,.'^. .» IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 l^|Z8 u mm 21 I.I us 11.25 L£ III 2.0 1.8 M. 111.6 ■^ 7: ftotr^raplifcr .Sciences Gbrporatiati 33 WIST MAIN STIHT WnSTIR.N.Y. 14510 (716) iri^soa // ^.^.^^ , *** jHh 4 « CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. y. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches.^ r-^; f Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut qanadien de microreproductions historiques Tachnicai and Bibliographic Notea/Notos tachniquaa at bibliographiquaa '''*! Tha Instjtuta haa attamptad to obtain tha b—X, original copy avaiiabia for filming. Foaturaa of thia copy which may ba bibliographically uhiquo. which may altar any of tha^magaa In tha raproduction, or which, may significantly changa tha uaual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. SCoiourad covara/ C^vartura da coulaur r~~l Covars damagad/ Couvartura andonvcnagia Covars raatorad and/or laminatad/ Couvartura rastauria at/ou pallicul^ Covar titia misaing/ Ca titra da couvartura manqua r~^ Colourad" mapa/ « . Cartas giographiquaa an cpujaur Colourad ink (i.a. othar than bhia.or bJaclU/ Encra da coulaur (i.a. autra qua biaua ou noiral pn Colourad plataa and/or illuatrationa/ D D n Planchaa at/ou illuatrationa my coutou^ Bound with othar matarial/ « RaliA avac d'autraa documanta Tight binding may cauaa shadows or diatortion along Intarior margin/ Lifraliura sarria paut eauaar da t'ombra du da la diatoraion la long d« la marga int*ri«uro Blank laavaa addad during raatoration may .appaar within tha taxt. Whanavar poaaibia, thasa hava baan omittad from filming/ II sa paut qua cartainaa pagaa blanchaa ajoutiaa lora d'una raatauration apparaiaaant dana la t*xta. mala, lorsqua cala itait poaaibia, caa pagaa n'ont paa «tA inm4—j L'Inatitut a microfilm* la mailiaur axampiaira qu'il iui a iti possibia da sa procuraf. Las ditaiik da cat axampiaira qui sont paut-Atra uniquas du point da vua bibliographiqua, qui pauvant modifiar una imaga raproduita, ou qui pauvant axigar una modification dana la mAthoda hormala da filmaga sont indlquis d-daasous. ... •^ •• □ D D Q Colourad pagas/ ' -> Pagaa da coulaur ■ . ^ ^ Pagaa damagad/ Pagaa andommagias ' Pagas raatorad and/or laminatad/ Pagas raataurias at/ou pallicuiAas Pagas discolourad. stainad or foxad/ Pagas d^colorias. tachatias ou piquAas Pagaa datachad/ Pagas ditachias Showthrough/ Tranaparanca □ Quality of print varias/ Qualiti inigaia da I'impraaaion rn Includas supplamantary matarial/ Comprand du material suppMmantaira Only adition avaiiabia/ Saula Adition disponibia D Pagas wholly or partially obscurad by arrata slips, tissuas. etc.. hava. baan rafilmad to anaura tha bast possibia imaga/ Laa pagaa totalamant ou partiallamant obscurciaa par un fauillat d'arrata. una paiura, ate. ont itt filmias * nouvaau da fapon * obtanir la maiilaura imaga possibia. / • ■ r 1 Thiai .Code 10X Addi Com tam i »eum tiona mant sfiln ant a 1 cor airas nad 1 at fil nmar supi It tha m* a 14X ita:/ 9l4m( radi u tau ■ntai iCtiOl X da raa: V 1 ratio chockad balow/ rMuction indiquA ei-daasoua 1BX 22X m0^ - 26X 1 \ a 1 30X ' % i /• :-■■■' ' ft • - ^^^ ■MM m^ I^M- —f- ^2X , • 1 12X k lix i i'7 « 20X f » a4x * ■ \ 2IX * •t — - i. . -^.iS^ • Th« eopy filmad h«r« has b««n r«produc«d thanks . to th« ganaroaity of : Dtpartimnt of Ran Books and Spaeial Coli«etk>nt, MoQHI Univtrsity, Montraal. ^^ • '■% L'axamplaira film4 fut raproduit grica i la ginAroaiti da: Department of Ran Books and Special Collaetioni, MoQill University, Montreal. • Tha ifriagaa appaaring hara ara tha baat quality poaaibia conaMaring tha condition and lagibility of tha original copy and in kaaping with tha filming contract spaciflcation8.4 ^ . Laa imagaa aulvantaa ont 4itt raprpduitaa ayac la plua grand soln. compta tanu da la condition at da la nattatA da I'axampiaira flim4. at tx conformitA avae laa conditiorM du contrat da fNnuiga. / Original eoglaa In printad papar eovars afa flimad baginning with tha front eovar and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or lllu a t rb. - 1A ^ REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OP A PORTION OF THE ri EASTERN TOWNSHIPS ^ RELATINO MORE ESPECMAM-Y Til THE *<<■{■.■.»' -jl^(^|K>*«^ OOUXTIKS OF COMPTON, STANSTEAD, BKAITCK, RK^IMOND :# AND WOLFE. BY H. W. ELLS, LL.D. f ; I'UBLlRIIKn BY AUTHORITY OK FAKLIA.MKNT: Wonti|eal: t)AW!SON BROTHKHS. ^ ' ^ 1887. 'A ...v sSTf y ' , f i^ p Price. Thirty Cents. 1 -rr ..5«A.. "V- fc.' " _ ^ -^ _^ ^ _ Jl »^ T?l l'"^ CAmD/t. Qeao^JmfmMj fR^^odr Oh •4^-\ e^olcrc^ t^f iU% 'X ^ .* i f 1 1* \ '■ "#K' \ -■ %^ . V ■"f ■ . A • ■ ; *» :" t / _^. .'. • a» 1 ^ Ji^ ^^..^^^^.^ lA * if^n^'if tjs."- p*' ""■ , o GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA ALFRED R. C. SELWYN, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S, Director. REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF A PORTION OF THE i ■ EASTERN TOWNSHIPS RELATING MORE ESPECIALLY TO THE COUNTIES OF COMPTON, STANSTEAD, BEAUCE, RICHMOND 4 AND WOLFE. •I BY R. W. ELLS, LL.p. PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT. MONTREAL : DAWSON BROTHERS, 1887. ■■— ■ * Alfred E. C. Selwyn, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., etc.. Director of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada. Sib,— I beg to submit herewith my report on the work of the past two seasons, 1885 and 1886, on the geology of a portion of the Eastern Townships of Qaebec. The accompanying map is the south-eastern quarter-'sheet of that known as the map of the Eastern Townships, compiled by the late Mr. R. Barlow, and first engraved in 1868, but hitherto published only as a topographical map. Althotlgli many additional surveys have been made since that date, in several of the townships embraced, in the quarter-sheet, these have not all been incorporated in full', since, while not affording much assistance in the intei-pretation of the geology, it is found that such a course would further deltfy the present publi- cation. I have the hynor to l)e, Sir, Your obedienl seivant, Ottawa, April 12th, 1887. R. W. K 'm f t \ /A 'U REPORT ""^ ON/f'HE GEOLOGY OF A PORTION t . OP THE EASTERN TOWNSRH*§N^F .QUEBEC, ' RELATING MOEE ESPECIALLY TO THE * BOUNTIES OP COMPTON, STANSTEAD, BBAUCB, RICHMOND ^ AND WOLFE. . " / ERRATA. Page 21 J., 11 lines frotiHa^tohi, tornortlieatt read vorthiimt. " 46 J., 6 lines from bottoiiMp'' and read of. " 61 .1., 7 lines from bottom, for old read n,ir. " 67' J., 9 lines from bottom, for nejt' read o/d. ,i| f • ;. -^M ■'4 paratively opoii to investigation. Gi^eatly increased facilities for the •study of the geological stnictui-e ofjjhe district, are in consequence afforded. A large amount of exploratory work had been done in former years Work of former " by various members of the Survey staff. Among these may be men- ^^^' tioned the^ late Sir Wm. R. Logan, Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, Dr..Selwyn, Messrs. Richardson, Weston, Webster, and Brown ; and various reports, having a bearing on the geology and, mineral wealth of this section of country, have a])peared from time to time. The prinpipal of these, ' j)ublished by the Survey, are: — ■' , -y' ' : y V . '■■■'4-. f T -^ " »." ^ ^^ = %• 1 ■5 V ,'V'%, ' »i •Ol - A • /■ » \ ^. r / •^ ;**»rS»>. x--ii^fl^--V**Hte.^..ti^ „ tt * ; ♦ . I \' ■ c;ouN' ^■»1 \ The ] sejisons vey of eastern gr'esS'tij during several well 'afe whicli parat^iv« stud}- atfordec A lar by vari( tioned 1 of c'oun publi8h( ^:!:i. ■V -•^4»J. fl. X, 1 <-"■ 1 1' 'iiflvf-^iS^' « P Ti!»?i'>'pWjB r-/ ' REPORT J ON THE GEOLOGY OF A PORTION OF THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS OF QUEBEC, - \ ' \J - ■^ I • ,f^ RELATING MORE ES^EOIALLY TO JHE •COUNTIES OF C«WliPTON, STANSTEAD, BEAUCB, RICHMOND •^ AND WOLFE. BY R. W. ELtiS, LL.D. ^ ^ *«a The present report embraces the results of the work of the .past two sefisons, devoted to the revision and completion of the geological sur- vey of that part of the provinc^pf Quebec, shown in the^ south- ^ eastern quarter-sheet of the map dfth« Eastern TowBships. Great pro^ gress'has been made in the developmant of this portfon.of the province- during the last/fwentj years, evidenced by the construction of th^ several lines of railway which centre in the city of Sherbro«ke, as - well 'a6 by the opening of hundreds of miles of settlement i-Oads, by which large" areas, formerly inaccessrble, have now become com- paratively open to investigation. Greatly increased facilities for the study of the geological structure ^f the district, are in consequence* afforded. ' ^ A large amount of explo^-atoiy work had been'3'one in former years Workof by various members of the Survey »taff. Among these may be mon-''^*"' tioned the late Sir Wm. K, Lagan, Dr. T. Sterry £[unt, Dr. Selwyn, ^3's* Richardson, Weston, Webster,' and Brown; and various reports, ■ " ^r^a bearing on the geology and mineral weialth- of this §ection- ' of cquntry„,^ave ajipoared from time to" time. The principal of these, j)ublisheti by tffe Survey, ar,e: -«-,'* \, , _ ■ - r'" ■ - ' . former t^ _^:^ f '■ 6 'J THE EA8T£R^ TOWNSHIPS. l,_. if. ft ^ I' ■. h i \P'j' d », ^ Reports bearing ®'^^• ^* Logan— 1847-48— On the Geology of^ portions of Lower Canada, more- on the subject. '' especially of the Eastern TownshiiM. " . ■ 1849-50— On the Geology of Lower Canada south of the St. i Lawrence. 1860-51— On the Gold of the Chaudi^re Valley. ■" 1863— Geology of Canada, the Quebeo Group, etc. Mr. A. Michel— 1863-66— On the Gold Region of Lower Calfkda. Dr. T. Sterry Hunt— 1868-66— On Gold Assays of Quartz from Eastern Canada. Mr. Jas. Richardson— 1863-66— On the Geology of the Quebec Group m the Eastern Townships. '< Dr. A. R ('. Selwyn— 1870-71— Notes -and Observations on the Gold-fields of Quebec and Nova Scotia. " 1877-78— Observations on the Stratigraphy of the Quebec' ^ Group and the older Crystalline Rocks <^ Canada. 1H80-8 1-82— Notes on the Geology of the Sojuth-eastem. Portion of the Province of Quebec. , " 1882— The Quebec Group in Geology.— Trans. Royal Soc. ^ Canada. Vol. I. 1884— Descriptive Sketch oi the Physical Geography and. Geology of the Dominion of Canada. Part I. Mr. Frank D. Adams— 1880-81-82— Notes on the Microscopic Structure of some Rocks of the Quebec Group. ) Among otiier papers bearing on the subject may l)o mentioned . — Mr. G. F. Matthew— 1865— Geology of Southern New Brunswick, Cupriferous \ * Rocks of South-eastern New Brunswick, compared with those of the Eastern Townships of Canada. Prof H. Y. Hind, 1865— Geology of New Brunswick ; the Quebet: Group. Dr. T. Sterry Hunt— 1878— Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania ; A His- tory of the Taconic and Quebec Group Controversy. Sir Wm. Dawson— 1883— Appendix to Life of Sir W. K. I^gan ; tlie Quebec , Grou]^ f Dr. Selwyn— 1888~Review of the same. A review of the vai-ious reports above enumerated would, no doubt, be ihtorestinx, but is to a groat extent i-ondered unnecessary in \ ' thin place, since the history oi' the (iuobec group, with the several j opinions held from time to time regarding the gfiological positionof its several divisions, has already been given in part b^ Dr. T. Sterry Hunt. In order to H.x more proei.sely tlie limits of the ditterent formations, a.H well as to render the map more complete, a large amount of topo- graphical work wiis necessary. It has not been 'i)08Hible in the time at our (ii8|)0sal to aIV. ELK.] 8ILURIAK. •7/ Golci-fields of 18. Royal Soc. ture of some From our examinations, ae well ae ft-om those of previous observers gystems in this field, the following geological systems have been recognized : reooeniied E. Silurian. D. Cambro-Silurian. C. Cambrian. ' A. B. Pre-Cambrian. Crystalline and igneous rocks, volcanic and plutonlc. « '-. E. Silurian.. •» By reference to the Geology of Canada, 1863, and to the large geo-B„,^„rkof logical map, 1866, it will be seen that a very considerable -portion offif^-f^y the area of the accompanying map was then supposed to be occupied by rocks of this age. They were held to cover a great part of the oounties of Beauce, Eiohmond, Wolfe, Stanstead, Compton and Sher- brooke. The aarliest examination of the area by the Geological Survey was made in a hasty traverse by Sir Wm. E. Logan, in 1847, the results, of which jU|^ven in his Report for 1847-48. This related more particularly t^Bfe area lying east of a line extend-' ing from the head of the east bay (Pitch Bay) of Lake Memphro- magogto.the mouth of the Famine River, on the Chaudi^re. The, charactere of the various rocks seen in this section lu-e there clearly stated, while their age was inferred to^be Silurian, or in pai-t Devonian, on the supposition that they formed the westwai-d pro- longation of "the members of these systems as recognized in the Gasp^ peninsula. 6 All these rocks were supposed to be closely related, but were Fint^'llfi^H m divided into- two formations, the one highly calcareous, the other appar- t^re* ''™"' ently devoid of limestone. The first or calcareous formation was stated > to have a breadth of about twenty miles, and to be composed of ai-ena- x;eou8 and micaceous limestones, which are at times crystalline, inter- stratitied with fine and coarse mica slates. It was further stated that on section a line of section drawn" from the motamorphic ridge of the Massawippi ^^^"jppj Mountain east to Canaan, the limestone was much more abun- ^""J"'"'" ""'' dant in the tirat throe miles than in the remaining distance, Sind was usually of a dark ooloi-, sometiipos approaching a dull, earthy black, and frequently separated b^/tlf^i^^ik carbonacoous shales, having a satiny lustre' on fresh fracture, Suiting probably from the presence of very line scales of 'mica, the fonmer weathering often to a deep brown, and the slates to a brownish-black. Other varieties of limestone are grey, striped, bandtxl ami white. They trecl(8 111 llic eastern urea formerly rnuarilwl ii- lieloiiuinit I.. one suriit" more particularly m displayed at^Dudswell and around the shores of Lake Memphiemagog, was pointed out by Sir Wm. Logan The fos sils differ considerably at various points. The Dudswell rock contains immense quantities of corals, often of large size, together with crinoids ; while a^Georgeville and Potton Ferry, now Knowlton's Landing in Sai-goni« Bay, calcareous strata are found, which, while containing Homewhat similar organic remains, appear as a whole to belong to a later period. A limited outcrop at Magoon's Point was recognized by Sir Wm. Logan an fonsiliferous, only by the presence of small crinoid stemH. Closely allied forms were also obsei-ved in an outcrop of lime- .stone on the north-east side of the ChaudicVe Eiver, mid-way betwefen he Pamine River and the village of St. George, Beauce,in which brachiopod HhellB are also abundant. All these fossiliferous beds were at that time supposed t<. represent the lower portion of the calcareous formation. Returning to the line of sectiotf between Fitch Bay and Canaan the ra.ca-slates-, which are interstratified with the calqareous beds in the ni-st thi-ee miles of the section mentioned, are usually soft and fine * lesembhng clay-slates with addition of mica. But in the remain' • mg seventeen miles of the first portion, this calcareous character is OSS marked, the rocks becoming coarser and more quartzose, though beds of impure siliceous limestone still occur at intervals as far as Lot ou twelve miles, the limentones are apparently wanting; mica. .slaten black and grey, with^andn of hard quartzose grits, being t1,e prevailing strata.* These are. like the preceding, pyritous and -l.]. north-westerly at angles of 40^^ to !)0°. They are also often n^rhly motamoq.hic, but in most ctises this feature is plainly duo to loeal uttrusionH of granite. Throughout the greater part of this ex- tensive area no fogHJlH have yet been found m .^tten^ptwuHmadein 1H47 to ^parate the fonsiliforous beds of Dn.iswHIan.l other places frotn the non-fossiliferous slates and black .^MuphUH. luuestones of the section just described, though a very con- s.denil.led.rtorence ,n the lithological aspoot of the rocks of the two sen.s ,s mantlest. The .lescriptions of the various members as given • S,..- irngv IXl, (Zoology of Cini»d», Kdi-'l ~ . ~ i JL \ tUL*.] SILURIAN. 9j in 184'7-48 were''^B||^ in 1863 (see Geology of Canada, Chap. XVI, Gasp^ Series) > and^W'Bddition to the large area already noted, a second anch somewhat extensive basin-shaped tract was described as presuma- bly forming part of the same series. This was stated to occupy the country extending north-east fi-om Lake Memphremagog, on both sides of which, slates and limestones, -both of the fossiliferous and non-fossihferous series, are developed, to the vicinity of Ham Mountain; bounded on the west by the sei-pentinous belt of Shipton, ontrai or St Melbourne and Brompton, and on the east by the rang/of hills known ^^"°" """ as the Stoke Mountains, the extension of which to the south-west reaches Lake Memphremagog between Georgeville and Fitch Bay, near Magoon's Point. The sediments in this area differ somewhat from those already described. The calcareous beds are to a large extent absent, wliile there is a greater development of the greyish and black plumbaginous slates. Their Silurian age was inferred by Sir Wm. Logan f^'om the presence of limited areas of slates^'and limestones, holding fossils, such as corals and crinoids, like those of Dudswell, and which were at that time supposed to constitute an integral portion of the rocks of this area, the upper beds being regarded as Devonian and the lower beds as Silurian and referable to the Gaspd series. The rocks of the eastern area are now regajxied as the exten-ji^ tofProf. aion northward into Canada of those described by Prof Hitch- ^"*''"'°"'''^*'^- cock, under the heads of " Calciferous mica-schist " and " Coos group," (see his Report on Geology of New Hampshire, 1877.) In the map accompanying that report the distribution of these groups into Quebec is given for a distance of about twenty miles north of the boundary. . Following the geological map of Canada, 1866, the cal- careous portion-, embracing the limestones and elates of the first three miles of the section east of Massawippi Lake and Fitch Bay, are colored as belonging to the Helderberg formation (Devonian), and supposed to be the equivalents of the fossiliferous limestones of George- v ville and Sargent'H Bay. The aspect of thoHe bedn and their relationij to the associated rocks will be presently considei-od. Willie, therefore, the lithological character and non-fossiliferous condition of much of these sedimontw attbixl but little evidence feTiei?r*e«!I^- by which their Silurian age can be determined, yet several areas"'"®**' belonging to this horizon are clearly recognized ; anflitatos is also very raai(ilLt, and they have at tins point the structure ola shallow synclinal, whi^b^f^pl•obably LimesKine? of StmlforJ and Laki' Ayliner. .'^ililriiui 111 Ward'- liny ^ '-.'l- . '■] SILURIAN. 11 J and later in id of Upper c slates and rals, for the ery narrow; Bt point, and •e the fossili- Ispathic and )merate, and ilso of very point to the ilet. These cular basins, of the road ton village. tty beds is < 26°, and more than ined, owing y extend to a low ridge on. On the 18 rocks do ire' w^ll de- ne are seen e points at outcrops no all those to described, n the first lan. They colore, and ibed. Other lylmer, ai'e )t' the hard i a prorain. ny, though recognized to the iin- t, and they iSTjrobably the northern extremity of the St. Francis Eiver basin ; since similai- rocks can thenc.e be traced continuously to uifi vicinity of Dudswell. At various places these are highly fossiliferous. Thus, about one „ ..., , . „ _T J 11 « Po88iliferou» mile to the north of Weedon village, large corals and crinoids, pro- ^•stones of bably of Silurian age, are found in ' the limestones, which form an apparently continuous belt extending along the road to Lake Aylmer, where they unconformablv overlie hard, cherty, fefspathic and somewhat gneissic rocks, fragments of which are found in the beds near the contact. Between Weedon and Marbleton, the rocks of' this series are seen at intervals, in a depression which is bounded on the west by a high ridge of grits and conglomerates, which extends from Marbleton to G^rthby and which evidently belongs to an older series. Near Marbleton, the Silurian limestones are in places com- Marbleton and paratively unaltered, in others highly metamorphic. This alteration ^'™* '^''*'® is more apparent at Lime Eidge, where the extensive works of the Dudswell Lime and' Marble Company are situated, and where ridges of highly crystalline limestone occur, in which the quarries of this company are opened.' Their fSilurian age is, however, evi- denced by the presence of crinoids and corals, even in the most altered portions. On Lot 22, E. VIL, Dudswell, outcrops of crystalline lime- stone are also found, of excellent quality and in groat variety of color. Some of the beds are of the kind known locally as " black and gold," and referred to by Sir VV. E. Logan, Geology of Canada, 1863, pp. 432 and 827, where their resemblance to the celebrated Portor marble of Italy is pointed out. Attention was directed Lo the pos- sible economic value of this deposit as early as 1847, and during the past yeai"^ company has been formed in Sherbrooke for the purpose of thoroughly testing its value. A channelling machine has been set Dudswell tfi work, and an ai-ea of about forty feet square stripped, to get rid ^f™'"''''*'"**'''"^ the somewhat shattered suiface stone. The mai-ble becomes much more compact in the second bench, and presents a ^ve&i variety of colors and markings, some of which are exceedingly beautiful. .Some of the ledges are composed almost entirely of cnirals, often of large size, the intornirt structure of which, when brought out by polishiijg, presenting a handsome and striking appearance. " The crystalline character of the limestone continues at intervals,. , ,, . to within lialf-a-mile of Dudswell Corner, although comparatively "o"'"'- iinalloretl limestone and shale also show here and there along the road from Lime Kidge and in the tields adj(?ining. In places the rcrt'ks have a very rusty, doloinitic look, weathwing tx) an intense brown. They rest upon slates and gritty schists of the older series which tlank >he range of the Stoke Mountains. A short distance south of Dudswell, the attitude of the beds appears to indicate the extremity of the syn- ■ -.'ij. 12 J THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. 'i Flagstone •juarries at Dudswell: Limits of the Silurian boain North Hatlej Memphrc- inagog Ljike. Ijimil (if SiliiriiiB lit MaK"K clinal basin in this di.-ection. The valley of the St. Francis River ^rand^r" "' Sherbrooke. is largely occupied by sand anJ giajel and the exposures are very few, while those seen appear to be ong to the lower graphitic limestone series, presently to bo described On the eastern side of the lake at Dudswell, the rocks are more flaggy, and a number of flagstone quarries have been opened witliin the past four years. The stone is admirably suited for that purpose and a market is easily obtained in Montreal. * ' The eastern limit of the Siluritm basin at this place is difficult to deter- mine owing to the great covering of drift, but it appears to be not far of Dudswel and Bury whore black ferruginous slates and hani are^a- C.OUS limestones of the lower series come in. The southern limit of the basin is also to some extent conjectural ■ folilT ' "'''I'-'i "^ ^"'''^' ""'''^' "* *'"' ""^'«'^ «^ Ma.ssaWippi Lake, fo. ihferous shales, similar to those already described, are seen resting unconformably upon .the black, graphitic limestones. The fossils apparently indicate a Lower Holderberg horizop. The outcrop 1. ^ery limited, l^t the rocks resemble those seen near Georgeville ani IrounH th ■ ' M ;^'' T ^"^^ ^^'"Pb-^agog. The areas of Silurian a ound this lake, though not within the quarter-sheet map now referred maj- nevertheless be briefly noted, as they are connected witfe other areas within the map further to the north-east. The largest of these occupies both sides .f the lake, from the outlet at Magog village dtstanco on the east side of nearly three miles abov^Georgl Mla On the west it terminates at Gibraltar Point, on the north sL ed^Lha"n!:',"" '' '''T"''^ ^''- ^ ^™^"«^'' "^^^ disconnected, M edge-shaped area extends south from Knowlton's Landing on the west sitle o the bay, f... several miles, the contact between h m r edir;; T i'"*^ "•^^-■'.V-"g l>'->^ lir^ostones and shales being ni.uke 1 ly a fault. Traces of pbtnt stems are (bund in some of the sandy ayers of this area. whid. resemble very closely thosb se n „ T : ^ilu " ?^''':""'^"^' '"'' '^^ ^''•''--' •>" ^'- '^^y of Chaleurs. Mol "7 " ""* •^-"*^""' '■«'• '"'«"•' «" either side of Ltike s it ;;; r^.' ' '"™ " '"'■^■""- "^•^'•^-' -^-"fe' - ^lack slates and r a u^ ;;; ™"'" "'"■'■ •""'^'■' ^-Ptontesof Cambro-Silu..ian 'h. Si ? "'""''' '''"--" ^'''--aoter. At the foot of the !ho low .' ;:: 'z':^!:t ^'tt '- '•: '" ^■•"-"^ -'^"^ to Lake Frase,., .n . > ' vv;■"^r^'"'' '-ng visible on the road i,.!.,. ,. . „ , , , . ' -' "■ ^^^ '•• MagoK- On the west side of the <'-^ ELLS.] SILURIAN. 13 J The only other areas of Silurian. rocks noted in this section are found in thef township of Stoke, except a very small outlier in the western part of Dudswell. In the former locality, sandy and, calcareous slates, with thin and impure limestone bands, brownish-grey in color, form a narrow basin, infolded with the older rockTs, and extend from the middle of L. 14, E. V., Stoke, to L. 10, E. X., Dudswell. At Stoke snurian areas Centre, these fossiliferous strata rest upon hard schistose congld?h- °*^ ^'°''* ' erate and bluish-grey slate on the west, and on the east are bounded by hard, white-weathering felspathic quartzite», which arc associated with bla'ck, irony slates, presumably of Cambrian a'^e. These Silurian rocks are well defined, not only by their characteristic fossils, but by their lithological resemblance to recognized Silurian strata seen at other points. The Stoke area is apparently separated into two por- tions, the more northerly of which, extends from Lot 12, E. X., along the road through North Stoke into Ste. Camille, and is largely composed of conglomerates, associated with' dolomitic brownish slates, the former made up of pebbles of hard grit and slate in a slaty and gritty paste. In places this conglomerate is difficult to dis- tinguish from others which belong to a much older horizon, except for the evidence of the contained fossils. These are ngostly corals and crinoid stems, which resemble those found near Georgeville. On Lot 11, E. XII., Stoke, half-a-mile to the west of the main road, there is a considerable outcrop of crystalline limestone, similar to that of Lime Eidge. This basin apparently terminates not far from the -forks of the road from North Stoke to Marbleton. Its east- ern limit is probably near the depression marked by the brook which flows from this road to Stoke Centre, the coral-bearing con- glomerate and shales occupying the slope of the hill to the west, while the first rocks seen to the east are the, hard, irony slates which flank the Stoke Mountain range. ■* Fjrt-ther north, on a new road between Lime Eidge and Ste. Camille, a small outcrop is seen on Lots 14 and 15. E. IX., Dudswell, resting unconformably upon hard ([uartz grits and black slates. The very marked contrast .which exists between the fossififei-ous contrast bo- Silurian rooks just described, and the slates and sandstones,- many g^iu'ria^n and of which ai-e highly quartzose, together with the dark-grey gnd "''™'''"*®'^ often graphitic limestones, so abundant in. the great area to the south-west, will bo apparent to anyone who carefully studies the characters of the several series. Confirmatory evidence that the greater part of the rocks foimerly regarde. --veral localiles,' ass!: cated slates and sandstones, already in part described; and for con ven.ence of reference, these may be divided into eastern and western areas. To th^ latter belong the calcareous rocks of Eichmond. Dan Hatlov Oom'^ -d Arthabaska. To the former, those pf Stanstead, foTLaTlVl^ Eaton with their extension north-ea.t to Strati fo.-d and Lake St Francis, formerly considered as of Silurian, or in t'otho f" ;"';r;-'^'' '^^ ^^^^^-^^ *« contain fossils imil^ o those found in the limestones of the western areas, and which have been since 1874 recognized as of Cambro-Silurian, probably Tren ton Utiea, age. To this system also must be assigned a consfderabre thickness of black, blue and grey, often plumbaginous Itetw^h sandstones, which occupy the greater part of the large area north Of Memphremagog Lake, also described in former reporta as of Silurian ago, but whose unconformable relations to the recognized fossiliferou! S^^urian just described, togethe,- with the presence of fossils, grapio te" etc., similar t« those found in the St. Lawrence area, renders the present change necessary. ' '''°*'®™ ^'^^ inthee;.^.r alreXteTd'"" '' ^'V ''' '"''" ^' *^« '''''"^ '^'-^ ^-e aheady been described in the preceding chapter. Associated with the hmestones however, are certain blackish and bluish slates, which from .ount.y. These are frequently thickly dotted with ochreous spots TbUcf sT "o' 'r™, ^'-/--P-'^-" or a ferruginous dollt b tor spar. On fresh surfaces these spots have a pearly lustre and | dotted, but the spots are generally smaller. The rocks have frequently Kinds of roclcB •f ipf • OAHBRO-SILVBIAN. 15 J a brownish tinge, and are charged with cubes of iron pyrites, gelner- ally of small size, but at times reaching dimensions of nearly an inch. Near the contact with the granites, these sti*ata are con- siderably altered, crystals of chiastolite and mica being pi-oduced). and a somewhat gneissic or schistose structure imparted fop^a short dis- tance from the granitic mass. In places the graphitic slates are minutely wrinkled, and quartz veins, oftentimes of considerable size, are observed at various points. The sediments which are found IJhrrfugliout the greater part of the The Central or area north of Lake Megiphremagog, and on either side of that River »?ea sheet of water for seferal miles, differ somewhat from those of the eastern section. They consist mostly of different colored slaty rocks, often in large slabs which in places have been quai-ried for flag- ging stones, more particularly on the west side of the St. Francis Biver, in rear of Brompton Falls. The limestones are apparently confined to very limited areas, and in character are like those of Eichmond and Hatley. As in the eastern *area. the slates are fre- quently ochre spotted. They are also occasionally well defined by a regular alternation of color bands, black, grey or bluish, giving them a characteristic striped appearance, which on freshly uncovered*sur- faces is very distinct. This feature of the slates is exceedingly per- sistent, certain bands being easily traced almost without a break from near the ^Vermont boundary northward beyond the Chaudidre River, at which place they are well displayed on the road down the West side of the Gilbert stream. These slates are for the most part highly cleaved, and their bedding is very obscure, except where a good cross section is afforded by a cliff or cutting. In the vicinity of South Hard oherty Ham village, and in the northern part of the township of Ste. Ham."^^°""' Camille, hai-d, cherty, felspathic-looking slates occur, which break with a conchoidal fracture, and viery closely resemble strata seen at various points along the south side of the River St. Lawrence, as at Griffin Gove, Marsouin, etc., where they are associated with, and apparently ' * form an integral part of, what has been regarded as the Hudson River or Utica formation. (See Geol. Sur. Rep., 1880-81-82, p. 18 dd.) The rocks of the western area have already been ' very fully jhe western described in earlier repo^-te, and their lower or Cambro-Silurian age *'^*" established., They presumably occupy much of the flat countiy lying to the west of the ridges of altered slates and otber metamorphic rocks seen at Arthabaskaville and which extend thence south-westerly towai"ds the St. Francis River. They also occur in unconformable patches or . . . ii 1 1 . . , ■ . ■ Unoouformity nari-ow strips upon the older schists, and occupy depressions^betWBen'"'^"'*"'*^"' the Cambrian and Pre-Cambrian hills. Sections of the limestones'" '"' from different and widely separated points show them to be largely ^i i f Kl, 16 J THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. A^e (leter- mined by means of the microscope. composed of organic remains, the microscopic examination of whiol. proves them to belo% U, the Trenton group, their hol-izon being ap 7. ^ .u ' T. ^^^^•' ^''^^''' ^""^ the township of Magoff It wr. stated that these were evidently not far removed fr^m fhf , whence they were derived. (S^e Geo,. Sur. C IsZelAT, .iraptoiitea^ ^""°g 'a«t reason, 1886, an .examination was made ofthis In;„f-;^ &S>.m^'^h the hope of finding these fossils m ..Y«. This expectLn ^ ^ reni^.7>-«dby the discovery-of highly graptolitc flates S^ a . " T"" places, the first on Lot 7 R TV tit u ®*^* *^o . • e«.or„ side of .he lake, „ n^Lot 7rRU s Jol^ '■ ""*"'' °" ""' m.i» road, about lOoLrd, nor* of'.h." '"f""'^' "■ » """'"g 0"*e .■e,ide„ce of the latfsh- Hugt il .„ Cfn *", /^T"' """ .ppear to belong to the sa„e fori! and Xlftol f"'"". the same beds which apnea,- on eithe- .^I ^f i "^ '°°" "^ a^;.:;:ror^:et ;:u?:;'i'4 J™p-Hes. and he^h.. io^. 7, B. Xr., Magog. " Matrix, soft, thin-bedded and flakinL' silverv «Kaio. 1. Dicranograptusramosus, Hall. " Diplograptus angmtifolius. Hall. Diplograptus foliaceus, Murchison (=pristis, Hall )' ^iplograptjis perexcavatus, Lapwovih. Climacograptus bicornis, Hall. 6. Climacograptus cadatus, Lapworth. The fossils are all in a most miserable state of preservation but all the forms named above are easily recognizable These tivthl „ I the strata, as Utica or Marsouin or ATorman KHl hn7 1 f^' °^ in the series than the typical No^lTilf \ T^''''^^'^'^^^'' be termed Kppor Llande iH: Lor^ala 11 J'^^ "^ ''''^'^ o.;^.bout tbe horizon Of .e ^r.lJ'Ti^^t^^Tl^ . Prof. Lap. worth'." remarks. 2. 3. 4. 5. J;'Ot 19. Ji. II., Stamhad. 1. Diplograptus foliahus, Murchison. 2. Bicellograptussp., allied to i). i?b;-cA, ammeri, Geinitz. ^m' '* -^ i" rj'^'TrrT, Kin.] CAMBRO-SILDBIAN. 17.J le westeru J 3. Dicello(jraptus divaricatus, Hall. 4. Climacogra/jtus perexcavatiis, Lapworth. * ^ 5'. Corynoides calycularis, Nicholson. 6. Dicranograptus sp. ? • . ' ' The state of -preservation of these frtssils is so poor that it is impos- sible to identify -any pf them with absolutji certainty. They arc all clearly of the sapie general Wies as those of'Magog, but better speci- mens should be obtained befor^e matter can be satisfactorily deter- mined." . "/ > The beds from which ^these graptolites were obtained are probably Crinoid s-^ms. the same as those noted by Sir m E.Logan" in 1847, referred to above. ■ y They consist of greyish and blackljsh, often highly plumbaginous slates, with occasionally coarser sandy Beds. A short distance south of the locality,^ on the west side of the lake, crinoid stems were found in ledges of similar slates along the road-side. The slates ijSst described iave a very considerable dw^lopment. ktribution. They extend north-easterly through Brompton,^otton,^te. Camille and thence to the Chaujii^-e. They have a breadth of ten to twelve miles in their widest part, which is in ^e to)vnship of St. George de ' ' Windsok Throughout their .whole extent they vary but Mttle in ch-araetef, and can generally be recognized without difficulty, even _ though fossils are not often seen.- Eeturning to the western area, we find presented in the townships/of ^°™P'''»'«f'l . Melbourne, Cleveland and Shipton one of tte most puzzliK^g problems wMtern™?e». * connected wit^ Eastern Townships geology, and concerning the true explanation of which much discussion has arisen. i • In the Geology of Canada, 1863, pp. 23^40, it ij stated that " the lower black shales which are brought into view along the line of the Boyer and Stantridge anticlinal, near' Farnham, are intimately a.s80- ciated. with thin black and -dark grey limestones whiciti contain fossils, the aspect of which is m»re tecent than might be expected in the Potsdam formation." The difficulty"" of separating these two series \ seemed .so great that Sir Wm. Logan says :— " Except, however, \ where siich fossiliferous strata are .-known to occur, tlie black slates and limestones will be* provisionally d'escribed as older than the Quebec group." These rocks, on being traced to the noi'th-east, EaV were found to extend continuously past the Kinney rid^e and tofXS, occupy Ihe valley between Danville and Eichmond, whence they could be. traced at intervals south-westerly into Ely and 'Stukely. While there is every reason to believe that the calcareous rocks of the Danville, and Eichmond depression are of the same horizon as the ' fossiliferous limestones of FaVnham, it has been quite conclusively established, as already pointed oiit, by microscopic eskminations of *.. , _,itly yj/^g of f #: ' '^r-.-r^^^-^^^i-": -Tf / % I ■. - ilk « .■jffooture at ' m Gorge of the Nicolet River xi (}r^n r oni»® <'ontained M/t'>*nic remainb, that these do not belong to the Pots- .fiiT, but lire mucli more fcent in age, und ai-e, in fact, a part of the Trenton group, brought into (heir present position as has be^n pointed out by Dr. Seiwyn in the pliblications mentioned, p. 6 j, Joy tin iqt^i- cat^ system of folding and faults. ^''%- •'; ' . From Melbourne, north-east -to a distance of several miles beyond Danville, the black lime- ^^nes and calcareous slateS form a very conr. tinuous but generally narrow band, confined for the most part to the depression along which the Gfand Trunk Eailway is constructed. At •several points the structure seems to be that of a true anticlinal in the calcaieOus beds, malting them appear to underlie the great series of hard raetamorphic schists and slates, with serpentines and quartzites, which constitute the pi-ominent ridges on either side, and between which in places, there appears to be a real conformity. Hence, jt^wljli formerly supposed that there was a regular passage upward fron^ liAiestones.at the base into the overlying schists and associated roclis. On careful examination at other points, this 'apparent conformity is, however, found not to exist, since, by tracing these rocks to the north, the relative position becomes reversed and the limestones are found to rest at many points unconformably upon the altered i-bcks. 'these i^e- lations are wellseen at Arthabaskaville, at Warwick, and along the road thence toward Kipgsey Falls. At other points also, as at Trout Brook P. O., in Tingwick', and at several places between Castlebar and St. Patrick's Hill, the limestg^^. occur in patches, often of very limited extent, resting unconforOTfmy on the schists. ^ The section which is perhaps most difficult of interpretation is that found in the Nicolet Eiver" at the gorge, about a mile east of the Danville road. At this point a well defined anticlinal is apparent in the black limestones, and on the south-east side these appear to dip regularly beneath highly metambrphic schists and hard quartzose locks. The succession to the'west is wanting at this point, the surface being largely covered with drift. There is nothing at this locality to disprove the apparent structure, except the more higply altered char- acter of the overlying series as compared with ttefo^isiliferous charac- ter of the limestones beneath. To the i><>i'l % li, >J -'^ A IP' N^-i jt / /' ,# "<''l "I I III'; NKiil I I Kl \ I K SMI!' I ON ijl liii; >I|1H\ iM, I III N> Mil-. • .1 I 11 I \ \| IIM i \ N Sv ii J-. " i 1 II I V MIIHi. ^11 I HI AS VKh. IN V, I i.l s 1 IMI SK «-" r »«»,•• . , :»■ r £LLS.] CAMBRO- SILURIAN. 19 J looking rockH on either s.de. Careful examinations of these localities however, chsclose the presence of profound faults throughout th e whole region. The hmestono strata near the contact with the over- Heav,- fau.u lying beds are frequently ci-ushed and distorted, while there is often a wide diversity in the dips of the t^o series. In this way at the gorge also, where^ apparently a heavy transverse fault. ju.st to the north oi Danville Village, complicates matters considerably, we m.^ refer the apparent superposition of the schists upon the limestone to the occurrence of a sliding fault, probably of considerable extent, by which the older measures have been thrust upward Tnto - ' their present position. ^ F "lu inio , South of Danville, towards Richmond, the positioi^ of this fault can Pntt , be i^certain^with considerable accuracy. It evidently ires Z "'"""^""^ b . Francis Eiver, and extends towards the Vermont boundary ~ « opg the hue of the Missisquoi River, and Valley, as a similar dis- placed condition of the various rock formations is visible in this dii.l irdetail ' '^'"' '' *" "'"'* ^^'""^ '■*''^"""'" '•* ^' y^' ^^^•'^^d «"* tionVf'tLT' '' -^"7''!'' ''' ^"" ^'^'•^"^'^ ^'^'^^'""^^ '"''^« direo.D.nviUea„. tion ot the depression leading towai-ds Warwick station. The surface ^''"'''"' IS, however, eo deeply covered with sand, and rock exposures are so rare, that it has not been attempted to detine its position with any pretence to accuracy. Tbe limestones an.l calcai-eous slates of the newer series doubtless continue to occupy the valley in this direction. Ihey are well exposed in- the stream at Gilman's mills, west of Dan- v.Ue and at several points further to the west, as indicated on the map 10 the north their contact with the overlying schists which form a pro minent ridge extending from the vicinity of Kingsey Palls to the crossing of the Ruisseau des Pins, at Warwick, in neen on Lots 24 and -25, R. v., Tingwick. At Arthabaskaville, the contact, or superposition of the limestones Artr.aba.u- of the newer series upon the older schists, is seen at a mill on the east^"'' branch of the Nicolet River, whence the former extend north-westerly ^ to Arthalmska station, where they are again well exposed in the streani i dipping south-easterly, and showing the presence of a synclinal' I between these places. To the south-west of the former locality the outline of the Cambro-Silurian keeps near tbe main road leading [through St. Madore to Warwick, the characteristic fbssiliferous lime l^jtones being seen about throe-eights of a mile north-we«t of Warwick IMat.on, as well as at several points along that mad. The connection „ ., U ,V . '^•"^ »••«» ^'^»'. the great area of the flat cuntry west of-»"^""^ h^rthabaskaville has not yet been trace.!, owing to the covering of sand lt)ut to thej»uuth.we«t the fossiliferous limestones show at several points ■■■ 20 J THE EASTERN TOWNSHIJ^r ■ i n t ih ■ ^ Kingsey Falls and French Village. Pi'csent views of the structure concidcred. N Fossils (if South Ely. Li III e»t ones of ifio yt Francis »rea near Windsor West side uf I^akv Meui- I'tirt-niHgiig on the 1-oad along the west side of the ridge leading to Kingsey, an far aB Lot- 23, R. I., Warwick, whence theji- contact \^ith the ijnderlyin"- Heries is again seen. The contact of the liraestopes is further noted a short distance to the west of Kingsey Falls, whence, with a carving oiitliixfi^it extends in the direction of French Villairc That the views concerning the structure and lelations of the two series of rocks above described ai'c probably correct, is evidenced by a ^ance at the straligraphical jiosition of the (Quebec group, as given in the tteology of Canada, 18(13, where it is stated to be. intwmediate between, and to comprise poi'tions of. the Calciferous and Chazy. The horizon of the fossiliferous black limestones being conclusively estab- lished as not lower than Chazy, it is manifest that their assumed posi- tion l)eneath rocks which have formei'ly been regtirded as the equiva- lent of the r.evis and SiKeiy formations, but which are probably, in some cases at least, much older, ciinnot be sustained ; und that' the peculiar stratigraphical relations now seen at certain points can only be explained, as above described, by a -series of faults and intricate infolding of newer with older rocks, a feature already pointed out in the preceding chapter as also affecting the position of cortai*i Silurian areas. To the south-\yest of Richmond, the fos.siliferou8 limestones which have l)een recognized in the direction of Stukely are brought, into intricate association with highly metamorphic strata through" similar agencies. At South Kly, fossils have been found in these rocks which resemble tl/ose of Danville and Arthabitekaville. but the precise outlines of these newer tireas have not yet been traced.' The areas of Ibssilifcrous limestones and assocititcd graphitic ami calcareous slates Just describen Loup, a .lifttanee in all oi some Ibrty-three miles, the rocks are lor I he most part argillaceous and micaceous slates, In places blackish ami graphitic, with i^-ey sandstones, soifi^ of which are hard and resemble qwart/ile, while others are schistone. I'.cds of^andv limestones, in many cases too im])UiK) for burning, are seen, at intervals, an.l the rocks are '•Iten intersected with veinn that ri' 00 2 J THE EAf>TERN TOWNSHIPS. (l \ 1*1:1 m 1* I- V- of those ill t-lio lino oi' section between Miissawippi and the New- Hampshire boundary. Association On the Chaudiore,' a belt ot" Jiard green qnartz-schist, seamed with wl'ihe't^hnT ^quartz veins, comes in on the west side of the P'amine Kiver. These Flfmin'^e Ri^erl'' '^'■o associated with beds of hard, twisted altered slates, which in places - are plumbaginous, and resemble in many respects the slates of the Dittoii gold field. ' They ai'e underlain half a mile lower down by hard felspathic schists, containing talcose matter, which in places pass into gritty or schistose conglomerates. These doubtless belong to-an older series. Thence to the (iitbert Hiver hard irony slates and (juartziferous schists, sometimes highly telsitic, occur. On the west side of the latter stream the banded .slates of the Wotton area are again seen, and are here apparently .^the i-ontinuation of the middle or St. Francis River division of the Cambro-Silurian, described in former i)ages, and which can be traced -through (larthby and I'rice to this point. Further de- tailed examination is, however, necessary to work out the exact structure of the sevefid groui)s of widely differing rocks in this section. moM'..mb»r- ^•''''^^^I'' '" ^^^^^^ "*' '''"t''^' ^^d greV graptolitic slates on either side ren'uf'io.ojirs'! of Lake Meinj)hremagog and in the areas of dai^f fossiliferous lime- stone of Hat ley and other places, no fossils have been found through- " out jiny part of this Cambfo-Silurian area, presenting in this respect a marked contrast to tjie areas of Silurian rocks. ' At one point on the international railway, between .Spring Hill and Marston stations, rortain markings-which somewhat resemble fucoids, but the nature of ^^:ii!i::';^Z''^''''^'''''''''''''^'''''-*'^^'^ '"'""l *>' >1"^ «andy .slates. The C'ambro- -Merrock. Silurian age, assigned to these rocks in the present report, is'based • hiefly on the tact thaf they are intermediate between the black fossiliferous limestojics already mentioned, and a series of black wrinkled siajes anscribo(l as a portion of the Cambro-Silurian system. !!,?;:::':;;„, '^^" -'""" "'*' '^*'" '" M'^'stion, intrusions of granite arjo frequent. At times these Or, upy h.r-e areas, at others they form bosses of limited . cx-tent. or even oceiir a^ dykes. .Th.'ir action upon the strata in eon- tact with them is everyuherc the sam.^)ro(lucing a high degree of metan.orphisni, well indi.aled by the presence of crvstals of mica " # = ] CAMBRIAN. 23,1 id the New dnastohte aiKUtaiirohte, and at time, by the development of a gneinsic Development ^r,•acture in the nandstones, while the slates f.-equently assume a ^L^'o't'hef*'' schistose appearance, differing but' little from that observed in the '"'""'"'• older crystalline rock^. Similar raetamorphism is at times noted at ]>oints far removed f,-om any visible granitic exposure, in such cases It 18 probable that the granite is. at no great . distance below the Hurlace. This feature is observed ut the marble quarries in Diidswell _ where the metamorphism, is evidently local, and presumably proceeds from the presence of underlying masses of granite rock. In place- ■ where these granite masses now form' hills, with an elevation J ' ^00 to J,000 feet above the surface of the surrounding country, the .lenudation of the slates and sandstones around theii- base must have been enormous.* C. ('ambrian. Cnderlying the great series of slates, sandstones and limestones just strati^raphicai U<-scnhed IS a second series in many respects resembling these but ^"^'l*"? "^ '^c with no calcareous beds in so far as has been ascertained, nor any fossils ">^"'''' winch would definitely fix their precise age. In position they are intermediate between what are now held to be Cambro-Silurian sedi- incMts, and the crystalline schists presentlv to be considered, and ^hich are now admitted to represent, in part at least, the upper |'"rtioii of the Archean &r Huronian system. These rocks present a considerable "variety of characters, embracing character* of slates of various colors, purple, black, green and grey, along with rocli'"""' " sandstones-often so highly quartzose, as to form in places a hard 'lujirtzite— quai-tziferous schists and conglomerates. The sandy and .|Uart/.os," beds are very similar to some of the so-called Sillery sand- stones of the (^.ebec gi-oup, and the few indistinct fossils that have l>een tound-in similar slates elsewhere are considered by Prof. Lap- worth to be of Cambrian age, while other parts of the series may perhaj)s represent some of the lowtjst members of the same system. The conglomerates are of two kinds, tiio one largely compo.sed ofCongiomerateB |H'l,bles of granitoid roek, q,.art/.i.e, slates, an.l hai-.l felspathic schist, -u,*!^""""" |n a slaty or sandy paste, the other, which may perhaps .nor.- properly I", regarded as an n,fj/omeratc. is largely made up of dioriiic pebbles in •' 'liontie paste,^with some inter<.ilatod l>eds of sandstone aniiwippi .Mountain raiigc, the more westerly underlying the ( ambro-.Silui-ian rock-> of the ,Sl. Francis Ki\-er areas, while that to the east pre-umably undcrli(>s the stretch of country be- tween this lange and flic Aew Hampshire and Maine boundary. The rocks in both areas are to a large extent atfected by erumi)ling, but this is ])erhaps lt>ss a|iparcnt in the eastern area: where, .after passing the calcareous beds mentioned m the 'ast chapter, there appears to be a somewhat liiadual passage to lowei' sii-ala a- we reach the ejiwtern limit, and in this direction it ha- been found diflicidt to draw any sharply defined lifie between the two s\sieins. 'i'o the lowei' or Candiri.an sv-lcin, Prof. Hitchcock has referred a btdt comjiosed |irincipaily (if blackish, wiMnklcil slates and schistose xand st occur, from \^diich gold has been repoi'ted, and which may be the crests of Cambrian ridges exposed ly denudation, but the sepai'ati(^n of which from the (/.'imluo-Silur^m is not at present practicable. In (diaraeter and asjiect, the goKbbeamig slates of Ditton and the i{,„.„,„i,i,n,(,g area to tiie north-east, almost exactly reseiriM^\ as already intitjiateci, I'/ri'Ii^inyi'tton the I'ocks of the Nova Scotia gold, series. ThisTfKseen in the l>«<'iiliai'lilpN'',,vTswti,i wrinkled appeariince of the black slates, with similar (juartz-veins, ""''*'"''''"■'' while much of the mtissive .sandstone is almost precisely similar to the so-called whin of the eastern coast. Near the I'nit-ed Stales Jioundary, these rocks .rtvst upon greenish chloritic and felspnthic Yi Coiitiict with Huroiiiaii oi the MnjiK! hounda Chiastolite- schist. Stmirolites ( iiiiiliriim dl' the ceTitral nr I'riiicipal mi'taiiKiri'hir li.'li • niigldiiKrare.' near Shcr I'ruc.kf aiiil iiiirihwanl. 20 J THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. schist, with (liorites and gneisses, the former of which are sornetimes massive, at others shity, and liold quartz and epidote. Their contact with the Cambrian on the road which leads south through Emberton is seen about the l#ne between ranges II. and III. P'ul-thej" south, (5n the height of land overlooking Lake Sopln', tlie rocks are hard felspathic schists of Huronian aspect. The line bet\\'"een the Cambrian and older series, while it cannot l>e followed closely, owing to wilderness and drift-covered country, is sup])Osedto extend in a noarly straight course north-easterly to the upper end of Lake Megantic. On the. Inter- national railway, it crosses about two irfiies west of the summit of the pass through which the railway enters the state of Maine, the last Huronian i-ocks seen in this direction being greyijiih-green " talc- ose, smooth and wavy schists ; succeeded, a little further west, By the greyiA schistose sandstones and black and grey slates of the Cam- brian series. ■ _ " „ • , Near the lower pai't of the exposed Cambrian slates, large l»8ges of purple-tinged chiastolite-schist occur, with hard, green and'?'''vifiiitish- grey altered sandstone, iiiterstratitied with blackish-grey sehistose slates and grits. The presence of the chiastolite crystals is prSlmbly due to the influence of a great mass of granite, indications of which, on the west side of the lake, are seen in veins of small size. The chiastolite schist has a breadth of hall-a-milc northward from the granite mass. While these schists are also found in the Cambro" Silurian areas near the granitic rocks, their aiteljkt^on iloes not appear so marked as in those just described, the areas "Weiiig„genei-ally qtiite limited; but in the ("ambrian, certain belts are found, as shown by the large blocks seen at variou-^ points, which are studded with large and coarse crystals of staurolite, exactly like the staurolite schist tent characters somewhat different t'i'om tliose just described. Prominent among tiiese are considerable areas of con- glomerates, already i)rie(ly noted. Which apparently form the lowest -lieds of this gilMi]). and are in j)art described in the Hejiort for 1877-78. ji. .') A, where their horizon is staled to be presurnaiijy that of the lower poll ion of this system. The volcanic agglomerates are more ])articu- larly (levelo])e(l in the western ])ortioii ot the area, while the true con- glomerates, composed <>! tlrbris of the old ridges in a slaty ])aste and with slaty bands throughout, are well seen in the eastern ])art. They are welldis|ilayedon lots2 to(i, ranges HI. -IV.. Ortord, in rear of the city ot' Sherbi-ooke. whence they can be trace(l in an almost continuous / licit to Lake Aylmer. North of this they apj)car in force on the road f (I.LS-] CAMKRIAN. I 27 J / from D'iBcueli station, on the Quo^bec Central .-ailfoiid, to tlio head of Lake St. Francis, on lots 21 to 30, ranges TI.. and III., Price. Asso- S*'ic''<>"^8"ts. citttod witli these, ai-e heavy beds of siliceous grits, occasionally holding , ■^ciUterod pebbles and containing grains of clear (|uartz fr/)m fhe size :)f pin-heads up to nearly iialf an inch in diameter.. What is proBably tlio further continuation of this belt appeai-s.on thcChaudif-re between ihe Famine and Gilbert Jiivci's, the charact9rs of which Ave already been described in the preceding chapter. To the south-west of Sherbrooke, these conglomerates have a con- M;....uv«^p„i siderablo development along the Hank of Massawippi Mountain and on '^""""""' the road between the head of Massawippi Lake and Magog, whei-e they i\st upon greenish, chloritic schists, and are in turn unconformablV • overlapped by the banMed and spotted slates of the Cambro-Silurian system. , ■ Anothei- group of rocks, well derined in character- and easily recog- Cambrian slates ni«i>d, at several points overlying unconformably the crystalline schists ''"J v'SV. ^ nf the Sherbrooke ridge, and intermediate between these and the gra- ♦ phitic limestones, consistH-ftTT'-tire most part of dark-grey, often blacki.sh schistose slates, somewhat glo.ssy and in places thickly tilled with cubes' of iron pyrites. The surfacres are minutely wrinkled, and they closely . . '■ ^ ' resemble the wrinkled black slates of the Ditton gold fields, as well as .' ' portions'of what have been regarded as Cambrian or possibly lower #^'ambro-Silurian jlates in New Brunswick. Those -have an older and ^ nJoi'c altored'-aspect than the ordinary slates of the Cambro-Silurian I'ca of the St. Francis basin. They ai-o»exposed in the vicinity of . ;enno.\villc and on the road to the south-west in rear of that place; Idsoalong the Belvidore road south of Sherbrooke and on the east sitlc " ■ of the Magog Kiver and Little Magog iiake, where they contain ([uariz veins, which have l)een opened up in the search tor L'old. They extend '^'^"'.''''•^'''"■"'''P trom the south-west pai't of Mas.sawippi Lake along the .-^outh side of the high metamorphic ridge, known as Hunker Hill, and thence along the north side of Fitch Buy to the shore of Momphrcn'iagdg Lake at .Mago(m's Point. In this section, they ap|)eur to dip beneath the , -ihists, as do also the graphitic limestones on tiie sontli ^ide of Fitch liay, a peculiarity ofstructure due, doubtless, loan overturned synclinal. a> well as to a ])robable line (d' faidt along the east side of the nicta • inor|ihii' ridgi- trom this locality to Lennoxviile and beyond. Ill Ihe counties of Wolfe and Richmond, other areas of rocks, pre-ft.mi.ri.m of -iimalily of tliis age, occur, intimately a>sociate(l with the crystallini; Richmomi -i^ak, ari^|^1tli a considoi-ftble breadth tlu-oiigh the townships of Ham, Garthby, t^hreaatorn pait of VVolfestown, iind Co'leraine, into Th«tford, and includes the cetebrated aHbestus-bearing serpentine of this section. In all these areas the sei-pontines ai-o closely Association of iissociated with the diovites,. of some portipns 'of which they aiQ!;|,"^*'3[^yf,.g undoubtedly,- in part at least, an alteration product. Their relations '■•"'^'■ can be \vell studied 'along the line of fhe Quebec Central railway north of Coleraipe station and on the road between that place "and Wolfestown, whore in the vicinity of Belmina P. O. they are seen in direct contact with the black Cambrian slates on the one hand, and with haid whitish i,n-anulite on the other.* The latter, which sometimes assumes the nature of a granite, freciuently occurs as huge masses or dylies cutting the serpentine rocks, both Ijere and at Black Lake and Thetford. These rocks will be described more fully in a subsequent chapter. ' From the consideration of the facts here presented, the presence se^raiCam-^ of three well defined Cambrian areas is recognized. Of the most eiistorly, or that near the New Hampshire and Maine boundary, the western limit is a tolerably direct line frpm the northern fingle ot' the boundftiy in Jlmberton, to the line between Ranges VI. and VII. Metgermette, its eastern lirait passing info the adjoining state about the line between Spalding and Risboiough, in which direction it i-ests upon the Pre-Cambrian rocks which constitute the range of mountains forming the height of land along the International boundary. The second is exposed on either side of the Stoke Mountains and Sherbrool^e anticlinal, whence it extends in a belt from four to six miles in width to the Chaudi^re, concealed in' places by overlying beds of Silurian and Cambro-Silurian age, and -separated from the eastern area by the great Cambro-Silurian crumpled synclinal of Compton and Beauce, while the thiixl or western area also appears on both sides of the Sutton Mountain anticlinal, overlain in its central part by the great Cambro-Silurian basin of the St. Erancis Eiver area in the east, and by the black limestones of the Arthabaska district to the wejit. The rocks of the western area areu. much more irregularly distributed than in either the central or eastern seftion. # Trans. R. S. C, A.B. Pre-Cambria.n "■; In the early reports of the Geological Survey up to 1869, no Pre- Cumbrian rocks were recognized in the Eastern Townships. The areas of crystalline schists, gneisses and limestones, with the serpentines and associated strata, were all referred • to the several divi- * A similar contact witti the black slates is well exposed on the Bras stream about three miles up from theChaudiere River.— A. R. ('. Selwvx. -^ 4 30 J THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. Early views concefnintr tli metaindrpliic rocks' mi , i&:1 First (Tftioial jiublication regardiriK the existence of Prc-Ciimbrian by Dr. Selwvn 1S77-78. ; Subaeimenl pHperc. Ueiii'ml slieioli 0 to !»00 feet above its surface. This is also broken across at the upper end of the lake by the depression through which the road to Magog pjvsses from Ayer's Flat, but imme- diately re-appearing under the local name of Bunker Hill, it con. tiniies witii considiirablo persistence along the north side of Fitch Bay to Lake Memphremagog. .Vlany of the schists in this area are highly nacreous, iuid they constitute the principal' copper bearing belt in this direction. The a.xis in the chloritic and epidotic rocks is seen in the lower \rAv\. of the Magog River, which Hows through the city of ''Sherttrooke, whence it can bo traced across the St. Francis into Ascot and Stoke. The iige of these metamorpliic rocks is inferroquisito to explain the ■-*: 3 J^ % 34 J THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. % I Views of Dr Selwyn, 1877 Probable lower '4'P'"'^"^ lower position of the Sillery, becomes unnecessary if we g9«*^t'on of t''« regard the so-called Sillery as constituting the lowesj member of the (Quebec group, a supposition which appears to be faifljj well sustained by the work of the last few'years along the south side of the St. Law- rence, see Geol. Survey Eep. 1880-81-82. p. 3.1, Di)., and atili less so if we take the more reasonable view that the axis of the Sstton Mountain range is not composed of rocks belonging to any ])ortion of the (Quebec group, but rather to a much oldei- series, either Lower Cambrian or Pre-Cambrian in age. as asserted by Dr. Selwyn since 1877 and in his rarious subHeipient publications, enumerated page 6 j of the ])re8ent report. True liuticiiniii The latter view is also suppoi^ted by the apparently regular anticlinal ", structui-e pointed out by Sir Wm. Logan in the rejwrts quoted above, as well as by the lithological characters of the rocks which constitute the mountain range, and by the sequence of formations on either side. To the .east, in the valley of the Missisquoi River, we find ^ ■•'.- .^ those metamorphit rocks in abrujiij contact with those which comprise ". „ .„ _ the volcanic group oi' Dr. Selw^-n, and which are now described in this > " ' %Gfei»f fault Report under the head of Lower Cambi'ian ; this contact is marked by r "',° " • '''mTOnfam*"" a line of fault . which undoubtedly represents many hundreds if not **"abD>"'^"'* thousands ot' feet, while to the wpst there is an apparently regular "**' "- , upward sequence as tar as Fi'clighsbui'g, near which place the rocks of the anticlinal are ovorla])ped by sediintints of lower Cambro-Silurian and ))08sibly by those of upper Cambrian age.* ' The north-east exttjnsion of .the Sutton Mountain anticlinal reaches the St. Franuhward extension of the .ocks which were"^ Ls hL by Mr 'iwh"b!tim::zif.^,r^^^^ D eraeh statron on the Quebec Central railway. Th, rocks are greenish eh o itic, and often highly micaceous schists, frequently wThTs emf • •natedcrystalsofsomegreenishmineral,whichhJtheaspectof'^^^^^^^^ ■ Talcose schists also occur in this belt, which has thi' ughout a de .dedly Pre-Cambnan character. It is surrounded . by Cambrian sed - ""nal :i T'T^y ''^ '^"■^*^^ ^"^ -pentinous masses wMch i^vtcnd north from Big Ham Mountain. The areas which have just been described constitute the nrincinal c k. • -pper bearing b.lts of the Eastern Townships. Coppl^ T;: Zd ™«- , well as in litholog.cal character they closely resemble the coppo,-bear- .Mg rocks which fom the upper part of the Pre-Cambrian of New ' lirunswick and the Huronian of the Bruce Mine;, etc. A very manifest ^ • • ' s.milarityis also observed between these rocks aiH those which are ?-'"^Tt'^" now classed as Archaean in Scotland and England, and which by some 'r?"?"'' u.ithonties are held to constitute the upper members of the Pre-Ga^m- hnan, while by others they are n'garded as forming the basal portion ' ot he Cambrian system. They have been described, by Dr. Hi.ks in Wales, under the names ofiDimetian, Arvonian an(i Pebidian. Whatever may be the exact age of these altered rocks, t heir present aspect entitles Them to be classed as very ancient sedinionts. And though in view 01 Mie great alterations which may result from intense regional ^ niotamorphism, there is no reason why many of the ordinary sedimen- tary rocks of Cambrian, Carabro-Silurian or oven Silurian age, should ' n..t assumejg^uch of the character of those just described, it is now ^ ("It'rably cl^ar that they constitute the lowest of ^11 the geoloimjal ^ lormationis encountered in this portion of the province. Crystalline and Igneous Rocks. Plutonic" and Volcanic. Granite.— Tlw granites of the area under consideration have been referred to in previous j>eports. In 1847-48, attention \^s directed to Hi v> 36 J THE EASTERN TOWN^SHIPS. If Early viow? relating to the granite?. wick. them by Sir Wm. E. Logan, as being particularly; adapted for building stone. Later, in 1849-50, their intrusive character was pointed out, and the position of the principal masses given. The statement Was at that time advanced that these rocks might constitute a chain of hills > ' extending from Lake Megantic to Bathurst on the Bay of Chaleurs, a hyi)otlie8i8 not, however, supported by later investigation. In the Geology of Canada, 1863, attention was also directed to the presence . and distribution of these rocks, and their intrusive character, indicated by their mode of occurrence and their action upon the surrounding Comnareii with strata, are clearly pointed out, (s_ee pages 430, 434.) On page 452, N"wi[run>- "" where a comparison is made between the graniticrocks of New Bruns- wick and those of the Eastern Townships, Maine and Vermont, it is suggested that all these granites are probably contemporaneous in age. The statement, however, that these rocks in the Eastern Townships intersect the Devonian strata, and that, as a consequence, they belong probably to the close of that period, must here be correoted ; since the rocks which were then held to be Devonian, viz., the black graph- itic limestones and mica schists of the east side of Memphremagog Lake, and the area lyin^g^to the east, have been now found, to belong to older systems, and t|y-Win part at least, Cambro-Silurian. There is, therefore nothing in thispfirt of the Townships to indicate any age for the granites later than the close of the Silurian, since they are not seen at any .point to penetrate strata of later date. They differ somewhat from thegranites of New Brunswick in composition and color, those of the latter province, tor the most part, being reddish, while the Township granites are i^cneruUy white. Their intrusive character is, however, clearly defined, not tinly by the motamorphisni of the slates and • limestones in contact, but by the number and character of the veins and dykes which, issuing from the principal mass, penetrate the surrounding,' sedimentary strata and ramify infill directions.* The principal granitic areas are six in numbej-. Of these, the most southerly is in the townships "of Barnston and Barford, where it marks the northei-n limit of the great granite mass of northern New Hampshire, well seen in the hills on either side of itho Orand Trunk railway to Isfand Pond. Its most prominent feature in Canaila is the Barnston Pinnacle. It extends along the boundary for some fifteen miles, terminating eastward at Little Leach Pond and occupieH the greater part of tJie two first ranges north of the m-ovince lino. The rock is generally white, composed of quartz, whi* ofthoclase * 1 hold that thero jp nothing whatever in the mode of occurrence of these nrranites which portainly prcivt's thcinkto bo intnisive in thn ordinary acceptation of that term. They are more prohably f onni'd in 'itu hy the name metamorphic airencicK that have altered the adjacent BtratAi and the so-called dykes are iirobalily duo to segregation ; in fact the latter are rather veins thiiii dyki'ii. Se« Report on Nova Scotia Lower CambrHin rocks, Part p.— A. R. C. Selwyn. Pii priiicipiil areas reeoK- nized. linrfonl iind Biirnstoii. HI €LL8.] CRYSTALLINE AND IGNEOUS ROCKS. 37. J and black micCliAt the contact with the slates, it becomes finer Alteration at in textui-e, a %^-e also frequently fioted in connection with theteheXea granites of NeW^Brunswick. m Ftirther west^ similar granites appeai^^Stanstead township .„ limited outcrops, W occur at intervals to the shores of Mera^phremagog stanstead. Luke. The prin^rtl outcrop is seen on Range IV., V. and VI., lots 1 to 5 inclusive, wher^J, however, much of the highly altered slate and limestone is.^intricately involved with the granite. Near the ex- tremity of Magoon'B Point also, on the shore of the Lake, a small outcrop penetrates black, irony slates, presumably of Cambrian age, producing stauvolites or kindred minerals. These granites have been worked for MiLding-stone, the quality of which is excellent. A some- what remarkable dyke of this rock is seen a short distance west of Stanstead village, extending for about four miles with the bedding of the enclosing slates, and with an exposed breadth of twenty-flve to forty yards. In the vicinity of Barhston Corner also, two smallBamston outcrops are noted, the first, and smaller, about three-fourths of a mile*''""'"* west of the village, with m exposed breadth of forty yards, constituting .> knoll in the Cambro-Silurian slates and limestones, the other about one mile east of the Corner, as a broa'd dyke, running with the bedding . of the slates and limestones for a distance of over a mile, and crossing the road from Barnston t^ Ooaticook. The action upon the sedimentary beds is distinct, crystals of mica and chiastolite being produced in the ■adjacent strata. J^urther east, in Barfoi-d and Hereford, other limited Hereford, areas are found and are indicated on the map. From the frequency of the outcrops, however, and the generally altered condition of the various rocks in this direction, it is probable that the granites may underlie, at no great distance, a great ])art of this portion of the province, appearing only where exposed by denudation. To,^ the north, the next granitic area is that known as the Great Megan'tic Mountain, situated near the corner of the townships oftfc'jlou'StSfn.' Wampden, Marston, IKtton and Chesham. The granites of this locality, which form a lofty rOTige of hills extending some nine miles, with a maximum breadth of four miles, are similar in character to those of Barnston already described. The Mogantic M»untain area is separated by slates and sandstones from a third considerable area, seen at Scots- tow^, on the International railway, whence it extends eastwai-d on^'"'"""'°' that line for about three mile8J)aMd north-westward for a like distance. The action of the gi-anites on^'-tho slates is here also well defined by the presence of micju.and chiastolite crystals, and a gneissoid texture Ohiastolitei. is imparted to the sandstones. The country occupied by this area is generally low, and the exposures are compai-atively few, patches of slates being intermixed with the intrusive rocks. If > 38 J THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. IS* Lake St. Francis. , (^ A tbiirt4^-4:;int^e of hills is i^een in Whitton and (iayhurst, of'about Little Megnn- tho same extent as the Victoria ran/re, known tocallv aH thp Littlft Megantic Mountaiii.s, while a hfth area occupies the greater part of the coimtjy [yiug between the road leading from Stratford to Stornoway and the upper part of Lake St. Francis, where^ along the Felton River and the severitl lakes of that section, prominent granitic peaks are seen. The rock here occurs also - frequently in the form of dykes of all sizes, mixed with altered gneiswic ^antlstories and slates, thesepara- iu>n of wludi in the swampy and barren country about ^lie lakes is for the most jiart inipi-acticable. FurtherW) the west, about midway on Lake St.. Francis, a dyke of granite ap|c>rs on either shore; on the west side, having an exposed breadth, of thirty yards onl.y, cutting slates of Cambro-Silurian or Cambrian age, while on the oast side, it has a width of several hun- dred yards. It, however, does not apparently extend to any great distance inland, the country in the vicinity being generally low iintl the exposui'es confined to low-lying lalges on the beach. The only remaining area of granite of considerable" size is that in the township of Ditchtield, about the upper part of Lake Megantic. Spurs, presumably from this mass, show on the west side of the lake, on the road between Eanges L and IL, Lot 2, Marston, where slates of purple tinge are altered to a highly chiastolite-schist. Other dykes occur on the shore of the lake on either side of Moose Bay, but do not extend far inland. The northern margin of the princiiml area, which is on the east si(l« of the lake, is seen on the road which extendi, between iianges 11. and III., Ditchtield, on Lot 30, where bods of grey and purple slates, are altered to highly mctamorphic schist, tilled with chiasiolitc, for a distance of nearly half a mile from the contact. Granit.- rocks thence occupy the country in the vicinity of Spider Lake, though mu-ch of the surface being swampy, ledges are not fre- quently exposed, and it is probable that schistose slaty rocks are here to some extent, intimately associated with the volcanic series. They apparently extend across the boundary into Maine, where they are displayed about the head waters of the Dead stream. They are also seen in the high hills of eastern Woburn and Chesham, the surface in this direction being generally very rugged and broken. To some extent, the outlines of the granTte masses are of necessi^ conjectural, since large portions of the surface are covered with drift, over which, however, granite boulders are thickly strewn. While it f Cambrian. To the south-west, the most prominent features are ' Hawk, Bear, Owl's Head, Sugar-loaf, Elephantis and Hogs-back * This is not intrusion in tlio ordinary acceptation of that term, but rhlher the metamorphic prooees referred to. See Note page .Xi .i.— Alfkko li. C. Sei.wyn. I •i1 /" 40 J THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. The Hum Mountains. iki Dioritic neaks Mountains, some of which may mark the sites of extinct volcanoes. phJemi'"' These hills ai'o situated near the west side of Lake Memphremagog, and vicinity g^yth Qf ,Sargent's Bay; and about four miles due north-west from the foot of Memphremagog Lake, arc the gres^ masses of dioritic and serpentinous i-ooks wliich tbrm the Orford orlfictoria Mountains. The centi'ul portion oi' the belt is marked by two prominent hill masses, called the Little and the Big Ham Mountains, the outlines of which are, almost identical, and further east, about four miles north of the foot of Lake St. Francis, is another huge cone-shaped peak, resembling the Owl's Head to the south. This read'ily seen for many miles in all directions, and is known locally by the names Bull Mountain and Owl's Head. The JIam Mountains apparently divide >thi8 belt into t^^^o areas; the s(>uth-\yestern portion is occupied by smaller outcrops of volcanic rocks, seen jn a number of hills, some of which ai-e of small extent, in the vicinity of Brompton, Long and Orford Lakes, where dioritic and serpentinous rocks are closely asso- ciated. Two somewhat parallel bands of these rocks apparently exist in this area ; the most westerly being seen in the se]-])entinous and dior1*c masses of Melbourne, Cleveland and Shipton, whei-e the former portion apparently ends, the diorites being continuous, however, to the Little Ham Mountain ; the other,' that seen about the Brompton Lakes, where it has a somewhat extensive development, and continues in the direction of Windsor Mills. The course of the principal belt is generally north-east, follow- (ioneral course ' i • ■ • z-ii i i of tiio volcanic jug the prevailing trend of all the tormations ; but in Cleveland and Shi])ton, it assumes a transverse twist which also affects the Pre-Cambrian and other formations in the vicinity, and changes the strike tor some miles in the townships of Wotton and Ham to an almost easterly course. The prolongation of the Melbourne and Shipton ridge, which apparently terminates at the Little Ham Mountain, . after an interval of about five miles, occupied by slates and sand- stones, re-appears in the Big Tlam Mountain, which is on Lot 2, Eange XI., Ham, and rises boldly, from the somewhat flat country around its base, to a height of USO feet, forming a magnificent hill feature in the landscape. Thence the diorites extend with a gradually curving outline to the north-east, crossing the road from South Ham to Garthby, and continuing through the latter township, as well as the eastern part of A^I^iifestown, Coleraine and Thetford, where it is con- spicuously marked Dy>the large elevation of the Bull Mountain alreadj'^ iiot«d, which ts near the junction of the townships of Adstock, Thetfoi"d and Coleraine. As in the Bi-ompt^jn belt, diorites are more prominent at the extremities, while the central portion is characterized by the presence of serpentines, which in this direction have a great develop- Big Ham Mountain. Extension tci the north-ea.ecting thorn. The serpen- tines ai-e of various shades and colors, frequently associated with magnetic and chromifc iron ores but they are chiefly of imiwrtance from containing at many points, in workable quantity, veins of chiy- sotile or fibrous serpentine. Within the last few years, these- liave been profitably worked, and asbestus mining now bids fair to form one of the leading industries of the province. Throughout the greater part of the volcanic or dioritic belt already J'^*'"' •*"'"" (lescrihed, these serpetitinous rocks occur at intervals. To the south- west the most important areas yet iccognized ai-e in the vicinity of (^rford Mountain and lake, and about Brompton and Long Lakes. An extension of (his belt is seen, on Lot842-13, Ranges IV. and V., Bromp- ton, and this is apparently the northern limit of thse rocks in this -20-21, Range V., near the sboi'e ol the lake, the soapstone being apparently of excellent quality. They occur in what is probably the south-west prolongation of the nxetamorphic belt of the Ascot copjier mine. Similar limited •nitcj-ops'are found along the road from North Hat ley to Capejton, on I.ot 26. Range II., and Lot 27, Range I., Hatley. ^fc The most important ai'ea of these rocks is that: whicMBi'minating . southward in Big^llam Mountain, extends north-easterly to and beyond the Chaudiere River. In this belt, serpentiQ.es are" Hrst seen in several hills on the south side of the outlet of KasiyNicjiIet Lake and on the west shore, where, 'in Lots 1JI-2(I of the (^(>fe adjoining Range XI., a vein of magnetic iron ore is seen, hav^gj^i-thiekness of six leet at the ' surliice, and i> said to increase to ek^flj^^eet in the.ifhaft at a dei)th of twelv(> feet. About l()(t tons of -lV' have been taken from this vein. ,, The serlientinf' here is dark green in colour, and is said to contain if ■j>eiv^e. According to Mr. Coulombe, who tirst oj»enod this mine in IHHl-Sthe serpentine extends south-west frpm this point to near (he foot oj^-the IIa,m Mountain, on Lot IC, Kango XI., Ham. It occupies also all the islands in the lake and the south an'*'^' '■'""'''•'^' t'X'endinglu'a ridge towards the road leading to (Jarthby >\-2(» K. Throughout the whole of the serpentine areas indications of asbestus ^jhegiui are found, the veinw rijnging from mere threads up to four and even six inchcH in length of Hl»re. The rock is often affect«Ml by faults, . # F /v 44 J THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. whicli are well sofii in the asbaetus workings, and which cut off the mincM'ul veins, in the name way as faults in ordinary sedimentary strata afl'ect mineral lodes.- This feature will be further considered in the remarks on asbestus. Superficial Geolooy. While it has not been ])Ossible, in the time at O"'' disposal, to make any very exhaustive study of the superficial geology of this district and the various phenomena in connection therewith, some attention was paiil to the distribution of iho drift deposits, more especially with a view to determine their connection with the auriferous character of much of the sand and gravel, which oceui- over a veiy large .area. Wherever glacial stri«3 were seen, their direction was carefully taken, t tiiough in many cases it was impossible to determine, especial I3' in a flat exposure, in what direction the ice had passed. Conditions simi- lar to thosv which have boon described as att'eeAing the distribution of glaciers in (laspd ami Northei'n Now Brunswick (see Geol. Survey Re- • poi't GG, Mr. Chalmers, 1882-83-84 and 1885), will probably be found to have prov>iiieoar to meet with mucli support as applied to Ibis i-egion. Proceeding soiitii-east from the St. Lawrence liasiii. three princi[»al ridges, alrcadv iltiscrii>ed. with elevations from 1(10(1 to nearly 4000 (c(|»t above the sea, would have to bo surmounted, syiiieh Would recjiiirc a ijropelliiig force imparted to the glacier, the source III wliicli cannot lie found in an\ ixroat continental elevation i-elnted to the St. Lawrence Valley. The great divi'rsity also obsorv- alilc in the ilirection ol (be striic at dilVeront points woidd ai)|)ear to l>e (ip|)osed to this theory, (or over a great portion of tlie^ eastern Camliro Silurian area, there is a irent>rid course eith(?r to the south-east s , ■ Of north-w-ost. If we accept (he foi'inor course as (hat in which the ice passed, we must ex]ilnin the manner in which (he ice sheet over- caurc the graiiual ascent from the vliUoys oC the Massawippi and S(. Tlii'.in uf lilt- uni'i^rsiil ill' sheBl ri'ii ■itton and Kmborton. in Hereford, along the lower part of the valley of Hall's stream, only one observation was taken, where the course wa^^ S. '.'0° K. in the direction of the stream, and may indicate the existence of a local glacier which passed south- ward along the valley of the Upper Connecticut iiiver. To the north, on the Cliandicro at St. (ieorge, anake Stria) on Ma-i- range, since on the ea«t side of thin ridge, Between Fitch .Bay and sawippi Lake. ]y£a8sa\vippi Lake, we tind. striffi on the south side of the Bunker Hill ridge, appai'ontly descending towards the Massawippi valley. To the north, iiowever, in the considerable depression between Lennpx- ville and Eichnjond, through which the St. Francis flows, the 'course of the striiE woljltl seem, to indicate that a pai-t of thfe main glacier at ,4 ■ least passed in'iHiis direction, the direction of the markings being in the line ()f the valley. In the vicinity of M,emphr«magog Lake another set of stria; are seen, which appear to indicate the presence of ii local glacier which pi-oceeded tVoni the volcanic chain, marked hy the great massea of llawk and Bear Mountains, the Owl's Head, ar^d Elephantis ; the markings on the rocks along the side of the lake would indicate a pas- sage of the ice in a northerly- direction, the courses rangingjfrom N. w N. 25" W., follow ing the outline of the lake itself, artd^-^ssibly con- tinuing northward to join the main stream dowti the valley of the ^t. Francis. '- ,/ Ailing the west side.of the Stoke Afountain also, the jjrincipal 8tria> have a noi'th-westerly course towards the valley of the Wattopekab Kiver, while in the country south of and in the vicinity of Ham Mountain the striu' have a south-east course on the west side and a south-west course on the east side of that elevation, as though the ice streams were converging into the same valley, and thence would join the main St. Francis valley stream in the direction of what is now Windsor Mills. . ' ' Farther to the noi'th. in Garth by and Lamhton, the markings also indicate {he passage of the ice sheej^ fi-om tiie higher lands of the volcanic jielt into the tlepreshioii of Lake Aylmor. These may mark the existence of veiy local glaciers of small size. The stria' not«d in the*vuli«y of the .St, Francis, east of O'lsraeli station, would load to the inference that the ice followed gen*t)rally the de])ression of this stream, l)ut as a large part of the surface is now thickly covered by drift, the strialion caimot i)e traced for any distance. , In connection with this branch of tlu' subject, the following list of striic, noted princii)all}- during the summer of 1885, is here presented, the lioarings heing corrected to the true meridian, the variation being jissumwl as 15" west and north: — stoke' Moun- tain range. Ijiikc Avlmcr. >< i Ii' LoCAl.tTIES. LiNi offliriio One mile weit of Ijiuinoxvilie, on road to Shorhrooke N, 25° W. North Mid« of'Ht.' I'raucis River, one mile east of Hherhrooke . .N. 36" W. O Hojiil linlf a mile west of Wilson's MiHs » N. (50° W. Two milps woHt of IJivriiwtoii ( '«r., oi\ mad to Ayer's Flat W««it < or. of roads >s. W. end of Massawippi Lake N. 20' W. ^'■'-=] ' . GLACIAL STRIVE. 4^ Two mileafa -VV. of Massawippi Lake on road to Fitch Bav. . .S. 25' E. Top of ridge, one mile and a lialf north from Magpon's Point, 6n rolftd to Geofgeville ; ' jj 3,^ ^ On road one mile south of Georgeville. .' >;! 5''W * fwo miles south of ( ieorgeville, on road to Fitch Bay '. . N.-15° E. Head of Fitch Bay c •>'i° E. ., Half a mile north of Fitch Bay P. 0., on road 's. '5° W. One mile and a half east of Magog, on roaH to Aypr's Flat . . . .N. V E,. Road to Sliaron's Mine ..* , , jf; 5° E West side of Massawippi Lake K. 15° W Cor. of Magog Road, on road from Ayer's Flat to Kateville • • . N. 5° W. Road west of Sherbrooke, in rear of Brompton Falls N. 65° W. Road up hill south of Lennox ville, lialf a mile from town . . . . N. 35' W. . .Road half a mile north of Stoke Lake— two sets S. 80° W., N. 60° W. Half a mile South of Cooksliiro, on road to Eaton •. N. 35° \\*. Road through Newport, two and a half miles east of Island Brook P. ". N. 50° W. Road crossing on lin.. ^ — "N. ,5° W. Road on ridge north of Victoria Bay, west side of Lake Me- , f gftntic '...:.. f \..N. 6(rW. ^bree miles east of Maii^e boundary, on Iut«rnutiunal railway, .8. 05' lu. I ''0 ■ i -C Marine beds ubsent. Sand and pra vel drift. i;'- Boulder dnlt 48 J • , THE .EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. Intemailonal railway, eight miles eaat of Agnes. . . . i N. 65"^. Wolfestown, road through Belmina, Lots 13-24, Range II: - -N. 7o W.. ' Koad Dudswell to Ste. Camille, Lot 26, Range X.., • • • West. . ■ - Road Marbleton to Ham, four miles s^outh of Ham Corner^. West. Ste.^ Camille, Lot 35, Range II ; •• ■ • ■ -^^^ est- ,' . Ham, Lot' 24, Rang* IV ' " ' " ^i !! * Rokd one mile west of < iarthb y station •> S. 6o L. Quebec Central railwav, one mile and U half south of Cole- raine station ' : „ t^' Crossing of St. Francis Hivei;, D'Israeli station. S. 10^ E- Road D'Israeli to Lambton, two miles east of station >'• S. 5°^ W. .. Forks of road, Lambton to St. Remain ^■■^?° ^ ' Road from Lake St' Francis to St. Roniain ,. . . , N. 65^' W. St. Romai'n Corner.... N. 65' W. Stornoway Corner ; '• -• ••'^- '^ ^ "• ^'ictoria range road, half a mile south of raiilway -t- .... N. 60° W. *ilver Mine, Risborough ,• • N. 60° W. St. George, Beai^ce. ••"•"„ .im. oo vr . Through the whole area under consideration, no traces of marine beds were observed. Allowing the amount of subsidence at Montreal to range from 470 to oOO feet, if wo sup])ose this to have been liniform for the St. Lawrence area, the part submerged would probably be bpunded cm the casit by the high ridge beginning at Arthabaska and extending to the south-west, and embracing the great stretch of level eK)untry lying to the east of the St. Lawrence. l)ej)oeits,of blue clay are' ^und along the valleys of some of -the strpams iu the higher lands of the interior, at levolB of 500 to 1,000 feet al)Ove the sea, but these are all apfiarently of fresh water origin. Large quantities of smd and gravel drift are also fi)und along 1;he ^ course of the principal rivers, as aXong the St. Francis- between Lake Avlmer and Lcnnoxville, and loWcr down between Sherbrooke and Melbourne. These arc well seen for a few miles on either side of Windsor .Mills, where they form large conical or ridge-shaped hills, ^ having elevations of fifty to a hundred feet above the present flood plain, (ireat (|uantitiee of sand drift are also found in blie vicinity oi Danville, ilnd along the depression toward Warwick. On the Inter- national railway, east of Lcnnoxville, several deep cutliings in stratitied gravels and sand are seen at a height of about 300 feet above that town, anil on the road lictween Hrookbury, ami Robineon, a short distance west of the latter j)la(e, a well definiHl kame is observwl having a north-westerly eours^v In the townsiii|)s of Clinton and Woburn,, considerable areas are thickly 8trowon, a short ts observed areas are iiably been nng to the cment. On Eus.] ■ STTPEBFICIAL GEOLOGY. 49 J the road also through Whitton, between the foot of Lake Megan tic and St. Romain, granite boulders are distributed on either side of the range of thri Little Megantic Mountains, while in Marston and Hampden-; along the old Megantic road, similar boulders are abundant, which have evidently proceeded from the Victoria Mountain chain. Whether the Character of presence of the gold found so gei^rally distributed over the great inUie eaj^^ern Gambro-Silurian area between the central and the eastern ridge, and rian area ' " which is, for the most part, in a very fine state of division, is due to glacial action or to pre-existing causes, is at present, to some extent, at least, an open question. In the Cambrian belts, however, nuggets of good gize are found, and much of the gold is coarse. The same coarse gold. coarse character is reported at several 'points on the eastern slope of the central axis, and is also observed in much of" that obtained from the Gilbert, and adjoining tributaries of the Chaudi^re River. " Upon the view of the structure already Slated in previous pages, that the ridge between this stl'eam ahd the Famine, is of Cambrian age, and the pre- sumed equivalent of that found along the eastern boundary, this peculiarity can be easily explained, since this area would then probably prove? to be the soui'ce of the gold. .,,■'' ' ,The presence of old riven- valleyt has of late been recognized in con- Pre-fciaciai n'ection with several of the streams jvhich flow into the Chaudi^re, "^ "^r " though no attention has as yet^heen dii'ected to the finding of these ancient channels, except in that district. Among those known to exist n^y be mentioned that of Slate Creek, at St. George, now being worked, fh^ Famine, and the Gilbert, and on the opposite side, the Pozer stream, with presumably some portions of -the Chaudiere itself. These channels, judging from that already opened on Slate Ci*eek, are many feet below *he present level of the stieam^ and it is from these that the greater part of the gold yet obtained in this district has been taken. By the kindness of Mr. A. A. Humphrey, MJanager Of Ihe St. Onge Gold Mining Co., the following -statement of strata, passed through in the last sjjftft sunk on the old channel of Slate Creek, is here presented : - FEET. Boulder clay, boulden, both native and foreign • . 40 SeoUon ()?Sirift t, J " ■ ' , oi at Slale Creek, oand • ■ • -i Beauoe. Boulder clay.. ; ■• '-'0 ^^ Stratified clay, without iH3l)l)le8 ., ._ 60 Quicksand, small lobbies and fine Rold 40' ■Sand, and gravel, containing gold in nuantity, ofltm coarse 4 166i It is evident from the above table that these old channels had not oidy been excavated, but ha soil IIH llff*M si^ll lenient tiiiit diverted which th the lack ^f gold in the boulder clay, and from its presence in the underlying and more ancient sands and gravels, that the causes which Were principally instrumental in the formation and distribution of the ' alluvial drift, over the greater portion of the Cambro-Silurian area, were distinct from those, which strewed the surface so thickly with gi-anitic and other boulders, and that jthey preceded the latter by a very con- siderable interval of time. ^ While the character of the soil is to a, large extent dependent , upon the nature of the undeKying rock, certain causes may at times inter- vene, by which the superficial deposits that arise from simple dis- integration of the strata may be affected favorably oi; otherwise. These causes ai-e principally two iiriiumber, viz., the subsequent effects of glacial action in wome form, or the redistribution of surface material by the action of water, either marine or fluviatile. Since it has been shewn that no traces of marine-action exist in this part of the province, whatever changes have taken place as regai-ds the distribution of tlie original surface soil, must be due either to the latter cause or to* the agency of land ice. As a rule, the most fertile soils are found to be made up of tlie disintegrated calcareous strata of the great Cambro-Silurian basin. A similar degree^ of fertility should also characterize the portion underlain by Siliii'iun sediments, but for the fact that the principal ' area, which is found on the St. Francis River, north of Dudswell, has been covered subsequently by a considerable thickness of alluvial sand, f an^ "successful as was anticipated, though it does not of necessity follow that a failure in a first attempt should condemn the system tov the entire disti-ict. The labors of the Select Committee, appointed by the Quebec Gov- Report of the 1 • 1 /. • n • Select Com- •ornment, m 18H5, to obtain definite infm-mation as to the extent and mittee of the resources of the Canadian gold fields, brought to light a largo amount ment, 1865. of information, much of which is of groat importance, as relating to the value of this section as a gold producing district, and the testimony of all the witnesses seemed to point to a conviction on their part, that under more favorable conditions than apparently then existed, owing in part to difficulties in the matter of titles, royalties, etc., very pro- fitable returns could be I'ealized. The returns of the amount of gold obtained since that date would Reliable r«- also, if available, aid us in forming more definite conclusions as to the J;"a^fa,b?e. gold producing capaJjilities of the district, though it should be borne in mind that all, or nearly all, the raining yet carried on in the province, in'SO far, at least, as can be ascertained, has been done in a compara- .tively rude way, and without much attention to modern improved methods. The results obtained, therefore, even if unsatisfactory, should •not be i^egarded as conclusive, especiall}' when contrasted with the very different results which should follow a judicious investment of •capital and proper scientific modes of working. The results of the examination of the Chaudiere district by Mr. A. ExaminatioM Michel, with rnoro particular reference to the possibly auriferous ifu^t^^"' •character of the quartz veins, and the assays of a number of specimens'^'*'"''- •of quartz, from different localities, by Dr. T. S. Hunt, are given in the Geol. Survey Repoil 186^1866. These results, indicating the existence of veins carrying gold in paying quantity, were very favor- •^H^ • P 54 J THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. _itM Assays o^ quartz by Dr Hunt. able the assays, in some casep, showing a percentage quite as higb as the average obtained for quartz veins in California, Australia, or Nova Scotia. As might naturally be expected, several samples gave no gold but this is a feature common to all countries, and only shows that'all parts of the same vein are not equally auriferous. The most satisfactory method of testing these leads would evidently be to subject large quantities to trial in a stamp mill, and till this is done, their actual value, must, to some extent at least, remain in doubt. Ihat some of the veins contain gold in paying quantity, we already know. In this connection, we will here quote the results obtained by l)r. Hunt and Mr. Michel. The assays of Dr. Hunt embraced some thirty- one samples, obtained from twelve localities, each in portioas ot lOO grammes. The following results were obtained, the value of the gold . being estimated at $20 per oz. Troy of 480 grains:— 1 YaudreuiL-L.83,R. L.N.E. Two assays. No trace of gold^, o •' L '^1 Con. St Charles. Five assays. Of these, four gave an ■ 'average of 6 dwte. 13 gr8.=46 • 76, the iifth of which contain«^ a large scale of gold at the rate of 4 ozs. 18 dwts.=4101.29. The average being for the five samples, $26.66. o u L 0" R I., N.E. Two assays. No trace of gold. 4' .. L. 19,' Con. St. Charles. . Six aasays. Mean of four gave 4 dwts. 21 gr8.=»=$.',.03. Two others, counting scale of gold, 3 ozs. 2dwt8.»=$64.07. Averageof six assays, $24.71. L 39 R. I, N.E. Two assays. No trace of gold. L.20.' Con. DeLery. Two assays. Mean, 14 dwts. 16 gi-s.= . $15.15. L. 53, R. I., N.E. Two assays- No trace. ■ ;^-^^. L. 59, R. I, N.E. Two assays. " C Aubert De Lisle.— L. 9, R I. Two assays." 5. 0. 8. 9. 10. Aubert Oallion.—L. 30, R. I. Two assays. ^ 11. Liniere.-L. 76, R. I. Two iissays. " . . pi. " L. 2, R. I. Two assays. Mean, 6 dwts. I§, *. '^C J. 76, per ton of 2,240 lbt< r- :M Remark.-' iif Dr. Hunt on the auriferous J)r Hunt savs — " If we compare these assays' with thO^entionea bv Mr Michel we shall see full pro.)f of .the irregularity ^"^Oi which "cSroftho 'la i, distributed in the ganglio. The quartz from . several of these rSiiere' ^eins was assavcd by Dr. A. A. Hayes, of Boston, whose results, whjch ''"^'"- are worthy oi\he highest cnfidence, are given by Mr. Michel, together with other assays by persons unknown to me, but probably reliable. The quartz of No. 1 had given in Boston $37-00, and ifi another assay on the spot $100 . Oti to Hie ton. The mechanical assay by Mr. Michel alHO yiel.lcd a portion of gold, while two assays by me gave no^trace ol the precious metal. Again, in the case of No. 2, -Dr. Hayes obtained $77 56 and Mr. Coban $54,. while an assay ., of the same "vein yielded me $1(11 .20, and from others a mean bf.|6.76. No. 3, in like manner, •.w ""^ ' '^■j '•"'--'^-i>"s'\tste' i'SP t ' ''fff^ 1 Ells.] ECONOMIC MINBEAL8. '-4. 55 J as higb- ralia, or gave no y shows i^he most subject 16, their ,t. That ly know, i by Dr. le thirty- IB of 100 ' the gold a • gave an contained ===$101.29. ve 4 dwts. |old, 3 ozs. 3. 16gi-8.= per ton of pttentioned tih which al of these ilts, which il, together y reliable. )ther assay Mr. Michel no^trace of 3S obtained Bin yielded ke manner. 18 said to have furnished gold, though none was found in the specimen just assayed. Nos. 4 and 6 yielded gold to Dr. Hayes and myself, while yet No. 8, which gave traces of gold to Mr. Michel's mechanical assay, and of No. 1 1 , which is said to have yielded gold to a New York a88ayer,Hhe -specimen furnished me yielded no trace " T DoZd'lfTT'/T^'t^'"''"'""'^™'"' "^"^ ^^ ^^•"'- J-A-y.b.Prof. addifZ f' "J^^f '"*^' fr *^^' '^' q^artz^eads of that locality, in^^ SonW!* addition to the silver and lead, contained gold, in most cases only a trace, but in one instance, half an ounce to the ton. This amount even, if constant, would pay a large proportion of the expense of work- . ing this part of the property. There is one feature of the ChauditVe district, to which attention has importanoe.of not, till within the last few yeai-s, been directed, viz., the existence ofohanfels'lBt /-.Irl ,..^„« „i 1^ .,'... . . . _ , ^ source of gold. old river> channels, not only along its several tributai pointed out by Dr. Selwy pp. 215-16.) The valo. the Gilbert stream, wher^ years ago under mofit fi ipnection with the , main' stream, but' mportance of this feature has been ogical Survey Eeport for 1870-71, Id channels was established on lount of gold was obtained some , -^ conditions, several pieces bein| foupd which were stated to be worth over $1,000 "each. Upoil. the om valley of cessation of work on tjiis stream, theSt. Onge Brothers began operations ^'»**^"'*''- on a small sti-eam above the Famine, known a§ Slate Creek, and again e8tablish6d the existence, in this direction, of an old river bed, ' which was reached at a depth of 165 feet, nearly 100 feet below the present bed of the stream. Jn the bottom of this old channel a layer of jgi-avel, now being worked by the, St. Onge Joining Co.,. „ ' having a thickness of four to six feet, was found. Great difficulty was experienced iri sinking the shafts, owing to the'quantity of quicksand ens-ountered, and I'epeated tri»lf; were made, extending over a period of severaL years before the bed- rock whs reached. Prom the table of the materials passed through in this shaft,* which was given on ^ge 49 J, it is evident that the gold underlies the clay at the top and is entirely confined to the lower 8andi«||^|gravels above the bed-rock. ' -^^ Doubtless, by the judicious expenditure of money in exploration, True souroejof many other old channels will be found, indications of such, being i^f/ofYhe' ir visible in the Famine River, the Pozer stream, and at other'points.trfo't"^'^"'''''''" That much of the\gold is derived from veins in situ is pretty con- clusively established from the assays already quoted, as well as from its coarse character and the size of many of the nuggets obtained, clearly indicating that their source is not far removed. Further evi- dence is afforded by the presence of pieces of gold-bearing quartz, in which' but slight indicati^h<^of abrasion are apparent, both the gold )' r- - j-l -'v; 5^ J THE KASTERN TOWNSHIPS. Ditlftn (fold- field. V AuriiorniiH veins oJJ lie Ditton reivei and quartz being but little worn and proving conclusively that they were derived firOm the veins in the immediate vicinity. All the reports bearing upon the gold of Quebec refer only to the Chaudiero valley. Other areas are known which promise quite as good returns to capital well applied ; among them may be mentioned - the upper waters of the Salmon Eiver, more particularly in the town- ship of Ditton. That attention has not been direbted to this locality is in large measure'due to the fact that.what is regaMed as the most promising field for work is entirely in private hands, and no royalty Lack 01 .mcini being in consequence paid to. the Government, no official returns are '""'"'• . available as to the amount of the precious metal obtained. Alluvial goldMias, 'however, been found there, and worked for many years. The ■plale^here oi)erations have been more particularly caj-ried on is on the; LittleDitton stieam, on Lots 23 apd 24, E. IX., Ditton. Nuggets ranging h\ value from $50 to 8156 are reported as having been found. The rocks are bla'ck, wrinkled, and sometimes pyritous slates and grey sandstones, in character similar to niuch of those on the upper part of the Chaudiorc, and also to those qf the gold series of Nova Scotia. Veinn of all sizes, uj) to several feet, traverse the slates, generally with the bedding, ^hough occasioqally transverse to it. No attempt has. yet l>een made, in so far as could b,o ascertaine(J, to test the value of these veins, though that some of those on'the Little Dittx)n are aurifer- ' ous is proved by the Hnding *f ragged gold in quartz in close proxim- ity, and bel(')W tlioni in the bed of the river. Though a consideraljle amount of work hiis been done on this stream and a large (luautity of gold obtained, no scientific mining has been attemjited. The groniKl being generally low, the fiicilities for getting rid of tailings are very l)oor, alid in ma^ny of the trials the bed-rock does not appeal- to be reached. J'Vom the sjjecimens already obtained, and the generally favoi-iU^e results of the work already dot^e under iinfavdiable civeiimstances and with ordinary. appliances, it is evident that much I'ich ground must exist in this. vicinity. The veins seen on the Little Ditton apparently jjxtond south-west through Kmberton, the |plt evidently being the eimtinuation of that in Maine near the boundary between the Hall and Indian streams. T(. the north-east ttSy can al;*<) be traced for several miles, and the t'nsatinfiicton' iiiolho(l{i 111 wiirkiiiK. Ouiirm' '4* the DitlDii iiiiiirtv, vvift? ''i / '4 :hat they I' only to ) quite as lentioned ' the town- locality is the most ) royalty (turns are AlFuvial ars. The I on is on Nuggets en found. and grey er part of va Scotia. niUy with tempt has, e value of re aurifer- ' ie prbxim- his stream r has been or getting 9 bed-rock y^ obtained, 0*110 under :, is evi(ient Bouth-wesl ion of thai in stroaniH. lew, and the aters of the nbria'h. e generally uth-lifttrtei:!! iigo/atid tho the greater 1/ an thougli / &^'^ '■«i-L«.] ECONOMIC MINERALS. ^ 5t j derived from some distance. This is characteristic of the country Qoid probably which is, for the most part, occupied by Cambro-Silurian sediments; ?he"c^brian whereas, wh?n we approach the belt which' is supposed to be of Cambrian ''*^- age, the gold becomes coarser and the quartz-veins are probably aurifer- ous. This feature has also been pointed out in earlier leports, though the V greater poi-tion of the strata were then held to be of Upper Silurian age. The resemblance of these Lower Cambrian rocks to those of the gold' series bf Nova Scotia, which have long been regarded as of the age of the Lower Cambrian, was pointed out some. years ago by the late Sir' Wm. Logan (see Geology of Canada, 1863, p. 745), and has been already referred to in this report. The probability that these ro\li»^i-e of Comparison the same age as those of the Nova Scotia area is inaatfestly \^ry impor-TreL'of §ova ' tant in connection with the question of the occurreiSe of gold in paving^'''""''' quantities, and is a point that should notbe lost sight. of in future operations. In that province, within the last few years, the finding of ' new and wondei-fuUy rich deposits is fre8ence 01 Silver m the copiH»r ores ot Acton, Ascot and UptoiH^haudii^re near ^ . , , . ^1 ■ L ■ , . SI- Franoii, wa^^pointed out ; the (juantity, however, was insufficient to reniier it Bojuioo. of Economic value. The assay of a portion of a vein from the rapids of tlie Chaudiere, at St. FVancis, Heam e, which cairitMl argentiforous galena, blomfe, misj)i(kel, j)yrite^and native gold, gave 09 per cetit. of lead and«{2 ounces of silver V) the ton of 2,240 lbs., while a .-second sample gave 2rtf) ounces of silver to the ton, with traces of gold aiid ailver iy the other ingrwiients of the vein. Within the Irtst half-a-dozen years, several veins of argentiferous r Jli> 58 J THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. 1 M siWer mine of galena hav0 been discovered, more especially near the boundary of the ^ariow"^''"'* townships of Eisborough and Marlow ; they have been opened to some extent and favorable prospects were found. The localities where work was principally done are on lots 1 , 2 and 3, ranges XIV., XV. and XVI., Eisborough, and lot 1, range VII., Marlow. From the examination of thih property, in September, 1885, the following description was obtained, although mining operations, which had been. going on under the management of Mr. J. Eraser TOrrance, M.E., had ceased in the' spring of that year. At the tirst or more northerly shaft, the rock is a hard, greyish Denoriptioo of sandstono, with interstratitied beds of black and grey slates, finely the property, ^^..^^.j^j^^ ^^^ -^^ pj^^gg containing cubes of iron-pyrites. It dips ■* generally south-easterly < 70° to 75°, as nearly as could be ascertained. TBfe vein, which is styled the "main vein," has a ^idtb of ten to tt^elvo inches, composed of quartz, carrying galena, copper and iron- pyi-ites, and some blende, in some places heavily, charged, in others • conii)aratively bai-ren, probably from a half to a.third of the vein carries ore in fair qiiantity^ This shaft was about-^irty feet deep, and the ' vein is of uniform width for that dist^ce. The rock in contaiit is slightly charged with iron-pyrites. Twenty feet west of this shaft, another vein, of' about ton inches, calletl the '■' north vein," carries ore Several veins, of a peouliar (luality. The ^'angue i« a rusty white c^uartz, with brownish, grey slates on the north wall, and a dyke of very hard brownish dioritic rock, spotted with greenish gray, separates it from that in the shaft just deBcribet iiijridlii. The diorile does not show in this shaft. This latter vein has also boeh opened i:U) feet east, where it crops out in * the si)wr of a knoll, and has a course of about N. tiH" K. The shaft is eighteen feet deej). Nearly a mile south-west, another ope'biiig lias l)«en made in slates and sandstones of similar character, which dip S. 15° K. '-- 70°, on a <.. vein ot; rusty white (juartz, from sixteen to eighteen inches wide, styled \\w "Armstrong vein, ' wliieh ed. The trench being ,ELL8.] ECONOAftc MINERALS. ,ry of the i to some ere work ind'xVI., nntion of tion was on under ed in the' ., greyish ,68, finely It dips certained. of ten to and iron- in others ein carries p, and the contact is this shaflb, carries ore lartz, with very hard tew it from t,hoH\irface, I have been feot south vertically, rich as the •ly dissemi- II tjuantity. intersected as to nearly ihaft. This rups out in rho shaft IS ide in slatos ., 70", on a iichoH wide, ing and car- •onoh being 59 J . veins. f ul Of water, the proportion of ore could not be definitely ascertained, but the mineral appears to be disseminated in bunches, large por^ tions of the vem bemg barren, others comparatively rich. I ^rt thQ largest the 'Senator vein") bus a width of eighteen to twenty Litttt^^*^ inches, theotherofaboutth,-ee inches. In character of gangue and con- "^'^ .^ined mineral, this resembled closely the last. The containhigrocksare " " hard sandstones and wrinkled slates, like those of the Ditton gold-field ' The vein seen in shaft No. 2 was intersected by a cross-cut put in" 1,400 feet south-westerly from that point. % . ^ ' On lot 1, range VII., Marlow, veins, ten tf twelve inches thick, were seen, cutting slates aM sandstones similar to" those just noted, carry- ing in p aces a large quantity of blende and pyrites, with some galena. , The rocks here dip 8. 1^ E. < 80°. The principal vein dfpsl 40° K < 45 , but smaller veins of an irt»*i or more run with the beddintr planes. . ^ » Assays of the ore from these several vein* show the presence of a fair proportion of silver. These have been kindly f„rnished ,pe by Mr. K. A„ays of lorrance, and are as ^^llows:-One>specimen fwm the " north voi'n"f/;'''""'f'-T assayed by Rev. E. fag., of Laval Tniversit^^ gave 430 ounces of lih;.'--^" per ton of 2000 lbs. One from the outcrop of tho " Senator" gave 2(}0 ounces per ton, and one mm the "main vein," assayed by Prof Richards of the School of Technologyi, Boston, a little oC-er 29 ounces i,er ton' The assays by Pr..f. Ricl.a,-ds from a .luantity of the ore taken 'from the Armstrong and Senatoi- veins, gave gooil returns. Assays l)y Prof ^ J. T. Donald, of Montreal, ga^for the "Armstrong vein,' half an ounce . Ol gold per ton, with traces only of the precious metal from the other leads. Assays made by Mr. Hofi'mnnn, in the laboratory of the Geol. Survey, from dilforcnt veins, and ordinary samples gave 43.tJfi3 ounces of silver to the ton, with traces «ff goM.' (Jalena is also reported by Mr. Gordon, of Sherbrooke, in wfiat may be the extension of this belt south-westward, in the- township ot^paKiing, about three or four miles north of the InterntttionaU-ailwaj^^and the same distance west of tho boundary, though no particulars ar.' to hand .•.)ncernifig the exact location. Traces of gaU^na were also oU^erved at sever'al i)lacos in" tho quartz veins of Ditton and Emberfonnuit no attention has as yet been paid to these. Copper Or— The distribution and mode oi^rcurronceof this mineraV.T)i„rih,„ion of have been so exhaustively discusKod in foiiiier reports, (se^ Go<)lpgy o(''^;,,;;';^,7/J," Canada. 1863, pp. 709-737, and(J((.l. Survey jfeport \W3-GG, pj., iJ9-45 JS"''- '" and-in tho nppon.iix to that volume), that but little neift be »aid an the subject, or the numerous mines and localities there described, the greater part have been dosod for s.nne years, owing, to some extent, %' . *.' ss^sg^.,w^^-.aaBaaaas^^L t m. iM.jijr^-^ -v-r.,^.. .^^,,,jj^^yjj^^j.p.^.^y^^ "T 6(» J THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. -Thv Capcltoii mines. '^ I y Mi". lIotTmann, gave 54.074 ])er cent, of metallic iron. Ai)rol)ably larger (lei)OHit is found on LotH, Range IX., Ascot, ()n the property nf Mr K. Clark, near the summit of a ridge, havirfg an ^ el^vi broo! •the e , sizes, widtl theb per c found allud( test tl i a a V el ever oi-e hi qilali| Chn places 'Lake '. about dicatio ' the wo near B . town), posits I most rr shaft fl: decreaa • ea«t of three t( depositj None o expend! a certaii able for Antitn ships, in on Ijot 2 noted in Mr. Will has with James R with a vi adit driv «K.'' )btained. t, in the mpanies, Co. The eated for worked ed to one • le driven jrty feet, fected by t on the ) amount On the Ibert and ' width of Betsey, a this mine >ns. The . the spot, ;h the old ne. The iecline in ly falling kSe of the i section, pted, viz., luction to known to Jio lowest portaivt is lango VI., , which is felspathic lil'h.aboiit ' excollent Report for if the iron lann, gave •ot, oti the laviifg an ECONOMIC J4INEBAL8. 61 J elevation of afeut 1,000 f6et above the ^t '-v ■\ brooke. T^ftore is mostly a slatv TJ .f "*"''" ^'^«'-' ** ^her- . «the .ou^,ry r6ck is largely a ch oruS :' T ""^ '^"™^*'*«' -^ . . Bizevrartging from a ffw inches uo ZlT' .' '"'" "'^ ''''^'^--' width, ^d are irregularly dist, ibnt J T 5 ''" '"' '^«'^« ^^^^ in tbe Hding. The Ly o'tt^'rly r^^r ' ^" '''''' ^^"^^"^ per cent, of metallic iron Anothm- 1^ " , ™^'*"' g'^e« only-28.392 ' .found on the west side of nS jT"' '^P^^'* ^^ '"^^^ . alluded to on page 42 r The al ^ r"' '" ^^^•P^"^'"^.' «°d alrea^r^l^^n^ef' t«.Uhevalueof?hepr^J;TsrafttwT%'T/ '' i^ a vein six feet th^ck at Vhe tn fLo ZP ""^ '^'P' ""'' ^^^^k* eleven feet at the bottom, about o W l !^ . '"'^''"''^ '' '""'''''^ *« ' ^ been eWed, Wt ^ Z^^ ^-^l^ ^^ t 'Lake Nicolet, Lot 4 E ir tTo ^ ''•^F'^'t on the south side of ^''^Nicoiet. about ten ton, extracted CsS^aJ^LrT^V'^'i^"" '''''' ^^ dications were not sufficiency favolle"' ' ^^ ^''^' ^"' '^' '"- - the work. Within the iJt L J '^'"■''*°* '^ continuation of ^ near Belmina, priLiH ^b'/r W "cw' T r^^^ ^«^" ^^^ posits ai;e apparent y of the nafnm of • , 'reality. The de- Belmina. mostrmportant of fhese about ZrvTor'' '"''^^^- ' ^''^'^ ^^« Bhaft tifteen feet deep. The ve n w! J T "^^"^ ''''"''''^ ^^"^ « clecreased tp three f^t at U e b tom o i; t ^''^ * ^'^ ^"••^'«-' '^^ ^ • ea^tofthis «pot a second oponVl?^^^^^^ Two hundred yards three tons W pieces scattered thfoir T ' ^'^'^^ P''«d»««d two to , deposit«werealsofoundall„,T\ ' '^^^^^^ Other small . None of these we^ deemed , m" '"'"'^'-'^^ ^^"" "«- «b^-«^ ' expenditure of Tueh 0!^! N ?"k '"^"^'""^ '" — "^ ^^e a certain percentage ,fEic add T^J^^ '^^" ""^«^*^« -> able fbr shipment I the C^,:!!;;:? "^":^"" ^'^ ■?"#' ,«"^'- , ^n^imony.Ore.-ThlN mineral occurs at nnlv. ,» Hhips. in .ufflcient quantity to ren^ it ofe^on "r '"" "^^ "^'^"""^o-'^ «- on Lot 28. R ,. (old numblring)"tJi;Har 7h f '""^'' ""' ^'-^"^ noted in Geology of Canada !««•« K" The deposit j»as tirst -bas within fhe last two years clmnirod 1,h„.I , ""^^'^^ Property James Held, of rnvernesl l^^l^X:ir " "7 '"""' '^ '''• with a view to thoroughly test « "I; 71 " '""^ ''"'« '"^'''•''^ "" "-..venin.o„aiLij:i:;-:;-:-'^^^^^^^ .^fc ,«»■■' # ^ '^* '-*, . » t -\ EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. / «^ted, and which -it is expected will cut the antimony-bearing «.o^at-a lower le^^l than was reached in the shafts, *ut nothing defi- nite' as'to tht) results has ye.t &me to hand. As6esiu5.-Asbestus i^ingin the province of Que be c?>mparatively a neMindustry. Beginning m 1 the 'last seven fears 4|en to one of the^ost prises in this^ovtion of t|o Dominwn. \ At m .req thecpmpaniestintei-estfedltf this bi-anfj)l?of m[^S> ™^ was^ade ^f the princip^fes wh^f bestu«^^u«¥in workab tW quantities, Ihe, results r^fwha. thou|h»essar4 imperfect, areliere t^i||iiv ^e^camiriation ,'7" pi'es'entod as tending to seht conditii^vof this eh ■ Af*bo8tU{i v&i p#fk>^s whtj^'^bestus^^un^ f whiiw, thou^KHl^^essarUy. imperf atel-pti^ . . % Y-^^%- ic 01 18 'earrie/pn at several al raii^a^, viz., &t Tn :4 ,f(S|, "vBl ainej^aSfc^a't Belminav i'ft Tffelf&tp\^V1 ^ , r^HieVaiiie station. Near Danville, &\ a point f arid- Trunk railway, a min(| o« considerable | !»t)een (grated for several years. 1^ - ■ ; ^«i^W^4-<;i)^iT«&8 engaged in mining a^beajs at Tftetfoni are, SIbS;. iJie Boston Asbestus Packing Co., Ii^. Johnston & Co., , ari(lRo^s;#ard .^ Co., while at Black Lake are 8%ed the mines of j&aAnglo-OanaHian Co., Frechette's, and the Scot^ ■ Canadian Co., Es^rly the liibirais-Martin property. These all lielalOng or near the linlif the Quebec Central- railway, which crosses ^ properties at Thotford while at 'Black Lake it is from a quarter to, half a mile dis- tant from the wo^ki^g«•. At Belmina, which is four ri|^es distant from the railway at Colo.-aiiu' station, a small force of men, from, six to eight only have been engaged fw several years, mostly in exploratory work, on property owned by %. John Boll, of London, Kng. Distribu«..n of The various asbestus mines now operate.! in the Eastern Townships tSin^" are all situated on portions of the greal serpentine or volcanic belt which extends with tolerable directness, though with frequent breaks north-eantward from the Vermont -boundary for some distance beyond the Chaudicre River. Large ai>^s of these rocks also occur in the Sld(de veins are "sbMlus is diecolored and Z ! i "^'"'™"°" »f water, by which th . ■' -Paoiaily noticeable' in cl« J " -™P™di"gly ■eda';^ '%S: ' ^ «"rface, either by the action of thll ,1 ""'P™""' >' "iattcrcd at tt. The veins iiave often the aspect Jfrf "'^'^ ^^^"« ^I«°g them taxmng wall, have in man; places diV'^T*"" ^^'°«' ^^^^ fhe con-" Aehes.sm-"— Z::^^!,,^^ " ^'"^^ ^^ i« now knowfl-as tl «''"°'°^"''''^ '^^ Thetfo,-a, in 1878 h^ u atthatUmewri'd T," '''^'''''' ^'^^^^S Co tI^J "^*>o..enee- • uic was exceedintf V imitfl/4 n,^ ... J^^e demand ii'""' of opera- «thrstexperieWodinfind14 malU Tr"''^^^ difficulty X'"''^ , ' -cross the mining properties, the serpo^^^^^^^^ which cuts directl/"'"- • ' vation of ninety to one hund ed / X^ m'™:' '^"^'^ "^^'^ *° «'- works are Pbnfined as yet totlhis portion / ^'^'^^ ^"«t of the ^ ' onth,faoeOrontheVofth^7|'w «Ppareruly, to ascertain !l value^^ ' ,hf l!"'^.'^'^- ^«* ^-en done, «^ay and the i-iver. *"'' ''"' ' 'j^'ng between the rail' Thj, quality of tl^e asbestus in all th« r may be stated as excellent Th« «k • "'" """«« "t this place o , - vein, a., ... .. «.*^ar::t;:.:;rr,r i^^^r f ^ "^"^^ 4> ■* '53> .'«^ I Siie iif vcina Output at tka Thetford • nine?. Cost of e«- traetioii. Prices I if Ulllll'! ii Soot^l, Canadian*- , _ __ " jlB?^ EKtimatod output for 1886 ^^l&^W' Estimated total to end of 1886 ..".".'.'.'■' ^^ " "^ *-^i§5tr^' \ ()4j THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. Siieof veins- lively free from iron or other impurities; they vary from half an inch or even less to four inches in width, though in the quarry of Johnston. ,S, Co a breadth of averdx inches was observed. The fibre in these large' veinn does ^^gi|||||l^ppear .to be of such good quality, in 60 far as y^ yMMMF ^hoBe of less size, and veins of one inch and a hal JK»I^^ give as good material a« can be wished. Numbers of 8|% 'Veins yielding fibre which Vanks as, exira firsts, are found in all l^mines at this place. At times these appear as a per- fect net.t«elf to the demand. ' '""^^" ^^ ^"'"'^-g will doubtless adjust The properties worked at%laplr Toi, . .• ' keightofalout 900 feet above the Jake "" «Mm«ted '"'" ""«"■ .Jlat^Sra'S ra"°T r'r"««°°-' -^ *» wo*„.,s, „ They consist „f„p.„;:\:l;"'!'«''»'f--™ne f„„, .t, ,a,™y fe?- "'^ in a" of which rein, of excellent A '."'"''' '° *""'«'"' "''*'- hiU »«"' " tMckne,. up Jo f„„, incL The ^ " "'' '"'"'"««'• ~«ing in *-io,.«, f..o„ the i„m,:tioro wat:,.'°hr hTh*r " "■»»'-''" JT:""^ - » consequence the gJa^ pi . ^f th^ 1°""''^ »"T™- ll^led as seconds ,„,i third,. Inmortof 1 """"'P'" I"" «o fa,- ^ .whcd, and the quality i. in,!^,"! "; "P''-^"'. -"'Tras been expended, it has been largely on exploratory work. The surface indications, while not equal U) tliose of the Black Lake area, yet shew at seveial points numbers of veins, some of which reach a width of one inch and a half and even two inches. A very fair showing of workable veins, to some extent aifoctod by faults, has bpen exposed in the upper part of a deep cut, and an attempt, is now being made to intersect these at a lower level. If the rate of inci-ease noted at the places already described occurs here, there should be good paying ground when the lower level is driven past the capping of barren rock, provided the veins already disclosed are not cut off by the faults above mentioned. Only a small force of men is employed, and it would be very difficult, from the jimited amount of work done, ■ "ueof this property. Dykes to express any decided opinion as to the ^lali ^ an as ; T kno Lot of I rtc( of tl prop inch( surfa year cause ^ at pn It intere fi-om t large j the ma in the : appear Soapi given, I 496. a^fid talc now und and Wol extent, -n and 21, I Those ha •extent foi 44, now r o" proper 49 and 50, property ^ stone of W pure variel from one t( been used ( tionsiderabl from ECONOMIC MmHRALs. EIL8.J ax tie Belm,- ., -"^ "f «sbestus taken fi-^™,!,- *'J°"""K tille. Lot9,R rn J.^""^ '^^bestuH has been J, , """^^ '*^«'- Point ' ' ^^^^"^aineanuanm, / ^"'^'^ 'imited, with «f • '^««"terop now undoi- r-nn ■ g J-ownships the mn«f ; terpentines ^^ "'■" •"", ii. I., o„,. *„ t 7';. °f«''erb..o„t/„,'„tu ; f '7 ?• property vert. 8 h-o-Kf I -^^ ." '• J- J?eid. Afr (^I«,.n i " '*'"^n I^ots . * *■ * i Sai. i!^ r i % "• Noi-ili Sl.ikc. ■^I.ill-li-.rl. 68 J THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. adapted for a filler in' the manufacture of paper. When mixed with a ■ mall proportion .. 1B47-48, to the, offcurrence ot stone paint on Lot VA, R. IX., Stanstead,'ns the result ot ili^e deonipo- Mtion ol bluish-grey and- lak..se slates,the c..iors l«>ing ochre, ^yoUow, a.ul ,:rey..h-whit,e.. The material, mixed with oih.has been used b.cally ■ tor lioii^e paiiaing. « " ^ . • ]h,rhlr A 'lar^e\l|q,..M. of crystalline limestone, formiug a maHdc ... W.,.v excellent quality, ,. lound in tbe lownshif. of D.ul.wvU, at lamv ^ l-.l^c andv.cin.lv. Itsocftrr.m > Lot 22. K. V 1 1 ., was ,.o.nled- out l,v the latc^S.r Wm. ix.^an. ^C.ol Su, v i;ep.l847-4S, and subsequently • ,;, (b-ofogy of Canada," fS.;:{, pp. tbu. Ibe last ts^o years, ,„.„„,„„ l,as been again directed to this locably. a.id a company , |,a-. been formed ,n Sberbfuukc to tbor<.ugJ.ty .'est tb_e vabie ot the. ,.nq;..'tyi Tb. mari,ieM> nf se^ eral r.doi-s, takes a beautitul polish,, andn,^-Aw^ rrvervbands^.H.e ,ip,(earance),5e-p-'»"'lly a kind kn..wn l.,..a!lias" black and gold.' tin. yellow being due to 1 be presence ol x.Mns^fdolonnf. Tbcr. are also various sbadcs ..f grey., (n place.s the l.A,v.:,s,,uuposed alniO^t entirely of IosmI co,.ul>;tbe polisbcd .labs ol whn 1, pre.ont a vry pcculiiir an-l pretty nioltb.d .a^pe.l. 1 h^ cuij- na„v ha. .c| up a channelling .nachi.c.. and the upper :n.d Homewb;.^ 'h.Meied lavrr has i...cn ,a|uoved to a depth ul about lour leet from ,|,..M.,l:,rrn, order to trsl the MMindpe^s of 1 h-. lu.l- JjcMieat Ir, the M-sull being apparently .at,.lactory. They have also erect..! a sjiwing ,,,,,\,utu> tor the purpose of.- ult.ng the blocks into slAb.. Nrmcent work had ihTi lM.,.ndon/it tbetnneol our vis, t m , horougidy 1-slthe J -/ I ^■', M 1 jUUl 1 N 1/t the' piM>|„ , Is -rfuijav^rablr^ 7 -* — ye at * of rid wo sl^i ine o^e ret) A \i. \ 1H47 by I .easte Htont with takei inaik is seri ' ' Fla, "eur J ' t'l'ook^ ^ ••ockM' K'>o(l,/' • eleWu^ Tho Cornerf 5^ J.^enus f-rrUHl i'l eiylic '■eadily j Nliiicfior brooko, 1 (he now ■■"id aruT Tbo p;. «xfreiui(.i|i "lead J II, I Hur hMtH)n '»en.tt«i,i„ EU.S.] ECONOMIC MINERALS. i ■7 \ *■« ■r ■♦ -1 of 1 onn . K T ' ^^'"^ draw-ki|„,s are now in ''''"^'l^^'-'T " Hitiiatod J* ^'"1 (lark shaly pm.tj, ^ " "^ *'""' <»'io (o ,.„;i,, ;, , taki'ii oin -^ '""^"'M^^- '^'oiieN • jii,,,,,^. . " "A'"' melius, ■Sl=iSr"':3.fe^ ^''« lin.eHton,. oC^.,^ ,r". '■"^'"'-- «'••"<'.. '" V"? kto . Cornor.s aJno in'".' i" '" '' "'^'^""plHomaLro- j,, ,.,;', '^;;r"™""^ ^ --■■".•;":;::::y'':;^:-:,:r-»- T"...; :;:;■:: ';::':;"■-■-: '-"" ''-^- •'"rriiTtt. t ;±!'-T'-:";.i:;:i.;:r:!i:::::;r':- .,.., f -* — f- A- ." •#* < '■'* h' 1* \- \% > 70 j' THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. Now |{iicl<1iii Slnto Co. llaiisilli' .-'lllll' On "^ Serpmtine.—Tho di8ti-ibution of this rock has ah-eady been given. Blocks and slabs have be^n taken out and polished, at intervals, for , many years ; some are admirably adapted for interior deco.-ative purposes, and are very beautiful. The ston^, however, is not suited ■for exterior woi'k as it weathers rapidly and loses its polish. Ditti- cjiity i.s experienced in gettin.ir out large and perfect blocks owing to Ihr presence of numerous small flaws aiid the jointed character ol the rock which renders it ditlicult to split in any given direction, but Tor th^nanufacture of small artich-s it furnishes a handsome iuid easily worked material. . » k ,, ^ -.SVrtff'.—Oiilv two slate ([uarries are at present in operation, that of the New {{..ckland Slate Co.. in the township of .Melbourne, and the 'Danville School Slate t^iai'ry, which has been cl.)sed for some years, bu)L lately re-opened, by a new company. The .letails of the former, which is now being worked on a very extensive scale, will be found m .M'l-. ("ost^'s report. \o facilitate transport, the 'Company have, during the pa^f^-iear, built a line of nairow gauge railway iVom the Grand 'fruidi to -their (quarry, a distance o^' about four miles. At the Danville (juarry the work ho tar has been largely of ,a pre- liinimiry natui'c. The
\ v^ .^MHiiiiiMlilHll d ' No. -5. MAP OF THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. Geologically Colored. SOUTH EAST QUARTER SHEET To accompany Part J., Annual Reiiopt, 1886 ^ \ ■* f * .*?■ «V,.' A^ .>" ^ ; y - '». ^ . ■ >-»—-■'' v..»~a^-: w~ ,•' ■^'mm'"»'' <-tv^».-' tx'i-f ■U ■*'- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) , V. v^ .» 1.0 I.I lii|^ tea Sf L& 12.0 1.8 . ).25||U III l-<^ J ^ ^ • «" - — ' . 'V ^ ' : — ^ , ^ "W Photographic Sciences . Corporation ^g^^- ^ 39 WKT MAIN STRUT WIUTiR,N.Y. I4SM (7U)l73-4»09 r ^ ;\ \ ^ ^ m \'^:i ■* >'?*•, % •\ 'r I ^ O , /^ * --^ \ .v'-Js' r !■: ^' ,')»*-» V f Sri^^Ki'mn^; / / / <*, 1^ «► .■ ~~~~" ■ ALFRED H.C.SELWVN, CJ«.a,UJ)., F. R.S.8c,0IRECT0R . 1887. ''iilllipi, • ^""^*"S KlTl f* w ^p W yi^:,jL:5rf*: l^^ s (iliiiiailiilli ■r ^ 91 T V ^/^ (SflrkJKiial mANmraliSBtin?ti*tocgitf€a^ ALFRED R.C.SELWYN,C*I.G.,LLD, F.R.S.ac,OIRECTOR . IB87. D V k'S.'" fr^ ,-«ic/v m(^fy> -"•' v^/Z^^.0^?><^ 1^ ^^7 W2// w/7Z^yiZyy7hZy^ re '0%C f7^ ^-."^ W m ^ '^' ^m/ //Ir/y ^ //rOhJ ^ m w h^^B ^'y' V/^ ^^/^ Cw^ll^^^^M , / ^A ^ ^ iM ^^Xj^^V^^^ / • >^j wl^^ r. yifY/if^y^^ c t^^ ^jl^ ^^7 y^%>'' K^^^fS . nHf.HHiuiinn mmw i fl ihBT ** ^3 <* ;^ fl h fc * ¥5^ NOTB 1. Tlii! areas of diorlte, dlnrfllc ana lo me rate, etc , wiiloh occur iu the townahiptt of Shlpton, Ttn»rwlrk and Wutton, arf tndfcAtt^d on the map %» detafihed miifiat'9, the int**rveiitn(; spiM^es belD(F frenertUy tX)T- pred by (trit'i, though In places IcdtfSB of slate oocar. WhHp, tlnTefnre, Bom*? nf th^se apparently deiAched arvnx tii;ty lti> inntiiuiotta, thore in oftivn n<» poctltiTt) proof that sm h t» tin' ciibp, and It has therefore hoiiu;hl bv>#X ,to dep4ot them rs Sfparate oat- crops, tho ucut-ral treud of which clwarly lndtoat«tii the course of the votcaulu portion of this series. • NOTB 3. The fltrttctiire In snrae of the areas colored Pre- raiiihrUn, more espeolatly tn the iownshTps of CheS' ler anil 'Woifentown, ts exceeitlntflr complIoaUHl. Th«rt' are two stirtrs of rocks, dcHcribed lo the accom- panyluf^ report uo probably representinx two ftla- tliict flyst«nne , onn consists lar^f^ly of chiorlttc^ tal- uoae and micaceous, oftun guartzose sohittts, which, from position and character. Is bt^lJevHd to belong to the t're Cambrian, white the other, largely madn up ot Hsndatunes, tiuartxltes, and Klates of various colora. soniy of whicli ate achlat^ise. t/j,erly be- lon^f to the ('amt)rian br|t. Hlnillar cloae Infoldlntfi,. of strata of widely separftt4-d hortsous la seen at other pointa, more particularly in the township of Stoke. wh.Tf the foaatllferous Hllurtan beds arc ap- parently «onrorinabIy liiier«tr,ititle of Hilurua atife. t # KXI»li^\NAT|()N OK TIIK COLORS Si/nriftn Vy. I Cninhtyi Sihiriiiii ^^ , I CttinhrUin Pfr f'fiiiiitfin n Or^t tuff Itioii h< Sffftriiliff m 'I -. V ' 1 ! t 1 1- 1 1 ^^ |^.^ii $ '/.> Tt) tui itnypiitw I'tirt ./, Anniutl Hrftuit. IHiiH ^:-'t-v ■^ i »<»• .... _, It ' ' S^^^^^l te I I .•a.,^ j r==^ ^f Hi 1 -N » - ~, — ;;; ■■y^ ' f^^^^^^^^^^l^ yd 11^ m ..J ^S 51"' nl^^Vl^^^^U J.^ \ ^ :^n: I \x^ A " '"'l— ^ — — tt (mi.-r CJwrvft BaUwafi .'iiatiim Lights Fun/ (iolii Co/t/H-r . Iron Manganitse Soapmlnrui REFEffEVCE WOJ^FE ^-£'ii'£-'!fi BLKVRY' - JIAM —r ST Maj-i«- - I lira Con. ^ ' _ — __' --:, ,'111 7* I 1 & lo till ^— X L^ 1 P.O. CK. Sta. ^^ * — -x •Srnio >.'i34«i > 1 f^ ^^/l a f P ::> , t,. i.iM-.l .,,1 , i.;il ' -i| ore liiiH bf'Cli ot-m rv< *I at llir iioii.! i: sT mi- ■! 1 I o. »«rr»'iMti'« nn- not i .Mj llued to iiii> j^.t'l^'lhir trill. ',nt, a*- will i .■ nhufi vf.1. arc f.in'ftl \v ♦ 'i I i liiiibrisl', > AinlirMi', >ii'l -I t!iiifii t:. t'l^' ' .i.;, H'! iiM;ir- It. ■»') I if n \ i-t Ik M-'Wr. ;■., a .'^ , i i ),■ >» ■ rtM.- ^Ii !■■ clltf !-• ■ ■.('!'•■' "T" '-r' ■•■■:. IM ■■■! ' ■ "■ - Blld I' !il«ti.rt<- "l^ll'-l- -li ■■' "i- i'"' ■ ": ' f' " lower > -iM.l'rii.u *\ >l.'i.i< \ r,, . ■' f ,- . .. wUt-rf (..[H^rr 'f- li.i« tf. T, n.f.-l 'c T ■ 1 .■' rcwtilMc-* (« ^iv.i) -xt 11, •■ ,!!■! .f \i:. ■..■■■-.. 1. Coniftilnl iiriil OniMii /'i, //o/hH /{iw/otr. .'iiiivii/orX- l)r>iiuiht.viiiiii. .Vontitiil . with. aJdilums aiid loiyvctuma taUiH7,b^'HcoUBiirluw Chief IhxauftUmiian l!tytluifu:al Siiiv^v , <>Utiwa i Milrs ~-^- 't ConipUnt iiHii vfith luUiUutn I't-oluqual Stii Yi ^ Cow I tits Sriifniwie.v T<>wnihif>.t Parishes REFOtEyCE WOLFE __f "*"'i''i'ri • HLKVRY . JIAM S'"- Mario - ^^.,.:-_.. Hiiniiet ii- ('oiiiu'xtiona IlllllCo/i. i — l.€tU , 1 6 lo l__k : . — ^ 1 j l\,f1 tHYi.-r P O. C/wn-tl Ch Riiihnw .ItixUon Sta. 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II .\\ til'- '-lii) f t'.. w, . .I..1 ... la UiU-H r "S^' c r\ I'll . > '^: J7"« DinriU' Si-rprnlini' f IIIih' I.iix-si Lilltt'sl fttU'S Fossils OP / MRT OFTm PRO 7l T/f^y/1 ULL \y \dhj /«^< dc%r^& m CAMADi v. f/,rrr/f(>/ff>/'Ah\V/-:./,/'ffft/f/h'fM/A'ffff'/M^ht/o^//y^ /,'ii^/ff'f// iff fyf/nf/ ut /hr y^'tp'di >>/' /Ar Staff ff /n^m M'/ ^ //' /(S'rWy 'is . V,'//^ yim m/t/i/f^ii /tn//tfMiiytny tH /A'/.lar/i /r/trf/m/tytu/r/ m^t/ir/ '7'/fr Aki y/f/( 7fiifMrfu/tSfiMfy frm n/tnnyff^ /// \Vii//(frSM/f.i\ //J^«//K/7 'IT J 4r INI BuniANO lITn caMONTMAL T