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REPOET
OF
CORRECTION.
• mm
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' Port Whitby — well known as one of the best
Harbors on Lake Ontario — has been inadvertently
omitted from the Map. The omission was discover-
ed too late to make the proper correction.
ORDERED BY THE COUISULL UJ^ uiMAtiiv^,
JUNE SESSION, 1863.
' • 6
WHITBY, C. W.
W. H. HIGGINS, COUNTY BOOK AND JOB PRINTER, BROCK .STREET.
1868.
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REPORT
Of
THOMAS C. KEEFER, ESQ., C. E.
OP SURVEY OP
GEORGIAN BAY CANAL
1,
ROUTE TO LAKE ONTARIO, n
BY WAY OP
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fake §01000, aaompanieb toit^ Paps, t^^
ORDERED BY THE COUNCIL OP ONTARIO,
JUNE SESSION, 1863.
WHITBY, C. W. ^
W. H. HIGGINS, COUNTY BOOK AND JOB PRINTER, BROCK STREET.
1868. :
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INTRODUCTION.
The following Report is the result of a Survey
ordered by the County Council of Ontario, in pursu-
ance of a recommendation in the Report of the
Standing Committee on Roads and Bridges appoint-
ed by that body, as follows : —
" That in view of the importance, of having the
" advantages of a Canal Route through this County,
" duly ascertained ; your Committee would recora-
" mend that a sum not exceeding $600, be appro-
" priated in ascertaining by a Survey, the advantages
" and practicability, of a route through this County
'' for the making a Canal connecting the Georgian
" Bay, with Lake Ontario, and that the same be ex-
" pended under the direction of your Committee."
The appropriation was only designed to obtain
a preUminary Survey, shewing the practicability of
the Route through the County of Ontario, and its
advantages, as compared with other proposed routes ;
consequently, Mr. Keeper, the Engineer employed
by the Chairman of the Committee has not entered
into calculations, or figures of cost in his report.
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REPORT.
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ijjiij ij.'i.lu'li '.lit io.-.7'>i,i'.v 'ill v' ^'•''' -J''' '*'''■;-'.' i>iJi>dn"fi ;'.i<» v!n.'
to KB: FAIRBANKS, Esq,; Osha^d lVh(m7iUm
of (He Standing Committee on Roads and Brid^es^
..,jOo%nty CovMcil^ofthQ County of Ontario, uMimm
SIR:
.i.ui.iii ijiiUiioo ■;«.! •■layiu
if..; :;,. V • !,X have the houor, to report that, in compliantje
with your in^tjructions, I have examined the couutry between
the Townships of Whitby and Thorali, in the County of Onta--;
rip,: as well as the valleys oi the Scugog, Sturgeon, and Baisan),
Lake?, and the "iTalbot Portage route, in order to determine
the praqticabili|-y.. of constructing a Canal between Lake Sim'*
co^, and Lake Qn^ario,, by the route of Lake Scugog., ; t -t
The prJicticability of connecting Lake Siracoe, with Lake
Huron, is assumed i — and I have no reason to doubt that thi&
may be done, either by th^ natural roiite, ot the Severn river
or by the Nottawasaga,--so that if Lake Simcoe, can be con-
nected with Lake Ontaria via Scugog, a route for a Georgian
Bay Canal may be had, whicti will be as direct as any other,'
and at the same time be in communication with the Irllflthd
WftterS'T-or the Trent Navigation* '><f ♦aJ«'" **'' '" vn:tv'jM..({>.
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The renewed importance which has been given to a Geor-.
gian Bay Canal, since the diversion of Western trade from the
Mississippi to the great Lakes, has itiduoed your County Au-
thorities to undertake this examination, in order to bring for-
ward the merits ot the Scugog route, in competition with the
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10
only one hitherto agitated, that by the valleys of the Holland and
Humber rivers — west of Toronto.
!Pefore pi^oceeduig if^ giv.^ the ri^t^t o^b|^ ess^m^ijiatbnK ^
will refer to the question of a caqal betyreen I^akes Hurpu and
Ontario, generally in order to shew, that the two routes above
mentioned, are the only direct ones, which offer any induce*
xnents for consideration.
The object sought by the Georgian Bay Canal in contradis-
tinction to the Welland route, via Lake Erie, on the one hand,
and the Ottawa route, via Lake Nipiasing on the other, is to
afford a navigation which shall avoid the detour, and extra
Insurance of Lakes Brie and St. Olair, — the Detroit and St.
Clair Rivers, and especially the shoals known as the "St. Clair
flats ;'' and at the same time give a route, not only to Mon-
treal— -but froiijL Chicago to NewYork, via Q9V}effQy which the
Ottawa route could not do. The. height and bireadth of tlae
dividing ridges betweeii Huron and Ontario, make it imp]ractii-<
c^blc to nae the w^ti^s of tih^ $>rmer as a feeder and thusr ob-
tain the min^mun^ lockage, as is tbe ca,se between Erie and
Ontario, on the route of the WeHand C^nal; — a higher in*
termodiate level mudt therefore be resorted to but there is a
shortening of the route, between Chicago, and Oswego of 250.
miles, to be — set off against the increased lockage required on
the Georgian Bay route. . i ,
The range within which a canal route be^iween Huron and
Ontario can be sought for, is limited to the valley of Lake Sim-
coe, which is common to every route : and, as already mention-
1 it
n
ed, this L^A^Q mt^jr h^ €(ntter94 f»oii« Lajk;e H^v<>ii> eUbev from
th,€) moiVlih^ of tbo ^Qlt>^wasag£Vt or S^-epD rivers*: l»ut th« iiaage
by wl^ioh QomwumontiQa l}et^\y;«Qi) Lal^e Simooe i^nd Xi^ke Oor
t^cio is pQi^]l>lj9 ifl omcH: W¥lev>. extending irom tbo Humber
Vi^Uey, WQa% ot Toronto, to the wofttb of the Treat ia the Bay
oiQainte* > ,^ .; i .v ; , ; . >. ,
As the extreme Eastern outlet, (altho) the natural one, em-
braces a length of Navigation ot over 200 miles between Huron
and Ontario, in addition to the maximum lockage, it cannot
come into competition with either of the other routes in point
oi distance, and the question then arrises whether the difficul-
ties in overcoming the natural barriers between Simcoe and
Ontario on any direct route, w.9.^1d iorqe a resort to the ciroui-
tons one of the inland waters. ';;" -i •; ,.
To this it may be sa?d that there is evidently a limit within
which the route ot a Georgian Bay Canal may be lengthened,
because, with the inevitable excess of lockage, a direct route is
the only one which could, on commercial grounds alone, be
advocated in competition with the enlargement of the Welland
Canal ; a canal which has the advantage not only of the mini-
mi^m Lockage and co^t, but also of accommodating the trade
ot Lake ^I'io, as well as that of Huron, Michigan, and Superior.
In a military point of view there would be an advantage in
favor of a Georgian Bay route, (besides the local benefits con-
ferred) over any enlargement ot the Welland, or of a second
canal on that route : and if the St. Claii' Fiats may be regard-
ed ^s a perms^nent obsta<cle tO' navigaibion, the commercial super*
I
12
iority at «ach a rotiibe for ihe trade of 'Harori^ Mldhfgfun> aaid
Superior, would be very decided. As a tnero tailitary work,
t^e extreme Eastern I'oate klt*eadymontionod; by the Trent and
Bay of Quinte, might be pi-'eterred j but If oommei*oial oonsidi*
efations prevail the question of routci will bo' limited to the
township ot York and Whitby. In these oompai'iHons thd qlu'S^
tion of cost is omitted, the surv^yj^ whiclvhavo boon made not
having been carried fai,v,jenougli to give thu, data iQV univing
at the jjrobable cost upon an^i ot the routes, ttl though ^'uough
is known to shew that any direct nuvigatiuii bctwuoij the Geor-
gian Bay and Ontario ixi^u^t be a ,c.98tly nudorti^khig in pro-
portion to i^ length. . • .., .*,.),.
The old surveyed route; «m the Trent tind Day Qitintc, would
evade ilie formidable ridges South of Lake Himcoe, but, from
tlie extent of shoal water and rock wliioh would be encounter-
ed upon the route, the cosj: for a. deep water navigation, such
as. is now demanded by the exigencies of the thi'ough commerce
would probably be as great a total, (though not so great
per mile), as upoi) the shorter routes, •• ., ,
With the preliminary remarks, I Will now dasovlbe the na-
tural obstacles to direct navigation botweou Lake Simcoc and
Ontarioj to follow which it is necessary to bear in juind that
Lake Huron is 340 and Lake Simooo 47D foot above the level
Ontario.
;«,<t jl'.'ll'.i -Iflt .'.'>tiiV>*l i .it}l\(il Vfli'l i,i.n''l";i ■ * li'lM 'U/I.i
The peninsula of Eastern Canada, f\'ora the banks of the Nia-
gara river, the natural outlet for the •waters of the Upper
Lakes, rises gradually from an elevation of about 360 feet,
& f
iV
above Ontario at the Great Western Railway near the Suspen-
sion Bri<lge, to 550 Icet, on the line of the Hamilton and Port
Dover Ilailway, and 750 feet on that of the Great Western,
between Hamilton and the Grand River— where the high lands
sweeping round to the North East, an elevation of over 1000
feet, above Ontario, is encountered at the summit of the Grand
Trunk Railway in Eaquesing, between Toronto and Guelph. —
Here the elevated plateau boars ofl* nearly due North, running
into Lake Huron, above Collingwood, with a precipitous es-
carpment on the Eastern face— a fall of between 300 and 400
feet taking place rapidly in that direction. From the face
of this escarpment a lower ridge (at about the general level
of 700 feet above Ontario,) sets out from a point about
midway between the head of Lake Ontario and Lal<c Huron,
having its summit, north of Toronto, at a point lialf-way be-
tween Ontario and Simcoo, but approaching the former as it
proceeds Eastward until it reaches the Township of Whitby
where the summit, which had s6t out in Caledcn the 3rd Town-
ship back trom Lake Ontario, enters the N. E. corner of Whit-
by, a Township fronting on that Lake. Before reaching this point
however the ridge attains its highest elevation (about 000 feet)
in Uxbridge from whence a broad "spur'' strikes out to the
North East, the angle between the main line and spur being
occupied by Lake Scugog. This Spur, separating Sougog
valley from that of Lake Simcoe, extends at a very, uni-
form elevation, (with one remarkable break,) up to Balsam
Lake, where it falls off. The main line of the ridge between
Scugog and Ontario has a summit of about 800 feet above On-
H
tario, but here the lid^e attailfs its narrowest dimensions, be-
ing ** drawn up" as it were— the breadth on thb top being from
200 to 300 yards. At a level one hundred feet below the summit
the breadth through, is less than half a mile. The spur be-
tween Scugog and Sirecoe valleys has a tolerably uniform sum-
mit of 750 feet above Ontario, but it has great breadth — the
high ground approaching near to Lake Siracoe and Scugog.
The spur is nearly out through, on a direct line between Bea-
verton on Lake Simcoe, and Port Perry on Lake Scugog, by
the valleys of the Beaver and Nonquon streams, on which route
a narrow ridge; giving a summit of about 650 feet above Onta-
rio, is found, which extends only half a mile, after which this is
reduced to 630 and under.
!>
Scugog Lake stands about 575 feet above Lake Ontario, so
that the highest ground between it and Simcoe would be about
75 feet above the level of the former — while the extreme sum-
mit of the ridge between it and Ontario would be 212 feet
above Scugog Lake, on the lowest — but 234 feet on the short-
est route. The hilly country between Scugog and Simcoe —
the difticulty of following the timbered and swampy valleys, and
the circuit required by reason of so many road allowances being
closed— make repeated levelling necessary to ensure exactness.
I think, however, the above figures will not be seriously altered
by a more careful survey.
.fit'
■.•OiiU'V
SUPPLY OP WATER.
■/::»• 't
The first question which presents itself iil projiedting a Canal
16
between Simcoe and Onta»*io, via Scligog, is a supply ot
water. ?;,'..,•,■ hu'i ^r. vjj.it '.T.ritM -^I'.-^ih '<jii mi iAuf^ii -nijirf
Scugog Lake could not be depended upon for this purpose,
and a supply either independetit of it, or auxiliary to it must be
sought. This can only be obtained from that portion of the
Trent waters which lie above the Scugog level. If Lake Scu-
gog be made the feeder, an auxiliary supply must be throw u
into it ; and this can only be done either by bringing Sturgeon
Lake to the same level with Scugog, (abolishinaj the dara at
Lindsay), and sending a portion of the waters which pass Bob-
caygeon Dam, to Port Perry ; or by brmging down a feeder from
Cameron's Lake, and throwing it into the Scugog, above the
2?am at Lindsav. . i ^.. ; , .
■ i .r,-l _ 1.,.
To effect this it is probable that it would be found advisable
to lower Scugog Latke, my one-third, and raise Sturgeon Lake
tWo-thirds of the difference between them. But in order to
make Scugog a feeder — it would be dewirable, in view of the
Summit to be overcome between it and Simcoe and Ontario to
raise rather than lower its level — as every foot which could be
put upon it would seriously diminish the cost of the Summit
cuttings.
It is impossible without a careful survey to express any opin-
ion as to the effect of raising Scugog Lake above its present
level any definite number of feet. If it be raised at all, or
even maintained upon its present level, it would be necessary,
as there is no probability that .Sturgeon Lake could in that
case be brought to the same level with it, to resort to the more
16
1 I
I *,
expensive plan of bringing down a feeder from Cameron's Lake.
There would be the disadvantage that as Cameron's Lake is
over tifleeu feet higher than Sciigog Lake, the whole benefit
which could be derived from such an expensive feeder would
not be obtained unless Scugog Lake could be raised ten feet or
more — a proposition, I take it, which could not be entertained.
In view of the 'formidable character of the cutting between Scu-
gog and Ont.'u-io, and the groat length of the summit one between.
Scugog and Simcoe, it would very much diminish the difKculty
and cost of these, which are the keys to the undertaking, ii a
feeder, at l«ast as much higher than Scugog as the deptli of
the proposed navigation, could lie procured, — by which these
Cuttings could be reduced in length and depth, and thorough
drainage in botli directions bo secured. Moreover, it would be
desirable that the scheme should be carried out without affect-
ing the physical featvires of the country to the extent which
would be done by serious alterations in the level of Sturgeon
and^cugog Lakes,.. Ir; bnn ji ri'jov/j'j'. }inon-iLr/o -J^i ui !irii!i!i'>;
' The plan which theretorr' appears to me the most feasible,
would be, to make Balsam Lake or Gull River, the feeder, the
waters of which could be had at an elevation of nearlv GOO feet
above Ontario, and to throw a sufficient quantity of these into
the Talbot River and condtict them by a feeder towards
Cannington, in Brock, near which it \W>nld strike the line of
the proposed navigation. With a feeder, at a level say 15 feet
above Scugog, the length of Jthe cutting between Scngog and
Simcoe would- be still a lotig one, Say mne miles, averaging
ii
:lt V
;M!."r.
IT;
25 teet, will] the exception 6f the bait tnile oi suAHnit-^-whoi'^
thfrotitlini^ woUld reach 70 feet. If Gtkil rivbr cait be tapped
abdve the level oi BaUam Lbke^ the height of the ridge or spur^'
before desciibed^ betweeo the East Branch of the Beaver Creek,
and the bead water of Talbot River) is Buoh tliat it should earry^
a feeder on a highei level than Balsam Lnlxc, and thut illtain U
greater command of the ridge between Simcoo and Scugog. Of
course every foot added to the height of feeder, would add two
to the lockage of the route, but, within certain lii^its, this would
be preferable to long deep cuttings in the bottom of valleys
which have high banks, or in swamps.
) lij-ii
mi"»
With respect to the supply of water which could be afforded
frofn Gull tti\&f, of Balsam Lake, I am of opinion that it could
b6 materially increased by ImpoUttdlng the flood watfera in
the Lakes which are tlie sources of this fttream, rior do I doubt
that a survey would shew & furthef sUpJJly bouM be jldded by
diverting the Wateid from the sources of Attch. streams as the
Muskoka, Madi^Waska, PettewaWa, or Burnt Rivei-, or some of
these. X have generally found that the chains of Lakes which
occupy the " height of land,'* are divided often by low and nar-
row l^arrier8,< and that water may be ^turned from the higher
iftto the lower without serious difficulty.
/Odia"
'ijili.
If the feeder be maintained on a l6Vel ^bOVe th6 Scttgdg
Lftke, th« €aiial need not enter this Lake at all, (except by
lobks io? tbei purpose of branch imvigation,) unless the Lake
were r^ed tiei the level of the Canal 1}y a dam at its outlet^
which Would not probably be entertained; lui^ead of this thi^
B
■u»s;
i^
I
I i
\U I
I '.
9,
^^^ ^ at the junction oi the
Fine Ridges. character of the Bum^
over, in '*« """l^ .h.ridao i» » *>"" ^ <-.v,«riaBei»««>''
d.e«n on*« «f *' ^ "«> *»* *" •^'^, IVort Hope
which m»wn»^ " * . .. iinamy on the Sougog
i Toronto, .ndaga^n at Lu> ^ a,,oiaof*«»e.
. M Moh aeptb. and m » °7 .noonnter, » »«■
,«,V would be the tn ^.^^^ «„d P»e
,„„W he a 8»»"»^?;^b«e, if .of » -^^ '^'^" V , „
quantity to he removed^^ , .
I die work would be <»»» ^ ^^^ g^^^ „a
♦« J«re adopted Deiw •« qrtifios:, would
^* ^""°; iTX Bhotter *»«**°7J^w taken he-
1^ between 5 and W »» T,ottaw«««a loW
»„aHon»ndBWe«-,hut.ttl.
I
.stijaftHm-iK?"
y
10
oithe
nd the
r as the
ior« o^
, totbe
the Bum-
1 T^eUeve
lay he as-
elevation*
tnise what
10 feet, and
axtent. ^^
id in flonie
ridge is rock
Port Hope
River. l
void of atone,
BOttnter, a» '^^
the miin»»«^
iality,ita value
ake Simooe and
I Scugog, would
.viatheHumher
ontehe taken he-
tweon Simooe and Huron, there >vould be about the same dif*
ference the other way*
I*. •i»*i/'» /i tt4«t
If the Severn route he found preferable, it would not be ne-
cessary to enter Lake Simcoe at all ; and this may then prove
the better course. It would be better for the Canal if it had a
continuous towing path (like the Welland) from Huron to On-
tario, as both these Lakes are well adapted for Bailing craft.
Since the feeder will leave the Talbot River valley, it may be
found practicable to continue upon it, as the main line of Canal,
and descend from thence to Lake Couchiching or Severn bridge,
— or the Canal may keep "bove the Lake level, from the shore
near Beaverton, to the same points, and thus avoid the cost of
a harbor^ dredging, towage, &c., which are involved by enter-
ing the Lake.
LOCKAGE.
The total lockage on this route would be very heavy, amount-
ing to 840 feet, or about 500 feet greater than that upon the
Welland Canal. The lockage upon the Holland and Humber
Rivers route, with Lake Simcoe as the feeder, would be 230
feet less than this, as that Lake is 100 feet lower than Scugog,
and 115 feet lower than the proposed summit or feeder level of
a Canal through the County of Ontario ; but the obstacles are
so groat to any route with a feeder so low as Lake Simcoe, that
I am of opinion the extra lockage would be preferred to at-
tempting the long deep cutting between the Holland and Hum-
ber Uivei-s. I have shewn a section of ridge compared with
afijj^ilT'
i
^,1^
II
2h
the ono South of Sougog Liiko, by which tft(^ Bilf^ettce in tTH^
two undertakings will bo perceived at a glftdce*. ....
T, I have the honor to bo, ■
■xi ..' 1. .!f.!wov/ „ ,,; g.^^ yotif obedfent «eri«ii«, -^^i^^'^
Ottawa, September 3, 1863J «' >♦' f*'*' .» ,,i ..^imv-j lydjn .dt
. If'v nHn'flK'/ '(fii h^tiivl.c. 11,7' '>'Jr. «C>fi;if MKiif.j iI./oJ »«44 ,nhK;
■»cf vr;i u .r'li'/ T'hU uxffiiT "h /: ,{ I(i,/ t'»rojl y/ft aoiii^.
,! en')"! I wjf'l nh'iii «*{!i Kj; .rl (t 'ji' ''Hrd/no-* <»; <.M(;'>i>ii;'ii( firnn't
! • '-c n,li f *. VK acid fiiTj: ,h;ii«''.'j ••(t«i-,> -".f: Mj ,1) >Ji'»7i;o{{ 'iLyu
■;(i(f(.rr»ft.v7j;u!i y; *'*"^'''^^'^'*^^'^^^ -; jJt.ol Ij-.JoJ •nlT
•jtfl sR*'|i- .I'ufJ fntijj T.>Jf:'yii} .1?) .*i OOfi jjkhIjj 'i.i ,j.f4 01-8 •>; j^ni
•i.M!i(ioii iim LnwiloM «fU fn»\ii .o^uiitof vii'l" .liiiic' ) {.ur.li-'V/
id !»/ut ijI'.jk) it* ,iii»i(Mn*. l">,-,vn|(i'!f| vili m.i'f i'C"<»i .I'.j-i'f r«! I hrif;
■rtn zAn-JMMi inU lEKJ ; <'<'ii;)iiO 'lo i?;crin;'>'> MiU (I)^|iOiiij Ijrni'.v) »■
■l/.iir ,oo'>!i;<ri 'i"Ji:^[ a; ,7oI *>fi 'MLvh *j ij.iiw f>)rjo-i -^nj! o] ^n'fi^ oa
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FOR
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THROUGH lilK
OIYIDING RIDGES
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riMm' Jot MiMiio
TO ACCOMPANY REPORT OF SEPTEMBERS^ 1863.
Hrrthmrft (L-f'o. LHh Idmnto r ffi
Scale, 5 Miles to /iiv i/vc^.
/
HEAD Waters
0"
((adjoining the^
SorurKSoidiiJJimilL
•^SM'/r/t
RAMA
MIT CUTTINGS JLJiL
<?/t /he fmio ir/u/fA': fht' f/fn£>itHt
rry/f/rr// Mr f/if f££oem in thr '
'thiji/m/om' M\^ ffihfi ff*rrr/atn£4r/ .
f- line ..Mill to/fS «ff* (\ )?/■«■. tvuM Sfe
a.s\fi//nei/ /V Uii-f Feeder /w?// ,rft//
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hi firrf'r ff^ftuf/oa Jfott/e.
COM PA Rl S O N OF
/mi/r
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jOOOiOOO^ CUBIC ^YARDS
■'j^r" ' ■ ";3Brifcii''»gMaji
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^ifniir-
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HU
s c
SON OF THE SUMMIT CUTTINGS I
SuMMtr B£rty££/v Humber a/vd Holl/ijvd Riy£R.
jct-^^r;^^^^^^^'''^'^'^!^^
N THE ^ U
1
SYDNEY
IT CUTTINGS I^S THE NUMBER AND SCUGO
SUAiAf/r B£rty££/\f HVMB£N A/AfO HOLL/tAfO /iiy£R.
^^v^, v>*)..t«-l*
i
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56,000.000 CUBIC i YARDS.
\ — _;_■; ^ -."^''/.^cf ^ft!^^ '^'" '-^^i^.A^'^ M^aLy^Muk^ OfUu r m^
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F £ £ D I N O FROM L ^ K E S I M C O £ 4'7'S '* O /V T A » / O
t
St
Summit B£rM^££jv I^K£s Scuooc- /tf^o «l
•Sni4/f.r
i-mi,'f-: •Inu/f.r t'miff^r
E FEEDING FROM BALSAM LAKE 600 ^ ONTARIO.
7 mifr*-
D SCUGOG ROUTES
\ HOMZtWTJfl /SOOFT 70yfAf//VC//.
)'rrft/t'tC
ifmiU
" ^"^ i- ^^^^ H^^^S^
'££JV lAtC£S ScaOOG AMO SiMCO£.
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