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EMIGEATION TO CANADA AND THE 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 PRACTICAL HINTS AND DIRECTIONS. 
 
 The subjoined directions and remarks have been suggested 
 by the inquiries frequently made by persons who wish to 
 emigrate to the Dominion of Canada, or other parts of 
 the American Continent. 
 
 Which is the Isest Field for Immigration ? 
 
 This is a question of vital importance to all who 
 intend leaving the home of their youth to settle in a new 
 and to them unknown land, as on a proper selection in 
 respect to this their future success and happiness are 
 mainly dependent. 
 
 THE DOMZITION OF CANADA : 
 
 HoTTT* it may lae reached, and the Prospects 
 
 of Emigrants. 
 
 The Dominion of Canada, even when in a compara- 
 tively disunited condition, has long been a favourite 
 field for emigration among the industrious occupants of 
 densely-peopled countries in different parts of Europe. 
 The advantages there held out to emigrants have been 
 
 Cv?) 
 
immensely enhanced by the union of the whole of the 
 Provinces into one great Federal Dominion, governed by 
 one legislature, and having its public alFairs administered 
 on one regulated principle, by which the interests of all 
 <;lasse8 can be more thoroughly comprehended and cared 
 for. The political aspect of the question, however, 
 ^ilthough by no means unimportant, is not that which 
 most immediately concerns the emigrant, who is much 
 more deeply interested in the natural and social condition 
 of the country, as these must materially affect his 
 prospects of immediate comfort and of future and 
 ultimate success. 
 
 To afford some reliable information on these points, 
 a delegate was sent out from Working Men's Societies 
 in England. The delegate so sent, reports his observa- 
 tions and impressions in a letter dated from Ottawa in 
 October, 1871. In this straightforward document, 
 speaking of the working classes, he says : " How very 
 few of them are aware that the British Possessions in 
 North America contain 390,000 square miles — more than 
 the entire area of the United States. It is true a large 
 portion of it is sterile and unfit for human habitation ; 
 but so is a great portion of the United States. After 
 making due allowance, there is good land available for 
 cultivation in British America, with varied resources, 
 sufficient to sustain more than 150,000,000 of a popula- 
 tion. This immense territory comprises the Colonies of 
 Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and the Dominion 
 of Canada, which includes Upper and Lower Canada, 
 
now called the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec ; the 
 Provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia ; the new 
 Province of Manitoba, and the great North-west Territory, 
 British Columbia, and Vancouver Island — thus extending 
 from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, a distance of 
 3400 miles." Thus presenting an area " big enough for 
 all " for centuries to come. 
 
 The delegate referred to proceeds : " The climate of 
 this vast country is hotter in the summer and colder in 
 the winter than Western Europe ; but it is healthy and 
 favourable to the growth of a hardy and industrious 
 population, which, although at present under four 
 millions, has laid the foundation, under shelter of the 
 British flag, of another great North American Confeder-. 
 ation, where people, lightly taxed, live happily and 
 contented on land which they can call their own, and 
 under just and equal laws, honestly and fairly admin- 
 istered." 
 
 He continues : " The progress in wealth which these 
 people have made in two or three generations is 
 astonishing, when we bear in mind that they had vast 
 forests to clear away, and nothing to commence with but 
 stout hearts and willing hands. The soil,jiot long since 
 covered with trees ard brush, now annually yields about 
 ^200,000,000 worth of agricultural produce ; and over 
 $30,000,000 worth of timber is yearly drawn from her 
 immense forests. But her great mineral wealth of coal, 
 iron, copper, lead, &c., is scarcely developed for want of 
 capital and labour." 
 
All the advantages alluded to are fully and amply 
 corroborated by official reports from the Central and 
 Provincial Governments, all of which, and particularly 
 those of Quebec, Ontario, and New Brunswick, hold out 
 the greatest facilities and encouragement to new settlers, 
 whose interests are attended to with the utmost care. 
 The classes of emigrants most in request are farmers, 
 mechanics of most descriptions, masons, carpenters and 
 joiners, miners, bricklayers, shoemakers, agricultural, and 
 indeed all kinds of labourers who are able and willing to 
 work. 
 
 Tlie question of how these desirable places of settle- 
 ment may most easily, comfortably, and economically be 
 reached, is one of deep importance to the intending emi- 
 grant, particularly to such emigrants as are accompanied 
 by families. For the means of conveyance, no port in the 
 Kingdom, or indeed in Europe, presents equal advantages 
 with Liverpool. Twice, and indeed occasionally three 
 times, every week, first-class steamers sail thence for the 
 Dominion of Canada, despatched by the " Allan" Steam- 
 ship Company, direct for Quebec in the summer, and for 
 Portland during the winter. 
 
 Precautions to be ol)served on Arrival. 
 
 The emigrant on arrival at Quebec or Montreal, or 
 at Halifax (N.S.), or at Miramichi (New Brunswick), 
 should immediately consult with the Government Immi- 
 gration Agents at those ports, who will give him the 
 best advice as to his movements for settlement or 
 
6 
 
 obtaining employment in those Provinces. In every 
 case, he should consult the Government Agent as to 
 modes of travel. The Agent and Clerks are always 
 in attendance at the Government Station, to attend ta 
 the wants of emigrants, who should take care not to 
 listen to the opinions or advice of persons hanging about 
 the places of lauding — the business of such parties being 
 to make profit out of emigrants. Emigrants who go 
 out to join friends or relations already settled in the 
 country should go on at once. Farm Labourers will get 
 plenty of work to do in the farming districts. The 
 Agent will not assist any one who loses his time by 
 staying about the city, unless when detained by sickness^ 
 or for some other good reason. It cannot be too 
 frequently stated that the chief qualifications for an 
 emigrant are sobriety, industry, and perseverance. 
 Possessed of these, no one need despair of making a 
 happy and comfortable home in the Dominion of Canada- 
 Land Purchase. 
 
 Land can be purchased in Canada on very easy terms. 
 Any person can buy vacant lands open for settlement 
 from the Dominion Government in most of the Provinces, 
 at the rate of about $1 (4s. 2d. sterling) per acre. Any 
 person of 21 years of age, being a British subject either 
 by birth or naturalisation, may make an application to 
 the Land Officer to be entered for a free grant of one- 
 quarter of a section of 160 acres, or for any less quantity, 
 for a homestead, and thereby a continuous residence 
 
thereon for three years, and not having alienated the 
 same, or any part thereof, he will be entitled to a Crown 
 Deed, upon receiving which the land becomes his abso- 
 lute property in fee-simple. 
 
 VIRQINIA & NOHTB CAEOLIITA : 
 
 Sow they may lae reached, and the 
 Prospects of Emigrants. 
 
 Since the conclusion of the late disastrous war, which 
 occasioned devastation in the States which formed the 
 principal seat of conflict, the attention of the Government 
 has been turned towards the best means of restoring and 
 extending agriculture. With this view, encouragement 
 is held out for the settlement of agriculturists of all 
 classes, particularly for those with moderate capital and 
 practical experience. In response to this encouragement, 
 on the 29th of April last there were landed at the port 
 of Norfolk, at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, from the 
 "Allan" Steamer "Moravian," a band of ninety-one 
 individuals from Great Britain, seeking places of settle- 
 ment in the Southern States. Of that number, fifty had 
 determined to select Virginia for their place of settlement. 
 The class of these settlers may be inferred from the fact 
 that two-thirds of them were cabin passengers, and that 
 their luggage in every case exceeded £100 in value, the 
 limit allowed by law before customs duties are exacted. 
 In reference to this emigration wave, the Norfolk Journal 
 of the 1st of May, in a half-regretful style, says : — "But 
 while this tide passes from the mother-country to her 
 
8 
 
 aforetime Colony through our port, cannot we stop some 
 of the farmers for our immediate neighbourhood ? Can- 
 not Lincolnshire send us some of those young men who, 
 tired of rental and pnrisli rates, find themselves at Christ- 
 mas no better off than at Easter, although a summer has 
 ended and a harvest has passed? Accustomed to bog 
 and fen, and ditching and dyking, they would be at home 
 in our Princess Ann and Norfolk Counties, and with 
 willing hands would make some of our old fields, now 
 repining, smile with corn and oats." This is an indica- 
 tion of the class of settlers who will meet with an eager 
 welcome in Virginia and North Carolina. The highlands 
 of these States are said to combine, what is so much 
 djesired, the advantages of a mild winter and an exemption 
 from exhausting heat in summer. Speaking of the 
 district situated between the Blue Ridge and the Alle- 
 ghany Mountains, the Western Daily Express says : — 
 " It is surpassed by no country in point of salubrity ; for 
 pure soft water, and for cool, exhilarating, summer air 
 it is almost unrivalled. The soil is in most parts fertile, 
 but the culture has generally been shallow ; clover thrives, 
 so that by deep ploughing and clovering it, where 
 exhausted by cultivation, it can easily be restored to its 
 original fertility. The productions are corn, wheat, rye, 
 oats, and buckwheat, which, together with the grasses, 
 flourish everywhere. Tobacco, potatoes, cabbage, root 
 crops, apples, peaches, grapes, berries, &c., are success- 
 - fully cultivated. The Continent does not afford more 
 favourable conditions for profitable cattle-farming, wool- 
 
9 
 
 growing, cheese and butter making." Tlieae are, 
 unquestionably, alluring characteristics, and now that 
 emigration to the Southern States has been started, there 
 can be little doubt that it will continue and extend. To 
 afford the means for carrying on this attractive trade, 
 Messrs. Allan Brothers & Co. have already com- 
 menced to run one of their magnificent Steam-shii)s, with 
 Mails for Norfolk and Baltimore, every alternate Tuesday; 
 and, if the requirements of the trade demand it, addi- 
 tional Steamers can readilly be supplied out of the noble 
 fleet belonging to the Montreal Ocean Steam-ship 
 Company. 
 
 The Virginians feel that the time has come when 
 England should be enlightened as to the advantages 
 •open to persons wishing to emigrate. With this view, 
 there has been organised in Norfolk (Virginia), ihe 
 " Settlers' and Emigrants' Aid Society." The object of 
 this Society is to afford information, and, if need be, 
 protection to Emigrants, which should be at once applied 
 for on landing. 
 
 Steerage Passage. 
 
 The fares charged by this Company, and indeed by 
 most if not all of the American Steam-ship Companies, are, 
 
 £6 6 for each adult. 
 3 3 0,, children under eight years. 
 110,, infants under twelve months. 
 
10 
 
 These fares, it should be observed, include the whole- 
 charge for the voyage, and for a plentiful supply of 
 provisions during its currency, which generally occupies 
 from ten to twelve days. 
 
 Securing a Passage. 
 
 The Company referred to have Agents in nearly every 
 town in the Kingdom and in many parts of the Con- 
 tinent. Any one of these will at all times be able and 
 willing to afford information, as well as to grant passage-^ 
 tickets to intending emigrants. If, however, the 
 emigrant is unable or unwilling to make arrangements 
 with a Local Agent, he should at once write to the Head 
 Office *n Liverpool- where his requirements will meet 
 with immediate attention. Generally speaking, it ia 
 better to secure the ticket from the Local Agent, as he 
 can at all times sell it at as low a price as it can be had 
 for in Liverpool, and sometimes for even less, as it 
 occasionally happens, particularly in the Spring and 
 Autumn months, that there are large numbers at that 
 Port desirous of obtaining a passage, which causes a rise 
 in the fares there, while the Country Agents can issue 
 tickets at the lowest rate. A ticket can be purchased 
 by paying a deposit of £1 for each adult, and the balance 
 can be paid at the Head Office at the Port of Embarkation 
 the day before sailing ; or, if he prefers it, the emigrant 
 can pay the whole of the passage-money to the Agent. 
 
11 
 Luggage. 
 
 It is not advisable for the emigrant to send his 
 luggage by goods train, as it may be delayed on the way, 
 which might cause him to lose his passage. He should 
 take his luggage with him, and take care that it is 
 properly addressed. A bag is the most c6nvenient thing 
 in which to carry the clothing required during the voy- 
 age, as ail heavy luggage is stowed away in the hold of 
 the ship. 
 
 Lodging-Houses. 
 
 The emigrant must present his ticket at the Office of 
 the Company, at the Port of Embarkation, the day before 
 sailing, which will necessitate him to remain there one 
 night, as tiie embarkation generally takes place early 
 on the day of sailing. If he has no friends with whom 
 he can stay, the Agent from whom he has obtained his 
 ticket may be able to direct him to a respectable place ; 
 if not, let him write to Allan Brothers & Co., Liverpool, 
 who will send him the address of a lodging-house, where 
 he can be comfortable, and live moderately. 
 
 1/Coney. 
 
 If the emigrant has money which he wishes to take 
 with him, he should not purchase American money in 
 this country. He should take it in gold or Bank of 
 England notes, for either of which he will get the highest 
 rate of exchange in America ; or he can obtain a draft 
 from the Steam-ship Company, which is less bulky, and 
 is equally as good as gold or notes. 
 
12 
 
 The ''Allan" Line of Steamers, 
 
 OE, AS THE COMPANY 18 SOMETIMES CALLED, 
 
 The Montreal Ocean Steam-ship Company, 
 
 Has its principal office in Alexandra Buildings, James 
 Street, Liverpool. The fleet belonging to this Company 
 consists at present of Twenty-two first-class Steamers, 
 which are navigated by able and experienced com- 
 manders and highly competent officers. These Steamers 
 nearly all carry Mails, and tiie Canadian News 
 •of the 23rd May, 1872, says : — "The mail steamers have 
 run during the year with exemplary regularity and 
 expedition, the average length of voyage westward being 
 11 days 17 hours; eastward, 10 days 15 hours. For 
 the summer season, the average passage westward was 
 10 days 5 hours, and eastward 9 days 20 hours. 
 We may mention that this average is to and from 
 Liverpool, and not from the Port of Call in Ireland. 
 Passengers arriving at Quebec or Portland are trans- 
 ferred with their baggage free to the railway trains, 
 which come alongside the vessel at the wharf. The 
 same regulations as to transfer of passengers and 
 baggage are in operation at Halifax, Norfolk, and 
 Baltimore, and thus passengers avoid the expenses and 
 delays that are experienced at other ports. The Agent 
 of the Montreal Ocean Steam-ship Company superintends 
 the transference of passengers and baggage to the 
 railway trains ; and thus ensures quick despatch, and 
 
13 
 
 A 
 
 protects passengers from the intrigues of designing 
 lodging-housekeepers and others, who are ready to take 
 advantage of the newly-arrived emigrant. 
 
 Intermediate Passengers are provided by the Com- 
 pany with Beds, Bedding, and all necessary utensils 
 required for the voyage ; but Steerage Passengers have 
 to provide themselves with a Plate, Mug, Knife, Fork, 
 Spoon, and Water-can, and also with Bedding ; all of 
 which can be purchased for a .few shillings in Liverpool, 
 Londonderry, or Queenstown. 
 
 Passengers must have their Bedding, and other 
 necessaries which may be required on the voyage, out of 
 their boxes before going on board, as they will have no 
 opportunity of getting them after the Luggage has been 
 stowed away in the ship's hold. 
 
 Intermediate and Steerage Stewardesses. 
 
 The Owners of the " Allan " Line, being desirous to 
 promote as far as possible the comfort of their Passen- 
 gers, have appointed 
 
 Intermediate and Steerage Stewardesses 
 
 
 
 to each of their vessels, to attend to the wants of Female 
 Passengers and Children during the voyage. This 
 arrangement cannot fail to be appreciated by all who 
 travel by this Line. 
 
 The Intermediate Passage is Three Guineas higher 
 than the Steerage, and Bills of Fare can be obtained 
 upon application to the Company, or any of their Agents. 
 
14 
 
 Steerage Bill of Fare. 
 
 Passengers will be supplied with as much food as 
 they can eat, all of the best qualiiy, and which has been 
 examined and put on board under the special inspection 
 of Her Majesty's Emigration Officers, and cooked and 
 served out hy the Compawfs Servants. 
 
 Breakfast at Eight o'Clock. 
 
 Coifee, Sugar, and Fresh Bread; or Biscuit and 
 Butter ; or Oatmeal Porridge and Molasses. 
 
 Dinner at One o'Clock. 
 
 Beef or Pork and Soup, with Bread and Potatoes; or 
 Fish and Potatoes, according to the day of the week ; 
 and on Sunday Pudding will be added. 
 
 Supper at Six o'Clock. 
 
 Tea, Sugar, and Biscuit and Butter. 
 
 Intermediate and Steerage Passengers will be allowed 
 Ten Cubic Feet for Luggage for each adult ; and Five 
 Cubic Feet for each child paying Half-fare ; for all over 
 that quantity a charge of Is. per cubic foot will be made. 
 Passengers must take charge of and see to the shipment 
 of their own Luggage, as the Company do not hold 
 themselves in any way responsible for it. 
 
 All Intermediate and Third Class Passengers 
 embarking at Liverpool must be at the Office of the 
 Company in Liverpool not later than Eight o'Clock. in 
 the Evening of the day before the advertised date of 
 sailing, before which time the balance of the Passage- 
 money must be paid, or the deposit forfeited. 
 
15 
 
 All Intel'mediate and Third Class Passengers 
 -embarking at Londonderry or Queenstown must be at the 
 Office of the Agents at Londonderry or Queenstown not 
 later than Eight o' Clock in the Evening of the day 
 before sailing from that Port, when the balance of the 
 Passage-money must be paid, or the deposit forfeited. 
 
 Passengers will have to strictly conform to the rules 
 laid down by the Company. 
 
 Passengers booked through to all parts of Canada or 
 the Unx!:ed States on very moderate terms. 
 
 Passages can be secured by sending a deposit of £1 
 on each berth to the undersigned, with particulars of 
 name and age of each Passenger. 
 
 An experienced Surgeon is attached to each Steamer. 
 
 Drafts issued on Quebec, Montreal, or Chicago for 
 £1 and upwards, free of charge. 
 
"AIM" LINE OE MIL STEAMERS, 
 
 Under Contract with the Oovemment of Canada for the Conveyance of tb« 
 
 CANADIAN AND UNITED STATES MAII.S, 
 
 RlJNNINa m CONNECTION WITH THBT " ;'— . 
 
 GRAND TRUNK, BALTIMORE AND OHIO, AlfD: OTHER Hik^WATS, 
 
 And forwarding Passengers on easy terms to all Stations in Canada, aq^ th© Wpstem 
 
 and Southern States. 
 
 S.S. SABMATIAN. 
 
 SCANDINAVIAN. 
 
 PRUSSIAN. 
 
 PERUVIAN. 
 
 NESTORIAN. 
 
 HIBERNIAN. 
 
 AUSTRIAN. 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 MORAVIAN. 
 
 NORWAY. 
 
 S.S. POLYNESIAN. 
 
 CIRCASSIAN- 
 CORINTa^AN. 
 N. AMERICAN. 
 CASPIAN. 
 MANIX^DBAN. 
 ST. DAVm. 
 SWEDEN. 
 ST. ANDREW. 
 ST. PATRICK. 
 
 LIVERPOOL TO QUEBEC, 
 
 EVERY TUESDAY AND THURSDAY, 
 
 Calling at LONDONDERRY to embark Mails and Passengers. 
 
 LIVERPOOL TO NORFOLK (Virginia) & BALTIMORE, 
 
 VIA HALIFAX, EVERY ALTERNATE TUESDAY, 
 
 Calling at QUEENSTOWN to embark Mails and Passengers. 
 CABIN FARE to above Forts, £18 IBs. Od, and £15 ISs. Od., according to position of State-room. 
 
 GLASGOW TO QUEBEC 
 
 EVERY TUESDAY, Calling- at DUBLIN to embark Passengers. 
 
 CABIN FARE— £13 138. Od. 
 
 QUEBEC TO LIVERPOOL 
 
 EVERY SATURDAY, Calling at LONDONDERRY to land Mails and Passenger*. 
 CABIN FARE— 80 Dollars and 70 DoUars. 
 
 BALTIMORE TO LIVERPOOL 
 
 EVERY ALTERNATE TUESDAY. 
 
 RETURN TICKETS, available by either of above Routes, issued on very 
 
 advantageous terms. i 
 
 The Steamers of this Line are well known for their rapid passages. The Saloon and 
 Bleeping accommodation is unsurpassed for elegance and comfort, and the style of living 
 is all that one could msh. Cabin fare, however, does not include Wines and LiquorSi 
 bat thev can be obtained on board on the usual terms. 
 
 THROUGH TICKETS can be issued to all parts of Canada and the United States. 
 
 BAGGAGE taken from the Ocean Steam-ships to the Railway Cars free of expense. 
 
 las' During the Winter Months— from the beginning of November until the first week 
 in April — the Steamers go to Portland instead of Quebec, the same Railway facilities being 
 in operation there for TlAough Booking to all parts of Canada and the States. 
 
 The route via Portland should specially commend itself to travellers to and from the 
 EASTERN STATES; that via Quebec to those going to the WEST; and that via Norfolk 
 and Baltimore to those going tiOUTH*> 
 
 For further particulars apply to 
 
 ALLAIT BBOTHEZtS $6 CO., 
 
 Alexandra Buildings, James Street, Liverpool..