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Las diagrammas suivants illustrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 S 6 WiJo '*mm«^- \' ;y>^'*« ■■*" THE POLAR EXPLORING EXPEDITION. * Jcy SPECIAL MEETING OK THE AMERICAN Geographical & Statistical Society, ,. r HEM) MAUCFI a a, 1800. £^-^ i'Uc -♦-•♦- 1^ \ NEW YORK: PRINTED FOR THE BOCIETV 1860. ffafttr At Uorfwiii. /*rl«rari, Vu. 1 .vf>i» ^f i W- V. THE POLAR EXPLORING EXPEDITION. A SPECIAL MEETING or TEB AMERICAN GeograpMcal & Statistical Society, HELD MARCH 23, 18GO. NEW YORK: PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY. 1860. ( tHE r POLAR EXPLORING EXPEDITION. <■» 1/ 1 A BPEciAL meeting of the American Geooeaphical and Statistical Society, was held in the Hall of the Historical Society, on the evening of Thursday, the twenty-second of March, 1860. The Honorable Geokoe Folsom, one of the Yice-Presidents of the Society, took the Chair. Tlie General Secretary of the Society then read the follow- ing letters, — FBOM PBOFESSOE ALEXANDER DALLAS BACHE, LL.D. Washinoton, March 21, 1860. Dear Sib: I regret extremely that the public business in my charge must prevent me from attending the meeting called by the American Geographical and Statistical Society, to further the plans of Dr. 1. 1. Hayes in regard to a new expedition to the Arctic Regions. The brilliant achievements of Dr. Kane and his remark- able discoveries, have invested the region of Smith's Sound with especial interest, combining the romance of adventure with sober and thorough scientihc examination and develop- ment. The laborious and successful observations in astrono- my, in magnetism, in meteorology, in the tides, in natural history, in general physics, have stamped Dr. Kane's last ex- 195801 pedition with the seal of true science. Tliese, of themselves, would have ^iven him one of the high niches in the temple of fame, had ho not already occupied by acclamation a higher, as discoverer of the open Polar Sea. The more this question has been discussed and examined, the more his con- clusions have been confirmed ; Nature, through her servants of climate and heat, of winds and clouds, of animals and plants, epeaking in his behalf. To crown these investigations and discoveries, Br. Hayes, who was Kane's companion and medical ofilcer in the last ex- pedition, proposes again to repair to Smitii's Sound, and to push his way by a route familiar to him, and with appliances the use of whicn he has thoroughly studied, to the shore of that great reservoir of the American Gulf Stream — the Polar Sea. Making his home in Greenland, he proposes to avail liimself of seasons adapted to Arctic exploration, and of im- proved means furnished by the advance of science, to push forward the complete solution of this great American geogra- phical problem. With great unanimity the scientific bodies of our country have expressed themselves favor".ble to this nndertaking, and have labored through their members to procure the means and to point out the subjects for investi- gation. The harvest which Dr. Kane so successfully reaped is not all reaped; the mowers will yet find abundant materials for their sheaves, the gleaners for their bundles. The subjects of climate and magnetism, the tides and currents, of the au- rora, of general physics, are by no means exhausted ; and any one of them is worthy of an expedition to determine all its facts. Tlie hardships and risks of such an expedition, the physical sufferings, il' they must be encountered, will be well repaid by a position such as, if successful, must place its com- mander on the roll of fame. Indeed, in a philosophical point of view, one might be willing to exchange a life of ease for death within the polar circle, to occupy a place in men's mem- ories beside that of Elisha Kent Kane. While Dr. Hayes has the indorsement of men of science throughout the country, and will receive contributions in proportion to the means of the intelligent and wealthy of our cities, it seems particularly appropriate that New Yort, which has so completely identified itgelf with the fame and success of previous American Arctic Expeditions, should also lead in this one, and that the American Geographical Society should bo the organ of the country in bidding it God speea. May the efforts of the knowledge-loving and liberal citizens of the great emporium of commerce of America be successful in furnishing to this new enterprise every facility which mo- ney can give ! The namp of one great mureliaiit is immortal- ized by its connection with the former expeditious. May there be many who will step forward to promote this — to bo its Grinnells I Very respectfully yours, A. D. BACHE. Daniel W. Fiske, Esq., Sec. Am. Geo. and Stat. Soc. FBOM PBOFESSOB JOSV.PH HENKV, LL.D. SMrriisoNiAN Institution, , Washington, D. C, March 16th, 1860. Deab Sib, It gives me much pleasure to address yon, in regard to the proposed expedition to the Arctic liegions by Dr. Hayes, and to assure you that I shall be mucli gratified to learn that he has been successful in securing an outfit. It is true, that such an expedition cannot be undertaken without the prospect of much personal inconvenience, and perhaps risk of life ; but it must be recollected that nothing of great value can be obtain- ed witliout laborious exertion, and that life is daily periled in thousands of instanccb for mere pecuniary gain ; and that it is proper it should be risked for the more important object of increasing the bounds of human knowledge. That there is a very interesting field of investigation still open to the arctic explorer, must be evident to any one who will attentively study the present condition of science, in regard to this region. The Smithsonian Institution is now engaged in publish- ing the observations of Dr. Kane, which have been reduced and discussed by Mr. Schott, of the Coast Survey, at the expense of the Smithsonian fund. Tlie discussions to which they have been subjected, have resulted in a series of deduc- tions relative to the temperature, pressure of atmosphere, direction and force of the wind, magnetism and the tides, of great interest to science, and which will redound perhaps more to the permanent reputation of Dr. Kane, than even his personal narrative. Prof. Bache has probably written to you on the subject of ; the magnetigm, the tides and the currents of the north ; and I shall therefore confine my remarks to the meteorology of this region. At no previous period in the history of meteorology, has there been so much attention given to this science as at pre- sent. Systems of cotemporaneous observations are now in operation, in almost eve^ quarter of the globe, both on land and sea. You are probably aware of the fact, that the Smith- sonian Institution, m connection with the Patent Ofiice and the War Department, and in co-operation with the Board of Education of Canada, and the Huason's Bay Co.. has establish- ed a system of ineteorological observations, which will soon be • extended over the wiiole of North America. From the facts already collected by this system, it would appear that tlie great changes of weather, either of heat or of cold, enter our territory from the north, at the eastern base of the Hocky Mountains, and thence extend southward and eastward, over the whole United States ; and that at least there are two sys- ' terns of storms, one coming from the base of the Rocky Moun- tains eastward, and the other commencing in the Caribbean Sea, and following the general course of the Gulf Stream, over-laps our coast. Now, it must be evident to yon that it would be highly interesting to trace these changes of the atmosphere as far as possible to the North ; but unfortunately, during the period of the voyages to the Arctic regions, previous to that of Dr. Kane, no contemporaneous series of simultaneous observations was in existence. Captain McClintock has generously put at our disposal, the original manuscripts of his observations ; and these, in connection with those of Dr. Kane, give us such indications of extended connection of disturbance in the atmosphere, as to render us exceedingly desi >us of obtaining more mformation of the same character. Not only are observations in reference to the abnormal condition of the atmosphere of great value, but further infor- mation is required in regard to the general circulation of the winds. In the latest deductions of the distinguished Director of the National Observatory, from observations at sea, the wind is represented as blowing in the Arctic regions toward tlie pole, and ascending at that point ; while other investiga- tors, from strictly dpnori conceptions, have inferred that pre- cisely the reverse direction is the true •ne. To settle this question, which is connected with the theory of the entire circulation of the atmosphere of the Globe, is a matter of much scientific interest. Besides the foregoing, a scries of observa- tions on the temperature of the different winds, for a single additional winter, at a position near Yan Rensellaer Harbor, the seat of Dr. Kane's observations, would tend to prove or disprove the hypothesis as to an open sea. Although tne list of appropriations of the Smithsonian in- come for the present year has Dcen made out, yet so mavh interest is felt by the directors of the establishment in the en- terprise of Dr. Hayes, that a contribution would be made to- ward cupolyingthe necessary instruments ; audi doubt not, thr.t ''. XI uvy Department, the Coast Survey, and the Na- tional Observatory, would co-operate in rendering assistance to the same object. Very respectfully Your Obedient Servant, JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary. FROM OOMMANDET :i. F. MAUBY, LL.D. Deab Sir : UMnvATORT, Wa»hiHjt0n, ) 2Ut March, IS'JO. f I have received the invitation in behalf of the Geogra- phical Society's Committee on Arctic Exploration, and would be most happy to participate in the proceedings of the proposed meeting; but I am tied down here. I con- cur most fully and heartily with Dr. Hayes in the posi- tion which he takes in his book — which, please say to him, I have read with much interest and at a single sitting — that the cold by its direct influence upon the person is not the chief obstacle in the way of Arctic Exploration. The great dif- ficulty has been in the fact that explorers have not heretofore been able to enter fully upon their work with companions in fresh, vigorous, and robust health. And as a proof in favor of this position, we have but to look at the climate of Yakoutsk in Siberia. There, every winter, the thermometer reaches a lower stand than any arctic voyager has ever found it to do (Erman quotes it at 72°), and yet Yakoutsk is in a grazing country. Independent of De Haven's drift, of the drift of the Eeso- lute and the Fox, what the whalemen call the middle ice of Bafiin's Bay proves annually that every winter there is an ice-drift out of the Arctic Ocean. This middle-ice, you are aware, is the last to yield to the summer-heat, because it is frozen at the North, and is therefore not only more compact, but colder than the littoral ice which is formed on either side, both in Baffin's Bay and Davis' Straits. And the fact thut a tongue of ice a thousand miles long comes down every winter from the North into that bay and strait, is proof that this moving mass must be se])arated from the main mass of ice in the Arctic Ocean, and if separated there must be water between ; and that open water — there are many other reasons to believe — is not far from the northern end of those straits through which this drift annually takes place, and which con- nect Baffin's Bay with the Arctic Ocean. And if Dr. Hayes can get up in time to employ hh^st winter in pusliing to the North, I have no doubt whatever but that he will come to open water. I have just come across a new fact, which favors the idea of open water in the Arctic Ocean, and that fact is in the in- dications of the barometer as well as in the direction of the wind. I have just risen from the discussion of something like a hundred thousand observations upon the barometer, and of more than a million upon the direction of the wind at sea. These observations show that as you approach the Poles, especially tlie South Pole, where we have tne rule, the mean hight of the barometer is less and less and the average direction of the wind more and more towards the Poles. In other words there is a great rarefaction of the air in the Polar regions ; and we can only account for it upon the sup- Eosition that this rarefaction is due the effect of the latent eat of vapor which is liberated in the processes of condensa- tion there. And the question comes up, since the Arctic Ocean is encompassed almost entirely by land, whence do those vapors coine which liberate all this heat in the cloud region, it not from that boiling, bubbling pool of Gulf Stream water, whicli ray observations show goes mto that sea as an under current, and which we know comes out as an upper one, and which we therefore infer must at some place cease to go forward, rise up and begin to flow out ? However, I will say no more upon this subject at present, except to assure the Society, Dr. Hayes, and the Committee, of my sympathy in the objects which they have in view. Respectfully, &c., M. F. MAURY. Daniel TV". Fiske, Esq., Genl. See. Am. Geog'l. and StatH. Society J New York. 9 N. B. — ^I write in great haste and without time to elaborate this barometric indication of an open water. I send you a monograph (No. 1) and a diagram (profile of the atmosphere), whicli will enable you to do it at leisure. FBOai DB. B. A. GOULD. Cambbidoe, 1860, March 20. My Deab Sib. It is with much regret that I find it beyond my power to to be present at the meeting of the N. Y. Geographical So- ciety, and to join in the eflForts there to be made for the fur- therance of Dr. Hayes's proposed expedition. My interest in and sympathy for the movement are so great, and my hopes for its success so earnest, that the opportunity of con- tributing to its progress, in however small a degreC;, would be more than welcome. Happily, those times are with the past when every pecun- iary outlay needed, as an incentive, the prospect of some near return in money or in physical power. And it is encouraging to see that the efforts now making by Dr. Hayes and his friends, are urged by arguments of an intellectual, rather than of a mate- rial character. Few thinking men are now to be found with us, who do not admit the prosecution of scientific research to be among the duties of our race ; and though, in the wondrous sys- tem ot compensation which prevails througiiout the moral, intel- lectual, and physical creation, mankind has always been reward- ed by some material blessing, for the pursuit of knowledge, no matter how unpromising, or of thought, however abstruse, yet our country has at last reached that stage in its develop- ment when tne investigation of nature's laws is considered as a sufticient end, rather than as a means only for some other result. Astronomy, geography, zoology, philosophy, are now prosecuted and honored for their own sakes, not for mere uses ; yet in return, they bring us unsouglit and unawaited recompense. And if it be among the bounden duties of our race to gauge the abysses of space, and measure the duration of all elapsed time of whicii the record remains ; to explore the unspeakable distances of the material universe ; to detect the structures of the polyp, and the lichen ; to analyse the unnumbered forms which chemistry reveals, and learn their mutual relations ; to investigate by untiring experiment and continual induction the laws of light, heat, electricity, mag- 10 netism ; to observe the habits of animals and plants, and the track of meteors and comets, — who can doubt that it is also our bounden duty to study the surface of this earth of ours, and to learn at least the configuration of its land and water, its coasts and channels, and the distribution of its mountain ranges. We are yet unaware of all these primary facts, though our feet are chained to an earth so small that our ships sail constantly around its whole circumference within a less time than is embraced by the cycle of the seasons. That its Arctic and Antarctic regions have remained so long unex- plored, is to mo a more remarkable fact than any other in the history of geography. The practicability of Arctic explora- tions has been abundantly set forth by Dr. Hayes ; who has also shown that the calamities which have unhappily attended so many Arctic voyages, have been accidental in their char- acter rather than incidental to the nature of the enterprise. And in his anxiety to enga^ in a new expedition majr be found the strongest guaranty of the strength of this conviction, on the part of one than whom few living men are more com- petent to judge, and who certainly knows all the discourage- ments most tnoroughly. The question of practicability being thus disposed of, it is clearly a duty to prosecute the geographical investigation. Not only the distribution of land and sea, — of glacier and open water and impenetrable ice, — about the mysterious pole are to be discovered, but important physical facts are to be learned, which may throw ample light upon problems yet unsolved. In those regions, where the needle has lost its power of pointing to the north ; where sun and moon no longer rise and set with the earth's daily rotation ; where the Aurora has its home ; where the properties of matter are so changed from the state in which we know them that iron be- comes brittle, quicksilver solid, and snow gritty like the beach sand ; where the centrifugal force of terrestrial rotation is gone, and an untried sea ebbs and flows according to laws yet un- known; where the almost unbroken darkness of a six months' night, and an atmosphere clarified to a transparency without example here, aflford incomparable opportunities for scrutiny of the northern heavens ; where the distribution of temperature is known to follow peculiar and yet undetected laws, — the sci- entific results which such an expedition, provided with proper apparatus in the hands of competent men, may bring us, are quite beyond enumeration. There is no department of phys- ical science which cannot furnish abundant problems for such an expedition to solve. Besides all this, there is abundant 11 reason to suppose that a wide expanse of ocean, the waters teeming with animal life and its shores with vegetation, sur- rounds the terrestrial pole, and contains stores of new revela- tions for zoology and botany. Whether the water seen in 1864 by Morton, was or was not the open Polar Sea, is a com- paratively unimportant question ; since the almost universal faith of scientists in the existence of such a sea is founded on other considerations, and is an inference from well-known and undoubted physical facts. It is the duty of mankind to explore these strange and yet uncomprehendeia portions of our globe ; and, more than this, it is a duty which seems to devolve properly upon our nation. Europe has contributed more than her just proportion of geographical expeditions. "What region on earth is not full of her labors ? Not only the islands of the sea, and the very heart of Asia have been trodden by the feet of German and English explorers, the sources of the Nile and the Niger, the inland seas of Africa, the steppes of Tartair, the forests of Australia, tracked by European footsteps, — but it was the great German traveler, whose loss has but lately come home to the world like a bereavement of the race, who gave his early manhood to scientific explorations in both portions of our own continent. Even within our own days, the northern shores even of America have been traced and. delineated by English geographers, and we Americans left until a late date far in the background as regards the geography of our own hemis- phere. The very last expedition which visited Arctic shores, and brought back the solution of the sad problem which the lapse of eight years had but rendered more intricate, sailed from trans- Atlantic shores. It was equipped by trans- Atlan- tic hands, and through trans-Atlantic contributions. We Americans now owe it to the world and to ourselves to prose- cute these researches. It is easy for any one man to disavow responsibilities which belong to his race, and disclaim any personal liability for the indebtedness of his nation; but the race and the nation are made up of individuals, and chiefly, too, of such as are inca- pable of contributing to such enterprises. Whoever does contribute, wins a claim upon the gratitude of his fellow-men, and of those who shall live after liim; and I rejoice at the cause for pride which all Americans may feel at the prominent relief in which one honored name from your city already stands emblazoned. It is eminently fitting that tlie enter- prise now contemplated should originate in the great com- mercial center of our land, and appeal to the commercial men 12 ' i il:i of that city for much aid, since commerce is debtor to geog- raphy and to exploration. And among a people which is far from ashamed to avow itself " a nation of tradesmen," it is to those whom commerce has made capable of rendering aid that science must look for support. The route proposed by Dr. Hayes, through Smith Strait and Kennedy Channel, and the spot selected by him for win- tering, seem most judicious; and there appears to be every reason for confidence that the expedition proposed would result in the solution of the problem of the open polar sea, its boundaries, and approaches, as well as in much otlier service to science. With cordial wishes for the success of this enterprise, and for the speedy and thorough equipment of Dr. Hayes and his party, and with kindest regards, I am, my Dear Sir, Most faithfully yours, B. A. GOULD. I' FROM PROFESSOR A. GUYOT, LL.D. Princeton, N. J., Marc% 20, 1860. To Daniel W. Fiske, Secretary of the American Geographical Society. Dear Sir: — I have just received the invitation that you sent to me in behalf of the Committee of the American Geo- graphical Society on Arctic Exploration, to be present at the meeting to be held on Tlmrsday next, 22d, for tiie purpose of devising means to aid Dr. Hayes in his plans for continuing the researches of Dr Kane. 1 much regret that my duties absolutely preclude the possibility of my complying with the wishes of the Committee. At the request of one of their members, I expressed in a letter to him my views on the pro- posed expedition, and I beg to refer to it for further details. 1 beg leave only to repeat here, in a few words, what I said there, viz : that, though there may be a difference of opinion as to the best way of obtaining the proposed end, I fully rec- ognize the duty, of our scientific age, of investigating all parts ot our globe, with the hope of an immediate practical advan- tage ; and when a man of pure enthusia^iin for scientific resear- ches comes to us spontaneously, as Dr. Hayes does, and ofters to submit himself to the certain sufferings attending such an '\ 18 It undertaking, and to run the risk of losing his life for advan- cing our knowledge of these unapproachable polar regions, we are bound to honor him, to aid nim, and to give him the hearty God-speed which is due to every noble and disinter- ested enterprise. I remain, Dear Sir, very tnily yours, A. GUYOT. FBOM BAYAKD TAYLOR. and Bath, N. T., March 19, 1860. My Dear Sir: I regret exceedingly that I shall be absent from !New York during the occurrence of the meetings for the support of your proposed expedition. Knowing your plan of exploration, I nave entire taith in its feasibility, and should be glad to con- tribute my share in recommending it to the public. In a long conversation which I had with Dr. Kane during my last inter- view with him, he communicated to me his views witii regard to an exploration of the open Polar Sea, (the existence of which, to my mind, does not admit of a doubt,) and proposed a plan very similar to that which you have adopted. While in Lapland in 1857, Mr. Berger, a Ilammerfest mer- chant, assured me that he had penetrated to latitude 84 de- grees on his voyage in search ol seal and walrus, and found, the sea at that point perfectly clear of ice. Tliere are un- doubtedly summers when the ice-belt stretching across from Greenland to Spitzbergen is broken up, leaving an open pas- sage to the Pole ; but the disadvantage of this route consists in there being no winter quarters from which sledge parties could be pushed forward to any considerable distance. Smith's Sound undoubtedly oifers the safest and most practicable route for approaching the central Polar Sea ; among which advan- tages, not the least i.s the opportunity of a safe return. From my own slight experience of an arctic winter, I know how readily the rigors of the climate may be endured so long as the mind is kept active and cheerful by the jiursuit of an important object. Your own capacity in this respect has been fully tested already ; and should you succeed, as I most earnestiy hope, in departing this year on your great and heroic errand, I for one will look forward with confidence, both to your success and to your return. Very truly yours, Bayard Taylor. u Mi The presiding Vice-President, before introducing Dr. Hates to the audience, remarked that the action of the Geo- graphical Society in aiding the proposed expedition to the Arctic seas, was strictly within the province of its legitimate duties. It was but following the example of the European Societies in similar cases, not to say its own example in regard to the lamented Dr. Kane, whose enterprise was commenced under the auspices of this Society. Hiat gallant and accom- plished navigator has conferred luster on the American name, and as his countrymen we may be proud of his well- merited fame. But Dr. Kane was unable, in conse- quence of unexpected obstacles, to accomplish fully the objects of his last expedition ; and his companion. Dr. Hayes, not less intrepid and energetic than his lamented commander, now proposes to complete what he had begun, by penetrating beyond Kennedy's Sound into the Polar Sea, and thus reach- ing the North Pole itself. It is well known that these arctic voyages are attended with much less risk and danger than formerly. "Within the short space of twelve years, an immense improvement has been made in various respects, both in regard to protection against disease by proper food, and the knowledge of traversing those inhospitable regions. Every summer some of our whalers go within one hundred miles of Smith's Strait, where Dr. Kane was so long imprisoned by the ice. Had he taken the route by the west instead of the east side of that Strait, he would have found open water, and would have, no doubt, accom- plished what Dr. Hayes now proposes to attempt. A few days since, at a meeting of this Society at its rooms, one of these whaling captains favored us with an account of his labors in that quarter of the arctic regions, and was accom- panied by an Esquimaux, perhaps the only one who has been seen in this city for many years. Capt. Buddington informed us that he had spent a year among the Esquimaux, without any great privation or hardship. But it is not my intention to enter into the discussion of the points, which will be fully examined and clearly treated T^SMiJSIII ■WWW 15 icing Dr. f the 6eo- on to the legitimate European in regard tnnienced d aceom- an name, ilia well- i conse- ully the • Hayes, mander, etrating 8 reach- ttended hin tlie w been igainst r those ers go Kane route would Bcom- ^ few neof •f his Gom- been •med hout •n of ited by others this evening — the learned and scientific persons ■who are to address you, and especially by Dr. Hayes himself, the undaunted and intelligent navigator, whom I now have the pleasure of introducing to you. ADDBESB OF DB. HAYES. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : It is now a little more than four years since Dr. Eane re- turned from the North, reporting the discovery of an open Polar Sea. Physicists had long oefore oeen generally agreed that such a scL probably existed ; and the northern coasts of Europe, Asia and America having been determined with considerable ac- curacy, it was assumed that the great body of water which they invested was mainly free from land, ana hence, being free from all centers of ice accumulation, must be mainly open, at least during the summer. The first substantial confirmation of this theory was obtained by the Russians, who, imder He- denstrom, in 1810-11, and again under Anjou and Wrangell, in 1820-24, discovered an extensive open area, or polynia, to the northward of the New Siberian Islands. It was left to our countrvman, Dr. Kane, to bring from an opposite meridian more conclusive proof, and his researches assume the dignity of a great discovery. I have, on a previous occasion, dwelt minutely upon the results of the second Grinnell expedition, and I will not now detain you with a discussion of their importance. My design is to bring more prominently to your notice than I have done hitherto, the plans and purposes of the ex- pedition which I propose to conduct to the field of explora- tion which Dr. Kane was the first to enter, with the view of continuing the researches which he so admirably began : to add to his observations upon the Polar Sea ; to complete the survey of the northern coasts of Greenland and Grinnell Land ; and, over the ivjeless waters which He beyond them, to reach the north pole of the earth. In order tnat you may clearly comprehend the nature of the proposed attempt, and the grounds upon which are based my expectations of success, I will ask your attention to the rude diagram upon the wall, exhibiting the Arctic regions in circumpolar projection. By an examination of the latitudes you will perceive that the Arctic Ocean has a mean diameter of about 2,500 English 10 miles ; and, rudely estimated, an area of 6,000,000 of square miles. Tlie lands investing this extensive basin form tlio Bouthern marcin of a great ice-belt, which is continuous across the various channels connecting the Arctic with the Atlantic and Pacific oceans ; thus surrounding the region ad- jacent to the pole with a frozen annulus. Dr. Kane, whose first voyage as surgeon of the expedition under Lieut. De Haven, in 1850, had given to him some im- portant information upon the currents and ice-movements of Baffin Bay, carefully collated such accounts as had been published respecting the various efforts to penetrate the ice barrier ; and he thus arrived at the conclusion that the true route lay up the theretofore unexplored Smith Strait, which opens at the head of the Bay. To America is due the credit of having reduced the evi- dence to practical results. Tlie second Grinnell expedition, begun in 1853, added new proofs to those previously known, in favor of the route by Smith Strait; and at the present time there is sufficient warrant for asserting that it is bv this channel that the polo is to be reached. It is true that, in this direction, the ice-belt is broader than at any other point ; but this fact gives to the route peculiar advantages, since the f)olar current, setting rapidly to the south througii Baffin Bay, oosens the ice, and opens passages through it, such as are not found to the same extent in other quarters where the direction of the current is northerly. Although ice is often met in the line of Baffin Bay as low as the Banks of Newfoundland, yet no serious obstruction to navi- gation is presented until we have reached the latitude of Uper- navik,72° 40'; and, beyond this, whale ships penetrate annually, and with little risk, as far as latitude 76°, in order to get to their fishing-grounds about the mouth of Lancaster Sound. Between the highest latitude attained by the whalers and Smith Strait, the water is mainly free during the summer, and the distance, not exceeding 150 miles, is readily traversed. Dr. Kane's eflforts in this direction were experimental, and his winter harbor was selected on the eastern side of the channel, in latitude 78° 37." His subsequent explorationsprovedhispositionto have been an unfavorable one ; for he was exposed to the full force of the polar current, which comes down from the north through the newly-discovered Channel of Kennedy. Tlie ice carried down by this current not only prevented his release, but, in consequence of the obstruction presented by the land, it was broken into hummocks to the northward, which rendered ir travelinff in that direction excessively laborious. The same cause which operates to force the ice upon the Greenland coast will free the coast of Grinnell Land. Upon visiting this shore in the spring of 1 854, 1 found a smooth sheet of ice extending along the land as far up as latitude 80°. Tliis ice was of but one winter's freezing, and hence, upon the closing in of the winter of 1853-54 there was open water as far as that parallel. It is the knowledge of this tact which leads mo to believe that a much higher latitude can bo attained on the western side of the strait than on the eastern. Beyond Cape Frazer, lat. 79" 42', the coast trends almost due north, and the current, flowing through the channel without obstruction, will, no doubt, leave the ice smooth and favorable for sledge oi)eration8. It is upon the coast of Grinnell Land that I will secure a harbor; and, as already observed, I have every con- fidence that a vessel can be taken along this shore with ease and safety, nearly to the 80th parallel. The first summer will be exhausted in reaching this locality, and the winter will close around us early in September. From this time until the first of the following March we will remain inactive. Upon the earliest return ot sunlight the advance parties will be sent forward, and, by means of dog sledges, Provision dep6ts will be established at available points along le land. These parties will be followed by the main expe- dition for the exploration of the Polar Sea. A boat, mount- ed on runners, will be transported over the ice until we have- reached the object of our search, when, if such fortune awaits us, we will launch our little vessel upon the unknown waters, and, bidding God-speed, will push off directly for the Pole. It is unnecessary for me to enter into the details of such a general plan of operations, in order to demonstrate its feasi- bility. The experience of Dr. Kane's parties, and the extensive journeys of the English explorers, are fresh in your recollec- tion. A team of seven dogs will readily dra^ from 600 to 800 pounds weight upon a sledge, and they will average in speed from thirty to forty miles per day, upon a ration of thirteen ounces of pemican. Tliat a boat may be transported over the ice is shown by the experience of Parry, Kane, and others. Tlie success and safety of the journey across the polar waters depends upon the skill with which the vessel is managed. An ordinary whale-boat, well manned, is as secure as any ship that rides the sea. I have no doubt that we shall meet the open water. If the season is backward, its southern margin may not extend as far south as the point at which it was discovered by Dr. Kane ;, 2 18 but I do not anticipate that, in any case, onr sledgo travel will be extended further north than lat. 82". Beyond tliis latitude there are, as already observed, conclusive reasons for believ- ing that an open sea exists. The land does not, in all proba- bility, extend far beyond the parallel mentioned ; and all ex- perience shows that it is only near the land that we find the arctic waters completely closed. It is, indeed, not too much to sav that so large a silrface of water as the Arctic ocean can not be frozen over, even during the winter ; and with the advance of summer the ice rapidly dissolves. The great body of the waters of the Arctic ocean have a temperature considerably above freezing ; and as soon as the frigorific effect of the atmosphere is removed, the warm influences from beneath operate upon the ice and soon waste it away. Besides, during the summer the ice is discharged by the great polar currents of the Greenland sea, and tliis must alone operate to free a large area about the pole. The difficulties presented by this line of exploration seem to me to have ueen much over-estimated by persons who, not familiar with the region, have written and spoken upon the subject. Indeed, by the experience of three centuries, the obstacles presented by the ice, the cold, and the scurvy, are readily overcome. Whale-ships visit those seas annually, and, as before stated, pass within a short distance of tlie seat of proposed operations. During the past twelve years the search ships liave penetrated the Baffin-Bay ice, and wrecks are of very rare occurrence. The cold has been abundantly proved to be no obstacle to successful travel. The scurry is more readilv resisted in the arctic climate than in any other, provided the recent discoveries in the art of preserving food are fully availed of. From all causes combined, the mortality on board of vessels visiting the Arctic seas during the past twelve years, has been less than three per cent, of the whole number of persons engaged. Several ships have wintered in the ice without the occurrence of a single case of scurvy. I coine now to speak of the uriLnr of the proposed effort. Happily, on this head I am spared any reflections of my own. The subject has been maturely considered by the leading scientific societies of the United States — ^by your own body, by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, by the American Philosophical Society, by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, by the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, by the Boston Society of Natural His- tory, and by the New l''ork Lyceum of Natural History ; and 10 their conclusions, expressed by a larco number of our most eminent citizens, are to the effect, tliat tlie objects contem- plated are not only important to mankind, but are such as to warrant a full sanction and hearty encouragement of the pro- ject. I will merely state that, besides the survey and explor- ation of the Polar Sea and its adjacent lands, the proposed line of exploration covers a field in which the solution of im- portant questions of magnetism, and meteorology, and of na- tural history can certainly be effected. Indeed, there is no department of physical science to which valuable results may not bo contributed. I am fully aware of the peculiar causes which have tended to mislead the public mind in relation to the dangers of arctic exploration. Tliese causes justify the hesitation which was felt in former years ; but now that the truth has been made known by so many reliable observers ; now that the means of travel have been so fully perfected, and the facili- ties for promoting health and comfort have become so well determined, — is it too sanguine a disposition which leads me to believe that I shall see again the little flag which, in 1854, 1 planted upon the coast of Grinnell Land f or to hope that it may even be my fortune to carry it thence to the point of extreme northness ? The Chair then presented Mr. Egbert L. Yifle, Chairman of the Special Committee of the Society on Arctic Explora- tion, who read the following — REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE. The Special Committee appointed to co-operate with Dr. Hayes in his plan for an expedition to the Polar Sea, respect- fully report that they have given to the subject that attention which its importance demands ; and,without recapitulating the arguments m its favor, which have been already fully set forth in previous reports submitted to the Society,. they unani- mously recommend that active exertions be made at once to enable the expedition to sail this spring. The great interest which has been manifested by men of science, and by a large number of American citizens, in the success of the expedi- tion, leads to the hope that the necessary funds will be con- tributcd in time for the organization of the Bmnll party which will be MutHeiunt to solve the problem which has for flo long a time occupied the attention of geographers throughout the civilized world. There can bo no nue»tion that itH solution, by an Atnerieau expedition, will add to our national reputa- tion. The means lor accomplishing success are so simple, and the end to be attained so full of valuable results, that wo feel assured that an appeal to the love of science, and the patriotism of our citizens, cannot be disregarded. Tlie Com- mittee have, therefore, prepared a paper to be signed by those who may be disposed to become the patrons of the expedi- tion, which will be circulated at once, and to which the Com- mittee would ask the earnest attention of all who feel a just pride in the advancement of our national character. KoHKKT L. ViKLK, Auou.sT JJklmont, Fkancis Likbkk, Gi:oKOK FoLSOM, BkNJAMIX n. FlKLD, IIknuy E. Pikkkkpont, CuAULKs p. Daly, LrniKK BnADirtn, Jamks L. Graham, Jk., Matthicw Mokoan, IIenky Grinnell, Cyrus W. Fikld, Pktkr Cooper, Marshall Leffeuts, Hamilton Fish, Charles Kino, John D. Jones, George F. Woodward, John D. Clute, Georue Opdyke. Mr. YiELE, after reading the Report, made a few remarks, lie said : — Permit me, Sir, to add, on behalf of the Committee, that the j)re8enco here this evening of so large a number of our fellow-citizens evinces the public interest which this subject has excited, and encourages the belief that our most sanguine hopes of the early organization of this expedition will be fully realized. If, Sir, there are those who, exaggerating in their minds tl;e dangers and privations of former expeditions, refuse their countenance to this one on the score of humanity, I beg them to remember th \t this expedition in its going and its comii r, will be guided by the light of experience. Nor should t), y forget that Arctic pioneers have suffered no more than tht who first mapped out our Western wilds, where now reso; ds the hum of busy industry. Why, Sir, the ad- ventures c Pike, and Long, and of Bonneville, whose steps have been lustrated by the pen of an Irving, of Lewis, and Clarke, aj ^ear now to be the bight of fiction ; that rocky alpine ridj^e, seeming to sever a continent, which until a few ! t II party wliich as for 8o long iroiigliout the t itH solution, ional reputn- o so siinplo, "Its, that wo 'CO, and tho TIio Corn- rjcd by those the expedi- '!> the Com- > feel a just 3r. KLD, l-^KEKTS, ", 8, 'ODWARD, remarks. ttee, that er of our B subject sanguine will be fttiiiff in editions, manity, '^ng and 3. JVor 10 more » where tho ad- steps is, and Tocky a few n cast back defiant gliado tho footfitcpfl of sliort years r civilization, lias been Hubdued by the hardy hunter and ad- venturous pi<»necr, anjid more than arctic perils. Tjimu^di its defiles and its jfor^cs our little army has borne the KnjLfle and the Stars; and tlic emigrant follows their trail, and even the mother with her babe in arms, journeys alonp the road so full of j)eril8 to the first explorers, the history of whose suf- ferings fades into dim ronumce. If, 8ir, it shall be asked what is to be the practical result of the expcditicm, I Mould answer, the same rosidt that England expected when she equij)j>ed the splendid expedition under Sir John Franklin, to solve the j>roblem of the North-west Passage. The question had long become a purely geographical one, and that expe- dition was the tribute of a generous and eidightened govern- ment to science ai.J to. a just nati the >ru8 3 to few oaf not ich ce, )n- ifs It *e is e a 3 25 amount to suicide, thus to repeat these terrible expeditions to regions where we know nothing can be found but silent ice ? AVhat can we gain by it ? If this question is meant in a scientific sense, I, being no professed naturalist, do not ven- ture to answer it in this place by direct judgment. I must reply to the question by that intermediate judgment by which a Washington or a Frederic is obliged to appoint a chief justice, or by which we who know little about the mechanism of our watches are nevertheless fully able to select a fair watchmaker, and to make him deciae what is to be done to our time-pieces. Each single man can decide by diiect judg- ment on a very few interests only. We are social beings, de- pending upon one another in every respect, physically no more so than intellectually. I have asked, therefore, the coun- sel of a man whom every one of you, and of this whole land, and of Europe, will readily acknowledge as a judge, more competent than whom no one can be found. 1 have asked A. Dallas Bache, of Washington, to give me his opinion — to give it so that I might use it publicly, and to write his letter conscious of all the responsibility which would naturally attach itself to so serious a warrant. He sent me in reply the following letter : Coast Schvict Ofhce, March 14, 1860. Dear Doctor: I can but think yonr estimate of the importance to science of the proposed Aret c Expedition is not beyond the mark, and trust tliat you will express it publicly with all the force which you put into probknis which interest you. The question of the open Poliir Sea is the great geographical question of the da}', and it should be solved thoroughly, as to place and circumstance, b}' an expedition from the Cuntinent of America. The unanimity with which men of science have spoken on this subject authorizes the strongest appeal in behalf of Dr. Hayes and his plans. We must know whether the Gulf Stream, which is emphatically the great hydrographic feature of our coast, returns to us akain after having given their climates to the countries of Northwestern Europe, and how, and why, and where; we must have all uncertainty in regard to the pro- gress of the tide wave in these inland icy seas removed ; we must have the magnetism of these trans-mngnetie polar regions settled ; our knowledge of the isothermal lines beyond the pole of cold should be made com|)le!e; mate- rials for studying the ffora and fauna of that rcgltm collected. IJut above all is the geographical problem, and that is of itself enough to excite tu enthusiasm in behalf of the expedition. I have proved my sincere interest in the under- taking, my dear Doctor, by offering a part of the slender means gathered from the pursuit of science to this object — a small sum in the abstract, but not a small one when the sum sotal of my savings is reckoned. Yours, very respectfully and truly, A. D. Bacde. To Dr. Francis Lieber. So far the letter of my friend. Does he think the under- taking useless ? By no means. Does he speak, not only for himself, but of " the unani- ad !'■ ri' mity of the men of sicnce," in favor of Dr. Hayes's plans ? He does. Does he point out the great problems that mnst be solved, and that it is of the highest importance to solve ? He does : he does not occupy himself with the romantic heroism of the expedition. Does he ardently wish that Dr. Hayes may find the neces- sary means ? He does. Does he willingly share in the responsibility of aiding the bold adventurer ? 1 es ; he offers his tribute, and gives us an example. Does he vaguely wish success to Dr. Hayes ; or does he speak with that clearness which indicates thorough reflection on the subject ? His letter is characterized by wiat I w^ould ask to call scientific manliness. Let us add to the letter of Mr. Bache, that geography, after Humboldt and Hitter have worked so successfully for its elevation and for a comprehensive knowledge of our planet, may be said to be one of the sciences characterizing our age ; and that, with all acknowledgement of the catholicity of knowledge and with all our distaste of scientific or any other provincialism, the very opposite to patriotic devotion, this question — Is there or is there not a polar sea — is in some re- spects an American problem, the solution of which Providence seems to have appointed more especially to us, Americans of Norse origin, that we may offer it as a sacred contribution on the common altar of knowledge at which our whole race worships and sacrifices. It almost appears to me, as if to us Americans, in this century, the command had been issued to scale the home of those dread Northern gods of our ancient forefathers, to conquer them with the lance of knowledge, and to bring that domain back to whom it belongs, to the God of truth and to the God of knowledge. Were he whose death we lately commemorated in this Society, the Nestor and venerable master of physical science, while yet among us — were he living, I believe, indeed I know, that he would subscribe to every word of Mr. Bache, that he would urge us on, and would say, God speed you, to Dr. Hayes. Here we leave what we must dispose of by intermediate jndgment, and return to that of which we may form our opin- ion by direct judgment. Enterprises such as the projected one are useful in the highest degree. It is useful, indeed, for a people to see men voluntarily leaving the common pursuit of wealth and comfort, or of ordinary honor, and pursue the pati to fee tb| as] vil ti(| aa W\ al| Mans ? of 27 patli of profitless self-devotion. Each addition of such a name to the records of a nation, is a substantial gain and national profit. What, indeed, were this world of ours had it not teen for those who follow ideas and inquiries, because they feel an irresistible and divine impulse to do so, not because they have a definite and immediate use in view ? In science as in architecture. But are there really no distinct objects in view ? Tellurian magnetism has become one of the mam ques- tions of this age ; and when its knowledge shall be established as a full science it will effect the solution of a thousand ques- tions of nature, of life, and will, doubtless, largely influence all the afi'airs of our kind. And the promotion of this know- ledge is one of the main objects of this expedition. Dr. Hayes goes in search of living knowledge, not m search of the dead. When we are asked what can be the use of this expedition, even if it be crowned with the fullest success, it will be well to bring clearer before our minds certain laws of progress, and certain facts connected with the advancement of knowledge. Those that I desire to mention here in connection with our great argument, are four in number. Tliere is such a concat- enation, or, we should rather say, a network of all know- ledge, no matter to what branch or sphere it belongs, that each mesh is connected with the otiier, however remote. All knowledge is inter-efficacious. All knowledge, so that it be truth, acts like the breeze on our atmosphere. However slight, it affects successively the whole body of air, and gives fresh- ness to our breathing. The second law may be stated thus, that all knowledge in order to be useful must be far in advance of its application. It requires the comprehensive science of astronomy to produce those few formulas which are used by the navigator, and to teach him how they can be applied with confiding reliance. A teacher who knows no more of his branch than that which he is expected to teach in a given class, will teach that little most poorly. Knowledge in this respect resembles the sun. He, indeed,is the great cause of growth ; but plants ^row mainly at night when the luminary has already gone m advance to evoke vegetation and life in fresh regions. Once more, all knowledge must be far in advance of its own application ; and this leads us to the third fact, that in no case whatever can man say. This discovery, this portion of knowledge, this fact, or law, is of no use. We must go farther and say, that a very few truths indeed, of all those that now most intensely influ- ence our existence and promote our well-being, have appeared important at flio ♦• onization and/^ "i^^ discoveiy ofAmZin ''^"^^ ^^^«n ^lave in history wonu'^''^^"^ng of interP«f? '^ extension of i^gofthatknowLTelr,:'"^''^' ^a« nevSelif .? '"^^^« Pire and to refafi}Wn.?fi ."'^ ^^as destinedTf ^^ *^'^ sow- «tate; man Wot mel^^ things on tl^^^^^^^^^^ ^"^- ^henAdamsST^' "^an'scitiesanS J, ^^"^ « Political "ot ffain bt^lT^'*^ ^'^^ «fated the wi ! """'^^ »«d I eart],s ? the frorpeSt^oLT*^ ^'^"o*^-, buftha lir^"^*'-^ "oL «f great powe^l'^;,"?^^ «"«Pec ed tiiaA^f «re gainers by truth on Jn-simp'lS;^ *^^^ P^^«ent year 1^^""', ^^«P«t nation. Wp t„ i ^t^^^^eto the ««««?; if^"?""ee the ffreat be tuiTied nnJ^i f • * t"e time to whit- "^^^"'7 and steadily As Te'fast of t'r^ ^^^^""^ at th^^^ o^yn1n ?^".^^«"^ts n 1^' tory of onr^! *''^^e trutlig, T Jn„u footprints. -^ take SaVoT or wl".^ '"' »' «"8 morne^, "'i Into'estinff, i^ith those twrLiJi, f r'' be an open L« '" "'="''''1? of a" its many 8di,-B '""'"'»• «'« AtfZlT. "/ "i"' "mnetted ^ 6^®ss,j„stasthefoun. MuetioD. Tht %, my 'iis- ns, of Je r, 5- 39 dation of an institution with its own rital and self-ruling power, however humble it may be, is of far greater import- ance to our race than a brilliant battle or tlie name of a dynasty. But there remains the objection to the enterprise so dear to our hearts, that it may lead to a great waste of life. If the enterprise be useful and ennobling, and undertaken in the service ot science, we cannot well speak of a waste of life ; we could only speak of a sacrifice, or, to be more correct, of an exposure of human life. In replying to this objection, let us renounce the advantage we would derive from showing the essential improvements wliich have been made in the fit- ting out of Arctic explorations. I am willing to argue on the supposition that human life is greatlv endangered. Be it so. Is there any arduous pursuit that does not endanger life ? Does your commerce not endanger life ? Do you send for your sugar to the Havana without exposing your mariners to yellow fever? Do you go to Europe on a single trip of pleasure and culture without endangering your lives ? Does the whaling in those very seas to wliich Hayes now desires to go — that branch of our industry which Burke mentioned in Parliament, and of which Webster eloquently spoke in the Senate — endanger no lives? And is wliale-oil more precious than the increase of knowledge ? Socrates used to say, Arduous are all noble things. We may add, And life- endangering are most high pursuits. Knowledge requires its martyrs, and glories in them as much as religion does. Let us always be grateful when we find men ready to wager their lives in a worthy cause, not drafted by conscription, but self-impelled and self-devoting. The speaker, here turned toward Dr. Hayes, and continued : If, Dr. Hayes, your and our highest expectations should be fulfilled — if you should find a water communication from Smith's Sound into a polar basin, and plow that sea with man-made keel for the first time since the day of creation, and you should ascertain the trending of its shore, and you should sail on and on to Behring's Strait, or be able to steer to Spitzbergen, and come down upon Northern Europe in your little craft, heavily freighted with the glorious news, a shout of victory will meet you, in which we shall join our Triumph ! Triumph ! If you cannot penetrate by water, or if you return and can tell us there is no polar sea, we shall be equally thankful, and science will have gained thus much. '"■ 80 K you Bhould be debarr:^ by barriers which no resolu- tion and no heroism can scale, we shall receive you no less with our hearty "Well done, companion in the pursuit of knowledge ; all enterprises are undertaken with the reserva- tion, — God permitting. And if that Providence, whose care descends in each flake of polar snow, as it floats down in each sunbeam on the tree- producing zones, has decreed that you shall sleep as soldiers sleep on their own battle-fields, wrapped in the white Arctic sheet, all those of us still remaining for a brief time behind you can do, in our humble way, we shall do, that your name be worthily remembered as one who gallantly fell in a noble contest, truly on the field of honor. But, Sir, I hope not only that we shall find the means to send you, but also that you will return to tell your noble story nere, on this very spot, sa" two and a half years hence. Keep this appointment. You know that you have the sin- cerest, the warmest, the enthusiastic sympathy of all those in whose behalf I have had the honor of addressing you and this distinguished assembly, i^od speed you, and protect you, and all your little band of daring men I Enthusiastic applause followed the close of Dr. Lieber's address. Mr. Alexander H. Stevens, M. D., then spoke of the interest which the matter excited among the medical profes- sion, and said that he believed that the scurvy, one of the greatest enemies of the Arctic navigator, was now disarmed. Mr. Frank Moore then offered the following resolution, which was unanimously adopted : Besolved, That the special committee on Arctic Explora- tion have power to add to their number, and that they be authorized to collect subscriptions. The Society then adjourned. /ess of i^a- \ke se- ars tic id le \le to le APPENDIX. -»♦» fmwMngs of ^Jariotis Sritntifa ^oririks KILATITS TO DR. HAYES' PROPOSED ARCTIC EXPEDITION. i THE AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL SOCIETY. [From the " Journal " of the Elociety for January, 18C8.] Dec. 16, 1858.— I. I. Hayes, M. D., of Philadelphia, Q&te Surgeon to the Second Grinnell Arctic Expedition,) rc»d a paper on the " Polar Discov- eries of Dr. Kane, and a Plan for Further Research." On motion of Mr. Yiele, seconded by Mr. Henry Grinnell, it was unanimously Ifesolved, That the American Geographical Society cordially approve and indorse the plan of Dr. Hayes for a continuation of the explora*' n and surveys of the Polar Seas, deeming it due alike to the cause of science and our national character that the discoveries of the Grinnell Expedition, re- ported by Dr. Kane, should not be disputed or ignored, without an effort being made to confirm the results achieved by our gallant countrymen. liesohed, That a Committee of five members of this Society be appoint- ed to cooperate with Dr. Hayes in the organization of the Expedition pro- posed by him ; which Committee shall report, from time to time, the prog- ress of the organization, and shall give due notice of the time fixed for the departure of the Expedition. A vote of thanks was tendered to Dr. Hayes, and a copy of his paper requested for the archives of the Society. TniKD Mketino, January 6, 1869. — In accordance with the resolution adopted at the last meeting of the Society, the President appointed Egbert L. Yield, Esq., Henry Grinnell, Esq., Hon. August Belmont, Marshall Leffcrts, Esq., Henry E. Pierrepont, Esq., a special committee " to cooperate with Dr. Hayes in his plan for further research into the arctic regions." 82 THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OP SCIENCE. [From the " Procet-dlngs" vt tUo Society for 1858.] Baltimore, May 8, 1858.— At half-past one o'clock, P. M., Dr. I. I. Hayes delivered in general .session a paper on the practicability of reaching the North Pole. A vote of thanks having been passed upon motion of Prof. Win. B. Rogers, seconded by Prof. A. Dallas Bache, Prof. Hitchcock moved the following resolution : — Retolved, That a special Committee of seven be appointed b^ the Chair to inquire and report at this session upon the expediency of having a Com- mittee of the Association to cooperate with Dr. Hayes in reference to an Expedition to the North Polar Sea. The resolution having been adopted, the Chair appointed the following gentlemen as members of the Committee : — Prof. Edward Hitchcock, Prof. Joseph Henry, Prof. A. Dallas Bache, Hon. Thomas Ewing, Prof. James D. Dana, and Hon Thomas Swann. Baltimokk, Mat 4, 1858. — The Committee to whom was referred the subject of Dr. I. I. Hayes' proposed Expedition to the Arctic Seas report, that, — 1. The question of the open Polar Sea, its limits and character, is the most interesting of those remaining to be completely solved in arctic geog- raphy. 2. The statements of Dr. Hayes, surgeon to Dr. Kane's Second Grinnell Expedition, make itprobnble that, with moderate means and appliances, this problem may be complt-tely solved. 8. The indirect results readily obtained by such an expedition in regard to the magnetism, tide.*, currents, meteorology, geology and natural history of the arctic regions, and the peculiar phenomena of glaciers and icebergs, and the ethnology, are of themselves of such importance as to demand further research. 4. Dr. Hayes is desirous of devoting himself to this line of explora- tion, in the difSculties, hardships, and dangers of which he has, when serv- ing with the lamented Kane, had full experience. 5. Therefore, this special committee recommends to the Association the passage of the following resolution : — Bisoked, That a committee of fifteen members of the American As- sociation be appointed to cooperate with Dr. Hayes in his efforts to organize another expedition for arctic research. Edwaud Hitchcock, Chairman.''^ The report having been unanimously adopted, the following committee was appointed by the Chair in accordance with its recommendation : — Prof. A. D. Bache, Prof Joseph Henky, Prof. W. B. Rogers, Prof. Edward Hitchcock, Prof. Benjamin Peirce, Prof. J. D. Dana, Prof. Joseph WiNLOCK, Hon. Thomas Ewing, Hon. D. M. Bakringer, Dr. J. L. Le Contb, Prof. J. E. HiLOAHD, Peter Force, Esq., Prof. Joseph Leidy, Dr. John ToBHEY, Prof. S. S. Haldeman. On motion of Prof. Bacue, Prof. Caswell, the President of the Associa- tion, was added to the committee on arctic exploration. nl el 88 THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. [From tho " Proceedings " of tlie Society for 1S59.] Stated Meetino, May 7, 1858.— Dr. Le Conte offertd the following resolutions which were read, considered, and adopted : — Eegohed, That the Society receives with much gratification the an- nouncement made by Dr. I. I. Ilayes, of his purpose to attempt a further exploration of the arctic regions, and, if practicable, to reach the north pole of the earth. Jiesolced, That in tho opinion of this Society, such an exploration merits the zealous cooperation of the scientific men of the United States, and that, at a convenient time, the Society will communicate to Dr. Hayes such suggestions respecting the promotion of its objects as may be con- sidered useful. Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed, to cooperate with the committee recently appointed with reference to this subject by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and to take such measures from time to time, in behalf of this Society as shall be deemed expedient. Stated Meetino, October 1, 1858. — The committee appointed on the 7th of May last, on the subject of further arctic explorations, by Dr. 1. 1. Hayes, made the following Report : — The committee to whom was referred the subject of the arctic ex- ploration proposed by Dr. I. I. Hayes, respectfully report, — That, beside any reflections of their own upon that subject, they find in previous proceedings of tho Society ample warrant for the opinion, that the verification of the alleged open sea about the North Pole, and the probable contributions to be made from that region of the earth to the col- lections of science, constitute sufficient reasons for an earnest interest on the part of tho Society, in any reasonable attempt to complete our knowl- edge in these respects by further exploration. After the signal manifesta- tions which have been given by men of science throughout the world, of their estimate of the importance of circurapolar discovery ; and with the advantage of recent reports, from a high latitude, received from our lamented fellow-member, the late Dr. Kane, whose efforts were accompanied by warm solicitude on the part of the Society, your committee have believed it proper to confine themselves to a consideration of the grounds upon which. Dr. Hayes rests his conviction of the practicability and seasonableness of his proposal. These have been already briefly submitted to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and have received a very prompt acceptance by that body, the members of which referred the sub- ject to a committee, with instructions to cooperate with Dr. Hayes. They have been also published through the Smithsonian Institution, at an invita- tion from which. Dr. Hayes announced them in one of the lectures of its last course. Nevertheless, your committee think proper to mention the principal of them as forming the basis of their own conclusion, that the proposal in question is sustained by suflicient evidence of its feasibility to engage the continued attention of the Society. It is well known that one result of voyages of exploration prior to that of Dr. Kane, was the establishment of an opinion that a barrier of ice 3 li 84 surrounded the Polo ; and that in order to reach open Tatcr, if such existed, a w»y muut bo found through, or over the barrier. Dr. Kane, afier an intelligent considuration of the digcoverics already reported, aided by the illustrations derived from his personal observation during his flrst visit to the arotic circle, concluded, that the most practicable course lay up Smith Strait, which he accordingly followed upon his second voyage. The ditticulties encountered by him were such, that, after many gallant efforts, he was compelled to return to the United States without becoming an eye- witness to the physical condition of the region towards which his labors tended. It seemed therefore proper for your committee to inquire whether tlioso difficulties were clearly of so constant a nature in relation to all similar attempts, as to render it prudent on the part of the Society to avoid encouragement of a project which his experience may have shown to be impracticable. It appears that the most important impediments to bis com- plete success were 1st. The arresting of his vessel and her permanent confinement by the ice, in a situation which was unfavorable to the efforts of his exploring parties. This occurred in a bay to the south of Kennedy Channel, with an exposure to the main pressure of ice, which accumulated in hummocks on the north of his position ; and thus the labor necessary to any exploration towards the Pole, was in disproportion to the strength of his crew, and the resources at his command. On the west side of the channel, under the cover of the projecting land visited by Dr. Hayes (to the most prominent point of which the name Oape Frazcr was given), the ice is reported as free from the impediments above stated ; and a good harbor is reported to exist for wintering a ship, with egress by the opening of the channel, or through leads in the ice during the arctic summer. The account published by Dr. Kane, shows how large a proportion of the sufferings and disap- pointments of his exploring parties was due to the position into which he was forced. 2d. The want of fresh provisions. The unavoidable delay of Dr. Kane's departure from New York beyond the period proposed by him, pre- vented his collecting, near the Danish settlements in Greenland, the fresh stores which abound in that neighborhood. Originally contemplating a single year's work, he was detained beyond his expectation, with scanty supplies, until his men, worn out by excessive labor, and restricted mainly to a salt diet, became the victims of fearful assaults of scurvy. His nar- rative shows how much of his disappointment is due to this cause. His dogs, indispetisablc auxiliaries, were unable to subsist upon salted meats ; and thus the entire stress of the work fell upon an ill-conditioned ship's company. Dr. Hayes proposes to give two years to his exploration. The first of these he designs to employ in reaching his head-quarters at or near Cape Frazer ; and in establishing thence northward, on the west side of Kennedy Channel, secure dep6ts of provisions, as far as the latitude as- signed by Morton to the open wator reported by him, or further, if neces- sary ; and in explorations preliminary to the main attempt. The second year, or such portion of it as mn^ bj sufficient. Dr. Hayes appropriates to the ascertainment of the conditio)' of the polar adjacencies, and to such observations as may be most important to science. Thus the expedition of Dr. Kane, which may seem to discourage further attempts in the same direction, is viewed by Dr. Hayes as really furnishing the knowledge which promises final success. Your committee concur in this view. In such circumstances, your committee cannot doubt that it is proper or the American Philosophical Society to codperate with Dr. Hayes, in B\>ch 11 especl best f B\on Y 7S point expl' tionf ini m a c /' A 85 a 5n like cases; ft^i*^ tions M mty >>«< P' , „i„„iitoa. . AUot«hichUp«t.c«y ,„„,.„, -1 ^,„.„,, SrePiiB^ COL""'-'-' t The resolution "^^ ^oint the committee, a ,„BoiBcerauthomedtoapp „,,ed members .ere "'^**'"'* May 6, 1859.^Tbe fo^^^'." V;^^^ in further arcUc SEATED M^BTiNO, MaV 6 ^.^^ ,,,. ,. I. Hay appointed a committee to c P ^^^^ exploration:- ^ xIobkut E. Ro«J«^ p. Lesixv, Re'- Dr. John ^- 1;%% Hon. Ed^^^^"" ^ A.«KH. BA»«KS, D.D.. __ ^^ ^^ _ _ , P. JOHN "• "-,. T^ ^lon. l!iDWA«- - ,UE ACADEMY OF ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ,,, MEimso or tb> Acao ^.tftecoromu- „r« adopted •.- ^ ^rt „uh 6««' '""f torlhcr expl»' Be^oUed, T»»t a j^^. jiayes. behalf of the Academy y ^ ^^^^^^^._ The committee was then appo^ ,^,,,,,, I«xac Lbx, Es^^^^, s. XV. Prof. JOB. l^]X\^!o^..7vrol JOS. LEI.V, Dr. FoCLKE. Esq., I^Vt S N . .ndProf. Jo^epu Cabsos, R„scaENBEKGEB, U. b. !>• ^ ^^^^^ p.HASD.Esq., and l-roi 36 That the exploration contemplated by Dr. Hayes appears to deserve the encouragement of all individuals or societies who possess an interest in the advancement of science, and especially of those who cultivate the various branches of Natural History, for the following reasons: 1st. The interesting problem of the existence of an open Polar Sea cannot as yet be considered as satisfactorily solved ; as is made manifest by the doubts recently expressed by a distinguished geographer, in a memoir read before the Royal Geographical Society of London. Yet this problem is so intimately connected with theories of climate, not only in that region, but over a large portion of the northern hemisphere, that its de6nite solu- tion must be considered as of the utmost importance to the study of geog- raphy ; and it is not impossible that its investigation may lead to valuable results of a more commercial nature. It seems probable, therefore, that this subject will attract the attention of other nations, who are engaged in an honorable rivalry with us in promoting the knowledge of the surface of the earth, and it is highly desirable that the credit of furnishing the defi- nite solution should belong to the nation to whose energy and enterprise the interesting results already obtained are due. 2d. The natural history of this extensive region remains, as yet, almost entirely unknown ; while, from the peculiarities of its climate, hnd its proximity to the land of the eastern hemisphere, it seems certain that much valuable information as to the habits of animals and plants, and the connec- tion of our Faunas and Floras, both ancient and modern, with those of Europe and Asia, may be gained by such an exploration as is here contem- plated. 8d. The excessive difficulties and hardships of such an exploration serve to deter any but the most adventurous spirits from undertaking it ; while the peculiar circumstances under which both the instruments of observation and the observers themselves are placed, render a frequent repttition of the observations necessary to produce confidence in the results. Every encouragement should, therefore, be extended to all who ara willing to undertake the arduous task, and capable of properly meeting its unusual responsibilities. The committee therefore recommend to the Academy the adoption of the following resolutions : — Resolved, That the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, having full confidence in the entrgy, prudence, and scientific capacity of Dr. Hayes, recommends the arctic expedition projected by him to the favo- rable consideration of all who are in a position to assist him in his enter- prise, believing that its success will contribute largely to the advancement of science anu to the honor of our country. Resolved, That the Academy will cheerfully assist Dr. Hayes, in carrying out \i\a plans, by all means in its power. John F. Fkazer, T. B. Wilson, Isaac Lea, \Vm. Parker Foulke, J. L. Leconte, \ Committee. Joseph Leidy, Wm. S. W. Ruscbenberoer, E. DURANU, Joseph Carson, The report and resolutions were adopted, and the committee con- tinutd." THE AM Mos" behalf < 1. 1. Ha influent of the The in thes sledge he stoi vraterf seen.' roand novel his ft Th out E ferre by a exp< at 8 whi the lea im ch wi ui \i viV 87 nv^RTS AND SCIENCES. 0^''°^'°''- J of ice, the unlrozen ^^^^ of the »« ^^ 88 5. By the rise of the temperature in winter when the north wind sets in, which is also damp ; as observed by Baron Von Wrangel and Sir Ed- ward Parry. The cause of this elevated temperature in the arctic waters, Dr. Hayes thinks, may be found in the influence of the Gulf Stream flowing northward as an under-current to equalize the effects of superficial flow southward. This direction in the flow of the deep water, is inferred from the drift of the deeply-laden icebergs northwards, while the lighter ones move southward. Moreover, what compeii^-ation for astronomical exposure may not the drainage of five millions of square miles from the northern water-sh Committee. Joseph Winlock, ) On motion of Professor Felton, the resolutions were adopted unani- mously, and the subject was referred to a committee, consisting of — Prof. Joseph LovERwa, Prof. Hentiv L. Eustis, Prof. Joseph Win- lock, TndMAs G. Carey, Esq., Benjamin A. Gould, Esq., Prof. Tjeophilus Parsons, Edward Wiogleswokth, Esq. THE BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. [From the " Proceedlnns" of the Society, for 1858.] Meeting op the Society, November 3, 1858. — The committee to whom was referred the letter of Dr. I. I. Hayes, announcing his intention of making another attempt to reach the north pcle of the earth, would report: — 1. That we regard the proposed expedition with no ordinary interest; and neai sons in a the esp nat pre ful as as ra t\i P' t( fi I 39 and receive a«««jancc^^^t^^^ '^^"r:t^TJo:^'^^-^ may be «ear "PP-^^ hit s shown that the - -''I^t.^^JSe^eB of its conductor of ^ % Th«t "l»l» ;?", 1 „%:,■, of the additions rmao y' ( „„ globe, fully realise''. ?«>; * GeemVy. •»« '^t' "hTiwXince, pereeyf S^.ot=;a^£Sl^ir.r«.t^orto t.«att.e.i. ''"'^5S""^>"'''»"''-"n™...»A Go.», ) ,„„„,,,, Samuel Kneeland, Jr., ? Theophilcs Pabsons, ) The committee appoint to prepa ^^ ,_ ™«ed Expedition of Dr. ll.y» '» "" *'« ,„„d differ- r,hat otrnthst^n^f *? rSnetSnX' be*.ean.«d, respcc ™. y!^^""-"°": Ulpipe, t.at - -T-« ties, and we thereior ^^^ cordially tions :- ^^ ^ . ^ ., ^„.„^ of Natural HiBtory 'n ^^^ t^tion that I?e«.Z.«d, That the Lycevmi ^ ^^ •'luhL has heretofore been 40 that all interested in scientific researcb, and having the ability, vrill aid him in his sell-sachf cing design. Extracted from the Minutes. John Redfield, Corresponding Secretary. THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. [From the " Proceedings" of the Society for 1868.] Meeting of the Society, Jdne 14th, 1858. — The President, Sir Rode- rick Impet Murchison, said : I ought to mention, to the honor of our kinsmen on the other side of the Atldbtic, that, not content with having done so much in search of Franklin, they now, on the proposal of Dr. Hayes, the companion of Kane, contemplate a further expedition to ascer- tain whether there is or is not an open sea beyond Smith Sound. As geo- graphers we cannot too warmly thank them for the spirit they have dis- played in this arctic subject LETTER FROM M. DE LA ROQUETTE, Yioe-PreBident of the Oeographical Society ol'Pari*. To Mr. E. B. 81 * ieky, Secretary of the Oowncil of the American Oeographical and moist leal SooUiy, New York. Faxu, Friday, January 21, 18S9. \ 19 Kue Mazarine. ) Sir : — It is with tue liveliest interest that I have read the numbers of the " New York Tribune" (D'jc. 6), " Evening Post" (Dec. 17), and " New York Times" (Dec. 18), which you have had the kindness to transmit to me. They apprise me of the new organization of the American Geogra- phical and Statistical Society, and at the same time of the fact, that, upon the proposition of Dr. Hayes, one of the companions of the heroic and unfortunate Dr. Kane, your Society has adopted, in concert with other sci- entific institutions of the United States, the project of sending out a new expedition into the arctic regions, for the purpose of ascertaining the cor- rectness of the information furnished by the latter, particularly as to the existence of an open Polar Sea, that is to say, free from ice, which would either approach the Pole, or extend to that extremity of our globe which, up to the present day, navigators have made vain efforts to reach. From the resolution adopted by the American Geographical and Statis- tical Society, I perceive that the expedition will probably leave in the spring of 1860, under the command of Dr. Hayes, its promoter, and that its expenses will be covered by means of a subscription. The attachment which I have always felt for Dr. Kane, and which he kindly shared, and the honor which your learned Society has done me by electing me as their Honorary Mem- ber, leaves me ground to hope that they will allow me to place my name among the number of subscribers with a sum of five hundred francs, which I hold for their disposition. I have already announced to the Geographical Society of Paris the truly national project conceived by the United States. I will profit by the new information contained in the numbers of the papers which I owe to your kindness, and will draw up a detailed account, which will probably appear in the " Nouvelles Annales de Voyages." I shall always receive with grati- tude the communications which you will be kind enough to make to me. Allow me to express to you, Su*, the assurance of my most distinguished consideration. De La Roquette, No. 19 Rue Mazarine. ^\ f^ ^\ I - + / \\',Slrl-l, I',, I,, . ■■: v.>^^^ ^' ■'• Mllr X' K,.,„/)V /;„..„.// N^..-. I lu„v.i.'n,..-.l ,,,/A lY,-./, y/^'.iv.-.rfJ'tjiiiVi'ii !■ '^'"'"iV'" . vj «•,.,' .M.d„ / -/ii, M.n.ii I „ ' " .|.\ )^:i^ .\ <» 11, 'I'll. /u,,il,„i ,/ ,iii/;i, null, 'i;„.,,,i„l,.;,-.,l »„•/„ „,- //„ i,/,ll, ,,, l„/l,i:,., I'l .'ii,/i*„f i/mi-tli'ii tf t/i, fiiiiitii. fi'iiin, •■/../"'.,>/ ?/■./,/,,///,../,,„,,,,„ /■,,/.„ I\f,i.i/.ri,i. ■M a-ir"^ r ■ <) ■**-. i\ .1'" , '" j-'^ '•■ - v^ ...v.l/n/M . , ^^ / V.-'-' !? c'. 'V '-l \ •'/^ // \ ^. '/. ^r 1 \ h 1 M ■!■ S K - . lit J • i^/:-^-Vl«'';'-*^'- A"- -.\ >. f ,„ " II •■.■,,> „ \ \ ••..l,.,.l.^,l7^'',^')^l.nflr . ■ . .,! '''"'•,.,: 'V ^,„ .\'):\v snii:i;i.\ ,^^"5 ■»>; ,: '^'^W, 'i^ / .r \ .\ft>nuim.,fr 'W/.w,/0, /! A '/ f 'Itt ,,.,',/ .0UV> yrisl :r.u„iy,i!.if~'":^ ■«?•-„ ,.,/« .l.-nh-fl. ■/ ill' ■'■' I^J" /.,,./...' V' .v.,.,,4,.,„»-- ""■■ .>■/ >, X -'.^ ■■■^M,-, /. ,, ."-"r '7,' ^1^iv 1 , , .■■ s' *■'>>.'/ '^A >'• ^ ...-'■'• f;,i;. uiJ.M„i„vii, ."" ■hjii I ; — r,V '^ ]['' ('li.irlnl ^ ' S.MrniSTIIAIT \VII,r.;\^ ^ \ , i .-" »,„/,. „.„w .> ,; \ I •■-(I KtNMEDVCHANNtl ' '■■"'•V!,7 .•' J> 'i- , 'S I— r .,„,„.„ Ill & S ■ ■ " \ ■ / /f /l^- Ba_iv.v/.7mi. Sit, ,«■.*.<■«. (i- o I .'V.'^ . V V' '•'..I, M.n.iil .' / ■ ■' II ,1 >■■ ' ■.' II (■ f s r- . \pfu I'Mfnttit otiiiiKf ff ihitl t*'r l.UUlf '•/ .//-A, \\,,lr, ,Si„ilt ..( tl'f .p.li lUfr .y,n I.- f/., .\ i- .. «— — aaini i i itn i t tmmtntittmmMmmmimttmmuim -% ^: f Till; Si'EoiAi, ('oMMiriKK of the AnioricHii Gciignipliical and Statistical Society, appoiuttMl to co-operate with Dr. Isa/ • 1. ITavks in orpinizinf^ an expedition to the Arctic Seas, havinj;- been empowered l)y the Society to solicit sul>.scrii)tions for 'tFiat object, earnestly appeal to those interested in the promotion of knowledge to aid them in this behalf. *«* The objects contemphited by the proposed exi»editioii are: 1st. The fiirtiier exploration of the Ojten Polar Sea, discovered by Dr. Kane, witli the view of determining its limits and cliarac;- ter; and tluis to settle more positively this vexed (^nestion. 2<1. To complete the survey of the northern coasts of Greenland and Grinncll Laiid. 3d. To determine important (Questions relative to the magnetism, the meteorology, the natural history, and the general physics of the nnexploi'cd region, north of Smith Strait. Henry Gkinnki.l, Es(|., has been appointed Treasurer of the fund, and subscri])tions will be received at his office. No. -lO Jjur- ling Slip, or at the Rooms of tlie Society, Clinton Hall, Astor Place. EGJ3EKT J.. VIELK. AUGUST IJELMONT. FRANCUS L1E13ER. GEORGE EOJ.SOM. BENJAMIN H. FIELD. HENRY E. PlERRErONT. CHARLES P. DALY. LUTHER BRA DISH. MATHEW MORGAN. JAMES L. GRAHAM, Jr. THOMAS TILESTON. FRANK MOORE. \ 1 o. HENRY GRIN NELL. CYRUS W. FIELi! PETER COOPER. MARSHALL LEFFEj HAMILTON FISH. CHAULES KING. JOHN J). JONES. GEORGE F. WOODWARD. JOHN D. CLUTE. GEORGE OPDYKE. ^ PELATIAH PERIT. F. S. STALLKNECHT