (late, lefs labour can
be fee in motion for the purpofes of commerce.
During the lafl: nine years, however, peculiar cir-
cumftances have prevented thefe caufes from pro-
ducing
3
J:
f r
.'V-
■iV
[ 46 .1
AW
:u;'
ducing their ufual effect ; or rather have counter-
balanced them. Since the commencement of the
war our commerce has fo much increafed, that the
tonnage of veflcls, cleared outwards from Britifli
ports, has arifen from 1,639,300 tons, its amount
in 1792, the mod flouriHiing year of peace this
country ever experienced, to 2,130,32a tons.
The following table exhibits this increafe, and
the progrefs of our navigation fince the year
1788. : ' . ' •
An Account of the Tonnage of Britilb and Foreign
Vcflels whirh entered inwards, and cleared outwards, im
the feveral Ports of Qr^st Britain, from, or to, all Pirts
. of theWorJd, in 1789, and the eleven following Yearsj
Vefft'Is entered Inwards.
' Years.
1789
1790
J79I
J792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
ibco
Britifh Tdns.
^398,333
1,42^,376
» 945^*498,
^5 8 7 '645
1,542,952
1, 45^,786
1,242,785
i>474,949
I,l50,t22
i,?89,r44
i.375>i69
i.i79>^o7
Foreign Tons.
190,676
277,599
321,364
3 04,074
332,37^
334*205
390,030
520,069
455>678
4/c,o2S
Tofa! Ton'i. *
i,589>oc^
i»705'975
tJ9773>^6a
1,891,719.
i>675,327
1,786,991
1,632,815
1,995,018
1,605,900
1,709,172
1,851,765
2,i43»04J
VcfTcls
C 47 ]
Veflels cleared Outward*'
1789
1790
1791
179^
1793
J79?
1796
1797
1798
1799
CritifhTont.
1,507,636
^399»i33
i,5"i^94
i>563.744
I,24?,202
1,382,256
i»r 45*450
7,254,626
1,103,781
1,102,551
I»445>2i7»
Foreign Ton«.
103,697
148,974.
184,729,
i87,b33
218,567
332,5^7
47 8.35 «
365,719
414*774
685,051
Total Ton*.'
1,611,333
1,548,207
1,696,023
i,639»-^oo
1,427,234
1,600,817
1,523,017
1,732,984
1,500,952
1,68^,^70
i»7' 7*325
2,130,^^22
The increafc in the imports and exports is Hill
more extraordinary than the incr^afe in the ton-
nage, exhibited in the preceding table. Ir appears
from the following official ftatemcnts of t!.e In-
fpeftor General of the Imports and Exports of
Great Brit.iin, that the Exports of 1799 and 1800
amount to more than the Exports of 1777 and the
five following yrars, and that the Exports of 1800
arc nearly quadruple the amount of the Exports
twenty years ago. During the American war the
Exports feldom exceeded the Imports : in one year
(1781) they were lefs. Ths Exports of the firft
eight years of the laft war exceeded the Imports by
more than ^ 50,000,000 official value; and in.
tli?ding th- ninth year, 1801, it is probable, that
the cxccfs of Exports during the war above the
Imports
luff
f
hi
1
3:.
ft
HV'Vf
i
1: 5
;•«!■
I *
|. '^
[ 48 ]
Imports was m6re'thart'^6b,bfeicob official value *J
Since the profperous ytar 1792 our Imports have
received an increafc; qf onerha f, and our Ex-
ports of tWo-thi'^^ds, of their amount at that period ;
obr Imports in' 18 flo,' compared' With thofe of
^7^5 J ^^frc as two ia one, ancloui- Exports as five
to two. It alfo appears' that the - Bi:|ti/b manM^ac-
tur"5 exported in 1806' were 'valued at mor^ than
thofe expprtcd in the two years 1785 and 1786;
that they very nearly equal thofc 'cj^^brted in tiie
two years 17S5 a^?d 17933 and that. .the ^ritifli
manufaftures exported in 1799 -and '^*^° exceed
by ten million* official volue (which are equal to
about Icventcen millj ^ns i-eal V^Jue) the amount of
Briii(h manufa<5tures.*'xportcd in any other two
yenr:? t\^i can b,e fel^iflcd. It is true, that in fpm^
anic^.s of export, ai\ increafc may be afcrjbcd tQ
the war ; but when it is confjdered that provifions,
and naval and military ItorcF, Ihipped in the.King's
tranfports, arc not entered on the jbooks of ih?
Cufl:om-houie, a very ^mple allo-wance may be
made for the extraordinary demand created by th^
war J and yet. a confidcr<fble furplns will rtmain,
which muit be placed to the account of extended
markets a.id improving commerce.
VALUE
!*^7t cannot, liowcvef, be fuppofcdjthat the ua/vaJufvHht b^Unco
of Exiioru and Impoirs ainounrs to thiu Hun. The nul njulue of the
Exports iu 1799 cxcccJctt the q^ciul-valuCf about AO/wtr;//. ; aiul the
II.
Years.
1777
1778
1779
1780
[ 49 ]
VALUE OF IMPORTS *.
From Eaft In-
dies & China.
1,834,221
1,526,130
716,323
970,726
Another Parts. Total Imports.
I-
10,809,612
9,449,402
10,718,940
9.841,513
12,643,834
io.975>533
11,435,263
10,812,246
VALUE
ye.d value of the Imports that year exceeded the official value, about
82 l>er cent. (See p. 43, 50, 52,) and the Imports and Experts that
year, in real value, nearly balanced each other : the real value of foreign
merchandize, ex^jorted was fomewhat left than the official value.
(See p. 53,) The real value of Brltijh mantifaSlures exported may
be taken in r ind numbers at 70 per cent, more than the official value.
(f e p. 53.) If thefe data were applicable to every period of the war,
the real value of the Imports and Exports, in round numbers, might
be fldjufted thus :
Official value. Real value
Imports in 8 firft years of the war rgj.ooOjOOO -f 82 /, ct. = 36o,ooo,o3o
fl««
Exports— Bririlh manufa6lures 150,000,000 + 70/'. ;/.~ 2 155,000,000
Foreign merchandize 95,000,000 95,000,000
Total Exports 350,0^ 000
Balance of Imports * Total value lo ' 00,000
It muft be rccoUeded that a confiderable part of our Imports is a
Remiuance Trade to proprietors of Eaft and Weft India property, re-
fident in Great Britain.
* The totals, in fomc inftances, in this and the following table,
amount to ^.i more than the two firft columns added together ; this
arifes from the fbillings belonging to the iirft and fccond column&,
s when
1
iii?
I
V ''1
•^iS ♦^
Tr
' (
t 50 ]
m
.m
VALUE OF IMPORTS*.
Years.
I781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1783
1789
1790
1791
1792
'793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
From Eaft In-
dies &c China.
2>526,339
626,319
J53oi>495
2,996,652
2,703,940
3,156,687
3,430,868
3>362,545
3,149,870
3*698,713
2,701,547
3,499>023
4,458,475
5,760,810
3,372,689
3>942,384
7,626,30-
4,284,805
4.94^275
All other Parts. Total Imports.^
10,197,274
9'7i5»509
i,8'^o,739
2,276,224
3^575,478
2,629,385
4>373,h6^
4,573*272
4,458,557
5,981,015
5,971,069
6>957*Sio
5f7S7y^9S
7,830,418
6,976,079
9,814,630
7,071,572
'? ,230,959
22,552,626
2:,628,33o
£'
2,723*613
0,341,8:8
3*'22,235
5*272,877
6,279,419
5,780,072
7,804,014
8,027,170
7,821,102
9,130,886
9,669,782
9'659*358
9'256,7i7
22,288,894
22,736,889
a3>i87,3i9
21,013,956
27,857,889
26,837,432
30,570,605
when they umoiintcd to a pourd, having been added together for the
total. This remark applies to the fubfeqiient tables. The eight
firft years in thefe tables of imports and exports were taken from the
Report of the Lords' Committee of Secrecy, 1797, Appendix No. 40;
and the remaining years were derived from the Trade and Navigation
Account, laid before Parliament in June laftj that account, however,
varies in a fmall degree from the accounts of 1799 and 1800. The
year 1801 was fupplied from the Cuftom-houCe.
VALUE
[ i» 3
enrs.
'783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
798
VALUE QF EXPORTS. •
Britifti Produce
andManufac- Foreign Mer- Total Exports-
tures.
£■
chaudize.
£'
£'
1777 9,300,266 4,190,763 13,49 1, 019
1778 ^,207,50.:? 4,046,392 12,253,895
1770 7,648,286 5,890,289 13.538,575
1780 8,813,690 3,834,925 12,648,616
1781 7.633,332 3,708,963 11,342,296
1782 9,109,561 3,907,829 13,017,390
0,409,713 5'^58,574. 15.468,287
1,887,628 3,846,434 15,734,062
1,081,810 5,035,357 16,117,168
1,830,372 4,475,493 16,305,866
2>053,90o 4,815, 88g 16,869,789
2,724,719 4,747.5^8 i-,472,238
3»779»5o6 5,551,042 19,340,548
4,921,084 5,199,037 20,120,121
0,810,018 5,921,976 22,731,995
^,336,851 6,568,348 24,905,200
3,892,268 6,497,911 20,3c 180
6,725,402 10,022,680 26,74^,
6,338,213 10,785,125 27,123,33b
9,102,220 11,416,693 30,518,913
^>,903,io3 12,013,907 28,917,010
9,672,503 13,919.274 33,591,777
1799 24,0^^4,213 11,907,116 35,991,329
1800 24,304,283 18,047,735 43,152,019
It is hardly neceflary to remark that thcfe values
are not the real vahies of merchandize imported
or exported. The raies of value fettled in 1697
have been continued at the Cuftom houfe; and
according to thofe rates the value of all merchan-
dize imported or exported is entered in the books
E 2 of
mtm
^
[ 5» ]
"cm
1!
of the Infpedor General ; but fince that period
the price of almoft every article of commerce
has fo much increal'cd that its official value falls
very much lliort of its real value : in fome few
indances, however, this is not the cafe j in an
account of the rated value, and of the value agree-
ably to the prices current, of the foreign merchan-
dize exported from Great Britain to Ireland, (laid
before Parliament in 1799,) it appears that the
rated value of liquorice, mahogany, coffee, rice,
ialtpetre, linfced feeds, Bengal Italian and thrown
filks, rum, and tar, is more than their real value :
coffee is rated at nearly thrice its current price.
The Convoy Ad, pafled in iy?^* required the
merchant to declare the real value of Britilh mer-
chandize exported, in order that the export duty
might be afcertainedi but the exports to Ire-
land, certain articles ufed in the fifheries, and
cotton manufadures of all defcriptions, being ex-
empted from the payment of this duty, the i.ifor-
mation which it furniihed was neceflarily imper-
feft. By affliming, however, that articles exported
to Ireland, or ufed in the fiftieries, may beeflimated
at the fame rate of value with articles of a fimilar
value exported to other countries, and by forming
an eftimate of the true value of cot: on manufac-
tures exported, the Infpedor General has been en-
abled to ftate to Parliament the real value o'' mer-
chandize exported. From the firft half year's
operation
C 53 ]
operation of the Convoy Duty, it appeared that
the declared value, on which a duty was paid, ex-
ceeded the rate of value in the Infpe^or General's
hooks about 7 1 per cent, on the whole of the Britifli
manufadlures exported. The real value probably
exceeds the declared value. In fome years, owing
to the great quantity of coffee, and other high-
rated articles being re-exported, the official value
o^ foreign merchandize exported exceeds the real
value *. The Infpeftor General has laid before
Parliament the following ftatements of the real
value of our imports and exports.
Total.
49,002,170
IMPORTS.
From Eaft Indies
Years. and China. All other Parts*
£.- £■
1799 8,918,24s 40,083,922
1800 4S»573»'38
EXPORTS.
Britilh Manu-
Years. faftures. Foreign Merchandize. Total.
£' jr. jr.
1798 33,148,682
1799 38,942,493 11,347,692 50,290,190
1800 39,471,203 16,359,640 55,810,843
Total adual value of imports and \ ^^^ „r^
f 00,202,360
exports m 1799 - - - j ^^'^ ^ »j
It appears from the refolutions on Finance,
moved by Mr. Addington, and adopted by the
Houfe of Commons, laft Summer, that the total
•This, it appears, was the cafe ip 179^ and 1800.
E 3 aclual
umm
IX
I
si ■
l-
ill;
^ii
am
M
^
k
I'm
[ 54 ]
a^ual value of imports and exports In i8oo,'fup-
pofing the imports from the Eaft Indies and China
tfy be the fame in the preceding year *, may be
cflimated at ^.iio,ooOjOOo.
Three of thefe refolutions exhibit the progrcfs
of our commerce during the iaft twenty years in
fo fatisfadory a point of view, that I cannot deny
myfclf the pleafure of fubjoining them.
Rbsolution XIV.— That the official value of all imports
into Great Britain, in the year ending the ^th of January,
17R4, was 13,122,235/. J and on an average of fix years,
ending the 5th of January, 1784, was 11,690,829/. : That
the official value of all imports into Great Britain, in the
year ending the 51h of January, 1793, was 19,659,358/.;
and on an average of fix years, ending the 5th of January,
1793, was 18,68^,390. : That the official value of all im-
portj into Great Britain, in the ytar ending the 5th of Ja-
nuary, 1801, (fuppoluig the imports from the Eaft Indies,
of which no aoccunt has yet been made up, to be the lame
as in the preceding year) was 2 9,92 5,? 58/. f making an in-
creafe, as compared with 17S3, of 16,803,623/. and with
1792, of 10,366,500/.; and on an average of fix years,
ending the 5th of January, iSoi, was 35,2,9,890/. making
an increafe, as compared with the average to jjth ofja-
* That 15^^.4,284,805. This efli mate was very modcrnte ; for the
imports from the Kaft Indies am) China in 1799 were lei's than
the averajjc of il)c prtctding fix ycnrs by j{^. 49 1,5 13 ; lefs th.in the
average of the piectding three years by ^.69^,861 $ and Icfs than tlie
importsof the preceding year 179S, byX''3S.4>> '^S- ^^ "o^ appears
tliRt the imports from the E.;!'t Iiulies and China in 1800 exceeded this
eftimatc bv/.657,470. See p. 50.
■}• Their actual amount wa? ^ 30,570,605. See p. 50-
nuarjj
ri;
[ 55 ]
nuary, 1784, of 13,569,061/. and with the average to 5th
of January, 1793, of 6,57<j,50o/. j and that the real value
of imports in the year ended the 5th of January, 1801, fup-
poting the imports from the Eaft Indies to be the fame as in
the preceding year, may be eftimated at about 54,500,000/.
Rbsolution XV. — That the official value of Britifli manu-
fa6lures exported from Great Britain, in the year ending
the 5th of January, 1784, w.is 10,409,713/. and on an average
of fix years, ending 5th Janu^vry, 1784, was 8,616,660/. »
that tlie official value of Britifli manufafturcs exported from
Great Britain, in the year ending 5th January, 1793, was
18,336,851/.; and on an average of fix years, ending the
5th January, 1793, was 14,771,049/,: That the official
value of Britifli manufailures exported from Great Britain
in the year ending 5th January, 1801, was 24,41 1,067/. * »
making an increafe, as compared with 1783, of 14,001,354/.
and with 1792, of 6,074,216/. ; "and on an average of fix
years, ending the 5th of January, 1801, was 20,085,199/.
making an increafe, as compared with the average to ^th
January, 1784, of ir, 468,539/. and with the average to
5th January, 1793, of 5,3 14,1 50/. ; and that the real value
ofBriti(h manufad^ures expo-ted, in the year 1800, may be
eftimated at about 39,500,000/.
Resolution XVI. — That the total amount of foreign mer-
chandize exported from Great Britain, in the year ended
the 5th of January, 1784, was 4,332,909/. ; and on an average
of fix years, ending the 5th January, 1784, was 4,263,930/. :
That the total value of foreign merchandize exported from
Great Britain, in the year ending the 5 th January', 1793,
was 6,568,000/.; and on an average of fix years, ending the
5thofJanuary 1793, was 5,4(^)8,014/. : That the total value of
foreign merchandize exported from Great Britain, in the year
ending the 5th of January, i8ci, was 17,166,145/. t; making
• The cxn£l fuin was ^.24,304,183. See p. 51.
t The exaft fum was ^.18,847,735. See p. ^i.
£ 4 an
»t
%
t
^
n;:
m
! <:=■
;■!
1^
^f
s
f,
%
t m
-^T
«!
[ 56 ]
an increafe, as compared with 1783, of 12,833,236/.; and
with 1792, of 10,598,14)/. i and on an average of fix years,
ending the 5th of January, iSor, was 12,867,958/.} making
an increafe, as compared with the average to January 5th,
1784, of 8,604,028/. 5 and with the average to January the
5th, 1793, of 7,399,994/. J and that ihereal value of foreign
merchandize exported in the year ended the 5th of January,
1 80 1, may be eftimated at about 16,300,000/.
The increafe of Britifli navigation is no lefs ex-
traordinary than the increafe of Britifli commerce.
It will appear from the following accounts, that,
notwithftanding the encouragements held out to
foreign traders by the war, (hip-building has thriven
more than ever ; and that our commerce has re-
quired every year, not only addiiional fhipping,
but larger vefTels than were built before 1793.
An Account of the Number of VefTels, with the
Amount of their Tonnage, which have been annually
built and regiftercd in the feveral Ports of the Britifli
Empire, in 1789, and the Eleven following Years.
Tons. AverageTonnagc.
I'<!'
Years.
VelTels.
1789
827
1790
7^5
1791
766
1792
821
1793
800
«794
714
1795
719
1796
823
1797
756
1798
833
1799
858
1800
965
71,090
86
68,695
94
68,940
90
78,120
95
75>o8s
93
66,021
92
72,181
100
94,97»
^15
86,242
114
89.319
107
98,044
114
J 26,268
130
An
[ 57 ]
An Account of the Number of VcfTcls beJonging to the
feveral Ports of the BritiAi Empire, and the Amount
of their Tonnage, and the Number of Men and Boys
employed in navigating them, in the Year 1783, and
the Seventeen folloviring Years *.
o
B
•4-*
u
tn
O
PO
0)
s
O
Years.
Veffcls.
Tons.
Men.
1783
8,342
669,212
59,004
1784
9,111
793.H7
65,880
1785
9»753
859,606
7^?7i
1786 ]
ro,i92
920,926
74,835
1787 ]
[0,411
1,087,874
81,745
1788 ]
[3,827
1,363,488
107,925
1789 ]
t4>3»o
i9395»»7a
108,9621
1790 1
S^^^S
1,460,823
112,556
1791 ]
5><545
1,511,411
117,044
i792t]
[6,079
i,540>i45
118,286
1793 J
16,329
1,564,520
1 1 8,952
1794 ]
16,806
i,589>758
119,629
1795 J
16,728
iiS74,45t
116,467
1796 ]
[7,067
1,519,298
120,979
1797 ]
16,903
1,614,996
124,394
1798 ]
17*295
1,666,481
129,546
1799 ]
17,879
1,752,815
135,237
1800 ]
[8,877
1,9^5,438
143,661
In the above account, the 'firfl: five years only
comprehend the (hipping belonging to England
'* Accounts, and Siniplcmentary Accounts rcfpcftingthc Trade and
Navigation of the Britilh Empire, June, 1801 .
f The late Infpeftor General was of opinion, that, immediately
preceding the war, the Merchants (hipping of this k/it^dom, (by which
exprelnonl prefume he meant Great Drllain only,) amounted to much
more than ^. i:,ooo,co?. See Commons' Third Report on the Bank,
'797> P" '13.
and
mmm
M'7
•III
•sii
1
; '• !^-
t:ny
il
[ J8 ]
and Holland. The accounts of the veflels belong-
ing to Ireland, Guernfey, Jerfey, Man, and the
Britifh Colonits in the Weft Indies and America,
were not returned to the Regiller General of Ship-
ping previoufly to the year 17&8, when the A£t of
the 26th of ihe King, called the Regifter Aa, had
taken full efFe£t. From the following comparifon
of the (hipping belonging to different parts of the
Britifh Empire in 1788 and 1800 it appears that
the number of vefTels belonging to Ireland has dc-
creafed, and that the greatefl increafe has been
in the fnipping belonging to England and the
Colonies.
On the 30th September, 1788.
f
VefTeis.
Tons.
Men.
England
9^^5^
Ij©55j299
79>859
Scotland
1,864
149,185
^39^3^
Ireland
1,016
60,777
^,055
Guernfey,
7
Jerfey,
J. 231
ij,8oi
^>333
and Man,
s
Colonies
1,368
13*827
84,426
7'442
1 '
i,363>488
107,925
On the 30th September, 1800.
Veffels.
Tons.
Men.
England
12,189
1,463,398
104,926
Scotland
2,286
168,485
14,453
Ireland
1,003
54,262
5.057
Guernfey,
1
Jerfey,
} 390
17,110
^'.749
and Man,
J
Colonies
3,009
202,183
16,476
18,877 1,905*438 i43»66i
[ 59 ]
Various caufes have co-operated to raifc our
trade and navigation to this unexampled height of
profperity. The calamitous cfFedls of revolution
have long dried up the fources of mercantile opu-
lence In France. The deflru6tion of Lyons, the
annihilation of the manufafture of woollens in the
Southern, and the temporary fufpenfion (In con-
fequence of the operations of war) of that of cam-
brics and linens in the Northern Departments,
will, probably, long prevent our neighbours from
entering into competition with us in foreign mar-
kets. The general Infecurity of property on the
Continent has thrown a va(l capital Into Great
Britain, and thus fupported public credit, with
which the credit of our counting-houfcs is inti-
mately conneded. The formidable (late of our
navy, the vigilance of our cruizers *, and the falu-
tary provifions of the Convoy A<Sl, have given
confidence and fecurity to our merchants and
manufaflurers. Almoft every port from the Baltic
to the Adriatic has been (hut againft us by the
Ships of the Line, rrinatcs.
S 1^5
I t.0
5 iOl
I 39
Sec Lord Hawkeftury's Speech on the Peace.
During t'ae war, 90 French, Dutch, Spanifli, or D.inilb, (hips <if the
line, 4 fifties. 190 fri^Htcs, and 250 floops (bclides about 940 privateers,
i*nd about 5,500 intrchantincn) have been loft, taken, or dethoytd.
* 1 he Britifli Nnvv 7 . „ , rn. a c
T-i, Lv 1 X' ■ r '" icb. 1793 confmed or
1 he t*rtucl> Navv J ' ■'■'
The Biitilh Narv 7 ■ ^n ^
Alio r rcncn ISavv i
Co
35
Hfl
I
compulfion
IV
[ 60 ]
cai
i
compulfion of open, or the machinations of fecret,
enemies j but our commerce has forced her way
even into countries unwilling to receive her :—
" Per Go/I antes catervas
Explicuit fua vidor arma.'*
Thofc who apprehend that peace muO, nccef-
farily, leflen the export of our manufactures, feem
to have been led to form this conclufion from ob-
ferving that our trade has been increafed, in fome
branches, by the extraordinary demand for naval
and military ftores, and other fupplies neceflary
for our foreign pofTcflions, and by the conqueft of
many valuable colonies j but they ought alfo to
confider, that, though the war has furniihed us
with fome new markets which we muft lofe at the
peace, it clofed feveral old ones, which we muft
recover, and that our bufmefs in thofe which have
not been affefted by the conteft has increafed and,
is increafing. That many valuable branches of
trade, which the fovereignty of the fea during the
laft nine years has enabled us to fhare with neutral
nations, or to appropriate exclufively to ourfelves,
will, in confequence of the ceflion of conquered fet-
tlements, which we have agreed to make, be either
wholly or partially \o[\ to this country, is indifpu->
table. 1 am ready to admit that peace will eventu-
ally deprive us of a great part of the trade which
we now carry on with the French and Dutch fct-"
tlcments in the Weft Indies and America, of the
whole
[ 6i ]
whole or greateft part of our trade with the Cape,
Cochin, Malacca, and the Dutch fpice iflands, and
of fome part of our trade with the northern dates
of Europe, and with Portugal. But if our proba-
ble loffes are to be charged againft us, we fhould be
allowed credit for our probable gains; if the cefl'a-
tion of hoftilities will deprive us of many new
cuftomers, it will reftore to us many old ones.
Our trade with the conquered colonies, which we
piopofe to reftore, and our trade with the northern
ftates of Europe, may experience fome diminution;
but our trade with the United States of America
and with our foreign poflefllons in the Eaft and
Weft Indies will, probably, be augmented ; and
our trade with the belligerent powers, which has
V'^-i fufpended during the war, may be expelled
to return to its ancient channel. 1 fliall confider
each of thefe four heads feparately ; and endeavour
to ihew, from a (hort review of the tonnage of the
veflels which we employed both before, and dur-
ing, the war, in different parts of the world, that,
whatever evils we may dread from the peace, we
cannot reafonably apprehend that our manufactures
will ianguifh, or our commerce decreafe.
^
■■!
N
'f,
'H'.".
4
i ^
LETTER
■'5*' :-<
]]"■
[ 62 ]
til,
li'i
m
LETTER IV.
ON THE TRADE WITH THE WEST INDIES.
Trom the following account of the tonnage of
veflels entered inwards at the different ports in
Great Britain, from th': Weft Indies, fmce the
year 1788, it will appear that our trade with the
conquered iflands during the lafi: four years, has
amounted to a third of the trade which we carry
on with our own Weft India colonies ; and that
our trade with the foreign iflands has been tripled
fince the commencement of ti)e war in 1 793.
Tonnage of Veflels entered inwards in the feveral Ports
in Great Britain, from the Weft Indies, in 1789, and
the Eleven following Years.
Years. Riirilh Weft Indies. Foreign Weft I nJies. Conquered Iflands.
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
V9S
1796
1797
1798
1799
liiOO
Tons,
142,288
140,069
H4>2j;3
148,360
172,408
154,306
H5j«95
112,345
138,841
278,
,162,425
ii2 ^
548
3»i24
2,791
2,344
2,5'9
4,809
4,996
12,666
0,057
Tons.
- 34>'522
- 51,822
- 47.4»2
- 57*509
- 59^755
The official value of Britifii manufiic-luies ex-
ported to our old Wcfl India iflands, and of the
imports
[ ^3 J
!
I
imports from them, was ftated by Lord Ilawkef-
bury* to be —
Britifh Mamifaftures Importi.
cxpoited.
On an Average of the Three laft £. £>
Years of Peace — 2,i8j,oco 3>877i023
On an Average of the Three
Years of War, 1798, 1799, ^'""^
i«oo — — 3,561,000 5,101,000
The following official account of imports and
exports, for eleven years, ending with 1800,
diftinguifhes the value of Britifli manufa(?[ures
exported during the years i797> 1798, 1799,
and 1800, to the Britifh Weft Indies, the con-
quered iflands, and the foreign Weft Indies. It
appears from this account that Dur imports from
the conquered iflands are above a third, and our
exports to thofe iflands not quite a third, of the
amount of the correfponding branches of trade with
our own Weft India colonies.
The late Infpedtor General eftlmated the direct
exports from Great Britain to the Weft Indies, to
have amounted annually in the four years preceding
1796, agreeably to the prices current during that
period, to about j^. 3, 900,000, and including the
value of thofe negroes exported from Africa, who
were retained in the Britifh Weft Indies, to
j^. 4,670, 000. He valued the imports, eflimated
in the fame manner, to have amounted annually in
the fame period, to /^. 6 8,00,000, a confiderable
part of which is remittances to Weft India pro-
prietors f . •
''^ Sj^)eech on the Peace, ^d Nov. 1801,
■f Commons)' Third Report on the Bank, 1797, p. no-
'r.:^
i,,.
Hi)
■> i
m
[ 64 ]
i
W:
An Account of the official Value of Imports from the
Britifh and Foreign Weft Indies and Florida, and of
Kxports to them, in 1790 and the Ten following Years,
diHingnifliing Britifli Manufa6tures from Foreign Mer-
chandize. In the Years 1797, 1798, 1799, and '800,
the Britifh Weft Indies are diftinffuifl)ed from the con-
cjuered Iflands, the foreign Weft Indies, and Florida.
Viilue of Exports.
Years.
1790
1791
1792
^793
^794
J 795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1797
1798
J 799
1800
Years.
J 797
1798
1799
iSoo
J797
J 798
7799
i8oo
Value of
Imports.
£'
4^083,305
3,849,494
4,408,533
4,647,980
5»5^<5,645
4^939^5 '9
4,897,698
Bririft M-
nufafViircs.
£'
i>73i>'Oj
2»359'577
3,646,370
a,3'4j709
3»257»«77
2,3 9,101
3»433»4'7
Foreign Mer-
chandize,
185,064
226,895
344»5<53
253»^ 34
540,313
442,^53
Total
Exports.
£•
1,916,170
4,586,472
2,890,934
2,5^7 M^--
3,798,189
«>7<5',755
4,030,674
Britifh Weft Indies, including Trinidad.
£^
3>54o,43^
4,594,023
5,284,306
5,820,223
^,632,637
h79^>635
1,469,280
«^543,534
Value of
Imports.
104,955
84,326
602,609
310,196
422
20,115
] o, n 6
£■ '£'
2,427,067 228,347
4, 66,636 394,95^
4,355,35* 628,178
3,827,113 339,866
Conquered Iflands.
794,244 129,457
1,294,767 245,44<5
3, 04,724 206,442
704,918 143,3 '4
Foreign Weft Indies.
Bntifli Ma- Foreign Mcr-
nufafturcs. chandize.
23,<5o9 3,! 92
43,926 6, ; 20
137,943 33,519
I5>'03 7>8i8
Florida.
3,655,415
4,56', 595
4,983,530
3,166,980
923,7or
1,540,214
1,311,167
847,232
Total
Exports.
26,801
50,047
161,462
22,921
34,793
4,153
28,946
'^Pli
IP"
i 65 ]
The following account of the Exports from
Surinam, and the other conquered colonies, during
the laft three years, has been recently laid before
the Houfe of Commons *.
An Account of the Quantity of Sugar, Rum, Coffee, and
Cotton, imported into Great Britain, from the Colonies
of Surinam, Bcrbice, Demerara, and Eflequibo, as far as
the fame can be made, up in the Years 1799> 1800, and
Surinam.
1 Sugar 1000 cwt.
Rum — . —
Coffee 4800 cwt.
Cotton 245,809 lbs.
I Sugar
Rum
Coffee
Cotton
35,258 cwt.
220 gallons
6 ^,379 cwt.
1,057,910 lbs.
{Sugar 204,774 cwt. f
Rum 100,177 gals, t
Lottee 162,131 cwt.
Cotton 1,803,262 lbs. §
Berbice, Demerara,
and EITequibo.
35,189 cwt.
I4»45^ gallons
39,0^9 cwt,
3>593.o53 lbs.
51,199 cwt.
93,070 gallons
1 1 4,692 cwt.
7>o57»<565 lbs.
95,031 cwt. f
139,781 gals X
142,819 cwt.
7,622^942 lbs. §
* Ordered to be printed, 13th April, iSoa.
t The fugars exported from thefe colonies to Great Britain, Uft
year, are equal in amount to a feventh or eighth of the fugars pro-
duced by the old Britifh colonies.
X Together about the thirtieth of the annual produce of the old
BritiGi colonies.
§ Together about one third of the whole quantity ajunually ijn.
ported into Grear Britain.
f An
•nm
^
(
I
pi
I
^1
pill
[ 66 ]
An Account of the Quantity of Sup^ar, Rum, Coffee, a.i'l
Cotton, imported into Great Britain, from the Iflands
. of Martinico; St. Lucia, and Tobago, as far as the
fame can be made up, in the Years 1799, 1800, and
iHoi.
Martinico. St. Lucia. Tobago,
r Sugar 2S7,i72cvvt 2993cwt. 164,212 cwt
g^J Rum 3,9 1 6 gals 257,592 gals
1^1 CofFce 34,906 cwt
80 cwt
o
o
to
j Coifce 34,906 cwt ■ 80 cwt
(.Cotton 725,602 lbs. 55,33 1 lbs 7,214 lbs.
Sugar i92,249cvvt 12, 164 cwt 1 19,65 6cwt
Rum 5,392gals 1 14 gals 194,071 gals
Coffee 45,405 cwt 3,945 cwt 124 cwt
, Cotton i,468,i»2 lbs. 275,549 lbs 7,397 lbs.
r Sugar 285,8i7cwt i8,903cwt 79,292 cwt
Q J Rum i7,4iogals i69,736gals
^ j Coffee 47,927 cwt 3,5 1 3 cwt 42cwt
V. Cotton 796,7 27 lbs. 422,119 lbs 24,989 lbs.
\ Such is the want of commercial capital, both in
France and Holland, that, although we may ulti-
mately lofe 50,000 tons of our prefent Weft India
trade by reftoring Martinico, St. Lucia, and Tobago,
to the French, and St. Euflatia, Surinam, Berbice,
Demcrara, and Eflequibo, to the Dutch, it is probable
that, for fome time after the peace, a part of the trade
of thcfe fettlemcnts will, direflly or indireftly, find
its way to Great Britain. In 1763, after we had
reflored the Havannah to Spain, and Guadaloupe
and
[ 67 ]
and Martinico to France, thefe places continued to
trade with this country, and our imports, that
year, were* , .
From Guidaloupe
Martinico
Havannah
£•412,303
344,16a
Goods - 249,387
EulHon - 389,450
;C-I.395'302
By an arret in Auguft 1784, in the miniftry of
the Marechal de Cattrics, after a fpirited contro-
verfy in print refpe6ting the colonial commerce,
foreigners were permitted, under certain regula-
tions, to trade with the French Weft Ind a iQands.
Our trade to them in I/8 >, in confequence of this
arret y became very confid^rable, both in manufac-
tures and in lumber and provifions -j-.
Of 20,8^0,000 livreSj thp value of the merchan-
dize imported into the French iflands by foreigners,
the Britiih imported merchandize of the value of
4,5 50,000 /fc-rt-j, in 189 vcflTls.
And of 14,133,000 livresy the exports from the
French iflands to foreign countries, our exports
amounted to 1,259,0 o Vvresj in 153 veflels.
If, however, in con(equcnce of the peace, the
trade wi h the conquered colonies Ihould be loft to
* Burke's " Obfervations on a late State of the Nation," ift ed.
p. 10. I have correfted his figures from Sir C. VVhitworth's Tables.
See )^th Article of the Treaty of Paris.
f Yoving's Travels in France, 4to edit. vol. i. p. 491.
F 3 Great
hi
111
nans
f
^
"'*«
I
[ 68 ]
Great Britain, the peculiar circumftances of the
weftcrn hemifphere are fuch, that a very favourable
opportunity is prefcnted not only of acquiring thofe
commercial advantages which might have been
cxpedlcd from retaining the French and Dutch
fcttlements, but of promoting the national intereft by
means which they were very ill calculated to afford.
The anticnt policy of Great Britain, with regard
to her Weft India colonies, has been diredled to
favour her manufa6l:urcs and navigation, by fecuring
to herfelf the monopoly both of importing colonial
produce and of exporting European commodities.
It is unnccefTary to examine whether the reflric-
tions of the Navigation A6t *, to which the mother
country fubjeded her colonial trade, were pro-
per at the time they were impofed. Circumftances
have induced her, on fevcral occafions during the
laft century to depart from them : and the prefent
ftate of commerce will, probably, lead to a further
revifion of a fyflcm which has already been modi-
fied by the eftablilhment of free ports in feveral
of the iflands, and by the provifions of the 1 2th
article of the treaty of commerce, concluded, in
1 794, with the United States of America f .
To confider our connexion with the Weft
Indies as a channel, only, for exporting Britifh ma-
nufaftures in Britifh fhips to Britifli colonies, and
lithCh. II. c. iS.
iP.
for
[ 69 3
for importing their produce in Britifh fhips, is to
take a very limited view of the benefits which this
country may derive from her intercourfe with the
weftern world. The interefls of our navy, of pur
mercbants, and our manufadlurers, require that our
attention Ihould be dirc<fled not only to the Brjtilh
fugar colonies, but to the fettlements belonging tp
foreign powers.
The three great points, on which the commerce
of the Weft Indies muft turn, are
I. Their import of provifions, lumber ♦, and
naval ftores.
II. Their import of manufadurcs,
HI. Their export of colonial produce.
I. All the advantages, derivable to Europe from
tlic Weft Indies, muft depend on their improve-
ment, which will be much accelerated by a regular
fupply of the eflential articles of food and lumber.
The cheaper thefe articles can be procured the lels
capital will be wanted for the cultivation of the
colonies. The proprietors of Weft India eftatcs
rcfide chiefly in the mother country: a faving
therefore of capital to them is a faving to Great
Britain. In the French iflands, where the planta-
tions in general belong to refident proprietors, a
faving of capital is not an immediate gain, though
i' {'-.'.
Vp
mm
-3. »>
"Hi
* By lumber, I mean boards, ftiinglcs, ftavcs, hoops, mill timber,
and wood of every denomination.
F3
It
C 7° 1
if*1
h ''.
It may y'timatcly produce a benefit, to the mother
country.
The propriety of allowing the Britidi colonies to
purchafe provifions and lumber at the belt marker,
was recognized by the late Minifler, who, in 1783,
brought in a Ir* ill, kmrnn by the name of the
American Intercourfe !iill. In confequenve, h -wr
ever, of great oppofition from the merchants this
Bill was laid afide j and a 1 Adl pafled, auth rifing
the Crown, for a limited time *, to regulate the
trade with America in fuch manner as his Majclly
in council (hould deem expedient f. By the pro-
clamation iflued in confequence of this ASj the
importation into the Britifli Welt Indies of any
kind of naval (tores, lumber, live ftc^ck, flour, and
grain, the growth of the American States, was con-
fined to Britifh (hips navigated according to law ;
and the export to thofe ftates of Weft I: dii pro-
duce was made fubje6t t6 the farhe refiridtions ;
whi'ft the heceflary articles of (alted beef, pork,
fifh, and train oil, formerly fupplied by America,
were prohibited altogether. It is always a' wife
com'udt in Government, however enlightened they
may be on fu! je6]s of commerce, to regulate re-
• One year,
t See 13 Geo. III. c. 19. The time lim'ted for the operation of this
A£t was extended by feveral fubfequcnt A£ls to the 5th of April,
175S, On the 19th of NovemlKT, 1794, * Treaty of Comir.eice was
ccncluiied bitween Great Britain and the United States , and an A£t
wai paffed in 1797 for carrying this Treaty into execution. See 37
Geo. III. c. 97.
form
r
L
7' ]
form by the anterior habits and fentimcnts of thofc
who mud be afFedled by it. A good hound will
not inftrudl his followers, if he runs too far before
his pack. A flrong prejudice againft permitting
the United States to fupply the Weft Indies, as
they had formerly done, with provifions and lumberi
cxifted in 1783. It had fubfidcd before 1794, when
the American States were allowed, under certain
reftridlions, to trade with the Britifti Weft Indies*.
11. The
• The 12th Article of the Treaty of Amity, Comtnercc and Navi-
gation between his Britannic Majefty and the United States of Ame-
rica, provides, «« That it fliall be lawful during the time therein
limited, for the citizens of the United States to carry toanyofhis
Majefty 's iflands and ports in the Weft Indies from the United
States, in their own veffels, not being above the burthen of fcventy
tons, any goods or merchandizes of the growth, manufadlure, or
produce of the faid States, which it is or may be lawful to carry to
the faid iilands or ports from the faid States in Britifti vclTels ; and
that the faid American vcfiTcls fhall be fubjeft there to no other or
higher tonnagjp duties or charges than Ihall be payable by Britifti
veffels in the ports of the United States ; and that the cargoes
of the faid American veffels fhall be fubjedt there to no other or
higher duties or charges than ftiall be payable on the like articles, if
imported there from the faid States in Britiih veffels.
" And his Majefty alfo confents that it Ihall be lawful for the faid
American citizens to purchafe, load, and carry away in their faid
vtffels, to the United States, from the faid illands and ports, all fuch
articles, being of the growth, manufafture, or produce of the faid
iflands, as may now by law be carried from thence to the faid States in
Britiih veffels, and fubje£\ only to the fame duties and charges on
exportation to which Britiih veffels and their cargoes are or Ciall be
fubjeft ill fimilar circumftances.
" Provided always that the faid American veffels do carry and land
their cargoes in the United States onlyj it being cxprclsly ngreed and
F 4 declared.
m
i«vti
sauB
■I ':
J
[ n ]
m
dp"
i^
s,*'
n. Tlie export of manufa(£\ures to the Britifli
fugar ifland^ is as great as their prefenc confumption
requires ; and it is only from their future impiovff-
mcnt that an incrcafcd demand can be created in
thefe colonics: if their im| rove mcnt is promoted
by the fiee import of food and luaiber, th ir means
of confumption will be augmented, and a larger mar-
ket opened for the vent of our manufaftures. But
a favourable opportunity is now prefcnted for efta-
declared, that, during the continuance of this article, the United
States will prohibit and rcfti.iin the carrying any nricinircs, fugar,
coffee, cotoa, or cotton, in American vefl'ds, either from his Majefty's
iAands or from the United States, to any part of li world, except
the United Siates, reafonable fea (lores excepted.
"Provided alfo, that ic Iball and may be lawful, during the fame
period, for Britifh velTtls to imporr from the fniH iflands into the
United States, and lo export fiom the United S.,!tei to tlie faid
iflands, all articles whatever, being of the growth, produce, or
nianufaftore of the f'id iflands, or of tiie United States rcfpedtively,
which now may by the laws of the laid Statts be fo imported and
exported. And that the cargoes of the laid Britifli vefi"el!> fhdll be
fubjedt to no other or hiizaer duties or charges than fliall be payable on
the fame articles, if fo imported or exported in American vcfitls.
*' It is agreed that th.s article, and every matter and thing therein
contained, fhall continue to be in force during the continuance of
the war in whic. his Majefty is now engaged ; and alfo for two
years, from and after the day of the fignature of the preliminary
or other articles of peiite by which the fame may be terminated.
" And It is further pgreed, th-" at the expiration of the faid rcrm,
the two contrafling parties will endeavour further to regulate their
fommerte in this rtfpe(5, according to the fuuation in which his
Majefty may then find himfelf with rcfpeft to the Weft Indies,
and with a view to fuch arrangements as may beft conduce to the
mutual advantage and txtenfion of commerce."
blifhing
m
[ 73 ]
bllfliinjT an intcrcourfe with the foreign Weft India
iflands. The manufaftures of Great Britain arc in
a flourifliing ftate : capital and confidence have in-
troiluccd them into 'every quarter of tlie world.
The nianufadures of France are annihilated. In
all the conquered colonies we haveeQabUflied con-
nexions, of which the fpirit and cnterprife of our
merchants will probably avail themfelves, if they
are not reftrided from entering into competition
with the French, the Dutch, or the Danifli, trader,
in the Weft India market.
III. The cultivation and improvement of the
iflands, and the confequ :nt export of colonial pro-
duce, muft depend on the extent of the demand of
thofe countries which confume it. The demand
for fugar, I apprehend, will increafe. Jt will in«
creafe in France, which during the laft ten years
was too much impoveriflied by revolutionary war-
fare to confume her ordinary quantity of fuperflu-
ities. It will increafe in Great Britain, in confe-
quence of the progrefs of wealth, population, and
improvement. The redudiion of price, arifmg
from the reduction of freight, 'one very obvious
effedt of peace,) will increafe the confumption in
other parts of Europe. Our continental feltle-
ments in North America, as they advance in pro-
fperity, will take off more Weft India produce
than they do at prefent. The cultivation of our
fugar iflands will alfo be encouraged, by an exten-
Hon
mm
mam
<
«i
r. i
k
[ 74 ]
c
ta»..:-
UK
%'a
fion of the fur trade, and of the fi(herles. But it
will be chiefly promoted by the increafing demand
of the United States*, which are now become a
confiderablc market for the vent not only of rum,
but of fugar and of coffee. If the Weft Indies
cannot thrive without a fupply of American pro-
duce, America has wants which can only be grati-
fied by the fugar colonies. A mutual demand is
thus created, which is not only beneficial to both
thofe countries, but to Great Britain : for the re-
mittances from the Weft Indies, to difchargc their
balances to Americans, contribute to enable Ame-
ricans to difcharge their balances to Britifh mer-
chants. A commerce with America is not only
conducive to the profperity, but effential for the
fubfiftcnce, of the Weft Indies. They are fupplied
from the United States (for their imports from
Canada and Nova Scotia are inconfiderable) with
fifh, flour, grain, and live ftock, with materials for
their habitations, mills, and warehoufes, and with
packages for their rum and fugar. In peace time
the annual amount of thefe imports cannot be ex-
pedled to amount to much lefs than a million fter-
ling. Twenty years ago they exceeded 700,000/.
• In 1790 the population of the United States was 3,919,316 pcrfons.
Accuiding 10 a cenius taken in i£oo it was 5,414,801
It probably now exceeds five millions and a half, the population of
Enj^land and Wales at the Revolution.
official
C 75 ]
official value*. In return for thefe indifpenfablc
commodities, the Weft India iflanda furnilh the
United States with fugar, melalles, rum, and
coftle. It is probable that more than one half of
the rum made in the iflands, is exported, either
legally in Britifli, or ciandellinely in foreign, vef-
fcls, to the continent of America,
Thefe confiderations, it may be hoped, will in-
duce his Majefty's Government to adopt an en-
larged and liberal fyftem of Weft Indian commerce,
and to avail themfelves of the favourable opportu-
nity, which the prcfent fituation of the new world
(whether confidered with reference to the con-
quefts which we keep, or the conquefls which we
reftore, the flate of our fugar iflands or that of
the French and Spanifti fettlements) prefents to
us :
I. To ftrengthen the defence of the old colonies;
II. To provide for the increafing demand for
Weft India produce; — and
III. By opening new and extenfive markets for
the vent of our manufadures to promote the pro-
fperity of Great Britain.
The two firfl: objeds 1 conceive will be attained by
the fcttlement of Trinidad. Itspofition to wind-
ward of all our fugar colonies, except Barbadoes,
will enable it, if it fhould become the head quarters
* Edwards's Hift. of the Weft Indies, vol. ii. p. 39^.
of
f
:.|iS!/^.
'I I
'i
i
i,
.. . *
j
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'.n
C 76 ]
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of theWeft Indies, to fuccour the windward and lee-
ward iflands in anyfuture war, and eventoprotefl: Ja-
maica. As a naval ftation it is of very great import-
ance. As it is placed midway between the French
fettlements in Guiana and the Spanifh main, all
communication between them by fea may be ob-
flru£ted. Armaments, if armaments fhould be at-
tempted at Surinam, Demerara, or Eflequibo, will
be cafily watched. The conquefl: of the Dutch
fettlements, if again neceflary, will be much facili-
tated. As to any danger which the vicinage of
the French, or the extenfion of their Southern
boundaries to the Arowary, may create to the
Britifli Weft Indies, I confider them as extremely
vifionary. Under a vertical fun* they will not rival
us in induftry: in the peftilential marflies and
woods of Guiana they will not increafe and multi-
ply. The crnqueft of the Nile did not enable
diem to march to the Ganges : the poffeflion of
the river of the Amazons, the Oronooko, or the
Mifllflippi, will not enable them to annihilate the
comriierce of the Thames.
The quantity of land, that is fit for cultivation In
Trinidad, exceeds 800,000 acres. If cleared, it
would in a very few years afford employment to as
many inhabitants as Jamaica; and produce
100,000 hoglheads of fugar, befides rum, cotton,
• The river Arowary is only one degree north from the equator.
«
5 and
[ 77 ]
and other articles, I conceive no folid objedions
can be urged againfl: the fettlement and improve-
ment of Trinidad, becaufe the annual confumption
of Great Britain does not exceed 120,000 hogs-
heads, which the old iflands are able to fupplJ^
Some intelligent perfons, indeed, hc^ve doubted
whether " the extenfion of the cultiv :«r.ion of the
Weft India iflands beyond that degree that is
requifite for fupplying Great Britain and her de-
pendencies with the principal articles of their pro-
duce is likely to promote the interefls of the em-
pire *:" but, in general, political economifts hare
fuppofed (and our commercial regulations have, in
a great meafure, countenanced the fuppofition)
that by the re-exportation of furplus colonial pro-
duce, not wanted for home confumption, the na-
tional wealth is increafed. The proprietors of
Weft India eftates moHly refide in the mother
country ; and if they are benefited by the re-export-
ation of the produce of their eftares, Great Britain
muft participate. In every part of civilized Eu-
rope, there is a permanent demand for fugar, the
chief produftion of the Weft Indies. Any increafe
in the quantity, whirh we can re-export in Britifh
fliips, muft not only augment the national wealth,
but ftrengthen our naval power.
One of the advantages attending the acquifition
" ,1? ■•
I'
' Edwards'* .'-iiftory of the Weft Indies, vcF, ii. p. 464,
of
[ 78 ]
c
?t - '^!
of Trinidad is, that if, from the confideration of
the peculiar circumftances of the French Weft
India iflands, and the general fpirit of inf.bordina-
tion which revolutionary dodrines are calculated
to produce among the negroes, the Britifh Govern-
ment fhould be led to entertain doubts vi^het'.ier the
fyftem adopted in the old iflands is applicable to
a new colony, perfons defirous of acquiring land
in the ceded fettlenient may be fubjefted to regula-
tions which, whilfi: they do not interfere with the
rights and interefts of others, may appear to be bed
calculated for preventing dangers which might
otherwife arife from a great ineqiu ity in the num-
ber of flaves and of free inhabitants. In mod of
the iflands there are feven or eight blacks for one
white : in many of them corps of flaves have been
trained to the ufe of fire-arms: two of our colonies
(St. Vincents and Grenada) have fcarcely recover-
ed from the calamitous cffeds of infurreOion j a
fmall band of Maroons proved formidable in the
heart of Jamaica; and in the largefl. French ifland,
the negroes, who, during the lafl ten years, made
their will their law, have not yet become peaceful
cultivators and obedient flaves.
I do not enter into the difcuflion whether flavery
is compatible with religion, morality, or found
politics. The queflion now is, whether a new and
extenfive colony, contiguous to the Spanifli, Dutch
and French fettlements in South America, fhould
be
[ 79 3
m
be allowed to be peopled with an indefinite num-
ber of Africans. The queftion is not whether the
fyflem of flavery in the old iflands, all things con-
fidered, is not the beft both for them and the
mother country.
The difliurbed ftate of the French colonies ha^
occafioned a great deficiency in the produce of
fugar, which the pofTefiion of Trinidad may enable
us to fill up. If St. Domingo for fome years to
come ftiould not raife one third, or even not more
than two thirds, of her antient produce, the de-
ficiency would not be fupplied by the Dutch colo-
:>*es, even on the fuppofition that, when Britifh ca-
pitals, and the prote(5tion of a Britifh government,
are withdrawn from them, their produce will
equal the amount of laft year. Monf. de Char-
milly, who has corrected fome errors of Edwards,
informs us that the fugar annually produced in St.
Domingo before the revolution was 2,035,201
cwt. Engiifh weight*. The fugar exported from
Surinam, Berbice, Demerara, and Eflequibo to
Great Britain, lad year, was 299,805 c^^t. ; and
the average of the laft three years was 140,813
cwt. I
II 1 . The third objecfl (the vent of Britifh manufac-
tures) will be beft appreciated, if we dired our con-
fideration to the prefent (late of the export trade to
nu
€
'Hi
i^n
♦ Anfwer to Edwards, p. fcj.
f oec p 65.
the
^
I 80 ]
the Weft Indies. The demand, for Britifh goods
and for afibrtments of every fpecies of Euro-
pean manufadlures, is not confined to the Britifh
Weft Indies. A lucrative and extenfive trade
in thefe articles has been carried on, by neutral
ilates, not only with the Danifh iflands, and
Porta Rico, but alfo with St. Domingo and the
Spanifli main. The returns for thefe goods are
fpecie, or raw materials fit for the Britifh market*
indigo, coffee, cotton, cocoa, tobacco, hides, tallow,
mahogany, fuftic, and a variety of dye-woods and
other non-enumerated articles*, the produce of
thofe cc'jntries. This commerce has been hitherto
carried on from thofe free ports which the wife
policy of feveral European nations has eflabli'hed
in the Wefl Indies. St. Euftatia, without a har-
bour, without any produce of its own, in t:onfe-
quence of the freedom of its port, and the facility
with which bufmefs was tranfaded there, in a few
years became the centre of commerce, and (for its
iize) tlie moil opulent of the Weft India iflands.
It is A'ell known that, during the laft peace, Cura-
^oa was converted by the Dutch into a vaft ware-
houfe, in which allortments of every kind of Eu-
ropean commodities might be procured. Thither
* Coiniuodities, in the export of which the colonies were confined,,
by the Navigation Aft, to the market of the mother country, having
been enumerated in that a6l, and in o'her navigation afts, are called <f«a-
OTfra/*^ commodities; the rell are called mn'fnumerated.
the
[ 81 ]
the Spaniards r^forted, both from their iflands and
the main, to exchange their gold , filver, cocoa, co-
chineal, bark, (Uvej-,and mules, for negroes, linens,
C( tton , filks, laces, ribbands, India goods, fpices,
quicklilver, fteel, and iron. What Dutch policy
efFedted at Cura^o.a, Britifh wifdom will, probably,
accomplilh at Trinidad. The ellabliftiment of
free ports in proper fituations Li the weftern hemi-
fphere will contribute very materially towards the
exteufion of our Weft India trade. The articles
which the Spaniards are defirous of purchafmg with
the produce of America confift chiefly of manufac-
tures in which we peculiarly excel. Some years ago,
the Spanifli fettlements were principally fupplied
with linens and cottons from Germany ; and in the
firfl of thefe articles that country will continue to
rivral us: but our artifis can now fo well imitate the
German linens and cottons in texture, colour,
fi^es, aflbrtment, and manner of packing, that
we have been enabled to carry on a confiderable
trade, in thefe articles, with Spanifh America ; and
there can be little doubt but that, with proper
attention, it may be preferved during the peace.
In the manufacture of fteel we are unrivalled ; in
that of iron and other metals, we are rapidly ap-
proaching to perfedion. India goods, it is proba-
ble, might be (I do not believe they are) conveyed
to the "VVeit Indies, at as fmall an expence by
Q Britirt),
- If ■■^!
I
f
[ Si ]
C
Britifh, as by American, (hipping. The flave
trade (I fpeak of it only in a commercial view)
< promifes to open new fources of mercantile profit.
The demand fci- negroes muft, for fome years to
come, be very great ; St. Lucia, IMartinico, and
Trinidad, may flill be fupplied, although the, not
" happier, ifland in the (tormy wafte," St. Domin-
go, fliould continue to be deemed too pure a foil
for flaves to dwe'l in.
During the laft war, the Danifii ifland of St.
Thomas, though its foil is fteril, and its harbour
ill prote(Sted from fiorms and hurricanes, ac-
quired great importance. This fettlement, which,
20 years ago, did hot pofl'efs a population of 4000
fouls, in the fliort fpace of ten years increafed it to
ten times that number. In the year 1799 its ex-
ports to Great Britain, and imports from that coun-
try altogether amounted to upwards of /'Soo,ooo.*
Senfible of the value of free ports, the BritiHi
legiflature, at different periods, have paffed ads
for allov/ing the free import and export of certain
merchandizes to four ports in Jamaica, to two in
* \i2. Exports fior. ;li, TI;onias jC'')y')7^
liTifioiti— IMnlh ir.uuif.ii^urcs _^. 2zS,788
\ .vi^u nu ».l;anuiic 22,189
153.977
"I'owl (rciil v<i!uc)
Dominica,
3v|'.'
[ 83 ]
Dominica,, to one In Grenada, aiid to ohe in the
Bahama iflands*. By an ail: paffed in 1796 the
port of Scarborough in the ifland of Tobago, and
by an aft pafled in 1797 the port of San Jofef in
the ifland of Trinidad, were declared free ports-f .
From an infpeaion of the map of the Wefl
Indies, it will befeen, that none of the prefent free
ports are advantageoufly fituated for carrying on an
intercourfe with Porto Rico, the Danifh iflands
•By the 6thGco. III. c. 49.IivecattIeandalIother commodines, (to-
bacco excepted,) the produce of any foreign American colony, were al-
lowed to be impdrted into the BrJtifll free parts in Dominica, in foreign
veifels not having itore than one deck ; and all foreign produce (ex-
cept fugars, coffee, pimento, ginger, njelafles, and tobacco,) was al-
lowed to be imported into the free ports of Jamaica, in veffels of one
deck: the export, however, of the produce of the Britifh iflands from free
ports wasprohibited^ The export of negroes (imported in Britifh fhips)
was permitted in vcflcis of one deck. No goods were allowed to
be exported from the free ports to any port of Europe north of Cape Fi-
nlrterre ; nor to Great Britain, except in Britifh fhips, navigated accord-
ing to law. The free ports in Dominica were permitted to export
foreign fugars in Britiflt fhips to foreign parts of Europe, fouth of Cape
Finillerre. Veffels from Dominica laden with Weft India produce
(live cattle excepted) were prohibited from touching at any other ifland*
This aft contains other regulations rcfpc6ling the free ports in Jamaica
and Dominica. It continued in force (even years, and was extended by
the 13th Geo, III. c. 73, and the 14th Geo, lll.c. 41, to the ifl of No-
vember 17S0; and by the zifl Geo. III. c. 29, the above afts were re-
pealed, and fomuch of the 6th Geo. III. c. 49, as related to free ports in
Jamaica was continued to the ift of November 1787. By the 27th
Geo. III. c. i7, all the former afts were repealed; and free ports, on a left
cxienfivc fcale, eflabiifticd in Jamaica, Dominica, Grenada, and New Pro-
vidence, one of the Bahama iilands.
t 36th Geo. III. c. 55. — 37th Geo. III. c. 77.
r, 2 of
yi ft'.
■if.
I;
n.
Hilly
SUM.
'^
: (I
C
t 84 ]
of St. Thomas and St. Croix, and the weftefti
coaft of St. Domingo. The definitive treaty will
deprive Great Britaltf of Tobago and Curacjoa;
the ifland of St. Thomas has been recently reftorcd
to the King of Denmark. It is therefore to be
apprehended that, unlefs a new policy is adopted,
the trade with the foreign iflands will revert to
Dutch or Danifh free ports, that Britifli capital
ivill again be transferred to Cura^oa 01^ St.
Thomas, and that the produce of the foreign Weft
India iflands, deftined for thofe parts of Europe
which poflefs no colonies, inftead of paffing through.
London will be configned to Amfterdam, to Ham-
burgh, or to Copenhagen. The period, however.
Is aufpicious for the eftablifhment of a Britifh free
port in the neighbourhood of the leeward iflands^
Porto Rico, and St. Domingo. The trade of St.
Thomas is fufpended, for a time ; and the capital
which carried it on has been lodged in America,
and will there remain till a free port, with equal
privileges, is re-eftablifhed. The laft war has '
proved that Denmark, though eager to injure our
commerce, could not protect her own- Commer-
cial capital, vcfted in a Britifli free port, would not
only be protevled from foreign hoftility, but be
exempted from thofe fevere exadlions* which the
Daftilh laws impofe on the profits of induftry.
* Known in St. Thomas's, under the title of tenibs undjixlbs. They
amovmt to a tax of 15 pn cent, on the property which a trader acquires
diianu his ichdcnce in the illand.
I fill ■ m^,\
[ 85 ]
' Of the various national benefits which would re-
fult from the eftablifhmeat of a free port, on an ex-
tenfive fcale, the following appear to be the prin-
cipal.
I. A i^fepot, or emporium^ would be formed, where
not only Britifti manufactures, but every afl'ort-
ment of European commodities, wanted by thein-
iiabitants of foreign dates, could be purchafed.
II. The 27th Geo. III.c. 27. only allows the im-
portation of mn efitmerated iprodnce* ; but if fugars
:and coffee were permitted to be imported into a
free port, conveniently fituated, even under the
reftriiilion that thefe articles fliould not be re-
exported to Europe except inBritifli bottoms, navi-
gated according to law, a confiderable increafe of
maritime power might be expefted. To allow the
Danifh ifland of St. Thomas to reap the benefit of
the import of foreign fugars, and not to grant il to
Britifh fubjedls in a Britifh ifland, is a policy un-
worthy of an enlightened legiflature. If the
planters in the foreign iflands can fend their fugars
to a neighbouring market, they will increafe their
purchafe of manufaftures. The Americans, when-
• Viz. Wool, cotton, indigo, cochineal, (lrup,8 of all forts, cocoa, log-
wood, fuftick, dye-woods, hides, (kins, tallow, beaver, all forts of furs,
tortoifelhell, hard wood or mill timber, mahogany and all other woods for
cabinet waic, horfcs, afies, mules, and cattle, the produftion of any
American colony belonging to any Eoropcan power, coin and bullion,
diamonds and precious ftoncs.
G 3 ever
I
411 IP
■mm-
'}
f.
yW
C
[ 86 ]
ever their treaty of commerce with Great Britain
is revifed, will aim at being permitted to export
provifions and lumber to our iflands in veflels of
more than 70 tons burthen ; and if this privilege
is granted them, whatever rellridions are impofed
on Britifh fubjeds, it will not be eafy to prevent
veflels belonging to the United States from carry-
ing fugars, from the Britifh colonies in the Weft,
as they now do from thofe in the Ead*, to Europe.
Whatever embarraflments the demands of inde-
pendent ftates may produce, it is pleafing to refled
that the moft thriving branches of our commerce
have been created by competition, and not by mo-
nopoly.
III. The eftabliftiment of a free port, near the
leeward and windward iflands, will, in any fu-
ture conteft with France, provide fpecie for the
payment of the army, and provifions for their
fubfiftence. If the import and export of grain and
cattle are permitted, a confiderable trade would be
carried on not only with North America, but with
the Spanifh main ; and the free port be rendered a
(lepoty to which the inhabitants of the different
iflands would refort for fupplying themfelves with
live ftoelc : but unlefs fuch a permiflion is granted,
a$ a glut of provifions may often take place, it is
^ Sfc Letter V. § HI.
not
mmm
[ 37 ]
not to be expeded that great fpeculations wilt be
attempted in this branch of commerce.
IV. The eftablifhment of a free port would, by
the vivifying influence of its trade, attract free fct-
tlers from all parts of the Wefl Indies j and thus, in
fOme degree, form a counterpoifc to the great
number of flaves in the old iflands, and pre-
vent thofe evils which are apprehended from the
infubordination of negroes.
V. The beneficial effefts of a free port would be
experienced by the leeward iflands, which mi<xht
thence be iupplied with mulc^, horfes, affes, cattle,
and mill timber, upon terms much more moderate
than they can now be by carrying on a forced
trade with Porto Uico or the Spanifh main,
VI. By a legalized export of foreign fugars from
a Britifli free port the fmuggling, which exitls in
many of our iflands, would be prevented, and the
revenue effectually guarded. The tacility of dif-
pofing of every kind of produce in the Danifli free
ports attrafted the Spaniards thither in preference
to Britifii ports, where only particular produce
could be difpofed of. The fame inducements led
Britifli traders to inveft- their capitals in foreign
iflands, and have prevented our Weil India free
ports from tbrivirr^.
Jamaica, froii wa fituation, oppoilte to the
Spanifli main, wc'iid, probably, foon annihilate the
commerce of Curacoa if it pofTeired equal privileges.
G 4 Trini-
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Txiiii^^, from its vicinity to the Dutch and
French continental fettlements, may be rendered a
good fubAitute for Tobago: but it does not appear
to be as well calculated to become a free port foif
the reception of fugars and coffee as a fmall ifland.
Were thefe articles admitted at Trinidad they
might, poflibly, interfere with the liaple articles of
produce which will be cultivated in that fertile and
extenfive colony*. . Nor is the lofs of the free port
of St*" Thomas irreparable. We poiTefs Tortola. an
iilan'd more a4vantageoufly fituated in every refpedl,
better fecured from ftorms, containing a harbour
capable of receiving 3 or 400 veffels, and not large
enough to interfere with the intereits of fugar or
toffee planters. It raifes no coffee i and its pro-
duce of fugar has feldom exceeded 3500 hogfheads
in any one year> uniefs increafed bv fugars clandef-
tinely landed from the foreign iflands. Tortola,
from being fleep and mountainous, may be eafily
' * From the following ftatcmcnt, it appears, that the export of fugar
from Trinidad has doubled in two years j and that its prefent produce
of cotton is not inconfiderable.
An Account of the Qjiiantity of Sugar, Rum, Coffee, and Cotton, im-
i
1 lUl kV»^ «A«»\
Sugar.
Rum. Coffee,
Cotton.
1
cwt.
gallons. cut.
lbs. '
i
1799
26,718
104 1,898
!!,4b3,290
.]
4 goo
54>5i5
3'0>^ , 4.357
86;, 987
j8oi
6(^,551
>9.537 3,3^7
1,289,573
Accou
lit ordered to be printed
13th April, tioi. •
■ i
!l
• -
*
1 -■
defended i
^mifmmHi
C «9 J
idefended ; and its vicinity to the Danifl) and lee-
ward iflands, Porto Rico, and St. Domingo, is fuch-
that its intercourfe with them might be carried on ■
in very fmall veffek. ■ <' ^'; '' ♦ ■ ' .
vlf, anoonj^ the confequences of peace, the fyftem
of-commercial intercourfe between North America
and the fugar colonievS, propofed bv Mr. Pitt in
1.78^, (hould be eftabliihed, if markets fhould be
opened in the Weft Indies, upon an extenfive fcaie,
for ihe admilfion of European and A fiatic commo-
dities imported in Britifh Ihips, and of Americaft;
and Weft India produce in vcffels ol every defcrip-
tion, and the export from Britilh free ports fhould
be rendered equally free with the export from the
ifland of St. Thomas, it may be expeiled not only
that the ties of intereft which now connedl this
country with the United States will be drawn ftill
clofer, but that the trade which has enriched our
rivals and enemies will ceafe, and that the progrefs
of every part of the Weft Indies, in weahh, popu-
lation, and improvement, will contribute to promote
the progrefs of the wealth, population, and im-
provement, of Great Britain.
1 he ftateof the French colonies is fuch that it is
probable a very advantageous intercourfe may be
catriedon with them. 1 he proprietors of Martinico
and St. Lucia, who, during the laft feven years, have
fold us their fugars and bought our manufadures,
will not eafilv be induced to abandon all connexion
with our traders, Guadaloupe cannot recover its
former
i
mm
w
if<
f
[ 9» ]
former confequence without the foftering affiHance
of foreign capitals and foreign commerce. The
cabtnities, which the once-flourifhing colony of
St. Domingo has experienced, will oblige her to
relax that fyftem of reftridtions to which European
powers have fubje£ted their colonies. America
will not fupply her with food, nor will Great Bri-
tain furnifh her with thofe commodities which
France, at prefent, is unable tomanufadure, unlefs
they receive either fpecie, or the ftaple produce of
the ifland, in return.
St. Domingo ftill exhibits an awful example of
the deftruftive elFefts of revolutionary excefs, and
civil warfare. In population, and in produce, this
colony, I apprehend, now ranks below Jamaica.
A French Mlnifter of France informs us that St.
Domingo contained,
Ip. 1779 r 32,650 whites
7,055 people of colour
249,098 flaves
Total population
288,803 *
There were in 1790
30,831 whites, exclufive of
European troops and
>
feafaring people.
431,429 negro flaves
Exclufive of
46,000 domeftic flaves and
negro mechanics.
And about
24,000 free people of colour.
535>26o t
* Necker, fur les Finances, tom. i. c. 13.
♦ Edwards's Hiilorj of the Weft I^idics, vgUiii. p. i^j,.
The
[ 9> ]
((
(C
The French colony, thus» appears to have con-
tained, eleven years ago, above 530,000 inhabi-
tants. Charrailly eflimaled them at, 600,000*.
It was, however, computed, in the year 1793* that
the clafs of negroes alone had fuftained a diminu-
tion of more than ioo,oco. Mr. Edwards fays,
that " fmce that time the mortality has been ftill
" more rapid ; and, including the lofs of whites by
" ficknefs and emigration," he reduces the popula-
tion of St. Domingo, in June 1796, to "two-fifths
" of the whole number of inhabitants (white and
black) which it poffefled in the beginning of
1 79 If." According to this calculation upwards
of 300,000 human beings have either been killed
or driven out of this devoted country within the
fhort period of fix years. It is faid that many
thoufands took refuge in America, and that many
have returned to St. Domingo. Civil war, however,
again rages with exterminating fury. The vic-
tories, and the defeats., of Le Clerc, will dill fur-
ther diminifh the refources of the colony. Towns
and plantations are burnt by the negroes, when
they are fuccefsful ; and when they are vanquifhed
a flock more valuable than houfes, or mills, is de-
jftroyed.
The benefit which the mother country derived
from this colony during tlie laft twelve years was
"* Anfwer to Edwards, p. i^g.
+ Edwards's Hiftory of the Weft Indies, vol, jii. p. 457.
very
%
I
I
S
^:^
'i
I
i
I .i f\
«j5
[ 92 ]
vfry inconfiderable. The chief part of the pro-
duce which St. Domingo was able to export vva$
configned to America and other neutral ftates :
the mofl; authentic accounts from the ifland juftify
me in thinking that its whole exportable produce
laft feafon was not one third of what it wa^i in 1789.
The average exports from the French part of St.
Pomingo, previoufly to the revolution, were
lather more than 5,ooo,cool.* In 1791, they
were upwards of 5,500,000!. -j- In 1800, (accord-
ing to an official report of the Minifter of the Inte-
rior, made iii May 1801,)
Livres.
Sterling.
1,483,800 or^6i,825
The imports into France
from all the French colo-
nies in the Eaft and Weft
Indies were
The exports from France to
all the French colonies in
the Eaft and Weft Indies
were
The imports into France,
laft year, (the 9th year of
the Republic,) from all
the French colonies were 2,077,000 or 84,000
The exports from France
to all the French colo-
nies , 208,000 or 8,400
282,300 or 11,762
Edwards's Hiftory.of the W«ft Indies, vol. iii. p. 165.
•f Ibid. p. 431.
In
■^^ppwpi"
t 93 3
in 1788, 3t. Domingo imported French goods
to the amount of more than 3,500,000!. in 580
veflels belonging to France, carrying 189,679 tons,
exclufive of 98 veflels engaged in the African
trade*. In 1800, I believe, (though 1 will not
(late this as a pofitive faft,) not a fingle French
vedel cleared oilt from France for this ifland.
Produce cannot be raifed without cnltivatorf.
The lois of 300,000, or even of 200,000, nc«
groes, and of other agricultural ftock, cannot be
replaced for io,ooo,oool. fterling. Such advan-
tages would refult to our colonies and onr com-
merce from the revival of agriculture, and its con-
comitant blcffings, that every humane and re*-
fle£^ing mind mull wifh that tranquillity were
re(tored to St. 'Domingo. But the decrees of go-
vernors, black or white, will not, I fear, fill up
the gaps in her population. The negroes who re-
main, many of whom have retired into the natural
iaftnefles which the country affords, will not be
difpofed to work double tides ; the foldier will not,,
without coercion, once more become the villein
regardant ; the Maroon will notj till hit inftruc-
tors from Old France ufe ftronger arguments than
words, lay down his mufquet and take up his hoe*
The ifland will long exhibit marks of depopulation,
imlefs the tutelary genius of the republic can fur*
nifli her with a Deucalion who may turn her peb-
Wes into people, and an Amphion - whofe fa irat
i&ay rear the proftrate walls of the ravaged Cjctf
Fran^ais.
* Ibid, p. 233.
1
i-'-:
i
i-
!l-
t 94 1
,(!,
M
f
On the trade with north America, africa, and asiA.
I, 0« /^f Trade ivith North America. ' '\
.Our commercial connexions with the UnitcdStatcs
of America are fixed on fuch folid foundations, thaft
we have no reafon to apprehend that the future
political diflenfions of Europe will aflFed them.
For many years to come, the Americans, although
an cxtcnfivc fea-coa(l, good harbours, and a fpirit
of enterprifc inherited from their forefathers, fug-
gcll to them the employment of a part of their
capital in commerce, muft continue to direft the
largeft portion of it to agricultural improvements.
While we can fupply them with bette*- and cheaper
goods than other nations can manufadure for them,
or than they can manufadure for themfclves, they
will, from the ftrongell tie, that of interell, continue
to be conncded with us. Their intercourfc with
Great Britain will be promoted by other circum-
ftanccs : the confanguinity of the two people, the
iimilarity of relii2;ion, language, manners, and taftc
ifi the two countries, will difpofe them to form
mutual attachments. The opinion, therefore, of a
German writer feems to be well founded, that " the
confumption of the manufadtures of Europe wilt
aecefiarily keep pace with the progrefs of cultiva"-
4
CiOA
C 95 1
tion in America, until, at fome period yet cjfc-
tremely remote, the furplus hands not wanted for
agriculture or commerce muft feek employment
in manufadlures." He adds, " that as the com-
merce of the United States muft neceflarily be
pofleflcd by Britain, it will be that country which,
in the end, inftead of lofing, will have gained,
every thing by a revolution, from which we fondly
predifted her ruin. If we were to form our opinion
from that which pcrfonal animofitics, and the re-
colle6iion of civil difcord, have generated in the
minds of a few individuals of both nations, we
might fancy that Britain and America would
never be fincerely united. But fuch feelings arc
tranfitory : nations may be confide red as comba-
tants for hire, whofe animofity never furvives the
event that occafions it *."
Our trade to North x^merica is of the greatefl:
importance, as it principally confifts in the export
of our home produdtions and manufactures. Its in-
creafe has been very rapid: and, whether it be mea-
fured by the tonnage of the fliipping employed, or
by the value of the merchandize fent out, by years
of war, or by years of peace, it will juftify this coh-
clufion, that our future intercourfe with the United
St'ites will enlarge thofe fources of employmefit
and of wealth, which tliat country has opened tb
Britifli manufadlurers and merchants.
^ ■ • W'impffctrs Voyage to St. Domingo, Letter xxxix.v
jmv
^
««
hi ■
-i
'*
An Account of the Ton'iage of Britifli and Foreign Ve/Tcla
cleared gutwar.ds from England and Scotland, to tlie
United States of ^merica^ in 1789, and the Jbleven
following Years.
h.
.1 ,.,r. I
England.
V'^y,
SCOTLANT),
Jt' M I
« 'Yttrt.
.1769
1791
- J 792
1793
.1794
'795
1796
J 797
J 798
1799
1800
Britifli.
Tom.
58,717
40,768
43.508
4'»45i
7»0 34
9,672
2,113
3.^40
6,439
11,401
9.309
Forcigi
Tons.
26,917
36,918
52,603
56,160
56,000
^4»09J
90.3*7
99.774
73.513
68,9(^q
74,186
105,476
/ " '■
Britifli.
Tons.
10,209 X
11,820
9.5 1 «
1,510
'»i54
547
1,478
2,866
5»o7^
Foreign.
Tons.
2,030
i.5»3
3.203
3.254
4.747
3,899
3.01?
5.583
5.3^2
5,169
4.497
7,120
Total .
Tonnage.
Tons,
101,62;
90,418'
HI, '34
110,377
69,311
77.818
95.4,'>5
107, }26
83,156
82,085
92,9^0
126,977
,An Account of the official Value of Imports into Great
Britain, from the United States of America, and of fhe
Exports from Great Britain to the United States i di-
llinguiihingBritifh from Foreign Merchandize j in tlie
following Years : , _ .
'*' Value of Exports.
Years.
1790
■4'/9l
♦ J 79a
''793
'794
IT95
Value of
Imports.
T,I9I,072
i»'94.*32
BritiOi Ma- Foreign Mer
nufatSlures. ehan(}i^c.
/. £.
3,178,591 «53,'8}
3,9^9.771 295.676
1,038,707 3,974,827 296,591
904,040 3,272,725 14^956
^25.733 3,588,889 270,981
1,572,136 4,892,572 361,546 5,254
Total
Exports. •
£• „
3.431.778
4,22j,448
4,2-1,418
3,4 14,68 f
3,85986*
2'C4I 18
•- .1796 2,080,960 5,835,640 218,651 6,054,291
»797 J,'75'5'* 4,871,316 1,85,506 5,056,822
' TUpt i,7«2,720 5 3i3,c68 267,301 5,5^0,370'
•1799 1,818,941 0,696,221 360,337 7,056,558;
1800 2,357,923 6,689,467 196,140 6,885,508
The
[ 97 1
The export of Britilh manufadhires to the United
States in the year 1 800 amounted to more than a
fourth of the export to all parts of the world.
It appears, from the following cbmparifon, that
the export to the United States, during the war,
has exceeded the exports of Briifh manufadures,
during the fame period, 10 all Fpreign Europe.
>r.
An Account of the ofliclal Value of Britifh Manufaclures
exported to Foreign Europe, and to the States of Ame-
rica, in 1793, and the Seven following Years.
Years,
1793
>794
1795
1796
»797
1798^
1799
1800
Foreign Europe.
c
3,531,046
4,458,383,
4,222,782
4.497*683
3»73M3o
3,981,650
4,543>6o8
7»5i6,i23
Snwf of A<nerica.
3>^72»7^5
3>58M«9
4,^92.572^
5,835,640
4,871,316
5,313,668
6,696, 2>- I
6,689,467
j^.36,484,105 /;.4i9»59»898
Of the Britifli manufactures exported to the
United States more than two fifths confift of
woollens. That coimtry now (lands firft in the
lift of foreign confumers of this produftion of
Britifli induflry.
!»■■
I M
m
e-J:
H
Of
li;
np
I* A
w
[ 98 ]
^ Of jC'^» 57^*93 9 t^^ official value of woollens
exported in 1 799, the export to ^ ' '
'' '£'
2,Soj,490
916,190
668,161
568,788
427>o53
324,739
149,789
The States of America, was f • •
Ireland - - > - 1, *
Eaft Indies and China - -,
Portugal and Madeira - ' -
Britifli and Foreign Weft Indies
Germany , _ - -
Britifh Continental Colonic* in America
Ruflia • -
The proportion exported to the United States,
in preceding years, will appear from the following
account : ' ■ •
An Account of the Total official Value of Woollen Ma-
nufa(Slures exported from Great Britain in 1790, and
the Nine following Years, co the United States of
Americaj and to all Parts of the World*.
United State*. All Parts of the WorlJ.
Yeari. '
1790
179I
1792
^793
179^
179$
1796
1797
1798
1799
>r
1,481,373
1,621,796
i>36i,753
1 5032,954
i>39i>877
1,982,318
2,294,942
1,901,986
£'
5^505*034
5,5 io,66iJ
3,806,536
4,.'^9o,92o
5,172,884
6,01 1,1 3,-5
4.936,355
6,499»339t
^>^76,939
2.399>935
2;8o3,49o
* From an account laid before the Iloufc of Commons on the 30th
April, 1800.
t In the account* refpefting the commercial intcrcourfe between
Great Britain and Ireland, laid before the Houfe of Lords in February,
»799» (No. 2.) the official value of woollens exported to all parts of
the world, in 1798, is ftated at^.6;83C,6o3.
I .
v??^^
[ 99 ]
The true value, agreeably to the prices • current
in 1791 and 1792, and agreeably to the declarations
of the merchants exporters in 1798'and 1799, of
woollen manufa6tures exported from Great Britain,
in thofe years, was ' — --»
•• t
1791.
1792.
1798.
17199.
7»376,745 '.7^384,295 8,458,56; 8,529,229
\'
The value of all the woollens maiiufaftured in
Great Britain was ftated to exceed ;^. 19,000,000,
by Toveral intelligent nianufa(5turers,ex iniincd before
a Committee of the Houfe of Commons in 1800.
No rcgiftcr, however, is kept of the quantity manu-
faftured in any part of this ifland, except the Weft
Riding of York; but tife following extradls from
the Returns annually made to the Pontefrad Eafter
Seflions afford the moft unequivocal proof of the
profperous ftate of this manufacture in the North
of England. A great part of the increafed con-
fumption is owing to America, who thus, in fomc
degree, repays the mother- country for having
reared her to maturity.
liJi
I
k
M-i
I. i -- .
H a,
An
r'
I H^i.'- '
4'''
3
'II
b '*.
if**''
t 100 ]
An Account of the Number of Broad and Narrow Cloth*
milled in the Weft Riding of the County of York, and
of the Number of Yards made in the following Years.
BROADS.
NARROWS.
Years.
'773
1783
1793
'3794
1795
1795
1797
,1798
3799
1800
1801
1^.
Pieces.
48,038
130,245
13 ',094
^ 90^33 1
190,988
25o>993
246,770
239,292
ii24,''.$9
272,755
385,851
364>o83
Yards.
3,635,612
4,563537^
6,054,946
6,067,208.
7.830,536
7,235.038
7»i34,^H
8,806,688
9,363,966
8,699,243
Pieces.
73,096
89,874
108,641 .
150,666
^30.403
i55»o87
J5f'594
156,709
148,566
180, i, 68
169,263
Yards.
2,206,335
3,292,003
4,783,722
4,634,258
5,245.704
5,503,648
6,377.277
6,014,420
4,833.534
If we compare the import of the raw material
of cottons, another manufadture which forms a cdn-
fiderable part of our exports to America, with the
import of the wool ufed in our fined broad cloths,
it will appear, that, though the latter is the mofl:
fiourlfhing, the former has not been materially
affected by the war.
An Account of the Qiiantities of Cotton and Spanifli
Wool, imported into Great Britain, on an Annual Me-
dium of Four Periods of Five Years each.
Average of Five Years,
ir.!:r,y '■ , the
5th Ian. 1776
5th Jan. 1787
5th Jan. 1793
5th Jan. 1799
Cotton,
lbs.
4,4H.757
16,081,983
28,853,038
Spanifh Wool.
11)S.
1,578,605
1,975.327
3,174,439
3,800,583
Pa
i.t
I am
[ loi ]
I am not enabled to flate the amount, either of
the quantity or value, of the cotton manufadures,
exported to America. It however appears from
the Parliamentary Accounts, refped^ing the Com-
merce of Ireland, that the total official value of
cotton manufa6lures exported from Great Britain
to all parts of the world in the year 1799 was
j^.3,497,197 * ; and that the value, agreeably to the
prices current, or to the declared value of the mer-
chants exporters of cotton manufadlures, exported
from Great Britain on an average of three years
ending the 5th January, 1799, was iC'4>^75j^3^«t
Our commerce with that part of North America
which bears allegiance to his Majefty is of con-
iiderable importance. Canada and^ Nova Scotia,
in the year 1792, which I {zltdi as a fairer period
ofcomparifon than any fublequent year, imported
a greater amount of Britifh raanufadlures than any
one country in Europe. Like the United States,
they promife, from thtir increafing population, to
furniih us with new cuftomers j nor am I fingular
in fuppofmg that the vaft extent of country, reaching
from the Atlantic to the Hyperborean and the
Pacific Oceans, which has lately been added to
'"* Accounts refpefting the commercial Intereonrfe between Great
Britain and Ireland, ordered (by tlic Lords) to be printed, a:d of
February, 1799. (No. 18.)
t Addrefs and Refokitians of the two Houfes of Parliament in
Leland, and Accounts ordered to be printed, 2d April, 1800. (No. 1.)
I"
? V
I
i t
H 3
the
pp
m
my-
"^'W^
[
lo;
]
the Britifli dominions by the dlfcoverics of enter-
prizing traders, may, with proper encouragemenr,
ultimately enfure us the entire command of the fur-
trade in North America*.
From the following ftatement of imports and ex-
ports, which extends to the year 1800, and account
of woollens exported, which extends as far as the
year 1799, we may reafonably infer that our com-
merce with thcfe colonies will continue to improve.
Whilftthe fpiritofemigrationexiris in Europe, (and
the ftate of France and Germany is ftill fuch that
it cannot be expected to ceafe in thofe countries,)
it is not only the turbulent and fafliou?, but the
peaceable and induftrious, who may be led to feek
their fortunes acrofs the Atlantic. If French
Guiana, according to the Piril Conful's recom-
mendation, be a good refuge f r the former clafs,
Britilh America is a better afylum for perfons of
the latter dcfcription. Though the climate of Ci-
nada and Nova Scotia is not lo mild as that of thi.
United States, it is more healthy. The difficulty
of obtaining unexceptionable titles to land, we arc
affured, is the only obflacle that prevents this part
of North America from experiencing a more rapid
improvement than it does j-. Every year^ however,
many perfons emigrate from the United States into
* See Mackenzie's Voyages through Ncrth America, ji.fi publifiu'd.
I V, tld'j Travels througli the States cfNonli Amirica, Ltttcr \xvii.
<5 Canada -,
[ 103 ]
Canada ; and there can be little doubt but that»
with proper encouragement, thofe who Jeave Great
Britain and Ireland to fettle in America, might b^
induced to feek a cobny, where they would ftill
live under the protedion of that country in which
they firft drew breath.
I
An Account of the official Value of Imports from the
Britifh Colonics * in North America, and of the Ex-
ports to them, in 1790, and the Ten following Years,
diftinguifliingBritilh Manufa6lures from Foreign Mer-
chandize.
Value of Evports.
Years.
1790
1791
179a
1793
J 794
J 795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
Value of
Impoits.
£'
239,040
353>833
255>79«
210,345
241,026
3H»76i
268,777
2^3'43i
315-79^
333>3*6
Briti(h Mi
nufd^turcs.
623,770
688,658
908,105
7^7.075
735 '49^
820,440
«5'j349
89^.325
1,166,730
1j309'79*
i^i9^j3^5
- Foreign Mer-
chandize.
£'
216,908
205,958
211,886
187,446
'^35^754-
i73'345
l;, 9,703
151,828
200ji68
3'9'039
240;08 I
Total.
Exports.
£'
840,679
894,617
1,119,981
904,529
971,25 c
999,786
1,021,053
1,048,153
1,36^,898
1,028,831
i^43-:>44<5
m
• Not iiu'Uuruii; >footka Sbunti, which forms an article in the
Cuftom-houtcbcoks of the" year 1800. Si;e Letter VII,
H 4
Aft
U
11
[ i<>4 ]
n?
■i'' '
m
sii
An. Account of the official Value of Woollens exported to
the Britifti Colonies in North America in 1790, an^
the. Nine following Years,
Years.
£'
1790
-
156,192
u 179'
-
i32>997
1792
-
183,681
^793
-
I47>63i
>794
-
186,787
1795
-
196,876
1796
-
224,649
1797
w
232,329
1798
-
232,869
1799
-
3^4j739
V'i.
It appears from the following account of the
tonnage of vcffels cleared outwards from Great
Britain to thefe fettlemcnts, that a confidcrable
diminution has taken place during the war.
Account of the Tonnage of Britifli and Foreign Vefleis
cleared Outwards from England and Scotland to the
Briti(h Settlements in North America, in 1789, and
the Eleven following Years.
England.
Scotland.
Britilh.
\
Foreign.
Britilh.
Foreign
Total
Years.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tonnage
1789
52,046
90
5,089
—
57»225*
1790
44,155
--
4,854
—
49,009
I79I
49,319
—
6,449
—
.^5,768
179a
48,087
—
7,280
—
55.367
J 793
34,528
—
6,766
—
41,294
1794
33,303
176
5,421
—
38,900
2795
30,783
—
5,528
—
3M"
1796
29,881
—
5,524
—
35,405
1797
29,^42
4,005
—
33M7
1798
27,285
—
7,7-2
— •
35,048
1799
29,203
9,568
—
38,771
1800
33,26a
—
8.759
—
42,021
[ I05 ll
The decrcafe in our export trade to cur North.
American colonies is principally afcribable to the
check which our Newfoundland Fiftieries have
experienced in confequence of the unfettled ftate
of the markets in the South of Europe. The
tonnage of the fhips employed in thefe fiflieries,
which, on the average of the three years before the
war, amounted to 31,112 tons annually, on the
average of the lad three years was only 15,840
tons. It may, therefore, be prefumed that in this
branch of commerce fome increafe will refult from
a free communication being opened with Spain,
and the countries in the Mediterranean.
T
|l
I
mm
V »»8
5 ,f 4
An
t
■ 1!
ft '4
'I '
<i ;
Hi
m
[ io6 ]
'I*
IC
o
An Account of the Number of Veffels (with the Amount
of their Tonnage, andthcNumber of theiv Men) which
cleared out from the different Ports in Great Britain
for the Newfoundland,' Greenhnd, and Soutliern,
Fisheries, in the Years 1790, 1791, 1793, 1798, i799»
and 1800 *-
Newfoundland
Greenland
Southexn Fiiheriea
1
i79o<
3^^.'4
33»232
7,262
Newfoundfand
Greenland
SouthetD Fifheries
M79»
{
Newfoundland
Greenland l 1792-'
Southern FiJherles
Newfoundland
Greenland
Southern Fifiierlss
}
798 ^
Newfoandland
Greenland •■
ijouthern Fifheries J
'r'799|
2.6:8
Newfoundland
Greenland
Southern Fifheries,
• Accotinrs re'pcding Navigation and Trade, ordered to be printed,
joth and 13d of June, iSoi. — Accounts refpciVing the » ewfound-
I-iud Fifti' ry, oritucd to I. printed, 15th of June, 1801.
447
7^*^38
34,t66
33,906
16,927
84,999
27,528
26,983
9.544
64,055
15.838
i«.7S4
9'M3
43.73)'
2,608
30S
ir6 ,
75 .
499
2.639
1,478
4.117
263
93
42
2,4 '«
3.667
816
398
i6i
66
34
68,9,-
i,:68
2.633
772
262
4,673
128
67
26
221
14.322
19.360
7.4^5
41,1-67
1.145
673
4,S0i
'43
61
24
170^0
17.729
6,582
1,380
2»459
612
228
4i>47i
4.451
The
[ '07 1
The Newfoundland Exports and Imports are
included in the Trade of our American Conti-
nental Colonies. The following Statement exhi-
bits the values of our Greenland and Southern
Fifhery Trade in 1797 ^"^ ^■^'^^ Three following
Years. In Peace the Imports will probably be
doubled.
Greenland.
c
Value
f Exports.
Years.
Value of
Imports.
Britifli Ma-
nufaituies.
£•
. Foreign Mcr
chandize.
. TotrU
Exporu
»797
1798
130,909
129,161
95
92
458
69 1
554
784
1799
1800
1 34*909
1 25^805
_- .
503
761
503
761
Southern
Fishery.
/:•
£'
£•
£'
1797
1798
140,143
95.S83
6
33
150
40
150
1799
1800
- «4,co7
89,198
33
191
250
224
259
An Account of the Quantities of Fifli and Oil exported
from Newfoundland to the South of Europe, in the
Years 1790, 1791, 1792; 1798, 1799, and 1800''^.
Fifli. Oil.-
Dry.
Wet.
Quintals.
Barrels'.
Tnn<!.
H.
G.
1790
581,824.
3>667
78
I
9
179 1
623,083
4>33S
44
37
1792
490,514
1,695,421
27
2
20
8,005
149
3
66
1798
209)995
4
1799
238,953
990
iSoo
3^6,379
2
4
8i5>327
990.
IMS
m
* Accounts rtfpcftinir the Nc\vfoundland riHicrv, oidcrcd to he
printed, 15th of June, iSou
■If
PI
[ io8 ]
The other countries to which oil and fiili nre
exported from Newfoundland, are the iilcs of
Guernfey and Jerfey, North America, thf Wcli
Indies, Ireland, and Great Britain. Exclufivc of
wet fifh and oil, the confumption of the three
laft countries has been
m,
m
i
Great Britain.
Ireland.
West Indies
Quintals of
Quintals of
Quintals of
Dry Fifli.
Dry Fifh.
Dry Fifli.
1790
29^750
13,089
58,904
1791
53*483
23,796
^^^935
1792
19,716
13,209
42,118
1798
45>i37
3,000
75>4i5
1799
13.734
»*53i
53.882
I boo
7>i^^
^>537
97.295
The Total Export of Fifh and Oil from Newfoundland
during the above Years, was
Fifh.
Oil.
Dry.
Wet.
Years.
Quintals.
Barrels.
Tons.
H.
G.
1790
684,421
6,221
i»939
I
57
f
1791
720,147
7,011
8J9
3
42
ll
1792
565.833
5>596
2,896
I
50
1798
353^3^3
6,oa6
2,177
30
'■
1799
3^3^75^
3.548
1,851
2
60
m
1800
481,524
96
2.367
2,
39
The Britlfh Fifheries, during the laft three years,
in confequence of the high price of corn, have
received great encouragement at home, but the
export of fifli to Italy has ncceflarily declined".—
In
[ 109 ]
In peace, the trade in herrings and pilchar^^ tc^
the South of Europe is very confiderable** .:.,.
■'•ij 'hp
II. On the Trade with Africa.
A confiderable increafe may be expr6ted in the
trade with the Britifli fettlements in Africa, in
confcquence of the peace. A very large fupply
of negroes will be wanted in many of the Weft
India iflands, and the extenfion of the flave trade
muft neceflarily create a greater demand for Britifli
manufa£lures in Africa than would otherwife take
place. The following account of tonnage and im-
ports does not comprehend our commerce with- the
Cape of Good Hope. Our trade with Egypt is
comprehended in that with Turkeyf.
* Mr. Burke, in his " Obfervations on a late State of die Nation,"
publilhed in 1769, makes the following judicious obfervations on the
importance of the Newfoundland trade. " The Cultom Houfe entries
*' furnifli a mod defeftive, and indeed ridiculous idea, of the moft valu-
" able branch of trade we have in the world, that wiih Newfoundland —
«' Obferve what you export thither ; a little fpirits, provifion, fifliing
•• lines, and fifhing hooks— Is this Export the true idea of 'hcNew-
" foundland trade in the light of a beneficial brancV. «£ commerce ?
«• Nothing lefs. Examine our Import from thenre ; it feems, upon
" this vulgar idea of Exports and Imports, to turn the balance againft
*' you. But your Exports to Newfoundland are your own goods — ■
" your Import is your own food ; as much your own, "as that you raife
" with your ploughs out of your own foil ; and not your lofs, but your
*• gain J your riches, not your poverty.— But fo fallacious is this way of
" judging, that neither the Export nor Import, nor both together, fup-
*• ply any idea approaching to adequate of that branch of bufmefs.—
♦• The V'cfl'el» in that trade go flrait from Newfoundland to the foreign
" market ; and the Sale there, not the Import here, is the meafure of
•' its value — That trade, which isoneof your greateft andbcft,is hardly
" (a much as feen in the Cuftom Houfe entries j and it i» not of icfs
•« annual value to this nation than ^^400,000. " p. 32-
t See Letter Vf.
!«■
fit
|ti0»
'f" ;
f ^f
n 1
I'
I'.; ,n
'.i
? M.1
.!
...11
^B
h
¥1'
PS'.
I
t tio ]
Ah Account of the Tonnage of Britifii and Foreign VclTels
cleared Outwards from England to Africa* in I78^>
and the Eleven following. Years.
Britifh ' Foreign
Tons. Tons.
Years.
1789
1790
I79I
1792
1793
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
i9»493
26,921
32,590
40,479
16,484
^19,034
18,234
23*251
25477
39»3io
4i>778
38,966
Li.-
45
224
370
1,000
i>53i
755
431
Total
Tonnage.
J 9.493
26,921
32,590
40,479
16,529
29,258
18,604
24,251
27,008
40,065
41,778
39.397
No veflel cleared out from Scotland to Africa in the
above years.
•This entry intheCuftom Houfe Navigation Account does not com-
prehend the tonnage cleared outwards to Barbary, which is here fub-
'■"""'• BARBARY.
r-
England.
-A* —
Scotland.
L? H
1789
1790
1791
179*
»793
1794
'795
1796
J797
1798
1799
1809
firitifh.
Tons.
1,384
^>379
868
4)4^9
80
"5
839
994
aSj
508
49a
150
Foreign-
Tons.
Foreign.
Tons-
780
654
340
a70
145
[ I" I
Ah Account of the official Value of Imports from Africa,
and of the Exports to that Country, in 1790, and the
Ten following Years, tliftiuguifhing Britifli Manufac-
tures from Foreign Merchandize.
Value of Exports.
Years.
1790
1791
1792
1793
J 794
1795
1796
J797
1798
1799
1800
Imports.
7 1 ,800
79»7«4
83,9 3
120,378
48,880
65,097
] 06,734
54>357
69,76 c
112,789-
Bridfh Ma-
nufatturcs.
' £' ■
609,820
534,73 1
882,074
256,458
438.577
214.953
298,162
523.367
777,226
1,036,261
589,496
Foreign Mef-
chandize.
3i9'38»
32^350
, 485.845
'' 128,128
. .31 '^245
213,778
310,803
364^78
514,482
590,362
510,161
Total.
Exports.
929,203
^56,08*
*»367.9'9
3^4.587
749,821
428,731
608,965
887,844
1,291,708
1,626,624
J»099,657
It appears from the following ftatement that the
Cape of Good Hope has iiot yet been rendered a
great commercial eftabliihment.
An Account of the Tonnage of Britifh and Foreign Veflels
which entered Inwards, and cleared Outwards, inthefe-
veral Ports of Great Britain, from or to the Cape of Good
Hope in 1 796 and the Four following Years.
Entered Inwards.
Cleared Ou
twards.
-^.
El
, , .^^-
c
Britifh,
1
itiHi.
■— 1
Foreign.
r ■
>
1 — - ^- '
Ships.
Tons.
Ships
Tons.
Ships. Ton's.
J 796
6
2,194
H
7,020
- TJ.
1797
6
2,809
7
2.073
I 4i}o
1798
2
30s
8
2,268
1 564
1799
5
852
10
3^33^
—
1800
3
620
70
2,290
—
,*.
'i. r
9
r ■
From
•i.- ■',
I
IH
M
iC
.*»«'
'^,i
Ji.;::
flpll
t
From this account it appears that the total torir
nage of veiTels cleared outwards for the Cape,
iince we took polfeflion of it, amounts only to
17,987 tons.
I cannot regret that this colony is to be reftored
to the. Batavian Republic. The poffeffion of it
might have gratified a national vanity, if that be
deemed a proper principle to encourage by the
peace, and have enabled us to mortify the pride of
one antagonifl; by difplaying our flag at the fouth-
crn extremity of Africa, as we wound the feelings
of another, by retaining a barren rock at the fouth-
cm extremity of Europe*. I cannot affent to the
opinions of thofe who confider the Cape, " eithqr
" with regard to its fituation, as favorable for car-
" rying on a fpcedy intercourfe with every part of
** the civilized world; or to its intrinfic value, a«
" capable of fupplying many articles of general
" confumption to the mother country ; or as a port
" folely for the numerous and valuable fleets of the
*« Eaft India Company to rcfrelh at ; to afl'emble in
* Mr. Barrow obferves, that " by the capture of the Cape of Good
«* Hope and of Ceylon, the Britiih laviguage is now heard at the fouth-
*« ern extremities of the four great continents or quarters of the globe.
*» Three of thefe have fubmitted to the power of Britaia ; and tlie fpirit
*' of commerce and adventurous induftry has dire£led the attention of
♦• its enterprizing fubjefts to th« fourth on the fniall tfland of Staaten, at
" the extreme point of South America, where a kind of fettlemcnt has
** been formed for carrying on thi Southern Whale Fifhsry." Barrojv's
Travels into the Interior of So\iihern Africa, p. i.
*' time
[ 113 ]
** time of war for convoy ; to reeflablifli the health of
** their fickly troops, worn down by the debilitating
** cffeiTls of expofure to a warm climate j and to
*' fcafon, in the mild and moderate temperature of
" fouihern Africa, fuch of thofe frOm Europe as
*♦ may be deftined for fei vice in the warmer cli-
*.*'mate of their Indian fettlements *." . , . ;
<>' It is not wanted as a naval ftation for the dcr
fence of .India ; we poflefs a belter in the excellent
J)orts of Ceylon. It is not wanted as a place where
our fleets may be vidualled and refitted. We may
procure provifions at St. Helena, and in the Bra-
zils, By the improvements which have " taken
place in navigation, the voyage to India has been
ftiortened, if not in diftance, ce;-tainly in the time
required for perf6rmiftg it. If we pofleffed the
Cape, our Eaft Indiamen would feldom touch at it.
It is not wanted as a depot where troops may be
hardened before they proceed to Afia. The very
healthy condition of thofe regiments which were
fent from Gibraltar to Egypt has proved, that in
the fouth of Europe, as well as in Africa, foldiers
may be feafoned for warmer climates. The Cape
labours under the lame inconvenience which has
retarded the advancement of our colony at Port
Jackfon. Hie North American States, notwiili-
Handing the hardfliips to which the firfl: fettlers
were expofed, foon acquired confequence, from
pofleffing a produce that was wanted in Eu-
rope But in New South Wales no fuch advan-
tage has occurred. Captain Cook, indeed, recom-
1.^
■ft
Hid.
mended
c^
f ■
M/
tr. ■!
I "4 3
Mended the New Zealand hempy as far fapericJf
to that imported from the Norfh; but it does
not appear that this articJe of produce has been
much attended to. Like our convict-plantation
m the fouthern heniifphere, the Cape poflefles
no ftaple commodity (except the very infignificant
produce of the Conllanlia vineyards) which can b6
exchanged for the manufa^lures of Europe : and
I hefitate not to affcJt, that the commercial advan-
tages, which can be derived from the Gape, vvoufld
neither repay us, iK>r e.ven a more frugal nation,
the Dutch, for the charge cither of its military or
its civil eftabliflimcnr,.-.. , ..
III. 0}i the Trnde "With Jjia. ' ;'"
An Account of the Tonnage of Briiifli and Foreign Vcf^
fels entered Inwards and cleared Outwards from the
feveral Forts of Great Britain, in the Year 1789, and
each of the Eleven following Years, to the Eall Indies-
and China.
Entered Inwards. Cleared Outward&.
Brnfh.
Foreu.-ii.
Britrfli.
Foreign.
■ Years.
Tons'.
Tons.
Tons.
Toiisv
1789
27,69^
—
22,223
J 790
27,122
26,408
1791
25'539
24,109
T792
21,560
'-iMs
J 793
25,900
—
39^5^9
,
1794
34'.375
3^^A5''-
179,5
46,299
34v'9
179^
.V,25jj
/j9»^57
1797
3-1 '3 ^>
1,032
42,876
294
i7V8
63,880
355543
1799
3'^^'-^)^
''305
43 '0-1 9
9'^3
1800
49»^3j
1,018
49,284
1,990 •
It appears, from Steel's Lid of Britilh veflbls, em-
ployed in the Company's fervice, that their ton-
nage exceeds 8 s.ooo tons *.
'j)'^
* No clUrrnte of the amount of (Lipping emplovcd In any branch of
The
[ >>s ]
The export of Bi irifti manufaftures to India and
China, was greater in the year 1800 than in any
preceding year, except 1794 •» it exceeds the ex-
port of 1790 by ;C. 40,127 official value ; and
when it is confidered that, during the laft ten years,
there^ has been an advance in the price of various
articles of export, there can be little doubt that the
real vdilue of our exports to that part oi the world
bears a greater proportion to ihQ'official value, than
it did in 1790; and that the r^j/ value of the exports
m I oOTcj exceeds the real vaUieof the exports in 1 794.
commerte can be formed, mere!;' from a reference to tiic CuHom Houfc
accounts of tonnage, cleared outwards anil entered inwards. It appears
from thofe documentii that the tonnajre of veflcls entered inwards from
diQ Eaft Indies and China in J799 was 40,056 tons; and that the ton-
iJage of colliers entered inwards at the port of London tlic fame year
was 89^,362 tons. (See Third Report on the Port of London, Ap"
pcndix, A. 7.) From this ftatement, it might, at ftrft fight^ bfcfup-
pofed that the coal trade could furnifli twenty times the quantitj of
Eaft India ftiipping. The fatt, however, is, that whilft the India fliip.
ping contains 85,000 tons, the colliers frequenring the ])ort of London
contain no more than 99,151 tons. It is the hngth of tkf 'voyctge \\\\\(ih
determiner the proportion between \.\\tjh!()piiig and tht tonnage entered
inwards 01 cleared outivards in tbe ■ otirft: of a ^•ear. The report of
Mr. Jcft't-rloii on the commerce of the United States of America in
r^ecember 1793, ft ate d the tonnage of American vclVcls, entered in.
wards, in the year ending the 30th Seprember itqo,
From France at - - 116,410 tons.
Great Britain at - 4j»5'^3
But, as the American trade with tlie dominions of France w.is then
carried on by ftiort voyages to the Weft Indies, and that to t!ic do-
minions of Great Britain cliiefly by long ones to Europe, the entries
of tonnage did not exhibita correft view of thequ?.iuity of fii pping
employed between each country. The afVual tonnage of Aiiiciicui
fliips trading in the year ending t!ie 30th September 17^4
With the Dominions of France was 82,510 tuns.
With thofe of Great Britain 66,5^2
Speeches of Mr. Smith of South Carolina, p. -^3-
1 2
fi
!r
1 'T' ..
^•.
.?
\mm
m^
a
u,
I [ "Jl'ld i ]
' An Account of the official Value bf Exports* to the Eaft
X'^- Ihdies ahd Chifta,in ! 790^ and ihfe Ten foUo'wihg Years,
-^"1 diftinguiftiing Britifli Manufactures from Foreign Mer-
htfr c^iandizc. ...v.-
vc'
Value of Exports. J '
I ■ ■ I ■nil* *■ ' • • ^ ■ - ■ ■ . 1 1 V.' .
3791 , 207^22
ra-di
4JV.q:<l7g3
l^\
. '7§4
1795
3796
1797,
. ^79«
, ^799
1800
ax598973o
3,^3^,234
2,298,533
2,219,689
2, 1 85,486
1,094,00^
2,278,900
2,718,279
, Forrign Mcr
88,167
"103,384
"96,527
!j22,76o , ;
92,595
84,?f34
157,287
102,945
5.'j963.„.
157,945
142,141
-,' - I* i. V -rr
Total,.::
'Expt5rtS.
2,279,807 ,
2,437,887
;. a,7ai^(.
2,924,^829 •
2,38-3,3^8
■2,3^7^1977 .
2,^288,432
1,145,968
-■''%S6o,4.it"
...It will be fecn from the fallowing accoui\t that
< our export of woollens alone t^ Afia now. e){.ceeds
•' a million fterling. ■'*>■';'-'■ >i :^ ;> ^ «uj
An Account of the Prime Coft, or ValuCj of Woollens
exported to India and China, in the Seafons 1 798-9,
.; 1799-1800, and 1800-1.
Piee^s, Value.
I' £'
1798 to 1799 Broad Cloth - '4,175 285,229
Long Ells - - 328,192 553,981
Camlets - - 6,563 '39,174
1799 to 1800 Broad Cloth
Lonff Ells -
1800 to 180;
c
Camlets
Broad Cloth
Liong Ells -
Camlets -
15,984 320,328
230,764 567,34^
» 2,973 75,671
878,384
14,95 ' 305,0*^9
266,590 63 1 ,762
43^755 90'452
9'53'34^
i,0'2 7',2B3
For the Imports from the T'.:\i\ Indies ami (."liina, fee p. 49.
Copper
:fi
I :M7 ]
1.384
>pper
Copper is another confiderable article ifi out
exports to Afia. From the accounts laid before the
Houfe of Commons, two years ago, refpe(5ling the
copper trade, it appears that a very large propor-
tion of wrought copper, and of brafs, and plated
goods, exported, is fent to A fia.
Official Value of Wrought Copper, and of Brafs, and
Plated Goods, exported to all Parts of the World,
diftinguifliing Afia, in 1790, and the Nine following
Years ♦.
Wrought Copper.
All Parts of.
the VVoild.
324>943
358,844
437.043
465,030
Years.
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
Brafs and plstcd Goods.
All Parts of
Afia. the World.
31,469 171,338
36,472 205,769
64,822 282,469
Afia.
S'»o»3
74,73^
a2»;,490 465,030 i95>o3o 320,67a
235,^63 482,188 169,920 279,c66
218,890 438,772 i74,»5o 275,888
1796 202,894 462,431 i73>344 286,562
- 1797 146,049 397i4yS "S.S»5 219,099
I79S 116,543 413,840 76.503 211,093
1799 222,971 5i5,043t 155,^54 34M52t
Tin, alfo, forms a confiderable part of the ex-
ports of the Ead India Company. The prime
co(t of the quantity they purchafed in 1795
amounted to /,'. 92,204. . ,1
* Report of a CoaiDnittee of the Houfe of Commons on the Copper
Trfde, ,(7«)i9. App. 3^, 34,. Accounts of Wrought Copper, and of IJraf--
.ind Platiil ware, exported ^ ordered to be printed aiit March, lioo.
f The value c/<'f/a»rf/ by the exporters was
;.. WroMght copper ... - £• 61^,459
Brafs and plated goods • 6,3,901
«
41
'•I
'im
.r. ■
'I -1 ■ '!
(. ■ <
•I
13
An
ifwvj.
■ppiin
mk^
l:.v'«f|}
fn
w
'
1
[ 1.8 ]
\n JAccounc of the Quantify and Price of Tin fold to
the End India Company in 1792, and the Five follow-
' ing Years
*. ,-i .• .. )
, . ■'
. . . ■ i *
! '.
rrire,
Total
'•^' Years.
Qnsntity. per Ton.
Amouftt.
'lAr. : , .:
Tons. f,. s.
d-
£• ■' ■'-
1792
793 7<5
6o,a68
. »793
'Hod 75
■430 72
0.,
90,960
»794
800 7S
330 68 13
:
82,660
17P5
' 800 75 Q
, 469 68 13
0/
4:;
92,204
1794
' 800 75
; 260 68 13
'
4'
77>853
1797
' 800 75
::427 68 13
4)
89,320
In return for Britifh manufadures, India now
farnifhes us with many raw materials of great con-
fequence to our manufafturers. Indigo, an arti-
cle of which not a fmgle pound was brought from
India twenty years ago, is now an import of fuch
confequence, that its fales in one year have
amounted nearly to one million fterling. Cotton,
too, it is probable, may be obtained from India, in
any quantity required by our manufadurers. The
average annual export of Malabar cotton, from
Surat and Bombay to China, is 60,000 bales, oc-
cupying 20, coo tons of (hipping, and producing
about /^.y 20,000, the greater part of which is
paid into the Company's treafury at Canton, for
bills of exchange on the Court of Diredtors, or
lent to foreign agents for the purpofe of buyi-ng
• Report of a Committee ot t;he Houfe of Commons on the Copper
Trade, 99, p. 5.
teas
[ "9 ]
t-eas for the market of Europe *. In the year
1799-1 8oc, upwards of 34,000 bales f (each con-
taining 392 lbs. weight) were imported in 11,500
tons of (hipping, into Great Britain. Hemp is
•c-nother produ6lion which, it is fuppofed, may be
imported to advantage. If it fliould be thought
expedient to encourage the importation of that ar-
ticle from Bengal, it will make a demand for a ftitl
greater fupply of fliipping than cotton {,
Refpeding fugar, another natural production of
Bengal, we are informed by Mr. Henchman, in
his interefting Obfervations on the Trade between
India and Europe, that it *' has, for ages, been
*' cultivated" there " in very large quantities. It
" was formerly an article of export trade t and by
" the adivity of individuals, aided by the fupport
** and afliftance of the Company, it has been ren-
" dered fo ag?.in ; and will, if it is politically right
" to allow it, be an article of great confideration
*' between the P-a(l Indies and the port of London,
*' to be again exported for foreign confumption.
" One very important point, in deciding upon this
* Henchman'. Obfervations on the Reports of the Dircdlois of the
Eaft India Company, p. 25.
t Equal to ij.jiS.coolb. The quantity of cotton imported from
Surinam, Ikrbice, Dcmcrara, Ivll'cquilio, Martinico, St. Lucia, and Tri-
nidad, in each of the laft three years, was
Years lbs.
J 799 6,030,299
1800 10,740,620
1801 11,959,6(2
J Hc*chnian's Obfervations, p. 16.
w
Jilt
'i
<1?!H
M
«* fubjed,
fffpr
1 ;
%?
M[
% •
[ 120 ]
((
i^bje(5^, is to recoiled the fuu^tion of all foreign
** Europeans and Americans in India : they are a,t
** liberty to bring any articles from the Eaft Indie?
** that may be beneficial. If, therefore, . fugar
" (hould for any reafons be prohibited to be brought
** in Britilh fhips, they will bring it in Foreign
*' fliips, whenever they find an advantage in doing
" fo, for the fupply of any part of the world, Eng-
" land excepted*." 'T, ; .:. ■
The fales of the Eafl; India Company, which, in
1783, only produced £.3,363,800, now amount to
more than ;{^. 10,000,000.. . . . '
^M
Amount of Goods fold at the Eaft India Company's Sales,
■ in the Three laft Years of Ppace, and the Three laft
, Years of War. ,•,....
...... , , . J ., ^ —
rnvate J rade,
Company's and ijt'f.; j ', "
Years. Gooc!,,. Privileced Goods. Total.
£■ £• £• ■
■ '790 •...5,104,508 930,930. - 6,035,458-
1791 ■, ,5,141,532 709.455 . ., .5'85o,987
• ^792 .5,o5o,8j9 703.5/8 '" 5.754.397
Years*
Company's
Ccod.s.
Privrte Ncutial
Trade. Fronert}^.
£■ £'
1:629,959 348,231
Total.
10,315,256
inMar.i798|8,3.7,c66
to ditto 1799 I
j^^^^7»3^7»7a7 2,336,980 455,903 10,160,610
'g®'^ 7 7, 6c 2, 04 1 2,382,092 339,310 io,ia2,4p
* Henchman's O^fervatioiis, p. 27.
I low
d 1:21. J
How cflfFerent is this (late of our Indian tradfe
from its amount at the end of the American war,
in the year 1783! Yet, extenfive as our commerce
with Afxa now is, it is highly probable that it will
experience a great increafe. . '•' v'. i ^s'- v "
The trade carried on with the Dutch fpice-
iflands, and fettlements at Malacca and Cochin, is
too inconfiderable for us to regret its lofs. One
Eaft India- man would bring to Europe all the ex-
portable produce of Amboyna, Banda, Ternate,
and Malacca.
There can be little doubt but that in the hands
of Britons, Ceylon (enriched, perhaps, by the in-
trodudion of the fpices of thefe iflands,) will be
rendered a very flourifliing colony ; but I cannot
avoid repeating the prayer of the learned auchor of
" the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea," that the
commerce of this rich and valuable ifland, now in
the complete poireflion of the Englilh, may be con-
ducted on more liberal principles, and the natives
treated more generoufly by them than they have
been by their predeceffors*. The rclloration of
the port of Cochin to its former pofTenbrs is more
than compenfated by the acquifition of all the ma-
ritime frontier of the Myfore. The pofieffion of
the ports of Mangalore and Onore will open a
new .vent for our manuta6lures (more particularly
our woollens) in that populous empire. Colonel
♦ Dr. Viacem's Periplus, App. p. 22.
Beatfon,
1-. |!
MB:
I
■ '?!
! t
|:f
i
♦i
0]
I 122 ]
Beatfon, in his account of the war with Tippoo,
fays, that " formerly all traffic between the fub-
" jeds and dependants of the Company, and thofc
'* of the late Sultan, was nearly prohibited by the
*' reflraints to which his hatred to the Britiih
** nation, or his ignorance and prejudice^ had fub-
*' jefted the communication with his pofleffions.
" Thofe reftraints being removed, and every pro-
" per encouragement to commercial intercourfe
" being fubftituted, it may reafonably be expected
'* that the neighbouring and now united countries
" of the Carnatic and Myfore will mutually con-
*' fume a confiderable portion of their refpedive
" produ6ls and manura6lurf s, and that even a pro-
" portion of Britifli commodities Will foon' find a
" market in Myfore. Our information with re-
** gard to the articles produced, manufactured, or
" confumed, in the countries acquired by the
''Company, and by the Rajah of Myfore, is at
** prefent too imperfedt to form any accurate cal-
" culation of the poflible increafe of the imports
" from the coaft of Malabar to Europe ; but it ap-
" pears probable, that the Company's inveftment
" in the article of pepper, may foon be augmented
" to any extent which may be deemed advifeable*."
Ourundifputed fovereignty in Bengal and the Car-
natic promifes us fimilar advantages on the coaft or
., M
■* View of the Origin and ConJuft of the War with Tippoo, p, 257.
{, Coromandeli
tmmmm
C "3 ]
Coromandel ; the redu6tion of freight, in confer
quence of the peace, will be highly beneficial to
the Company ; and the fpirit of inveftigation, which
will probably lead to a full inquiry into the beft
means of promoting the interefts of the nation re-
fpefting India, confiftently with the chartered
rights of the Company, will, we may hope, ulti-
mately afford fuch encouragement to private tra-
ders in Afia and Britain, that the competition of
foreign adventurers may be effedually checked,
and London rendered the emporium of Indian
commerce. ■ . - . ...
mm
■V
i
vmm
If J^
i U]
;■/
LETTER
I '. i
f tn J
ruo'.'!
I
li.^-
IT'
m
mmii
'■<L ^.■^■.1
>
LETTER vr.
• ' OM THE TRADE WITH! EUROPE.
u R European eomrocrce may be divided into
two parts J that carried pn with thofe countries which
during the laft war wei=e neutral, and that carried
on with thofe which were belligerent powers. I
Ihall confiJer each feparately : and endeavour to
Ihcw that the balance; ©f increale \i^ fhofe branches
oftraiie, in which increafe may h^ ei^pe^ted, will,
probably, exceed the b^lapce uf lofs- in..;hofc in
which a defalcation may be apprehended. .^ ,
I. On the Trade with the Neu'ral Powers.
Ruffia occupies a chief place among the European
neutral powers. Our trade with her, during the
laft ten years, has very confiderably increafed. The
increafe may be partly attributed to the war; but
is alfo in fome decree owino- to caufcs which arc
likely to be permanent. If our imports from the
countries on the Baltic have rifen in confequence
of our late extraordinary confumption of naval
ftorcs, they have alfo rifen in confequence of an in-
creafed demand among our manufacturers for raw
materials j and our export of Britifli manufadlures
to the North of Europe hasrifca in confequence of
the improved ftate of this part of the civiHzed world.
Ruflia is advancing in population and civilization.
From Afiatic Tartars, the RuiTians are (if I may'
bf allowed the exprefiion) becoming Europeans :
and
[ >*J ]
and their connexions with Britain have, probably,
not a little contributed towafds theii' improvement.
Our faftory at. St, Pcterfburghj 1 am pqrfuaded, has,
in many points of view, proved a good national in-
ftitute : " artes intulii agrejli Latio.'* .^\
Our commerce with Ruflia has been r^egularly
progredivc, fincc the commencement of his prelertt
Majlcfty's reign. Ouf expofts, which' bn an A^e-'
rage of five yejars, ending with 1765,' amounted to
;([. 6^,402, rofe to /;. 196,229 in -1773, the lad ytit^
noticed in Sif Charles "iVhi.|^ori:h's >tablcs of im-
ports arid exports i in the yeai*- 17(^2 thej^" wcfre vSi-
lued at j^. 800,762 ; and in i86b af ^.i,025',335, of
which )C'557>374 ^^'^^ Britifh raanufa^itr^s.* • ' ' '■
The trade with Denmark and Sweden increjifcd!
during the war ; and principally in confequence of
the war. That part of it, however, which refpe(as
the export of Britifh manufaiflures has not increaf-
ed : the export of them to Denmark on the average
of 1790, 1791, and 1792, was valued at ^.179,333,
and the exports to Sweden at ^.41,058; and on
the average of the years 1798, 1799, and 1800,
the export of tbem to Denmark was valued at
j{[.i9i,288, and the exports to Sweden at^.26,896*^
It will be feen from the following documents that
the export of Britifli manufadturcs to thefe tv/o
countries does not equal half the export of Bridfa
manufactures to RufTu.
• See Table of E^xports to De'.ma.k and S.vcdi-n in p?ge ii8, I
need hardly remark that tne values ftatcJ in this pi-.-.e are the cj^.iul
values of the Cuftom Hou!e Ledger
- ' ' • Account
it,
mm
nm
4 1
I
»«
i
\ \\
)•»
i > f
C;:
:"HJ.
C 126 ]
Account of the Tonnage of Britilh and Foreign Vef-
fels which cleared Outwards from the fcveral Ports of
England and Scotland, to RufTia, Denmark, and Sweden,
ill i 7S9, and tjbe Eleven followiiig Years.
■M\
'"' RUSSIA.*
EsGi'.AKD. Scotland.
Years.
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794-
«795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
r ^'~' > f
Britifti Foreign Britifh
Tonnage. Tonnage. Tonnage.
47,096 855 7,134
55,911 2,343 4,995
60,668 1,505 5,450
62,877 380 7,226
35,ioi 1,038 5,498
73,278 1,432 10,592
104,407 .3,502 10,041
96,780 9,395 11,874
58,217 1,287 9,128
102,740 1,536 16,272
71,860 29,698 12,194.
132,037 34,848 11,871
Foreign
Tonnage-
2000t
470
191
TuttI
Tonnap«>
5S»o85
63,249
67*623
70*483
41*637
87,302
117,950
M 8,049
68,632
121,018
'i3»943
168,756
•This entry in the Cuftom-houfc navigation account does not _
comprehend Livonia. I have, therefore, here I'libjoincd a ftatemene
of the tonnage of vcfTels cleared outwards to that country in 1789, apd.
the eleven following years,
. ' 11 '.LIVONIA.
Years.
3,789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
England.
Brir. Ton. For. Ton
3*883
4,4 ?o
included in
4.73 f
3»<^'>7
7>^7«
14,957
9,95*
6,734
10,491
9>9'9
21,311
Scotland.
Brit. Ton,
ic6
Ruflia.
30
490
52
1,048
f This is ftatcd as the tonnage of one iliip; I prcfume erroncoudy.
DENMARK.
L U7 J
DENMARK.
■) England^ A^.-Jjii Scotland.
Years.
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
179(5
>797
1798
1799
1800
• -. ^
r *\
I. Britifh Foreign
Tonnage
45.453
47,222 34.261
48,392 3»,970
42,262 35,874
3M73
46,478
39*598
46,816
46,627
53.433
Britifh
Tonnage. Tonnage.
25»^»7 13.459
9,177
10,628
9,921
^5'7
7,196
7,207
30>942
45,401
81,507
9i>549
78,080
77'773
51,561 117,602
45>850 145.995
Foreign
Tonnage.
1,08 i
1,526
1,710
1,186
2,781
7.532
12,847 1 2^378
8.775 5.<572
10,843 *2.20i
5,169 16,478
9,275 14,21a
Total
Tonnage.
85,610
92,i8<^
100,520
89,767
69,828
ioi,85()
'3 5.844 V
163,590» :
139.154^''
i54,25r«".
190,810
215.33*^"
> "■' " ♦
(■ft
'rl ,
1789
1790
I79I
1792
»793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
SWEDEN.
11,826
480
4,880
_M
io,fJo8
351
6,889
—
5>«36
4.753
8,787
—
V.o'S
6,703
7>973
682
6,873
7.429
6,180
—
» 5.47 3
9,803
9.835
447
10,878
15. "57
7.381
238
16,020
17,216
11,304
180
9,871
8,243
5.9 '2
—
12,884
18,347
4.634
—
7,730
24,678
4,801
».035
5>774
27,980
3,314
ho-JS
17,186
18,048
19.376
22,373
20,482
35,558
33.654
44.720
24,026
35,865
38,294
37.143
An
ff^m
t>T
VI
•I I
i-u
CI,
i'
''^i
■%':
[ 118 ]
An Account of the offieiaj Yi»lue of. Imports into Great
Britain from Rufliai" Denmark, and Sweden, and of
Exports fron» Great Britain to eath, of. th6fe Countriesj
in 1790, and theTetf followinj; Yenrs, diftinguifliingt
Bi^kilh Manufactures frdhi Foreign Merchandize.
'■mis-
iV.
A^-^rr.^^' :^''A''
-*»t
17^'
17^1
1794
»79S
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1790
i7Qt
1792!
^793
1794
179$
1796
1797
i79r
J 799
1U06
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
^795
179,6
^797
179«
1799
1800
Val. of r-rfi|#s.
1,710,374
»>548«t)77
ft^o4,025
U789,-44^
. ?<857^78 :
2,510,08.1
^>7c 7,5^4 '
2,416,829
2,664,255
2,382,098
149,860
182,040
1 8(^,649
■205,822
' 209,885
I54.3T';
243^.928
"134^^02
' ■ 176,108
194,036
241,562
300,518
267,770
3381690
287,784
204,617.
347>33<5
1 92*233
266,003
347»«^'2
309,280
.rr —
I- A-
-265,920
agi>243K
428,774^
197,683
240,520:
i393>93i
- 456,48;^ .
380,068
428,610
557.374
J 41^
'1' or. Met, ' : - Tot' K 3<pts .
..•292,;! 13, An
37''9S7,
123,144
, )a-55,.386 >.
^468,766
'37M6S
2S7;722 ^
3^^3711
341,099
467,960
D ENMA RK.
■I4a,4i8 '•
,219,803
177.779
141,590
I95,3'>2'
i7'5,o'^ft- ■'
185,672
22^,648
121,726
134,818
134,941'
14^,674
293,^8 a
323.44-^
32o,iio
l-9^..!:r,2'"^- "^56,4^8
194,041 , i5<*,703 •
1^6.703 , .153.M4 ,
SWED£"H. ■ '
19,504
3^.259
57^413
28,437
43.^37
47.3^^4
51,672
74.934
24,807
26,120
29,761
34.358
3^.4^3-
00,927
47>9^7
61,6^6
80,073
69^840
78,961
27,910
24,46c
49,079
■454.289
-573*35^
800^762
320,827
495)907
862,^67
474j3o6
691,780
769,710
i.02j,33>
202,144
35.4.62 c
3iY,720
291,265
489,184^
498,464
509.78.^
670,922
549.'^ SO
3^44.744
540,698
645363
74,743
118,340
76,424
105,273
127,3?/
121,512
153,^95
52.7^8
50,580
78,840
■.0
,4
^t I2g ]
The fome obrcrvation which I made refptcf^i^vg
kisiiiai applies to the northern ftates of Germany :
Piliffia> Saxony, Hanover, and (I believe I might
add) the hereditary dominions of Auftria, though
impoverifhed by the war, are improving markets.
Various attempts have been made on the Continent,
particularly in Saxony, to rival us in ihe cotion and
woollen manufactures, by ti.e introdudion of ma-
chinery J but thcfe attempts have no*: lefiened our
exports, it is, however, not eafy to determine what
proportion of Britifh manufaft'.ires exported to Ger*
many during the war was deftined for the confump-
tion of Holland, Flanders, or France : but it is
highly probable that a confidcrable part of the com-
merce lately carried on with the northern ftates of
Germany will be diverted to other channeL in con-
fequencc of the peace. In 1800, the exports to
Germany were 3^.1 '.1,664,591. It is not to the in-
ternal demand of thofe countries, and the imp^'oving
condition of their people, that we can attribute more
than a part of the increafed trade which his taken
place with them in the courfe of the war. Whatever
advantages Denmark may have derived from the
neutrality which flie obferved till 1801, (he will be
much deceived if Ihe flatters herfelf that in any year
of peace, 215,338 tons, the amount of the tonnage
of {hipping from Great Britain laftyear, will enter
her ports. She has a6ted only as an ai^ent and car-
rier between the Britifh merchant and other coun-
K tries.
lis:
L
wmft
mA:
tu.
■■*^ll
'W
'« M
• [ UQ ]
tries. Fruflla, too, mud confidcr ih^- late cxt5j)'fion
of her trade as only terpporary. i ThougU (he re-
ceived 184.9 veffels (containing 235,481 tQu^lbfai
ninth of the foreign trade of this country*) froai oiir
ports lad year, Jlie, probal;^y, in profound peace,
will not furnilh employment to a fourth part of tlii»
numbei-. In our trade with Hambujrgh the tannage
has increafed from 6,030 tohs, in 1789, to 62,441"
ton^: the peculiar circumfxances of the times may ^
prevent its finking to the level of ihcilaft peace j bu:
o.ur trade with mod of the neutral powers €xt«"'
America, will decreafc ; and its diminution rtiuil
be allowed againft any increafe which may be cal-
culated to arife from the commercial infercourfe be-
ing re-opened between Great Britain and the other
belligerent Powers. .. ^r.-^. . . <■ ' ..: .'
* A^
\Z,
Cljared outwara". Fioik Givat Britkin ;n i8co,
',r
■■ ■ '
To Pn.iffn -
.Dar.rzic- -
Tor:.l
-;rts of ti;i' v.-o;-ld
Limber of Vclll'ls,
1971. . -
5r - '-
^
' • Tonnaf^e
II,G2Z
> H n I
i'j.7Wi , .-
- - 25,,4Si
- -2,130,31a
■■>'
;'!
An
^^^m
:"!
■ » r .
-An Account of the Tonnage of Britlfh and Foreign Vcf-
fels which cleared OutwarMs from the feveral Ports in
England ;iind Scotland to Germany, Poland, Pruffia,
'"firemen, Dantzic, and Hamburgh, ih 1789, and the
' Eleven following Years. ' '
•^*- \.i.
GERMANY. '
.England. Scotland.
-A^
^^
jii^ti(h.
1
Toi-eign.
Britifh.
Foreign.
Total.
>
Yeais.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tonnage,
17^*9
39>099
7,006
7,459
186
53.744
1790
.3^^57«
12,124
9>353
—
52*048
t7<>»
40,973
17,065,
9.095
•~,
73,733
1792
50,506
11,252
8,640
—
70.398
?7</3^
39>09S
I4>I35
5>09i
453
58,774
»794,
45>«i29
y,62 9
6,342
310
60,910
J 795
25,830
24,634 •.
2,431
652
53.547
179'>.
35,043
i8,(>39
5.019
1.306
60,307
1 7c>7 .
26,gai
12,989
5.092
^35
45,097
i79«
47.793
8,iC4
7.S03
259
64.059
1799
28,009
13,988
5.843
108
48,548
l/^QO
32>S97
37»735
12,193
707
83.43*
■
-
POLAND.*
1789
773
320
484
—
».577
■
1790
577
320
2C0
118
1,215
^
1791
i>577
480
745
2,802
1792
2,224
h^'-S
260
—
4,099
^793
2,034
918
683
—
3.^35
1794
2,934
620
373
»35
4,c62
J 795
3.493
265
455
—
4,213
l7o^
5)059
Vo
2,643
—
7,782
1797
1,424
270
102
—
1,796
I79«
3.^4^
17C
970
— ■
4,786
J799
1,478
409
2,0lB
—
3^905
/
ibco
S>5^^
1,644
• c
3>235
io-,4Di
n:
f '
in ■
I-
hi
■i 'V
5ce rote in next p^ge.
KL 2
PRUSSIA-
!» >>.-
?P:71^
"■■',: i
il
i!;
[ 132 ]
PRUSSIA.
,
-
Ckrland.
SCOTI
.AND.
■■
-j^
A
•-
r
•
1
Biitifli.
Foreign.
Britifli.
Foreign.
Totaf,
Years.
Tom.
Tons.
Tods.
Tons.
Tonnacc.
1789
22,721
8,188
4,30^
150
35.3<>7
1790
27*924
'4^975
7,026
100
50.025
179I
30,462
25.934
5,906
246
62,5a8
1792
24>509
16,460
i3.7*»
395B
V'
44.93*^
'793
29,470
4,452
47,640
'794
42*872
. i',9?8
3,700
135
58.705
'79S
39.575
42,349
3.034
372
85,330
1796
^^?3>
82,197
4>154
3.n8
140,804
1797
3>J
83,c68
3.7«3
3>7^9
1 1 '^,608
1798
^ 38
98,145
4.546
2,487
148,416
J 799
43702
68,^67
4,901
1,68 s
11^.755
1800
41,838
166,242
'0,755
5,024
223,85^
BREMEN.
1789
2,323
.2,557
—
— -■
4,880
1790
1,912
2>572
—
—
4,484
1791
included
in Germany
1792
1,929
3.055
•—
—
4,984
1/9?
2,782
2,760
—
—
5.542
'794
4,512
7,401
— ■
—
1^91?
1795
3.005
J 0/^30
—
—
13.335
1796
2.797
14,294
—
—
17,091
»797
3,2.0
7,021
—
—
10,231
1798
13.95
2,S07
—
—
16,722
j'799
S.74i
2,652
w
■ "". ' r
8,394
1800
6,717
13,9.21
*—
—
19,938
, "Tht
am^txrd account of ti.t t(
nnajiC clean
d outward
s to C(>ur-
land is not included
under Poian I
in the Cuft
oiii-lioufe Navii^dtion
Account.
•_.
- ■
' COURT
AND.
■- 1
^
r
Enplanh. S
tOTI.AND,
Britith.
Foreign.
Hritifli.
Years.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
.789
<H
—
—
1790
827
—
—
,
■*
1 f(Jl
—
—
—
J7 ,a
1,839
216
—
1793
'.337
430
•—
•
1:94
2,017
—
—
i7()6
1797
.798
179)
iSoo
■^25
482 —
1,579 — —
694
412
1,064
ICO
80
106
7^7
I m 1
DANTZIC.
Years.
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
^795
1796
1797
I79''i
•799
1800
1789
1790
1791
1792
>793
1794
'795
1796
1797
1798
1799
I Sod
Briti/h.
^ Tons.
1,029
2,471
included
1*^3 +
i>367
1,224
7,081
4)877
»»745
5>23<5
«,'55
2,656
EVGLANO.
Scotland.
— %
Foreign.
Tons.
4,184
in Poknd
3*909
1,720
3.»25
8,244
7)044
7y5^9
3»024
5,605
8,637
Britifli.
Tons.
Foreign.
Tons.
669 350
included in Poland
78 --
147 —
232 —
included in Poland
281 Z
95 —
329 —
HAMBURGH.
5,434 605 —
included in Germany
D°
18,233 17,918 — —
12,195 41,30^ —
8,926 39,095 — —
H»527 37,667 539 — .
51.65^ 22,287 183 —
31.363 13,364 — —
35,699 2b,542 200 —
'total.
Tonnage.
2,048
5>^2x
3.087
4,496
»S,S57
9.284
8,541
13,855
X 1,622
— • 6,039
35,151
53,503
48,021
52,733
74,126
44,727
62,441
d ri.
< ;
■5 '
m
'101^'
•mi
h'{:
a
:- f
•i .vl'i'
f,i!PPf^
mvrtim
'9, '■
I
\ i
[ m ]
An Account of the official Value of Imports from Ger-
many and Poland, and of Exports to thofe Countriesj
in 1790, and the Ten following Year3> diftinguilhing
Britifli Manufa<5lures from Foreign Merchandize.
f
G' 1
\'
ERMANY.
, r
I •
Value of
Exports,
Value
^
'K
of
Britifti Ma-
Foreign Mer-
Total
Imports.
nufadlures.
chandize.
Exports.
Tears.
£'
£• ■■■
£'
£•'
J 790
6c3,2o8
791,601
902,920
1,694,522
I79r
715,628
778,213
1,111,532
1,889,745
J792
650,^37
811,140
i,3'''7.97o
2,«39,iii
1793
794,^95
718,474
1,764,221
2,482,695
J794
796,i/,8 1
><^34>530
4,308,695
S,943'22S
'79S
1795
1,020,632 ]
[,760,133
6,311,876
8,072,009,
2,082,275
(,591,740
6,582,179
8,173,920
J7'^7
1,576,426
[,964,967
6,419,587
8,384,554
3798
2,091,832
2,042,774
8,646,691
10,689,466
1799
2,820,1 -'4
2,032,567
6,640,729
8,673,297
ibco
2,3S2»i97
4,364^120
8,300,470
12,664,591
POLAND.
r
I'
£'
£-
^'0.
1790
iU>M8
39,217
i2^26gi
51,486
1791
I75>C43
39,833
22,812
62,645
1792
112,321
32,900
34,*74
67,07s
1793
. 2 7.?,497
, 20,533
47,911
68,444
1794
202,222
11,612
64,083
' 75>696
1795
3 37»S07
15,212
74,2 '7
89,42^
4796
340>724
16,124
43,775
59,^99
1797
168,662
11,394
19,066
30,460
I79»
202,562
22,331
45,908
68,240
1799
270,^87
32,247
i8,8i6
51)0^3
1800
393 A4 1
17,802
30,099
47,902
I «35 ]
■■;r
:i
;y ^
V'^
'If ^r!i
/t
II. 0;i the ^raJ( with the Belligerent Poweru..^
Commerical lenterprize, following the footftcj*
of-cbriqncft, has enabled Great Biitain by tl.e ac-
quifition of permanent or temporary market", in
diftant parts of the world, to indemnify herfelf for
the deprivations which her trade with the Continent
of Europe has experienced in confeqiicnce of thfc
•w^ar. Thefe deprivations, ho\Vcv6r, will, in a great
meafure, ceafe with the termination of the conte ft j
iand the renewal of a friendly intercourfe with France
and lier allies will place us,'if not on the footing of
the mofl favoured nation, at leaft in a fi uation tb
carry on a direft trade, under certain regulations,
with our neighbours. Very confiJerable advantaged
mufl: refult, both to our merchants and manufac-
turers, from this change ; for, whatever relaxation
may have taken place during the laft year, before
that time the ufe of Britilh manufaftures was pro-
hibited both in France and Holland under the fe-
vereft penalties *; and all communication inter-
difled with our merchants. Britifh n erchandize,
though purchafed of neutrals, was fubjefted to con-
fifcation. Yet, though thefe checkj^,. together with
* The effccl; of this prohibition may be eftimatcd from the low-
n?fs of the export of IJritilh Minufafturcs and Foreign Merchan-
dize to France and FKinticrs in 1793 and 1790. (See p. 145.) S ncc
the t(hiblifliinent of iK Confular govtinmeiit the exports to France
and Fliadcrs havt ip oiK yc.ir rifen from Z^". 23,1 39 to^.j;i34,2^6.
K 4 - the
,1 .'I'
I: .'i
IP
:■ ''I-.,
yl
* ^^
[ '36 3
'W
^'i
theincreafcd pi ice of freight, andcxpcncc of a cir-
cuitous tranfit through neutral ports, have much
reduced the confuinption of Britilh commodities
in Fi ancc, they have not altogether prevented it.
, It cannot reafonably be fuppoicd, that France
^nd her allies,during the latter years of the war, re-
-ceived from us, through the intervention of neutral
traders, the fame quiuitity of goods that they would
aniport from Great Britain in a period of profound
peace. Some articles, which would readily be re-
ceived by a dired channel, are too bulky to pay
a war freight and circuitous navigation. It will be
feen from the following extratt from a Report of
the Committee of the Houfe of Commons, that the
export of coal from the Faft coaft of England to
foreign countries has funk one half in confequcncc
of the war.
An Account of the Quantity of Coals exported
from Newcaflle and Sunderland to Foreign
Countries in the Years 1791, ^792* i79S> and
■ '799*- ; .. ',
Exported. 1791. 1792. 1798. 1799.
Chaldrons. ChaUrOns, Chaldions. Chaldrous.
From Newcaftle 45,702 42,993 44,722 43,366
Sunderland 34,150 53,313 5,111 4,039
-The raeafure here ufed is the Newcaftlc chal-
dron, equal to two London chaldrons.
■*-P.eport on the Coal Trade, iSoo, App. 42. 43.
From
[ «37 ]
.' From other Englifti ports above 16,000 Ncw-
caftlc chaldrons were annually exported before the
war to France, Flanders, Holland^ and Spain j but
none in 1797, 1798, or 1799. -• ......
More than half a million buftiels of fait were ex-
ported to Flanders annually, before 1793 ; none
has been expoi ted during the laft fix years*. If
the wealth and energy of this country fhould enable
Parliament to carry into execution the commutation
of the fait duty, of which the grofs amount is above
a miliionf, (a meafure which has been recommend-
ed by two Committees of the Houfe of Commons,
as more efficacious for promoting the profperity of
the fiflieries than any poffible fyflem of bounties
and encouragement,) fait would probably form a
very confiderable article of export. From an ac-
* An Account of the manufaftured Salt exported from Great
Britain to FJandcrs in the Years 1790, 1791, 1792, 1798, 1799,
^nd 1800.
Rock Salt
, Whi'te Salt.
-■
Bulhels.
Bufliels.
I79r>
1791
<- 1792
1798"
1799
582,446
S32>8q4
572,888
None.
i6,88o'
6,800
25,200^
None.
Report on Bri-
• ti(h Fiflieries,
1798, App. 9.
, .J?oo,
4 Amount c
)f the Salt Duty,
Grofs Receipt.
iu iS
!oo.
;C-
Jn Englan
Scotlan
Ireland
d - - -
d - - -
•• '• >
947,129 \ for year ending 5th
59»390 J Jan. 1801.
86,816 for year ending 25th
£''
^093*344
libit xuui.
• '' 1'
■ ' '. i
m
)■
\ , i
"an,
'it
[h
count
TWi
im
m
mi'
I
t '8« 3
count of woollens exported to the year 1799 in-
clufive, it appears! that the increafed export to G«r-
many (the internal confiimption of which countfy,
I apprehend, is much greater than it was tett ye&rS
ago) had not cimpertfated for the lofs of the French,
FIcmifh, Dutch, and Spanifti markets. ' y.i-i
.An Account of the official Value of Woollens ex-
ported from Great Britain to Germany, Holland,
Flanders, France, and Spain, \n the Years 17903^
1791, 1792, 1797, 1798, and 1799.
1790. l79r. 1792. ■
. . Germany - ^'.223,226 ;^.255,303 ;^ 271,638 /
Holland -
306,414
313.^45
367>S«3
Flanders -
117,779
i24,i39
117,151
France
9S>«27
96,840
»55.i34
Spain
407,464
346,367
472,221
Total - i)T50,7io 1,136,594 1,383,727
1797.
1798.
199-
Germany - ;^.64 1, 098 ;^.463,oi9 £.AViCs:i
Holland - 7,712 94 . *75
Flanders
France - - . \, 631 '— —
Spain * - 26 . — —
Total
649,467 463,113 427»^-28
The following account exhibits the tonnage of
our trade with France, Flanders, Holland, and
Spain, both during and previoully to the war. It
will be feen from this ftatement that the annual
tonnage cleared outwards, on an average of trie years
of war, to France, Flanders, and Holland, has not
amounted
!■ fi9 ]
amounted to a tenth of the tonnage employed dur-
ing the preceding period of peace i and though a
very large abatement will (as I have already remark-
ed) take place in our pcac e exports to tbofe neu-
tral powers, who, during the war, have been the car-
riers of Britifli merchandize, and colonial produce,
to the belHgerent ftates op^ ofed to us*, it is pro-
bable, for many reafons, that our future trade with
France, Holland, and Spain, will much exceed the
amount of this abatement. ., :
• It is, however, remarkable that, notvvithftanding the great in-
creafe in the export of Foreign merchandize fiom Great Britain to
Fraiice, Flanders, Holland, and Italy, in the year 1800, the export of
Foreign merchandise to Germany rofe from^C. 6,640,739, its amount
in 17^9, tO;C»8,3oo,47oin iSoo.
i
4
H:
m
*^'m
u
An
•mm^t
[ 140 ]
An Account of the Tonnage of Britifh and Foreign VefTels
cleared Out wartls from the feveral Ports of Great Britains
in the Year 1789, and each of the Eleven following
Yqarfij to France, Flinders, Hollanil, and Spain.
10'
«!1
it
FRANCE.
England. Scotland.
, ... ^ *
1
Years.
17»9
17.00
1791
J 792
Britifli.
Tons.
137,540
91.733
110,784
106,4S1
-■ ■ ' — \
Foreign.
Tons.
9,860
9.026
13,018
8,346
J^riiifh.
Tons.
4,174
2,095
1,183
1,390
>
Foreign Total
Tons. Tonnage.
—. 151,374"
264 103,118
80 125,065
75 116,292.
1793
i794
179s
1790
1707
179s
1799
1«00
3,734
83
627
8,560
2,420
5,977
8,9/4
10,107
— 2,930 w~ .—
534
1,548
16,523
8
ft*
12,294^
2,563
6,604
8,974
10,107
2,930
1,54S
17.057-'
II
J7S9
1790
1791
17.92
17.93
i79-i
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
ibua
41,963
36,236
33,763
61,175
31,588
29,092
FLANDERS.
2,139 3,586
3,803
5,706
4,012
P,301
4,703
1,669
1,876
2,692
15
214
4,4/8
196
1.589
1,003
285
100
47.688
40,235
41,058
66,190
41,174
37,895j
1,669
1.876
2,693
15
214
4,47SJ
V
'$
HOLLAND,
[ HI ]
Pels
tint
ing
HOLLAND.
^D.
Year*.
1790
1791
1792
^793
^79+
»799
1796
1797
1798
'^99
1800
1789
1790
1791
179a
1793
'794
»795
1796
»797
1798
1799
1800
Evni. AND.
acOTLANO
Dritiih.
Tons.
T 54,110
121,758
'2 7»5j3
I3i,6»i
129,264
106,827
817
22
174
879
Foreign.
ToilS.
io,Sa3
io»739
14,222
J7,2S2
18,801
?.77a
5. .3 7^
i ' »"7.3
10,184
•.5^7
21,536
Britidi.
Tons.
10,488
9t349
7,819
8,083
6,471
6,180
Foreign.
Tuns.
166
.354
400
192
— 1,910
SPAIN, including the Canaries.
2»,076 3,159 1,702 —
20,^39 5*7"^ 1,662
28,811
29,847
22,976
»3'3^9
5 '9+6
70
50
. 274
1,584
3.159
5,706
3,800
3.4''^
6,433
9,641
»5.8>)7
4.8 V 5
6,o7i
10,2^8
15,722
3..'"' 7 9 —
2,OJO —
S2i —
1,558 —
1,962
l,2So
ac6
Towl. ,,; :
Ti)ns.
I5?,4:6
142,245
146,66^
1 54,270
131,809
4.^89
5.798
21, 2'. 5
10,^58
2 '406
22,446.
27,027-1
27,967
36,190
3^'.3J» i C
^3.3 iS r 5
32,130 • ^
24,92-
23.3^9]
— — 4.925^
— — 6,1231 J:'
— 168 io,6Sn r^
— — J7»3o6J ■
Annual Average Tonnage of VefTils cleared Outvvai'ds to France,
Flanders, Holland, and Spain, before and during the War, •
Average of Peace.
four years
France "-l ending
[792.
Flanders'
Holland
r four years "^
-< ending >
I. with 1792. J
{fix years '\
ending >
with I 794. J
f fix years "^
< ending V
1. with 1794. J
t eight years "J
rf ending >
L with I79''\ J
Tons
124,032
Average of V\'ar.
eight vcars
Tons.
45.706
147,285
:8,776
{
{
{
{
irears "^
iing V
1800. X
}
ir years "^
nding >
,h 1 800. J
ending
with 1800
fix years
end
with
fix years
ending
with 1800
four
• e
witl
1,824
i^H3
in
-If
■ I'
IP'
I ^42 ]
.1
It appears from the following account of Im-
ports and exports, that the value of Britiih ma-
mifa6tures exported to France in the year before
th^ war, amounted to .743,2,80/. j and that the
va!ue of chof e exported to Flanders, in each of the
years 1790, 1791, and 1792/ exceeded 300,000/.
Whether our future trade to thefc, rtow confoli-
dated, fJates' will be equally valuable, muft depend
on jhe nature of our future interco jrfc with them.
If the probability of the renewal of commerce
with Great Britain has created muimurs in Franc6,
it mufl certainly be admitted that, in one branch of
pcliLJcal economy, our neiglibours l^.^ve not been en-
lightened by the revolution. " Their political econo-
• mifts might inform them thac it is advantageous to
them to buy their cloth, th'. ir linens, and their hard-
ware, from thofe who fell thofe commodities at the
lowefl: price. Iftheconimercial rt^gulations of France
will enable us to fcrve lier cheaper than the Dutch
or Germans, or than her own manufaflurers can doj
(he will confult her own interell in dealing with
thofe wiiom flie terms " a nation of Piiopkeepcrs.**
The thinned population, reduced capital, low price
of confifcated land, and languid Hate of agricultufe,
iii the Republic ought to fugge il to her, riiat the
national profperiiy will, for fome years to come, be
bed promoted by encouraging improvements di-
re6ily connected with cultivation. fVlercantile jea-
loufv. and national r.nimofitv, if thcv dill influentTc
6 the
[ 143 ]
the councils of France, may point out a different
courfe ; and attempt, though they will attempt in
vain, to injure Great Britain by forcing French in-
duftry, by means of bounties and prohibitions, into
a diredion which it is not naturally inclined to
take. ' .
V,
Account of ^ the official \^a1ue of Imports into Great
Britain from ^Frante, Flanders, lldlland, and Spain,
apd of Exports, from Great Britain to eacii of thofe
Countries, in 1790, and the Ten following Years,
diftinguidiing Britini Manufaaures from Foreign
Merchandize.
lift
Years.
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
^795
J 796
J 797
J799
Val'ic i£
Imprrts.
54^057
717.^34
121,027
167
10,362
13,700
20,885
29,030
1 1 0,4 > 5
FRANCE,
Value of Exports.
■'V..
Britifh Ma-
ll ui[ai:tu res,
5.35>284
57^7632'
743.28
66,677
2,680
30
32>579
570
1 30,6s c
Foieign iNIcr-
r
337,040
S5-h744
4«4>885
162,210
3m«62
7^.652
, 7.94 >
656,- ; c
Jj'94.'734
Tovu!
Exp9rt«. f
)C* ■ »
872,32*^
1,228, i61f
22^,887'
34,54^
WIS
689,295
8,90 i
1,325,41^,
0*'
l'<
n.AXDKRS.
[ »44 ]
JF L A N D E R S.
4-
Vi
«
m
Years.
1790
1791
1792
J 793
>294
'795
1796
»797
1798
1799
ibco
> .<■■ ■ ■- -
" ■■•• Value c
►f EKports.
■, ■/'•
Value of
Britilh Ma-
Foreign Mer-
Total
Imports;
nufa6tares.
chandize,
Exporcs.
£' .
£'
£'
£'
i4(j,95o
Z<^3^S37
597>'9S
900,733
193,420
387*399
539*500
926,959
1 32,289
381,287
649,806
1*03^.09 3
120,180
2i5>i'3
560,976
776,089
76,820
187*577
484*305
671,888
4,287
i3.50«
13*50^
7,067
2,045
63,008
65,054
10,514
3,720
122,838
124,55^
14,643
—
16,684.
16,684
12,355
2^5
14,021
14»^3^
34*656
40,485
768,410
808,826
HOLLAND.
1790
J791
1792
1793
1794
1795
i796
1797
1798
1799
i8jo
714,707
S 5-^,984
^'01,535
8cf,3o6
1,013,351
119,586
309*933
529,428
594,104
200,432
972,600
727,646
695,698
692,725
673>H9
785,207
73'»242
578,844
i>037,938
4'?9»^79
',«4i,73^
i*7a»
109*333
2,792
513*475
76,908
1,264,007
6,297
93».8o5
4*93^
12,720
20,414
3,188,198
Ij423,345
1,365,874
1,516,449
1,616,783
1,640,916
III, 1 15
516,268
1,340,9 '5
938,102
17,652
3,208,613
SPAIN,
m
1 ears.
1790
1791
1792
»793
>794
>795
1795
1797
1798
«799
1800
[ ;45 ]
SPAIN, including the Canaries.
>• '. .*
„ , Value c
f Exports.
A,
Valwe of
Britift Ma-
Foreign Mer-
Total
Imports.
nufaftures.
chandize.
Export*.
£'
J^' .
• A,.
i-
7:8,485
586,498
80,724
667,222
7«.048
582,914
90,126
677,041
908,06^
720,984
9O»304
811.379
490,242
419,360
83.487
ijo2,S47
759.95^5
487,281
165,238
652,520
,007,^35
369,612
1 00,99 1
470,604
825,632
44^434
121.395
562,830
517,809
748
<5,i4S
6,893
353.897
397
—
397
429,846
\'' 5
—
S
704,189
^ __
3*382
3,38?^
1 J
lilB
It appears from the following account of the
tonnage of veffels cleared outwards to the other
belligerent flates, that a diminution has taken
place in our trade with all of them, except Portu-
gal. The increafcd export, vvever, of Britifli
manufadlures to that country nas nof compen-
fatcd for the lofs of the direfl intercou'-le wirh
Spain during the war. The official value of Bri-
tifli manufadures e>iported in the years
1790., 17-91, 1792, 1798, 1799, 1800.
& [ ;-£• ■ .
To Spain - wis - 1,890,396 -' 402
To Portugal — - i,9ii,22(T - 2,902,758
3,801,622
2,9)3,160
N,
Au
m
C 146 ]
An Account of the Tonnage of Veflels cleared Outwards
from the Ports of Great Britain to Portugal, Italy, and
Sicily *, the Streights and Turkey, in 1 789, and the
Eleven following Years. '
PORTUGAL, Including Madeira.
Enuland.
Scotland.
t
.V
Tofal
Britiih.
Foreign.
Britiih.
Foreign.
J, V/ 1 U i
Tonnage.
Years.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
17^9
16,485
777
1,461
—
28,723
1790
28,952
i>935
2,024
70
32,981
1791
34,586
2,543
2,584
39.713
1792
38,750
2,650
2,267
J 79
43,846
>7y3
22,750
5>5'9
499
240
29,008
1794
30,110
4,625
1,474
J50
36,359
1795
26,042
20,49 1
1,970
370
48,873
1796
29,028
25,280
2,619
340
57,267
1797
25,262
14,978
2,006
631
42,877
1798
31,846
15.576
2,756
50,178
1799
24,871
17,480
2,484
—
44,83s
1 800
30,029
23*464
754
^MH
54,247
ITA
LY and
SICILY.
1789
16,642
190
862
^_
17,694
1793
19,526
2,203
1,282
.
23,071
I79I
29,888
199
1,117
31,204
1792
29,467
200
805
30.472
'793
I7r4c6
2,7.00
729
—
20,335
>794
19,507
457
1,032
20,9^6
1795:
13^469
5,958
502
19,929
1796
0,416
11,920
—
}^>33^
»797
— .
10,082
—
__
10,082
1798
3.863
4,627
—
8,490
1799
6,475
3>342
946
10,763
1800
>2»337
6,075
388
216
19,016
• Under •* Italy and Sicily" I have inckuled the following entries,
which (land feparate in the Cuftam-houfe Ace nt of Tuule and
Navigation, «♦ Italy, Naples, Venice, Leghorn, Genoa, and Sicily."
THE
C H7 ]
THE STREIGHTS and 'GIBRALTAR;
Years.
1789
1790
1791
1792
J793
'794
1795
1795
J797
1798
1799
1 800
1789
1790
1791
1792
J793
1794
1795
1796
J797
1798
1799
1800
England.
t J< ^
Britifh, Foreign.
Tons. Tons.
Scotland.
7^445
9*565
7,840
^^737
4, '97
3j345
5j30o
3j644
6,057
8,328
4,705
6,077
4>«50
9,02 r
11,186
2,071
2,396
1,683
1,048
1,511
1,624.
2,456
1,078
136
403
166
456
852
228
1,188
2,013
Britilh.
Tons.
450
130
464
222
375
»77
110
223
509
370
184,
--A^
»
Foreigo.
Tons.
TURKEY.
371 — —
380
330
524
2,197
'■■(■■I
Total
Tonnage.
' Tops,
7*895
10,773
8,440
6,959
4,975
5,390
3,455
5,756
4,7 f 9
6,794
9,886
6,902
6,077
4>S2i
9,021
11,18$
2,071
2,396
1,683
1,420
33^
2,035
3,821
2,456
Our export of Britini manufactures to Italy
has been much reduced in confequcnce of the war:
and, with the exception of the two laft years, the
annual average export of them to Turkey, during
the war, has not amounted to half the avera<^e of
the three preceding years of peace.
La An
\-\
"S
IjI^II^
|il®l:
\
1
C >48 ]
f%
An Account of the official Value of Imports from Por-
■ ^i
tugal, Italy, the Streights, and Turkey, and of the Ex-
ports to each of thofe Countries in 1790, and the Ten
mM
following Years ; diftinguifhing Britiflt Manufaflures
wM
from Foreign Merchandize.
PI
:'-rt'"' PORTUGAL including Madeira. ■;
\\ .
T-' Value of Exports. ^ :.
r
■
■^v Value of BririfliMa- Foreign Mcr- Total
Year*. Imports. nufaftures. chandizc- Exports.
£' £■ £• £'
1790 74^,907" ■53'^5^87 29,417 5^<5,304
1791 874,225 657,388 31,076 688,464
. i79i2 977,820 714,951 39,671 754^622
1793 482,191 521,167 61,935 583, oz
'794 7 '4,388 512,479 78,215 590,694
1795 848,550 643,860 64,876 708,737
1796 677,773 783,046 92,955 876,001
1797 525.3'9 633,484 77,715 711,199
1798 704,720 782,290 142^453 924,743
1799 1,061,967 1,045,950 138,643 1,184,594
1800 927,258 1,074,518 124,506 1,199,024
r
ITALY and SICILY.
6
1790 972,847 803,884 87,518 891,405
1791 1,020,298 932,148 115,014 1,047,163
1792 1,069,620 778,195 185,037 963^235
1793 620,679 434,716 108,925 543.642
1794 707,249 420,162 190,398 610,560
'795 596,878 568,278 295,357 S63,6^s
• 1796 375^054 626,968 145,884 773,852
1797 98,203 100,725 15,383 116,109
1798 145,440 184,075 38,093 222,169
. 1799 224,607 196,371 191,881 388,255
1800 4U;765 449>6i8 136,940 5^(^,559
■. <
•
THE
1
('■■ ■
C 149 ]
THE STREIGHTS and GIBRALTAR*.
Value of Exports.
Value of
Years. Imports.
^79^ 37)235
1791 16,124
^79^ J3»»54
1793 5.756
1794 11,44^
1795 18,033
1796 28,593
1797 16,990
1798 36,217
1799 62,992
1800 25y66s
1790 249,187
1791 178,388
1792 290,599
1793 184,681
1794 3M>9o6
1795 84,299
1796 150,182
1797 104,838
1798 42,285
'799 33>':9»
1800 199.773
Britilh Ma-
nufafturcs.
£'
»88,733
224,673
179,694
118,479
83,164
107,331
97,262
37,760
144,722
289,885
228,620
"^
Foreign Mer- Towl
chandize.
c
I5..341
16,841
17.429
17,225
37.T25
32,973
39.273
19,095
57.7"7
68,899
65.937
TURKEY.
70,526 42,653
99,206 90,085
98,961 174,824
23,466 21,803
55,690
51,800
59,410
2i,o85
42,860
112,065
111,096
62,009
98,137
96, 1 00
'.+47
19.30**
114,012
55.708
lExports.
I-
204,075
24i.5'5
197,124
135.705
120,290
140,305
136,535
5M55
202,489
358,784
294)558
113. 179
189,291
373.785
4'5)'i7o
117,700
149,938
J55.5'0
23.532
62,168
22^,078
i(:6,804
Many pcrfons entertain fanguin.' expedations
that the brilliant achievements of the Britilh army
in Egypt will, notwithftanding our evacuation
* The exports in the four laft years, in this tabic, were all expoit*
to Gibraltai ; the import!, from the Streights in thclb four years were
only
In
J 797
1798
17,9
1800
^.1,220
3>o9i
.^.957
2,940
^ 3
mm
W.
I
of
r^W
...HI; a
J<iV5 ,
■1 -t
Ev"
■f
*s:;
of that country, fecurc to us great commercial
advantages in that province of the Turkilh em-
pire J but, as the treaty of peace lately concluded
between Bonaparte and the Porte places the
French republic on the footing of the moft fa-
voured nation, it is not by means of exclufive pri-
vileges that we can hope to fupplant our rivals in
the markets of Turkey. We muft found our pre-
eminence on the lownefs of our prices, the variety
of our affbrtments, and the improved quiality of
our woollen manufadures. The period is peculi-
arly favourable fur fpeculation in this branch of
commerce. Twenty years ago, the French cloth
trade to Turkey began to decline j the troubles
produced by the revolution in the fouthern pro-
vinces, and the war that followed thofe troubles,
have much injured the manufactures of Languedoc.
Marfeilles, fixty years ago, annually exported
twelve thoufand pieces of cloth (of forty yards
each) to Aleppo and Conftantinople * j but the
French woolK ns are now in low eftimation in the
Levant. A French ex-conful in Greece admits
that the cloths of Germany, called Leipjics, have
fupplanled the Londnm of Languedoc j and that
we enjoy a confiderable Ihare in the export of
ftuffij, the lightnefs and texture of which his
countrymen arc utterly unable to imitate f. Our
* Hanway's Travels to Perfia, vol. i. p. 39,.
t Beaujour, Commerce de la Grcce, tome ii. p. <).
other
[ 151 ]
other principal exports to Turkey are gunpowder,
hardware, loj's, jewellery, and watches. Of our
trade in the laft of thefe articles, the writer, whom
1 have juft mentioned, gives a very flattering ac-
count. He fays that of Englifti watches, there
are fold annually, at Salonichi, thirty dozen ; as
many in the Morca ; three hundred dozen at Con-
fiantinople ; four hundred dozen in Syria ; and
two hundred and fifty dozen in Egypt. He fays
each watch is worth from eighty to one hundred
and twenty piafters * j and computes the aggre-
gate ^f this branch of commerce at 266,4col.
flerling. *' The trade in clock-work in Europe,
*' has doubled within the laft fifty years. It is
*' probable that it will increafe with the progrefs
" of fociety j for, wherever civilization exifts, time
" is a precious article, and its value renders the
" inftrument neceffary that portions it out f ."
The advantageous firuation ofMarfeilles, which
lies almoft in the dired route from the Weft Indies
to the Levant, will enable the French, on the com-
plete re-efiablifliment of peace, to recover the
export trade of coffee and cotton to Turkey. The
export of naval ftores, from the north of Europe to
the Levant, was formerly in the hands of the
Dutch : the Ruflians, in confequence of the privi-
leges which they have acquh-cd on the Black Sea,
* From 1 6/. to 20/.
t Commerce de la Grcce, tome ii. p. 18,
L4
f
m..
f/
now
*s
t
[ 152 ]
'ii
« .
r
^:i
10
nowpoffcis this branch of commerce almoft cxclu-
fivcly.
I cannot conceive th.t the poflrcfTion of Malta
(whatever may be its value as a military ftation)
would have afforded us any new means of ex-
tending our trade with Turkey. The heavy
charge of a garrifon at La Valette might, in feme
degree, have been compcnfated by a clandeftinc
trade with Italy and Sicily, (if fuch a trade could
have been deemed a national objeft,) but the ac-
quifition of this ifland would not have enabled our
manufadurers to drive their competitors, the French,
Italians, and Germans, from the markets of the
Levant. It may, however, be fairly prcfumcd that
the government of Malta, renovated by the loth
ariicle of the Definitive Treaty, and proteded and
guaranteed by the fix principal powers of Europe,
will afford greater encouragement to mercantile
adventure ihan it could poflibly do in ite; former
feeble ftate -, that the admiffion of Maltefe into all
employments, both civil and military, will promote
the induflry, and increafe the confumption, of the
ifland j and that the eflablifhmcnt of a Lazaretto,
open to all nations, and the advantages of a neutral
port, will enable Britifh merchants to extend their
commercial intf'rcourfe with the Italian States and
ths Levant. It may alfo be hoped that a commer-
cial treaty with the Porte will afford our merchants
an opportunity of improving the intcrcourfe whicli
6 Biitiih
[ >53 ]
Britifli valour has cflabliflied with Egypt. Our
trade with that country was very inconfidcrablc
before the war.
-I
Tonnage and Number of Veflels entered Inwards from
Egypt, and cleared Outwards, from Great Britain to
Egypt, in the Years 1790, 1791, and 1792.
Entered Inwards.
Cleared Outwards.
Years.
Ships.
Tons,
Ships. Tons.
1790 -
1791 -
1792 -
- I
_ <<
a
- 1
194
584
2 543
3 ^87
It may likewife be cxpedted that our trade In
the Mediterranean will receive feme increafe in
confequence of the eftablifliment of the republic
of the Seven Illands. We have long dealt with
them for an article, which, however unimportant
it may appear, yields a confiderable Dam in revenue.
The duty on currants, which, I believe, are chiefly
imported from Zante, laft year produced above
90,000!.
ffi:i
%■
LETTER
t \
C '54 3
It
' > I
LETTER VII.
ON THE COASTING TRADE ; AND THE TRADE OF IRELAND,
^
tt
1 HE limits to which I propofe to confine my in-
quiries do not permit me to enter into a minute in-
veftigation of the progrefs of our coafling trade j
an inveftigation which would furnifh the moft fa-
tisfadtory evidence of the profperity of this branch
of our commerce. The increafe in the number of
veflels belonging to the diftercnt ports of the Britifli
empire, which has already been noticed*, and
wliieh is much greater than the increafe of our fo-
reign trade required, is chiefly afcribable to the
exf"?nfion of the intercourfe between the different
ports of the Britifb iflands. It appears from a
comparative view of the tonnage in the foreign
trade, and in the coafling trade entered inwards at
the port of London, that whilft the former, between
J 792 and 1799, increafed from 603,431 tons to
673,473 tons, the latter, during the fame period,
increafed from 982,700 to 1,411,878 tons. The
exports from the outports have alfo increafed in a
greater proportion than the exports from the port
of London.
■* Soe pnge 55.
Au
[ '55 ]
An Account of the Number of Ships, with their Tonnage,
that entered Inwards in the Port of London, from the
Foreign Trade, and fhe Coafting Trade, in the Years
1700, 1750, 1790, and the Nine following Years*.
Years.
1700
1750
J 790
1 79 1
179»
1793
J 794
1795
1796
1797
1798
J 799
The amount of foreign tonnage entered inwards
at the port of London (included in the foreign
trade) amounted in the year 1700 to y6,^^^ tons ;
in 1750 to 36,346 tons ; in 1790 to 149,205 tons ;
in 1793 to 177,019 tons J and in 1798 to 232,005
tons. The trade at the outports has much in-
crcafed fmce the year 1790 in the official value of
their exports, but not in the amount of their ton-
nage.
• Second Report on the Port of London, 1799, Appendix, D. 2. D. 9.
Third Report on ditto, iSco, Appendix, A. 5. A. 7.
Foreign Trade.
Coaft
ing Trade.
A
Sliips.
Tons.
Ships.
Tons.
1*335
157.03?
5,562
278,100
1,682
a34.3^'9
6,396
5(1,680
3.4'5
581,095
9,2';8
927,800
3.420
568,427
9'398
939,800
3»<575
603,43 1
9,827
982,700
Hi'
655,124
9,64.1
964,100
3.663
629,845
10,286
1,028,600
2,832
578.4f.3
11,964
1,196,400
4,176
7^3.985
IO,')29
1.323,53*
3,269
557.248
10,781
1,360,82.?
3>420
627,087
» 0,1 33
1,2 J 0,449
3.414
673.473
11,163
i,4ii.»7S
II
III
I arm
An
[ '56 J
tj
<•
:*«r.
m
n-
U :- '^ I
An Account of the Tonnage cleared Outwards, and of
the Exports, from all the Outports ; and of the Exports
from the Port of London, in the following Years*.
Years,
Tonnage from
the Outports.
Ton;!.
Value of Exports
from all the Out-
Ycars.
175^
1790
J79I
1797
1798
J 799
522,802
1,031,231
1,108,9^3
9) 0,3 00
999.1 i^
1,014,615
1758
1700
1770
1780
1790
1793
Value of Exports
fioin the P()rt of
London.
;^-
8,415,218
10,726,709
9,267,709
6,837,960
1 2,660,463
18,002,204
ports.
c
4,283,862
3,068,245
5,000,945
5,714,094
8,168,167 '
6,704,965
1798 13,920,316
It appears from thefe accounts that the export
trade of London was in a flomifhing flate in 1760;
that in 1780 it had decreafed two-fifths j and that
in 1 798 it amounted to thrice the value of the ex-
ports in 1780. The exports of the out-ports ap-
pear to have been doubled in eighteen years. The
follov^ing accounts of the tonnage of vefiels cleared
out to Ireland, atid the iflands of Alderney, Guern-
fey, Jerfey, and Man, in i 789 and the eleven fol-
lowing years, and of the imports and exports to
thofe parts of the empire in 1790 and the ten fol-
lowing years, comprize the principal countries in
the Cuftotn-houfe accounts which have not been
noticed in the preceding pages. The difturbances
in Ireland have no dou prevented the increafe
of Irifh commerce from being as rapid as it would
otherwife have been j and various circumflances
connedled with the war have probably extended the
trade of the Eritifli iflands on the French coaft much
beyond the li«n:ts to which it will be confined in
times of peace.
•Second Report on the Port of Lomlon, Appendix, D. i2, 13, 14.
Tliird Report, Appendix, A. 8.
t ^57 ]
jr-
Account of the Tonnage of Britifh and Foreign Veffels entered
Inwards, and cleared Outwards, in the Ports of Great Britain
niid Wales, from or to Ireland, in 1789, and the Eleven foUgw-
ing Vears.
Veflels entered Inwards from Ireland. . -:.'
Years.
1789
1790
1791
, «79^
>793
1794
5795
1796
1797
1798
* 1799
1800
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
179?
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
Years.
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794.
179?
1796
3797
1798
1799
1800
England and Wales.
r
-Britifli
Tons.
176,560
180,192
182,179
199,764
»79.374
420,943
437,24*
453.772
396,74?
J94,T26
432,540
442,667
Scotland.
Foreign
Tons.
1,704
2,326
2,149
2,026
S>447
7,021
io,iJ4
6,828
5,256
3'M7
5,660
7,746
BritiOi
Tons.
93,329
1 = 3,307
108,219
94,934
74,980
62,257
7o,3'^9
102,792
;. 86,762
■67,509
63,290
'65,954
Foreign
Tonn.^,
i3r
187
I'lO
154
228
14^
Vefiels cleared Outwards to Ireland.
Ekqland AND Wales.
40^.734
408,839
409,391
436,843
448,247
441,103
448,406
4f'3>356
423,747
413,686
447,S3^
498,398
82
900
160
157
Scotland.
, ^
69,307
71,108 -
37.005
71*529
72,037
61,567
58,941
75.154
7«.9i3
77.153
79i9-4
87,024
150
68
Imports from, and Exports to, Ireland.
Value of Exports.
Value of
Imports.
£'
2,573.747
2»479>-79
2,622,733
2,284,920
2,': 49,900
2,636,705
2,764,879
3.1^51,585
2,735,686
2,770,231
112
Bntilh Ma-
nufadtures.
£■
1,328,388
1.470,795
1,512,844
1,055,276
1,281,316
1,612,270
1,781,789
1,310,996
Foreign Mer-
chandize.
£.
937.3S0
9 ,9,667
860,022
888,048
1,199,159
1,185,103
-80
1,01
^.
i,i26,o8j
'.6 5 7,954 1,316,408
2,405,999 1,680,987
1,787,066 I,
Total
E.xpcrts.
2,470,463
2,372,866
1,943.324
2,480,476
2.797,463
2,797,070
2,437,082
a.974.363
4,086,986
i
1(1=',
4
I
1;
2,312,824 1,787,966 1,953,533 2,741,499
ii
'*"
ml
tt
"h
[ 158 ]
An Account of the Value, according to the Prices cur-
rent, of all Imports into, and Exports from, Ir'eland,
for Five Years, ending 25th March, 1801, ftateiin
Britifh Currency*.
Value of Exports.
.A.
Year ending
3^th March,
1796
J 797
1798
1799
1800
Total
Exports.
£■
Value of Irifti Foreign
Imports. Produce. Articles.
£' £' £'
5,924,654 6,312,798 51,049 6,363,847
5>74Ij324 5*702,632 99,598 5,802,230
4,395,504 5>554>2^8 107,127 5,661,395
5,688,361 5,695,664 1931989 5»889,653
7>525>385 5»2oo,953 227,967 5>428,92o
* Accounts refpefting the Income, &c. of Ireland, (No. V.)
ordered to be printed 29th June, 1801. It may be expefted,
that meafures will be adopted, for afcertaining, with the greateft
pofliblc precifion, not only the real value of the annual exports
and imports of Great Britain and Ireland, but alfo the annual
corifumption of each country, in various taxable commodities,
as by the 7th Article of the Union it is declared that " at the
" expiration of twenty years, the future expenditure of the
** United Kingdom, other than the intereft and charges of the
** debt to whicli either country (hall be feparately liable, (hall
** be defrayed in fuch proportion as the United Parliament fliall
** deem Jutland reafonable, upon a comparifon of the real value
" of the exports and imports of the refpeftive countries, upon
" an average of the three years next preceding the revifion j or
** on a comparifon of the value of the quantities of the following
<* articles, confumed within the refpeilive countries, on a fimllar
*' average, a/iz. Beer, Spirits, Sugar, Wine, Tea, Tobacco, and
«' Malt ; or, according to the aggregate proportion refulting
•' from both thefe confideratlons combined ; or on a comparifon
** of tlic amount of income in each country, eft.imated from
•♦ the produce for the fame periods, of a general tax, if fuch
" fliall have been impofed on the fame defcriptions of income
•* in both countrlv'^3." Statements of this nature would be va-
luable additions to the financial and commercial accounts, which
ars annually laid before Parliament.
Account
[ ^59 ]
Account of Tonnage from and to Guernfey, Jctfey,
Alderney> Sark, and Man*
Giujerfey, Ifle bf
Years.
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
»794
Gu. Jerfey, Iflt of
Aid. Sark. Man.
Tons.
18,656
i7»353
18,055
I9>S83
18,547
5151793
Tons.
S.947
5>i'4
1,322
1.639
10,933
11,907
Aid. Sark. Man,
Yenrsv Tons. Tons.
1795 3i>i23 10,339
1796 38>3i6 12,362
1797 29,907 14,383
179^ 35>96t 11,257
1799 4I5549 io»537
1800 39,717 10,859
Offclal Value of Imports frorti, and of Exports to,
Alderney, Guernfey, Jerfey, Sark, and Man.
Value of Exports.
Yean,
1790
1791
179a
»793
1794
J 795
1795
J 797
1798
1799
1800
Imports.
69,19+
;i,oio
86,196
103,204
106,466
H2>397
260, 1 90
198,356
306,835
240,290
275,117
For. Mcrch.
£^
30,572
29, J 12
^^5,457
38,104
56,464
89,484
73^645
«4»335
6 1 ,495
102,720
68,398
To. ^xp»
i?-J,55<^
127,316
iS9>658
1 4)350
189,091
230,031
a22»257
221,743
^^37,705
315.953
264,330
iJrit. ^''an.
£■
90,078
98,203
104,201
146,246
132,627
140,546
148,622
137,408
176,209
213,333
i95>93i
We cannot reafonably apprehend that foreign
nations, who, with all the advantages of neutrality
during the war, have not ftript us of our trade, or
ruined our manufafturers, Hiould be more fuccefs-v
ful in peace> when circumftances will be more fa-
vourable to us ; but it is extremely improbable,
that France, without a plentiful fnpply of fuel,
without our improved mills and fleam- engines*,
* The nraount of capital vcftcd in mills and machinery, in tiie
woollen manufacture alone, is climated, by a very in^cHigciu manufac--
turer of Les;<'3, Benjamin Gott, efquire, at 5,083,5601. — ISIinutts of
Evidence before the Houfc of Commons, rclFitinsj to Wool, 29th April,
1800. p. 31.
without
It
in '.
I
f.ii6o ]
m
$
without that ingenuity which can only be acquired
by long praftice, without habit? of induftry, want-
ing capital to fet her induftry in motion, and unable
to give that credit which thofe countries which
deal with us have been accuftomed to, Ihould
foon jiifpoffefe us of thofe markets^ which we now
fupply. If we could underfell the French in Ame-
rica before the year 1793, we may now hope to
prcferve our luperiority. The taxes impofed dur-
ing the war do not prefs heavily on our manufac-
tures. 1 he internal improvements, which during
the laft ten years have taken place in Great Bri-
tain, have facilitated the operations of labour, and
rendered it more produdiive. New roads, canals,
and machinery, while tiicy reduce the price of
manufadures, increafe the remuneration of the
workman. , ,^ , ' . ,
In our export trade we now enjoy many peculiar
advantages which we did not formerly poffefs ;
there is hardly an article in the manufadrlure of
filks, woollens, cotton, leather, metals, and glafs,
(plate- glafs excepted, in which, howcveri we have
lately much improved,) wliich cannot be made in
this country. Every fpecies of colonial produce^
(except fome kinds of fpices * and the precious '
metals) will be brought diredly to our ports. We,
H^i™,
ii
• Some of the fpices, I believe, have been nfituralizcd in our Weft
India iflam's, and in India; the cemplarc conqucft of the Moluccas
has afforded us rhe opportunity, which, it is to be hoped, v%'ill not be
thrcnvn away, of traiifplamiiig the clove and the nutmeg to the congc-
iuaI foil of Ctylon.
fhall
'ir '*
lu
C i^t ]
ihall thus be enabled tp fupply every part of the
Ivorld with cargoes completely aflbrtedj ape*,
though it ihould be admitted that in fomo: pf
the lead valuable m^nufadures other nations may
excel us, we may be aflured that, whenever we
furnifh the principal commoduies wanted by a fo*
feign confumer, the convenience of making up an
aflbrtment will, if our prices are not extravagant,
taufe a preference to be given to us in more trifling
articles* • ■ f--. ■•"• ..-a '',■ ■ 'y-i • m;t -
The following ftatements exhibit the real value
of the principal articles, the growth, produce, or
manufacture of Great Britain or Ireland, export-
ed to different parts of the world. It will be feen,
from thefe interefting documents, that the principal
articles of export from the two countries rank in
the following order : . - /
GREAT BRITAIN.
Exported on
... an Average of
Three Years.
8,458,^67
4.17^236
3,167,06a
^503.409
S < Brafs 8c Copper 1 , „
i^ manufaaur^ p.04,,854
Silk - - 610,552
Gh^^ and 7
Earthenware £ 537-959
Leather <« - 412,306
IRELAND.
t
fWooUens
Cottons -
Iron and Steel
Haberdalhery
Linens -
jj f Linens
^ i Yarn
i (.Candles •
Exported on
an Average o£
Three Years.
£■
- 2,654,25:5
i47>»»4.
a3»78»
^ f Butter - 949,x66
I I Pork - 474»HJ
S ] Corn ic Meal 441,051
s I ^«^ - 424*534
(^ CoW8&:Oxen 122,177
^Bacoa • x 1717 5 5
ju.
m
■ m
^f
\
u
An
^»ft
:^i:
ir
[ ^162 ]
An Account of the \ alue, according to the Prices Current
of the Goods, Wares, and Merchandize, being IrldV
Growth, Produce, and Manufafture, exported from Ire-
land on an Average of the Three Years ending the i^i"-
March, 1799, ^o Great Britain, and to all other Parts of
.the\Vorl4», V, '
Exports of Iriih Produce
•O; :,
•^f-v
' .•!.
and Manufaftures.
I U I." >
To Great Br, To all other Parts. Total.
Beer and ale
Books (bound and unbound)
Brafs & copper, (manufafture)
Candles . •
5 Ore
6
9+
383
220
Copper, I p,^^^,
Cordage
Corn and Meal ' ,4 ;j 5,003
Cows and Oxen .. ' 122,177
Cotton, and cotton and linen
mixed (manufafture)
Feathers
Fifh
Flax (drefled and undrefled)
Glafs
Glue
Gunpowder
Hats
Hogs
Hogs lard
Hortes
Hides untanned '
Iron (wrought)
Kelp
Leather (wrought)
rCambrick
•i
■.^«»i^8
6,3 r-
161
170
187
2,359
1,786
^ 66i
271
■' 454
?,ii8
2,990
441,051
6»954
7»'2i
185
6,4^7
'2»S05
1^993
4,892
16,076
7»3oo
,6c),6S6
3»440
■.; 6,6 3 J
2,324
273»89a 2,637,716
rsa i4,o8r 14*2 >3
117,224 531 117.755
343,272 81,262 424»^'34
786 4,781 5,567
739>544 205,72 i 949»2t6
648 206 854
Pork 410,107 64,036 474,143
^-Tongues Ij590 1,868 3)4^8
* Accounts of the Commerce and Revenue of Great Britain and
Ireland, ordered to be printed a^ April, iSoo. (B, No. 1.)
Rape.
Lineo
Provifions
4,892
14,469
7,28i
69*5*3
110
6,633
131
140
-l Plain, white 2,363,824
LColoured
/.Bacon
Beef
Bread
Butter
Cheefe
177
91
23^5^^
2,990
6,048
12, 118
652
6,960
6
6,300
146
207
239
i,6c7
18
J 73
3 '3 30
5.-9.1
2,184
[ '63 ]
Rape-feed :.,/ , , <^
Sheep (alive)
Silk (tnanufaAure)
Silk, and worlled mixed (man.)
645
Skins |S*lf,..
1 Other ikms
Soap
Spirits
Stationary
Tallow
Wool
Woollens, (manufa£^ure)
Linen
30,285
2,117
1,076
499
673
32,090
92
13
126,789
I Woollen worftcd & bay 20,08!
All other articles 7>^o7
6
219
3,663
»3.039
5.053
^ 28
^303
10*374
244
3»5a8
Total £. 4,891,161 759»69» 5»6io,83$
ir-
Id
m
n
'■■«■*
If
1 i
I
I
:■■'.) i
'.1 I
■I '
1. .! I
•i
i
M £
An
■ «
Il
Mrn
; A' i
I 164 ]
An Account of the Value, according to the Prices Currcirt^
oiT to the deolared Vahie of the Merchants Exporttrs, of
> the Goods', Wares, and Merchandize^ being Britiflf*
Produce and Manufai9ture$, exported from Great
"^ BiHtain, on an Ava-ageof the Three Years ending 5th
; January, I709> to Irelajnd, ^nd to all other Pajrts of the
-Wprkl*.
•^V '^ ^ Exports of Britlfti Produce
.. • ,1 . . . and Manofad^ures.
Miu: l;i«
.n»
<j{ ^ To Ireland. To all olhc* P«rta.
I r B»rk, (taitfK^s)
Coab
'i ,Q©pper, ( iinwrought ) $10
Letid
Salt
Tin
fBecr
Braft
Cottons
Cordage I1I31
Chariots and coaches ]&>734.
Copper i4»539
I Glafs and earthen ware 7 5,075
7i'!3?
56,198
5.3 « ?
io,';9(5
14-0 '7
268,621
212,077
16,11*
223,091
109,336
289,79+
205,591
459,161
Total. -
399»»38.
368,4 '26
16,923
230,326
H5.534
295,109
216,387
473.178
66,619 4,108,617 4,175,2.36
a
rt "x Gunpowder
Hixberdafhery
[ron and ftee)
Leather
Linens
Pewter
Silk
Woollens
Apothecary ware
Books (printed)
Fi(h
Candles (tallow)
All other articles
1,465
33.544
1 I 9, ! 60
50,966
22,534
24,99 I
686,759
^7.S32
2,840
96,78^
6
1 30,498
24,166
55+''37
462,884
135-744
1,470,005
2,047,902
361,340
1,256,200
Ui>3Q4
58 J, 56 1
131,629
42,900.
568,676
S37>9^9
137,209
1,503, +09
2,167,062
412,306
1.278,734
141,784
610,55a
7,771,808 8,458,567
107,425 124,957
88,568 91,408
164,887 261,672
110,916 110,922
533,365 7'879'3i7 8»4i2.722
Total £' 2,087,672 29,185,193 31,272,865
* Aecounts of the Commerce, &c. ( A, No. I.)
C J65 ]
*>
One meafurc, which, it was juGly obfervcd by
Mr. Rofc in the beginning of 1 799*, was flill want
ing to fecure the foreign commerce we have, and to ^
afford the beft chance of extending it confiderably, ,
has at length been happily accomplifhed. By the
a6is for making wet docks in the Ifle of Dogs, and >
near Wapping, a plan has been fandioned forefta-
bJifhing a warehoufe fydemj and for enabling fhips
in the Port of London to take in their cargoes
with facility and difpatch. Probably not lefs than
two millions will be expended in tiiefe two docks i
Parliament has been recently applied to for powers
to enable the Diredlors to open one of the docks i^i
the Ifle of Dogs, which will be ready to receive the
firft Weft India Fleet that arrives in the enfuing
fummcr ; and new plans are under difcuflion for
rebuilding London bridge, and improving the quays
and avenues leading to the Thames. " Thus,'* as
Mr. Burke obferves, " our trade has grown too
" big for the ancient limits of art and nature.
" Our ftreets, our lanes, our fhores, the river ic-
" felf, which has i'o long been our pride, are im-
" peded, and cbflrudled, and choaked up by our
'' richest."
It is not only by the foreign and coafling trade
that the maritime power of Great Britain is fup-
1.(1'.'
'm
4r:
f
• Brief Examination into thelncreafe of the Revenue, p. 78.
t Third Letter on Peace, p. 156.
M 3 ported.
ii'l.
m
m :
:n '
[ 166 ]
ported. The inland commerce, carried on by meafls
of rivers and canals, rears a hardy race of men, ca-
pable of managing fmall veflels, and qualified with
Icfs inftruftion than mere landfmen would require,
to become good feamcn. 0( the number thus
employed it is not cafy to form an eftimate. A
Regifter, Hating the tonnage of all boats of burden,
on rivers and canals, and the number of men em-
ployed in navigating them, would furnifh a very
fatisfaftory account of this part of the popula-
tion of Great Britain*. That it is not incon-
fiderable may be prefumed from this circum-
fiance, that near the metropolis alone, 3436 craft,
and 3000 wherries, employ ..jout 10,000 boatmen
and boys j and that, exclufive of the bufinefs which
they tranfadt, there are 800,000 tons of diflferent
commodities carried up and down the river every
yearf.
••* The 35th Geo. III. c. 5S, only requires that vefTels exceeding 13;
tons,ufed on navigable rivers and inland navigations, liiall be regifter-
ed. This aft, I conceive, fhould be extended to fmall craft of every de.
feription ; and the returns under this regifter annexed to the accounts
of (hipping, required by Lord Liverpool's Aft, which are annually
laid before Parliament. A moderate licence-duty on veflels of every
dcfcription would yield a very confiderable revenue.
t Colquhoun's Police of the River Thames, pp. 16. & 498. In the
Report from a Committee of the Houfe of Commons in 1793, on the
Thames navigation, it was flated (p. 55 .) that the tonnage that pafled
upwards on the River, at, and above Boulter's lock, near Maiden-
head, in the year ending on the ift Dec. 179a, amounted to 68,000
tons.
A very
■1 ? ' t
r 107 ]
' very eonfiderablc incrcale in inland navigation
will probably take place. During the laft ten years
126 Canal AiSts of Parliament were pafled, ancj many
millions thus inveftcd in the internal improve-
ment of the country. It will appear from the
following account that, in the ten years immedi-
ately preceding, only 42 a6ts, or one third of 126,
were pafled*.
Years.
.,1782
• *'i783
"1784
■1785
: 1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
J791
Total No. of
A6ls in the
ill ten years,
No. of Afts, Years. No. of A£ls.
I
5
3
4
2
J
3
8
10
42
1792
179+
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
Total No. of
A6ts in the
2d ten years,
6,793,800
authorifcd
be railed by
Adts.
12
16
7
7
4
»3
12
126
•The number of Navigation and Canal Af\s is erroneoiiily Hated in
the Lords' Committee of Secrecy Report on the Bank (No, 44) at u
^or 175S) and iz for 1796.
'WIS
•}■■'■
•-f:J)
H4
I /hall
h'
lU
b
[ i68 3
I (hall clofc this account of our commerce with
exhibiting, at one view, our trade with diflfcrent
parts of the world during the year 1 8oo, ., >
An Account of the official V^Iuc of Importi into, and Esporti fronii Great
Britdin in the Year iSc, diftinguifhing the Couatriet, aii4 alfo diftin-
guilhing Britilb Manufadures from Foreign Merclianlise.
Value of Expons.
mf^
Denmark
RufTia
Sweden
Poland
Pruffia
Germany
Holland
Flanders
France
Portugal
Madeira
Spain
Canaries
Streights
Gibraltar
Italy —
Venice
Turkey
Minorca
Total Foreign Europe
Ireland — —
Alderney, Cuefn-")
fey, Terfey& Man/
Greenland — —
States of America —
Britifli Continent of
America —
Britilh Weft Indies
including Trinidad _
Conquered Iflands —
Foreign Weft Indies
Honduras Bay —
Florida — —
Southern FiOiery — -
Nootkii Sound —
Afia — — —
Africa — —
Value of
Imports.
c
141,561
2,382,098
393.04»
i,34o,()o4
Britifh
MaouT
fad\urct.
186,703
SS7»374
a'>,76c
297, i5??
Foreign Mer-
chxndlte, in«
eluding Prize
GoocTs*
3S3>994
467,960
49,079
30,099
497,166
Total
Expui ts.,
£•
540,698
«|Oi5»^35
78,840
47,902
794)45*
— 2.3S2i»97 4>364»'a'3 8,300,470 12,664,591
972,600
34,656
110,415
916,848
10,410
655,652
48,536
2>9^o
3i.7?-5
3S7.737
54,028
I9<>»773
13,500
20,414
130,685
903>4JS
171,082
228,610
440,017
9,601
in,c96
7i77'>
S«i88,i98
768,410
i.i94>734
108,457
16,048
3'382
6S>937
128,743
8,196
55 =
ro8
4>470
3,208,61?
808,826
»>3-5»4'9
i,oii,S93
187,1^1
3.381
394,558
568,760
17.798
166,804
12,346
10,428,913
2,312,824
275,117
1:5,805
2.357.9*3
558,^-37
7,516,123 15,(141,131 11,757,254
i,7a7,9(>^ ». 953.533 3.74>.499
195,931 68,398 26:, 330
— 761 761
6,689,467 196,049 6,885,508
J4C,o8)( 1,436,446
1,1
¥>xi(>s
5,820,223 2,827,113
2.543.534 7^4.918
3to,r96
10, 1 16
89,198
4>942,J75
96,563
i5''03
1,870
24,79a
3'''.8S?
2,718,279
589,496
339,866
142,314
7,818
41'^
4.'
3i
259
644
142,141
510,161
3,166,980
847,23*
22,921
2,301
28,946
259
37.497
2,860,421
1,099,657
Total of ail Parts -— 29,887,506 24,3C4,i83 18,847,735 43,152,019
Prize Goods imported 68:, 098 — prize d ods exported are included in
Total Importi — 30,570,60c 'he Amount of Exports to the dif-
rercnt Countries to which fent.
The Shillings and Pence omitted in each feparate Article are included in
the Totals.
Grrat
diftin-
394,558
568,760
166,804
12,246
22,911
2,301
C 169 ]
; . X>. ... ' *j
a-'i.
I have thus cndcavoUi^cd ' to fhcw, that, though
i great piirt of the colonial trade, acquired by us
during the war, muft revert to other countries,
and our commcTcc with the neutral powers of the
North muft be reduced within much narrower
bounds than it is ar prelcnt, we may realbnably
cxpeft that the export of our manufadtures to the
United States will increafe, that our fettlemcnts in
America, the Weft Indies, and Afia, will be im-
proving markets, and that returning amity and tran-
quillity will fupply us with new cuftomers in thofe
belligerent flares in Europe with whom our inter-
courfe has been fufpended or embarrafled during
the conted. It is, however, material to recoiled,
that neither the tonnage nor the values of imports
jind exports furnifh a fair comparifon of the relative
importance of the different branches of our foreign
trade. The exportation of a piece ofBritifh broad
cloth is more beneficial to ns than the re-exporta-
tion of a quantity of Bengal muflin, or of Weft
InJia coffee, ot equal value. The exportation of a
piece of broad cloth to a neighbouring country is
more beneficial to us tlian the exportation of the
fame commodity to a diftant country. The rea-
fons are obvious. The vent of Britiih manufac-
tures gives more employment to Britifh induftry,
and
1 1
m
1i
IfTJ^
M
m
l^^nf
k
m
[ '7<5 ^
and contributes more towards our internal improve-
ments, than the vent of foreign manufadures or of
colonial produce. The circuitous trade carried on
with the Eaft and Weft Indies, for the fupply of
other nations in Europe, is much too flow in its
returns, to fet fo much labour in motion, and to
afford employment and fubfiftence to fo great a
part of the nation, as a direct trade with our neighs
bours J a trade which, whilft it enables them to
benefit by vicinage, and to procure what they want;
at the chcapelt rate, enables us to purchafe the
linens of Holland with the woollens of Yorkdiire,
and the wines of France with the hardware of Bir-
mingham. It is truly obferved that, cxclufive of
!^riti(h manufadures and produce exported, " our
' export trade is, properly fpeaking, a trade of
' tranfit, of merchandize coming either from other
' parts of the Bridfh Empire, or from foreign
' countries, and pafling through our ports : having
' been brought to them either in confequence of
* our colonial laws or otherwife, as a fafe and con-
* venient place of depofit, in the way to the
' nations by which it is confumed. — This branch
' of trade, though of great advantage in a pohti-
* cal view, and in its collateral benefits, yet, asa^
' dir^d fource cSiiatioial profit, when contraflcd
* with the interior fources" of profit, ** will ap-
' pear almoil: infignificant in the comparifon^
' though of no inconfiderable value in itfelf. — It .
9 "will
/^
'.-ijo
cc
IC
[ 171 ]
• will immediately occur to any one, who confiders
''the fubjedi with attention, that this portion
of our export trade muft, at all times, whether
of war or peace, return far lefs national profit
'* than an equal value of commodities of our own
" produce and manufactures *.'*
There is no reafon to apprehend th?vt the moft
valuable part of our com : ^rce, the export of
Britifh manufadures, will decreafe in confequencc
of the peace : nor do I conceive that the following
cfiimate of the peace export of thefe articles will
appear extravagant.
• Beekc on the Income Tax, p. 51. and p. 77.
I
Official
["WW
i 172 }
To Foreign Europe
Ireland
Alderney, Guernfey, Jerfey,
and Man
rnfey, Jerfey, 7
1,787,955
<
fe
Afia
Africa
6.'
America £•
United States - 6,689,467
Britifh Continent 1,196,36^5
BrilifhWeft Indies 2,827,113
Foreign Weft Indies 500,000
Other Parts of the World
Official Value.
- ^ The amount of the exprtrts of
^' \ Britifh Manufadtures to Foreign
^,g6yj06B-\^^'(^p(^ in i7<)-i.tlie laft year of
Jpeace. In 1800, riie export wa»
(.7,516,123/. (See p. 168. )
r The export in 1800. We may
I reafonabiy expett that the con-
fumption of Britifli Manufac-
tures in Ireland will increat'e in
ii period of tranquillity. The
export to that country iu 17<)X
was 1,512,844/,; and in I79^f,
2,405,999/.
The export in 1800. The
expoit in 1791 Afas 2,341,360/.
Q ^ y The future export in confe-
Sj/J-^j^/y I quence of the acquifition of the
Myfore, and of Ceylon, will,
probably, be much incrcafed.
883,074 The export in 1792.
f The export in 1800, The
neceffary confequence of the in-
creafing wealth and population
of the Continent of North Ame-
rica, muft, for fome years to
come, be an increafing demand
for European Manufa£lures.
No average of pall years could
atford a fair idea of the future
confumption of a very thriving
(late.
The export in jSoo. The
export of many articles will be
dmiiniflied in confequence ot
the reduction of the Fleet and
Army in the Weft Indies to the
peace eflablifhmcnt, But this
diminution will, probably, be
more than conipenfatcd by the
increafed demand for Cntifh
Manufa6turcs in Trinidad, and
in the Britifh free ports.
If a liberal fyftcm of frtc ports
is tllabiifhed, there can be little
doubt that the export to the Fo-
reign Iflands & to Span ifli Ame-
rica will exceed this Aim. The
exprtof BritifiiManufadlurc!. to
the ifland of St. Thomas in the
100,000 1 year 1799 exceeded 200,000/..
Lrcal value. (See p. Sz.)
This
i
11,212,945
\
I
1
(
t
c
t
c
;^. 22,862,263
I
t »73 1
This total is within one twentieth of the amount
of the export of Britifti manufactures in the yea#
tSooj and I am pcrfuaded that, if we enjoy pcacic
five years, thie annual average export of Britilh ma-
nufadures, \k that period, will exceed this compu-
tation. Thc^ ftagnation which many branches of
bufmeft experienced during the interval between the
Preliminary Articles and the Definitive Treaty was
not occafiorved by a general declenfion in our com-
merce i biit may be fairly ifcrlbed to the protra(?ted
ncgotiatiOfl. : The operations, however, of the
mercantile €la(les are no longer perplexed by un-
certainty, the trc«lty of peace aflfures them the
trade of an enlarged and confolidated empire ; and
their capital, llcill, and i^irit of enterprise will affure
them an ample portion of the trade of the world.
The flourifhing ftate of our commerce, which,
during a long and arduous ftruggle, has been ex-
tended by Britifh iiiduftry, and protedled by Britidi
valour, affords a memorable example of what
may be effected by the fcnfe, rhe fpirit, and ihe
perfevc ranee of the people,
" Quid virtus J et quid fapierit'ia poJJJty
" Utih propofuit nobis exemplar,^-—'
May the leflbn not be thrown away ! May Britain^
during peace, gratefully recoiledt that, whilll a
great part of Europe, deficient either in wifdom or
in courage, has facrificcd its independence with the
vain
I
i
f
[ «74 ]
rain hope of prefcrving its property, a vigorous re-
fiftancc has enabled her to maintain her indepen-
<Jencc, and by the facrificc of a part to render the
remainder of her wealth more valuable and more
improveablc ! May fhe gratefully recoiled that the
revolutionary (ydGm^ which Ihe has oppofed, has
not forced her to furrcnder her commerce to pre-
ierve her conftitution, and that the ceflation of
hoftilitics does not call on her to furrendcr her con-
ftitution to prefcrvc her commerce. They both
may, they both will, flourifh together j .and when,
at fome future period, the feverilh ambition of
mankind (ball, compel her to unfheath the fword,
her conftitution and her commerce will again
fupply her both with motives, and with means, to
prolccute the conteft until it can again be termi-*
fiatcd with fafcty and with honour* , i
. -I.. ...
■in.
i
f
LEI TER
i m ]
• < V I
.i \ •-* i
.t.r(yii--if;iy;y'{:i'\a'yy}\-, ""^^'^
LETTER Vlir.;
ur
rrir-
na^
'I?
«
. ON THE FINANCES ;— DEFJNITIVE TRE ATY« , ■ , j. . ,
1—^.,... -v.:,.;..; ■' ...■,' ."\^'' . ufinr ■.'"''> tj
DO not enter into a very minute confideration or
our financial refources, though they are confeiTedly
great, becaufe nofausfaftory eftlmate of the proba-
ble amount of the future income and expenditure
of the Tjnited Kingdom can be formed, until it is
fettled whether any of the taxes impofed, on the
fpur of the occafion, durliig the laft nine years,
fliall be leflsned, increafed, or repealed, and uhtil
the peace eftabiilhment of the army and navy is
determined on, and the expences of the war are
wound up.
It muft be admitted that the cod of the war has
been great and unprecedented : but an account of ^
the difburfements which it occafioned furnifhes
only L^irren truths that generate no ufeful conclu-
fion. We all know that war is expenfivc, and that
peace h defirable : but to lament that money fholild
be fpent, and lives confumed, in fleets and armies,
is to lament that great objects cannot be accom-
plifhed without the application of great means.
It is ftill more abfurd to form any flandard of the
merit of public men from the comparifon of two
different periods, unlefs forces, exertions, and
other
r
•It
].ER
fir-
te
<c
t '76 3
bther circumflances are in both the fame. We fhouldl
not be juftified, from a compafifon of the national
debt, expenditure, and taxes> incurred, whilft Mr.
Pitt was in office, with thofe created by his prede-
ceflbrs, to conclude that he had be^n criminally
profufe and prodigal, and that they have been eco-
nomical. In truth, as Mr. Burke very juftiy ob-
ferves, " War and economy are things not eafily
" re ".onciled : the attempt of leaning towards parfi-
mony in fuch a ftate may be the word manage-
ment, and in the end, the word economy in the
*' world, hazarding the total lofs of all the charge
•* incurred, and of every thing elfe along with it*."
Common experience will inform us that the mag-
nitude of expenditure forms no criterion of culpa-
bility ; and that our eftablilhrnents may coft more
than thofe of our forefathers without being lefs
economical. As the mod trifling payment from the
Treafury cannot be defended if it is unnecefTary,
the largeft, if it is judicioufly applied, furnifhes no
ground for cenfure. The proper confideration is
not merely how many millions were expended in
the lad war, but whether the public purfe was care-
fully and faithfully managed ; whether the obje61s
which excited, alfo deferved, our exertions ; what
j>roportion the force emoloyed has borne to the
means provided; and how far the ftrength and
* Obfcrvations on the late Snue of tlw Nation, p ts-
4 refources
vhat
the
and
[ '77 ]
refources of the country have been commenfurate
with its burthens. Financial merit, 1 apprehend,
is fomething more than the mere nrt of drawing
money from the pockets of the people. It is to
comprehend the nature and extent of the dift'crcnt
fource'* of national wealth, and to impofe ihofe taxes
which the public feryice requires with the lead
-poflible injury to the reproductive powers of in-
durtry. Examined by this ted, the late Minilter
might fafely reft his pretenfions to the gratitude of
the public, on what has been urged as a proof of
his demerit — " a comparif^n of the ftate in which
" he found the refources of the country, and that
" in which he left ihem*'\
To his adminiftration we are indebted for the
adoption of a fyftcm of finance, which has intro-
duced three meafures of infinite importance to pub-
lic credit and the future fecurity of the country :
I, The eftablifliment, in 1786, of a fi^nking fund of
1,000,000/ a year, which has been applied, together
with an annual grant from Parliament of 200,000/.
and the intereft of the ftock redeemed, to the li-
quidation of the debt incurred previoufly to that
period: 2. The e!tabli(hment, in 1792, of a new
finking fund by the a£t which provided that, in
addition to the taxes which fliould be impofed for
paying the intereft of any future loan, a furplus of
^ See Mr. Morgan's Comparative View oFthe Public Finaucts from
iIk Beginning to the Clole of the Utc A»:'iiniinftratiou,p. i.
N I per
V
%
l!iL
mm
lit
^^h
K
t 17S 3
I per cent, per annum, on the capital created, fliould
be raifed for redeeming it* : and 3. The eftablifli-
ment of a plan, confidered thirty years ago as im-
prafticable-j", to raife part of the war fupply within
the year, ■ ''
Of the utility of thefe meafures the prefent ftatc
of publid credit is the moft fatisfa6:ory proof. AU
though in confequence of a war, extenfive and ex-
penfive beyond example, above 350,000,000/. of
debt have been incurred, the marketable value of
government fecurities is now greater than it was
in 1786, when the whole debt did not exceed
40,000,000/. ; and greater than it was in i7?3»
immediately after the conclufion of a general peace.
Years. Bank Stock.
1783 February 126
1783 September 127
1786 February 139
1802 April 28th { 195J
The following ftatements exhibit a view of the
national debt and fmking fund on the ifl Febru-
ary, 1802.
• See 32cl Geo. III. c, 55.
f *' Suppofe fome Jacob Henriques Iiad propofed, in the year 1762, to
*' pifevent a perpetual chafge on the nation by raifing ten millions with-
*' in the year. He wouid be confidered not as a harfh financier who
" laid an heavy hand on the public; but as a poor vifionary who had
•' run mad on fupphes and ti'xes.'' Obfervations on a late State of the
Nation, (publiflied in 1769,) p. 35.
X The day after the Proclaniation of Peace appeared in the Londun
Gazette.
PRIN-
Three per
India Stock.
cent. Confols
145
66
141
66
156
(:9
225f
7^
II
[ 179 ]
PRINCIPAL DEBT *.
£^ £^
Total principal of the old
debt created before the
5th of January 1793 • •
Principal debt created
fince January 1793, for
which a linking fund of
I per cent, per annum
has been created in pur-
fqance of the32dGeo.
Ill, c. 55. , , 341,981,355
Principal debt of Ireland,
payable in GreatBritain 19,708,750
!■ \'
»38;33i,248
Principal debt (charged
on the Income tax) for
which no finking fund
has yet been provided :
now made part of the
confolidated,permanent,
debt - - - ^
Total principal debt cre-
ated before the i ft of
April 1802
261,590,105
5<^j445^coo
318,135,105
* See Report of the Committee on Finance, 1797, Appendix i j Ac-
count of Additions to the Annual Charge of the Public Debt ; (ordered
to be printed iSth March, 1802 ;) and Accounts refpeftingthe Public
Funded Debt, (ordered to be primed ift April, 1802.)
N % ANNUAL
[ i8o ]
^U
6
<
ill
ANNUAL CIIAPGE ON UNREDEEMED DEBT.
Annual Annuities for Charges of Total annual
Intcrcft. lives, or for iranagemctit. charge on un-
term$ of years. icdeemcddeUt.
£* " £• £' £'
Old debt creat- ^ ^ o ^ w>r- ^
ed before. 793 r^°83 .323 ^.374,193 ^05,615 h^^Zy^^^
New debt, for
which a fi
ing fund
been provided
Debt of Ire-"^
land, payable I .70,670
in Great Bri-j ^' ' '
tain - - -^ ,
Debt (charged ^
on the income I
tax) now part > 1,693,350
of the perma- |
ncnt debt - ^
for'v
t;^ 7.487,
245 29 ',004 103,298 7,881,547
9,792 8,625 589>o87
19,666 25,631 1,738,637
15^834,588 1,594,655 343,159 17,672,403
DEBT REDEEMED.
By the old finking fund created'i
in purfuance of the 26th Geo. V
III. c. 31. J
By the new finking fund created 'j
in purfuance of the 32d Geo. >
III. c. 55. J
By ftodc transferred to the com-
niiflioners for redeeming the
national debt ; — on account of
the land tax redeemed
)
Principal debt redeemed.
39^885,308
20,490,003
18,001,348
Total debt reileemed before ijie )
id of February, 180a J
78,37^;459
SINKING
[ i8< ]
7
57
03
SINKING FUND.
i*
Old finking fund Annual charge 1,000,000
Ufual grant aoo,ooo
Unclaimed and ex-
pired annuities 125,708
Dividend on
;^'-39»88^,3o8 re- . 1,208,479
deemed
2.534,^8;
].
3>275>i43
New finking fund l per cent, per ann. >
on;^.36i,690,io5,
part of the debt of ? 2,660,443
Great Britain and
Ireland (Seep. 179)
Dividend on
^.20, 4 90,003 re- \ 5^4,700
deemed
Total finking fund
on the 1 ft of Feb. ,
1802 5>8o9,33o
n^appcars from thefe accounts of the national
debt that, exclufive of 3^56,445,000 which were
originally charged on the income tax, the capital
funded (lock, on the ift February 1S02, including
the capital redeemed, amounted to ^^49 9,9 2 1,35 ; ;
and that deducling ^7 8,376,459, the amount of the
capital redeemed, there remained at that period
;f .4 2 1,544,894 principal debt unredeemed.
N 3 A com-
m
} , .
I
I i
NG
^Q^.
IMAGE EVALUATION
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23 WEST tSi* ;?< ' «':VT
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(716) 872-4503
t> #, ^ >.
t/u
. iSi ]
A comparifon of the finking fund with the prin-
cipal and intereft of the unredeemed debt at dif*
ferent periods, will fhew that the means of leffen-
ing the public burthens have increafed more ra-
pidly than they have been augmented.
Proportion of the Sinking Fund to the Capital of the
Unredeemed Debt.
Annual Sum appli*
cable to the redemp-
tion of the debt thea
Years. exifting.
1786 1,000,000 1 f. ,238th
1793 1,427,143 ione< i6oth
1802 5»8c'9*330 J C 7»d
|„„e|'|J}P-^
Unredeemed
debt then ex-
ifting.
238,231,248
227,989,148
421,544,894
Proportion of the Sinking Fund to the Intereft of the Un-
redeemed Debt.
Years.' Sinking Fund.
£'
1786 1,000,000 lefs
J 79 3 i»427»H3 ^cfs
1802 5,809,330 more^
Annual intereft
and management
of the unredeem-
ed debt*
fpth
than a -^ 6 th
I 3d
J I »5,933>
000
000
000
I do not conceive it would be proper, in confider-
ing the proportion which the finking fund bore to
the debt in February laft, or even in confidering the
proportion which it now bears, to notice either
j^. 5 6,445 ,000, ^^^ ^^^* originally charged on the
income tax, but now made permanent, or the debt
created by the a£l lately pafled for ralfing
^'25,000,000*, towards the fupplies of the current'
Raifcd at lefs than four per cent, intereft.
year.
[ »83 ]
year. Both thefe operations form part of a fyftenii
which has not been fully detailed : a view only of
the burthen thus isnpofed, without reference to the
means intended to be provided for leffening it,
would lead us to form a very unfatisfaftory efli-
mate of the efficacy of the fmking fund.
The meafure of raifing part of the war fupply
within the year has, both direftly and indirectly,
contributed to leffen the amount of national
debt which the funding fyftem would otherwife
have entailed on pofterity. It diredly lefTened
that amount by furnifliing an immediate fupply
for the fervice of the years 1798, 1799, 1800, and
j8oi : and it lefTened it indiredly by it's beneficial
influence on public credit, which enabled the Mi-
^lifter to raife the loans for the lafl: years of the
war on better terms than he had done in 1798,
Confidering the meafure with regard to this two-
fold efFe<5t, I have no doubt that it has faved the
nation a perpetual charge of ;^. 1,5 45,6 18 a year,
^i\an annuity for 4c years of ^^.2,060,824*. ^
This lefult may be fhewn in the following man-
ner: . .
1 ft Operation. — After deducting that part of the
aid and contribution, income and convoy duties
!i!'
* A finking fund of i per cent. pfra»ftum,\ff\iei by quarterly payments,
will redeem a i^fer cent, capital, if the average price of flocks is 75, in
3 J years, if 85, in 39 years and a half, and if at par, in 46 years and a
half. See Rofe's Brief Examination, ( Appendix 3O
N 4 * which
!i*1
..ft
[ «84 ]
h
'l.'i
which was applied to the payment of intereft on
loans in the years 1798, 1799, ^^^ i8co, the re-
mainder of thefe duties, applied to the war ftipply
of thefe years, when all arrears have been received,
will, probably, amount to more than 15,000,000/. ;
a fum which, if it had been funded, at the price of
flocks in 1798, would have created an additional
debt of £.30,000,000, and have required a perma-
nent intereft of 900,000/. and if 300,000/. ( i per
cent, per annum on the capital created,) had been
added, upon the fyftem introduced by Mr. Pitt in
1792, in order to reduce this debt to an annuity of
40 years, the ir»tereft payable during that period
would have amounted to £.1,200,000.
^ ad Operation.
In 1 798 the capital created on account
of the fum of 1 7,000,000/. borrow-
ed for the fervice of Great Britain
and Ireland, was
Exclufive of an annuity of £^.22,125
for 61-4- years, worth
3 per cents.
34,000,000
422,432
I
f 1
/
34,422,432
The Money
borrowed and the Capital
created in the Three
. t
following Years were
Sums borrowed.
in
Capital created in
the 3 per cents.
1
1799
18,500,000
32>749.250
-'
iSoo
20,500,000
32,185,000
1 i
1 ' ' ■
1801
28,000,000
49,210,000
* i
6 "",000,000
114,144,250
rA h
[ '»5 ]
If 67,000,00c/. the fum borrowed inthefe three
years, had been funded upon no better terms than
the /^'i 7 5^oo»ooo^ borrowed in 1798, the capital
created would have amounted to ^.135,664,879,
which exceeds the adual capital created in 1799,
i8co, and 1801, by ^7.2 1,520,629. The per.
manent intereft of this debt would have amount-
-d to ^.645,618 annually; and if;^.2 15,206 (i per
cent, per annum on the capital created) had been
added in order to reduce this debt to an annuity
for 40 years, the intereft payable during that period
would have amounted 10^^.860,824.
Saving effeaed by the Plan of ralfing Part of the War Supply
within the Year.
By Firft Operation ?
Second Ojjeraiion i
3 per CqMs.
Piincipal Debt.
I- ■
30,000,000
21,520,629
Permanent
Iiuercft.
900,000
645,618
Annuity for
40 Years.
£'
1,200,000
860,824
51,520,629 1,545.618 2,060,824
The finking fund muft b.ve alfo materially
affifted public credit, and have enabled the Mini-
Iter to negotiate his loans on better terms than he
would otherwife have done.
In addition to the favings which have been
thus efFeded, it may be obferved that loyalifts
debentures, and charges attending the iffue of
them, amounting to 2,946,269/. and other fums
given to American loyalifts, at various times, and
in
[ i86 ]
b' r*'
i.
in different modes, forming, together with the
debentures, a total of more than 4,000,000/. have
been paid oflf fince the eftabliihment of the fmking
fund. Mr. Rofe juftly remarks, that this may be
ilriftly confidered as a floating debt provided for,
as the amount muft have been funded, if it had not
been difcharged*. ■ - > , ^
The expences, alfo, of the Spanifli armament
in 179*9 provided for by debentures, and amount-
ing to 3,133,000/. have been paid off.
We are therefore indebted to the folid fyftem, of
finance, adopted by the laft Adminiftration, for
the following favings in the national debt :
£■
Sams paid to American loyalifts, above 4,000,000
Spanifh armament expences paid ,
off, above - - [
Savings effected by the plan for'
raifing part of the vi^ar fup-
ply within the year, above
Debt redeemed by the finking'
fund and land tax, before the
ift February, 180a, above
3,ooo>ooo
50,000,000
78,000,000
£. 135,000,000
If this nation is deftined to enjoy a peace of
ten or twelve years, (a term not exceeding the ave-
rage period of peace, during the laft century) we
may reafonably expect that the finking fund will
not only difcharge in that time a confiderable part
• Brief Examination, p. >5,
(a fifth
t 187 ]
(a fifth at leaft) of the debt exifting at the com"
jnencement of the prefetityear ; but that its annual
amount, at the commencement of a future war>
will exceed ten millions (lerling. On fuch topics
we can only indulge reafonable expedations*
Fad may difappoint well-founded conjcduret
** The effefts of all human contrivances are ift
the hands of Providence*." Thofe, however, who
were entrufted with the management of the fi-
nances of Great Britain,during the laft fifteen years,
have done their duty. They ac^ed as became the
guides of a mighty nation, placed in critical
circumftances, which no wifdom could forefee.
Great facrifices were necelTary: the national
wealth, generofity, and fpirit, have enabled us to
fubmit to them ; and we are now placed in a fitu-
ation, which countries that have adopted a condu(3:
lefs energetic, would be proud to fhare ; in a
fituation which will enable us to maintain a firm
and dignified independence ; and by a perfeverance
in a vigorous fyftem of finance, to provide new
means to meet new exigencies.
Our taxes, I admit, are heavy, but they are not
infupportable. ** I can" (to ufe the language of the
eminent flatefman juft quoted) " perceive the bur-
then, but I cannot avoid contemplating, alfo,
the ftrcngih that fupports it. From thence I
** draw the moft comfortable affurances of the
"^*' futiire vigour, and the ample refources, of this
, «< great, mifreprefented, countryf."
^ Burke. 4 Obfcrvations on a late State of the Nation, p. 2^.
m
cc
4
: V
l*^
!^
C i88 }
.--..,1. . ,'
■fri
I will conclude this letter with a few remarks on
iomc parts of the Definitive Treaty. The chief ob-
jcdions which have been made to it, relate to the
non -renewal of former treaties, to India, to our
navigation in the Eaftern f.as, to the rights of the
Britiih Flag, to Honduras, to Louifiana, and to
Guiana.
It is contended that the non-renewal of former
Treaties of peace weakens the fovereignty of Great
Britain to many of her colonial pf/fleflions, and
that thcL claims of foreign nations w ith refj^eil to
trade or territory in thofe countries, being now un-
qualified by exprefs ftipulations, will be revived.
On this head a French writer on the Law of Na-
tions furnilhes a fufficient anfwer. Vattel thus
ftaCes the effect of treaties of peace: "as every
" power at war pretends to have right on its fidc>
" and this prctenfion is not liabk to be judged by
" others, the ftate of things at the inftant of the
** treaty in to be held legitimate, and any change to
" be made in it requires an exprefs fpecification in
•* the treaty j confequently all things, not mentioned
" in the treaty, are to remain as they were at the
" conclufion of it*."
• Vattel, b. iv, § zi.
I cannot
[ i89 ]
to
in
C(
c<
I cannot fee how the non-renewal of the flipula-
tions in the treaty of 1783 and the convention of
1787, rcrpe<5ling India, afFcCls our fovercignty in
that country. Thofe (lipulations were conccflions
merely of a commercial nature ; diredkd to fecurc
*' to the fubjedls of France a fafe, free and indcpcn-
** dent trade, fuch as was carried on by the French
** Eaft India company, whether they excrcifed it
individually, or as a company, as well in ihe na-
bobfhip of Arcot, and the countries of Madura
" and Tanjore,. as in the provinces of Bengal, Ba-
" har, and Orixa, the Nortl>ern circars, and in gc-
" neral in all the Britifli pofleflions on the coafts of
*' Orixa, Coromandel, and Malabar." This is the
firft article of the convention concluded between
Great Britain and France in 1787. Tl^e fecond
article ftipulaies that the French (hall not import
annually more than 200,000 pounds of fait into Ben-
gal, to be delivered at a fixed price, at a jJace of
depofit appointed for the purpofe. No fuch ftipu-
lation exifts in the prefent treaty. The French may
therefore fmuggle as much fait as they can into
Bengal, and they may do the fame into Great Bri-
tain : but it will not be eafy for them to carry on a
trade of this defcription from the fa61ories reftored
to them by the treaty, from mere houfes of com-
merce circumfcribed by our fettlements, and watch-
ed by the civil and military powers of Britifli In-
dia. France, too, has loft the privilege, which fhe
5 , acquired
[ 190 ]
acquired by the third article of the convention of
1787, ofpurchafing in Bengal 18,000 pounds of
faltpctrc, and 300 chcfts of opium, at the price
cftablifhed before the war of 1778; Whatever
commercial advantages iKe may wifti to obtain in
our Eaftern empire, muft be the refult of c6m-
mercial convention. The rights of Biritifh fo-
vcrcignty in Afia are indifputable. France, it is
true, never dire 6lly recognized them; but they are
not the lefs fecure on that account. Tlie My(bre>
the fruit of conquefi, whilfl we have the means of
defending it, will be held on as firm a tenure, as
that which fecures to the French Republic either
Savoy, or Belgium.
Some objectors to the peace have complained
thaf, by the omifllon of the article contained in fbr-
tner treaties with Holland, refpeding a free navi-
gation to the Eaftern feas, our commerce with the
Dutch Ipice iflands is deftroyed. I confefs that on
this point, the ftipulation, which our negotiators
obtained for us in 1784, does not appear to me to
have been worth tranfcribing. It is (I quote the ori-
ginal treaty) as follows: — *' Lcs Etats Generaux des
♦' Provinces-Unies promettent et s'engagent a ne
<* point generla navigation des fujets Britanniques
*• dans les mcrs Orientales." This article gave us
no power to trade with Amboyna or Banda : and 1
do not believe the Cuftom-houfe would furnifli the
9 account
account of a finglc pound of cloves or nutmegs
configncd direftly in Britifh (hips from thcfc iflands
to Great Britain. All it meant was to protedl our
veflcls, navigating the Eaftern fcas, from being
treated as pirarical, which the Dutch, from their ex-
treme jealoufy, refpeding this monopoly of the fpice
trade, had always confidered them *; and, notwith-
ftanding its omifllon in the prefent treaty, any mo-
leftation of Britilh (hips, not engaged in an illicit
commerce, in the Eaftern feas would be a contra-
vendon of the firft article, which ftipulares that
" there (hall be peace, friendfliip, and good under-
ftanding" between the contrading parties.
It is faidthat we have renounced the right of the
"Britifhflag, by the omiffion of the article contained
in all modern treaties with Holland, which required
that their Ihips of war and other Veffe Is, meeting
any firidfh men of war in the Britilh leas, Ihould
ftrike their flags, and lower their topfails f . To
me it appears that our negotiators aded wifely in
not infifting on the revival of this ancient punftilio.
The cftablifhment of fuch a cuftom, would have
added nothing to the dignity, fecurity, or import-
" , , , t.. . . •
" ♦ See Forrcft's Voyage. -•-/.•
t Sec the 19th article of the Treaty of Peace between Charles the
Second and the States General, in July 1C67, and the fccond article
of the Treaty of peace with the States General in May, 1784.
ance
?5
f t
I 1^2 ]
ancc of Great Britain. To advance prctenfions for
priority of place in a congrefs, for pre-eminence in
fulutes at (ca, or for precedence in titles, is, at beft,
to contend for what yields no folid power, and is
calculated to infpirc one of the contracting parties
with animofity and revenge. In modern times, dif.
futes of this nature have been fufpended by mutual
corpromife, and by the tacit and gradual abolition
cf national etiquette. If a fubjc<5lof this kind arifc^
between two nations, neither of which ack,nowledges
a fuperior, the wifeil condud to purfuc is that re-
commended by the able Counfellors of our high fpi-
rited queen Elizabeth, to get rid of the matter " by
*^/ome way of indiffercncy, without priority to ei*
*' ther*." The negotiators of the jeace of '* niens'
have adted on this principle, in omitting the claufe
of precedence contained in former Dutch treaties.
Vattel well obferves that " nations aic natural]/
*' equal, and receive from nature the fame obli^a-
** tions and rights. Power or wcaknefs does not in
" this refpeft produce any difference. A dwarf is
" as much a man as a giant j a fmall republic is as
" much a fovercign flate as the mod powerful king-
** dom f . None can pretend to prerogative. Their
" right to freedom and fovereignty renders them
equals:!:.*' •
«c
/
• See Win wood's Memoridls. + Va c , ^rel. { itt
jVattd, b. ii. § 36-
It
'1
1
!i » Ii
I 'W 3
/
tthas been aflcrtcd that all former ftipulatioris, ^
rdpcdting the rights of Great Britain to the Bay of,
Honduras were abrogated by the warj and that,ts..
we have not obtained a fpecific renewal of thcm,r
the right to cut logwood and mahogany in the
Bay is annihilated. In anfwer to this, it may be'
obfervcd that Great Britain has engaged by the
third article of the treaty " to reftorc to the French
" and their allies, all the poflcffions and colonies
" which ref[je6)ively belongrd to them, and which
*' have been ciiher occupied or conquered by the,
" Britifh forces during the courfc of the war, cx-
" cepting Trinidad and Ceylon." No publicift, how-
ever ingenious, can rcafonably maintain that ;;hc
words " occupied during the courfc of the war * ex-
tend to Honduras, which we occupied before the
war. Our right there is a right of pofleffion, pre-
ferved throughout the war, and not annulled by the
Peace. If the non-renewal of treaties has any etfed:,
it muft be difadvantageous to Spain ; fincc, by re-
taining the poflefTion of this fettlement, unfettered
by any ftipulations, we fhould be freed from the en-
gagement entered into by the 17th article of the
Treaty of Paris, to dcrftolilh fortifications erefted
in the Bay of Honduras, and the further ftipulations
contained in the Treaty of peace of 178;, and the
Convention of 17^6. I apprehend, however, that,
as Great Britain will allow other nations to avail
O them-
L 194 3
Of
(^i
s
thettifcrves of cHf h'-n-rencwal of treaties to fet up
andi^nt arid exploded fights of fovereignty, ilie i
win not on her part convert the jus publicum of'
Etirdpe into a fyftem* of cndlcfs lirigation and dif-
putt. ^ '■■''^'^'^ ^iTt 'iii a ^/,,iip..;.c-:^ , . : .• ■-
^The acquifition of Louifiana by France fumifhes'
no ground for fei'lous alarm on the part of Great Bri-
tain. If the French are more fuccefsfiil, than they
\\^ere in ancient times, in raifinga colony on the
continent of America to maturity, they may prove
troublefome neighbours to the United States ; dif-
pdtes will arife between them rcfpedling boundaries
and' navigation j and jealoufics be created that will
induce the Americans to court the friendihip of
this country. France, by obtaining Louifiana, comes
into contad with aftate, which has doubled her po-
pulation lince Ihe withftood the fleets and armies of
Great Britain. The Miffiflippi is not advantageoufly
fituated for fupplying the French Weft Indies with
lumber and provifions. A voyage from New Orleans
to St. Domingo in the teeth of the trade wind could
not, I apprehend, be leffeftcd in \t('i time than a
voyage from Breft. """ ' "" . ' '
It is faid that Louifiana IS particularly valuable, bc-
caufe it is capable of producing cotton in great abun-
dance; and that, as we have furreridcreJ by the peace
'^Tobago and other colonies from whence the chief
fiipply of cotton is derived, we mud in future, de-
pend
i m ]
pcnd almoft entirely on foreign countries, for the
fupply of the raw materials of a very important ma«
nufadiirc. This is a miftake. I have already noticed
our import of cotton from India. If the French or
Dutch, contrary to their own intercll, (hould refufe
to fupply us with Weil India cotton, any quantity
of this article may ^e obtained from Surat and
Bombay.
It has been faid that the acquifitlon of a naval
ftation, at the mouth of the river of the Amazons,
will enable the French to fend out cruifcrs, to mo-
left our India trade. There is the fame objedion
to this ingenious fpeculation, which a critic in Gil
Bias introduces as the chief featur*; of the tragedy
of Iphigenia in Aulis, " the wind." A trip from
the river of the Amazons to Cape St. Auguftine,
which licK almoft due Eaft from it, and muft be ^
paffed before an Indiaman can be intercepted in
her track from Europe to Rio Janeiro, would, I
am perfuaded, take up as much time as a trip from
Breft ; or even from thofe embryos of naval fta-
tions, Cherbourg and Flufliing.
The article refpedting Malta is as ftrong a re-
nunciation, on the part of the French, of ar.^ right
to interfere in the internal concerns of the ifland,
as the renunciation, contained in the treaty of
Utrecht, of the king of Spain's intereft in the crown
of France. The independence of the ifland is
guaranteed by dl the c;;ntra£ling parties.
I will conclude with obferving that the lan-
guage of the Definitive Treaty, on the various
fubjeds
m^
nu
It
k
[ 196 ]
■ ' ■' '"^'i .■ ■■■. .■ '■',■'■■' ■■■■■■' \
fubje(5ls contained in it, is unambiguous ; and a
comparifon of its piovlfions with various articles
in former treaties, (particularly the treaty of
Utrecht, in 17 13, and that of Paris, in 17O3,)
would deraonftrate, that, whilft many of the terms
fettled by former negotiators are loofe, obfcure,
and capable of different interpretations, the fli-
pulations of the pr'efent Peace are clear and un-
equivocal. . -,
♦ ■•■■•■ .■"'••■. •.' ■ • • ';
Ztincoln's Inn Fieldsy
mMqy,l8z2. ■ • ' ' ' -
<■ >
It -m
it
.1 .
t.. -li
' u ■ >i
a : . . f I
, . • , ■(
, .> « ,11 1
,-,!„,( ' - •-
,■.•!■ ■.. -a- -1
th
M..J - ' , .
:.-THE/'\;
of
■ , . ■ ■ ' .■ ■;%.'■,■■
Sp
.■'■ . .'.'( *i"''-'
1 .1 ■ . ■•
hai
i
' i., ■ ■■/ *
via
[ 197 J
les '
of
h) ♦
lis
re,
[li-
in-
£. . .
HE
The IDEFINITIVE TREATY of PEACE, between
His Britannick Majefty, and the French Republick,
His Catholick Majefty, and the Batavian Republick.
Signed at Amiens, the 27th..Day of March 1802.
.. .... i
HIS Majefty the King yf the
United Kingdom of Great-Bri-
tain and Ireland, and the Firll Conful
of the French Republick, in the Name
of the French People, being animated
with an equal DeGre to put an End to
the Calamities of War, have laid the
Foundation of Peace in the Prelimi-
nary Articles figned at London, the
Firll of 0£tob«ir One thoufand eight
hundred one (Ninth Vendemiaire, Year
Ten). ,,;
And as by the Fifteenth Article of
the faid Preliminaries, it has been Itt-
pulated that Plenipotentiaries ihould
be named on each Side, who fliould
proceed to Amiens for the Purpofe of
concluding a Definitive Treaty, ift
Concert with the Allies of the con-
tracting Powers ;
His Majefty the King of the United
K 'dom of Great Britain and Ireland
has . .nied for His Plenipotentiary the
Marquis Cornwallis, Knight of the
moll llluftrious Order of the Garter,
Privy Counfellor to His Majefty, Ge-
neral of His Armis, &c. j the Firft
Conful of the French Republick, in
the Name of the French People, the
Citizen Jofeph Bonaparte, Counfellor
of State ; His Majefty the King of
Spain and of the Jndics, and the Go-
vernment of the Batavian Republick,
have named for their Plenipotentiaries,
videlicet. His Catholick Majefty Don
Jofeph Nicolas de Azara, His Coun-
„ i J ■ .. ■ J . , , . ^ '! 4 ' •♦ * ' --
SA Majeftc le Roi du Royaume
Uni de la Grande Br tagne et
dirlande, et le Premier Conful de la
Republique Fran9aire, au Nom du
Peuple Fran(;ais, egalement animus du
Defir de fairc cefter les Calamitds de la
Guerre, ont pofd les Fondemens de la
Paix par les Articles Preliminaires
fign6s a Londres, le Premier Oftobrc
Mil huit cent un (Neuf Vendemiaire
An Dix.)
Et conime par 1' Article Qulnze dea
dits Preliminaires, il a 6tc convenu
qu'il fcrait nomme de Part et d'autre
des Flenipotentiaires qui fe rendraieijt
a Amiens pour y proocder a la Re-
daftlon dii Traitc Definitif, de Con-
cert avec les Allies des PuilVances con-
tradtantes }
Sa Majeftc le Roi du Royaitme Uni
de la Grande Brctagne et d'Irlande a
nommc le Marquis de Cornwallis,
Chevalier de rOnlre tres Uluftre de la
Jarretiere, Coiiieiller Privtl- de Sa Ma-
jeftc, General de Se? Armces, &c, le
Premier Conful de la Republique Fran-
(jai'.'e, au Nom du Peuple Francals,
le Citoyen Jofeph Bonaparte, Con-
iViller d'Etat ; Si Majelio le Roi d'
ECpagne a des Iiides, "ei le Gouvcrnc-
ment d'Etat de la Re^niblique Batave,
out nomme pour leurs Plcnipotenti-
aires, lavoir, Sa Majicfte Catholiquc
Don Jofeph Nicolas de Azara, Son
Confeillcr d'Etat, Chevalier Gran<i
P Croix
C is*» J
I
fellor of State, Knight, Great Crofa of
the Order of Charles III. His faid
Majefty's AmbafTador Extraordinary
to the French Republick, &c. and the
Government of the Eatavian R^pub-
liek Roger John Sohimmelftennin^k,
their AmbafVador Extraordinary to the
French Repirbli^k j M*ho, after h^i^n|;
duly communicated to each other their
full Powers, which are tranfcribed at
the End of the prefent Treaty, have
agreed upon the following Articles :
There fliall he Peace,. Fnendlhip,
arid good Underftanding between His
Majcfty the King of the United King-
dom of Great Britain and Ireland, His
Heirs and Succellbrs, on the One
Fart ; and the French Republick, His
Majefly the King of Spain, His Heirs
and Succeflbrs, and the Batavian Re-
publick, on the other Part. The con-
trafting P.rties (hall give the greateft
Attentiori to maintain between them*
felves and their States a perfc£t Har-
mony, and without allowing, on either
Side, any Kind of Hoftilitics, by Sea or
by Land, to be committed for anyCaufe
or under any Pretence whatfoever.
They (hall carefully avoid every
Thing which might hereafter afFedt
the Union happily re-e(labli(hed, and
fliey (hall not afford any AlTidance
or Prote6lion, diredly or indireftly, to
thofe who Oiould caufe Prejudice to
any of them.
Artlch II.
All the Priloners taken on either
Side, as well by Land as by Sea, and
the Hoftages carried away or given
during the War, and to thia Day, (hall
be re(lored, without Ranfoni, in Six
Weeks at latcft, to be computed from
the Dly of Wit Exchange of the Rati-
fications of the prcftnt Treaty, and on
pa^ng the Lebts which the^ hav^ con*
Croix de I'Ordre de Charles III. Am«
b»{radeur £«traordinair« de Sa dite
Majefte } res la R6pab1i(|ue Frangarfe,
&c. et le Gcmvernement d'Etat de la R6>
publique Batave, Roger John Schim*
roelpenninck, Son AmbadbdetJir £ttra-
ordinaire pres la Republique Fran-
9aire-; lefqueh", apre«< s'^tredflement
communiques leurs pleins Pouvoirs,
qui font tranfcrits A la Suite du pr6fcnt
Trait^ font convenus des Articles
fuivans. ..
HV: -^'i.
?.iA^. •X'iii
j9riic1e I.
.:a.
II y aura Paix, Amitie, et bonne
Intelligence entre Sa Majefla le Roi du
Royaume Uni de la Grande Br^t&gne
et d'lrlatide, Ses Heritiers et Saccei-
feurs, d'nne Part) et la Republiqve
Fran^aife.Sa Majefte le Roi d*£fpagne,
Ses Heritiers et Succ^iTears, et la Re-
publique Batave, d'autre Fartv Les
Parties contra6tantes apporteront la
plus grande Attention a maintenirune
parfaite Harmotiie entre elles et leurs
Etats, fans permettre, que it Part nt
d'autre, on commette aucutie Sorte
d'Hoftilite, par Terre on par Mer,
pour quelqte Caufe on (bus qtielque
Pretexte que cepuifle Itre.
Elles eviteront foigneufement tout ce
qui pourroit alterer ^ I'avenir I'Union
heureufement retablie, et ne donneront
aucun Secours ni Proteftion, foit di-
re£tement foit indire^tement, a ceiiic
qui voudraient porter Prejudice ^ au*
cune d'elles, • " " "
•
ylrtkJe II.
Tous les Prifonniers faits depart et
Vautre, tant par Terre que par Me^-,
et Ice Otages enteves oudprines! pen-
dant la Guerre, et julqu' a ce Jour,'fe-
ront reftitues fans Rancon, dans Sir,
Semaitics au plus tard, a compter du
Jbur de TEchanged^s Rati(icajti6n9 du
prefeht Traitc, et en payant les Dette*
q\li'iU auraient contraAees pendant
Icur
rei
C 199 3
II. Afft-
Sa ditc
ratigaWc,
dclaR6.
I Schim*
Ir Ettra-
xe Fran-
ddement
Pouvoirs,
u pr^fcnt
Articles
et bonne
le Roi du
Brhegne
et Sttccei-
l.€pubUq»«
I'Efpagne,
et la Re.
?artv Lm
>rteront la
Inlenirune
rs et Icura
de Part ni
niHe Sorte
par ^er,
us qtielque
lent tout ce
lir rUnion
■ donncTCot
on, foit di-
nt, a ceiijc
udice ^ au'
is depart et
ue par Mer,
ipnnes. pen-
Lce Jour,fe-
3n, dans Sir
conipter du
tificajibns du
int les Dette*
;ee3 pendant
Icur
trafted during their Captivity. TIach
contradliiig Party 0)aU refpe6tively dif-
charge the Advances which have been
made by any of the contradiing Parties
for the Subliftence and Maintenance
of the Prifoners ip the Country where
they have been detained. For this
Purpofe a CotamUfion (hall be appoint-
ed by Agreement, which ftiall be fpe-
cialiy charged to afcertain and regulate
the Compenfation which may be due
to either of the contracting Powers.
The Time and Place where the Com-
miflloners, who (hall be charged with
the Execution of this Ariicle, fliall
aflemble, fhali alfo be fixed upon by
Agreement} and the faidCommilRoners
(hall take into Account the Expences
c»ccaf?6ned not only by the Prifoners
of the refpeftive Nfatidn?,' lut alfo fcy
the Foreign Troops who, before they
were made Prifoners, were in the Fay
or at the Difpofal of any oi ihe con-
trailing i'aniea.
■ , , . ', . . . • « . »,-,...
■v;.f '. '.■; Jrtick l\l. ' ^ ^ : -.^ -
His Britannick Majefly reftores to
th^ French Republick and her Allies;
tun^cly. His Catholick Majefty and
the Bat avian Republick, all the Pof-
reffious and Colonies which belonged
tp them refpe£tlvely, and which had
been occupied or conquered by the
Britifli Forces in the Courfe of the
War, with the Exception of the Ifland
of Tripidad. and the Dutch PolTcffiourf
in the Ifland of Ceylon.
His Catholick Majelly cedes and
guarantees in full Ri^ht and Sove-
teigrtty to His Britannick Majefty the
iCand of Trinidad.
The Batavtan Republick cedes and
guanntees in full Right and Sove-
reignty to His Rritannick Majefty all
leur Captivity. Cfaaqua Partie coir-
traftante foldera refpeftivement l^i
Avances qui auraient et^ faitespar au-
cune des I^artiea contradlantes pour la
Subliftince et I'Entretien des PrifoD'
niers dans le Pais o^ iUont ete detenus.
II fera nomm6 de Concert pour cet
EfTet une Commillion fpccialement
charges de con Hater et de regler la
Compenfation qui pourra 6trc diie i
I'une ou a I'autre des Fuiflances con*
tradtantes. On fixera dgalem^tvt de
Concert I'Epoque et le Lieu, 0^ fe
rafTembleront les Commiffaire* qui fe-
ront charges de 1' Execution de cet Ar-
ticle, et qui portcront en Comptc tioa
feulement les D6penfcs faites par list
Prifonniers d«s Nations refpe6lives,mai«
aulTi par Its Troupes Etrang^rcs qiii
avant d'etre prifes 6taient a la Solde et
h la DTpofition de TUne des Partie*
contra^antesi
Article III.
Sa Majeftc Britanniquc reftitue \ la
Republique Fran^aife et ^ fes Allies ;
favoir, Sa Majcfte Catholiqueet la Re-
publique Batave, toutes les PoffellioM
et C(ilonies qui leur appartenaient re-
fpet^ivcnnent, et qui out ete occupeea
ou conquifes par les Forces Britan-
niques dans le Cours de la Guerre, 4
I'Excep^ion de I'Ule de la Triniti et
des Poireliions liollandaifes dans I'JLfle
de Ceylati.
^r'tick IV.
Sa Majefte Catholique cede'et g^-
rantit en toute Propiictc et Souye-
rainetc h Sa Majcfti Britaunique I'lue
de la Triaitc.
*>■•■■
jlrtkle V.
La Republique Batave cede et ga-
rantit en toute Proprlcte et Dpuvp-
rainetc a Sa Ivlajelle Br^tanniuue tgute-
if 2 Ifi
l4
I aoo ]
the Pofll'lfions and Eitabliftiments in
the Ifland of Ceylon, which belonged,
before the War, to the Republick of
the United Provinces, or to their Eaft
India Company. ., ^^
I i- ■)'
Article VL ■
The Caj '>f Good Hope remains
I in full Sovereignty to the Batavian
• Republic, as it Mras before the War.
,».>'' .'Li .i<ii ;,. ^,1 ;;, .j n, i. .. . ' im.' i
'. f The Ships of every Dtfcription be-
longing to the other contratiting Par-
tits fhall have the Right to put in there,
. and to purchafe luch Supplies as they
may lUnd in Need of as hereiofore,
without paying any other Duties than
thofe to which the Ships ot the Bata-
Tian Republick arc fubjeded.
Article Vll.
The Territories and PofTetTions of
Her moft Faithful Majefty are main-
tained in their integrity, fuch as they
were previous to the" Commencement
of the War.
Neverthelefs, the Limits of French
; and Portuguefe Guiana fliall be deter-
inined by the River Arawari, which
falls into the Ocean below the North
Cape, near the Ifle Neitve, and the
](land of Penitence, about a Degree
and One Third of North Latitude.
Thefe Limits fliall follow the Courfe
of the River Arawari, from that of its
Mouths which is at the greateft Di-
ftance from the North Cape to its
Source, and thence in a direft Line
from its Source to the River Branco,
towards the Weil. The Northern
Bank of the River Arawari, from its
Mouth to its Source, and the Lauds
which are fituated to the North of the
Line of the Limits above fixed, fit ill
confequently belong in full Sovereignty
to the French Republick. The South-
les PofTcflions et EtabliflTemens dan«
PI lie de Ceylan, qui appartenaierit
avant la Guerre i la R^publique des
Provinces I^nies, ou ^ fa Compagnie
dts Indes Orientales.
^ ■ " ■ Article Vl:^ '
Le Cap de Bonne Efperancc rcftr
a la Rcpublique Batave en toute Sou-
verainete, comme cela avaitLieu avant
la Guerre. ,,...f;j i- .-( », ,,.-!/
Les Batimens de toute Efjwcc ap-
partenant aux autres Parties contraA-
antes auront la Facuitc d'y relacher,
et d'y acheter Ics Approvifionnemens
neceltiires comme auparavant, liins
payer d'autres Droits rjue ceux aux-
quels la R6publique Batave afliijettit
les Batimens de fa Nation.
Article Yl\.
Les Territoires et Poflcflions de Sa
Majefte tres Fidelle font maintenus
dans leur lnt6gritc tels qu'ils etaient
avant la Querre, ' ■
Cependant, les Limites des Guyan-
nes Fran(;aife et Portugaife, font fixees
a la Riviere d'Arawari rfui fe jette dans
rOceaii au dtflbiis du Cap Nord, pros
de rifle Neuve et dc I'lfle de la Peni-
tence, environ ?i un Degre un 1 iers de
Lutilude Septeiitribnale. Ces Limites
fuivront la Riviere d'Arawari depuis
Ion Embouchure la plus eluignee du
Cap Nerd jufqu'a fa Source, et en-
luite une Ligne droite tirce de cette
Source jufqu'au Rio Branco vers
rOiiert. ]in confcquence la Rive Sep-
tentiionale de la Riviere d'Arawari de-
puis fa dernicre Embouchure jufqti'i
fa Source, et Ics 'l\rre6 qui fe trouvent
au Nord de la Ligne des Limites fixees
ci deflus, app.artieiidront en toute Sou-
verainetc ii la Rcpublique Fr-n^aife,
La Rive Meridionalc dc la u. e Ri-
•■. . Ticff
CDS dans
tteriaicTil
liquc des
jiupagnie
ance rcft«
toute Sou-
ieu avant
ifj>ece ap-
contraA-
f relacher,
)onnemen3
ivant, lians
ceux aux-
re aflujeUit
fions de S:i
maintenus
u lis etaient
des Guyan-
e font fixees
Ic jette dans
) Nord, pros
e de la Pcni-
; un 1 iers dc
Cea Limites
awari depuis
cluignee du
lurce, et en-
irce de cette
Ikanco vers
f la Hive Kep-
d' Arawari dc -
;hure jufqn'a
11 i fe trouvenl
Limites fixees
en toute Sou-
jue Fr-'n^ailV.
c la Ut e Ri-
ritrf
[201 ]
trn Bank of tlie faid River from iis vi^ie 3 partir'dcla lilimd Enihowchure
Source, and all the Lands to the et toutes les Ttrrcs au Slid de la dJte
Southward of the faid Line of De- Ligne des Limites, apparlirndront i
marcation, fhall belong to Her moil Sa Majcfte ti^s Fidelle. La Navi*
T"aithful Majefty. The Navigation of gatlon de la Riviere d' Arawari dans
the River Arawari fliall be common tout fon Couis fcra commune aur
deux Nations,
i.
Les Arrangemens qui ont eu Lieni^
entre les Coura de Madiid ct de Lif-
to both Nations.
The Arrangements which have
taken Place between the Courts of
Madrid and of Lifbon, for the Settle- bonne, pour la Rcftificalion de leurs
ment of their Frontiers in Europe, Frontieits en Europe, fcront toutcfoi's
(hall, however, be executed conform- cxdcutcs fiiivant Ifs Stipulations dii
ably to the Treaty of Badajoz. Trait^ dc Badajoz, w, ;. . '
■ ~ ■ ■ ■ u :-\ ,..<, '.
: ■" ■ Ankle Vm. Article VnX. 'f'"'r^
The Territories, Poffcnioni', and Les Ten itoires, Poffeflions, et Droits
Rights of the Ottoman Porte are dc la Porte Ottomane font maintenus
liereby maintained in thtir Integrity, dans leur Integiite, tels qu'ils etaient
fucli as they were previous to the avant la Guerre.
War.
■ ■ ' ArlUe IX.
The Republick of the Seven
Iflandfi is hereby acknowledged.
... ., , Article X.
The Iflands of Malta, Gozo, and
Comino, fliall b<r rrllored to the Order
of Saint John of Jerufalem, and (hall
be held by it upon the fame Con-
ditions on which the Order held them
previous to the War, and under the
following Stipulations:
I. The Knights of the Order,
whofe Languei fliall continue to fu li-
ft ft after the Exchange of the Ratifi-
cations of the prefent Treaty, are in-
vited to return to Malta as fqon as
tliat Exchange (hall have taken place.
'Jhey (hall there form a general Chap-
ter; and fliall proceed to the Eledion
of a Grand iVIalter, to be ohofcn from
aitiongft the Natives of thofe Nations
which preferve Largues, if no fuch
Elc(5iion fliall have been already made
Article IX.
La Rcpublique des Sept Ifle» eft
recunnuc.
Article X.
Les Ifles de Make, de Gozo, ct de
Comino, feront rendues k I'Ordre de
St. Jean de Jerufalem, pour 6tre par
lui tennes aux m6:res Conditions
auxquelles il les poflcdait avant la
Gutrie, et fous les Stipulations fui-
vant.i :
i:
I. Les Chevaliers dc rOrdre, dont
les Langues continucront i fubfiftcr
aprt's I'Echange des Ratifications du
prefent Traitc, font invites A retourner
^ Make aulhiot que I'Echange aura
eu heu. I!s y foritieront un Chapitrc
general, et proctderont \ I'Eledion
d'un Grand Maitrc, choifi parmf les
Nalifs des Nations qui confervent des
Langues, a molns qu'elle n'ait 6te
dejil faiie depuis I'Echange des Rati-
fications dts Pi^liminiircs. 11 eft en-
P 3 tcndu,
[ 2oa j
w
i >
. i\
m
-■m
■"111
fine* the Exchange of the F^tificar
tiohs of the PrelimJnavy Ai tides of
Feace. It jb underllood that an Elec-
tion which (hall have been made fiib-
fequetit to that Period, /hall alone be
eoniidered as valid, to the EiLcIufiou
of every other which {hall have taken
Place at any Time previous to the
ttfy- »Th« Governments of Great
Britain and of the French Republick,
being defiroiu of placing the Order
of Saint John, and the I/land of
Maka, in a State of entire Inde-
pendence on each of thofe Powers,
CO agree, that there ftiall be hence-
forth no Englifh nor French Langues ;
and that no Individual belonging to
either of the faid Powers fhall be
admiffible into the Order.
3. A iMaltefe X-anguc fliall be
eftablifhed, to be fupported out of
the Land Revenues and commercial
Dutfea of the Ifland. There fhall
be Dignities, with Appointments,
and an Atiberge apprppriated to this
Langue ; no Proofs of Nobility fiiall
be qtceflary for the Admiirion of
3^ nights into the faid Langne ; they
fhall be competent to. hold, every
Office^ and to e.ijoy every Privilege in
the like Manner as the Knights of the
other I.anguc-. . The iVIunicipal, Re-
venue, Civil, Judicial, and other
0£Eu:e3 under the Govetnment of the
Ifland^ fhall be .filed, .at lealt in the
Proportion of Qne Half, by native
Inhabitants of Malta, Gozo, and
Cjoroino.
4, The Forces of His Bn'tannrck
Ma^jefty fliall evacuate the JHard and
its Dependencies v/ithin Threp Months
after the Exchange of the Raiilrca-
tions, or fooner if.it can be done:
At that Period the Ifland rtiall be de-
livered up to the Order iu the State
tendu, qu'une; Eleflion faite dt^uif
cette Epoqiie fcra feulc confiderec
comme va'uble, ^ TExclufion rfc toutr
autre qui auroit eu lieU; dans aucun
T^ms a;itcrieur^ U ditc Epoque. ;
..,i
,.7-'-
, -i
2. Les Gouvernemens de la Grande
Bretagne et de la Republique Fran-
goife, defirant mettre I'Ordrc et I'lfle
de Malte dans un Etat d'lndepen-
dance entiere ^ leur Egard, convienn'ent
qu'il n'y aura deformais ni Langue
Angloife ni Fran^aife, et que mil
Individu appartenant k I'une on k
I'autre de ces Puiflanccs ne pourra
etre admis dans rOrdre.
3. II fera etabli une Langue Mal-
taife, qui fera entretcniUri par les Re-
venues Territoriaux et les Droits
conimerciaux de I'ifle. Cette Langue
aura des Dignitls qui lul feront propr^s,
des Traitemens, et uneAubergej les
Preuvcs de Nobleffe ne feront pas
KCcefT^ircs pour FAdmiflion des Che*
valiers de la ditc Langue j ils fei'ont
(jl'aillev^is admifllblcs i^ toutes lei
Charges, et jouiront de tous les Pri>
vilcgcs comme les Chevaliers des
autres Langues. Les Emplois Mu-
nicipaux, Adminiflratifs, Civils, Ju-
diciaires, et autres dependant dn Gou-
vernement de Tide, feront occup;''f,
au moins pour Moitie, par des Habi-
tars des Ifles de Malte, Gozo, et
Comino.
4. Les forces de Sa Majefti Brl-
ranniqiie cvacucront I'ille et fcs De-
pendances dans les Tn-is Mois qui
fulvront I'I'cliange des'Ratilications,
ou plutot fi faire fc ptut : A cette
l^poque elle fera remifc a I'Ordrc dans
I'Etat ou iUe fe trojj^vc — pourvn i^ue
i m J
i" 'vii;
Ui . which it now jar'PrPvidcd that
the Grand MU^er, ror Com^KTioners,
fully empowered according' to the
fiiatutcfl of .the Order^ be upon the
Ifland tp receive P'p^effion ; .and that
the Force tp be furniflied by His
Sicilian Majefty, as hereafter ftipu-
lated,. be arrived there. .
.5. The Garrifon of the Ifland
jrtiaU* at all Tirnes, (ronfift at lead
One Half of Native .Maltcfe} and
the Order (haU have jhe Liberty of
recruiting for the 'Remainder of the
Garrifon from the Native? of thofc
Countries only that fhall continue
to ppfltCs ,Lan,guei^. The Native
Maltefe Troops ihall be officered by
Malcefe, and the f^preme Qommand
of the Garrifon, as well as the Ap-
pointment of the Officers, (ball be
veiled in the Grand Matter of the
Order ; and he fhall not be at Liberty
to divefl himfclf of it, even for a
Time, except in Favour of a Knight
gf the Order, and in confeqiience of the
Opinion of the Council of the Order.
6. The Independence of the Iflands
of Malta, Gozo, and Conjino, as vi^eli
98 the prefent. Arrangement, fhall be
under the Protedlion and Guarantee
of Great Britain, France, Aulhia,
RulTia, Spain, and Pruffia.
le Grand Maitr^, ou des Commifnurei)
ptf inement aiitofifcs' Wrvaht^tei Statott
de rOrdre, foicnt dar|s la dire Hie pour
en prendre Poffcffion, ct qye la Porce
qui doi*. fetre fou'rnic par Sa Majeft^
SicihVnne, cqmme >l eft Mr^ ftio^^'
y foit arriv^.-. '' '^" *^ f' ' -^ " ••
J. La Moitic de la GarnJfon pera^
le moins fera toujours com^jpfie de
Maltais Natifs; pour le licftjint;
rOrdre aura la ' Faciilte de rccruter
parmi les Natifs des Pa?s feuls quf
cpntinucnt de poffJdcr des Langqc*.
Les Troupes Maltaifes auront dc»
Officlers Maltaisj le Cummandemeht
en Chef de la Garnifort, ainfi que ik
Nomination des Otlt(;ters appartt«^
endroot au Grand Mdltrej et' irne
pourra s'en demettre, mfeme tempp-
rafrcment, qu'eh Faveur d'un Cheva*
lier, d'apres PAvia du Cotifeil dc
POrdrd.'- '• ■■'■"" ^'''-^^ r,
• '■ ..-1. ■. ,.,f > I, .d>,:r.«, A
'.\
7. The perpetual Neutrality of the
Order and of the Ifland of Malta,
;^n^ its .Dependencies, is hereby de-
clared. , '
8. Tlie Ports of Malta fhall be
ppen ,to , the Commerce and Naviga-
tion of all Nations, who fhall pay
equal and moderate Duties. Thefc
Duties /hall bciapplied to. the Support
pf the M.iltefe Langue, In the Manner
fpecilled in Paragraph ,3, to that c*
the Civil andMilicary Eltablifhments
6. L'Indtfpendance des Ifles 4?
Make, de Gozo, et de Cominoj ainfi
que le prtfent Arrangement, font mis
f^us la Protection et Garantic de la
Grande BrJtagne, de la France, dc
I'Autriche, dcia Rulfie, de I'Efpagne,
et.di.IaFrufTe.
7. La Neutralitc permsnente de
rOrdre et de I'Ifle de M^lte, avec fcs
Dcpendances, eft proclamJe,
8. Lts Ports de Malte feront puverts
au Comijierce et ^ la Navigation dc
toutes ies Nations, qui y payeront des
Droits ogaux ec moil;rts. Ces Dioits
feront apph'qu;s a I'Eutrelieo dc la
Langue Maltaifc, commc il tft fp^citle
dans le Paragraphe 3, a cclui des
^tablillcmcns Civils ct Militaire- "' ■;
P4 i'lfle,.
[ »«>4 3
liP"
o^ the I/Iancl, and to that of a Laza-
retto, open to all Flags^ , ,,-,,uj»r:'i -<'.
. 9. The Barbary States are excepted
frpjm llie ProviTion** of the Two pre-
ceding Paragraphs, until by means
of an Arrangemeut to be made by
the concra£iij)g Parties, the Syftem of
l-}o,ftility, which lubHils between the
fdid Barbary SttUef, , the Oitler of
St. John, and the PowcrB pofTf-fling
Langiics, or talking Part in the Forma-
tion of them, (liall be t«iriniuat«id.
id. Thi' Order ftal! he governed,
both in Spiritual and T.>inporal IVIat-
tera, by the fame Statutes that were
in force at tlic Time when the
Knights quitted the Ifland, fo far as
the fame fliall not be derogated from
by the prcfcnt Treaty,
11. The Stipulations contained in
Paragraphs 3, ?, 7, 8, and 10, fliall
be converted into Laws and perpetual
Statutes of the Order, in the cul-
tomary IVIanner. And the Grand
Mallear (or, if lie fhonid not be in the
Ifland at '.he Time of Its Reftitution
to the Order, his Rcptcfentative), as
well as his Succeffors, fliall be bound
to' make Oath to obferve them
punctually.
12. His Sicilian Majefty fliall be
Invited to fuvnifh Two thoufand Men,
Na.tiyes of His Dominions, to fcrve as
a Garrlfon for, the feveral Fortrcfles
upon the Iflmd. This Force fliall
remain there for One Year from the
Pen'od of the Rcftitution of the Ifland
to the jxnightb ; after the Expiration
J) f which Term, if the Order of St.
John fiiall nut, In the Opinion of the
guarantying Powtr.', have ralfcd a
lufficient Force to garrifnn the Ifland
ancj its Dependencies, in the Man*
nrr propofcd in Paragraph 5, the
Neapolitan Truops fliall remain, until
7 <
rifle, alnfi qu'i cclui d'un Lazareth
ouvert^ tous les Pavilions. .> , . .
9. Les Etats Barbarefques font ex-
cept s des Difpofitions des Deux
Paragraphes precedents, jufqu'^ ce que
par le Moyen d'un Arrangement que
procureront les Parties contraftantes,
le Syllcmc d'HoUilitc qui fubfiftc
entre les dits Etats Barbarefques,
rOrdre de St. Jean, et les Puiflances
polT;dant des Langues, ou concourant
h kur CompofitioD, alt ceifj.
10. L'Ordre fcra r'g?,' quant ad
Sfiirituel et au Temporcl, par les
rnfemes Statuts qui etaient en VIgueur
lorfqiie le!» Chevaliers font fortis dc
rule, autant qu'il n'y eft pas derogi
par le prcfent Traitc.
1 1. Les Difpofitions conteniies dans
les Paragraphes 3, 5, 7, 8, et 10,
feront convertles en Doix .'t Statuts
pcrpetucls de I'Ordre d.ms la Forme
ufitce. Et le Grand Maitre (ou, s'il
n'ctoit pas dans I'lfle au Moment, cil
elle fera remife a I'Ordre, fon Rcprc-
fentant), aiiifi que fes SuccelTeurs,
feront ttnuts de faire Setmen( de les
obfeiver ponducHement,
12. Si IVTajcft^ Sicilienne fera Invl-
tie a fournir Deux mille Hommes,
Natifs de Ses Etats, pour fervir de
GarDlfondans lesdiff^rentes Fortereffes
des dites Hltr. Ceite Force y reftera
Un Au h dater de leur Reltitution
anx Chevalieij; et fi ^ I'Expiration de
ce Terme, I'Oidre n'avait pas encore
levc la Force fuftil'ante, au Jugement
dts Puiirmces garantes, pour fervir.
de Garnifon dans I'llle et fes De-
pendances, ti lie qn'tlle eft fp'cifiee
(jans le Paragraphc 5, les Troupes
Kapolitaines y rcfteront jufquy ce
qu'cUcs foient jeniplactes par une
autre
? I'
I 205 ]
iazareth
the)' (halt be relievfd hj another
Force, judged to be fufficient by the
fald Powers.
• 1;;^. The feveral Powers fpeclfied in
Paragraph 6, videh'cet. Great Britain,
France, Auilria, Raflla, Spain, and
Pruflia, (hall be invited to accede to
the prcfent Arrangement.
autre Force jugje fuffifante par let
dites PuilTanccs.
'V«>
13. Les difFi'-rcntes ParfTances de-
figncea dans le Paragraphe 6, favoir,
la Grandd Br-'tagne, la FranceV
I'Autriche, la Ruflie, I'Efpagnc, et la
Prufle, feront inrit^es k accedtfr tux
prcfentC3 Stipulations. \' , "•"
llO !l
rj ^.i.'.
jirtiek XI. '^-
The French Forces (hall evacuate
the Kingdom of Naples and the Ro-
man Territory ; the Englifh lorces
fhall in like Manner evacuate Porto
Ferrajo, and generally all the Ports
and IflandK which they may occupy in
the Mediterranean or in the Adriatick.
Article XII.
The Evacuations, Cefllons, and Re-
fticutions, ilipulated for by the pre-
fent Treaty, e:;cept where otherwife
exprcfsly provided for, (hah take
place in Europe within One Month ;
in the Continent and Seas of Ame-
rica, and of Africa, within Three
Months ; and in the Continent and
Seas of Afia, within Six Months after
the Ratification of the prefent De-
finitive Treaty,
Jnick 'nil, ' .'.
in all the Cafes of Reftitution
agff ed upon by the prefent Treaty, the
Fortifications (hall be delivered np in
the State in which they may have been
at the Time of the Signature of the
Preliminary Treaty ; and all the
Works which ihill have been con-
ftrufted fince the Occupation, (hall re-
main untouched.
r t^t' f
Article Xr,
i.;». ).
Les Troupes Fran^aifes evacucront
Ic Royaume dc Naples, et PEtat Re-
main ; U'S Forces Anglaifes evacucront
pareilleraent Porto Ferrajo, et geni-
ralement tous lea Ports et Illes qu'elle*
occuperaient dans la Mcditerranec ou
dans I'Adriatique. o . 1... -uii
' . : ■
Jrliele XII.
Les Evacuations, CefGons, et Refti-
tutlons, ftipulties par le prufent Traitd,
feront executes pour I'Europe dana
le Mois} pour le Continent et lea
Meis d'Amcriquc et d'Afrique dans
les Trois Mois ; pour le Continent et
les Mers d'Afie dans les Six Mois,
qui fuivront la Ratification du prefent
Traitt- D^finitif, excepte dans Ic Cas
cii il y eft fpccialement dcroge.
Ariicle XIII.
Dans tous les Cas de Reflitulion
convenue par le prefent Traite, les
Fortifications (eront rendues dans I'Etat
ou elles fe tronvaient au Moment de la
Signature dts Preliminaires, cttous lea
Ouvrages qui auronr ete conftruits
di-puis rOccupalion relleront iutadls.
It is further agreed, that in all the II cfl convenu en outre, (jue dans
Cafes of CclTion ftipulated, there fliall tous les Cas de CelTion (^ipules, il fera
be allowed to the Inhabitants, of allouc aux Habitans dc queUjuc Con-
' dition
I ^06 1
11 •■!■
V
mhtttfer Conditinn or Nation they
way be, a Term of Three Ytari« to be
computed from thfc Notification of tiii»
prefent Treaty, for the Purpofc of dif-
f>ofing of their Property acqu'tred and
fjoiletlcd cither before or during the
■War, in which Term of Three Years
they .may have the free Exercife of
■their Religion axid isnjoyment of their
Property.
' The fame Prfvilegeis granted in the
Countries reftored to all thofe, whether
Ihhjfejtants or others, who fhaM have
made therein any Eftablifliments what-
Ibever during the Time whin thofe
Cpu'ntrres were in the Poffeffion of
Great Britain.
"With refpeft to the lilhabitants of
the Countries reftored or ceded, it is
agreed tliat none of them fhall be pro-
fecuted, diflurbed, or molefted in their
Pcrfons or Properties under any Pre-
text, on Account of their Conduit or
political Opinions, or of their Attach-
nient to any of the other contracting
Towers, nor on any Account, except
that of Debts contra6\ed to Individuals,
<^j on Account of A6ls poRerior to the
yvefent Treaty.
jfrthle yilY.
A'l Seqiieftrations impofed by any
of the Parties' on the funded Property,
Bevenues, or Debts of whatever De-
fcription, belongiog to any of the con-
{railing Powers, r,i to their Subjed^s
or. Citizcps, fti.ill Ic taken of^" imme-
diately Alter the Signature of this Defi-
nitive Treaty. The Decifion of all
Claims brouijht forwaid by Indivi-
duals, the Subjects or Citizens of any
of the contrai-.tiiig Powers refpeftively,
agaiiifl hidividuals, Subjei^s or Citi-
zens of any of the others, for Rights,
Debt?, Property, or Eficfts whatfoever,
whish^ according to received Ul'ages
Litton ou N&tion <|n'll« fblcnt, tm
T^rme de TroiB Ati^f.d 'Compter de U
Notification du prf^fent Trait^v pour
difpofcr de leurs Proprietea acqiiile* et
poiYiditm fbit avant foit, pendant la
Guorrc, dans lequel Tef medeTrois A n»
lis pourront exercer libr^ipent laur Rjbi-
iigion et jouir du leurs. Proprietes.
La mime FacuHc eft accordee dans
les Pays refiitues it tous ceux, foit
'Habitans ou autres, qui y auront fait
dc» Etabhiremens quelconques pen-
dant le Terns ou ces Pays ttaicnt
poIFedes par la Grande Br6(agne.
Quant aux Habitans des Pays refli-
tucs ou cedes, il eft convenu qu'ducun
d'eux ne pourra ^'tre pourfuivi,inquictc,
ou trouble dans fa Pcrfonne ou dans
fa Propricte fous aucun Prctexte, a
Caufc de fa Conduite ou Opinion po-
litique, ou de fon Attachement k
aucune dcs Parties contra6tantes, ou
pour toute autr: Raifon, fi ce n'ell
pour les Dettes contraCtces envers des
Individus, ou pour des Adles poflcriturs
fau prefent Traite.
JriiclcXlV.
Tous les Scqueftres mis de Part et
d'autre fur les Funds, Reveiius, et
Crcanccs, de quelquc Efpecc qu'ils
foient, appartenans a Tune des Puif-
fances contra6lantes, ou X fes Sujets
ou Citoyens, feront leves immediate-
nicnt apres/. la Signature de ce Traitc
Definitif. La Decifion de toutes Re-
clamations cntre les Individus des Na-
tions refiieflives poi:r Dettes, Pro-
prictes, El^'ets ou Droits (picl«onques,
qui confornicment auX Ufages re^us
et au Droit des Gens, doivent cire le-
pruduites h rEpocjue de la PaiX, fera
rcnvoyee devaot les Tribunaux com-
petens j
as
Fi^
W,
mo
[ loy ]
lent, tm
pter <le U
ut^ pour
icquiles et
ndunt la
TroisAn*
it lour IW
ietes.
ordce dans
ceux, foil
auront fait
quea pen-
ays ctaicnt
agne.
\ Pays refti-
ti qu'aucun
vi,inquietc,
ne ou dans
Prctexte, a
Opinion po-
ichemenl h
ftantes, ou
fi ce n'cft
s envers des
spofteriturs
de Part et
(^eveiuis, tt
■pecc qu'ils
i des Puif-
i fes Sujets
immediate-
de ce Trailc
e toutes Re-
(!u8 des Na-
>ttes, Pro-
quctionques,
Jfages requs
vent etre le-
PaiX, fera
DUliaUX COITl-
peteiis ;
and the Law of rations-, ought to re-
vive at the Period of Peace, (liall be
heard and deridtd before competent
Tribunals ; and in all Cafes prompt
and ample fnftioc fball be adminifter-
td. in the Countrica where the Claimj
*fe made.'! < ' . - ■ .j
J..- 'f ■, , ■ ' : • . .-.; .
The FiHierieB on the Coaft of New-
foundland, and of the adjacent lllanUa,
and of the Gulph of St. Lawrence, are
replaced on the fame Footing on
which they were previous to the War ;
the French Fifhermcn and the Inha-
bitants of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
fhall have the Privilege of cutting fuch
Wood as they may ftand in Need of
in the Bays of Fortune and Defpair,
for the Space of One Year from the
Date of the Notification of the prcfcnt
Treaty.
Jrtick XVI.
In order to prevent ail Caufes of
Complaint and Dilputc which may
arife on Account of Prizes which may-
have been made at Sea, after the Sig-
nature of the Preliminary Articles, it
is reciprocally agreed, that the Veffels
and Eiffels which may have been ta-
ken in the Britifti Channel, and in the
North Sea, after the kjpace of Twelve
Days, to be computed from the Ex-
change of the Ratifications of the faid
Preliminary Articles, (hall be reltored
on each Side ; that the Term fliall be
One Month from the Briliih Channel
and the North Seas, as far as the Ca-
narylUands inclufively, whether in the
Ocean or in the Mediterranean ; Two
Months from the faid Canary Ulands
as far as the Equator; and lately,
Five Months in all other Parts of the
World, without any Exception, or any
more particular Defciiplidn of Time
or P^tce.
petens ; et dtmcn Caill fera rendn
ime promptc ct cntiirc Juftico dana
le Pays o(i lea ReclttmatioiM feront
faitoB r^fpedlivettient. , , ,
.1 f
M
•'- ' jlrfichXV. ■:■■■ '
Les Pechcries fur les Cotes de Tcr-
reneuve, ct des Iflea adjaccntes, et dans
Ic Golphe St. Laurent, font remffes
fur le meme Pied ou ellcs ctaient
avant la Guerre ; lea Pcoheurs Fran-
cois de Terreneuve, ct les Habitan*
des liles de St. Piet're et Miquelon^
pourront couper les Bois qui Icur feront
necetfaircs dans les Bayes dcFortune et
du Defefpoir, pendani la premiere
Annce, a compter de la Notiticatioo
du prefent Traite.
Article XV J.
Pour prcvenir tons les Sujets dc
Flainte et de Gonteftation qui pwir-
raient naltre 'A I'Occafion des Prifes
qui auraient ete faites en Mer, apr^
la Signature des Articles PrcliminaJres»
il eft reciproquement convcnu, que lea
Vailfeaux et Etlcts qui pourraient
avoir ele pris dans la Manche, et dans
les Mers du Nord, apr^is I'Efpace de
Douze Jours, a compter de I'Echaogc
des Ratiticaiions des Articles Prelimi*
naires, feront de part et d'autre refli-
tues ; que le Terme fera d'lTn Mois
depuis la Manche et les Mers du'Nord
julqu'aux Illes Canaries inclu(ivement,
foit dans I'Orean foit dans la Mcdite;-
ranee ; de Deux Mois depuis les Ilies
Canaries jufqu' a PEquateur ; et enfin,
de Cinq Mois dans toutes les autres
Parties du Monde, fans aucune Ex-
ception, ni autre Diftinftion plus par-
ticulicrc de Terns et de Lien.
/frt'u-le
IW
[ 208 ]
to:
m
)5
cr
^r/,- /.' xvir.
y/r//V/^xvir.
Th«5 Ambafladors, Minifleri, and
other Agents of the contra6ling lowers,
(hall enjoy rerpedively in theStai.s of
the faid Powers, the fame Rank, Pri-
vileges, Prerogatives, and Immunities,
which pnblick Agents of the finie
Clafs enjoyed previous to the War,
Jriich XVIII.
The Branch of the Home of NalTaii,
which was eltablifhed in the Repub-
lick formerly calltd the Republick. of
the United Provinces, and now the
Batavian Republick, having fufFered
Lofles there, as welt in private Proper-
ty as in confequence of the Change of
Conftitution adopted in that Country,
an adequate Compenfation (hall be
procured for the faid Branch of the
Koufe of Naflau for the faid Loff.s.
Artble XIX.
"The prefent Definitive Treaty of
I'eacc is dt^clared common to the Sub-
lime Ottoman Forte, the Ally to His
Britannick Majefiy ; and the Sublime
I'orte fliall be invited to tranfmit its
A6\ of Acceffion thereto, in the fliort-
fll Delay poflible.
Article XX.
It is agreed that the contracting
Parties (h-ill, on Re(]uifitions made by
them re(pe6tively,or by their Minifters
or Officers duly authorized to make
thi" fame, deliver up to Juftice, I'erfuns
iccuied of Crimes of Murder, Forgery,
or fraudulent Rdukruptry, cc nmilted
within the Jurildiflion nf the requiring
Partyj provided that this fjiall be done
oi^ly when the Evidences of the Cri-
minality ihall be fo authenticated as
that the Lav.s of the Country where
the Perfon fo acrufed fliall be found,
would juftify his A]>jireheiilioii and
Les Ambaflfadeurs, Minlftrcs, et
autres Agents des PuiflTancet contrac-
tantes jouiront refpedivemcnt dans les
Etats des dites PuiiTa;.ces, des ni^mes
Rangs, Privileges, Prerogatives, et
Iramuiiites, dont jouiiTaient avant 1%
Guerre les Agents de la mcme Clalle.
^/;/.V/^ XVIII.
La Bianche de la Maifon de Naflaii,
qui ctuit ctablie daiis la ci devant Re-
publiqiie des Provinces Unies, adluel-
lement la Rcpuhlique Batave, y ayant
fait des Pcrtes tant en Propriett par-
ticulicre que par le Chaogement de
Conftitution adopte dans ce Pays, il
lui fera procure une Compenfation
cquivalentc pour les ditcs Fcrtes.
uarlicle XIX.
Le prefent Traite Dcfinitif de Paix
efl declare commun a la Sublime Porte
Ottomane, Allice de Sa Majefte Bri-
tanniquc ; et la Sublime Porte fera
invitee a tranfmettre fori A<5\e d'Ac-
ceiTion dans le plus court Dclai
poifible.
Article XX.
II eft convenu que les Parties con-
tradtantes fur les Rcquifitions faites
par ellcs refpeclivcmt n;, ou par leurs
Min ftros ou Officiers dliement aiito-
tilcs a ret EfltV, (eront ttnus de livrer
en juflice les Perfonnts acculcts des
Crimes de Mcurtre, de ralfificalion,
ou Banquerouie fiauduleufe, commis
dans la Jurifdi6lion dc la Parlle reque-
rante j pourvu que cela ne (oit fait
que lorlque I'L'.vidence du Crime fera
fi bien conftatce q\ic Its Loix du I^icu
ou Ton decouvrira la rerlonneainfi ac-
cufce, auraient autorifc fa Detention
€t
'
iniflres, et
:€» contrac-
ent dans les
des ni^mes
)gativea, et
It avant la
me Clalie.
ide Naflaii,
devant Re-
ries, a6\uel-
ive, Y ayant
oprictt par-
igement de
ce Pays, il
ampeiiiation
Pcrtes,
itif de Paix
iblime Porte
lajefte Bri-
Porte fera
Aae d'Ac-
ourt Dclai
arlies con-
itions faites
ou par leurs
ement aiito-
lus (ie livrer
acciileis dcs
FalfitiiCaUon,
ife, commis
'arl'ie reque-
ne foil fait
I Crime (era
.oix (hi Iji(.u
)iine ainfi ac-
fu Dacntion
ct
[ 209 ]
Commitment for Trial, if the OtFencc
had been there committed. The Ex-
pences of fiich Apprthenfion and De-
livery (hail be borne and defrayed by
thofe who make the Requifition. It
is underilocl that this Article does not
regard in any Manner Crimes of Mur-
der, Forjrcry, or fraudulent Bankrupt-
cy, committed antecedently to the
Conclufion of this Definitive Treaty.
^rik/e XXr.
The contra6ling Parties prnmife to
obferve fincerdyand bunJ FuL all the
Articles contained in the prefent
Treaty j and they will not lut:ll.r the
' fame to be infringed, direftly or indi-
rc6\ly, by their refpeAive Subjefts or
Citizens ; and the faid contrafting
Parties generally and reciprocally
guaranty to each other all the Stipula-
tions of the prefent Treaty.
/irtlcl' XXII.
The prefent Treaty fhall be ratified
by the contrafting Parties in Thirty
Days, or fooner if poilible, and the
Ratifications fhall be exchanged in due
Form at Paris.
et fa Traduftion devant la Judice au
cas que le Crime y eut cte commis.
Les Fraix dc la Prife de Corps et la
Tradurtion en Juftice feront ^ la
Charge de ceux qui feront la Requl-
fition. Bien entendu que c^i Article
ne rcgarde en aucune Maniere les
Crimes de Meurtre, de Faliificatiorn
ou de Banqueroute frauduleufc:, com-
mis antcrieurement ii la Conclufion de
ce Traite Dcfinitif.
Les Parties contrafkantes proracl-
tent d'obferver fiiiccrenicnt et de
bonne Foi tons les Articles contcnusau
prefent Traite J et ellcs ne foufiViront
pas qu'il y foit fait de Contravention,
dire6lt; ou indirefts, par leurs Sujets
ou Citoyens refpe^tifs ; et les fufdites
Parties coiitratlantcs fe garantlflfent
gcncralementet rcciproquemert toules
les Stipulations du prefent Traite.
Article XXII.
Le prefent Traite fera ratific paries
Parties contradtantes dans I'tfpace de
Trentfe Jours, ou plutot fi faire fe peut,
et les Ratifications en due Forme le-
ront echaiigces a Paris.
In Witnefs whereof, we, the vmder- En Foi de quol^ nous, fo'a»?gncs Ple-
U'ritten Plenipotentiaries, have ligncJ nipoientiaires, avons figne do notre
with our Hands, and in virtua of our ^lain, et en ver'u de nos Pleinpouvoirs
ri'fpedive Full Powers, the prefent refpeftifs, le prefent XVaitc Dcfinitif,
J3efinitive Treaty, and have ca.ifed et y avons fait appofer nos Cachets
our refpedUve Seals to be iffixtd rcfpeiSlifs.
thereto. ,. .
Done at Amiens, the Twenty- fe-
venth Day of March One thoufand
eight hundred and two; the Sixth
(ierminal, Year Ten of the French
ilcpublick.
(L. S.)COKNWALLIS.
(L. S.) JOSEPH BONAHARTE.
(L. S.) r. NICOLAS DE AZARA.
(L. S.) R. J. SCHlMMELPtNMKCK.
Fait a Amiens, le Ving-fept Mars,
Mil huit cent deux; le Six Germinal,
An Dix de la Rcpublique Fran';aile.
(L. S.) CORNWALLIS.
(L. S.> JOSKPii BONAPARTE.
(L. S.) J. NICOLAS DE AZAP.A.
(L,S.) R. J.SCliLM.tlliLPENNlNCK.
ARTICLE
[ 2IO 1
SEPARATE ARTICLE.
7
ARTICLE SE'PARE.
C
^}
It is agreed that the Omiifion of II eft convenu que rOmiflion qui
Ibme Titles which may have tai<en pourroit avoir eu lieu de .^uelques Ti-
Place in the prefent Treaty ftja)l not tre» dans le prefent Tfaite ne (era pas
be prejudicial to the Powers or io the prejudiciable aux Putflances ou aux
Perlons concerned. Perionues inte reiVecs.
It ia further agreed that the Eng>
liih and French Languages made Ufc
of in all the Copies of the prefent
Treaty (hall not form an Example,
which may be alleged or quoted as a
Precedent, or in any Manner prejudice
the contradling Powers whofe liSn-
g'lages have not been ufed ; and that
for the future what has been obferved,
and ought to be obferved, with Regard
to, and on the Part of, Powers who
are in the Practice and Pofleflion of
giving and receiving Copies of like
Treaties in any other Language, (hall
be conformed with ; the prefent Trea-
ty having neverthelefs the fame Force
and Virtue as if the aforefaid Praiftice
bad been therein obferved.
Jn Witnefs whereof, we, the un-
derwritten Plenipotentiaries of his Bri-
tannick Majefty, of the French Re-
publick, of his Catholick Majefty, and
of the Batavian Republick, have (ign-
cd the prefent feparate Article, and
have cauled our relpedtive Seals to be
affixed thereto.
II eft egalement convenu que les
Langues Anglaife et Fran9aire em-
ployees dans tous les Exemplaires du
prefent Traite, ne fourniront point un
Excmple qui puiflfe etre allcguc, ni tircr
k Confequence, ni porter Prejudice en
aucune Mani^re aux PuiiTances con-
tra£tantes dont les Langues n'unt pas
ete employees ; et que Ton fc con-
formera a I'avenir h ce qui a ete
obferve, et doit etre oblervee, a
I'Egard et de la Fart des PuiiTances qui
font en Ufage et Pofleflion de donner
et de recevoir des Exemplaires ^^s
fcmblables Traites en une autre Lah-
gue ; le prefent Trait6 ne laiflTant pas
d'avoir la meme Force et Vertu que
ft le fufdit Ufage y avait et6 obferv6.
En Foi de quei, . ^us, fonffignes
Plenipotcntiaires de Sa Majettc Bri-
tannique, de la Republique Fran9aife,
de Sa Majeftc Catholique, et de la
Republique Batave, avons figne le pre-
fent Article fepare, et y avons fait
appofer nos Cachets refpedlifs.
Done at Amiens, the Twenty-fe- Fait a Amiens, le Vingt-fept Mars
venth Day of IMarch One thoufand Mil huit cent deux ; \f. Six Germinal,
eight hundred and two; the Sixth An Dix de la Republique Fran^aife.
Germinal, Year Ten of the French
Rgpublick.
(L.S.)C0RNWALL1S.
(L. S,) JOSEPH BONAPARTE.
(L. S.) 1. NICOLAS DE AZARA.
(L. S.JR.J.SCHIMMELPENNINCK.
(L.S.) CORNWALLIS.
(L. S.) JOSEPH BONAPARTE,
(L. S.) J. NICOLAS DE AZARA.
(L. S.) R.J.SCHIMMELPENNIKCK,
Wii^s and Taylor, Printerc,ChanCery-laiie.
,•, J- -I- <',v/paBi^'*,'-''!p«-'?..'!.t.
iRE.
)ini{non qui
^uelques Ti-
e ne (era pas
ices ou aux
■ i;<;-
, I ,,j-,
•' ;,
renu que les
ran^aife em-
cmplaires du
ont point un
cguc, ni tirer
Prejudice en
ifTanccs con-
ies n'ont pas
Ton le con-
:e qui a ete
obiervec, a
'uiflances. q^i
on de donner
impJaires d?s
e autre Lin-
le laiflant pas
:t Vertu que
»t6 obferv6.
IS, fonffigncs
Majeilc Bri-
ue Fran9aire,
ue, et de la
B (igne le pre-
y avons fait
eaifs.
gt-fept Mars
six Germinal,
: Fran^aii'e.
•ARTE,
AZARA.