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Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent dtre filmte d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 d partir de Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche d droite. et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images h6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 K. 'M -^"' .ir\^-m^ ■ Jr.* ■ff' •**; -;• H F ] N< .4^ 'h The Re C A M. T.J, The NATURAL and CIVIL HISTORY OF THE FRENCH DOMINIONS I N North and South America. Climate, S01L9 Minerals, Animals, Vegetab les, Giving a particular Account of the Manufactures, Trade, Commerce, AND Languages, TOGETHER WITH The Religion, Government, Genius, Charadler, Manners and Culloms of the Indians and other hihabitants. I L L U S T R A I I. U B Y Maps and Plans of the principal Places^ CoUcftctl from tlie brft Authoriticj, and engraved by T. J R p p B R Y 8, Geographer to his Royal Highnefs the Prince of Wa les. part I. Containing A Defcription of Canada and Louifiana. ^ LONDON, Printed for Thomas Jefferys at Charing-Crols. MDCCLX. ^ ■A V > 4' i •t - »■ GE S I R, fcarce a to GciK capital nion ol cafion ( that cft( tancc, i {o man w hie he dcr all ( it be nc a61:ivity roundc( were be went a wilds c even to to favap prifbne and cai SHLND \ the bed To the Honourable GEORGE TOWNSHEND, B R I G A D I E R-<3 F. N E R AL Of His Majesty's Forces inNoRTH-AMERiCA, And Colonel of The Twenty-eighth Regiment of Foot. SIR, A Natural and civil hiftory of the French empire in North- America, publilhed by a fiibjed of this kingdom, could fcarce appear with propriety, at this time, if it was not addrefl'ed to General I'ownshend, who, by the redudlion of Quebec, the capital of that empire, has fubje(ftcd the whole to the domi- nion of Great-Britain. It is not however necefTiiry on this oc- cafion cither to relate the event, or ro particularize the virtues that efFe(5l:ed it. The event is neceflarily known by its impor- tance, and the addition of fo great an extent of territory, and lb many thoufand fubjedls to the Britifh crown, arc memorials which can neither be overlooked nor forgotten, and which ren- der all others, not only unnecclfary but impertinent; neithcrcail it be necedary to tell the world, that he is eminent for courage, a61:ivity, and fpirit, who, when he was in a civil capacity, fur- rounded by the luxuries of peace, with a fortune by which they were beft fecured, and at an age when they are mod enjoyed, went a volunteer in the fervice of his country, to traverfe the wilds of America, and expofe his life to dangers not common even to war; to ambulhes which vigilance can feldom cfcape, tofavages who attack without being feen, and inllead of takmg prifoners, the woundcdorunarmed, murder them in cold blood, and carry off their fcalps as a trophy. That General Town- SHLND has an undoubted claim to this merit, and that one of the beft concerted, yet moil daring entcrprifes that military ge- nius lii 'if D li D I C A T I O N. nius ever formed, was by him cairiccl imo execution, Cannot iiijl to be recorded in that period of the lUitilh hiftory, which uill do us more honour than any orher, as it will include w greater number oi events, in the hii:^heit^ deiz;rec glorious and importanr, the editor of this work tlieretbre can only hope to ilo hirnleif Jionourby taking this opportunity to fubfcribc him- < IR, Your moil Obedient and Devoted Humble Servant) Thomas Jefferys- IN TRODUCTION. '\ 1 THE Poflinions of the French upon the Continent of Nffrth A/zierica^ were always an intercfting Olijcft to Great-Britain^ as it is always ncccfTary to know the Situation, Strength and Rcfourccs of contigu- ous Dominions that belong to a powerful State, whole Oppolition of Intercfl: makes her a natural Enemy, and whofe military and conuncrtial Knowledge makes her for.nidable as well in Peace as in War. Hut the Knowledge of this Territory is now become yet more important, as Provi- dence has thought fit by a Series of Succcfles almoft miraculous, to make it our own. It is hoped therefore that this Work needs no Recommendation as to its Defign, as to the Execution, if it fhould be found to defcrve Recom- mendation, it will effeflually recommend itfclf : It has been compiled with the utmoft Diligence and Attention from the befl: Accounts that arc already extant, cither in our own or other Languages, and improved by Materials that have from Time to Time been communicated to the Editor, by Perfons whofe Names, if he was at Liberty to mention them, would do him Honour; it contains therclore in one \'icw, a more regular, comprchenfive and parti- cular Acco':nt of the Subject than has hitherto appeared, and as futh is lub- mittcd to the Candour of the Public. , l.ul! ai,.' ki' ili'i i\!on! •1,1 ..Oic. I n 1 ot ^.tK,. ilail ilc(ai!-..l American I.' 'iVcM RfVlfKi hhrirtu! or / Lodar.fjuc oi Accoani of Lake Onti SatDtitav, an ,\ l)c!'ci.;".Ki ' l-ir,, l'.;.\ t.i'i miiio ii In, W lull n on 'I rtiii I'rr.vrr riir.u him'.mj; tlic lUllj',lfMi I'r (cl) iKluri Kik. \'.r!i:c StlR <'f ' Willi Ca! pipe / rf, e.f (:.;■ T *//r and i r:i- T:ci-, i lihi ,>rd T- CONTENTS T O PART I. C.\ N .\ D A, I iniii •. c'' rcii!>ri! nccnr.ling to till- Frin A .in>1 £itpi; A, cimu'.c, >Oil, Mini), Ri\«ri, !.:ikcj I'-iRc I liul! ai..' Kivcr \< .-SI /, :.!tnir, Aiiticolli, Sept. Ille^ «nU I'oint ill') i\!ont PtI > J 'la ■.Tjc. Ifl<- .1,1V loiclrf i, lllc of Otlcan., Tii!c« anJ \'a- ri 1 (it iIk' cijiii|<4ii % i\.f/;, . itatbour, Lily, prlntipit Buililingi »nil Portificatiotn ilcfin' ,! ' < American I' .'!o, I'nin' aux 'I'rrmblcj, Ilc^ancoiirt 9 •ireii Rivuii,. 1 .ikc b,!. I'cur, Kiclilicu IiIm and Sotcl Kivcr 10 !^lti-irr,i! or /'i..'.i M.fii I i!y, Fortiticatior.i and Id amis 12 toJai .i-;ut or frr^ani /ill,-, tort l.a Cialoue and Fronten.ic "4 Account ot ilif Navigation of the River St. Laurence fiotn l.a>.c ( )n!afio:() t'.e l.lc iif Antirolti 1- Sammai, and Oa.'.,-ii A ; 1 t.iit nniic ihr^r. Sword hOi, Sea Wolvei, Sea C'ow<. I'orpoi- lev W liair i iiln r\ , I,.i,cotnc:, llaJJoili, l.oLller>, Si.il n un 'I Tiiut nIiJ rui:!ci 21 I'nver imnuiely I'clciiLjd »^ l:;:i:mR the lieJvtr % t i.ili,: < l'rrp.ii.iiinn<. 1' !e:nn Fcaftj and Invocutioni for Siu • ccl> iKlore they l.tn: me \kix \\ W, \ irii-e-. of \'\K licit, flu of hi> Hair, Skin ami Flelli St-ip rf Cji.a.'i, |li.;ii*Io, Mulk huMaloc "r Koc huclv, \\ 1) 1 Cat, U:a>k lo.v, I'o'ec*", I lying S«|iiirrcl, I'otc 1 / ■<»( I'f CifiV,!, I..n;!-», limit, Kavcn, Ua:er Fowl. Thrull., t.iijiilinih, fn^: ■;.; Oi.oi..ii, I iiiliiial, ai:d 1 'y Bud -,3 '.' *.( t* and iruu /■..'/ r,f itim-^u. Tiv I'rei', fiti, Loiari, Uak., Maple, Alh, Walnut, llcaeh. i lihi .ird l'nc;,ir ^j I'lii'iili, Goof.berry, Ato.a, \\"u:e Thorr,. rottoi Tr^e, xr-^ I'ullC 41 Ounn, /..miruiii^ri, Kih/^itt, (tivtrnminl, Cini-.i, Chnra^i r, M,ir:/r,, ,.«./ Ciijhmi c/' l.'-t JJ'trini Siiijni ttialiliig C 1- Fllnm.uir, ^ioux Affinilioels, Algonkini, Roundheads, Jul- tuers, Malhommci, Huroni 41 I/'ftit «/" th lii'tnrri an./ Uttllrmrtit -/" C tvn./ii ijj Quebec foimdeil, Can.d.t how called New I raiice i;-) L'oni|>ier d by the l'.n.;Ii(li i(i;(j, in FrcnJi Dei'mn againlV New York ir.irinrri ■« 1 1 1 Kn^lilli KxiitJiiion againil (^icbec init'.;5, comtnandcd by Sir William Phipr , miUMrnei 1 1 1 Kx|>r,lition agiinll i^i^ielK-c in l-l ;, iTiifcarrici 11 | t Ml But 1.1-, «1J >/,;■';.,, !!/■/.(,/;cht i;i Sie,;e and CoTH ir'l o| I,o'.i:!'ourj; and Cape RritOM in 1 - t ;, by tlie Nc« I' iigljnd troops wi R-ilnrcd In i! c h'rcnch in !*(">. I:; kiei'C and Ui.liiCuoii ot Cipc ll'C'nn in i;,?, b; thf 1 leet ani Armv Si.-,>,e »nl Rediiaioiof (^jiboc by il c n.hllli Fleet and X in i-T'>. 1 ;i I 1 i,r*\ \ i!-!^:i'> J 1 • 5 Inland Nm'nviiion l-iim C'lnadl t-> I.n.: J-.ni, S'vor and Cop- per ,Mi'ici, Indian .\.iiij,i.. 01 1 041,1.111, iipa.iiili Coluny m.ili'uTtd 1 -^ - n':'')'.H;nil by >r7\l'l pot | . j Indiilby of (he derm in :ic:tlcr« 1 i' A". :i '} :,.,ri ileknbed 1 ^< Navigation of the Vlttr.npi i;i A' i;*r.i/ ////,> 1 111 loilM.WA 1,^ I'-'O ;k; M '.n.',. Cu'l'mi, t nn .mi /Jf.'i^isT, .-///v .:»;.,/ I'lt'.Jilai'i e/ Lol'lil \>l ^. li>I Cl.ti.ii P A il T I t f ■ V ¥■■ \m CONTENTS. PART II. Dl S C O V r. R Y of ilie jIkhI:,!, or U'.JI-liiiri, \\\\y the/ w crc to tilled Pi^e I III SPA \ I O I, A. it* Imi'nrtince. Kvrcnt inj bituntion. In- convt'iiuncos ^<>l^ Moiiniams Mino.iiall'piti and Rivcri, niiticntly diiulcd into nvc KingJoiiis ) Origin ol the lii'ltrini Inliabiiani ol the Antillo >• h.tnh-y cf t*-t 0'\i'ti'tl h' .ihtijr.ti if litl^tiHi^i.i. ~'^ H 'rhrir^or.:li:ution, C liaMiict and I'mci'.iani, MwncM, llo- ([Mtaiiiy, CioMinmcnt, \Vur», iind Huiiiitij;, ihvir Pni'i- i.iiiiin> 10 luflk I'll Ciold, U.ilbindty, Laiiuo, Kc'igion, Amuiuiiifs, and I uncraN 8 C'«/o oi the S; airaliinatcd. the ll'ind ic^aincd by the Spaniard), and iiiakcn b\ ihe rrciiih ' ' IH Si-iif rf 1^1 F'l-." on Hii'fiii:! la, the lluccancers, their Man- ners, l.aw;. Relijjiou, Apparel, Armi, lluniiim. and Uil- cai'n a M. d'Ogcior Cox'ernnr of Tortuga, .^c. hit wife and cbati- lalilc Hchaviour, gains over the Frecbooicri, their SuiciiU^ hi> Schemii and Death iS Frei.ch Ship! at Petit (juavc burnt by the Diiiih, .Vc. U Infuiri ■..■n (if the Ntg-.i.-s. (upprtlled by ilic lluctanccrs, Coiiinio...)ns, Peace, Incicafc and Uciay ol the 1 rvnch Colony i I l^-ffboo'cr^ obnoxioui to the Krglilli, Kicnch and SpaBiaul', and dc.iared Pirates 3; lheli!i.i.y -rnKiiitrates againll the Tobacco farm, culii»aie Indigo a,..! Sugar, ,\c. 5') I o.ncil and Court) ol Juftife crtal liili'd 5I1 Tetr. Ci ..nc f.irp'i'rd by the Spania. •, the Co'onv dilhclUd fur want of J'rade, nic in arms, tiicir l.iailcr txccatid St ji^o de lo) C'a»aiIeroi burnt by the I'rtiwh, and arc rou.cd by ifiL' Spaniard) \>t Englilli attempt a dclVi-nt. par;irul.ir furvey of the I'renrh Co- ionv in I t(;i, tin- Kngliili intend to nnadc 1:, b.t aic pre- vcn:cd by an l.auhijjjke and rtpalled | ) Spaniards join them 111 a Deligu againll this Colony, whiih provci abortuc 41 I)..calTe the l.tntrno; ina'r.e) a Dtfccnt on Jjinalva, and ta- vap.e; ihat MaiiJ ^j Engliih and Spaniih Fleet cannonide Cape I'rnncoi , land iheir loices, and plunder ii,e Coionv at l)i!cre:ion St 1 uul^, Por: dc P..n taken, f.w Rtireat ol tiic french, their ^citle- mcnts reduced 41 The Ncgroei at Capr Francris revolt (4 The KngliOi furpri/.e Petit tji'ave and retreat, Attempt to land al le ;a /',;,r f'r.n,, but are [icveiited ?; Ifie Avav.l.t li'.iled by a Company ^; I'renih «nd Sj aniardi unite agaii.ll the Engl ili. Admiral Drni- b .w dedtoys the Pftn:h Ships at Lecga.,e, and dies of hi> Woundi r,A A ihief jullirc and InicriUnt appointed. I'cclefiadic Rt;; 'a- t.-jin, Meiluu- taken to picvent 1 leibooting, «ho e'Jin- mence Inhabitants (,,j 6i.Jden decay of all the Crcoj Treei, this Colony falTers hy an extlufive Prinledgr tor turnill.ir.g t|,e lllind with Ne- grov!, and other Otanti, tihieh occalioncd infurieaicr.s N'lmberof Inhabitants in 1 7;'., Character of the frencli Cie- oinn-, their llofpitaiity, and Charity b^ Ddcripiicn of Cape i raiiioi^. Port Margol, Port de Paix, Cut de Sac, \c. (,- State ot Cape I raniois in 1-4; fcj I'ort l.c.ii taken by the Kngliih y^ J'.nga[Tment bctuccn the brench and Fnglill. Fleet li. Plain of l.eoganc, Pttite Kivure, Ic Grand and Pctii t.jkve, ^1;. d(;fc(ib d -I /■;dii./."'.^r. MAIVI'IN. Soil.rrodjflion", firft fettle.! hr t^• Sp.iniards, : nd abandnn'd, aherwaidi ditiued I ei»een iho French and Dutch, who are cv] elKd by the Spauuid . tiny rctiiin, and tl.e French ihulc tor Ciosttnora Surj^co.i, swu »iU ti Priclland judge -; I'an.i of S/. M .\ R I II O I.OM E W. Soil and Produdiom, Spaniards liill leitled, and evacuate it, I icnth leitic, .ir.d are dcllnn-^d by i"e Native), a nciv Colony uf Itilh C'alhul,>:i under a 1 reiuh (iovrtnoT -% Ij'^M 1' li U A U A l.OL P F, Extent, Situation, Climate, i oil Produce '<> Brt'V Tirrr (Icicrlhed, taken by Sir W. Codring'on, I,es Habi. tan«, tioyave. dreat Cul dc Sac la G«AMi I I HI. Fort loii!, I c> Abymet. le (ioficr, and St .Anns delctib d C'abl'eDcrrc, Mangni, &c. H6 Mineral I'lanti, Shrub), Plants, and li.lcits *t Wild 1 l.gs and Uevil Hird nl fiffl i>,ii.tmini It Cic.sUALOtn, the Progtefs cf its Improve- nienis, id Rc»oli:;ions, ie. '.i '1 he I'.nnlilh in 1 ;• t land, and take the Fort, artcomptllel by Sickisel) to rcmib,>ik, they attack and cjm]uer it m >:;'* ' - IJ!,iml tj DniPStAti* dtfctibed, conquered by ll.e Enpliih m 1-^0. lit IJljnj 'f Mmik.m.smi deftiibed, conqutr'd by the FnglilH in !-;•). tii^ Iki I ..111 ' 1.01 Samos, Of I'/Sjinii defcri'jed, ccnoi.eteti by tht Fng'illi in |- A.'jui •' MAariMco, titcnt. ;'«il. Diififion', F'portj. po'ts Fort Si Pr;er joiinalcl i\co Miirionati-s l-ort Risal, Cid dc 5<. Robert. Cul Sac Im- iiii 111 Francois, Kc. Tht /r/l /titif^ ''■ Xf»i I iM. .', »ith the vaiiojs Uifputei, Wan, tndmoltmatiii.il I iai.M>vijr.i lift Engli'li atiaik I'oit St I'cter in lOO;, inake DeUeotJ in iN;3, II .)-, 1 ■ 4, and i-,i) (i'-mj r' Cmls.v;.* de.ilibcd I4I> Piiiihaicil by Cutnt de Cetdlac, a>lvanta;^enu« Cliaratier oif iliii Place by l.c lertc in i'.it~. Ccrdlac obliged (ofcllhia PropSi '1 lie ii'CiuiJ. Bird: ^reii and liiiail 2ti) Fifties ot ^ea ai.d Rivers ajo 'J he Inhabjianls and l'l.:niers of C'as enne >}> Cliaractcr wf the Cauyancle In.luii^ tl}4 f, ii'a I' 'I >m B tl! , m A [I :-.dTVIUr»l" I I'Xhur chill H c$»»t^. ^^- C.TatiKUti Turk K! Lake drK Firta 1 \ wS I) S ( B ^■t !N ■ .1'^ W ,,w;-"" r r u, W A L K s K u I s CllHJSTIXA r X ini.i KlI.l.lSTI.VS . -Ci^li^ii^ " r"* ''■'■ forlSU'lmrlrV .■.//.•/■rM.-.l/'.v-yi"'/V ^/„.,>>X /■/>-•.»/.,/.>■ XIV y^ Of TUB L 'Oi'Aci .V^i i> I' I'X .V .V / .V ^fc VV^^-.-f*.. V. N: '^\ AMAI'oI" C V N A 1) A mill ill, .\t>l(l II I'AUli/' L () r 1 s 1 V N v wiih ilii- . //»./.( ( -Ks r Corsinvs . /ItViiu'Jcffvryii . (••ly/ty/u/- to his .MAjF.sn: 1. l',,l/i,lh,;l /j ■/•/i,-'jr/f:. riuimia f^tyfJ^ Ito/it&'/i . I> I T.I f /.I MIS ■- 1 t^iM'uUiJ I'n-imriaa J&^l/ f/ .1 M- I I. / jr.v f> / .V "Ui T^<^><><>-4-i>*<>^t<^<^*'**<>-**<^<^**'*'**4<>-*** *■**■*'>•**■*•*■*■*+*•**■*<> •*■*♦♦ Jl TIIR Coiintrv fuh]c(\ to the Crown of Fnince on the Coulinent of Ncrth Jrii-riiii, which is I.irgtr than the Rrman empire ever was, in its moll riouritliinv^ tunes, ii liivi.lcil into two parts, the Northern nameil CaiiiJu, ;uul the Si)Utliern l/.uilum.i \ hoth of them under the dircdion of a (iovcinor- Ccncral, lutenJaat, antl ."Supreme Council of h'cii.' France, rcfiding at .'^/f/v. . C A N A D A. CAN ADA, in tlic I'lJuvi l.'.n'.;ua;^e, fic^niiics the Mouth of theCoiintr)\ from G/w, Mi)Ut!i, .mil Add, the Country. Under the name of Caiuidit, the l-rniih wouM comprehend all tli.it \\\xX.oi North Anierictt fituatcd between 40 and 5; degrees of North Lititude, .mA 42 and -;■ of lonijituilc Mad from Frrro, indudin;: great part of N:-:i' E'!gtvercd. 'V\k (oil ot tliis country ii generally very fruitful, but the winter, f )r (w month (^f the year, i> cMremcly I'evcre ; the fnow is always fix t.tt deep, and, what contribute-. to give the people c>\ Furc[>e a vvorfe notion of this country than it actually delirve-, thill fealon corner on iull bclore tlie (hips let fail for Fraih\- and other places on this lide the .1 Liiitii, anJ that lo fiulileidy tiiat in two or tlirce liays the rivers are lull ol v.ill lliiuK ot ice, all tiie be.mlic^ ot nature are hid, and the eye is pained with ai\ univcr- lal whitenefs ; there is no longer any ditllrcncc between land and water, the tites are owud with ificlis, whiih are even dangerous to thole that Itand umler tlicin ; tiaic i^ no nii've iliningout ot lioors, without being wrapped up in thr, aiui, in Ipite ol'ihis l^rci-aUtion, not a winter p.illl.s witliout lo!', ot limbs by the benundiin.; colJ, .imi tlnaigh the weather is fomewhat mililer, when the wind gets into the South or I.ill i|uarler, yet ouiliig that time thue is .il.vavs a prodigion. fail of fnow, lo tii.i'. you cannot fte ten p.icts before you. There blows lo piercing a Wed winJ that ;t .ilnMll pe.h the Ikin olf the face-, in lliort, during thii terrible fcafon, which is attciidtd \s llh the |ure(l and U reneft (lev imaginable, tlic cold is lb fliarp ami intcnfc tiiH even tlis.- beau dare not fiir out of their den;. B U iiiffi loiilii j'_iuit,e Cin.tiu, a. ■ ciirilii.^; tothj ihc Ji;.-t; ]>, ■ I nv 2 ^DESCRIPTION In return for i'o many incnvcniencies, tlicrc is llic!) an ainazingahunii.incc of g.imc, mut- ton, |ioiiltry, Ivof, ami tllh of all forts, that one aimofl n'L^rcts the return or the fprini;;, DiiTacct "f^vijii-i, _iittT I lonr' dclav, begins to appear towar^ls M/v, and w'ticii is I'o much the imore charming as it fuccceii-. to a very Icverc fealon. Ai! ' to this the lieat of their himmer in I:i u,.!.':! this country, which cnai-les them to reap their crops in four months ti-om the fowing of the feeil ; and tlie mildnclb of the autimin, tlurin|^ wLiLii tlierc is a moit beautiful aiui un- interrnptcil krcnity, fuch as is rarely fetn in llie fincit parts nf Europr, fo that one can- not wondu- the dumMdiis (hould even prefer this country to that ot Old France . Tlie Ion;'; c;)ntinuancc of the fnow up^n the suoimd ; the c;reat number of mountains, forells, rivers, and lake«, and the natural humiduy of the foil ; together with the valt Ciu*;: of the quantity of iec on tlic Northern Ocean ; and the hii^ii fituation of the lands in this tri'Ct, excdiivicoil. ^^(. prub.'.My the r.nifes of this cxcefilve levcrity of the weather, during this feal(>n, in Qi'iiiJit, thou;.:h under the fame climates with the molf temperate provinces of iir/'o/c. It h.,s been obfeived, that, for the fmr years lall palf, the winters have gradually abated cf tluir feverity, and probably the weather here will continue to grow milder, in pro- pt)rti;in as the country is cleared of its vail ijuantity of woods, and as it begins to be cultivated, drained, and ptt)plcil. There is a chain of mountains running Eaft and \\\[\ more tli.in four Inuulred leagues, from Tiukufjc as far as Lake Superior, which is prubably the caufe of fuch extraordinary quantities of fnow as fall in this country. Corn thrives t ) admiration in thofe grounds that have been cleared, hut fuch fruits I'lr'v ■( ,;> require anv great degree of heat t'eldom Uiccccd here, probably becaufe nipped by ' '■'' the troll. I'iiL re are great numbers of wild vines ; greens of all forts cume to great perfedion ; the lakes arc well llored with filli, and their banks are almoll covered with watcr-iowl and other game, befides beavers, martin^, fables, &l\ not to mention an inhnity of other birds and quadrupcdes, which abound in this country. The coniLuit fercnity of the air in this province, where it I'eldotn or never rains, renders it extremely wlioleibme to Europeiin conditutions ; and an author of credit allures us that he knew upwards of lixty French, anil thole of very delicate complex- ions, and but indirlcrently provided with wliolelome tooii, bcijdcs inconceivalile other hardlliips and inconveniences they had to undergo, during a refidencc of fixteen years among the lluror.s, all furviving after fo long and wearifomc u term ; a circumllance, wiiici; i'utliciently proves the falubritv of the climate. Besides the great plenty of (fags elks bears, foxes, martins, goats, wolves, wild fowl, and other game, with which, as I have obfervcd, tliis country abounds, the mcidow grounds wjiicli arc all plentifully wvitcred, yield excellent graf., and feed great henis of large and fmall cattle ; and lamis in tillage produce the moll plentiful crops. The mountains abound with mines of co.d, and are not deilitute of filver, iron, and other minerals, though not worked, or at leail with any great advantage ; and the marrtiy grounds, which are a gr:at part of this country, hvarm with beavers, otters, and other .unplnbiiius animals. Amongil the great number of rivers w hich water CitfU7dii, the muft confiderabic are, the river .SV Laurence, which erodes it from South-well to N'orth-c.ift, and u twcnty-feven leagues in breadth, where it empties itl'elf into the (Julf of 5/ A^rxrf^-iv ; the river Ik: r/^o>i, whieh has its opening in IIuujoii\ Ji.n ; the rivers Hiiguenjv anil Outiiu;i\', which tails into the river .SV Ltmri-nce ; and the Mtjijliipi, or river AV L-.uis, the fouree ot which is generally placed in about forty-five degrees of latitude, and -4 of longitude Well from ferro, whieh waters tlie Wclttin parts of OiuaJj trom Nurth- Wclt to Soiuli-call, and afterwards Irom North tr) Soutii. There are allu a great number of lakes, aiul, amongft them, fcvcral of very great extent ; as lor inrt.nice. Lake Superior, of five iuindrcd leagues circuit. There arc thiee great lakes bdides, llill hi^jher than Lake Superior, ail of them eroded by the Iheain that runs into ri'f River St L A \V I^ K N C F.. This river has its fourcc, as is commonly thought, in the lake of the yf/?iniice!s ; a point, wliiJi, however, is far Irom being del ided, though its coiirfc has been lurveyed tor between fevcn and eight himdred league-. It empties itl'clf into the Gulf ot 67 Ljv't-nce, and exceeds in beauty and greatiiei- all the iiv. rs of Cannda. Ths Cull ol .S^ I.dicrence is four-fcore leagues in length, and tJie currents in it are lo ilnjii^;, that it lias been failed over in iwenty-fuui" huurs with a favourable wind. About Ml : yy of l.i Calfr.f^-; of CANADA, About half way over arc the IJla des Oifcnitx, or Bird IJlands, two rocks, which rife in the (hape of a fugar-loaf, about fixty loot from the water's edge, tlic grcateft not above three hundred paces in circumference. Tlie quantity of water-fowl on thefc rocks, which arc covered and coloured all over with their ordure, is aftonifliing. Sf- veral Hoops ha^c been loaded with their eggs, and on tiring a cannon, which alarms the whole body of this feathered commonwealth, they rife in fuch numbers, as to form an impenetrable cloud, which hides the iky for two or three leagues round. The entr.incc of the river 5/ Laurence is properly reckoned from Cape Rofun in Kova ScDtidy where it is abcit twenty-feven leagues broad. Three leagues to the South of this arc the Bay and Point of Gafpe, or Cuichape. Three leagues below this B.iv is the Ilk Pence, or Bored IJhind, (o called from a rock rifing in form of an arch, thro' which a fiihing bark may pafs under (liil. This has the appearance of a ruined wall. Navicators know wiicn they are near this part, by a fiat mountain, called RoicLind'^ Tii/de. A Ican;ue from this illand is that of Bonaveiilitre, or Hood fortune ; and at ten leagues diftance from hence is the Illand Mificu, which is eii^lit leagues round, and has an c\cclicnt harbour. Near this illand is a fountain of frclh water, which riling from tliL middle of the tea, fprings into the air to a conliderabie height. All thcfe parts arc lx- tremtly well fituated for t!ie tilhcry, which are vtry plentiful in the neighbouring parts of the (Julf and River ; on which account, lomc intelligent b'renib writers regret their not having tlttlemcnts here for that branch of commerce, which theyjulily prefer to the fur trade, for which, this of the fillicry in thofc parts has been ncglecled. In tlie mid-lie of the mouth of the River .SV Lii:,;re>:ce lies the Illand oi Natijkotek, rorru|'tly ciUed yluticclh, about twenty-llvcn leagues in length, but very narrow, and of no manner of utilitv, being dellitutc f wood, b.irren, and without fo much as a liiii^lc harbour, where lliips can remain with any degree of fafety. Its coafts, how- ever, abound in ti(h. It was imagined, that this illand was not dcflitute of mines ; but from trials that have been m.ule, this opinion appears entirely without foundation. Alter palling this illand, you fee the land on both fides. On the left lliore, in A'w*/ t^.iclu:, appears a tli.iin of very hig!: mountains, called Mwti Notre Dome, and Mount L:ut.<, bitwctn which are fome valleys, formerly inhabited by lavages. In the neigh- bourhood of Afcunt L'Aiii the foil is very good, and there arc fome h'reneb habitations. This pLice is tfleemcd well fituatel for a lettlement, to carry on the whale filhcry, and would .ilk) be verv convenient tor lupplying ihips trom Europe with necelTarics. On tlic oppolite Ihorc, in latitude 50" S', lie the Sept IJles, or Seven IJlands, among which arc Icvcral good roads, with anchorage fit tor Ihips of large burthen, in which they m.iy ri Ic fate in b.id weather. Thele illands the French navigators endeavour to make, as foon as tluy have palled by jinticojli, taking care to avoid the rocks about F.gv; Ijlvi.is, where Admiral H'dlker's riect, in the expedition to Cauadii, was lolf, throii:',li the ignorance of the pilot, Augnji 23, 171 1. Sevmtecn leagues to the liouth-weft of the Sccen Jfliindi is a promontory, called 111 Vciut da Afc'iff Viiees, or Point of Bald Mountains, and, by (ome authors, Arnicnt, and ^Trinity Point, which navigators leave at large on their right, and for which it is proper to keep a good look out. Another land-mark on the Southern ihorc is, the double- hr.u'.LiI mountain, callcil Les Mamelles de Mutane, or I'aps of Matane, .d)out two Iciguis within land, in the wildell country that can be imagined, being an entire medley of land, rocks, and impenetrable woods, but well watered, and abounding in game. On the other liile of the river, about fix leagues from the Bald Mountains, is St Ni- • hcL'<, or Eii^Jijb liarhur, a very fit place for merchant lliips in bad weather. Nine leagues from this are the dangerous breakers of Manicouagan, projeding two leagues from lanil, and famous for ihipwrecks. They take their name from a river, which rifes among the mnuntains of Labrador, and afterwards forms a pretty large lake of the fime name, but tnore commonly known by that of Lake St Barnabe, and dilcharges itfclf into the river aerols thele breakers. In fome maps it is called la Riviert Ncir, or the Black riier. As far as this, and near ftxtecn leagues higher, the tides arc hardly perceivable. Thirty-two leagues higher up is the River Saguenay, which is capable of receiving fliips of the grcatetl burthen twenty-five leagues above its mouth, in entering of which you leave the port of •Padjuff.ic on the right hand, where moll geographers have placed a city, though there is only one French lioufe, and fome huts of the favages, who bring them, at the time of felling their furrs and other commodities, and carry them off' like fUlls at a fair when they go away. Formciiy, this port was for a long time the refort B 2 and Bird )\iir.ij Cnpc Refit- .-. C'.i /.- Point anJ B.iy D3n.t Wr.x. and .U.'o* A'.'tuaji I't. S,fi IJa. Sat^uffiay R vcr. Ta.half.i: Pott. r.,-:l Jll l<- Mjiii Ptiit. i'.i "^ ;?f is Bif.lKCK. I 1- 4L. m n 1" *•"».! ^1 DESCRIPTION 111.- -r &,, ami chief m.iit of the In.iidiis lying towards tlic North niiJ-Eall. Tlit ItoicIj rcfoitc^l JiithcT us linii ;i< the iK'.vi;i;.ition of the river was open, h )th from }uaiii\- .iiui Iroiu Cana- tiit ; ar.d t!;: miffioiKi; ks tool^ thi'i opportunity to tr.illic in their own way. Tlie f lir be- in^ ended, thj niereii.mts rctiirntd to their fevcral hahitations, and the favuges retireil with tlie iiiiiiioi'.ariLS, who followed tlieni home in order to take a hetti.T opportunity to fiiiiili t!;eir iMnveilion. '/..-..'•.v/A/i' is an excclLnt haibour, the anciu-iins!, i'.ood, the entrance vjrvcafv, and th-y fay it is eapahle ot .iti'Tdnig llieker to live ami twenty men of war aiwinll ail tiic winds that ean blow. It is alnioll rouiul, antl furrounded on all lides with roeks of a prodi;.;ioui hci;;ht, from wiiieh iiliies a fmail rivulet eapahle ot' fiipnjvin': tile iliipnip'.; wiih Irclh wat.r. Tiic whole ennitry ahiiunds in mari)ie, Init it-, greatvd rielic:-, i.iv-C./c.-.V.Tr/.v, would certainly be the whale lilhery. The 7)'es ubuvo th.it ilii- tant and h.i/ardons way nt jjoin;; totheco-tlof Gi\'t'nLtiiJ, at lb much txpcnce. Hut bef.)re this 1 (hould have mentioned an anehoriuj; plaec under the (.ir.cn JjlinJ, on the oppofite (hore of A'j:-/ SrCiii, wb.erc i^ plenty of .dl lort--! (^1 provifums, and , fonie /"rv./) habit.itions ; and th.it on the Nortii ihore, .it Moulin I'.iiuir, U) cillcii Ironi a riiidvt of ficlh water, winih iliiics from a rotk, ami i> c.ip.dik- ut lurnin.; .i mdl, but the c>i:ii.trv aboiit this latter i:. faid to havj the moll Irijjlitlul .p; ear.uKe, .uid to be ut- ter! v uninh.diit.dije, tor men -ir liraits nor is any livin.; creatuie U> be ken. liom liiik;i[iih- you come to tiic palVav^c of ///V R ugc, which is very diilicult. In order to do this with luccel>, you mull tirll rteer lull on this ille, in order to clear the point called .7,v,v yl!l.:tct:rs, or L-irxs Pitity wliich is at tlie entiy of tlte Siij^uciuiy on the left, and advances a i;ood way into the river, and aiterward.i you turn ijuite ihort ; tho ^.mtii paflage is much t!ic f.itcll, The ///.■ Rhij^c, or Rt.i IjLvui, i., n . uuie than a r.H '-: of i!ii. ct)lour, lying IcvlI with the water's edjje, aii.l ha:- been the occafijii oi Icvc- i.d ihipwieek--" i\t the ilill.nii-e of ei>;litccn leagues above Tadwffiic, and th.- I.iine diil.iiue liclow ^c- / .', i^ til.; lu- (lux Cciiiins, the pal]"ac;e of which is on the leti.and very ilan^j;erous wiieu the wind is in the leaft unlavoiuablc ; it is e.\tremcly rapid, narrow, and a ;j;ocKi quarter I >l a lea. 'ue in breadth. Before i66^, it was much c.lier, hut iinee that an earthquake t )re up a mountain by the roots and tiirew it upon the Ijlc tiux C^Uiircs, whic'i made it inor.; than o;ie halt bigger, and in the pkice v/licre the mount.dii llood there appeared i Like, w!iii h i-, now called the ll'b'n'.pyjl, and not t'< be approached v.ith(jut d.inger. It i .ill'" pratiic dije t.i t.ike the .'-ou'.h [-.illagc of tlie ///<• <;//.v (.i«„'/<-., wh'ch bears the name oi M. /''.7 .-/i/,', wlio tirll attempted it with IucjcIn, and ii b^-'-:i w : tlie proprietors of this U.iy, where tliey h,>ve l.^twly difc.jvcredan e\ceedintj !:'iod K" -d mine. Si\ hai'iie;- l,:rthcr is a promontory of a prodigious height, whieh terminates a cliaiii ol nvnintams running more than lour hundred leagues to tlie W'cllward ; this is called C'.ip 'Tnirmfnt, or Stormy Cape. The anchorage is exceeding good here, lince the num- ' ber ot illiiid- ol all fixes which furrouiid it, make it a place of very good llieltcr. The mollonf: ler.ilileol thefe, is the Ille ot (Jrlraris, the fields of which arc extremely well cultiy.iied, .ind a; thev rile in the Ihape of an amphithcitre, prclcnt the eye with a moll pleafing prolpeek. 'Ijiis illand is about fourteen leagues "ound, and was in 1676, erect- ed into an earldom, under the name and title! of St Liin rnt, in favour ui' l-'nifiCyis Her- thch, fecretary general to the artillery, wlio bought it lA' Iruinccii dc Ljz'J, full Hilhop of .',^.v.7),'i . It had in 1720, four villages, and they now reckon in it lix very populous p.irilht';. Ol the two channel, which this ifland forms, the South i> only navigable lur Ihips, for even lloops cannot p.ils by the North channel except at high water. Thus from Cape Touniifnf, you mull travcrle the river to go to ^ida, and this way h.is its dittunltie^. There are moving lands in the way, which often want w.»ter for the Iargel> Ihips lo that they dare not en'.Mge with them till the tide begins to tiow. Tliis cni- barr.iirment might be Ihunned by taking the pils of M. IhcrviUc. Caj^e '■Tourmciitc, V. hei.ee they take their departure to make this travcrle, is at a hundred and ten leagues diflance ;. 'i«.i m »i y i .' ,; 1 > 7*!p•.^'lm«^■l»^v• ,..4*..r-' llriu. C AN ST L A U R i: \ (' i: ,,/:■) y.i ,ir ih.mn.l rnnS. Pn.v 'i ' v.. nwv^tan* " — -T— * " 1 t « .v.- r ■ V :-■■§■ . ' •• - *i* ■ - - ■^ ■• . "It > Jtik Ik A.Ji»»-.,y7;»r ! iiM> u<* iHi> ijv A n A II r \ i: k the A. 't, II i: f A J Sirj D. 1 l'u//ij,/i,:l li., •1,1111.1 /.' .1././ I'.ir/uimfiii .l,iii"'i', I'jt'ohy TA"" .Ay.'i j/j <»/ iTtjrIiij I'n^. fn.f % . of C y1 N yJ D A. diOmcc from the fcii, ami tlic water of t!ic river ftill cortiiuicr, hr.ickini, nnci dor; not bf^i'i to Ik fit for drinking til! the tntr.mtc of tlie two p.illiigc;^, or cli.iiintlf, of the ll'e ot UrLmii ; ;i pheiioiiKiioii ditiieiiltcn()tit];h to be f 'Ived, on laionnt of the [!;rc;\t rnpiditv of the river, tven iiftcr iiuliiiij; ccMifuier.dilc allowances for tlic width of it. The tides here How rcgulaily live hours, and ebb i'cven. At "Ttuhufiic they ebb and flinv llx hours altern.'.tely ; and the relliix intrealo ;\nil the Hiix diininillics in proportion ;.' vc>n "<) hi^;hcr up tiie rivcr. 'I'wcnty Ici'Miei .ibove l-^f/w the dux i^ ot tiiree hniiis t niiniiuincc, and tlic rctliix luiie ; liii^Iier up the tides arc not pereciv.dde, NVIieji it is Tiav Kdt tide, or li.df hij^h water, in tlic port ot T id, tli.it ii to (ay, tl'.c tide only bcjliis to tlow at U.H'Coutiini, five n:ul t\vcn:y lea;4 les higher uptlu f.une liver ; and \et it i.- Iii^^h water in three liitftrent places at the fame tunc. The taufe of tliis no doubt i;;, th.it the rapidity of the .S'.v^.Vi- r,!t\\ wliichis dill j.',reatcr than that of tiic river St Laivn/ice, repelliii;; the tide, cnufcs an c uwi l:\V) tliat 11 (..(.' j;. of St LdU'ri'in: Furtlierthi-i r.;pidity has been at to j;reat a height only fnue the vrear i,.tt';n|Make of i6f)^. Thiseartlupiake ovtrturneda niaunt.iin into the river, whole bed it llr.'itncd, and tornied the peninlula of (.■^'.■( 'titinii, above wiiieh i^tllc n:/'i,lt','i\ name the l-Kfhb 'fV\e to a Hroirj current, or violent (Ireani, which even canoes are hanily able t.) tleni. The litpih of tlr.; Hiit^ur/iiiv, tVom it:^ ni luth upwards as hi;.',Ii as Ciw .u/ii/n', is c>pult-) the violence of the llreim. Thus no Ihip could come to an anclior here, had ilvv not tite .idvantaj;e of mooring or mai-iing tall by means of the trees, which covi r the bai'k^ of th.'. river. It hajallo been oblcrvcd that in tlif^ j;ulf of St La-i.ri'ih\\ aliout ei^;ht or ten Icajnies from tile (Iiorc, tlic tides vary according to the diderent pofition ot the land.;, and the change ot tiie I'ealons; That in lome parts they t'ollow tlie wimls, wliilll in others they j;u ipiite oppolite to them ; .nid that in the moiuhofthe river, at certain months (t the year, tlie curront.. let direOtly feiward, and in others dirclly towards the land; within the river, as hijji is the beven Idands lixtv le.i^'.ues above its mouth upwards, it never tlowsonthe South nor ebbs on the North fule. It is no very ealy matter to account for tiiii ((.emini'Jy iixondllent appearance ; the moll probable lolution is by fuppollng certain motions under water, or currents, wdiitli go and come alternately trom the fur- face to the lH)ttom, and the contrary, like the working ot a pump, and which produce tliofc irregularities. Anotlier liiigularity is the variation of the compafs, which, in fomc ports of France, v.irntion cf is fro!ii two to three degrees North Well, diminidiing llill as you approach the parallel "'■'■"■•■'"'r"- ol the yL-.ri, illiiids, where it ceales to be perceptible ; hut beyond this it increales af- ter Inch 4 r.ite, that it amounts to twenty two degrees and more on the crcat bank of t^ii-uj :jiiJ!.:iiiI, and afterwards decrealc-, tho' II nvly, till at '^.y 'Av it is reduced to ii\- tccn, and to twelve in the country of the ////'"■•, where the fun lets tiiirty three mi- mites later llian at i^ibfc. The ille of Orkum, is a very beautiful fpot of ground, the foil fertile, anil the in- Me <■{ o -V- liabitant- g'.'ierally in verygoiul •circumil.mces. W i.cn '/./i '/,•/<•( (.'i.r/.vr- Jirll dilcovereil ''"'• this iili!i;|, he found it covered with wild vines, wherce lie gave it the name of the ///,• cf' Hurl Its. lint liiicc this navigator, who was a native of Jhrfit'int; there arrived a colony from Kornuindy, who grubbed up the vines, and turned the ground into tillage, lo that it iu)W pioduces good wheit, and excellent Iruits. Some time lince they began to cultivate tobacco, ami with tolerably good luceels. Three miles Irom this illand Hands i^ii'c'c, the capital city of all CiinuJa. Dcfcriptm of C^U K 15 1' C. -* i^l' /•;/>/'; C, fo cilled from a word in the Ali^^onkin tongue, fignitying a llrait. Citvcf .:rf The river St Lau mUi-, which is generaliv from tour to live leagues in breadth all "'• the wav, trom its mouth to the Ipot on which this city Hands, tliat is, for about a liundrcd and fcvcnty leagues from the lea, grows narrow all at once, fo that at i^h-Zw I C -v. • r. X PLAN A T ION ./• tit V I. A N. A. "iT.i!riMO of tlif Governor grrcral I", t'nvnilfr nt'tlic WiiiJmlll II ll.ltciy ol ilic I'ort of twrnt) fivctiiii" I". C Sairr 'ntvi Jf /.I f'u'hirf, ilic I'arali C^huttli of the Ci (^)ttcr Town, built in Memory of ihc i.,ifiiig o: liic H SifgC ID 1( , i i I \\\ Fiiir cafiaJc A DESCRIPTION it is not al'ovc a mile over. Tlic ylbt-ffa^ui'f,, a r.iv.igc nation, whole l.mc^n.ige i^ a »lultCt ot t!ic ,'ll^c:ii>t, call it i^rliift; tlut is ti) lay, toncc.iicii, or hidiicn, Ixraiilc as you cotnc tioin the little river ilumJii're, the common palVagc of the lava^LS ironi Ar.-i; Sii.'iti, in their way to this city, the point of Lcii, wliich jctts out l)cyonil the lllc of Orleain, entirely hiilcs the fbuth channel of the river St Limrcmf, a» the lllc of OrLiiiii iluts that ot the not tli, ami you can only fee the port, which vicweil troin thii point appears like a lar^e balbn. The lirll obiecl that prefents itielf, as you enter the roail, is a noble talcaJc, or ihcct of water, thirty lout in brcailth, and forty hic;h, falling iiill by the entry of the lelUr channel ol the lllc of O'A./vi, and tirll lecn trom that lon^ point, on the louth lide of the river, which, as 1 have oblerved, Iccms joined to the III; of Or/i;tiis. Thi^ l)eauti- liil piece of water is called the Fall of M'^ntmcrinci, from ?n admiral of that name, wlui V. itli his nephew the Duke ■/(■ I'fntiid'ur, were lucccllivcly vicemys of this coloiiv. This city (lands a icai;ue hii;hcr up, and on the lame f.de of the liver, exae'Uy in the narrowert part ot it. Iktween this and the Ifle of Or/mns is a balim a lull lea^^uc over Rvhourcf every way, that is to fay, a fre(l> wafer harbour, upon the noblefl and mf)ll navigable <»./... liver in the univcrfe, capable of containing a hundred (hips of war. The Nur:Ii Welt I'uk ot the city is wallied by the river St lH'jr/rs, between which and T,/^ . Di.n/n^nJ, i^ii^a- is lituatcd. t'lole to this Cape i-. the anchorini: place, in tvveniy twt t.ith.nu water, good ground, though when the wind blows hard at north e.ilt, ll)ip» are apt to diive, but without danger. When >.;•;;/,(•/ Cbr.nipuiri founded this eity in i^o?, tlie till, fimctinics (lowed to the foot of the rock. Since that time, the river has by ilegrn.s i.trcated, ami lelt diy a large ipacc of ground, on which the lower town is built, and at prefent, lullieicntly elevated ab.ve the water mark, to lecure it from any fears of an inunJati. ii. The tirll tUjJcfaiboi thing you meet at laiuiing is an open pi.icc, ot a nvKJeratc compals, and irregular (orm, with a row of houles in (ront, tolerably well built, and joined to the rock behiiul, lo th.'.t they have ;o teet depth backwariis. Thcli: form a pretty long llreet, which takes up all the breadth of the ground, and extends from right to le(t to two pallagcs, whicii le.ui to the high town. This o|-iening is bounded o;^ the left by a Imall church, and on the right by two rows of houles, running pandlel to each other. There is alio another range ot buildings between the church and the port ; and along the ihorc, as vou '.!o to C;^■ Diiint'nJ, there is a pretty long row of houfes on the edge of the bay, called the Hav of Atcthcn. This quarter may Ik* looked upon as a kind of luburb to the Lower 1 own. IJetwcen tliis luburb and the great Arecf, you go up to the liigh town, by a pafTage I'o lletp, that tluy have been obliged to cut lleps in the ri)ck, fo that it is only palfa- ble to |H.rlons on foot. But as you go fronj the oj>c:iing or place on the rii^ht, there i- another way o( a much gentler alccnt, with houles iti\ each (iile. In the place where tlielc two paliV.'.es meet, begins the high town towards the river, for there is alio an- other lower town towards the river St CliirUs. The fufl building worthy of notice as vou afcend (rom the former on the right, is the epilcopal palace ; the le(t is taken up with private houles. Alwut twenty paces beyond this, you find yourlelf lictwcen two large iquares ; that on the left, is the place of arms, adjoining to which is the fort, the rcfidencc of the governor general ; oppolitc to this, is the convent of Recollets, and p.irt of the Iquare is taken up witli well built houfes. In this fquare, on the right, (lands the cathedral church, which i> alio the only parilh church \n the place. The Seminary lies . a one (ide, in a corner, formoil by the great rlv r, and liie river St CbarUs. Oppolite the i.,ithcdral is the Jefuif e 'Ic") ;' ' -ii the Iguare uetween, handlome build- ing-:. l"rom t!ie place of arms rini tao ftrccts, croflcd by a third, which form a large fquare or iile, entirely taken up by the church and convent of the Rccollets. The fccond Iquarc lias two defccnts to the river St Charles ; one very ftccp, adjoining to the feminary, with but few houfes ; the other near the Jefuits cnclolure, whi( h winds very much, has the hofpital on one fide about mid-way, and is bordered with finall houles. Tliis goes to the palace, the rcfidencc of the intendant of the proviiur Or the other (ide the Jefuits college, near their church, is a pretty long ftreet. i which is the convent of Urfuline-N'uns. It may be remarked alfo, that the high c is (M.ilt on a ibundation of rock, partly marble, and partly Hate. Numbfr or f his tit y has a pretty large extent, almoft all the houfes are built of Hone, and it iniubiuiiu. contained in J 720, about fcvcn thoufand fouls ; and in 1753, the number was compu- ted l,v of ,V. I figiied lipiad 4 C .1 N A D A. tul lo be 15,000 inhahiunts, anil 500 foldicrs. The church of the lower town was Cliurriiotn.r Iniilt ill ("iilcqiiincc of a vow iinilc during the lUgc df i^«^r in i6go. Itisionib- \\J^^l. iratiil umlcr the i;.!me ot Our l„i,ty of I'itlcry, und fcrvts as a cliapcl of cafe t(j the inlidhitaiits (.('the 1 jwcr town. 'I'lic building is plain, its chief ornament bcin.; its nc.it- iicls ai, I liinplitity. borne ritkrs of the conf^regation arc fettled between this church ;in(l the port ; their number is four or five, and they keep a fchool. The bithop p,i!.ue has nothing finiihtd but the chapel, and part of the building de- B;niop'« pj- fi^ncd b;. tl'.e plan, whirh is a long quadrangle \ when iinillicd, it will be a fine '^''■'• ilrudturc. The pardcn extends to the brow of the hill, and commands the road, and has I noble and lu df delightful profpcdt. Kelow appears a noiilc bafon, filled with Jtlii;uli.,i!( "f lliips of the i.iri^eft li/c from l.iirtpi-. Oppolite to it, the Ifle of Or/ttint, BU incon- ceivable what a fti iking light there mull b>,- from thii promontory, were the country about it peopled as it potlibly nii^lit t/, and tt it.iinly on many accounts delcrvcs. The cathedral, lo far from worthy of fx.iiig the inctiojx)litan church of fo large ac-theJul province, whether you look upon the exterior or internal part of the flruflure, is Icarcc luperior to a country church in Eurnpc. It has a very high tower, built in a very loliil inaniier, an>l whiih at a ilillanie makes no ill appearance. The fcminary which joins >;j|,iiu„y the church is a large fqu.irc, and what part of it is yet tinillied, is in gootl talk', and has all the convcnicncics propir for the climate. It was twice burnt to the gronml, tirll in 170^, ami avviin in OcJ'h.r i-o;, .is it was jnl} rebuilt, lince which it li,i> been crecited a thini time. Irom the g.uden you (cc the ro.ul, and the river St LbaiUi a> far as the lit'ht can extend. The tort is a hamllbmc building with two wings. You enter by a fpacious and '""• regular ccuit, but there is no garden, becaule It is built on tJie edge of the roik. This dtlcOt is I'upi'lied in lome mealiire by a tine gallery, witli a b.ilcony or balulbade, which furrounds tile IniiKling. It commands the load, j'rom the midillc of which a (peaking truin|Kt may be heaul, and you lee all the lower town under your feet. Leaving the tort, .IS you go towards the left, vou croisa pretty large elplaiiade, and by an eal'y del'ccnt you reach the lummit of r.. very well done. Another brother calleii Father Lukf has adorned it with paintings, much clkemcd by the connoiirciirs who travel this w.iy. The convent is anlwerablc to the church, largo, lolid, and commodiuus, with u fpacious garden, kept in goovt order. 'I lu convent of the Urlulint- Nuns has fullered twice by fire, like tlie feminary. Conv nit,' .. Thcii revenue is bc-fules lo Imall, and the p()i-tn)ns they receive with the young CunaJian IV"'"""^""' ladies, lo inconfulerable, that the lirrt time their houl'e was burnt, they were upon the point ot licing lent b.ick to /•/•rfwiv ; thev have, however, found means to recover thtm- lelvcs each time, an.l their church is ndtually finilhed. They are all lodged in a neat and commodious manner, the jull reward of the charadcr they bear in the colony, as well ab their frugality, temperance, and induftry, in ufeful works of a gootl talle project for the fcx, fuch as guilding, and embroidering, which are their ufual employments. The college of the Jefuits, which has been talked of as a very fine piece of archi- Coi'i^^e a^U turt, and podibly was thought fo with lome grounds, when i^fin- was no mor; than an alli^mblagc of barracks and butts of lavages, fince tlie city wore fo different a faic, was become rather a foil than an ornament to it, and threatned to tumble down evcrv day. It is now rebuilt with great magnificence, and jullly merits the charadcr it lo long bore. The girden is large and well kept, and terminated by a fmall wojil, the C 2 rciuains chji. h the JeriUi. 8 /^DESCRIPTION lemalnsof th.it iiiicicnt fcri-ll, wlmli once covcrcii tin" uhnlc mount, lin. Tlic cliunjii lias nothing hcuititiil without, luit .i h>u'.dl(;inc llc'c|>lc : It is covcrcil with ihtc, in wjiitli it has tlic ;uivantav;o ot" all the tiiuithcs in Qt/uiiin, which ;iri; only rooted with piauk.s. The infulc nt' it i.^ Iiit;h!y crnaincntLiI, the gallery is lij;ht an.i boiil, and ha^ i\ balullradc ot iron gilt, ol y,oi)ii wui kmanlhip. 'I'he iniipit i^ .11 };ilt, ami the woirI jlv.A iron work cxijuiliti:. There are three altars well plaecd, lonie vnini piiilures, the rdot' not archeil, but its tlat Cv-iliiigajireeahly ciiianienteil. 'i'he tloor is (j1 wood and not llone, wliieh makes thi.- the only ehurth where one i- tolerably wann in all .V^/i-Z'Ci-. H);i.lJicj. The llotel-dieu, or liolpital, has too j.;reat halls, appropriated to the dillerent k\Ci. Tlie Icds.ue ele.iii, the lick earefully attended, and every tliin;^ neat and eommoJious. The chureh adioius to the woinens apartment, and has nothing remarkable but the paint- ings of the great altar, whieh are very tine. The lioule is lervid by tlie Nuns hoiiii- talers of St >-//.; '//';'•'', anil ol' the eongiegation of the niei' y of "/.'An, the full of whcni came here Irom V Vi/>,V. Their apartments are convenient, and as th.eir lioufes aa' (ituated on the detlivity i-t the hill, on an eminence whieh lonmiands the rivtr St (.'/w/'.'m, they cniny .1 tjlerable gr.od pr'-lpcct. '1 -rAlict. 1 he houle ot the intendant is called the p.ilaec, becaufe the fupremc council allem- ble here. It is a large buildnig to whieh you aleer.d by a tiouble flight of tle]><:. The front to the garden, uhii.ii has a profpee't to the river St CvarliS, is much more agrcca- Mi than that you enter .it. The king's m.iga/ines torm the riglit fide of the court, .lud the prilon lies behind them. 'Ihe gate you enter at i- imi by the mountani, on whiil) (lands the high town, and which, on this lidc, only prcients the eye with a ileep aiul imi^'ealing roek. It wa? conlidcr.ilily work; before the fire, whieli reduced it to allies in 171O, for then it hail no court, and the building a ii )ined to the iheet, whieh is here very narn.w. I'ollowing thij llreet, i.>\\ to fpeak more properly, this road, you enter the c(iiintrv, i., „,,.,.j; and .ill. ut a quarter of a le.igue diHant you lind the general hofpital. This is not !!, jit.i!. only the fnn.ll building in all Ci.'/:,i,:\', but would even do liononr to any city in I'.nrcpr. Tiie RtVuWts were lornuily in poiicllion of this ipot ot ground ; ^t I .ilu-r, Billiop of .';^/(r/\(, bought it of them, removed them into the city, and laid out an inindred thouiaiid crowns in th.c building, fuiniture. anvi endowment. The only fault of this etiii'ii.e is its marlhy lituation, which they h.ul fome thoughts of. micnding by means of drains cut tow.uds the nvcr St il'iir/n -, a rcmcdv, which thole who have been on the fput believe to be CNceeiling ilitHcult, if not impr.K^licable. This noble rtructure i-. for tlie reception and relit 1 ol I'uch artifans, handieraftlmen, or 'nhers, vhole great age or infirmities may have rendered tliem ini.quble of getting their living, and fuch arc aUv.iVs admitted, as fu as the found.iti on will admit. I'liis foundation is a colony from the Jkfi'l J)i>-u at ii^!t(/>ii-, and the perfons admittcil here wear a liiver crols on tlieir breall, to dirtinguilh them from thoii." ot the old foundation. Thirty nuns, who are generally of giK)d lainiiie>, attend the tervice of this h-Hpital, but as tliey are often poor, the biihop their founder h.ts given portions to leveral ot them. .^^ii'/'ir is not legiilarly foiiifieil, but they have been long .it woik to 'iiuler it ci- p.ible of iullaining a fiege. Its (itu.ition renders it n.iturally ihong, ;,n'i it would be 1 .-..ficuT'. no cafy matter to reduce it in its prelent condition. 'I'hc port is llanked by two b.iftions, wiiich, at the liigh tides ot the equinoxe;, are almoll even with the water. A little higher, lAxr the baf^ion t(-wards the right, 1 a h.dr b.illion, cut out ol the rock i .mil above th.it nearer the fort, i^ a b.ucery ot twenty live pieces of cainuni. Higher llill is a lijuare fort, called the C'it.idcl ; the ways th.it connnunicate between thele toits an: extremely ruggeii. To the left ot the poit, quite .ilong the road, .i.. l.ir as the livcr .S; C/'i/r/c, are llrong iMtteric- (d i.iiinon .ind niort.ir^. On the angle ol the citadel, t.icing the city, they have I'uilt what the engineer- call an (JrtilL- Jj liiilii'jii, from wlience they iuvc drawn a lloping curtain, which joins to a very liigh c.v.dier, on whieh there is a wimlmil fortified. A-- you come ilown from this ca- valier, you find, within mulket-lliot, a tcjwer loilif.cd with .1 balUon, and, .it an equal dill.iiKC, a keoiul. The dtfign was to covir all this pait with a countericarp, having the lame angles a.s the ballion , and ending at the e.vticmity of the rock, near the In- tendant's palace, where tliere is alie.idy a ln)all redoubt, as tiiere is another on Cape Di.ifuo/iil. Thi- lielign has not, it teems, been carried into e.veeution, though fir what realun is hard to ("ay. The w of C ^4 N A D Jl. cliurch wiiicli ;> Links. I'.illradc 11 work ;trchei!, wliicli Tlic The nn; ;i r of inhabitants being confidcrably increafcd, they pafs their time very agr> ;■.['.■. Tlie. Governor-general, with his lioufliolil ; leveral of the no- blcfle, «l lAeeoiiiuj; good families ; the ofliccrs of the army, who in Fiunice arc uli ;;' inienu;n ; the Inteiidant, with a luprcme council, and the inferior nia- giilrat> : ; thu ConimilTary of the marine ; the Grand Frovoft ; the Grand Hunttr ; the Grai'ii Matter of thv waters and forefts, who has the moil extenfive jurifdidion in the world ; rich merchants, or (uch as live as if they were lo ; the HKliop, and a numcn/us ftminary ; two colle;;es of Recollcts ; as many of Jefnits ; with tlirsc Nun- neries ; umoiit;ll all theCe you .ire at no lofs to find agreeable company, .-.nd the mod cntcrfainint; converfation. Add to this the diverfions ot the place ; fuch as the all'cm- blies at the Lady Governcfs's ;,nd Lady Intendant's ; parties at cards, or of pleal'urc, fuch a:;, in the winter on the ice, in Hedges, or in Ikaiting ; and in the fummer in chail'es or canoes ; alfo hunting, which it is impofTible not to be tond of, in a country aboundnig with plenty of game of all kinds. It IS remarked of tlie CwuiJusru, that their convcrfa'ion is enlivened by an air of freedom, which is natural and peculiar to them ; anvi tiiat they I'peak the I'leiuh m the grcatcll puritv, and v/ithout tiie lead falfe acctnt. There are few rich people in that C'i -ny, though they all live well, arc extremely generous and hofpitable, keep very C';)od tables, and love to drels very finely. They are reckoned well made, and to luve an cxceeillr.g fine complexion, witty in their convertation, polite in their behaviour, and moll ubiiging in their manners. The CiDuulituis have carried the love of arms and ot glory, (o natur.d to tlieir mother-country, along with thcin, tor which rcalon, tluv have little of the narrow felfilb Ipirit ot the merchant in them ; and, as they never entertain any thought of amafiing, they have therefore little to lol'c •, fo that war is not only welcome to them, but coveted with extreme ardor. It i^ eafy to ima- gine t!ie conreiiiience of Inch neighbours to the /};■/////.• colonics, immerled in luxury, and a prey to all the pailions which accompany cafe and riches, were the Cii>iiiJit;ns he.ided by fuch generals a.^ l-'ra/ur has f ;rmcrly had, with an ambitious and wife prince on the throne. Gruif J!rif,i:>: theretore c.mnot be too watchtul .md expeditious to prevent the clanger, whilll !u r precautior.s are of any moment or avail to her. Three leagues from .';^/i-At is the L'^rctto vi Ncr/l' ^-Imtrica, a village of the Ifi/rcus, in which is a chapel, built alter the model of the Siinta C'li/ii, in the city of that name in Italy, decorated with an im.ige of the Virgin Miiry, taken tiom the ll.itue in the I loly City. 1 his feat ot the devotion of tlie CuuiiJiars is lituated in the moll (rightful wiliieinels imaginable, and famous for the rcfort of the tievotecs of thofe parts, who, whether through fancy or religion, arc laid to be lei/cd with a cvitain facrcd horror, which is not to be refilled, as alfo for the piety of the inh.ibitants. Tjiis village was formerly very populous, but ilileales, or fome other unknown canfe, which ha;, alinoil annihilated all the lavage nations of I\'orth Aiihruii, have very much reduced tlie num- ber of its inhabitants. Seven leagues trom the capital is the Pciiit ii:tx TrcinNt's. This is one of the better fort of parilhcs in this country. The church i^ large, and well built, and tlie inhabi- tants live very comfortably. In general, the old fettlers here are richer than the lords of the manors ; the reafon of which is, that thele latter being incapable of improving their edat.s themlelves, as being heads of communiti^--, otrurr^, or gentlemen, who wanted the necellary funds for fuch an undertaking, were oMigeil to kt them out to other lettlers at a very Imall quit-rent, fo that the revenue of a lord, who has an cllato ot two Lagues iti front, and an unlimited depth, is very inconfider.ible. After travelling feventcen leagues farther, you come to the habitation of a French gentleman in A'cv Englariil, lituatcd on the river liii^iiuccut t, formerly Rhioc Ptu'ifc, or the Stirling River, fo called from the defeat or total extermination of the Jrcquef nation, anciently called Onfioiuharontwns, by the yllgciikins, which happened in this river, the w.uers of which were infedlcd by the great number of the dead bodies of thofe who tell on this oecafion. Jie^ancourt, which is a village of the Ahenaquis, is far from being fo populous as it has been fome years. Theic InJiiins are reckoned the bell French partilans in the wliole country, and were always very forward in making inroads into the inland parts of Neiv Eng/tinJ, where the terror of their name has fijmctimes given alarms to Bo/hn itfeU". They were ccjually ferviccable to the French againll the Jro wliat renders it of great importance, and it is one of the noblcll ertablifhments in the colonv. It has conllaiitly been the (eat of n governor froni the firlt planting of Canadu, who has a thuulanJ crowns lalary for hiinfelf, befidcs his houHiold. Here is alfo a convent of RccollctJ, a handfoiiic church, where tlu-Ce fithcrs oftki.ite, antl a very fine lu4pital .iiijoming to the convent of the I'rftiiitii- Nunv, in number ot lortv, whole oliice it is to attciul it. This is another found.ttion of r/c Sf f'tiln'r, Bilhop of ii^m/in; ^^ ^arly as the year 1650. The fcncchal, or loui ftcward, of Xi-w Fr,i/tcr, whole iuriuiittion has Jince been ..bforbed by the tupcrior council and iiitendant of ::^ii<\'r-i\ had toinieily a lieutenant at the ibree Rtii's. .At prtfcntthis city has a court of julliciary in ordinary, the prelideiit of which is a lieutenant general of the king's forces. This ciiy was anciently, that is, in the tirll beginning ot tlu clonv, greatly rclorted to for the lake of traile by different Iiiiiiiin nations, and particularly the moll northern, who uled to come down by tho "Tbrte Rivir.t. Tlie conveniency of the place, joined to its great tr.ule, was what determined fi:veral French to fettle here, and the ricarncls of Riihiluu River, then called Ir quoit River, induced the governor general to build a fort, in which he placed a llroriij g.irrilbn. This poll was regarded in thole days as one of the moll important in all i'.,i)i,u!ii. But fome time utter, the InJi^m growing weary of the continual vexation of the [rcju'.ii, from whole rav.iges the Frcruh thcmlelvcs were Iiardiv laic, all the palfagcs being ihut up by that nation, who conftantly lay in ambulh about them, k> that the dinatiiaH hiJiiins could hardly think thcmlelvcs leeurc under the cannon of the fort, left off bringing their furs. The Jefuits, with their prolelytcs, retired to Cape Mag,//, Twf) leagues from Tr'.is Rivii-ris logins lake St Peter, about three leagues l>foad, and live long, fo that the light h.ns nothing to confine it on th.it tide, where tlie l)eams ol the letting fun fcein to link into the water. This lake, which is nothing but the widening of the river St Laurence, receives into it leveral other rivers that by con- tinu.il encrnnchmcnts on tlie low lands near their mouths help to fomi this lake, which no where is lo deep as the river St Laurence, but in the miiidle, the other paits bein;^ navigable only for canoes, and that with fome ditiiculty. To make amends for this dcfeiJt, it is full of leveral forts of the moll excellent lilli. t.'rofs I-akc St 'Feter, on the Neui I.nglanJ lliorc, lies the canton of St Fhtncis. Ri;r with the Iroquois lalled. Thefe Indiii'iT ufcd to come down by the Iroquois river tliat tails into the river rmj, St I.itwrence, a little higher th.m the lake St Pc/er, on the fame iide with that of St '"'y'; Fninris, and for that reafon it bore their name ; fincc that the French liavc tailed it nvVr." Sorei, and now Richlieu river. Tiie illcs of RichliiU fcrvcd them as fit places to lieliI'- without fuccels. The pallagc between Montrdil ,\nA ^lehcc is about tixty leagues, and affords, the Dciij-jufai in- noblert and moll delightful prolpedt imaginable. In the fummer you travel by water I'nd voyugc. in canoes, at which Ualbn the weather is tine. It is impoHible to exprefs the pleafure that arilV- from the light of an intinity of pieces ot water and channels, tormed by almoft innumcr.,l)le illands, and of the banks of the river on both tides, that are covered with large tiirells, and, like fo many theatrical fcenes, arc varying every moment. In winter, it the plealurc of the prolpedt is Icllened by that univcrlal whitenels which covers til nature, and hiiles that beautiful variety of colours that makes the country lb enchanting in the fine I'ealbn, you have fome amonds m.ide you by the conveniency of travelling in llciiges, and in the novelty of leeing this noble river become as tirm and palliibic as the C'ontincnt. Towards ^ehec the foil is very good, but the profpedt ex- tremely infipid, and, what is an addition.d diladvantage, the weather is in thefe parts very leverc ; for in proportion as you come down the river, as it runs North, the cold flill cnereafes. Slyelne tlamls in 46 degrees, 48 minutes, North latitude ; the city of Trois Ricieres, L^tiiuJ^^ e.p in 46 liegtees and .-•4 minutes, and Montrent in 45 degrees, 45 minutes. The river •~i"-l>.i. v makes a turn towards the South a little above Lake St Peter, fo that you no fooncr pals the ill.mds of Ricblieu, than you fccm tranfported into another climate : The air becomes mihier, the land not lb wild and rugged, the river much finer, and its banks much more charming and delightful. l*>om time to time you meet with iflands, fomc of them inhabited, others in that naked fimplicity of charms in which nature has left them, and all forming the noblcft prolpeds imaginable. long. D a MON- '■:H !« 1 2 A morf fit ri,.i!.-r .»•(■ y/ D K S C R 1 P T 1 O N MONTR F A I, ; cr !' J L L E M yl R I E, \, fitii.Ucii on the ill.in.l ot Mmtrtuil, lix leagues and a half in length from Eail to Well, au.l near tiirce leagues over in the bro.ulcll part. 'Ihe mountain from which it his its name, and on whieh the city is huilt, llands at an equal dilknce from botli ends, and about half a league from tiie h.uiks of the river St /y^/w/vwcc on the Suutli lide ol' the itland. The city was tailed I'iilc Maiic by the founders, and that name it llill retained in all jniblie ads, and by the lords, or proprietors, who arc very jealous in tins p.jiiit. The Superiors of the kminary ol Si SiJficuis arc not only proprietors of the i.it\, but of the whole illand. .Wherefore as the foil here is not only excellent, but all in cultivation, and the city full fc populous as :^j,-/'ii, this iigniory, or lordlhip, m.iv very iulUy be reckoned worth fi\ of the bell in (<;//<;././, and in general the people are \crv happy under thefe mailers. ,,,,.^ The titv is extrcnuly well built, the llrccts very well ilifpofed, the fituation i;,tii. verv commodious, and the profpedt exceeding agreeable. The view of the ailj.iccnt C'untiv is no lefs plcafnig. It hail formerly no fortilicatiuns, except an cn« ■ ' " clofurc of a fnigle p.illuade with ludions of tiie I'.imc nature, kept in very b«d order; a'-.d a very poor redoubt, which ferved for an outwor!;, joined by a gentle declivity to a fin..;i li]u.irc, and was the rirll objcdl that flUutcd you as you came from i^ufSfC. Bc- lorc, it w.is quite detcncelefs, ,'.iid e(]u.dly expolcd to the infults of the K/igliJ?.' and l;J:irii, till the Chcv.ditr rce percciv.;bic. 'Ihe heyond the convent of the Rctollets, V. Iiieh is fitii.itcd at the extremity of the city on the lame fide, begins a kind of fuburb, wliii.h in time is like to be a very line quarter. Ch'-irthr' .wJ Thc Jeluits have init a liiull convent here; but their church is large and well tomtni- built, 'ihe convent of the Rerollets is more lpaciou^, and thc community more nu- merous. The feminary Hands in the cerucr ot tnc city ; and it appears that thole who built it, were more intent on making it lolid and commoiiioiis, than m.ignirtccnt. You may, however, perceive ibmcthing about it, which carries :in air ot dignity worthy of thc lord of the in.inor : It adjoins to thc patiKrhial church, which has more of thegran- «leur of a cathedral, th.ui that of :^uii'i\. The noble air of thii temple with thc fo- Itmnity and modelly (4 the worlhip, infpire an awcful relpcd for that deity who is the obiect of it. Scwr.urnfry I [n- houfc of tlic daughters of tiie Congregation, the' one of thc largeft in the city, is notwithll.uiding to') Imall tor the communitv. This is the head of the order, and thc no- vitiate ot .,11 inliitute, which had its birth in AVic I'twii/, and is a very noble foun- d,ition. The Hoiel-Dieu is ferved by thclc liflers, thc firfl of whom came from /,./ //i I ,?v in ,'^/.; II. Vou fee nothing of their poverty, which is far from l>eing atTetlcd, either in their hall, which is large an ■^A^-^%.,^^^''i' ruN,^ud hu m'.h,prv. G.o.vn,>l,er W His lioud Ih^^hnef:' .-- ^3|U3a^*^^£^:a;9!)>»s3i^)mm'»=»^ T of C .7 N yl D /L \vas Ictt by iiiinkli'. Tlii-i ilid not, iiowtvcr, (iircnm-.ic:" him ; i.j cxolIlIcJ the re- maiiulLT ol" liij lurtuiic:, ;iii.i procured tlic alliOaiui; of luine |)iv.'.\tIii1 pciTnu , mul liul the pfc.idirc, IkIoic lie liicii, to Ice his pioictt pall .ill (i.in^'cr ui iinlcarryiiii.% ;U L,\ll with rclpcdt tu tlic Ilorpit.il (jLncr.il, wliich is ;i very tiiii; biiiiJin^, as is its chinch, which is no \v.iy inferior to it. The ^rcit tr.utii: t(;r llm, .it't.r the lity nf . ( J\ivi<-r,s ccifi-.i ro be frequented by the /;:J/,iiis oi the North luuI \V'e(l, w.ib-, lor foijic time, c;;rrie.l on -..t Mo/:fri:„/, v.hitlier lliolc fav.i^es rcforted, at eert.iiii times, from ail p.itts of Qiiuhla ; fo thut tlicrc w.ts l;cpt a fnt of fiir, which ilrcw iiuiltitiules of I'ninh to tliis city. The Cowrnor-gencral and Iiitend.mt honoured it v.itli tiieir prekiice, and ir.;!Je iifc ( f tliis opprrtunity to compol'v: any diu'eieiii.es tli.it mi/,iit happen to ;irilb between their allies. Tlic place is llill frei|iiented by tl:e Cttniuiiiin Iiuiia.:i, who often come hither in Tr companies, but not by far in liielj numbers as formerly, the w.'.r of the /'•■-•y^/j/'i hin- '•"■ III i'.;a/Inc:-- cleruiii; tlie j;reat concourle of thole nations III order to remedy tliis evil. with fort>, have been erelled in moll part, of tlie oiintiy, with ci Coinm.indant, .ind a j^arrillin, ilrong enough to I'ecure the merclian.ii.'ce'. The I'l.Hiim are always fund of a j;unfniith, and amoii;',ll feveral of them tiiere are minion iri( % In i6SS, fome chief, of tlie I'ive X.itions, lent un an embifTy t.; tlic /vv.i/' go- vernor at My/irr,,il, were, throut;h his perfidy, intercepted ..t (jie , their enemies. Tliis ou'raL'.c and indiv;nity a;^aiiil1 the ri.';hth of amballailor^, animated tlie confederates to the kcinefl thlrll alter rcvi n^c j and on the ^(jt!i of y«'v they landed laoo of tlieir men on tlie -South fide of iIk- lil.iiid of },kn:i\al, while the /■>(•/.•.cd their pl..ntatii)n>., and put to the I'uord all the men, women, and cliiMien without the ikirt^ of t'l. io\Mi. One tho-.ifan.l I'mich were llain in tlii^ inv.dion.an;! twenty-fi\ carried oiV, anil bill ill alive. Many more were made jMifoners in another att.ieh in ():l:!\-r follow. : in^:, wlien the lower part of the illand was wholly dedroyed. Only tliree of tli .; con- ,= federatLi were loll in this fcene of mifery and defol.ition. Never ili 1 G//;.',/i/ fullaiii v fiKh a Iieavy blow, the news (jf whieii no fooner reached I'oit iro<:!c:uu\ than t'le gar- ■ '\ lii jii ab.uuioned that tort with fueh precipit.ition, that inie of the battoes, with the f;!- 'j dierN .iiid crev.', were all loll in Ihoutiii;; a fall. In tlii^ calamity all tlie I ui'uvn in alliance j with the I'rouh delertnl tiitin, except the tv.\) tribes of the A'. /.v;V/ •.'.'. /.vi and Kl!:r.- I / ;, ; tlie Ou:ty..\ih and f.ven other nations i:ii*antly made peace \\ ith the K':^!-i!\ I and, but lor the uncommon abilities and addrer> of the bieur y.'/v;.', the Wellcn In- ■f il.ivn wou'i 1 have murilered everv Fri-iicbt/iiiit anion:: them. Nor liiil the dillielVes of 1 tlie C:ihi.lii!'n eiiil there: luimerons parties from the Five Natio:;; continually inreiL>i % their boril.rs, and the frequent depre.iatioiii tiiey conimittev!, prevented them ;;o:n I uiliivatin;^ tluir lields. At the lame time, a la.ainc ra;;ed tiiroui;iiout all (',.•'.•..•,.';; fo tli.u notliia.i; but the i.;iior.ince of' tlie LiJitias in the art of attaekin.!; l.)rtilied places Lived this country Irom being entirely ruined. It was therefore lv)rtunate for tho l-iiHih, that the lnJidia h.id no iUiiilance from the I'.i:^!!, '-, .in.! as uiitortunate tor u>, th.it our cidonie'. were then ii;cap..ble of atTurdin;; inccoui . to the conledeiates, throii;^!i the in.di^n.nt iniiuence of thole unnatural mealurcj wlii.'i Wwie pinfued uiuler the reign of Kin;.; '/.;.'/;ii II. Cetweeii the ill.iiid of ,'\[,'!tr,;il and the continent, on tlie North fide, i; aintlier illand, five leau,ues in lenijth, and full one league over in the br oadelt part. This was at firll called the Itlind of M'j,::;;i,i^iiy, in honour of a (Jovemor-CJeneral of C;, .•■/..'.<•, but was afterw.irds j'jven to the Jefuit-, who n.imed it the //'• i;/y,/,vj, which lafl ,,,. appellation it llill keep^, though it ha-j liiKC tallen into the hands ot the dircdi)rs of tlie ."-^niinary t)\ ii^ur/>ir. Tile eluiinel which fep.irates the two illaiuls i>. called L near this pl.ic. The tliad arm of the river is to taken up with a number of ilkind.s that there is almoll as much land as w.uer. This channei is c.ilb.d ,'!.'■.• '[i:::tf.u: ! //,]•, or St yo/: •i •> R iver. At tl le extremity of the IJ.'t'of'y-ftis i; the litde illand Ii; \:'-J, fo cdled from c:i.i:ii..:r: i.v./ / V 'I I ( II' ■ "1 ili I 1 m ■\ t Tmsr i h ':' i,ia ,4 A D E S C R 1 1' r I O N a toimci proprietor, \\\\o was a Swif^ otlkcr, aiul a little iii;^hcr towards the Soiitli, you tiiui the lll.iiui l\>r'j, lo called "irom the tlrtl ;;ovirii()r of Mtiitrrul, who was ot ■"'' this name. This illand is about one lea;;iie in lc.r;t]t, and is very i^ond land. The illand y^v,;'-./ terminates the Lake oFtiieTwo Mountain^, and the illand I'crrot kpa- rates tlie lame l..i.e tloin that ot' St I.'.:, is. Like, of the 'Y\v.- Lj!:cof t'.r tr.o M'.unt.iini i., properly the opcnin^;; of the threat river, called the AVr,T <■/ V/v OiiliiKiiis, into the River St Lowmu; whieli Iniunil. (..v..'./,; on the Soutli. " Tlii'. Lake is two leagues long, and very near one l.iv^ne and a half in haadth. The lake ol' St L'liis h fonuwhat fnialler, and is iiukrd no more than a widen n;; of tiie Ri'.e;- H: /../wv/iv. The foil is cxeellent all this way. Kilt the cliief da'enee of .'/'>;///(•<;/, and all tiie country about it were two vill.igcs ,of [r-qu ■■. C'hiilii..n-, .^n t the tort of Cf.\niif>ly, an incroaehnunt in the provii>.ee of A'l:;' i':rk. The hill ot thole villages is th.it ot the /'.///'./ St J.-uis, lituate.l on tl.c continent t.nv..r.!> the Suuth, and three leagues above Mrtr,-,:/. This vilLr.'e is e\trenKly p nnilou-, . n-i h..s alwiys been reckoned one of the llmngctl bairieis of the ii,>!i-h .i,'.ii!,ll t;.c t;ne"nver;ed /-c^/ii/i, and the E'v^Hlh of W-vj Tork. The fun. tioii !:..; litLM tv.i.e lemoved. Irs feeond lluion, elhil^lilhcd in r7oS', (.:b.)ut a Ie..g;i.- fiwui tile firm.r: i^ i, ear i rapid current, e.illed the /-"w// 7 St L'.:.:s, whi.h n..me it liiil pielervi.^, til. ...Ji it iLiiid-: at .i conliderable dilbnee from it It appe,;". to be now (i\evl l-.r ever, ..ihi the church and convent <'i \\v: Jetuits are, in tlieir kind, tw;) i;:ti.rl"pcrled with I'ev-r.d illan.is, the prol'peCt whereof has a wry tine ctftct. The lile of .\/i/;.'/Y.// f/iiDs the p-'riiH\iive on -ne llde, the view h.;- in.; nothing to confine it on the otiier, as the Lake .V,' Ls'./., whieli begins a li'.tle hi^'he;, extend-, itk'if bevouil t!ie fiuht. Ill ttiiil I'll Id tiliiil i»^ il \ .1 .1- r. .V •' . \i:.gOr,f; The lei. I i;.! \ il! ,;,;e i- called the vH.'irr,- rf','l . f^.- Miu'it.iir.:, bocaufe it (1 ood f r a loi-.;» tiine on tlie if nib!(.-hv.iJed mountain, which has given its n mie to t!ie whole ilLmti, It i-. fnicc renuvid to the /■...'/ cf the- R.\ 'J/rr -, .md it (land- at jTelent on the 'Lrrj };'■/';.!, near the Wellern extremity of the illand. The Kielefrdiic- of t!ie Simin.iry ot .(l/:.v/'-.-.;/li.ue tl'.e government of it. Tlie inhabitants were once famous for their C'lurage aiul piety, till the av..rice of lome deale:^ introduced the trade of fpirituous lil]n■)r^ air.ongil them, uhiJi li.is done as mueii, if i;ot more, ii.ilLhief here, tiiaa -t tile ini:ii:jn:. of 5.' 7'/ ..•/.v.'. .uul Bt-airucurt. Ci'.t.i- /' r,„ ;!,i: n>--„v CA I).\R .\o n. IR()(>^Lt)Ks KlVr. R. bclon-ing to the Six Nation?, fei/cd by the I'raich, and bv them c V.Ieii .S.' l.j-.irrnc- River. bejiii. .u what tl-ev call the C.iJl.iJci, a rift, dole by the upjxT end ol the I lie J'.nt, which leparates Lake .S'.' I.uiis fromth.it of the txco' M u>!t:n>n. In order to limn tlii rift, you keep a little to the right h.uid, :ind are obliged, in a p.irtienlar pLcc, lallcd I'- Ji'M, ax the 11'.!', to let thecaiio.s piis through it empty : They aic afttiw.ii covered with tnic woods, and is bclide.>,\-xtrcmclv fertile. It is 1 .•i.; I.nee the grounds on the Nortiiern bai.k have been begun to be cleared ; and it would De^no diriicult undertaking, to make a high-wav Inm the point near the illand of f ''!'''''/''' "Y '-^^ '•''■ ''>^ >^''y ^-'ll^'I /.' Cdette. \\y tiii, means f )rty leagues of an extremely OilheuU and tediou, navigation, occalioned bv the rift- in the river. nV-idit be lavc.l. luce leagues hence, Irom .VTrw/, is anofl'ier rift, called the Cr.hir I/l/I R,/t, from the grev.t quantity ot cedars formerly growing near this place. A f xirth rilt. two Iragufs c..iur-L/:ua SiFramisi.h and a half heiie e, l^ ca liave only hulf a | lied tl >e rilt u\ St FrtVi eague. Thl, l.,kc is fevcn 1 tiom whence to 1 .;ke .V.' iraruii y> bre..Jth, where biuuTell. The land on 1 oth li eagucs in le nctli an .1 alinoll three in :it appears to be of an cNcelleiit I ,m .'.'..'./,,• (Ill 1 li.ilt ill tli.iii a l.'I-.: Of C A 1 L ^. iitxlc bic i u«vcr w fvcn fri;'hciiil to •i.W.v,.-r,;!! /...v;l\.:i fA/ IMt. i.ll . excellent foil. Thermit from Montr,.: ther lies a li .tj towardi. ifcc South- vy^it, and the Lake oi St Fnnicis runs VVcll-louth .vi-ll, and t i-nurth-t From hence you come to the C.hijhtiux iiu /lU, iwr thus .ii ntls Ibrmed by a duller of ilhmls, which take up alniull tiu the river in this place. The foil feems here extraordinary good, pc>fl more charming than that of the country ahwut it. The moll remarkable falls here arc that ot the Moiiliiict, which lH:huKi, aiul exceeding ditlicuU to get tl'.rough ; and that called the Lovg luii, half a league in length, and pallible only to c.mocs half loailcil. The next you come to i:. called the F/itt Rift, about fevtn Icagu-'s above the Lou?; Kil/, and tive below tiiat called /ti 6W' /J, which is the fill ot the fills. L.i (Jiiuttr \ks a k'.ii!;ue futlicr, and one can never be weary of admiiiiv; the extraordinary beauty of tlie country, and of the noble Ibrefls, which overiprcnl all the lands about this bay and L.-; ihihiir, |\irti- cularly the vaft woods of o.iks of a prodigious hcii^ht. A fort would perhaps be belter lituated, and much more nccelfary at La (iii/.tti; than at Cadtiniqui, for this rcafon, that not fo much as a fin.^le canoe could pals without being leen ; whcre.is at (\ii/iirir/i,i, they may ealily fail beliind the itlcs without being perccixed .it all. The l.md.s nuaLOVcr, alioiit A/ (/.;/. -.7, • are cxcelh'nt, whence there would be alwavs plenty of piovilions, wiiich would be no fmall laving. And, bcfules, a veliel could very well go from /./ G'./Av'.'.' to ;\7./^':ci- ; for this euuntry is in.Kceliible on the fuie of the river, on aecount of the rilts, and nothing is more practic.ible, than to defend the banks of the great river ; at k.ill, thcle are the laitimenta of tliule lint by tiic court of France to vilit all the dillant polls of C.it.'jJtt. One league and a half from Id Clii/rttr, on the oppoiite lliorc, at the mouth of the Olu-rg.:t(hi iiiver, the I'rer.J: have lately built the tint L.i I'/tJ, r.tti.'iwi, whieh conmi.uiiib that river, and keeps open a communication by land between Lake Cl.\impl.i:n and this pl.iee. four leagues above /../ Pri'/ln tilt ion is the ille called Tonihatit, about lialf a le.i^iie in length, and ot a very gooif foil. An Iroqum, c.dled by the J-Wfu/.' writers, for what rcafon we are not told, the ^;/.;^.v, a man of natural good fenfe, and much at- tachcil to t!ie } r.-ub nation, had, as chey fay, got the domain of this illand of a Count of i'rijitcu:,-, tile patent of which, it leem^, lie was proud of lliewing to anv bodv. He lolil his lordlhip for a gillon ot brandy, rel'erving, however, the profits to himlelt, and taking care to fettle eigiiteen or twenty families of his own nation up>m this illand. It is tv.n leagues Irom Wikc io CjJttraqui ; and, on your way to this place, you pal's through a f)rt of Archipcl*, called the 'fhoufiiiu! Jjlii, and tliere may poliibly be alxjut five hundreil. From hence to dtdariiqui they reckon four leagues. Tjie river here i> freer and opener, and it', breadth half a league. On the right .ue three large and deep bays, in the third of whiv.li llands I A l;i- ..1 I.a nl'.'.ibic '.-■/ lull .". ■.■/ ' . .■.jIi'..- /• y.'-^ '• I"'- ITK-..., it |! Ill ■I rORT CADARAQUI, cr f R O N T i: \' A C, which i.^ one bundled and tiftv miles from Montr.;!.' and three hundred miles from r . i^uchrc, was built by Count }''ronten,ic, governor of CjUtiihi in 1672, at the time the crowns of EngliinJ and France were united in a treaty to dellroy the Ditti/.'. At the fame time the Frrrtch were in amity with the Ircjucis, or Five Nation*, and the C?ount prevailed with them to allow him to build a trading iioufe at G;./.;/ i;y/.ir;uin|^ llr.fct from Afia, .irKlfull of iflaiiil-, which [uojxit)' has occaiiencj a n.irruw lea, or Itruit, uluve you meet with a duller of ifles, to be eallej Arc 'if,- '. v, li;v!i i-. lomcliine^ .ill'o, ;i, it u here, uiYlicd ;o '.he aggri'iJi'.f ul" ill.iiiji, 11= contcni- lb A D I. S C R 1 r I 1 O N .unit llv ikiKUion of it is ill UtituJc A4, 17, iimi lias fomctliin;: very airrccable, l,',iiv on .1 \Ku\uvAx, iK-.ir which is a i^cnui l.-ivci). The lunks ol the r.vo. prcltr every what u Iv.utilul laiullcapc an.! <)t a giv;U variety, as docs the entry ol the ialic O.-/- •,;•■•'; wii'th i-i at mi tnoic than a llioit icai^uc ilillant. This plucc cannot commaiul the entrance ot tlic Lake without a liipcrior rlect, hetaulc the :i\ei Ixre i> iiitcrlj>erlLil witli ilLnJ. ot ililVerent lizes, allot them overol witli y\M.\, an>i anv \aiel', ni.iv (ail by uinlir.ovtrul. Thus loine of the ^arrilon of 0/tcv;9 ■.11 17?;', went in "pen wliale boats um tlie river St LIaee is unhealthy by reafoii of tlic marlhes that (urround ir, and the fat r> c» n!> iei-iiri:v ti: l...'';(.v<;, biit is a.bant.'.v'tuu' fir thi' fur tratie with tliole of the I'lvc rsatlons Lli- c( i'or wiu) live near the lake, and is a very miportaiit plaie in an aUivc war witli tiic I'-rinii', as bein,' propirlv fituated for aUembbn'4 forces delV^ned to ae't a«;ainll them, .■nd to intercept timr hunters as they return tiom '.S7'.?;//.;,/,r(/^, when they lacked "re.'.t p. .it cf the iile ui Mji!r„if, an,i in O.ijIut loUowiiv; toniplcated the delliuciion 01 the ill.uul, except t .c city, ocealioned the h'lMuh g.irril'on at I'ron'aii:^ to dc- I'ri'V tlic two barks ti.ey had on Lake O-ittvio, built by the M. to t!i_^;ht, tile mateh they liad l-.lt tu Mow up the maijazine, and one of the b.iUons, inil'lu its ei.Ui, 1 ilty /'•cy.vj/'i entered the lor;, wj-.tre tliey louii.l twenty tl;;lit Iv.nel. ot powder, and otiicr ibircs, whieli tiicv took ..way, and lelt the tort a little dam.i;;eil .uul empty. It remained in thi^ eon.iiti.in, aluiuloned li.ith by the / /v/;<-^ and I'l ii,vii, tdl the re-ii.l^.alinj; Count /•/•c<;.V;.-,;t- in tiie ;.;oveti.ment of Ca>i,:,l,\ in i^S'y. 'i'hat winter leveral yoi;n;4 genlie- jnen .'.nd /„.';.;'; traders came from l^iilhc, and ixttndeil their incroaclimeiiti to this p!aee, and rejv.ired Icnic little damages \\\c I'ldi.irn had lione, and tllabluLed thcmielvcs in this fort. In ^ ■)<)() tlic cDiilederates, or Five Nations, concluJcil a pe.ue with the ^.'ount, and the l-'cnch have ever lii.ee l.^pt polieliion ot' l-'ron.'iHuc and tlie country from thence to MviDci!. The /-/fwi continued in polieliion of this place till 1-;^, wlicn Major Gene- ral ..■Ir.-irrvnl'w commander in chief of the lirlii/'.' forces in J\or,'/j yJ/Htrii.t, detached Lieutenant C'olor.cWi'..'<.V.'r('.7, with 1;.' Regular-, 241;! I'rowiu iais, .'7 of the Royal Re;.;lmcnt of Artillery, M Rani^ers, ;oj H.iticau men, and 70 //;«'/<;/», in all ;^io; men, indudin-^ oiikers, and w\ yJiti'iiil 25, he landed his troops within a mile ot Tort lin- 1,'nii: without oppoiiiion, and the^aiiiroii Uirrendered pii.uiiets of war on the 27th. — It was a Upuie 1 jrt of lou y.irds the txteri'ir lidc, and h„d in it 1 10 men, tome wo- men, children, and y//./;.iW ; 60 pieces of cannon (half ol which were mounted) 16 mortars, and an immenfe quantity of provilions and {joods, tiir tlieir WelUrn ijarrilons, the liiiiiinii, and to lupport tlieir armies, valued .if Soc.cco livrc-. — Nine vtllels from ti';ht tu ci^ihteen ^un , whieh was all the iin:l.> had on the Lake Ontario, one of wli'ich Li-uttnant Colonel /)/■,/,//.'';•,<■/ took richly laden, and lent anotlicr toO/ivrgs; the fevcii others with the provilions loit, artillery, llae', iJ:c. are burnt aiul dellioycd. This tort was one i.-f the piincipal iii.irts the i-w/r/j had in A'.'//' y/w/.-'/V,; t"or a tra ic v.ith the I'liU.vn, who came from the mull rein')te pirt , and took olF a j;reat qu.mtity of oiirle wofilicn noods, fueh .is tlrouds and diitlils, with {•uns hatchets, icnivts, hoes, kettl.'s, pow\ier and fliot ; bL-lidcs (liirt-, and clrts, with leveral .ther articles, in exchange for all l";irts of fur«. The lull from LrAialttc, as far as this place, is but iiidiitcrcnt, whieh quality how- ever belongs only to the lands lyin;.; en the banks ot the river, for !ii -Jier up, 'that is r.carer the fort, it is txccedini:; ^',ood. : LVhind the tort is a morals, tall of ;ill manner of game, whieli .-.irirds plenty of provilioii and amiilement to the g.irrifon. There w.is toniierlv a -reat tr.ule earned on here, chietly with the Irofjuui; and the rcafon for buildin- the" fort on this Ipot was. to draw them \.•^ the IVauh, to keep them in awe, and to hinder tliein from can 111'' of CANADA, carrying their furs to the Etiglijh. But tliis tniftic liiil not continue long, and the tort lias not been able to prevent tliole Indiam from doing that nation abundance of niilchitf. 'I hey have fliil, liowcvcr, feveral families fettled without its walls j and there arc aifo fomc of the Sliliftigucz, an yllgoifjuin nation, which have a village on the Wtflcrn banks of the Lake Ontario, another at Nidga/j, and a third in the !\'itrro'iC"i, or Detroit. In the middle of the river i'! a very plcafant ifland, called the Idand of Hogs, from the multitude of thofc animals breil on it. Two others, named CvJar IJland, and Dtwr Illtvul, lie a little lielow this ; about half a league's dillance from each other. The Bay oi Cndiirtjqtii is double, ocrafioned by a Cape very near its middle, and advancing pretty far into the water, under winch is very good anchoring for large barks. M, df la Sallf, fo famous for his tlifcovcries and misfortunes, who was formerly Lord liltely necellary. The tnoll dangerous are fomc rocky llv als op- pofitctothe chureh ot St ylnne'a below the Three Rivers. The vellcls mull keep near the louth fide, after they have palled the church ; many of the rocks appear above wa- ter in elulkrs, which at a dillancc look like flocks of ducks. I'rom Cii^iEBKt iluwn the river. At .'^wi7vc they build feventy gun lliips. Common nip tides rile lixtcen feet. Tile firll danger is in making the travc rl'e at the lower end of the llle of Orleans, which nuift not be attcmptcil without a fair gale, enough of day light, and a good pilot. The next danger is at the H'hirlpocl, between the illand oi C:udres and the Continent, where the tide of liocni throws the lliips alborc on the fouth lide, and the tide of ebb upon the north lide, I'o tliat the palling of it mufl not be attempted without a fair leading gale, ftrong enough to Ikm the tide. When they get below this place the pilots are dif- inifled, and when they pals Green illand, they keep within a few leagues of the fouth Ihore, until they make tlie ifland of yhttieojlt. 77jc foll(Aving Courfe of a Cartel Ship from Quf.bix through the Traverjes is by another Hand. 1756, Oihber 4tli, at nine A. M. half ebb weighed and fleered about N.F.. till a Jiommock on the fouth fliorc appeared in one with the weft end of ///<• Madam, thcii fleering fouthward of the F). for the highcfl of a parcel of rocks, till we had made the middle oi J/le aux Rots, and the well end of IJle Madam in one with the low end of the Wgh land to the S.W. at this time haled up N.S. for a barren high hill in the north lliorc, at Cape Torment, (leered thus till we brought the N.E. end of Orleans in one I' with i7 H-gl, CtJtIr, Ulll birr lllc:> III I' 1^ , , mi f n I r'ii t;i it St ■• /I ' f:k \ m . i I ! 1; >t,i '■1 S J ? m-^ liikc S; J CUV .■/„*..■ ..■,/, and L)aiif':inU\i<:> Frmh fium. M)! And Ic'.llc- mtnt in till' Fiivr' 11 ITCl!. ^/ DESCRIPTION with the m.iin hlt!;li l.itul, to ilie N. of the hack n( Or/,vr;s, then lailetl down the river at about the Jillaiice ot a mile tioin the N. (horc. A'. B. 3 tatiioms low water ii» the traverle, and lifes at 4 P. M. The River S A G U E N A '\' is navigable for twenty-five leagues from Tii.kulf,ic, wlicre it falls into th:; River St Laicrcncc. It ililics from a lake called by the Induitis, I'u-kcuti^iimi, and by the hriicb Lake 5'/ Jcav, which receives its waters irom three conliilcrable rivers, near the I'prings of wiiich.irc three great lakes, called the I/akc otWfi'Mf'i'is, the Lake of /Vn- yllhaurL, and Lake DiWphi'K Tiiele three great l.ikes are (Ituated in the country belonging to Ihidhi'?. Btiv, and communicate with each other, and dilcharge themlelves into that Bay by R/ifrrf I<.ivcr. The l-)fn/.' have kvcr.d millions on the banks ofthele lakes, as well as offtake St Jftifi and ^is'^iiifhiv. 1 he million cillcd Ci.u'-utimi lies imd way between '/./(/./y/fZi: and Lake St 'yean ; and at that called Mctiibctibouit'i, on the banks ot Lake Ht 'Jean, they have alio a fettlemcnt. All the country to the .North anil N'orth-Eall i- full of lAcs and rivers, and inha- bited by liittlrent nations ot I'lJui/..', the chief ot which are the ('Irecnti'uiens, flic PiekcuiigiiDiiens, the Nri-.u/'nnr/fef, the (i>e.;t anil the L:U/e M:jliijjiii>, the P.ipiiiiiiLois, and feveral otJiei^, all in the I-re'ieh intereih '^'/■i?'\j i-i^' Soiithcrr, Boui,d!urCj- Tie Rl-rr () '.' T A W A I S. riles in latitude 48" -^o', and after running South about thirty miles falls into the Lake 'Timi/etimi/is:, from whence i; continues its courfe in the lame jliredioii to latituile .t6, where it receives a ruer that lias its fourcc near Like AV- pij]i>!'J:, called by 1)' Anvtile, Xif'i-Sirifiii, or the S'rceret's Lake. I'Vom thi.-. [>Jacc tlic OutacHiiis tails with an Lallcrn courle into the Lake of the T^v AhuH.'iwis, foraicJ by the River -SV Lj\ire?:ee, oppolite to the illand of Moutreal, The River Outiiii'ais, with the river wc iull now mentioned as falling into it, and fome others running Irom Lake \ipi/,v!g into Lake Huron, are to be LonK.lercJ as the S,)utliern boundaries of Cnuuia, lime the I'ive Nations lay claim to all the country i«outhward. ilcnec the Iremh were f irmerly obi ged to take this way to Lake iluroa, though the navigation is vtry troublef mik, on ;.ccount of the many rifts and portages, or carrying-places, till, alter their inLruachmcnts on the iiri.'ij'.' territories, they found means, by ereding fort- at the principal palles, to fecurc the navigation of the River Iro'ju'.i-, and the Lakes Ontario and i-.ne. Fxtent nf I:k liljr.d Rivers. Kiver The Lake S T P E R I O R. is the moll conllderaMc of the four large lakes which more immediately com- municate with each other ami the River St Laicrnce. It is generally allowed to Ix- at leart So leagues long, {Charlreoix makes it 200) and from 30 to 40, and even 50 broad; a eircumllance which renders the navisjation of it extremely dan- gerous in boifterou> weather. There are, liowcver, a numlKT of little harbours on its wurt^, in which velfels may find (liclter. This lake abounds with a multitude of iilands, fome of whicli are fcvcn or eight leagues long, and three or four broad. The moll conliderable are thofe called by the l're)iJ.\ Ijk Rcwtle , I/le Phfiipeaux, f)rmerly Ifle Minong ; llle Pontcbarlrain ; Ifie Maurepas ■ Ijh- Iha^uart ; and l/le Saiute ,Uine. ' A number of rivers, fome of which arc very confideral)le, dilchargc thcmfclvci into this lake. One of theil- which falls into it, near the middle of its northern ihore, riles alvuit 25 or yj leagues North of Lake Superior, from a lake called Jl.'mipe^in, near which are the fources of a river that falls into Hu m.ips, Xatmaran, and communicates, il we may iKlieve the iahal>itants by a chain nf rivers .\n\ fntallcr lakes, with a confulerable lake t.illcd Luke Uowhon, which is m.ule to communicate, in like manner, by Port Neljln Rn-.r, called bv the Freneh Boi/r/r.n River, with JiuJ- fan's Bay to the North-E.ilL The French likcwife fuppole that it communicates Weft- ward with the j^rcit fea, comnionlv tailed the S^uth Sea or Paeijif Ocean. At U oj C A N yl D A. 19 At the moiitli of La I'rois Rivieres, or the Three Rivers, is a httlc Freuch tort, called CiWitViilli^ouiii ; and twenty-five leagues to the Weft of the fuid fort the luiul begins •""""^'""'i'- to (lope, and the river to run towards the Weft. naouia. At ninety-five leagues from this grcateft hciglit lies the fecond eft.ihlinnnent of the h'liihb tiiat \v;;y, called I'"ort St I'ierre, in the Lake i.'.'s J'liiics. The third is Fort Si VorxSiPhrre CLuiries, eighty leagues fartlicr on the Lake lies Bois. The fourth is Fori Miiurejias, [;/ '•'"'""'" a hundred leagues diftant from the iaft, near the head of the Lake of Ouinipigon. """t"* I'oit /i, ft.inds on the W'cft |,„„ /),,.■„ fuie of LiH lies Pmiries, or cf tlje Meiido^s. And the kventh, which is called \'mll\>nii.^,!-m. limr/iai, ftands on the tl-.orc of the great Lake liourlvn. The chain ends with Furt l''/io\(j(-, at the bottom of a river of that name, which falls into L.ike Hoitrbofi. Tl;e Tort rj/U.i. river Pojkoyae is made by Delijie and liuacbe to rife within t'vcnty-tive leagues of their \N'ift Wi, which, they fay, communicates with the Piuijie Ocean. All thele forts are under the governor of Ci'iada. On the SoMthcrn coaft of Lake Superior, winch extends almoft due F.aft and Weft, are the llles ,/,• St Michel, and the Bay i)i Chupuiimij^j'!, .-.t tlie bottom of which was 'il^' J'- s.i.r:: formerly a fmall //;.//(/« town, where a millioiury and fome other French came to ^'''' '" It-ttle in 1 66 1, by means of which this place, av lirll Icarcj worth notice, (oon became v(.rv remarkable. The Outiigami, Saki, Outniciu, Uw-jtt, and liinoii InJitins, reforted /r,„ /, i;.„.^ tliithcr fo early as i66S, tor the lake of trade, and many of them kttle^i there ; and muus. the tratlic i- lUll pn.tty confider.dile. This I'ctllemcnt was ealli.d La Mi£iun ilu St p., s, f,p,,t Ift^r,'^ or the Mtiiion r,f the Ihly (i/.'t/i. Twcnty-fivc leagues to the Fall is a PcninUila that ftretches a confiderable way into ''oii'^'-'il^'y the L.ikc, and terminates in a point c.illtd the I'oint of Kionniin. This peniiilula f);,'" '','' lorms a b.iy of tiie lame name witii the point, at the month cf which lie a grounc of '.,>..]„ .v... illands, calletl Iw tlii; French, Ijles tie St }r,in^u\ Xavie'-. "•"■■ I«ike Siipericr is very llrtight, full ol fand?, and extremely dangerous, if you Ihould N.nigiiionnf be taken ftiort with the North wind. The North fide, therefore, is the bell and moft l-'^i-S* "•'■ tonvciiicnt coune, being lined with rocks from one end to tlic other, which form har- bours, that artord very lafc (hcltcr. Thelc harbours a-e extremely necellary to thole wJK) fail i:i canoes through this lake, in which they have remarked the following lingular phaviomcnon. When a ftorm is brooding, they arc advertilal of it two days before. At firft iVngnoiia-iof tliey perceive a gentle murmuring on the furfacc of the water, which laits the whole "' "'"l"'''-' day uithout any fenliblc increale. On the morrow after, the lake is entirely ci)\cred with pretty broad waves, which remain all day long without breaking; fo that you mav lakly continue your voyage, and, if the wind be favour able, make good wav ; but on the third day, and before you are the Lad aware of it, the lake is all on tire. 'I'hc ocean in its greateft fury does not exceed the agitation of its waters ; fo tliat, if you are not near fome place of lafety, ihipwreck is unavoidable. This you are always fure to liiul on the North fide, whereas on the oppofite lliore you arc oI»ligtd to make to lami as lalt as pollible on the I'econd day, and take up your quarters at a confidera- ble dillancc from tiic water fide. In the channel through which this lake difcharges itllif into that of the Htirons, you meet with a rift, caufed by very large rocks, or illaiui>, which the millionaries, who »;, ^.^^ ^^ have a very riourilhing church and congregation near it, have called tlie Fall of St Ma- ry. There is likcwile a French fort here, and leveral French inhabitants. On fome parts of the coall, and in fome of its illands, arc found gre.it lumps of copper, and the inhabitants fay there was formerly a large rotk of the lame metal, whicli rofc -^ '"'^ of confulLTably above the furfacc of the water. Thii rock now difappears, and has pro-""""" Kd)ly Ikcu covered with land or mud by the waves of the lake. It is abfolutely cer- tiin, that pretty large lumps of it have been found in leveral places, without digging very ileep tor it, and often almoll without any alloy. jMichflimakiiuic is properly the name of a linill ifland, almoft round, and very high, litu^ited to the Well of the abovementioned channel, at the extremity of Lake Huron, vvhich name cuftom lias extended to all the country round it. This ifland feems about three or four miles in circumference, and is kin at F 2 the • Thffi: ilifl»ncei of llie forts are taken from RtmiH^uii I'tr U Cailt !, publillicJ at Purit, i - ; ; biVv 'I,. ■ r ^'^!: 1^ hi '•■A 20 yl D E S C R 1 P r 1 O N r,u-, .1 fjinuus Sfi:!c"riicnt of Fort /^Kaiiw. Convoniincy kinat. the dirt.incc of" twelve leagues. There .ire two other iilands South ot it, the Kir- thert of whicii is five or'lix Icaj^ucs in length; the other Ls very lin.ill ainl quite round. Both of tliein are extreinelv well wooded, and the foil excellent ; whereas Michilitiwkiuiic is quite rocky and l\irren, without tiie Icall verdure, except inols, ami fomc ftra'.:L;lin^ blades of gr'af^. It is however, one of the inoll celebrated places in all CaiiiuLtl M\A has been, according to a very ant.ent tradition aniunj; the ImLiiis, thu chief feat of a nation of the fame naine, of whom they nckoned to the nuinlKT of thirty colonics, or fettlemeiits, on the ailiacent continent. They have been dtllroycd, as it is pretended, by the hcrjucis ; but we have no account when or where this event happened. Some M tiie mitiiunaries allure us, that they had Icen \efliges of this capital, tliouiili C/:tJr!c-voix (ays, that none of them were remaining in his t:me. In 1 67 1, kither Marqiutti m.ule a fcttlement on tiii^ illand witii a nation of Hurcnf^ whom he induced to follow him. A fort was built here, and it Iwcamc an im- port :it port ; but it fill to ruin by degrees and the million of St I^iuitiui has been fince formed, and a I'oit bui'.t on the .idjacent continent. The fitiiation of MichiliiiiiikiiiiU- is admirable, with refped to the convenicncy of trading. This port lies between t!ir;-e great lakes ; Lake Muhigiin, which is three hundred lea'.;ue-. in circumUrenee, without reckoning the gre.it bay that falls into it ; Lake llwni^ which i> three liumlred and tilty Iciguc- round, and in form of a tri.mgle ; and Lake Suprrt'.r, which i.- no kMs th.m five hundred in circuit ; .ill of them iiavigai>le for the l.irgell barks, and the two firrt leparatcd only by ;i tmall ftrait, deep enough for vellll- of the largell draught of water, wiiicli m.iy alfo fail over all L.ike liiic without the leall liiiiiculty, as far as the famr.us tataraiit cf ^uLyirti. It is true, the ch.uinel whicli ioin- Lake Huron to Lake Superior is much embarralied with rifts, wliicii, how- ever, do not hinder canoes from arriving at M.-hilifihihuiic, l.iden with every thing that the country about Lake Superior atior(i=. ^'|'^'"r'^"'y Tiic chiel nourilhment of the Miihtliituikiiiun was fiih, there king no place in thi ' world '.vhcre they are in greater abundance and variety, lucli as hciruig, carp, gilthead, pike, ilurgeon, •iliiitimcguc, or white ("ilh, and elpecially trouts, all in ilie grcatelt plenty, both in the three lakes and the rivers which fail into them. The light ut the circumiacent country prLl'enti us witii no idea of its fruitfulnefs ; but there is no need to go a great w.iy from the (hore to find land capable of bearinij almoll any kind of vegetable. The Outaiuivs, who liave retireil hither, low corn here; a culloin whii.h they have learnt ot" tiie Huran. 'I'he y//'iihi:is tormerly occupied thele ifland^, which nation has been reiiiiccd to a Imall number of families, who have removed to the illand Muni/'^uii/in, in the .Northern parts of Lake Huron. Natur.al History of C J N J D A. W IT II refpeiS to this article, the reader is not to cxpeifl a minute detail of p:ir- ticulars, which are often very little intercfling in thcmfelves, and generally ca- pable of attording but a very flemler entcrtainmeni ; all that is here intended being dJicfoftTw- ""'y to give a fhort iLetch of I'uch parts of the produce as are peculiar or of moll con- ,/, feiiuence to this colony. TheCodfifti. ^^ will begin with the catching ..nd curing of the Cod-llili, for which th'- 'llaml ot (..;/>!• llrrton, and f"ome parts of dnutdn lie fo very convenient. Ivvery one ktiows the excellency of this hlli, wlien frclh ; and it is fcarce inferior when it has lain two days in fait : its flclh even acquires a firmnefs, which is far from being difadvantagcous to it. Hut it is the filliernicn only who enjoy the plcafure of regaling themfelves with wh.it is nioft delicious belonging to it, that is, the head, tongue, and liver, wliich, ftecped in oil and vinegar, with a little pepper, makes a molt excellent cilh. Hut as it would occalion too great a confumpt'on of fiilt, to prelerve all thole parts, they are gener.illy thrown into the Tea, at Ieaf>, all that they cannot make ufc of while the filliing fe.ifon lads. The largeft (ort of Cod aic about three feet in length, and arc met with on tlie great B.ink of NcwfoundhtUii. There is perhaps no hlh that has a larger throat in proportion to the reft of its botly, or that is more voracious ; all forts of tul)f>ance» having been found in its belly, fuch as plttes of broken earthen ware, iron, unit The Lirger coil. of C y/ N yl D y1. 21 r-a r.ml pl.tf';. Tr iiis bcm currently believed, that it could dij;cft fuch traili ; but tlie \vc.ri>i i' "o\- ..lire 1 of tlnit milLike, which h.id no other t'onud.ition, but only tli.it thole pieces ot' iron were loiiu-tiines h.iU worn aw.iy. The general opinion now is, tl'.at the t )d has the facnltv of tnrnins; wh.it the French tilliermcn call !<• Gau, th.it is the z/^. -^ '■'■™'k:a.Ie w,;,/', i'lOdo out, like a pocket, and by this means dilcliarges itfelF of whatever i- dila- jrteable or burthenlonie to it. What is called in IJ://ttrii/ ihc Ciihcliau, is a fort of cod caught in the C'hann-.l, ;'nd in Ionic other places, which differs from that o( Ncrlh /Inwrica in fixe onlv, inlng rii^-i fl.rrtj n.'^'h kis than this latter. They are contented with falting that of the IJreat H.nd:, wli'ch is then called white or more commonly green cod. Monfuur iXnys, a French (Jentleman, fays, that excellent fait has fornurly been . , , , made in (M/;,ni,i, even as good as that of Hrmmsr,- ; but that after the e.vperiment had ,„ Gl/:a.r./ Ihi.;) m.idc, the filt-pits dug for that purpofe had been lilleil up, to t'le great prejudice and difcredit of the colony. The dried cod, or wiiat the French call la ALrlnchc, can only Ik- cur..d on the coaft?^ r)'-;' ">l''^ anl that with very great care, amhdtcr a long experience. Cat what may appear lingu- T'^"''*- lar enough is, th.U tiiough this filh abounds on all thj coails of ^/ ,7,/,'.;, o: .V>t.; yc.'.'j, there is hardly any Frenchman, who has attempted this tilhery, th.it ha. not been ruined by it. The rcafon given for this is, that, in onicr to dr.iw any adv.mtagc fii.i-.i it, the ptrinti iMrci'm. who undrrt.ikes it mull abfolutcly relide in t!ie country. I'or, as this tilhery can only be excreile.i frt)!Ji the beginning of yU.;v to tiie end oi yJujit/i, if l,iil.,r. were brought from France, either they mull be paid for the whole year, in wliich cafe the cxpence will c.it up the profit, or only for the filliing feaion, on which Inppofr.ion tiicy -re lure t ) be lo!,.-rs, lince the only employment they can alterw.irds h.ue in the co ir.try i; fiwing or felling of timber, which is not fu licient to mainta.n tiiem ; io tii.it either the workmen mull ll irve, or the undertaker tail. On the contrary, when the undertaker relidcs in the country, he i^ lure to be better tnnlirt rcH fervcd, and it will then be his own fault entirely if he grows n.it rich, by this means'-'" - '■'"'■ lie will have it in his power to fecure the liell hands, to feize the right times for lilhing, ^'^' to fclcdl the proper pl.iccs, and to find the rilhermen employment about his own habitation for tlic rcll of tlie year. Some French writers were of opinion, and perhaps very jullly, that had the people of Ac.iJia, or Ac'.v; Scotia, employed themfelves in this manner, lor the lad hundred and fifty years, this province would have been one of the moft p)wcrtiil colonics in Sortb America ; and that whilll the people in Fr,ince were dif- crcditin' thi-; province with all their might, a-, entirely ulelefs, and ablblutelv good f'or dv.,ut. lUC^ wiucli nothing, the iuh.ibit.ints of AVv EnguinJ, though ddlitute t)f many a.; the lird enjoyed, were railing fortunes out of this tilhery. Helides the cod, there are niaiiv other loits of tilh in the parts adjacent to t!ie C!itU' f.' St Laurence, and on tlie batiks ot \e:i)i.lliitil, fach as wliales, blowers, fword- filh, porp >ifes, flettans, with many others of inferior worth. Nothing can be more diverting than the fight between tiic whale and the Iword-filli. This fitter is of the lize of an hciter, from ksxn to eight feet long, tapering all tlie w.iy tiw.iid the .Sworj.fifii tail. It takes its name from the weapon with which nature has armed it, being a 't'^^;^"i"J fort of fworJ, about three feet in length, and four lingers broad. This proceeds from it-, fnout, on each fule of which is a row of teeth about an inch long, aiul let at etjual dilfances. This filli is excellent eating, and will do with almolt any lauce. The lie.id is more dvlicious as well as thicker and fquarer tlian a call 's he.ul. Its eyes are of an extraordinary bignefs. The whale ami I'word-filli never meet without a battle, and this l.itter is Itclievcd to |.-;g(„ |,^. be contlantly the aggreli'ir. Sometimes two fword-filhes joMi their forces againll one i»mi m,- whale, in which cale the parties are by no means equal. The whale has no arm> ei- J'^'|,'',j ," >' '*"' ther for att.ick or defence, but his tail, and before he can alVail his enemy, he is forced to dive witli his he.ul foremoll into the lea, when, if he is fortun.itc enough in his aim, lie is fure to difpatch his adverfary at one blow. The other is no lels dexterous in (hunii;;ig the llrokc, and iullantlv making at the wiialc, plunges his weapon in his back. The wound commonly goes no farther than the flit, or blubber, in which cafe the injury is but flight. The moment the whale fees his foe lance at him, he ilives to the bottom ; but the other purfuc!> him thither, and obliges him to come up to the G t'urfacc. 111 1 I] \ : ► 22 Klctl.'lrl lit- Other lillii NATURAL HISTORY furface. The fight begins again, and continues till tlic fword-fiflt lias loll fight of his ailverlary, who is much the better fwimnicr on the lurtuce of the water. The Flcttaii rercniblcs a large plaice, and what is called Flct, is probably the dimi- nutive of the other. It is grey on the back, but of a whitilli colour under the belly. Its length is commonly from four to five feet, its breadth at leall two feet, and its thicknels one. The head is very large, and every part of it extremely tender and de- licious eating. Tlic (uice cxtra(iti;d from its bones exceeds the fineft marrow. Its eyes are nearly as large as thofe of the fword -filli, and the extremities of the two fides, which the rrcnch call the rrli'igurs, and which I am not well enough verfcd in cookery to traiillatc, are deemed e\qui(ite morfels. The whole body is generally thrown into the lea to feed the cod, to which the Flettan is the moft dangerous enemy, and com- nionlv makes but one meal ot three cods. The remaining fiihcs, worthy the notice of the curious in tliis province, arc the fea- wolf, the fea-cow, and the jx)rpoife, which, with thofe already mentioned, arc capable oi becoming the obiect of a very lucrative commerce in the gulph ot St Laurence, and .i..>mgpro., ^^^^^ j-^^^ ^^ confiderable way up the river of that name. The ua-ttolf The Sea-wolf owes its name to iis cry, which is a fort of howling ; for as to its fliape it by no means rtfembles that of a woit, nor ot any known land animal whatfoever. Lt'lctirhot fays, he lias heard thofe creatures cry like the mewing of a cat ; but what he fpeaksof mull in all probability be tlie cry of the young ones, whofc voice was not yet come to its full pitch and Ifrcngth of tone, which thcfe animals have when m.iturc. We need not, however, make any fcruple to clafs this creature with fillies, though it dif- fers from that genus in that it is not dumb, is brought forth at land, on which it lives, at leaft as ipuch as in the water, is covered with hair, and, in fiiort, that it is in every refpet't an animal truly amphibious. As it would be a vain piece of lingularity and per- verieiieli to opp.'fe the received notions and ways ot fpeaking, the war carried on againll tiiis creature, thou^ii it be as commonly on land as in water, the weapons in ufc being clubs or bludgeon?, is known in this part of the world by the name of filliing, wh.illt that cirried o\\ againll the beavers, tho' in the water, and with nets, it called hunting. Difc.;bk to t!ie bottom like the beaver. Tiie fidicrs luvc large dogs, that fetch them up in feven or eight fathom water. CbarUvJx tells a circuniftancc, which however he vouches not for fad, and indeed the llory carries Strang- a>i>-; not too many marki of probability ; that a failor havini; one day furprizcd a prodigious number of thole animals, drove them all home before him with a fwitch, like a lierd of cows, and that he and his companions killed nine hundred of them. The Sea-cow is another marine animal taken by the French finicrnien on t!ie coaft ii ^ Cei aw. of the gulph of St Laurencf, but in fmall numbers, and 1 am not certain whetlier they are to be lecn ellewhere. The Englijh are laid formerly to have had a fulierv o{ this fort at the i'.land SMc ; but this ellablilhment was attended, in all probability, with ve- ry little profit to the undertakers. This animal, in (lupe, ditlers very little from the fea-wolf, but is fomewhat larger. It is provided with a very fingular fort of weapon, which is, two teeth, thick and long b; ■ man's arm, a little bent upwards, and at a diftancc appearing like horns, from wutncc it is likely they have obtained the name of fea-cows. The French failo.s know them by the fimplc appellation of the filh with the long teeth. This tooth is, however, a moft beautiful ivory, as well as all thofe in the jaws of this filh, which are four fingers in length. There are alfo Porpoifcs in the river St Laurence, and thofe of two colours. Thofe I'orpoitls of in the fiilt w.Uer part of the river, which reaches almod M high as the Iflc of Orleans, '^^ t^""'' differ very little from fuch as are found in the fea : In the frelh water part, on the con- trary, they are entirely white, and of the li/.eof an ordinary cow. The firft appear ge- nerally in riocks or (hoals ; whether the fame may be faid of the white fort is not cer- G 2 tain. I n'v-ii I: i ar^ :1" l''i .'• ! » '.'. t-'i r 1? .■■-il 24- if. I Grey porpoi. fej eaten. Vic of the fie Ins. Porpoife fiili. cries. T'.vn incon. xcnicnccs. M. inner ofn- l.ingpor[u,'bcc ; one in the bay of vSt Paul, the other feven oreii^ht kac;iies lower, near a plantation called Camcurafca, t'-om certain rocks rifini^ confiderably iibove water. The c.\pencc of this filhery is but moderate, and tlie profits would amount to a conliderable lun., were it not for the inftincSl or ca- price of tlu)fe animals, which often breaks the meafures of the fifliermcn, by taking a road verv different from the accullomed, or where the filhers cxpcdt them to come. This filhery is moreover attended with two inconveniencies ; The firft is th.it it en- riches none but tlie undertakers ; and in the fecf)nd pl.ice, it has confiderably diminilh- ed that ot eels, which ul'cd to be a very qre.it refource for the poorer lort of inli.il'it.ir.ts of this capital. For the porpoiks being diihirbed below Clyc/it'c, h.ive retired clfewlicre ; and the eels findin;; the pafi'igc clear of tliofe hirge filhes, defcend the river witiiout any obffacle; from whence it is, that between t^ii-hcc and the Jrcis Rivieres, where they formerly took large quantities, there are now fcarce any to be found. The manner of taking porpoifes is little different from that of the fea-wolf. When the tide i'^ low, they fix piles or ll.ikcs in the mud or fand, at moilcrate interv.ds, to which they tie thread- in the nature of toils, the opening of which is confiderably large, in luch manner, as that the filh once entered cannot retre.it. They take care to garnilh the tops of tiie llakcs with giccn boughs. When the tide tlows, thefe fi(hes purfuing the herring (hoals, wiiichconlKiiitlv make to the lliore, and .ittracled by the fight of the verdure or boughs, witii which tluy are highly delighted, find themfelvcs entangled in the net. As the tide goes out, the filhers have the entertainment of viewing their confufion, and ufelcfs efforts to m.ike their efcajK-. In tiic end they are left dry, and often heaped one over another, li) that two or three have been killed with the fame blow. It has been aflerted, tliat Ibme of the white foit have weighed three thoufand pounds. Every one knows the manner in whith the whale is caught, fir which rcafon I fliall fay nothing of it iiere. They tell us, that the Biiffjiies, who formerly carried on this fiilieryin the river St Lj.-ire/iiC, quitted it for the fur trade, which w.i> capable of being man.iged it a mucli leU e.vpeiice, with infinitely Icfs fatigue, and with much quicker and ahund.intly larger profit^ at leaft at that time. And befidcs it muff be acknowledged they Wanted many toiuenienciel for thi.i trade, which might now be li.id, by means of lomc kttkmeiits pretty f.ir down along thecoaflsof the gulf. W'it.i this view fome at- tempts h.ivc been fince made to rcllore this branch of commerce, but without fuccefs ; the undertaker., either wanting the neceff.iry funds fur carrying it on, or not having per- fevt ranee or patience to wait the proper time for the return of their difburfcments. It appears, hov.ever, that this filliery might become a very tonfiderable article in the trade ot this colony, as it m.iy be c.nriedon with much lefs hazard and expcnce than on the coafls of G/vfw/f/wr/ ; and might cvcn bccomc a fettled and, in fome meafure, a domcftic branch of commerce, acedidiiig to the propofal of M. Denys, a Freiic/j gentleman, who has wrote on this fubicQ. The other filhes taken in the fait water part of the river St Laurence, or from Cape Tciirmeiit to the gulf, and which are cap.xble of adding to the wealth, convenience, and commerce of this colony, as well as of the mother country, are the falmon, tunny, fliad, trouts, lampreys, fmelts, fea-cel, mackerel, loles, herrings, anchovies, pilchards, turbots, J ii of CANADA. ^5 hov. tiiilifts, and itlmofl every fifli found in any part of the ocean, and among thofc many altigctlicr uircnown in Europe ; all thele are caught with dragging or with nets. In the giilf arc fcatcs ; thornbacks ; and thofe of tlirce forts, the common, the curlccl, of a better tallc tiiun tljofc in France, and that called the Poft, nor much valued ; lencornets, a kind of cnttlc tilli ; the haddock, or St Peter's, fi(h ; plaice ; rf'quiems ; fca-dogs, a fpccies of the requiems, Icfs mifchievous in their lifetime, and much preferable when dead; and plenty of oyllers daring the winter feafon, cfpecially on the coafts of Nova Scotia ; the man- "[ "'" ner of liihing for which is fingular enough. A hole is m.idc in the ice, thro' which they put two poles tied together fo as to clap like pincers ; tliefc arc feldoin brought up without oyikrs. The Lencornct is a fpccies of cuttle-filh, tho' very diftcrcnt in Ihape from the com- mon cuttle. It is quite round, or rather oval ; a little above the tail is a fort of bor- der, or ledge, which Icrves him for a buckler ; and its head is I'urrounded witii whif- kers, which he makes ufe of to catch other filhes. There ..re two Ibrts of them, dif- fering only in magnitude, one as large as a hogfliead, the other not above a foot in length ; the latter are the only fort taken, and arc caught with a torch. They are very i.owumgh tend of a light, which being ihcwn them from the ihore, they make towards it, ami run thcmfelves aground. The lencornct, whether boiled, roaflcd, or fryed, is very good eating, but it makes the fauce quite black. The Iladilock refcmbies a fmall cod, has much the fainc fafle, and is dried in the V.'''i^'i fame manner. It lias two black ipots, one on each fide tiie heal, ami the tiihcrmen lay this is the fill) in which St Peter found the piece of money to pay tlic emperor's tribute for hitr.kif and our Lord, and that thcfe fpots arc tlie places t\v which the ApolUc held it. 1 Icncc it has been called St Peter's Jijb. The fca plaice has much firmer tlelh, and a better taflc rivers. It is caugiit, as well as the houmarts, or lobller-, bv armed at the point with u lliarp iron, and barbed to hinder gaging itfclf. in ievcral places, cfpecially towards Kova Scotia, the pools arc full of lalmon trouts, s ;nion trout, a foot in leng ii, and of turtles, or tortoilcs, two feet in diameter, the tlefh of which ""''"■ is excellent, i'ud the upper fcalc llriped with white, red, and blue. Amongd the filhcs that abound in Lake Champlain, and the rivers that fall into it, Cbtimplain mentions one of a very fingular lort which he calls Chaoufarott, probably the ri^oy/-, name given it by the biJians. It is a particular kind ot armed filh, found in feveral other parts, pretty much ot the form of a fpit, and covered with a fcalc impenetrable to a dagger. Its colour is a filver gicy, and there projcfts from under the throat a bony fubftance, flat, indented, hullow, and perforated at the end ; whence it is rcafonable to think, that it breathes this way. This bone is covered with a tender niin, and its length is in proportion to the fidi, of which this makes one third part. Tlic JuJii!."! allured ClMimpLun, th.it they had fcen of thofc fillies from eight to ten feet long ; but the largell he law diil not exceed five, and were about as thick as a nun's thiuh. This animal is a true pirate amongft other filhcs, but, what is very furprizing, he is iho an enemy to the birds, which, like an expert fowler, he catches in this manner : He conceals himlelf among the reeds, (o that nothing can be difcovered but his wea- |H)n, riling perpendicularly above the furfacc of the water. The birds that light m, uav of JclVribfd. than thole taken in means ot long poles, lobik-rsi' how the filh ti^om dilen- "u^jiu. rou a nguUt fil)i. ng birJi iicir him take it for a Hick, or withered reed, and perch upon it without the leaft "' apprchenlion of what is concealed I eneath. That moment the foe in ambulh opens his mouth, and Ici/es his prey with all the rapidity imaginable. The teeth on both fides of this bone are pretty long, and very iharp, and, as the Indians preteiul, are a fovereign remedy for the head-ach, and that by pricking the part moll atfccted, the pain is immediately tliliipatcd. The (hirgcon '.ere is both a frelli and a fait- water firti, being taken both in the lakes and on the coads of Canada. There are of thcfe filhes from eight to ten, and even twelve feet long, and thick in proportion. 1 omit to defcribc this filh, which is well known in Europe. The Indiam catch them in this manner : Two men (hind, one at each end of a canoe ; he at the Hern (leers, whilft the other at the head (lands ready ^^'J^^f '°" ''"*' with a dart tied to a cord, the other end of which is made ("all to the boat. As foon as he perceives the lUiigcon, he dart* it at him, endeavouring as much as he can to direct II it = 11 ■ t U • 1"! ! ( ,?' 26 NATURAL HISTORY Ji'i II ^if f \ Fidi ped. rur-pton btjvcr. v.r drkn'uiil it contrary to the inclination of the Tclt!,. Thi: iiv>nicnt \x perceives himfcif wnumi- ed, he Icuds away with all ills fpeeJ, dragging tlie boat after him with an amazint; rapidity. After running about two hundred paecs in this m.ir.ner, he generally dies, and is taken. (J In a word, that I may make an end of thii article, the river St Laurcnir breeds pUnty aiiJ fevcral fiflies entirely unknown in I'rance j the nicjll cllecmed ot tiiefc arc t;ic Achi- vjricty. g^ji^ ,^j^j Gilthead. The other rivers oi Qi/iaJti, and Specially thofe of A'cri 5tV/d, •ire no lefs replenilhed than this river, which abounds with the ^re.ite(l plenty and variety of the mod: excellent fort of hllies of any otlier perliaps on the globe, there being, in foine feafons, fidi fullicient to maintain all the iidiabitants of the colony. Bcivcr, a<'m- As to qaadriipeds, the moll; lin[;ular, and what excites the cllri^)flty of the reader guhr quadiu- .^^^ovc anv Other in this country, is the callor, or beaver. The Ipoils of this animal liavc hitherto been the chief object of the commerce to this colony. 1 his ciciture is bcfides in itielf a miracle of nature, and there is not to be found, perhaps in the whole creation, i'o driking an example of forefight, indullry, cunning, and patience in labour. The cador, or beaver, was probably not unknown in Europe before the difcovcry of ylmc'ica ; and there arc now to be Icen, iimoni.ll the ancient charters of the luttcrs of Pi.vvV, regulations for the m.unifitflure (;f beaver hais. The beaver, or caftor, is undoubtedly the lame animal ; but wlictlicr it i^, that the Eiiropiin beaver is grown very itarce, or that its fur is iiwt of lo g"od a quahty as that of the .Irirrii-afi, this Lat- ter is tlie oidy iort now in repute, the other being never fo much as mentioned, except with relation to the fimple calleti c>ij!cn-tm. It is not improbable, that the E-.ni-cau beaver is a f>rt of land beaver, which is very liiiVereiit from the other. The be,.ver ol C.tvuu'ui h an ainplabiou:. ;iniii'.al, inc.ipable of rem.iinii'g any confi- derablc time in w.iter, and very ;d)le to fublift without it, provided it has now and then the convenicncy of bathing. The largell beavers arc fomev. ii..t Lfs tli..:i tour feet in lent'th, by liftcen inihes in brtad.th fmm hiuneli to luuneh, and wei^jh lixty pounds. 1 he colour varies according to tlie dilTerent climate,-, where tliey arc foumi. la the mod didant Northern parts they arc gcncr..!ly quite bl.ick, ' thou_:;h white ones arc fomctimes to be (een in the fame region, They arc brown in more tempe- rate climates, their colour growing lighter in propoition as you advance .Sontli- wards. In the luuntry of the liimis they are almoll quite yellow, and fome have been found here of a pale or ibaw-colour. It h..s been remarked, that the ligl.ier the colour, the thinner commonly the fur, and confequcnily the black i; moft clletmed, nature fortilyiiig them in this manner .igaind the (tveriiy of the weatiicr. There arc two different lurt^ of fur all over the body, excepting near the feet, where there i^ but one Iort, and tluit very ihort. The longert is from eight to ten lines, and even to two inches on the back, diminilhing towards the tail and head. This Iort ot hair is toarle, thick, niuiiii;!, and is what gives the animal its colour. Seen through a microlcopi-, the middle is touml lefs op.ique, whence it i^ natural to fuppofc it h,/;low, and therefore ths iort is not in ule. The other is an extremely tine down, vcrv clofe, and an inch at mofl in length; and this fort is what is commonlv uled. It was formerly kner to eight ; hut this mud happen very rareiv. bhe lias lour teats, tw„ b-'tween the leond an.: thiid a.ir of 1 jng rib., and two otheis about four linger.', higher. The mulcles of this animal arc extremely droi,-, and thicker than its bulk le.msto require. On the contrary, its intefliiies are exceeding delicate its bcMies verv hard, ami Its two jaw-, wiiieh ;;re nearly equal, have a v.>lt force. E.^ch jaw is fit with tu> teeth, two of them uKilive, or cutters, and eiulu u,dar, or grinders. The urivr iiiel- lives;;re two inches and a half long, the lower fi.nu thing above three fuited to the jnclmation of the jaw, which give them a force afh)nilh!ng in lo Imali a crcatu.^'. It Jias l>ten remarked, that the two jaws arc not e.vactiv correfi bf.ivtr. Anatomy <,f the bcr. i:. out beyond the lower, like the bi.'ides of a pair of Ici'fi: of every tooth is exafllv one third of its root. poriicnr, fi;e upper uitting ars; and L.Uiy, tiui the length The •/ C y} N A D /!. 27 The heaii of tlic leaver is much like that of tlic mountain rat; the mu/zle fome- I^iitcriulparf wliut lonp ; the cyts little ; the ears very Hiort, roinui, hairy without, but (inooth within ; the legs fliort, efiKxially the fore legs, being not above (our or five inches loiu^, ami very much rcCemblini; thole ot the badger. The nails are cut (loping, and hollow liile talle it naturally lias, after which it becomes virv good eating ; and no fort of tlclli, they fay, exceeds it in dcliciouliicfs or li.;litncrs ct digcllion ; it is even .dleited to be as nourifhing as veal. When boiled, it wants (■m\ tiling to give it a rclilli ; but, when roalted, it is very gorxl, without any thing of that kuid. Tlic inurt remarkable part iKlonging to this animal is its tail. It is aln;oft oval, a-Sirpul'.r ic\- bout four iiiclkj bioai! iicir the root, live in the miildle, and thri:e at its extremity ; but '■'"■■"'''"•■'••'' thcle nicMlurcj aie to be uiuicrflood of the l.u;^ill fort of btavers ; it is about an inch in thickiicl-, auii a loot lon'^ lis fublbuice is a firm lort of fat, or a tender cartilage, being iuui.li like the tielli ot a porpoile, but grows h.riltr, when kept tor any time. It is covercil wiili a icaly (kin, the leaks of wliich arc of an bicxagonal form, halt a line in tliickncls, bv three or (our lints in length, and laid over one another, liiic ilu-lc ot ull filhcs. A very dclic.itc pellicle fcrves to fnpport them, and thev are infeited in it in fuch a manner, as to be ealily parted from it after the death of the animal. The true tcfticles of this animal were entirely unknown to the ancients, probably TdliJoa. bccaulc they arc very fmall, and much hid under the haunches. They gave this name to tlic receptacles ot the coHorcum^ which arc very ditVere;it, and in nui-'ber fiAir, be- '-"^1'"^"™. ^ ing liiu.itcd in the lower venter of the beaver. The two foremoll, called the upper, 'JcKj.' ' bicaiilc higher than the others, are in the (bapc of a pear, and communicate one with liic otlu!", like the pockets of a knapfack ; the other two, called the lower, are round towaido liic b>jttoin. Thcfe four leccptaclcs contain a relinous, foft, and adlu live li- t^iiur, milled with liiull Iibres, of a grevilli colour on the outfule, vellowitli within, ot a liioiig, pi nctiatiUt', and dilagrreable fnu 11, and very inriammable -, and this is the true; (itlnrcuni. It f?rows hard iltcr Ik ing a month expolcd to the air, and becomes brown, b.ittle, ..nd iri..ble. It there Ix: occafion to hariien it (ooncr, it may be done by hang- ii;.' it in the cliiniiuv. It Is LnttLiided, that the c 'jhreum which comes from Diintzic is preferable to that of , Cj.iji.^. I'lie bugs ot this latl fort are allowed to be much fmaller tiian tlu' othtrs , ciiiouum . u!, even in i.i i,iJii, the largell are much more cUeeiTicd. It is required belides in i.ii.'e.,,,!, tli.it tlic b.ivs be lieavv,of a brown colour, of a penetrating and llrong fmtll, ..!kI iu'.I oI a hard, buttle, and friable matter, ot the lame, or of a ytllowilli colour, iiitLrwxven with a very fine membrane, and of a ih.irp or acrid taftc. The iiKd;i..ii viituts of this drug arc, to attenu.ite vifious matter, fortify the brain, •\'>'l'ciiul diipcl v.q>ours, provoke the menles, prevent inortihciiion, and cv.icu.,te ill humours by*" pcilpiration, it is al'o ulitd with fuccefs againft the cpilepfy, or filling lickncfs, p.ilfy, .li'opljxy, anddeafnels. 'I'iie inlerior bags contain an unduous and fattilh liquor, which iti^iiibU!, honey. Its colour is a pale yellow, its (iiiell difagrceable, little dithering Iroin tli.it ol the iiijior.um, but weaker than that. It thickens with time, and takes the con- lilKiKc of tallow. Ilic notion ot thofc who lx:lievc that thii animal, when he is clofcly purfued, bites \noiint notj. off thole imagined tclVicles, abandoning thcin to the hunter, to prekrve his life, is an"" ivri^^icJ error now univerl.iUy exploded, the moll valuable part of this animal being, beyond coii.pariloii, his fur -, and even the ikin of the beaver, ?ftcrthe fur has been taken olF, is not \N iilioLt its ufc.^, as it fervcs to make gloves and Ipattcrdallich. Many other things II 2 ni;iy r ii aS L I .r NATURAL HISTORY ilviii of the land bfavcr is only ulccl, and for the pnrpolcs alorclaid. Adiiili^.blc qoahtti' (if lilt, bc'Vir. may be maik of it, but as it is very liirticuk to tai.e drv and the tat. The lirft is the Ikni of this am- '"'"'• mal, betore any ufe lias been made of it. I lie otlicr, or fat tador. is the fame «kin, after it h,.s ban worn bv tlic hh/Kim, who, after tliey liave well rubbed and worked it on the infuie, with the marrow or fat of certain animals, to render it more pliable, low fiveral Ik ins tocether, with whiih they cover tliemfelves at. witli a robe, with the out- fuie inwards ; \hii. thev conllantly wear in the winter, witiimit ever putting it off", iiit;ht or dav. The llrongelt hair ialls oft" prelently, but the down remains, and by be- ing wr.rn iii that m.iitnu , bciomcs nuich titter for the liatter's bulinels. The dry taftor cannot bt ulcd withcut the mixture of a little fat. It is even pretended, that to have the ikins in th.ir utnioll perlbaion, they ought to be worn eighteen months at lead. Stuffs m.idc of Th:rc have alfo btcn ilutVs made of this fur, with a mixture of wool amongft it, ti;rand uool. j-^^.j^ ,^^ cloths tl.'.nnelf, flockings, and fuch like, but with very little fnccefs ; and there ftill fubfills a mar.uf.idtine of this fort in //'//iii the other boini; tx.icUy piipLinlicul.ir. In a won], iidtliuijj can poli'.lily be more luiiii or regular than the works ul this moll lui;aiious animal. The tonrtrudtinn oi tl'.cir tal bins is no Ids wondcriiil. Thefe are common'',' built fT tlifir c.ib- U.K. on piles in the middle of thole Imall lake"^^, '.vhich are formed by the dykes ahovcmen- tioncd, and oltintimcs on the bank ot lome river, or at the extremity of lumc point that advances into the w.iter. Their fii:;urc is round, or oval, and they are arched in manner of a balk' t. 'I'he walls are two foot thick, the matfri.ds being the fime as thole of their dam , but lets luhllanti d. The whole is lo well lUitco'd with clay, as not to admit the k.ilt 1 ivath of air. 'l"wo thirds of the Iniildinj; are a!iove water, and in ihcm (.very beaver has iiis [urticiil.ir place aliiAiied h:ni, which he takes care to llrew will with leaves, or fmall hraiiciics of fir. The le.ill tilth is never fecn 5 tor, be- iides the common entry of the cabbin, and another outlet bv wiiich thole animals go out to batlie, there are ulfo feverai other openings, by which they go todifcharge them- lelvts. 'I'hcfe cabbins are generally cap.dile ot lodging ei^ht or ten heaven, and Tome have Wen oblerved to contain no lets than thiitv ; but this i^ very rare. All (jI them, however, are near enough to each other to have a very ealy comnumitati mi. The winter never lurpri/es the beaver : All the works I have mentioned are finill'.ed '"'"ir r'' "• by the latter end of •bV/'/.'w/w, when e.ich indi.idual lays up his winter pi>'^i'ioii. ^^'-I'j'^.f ""'^ Wliiltf they continue to frequent the woods or tiild', they live on fruits, and on the bark and leaves ol'tree-. They alto catch cray-tilh, and tome other filh ; and nothini^ comes amifs to them at that Tea fon. Uut when the lime cunjes, in which 'hey are to proviiie Mj'.ilntl the harrennel's of the cold le.Uon, t!uy aie I'atiMied with woodi of a t^;ndtr luhllancc, luch as the poplar ami the alp, .md the like. Thele th.y lay up in piles, dilpoiing ihcm in luch manner as to have thole pieces which liavc been iKeped in w.;ttr nearell at hand. It b.as been obferved, that thele piles are always- greater or lets in p;o]>ortion .is the enluing winter is to be more or lels long (ir fevere ; .md this is to the //,,.'.i,7.'.( the nu-tf inJ.dlible |)ro|^:iollication, wb.icli lias never been known to deceive . ilicm, with reipeCt to the duration ot tlie cold wether, 'i'he beaver.^, bef-)re tluy eat nKiviiuiiic, tiiis wood, cut it itito very linall pieces, which they carry into their apartments ; for there ii but one magazine lor the whole inhahit.mts, or tainilv of e.ich cabbin. When the melting ot the Inow is at the liighelf, at which llalon there arc alwa)s very creat land tlootls, the beavers quit their cabbins, which arc then utterly iminhabita- ^^ t""" ^' ' ;;'J lilc, every one goitv', wliere he tliuiks tit. As loon ,.s tlie waters are fallen tiie temalesc.ibi..^. rciuin, ..lilt then tlay bring lorth their vi.ung. The m.iks keep the ticKis till tow.irds i!:jinontii of '/.v/v, wiien they alTemhle in older to repair the bieaches made by the wa- tii, in tlitir c.ihbin^, or dykes; iftiivV liappen to be dellroyed by the hunteis or if t'lcy are not worth r^pairirig, to erect litw. but they are otten, and tor very good rea- li)n.>, (diligcd to viuu '^e the place of their abode: Tl.e moll comniDU is, the want ot provilions ; and lomeiimcs tliev arc obliged to take thi:. method by the huilf^rs, or cer- tain carnivoroiuaiiiiiialj, ag;u!itl wliicii they iuvc no other dctence than Hiiht. '\ here are ccft.iin pLuf.-. of which the beavers are particularly tond, ..nd will never Aiiml'tJ to abaniion, even thouid intir lately ever to much reiiuire it. Un the road fiijn\ .l/'«//k.s : bduics, tiicy arc iilw.iv> lc.in,''thc n.itur.il coiilcquniu' ot' their \.u\\w\\ .iiul arc miicli moiv trciiutiit in hot than in coKi cmintrivS. I have aht.uiy rcniariicil, tii.it our b;Mvcrs htrc in Eurcpf rckiv.blc thi. l.utcT niiicii more than tiic lormfr Tort, as tiiey retire into tie holes and iMvenis t'uey fnul 011 tlic b.uiks of rivers, tlptiiilly in l'',hwJ. TIiiv -ire alio toiuul in G,'i//i.;/i\', along tiic Kl'' ; ami, in /•/•,///,., on the Rlf^'u\ the //.■■/■,•, .ii,».i tl;e Ui/t\ What is certain b, that V'li ilo not iliieover that wondertul I'agacity in the European beavers, lur whieh llu'll- i\ C>;iu!,:,i are lo jullly celebrated. It d K!- not .ippe.ir, that the Cnuuihin In.iitvn \\\\x thefe ere.iturc inueh ilillurb.uicc };.iv.T. br'.'t belore the arrival of the Eiir-ffjiis in tlieir coiiiitrv. Tiie Ikin of tlule .;iviiial.- were "^"' ' 'ill not then fo imieh worn by thun a< they have linvC ken, and tl'.e tlelh ut be .r^ .md Intiu- other Wild kail , v..is much more in reqiiclf with tlitin than tliat ot beavtrs. 'I'iiey were, however, even then accullmied to hunf t!u>n, and th^.s lanilini; h.i.l its fixevi feafoii and it> clL'. lilhed f.inn aiul een.inony ; but as- it was i^niy the eUttl ot juire nccdiity, anil not of luxuiv, t!ie havoek made by it was very inli'iniliciiit. I'or this reaion, t'lerc uas .,n air.a/ing quantity of tliole animals wluo the l/i.-ub hril cr.NTcd Ciniiu!,;. Tile huntin;^ of the be.iver i.s not at all ditlicu'.t, as tliis annnal Iras neit!;er (li n-th to ilefeiid himl'elf, and as the eunning lie iliieovLi^ in bniidinj'; hi; h.d'it ,tion totally ior- like-; iiini uhen he is attael'.ed by ai.y tn. mv. 'Ihc winter i> the k.i on in whitli tin l'ni;,:ui dtclare war ai^unll iimi, llmi it i;' th,.t lu,. lur ib tliieki.ll, and tiu ikin ii.ueli tirnuur than at any other fealnn. Thi-- huntini:^ is performed in fmir dilllrcnt manner^ whieli are that of the net, the Nit rJ gi;n CMn, the traiielie, and the tiap. The lirll i: rarely put in exteution, and tiie xtond i.iaomiaid kiiidiii or never ufetl, as the eye-, of this ereatiire, tli uurii extruiie'y linail, are lo ( i>.r- cin;^, and his hearing; lo qnitk, th.it it is very ditlieult to i;tt ne.ir ei 'Ujjh to ijioot oini, bell. re he lias reached the water, and he never i;oes fir from it at th'-. Icafon, anil pliin;;es tf! the botl( in the mo'.nent he dilcovcrs any ilan;.;er near. And even it he Ihoiikl liaj>- p.;i to be wounded, the hunter would be equally at a loN, as he never t.ui- t) run K) t!:j V .Iter, and i.ever coiik'- up agani alter he has once dived, (hould he chance to die of the wound. The tranche and the trap are therclore the mttliods molt in ulc in this (vc'rcife, Notwithllanding the bcavtr lays up his florc of proviiion for the winter, he now and t!ien m.ike: e.vcurfioiis into the ncii;hhouiing woods in quell of more tender and »ieli- cate food ; aiid t!;;:. luxury olten coit^ him lib life. Tiie Imhii':) lay liiarc> in his way, muc!i rcfeiiiMing the fi'^ure 4, whieii they b.iit with fmall pieces of wood that is ti.n>icr and newly tut. The beaver no loontr touches it, than his back is broke with a huge lo;; which falls upon him, and the hunter inlhintly coming up, loon dnpatciics iiirn. Tlie tranche requires greater precaution, aiul is man.iged as follows ; when the ice is r.-- yet but about half a foot thick, ;',n opening is in.ide in it with a hatelitt, and tlie beaver makes to tlii-- operdng for the lake of breatluir: .1 little Ir. lli ..ir ; the hunter, who waits for him, calily knows when he is coming, as his breathing cuufes an uiuilual motion in the water, ami it is very cafy to knock him on tiie he..,! the ui; mcnt he raifcs it .ihove it. To prevent his difcovering the luinters, tiny Ihew over tie iiole with recd,^, or with the ears of rcfd-mace, and when they tiiul the animal within reach, they feize him by one of his feet, and throw liim upon the ice, where they Uiipatch Jiim before he is recovered from his liirpri/e. Netiou i;J ^^'''^' l'>'"'"w happens to be near fome llreari, the buliiHl> is (liU eafier. The way is then to cut the ice ijuitc acrofs from lide to fide, m order to lay a net in it, and then 1 ill to breaking down the ncfl or cabbin The beavers never tail to run to the wa- ter, where they are taken in the net laid for them. There i.,, however, loine d.mgcr in letting it remain too long, in which cafe tliclc creatures loon hiid m:;ans to recover their liberty. Thole who inh.ihit the lakes have, at the dilhuice of about three or four hundred ^'("T'r'' ^^''^'■' '"^'^"^ ^'^'^ water lide, a lort of country h. Ai:i !r.ii.cU' of C yl N A D A. tiino \s\\cn they arc ;ill !:i tlic' country, tly lor fiiictuiry to tlu- ntlicr, wlicrc tlicy fliul lU'tJiiii^, but ruin ami .1 clouii ot dult, raillil on juirpolc to I iiiul them, ami to m.ikc them an calicr [Mvy to their enemies. In uunc pla: 's tlu-y content thcm'.wlvci widi tlil"!! "g •' '"'1^ hi then il.ima, hy whii-h iiic.in.s tlic diti!) that llirnnuuls tli.iu is (boii liiMincii, thtir ill.inii is robhcil of its chiwt iUlLni.(.', ami tiicy mull lubmit to t'.itc. Or, in calc they llmuld lUivc to remedy the evil, us tlicy oltcn lio, the cauio ot whieh is eiilialy unknown to them, ihcy lall !j;cnerally into tiie h.nuls ot'tho er.emy. It has lietn lai^l, that wlien the beavers t'uui tliemlelves pun'ueil by hunter-^, or I'lime* of thole be.ills i,t' prey tliat generally make war a/,iinll tlien:, they ruili into thj water, whieh they Ulli witli their tails in Inch a maimer that tlic noiic is lieard at h*It u !.;;:;nc Hiltaiice. I'lie reaton ot'thls i^- probably to ^ivc tho alarnx to th.ir frienJs, v.Ik^ m.iv he a'nr().iil m the lame manner, witiiont knowing dieir dan.;ir. They aie laid aho, to hive lo (liiitk a leent, as to dil'cover a canoe at jlw innn. me ilillai.ce ; but that, hke' t! e hare, they leconiy li>!eways, which detect often occali ;n; tlieir uW'nv^, into the bamis < t thole they llrive ti) ihun. Tliere is anotlier p.utieiilaiity relat'^.l i>t tlie b.aver, wlneh would make u» beheve, tiiat, in inutation ot the turtle, .lUer lornr-, his lemale, lie ncwr < .ha- bits with anoilier ; (o tiiat kcond marriau,es, i'. Uenis, are as much in abomination aiuon;; licavtrs, as they were formerly anion^; the piiniitive Chrilbans. 'I'liere is ult'o another liuall animal in dnuiJii^ of nai.li tiie lame nature wltli t!io beaver, awA which appears in lotiie rel'ptCts to be the fame lort ol qu iilrupetl, but «jf a fmailer fpccie> ; I in^'..n the Mulk-Kat. This creature has, in ta<;t, all tlie ijuilities of the leaver ; the llruCturc of the bo.iy and cipecia'.ly ot the he.idis in both lo verv n.nch a- like, tiiat one would naturally take the mnik r it tor a Im.ill Iva^'er, if tiie t.il ol tlie lirll be excvpttd, as it isnuicli like that of ours in /■.Vc^^/';', us alio the teliicles, whicii t oiitaina perfume ol an rxquilite oilour. 'i'his animal, which wei^;hs about f Jtir pound:, is very iikr the Mm Ji'iHius, of Mr A'./v. 'i'lic mullv-rat takes the field in the month of .^Ln'.', and its nourinimcnt ij then loine pijcts of wood, which he peels beJore he eats them. After the melting of the fixnvs Iij lives on ioot:i i/f neltks, and afterwaids rejvdes himlelf with the llems and leaves of this plant. In fummer he ti-uehes notliir.g but bramblts and Ihawbcrrie--, to which fuicceil the other Iraits |vciiliar t-) the autnnin. IJuring all tins lime it is very rare to lind the male and temale ajuit Irom e.ich otlur. At the coining on ot" winter they feparatr, each going his own way to take up liis l(xl;',m;; in loine ht/lcor hollow of a tree, without any proviiion, .uid the //../.'..■ v; allure US that tli:y inaiiit.iin a perfect abniiience as luni; .-.s tiu; i...!d l.til.,. I'iiev alio Iniild hut, neaily in the lame form as tiic beavers, but far inf^ri -r workinanlliip. A, to t!ie litua- tioi), it isabv.iys ne.u the water, (o that they areniuici no necclliry to hiiiki Jam . h i> laid that the tur ol the mulk-iat is uUd in the making vi hat^ mi.xeil with that of the iKuVer, without doini» any pitiudice to the mauut.Uluie ; the lielli is toleral'lv i',u id, except in time of rut, at which iealoii it Ij impoliible to remove hom it fomethiiv^ ot tiic talle of mulk, w hich is by no means lb aj^ree.iblc to the palate as it is to the Iniell. 'I'lieiiear was lormeily the animal moil in vogue amoiH'll the i^idtt^.': of A ; :b .inc- mirnii, till the .ni ival ot the l'.tiro[>i\u. , tin ned the k .de 111 fivour ot the beaver. 1 hmt- ting the bear was a kind ot religious fulemnity, and fupeitlitioij had .1 great thaie in this cxcrciic, the manner whereof, among Uichot tlie Indiam as have not been converted to chrilliiiiity, is as (ol!t)Ws : It is always loine w.riior chief, that appoint.^ the time oflnintinj, and who is to invite the hunters. '1 his invitation, which !■> pcrt-jrined witii a great deal of ceremuiiv, is fol- lowed by a tail ot ten days continuance, iluiing which they are not to take lo much as a drop ot water. This whole time, iiotwithllanding the extreme weaknefs to whit h they are reduced bv it, is em[>l;)yed in linging. The intention ot this rigorous cercmonv, is to obt.un of the Genii, the knowledge of the place where the greatell number ot bears arc to Ik- found. There are feveral of them who endure llill more, in order to obtain this grace ; and lomeot them have been known to cut their tlelli in ditferent pirts ot their bodies, with a view to render thole CJenii propitious. IJut it is to be remembered, that they reip-iire no m.uiiier of aliillance to overcome thole turious animals ; it fufliees that they know the places of their abode. It is witii the hiinc view, they addrefs their vov\'s to the manes, or fouls of the defuncl bears, which they h.ivc killed in theii former huntings, and as this is the only fubject ot their meditation durinijthefe vigils, they n.iturally from the eniptincfs of their lloiiiach'*, 1 2 du'..iu 31 Pi tiai'.,;. e >b U Hi iu.nj. L'.l- i;f in fiir i\i Iklh. i;.H ir^n^■ I!.cbe.'r. (viaiiuiu. » , '1 ! , ' \i K ■i 32 Solcr.in \\-.t\ t. >■;.-. H (...>!c ii.tr".i .A-.-r-ti-, :■' .:;. .a « cav. :^c uh.Iv ■.r.tt-r. N A T U R A L HIS T O R Y .Ir. .m oi-choic anim.a.. Thi. however i. not yet cn-ni-li to cicttnninc them, for every nnnofthc cunton, or at IlmII much th'.' -rc.itcr p.ut oHhem, mull alto h.ivc dreamt ut Ic^ir," Iv.iis, ami tli.it in their own dillria. Now it U next to impoliiblc lo m.my dreams lIiouM a'Mco ; to '.rin- this to y:k therefore is tlie next cmharranment, wliich is genc- nlly rcniove-i whenl'ouic huntlman ot reputation happens to dream two or three times lucccliivelvuf fecin- thole beafts in a certain place. W'liethcr tliro' complailance, or hci-ni' tl.e lame thin- olt^n repeated, thev all preieiitly tall t ) dreamin-^ after him, or at kv!l pKt,;ul todol(C'ind that quarter is immediately tixt upon tor tlie place ot hunting. As loon as the M is over, aiufthc place ol huntinir ^;;^reed upon, the chict eled who h to have the c inmand in it, gives a m.ignilicent repall to all thole wh;? are to be ot the p.irtv, and no pcrl'on dares to prel'ent himrelt'at it, before he lias firil bathed himlclf, u-hich is generally bv tiirowin-.i himrelt'into the river, provided only it be not tro/eii, let the weather be never lo tevere. They arc not obliged at this aMl\ to eat up every thinj^, as in fbme others, and thev all oblervc great (obriety". 1 le vvlio I'j>es the honours touclicb nothin;;, hi^. foleeinplovinent, whilll the others are' at table, is to'.nakc the panegyric nt' ■■ ills own teats in former huntings. Thcteflival i:\uU vvith new invocations ot the manes <;! tl-e l-e.-r.. departeii. Thev then fake the iRldall liaabed over with bi.ick in the lame in.-.ii'ur as v/hen they go to war, amivill the aulunution- of the whole village. Tims lumtini; is in no Lb reputation amon.'ft tlie f'i.'iit';<, than w.''.r ; and an 'alliance v.-i:!) a'.'oodhin.tfman \~ more coveted, than tii.it of a f.mous warri.'^, becau'e this cx- t:ci!l fiirnitlie-. tlie familv with all the ntceli'iries ot Ide, at lealt, with all tliat they rec!;on a> la>;l;, t;;.;t is, v.itli t >o,l in 1 cKAithin,',. Hut this character of a great liuntlnuui is not eaiily acvjuired, fur before you .irc reekjiied I'o, you mull have killed ..t Icall twelve lar;'e bealls in one d.iy. ,. The ln,lii!iis\uvc two coniideraWe advantages beyond us in Eur^fe ; for, in the firll ^- place, no obllacle is capable ot' (lopping them, neither thickets, ditches marihcs nor rivers. 'I'iieir w y i^. aUviy^ tlie neaull, that is, f )rw..i.is in a ihrccl line. Tlien there i- no animal, how fleet 1 ocver, whiJi they cannot overtake by mere hviknels of foot. And we are toll, th.it it i-^ common enough for them to come home leading a drove of be.'.rs into their vill.ige like a flock of flieep ; and that the iwiftefl deer, though I will not ventnic ihi"- on mv o .vn autiiority, is not fwifter than they. rornur'y the hunter had little benefit fmm his abundance ; every one took what (ii.ae (.'f the fpoil he pleafed, leaving the proprietor little betides tlie glory of labour- inj for t!ie public advantage. lie was Iiowever, at liberty to make his own family a prcfent of the fii ll fruits. TIiIj wa> t!ie cufloin f jrmcrlv, till the arrival of the Eu- rc't\i'!s, wliofc ill example has in a gre.it me.iliirc dellrnyed this ancient and moll com- men:l..ble fpirit of dilintereflednef<, le.iving tiieni tluir own felfillinefs in exchange. ,. Tile leafon for hunting the be.ir is in the winrer, when thele animdi retreat into the hollows of trees, or, when they tnul them fallen down, m.ike themfelves a den with the root, the entry of which they fill with branches v\ fir, where they arc pcrfcolly lecurc fVom tliC feveritv of the weather. It' they (houK! fiil of cither of thol'e conveniencics, they dig tliemlelvcs a hole in tlie drth, taking pirticular ere, after they have retired i;it') it, to flop the moutli ; and this tln-y do il) v.'eli as fmi^-times t) elude the clol'clt fuuch. 13ut, however they happen to be lodged, it is cert.iin, they never once flir out , tile whole winter. It i.> equally true, that they carry in with tliein no manner of pro- " vllion j I'd that all tliiis long leafon tlie bear neither eats nor drink-. .\11 he does i"- con- fhntly licking iiis paws, which arc laid by l^me to .irtord a I'libll.ince from whence lie draws all his nouriihmcnt. Lvery one, however, is ,it liberty to iudgc of it as he thinks fit, though it is undeniably true, tliat tlie experiment has been made by chaining up one of tlioi'e animals for a whole winter, withtjut affording him the iealt noui ilhment, and at the end of fix months he h is been li/und as Lit as in the beginning. Tliere is no need ot much cuurfuig to take the bear ; the onlv thing required is to fnui out the pl.icc of their retreat in .my conllder.ible number. When the hunters ima- jjiiie they iiavc dil'eovercd their h.iunt.s, they form a large circle of a quarter of a league round, more or lefs, in proportion to tlie number of hunter-. Thev .ifterwards advance- drawing nearer one anotiicr, every one m.;kin"; flri't fearch as he goes fir the retreat of thel'e animal. Hence, if theri; be any lodgcil in all this fpace, it is didicult for them to tfe.ipe, the I>i.li,:iis being excellciit fcn.t>. On the moirow t!ie hunting brains after tlic fame manner, and focontitiutj liuin day to d iv while the le.d'oti lafls. As of CANADA!. As foon as a bear is killed, the hunter puts the emi of hi; liditcd pipe into his Cerfmon J mouii), and blowing at the head of it till the bear's throat and wind- pipe are full of ",^'jf"",',\'|',,,. tlic Inioke, coniues liis Ipirit nut to be angry for what injury he has done his body, ami not to oppole his luccels in his future huntings. The huntlnian, to know whether hisrequi-ft is granted, cuts the llring or membrane under the tongue of the bear, which he keeps till he returns to the village, when all of the p.irty, atter many invocations, ami a deal of ceremony, throw thole expiations into the fire. It thole membranes crackle and ihiink, as how iliould it be otherwile, it is looked upon as a certain fign that the angry fpints of the bears arc appealed; if otherwile, it is concluded they arc flill wnith.and that the hunting of the enfuing lealbn will be unprol'peroiis, at leall till tlicy have found means to render them propitious ; for there is no inconvenience which they cannot remove by lome religious, ceremony. The hunters live well while t.ie kal'on lafls, and if tlicy have any fuccefs at all, they Prcfi-nb:? bring linme futiicient to fcull their triends, and to maintain their lamilies for a con!:- S'"'« derable time. The tielli of tiiis animal, fmokid in tiie chimney, ib elleemed good eating by the InJitins, tho' it would hardly go down with an Eiirr.p,;t>r, The reception the I'portfmen meet with on their return, is every way worthy of the high notion they entertain of thib cxercil'e. Nothing is to be heard but the praifes ot thofe heroes, who wear luch an air of inipoitance ;ind felf-liilhciincv, as if they were returning baden with the Ipoils ot a comiuered tiicmy. A gr.uid repall is given Thr dmC on this occalion, and to leave none of the vi.indh lerved in it, aftbrds'another (Irong '""""'^'"''• lidijei't ot vanity and panegyric. The perfon who li.ul the honour ti^ be the diredor of tile huntiiii;, i.s the «lilpenler of this treat, and the tirll dilh is the bear of the lariiert fi/e, which is lerved up whole, with his entrails, and without fo much as tl.iving ir, fi)r they chufe to drels the tlclIi in the ikin, as we do that ot hogs. This te.ill is de- dicated to a certain genius, whole wrath they believe they Ihould incur, were tliey to leave the lead merv ungraceful appearance ; the muzzle i„ thkk, and bends downwaids al- nioil like that of the camel ; and the nollriU are io prodigioully wide, that you may thrurt vonr fift and half vour arm into them. I!i^ aiitkrs are ah long as thofc ol the ftat;, and much more fpreading ; they are ri.,t and forked, like tho.e ul a due, and ihoot anew every year. . , It ha.'; been (aid, th,.t the elk i< liihied to the cpilcply, or fallnui: lickneis, r.-\ that, wiien the fit fei/es him, In. recovers hiuif.If ly Icratchini; his car with hi.s left lira! toot till the blood comes. Thi.-, tradition prob.ibly gave occafion to believe the hoot of thi.< animal a fpecific againll th.it difor.ier. It i. applied to the heart of the patient, which is alfo practifed to cure an extraordinary palpitation. It i> alio i;ivcn mto the patient's lett h.ind, to rub hi» car with it in like manner •, ihoiii-Ji 1 iliould think it requifite, in order to exped the fame etteCt as in the cafe of the aniin.il, to rub it, as he doci, till the blood comes. This hoof, when t..ken ia powder, or infulcd in u.itcr, is reckoned very good for the pleurify, colic pains, the tlux. vertigo, and purples. It is faid, th.it the A[z'/!'/t':'i!, who iormerly fed on the lieili ot this ani- in.d, were ve.-y fubieet to tlic f.flin:; ii.knef-, but that they did not make ufc ot this rcnieiiv, proh hly becaulc they were acvjuainted with a better. LT,-' of h Tlu ikin Vthe elk is a mixture of a ight grey and a dark red. The hair of it f-'cih. iiM.tn roiion c! Hit il';. i;.ur,fKii,.,r.J i,,;(.o,,,[.>; I-kiPkuv, as tlic bcall giows ol\, and never iheds, nor U.ies iti> tlallic ur fpringy virtue ; lor let it bcdcprelied witii ever fo much care, it ,',',w,.yh riu . up again i ic is commonly uled for inatralVes, and ihiliiag ot faddles. The tieih ot the elk is ot an cx- quihte relilh, light, and veiy nourilhing, ar,d it would re./.'y be a matter imich to !« regretted, did it comminiictc; the kin^^'s evil, as fome h.ivc imasjiiied. '1 he 1 irmh hunters, who h.ue lived v,'h,>le winters on it, dccL.re tiiey never Itk the fii.alltil incli- nation to thi>: disorder. His fkin i.- very llrong, and ot an oily foltneli ; it is drcir.,' like diammy Ic.thcr, and makes cvcellent butt-coat; , which arc very light. rhe I'hlidiis look upon the elk as an animal of good omen, aiul 1 ehevc th.it tli . who dream often of it will be very long lived. Ti;ey h..vc a v..ry different notion ot the hear, e.\ccpt when thcv arc going to hunt tiiofc animals, '1 hey luvc alfo a tradition amongll them, which is linguLir enough, that there is one of thole elks ij much in lize above all others, that, in co.nparifon ot him, tiic rell appear like lo many piimire':. His legs fay they, are lo tail, that eijlit feet of fnow is no maimer ot iii- tonvcnicncc to liim. His ikin is proof .igainll all forts of weapons, and he lias an arm proceeding from one of his llioidders whieli he ules in the lame manner as a iran. He is never without a gieat number of i;ther elks in his retinue, wh.) lorm liis court, and do him all manner ot fcrvices. Thus the ancients iiad their I'liinix .uui Pr^afus, and the Liintjc and 'y.'^v.v/." their Kin>!, their lor, their H\ittr D'.t;j^on, and liird cf P.trddil'c. Tl," elk loves col.i countries; he grazes the field in fummcr, and in winter he gnaws tlie bark of trees. W hen the fnows .^re dee[), thole aiiimah .iilLmble in hcriU in lonw pine-wood, in order to iliclter themfclves from the feverity of the wt.ither, where they remain while there i- .my food tor tiiein. They are ealily luinted dovi-n at this time, and llill more fo when the fun get'! heat enougli to melt the liiows ; tor, as the frort in the night forms a iiard crull mi the lurtace of thole fnoww which have been melting in die day time, the elk, who is very heavy, breaks it with his hoof, and wounds iiis limbs in it, which he is fcarce able to e.vtricate tVom the hole;, he has made. L"\- tept at theic tinuN, and efpeciall" wlicii the fnows are not deep, it Sb verv dillicult anJ even dangerous to conic near hini ; tor when he is wounded, he ii very furious, and will turn boldly on the hunters, ar.d knock them down with his hoofs, The way to cfcape from him ir, tothrow him your coat, on wliich he will dil'cli.uge ,ill iiis venge- :ince, whilll the hunter loneealing himfelf heliin.l fome tree, takes an oppiiituiiity to (lilp.iteh l-.im. The common pace of the elk is a h.ird trot, which u Aiw Ai as Iwift as a hutlalo can run. lie hokU cut a long time, but the InJiain are lliil better runners than he. It is faid, that he fill. «!own on hi,', knees when \v dnnk., cat;., and wiicn he goes to lleep ; and they M\d, th.it he has a fni.ill bone in his h.air. which being reduced to powder, and taken in bioth, brings forward the bitlh, and mitigates child- bed pains. The H'jnting rik. il of C A N A D A. TIic moft northerly Iiuliaiis ai Canada have a vvr.y of liunting tliu c!k, wliicli is very flmple, and not at all dangerous. The Inintcrs divide into two bodies ; one enilviiks on board canoes, keeping at lomc dilhince fVoni the other, ami forming to^ctlicr a pretty large feinieirtlc, the exfrenuties of which tonch the banks ; the other bi.dy vviii;.h remains adiorc, range themfelves pretty much in the fame form, and at tirli: hirround a confiderable fpace of ground. The hunters tiien let loofe tiieir dog";, vvliich rai(e all the elks within thofe bounds, drive them towards the canoes, and at lafl force them into the river, or lake, where tiiey inftantly receive the fire of .dl the canoes, fo that very rarely fo much as one (jf them cfcapcs. Chiiiiipldin fpeaks of another way of hunting not only the elk, but even ftags and caribous, that has fome relation to tliis. They inclofe, fiys he, a certain portion of the forell with (lakes, or piles, interwoven with branches of trees, leaving only one narrow entrance, in which they llretch thongs of raw hides. Thi.s iiielnfure is of a triangu- lar form, and from the angle where the entrai;ee is, ar.othcr tri..ngic is condrudlcd, much larger than the former ; thus thefe two enclofures communicate one with the other, by the two angles. The two fides of this fecond triangle are furroundtd with piles in the fame manner, anil t!ie hunters, drawn up in or,c line, ft)rm the b.tfe of it. Tlicy aftei wards advance, but take care not to break the line, drawnig nearer and nearer to each othei, with loud fhouts, and beating fome inllrnmcnt which makes a prodigious noile. The hearts, thus drove from one fule, anil finding no way of efca- ping to the right or left, and befidcs being fiini""'' and ftartled by the noife, h.'.ve no other way lett them to cfcapc, but into the otiier inclolurt, and manv oi them are taught by the neck or horns in this pafllige. They make prodigious etforts to extri- cate tliemfelves ; f)metimes they break or carry away the thongs, and fometimes they ftrangle themfelves, or at leaft, the hunters, by this delay, have time to (lunit them. Thole who cfcape this fnare are flill in as much danger as ever, and have too little room, in tiiis fmalkr cnclofurc, to (hun the arrows that are lliot at them front all lilies. The elk has other enemies that make as cruel a war upon liim as the InJimit. Tiie mod ilreadtul of thefe is the Carcijou, or Quinca'iou, a fpecies of the cat kind, the t.dl of which is fo long as to wind leveral time^ round hia body ; his hair is of a browniih red. As foon as this hunter comes up with the elk, he leaps upon him, t"i\e> oii liis neck, round which he twines iiis long tail, and then cuts his jugul.'.r. The elk has but one way left to ihun this dilafter, which is by throwing himfelf into the water the moment he funis hinife'l in tiie hands of this terrible enemy. As the carcajou can- nut endure the water, he immediately quits his hold \ but if the water be too far ufr", he has tinic to deflroy his prifoncr before he reaches it. As this animal is not en- dowed with the moil acute Imell, he generally carries three foxcb along with him, which he fends out on iliii.overie.'.. As foon as they get fcent of an elk, two of tliem place themtelves one on each lldc, aiul the other direiftly behind him ; and in this manner they manage matters fo well by harralling tb.e prey, till at laft they force liim to betala" himfelf to the place where they left the Carcajou, with whom they after- wards fettle their diflcrtnt proportions of the fpoil. Tiie Carcajou has llill another iha- tagem to catch his prey, which is to climb a tree, where laying himfell flat alon.; fome propending branch, he waits till fome elk palles, and throws himlelf upon him the mo- ment he perceives liim witiiin reach. The n.ig of Cantulti is in all rcfpcifls the fame with ours in P.ttropr, only fomewhat larger. The Iru'rutu however fccm not to trouble themfelves much about them, at leall 1 do not find that they make war upon the Hag in form, and with the fame cerenumy as when they hunt the bear and elk. The Caribou is an animal not quite fo tall .is the elk, lus more the appcirance of an af« than a mule, and is as fwift as the ftag. There was formerly one of them fecn on Cape Diamond, near Quebec, which had probably been purfued by the hunters; hut he was not long in perceiving that he was in no place of fafety, (o he made but one leap thence into the river, which he fwam over with the fame tacility, but all to no purpoCc, being killed by fome Canadians, who were going to war, and then en- camped at l\';nt Levi, on the oppofitc fide. The tongue of this aninul is much trteemed. Its true country is probably in the neighbourhood of Ilud/hn's Bay ; for the Sieur yrrcwir, who pafled fevcral winters in thefe Northern parts, fays, that be- tween Du'tijh River uid Port Ndfon, there arc prod'giuus numbers^l the fummer, K 2. ' which 0') simple w.i> ol liun::.' 'j. thoil Carc.jou, <■• ncin; to the Sill' cl (.', ii:«- '>'■•>! v^ m ! ,! •) i riill|; ■ J ^1 U: if ft ■l If ill 36 N A T U R A L H I S T O R Y which hting liiivcn froir tlic woods by the fwi;rms of gnats and gai'-Hics, come to rc- ficdi thiiiirdvcs by tin: ka lidc, ami that for the fpacc uf forty or filty leagues together you coiuiiuially meet with herds of thcin of a thoiifaiid in a h';:u at lead. It docs not .ippcar that tiie caribcjus Iiavc inuUiplied greatly in the moil frequented pla- CCS ot Ci'uiJ.i; elks, on the contrary, were to be met with every where in prodigious numbers, and might have made a very eonfiderable branch of trade, as well as a great convenicncy to the inhaliitants, had they been better managed, hut tliis has been fad- ly ncgicv'led, and whether it is by the multitudes killed, or that by luniting they have obligeii tieni to remove to other parts, nothing is rarer to be met with than an elk. Hunting the hi thc .vclJcm .\nd I'outhern pans ot (.-"/././i;, on both fides the Miji/ippi, the hunting butTaia. nioH i.i voguc, s that of tlie Uuftalo, -.vhith is done in thc mari-ier following. Thc hunters draw up in four lines, forminvi, a very Iar^!;e fjuare : th^^'y begin by fetting fire to tlie grafs, which is dry at that fcalon, aiki very rank : afterwards, as thc fire gets ground, they adv>;nee, conlhuitly dra>vii;^ nearer and nearer to each other. The bulfaloes, which aic extrcniclv atraid of the fire, fly before it, till at lafl they arc pent up in fo narrow a r|vuc, th.u tew or none of them cfcapc ; Icldoni a party returns from hunt- ing thc liiift'iio, without, as we are told, killing fifteen hundred, or two tlioufand of thofe animals. Hut lert the different comp.inies of hunters ihould incommode one ano- ther, tliey agree upon thc place of hunting before they let out. There arc even ftated penalties tor hich as tranfgrefs thefi- regulations, as well as for thofe who by delVrting their poll futtlr the prey to tfcapc. Thefe penalties arc in general, th.it every perfon (hall iiavc a right to deprive the delinquent of his iharc of the fpoil, and even to take his arms from him, which is reckoned the grcatcft atl'ront that cm polVibly l>c given to ;m I-'uii,!>i, and to dcllroy his hut. The I'lJiuii chiefs arc equally fubjcdU'd to th.o/c punilhments with thc reft of thc comp..ny, and thofe who lliould attempt an exemp- tion, would probably kindle a warth.it would not eafdy be cxtinguillied. E..,r.ioofr.:- The Bnff.ilo of tj-.v./,; is larger than ours in A-'.v />;• ; its horns arc low, rtiort, ami «aJ.iicki'\ii black ; a long hairy beard del'ccnds I'rom its mu;;zle, and another from thc crown of its hcid, which tails over its eyes, and gives tlie creature a moil hivitous look. It .'i.is on its back a bunch, beginning from thc h lunches, and increaling towariis thc ihouldcrs. The front of this bunch is higher by a cubit, than thc hinder part, and three fingers broad, and the whole bunch is covered with long reddiih hair. 'I'he rcrt of tlic bo- dy is cloathed witii a black wool, which is highly valued. It is faid that the wool of a liuffalo weighs eight pounds. This animal is very broad at thc chell, prcttv flendcr at the loins, has a very fhort tail, and almoil no neck ; but its head is much bigger than the Eurcpcan Buffalo's. He commonly ilics the moment he dilcovers a man, and a dog will drive a whole herd before b.im. He has a very quick Iccnt, and you muil always be to leeward of liiin, before you ca.n get near enough to (hoot him, without being difcovered. But alter he is wounded, he grows furious, and turns upon the hunter ; ai.d he is no lefs dangerous when the females have newly brought forth their young. Thc ticlli of this animal is very good, but that of the cow iTufFalo is only eaten, the bull's being too hard. As for the hide, nothing can exceed it; it is taiily dred'td, .ind tho' it is exceeding ilrong, becomes tull as (oft and fuppic as thc bell fort of rtiammy. Thc hJiain make targets of it whitli arc extremely light and almoil mulkct proof * Tliere ib another ipecies of thc buffalo in the ncighbourho(Hl of liuJfofi's Bay, thc fliin and wool of which is no leis valuable than thole of llic bulfaloes I have juft now mentioned. The account which M. Jcrcmie gives of ihcm is, that at fifteen leagues from the Danijl River is the River oj Se,i lyokri, io called from thc great number of thole aniiiial> that frequent it. Uetwccn tlicic two rivers is a (pccics of buffalcKS, called Mu&buff.lo Mulk BiiffakH-., from their fiiiclling fo llrong of that pertumc at a certain time of thc year, that their flclh is not eatable. They are covered with a very fine wool, and longer than that of thc n,ecp in B,..id, which which rcn the head, come e.vti: ncis of thi which cai Thc mc ours. Thi hunters, wile ; aftc thc comin rally fond (he has ha forth her j ling, ihc fpringj th wards nun is not iup occafionalb Tiicre ai Cats, for tl other reipe thc flelh of tops of thc are well ki »■* well ii.s I on a Ibrt ol 1 h.ivc ho\ tlioil- in tl tremely ran The mo white ; oth of thtin fo extremely I li/e to our, vaiKC a littl banks. I) near thc fo "iilv m.'.!;i;i thinks him have bred tv ; tlioie li ■ There vll's imp, ( thc air fo- lure, of the with two i like th.it 01 lur of this mofl of the the llote, t fi-rif, or le fur of it is Thc Marti generally k two or thri year in w that is, tht for a l''/f/ii foui livres of CANADA. which reiulers them fu undiapely, that at a diftance yoii arc at a 1 i;^ wlicre to look for the head. As there is no great number ol tliolc animals, the Ipccics would loon be- come cxtindt, were the Indians to be employed in hunting them. Befidcs, tlie lliort- ncls of their legs makes it cal'y to kill them with launccs, when the Ihow k deep, in wliicii calc they cannot pofTibly clcapc. The moft common quadruped in Canada is the Roe-buck, which differs in nothing from ours Tliis creature is laid to ihed tears when he fees liimfelf reduced to extremities by the can. The tame females, when proud, will go into the woods, and, alter Ihc has luid the male, will return to her mafter's houfe. When Hie is ready to bring forth her young, (he retires to the woods again, whence, after foine time fpent in fucL- ling, llie comes back in the lame tnanner. She is conllant in her vilits to her i>ff- fpring ; the marter follows iier when he fees fit, and takes the young, which ihe after- wards nurl'es in the houfe. It is fomething flrangc, tliat every lionfe in C('f:.ija is not I'upplied with a large flock of tiiefe creatures ; the Indians liunt tiiem only occafionally. There arc alfo in the forefls o( Canada a gre.it multitude of Wolves, or nither Wild- u,;,; c;,. Cats, for they have nothing of the wolf, except the howling of that anini.d ; in i\ery other refped they arc of the feline kind. Tf ;y are naturally hunters, living folely on the i\elh of wliat other animal tliey arc a' Ic to catch, and which they pi.rl'ue to the tops of tlic tailed trees. Their flclh is white, and good eating ; their h.iir and ikin arc wtil known in I'ra'ur, and make one cf ;i.c Cv.vcd furs of all this country, as well a.-, the moil conliderable article in its commerce. Hut a I'reater value dill i. put on a fort of black tax, that lives in the mountains, in the north part of this province. •'■"^'^ ■"'• I have Iiowevcr heard, f.iy.i my author, that the fur of the Kii/iian black fox, and ot tliofe in the North of I'.ui -.pe, are in ilill greater rcquell. They are, however, ex- tremely rare, even in Canada, probably becaule of the ditliculty of catching them. The molt comn;on forts here, arc thole who have black or grey hairs mixed « ith r.r.c nf v.i- wliite ; others of them arc entirely grev, and others of a c.irrotty red. There is a fort '"^'" coluuis. of tlicuj found about the Upfier Alij/ififii , the Ikin of which is of a lilver white, and extremely iK-autiful. There arc alfo tigers f)und in thel'c parts, and wolves inferior in li/e to ours. The foxes hunt the water-fowl in a very f.igacioas manner. They ad- s.,..>,i;v of vanee a little into the w.iter, then they retire, making a fhouland antic motion^ on the tin- (o.x. banks. Duck.";, bullards, ami fuch like fowl, are taken with thi:^ amufement, and draw near the fox, who, to lull them into a Ilill greater lecurity, remains very quiet at tirll, only i.i.'.!;ing a tew motivins with his tail to draw them ilill nearer. The moment he thini;s himfelf lure of them, he liics at them, and rarely fails of fuccefs. The India'is have bred up dogs to the fame cxcrcifc, which they perform with admirable dexteri- ty; thole d.igs, too, make a very cruel war on the foxes. There is a kiuil o( I'ole-Cat, called. Enfant dii diavk, or Bctc puant,-, that is, the (!e- P^k-c:^!. vil't. imp, or llinking bcall, becaule its urine, which it difch.irges when purilicd, taints the air fo; half a quarter of .i league rotmd, for in otlier refpcdts it is a very beautiful crea- ture, of the (i/.e of a fmall cit, hut thicker, its hair ihining or gloiVy, of a greyilh call, with two rtrokes of white forming an oval from the neck tc the tail, whicli is '^ulhy like that of a fox, and carried erect over the liack, jull like that of the fquirrel. The fur of this animal, as alfo that of the Pckan, another creature of the wild-c.it kind, al- Qd,., i^,, ., mod of the lame fi/.e with tliofe of /vwro/v, that of the otter, the common pole-cat, t.^r.y.iMm.>ij. the itote, the w ,:t ■'II ! :': 1 I 1 If. II T I'- f'^ Us !■,( Ml ■If' ? ^1 ■ t 3' vVooiI-iat. Sqiiirri'l; lorts. Fl. ,, ' raubit. B •■'. ..I l'.ir!rk!";'' Snipes v u uoiicuc). NATURAL HISTORY The Stote clitKis from the polc-c;U in this only, that the hair of the former is blacker, lo.igc: , iuid tliitkcr. Tliefc two animals prey upon the bird:-., and even upon thole of the larir.cll fi/e, and make vart dedriidion in hen-roofts and pidgcon-houfes. Tlie wooil-rat is twice a;, large as the rat of FM>'.fr. The tail of this creature is buQiy, and the hairs of it ot a beautiful filvcr grey. There are even foine of them entirely white, and th.it of an extremely beautiful colour. The female has a bag under her bdly, wiiich llie opens ami (huts at pleafure : In this nag Ihe enclofes iier young when (he'ii purfucd, and flies with the bunien (or fafety. e As for tlie Squirrel, there are v.i(l iiuni'jcrs of thcni in this country, as they are ne- ver niolelleJ. 'J'hey aiedillinguilhed in :o tiiree forts ; the red, which difl-'ers nothing from ours ; tliofe callcil Snii/tS, which are i'omewhat (hialler, and are fo called bccaufc their ikiii is marked with red, black, and white llripes jengthwife, not unlike the Pope's fe/'/i gu.irds ; and the tlying finiirrcl, of mucli the fame fize with the Swi/s, the l^sin of wliich fnt, is a dark grey. I'hey arc called flying Iquirrels, not that they ac- tually ily, put from tlKir Ipringing from one tree to another, at the dillancc at lead of f jrtv p'ces, and when they leap from a fuperior height, tliey will flioot double tliut Jiil.incc. What gives them this extraordinary agility is two membranes reaching between tlic line and hind legsol the fame iide, about two inches bro.id, very thin, and cove.ed with a very tliin down, inllead of h..ir. This animal is very calily tamed, and very lively, when he ia not alleep. But this k very feldom, as he makes his lairc wherever he c.n, in your pockets, lleeves, and cutfs of your coat. He generally gives his in;iiler tlic prclereiice, and will fmp;le him out from a fcorc of people. Thu Foic'ipine ot QuiiiJ.i m ot tiie lize of a middfing dog, but Oiorter, and not quite 10 t.ill. lis hair is about lour inches long, of the tiiickneis of a llendcr l^raw, white, Ivi'.iow, and very ftron^, particularly that on the back. This hair is all the weapons he ii.: , wiiether of the otilnlive or defenfive kind ; he darts it at once .it wl)atcver atteii-.pts liis life, and if it pierce ever fo little the tUih, it nuill be ilra.vn out imixiedi- ately, otluTwile it penetrates to its whole length, for which rcafon hunters arc very c.iutiuus ot letting tiieir dogs eome near this animal. Its flefli is very good eating ; a r.wfled porcupine being at. counted not at all inferior to a pig. Tlie 1 hire und Rabbit of this country are exaeily the lame with ours in Europe, excepting tliat their hind leg^ arc yet longer. Their llcins are of little or no confc- quence, .;s the hair is always coming off, which is a real lofs, as their fur is very fine, and might be ulefully employed in tlie making of hats. In the winter Icafon, thcfc animal.1 turn grey, and rarely are Wf:\\ to come out of their holes, where ther live on the teiAiereit branches of the birch -tree; in the lummcr their hair is red. The fox inikcs a continual war on thofc animals ; ar.d the huiutm catch them in winter on the Inow with gins when they go torth in k\\\<:\\ of food. The Rattle-Snake is the only reptile worthy of nv)tice in this country, but fo well l.no.vn that \\z (hall pafs it over, and prtxeed to the birds that are inhabitants o\ Canada . ■ Tlie toreds of Canali are by no means lo well provideil in birds, cither with relped to numbers or variety, as the feas, lakes, aiul rivers, are witii filhcs. There are I'lme however wliicli h.ive their merit, mA aie peculiar to North America. Here ,are cigles cf two lorts; the largeft have their necks and heads ;iImoft white; they give chace to the hares and rabbits, which they carry ot!" in their pounces to their ncAs, Tl)e other fort are grey, and prev upon birds onlv. Uoth kinds arc excellent fiilicr.. Thu talcon, gofs-hawk, and taliel-hawk, arc exactly the fame with thofc in l.uv'p: ■ tl„-rc are bclides a fecond Ibrt of falcons, that live entirely on filh. Tlie partridges (,f C;.,,/./^, ;irc of three forts ; the grey, red, and black ; thelc lull are llie Jtalt valued (1 the three, having too much the tlavour of the grajw, juniper, and fr- tree. 1 hele have alio the head and eyes of a pheafant, and their flelh" is of a brown- ilh colour, with long tails, fpreailing like a (m or the tail of a turkey-cock, and of an extraordinary beauty, funic of them being nuxt with red, brown,' and grey, and others a mixture ot light gicv and brown. All thclb lorts of partrids-es are however larger than ours m hurcpc, but lo remarkably tame, that they futfer you not only to liioot at them, but to come very near them'. lieluies Inipes which are excelknt in this country, and the fmaller fort of wiiter- towl which is lound every where m the grcateft abundance, you lometimes meet with wooJ-cocks near Iprings, but in no great numbers. In the country uf the Ilinois, and all ovxr t,ie louth pai ts of Ca;iaJa, they are in greater plenty. M. Dcnys, n Of CANADA. M. Dt«yj, a French writer, who rcfidcti fouK time on this continent, affircs us, tlut the Raven ot' Ctviada is quite as good eating as a lien ; whitli may i)e true of /Ladia, tho' iloubtlul witli refpeCl to other parts ot Canada. The ravens arc Ibniethin;; lar- ger than ours in Europe, blaclter, au'.i have a different cry. Tlie Ofprays, on tlie con- trary, are ihialler, and their note by no means fo diiagreeable to tli." ear. The Owl of Canada differs from the Eur'^pean only iii that it lias a finall white ring round its neck, with .i pjcuiiar lort of cry. The flefli of this bird is good eating, and many prefer it to a barn-door fowl. The winter provilion of thefe owls confifts of field-mice, in which they obfervc a fingiilar piece of OECondiny in breaking tlieir legs, and after- wards fiitening them for life on occafion. The Bat of this country is larger tl);'.ii thole of Eur:j)c, the martins and Avallows here are birds of paffage as in our hemilphere. The tirtl are not black like ours, but of a browniili red. There are three ibrts of Larks, the fmallefl; of which is of the lize of a fp.u row ; and this lall differs alio from our fparrows, aad tho' it retains the fame qualities, has hov.evcr a verv difagrceable afped. Ducks arc found in prodigions numbers in this country ; of thole biriis they reckon two and twenty different kinds. The molt beautiful, and bell to cat, are what tlie Eri'i:ch call /'ra/ulhs caiiardj, from their perching on tiie branches of trees. Tlieir pltunige is moll beautifully diveriilied, and the colour extremely bright and vivid, bwans, turkicj, moor-hens, cranes, teal, gcefe, bullards, and other large wii- tcr-fovvl, are lound every where in the greatelt .diundance, except in tlie neighbourhood of plantations, wiiere they never come. Tiierc arc Magpies of two colours; fome are all white, and otliers of a light grjy-, and botii make excellent h)ups. The Wootl-peckers are beautiful to ai'.miration. There are of tiiem of all colours, otliers entirtly bl.ick, or quite of a dark biuwn, except the iicad and neck, wliich are of .i mod beautiful red. Tiie I'hrulh ot Canada is very like ours in Eurof)i\ as to lliape, but has only half tlic charms of the other's miilic. The Goldlinch lias not near lo beautiful a he.id as the European, and all its teatliers are overlpread with a mixtuie of yellow and black ; I can lay little of its note, as having never feen one in a cage. Tiie loreds ot Canada arc tull of a bird of the lize of a linnet, which is quite yel- low, has a very llender neck, and a very ihort long, with little variety in it; 'iiiis bird has no other name than that of its colour. IJut the bell muficiwi of .dl the Canadian groves, is a fort of ortolan, the plunuige of wliicii is of an alli-colour on the back, and a white on the belly, whence it is called the white-bird, yielding nothing to the pipe ot the thrulli in Europe; but the male is the oidy fong-bird, tlie temale re- maining mute ^:v<:n in a cage. Tins little creature has a very charmin;"; outlidc, and fir Its reliih %vcll tie'ervcs tlie name of Ortolan. It is not certain to what quarter he retires in the wintcr-feafon, but lie is always the lirrt: harbinger of the fpring. '1 he fnow is Icarce melted when theic birds are found in great multitudes in fome parts, at whieh time you may take what (juantity you pleafe. About a hundred leagues fouth ui Lbamhiy you begin to meet with the bird called t'irdiiu!, iomc ot which fort luvc iK-en brought over to Paris. The Ivveetnels ot his fong, and the Ivauty of his plumage, which is of a line carnation, and a little tuft wiiich he h;is on his hcul, not unlike the crowns with which painters adorn Induut kings, feem fultieient to entitle Iiim to hold the fceptrc amongll the feathered kind. He has, however, a rival in this country, capable ot engaging every vote, were tho cliarms of ]ii.> mulic equal to thole of his outward appearance, 1 mean what they call in our country I'Oifeau Mouehe, or Humming Hud. 'I'his name is given him ti)r two rcafons, the full is, his diminutive fize ; for with all his feathers, he is no bigger than a common May-bugg. The Iccond is the great buzzing noife he makes with his wings, not unlike that of a large tly. His legs, wiiich arc an inch in length, are like two needles. His bill is no thicker than his limbs, and from this he thrulls a tongue, or rather a fting, with which lie pierces the tiowers, ex- traiiling tlie juice, which is his common nourilhmeiit. The female has nothing gau- dy in her outlidc, is of a beautiful white below the belly, and a light alh colour every where elfc; but the male is a pcrfed jewel. From the top of his head riles a fmall tuft of lilack, the bread is red, the belly white, and the back, wings, .uul tail of a vivid green, with fpecks of gold diljicrfed over all his pluinagi, which L 2 gives .19 F.:iVi;i. Owl 1 Br. S'.v,i!!ow . L.irk. Ducki, nvc!, t> '.wo roi;s VJloW birj. I.K1.' CrJini! brJ a^-Kiibcj. l-ly l.lrJ. iKi IV ' 1 B U ' 11 •■n 'r Watcrfo.'.!. < ^fm '1 1 I'ics. Wou.'.ptiktTi ii ^■1 m 1 ri.r.r.i. 1 (.uU.li.th. j ' ^\i i i r * ' S . ;! 1 $ '■ ( V MS i'7<« '' y n If ( * 4" C-livrv li i.>-fi,.ofr. 4 I-: '<:'■■'■; N A r U R A L HISTORY gives it an aftonilhing; beauty in toniunaiun with an imperceptible liown tliat forms t!ie Toftcrt and Iwei-u" -lyes imaginable. J. Some travellers have coiifouniied this bin! with the Cohvry ; and nidccd this ap- pears to be a Ipecies of thole birds; but the Uolivry of the itlcs is foin^what larger, has a much bri<^hter plumage, and the bill re.urveil or bending downwaiiis. This bird is f.ud to have a very melodious pipe ; v,-)iii li, if true, is a ^^rtat advantage over the Oifnm Mouck; or iiumming bird, which lias no long at all. He lias alfo a very ftron'T and nimble flight ; now you lee him on a Hower, and a niomnit alter lie Iprings alnu)ll perpendicularly up into the air. lie is alio a declared, and indeed a very dan- "crous enemy to the raven : On feeing one of them he ijuits his food, darts himfclf nito the air like lightening, gets under his wing, and pierces him with his lling, lb tliat, whether bvthc fall, or by the wounds, he tumbles dead to the ground. Thcfc birds are very tender, and are therefore very careful to prevent the full coming ot tlic fi-orts. They probably retire towards Ciirolnhi, where they are faiil to be feen only in winter. They bi.iKl however in (m/hiJcI, hanging their nells on the boughs ot trees, in fuch manner, that thev are iheltered by their polition from all the inclemer.cy of tlic i;ir. N(;thiM'.; can be neater than thole nefl.s ; the bottom is conipoled ot little bits of wood, interwoven together like ballsct-work, and the inlide is lined with a filky fort of down. Their eggs are of the fize ot peak", with yellow fpots on a wlnte ground ; they are generally laid to lay three at a time, and lometinus they go as lar as hvf. As for the forefls of (.'(/«.?(/, „ 0/ //;.; Or/^/V/, Langiingc, Religion, Govcrmncnt^ 5vc. Tilt fort callcj blcuet prow, here, as in VAoope, \\\ woo.ls or groves. The fruit is a IbvcrcigM and moll c'ric.icions rciiK\1y Lr tho dylciitcry, wijich It removes in very little time. The Induvu liry or pielerv\; thcni in thj llims ni.mncr as we do cher- ries in Europe, The atoca i^ a fruit growing in po.ls, of t!ic fize of a cherry. This plant whicii creeps aloiu; tiie gruiiiKi in m.irlhy pbccs produces its fruit in the water. It has a Iharp taite and is ulid in contcdions. The white thorn is fcuiiil on the banks of ri- vers, and pnnlnccs plenty of fruit with three ftones, which i> the food of fevcral wild bealb. What tiiey call here the cotton tree, is a plant which lprv)Uts, like afparap.us to the height nf .ibv)Ut three feet, and is crowned with leveral tufcs of flowers ; thelc are lluken civly in the morning hcloie tiij dew is off them, when there falls from them with the dew, a kind of iioney, whicli is reduc<:d into (iigar by boiling ; the feed is contained in a pod, which enclolci alfo a very fH\e fort ot cotton. 'J'he fk'liotr )pe, or fun tiiAver, is a piant very common in tlie fields be!on;;ing to the IiUians, and i:rows to the height ot Icvcn or eii;iit Ktt ; its flower, which ii very large, refembles very nuich that (jf the marigold, and its feed is difpofcd txatlly in the lame in. Miner. Tiie I>!i!.\;>is by boiling it, extrac'l an oil, with which they anoint their hair. The legumes, or greens, which tiie y/i'^'-igi'ifs, or ancient iidiabitants vt Citnada moll commonly cultivate arc, maiz, or 7«//i'(T-corn, i^idncy-bcans, pompions, and melons. Tliey have a kind of pompion nuic!! fnvdier than ours in Eurcp:', but very fwcet to t'.ie tafte. Thele they boil whole in water, or ruall in the allies, and fu c.it them \vitho\it any a.iition.il feaf')ning. Tiie Iiuliaiu knew the ufe of both connnon .md w.iier-melon, before the arriv.il of the Eii'opcuin in tliis country. The firll was full i\> good as th 'le of Fr.vicf, cfpeci.dly at Chawhh, where they are in gre.it abundance. The i'.ops, and c;i]^ilaire, or maiden h.iir, are alio the produdion of Larih!r.r, (ituated on tiie North lide of the Ciulph of St Lnurcnce, iiud (j1 tiie illiud of NcuJMi.lLind, whitiier they make annual e.vctirlions, it being doubte.l, whether there arc any other inhabit.iiits, btfides tliole liylng colonies of r!ic Ejhir.aux, tii be Ibvind on that illand. Here they pals the greatelf part of the \c;ir, .;i,,l efjKcially the himmcr, being emi.Ioycd in the common e.vercifes of !.;v..gc-, lumting and tilLing, whicii tonditute' all the arts known or praclilcd :iiiong them. 1 he EJkinumx, though Icarce numerous enough to people two or tlirec h.i-ry vlll.^^'e^, pojUrs, or rather range through, an immeiile e\:cnt ot country, lying between tlie r.ver .SV LMiinmc, Caiuhia, ;nui the Northern 0-c.,n ; and (ome of tJiem hAve been met with as far a^, the nv-.r Iktirton, uin'cli, jiowin; liom the Well, dif- charge-. itIeU into HuJfon'h Buy. Th..- il Of the dijfercnt Iiidiaa Nations inhabiting Canada. 43 The ori;j;iii of tliis name oi F.JkiiMux is doubtful, thougli the moll probable etymo- Of thcimame lony of it is from the ^//j3«y.v/« word El'iiiif/ui'it/ic, i\\\\t '», Eiitcrs of raw Jlijb. In lad, the Vjkimaux arc tlic only Induvn wc know, who fccil on raw fleili, though they arc not, how< vtr, ii'iiorant of tlm manner ot ro.irting it, or, at ieart, drying it in the fun. It is alfo eert.iin, tiiat of all tiie l;novvn naticjns of Amcricii, there is none that unlwcr the notion wc in l'uro/>e at fir(l entertain of tlic manners and qualities of lii- icr'ia*^o„ vages, more tiian thi>.. 'I'liey arc alio alinoft the folc people in America who have any beards, which they have naturally lo tiiick, that their face is covered with hair up to tlic very eyes, and it is with dilliculty one is able to dillinguilh the fmalleA feature or hn^amcnt of a human countenance iiv them. Their air is, moreover, to the Ia(l de- gree hideous ; little and haggard eyes 1 black, and iometimes flaxen hair, kept in tiie moll fii^httul dii'oider imagin.iblc ; and their whole outude very much like that of brute animals. Their maniK-rs and charadcrs arc fuc'h as, in every refpedT, juflify the 'iiiprefii.jn '^''^"'[|,S'^"'|.';' one receives of tiicm I'lom this horrible phyliognomy -, they are tierce, lavage, " nillel' , lufpicie fuHieitiitly upon tlieir guard againll them. As for then- genius, -and the t|ualities of the mind, wc have i^^ little communication with this nation, th.it we are not furiieiently qualifnd to make a jtilf ellimate ot them. They have, however, a- bund.ir.ee of ;,diircls in liuing milcbief: They h.ivc been often known to cut the cables offliips at anchor in the night, in order to make them lutVer lliipwreck on their toad, that they might reap advantage from their dillrels. They are even bold enough to attack thtm in the f.ee of day, if they happen to dilcov^r the crew to be weak. It lus alwajs been impotViblc to civil. /.e them, lo that there is no dealing with them but at the end ot a long pole. They not only keep at a dillanec from Eitr /■i-ii/n, but even rrfufc to eat of any thing prelented by them, and in every thing f.ike fo man, piecautions with relpnif tu them, as not only to betray an inlinite dillrull an^l uilpi- lion on their lidc, but alio to give grounds for the fame fears from themfelves. The FJltimaux are tall of feature, and indirtcrently well made, and their ikin is quite as fair as that of the Kuroffcns, owing to their never going naked, fummcr or winter, let the heat lie never lb excelllve. Some derive their pedigree from iirttnlanJ. Their flaxen hair, tlicir beards, the Their origin. whitcnefs of their Ikin, their liiiill commerce and refcmblance with their neighbours, leave no room to iloubt tlieir having a difTcrent original from the other Amcr'u\ir<. This conjedl'irc therefore is not imitrobable j as wc may fuppolc no nation will m ich value themfelves on the honour of an alii nice with a people, who are as inholpitable and uncultivated as the country they inhabit. Their cloithes confill of a (liirt, made of the bbddcrs or entrail-. of fillies cut(^.,.._„ into breadths, and tolerably well lewed together, over which they wear a fort ot cloak, made of the (kins of bears, or other wild bcalls, and even Iometimes ot the Ikins of f)wls. A fort of cowl, or cap, of the fame llutFwitli their lliirt, an.l lowed to it, covers the head, and from the top of it riles a tuft of hair, wliich falling down hides their foreheads. The lliirt reaches to the loins only, and the cloak. hangs down Ixrfbre as far as tlic thighs, and lichind terminates in a point liimewhat Itelow the waifl. The women however wear it hanging down on both lides as far as t'lc mid-leg, and fallen it with a Ixlt, i'rom which h.uig fmall bones. The men wear breeches made of tlvins, with the hair inwards, .,nd covered on the outlide with ermine, or fonie (iich fur. They wear alfo Uockings m.ule of (kins, with the hairy lide inw.irds, in the fame manner, and over tliefe, fur-boots, with the hair as the tirll, then a fccond pair of llockings, and another pair of boots above that ; ami thote llockingB and boots, it is laid, fomctimes trebled and iiuadruplcil, which, with .ill their encumbrance, hinder not thofe InJians from iKing very nimble. Their arrows which arc their only arms oHl-nfive or defcnfivc, are pointed with the teeth of the tiih called the fea-cow, to which they alio add iron when they can get it. In lummer they are known to live night and day in the open air : In winter they live in caverns umier ground, where they are crouded one over another, probably for the better keeping out the cold. We arc very little acquainted with the IiiMiins, living round and above //«. ^^ Of the Oytgln, Lmgtiage, Ucligiou, Goveniiitcnt, &c. inhabit the b.iniientcil thuir country, afhrm them to have, like their brethren in Canada, notions of gooil ami evil genii ; that the fun is their principal lieity ami that, when they are about to deliberate upon any affair of importance, they caule him to be fmoked •, a ceremony which is performed in the tliv manner following. They affcmble at day bre.ik in tlie tabbin of one of their chiefs, who, after lighting his pipe, o'TerG or prdcnu it to the riling fun, then guiding it wuh both hands trom K.dl to Wcfl, impl res that planet to be propitious to the nation. This done, all thi)fe \s\\t coinpole the alTembly, fmoke by turns in the fame pipe. All tliele Indiana, tho' tlicrc be adu-dly five or fix diff^ rent nations of them, are c;)mprelH'nde\ the fitlier la mvrf dr Loup Marin or Siis-iyjies river. On the banks of thcfe live certain Indians, called, for what re.don it is hard to fay, by the name or rather by the niek-n.uiic of Plats cclee dc Cbiens, that is, Low/anJ Dogs, Thcv are often at war with the Savanci;, tho' neither of thcfe nations treat their pri- fciuers with tli.it cruelty, coinmun to th.- Canadian Indians, being fatislied with making llavcs of them. The Sii'.anois are fumctimcn rciluccd by famine to inconceivable hardfhips, whe- ther owin-; to their natural I a.-inels, or to the barrenncfs of their lands in fomc feafon*, in which tl'.cir harvell fails them. When thefe incoiivcniencu arc attended with a fcarcity of game, and a bad tilliin.; feafon, as they arc then in perfed want of fuf- tcnancc, fume have in.ide no fcruple to affirm, that in this coniunifhire they eat one another. T!ie coward is g-nerally the firft vidlim to neccllity, and, it is faid, it is ^•■ipg.-cii (..jijy.,,. i-y union:! them, when thev come to fuch an a-^c as to be no longer in a condi- 'i . I 1..0 tion to be lerviee.ibie to tlicir families, for the perfoii in thefe circunmances to tic a ••■■•-' rope about his neck, prelenting the ends of it at the fame time to the child that is deareft to him, who (Irangles him with all the qiiickne's he can exert, and believes he has per- formeil a meritorious atflion, not only in putting an end to the fufFerings of his father, but r.l!) by promoting his happincfs ; it being an article of faith among thofe Indians, that thole who die old are b.irn again, anti take upon them a fecond life on earth, begin- ning at tlic (late of infancy ns before, and that he, on the contrary, who finithci his life betimes, and before he is old, becomes I'o on his arrival in the other world, or, as tiK'V call it, in the tuimtry of lonb. The young women amo: 'fl the Savanois marry not till their parents think fit, who alio r.vake clioice of him they are to cipoule ; and the fon in law is obliged to live with his f.th^r in law, in entire fubicdlion to his will and plcirurc, till he has chd- dren of his own. The young men quit their f.ither's houfe betimes, in order to fliil't for their livelyhood. The Siivanois burn the bo.iics of their dead, and cnclolc their allies in th'j buk of tree-, which they afterwards bury in the earth: They then c- reLL a fort o! monument m'de with [ oles, to which they tic tobacco for the u!e of the (ieccaled in the other world. If the departed were a hunter, his bow and arrow nre lulpcr.dcd on it, in honour of hirn. The time of mourning of a mother for her chii.iren lafls the fpicc nf twenty four days, durin'^ ivhich, prefents are made to the father, who returns thi, coinpliment by giving a repaft. War is miieh Ids in ho- nour among them than h.ur.tiri'^ ; but, iii order to acquire the reputation of an able hun- ter, the candidate for this didinaion is to fall three days fucceilively, without tafting any thin::, an 1 t ) have his face d.uibed with black all the wIiiL-.' The fafl ended, he Oilers as a r,:criliec to the grand fpirit, a morfel of each wild beall he has been accuf- toiiie ! to hunt, audit is ccmmor.lv the tongue and the fnout, or muzzle, which, except on thele oecalions only, are t!ie portion ofthc huntlmaii himfelt. llis relations touch M..r r...,jt,.I-. Of the different Indian Nations inhabiting Canada. touch notiiin.4, and would footicr die of hunger, than cat of it ; he is to treat no pcrlbii whatever with it, but his friends or ftrangers. 45 ill DtlisT i\.ipetlts, it is athrmed, thole Indians arc perfectly difintereflai, and of ■"'"•''•■"'<' " )omiii.ite a lie, and iiold all nj.miKr of dc- "/,,','f " uit 111 tnc atmoll tjorror and dcteftation. Such arc the manners of the Northern In- an iMciMujnilne fi Iclity ; th.it they abor til. t, wiia whom the I'remh nation have never had any c(labli(litd trade, and conlc- qu>ntly are yi iter ftrangers to their manners than thofe of the nations followinj;. I'hefe may he di(lin;j;uillied into three ditfercnt tlailes, or languages, each ot wliicli ^,'','" ''."f. has its })ccuiiar genius and cliaradcr. In all that vail extent t)f country, which is ,.',,1, '" Hiur. pirticularly known by the name of New France, and whofe liiiiiti on the Niiiih extend to the Highlands near liiidfon's Bay, which vas fettled and confirnul b\ tiutriatyof Utrccbt ; and is Ixjundcd on the Kail by tf.' lirilijh colonies; by Lcui'fana towards the South-eaft -, and by the SpuniJ/j dominions on the Weft, there aie hut three mother languages, from whence all the reft are derived ; namely, that oi tlic Hi'^itx, the Algcnkin, and the Huron languages. 'I'h'j tirll of thefe n.itions is little known, no more than how far their name or Ian- |,i,n of , . piia'.:e may poliiblv reach. The tremb have as yet hail no manner of commerce, except '■'wr A^. uith tiie iVc/..v and the Ajinihoth^ and that not without f-equcnt interruptions. The p"^"|,°' '*" '' inifti )i>aries attempted to make a fetticmcnt amongfl the firft of thele nations ; hut tlio' thiii endeavour was not accomplilh- I, the j)coplc appca :d extremely docile. The ill fuccefs of this enterprife is the more to Im: regrctt il, as no nation cunid poflibly ptford better lighti, with .efpedt to the unknown countries lying to the North-weft of the Mijijipfii, Ivcaufe they traffic with all the natic s inhabiting thofe vaft regions. Thele people dwell, for the moft part, m S.van' is, or me idows, ii very capacious tents, nude of ikins, and very ingenioully contrived. Thr : common foini is wild oats, which grow in great plenty in their marllics, and on the I i ks of their rivers ; and the rielli of burtalt)c>-, which are covered with wool, ami ;r..ze in prodigious multi- tudes in thole meadows. Tiiey have no fixed ab< 'f, but travel from i 'C to place in large companies, like the Tartars, flopping no 1 ; j;,, . in one place, r.iu.i the plenty of game to be tound in it will allow. The French geographers diftinguilli this nation into the Wandering Sioux, the Sir- %• d iHnflion of cf tbe Savtnnas, the Ea/lern, anil the IFejIern Sioux ; a diftint^tion, in the opinion of iht ./atx. fomc writers vcrfcd in thofe matters, not too well ♦oundcd. All thole Si'^ux live cx- aiflv in the fame manner, (b that a tribe, or clan, which has relided laft year on t'.J E.illcrn ihore of the M:i;i/ipi, will be found next on its Weftern bank ; and thole per- haps who have been leen for fomc time pall on tLc Kiver St Peter, ihall now inhabit loinc Savanna at a conliderable diftance from it. The name of .S;s,v.v, which h.is l)cen given by tlic French to thofe Indians, is en- iif tiic name ti;cly of /'"',•/», /t extratllii)!), or rather it is no more than the two laft lylLihlcs of the '''""'• word SaJouejJioux, the name given thcin by feveral nations ; others call them Nadouejfis. This nation is by far the moft numerous of any we know in all Canada, and for- Pf „|-;c nume mcrly very pe.iccable and uinvarli., , , ':'! the llurons and Outaicais took lamituary a- ro», md inoiigft them, when they Hed i:. v :hc fury of the /'oywoM, or l-ive nations ; thefe ''"'"'''"■■ people laughed at the limplicity of the Sioux, and loon inftructcd them in the art inilit.iry .it tluir own coll. The i'/ort.v have a plurality '^f wives, and punilh .idultery with extr.iordinary fcverity. purin, ajjui. This is done by cutting oft" the extremity of the nole of the delinquent, and by cutting tctcn. the fkin in form of a circ'j on the crown of the head, and afterwards tearing it off. Cbarlrjoix fays, he has Ipokcn with fomc perfons who are perfu.idcd, that the Sioux have the fame accent in pronouncing the words of their language with the Chi- nefe, anil it would be no dithcult matter for any French gentleman, who knew both tion hke tic languages, to determine whether this nation derives its original from that ancient f"*""/'. oriental people. Thole who have had any intercourfe with the j^jiniMs aftirm, that they arc tall 7^„i„/, of ftature, well mailc, vigorou>, adbve, inured to cold and all manner of fatigues j dcuubcd. tlut they pierce their bodies in every part, which they adorn with figures of I'erfvnts or other animals ; and that they undertake journeys of a prodigious length. There is nothing, however, in this defcription much dirtcring from other Indians of this conti- N nent r f viiirT* \ i I I ^ ft' W. .?«]' "m 't\ I if! ',^ I -'. \* \ It: w 46 Of fL' Origiiiy Langiiaifc, Rr/igiov, (io-vcrruiu-nt^ fict. H I.' , ' ' 1 iicnt known to us : But tlie great cli.iradcrillic of tliis ii.itiou is, tlicir phlegmatic temper, which appears to an extraordinary degree, when c^nparcd witli the Crijii- uaux, with whom they tratHc ; wlio art, on the contrary, iMKloweii with an extra- ordinary vivacity and (pirit, always dancing and tinging, and Ipeaking witii inch a vo- hibility of tongue, and Inch a toirentol exprellion, as is ra.ely to he tound in any o- ther Indian nation. The true country of the AJIini!''.Ji ij in the neighbourliood hii,vji call it Michini- pi, that is, the Gn-.it H'litcr ; and in faCt it appears to be the bafon, or rcfcrvoir, of a multitude of very large rivers, as well as of all tlie lakes in North America. From this lake, lav tliev. Hows Bourhon river, wiiieh tails into Hud/on's liny, tlie river St Lau- rcnct', wiuch carries its waters to the ocean ; the Mijlijipi, which empties itfelf into the Gulf of A/c.v/Vt, i the Mijfouri, which mixes its waters with this lalt, and is not at all inferior to it before their iundtion ; and a fifth, which, they tell us, flows Weft- ward, and therefore undotibtedly difembogues itfelf into the Southern or Piicijic ocean. It is pity this lake is not known to thofe literati who have fearched every where for the Tcireftrial Far.idife, wliieli would have been at leafl as properly fixed here as in Scivnlina'viii. I will not take upon mc to juilify all the accounts which travellers luve given us, and l\ill lei"'- what certain InJinns relate, who pretend, that in the neighbouihi'od of tlii,- lake of the .liiiniknls arc men refembling us hurrpcam, and living in a country where gold and lilver arc lo common, as to be employed in the moll trifling utcnlils. Father Mnrquc!:,-, whodifcovercd the Mf/ii/ipi in 167-, tells us, in the acecjunt he has left us, that certain hiduin had not only toM him of tlvat river, wliich takes its rife from tiiis lake, and flows Weft wards, but .idticd, that they had feen large lliips at it- mouth. It furtiier appears, that the AjJinihoeii are the fame people ni.irked in certain old maps under the name of Pcualaki, whofe country, ..c- cording to lomc relations, adjoins to that of tlic Cri//iruiuy,or KiHijlinnn. yUroniin and ^^^^ yllgcukin and Huron languages divide almoft ali the nations of dwdtla lictwcen JUrorAvagwi them, with wliom the French have any fort of commerce ; and lie who llinuld be mafter of both, mieht travel over a tr.iCt of country more than fittcen hundred leacues . ^ . . . *^ in extent, u ithout any interpreter, and inij^ht alto ni.ike himlelt imderftood by upwards of a hundrei! dif'.rent nations, who yet h.ive eaeh iheir peculi.ir and ilillind language. The Algonkin in particular comprehends m\ inuiicnic Ipace of country : It l>egins Tit Aciidiii, or J\o\a Scotia, in tnc neighbourhood of the (\u\i o\' St Laurence, ^xv\ makes a circuit of twelve hundred leagues, tetchin;^ • compats frfiii the Soutli-eaft by tlie North to the oppolite point in the North well. It i- piiteniicd alii), that the /^o//' nation, ov Muksngans, and moll of the IriJi.i'u oi Keic i.n^lanH nvX firgmtJ, fpe.ik a dialeifl of tlic Algonkin l.uv.;uage. W/«»nai. i> . The A'h-naquu, or C:iii/>a!, on tlur confines of !Ve:c-En^la>:,', have for tlicir next ''•'/'''^"'tf' nciy,hbour> tiie Et'-chemim, or Ma/ea/es, on the lands adiacent to the river Pentaeo- a ; and turtner caltwanls are the Altcmacs, or Sounm',ii, whole country is proper- ly /Av/(f/rf or Nova Scotia, being the extended coalt along the gulf of .SV Laurence rc.ichin^ ;,s t.ir as (ia/jfr, tr.im wlienee a certain author has given tiiem the name of Gafpejuim, ,uui the ilLuid-, in its neighbourhood. From hence, as far up the river St Laurent e as I'lagutnay, there is no Indian nation to be found ; tho' when Canada was firll dilcovercd, and a grc.it m.my years afterwards, they reckoned leveral nati- ons within tliis fpaee, who ipread themlelves over the itlc ot Anticojli, towards the Afontf Notre Davh', and along the Nortiicrn lliore of the river, Thole inoft com- monly mentioned in the antient relations are the lierfiamita, the I'apinachois, and the Montagne'^.. Th-y were alio called, and efpecially thefe laft, tlie Umer Algonkins, from their inhabiting along the lower part of the river, with reljieCt to ^ebec. The others are, for the molt part, reduced to a tew llraggling families, which wander from place t.i place, without any fixed rcfidcnce. There weic alio lome I/idian nations who ufcl to ficcjucnt Canada, coming from the La Of the different Indian Nations inhabiting Canada. 47 the Nortlierii parts, foinctimes by way of the river Saguenay, but more commonly Nit!""- "f by the //'/•<<• Rivers ; but it is long fince we have heard of them. Amoiigft (jtliers, r/ti["i!mmV, the A::ika>ivgucs, an Indian nation very remote and I'urrounded by otiicr nation,-, "'i-i- reaching to tiie ncighbourliood of Lac Saint "Jean, or St "John's Laki\ and even as t.r .iS the lakes of the Mijlaffim, and Nemifcan. Almoft all of them luve been exter- minut.!.! by the /ro^'tts/i, or Five Nations, or by difeafes, t'.ie tonfcqucnce of famine ; a dillrefs to which they have been reduced tliro' fear of thole barbarians. They are the more to be commileratrd, if the charadler they bear in tiie I'rcnch writers be true, that they were vvitiiout vice, remarkably good natured, and excecilingly dif- polcd to embrace Chriftianity. Their hearty and inviolable attachment to the French, in whofe interelts they were, and their regard to treaties, are alfo tjualities extreme- Iv worthy of our ellcem and commendation. Between 'i^uehec -ienA Montreal, there are alfo towards tlie Three Rivers, (omc of ^'.i"'": '" the yh^oitkin nation, who are not, however, incorpor.ited in one village ; they traflic """ with tiic French. If what the French writers tell us is to be credited, this nation, in the infancy of the colony, occupied all the Northern ihore of the river, from i^telrc, wiiLie Champlain found one of their fcttlements, and made an alliance with, them as far as Lake St Peter. From the illand of Montreal, following always the North coaO, you meet with fomc vilKigcs of the Nipi/fiigs, Jemi/camings, 'Teles de boule, or round-heads, Ami- Natiou* a "• cdled S,!ulte!,rs, tiiat is the nation living near the tall ; a name which was very probably given them to avoid the trouble of pronouncing their real name, which tiiey fay is unpoiiiblc to be cviretfed under two or three breathings, fomewh.it rcfeinbling i'AL\)IRK;Ol'KlOUlL\K. No Indian nation, as 1 an> infoimeil, trom the l'>\-;ii h authors, inhabits the banks of Lake Superi'jr, tho' tlic Trench, in the pt)ils or loits they have built near this lake, traffic with the Cbrijlinaux, a nation coming liuiu tlic Norlh-Fall, ami ("|H.aking tjje A/gonkin tongue, and, with the ylJ/iniSoe/s, lituated touards the North- Well. On tlie Welt of La';c Michigan there is a great bay, which extentls twenty eight leagues \,tions in towards the South, called /■; Baye des puants, or limply, the Bay. The entry of jl'-y' /'"•■ this bay is very wide, and is a fort of archipel, fomc of the illands of which are Iroin fiticen to twenty leagues in circuit. Thefe were formerly inhabited by the Futeivatamis, whofe name tlicy ftill retain, excepting a tew which you leave on your right hand, at prefent inhabited by certain Indians called Noquets. The Pouteii-.itamis now polllls the leall of thefe illcs, which formerly belonged to them, and have belides two other villages, one lituated on St Jofef^h's river, and another at the Xarrows. Towards the bottom of the bay arc the Sakis and Ofchagras ; thefe latter arc ciHed by the difagrccable epithet of Piians, Stinkards, the reafon ot which N a is . I': '»:i I # ' (■; j ;i-t ) '!■'" L , i t I :*i A^ 1 »■ -^ 1 I 48 m •:i Pi.,r:i inJ J'JWi- .A- 'i:j Il.itlUII>. flrnap Ji n.i tJUn. Nation of li caiix'i;.. Ilurcn lan- cxtc;.!. rii.i III ■ on • I ( anaj.. \ hrffotij;, Oy //jc Origi/if La/!guiJge, Religion^ Government^ 8cc. is not as yet difcovered ; but before ycni arrive in their country, you leave on the right, a linall nation called Mdhmma, Mmi-cakcs, or Voiles Avoincs, that is, AJdl-Uciidi. A Imall river, very much interruptc.l with t.illb, or catjr.in the contrary, diminilh daily. Not one nation among all thole of this tongue is capable ot reckonipg fi.v thoufand f*uls ; Ibmc amount 'not to two thoufand. Tiie //.v» ','; language is very fir from being as cxtenfivc as the Algciiin, and the rcal'on doulnlels \>, becaule the nations who fpc.ik the former arc not of (o wandering a difpofitiun as the others. I'he I'meh writer, whom 1 follow in this place, tells us, that lome pretend the language fpoken bv the Ircr^uois, or the Five Nations, to be the mother tongue. Be that as it will, all the Indians, living South of the river St Laurence, from the river S,ret as far as the extrenjity ot Lake Erir, and even the conhnc; of I'lrginui, talk in this language ; and he who know-, the Hiiro'i tongue is cap.ible of underltanJing that of .ill the nations within thi? extent. There is, howe\er, a great variety ot dirterent lilaleets, even almofl as many as there are kive, that as tlie grctell put of the I'hliiinf of C<;- 'utda have been alway- •rom time to tune in trade with one aivniicr, Ixring lomc- tunes allies and fomctlmes enemies tho' the three mother or ori^inai languages I have been n.entioning have no lort of atiinity or analogy, thele nations find means, in fpitc of this ilnhicle, to trallic toucther, without any neccliity of an interptcter : whether i; lie that long and antimt eullom has taught them to communicate their thoughts by iigi;' ; .,r th.it they hav^ foiined a fort ot common jargon, which they acouirc by repeated nfi;. I (IkiU now i.iy hefore the reader the nature and tharader of the languages of the Indhi'h, as they occur in authois moft worthy ot credit, and on whole judgment we have reafijn to rely. Thole who pretend to liavc (ludicd thofe languages, affirm that e.ich of the three abovtinentioned hai all the charaelereHics uf |>riinitivc or o- Mginal tongues. What is certain is, tliat they are ol a very different original : This may be proved from the b.ue pronunciation. The Sicu Indi./n r.ither hifles than fpeaks. The Huron cannot pronounce .iny of thole letters called /jiial, or which are fpoken only by means of the lips, hut fpeaks through the throat, and evcrv fylla- blc is uttered with wiiat the giaininaiians call an Aljxratc before it. The Ahcnkin pronuu.KCS Of the different Indian Nations inhabiting Canada. 49 prononnces liis words with more foftnefs, and fpeaks much more naturally, as well as IniDOthly. As to the firft of thele languages I have been able to procure but very llight information ; but, with rcfpeft to the two others, as the Trench mifliona- rics have fludied them with great application, I (hall give what Charlevoix fays he had fiom the mouths of thole who had applied themfclvcs to this ftudy with moft fuccefs. The Huron language, fays that learned miflionary, for copioufnefs, energy, and no- chariflcr of Mend's of cxprclTion, exceeds all the languages in the world ; and thofe that fpcak ■'"= ''""' it, thi)' but a handful of people, ftill prcfcrve a dignity of foul, ami an elevation of ''"^""E' fcntinv.:nt, which agrees much better with the majelly of their language, and, he might have added, with what they have in times paft been, than v/itli what they now arc in their prefcnt fallen and diftrcfsful condition. Some pretend to derive their language from the Hebrew, which is alfo, as they f" Jcrivatiin fiy, the fource from whence the Creek likewife flows. Every body knows what to ^1°^^ cxh'' think or this etymology, fince whatever is moil ancient and Kft, nuift all fpringJcJ froiii tlvj (";mic fountain, without which there is no peace in IJ'rael, The reailcr will gain but very little light on this fubjeft by confulting the vocabulary of Gahrid Sai;l.\rJ, a. Rccollct of much cflcem, cited by fome in fupport of this moft orthoiiox fvflcm ; and ftill Icfs from thole of "Jacques, Cartier, and the baron La Hontan. Thcfc authors took at a venture a few cxprclfions, fome from the Huron, and others from the yligonkin top.gue?, wisich they very ill remembered, and which had often a quite contrary figiilfication to what they imagined to be the fenfc and meaning of them •, an error common enough among the fuperficial writers of travels. Wc will therefore pufs over the frivolous arguments they adduce on this topic, and proceed to what is founded, in my opinion, on much better authority. The Aigcnkin has not the ftrength of th-.- Huron tongue, but it is infinitely more Trrgie* fmoolh and elegant. Both are however very ricli in a great variety ami dilltrent '"""l •"^^• turns of cxprtllion, together with a propriety and regularity, which arc perfectly aflo •lliing. \\m what is ftill more furprifmg is, that nobody (ludics his language amongft thofe (ijiicntr m- barbarians, or ever knew the ufc of letters or writuig, and yet an ill chofen exprclli- tbns r|T.ik on, or an improper term, or a fault ngainft the rules of Syntax, is what is never"""*'*' known amongft them ; and that children, in their moft f.uniliar dilcourfe, fpeak with the grcatcft purity and propriety. It is fomething wonderful that this (liould be the cafe with nations very little cultiv.itcd ; and the fame, as 1 have bcci\ told by thofe wlio are allowed to he good critics, may be faid of the SpuniarJs, and of thofe Scotch who have retained their anticnt language, which is a dialedt of the old Celtic ; and that you can never diftinguiih the condition of the loweft peafant or Ihcphcrd, from that of pcrfons of the highcft quality, by his Ipecth or difcourfe. Hut to return from this ihort digreflion, the manner in which thofe Indians ani- /.,y,-.,.., un- niaic every thing they fay, leaves no room to doubt but that they undcrftand the force ''"•■ "'"^ '''«• and value of all the exprcflions they ufe, and all the beauty and delicacy of their """■ language. The difterciit di.dcils derived from cither of the mother tongues have prcferved DLiM. lic- neither the Ixauty nor force of their originals. The T/hnrionthcuans, for inltancc, one b-iiconiiiLiis. of the I intons of the Iroqucii or live Nations, arc thought, by the other InJians, to fjKak after a very rude and unpoliflicd manner. In the Hurjn language every word is declined, and they have a fuigular method, tv,nftruflio but what is at the fame time very difficult to cxprefs, to mark the difterencc ofotiUc //.,.,, verbs, notms, pronoun^, and the other parts of fpeech. Simple verbs have a double '^'""•'"■t conjngition, the one abfolutc and the other reciprocal : The third perfons have two genders, this language having no neuter gender. As to numbers and tcnfes, there are the fame differences as in the Greek ; as, for inftance, in fpeaking of going a journey, you cxprefs yourfelf differently if that journey be by land, from what you do if it be by w..ter. There arc as many different kinds of adtive verbs as there are things exprelfeii by them ; for example, the word to tat, has as many variations as there arc different forts of eatables. In fpeaking of any living creature, you cxprefs the verb quite ditferent from what you do in fpeaking of an inanimate thing. Thus, \vhen you fpe.di 'i I ;: :l Ii 50 't i Defeat c( the li:Miin bngu^igcs. Caufcs. OrigMul knour. A.'..'.r,ujv- • It 111- limn l.jtiOl)*, belHici, / . an-, v.'l.c'.t Cy /y&t: Orighiy Language^ Religion, Guveniment^ &:c. difftrent verbs. To Ipeak of uling a tiling which is your own, and of what belongs to another, the verb is quite ditVcrent. There is Ibmewhat pretty nuich liice this in the Algonkin tongue, tho' (iiftering in the manner, the detail ot wliich is of very httlc coiifequencc after what lias been faid of the Huron. If tiic great riehncis and variety of cxprcffion in thofe two languages render thcni extremely ditticult to be learned, there is no Icfs inconvenience ariling from their exceeding poverty and barrenntfs in fupplying terms for our ideas and conceptions. P'or as" thole nations when the Eunpums tird began to have any deal- ings v\ ;:]i them, were almolt entirely ignorant of every tiling but what was in ufe a- mong thcmfelvcs, and wliat it'll immediately under th cognizance of their fenfes, tliev wanted terms to exprefs other notions, or, if thiy once had fuch terms, they had by degrees forgot the ule of them. Thus having no regular form of worlhip, and fo' ning but very indiftind notions of the deity, and of every thing relating to rtligio;,, and never making any rcHexions, except on fuch things as were perceptible to thi ft'.];'?, or what related to iheir affairs, and thofe very much limited ; and un- acclI;^Jnlr^' to fpeak of the virtues, palVions, and many other topicks of common con- ver/." on with us; bein,^ entirely ignorant of all arts, except thofe th.u were neccllary to their ihte and condition, and wiiich are reducible to a very fmall number; having JIG knowledge of the fcicnees, and olilL'rving only what was within their re.ich, and being ciitirely ignorant of the fup^rtluities or refinements of polilhed life ; when there w.ib occahon t.) dilcourfe ot all thefe points, then it was that the va(l de- fers of their langu..ge were dilcovered ; fo that you were obliged to make ufe of ir.;mbi.rlcls circumlocutions, which wcn extrcniely tedious and perplexing to Vou, and not a little puzzling, not to fay abiioit iinintelligilile to Them. Hence you were firfl of all obliged to learn Their languige, . nd afterwards to teach Them another, partly compoled of their own terms, and partly of thofe of the Europiwt languages, and tJiofc again transformed and modelled alter the Huron or yllgciikin manner, in rrder to facili- tate the underllandir.g of it, as well as its pronunciation to tlitin. As tor letters t!;cy h.\d none, the want of which they fupplied by a kind c)f hieroglyphics ; and they were quite confoumlcd to Ice the Eurc/>ci:ns read tiieir thoughts as quick, and explain thcnit'cKcs witli the fame facility in writing, as they could in fpcaking. It it is alked, how we come to know the S.'cux, the Huron, and the Al^'jukin to be mother languages and not thole which we look upon as dialei^s, the aiifvvcr is, that nothing can poliibly be more eafy : All thefe nations liave fomev;hat of the manner and genius of the Afutici in their w.iy of ipeaking, which confifls in giving a figu- r.-.tive turn to th^ir thoughts ana exprcilions ; frtim whence foine have probably been kd to believe tlicy draw their orij^in from Ajii^ a corjcdure r.itional enough, and dcducible from a variety of circumllances. The nations ot the Huron krv.ruage .^rc always more employed than the other Indian^ about the cultivating of their Vxw'i.^ .uui in country affairs ; they arc alfo lefsdifpcrfed abroad. This ff.ite and management have produced two effcds ; for, in the tirll place, they are ttcr fettled, better lodged, better f>rt:ried, have always a much better police, and 11 )iv diilind lo:r.i of g.iVLrnment, the dignity of the chief, at leatl among the Tion- -A',',/.',-;, whu .ire tliL true Huroni, beii.g hereditary. And, fecundly, their country, at Icafl tfirc tlitir wars with the Iroquois, of which Ciiar/eioix f.iys he was an eye witncfs, wr.', much more populous tho' polygamy was never allowcil or known among them. They have ulfo the charader of being much more induffrious more expert in their butmeb, .uid in,;re prudent and provident in their condud. All thefe goo I qualities (.m only i>i xeed from the fpirit of loeiety, which they have better maintained than the other /),,//„••; nations. Tliis is tliieliy obfervable aniongft the Hurons, who, tho' they fcarcc deierve the name of a n.iiion A prelent, and are reduced to two indiffe- rent villages, .111.1 thole conliderably diltant from one another, are, however, the life and foul u_f all their aa"emblies and councils, in which the public bufinds is debated. It 1., alfo true that with all this difference, which is not perceivable .is: the firft glance, there i.s flill a great vcfemblance in the qualities of tlie mind, in the manners, an.l m the culbjms of all the InJin-a of Cduada, which is undoulnedlv owing to their mtereourle, and to the trafile tiny have conftantly carried on with one another, from the reni'itell aiitiquty. Thu^ much may fufHce with rcfpcd to the languages fpoken bv the different In- (•tii'i nations in Qpuih -. We will next give, in as few words ;is pollible, what relates to btttc a t \ (?r. Of the different Indian Nations inhabitiftg Canada. 51 to tlicir manner of declaring and making war. The declaration of war, according '"'*''" ™"- to Charlevoix is in this manner : About ten or eleven at night, fays that writer, as I "uig^r.' '' was i^oing to bed, I heard a (houting, which I was told was the war-cry, and foon after! faw a company of MHJiffagiiez make their entry into the fort near the bay callcil I'Anfc ih' la Famine. Some years ago thofe liulians having engaged in the war which the Five Nations made on the Cbcrokees, a numerous people, occupying a very fine country to the South of Lake Eric, three or four of thofe bravos equipped as for mifiiucradcs, with their faces daubed over, fo as to infpire the fpedlators with honor, anvl followed almoll by all the Indians living in the neighbourhood, after ha- vini^ r.imblcii over every hut or cabbin, finging their war fongs to the found of an inftuimtnt they call Chichikou^, being a great gourd filled with pebbles, came to per- form the fmie ceremony tiirough the different parts of the fort, by way of compli- ment to the commandant and other officers. I mud confcfs, fays Charlevoix, that this ceremony has fomething extremely horrible in it, the firfl time one fees it efpecially, and before I recollected I was amongd barbarians. Their fongs have a dilmal and luclincholv air, with a mixture of horror and affright, occalioned perhaps by the darknef's of the night, and by the pageantry of the feftival, for this is really fuch amongll the InJians. All this was intended as an invitation to the Iroquois, who be- iiig we.iry ui the eh.irge of the war, 01 perhaps becaufe they were not in a humour for it, alkcd fomc time to confider ot it, and io departed each to his home. It appears that tluy invoke in thele long the god of war, called by the Hurcns, .ircflcui. the Arcjkoni, and by the Ircqujt;, ylgrejkou^ -, but we are not informed what name he ^'^(.""' 2''"' "' has amongll the Alg-^nkin nations. The relati n\ of this name to that of Afrr, the {.]rc(k nanie for that god, is very fiiigular : For Aregmen in the Huron and Iroquois language fignifies to tnake war, and is conjugated thus : Garego, I make war ; Sa- n-go, thou m.ikefl war ; Arcgo, he maketh war. Delidcs, Arcjkoni is not only the Man of thole nations, but alto the lovereign of the gods, or, as they exprcfs them- ftlvts, the CJrcat Spirit, the creator and in.iftcr of tlie univeile, the genius who go- vtTP.s .i!! things, but he is thiefiy invoked in military expeditions, as if the moft ho- nour.ible attribute of the deity were that ot being intitled the (kkI of Armies. Tiic (liouting of this name is what makes the wai-cry before the fight begins, as . well a« in the heat and fury of the battle ; and it is often repeated too on a march, ■""* as well to encourage thcmlclves to undergo the fatigues with chearfulncfs, as to im- plore this god's fupport and afiillancc. To lift up the h.itchLt is another form of declaring war ; and every individual i.iriinguptlic lias an inconteflablc right to tliik privilege, except amongft the llurons and Iroquois, j!'"^/"'' » where the matrons make peace aiui war at tlieir plealure. We Ihall lee m its proper place, how f.ir their authority evteni's among theli: nations. If a matron has a mind to engage any one, however independent of her, to fervc Mitrnm m- in the war, whether to appeafe the manes of her hnfhand, fon, or near relation, K^e"^ loMitri. or whether it is only th.it ihe m-iy have fome priloners to replace thofe fhe might have loft by death or captivity, (he is rirft to prcfent him with a collar of porce- lain, or fea-(hclls ; and it is very rarely known that this gratification is without ctfcdt. When the bufincfs concerns making war in form between two or more nations, the cxprefl'ion, or fymbol, on this occafion, is, to hang the chaldron, or kettle, over iia,.ging ,i,e the fire ; and this no doubt derives its original from the barbarous cuftom of eating kt"ic over their prifoncrs, as well as tiic (lain, after boiling them. They plainly fay, in their 'J'^,||['*; ,'„,. fimple manner, that they are preparing to eat fuch a nation, to lignify that they in- bul. tend to make a cruel war againrt them, and they generally fulfil their promile. When they intend to engage their ally in the quarrel, they fend iiim a porcelain, that is, a large (hell, \o invite him to drink the blood, or, as the terms literally import, the foup or broth made of the flcrti of tJicir enemies. After all, this practice may be very ancient, the' it by no means follows from hence, that thofe nations have al- ways iK-en anthropophagcs, or cannibals ; and perhaps it is only an allegorical way of fpcaking, of which the fcripturcs afford us feveral examples. David's enemies, it is likely, were not ufcd to eat human tlcfli, tho' he fays, Dum appropcrant fuper me nocentes, ut edant carnes meas. When the wicked, even mine enemies came upon me to cat up my flelh. Thus at lal^, it feems, certain nations, grown quite favage and brutal, f'lbflituted the reality for the figure. O 2 Thcfe ! h '1> 1 I :' . ' :l. , "■- 1- ' *y T ■ f , !'i 1 J*. ■ 'y ■ i' , ii • 'V' I ■ iij '] i t ,:^H 1 ^ ■( 1 M ■'• ; 1^' r it ill!!:, \}'f ThI 52 lir ;K found on mal Of the Origin, Language, Religion, Government^ &c. )orcelains, or what they call JVumpum, as before mcntionc;!, are cc ,„„,., he coafts of New England and Virginia ; tlicy arc long, fluted or of pn ot iT.'J acute figure, without cars, und moderately thick. 1 lie flcUi of the mal contMi'cd in tliem is bad eating, but their inline is ot (o beautiful a luflrc. Porc.i.in«. Tliefe porcelains, or what they call JVampum, as before mentioned! arc certain nielli nd on the coafts of New England and Virginia ; tlicy arc long, fluted or chanellcd, Tb.e flcUi of the ani- and the colour.-, are fo vrvili, that art is^'capable of nrcHlucing nothing comparable t^ it. In thofe -imcs when the /Ww«i went quite n.ikul, thclc (lidls lervcdthem tortile fame u'"e'^ as Jdam's fig-!caf, when he became Icnfihle of his gui't and ihame together. They alfo wore them at their ears like pendants and ftill elkein them is their greatelt wealth, and fincll ornament ; and, in fliort, they have cxadtly the fame idea of them that we have of -.^oid, fiiver, and precious Itnr,. ■. Jaaju^-s Carttcr, m his memoirs, 'peaks of a lort of^lhell-work mide in fonn "1 rori;,-.5, which he lays he found 'V the illand ot Montreal. He tills it -ij^rgui, :vv\ a'huis it h;.d a virtue in it of ft(',^ping bleedings at the nofc. It ):. w.i u..likely this wo •.; condfts of the faire ihells \.'ith"tli(i!'chere mentione 1 -, but these arc none fuch to n ; .'• e, iJ on the banks ot the Illan.i of Montrral, aiul it is i.ot pret.;.k-U tli .• thfu. llirr- ?> c the virtue at- tributed to the (hell-work r^ Car! .■'■. Thcw are two iorts of tlitii- (liells ; the one white, and I'u- other of ,; violet colowr. The Uit are the moft common, and poffi- blv, on that ace ■.";it, lef? v.iiu.d : The Wi.m\ Hems to fake a fine polifli ; and the deeper, the mow v,duablc t'uy are edecmed. P, -th of them, howcvT, are made into fmall obloiij; or cylindrical \x:>M, -a hich art: boree! and Oimg..! toj; thcr, and the(c are called luvkLx-e"- or belts v.\ W.nnpum. Fhcfc ncckL.ccs .ire no other than four or ads or thor.,,s of fliir.s, abcnit a foot in lcn,.th, Oran;; with thofe beads of live tti ;-.c in.. ; ana :\it ii porcel.un. The collars are made in fbri;i of fillets or . ;. km.;, c )mp;)fed of thofe neckl.eces, bouin'. together widi tlircads fo as to m.I e a contexture ot four, five, fix, rr feven row, oi be.uls of a due proportion in length. All thefe circum(l..nces arc ;t;;.!l.itcd ae,:> r ling to the importanee of the bufmtfs to be negoeiated, and the rank and nualiiy of the perfoii^ to whom the collar is to be preleiited. Iiy'thc different mixture of thnie bcad'^ of various colours they form any charac'^cr ..t plcifute, and this often fervcs to diA;ngui(h the bufiiuls in agitation, _ They are alio fomttimes painted ; at Icaft, it is certain the red collars are often fent when W.U- is upon the tapis, Thefe collar arc prefer\ed with care, and ran .'..ly com- pote part of the public treafury, but are alfu in the nature of annals and regillers which thofe to whom the care of the archives, which are dcpofited in the chief's cabbin, is entiulkd, are to make the fubjecf of tlkir (ludies. When there happen to be two chiefs of espial authorry in one village, tlie care of the archives and treafury devolves upon them by turns, and t.icii has his own night, wliieh night, us it is taken at prefent, is fuppofed to lad a whole year. None but attairb of gre..t confeqncncc arc traiifidted by means of thofe collars ; for thofe of lefs importance, they m. ke ufc of briv)ches, or nttklacci of [>orccla;n, ikins, FlnoJ) h.% coverings, maiz, or /ni/w» corn, cither in grain, or t1(.wer, and fuch like matters, for l^'^y/ll^"'''*'''' all thefe conilitutc part of the public treafury. When the iaiiinefs is to invite fomc village or nation to enter into a league, f)r alliance with then., a flag dipped in blood is fometimeh fent inllead of a ollar. Ihit this ciillom is modeni, and there is re.ifon to think that the hhHans have taken the firft hint of it from the red *l.igs of the Englijl:. Some alTert that the French tirft ufcd thefe ri..! eiifigns in tranfadting wit!) the I'ljjam, who frcau thence have taken the hint to fl..ia their flags with blood when they uitend to de- clare \v.'.r. (It the r Ij- The cdumet, or pipe, is no lets facred among tl'.ofc nations than the collar of por- I'K!. celain, and is, according to their notion, even i>f divine original, for they arc pcr- luaded that it was a prelent ma.dc them by tlic Sun, This inftrument is more in ulc among the Smnliern and Weflcrn nation;,, than thofe of the North and H.ill, and i;; more commonly ulcd in treaties of pe icc th.m in war. As to the name of cjlumef, which the French give it, it is a Normiin word, fignifying a reed, or pipe ; and the calumet of the hifuvn is prcjpcrly the ti be, flTatt, or funnel, of a tobacco- pipe, though both the Ih.ift .uvl the pipe together are commonly men! I'V this word. In the calumet:, or pipes, ot llate or ceremony, the tube is very lon'i;, .uu! tlie pipe in form of one of our battle-axes : It i^ comin.inly made of a reddifh iiLirlile, viry cafy to work, and is found in the cotnitry of the Ji-iirz, beyond the I\f''i:fi. Fhe funnel is of light wood, painted with different colours, and adorned with the heads, tails, and feathers of the moll beautiful bird^ ; but this is orobablv f;r ornan;eiit fake only. The of the different Indian Nations inhabiting Canada. The cufloni is to fmokc in this pipe when the propofal is accepted, and it is very rare, or perhaps without example, that the obligation impofed by this acceptance has ever been violated. The Indiani arc perfuadcd, that the ibvereign fpirit would never fuflcr fuch an intVadion to pafs unpunifhed. If an enemy in the midft of an engage- ment prcients the pipe, it is lawful to reject the offer ; but if it is once accepted, the party contenting mud that moment refrain from all hoflilities. There are pipes for all the variety of treaties that may be brought upon the tapis ; even in com- merce with one another, after the agreement is made, the pipe is prefented to ratity the tr.mfadtion, and this ceremony gives it the ftamp and fandion of religion. When the bnfiners. is concerning war, not only the pipe then ufed, but alfo the fea- t.>crs with which it is adorned, are red : Sometimes thofe on one fide only are of this colour ; anci it is pretended, that by the manner in which the ornaments are dilpofed, you nuy dilcovcr what nation is dcflgncd to be attacked by thofe who prefent this iiiflrunicnt. Tliere is no manner of queftion, but that the Indians, by inducing thofe, whofe al- liance or cnaiinerce they foilicit, to fmoke in the pipe, intend to make the Sun the witncfs and guarantee of the treaty ; for they never fail to puft' the fmoke towards that hiiMiviry : but to fay that, from this pradice, as well as from the common ufe of thofe pipe -, we are to infer, as Ibme have done, that this pipe is the CaJuceuf, or wand of M'i\tiry, is the lefs probable, as this wand had no relation to the Sun. And fince there has nothing been found in the traditions of the Indians that can juflify this con- jeiiture, and mui li Ids to prove they could have any knowledge of the Greek mytho- logy, it would be much more natural to fuppofe, that thole nations, inftrudtcd by cx- jK-riincc that the fmoke of their tobacco dillipates the vapours of the brain, and dif- poCes the perfon that ufes it lor debating on public afl-airs, and has therefore been in- triKluced into the public councils, where they have always their pipes in their mouths ; they tould not imagine a more proper fynibol to confirm what has been rcfolvcd, than this inllrument, wliich has hid fo great a ihare in the public deliberations It will pt-rhaps appear more obvious (fill to imagine that thofe people believed the mofl natural tyj>e of an indilloluble union was to fmoke in the fame pipe, and cfpecially if that Imokc were offered to fomc divinity, to confer on it the lan<2ion of religion. Thus fmoking in the fame pipe is equivalent to drinking in one cup, which has been ar. immemorial culloin among many nations ; and thcfe are cufloms too natural to the mind of man, to fcarch for any hidden myllcry in them. The largrncfs and ornaments of thole pipes which arc prefented to perfons of dif- tindlion, and on occafions of impurrance, have nothing very myllcrious in them. It is to the Panis, a nation fettled on the banks of the Miff:uri, ami extending very far towards the confines of Ncv) Mexico, to whom the pretend they pipe was given as a prclcnt by the Sun. Thus this cuflom, which they were the firll to introduce, has been railed to the rank of a miracle, and all that can be conjcdured from this tradi- tion is, that pollibly the Panis have been more anciently accuifomed to pay divine ho- nours to the Sun, than the other Indian nations on this part of the continent of Ame- rica, and that they were the M\ who made ufe of the pipe as a fymbol of the inviolable obligation of treaties. It is very rarely that thcfe Indians refufe to engage in a war, to which they have been invited by their allies ; on the contrary, they fckioin wait till they are called to take up arms, the leail motive being futiicicnt to determine them to it. But the third of vengeance is the predominant motive with them, and they have always fome recent or ancient injury to revenge, no length of time being capable of healing thofe wounds, though of the flightclt kind. Thus you can never lie fure of a lading }>cace between two nations that have been at variance for any conliderable time j and, on the other hand, the defire of replacing their dead flaves by taking of priloners, or of appeafing the manes of the deceafed, the caprice of fomc individual, a dream, which every one interprets after his own fancy, with other realons or pretexts equally frivolous, occafion your frequently feeing a company fet out on an expedition to-day, who but ycflerday had no thought of hodilities. It is true, that thofe imallcr expeditions, which are ca-ried into execution without the advice of the council, have generally no great confequenees j and as they require not anv great preparations, they are not the objed of public concern. But, in general, ihc graver fcnators arc far from being diflatistied to lee the youth keep themlelves in V breath. 53 Ici facred and manifold ul'ca Rrafon' and intent of the practice. Ufe of th« cilkinu't in. trovluccd. U/iatit minj. tal of iiijUtiu \V.iyj ofnio- drritiiig the nulimry .ir- dour of their youth. m < y\ = \ who ib not I Iharpefl trya The oldel magiiuble t^ They throw reproaches, 1 extremities. vocition wit Jinallelt ligi being dccl.m prrtdifcd am mini rake c. it is lure to I they arc to 1 of the different Indian Nations inhabiting Canada. 55 prifoners, thcii n^xt licmand is to have fcalps, which is more eafily granted. \n loiim particular pl.iC' , .is .unong the Iroquois, as luun us any military expedition has been relolved, the w.ir kettle is let over the fire, and the allies are required to fend fumcwli.it to it, to tlicvv tlieir approbation ot the enterprife, and to fignify their rclblution t.) iK-jr a p.irt in it, All thoi^. who eiiiill themlclves give alfo to the chief, as a fymbol of their engage- ^^'»f fymbol ment, a Mt of wood with their mark upon it } and whoever after this Hiould draw back, would be in danj;cr of his life, or at leaft would certainly be difgraced for ever. The party or compny, once formed, the war-chiei prepares a new feaft, to which all the MlLij^e is invitrd, and where, Ixfore any thing is tafted, he, or an orator for him, ail I in his name pronounces thele wonis : " My brethren, 1 know that as yet I am al- '^f"'"''* "' together unworthy of the honour ot bemg elleemed a man ; but you yourlelvcs can bc.ir me witneiv, that I have however feen the face of an enemy. We have been llun, the bones of fuch and (uch perlons remain yet unburied, toey cry out againft us, an.t they mull have fatistadion. il'hey were men ; l>ow then were wc able lo luon to lori^it them, and to rem.iin fo long quiet on our matts ? In Ihort, the genius, who is w.itehful tor my glory, has inl'pired me with therefolution to avenge them. Vouth ! t.ike coiira;j;e, trim your locks, p.iint your vif.ige, fill your quivers, and c.iufc your li)- rclts to reiound witii your w.ir-lbngs ; let us relieve the departed, and ihew them that tiuir avengers are ready at hand." After this haranj^iic, and tlie applaulei with which it never fails to be attended, the diicf .uivanccs into the mid lie ot the alfeiuMv, with his battle-ax in his h.ind, and t.iore fin<;s his foii^, all his loldier> make rciponlcs finding, and iwear to lecuiui him ^^ t.i the utmod of their power, or to die i i the caufe. All this is accompanied with g.lV.ircs highly e.vprellive of their firm rcfolutioii never to give ground before an ciKin}'. I lit it is to he oblcrvcd, that not a word efcapcs from any foliiicr that difcovers the MiiMfynWi- leail dcp;.iivl.ince, I'lic wiiolo of tiitir engai'cment confills in promilinir to ailt ^^''th ^^'^' ^^j""""^* tiie moll pel led union. And, l>ciide>, ihij very cngat^emcnt re |Uires great returns on thi- pait of the chief. For example, whenever any jnji.fi, in tlie public dances, ihi- kiii ; with his battlc-ax upon a fiillar erected tor that purpole, recalls to the rcmcmbraiKC ot tiic au^iience his noblell teats of arms, the chief under whole conduct he has perlormed them is obliged to make him a prclent ; at leail this is the cullorn amongil: ioine nations. The fon ;s arc foUoweil by dances ; foinetimes they arc only a tierce fort of march, Miliary but alw.iy- in cadence ; and at other times very anim.itcd motions, ft urative of the o- danu .\ fcift piralions of a c.impait;n, and alway-. too in cadence : In tine, the tcid ends the cere- mony The war-chiet is no more than a Ipcvtator in it, with his pijK in his mouth j and It is even common enough tor him who give& the repail, and lioes the honour^ of it, not to touch any thing. The t'ollowing days, and till the march or dep.irturc of the warriors, arc Tpent in tranlidions no way intereiling, and not at all uniform or conllant. But 1 ought not to tbrget a culloin which is fingular enough, and with which the Iio^uois elpecially /„y„/, „„ ncvcrdiipenle. It appears to have been contrivevl to dilcover thole who are endowed with t"j" >t u '»J folid go«)d lenlc, and who are capable ot governing theml<;lves ; for thofc people whom J.gJ|^"^ '""■" we treat as barbari.ms, cannot conceive that a m.m can Ik animated with true courage, who is not m.4rtcr of his pallions, and who knows not how to bear every tiling, even the iharpeft tryal, that cm happen to him. The olileft warriors of the company deftincd for the campaign play all the tricks i- A/;.'»«^yof magiiublc to the youths, and elfjccially to fach as have never as yet fecii an enemy, ywtrt'xuth They throw hot embers on their heads, make them the moll cruel and provoking fwncKc mil reproaches, load them with all manner of injuries j and even pulh this farce to dreailful 'o"""''^•• extremities. The young volunteers are howevs-r obliged to bear all this pain iiid pro- vocation with the moll perfed indifference, and even inlenlibility -, f)r to dilcover the imallell ligii of impatience, would be futficient to expol'e them to the cenliire of lx;ing declared incapable of carrying arms for tiie future But. when this ceremonv is pr..dilcd amonglt perlons «)t the lame age, which very otlen happens, the aggrctVor niiiii rake caic t>do nothing that denotes the lealt tendency to m\ inlult, otherwile . it ii lure to b>: reven'^cd as foon as the game is ended. For .ill the time it continues, they are to bear every thing without tlie all murmur, though this pailaue o t n P 2 goei r I. r • A mu s« licrjfici:. ;* Of the Origin^ Language^ Religion^ Government^ &c. goes fuch lengths as throwing fire-brands at on* anothers heads, and giving one ano- ther great blows with cudgels, Ar.ific« of As the hope of being cured of their wounds contributes mucli to engage W;-i»quackj the bravcft ot thcfc youths to expolc thcmf'clves to the greatert dangers, after what has been related they fct about preparing the medicines with which their phyfi- cians or jongleurs are loaded. The whole canton being aflembled, one of thefc quacks declares that he is going to communicate to the roots and plants, of which he lias amafled a fufficicnt quantity, the virtue of healing all lorts of wounds, and even of reftoring the dead to life. That inftant he begins to fing, the other quacks of the order make refponfes, and it is believed that, during the concert, which is none of the moft melo- dious, but accompanied with many grimaces on the part of the aftors in the farce, the medicinal or healing quality is diffufed over thofe fimplcs. The principal jon- gleur, which is the name for thele quacks in my authors, then takes upon him to prove their efficacy; and begins by caufing his lips to bleed j on this he applies the remedy he has prepared for it ; immediately the blood, which this hedgc-daftor fucks with a- bundancc of art, ceafcs to flow, on which all the alTiftants cry out a miracle \ This done, he takes a dead animal, fets it bef(-re the afTembly, allowing them time fufficicnt to examine wlicthcr it is entirely luch as it appears. He then caufes it to move by means of a canulc, or pipe, which he had taken care to infcrt in its tail, blowing up, at the lame time, his dofc of the herbs, by virtue of which this miraculous refurredion is to be performed, on which the cries of wonder and aflonifliment are redoubled. 'I'o clofc all, the company of ionglcurs make the tour of the huts, Tinging as they march the prailes of the virtues of thofe wonderful remedies. Thcl'e artifices are however far from impofing upon the natural good fenfe of the Indians, they ftrve however to a- miifc the muUitudc, and every binly knows the force of cufk'm. The following Iblemnity, which is cxtradtcd from the memoirs of a French gentle- man, who was himfclf an eye witnefs to it, is praitifed amongll the Miamis, to whom it is prob.ihly common witii fome other y«i//rt« nations living in the neighbourhood of Lcuijiana. After a folcmn fcafl, the figure of pagods made of bear- (kins, and their heads painted green, are placed on a kind of altar before which all the Indians pals, making gcnutlexions , their jongleurs leading the band, and holding in their hands a bag, filled with all the utenfils commonly ufed in their invocations. He that makes the grcatcft contorfions tA boily, and every one in proportion as he diftinguilhcs himfclf in this cxercile, is applauded with prodigious acclamations. The firll homage thus render- ed to the idols, all the company dance in great confufion, to the found of a drum and a Chichicouc, during which, lome jongleurs Item as if employed about enchant- ing a number uf Indians, who appear to expire under their incantations, but arc af- terwari^ happily brought to life again by the applic.ition of a certain powder to the lips. After the farce has laftcd lome time, the prelident of the fcaft, attended by two men ,;nJ two women walking on each fide, pa(?cs through all the huts, and advertifes tlic Indians that the (acritices are ready to begin. If he meets any one in lis way, lit places both hands on his head, whilft tht other embraces his knees. The vidims ofFereil are always Jogs, and nothing is heard but the cries of thofe ani- mals which they are ftrangling, and the bowlings of the Indians, who feem to mock or make refponfes to them. Wh'^n the viands are ready, they arc firft offered to their pa^^odf, after which they are eaten, and the bones afterwards burnt. In the mean time the jonjkurs are bulled in railing the dead, and the whole is terminated by making prefents to thofe quacks of whatever they moft delire of all that the village or can- ton affords. I-rom the time of the refolution of making war to the departure of the warriors for the campaign, the nights are palled in finging, and the days in making the ncccflary pre- parations. Warriors and others arc deputed to fing the war-long amongft their neigh- bours and allies, whom they often take care to prepare before hand, by means of fe- crct negociations. If the expedition is to be undertaken by water, they build new, or repair the old canoes : It it be in the winter fealbn, they provide raquets or fnow- fliocs, and llcds. Tlie firft of thefc, which are abfolutely ncccflfary to walk upon the fnow, are a- bout three foot long, and fiftei i or fixtcen inches wide where broadeft j they are of an oval figure, excepting only that the hinder extremity always ends in a point. Small Aicks faftcncd acrols, about five or fix inches from either end, fervc to ftrengthen thcra Pitpirsiiorif sf wrar. dWwibed. 57 IXi. ripiior. of .1 l!fd. CiTdiion'oj prep utnty to the inaich of the different Indian Natiom inhabiting Canada. them, the forctnoft being like the ftring of an opening in tlic flwpe ot" a how, whicli nwivcs the foot, and is tied down with thongs. Tlic texture of the raquette or fnovv- ihoe, ton(iils of llrnps of leather about two lines in breadth, bordered with fonic light wood hardened in the fire. To walk well on thcfe fnow-lliocs you nuift turn your knees foniewhat wards, keeping your legs afunder at the fame time. It is dilllcidt enough t^ icarn the ufc of them, but afterwards you walk as eafiiy and with as little fatigue as if you had nothing on your feet. Ir is inipodlhlc to make ulc of theic with common rtioes, and you arc obliged to tai;c thole of the hhUan<, which arc a fort of fucks made of dritil hidch, folded over the extremity of the foo:, and tied with cords. The lltds which fervc for tr.uifporting the baggage, and in cafe of need the ilck and wounded, are two fmall and very thin boards, each about li\- inches broad, and from lix to ll'ven feet in length. The foreparts arc fomcwhat railed, and the fides bordercil with fmall tciitcr-hooks, to which are fixcil thongs tor tafleniiig down whatever is laid on the carriage. One LidiiUi wiil draw a lied, however loaded, with lal'e, bv me.:ns of a long leathern lliap, "'liich is falkncil to him, coming over his breall, and which they call a collar. The llcds are alf> ufed for carrying bur Itii'', and mothers make ule of them likewile for tranlporting their children with their crailks ; but in this laft cafe, they pals them over their foreheadb and not over their brcalls -.w, \\\ the former. livery thing Iving ready, and the day appointed for their departure come, they lake their farewell with many and ftrong maik-, of the mod unleigiied alfeiflion. Every one is willing to have loinething which has been ufed or worn by the warrior^, giving them at the lame time pledges o| their own fiieiidibip, .md alHuMncts of an eternal re- niembranee. As for the wan ioi i they go into no hut, where they are not obliged to leave their robe, which they aUvays exchange for a better, and never without one at leall as good. At lall they all meet at the ap..rtme"nt of the chief, whom they find armed as on the day when he lirft propofctl the expcvlition to them, ami as he appears in public from that day forwards. The warriors have their fiees painted, every one ac- cording to his fancy, and all of them generally lo as to ftrike terror. The chief, af- ter a liiort harangue, leaves his cabbin, linging the liing of dc.th a'; he goes ; all of tlicin follow him in file, or one by one, obferving a profnin 1 filence, and the func is done evci/ morning when they begin or continue their march. I [ere the women go before with the provifioiis, and when joined by the warriois, they deliver all the l'j;;i;.ige into their hand-, themlclves remaining almoll naketi, at leaA as iiuieh as the feafoii will permit. The weapons of the InJiam were formerly the bow and .irrow, and a kind of j.ive- lin, he.idetl or poi;itcd, as well as the arrow, with bone worked into vai inis ili..r.es, and the battle ix, or, as they call it, the bn.ik-head. This weapon was a I'inall club of a Vi-ry hard wood, which had a round he.ul and an edge on one lide. The grcateft part of them hail no defenlive arms, lave only that they ct)vered their bodies .ill over with fmall boards of a light fubftance. Some wore a fort of cuirafs made ot rulhes interwoven, or of fnull pli.dde roils very neatly workcvl. In antient times they were not without pieces fo: the arms and thighs made of the lame materials ; but as thi.i armour was lound not to be proof againll fire arms, they hive laid it ciitirclv alido, and have fince Iiibdituted nothing in its place. The Wcllern IiUi.vn, however, llill ule a lint of bucklers nude of hulls hiiles, which arc very ligliri avid, Uys my author, mulk t prv)i)f It is louitwIi.:t o.id that the other InJiiim never i,x.'th>aiglit themfelvcs ot this piece of arninur. What i- very fingular, wlien they make ufe of our l\vonl<, they handle them like a pike: Uut when tliey can procure mulkets, powiler, and ball, they lay alide their bows :.nd arrow:., and are excellent markfmcn. The i).v.'. ^ of AVv lork, when that colo- ny w.is in their pallcdion, arc fai.l to have been the (iril who fupplicd the /•.•,.';'(.v;i v.ith fire ariii>, and to have taught them the u!e of them. The Fracb lollowed their ixample, by ,ainin_; their I'lu'i.i/i allies after the I'.ur'^,[>t\vi manner. The f'lJhDn, have '''■"-if fi'dj;'!* .dloa kind ot enligns or colours to d.ilVmgiiilh their own people, and to help them to rally: Thcfe ate fmall pieces of bark, cut into a round form, which they fallen to tl-.c cud ci a pole, and on which is drawn the mark of their vill.ige or nation. If the I'.i ty be nuincrou*, cstry tiibe or family has its own eali^n with its didir- Q guithing f. r.llvc- .inii (iL'fcm'u-e. |i [i j 'i\ k. ^tvll ill ^&i|K^l: S8 Of the Origin^ Language, Religion^ Covcnincnty &:c. 11 guiftiing mark. Their arms arc alfo ornamented with (lifftrcnt figures and fome- timcs with the peculiar mark of the chief in the exi^licion. But there is (omewhat of which they arc (till ids '^'('rtlDl tiian even of their arms, <■'' ^'^j- and which they are infinitely more careful to pr-:' rvc, and that i', their manitous, '■ *'" * which arc fo many fymbols rcprefe'nting the tutcli :s~w\^, or familiar fpirit of each individual. Thefe they put altogether into u bag r,i„J.c of ruHies, and painted with different C(jlours ; and oftentimes, to do honour to tiic chief, th"s bag is placed on the prow of his galley, that is, his canoe. If there are too many manitoub to be contain- ed in one bag, they arc didributed into fevcral, which are comndtted to the care of the lieutenant, and a guard compolcd of the elders of cacli family. 'I'o thele are joined the prelents which have been given in order to receive priloners in exchange, and the tongues of all the animals killed in the campai^^n, which are to be offered up a<; a facriticc to the fpirits on their return. Mark cf dif. On a mareh by land, the chief carries his own bag, which he calls his matt ; but tineiioii he may lay his burden on whom lie thinks proper, and this is never fcrupled, being looked upon as a mark of diftin(Hi)n, and communicating, in (orac lort, a right of furvivorlhip to the fuprcmc command, diould the chief and Jiis lieutenant happen to fall before the campaign is ended. M.irchof:!ic Wiicu thiv arc to proceed by water, as (non as the warriors arc rmbarked, the ca- "nocs move gentlv onwards, keeping always in a line in dole ord^,- ; then the chief rifes up, and hi)Uiing in his h.ind Ins cliiehicoiie, he lings aloud the war-lims? peculiar to himielf, hi. foldiers anhvering with three IL's, for that is their manner of ihouting, fetched with .ill thiir might tiom the tvjtl.ini ol their brcal\s. The elders and chiefs of the council, who remain on the (iicre, next exhort the warriors to dileh.irgc their duty like m.n, and above all things to tike care of being furprized. This ot all in- junilions is wliat an I uin Ihi::''- moll in need of, and of wliich thefe pv-oplc are the lead mindful. Thi'- c\h station dots not however interrupt the chief, \vhi> llill con- tinues his long. Ladly, the warriors '"i 'heir p.\rt, conjure their relations and friends never to forget them ; then, aft-r fending forth in a body the mod horrible rtiouts, they fet out ;.t once, and with fomueh fpeed, that they dilappear in an inllant. The Hiircns and Irojun ule not the chichicoue, but give it to their prifuncrs, (o that this indrumcnt, which is a warlike fyndiol to the other InJi,i>i\ fcenK to be a mark of il.ivery with them. The warriors never make Ihort marches, elpecially when ill any confidcr.dde body. I'.vcry thing is an omen of good or bad f'uccels w.irr luirs I Ihr firiJ. Their pr cecili: i: with them ; and the jongleurs, wh( Ic Dtlice it is to explain thele omens, haflen or ret.ird the marches at their pleafure. Whdc they are not in a fufiKC;fevl country, they t.ikc no manner of precaution, and fonictimes they arc fo difi^crfed in hunt- ing, that you will (caree find two or three warriors together ; but however icattcrcd they may be on their march, they are always fure to re-allcmble punetually at the time i.nd place appointed for the rendezvous. Inrocation o( Thcy cncaiiip a confiderable while before fun -fet, and their way is commonly to •'"""""""'"leave a confiderable fpacc lx;fore the camp, which is fnrr.amded with a palifadc, or rather a f.rt of lattice work, on which they place their manitous turned towards the way their march or ruut lies. Thefe fymbols .are then invoked inuring the fpace ot an hour, and the fame \\t\ of devotion is performed every morning before they decamp. This done, they imagine they have nothing to tear, being perfu.idcd that the peini or fpirits take upon them the o.ticc of centinelj, and the whole armv repofcs m Iccurky under their fife-gu.ird. No experience is able to undcccivc'or deter them troni this idle and dangerous confidence, which takes it rife from a lazy and indolent (UlpoCition, which nothing can overcome. The warriors hoKl ;is enemies all they meet on their march. If they fliould hap- pen, however, to meet with allies, or with parties nearly of eipi.d force with them- lelves, and of nations with whom they have no particular quarrel, they make a coa- lition. It tliofc allies happen to have been making war on the fiinc n iti-.n, the chief of the ftronger body, or thit which has firft taken up arms, gives the other fome fcalpb, ot winch they never full to make provilion for thole occa/ions, with thefe words : " You are our airocLitcs in this caule ; you have fulfilled voiir engagements j •' your honour is fecured ; and ynies country, tlicy make a halt, in onicr to perform a ceremony which is fingular enough. In the evcnin;^ u great Kail is given, after which they go to flcep. When all of them arc aw.ikc(i, thofc who have had any dreams go from fire to fire, Tinging their death (onz, m which they take care to infcrt their drc.im after a dark and enigmatical manner. Lvcry one dcKS his utmoll to explain it ; and, if nobody fuccecds, the dreamer may return home if he plcafes. After this, new invocations are made to the genii, and they animate themlelvcs to attempt the mofl dangerous enterprizcs, Iwearing to each other mutual alliftance. At laft tncy begin their march again ; and, if they have brought their canoes thus fur, they now quit them, taking all the care imaginable to conceal flicm. Were all the iujundtionspiefcribed on theCc occafions obfcrved, it would fcarcc be poflibic to furpri/c a party of InJiam whilft in the enemies country. After this they muft make no more fires, and refrain from fliiiuting or hunting, and even from lpc;'king, except by figns. Thefe laws arc however very ill obfcrved, it being next to impoinblc for an Indian to bear the Icaft curb or reftraint. They negledt not, how- ever, fending out fcouts every night, who fpend two or three hours in travcrfuig the country. If nothing is dilcovcrcd, they flcep in the greatcll fccurity, leaving the guard of their camp to the manitous. Upon dil'covery of the enemy, they fend fomc to reconnoitre them, on whole re- part they hold a council of war. The attack is generally made at day-break, the e- ncmy being then fnppofed to be in the mod profound llccp ; and all the niL;lit they continue with their faces flat upon the ground without the leatl motion. They ap- proach the enemy in the fame pofturc, creeping upon their feet and hanils, till witinu urrow-lhot. Then ftarting up at once, the chief gives the fignal by a taint hcjlhnv (hout, to which the whole body anfwer by the moll hideous howlinj^'s, making, at the fame time, their firft dilchargc : Afterwards, without Ic.ing the enemies time to recover from their furprilV, they fall upon tlicm with their battle-axes. 'I'hcl'e ren- counters, lince they have cvchanged their wooden hatchets for thole of iron, have be- come much more bloody. The adion once over, they fcalp the dead and dying, and never think of taking any piilontrs till the enemy has given over making reliftancc. If they finii the enemy on his guard, or too (Irongly entrenched to be attacked with any probability of fuccefs, tlicy retire, if they can, without being dilcovercd. It uthcrwile they take a refolution to conquer or die, and in this cafe there is often much bUxxl fpilt on both fides. A camp that has been forced is the very iiTiage of fury 1 the lavage cruelty of the conquerors, and the wild delpair of the conquered, who know what they have to expctlt, (hould they fall alive into the hands of their enemies, caufct both parties to make incredible efforts. 1 he fij;ure of the combat- tants, bcfmcared over with black and red, augments the horror of the fray, which, lays my author, would l)e a very lively copy, from which one might form a pititurc of the horrible condition of the damned in hell. The victory being once lure, the vic« torious firft difpatch all thole that would, in their opinion, be cumbcrfome to tliem in their march, making flaves only of fuch as they imagine capable of undergoing fatigue. The Indiiins are naturally intrepid, and prcfervc, in fpite of their brutal ficrcenefs, a great deal of cool blood, even in the heat of the combat. They are never wiiiins^, on any account whatever, if they can avoid it, to engage on open plains, 'i iicir rcalon is, that they hold a vidtory purchafed with much blood of the conquerors unworthy of king called a vidtory, and that the glory of a chief conlilh principally in bringing Kick unhurt all who follow him to the campaigi\. It lia^ been faid, that when two cncmie?, who arc at the fame time acquaintances meet in the heat ot an adlion, they hold conferences with one another like the heroes in Homer i md that, on thcic occalions, they challenge or perhaps admoiiilli their ant.igonilK Their art of war conlilh almoft wholly in furprilcs, or (lr.itagcm, in whitii they are generally luccclsful enough } for if the InMons arc negligent in taking the nc- ccflary precautions aiv.inll a lurprilc, they are no lefs vigilant and dexterous at Uir- prizcs in ilicir turn. They have alio a wonderful faculty of knowiiu: whtthci an c- nrmy has palled any particular way, diltovering by the marks or printi of their foot fttps, and the manner of their dircdtion, whether on the giat , mould, or fand, and even upon rocks themfelvcs, which way the perlbns who h.ivc tr.ivcUed that way are gone , nay more they will tell you, from the lize and figure of the foot- Q i ll^p.s 59 Miliury cere inony and conduA. McihoJ el (igliliPHJ n<:f|Vf.iC« i.H;i: of (jm. bduiiu. ^^!ltlrv miMin. Ir.iitii art tf j:. gici: It 'f t v«v i n'i 60 Cruelty to prik>.it't>. Jif.iian iro pliics. Trf.iimcnt CJL'llVCS. r J:i gs of fo: ;. Of (he Origin, Lcjjguage, Ruigioa, Gcveni>r,c):t, &:c. ileps by their dillancc from each other, by their manner of treacling, whether th:v arc men or women, or of what nations they arc who have ktt thole traces. This is unanimoully allertcd by all who have lived amoni;!! the Induins, lo tliat tiierc fcems \ittlc reafon to doubt its being fad. If any of their [iiiloneis, by realon of their wounds, is not in a condition to be tranfported, tlie ; bum them upon the fpof ; and as this is ?fnerally done in the fiill tranfports ol tiieir fury, and whiKt they are under tiie neceimy of retiring with expedition, fuch prifoncrs meet with milder tor- tures, tlian tliofc who are relerved to be tormented at tiieir leii'ure. Amons^ll k)mc nations the cuflom is, for the ciiief of t!ic vidorious party to leave his h.iteiiet on the field of battle, on which he takes care to delineate the mark of tlie nation, that of his family, and his own portrait, that is, an oval, within which are drawn all the figures with whicli his Wkc is painted. Otiicrs again paint all thofc marks on the trunk of fomc tree, or on a pi.ve of bark, with charcoal pounded and s;round with other colours. To theie are added certain hieroglyphical charadtcrs, by 'means of which, palVengers may learn the fmallell circumftance, not only of the adi- on, but of every particular event ct the campaign. 'I he chief is dirtinguifhcd in this table bv tlie above-mentioned marks ; tlie number ot his exploits, by fo many matts; his fokiiers, by lb manv lines ; the prif)ncrs, by an equal number ot fmall. marmourets which bear a llaff, or chicliicouc ; of tb.e liead, by an equal quantity of human figures without lieads bcfides tliofe particularities wiiich dilHiiguilh men, women, and chil- dren. Tlielc infciiptions .;rc not, liouwer, always near tlie fpDt v.iiLie t:ie aelion has been ; tor when a party are r.fraid of being puriued, they place thele truphits out of their rout, on purpol'e to lead the purUiers out ot the right way. of The conquerors are very expeditious in their retreat out of the iiicmy's country; and, lef^ they ihould be retarded by the wounded, they eltlur c.irrv them bv turns on a fort of litter, or, if it is winter, they tranfport them on lleds. W'lien tiuy re-ini- bark on board their canoes, they caule their pril'oncrs to ling, antl tins is pradlifcd every time they happen to meet any of tiieir allies. Thi^ honour is pureliafed at the expenec of a fealt to be given by thole wiio receive it, and ot fonKtlinig worlc than the trouble of tinging to the unhappy captives. On thofe occ.ilion^ they invite their allv to carets them as they call it, tliat is, to do them all the mili!ii',t that comes into their head, or to beat tlicin after Inch a c-ucl rate, .is lomttimes to maim them for ever. Some cliiets are, iunvevcr, more humane to their priloners, not I'uffering them to be quite lo cruelly treated, but they arc at the lame time highly atten- tive to gu.ird them. In the day-time, they arc tied by the neck and arms to one of tlie benclics of tlic canoe, .ind, if tlie marcli is by land, there is always one to keep hohi of them. In the iM^lit they arc Ibttcheil along the ground quite naked, their ntck and arms tied down, by means of tenter hooks fixed in the cartli, lo that tlicy cannot move ; their hands and feet are moreover faftencii by means of long tords, in fuch manner as to prevent their making the tiiullelt movement, without awaking the Indians who lleep on tiiefe cords. When the warriours arrive within a certain didancc of the village from whence , they let (uit, they make a h.ilt, and the chief tends to give notKC of his approach. i\mongll lon^c nations the meningcr, as loon as he is come within crv, makes dittefci.: thouts, lo as to give fomc notion of the luccels and principal adventures of the cam- paign, lirlf, he lignifies the number cf their kilLd, by lf> many dcath-lhouts. l.'pon this, the ytuith approach him to g.dn more certain init^rmation, and IbmetiiiKS the whole viliagc pours out ; but only one perlijii accolb. tlie metier.ger, to Icani from hun the |>articu!ars he brings. At the tormtr relates each tingle adventure, the other turn hinilelf and repeats it ahuid to tlie company, who aniwer him by to many acclain.ition , or cries of lamentations, as the news he relates hap[)ens to be joyt'ui, or otherwilc. The cm I'At.on ' "t »-in >y is then comluded into a Jiut, where the cliers put the fiine queftioiis ''•ii'i as had been already ulked. Alter this a public crier invites the whole body of the youth to go llirth to meet the w.iriiuurs, and the women to carrv them refrclh- ment;. At lull they are entirely t.i.kju u[) with lamenting the tliii, liie envoy conti- nually repeating the death cry. N.i pcrlon^ is fullered to appr.jach him ; but when lie enter,-, the vdlage, he linds the people allembled, he relates to tiiem in iiriet", ;.!! that has h ippened, and then retires to his hutt, where they bring him lometliing tu eat, and l,n ,'ome time all are employed in bewailing tJie ilccvaled. The of the diffcrejit Indian Nations uihabitmg Canada. 6i The time allotted for wailing being expired, they make another cry to denote the vidtory. Then every boJy dries his tears and nothing is to be feen but univcrlal joy. Sanii-tiiing iiiie this is. pn-.difed at tiie return of the hunters : The women, as fo^)n as tiity have been advertilcd ot" their approach, go out to meet them ; ar.d, before they inform thcmfelvts of the fucccfsofthe hunting, fignify, by tlieir tears, what pcrfons have dit'd in the village fincc their departure. To return to the warriors, from the moment i!ic women have joined them, the punilhment and fuffcrings of the prilbners com- mence. When any of the captives are to be adopted, which, however, is not cuftjm- ary among all the Indian n.itions, thofc who are to become their parents go, after notice j'ivcn them, to a farther dillance to receive them, but t.ike care to conduct them to their c.ihbins) by funic r.unul-abiuit way. The captives are generally long ignorant ot their fu- ture fate, aiul kw elcape the firll tranfpoits of the fury of the women, to which all thofc crue'ty of who are doomed to liie are entirely given up. The courage with which tiiey receive ihcuomcntu tiiis llorm of barbarous rage and cruelty is quite allonilhing. Above all ihould j. '■"•" Fiio«r= ny one of thefe furies happen to have loll a fon, a hufband, or any other pcrfon who w.is ilear to her, were it eve'i thirty years ago, (he dilcharges her vengeance (in the full llic meets ; and it is quite incoucciv.d)le to what height Ihc will carry her ra;^e. No rcitard, cither to modelly or hununity, has the leaft rcftr.dnt on her, and, at every blow Ihe fetches, you would cert.;inly conclude the vidim muft fall dead at her fit't; and it is to t!ie lall ile^rce woniicrtul, with wh.\t ingenuity they prolong the moll ihocking torments. The whole night is pall in the camp of warriors in this manner. The nt\t d..y i^ appointed for the triumph of the conquerors ; the Ii'.quois and T'i^"'r'' "f Some iitlier I iJiiVi nations atieiit ;^ieat modelly, and ftiU greater diliiiterellednels on '"""''""° thole OLcliotis. '1 lu chiefs tiill make their entry ii-.to the village alone, without any other marks oi victory, oblerving a profound fdence, and retire to their cabbins, without fi.'nitying tl;.jt tliey have the Icall right or pretention to any of the prilbners. Amongll otlier i.ati.ip.s the cullom is entirely diriercnt ; the chief marches at the head of his corps, with the air and jxirt of a conqueror; next follows his lieutenant, preceded by a crier, whole olliee is to re^'.ew the death cries. The warriors follow two and two, the pril'oners in tlic middle crowned with (lowers, their hair and vifage pail. ted, holding a llalV in one hand, and a chichieoue in the other, their body al- inoll naked, their arii.s tied with a rope above the elbow, of which the warriors hold the ends ; fuiging inteiraiu'.y their death-loiig to the found of the chichieoue. This mulic has lonutliing monrntul and dililainful at the ftine time, tlie captives liiieovering notling th ,t has the leall air ot a prilcner, or ot a perfoii under alllidlion. Tlie tollowing i^. nearly t!ie purport ot their longs. " I who anj br.ive and undaun- t'onj; of tn ted, fear neitlier de.uh nor the cruelell torments. Let cowards who are lei's than "^'l'' u- in.n die, id tiieia ; the br.ive holvl lite in no lurt ot cftcem, in tompariftjn t>i ho- li )ur. May liiry aiut lielpair cho.ih my enemies ! Why cannot I dcvtur them, and ilii.itl" the lall diop ui their blood." ihe priloneib arc made to halt from time to time, when the InJiiitis cro'.id round liiem, daniiiig, and cauling the captives to dance wit!i them ; Tiiele leem to \\Ki it witli gre„t chearlulnei^, relating, at the l.mic time, tlieir moll remarkable exploits, and Briwrry low might prove mort.d, In t!iis courie, or maich, any one !ias a ri__'.ht to fvop the lulVerer, who is alio permitted to ,iet in his own ilelence, though generally to no piir[i.iie. On tiie arriv.d of the captives in the village, they are toiuUiLleil fiom eabiin to cbbiii, and every wl.eie ii:aJe t.i pay tor their reception in the f.ime R h'.imaue 3 ' ( ' 1 il't i It . Mi ' 1 - ' ' i .' ■( 1, f : h ':;X f ' W\i:f 1 ; ,' ■ ''1 1 :"'-^-'^' -:-gf U I T! ;i bill.. 5, Of the Origin, Lavgiiagc, Religion, Govcnuncnl, Sec. Jiumanc ma:incr. In one they pluck off a nail ; in a fcton.l they take olY a fiiig.r. tithcr with their teeth, or with a knife that releinbles a law, rather than an cJgc toul. An old man then tearb oft" their Helh till the vcrv bones are lecn ; a child pierces thx-tn with an awl where he can -, a woman I'njin-eJ them with the molt mlenliblc brutality, till her arms arc wearv with whippin-. iJut all this while there is no warrior, not even tiieir mailers, who lay.^ .1 haiui upon them. They are not, how- ever, permitted to maim them, without the permiiiion of thole whole property t!i:y are, 'which is rarely granted. Exceptin.:; this, they have a ri;,^ht to iiillicl what pujfuh- iiieiits and cruelties they think tit, and,^f they are led througii levcral villa-es, whe- ther of thui .illies, friends, or of their own nation, and at their delirc, their re. .ption is cverv where tiie fame. 'i'iiey next let about dividing the captives, whofc fate depends on the will .".nd pleallire of thole to whom they arc ditlrihuted. As lixin as the louncil, in whieh their fate is decided, breaks up, an herald, or crier, invites all the people to allcin- blc in the fqu.irc, wliere the dillrubutiim is always mavle without the leall clamour or dii'pute wli.ulocver. Thole women whj ii.ivc loll theii ehildren, or hulhands, in the uar are commonly the tiril provided. Afterwards they take care to liifchargc their promiles to thole wlio have given them collars ; if there .re not a futlicicnt number of captives for this purpol'e, tlie deficiency is made good by fcdps, whii.h arc worn for ornament on felUvals and ri.n of the life and death of thofe who have Ikcu condemned vir ablolvcd by the council. Their fine by Amongft fomc nations the warriors never part with the riglit of difpoling of tlitir df.itlKfn.-.vts pril"oner>, and thole in whofe favour the council h.is dillributtii them are ol>Iiged i() oradcrtion. j^.^^.^.^ (jicm back into their liands, if lo required. Hut thi. i. leldom done, and, when it happen?, the warriours arc obliged In give up the pledges oi thofe to whom the prifoners had been given. If a warri piece of policy ; for as tlicy have been in war, for tune immemciri.il, againll all the cireumMcent /v./.j'; nation-, they mull have been long linee reiiueed to nothnig, had they not taken care to n.iturali'/e a conliderable number of their priloi.ers of war. It lomctimes happens that indead of fcndwig the furplus of their p.iloners to their allie-, they bellow tiiem upon priv.ae pcrlijns who made iv) demands of that (ort, in which cafe, they are eitiier obliged to alk tiie opinion ot the chiefs of the couneil what the^ are to do with them, or otherwife they arc- under the neccllity of adopt- ing them. In the frll cafe, lie to whom a (lave lias been prelcnteil fend', fonv peifon of hi, (j\mi fimily to bring lniii home-, lie then ties him to the d'jor ot Ins cabbin; thib done, he alTembles tlie chiefs ot tlie council, informs them of his own intentions, and alks their opinion, wl.il h i- commonly agreeable to liis wiilits. hi tiic fecond circumftancc, the council, alter placing the prifoncr in the h.;nds of him Form of:!, for whoui they intend him, addiels him in the^ lullu'.vini: manner. " It is now a long time lince we Jiave been depiived ot hicii a une, your relation, or friend, who was the lupport of our village: " t)]-, " VVc regret the Ipirit of lucii an one wlmni yo-a have loll, and who, by his j-.rc.it wiidet;nies tiie lu;ui- 1 i. left lode, even when the execution is not in a cabbin, and he i.; .dfo aliowed t * Hand upon liis own defenee, which he does not fo uuicii from any iiojic o.- prof,.ecl ol L.ving his lile, as to avenge his death before hand, and to have the j^lory o,\ dying liivC a \\\.\\\ of cou- rage. There have been many inllanccs to prove vviiat a piodigiou^ d.gree ot llreiigth and forfitude fuch a reloUition is cap.dde ot infpiiinc, of which tlie following, attef- ted by perfons worthy of credit, wi;o wue eye wi-:-,,;res, is one very remarkable: An 7/cj.vc/'i capt.iin of the canton called O.'v.'viVi."/, chofe r..ther to cxpofe himftlf to the word that could happ.n, tlian to dilhonour himkl: b; ll.iii:, which he look- eii upon as llill the moie tn.v ortliy of a Juro from ti.e ill fx..mp!e he mull there- by give the vouth under his commaiul. lie foi.giit a K.n ; time like one refolvcd tidie with his arms in \\\> hands, but the Hhicm his ereitiA';, v.cre rtlol.xd on t_iing him, if poffible, alive, lie w.,s conducted together u.t 1 thole who were taken prlfoners, at the fame time, into a cai>ton where they were converted anvl bap- tized by fomc l-'roh-h miiVionarics, and all burnt a few li.ivs after, giving mark* o( an aftonidiing conlKmev. The Ircfucii commander btlievi.d he nii,; under his cal.innues, from the hopes ot a h.ipjw imin jrt.iliiy 1:1 he.i^tii, aiul ihcwcd vart latisfattii'ii to fee Inm die at lall not only li-xc a br.ivc in.ni bur a Llirnhan. Mis paiiencc. Thofe who bad thus put his c(Mnpanion to death fell ui) >n hi^.i v*'ith luch ras!o, alloniilunB • ,- i i ■ , ■ ■ - - vnMcity and ^5 d tlicy wiiulil tear bim to pieces hnd as if they would tear him to pieces. He app.arcii n.-t .t all moved at it, and roiibncc, nd they Were iiov^ a a lofs to firni .iny part ui his bo.iy th.it w.is lenfibic to p.iin, when uFciu ei . ^1^^. ^j- j,j^ executioners, after making dn incilion in the ikiu quite round the head, tore it ci'.tirely ot'f, by mere ti)rce and violence. Tiie pain m.idc him full into a Iwoon, when the tormentors, believing hiii) di:M\, left him. A moment after he recosercd from his fwoon, and feeing nothing near iiim, but tiie corps ui liii friend, he took up a tire-brand witli both hands, fcorched and ilcad as they werv, defying his executioners to come nigh him. This uncommon refolution llruck terror into them, tliey m.ule hideous ihout,-, r.Oi to arm , luiii:: livin'.; hold of bunw-ng coals, dini others feizing rcd-liot irons, and all at once poured upon him. He lil the brunt (,f flieir fury with the courage i.f deipair, and cveii made than retire. The fire that (ufiO(////^xd him ftrvcd him for an intrenehment, w hich he compie.ited with Jadders they had u/td ti afeend the leaUol.l, and thu'j fortilyiii/, himlcit, .nid nu- king u lort of citadel of ins funeral pile, whiih >vas now beeonu the theatre of his bravery, and armed witli the iiillruiiiei.' of Ids torture, he w.ib tor a confiderabic time the terror of a whole canton, and not one hul the heart to .ipproaeh him tho' nc was m"''^ thjn half-burnt to dcatli, aiui the blood Iriikled from all paiis of hii body. A lUji ot the foot in rtiunning a tirc-braiid darted at him, lielivcrcd him omc more inUf ifu luiids of his cneinies, who, as yoii may uilj iinauine, made hiiw pay extremely ituHt f ,t the fears he had oeiallonid lliini. At.t Wialyiiii! tlu-mbUet with totmuitin}.' him, ibcy threw hini into ||ie tidddle of a gieat toal-hn-, in lull confidence Out Jit would never rile hi/DI ll, I ut they Writ dti. iud i lor, when lunning towards l.(r/..n with ti.ar, ,..-,,,, . .,..-.- d \\w \n\\ cabhif.s a IIkk thrown at him, uil falling bitwe.n h, It , bnni'-lit liim to tl\>' they lead thouj^ht of jt, |j«y beheld Inm iii-.dll, ill Had yvlOl llie-br , flic vilLigc, as ll he wure a liiv^^ i, kt if on lilt, All iieai;, w. f fo-/..n w and no perfon dared to Ut Inm ; wliui, |Ull as lie had .liiiod reai bed groufid, and they l.dd hold of him Lef jr e h I ii!d Ui.i.A.1 himfclf II^Tv til it th'.V of the different Indian Nations inhabiting Canada. 65 thev cut off Ills hands anJ feet and rolled him upon burning embers, and then threw hiiii below the burning trunk of a tree, the whole village gathering round him to enjoy the f|ieCt„cic. I le loft fuch a quantity of blood as almoft to extinguilh the fire ; lo that they liad now no manner of apprehcnfion remaining of any future at- ttnijit. He made, liowevcr, another, which flruck terror into the moft undaunted. Jlc crept on his knees and elbows with fo much vi^^our, and with fuch a threatning countenance, as a(loni(hed, if not affrighted them. In this ftate, the milTionaries ap- pro., cliing bim, in order to dilpofe him to bethink himfelf of the ftate of his foul, at that drcadtiil moment which was at hand, he feemed to liften with attention, ii'id to have his thoughts occupied folely with fuch meditations, when one of his executioners, takins', his opportunity, ftruck off his head. If tlioie nations make war like barbarians, v/e muft, however, allow that in trea- T,,Ifntsof;i.f ties of peace, ami generally in all their negoci.if ons, they dilcover fuch a dexterity, /"■'"'^j fo-^ aLklrels, and elevation of foul, as might do honour to the beft policed nations. They "'So^-''^":- never til, Ilk of making conquefts, or of extending their power and dominion. Some of thoic nations know no manner of dominion or fovereignty ; and thole who have never left their n.itive country, and who look upon themielvcs as the lords and fovereigns of the f lil, ate not lo jealous of their property as to hinder new comers from fettling on it, provided tlu v attempt not to moleft them. Tlie points which are the only fubjcdfs of their treaties, are, to make alliances againft powerful enemies ; to put an end to .1 w.ir which may have become burthenfome to both parties- ; or, rather, to treat of a fufp. nfion of lioftilities, for every war or diffention is cverlafting atnongft the In- ,.'.'-■ is, V hen they fall out between liiffcrcnt nations. Thub ti-.cre is little ftrefs laid 1 :; : treatv of pc:HC, wh'.lll any of the parties arc capable of moltftnig or giving unea- i','.; . I.) tl.r other. I'^i.rii '^^ the whole time of the ncgociation, and even before it commences, their ,\f.,^i „,.. chitt c.irc i;, th.t they may not fcem to make the liift ailvanccs, or, if they do, tagimciuanj thev L.c all thci'- adiircli. to make their enemy believe that the overtures proceed not'''" '''7''^ '■°' fxni feir or neeefiity ; and this lall; is managed very artfully, A plenipotentiary keeps up an air m li..ughtliiefs, even when the atTairs of hi-) nation arc in the \\orft fitu.iti^<:i; and be !■. generally fortunate enough to pcrluade thole with whom he is tre.itir;^, th.it it 1. their int.rcft to put an end to hollilitics, however fuccel';,ful they niav liavc been. On this account, he avails himfelf of every thing that may contri- I'ute to bis fucccls, employing all the elfxpience and addrels iinaginablc. For Ihould his profiolals happen not to be relifhcd, be is obliged to keep well on his guard, a blow (I the hatchet licing often the f >lc reply made on fuch occalions; and it is not even enough to iiave etcaped the firll furprife, he has alfo grounds to fear being purfued, anil burnt i»" taken, it any pretext can be found, .is, for inftance, that of reprifal«, f r fuch proceeding. Thus it happened to Ibme French amongft the I> fuon, to v.iuiiii they lud been lent on the part of the governor general ; and the Jefuits who rclidfd amongft thole InJiiins, and were a fort of agents for the colony, were always e\[)<: ling to be f.icrificed to fome ancient grudge, or nulunderftanding, or to the rc- iiumllranccs of the governor of Ni:w 7'crk. It is furprifrng, in ftiort, that nations who never make war from motives cf intc- ' (1, ..nd who even carry their dilintcreftcdncls to fuch a height, that their warriors ne- M-r load thcmfclvcs with the plunder and fpnil of the coniliieitd, ami, if they bring RtfiJrrti home any booty, abandon it to the tirtl that blcafis to take it, and, lalUy, who t.ikc J[|^',"'^',||'f, J, up arms for 'Joty, or to revenge thcmlelvcs on |lu'iv enemies ; it is, I fay, quite allu- nilhing f fee them )o well vcrfcti and pi^tiUftil in the greatcft reflnements and in- tricacies of ftate j»i>li(\, i>l\d tviii fo as to keep minifters, reliding ainongll their ene- "Ues, at th>- (uibUc cxpence. They have one cuftom with refped to tliefe a-OiMcuflom gents which appears futliiiently extravagant, though it may be reckoned p' »''li""t Ju",'i',el^* enough, at the liimc time, which is, that ihcy never lay any tlrels on any in- ttUigcnec they rceeive from thole peidioncrs, it the advice lie not aimmpanied With tome prcfcnt. Their policy here arites, no doiibl, from this eonlidciation, that, in order to give an entire credit to any piece of intelligence, it is not only ne- celVary that he who coinmunicates it have nothing to hope from it, but even that it ftiould be attended with lotne cxpence to him, both bccaule the public, and not any private iiUereft, ought to be l\U only motive for fending it, and alio that he may S not m i:; li 'y 1 m I' im 'IV m II :.. M ill H i 66 Govertimtnt of tlie Iti.hans oi Canada. Clans, titles and il'llin- giiil'h:rg marks. N.'.t'or.'. r.r.J tribcitikc ti; names ot I,\i rf Tiirh c,t h- h'.\\t\ and v.iljgcs. 0/ the Orlghy Language, Religion, Government, 6cc. not raflily, or before he has well weighed the importance, trouble them with trif- ling and fuperficial matters. , , ^ • i r .i a ► i • . The nations on the continent of North Amcnca have, for tlie molt part, a kind of ariftocratical form of government, tlie mo.ies of which arc aimolt infinite. For tho' each cinton has its own chief, independant of all the other cantons ot the nation, on whom the fubiefts have full as little dcpendance, there is, however, no matter of importance tranfaded without the advice of their elders. Amoiv^ll thole nations that live towards Aaidia, or Nova Scotia, their fagamos were more i.Molutc, and it does not appear that they were obliged to make largelles to their people as the chicls are accuftomed to do almoit every where elie, On the contrary, tlity levied a kind of tribute on their fubjedts, and their grandeur did by no means conlilt in their dilinte- reftednds, and in keeping nothing for themfelves ; but it is probable that the difpcr- (ion of the Acadian Indians, and it may be their commerce with the I-rencb, may liave contributed much to the change of their ancient form of government in this particular, the detail of which may" be found in Chawplain and Lf/car/jot. Amongft Icveral nations there are three tribes, or clans, which are reckoned chief or fuperior t^o the rclf, and which are probably as old as the nation itk-lf. They have, however, one common rtock ; but there is one of thele three branches which is held the firft in rank, and has a pre-eminence over the other two, and thole ot this tribe, cr lamilv, have the qiiiliry or honorary title of brethren given them, wlicreas they give others 'only that of coulins. Thele tribes are mi.vcd without however being ccntbundcd, eacii having its p.irticular chief in the village, and, in affairs which concern the whole nation, thcfe cliiefs alTcmble, and are the council which deliberates upon them. Kach tiibe bears the name of Tome animal, and the nation in general has one of •'its own whii-h diftingiiilhes it fiom others 'he figure of which is its mark, or, what is the fame thing, its enligns armorial. When they (ign any treaty, the figure of this animd is always Jrawn on ir, ex'cept, in Ibme particular cafes, when they make ufe of dirtlriiit fignature":. Thus the Hunri nation is the nation ol the I'orciipine : Itb firft tribe bears the n.une of the Ik-ar, or the Roebuck, for authoi.> an; not aj^ced on this point ; the two next in r..iik have taken for their animals, the Wolf ;ind the Tortoile ; in Ihort, every canton has its peculiar animal, and it is this variety which has probably milled the writers of leveral erroneous relations. It is alio proper to take notice that, befides thele dilliiiiti -ns of nations, tribes, and cantons, by liilf'erent animals, there arc alio other differences which arife from certain events, or from lomc particu- lar cuftonis. The Ifurcvs c :l!ed Ti'n':oitalr:~, Ur inftancc, who arc of the firlJ tribe, are commonly diftinguiihed I'V the title of the nation of I'etun ; and there is yet in l^ing a treatv of tiiol'c I'ldidus witli the French, to which tliey have affixed .is their mark the figure ot a Be.ivtr. The J'cqucis, or Five Nations, have the fame animals with the Hiirr:n Indian;, a colony of whom they have been rcckoncii by fome Fr<-nih wri- ters, with this difference, however, that .miongft the tormer the family of the Tor- toile is divided into the (ireat and the Little Tortoile. The chief of e.ich family or clan bea-s its name, and is known by no other title in all public tranlai.'bon'- ; the cafe is prccifely the fame with the chief; of villagCv But bclide> this title, which is only, as we may lay, a Inrt of reprcfentativc one, thev h.ive iinnthcr which diilinguiOics them more particularly, and is in the nature of a .•.,,..U ,,♦' 1,, ,.,„..- T*!,.., ,^.,.. :, ,,11^.1 ^^,|J \:l.i. .i m.ii i.. .: ... _ i /■. ^.-.i_ icy a Amongft ! 'i ■'it of the different Indian Nations inhabiting Canada. 67 Amongft the Huroiis, where this dignity is hereditary, the fucceiTion is thro' the Di^ni.y he fcnuiles i hence, on the death of a chief, it is not his own fon, but the fon of Iiis fiftcr "cndTby'''fe- who Ilicceeiis to the cliiuf-fhip ; or, in default of fuch iflue, tlic neareft of the female n"!". line, if the wiiolc branch, or line, (hould happen to be extin(5t, the nobleft matron of tiie tribe or nation makes choice of the fubjcft who is moft to her liking, and declares him chief. In cafe of a minority, the hereditary chief has a regent appointed for him, who s;ate of a re- excrciles all his -authority, but always in the name of the minor. Thcfc chiefs are gti't »> a mi- dilliiiguilhed by very little external marks of rcfped, and if they are generally obeyed, "°"'^' it is becaufe tiicy know how to confine their commands within the limits of their power. Tims they rather fignify their defire, or fimply propofc what they would have done, and as their authority is very limited, and their power is but of fmall influence, they are very careful not to ftrctch them beyond the hounds of modera- tion. Thus the reafonablenefs of the fervice, and not the will or influence of the chief c.iforccs obedience ; and this is always more chearfully performed by the fub- jeels, as their adllons are free and properly fpeaking their own, and as they can have no apprehcnfions of the degeneracy of their conftltution into tyranny and arbitrary government. Each family, tribe, or clan, (which are names for the fame thing) has moreover a Couicciiots right to choole a counccllor, and an afliftant to the chief, who is to watch over their aiiiHant to particular intcrcf^s, and without whofe advice the chief can undertake or execute no- thing. Thefe counccllor^ are cfpecially to have an eye over the public trcalury, and it is theirs particularly to artign the ufes to which it is to be applied. Tiic f irmali- ty of their reception is prclcrib^d in the general council, but the InJiaris never ac- quaint their allies with tlieir adn'.illions, as it is L'fual with them in notifying the elec- tion and inftallmcnt of tlieir chiefs. Amongll the Ilurons the women name thofe connccllors, and they often choofc pcifons of their own (ex for thefe employments. This bodv, or college of chiel'-- is the flrll in power above all the others : The r- ., „ < ftcond is of the ciders or fen-ilors, C( nfirting of fuch as have attained the age of manhood, c!.:tt , cMcn, the prccife year of w!i;ch is uiuc rtain : The third and lal\ is that oi the warriors, "'" "■"""'•• which comprehends all capable ef bearing arms. This body have often the chief of the nation, or canton fir their head ; but before he is capable of enjoying this honour, he mufl have dirtiiiguillied himfcif by fome remark.ible Icat of arms ; othcr- uife he is obliged to fervc iii quality of a iubaltern, that is, as a limple centinel ; for there is no diftincUon of rank or quali'y in the luJijn militia. In cffciX a large body may have fevcral chiefs, this title being cominon to all who hive once connnanded , but thde chiefs arc entirely fubied to the orders of the com- mander in chief of the partv, vho is a fort of general without rank, or .uithority, hcing neither capable of rc<. ding or punilliing, for even his foKiicrs may quit the "i-ft r-u-rciif lervice at their pleafurc with impunity ; and yet this iliadow of a general is almoft l^''^^^.'/'^' "* never dil'obeytd : So true 1; is, tha; amongft men who are governed by reafon, and conducted by a piinciplc of honour, and the love of their country, independency and (ubordination arc pcrtedly confiilcnt, and that a Jree and voluntary obedie ^t- is the bell: fupport and fccurity t<> a general. The other qualities requilitc to accompliih a \.ar-chief, arc, thai he Ik brive, dillntcrcftcd, and fortunate ; and it is no wonder that a general endowed with all thele qualities ihould be well obeyed. Aniongd all the nations of the Huron tongue, if you except the Ir',qucis canton of (^(,ief -' thn Onn,-\Vif'.\ amongrt whom the rower rclldes alternately in either ft>, the women nrv re. dr> m hav^ the chief authority. But tho' this may potlibly be their original conllitution, ""meM. it ii found, however, to be very feldom true in praillice : I'or the males, contrary to the original contra ! * . ) li;^ureJ the face of go- vernment, and public bulinel's amongft thole wlio call tlK'nilllvis polite nations, have not, as y^t, prevailed, amongll thole wliom we very unjuftly call rava,w become to the lad degree turbnknt and mtnguing. liut nothmg ha, more con:ributed to render them formidable th.ui their advantageous fltuation, of which they were not long infcniibic, and which they have urned to their beft .dvant.ige. As they are fltuated uithin the colonies of (><■// Bn- /^/«. neartfiofcofTT,,,,,^, t,,,y „,,,^. ,0,,,, conlcious ./ their beu.g neeeliary to both nations, and both, in elfed. have ule.l their utmofl efforts to engine thun either to come over to their own lide, or at le.lf to remain neuter. Perlu.;ded as they were. become .le Haves of the conquerors, tl.ey turned ail tlie-i: tho.r^.Vs to prefcrve the balance between both, in which we mult confcl^^ they have fuceeeded to a miracle, if wc ej the different Indian Nations inhabiting Canada, 69 we confider that all tiicir forces conjoined have never exceeded five or fix thoufand combattants, and that they have long fince beon diminiflied above one half. As tu what concerns private perfons and the inferior government of villages, their af- Governmcm fiirs are reduced to very few, and tliofe tranfaded in very little time. The authority of"' ^'""B"- the chiefs leldom or never intermeddles with them, fo that, generally fpeaking, perfons,who have any degree of credit, are entirely taken up with the management of public affairs. One finglc point, tho' of fmall importance, is long under deliberation : All is conclu- ded with wonderful coolnefs, and nothing is decided till it is fully underAood by all who arc pleafed to affift in it. On making an elder a private gratification, you are al- ways fure of his vote, if he accepts the prefent, tho' they arc not cafily brought to receive fuch favours, and there is fcarce any inftance of an Indian who has failed to perforin his obligations in this rcfpcdt j nor are they ever known to receive with both hands. The youth become early acquainted with public affairs, whence they become grave y„„,i, „,, and ripe, at an age in which European nations are (till children, as having feldom polmcuns. an opportunity of being fo much as fpedtators of any thing that relates to public bu- fincl . This admiffion gives them a ftrong love for the public good, even from their carliefl: youth, and infpircs an emulation which they are very careful to fo- ment, and from which every thing may be hoped. The grealcft defedl of this government is un almoft total want of criminal juHicc wart of c. - in this country ; this dtfed, however, is far from being attended with the fame con- miiul jnilice. fequenccs it nuift certainly bo amongft Europeans, as private intereft, the great fpring of our pafli(M>s, and tlie chief fourcc of ail thofe difordcrs which are fo pernicious to focicty, has no power over men who never think of growing rich, nor take any care for to morrow. We might alfo find f.iult with their manner of educating their children, for their i.uiuigfnt e extreme indulgence will not fuflcr them to be challiled on any account. Whilll Jucatjon they are children, their excuCe is, that they have not the ufe of reafon, and the //;- dtam are of ojiinion th.it the underltanding is never improved by punilhment. When they arc grown up, tlicir anfwcr is, that they arc maftcrs of their own a('.tions, and therefore rcfponfibie to none. They even carry thefc two maxims to fuch an ex- travagant length, as to TutVer thcmfclvcs to be abufed by perfons who arc intoxicated with liquor, and without io much as defending themfelves for fear of hurting them. " For why, fay they, iliould one hurt perfons who know not what they do." In fliort, thofe Americim arc j>crfecliy of opinion, that man is born free, that Liix-'tv of.f. no power on earth has any right to infringe his liberty, and that nothing is capable J^'J,cc o'l Jif, of compcnfating the lofs of it. Their defires are more bounded than ours, becaufe otdcn. their fprings arc fo too, and as they covet only the ncceflaries of life, with which nature has abundantly provided them, they fcarce fo much as think of its fupcrflui- tics. This toleration and impunity is, however, the occafion of great diforders, and is itfelf no fmall one. They have almofl no fubordination in public, ftill Icfs in private life, every one living as he lilts, father, mother, and children, cohabiting like (o many jierlbns who had come together by accident, and as if they were link' d by no ties of nature, the children ordering the affairs of the family, without fo much ns con- futing their parents any more than if they were utter Aran[;ers, brought up in a total indepcndance from their infancy, and unaccultomed both to the voice of nature, and to the jft indifpenfahic obligation of human life, and of civil focicty. The moft horrid crimes, even parricide itfelf, are fuffcred to go unpunilhed, fo that HotrlJctimci when they happen, they are lefs, in fome mcafurc, to be afcribcd to the perfon who j*"'i^^, |'^^,, commits them, than to the public which fuffers them. There arc, however, fome ex- ceptions from this cuftom, which is perhaps the grcatcft piece of barbarity that can be objected to the natives of this part of America. I am myfcif inclined to think that crimes perpetrated by perfons intoxicated only meet with this indulgence, and the reafon they give for it, is, that fuch perfons know not what they do, and there- fore are to be treated as lunaticks. They feem to rank women and children in the fame clafs with perfons in liquor, j^j"*!"""! as they hold it unworthy of men to defend themfelves againlt them, provided al- naa'ied. ways, that no attempt be made againll their lives, or that there be no danger of be- ing maimed, in which cafe they endeavour if poffible to avoid the danger by flight. But fliould an Indian kill any perfon belonging to the fame cabin, if he be found T to I l.i m fill ! 1 0. lAi • \\ i .. 1 *\ ^ 70 Of the Origh:, Language, Rl! ion, Government, &c. have been in liquor, which the criminals ...ftea Uign, when thiy meditate an rflifTi- nation, they content ilicmfc.'vcs with lanKi.tin;,' tlic IJtc ot the ilctundt as an iin- happy accident -, tbr as t.> tlie p I'.in wlio cominittL X rlir irundcr, lie knjw not, fay they, what' he did. In call- it ilunn , happen that tlic iii,iriicrcr w.rc Ion I Si» have do.ic it in > jld blood, they make no JKlitatioii to c.\tcnua:c or rather d. ;cnd the crime, by layin.:, he mull certainly have go )d ; ounds for '"'> di)ing. If it ''c proved that ■>laiiu a.,.iUill tlic .ifeJ, the ju.i'. iimcnt of the Punidimcrt kft to rcl.i- (ion*. tlie aigrcilcr had no eaiile ul com] murd'er i,-- kit 'ntireiy to thole ot Iiis own cabin, wlio iiavc p.iver to j.uige hiin to deal;), which indeed feKi)ni happen;-, witiiout any form of julLcc, whence this pu- nilhment 'is more the air of private revcn^, ;, than oi the execution of public jnlUce. ,J fonietinies the chief is gl,id cf :i! v t'ppoitunity to uet rid ol a frouhle- fome fuhject. In .'hort, ciimes are puniil cd 1,. lueh a way, as ntitiier to fatisfy com- mon ind natural )u(lice, nor to cllabli(h the public peace and l^eurity. Til- n\ardcr of a perlon who ha' . numcruus kinmvd, tommitttd by one who has liie fame connctllinns i-; alway> ,.tten 'c i with unhappy confet|ucnct^, and ii foinetlmes capable of railing a comnulVion m tiie whole cant ju, o. even in the en- tire nation. For this reafon, the council of feniors is very att.ntive, on fuch occali- 011.-, to accomniod.ite matterj hctinie-, and the pub! c (generally m.ikeG the prclent,'-', and perlbrm every o'her neetilary tormaI:t. tow.nds the oftlnded f.nuly. TIic imme- di.ite punilliment oi tlie otlender would be fuliicient to appe ilc the wii.>Ic (lorm, and the relations of t!ie deccaie.l liiVe a r;\;!it to iiillu'i wh.it puniihinent they think pro- per, provided they pet him into tb.ir power. But his iavu tabin tliink it a dili;race t.i t'.icmfelves to futVer him to be puni'.hed, and the vl ^^c or canton frequently rc- fulc to cvnpcl them to •. e him u^> to jnllice. The Irr-ns arc faicl i y fome iniirion .lies, who had lon^; refidcd in their country, to puiiilh murder in the tollowii-.^:; ma"ncr : They flretch the dead body upon polos in the tipper part of I'lme c.Iim, and ( blij!;c the .ilialiin to remain under it for fe- veral d.ivs together, and to receive not onlv on himfclf, but alio on what is allowed him lor hi-- fulknance, all that r. lis froin tne putrid larcafs ; unlcf* he can prevail with the relations of the deun^t, by means of a eert.nn gr.iti!;c.itio;i, to have his food prelerved hum the putrefAlion. U'jt Fail' r Ihubi-uf, from whom this ac- count is evtrade 1, does not lay wiuther this pun. ., iicnt was in conle>]ucnce of the lentencc ol the laws, a'lvl an exertion of the public iullice of the n'.'.io.i, or inriiOlcd by way of reprifal only by the relations of tl)e d.u.!, in the cale of the murderer's fui!i,.g ml) their hands. \i^ this as it will, the moft common method of indemnifying the relations of the ll..:n, amongll thoie I'iJ:.rr, is to replace him by a pril'.)iier of war. In this cafe the captive is generally adopted into the pi ic:.- of the party that has been killed, whetJ lu' enters into the full ei.;oynjent of .:li bis advantages, fo t'.iat both the dead and t!)e c}Uarrel are foon f ,rgotten. There are, however, ecrtain odious trimc.i wliith arc punilbed with immediate iMealt amon.:d Ionic nations ; lueh as for inllance, wi/zards or magicians, ior ill oliiee-s which they are fuppofed to exereife towards certain perfons by means i)t certain arts. Wlioever is fufpeded of witchcr.ift or magic, can never be laJc any where, they even comp.l tl'.em to under_'o a kind of rack or torture to m..ke thcin diret)\er their aecompliees, after which the criminal is condemned fo the fame fort of de,ith as the prilojiers ot war, but the c.tifent of his family mult HrlV be had, wijich u only ior form fake, or in compliance witli ancient cullom, for they dare bv no Ilk ms run tlie riik of a refufal, Tho!e wh deatli. I Mci i!: Llnr.'i^ "l.t. fhmned before tliev irc b Thole who dillionour nr.dertro the fame call obnoxious arc commonly burnt. their families, that is, who are gniltv of theft, are alfo to le punilhment; and it is eommonly the family who executes the kntence, and rights tliemfelves in that manner. A:nf);r.^a the llun,!i^, who were formerly much addicted to thieving, and who perfor- n.e.i It with a dexterity and addrefs whieii would have done honour to our moll ac- compli. bed pic ;-pocktts it was lawful on difcovering the thief, not only to take luck wh.t he had robbe.i, but alfo to cirrv oil' all the good.s and chatties of his c.ii.in, and to llrip his wife, childien, and himlclf ftark naked, -make the icull rclillaiice. i, without their daring to In 9f the different Indian Natiom inhabiting Canada. 1^ nmonuft them fouiul many fuotlkps of tit;.; ''"„'",'' '" ■i h crinus were pun llitil. 1 hclt, in par- „,^|. ,.„„,. M. l\,iin on the liuiiom- of a f.itnily, ami , , tijc bloo.l of tijc ()':Kn,!cr. ()i,c ot tliofc In other cafes, in order to fl)un all difputcs on fuch occafions, they agreed on cer- tain nwxims, from which they never departed. For example, every thing loft, if ^•■'* "•; '"'''■ but an inftant hcforc, htcaine the property of tlu finder, if the lofer had not already ■""' reclaimed it. But the leaft Iraiid on the part of the former, was fuflicient t) found a claim of reAitution, which occafioned fometinu's vehement and mod vexatious contellations. I muft not omit one particular, with refpcft tc the crime of murder. It has been '»''"»•' how related above, that, in order to prevent the fat.d etK«!ls of fuch crime?, the public fj"',',"^'^^.^, took upon itftlf the charge of makin;.^ the ficcellary fubmillions, and piyin^ the prc- fents tor the lliyer. But what is furprifing'enoui;!;!! to us, this very circumllancc is more erticacious to prevent murder, and all itsiata' conleijuences, in this country, »li.in the fcvcrcft laws, and the moll cxctnplary punilhments. For as thoi'c forts ot fatisfidions, or compenfations, arc extrt-mcly chargeable to thofc JnJiii/n, wliofe extreme haiightincfs furpaflcs all im.lginatidn, the criminal is more atVedcd by thi^ burden, and by the ftain to which he fub'ieds the public, then he could pi;ll,My be on his own account; and their zeal for the honour of their country, lays a greater rcOraint upon them thm death, - cruclljft torments. This impunity, hovvev r, (■ be but of a later orI;',inal amonsft thrr ,<-■, fincc the firft mitnonaries w! anticnt fevcrify, and of the rii; ticular, has alway been deem any one had a ri^lit to walli milfionaric!'. Father Brr/'iuf, pcutivio^ one day, a young Uiiron who was dilpateh- in!' a vonn;', woman, ran towards him to preMutan aition whieh appe.ired !o .it;o- ''•"" '']'' ■ il ■ I I » II • »• . ,• I 1 • I 1. CI • l^^ hitcr for tiiiu', idkuig him what coulil prov iKe nim t > In liorrul a vu;kr.ce. " Slic is my d.^;,. fiftcr, laid the other, and a tliief, and I am luiw going to expiate the in'iury \.\oiv: mc and all our family, by the de.ith of the wreuii wl.o is the oecafion of it." 'I lie /f.//rf»/, at leaft amongft (Lv r.d of tlu- yif^onii^i n..tic-ns, allow of a plura- rality of wives, and the I'cncral cnftom is to inarrv all the lifters to'^cther, from a ''■"'■'"*' "' ■ • 1 • n II' 1*1 /III- *^ *'"' " "^ pcrlualion tiat lifters are more likely to agree togetlier, than mere ftrangcrs. In tins i.uib.iuJ.. tale, all the wives arc of equal rai.k, and on the i.uv,c fcujting -, 1 it among the true jIIi^c' >S//r tlicy arc ot two ditllrent ranks, the fecund being mere llavts to the others. l,i fume nations the f.iftiion is to h.ive a wife in every qu..rter wher-j they commonly rcfort in the hunting feifon; and, iIiIn cullom, we .ire told, has been lately ii-.trcKluced amongft the Ilurcm, who, in former times, were known to have been contented with one wife. Hut there is a much greater dilonler ftill which prevails in the I'o^ucis canton of TfonnoutboUiVi, who allow of a plurality <.A ' ullunds. Both Uurons and h'^uois arc, however, remarkably lerupulous us to the degrees of ,\^„„ ,» kaidrcil or affinitv in their marriages. They tolerate not the remotell degree of con- «iai inoin fuiguinity lictwccn the parties, in whitii Kiptdt adoption h.is the lame lorcc as atli- j"^"^!"*^ " nity. The hufl\ind, however, ii, cafe of the death of his wife, is obligeil to marry her fiftcr ; and the wife is obliged »o oblervc the lair.e rule with relpcCt to her huf- )^,pr"",""V b-uid's bnuhtr, in cafe of his dcceafc without ilTue by her, and provided ihe is ftill ulii'^aw:! capable of having children. The rcafons they alleil^;e arc precilely the f.ime with thofc of the Lfvitical \iW in Deut. xxv. 5. ^'uln'tii/iit fi/nrri J/tiOi J'uo. The hulbaiid who refufcs to comply with this law t>f marrying the lifter, or near relation of his dc- ccafcd wife, fubjtCt.s himfelf to all the outrages of the party rejecled, and he is obliged to endure all without murmuring. When, throng!) any defieiency of relations, the widow is permitted to marry out of her hulband's fuuily, they arc obliged to make her prefcnts, as a public acknowlaf^incnt and teftimony of her prudent deportment ; and this is what ihc may lawfully claim, provided :iie has behaved herfelt difcreetly and virtuoully all the time of her married ftatc. Amongft all thcfe lutions, and pa ticularly amongft the /Jlgonki'ns, arc certain fami- M,rrr.i.rr>ii lies of eminent rank and quality, whieh arc not at liberty t> intermarry with any others. '" ii>>i"'. The ftatc of marriage is generally held lacrcd and inviolable in this country, and con- ■^'■^,|^j"j|^. cnbinagc, or marriages contr.n.'led for a certain Ijucc of time only, arc commonly held g icetui as tranlgrcftions againft good order and found policy. A luilband who ft^nulJ aban- don his wife muft expcd many ill oftitcs from her relations ; and a wife who ihouUi abf .. hcrfcli from her hulband, muft be content to endure much more of the fame (ort of treatment. T .: Amongft ■ : \ m 't'\v ^ ■' . 1 ■ P* 1- i 1 t ''1 K t I i ' hi ,*. .^. ♦^. ^•v, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) <.^.*^!^ 1.0 I.I Ui 1^ 12.5 u HI ^ 1^ 12.0 2.2 U4 1.25 II u li^ ' -^ 6" - ► h ^ ^V'' and who d^ould ufe his wife ill on that account would incur eternal infamy. The parents fettle all marriages between themfelvet, the parties never appearing in them, but abandoning themfelves blindly »o the will of thofe on whom they depend. Nothing' is, however, concluded without their confent, though this be a mere piece of formality. The firft advances arc made by the matrons ; but it is never known that the friends of the future bride make any overtures. If a young woman has ftood long in the market, it is not unufual for the relations to try what they can do to get her a man. But this muft be dune under-hand, and with a great deal of cunning and ad- drefs to cover their delign. In iavae parts the girls arc never forced to marry, and are permitted to make as many eftiiys of marriage as they think proper, previous to a ftate which the ceremony, they ''link, ferves only to render the more inuipportable. Remsrfc.ible The behaviour of the young folks during the courtlhip, or rather the bargain, is for new-'mrrr^cd' ^^^ '""^ P***^^ cxtremcly modcft, though the fame, it feems, cannot be faid in praife of coupin. ancient times. There is one circumftancc related by good authors, which Charlevoix, who fhould be a judge of what men are capable in point of contincncy, thinks abfo- lutely impolTible, which is, that in fevcral places the new married couple cohabit a whole year without knowing each other, fo that a woman with child, in the firft year of her marriage, would be looked upon as a perfon who had loft her charadlcr i and juftly, becaule, fay they, perfons ihould marry out of friendfliip, and not to fatisfy their paftions. Hence Platonic love feems not confined to our continent, and thofe pure flames of that refined and celeftial palfion, which is, however, much more talked of every where than felt, make themfelves perceived, even among the favaee philofophers of America. We will not enter into the detail, which, as that good fother, to whom I owe this particular, thinks, rather weakens than augments the probability of what is here affirmed. After what has been faid, we ought to be lefs fcrupulous in believ- ing what is related of the behaviour of the young couple during their abode in thofe places, where they are permitted to converfe together in private. For the* cuftom allows them much fecrct familiarity, yet in thofe habitations where modefty is expo- fed to the greatcft dangers, and ever under the covert of the night, it is pretended that nothing ever paflcs that is capable of wounding the chaftc(t imagination. The future bridegroom is to make all the prefcnts, in which, as indeed in every other particular of his behaviour, he takes care to ftiew his intended fpoufe all the refpeft imaginable. In fome places, the young man is contented with fitting down by the fide of his beloved in her cabin ; which, if ftie fuffers, and remains in her place. It is taken as her confent, and the marriage is concluded. However, amidft all this outward deference, he gives her intimations that he is very foon to become her lord and mafter. Amongft the prefcnts he beftows, fome are rather to be regarded at fo ma- ny marks and fymbols of her future flavery, than as teftimon'cs of the refpeft of a lover: Such as the collar, the ch " ' ' • • -- ... r . cabin, to (hcvy thai it PrefentJ prt' liminary to iniirii(i(«. Such as the collar, the chaldron or kettle, and the faggot, which arc brought into her cabin, to (hevir that it is her nart t;at age or inlirmities have rendcrcil them inca- n.iblc of helping thenifclves. However this be, the new hnlband h.is alio his peculiar funflions. Refuks hunting and fulling, obligations which lall as long as his liie, he is firlt ot all to make a ma- tr.ii's lor his wile, build her a ciliiii, or elfe to repair one lor her reception ; and whilll lie n. mains with his father and motlur in law, he is to biing thither all the produce of his hunting. Amongll the Irrquon, the woman never goes out of the cabin, iKcaufe ihe is deemed the millrefs, or at Icall the hcirels of it. Amongft other ri.uiDiij Ihe giKS, two (jr three years after their marriage, to live with her mother in law. Ti'.e Ciiiuhliiin women are commonlv ilelivcred witlunit hard labour or allillancc : Some are, however, much longer in travail than others anil fuffer extremely. When tlii. happen-, the vouth arc lirll acquainted with it, who, all of a fudden, and when ti'.c lick w. Orticos ai:d oiipltv.iucnt "' liali'.,i;a-. Cullom of U'liincn in i.i- boiir, l}'iiigi(» .ir.J I'uclJiJ.g. Molhorsli trc.it tlu'i cliiMirn. C t rtni"p) n iiiiini; llii clu'.J." i m , ^ . \ * . ■ ■^.vJt^.lMW .M., 74 ilutation). Motives for revival ot' names. 0/ the Orighiy Language, Religion, Gwentment, &c. one has his own tutelar fpirit. though not when he is born. They never invent new names, but each family has a certain number which arc properly its own, and which thevufe by turns, and in rotation. Sometimes too they change them as they grow older and fomc may not be born after a certain age, though this cuftom w believed to prevail only amongft certain nations. And as it is ufual amongft fomc nations, on takfng any name, for the perfon who takes it to fuccced in place of him who laft bore ft, it often happens, that a child is treated as a grandfether by a perfon who for age might very well be his own. ^ ^ ,. • r. -i- At r .l- They never falutc or accoft any perfon by his own name in familiar difcourfcj thu would be a great piece of uncivility. They always give him the quality he bears with icfpcd to tlic perfon who addrelTes him ; and if there be neither affinity nor relation between the two, they falutc one another by the name of brotlicr, uncle, nephew, or coulin, according to their age, or the degree of refpeft they would flicw the perfon to whom they fpeak. It may be further remarked, that it is not fo much with a defign to perpetuate their names, that they chufe to revive them, as from a dcfire, that thofc on whom they are beftowed rtiould imitate the virtues and exploits of thofc who bore them, or revenge 'heir tleaths, if they have been killed or burnt, or, laftly, to comfort their families for their lofs. Thus a woman who has loft her hulband, or fon, and To be- comes dcflitutc of all fupport, delays not to bcftow the name of the dcceafed on fome perfon to hli his place. In . I'ofinptio,: ot fome of thofemoft noted may help to convey ;i more cliftin»i., .-.3 v^cW ..i curious and entertaining idea, of the nature of [thofc people. Of thcll- the clii.f ic^ins to be the dance of the Calumet, which is performed with ..bui.dapcj i f . ..r'ation, according to the occafion and people who exhibit tiic f kianity. It i. proptily a military feftival, in which the fole aftors ore foldiers, and one \' . uIJ iim^iii • it w>re ouly a contrivance to give them an opportunity of Jiipliyiii^, :.vA .^rcai.tiii,. on tl'cjr exploits. Some have believed that this ceremony h.id '\u rife 0-on» the vanu of Mercury, and that in ite firft inftitution it was cftcemcd the fyn^btjl of pcaco. All who danced this dance, fays Cbarlcvoix, an eye-witnefs j all who lung, und w'lo beat the drum, and played on the chichicouc, were young (Krfuns, equipped as when they go to war. Their faces were painted with all manner of colours, their heads adorned with feathers, which they alfo held in their hands, like fans. The calumet, or pipe, was alfo ornamented vf'i*' *hem, and fet up in the moft confpicuuus place, which was furroundcd by the ban rr^ac and dancers. The fpedators were divided into fc- veral groups, or fepara. jies, the women apart from the men, and attired in their bcft apparel, which at a uiftancc made a very plcafant light. Between the orchcftn and the French commandant of the poft where this ceremony was performed, who was feated in ihc porch of his own apartment, they had fixed a poft, which, after every dance, one of the warriors approached, and ftruck with his oattle-axe. After this llgral given, there enfucd a profound filencc, when this hero related aloud fome of his principal feats, and thofc for which he moft valued himfclf, and, after reccivi;ig the cuftomary applaufc, went to take his place, und then the play began again in the fame manner. This ceremony, which was performed by the SaJbs and O^cbagrai, two Indian nations, lafted two full hours for e.ich nation, in which, fays Charlevoix, I took very little delight, not only bccaufc of the monotony and difagreeablenefs of the mufic, but alfo becaufe this dancing cunfifted only in fome contorfions of body, cxprefllve of nothing, and void of all meaning, and very far from being any way diverting. This feaft, that writer proceeds, was made in honour of tlie new French com- mandant, in which, he fays, he faw none of thofc ceremonies mentioned in Ibmc authors, fuch as placing the commandant on a matrafs, making him prclcnts, placing a crown of feathers on his head, and prefcnting him the calumet ; nor were there any naked men, painted all over, adorned with feathers and collars of porcelain, and holding in their hands the calumet. Perhaps this is not the cuftuin of thull* particular favagcs, TS Dance oi ifie lilfCOVLT Dance of the CalumiT, or I'ipc, with ViiiuuifigJiei of the different Indian Nations inhabiting Canada. ravages, and perhaps alfo M. de Montigny had difpenfed with this part of the cere- monia]. I obferved only, that here and there all the afliftants made great fhouts of applaufe in honour of the dancers, and efpecially during the dance of the 0£lcbagras, who, of ths two nations, diverHlied their play more, (hewed an extraordinary agility, are lighter and better made, and, in Hiort, bore away all the honours of the day. The dance of the Difcovcry is probably more entertaining. It has not only more aAion in it, but is alfo more exprdUve of the fubjedt, which it reprefents, than the former. It is properly a lively reprefentation of all the particulars of a campaign ; and as thefe Indians turn all their thoughts to furprife their enemy, as before ob- ferved, their whole art military conlifts only in ftratagem ; hence, probably, this dance has obtained the name of the Difcovery. Be this as it will, one man alone dances ; at firft he advances (lowly into the middle of the place, where, after remain- ing fome time without motion, he reprefents, one after another, the departure of the warriors for the campaign, the march, their encampments, the fetting out on the difcovery, the approach towards the enemy, and the halt as if to recover breath. Then, all of a (udden, tranfporting himfelf into a fury, you would imagine he were going to kill all the world ; after this, recovering from the (it, he feizes on one of the a(ri[lants as if he were taking him prifoner of war ; (hews the manner of uflng the battle-ax with regard to another ; takes aim at a third ; and, laft of all, falls a run- ning with his utmoil fpeed. He then paufes and recovers his former coolnefs, which llgni(ies the retreat; then, by different cries, he exprelTcs the various fituations of his own mind during his laft campaign } and, laAly, clofcs the fccne with the recital of all the fine adtions he had performed during the war. When the dance of the calumet, or pipe, has, as ufual, the conclufion of fome treaty, or the making fome alliance againft the common enemy for its objcdl, they engrave in that cafe a fcrpcnt on its funnel, or ftem, and befide it they place a board, on which arc reprcfcnted two men of the two confederate nations, with an e- ncmy under their feet, who is known by the mark of his nation. Sometimes, in f>lace of the pipe, they make ufe of a battle-ax. But if the bufincfs be only a fnnple al- iance, they reprefent two men holding each other by one hand, and carrying the pipe of ^wace in the other, and each having the mark of their own nation belidc them. Ill all treaties they give pledges on both fides, fuch as collars of porcelain, calumets, or pipes of ceremony, (laves, fomctimcs decr-fkins or elk-(kins, well drefTed, and ad- orned with iigurcs nude of hair of (xircupincs { and it is on thofc ilcins that the a- bovc-mentioncd reprcfentations are made with this hair, or clle with (imple colours. There are other dances of a fimplcr kind, in which their fole view is to give the warriors occafion to relate their exploits. The Indians are particularly fond of this cuftom, and never tired of it. He who gives the repaft invites all thofe of the fame village by tuck of drum, and they alfemblc in his cabin, if it be capable of conuining all the guefts. The warriours dance one after another, then Ariking on a poft a filcnce enfucs, when every one (ays what he can for himfelf, and now and then ftops to receive the congratulations of the audience, who are tar from be- ine fparing of their praifes. But (hould any of them be found bra£;ging of a feat wnich is not true, any one prefent is at liberty to fmear his head with eartn or allies, or to play him any other roguifh trick he thinks proper. The general way is to black'his nee, faying to him, " What 1 now do is tliat i may hide thy (hamc, for the hrft time thou fecft an enemy thou wilt certainly turn as pale as allies." Thus all nations agree in the opinion that no boafter can poinbly be a brave man. He who has punilhed the vain-glorious in this manner takes his place, and if he falls into the fame fault, the other u fure to have his revenge in kind. The grcatcft chief amongft them would not be dree fix>m this cenfure, and mull endure it with patience ; this dance is always in the night time. In the Wcftcrn parts there is a different fort of dance which they call the Buffalo Buffalo dance dance. The dancers form theinfelvcs into fevcral circles, and the fymphony, which is always compfed of the drum and the chichicoue, is placed in the middle of the fpacc. They tjike care not to feparate thofe of the fame family i and never join hands, but every man bears his buckler and arms. Thofc circles turn not all the lame way, and tho' they caper very much, and fpring to a great height, they never lofe the meafure nor cadence of the muflc. The chief prclcnts his buckler from time to time, V 2 tiich Trntits .ir- t.'iiJcd »iih pledges. 0^1i^ary dance of the watrion. 'i 1 M m il 1: '' Ui I'll •■' ' A-:*l* Jwi■J^(i^». 76 I # Dancts for dinTlioiis. I'l im.- of i!ie PlMtfr. Of the Onghiy LmiguagCy Religion^ Governiiieut, 6cc. ' e;tch of the afliftunts Arike on it, and at every blow tlicy rcpe;it lome of their war- like exploits. He then cuts feme tobacco from a port, where it !.•> always carcfu!].- hung on thefc occafionr, and prefcnts it to his friends. If any one o^ the red can make it appear tli.it lie has performed finer thing's than the prclcnt pretender, or that any part of the praife of the deeds he has boaftod bc!()n;!;s prnju-rly to hitn- felf, the chief has a right to retake the tobacco he has cut and prefentcd, and to bc- ftow it on fonie other. The dance is accompanied or followed with a feaft. The original of the name of this feftival is quite unknown, unlefs perhaps it comes, as Charlevoix coiijcdures, from tlie bucklers they carry in it, which arc made of hi lo'S of buffaloes. I Hiould be apt to imagine too, that the circles were ori'.mially intend- ed to rcprcfent the manner of hiintiiii; thofe animals which arc indofcd and tal;cn by licmmini; them round. ' There arc alio dances prefcribed by their phyficians or quacks, as a cure for cer- tain difcafcs ; but thcfe cxcrcifes arc coinmonly perlormcd after a very wanton and hfcivious manner, borne dances are intended merely for divcrfion, and relate to no- thing elfe. Thcfe are always in a round form to the found of the drum and chichi- coue, and tlic women by them(elves. The men dance with their arms in their hands, and, tlio' they join not hands, take care not to fpoil the figinr, which is a circle. The miillc of the Liditins confifts only of two or tiiree notes, on which they are i^er- petn.iliv chitniiiL', To that one of us foon grows weary of fuch entertainments, and cfptci.^My the fiill time, both on account of their extreme tedioufncfs, for they lall vciy long, and alfo becaufe one hears nothing but the fame founds repeated with- out end. Aniongft the games of the Jiuilivn one nf the moft frequent, and to which they wk moll addidtcd, is c.iUcd the Game f>f the Dilh or Platter. This is moll in vogiio aniongft the Hurou;^ who are lo befotted on it, as to facrihcc all the peace ct their lives, and reafon itfelf, to its allurements. Tiiey oftni rllk their ill at it, .iml cannot be perfuaded to le.r'" 't olT", even aftjr lolin^ all their ;'n,l(^^ ;iii,i ttirniture of their cabins, and Gripping themfelves naked. Some hive llakcd th.ir liberty for a certain time, a circumft.ince, which fetsthe ardency of their paliiun lor it btvond all doubt, (ince no people under heaven fets a greater value on their liberty th.iu thole nations. Tlii>' [;ime, wiiich wc ihail call the game of the I'Ltter, can onlv be pi r.ed between two perl'ons, each of "whom has lix or eight little bones, fomewhat relemMIng, both in lize and figure, the Hones of apricots. Thel'e have fi.x faces of unequal diinenfion<, the two chief of which are painted, tlie one black and the otiier of a pale vellow, or rtraw colour. Thcic bones are made to hop or leap into the air, by llrikim; the ground or t.ible with a round hollow dilh, in whieli thefe bones are tirll placed, and then (hakcn or rattled. When they caimot get a pl,\tter, thcv arc fo'- ced to be content with tolling their bones with their haiuls. If on fdling they all jirefent the f.unc colour, he to whom it falls, gets fix points. Tiic party ib forty, and in proportifm as the other get?, the winner dilcounts lb many points from tholi; he gained before. Five bones of a colour give only one poin' for the hrll time, but af- ter throwing them a fecond time they Iweep the board, any lefs iiumber is reckoned no- thing. He that wins the party continues the game, bu't the loler yields his place to fmne other, who is named by the perlbn who marks his party. For they all take their ditVercnt parties from the beginning, fo that the whole village is often concerned in the gunc, and even ibmetimes one vilKigc pbys .igainft another. Each party choo- les its own marker, who gives up at jdeafiire, whi^ch hapjiens only when liis owv fide h..s the worft. Fvery aroke that is plaid, and efpeeiallv if it be decilive, V attended with a prodigious ihout. The players feetn as if tran'fportcd, and the fpeo- tators arc feizcd with the fame frenzy. All of them make a thonfaiid dideretit cnti- toilions, belpeak the bones, and load the genii of the oppofitc party with imprec.- tions, and the whole village refounds with hallooing and bellowing. If all t!iis K- not enough to recall their luck, the lofers have h in their power to' put ofl' the patt. till the morrow, on p.iying the expence of a very lorry treat to the company. They then prepare to return to the fight, each invokes his own guardian i^eniiu', throwing ,it the fame time tobacco into Uic fire to his honour ; above all thev be;; o[ him to grant them happy dreams, and, as loon as day appears, tliey recommence the gaine. (ireat jarties lalt generally five or fix days, and ofrcn-tinies the interve- ning night gives them no interruption. In the mean time, as all the alliftants, nt leaii of the different Indian Nations inhabiting Canada. 77 leaft thofc intercfted in the game, are tranfported with eagernefs, and as quarrels fre- quently arife, vvhicli are never known to happen atnongft the Indians, but either when they are drunk or at play, it is eafy to guel's how much both parties ftand in need of reft at the end of a game. Thcfc parties at play, are fomctimes ordered by the prefcription of fome phyfici- p,'p"'°"'" an, or at the prayer of fome fick perfon j and a dream of either is fufficient for that it the' g°mr purpufe. This dream is always taken for the command of fome genius, in which cafe they prepare for the game with uncommon care. They aHemble feveral nights fucccflivciy to make a preliminary trial, and to fee who is like to have the happieft fortune, or luckieft hand at a throw. They confult their genius, they faft, and, if they arc married pcrfonf, abftain from their wives, and all this to obtain a favourable dream. Every morning they relate thofe they have had, and amongft all thofe things they could polUbly have dreamt, and which they imagine to have fome lucky inter- pretation, they make a colledtion which they inclofc in fatchels and carry about them. If any one has the reputation of being more fortunate than another, which is equi- valent, in the opinions of thefe people, with having a more powerful genius, and more difpofed to grant them his protection, they never fail to make him ftand near the perfon who holds the platter. They will even fomctimes go a great way to feck fuch a perfon, and if old age or fome other infirmity Hiould happen to difable hioi from coming on his own legs, they will carry him on their fhoulders. They have often invited the miiTionaries to be prelent at thofe parties, out of a Swry of a belief, that their genii were more powerful than their own. It happened that a fick '"''' *""'*" woman, in one of the Huron villages, having called one of their pretended phyficiuns, this qjack ordered the game of the platter, dircfting, at the fame time, another village for the fcenc of this tranfadtion. The patient fcnt without delay to alk the per- miilion of the chief of it, which was granted, and the game being finilhcd, the woman made them a thoufand acknowledgments for her cure. She was fo far, however, from being recovered, that flie was much worfe than ever ; but they are obliged to counterfeit an cafe and fatisfadion, even when they have leaft grounds. The ill nature of this wench, and of her relations, difcharged itfelf on the milTiona- ries, for refufing to be prcfcnt at the game, reproaching them, for that fincc their coming into the country the genii of the Indians had no longer the fame power as in former times. On thefe religious rcmonftrating to them the weaknefs of their pretended divinities on this occafion, they anfwcrcd them cooly, " You have your Gods, and we have ours ; only we art: the worft oft' of the two, becaufe ours are not fo powerful as yours." 'ihc game of Straws is another Indian diverfion, pratfli fed amongft the Miamis Gime o( aiiil Pontcouatamis. This is j)layed, fomctimes at leaft, in the chief's cabin, and in Strawi. the fquare before it. Thefe ftraws are fmall rufties of the thickncfs of a ftalk of corn, and of the lenglli of two fingers. They take a parcel of thefe, containing com- monly two hundred and one, and always an odd number. After they have Ihufiled them very well, making, at the fame time, a thoufand contorllons, and invoking their genii, they divide them by a furt of awl, or pointed bone, into packets of ten ; every one t.ikes one at a venture, and he to whofe ihare the packet with the eleven falls, gains iuch a number of points, according to an agreement made before-hand. The party is fixty, or four-fcore. They have alfo ditt'crent ways of playing the fame game, in which it is obfervcd, /•'/''"" aJ that dexterity has full as large a Iharc as chance ; that the Indians are, in general, ^''"J '" '' great cheats in all forts of gam-js ; that they are fo entirely addidled to gaming, as to fpend whole d.iys and nights at it, and oftentimes continue playing till they have ftrippcd thcmfelves quite naked, and have nothing left to lofe. They have another diverfion ftill, which, if it be lefs detrimental to the fortunes, is quite as deftrudtive to the morals of thefe nations. Of this we have the following account : Towards night they fct up, in the middle of fome great cabin, a number of pofts, ''^"« placed in a circular form, in the midft of which are the players on inftruments. On Ji°^S|,'on.*'- fach poll is placed a packet of down, amongft which are fome of all forts of colours. The youth oi both fcxes dance round thofc pofts, the girls with packets of down of the colour they ^ncy moft. One of the young men advances, from time to time, to lay hold of a packet of that colour which he knows is agreeable to his miflrefs, and placing it on her head, dances round her, intimating, by figns, fome place of X meeting ™'Hf t'i ! i vf; :i I ? • I' 'm 7S Of the Origin, '^ii>!guagCy Rcligioiij Caver nincnty Sec. Cfoi: Gimc of Rc'igirin of liiC JtJunt. meeting, where lie would be gl.ul to Ice her. The dance inJcd, tlic fcift bcj^im, and lalts the whole day. In the evening every one retires when the girls, in fpitc .1 the vigiUncc ot their inntlicrs, find a way to the place ot artignalion. Gimeof the j|^^. ;\/,.;,;;;.( l^ivc two games iKlivks, one of wliicii is called tlic Gamf rf fie Crri\, This is plaved with a liall and rtitks bent, and linoothed like racquets. Two p.i, arc let up, which icrvc as boundaries at a certain dilhncc, in proportion to tlic num- ber ot plavcrs. If there arc fourfcorc players, halt a league is allotted for the Ip.io: between the poles. I'he players are ilivided into two bands, who have e.ich tlicir pole, and the rtrife is, who ili.ill drive the ball to the pole of the other party, with. out futiering it to touch the ground, and witliout touchin,:^ it with their hands. ],■, either of thcfe cafes the game is loft : at Icaft, he who tutVirs the ball to drop, ct who touches it, can only repair the tault by driving the ball to the end at one blow, which is feldom pollihle. The other game is much like this laft, and not in the Ic.ift dangerous. Two boundaries are marked ort", as in the torn r, the players tilling the (pace between them. He who is to begin, toll'ts a bail into the air perpendicularly as he can, that he may the more c.ifily c.tcli it, and throw it towards the boundary. All the rcll have their arms lifted up, and iic who catches if, gives it a tols, as bcf ''"■■' others, and they have no terms to ex pre fs any thing that exceeds the compals of°""''P"- their uvn undcrilandings which, if we may rely on good authorities, arc c.\tremcly li- mited with refpeil 'o incorporeal things, oi- fuch as are not within the cognizance oi tlitir fcnles. They u-:.ibiitr, however, a kind of immenfity to then- fpirits, believing them every where prc(ent, and invoking and addrelling them in all places where- cver they happen to be, taking it for granted that they he.;r them, and ailt according to their defircs. If you prcfs thi.ni to give yon a farther .;.coiMit of thofe matters, tljcy tell you that this is all they have been taught ; tlierc are even none but cer- tain old men initiated in their mylleries, that knew fo much. According to the Ircqucii, the poftcrity oijufi^ka became cxtind^ after tlie third 'j'-''';",'''" generation ; after that happened a deluge which not one furvived, lu that, in order to ■""■'!'• rc-pcoplc the earth, it was neccffary to transform tlic brute animals into min. Tlius all nations teem to have thib traJ.itiou of ,1 ilclu ;',e ; but this is no miracle, if we confi- dcr the nniaber of tluin which h.ive h.ippciKd in liitfi-rLtit period?, and in various parts of the glube j and there is Icarcc room to doubt of one peculiar to Aiihi iai, and much more recent than fon»e of the rcll. Bclides the great, or fovereign l] irit, of whom, as well as their otlier principal di- <"• viiiitics, with rL!pi>;t to the uri/jn of the woiLi, ihcy h.;ve a thoufand abliml traditi-^' oiw, which it would be loo tciiious to relate in this place, tluy liavc aho an iuhnity of gOixl and evil genii, or iiiteriour fpirit.->, who are the fole obje^ils of their private wirflhlp. 'I'he h (jtais pL.ce yh\:b,iil,c at the licait of all the giK)d, as tliey make yj'-^.-iw the chief of the ntheis, and (i)inetimes conloiind him with that god who drove hijgnndmothcr from hiaven, ti)r fntfciing herfelf to be leiluccil by a mortal. They ad- ilri' .^ th; nifelve^ to tlitir evil i\m\\ only to prevent their doing them ill turns, aiul they k-Iieve the ethers di ligntd tu be the gnar.lian-. of mankind, each of whom has his own tut'.lar genius. Thele are called in llie Huron language OHjs, and in the ^Ugoiikin .Ktiim.'^ui. To them they have recourfe in all dangers and undertakings, or when thfv w.\nt any cjitraordinary r:vour. Ti)erc i.i even nothing however unreafonablc or contraiv to gooil manners, which they think they may not lawfully aflc of them. Tluy are however f.ir fro.Ti believing ;hey have any ii.;ht to their protcdlion at their h.ftli i in order to merit it, they m '. tirll of all be expert in the ufe of their bow anl .irrovvs : This favour is even reccik.. > with much picp.iration, and is properly the moll important article in tlicir whole lives : The chief circumAaiices in this ceremo- ny ire as loUows. Thty begin with blacking the vifagc of the child ; then Uiey caufc him to obfervc Ccremory of a fall of eight days, without eating I'o much as a luorlcl of any thing, in which rnggmg the time of purilication l)i> geniu.^ is to ap^K-ar to him in his dreams. The empty B'°^ £''■'•'*• hrain of a child cannot iail of producing fuch dreams, which they arc very cartfa! to make him repeat every morning. They are liowever obliged to put an ciid to the farce before the lawful time, few children having Itrengtli enough to liipport it lo long, tho" this caufcs little inconvenience, as thefe folk are not like ibine otiicrs altogether unaciiuaintcd with the commodious metliods of ilifpenfations. Tlic tutelar genius is always, or at leafl for the njoll part, tha fubieCt of the infant's dreams, in which every phaijttMH or image is regarded as the fymbol, or tigure, under which the fpjnt appears. Tho' it l»appcns to thofe luJiiKis as it docs to the greatell part of mmkind, to attach themfelves to the figure, whilll they entirely lofe light of the fubrt.uice. :Tn~&n-f. ThcIc lym'joi?, however, have no fignitication by themfelves j and fomelimcs the ^> "''''' ^f fymbol is a bird, fqmctimes the foot of lome animal, or a piece of wood ; in ihort, '" ^'■" " the mort comnjon aud wjcjirthlefs thing in the world. They are, however, prelerved with the fame care that tlic »ncients h vd of their i//V pemitcs, or houfl^ould gods. There is even nothing in all nature, if we credit thole InJtans, which has not its X 2 fpirif, I i 111 i, .1< If.;, i 80 NotWiig uiiliuut i:> Rdig iMi im ^x^lUtr^. Worrtlip of I .1: tuK-l.U gcniu:. Of the Origin, Language, Rtligiun, Government, &c. fpivit tho- thcfc fpirits arc of all ranks and clalTcs and all of thc.n have not an caual no vcr or virtue When they rtnd thcmklvc. at a Ids to comprehend any thing they Libutc it tn lomeiui>crior' genius, and then their way o» cxprelln.g themleivcs .s iv lavin" Ws n .1 hint. The CanK is fa.d, and with more grounds ol men ot extno'rdin'.rv or of li.perior talents, or who ,x:rform any thing beyond common. ti'^vareffinrs; which is equivalent to faying. th.-y l.unc a tutelar genua rj ^„ crd.r fuhfrior to tkc common tun of m.inkind. ,- i .t i.-. 1 Some of them, bit cfpecially tlicir qiiacks, endeavour to perluadc the multitu.lc tint they fiiffcr tranfports, and arc- in cxt.ifies, or, in other words, that they are til- led with a divine cnthuliafm, the parent, f.-.ys Uuir/rvcix, of all fal(c religions. And the natural vanity ot man, or, what might Ic laid with more jufticc, their lelfillineh, has not been able to dilcovcr any machine mure capable of governing the ignorant, and the multitude at lall draws' thofe who value tlumfclves moll on their fuperior underllaniiing along with them down the llrcam of popular error ; an obfcr- vation iulUficd by the experience of all ages. The yfwcr/Vd;; impoftors arc not beholden to any other nation in rcg.uil to this point, and none arc better acquainted witii the fecret of drawing every pollibic ailvantagc from the holy craft. Tiie quacks above all take care to make the people believe that, in thofc cxta- (it. tlicii "cnii reveal the fecrets of the moll diftant events that lie hid in the womb nf futurityr And as they fometimes have the good luck to gucfs tolerably well, they by this means acquire infinite credit, and are believed to be infpircd with fomc genius of the firft order. As loon as they have declared to a child what he is to look upon as his tutelar c:fnius from tli.it time forth they inilrudt him carefully with ref|>edt to the obli- riti^'ii'laid on him, to honour him, to follow all the advice he may receive from him ill dreams, to merit his favour, to put his whole truft and confidence in him, and to dread the cifctU of his wrath, ihould he negled to acquit himlelf of his du- ty. This ceremony terminates in a fcart, and it is alfo cuftomary to prick on the bixlv of the child, the figure of the Oiii or Manmttu, to whofe protedion he has been recommended. So folemn an engagement, the mark of which can never be crafed, nnift needs, one would imagine, be moll inviolable ; tho' a very triHe, they fay, is fuflicient to deftroy it. The InJiiim arc not cafily induced to allow themfelvcs to be in the wrong, even in affairs in which the honour of their gods is concerned, and make no manner of difficulty of jullifying themfelvcs at the cxpencc of their divinities. Thus, on any fault committed, the blame is always thrown upon their tutelar genius, for which too they look out for fomc other without ceremony, which is done with the fame precautions as at firft. The women have alio their Afunitous, or Oiiis, but arc far from paying them the regard which tlie men ihew them, bccaufe perhaps they have not fo much bulinefs for them. They offer up different forts of gifts, or, if you will, liicrifices to thefe fpirits. They throw into the lakes and rivers tobacco, or birds, firll llrangled, in order to propitiate the gixis of the waters. In honour of the fun, and fometimes of inferior divinities, they throw into the fire all manner of things ufcful in common life, and what they believe they derive from thofc infe- rior beings. This is fometimes done out of gratitude, and by way of acknowledge- ment, but oftner like fomc others, from views of interell. And even thofc acknowledge- ments are made with an eye to fome advantage, thofc nations licing entirely unac- quainted with fentiments of love towards their gods. We may obfervc alfo a fort of libations amongft the Indians, and all this accompanied with invocations, couclied in very myfterious terms, whicJ/ they have never been able to explain fo the Europeans^ whether it be that they have really and at bottom no meaning at all, or that the fenfe has not been tranfmitted in the fame tradition which conveyed the words ; and perhaps they are willing wc (hould never cotr.prehend tlie meaning of them at all. Some pretend that their falls have no other end bcfides acculloming them to en- dure hunger j and probably this motive may have fomc influence on them. But every circumftance with which they are accompanied leaves no room to doubt that religion is the chief thing regarded in them. Wc need nothing clfe to pcrfuadc us of this, befides their attention to obfervc their dreams at thofe times, fuch dreams being confidered as fe many oracles and revelations of the divine will. Vow« :vi of the different Indian Naticns inhabiting Canada. S r Vows Jfc alfo adls purely religious amongft thofc nations, in which their cuftom ^'o^ • Correlj-onds exactly with thole of the other parts ot the work!. A,;, tor iiilt.incc, in a icarcity oi provilions, a circutnilance winch often happens in their voyages and luin- tings, they vow to their genu to give to one of tlieir chiefs in honour ot them, .i projjortion of the full beall they (hall kill, and oblige thenifclves not to eat meat till llKy have performed their promifc. If the thing becomes impotriblc, on account of the too great didance of the chief, they burn the part allotted for him, and thus it becomes a fort of facrifice. The Ind'uvn, in the ntighbDurhooJ of Acadia^ had formerly, in a particular part of \^""jLiit the caitafe till tiie ftall of the dead, altir whitli, it gojs into the country of fouls, or tranlinigrates, according to fome, into a tar- tie dove. •r«o rviU ill Others of ilum .itknowledgc two diiruxnt fouls in man, to one they afiribc all that oncbo>iy. has been jiill now nuntioiitd, ami pietnid ih.it the other never quits the body, cxttiH to intonn or .inlm.ite loine other, tlio' thi:, ;iccording to thtir lylltin, h.ippeiis only to iiilaiit>, who haviiij, tiijoyal but .i lin.ill portion of human life, have leave granted tlicm to JKi-ii) a fetond coiirll- of life. lor thl^ taufc they bury children alon;^ their high ways '"'-'t t!;e women may collttt their fouls as they p;f:,. Thefe fouls, which are fo very fiitiiiiil fompaiiions to their lioihes, are at the lame time to be fupportnl and fed, and it is todildurge this piius duty, that they carry viilluals to their tomb; thi^ praiJtice, however, i> ot iliort toiitinuante, whence the fouls arc to accuiloin them- felvts by df^rees to longer t.ids, (inee they olten tiiid it ditiicult enough to provide for the living, v.it!iout fuppiyiiig thole who have left thtir focitty lor tiut la the de.ul. rr?!Vi' n'.-;!f 'Ihtre is one cireiiMi('l,;iiec wliich they never forget, even in tlic gi-cafell cxtrctnl- MuediiJ. tics, As it u ufual with us for the living to drip the decealld o\ every tijing, th; IndiMi, on t!ie contrary, not only carry every thing tliat belonged to them to their tombs but preleiits are alio made them by their relations and triends. And this ii tlie rc.ilon tlity were io nuuli fcandaliled at the I're-nb, who op .iird tlieir ("epulehcis in order t > rob tlie dead of their beaver robjs. Tombs are held lo ficrcil in this country, that to proplunc them is reckontd u\u ot tlic great-It ads of hullility that can be committed againft any nation, and t!ie moll undoubted proof, that thev arc refolved to obfervc no mcafurcs witli them for tlie future, of TJie region which, according to tliem, is to become the cvcrlafting abode oi their fouls, after feparation from their bodies, is lituated at a great diflancc Wedwards, fo that tlieir fouls arc fevcral months on their iourney thither. They have even lur- priliiig dilHeultics to furmount, and are expoled to prodigious hazirds, before they arc able to re.ich it. They take notice above all of a certain great river thev are to pais, on which feveral have been ihipwreckcil ; of a dog, from whom they have mucii ado to defend themfelves; of a plate of fullering, th.it is tlieir purgatory, where .they cxpi.tc their faults ; of a cave, in whith the I uls of thofe prifoners of war who have been burnt are tormented, and wlicre they arrive after making all pollible delav>-. .ipin,. '^'"* notion is the caufc why, after the death of thofe unhappy perlons, they are df.i;. very careful to fearth every pl.ite, flriking incellantlv with rods, and m.-.kiiig at the »o'm "'''" f-ime time hideous cries, to drive aw.iy their fouls,' which they are afraid would <;- thcrwile continue to hover about tlicir cabins. The Ircqucii fay, that /Itabftt/ic makes his ordinary abode in tliis Tartaniu w.'ierc his conftant employment is to fe luce fouls to their utter ruin : Out that -y-Mjlyka leaves no flonc unturned to fortily them a- gainrt the wicked deligns of his grandfather. Amongft the fabulous flori;s of what pafTes in the otiier world, whith are (o like tliofc of Homer and i'lrgil, there is one feciiis copied from that ot Orpheus and EunJice, fo much to the lite that there neeib nothing but changing tlie names to make i't cxadly tlic f.mie. Man Para. Moreover, the liappiiitfs with whith the Indians flatter themlelvcs in tlicir clv- fium, is not tonlidered merely as the reward of a virtuous life; for to have been a good iiuntcr, brave in war, happy in all undertakings, and to have killed and burned a great number of enemies, arc the lolc titles they plead to be admitted into their paradilc, the felicity of which confjfls in an uncxhauftible plenty of g.une and fifhing, an \ am opini ons ar.i ' ' the ///"• of this world, there being no mention in them, no more than in their vows, of any thl.i^ rcl.iting to another. The fouls of beads liave'Tillo a place in tlie lower, or rather in the Wellcrn re- souLofbrjtc gions of the ^'lnwriitifn, and arc full as immortal as ours. 'I'hey alfo allow thcni a immortJ. kind of realon, and not only every fpecie , but even every individual animal, has, according to them, its [Hrculiar guardian Ipirit. In Ihort, they make no )dy. -Sometimes it is the familiar geniu?, who gives wholcfome ,1,^ /Ij^/u'-i/. advice with rcf|>cdl to what is to hap|U'n ; now it is a vifit paid by the foul of the pcrfon of whom they arc dreaming. Hut in whatever way the dream be conceived, it is always regarded as a thing facrcd, and as the means the gods moft commonly u(e to make known their will to mankind. They cai not conceive it portlblc tor the Eurof'iUiis to aukc fo light of them, and, for the moll part, look upon dreams as the dtllrcs of a foul infpirtd by fome Ipirit, or as an order from him. Hence they make it a reli- gious duty to comply with it. Thus an Iiuiiiin having dreamt of cutting oft" a finger, caul'ed tlie lame to be aiituallv chopped olr, alter iiaving prepared himfelf for this im- portant .lition by a hid. Another leeing himfelf, in a dream, prifoner amoncft his enemies, vas much jierplcxr I ; but, alter confulting the qu.icks, he w.is, by their advice, tied to a pell, and burnt in fcveral parts of the body. The hiiiians liave happy and unh.ippy dreams. To dream, for inftance, of feting a great number of clk<, is a lign of long 1 'e ; but to dream of bears, is a lign i»f dy- ing foon, except when this happens, as has been faid, at the time when they are fetting out to hunt thole animals. To Ihcw to what an extravagant degree they carry thefe fuppofitions, I fliall lay before the reader a 'fait attellcd by irreproachable witnefles, who were themlelves Ipedators of it. Two miflionaries were on a iourncy with fomc Inilitvn, and one night as all were Story of .n afleep, one of their guides ftarted up, quite out of breath, and trembling with fear, ';>r^^|"^"'"- making crforts to cry, and beating himfelf, -as if polV-lled with a devil. Every body " was foon awake with the noife ; at firll they believed the perlon feized with Ibmc Irenzy ; they laid hold of him, and tried every method that could be thought of to icduce him to a fettled temper, but all to no purpofe ; the madnefs getting the better of him more and more, fo that being unable to confine him, they were obliged to hide .dl arms from him for fear of fomc accident. Some time after this it was prop*)lld to give him a potion made with certain herbs of great virtue ; but whea ihey were leaft aware of him, the patient leapt into the river. He was immedi.itcly drawn out, and tho' he could not conceal what he fuftcred from the cold, he could not be perfuadcd to come near the fire, which was kindled on purpofe, but fat himfelf down at the foot of a tree, where, appearing fomewhat calmer, they brought him lomc brotli which they had prepared hr hiin ; he tolJ them they muft give it to Y 2 this , I ii «'ii H V \ ■■¥ ir^^riv .; 'V ■•w I!. !!'■! i! 84 ^tct^.oJ of ruic. Oblig.-.tii) of dic.inv Of the Origin^ Language, Religion^ Government , Sec. Then th-y alked him the occation ot his Uiltempc fcreech-owl in mv bdiy." Tiiey all fell a luu^^hi how to cure his diloraaai imagination wiuc.i was this chilJ by which tlHlJ, tliey immediately fet about ered.ng a ftoyc, which thev dl went ii.to wuh loud cries, and afterwards till every one to imitate the animal hepictcnJui lie h.ui in his Ully, cne connterkiting a goole, another a duck, a this" a badurd, th„t a frog, and the dreamer his owl But what was peculrarly diverting in tiiis l.ice was, that they all beat time on the back and iliouldcrs of -lie patltrt^in ordir to weary him into a Ocep, tho' the lame preicription would keep a- nyl.ut'an lid!a:i from c.olin- his eyes lor levcral days t) come. They fucccedtd howcvjr in tlK-ir int-ntion, the patient fell into a deep, wnich held him a confidcra- ble lime, and when he awaked found . himlclf perfectly cured, not perceiving the fweat, which muft certainly have exhaufltd him, nor fenfiblc ot the blows and hruifcji lie iia'd rcciivtd, having lull al! remembrance of the very dream which had coil him e the death of him, if he can accomplifli it by any means wh..tever. But wo to the ilreamer, (hould any o'.hcr take it into his head to dream that he revengcb the deceafed. With a little precaution, however, one is cafily extricated from this cmbarralsment, and a dream which fecms to op^xifc and contraditl the full is all that is requifite for the purpofe. In this cafe he wliofc dream is prior, favs, '" I fee and am fati-fied, th.it your Ipiiit (or familiar) is much lu- perior in lliciigth to mine, for which caule we will infill on it no longer." Some indeed arc more ilitlicult to be fatisfied on this head, but there arc very few who may not be contented, and their genii appeafed by luine prcfent Mid n ft cf VVhether religion was ever concerned in tJie felUval lA\c6 tlr feit/i of Jreams, iJrcims. or, which the Ircjucis, and (ome other nations, have much better termed the ftafl of tit tuiHtih^ cf the bruin, cannot calily In: afccrtained. This is a kind of Bacchanalian fcllivat, which lads generally fifteen days, and ib celebrated towards the end of winter. There is no fort ot folly which is not committed on thofc occalions, every one ninniiig from cabin to cabin, difguilcd in a thoufand ridiculous manners : They break and throw down every thing, and no body dares to hinder them. If any pcrfon be de- firous of ihunning this contufion, and to get out of tlie reach of a thoufand afl'roim, which mull otherwiic be endured, there is no way left for him but to defcrt the village for a time. On meeting any perlbn, the firft greeting is to give him fomc dream to interpret, and if he can unruvtl it, it is to his coft, for he is to give tlie drcanr.- er the fubjedt of Jiis dream. t)n the conclulion of the mafqueradc, every thing i« reftored, a great Kaft is made, and every one thinks how the liid elicits of their madnefs may be repaired ; and this is often attended with no fmall inconveniencics, Of rather mifclucts> iis tiuic and occafion, which was longed for in filciwe, in order (0 of the different Indian Nations inhabiting Canada. 85 to Iiave amends of thofc who might have given them an abufc, now offer themfelves { but all is to be forgotten as foon as the feaft is over. Tlic dcfcription of one of thefe feafts, from the memoirs of a miffionary who was DefcriUcd. prcfcnt at it lore againft his will, is as follows ; It was held at Oimontagut', and pro- claimed by the fenators, or elders, with the fame folemnity as if it had been an alKiir relating to the ftate. Scarce had they rc-turncd to their different places of abode, when, all of a fudden, men, women, and children turned out naked, notwithftanding the cxtfLine cold. At firfl: they vifited every cabin, after which they ftrolled about from place to place, without knowing whither they went, or what they wanted, and a ipedator would have concluded them perfons tranlported befides themfelves with drunkcnnefs or madnefs. Some confined their extravagance within more moderate bounds ; but others were for making ufc of all the indulgencies of this carnival, during which they are reputed tion compos^ and, by a fundamental maxim in the Indian laws, deemed not refponfablc for their adions, and at full freedom to revenge their private grudges. On (bme they threw buckets of water, which freezing inftantaneoully with the intenfc cold, ftruck to the very heart of thole on whom it was thrown j others they fainted with volleys of hot embers, and filth of all kinds ; fome dilchargcd fire- bianiis at the head of the firft perfon they met ; and others again broke and dcmoliflied all the furniture of the cabins, and falling upon thofe to whom they bore any ill will, loaded them willi blows. In fliort, there was no deliverance from this fort of perfe- cution, but by interpreting their dreams, which were abfurd and inconceivable to the \xi\ degree. The miffionary and his companion were upon the point of being fomcthing more than mere fpedtators of what paffed. One of thefe furies entering a cabin, in which ofdrcamers! they had fccn them take (Iinduary, at the beginning of the hubbub, and had juft left, and not hniling them there, cried out to explain his dream, and, upon hefitation, laid he would kill a J'nmbniun, when immediately the maftcr of the hut threw a fuit of Vri'iub cloathes upon the floor, which the dre.imer again and again ran through witli a fword. Upi">n this, he who had thrown down the cloathes, falling into a fit of tranfport in his turn, laid he was for revenging the Frcnchiiuin, and that he was going to reduce the whole village to aflics. He began by adually fetting fire to his own cabin, in which this fcenc happened, and where, after every body had left it, he ihut himfclf up. The fire was already kindletl in feveral places within, but did not as yet difcovcr* itfclf without, when one of the milfionaries returning, and Iwing toKl what had been done by his landlord, made what haftc he could to break open the door, leized the lnJiait, whom he thrufl out, cxtinguilhed the fire, and lliut himlclf up in the cabin. His holl, in the mean time, ran over the whole villaj;c, crying out that he would fct fire to every thing ; upon which they threw out a ihvj; to him, in hopes he would glut his vengeance on that animal ; but he in- JilUil, that the oiVciing w.is not riitlicient to expiate the death of his gucll, who had been murdered in his houle. Then they threw him a fecond dog, which he tore to pieces, and !' jn all his rage fubfulcd, and he recovered his former tranquility. This InJiuii had a brother, who was alfo willing to bear his part in the play. He drclli.ll himfelf in much the fame manner as wc rcprefent the Satyrs, covering himfelt aicchanalUn from head to foot with the leaves of maiz. He caufed two women to be attired *^°'""' like Alt-giTtis, or l\irits, their faces blacked, their hair dilhevellcd, with a wolfs Ikiii over their bodies, and bills in their hands. Thus efcortcd, he vifited all the cabins, howling and (houting with all his might, climbing on the roofs, anil playing a thou- laml antics, with an agility equal to that of the moil famoua rope-dancer ; then ma- kiiii; hideous cries, as if fonie vaft misfortune had befallen him, he at laft defccndcd, and walking with a lolcmn pace, preceded by his two Bacchanalians, who becoming tranfported in their turns, overturned with their bills every thing that came in their way. They were i'carce recovered from their trance, when another woman took their pKice, and entering the hut where fat the two Jefuits, armed with a mufquet (he had got by cauling lome perfon to expound her dream, fung the war-fong, making a thouland imprecations upon herfelf, if ihe did not bring home prisoners. A warrior followed clofe after this Amazon, with a bow and arrow in one hand, ,,,|„,, ,;,,„.5 and a bayonet in the other. After he had made himfclf hoarfe with hallooing, he nt .iiih i-iui' fell, all of a fudden, on a woman, who little thought of any fuch attack, and " '' '""' Z holding '. I 1 ; I ■ t .' V J t '- m iH , i ■ '^ ill r: •III I ' L \ r^' y.i' p. V % (^(ip*iw**Ni^i»p I ■n gg "Of the Origin, Language, Religion, Government, 8cc. holding his bayonet to her throat, and twifting his hands in her hair, cut off one of her hands, and went his way. One of the jongleurs then made his appearance, bcarin'r in his'hand a flaff adorned with feathers, by means of which, he boaflcd, he r.,ul,l divine the mod hidden fccrets. An Iiidinn woman attended this pcrfonagc, holdinir a vafe full of a certain liquor, of which ihc now and then gave the quacic to drink. lie no fooner taftcd of it, than he fpit it out, blowing on his liaiKis and (laff, and at each time he explained fuch riddles as were propofcd to him. Two women fi)llo\vc;l, indicating, tliat they wanted fomething. One fprcad a m.itrafs, or covering, by wliich it was co^njcdtiired, that ilie alked for fifli, which were accordingly given her. The other having a hoc in lier hand, tlicy concluded (lie wanted a field to cultivate ; llic was therefore immediately led out of the village, and l^t to work with iier hoc. A chief had dreamt, it fecins, of feeing two human hearts ; his dream was diflitult to interpret, and this caufed a general uneafinefs. He made a great deal of noilc ; the fcaft was therefore prolonged for another day, but all to no purpolc, and it was ab- iblutely ncceffary that he Ihould be appeafed. Sometimes were feen bands of armed men, who threatened to come to blows ; at others, troops of buffoons, playing .ill manner of forces. This madnefs Lifted for four days, the games being rcduccil to this lengtli from the accuftomed time of fifteen, probably out of rcfpedt to the Jeluits, towards whom they carried their complaifance fo far as not to moleft them, nor tl.c Chrirtian Inditi'is, in the exercifc of their fundlions and religious duties. . , . The Inili^m have recourfe to none but the good genii -, the wizards only, and thole abhoriMcc.'" who are addided to witchcraft, arc thought to be in compact with the evil genii ; and the women arc chiefly fufpeded of following this abominable pradlicc. Their jon- gleurs, or priefts, who are alfo their phyfician*, not only refrain from it, at Icalt a\x-\\- ly, but make it a particular part of their profcllion to qualify tliemfelves for diftovcring PraftiMs oi v^ijchcjait, and preventing its pernicious cffcdb. All that i< related fo this purpofe ii * mere quackei-y ; for fomctimcs they make ulc of the venom wliich they txtrae't from ferpents ; fometimes of herbs gathered in certain fealbn.-, and wliiKl they arc muttering fome particul.'.r words ; or, laftly, of certain animals, which they ftrangic, and of which they throw fomc parts into the fire. hMam in Amongft the llliu'is, and fomc other nations, they make an otid kind of human fi- drcadof mi- g,,pj.^ ^^^ rcprclcnt fucii pcrfons as they intend to dclJroy, and which they pierce t(» tlie heart. Sometimes they take a rtone, and, by virtue ot cert.iin incantation";, prefcnJ to form fuch another in the liearts of their encmicf. The InJitins have fuch dread- ful apprchcniions of magic, that the (lighted fiilpicion of pradiling it exfiofcs one to be torn to pieces ; and yet we find every where perlons v/ho tollow this dangerous employment. P.ritnf.onsof '^ '"■' qu^cks of Canada make profcllion of corrcfponding with the grnli wliieh thtjongkiu.. they call /w.vAVc/;/, and pretend to know, by their n>cans, what paffcs in the mo\\ remote re;.;ions, as well as what istohapjien in the moll didant (ntiirity ; that they can difcover the caufe and nature of the molt hidden or complicated diiL'n>i>crs with their method of cure ; determine what is to be done in the mo(t liitficult ami jx-rplcxing affiirs ; explain the moll obfcurc dremis ; procure fuccefs in the moll diflinjlt under- takings and ncgociations ; and, lallly, render the gods propitious to their hunters and warriors. They arc even faid to pcrtorm things capable of impofing on more than the multitude ; an .il.irnied to hc.i'- that he had only a few hours to live. Ni.;liing ist') he leen but dancing liiigin^f, invocations of the genii, fealls which aro pref'cribcd I'v llic phvrui,in\ and remedies, according to our way of tliinking in lirropc, more liictly to tiiiiih than cure a fick perton, uh'j, if he happens to recover, afcribes all ihc honour to the IpiritP. 'I'luir ecnerolity ami affv-ilion towards the dead are no Icfs wonderful. Here you Will Ice rnoiiicrs prefervc the bodies of their childrei" tor whole yc;;rs, without being isMc t) (lir fiom them, and others drawing the milk from their br >ft?, and (bedding it upon the tombs of their infants. In cat'e of a fire in any village, wlierc there are dead hoiiies, they arc always the firil objed of their care. Ti)ey even flrip themfeives of their richcll '.Mrnients fo doathc the dead, imcovering their tombs, from time to time, to renew tlKir cloathes, and depriving themfeives of their necellary food, to lay it cta their iVpulchrcs, and in places where they imagine their ("ouls are to haunt. In (hort, fiic evpsnce they are at for their dead far exceeds wh.it is heftowtd on the living. The (ick man his no l"(H)ncr yielded up the gholf, than nothing is to be Ii;;ard but w.iiiings, which la(l ns long as their family are in a condition to uphold the expcncc ot it, (or tliey are obli;.',eil to keep open table all the time. The corps of the de- tealld is cxpofed at the door of the cabin, attired in his richeft robe, his vifagc painted, hi'* arms and a!' his equipage by his fide, and in the pofture he is to (e in when laid in the tomb, which is, according to (onic, the fame with that of a child in the womb. There are wonicii hired, whole bulinels it i:; to lament the deceafed, who are (aid to be very exjiert in their protelli>)n, lin:j,ing, wccpin'^r, and ilancing continu- ally, but fo as not to lc(fcn the forrow of the relations, which is real and unki;;nevl. After the interment, which is in a (brt of cell, bung with fuvs in(\ead of tapeftry, and Z 2 much 87 Thfir pr.ic- tLcoilurgcry Different Inatmcnt of dying pcil'ons B havioiir in the lart n.o- mc-nts. d.iuriiij M Tlii-ir rflpf^l Honnur. (-jij tu tin- lit- I III. ifll 1 :'• ■ S ' » ! ! '. ml gg Of the Origin^ Langurgc, Religion ^ Gtrvcrnmait^ &c. i,, much neater than any cabin, they ereft a pillar, or pile, on the tomb, on vhich it I ^ hiuT^ every thing they conceive capable of doing honour to the decealed. ^-^umctinK's " too dicy afHx his portrait, with a lort of balVo relievo, inturniing the palTcnger wlio lies interred there, with the particulars of his life moll to his advantage. Thither they brin" frclli ficlh provition every morning, and if any animal eat ot it, they believe it to b^ the foul of the dead, who appears in th.it fliape. The interment is followed by making prefents to the family, in the name of the village, and lomctimes of the whole nation; even the allies fend their quota when the deceafcd happens tobcofdidin- guilhcd rank. lUit before this the family give a repall in the name of the defund, accompanied with games, and prizes for fuch as diftliiguKh themfelves in tlieni. Thefe games arc a kind of julb, or tournaments, races, and lliooting at a mark, the whole ending with fongs and cries of vii^lory. The family of the deceafed bear no |>art in the diverfions, and arc obliged licnce- ihr&Biiy. °' forth to obfervc a fort of mourning, which is very fescre. It conlllls in ciuuii- off their hair, blacking their fiices, and keeping thcmlelws landing, with their heads wrapt in a covering. At the fame time, they arc to look at no perfon, make no vi- fits, sat nothing hot, abftain from all manner of pleafures, wcir no cloaths, and ne- ver to warm themfelves by the fire, even in the midfl of winter. After liiih nioiii- nin'T, which larts for two years, there is a fccond, lefs irkfome, which lall.; two or three years more, and is alfo capable of a little relaxation. Uut no ab.it>.'ment is to he ''3\m made without the confent of the cabin to which the widow or wid wer belong'-, and fuch indulgences are never obtained without the charge of a fealf. The hhiiivn have a very fingular notion, that fuch |x:rfons as die a violent death, though in the fcrvicc of their country, have no communication with the rell in tiis other world, lor which caufc, they burn or bury them the moment they expire, ■m\ fometimes even bcfmc, never laying their bodies with thofc of their other (icad, nor allowing tlieni any (hare in their great ceremony, which is renewed every eightii year amongrt lonie nations, and every tenth amongft the Hurons and Ircyuois. This is called the feaft of the dead, or of fouls, and is by far the mod celebra- ted and folemn ad of religion known amongft thole nations. The firll thing is tu ri.v the place of alfembly, and then to choofe the king of the tealf, who is to prefide in it, and to invite the neighbouring vill.iges. The day .ippointeil king come, they meet together, and march In proceliion, two an^l two, to the burying- placc, where, after digging up the dead btxlies, they remain fome time in dunil) contemplation. The women arc at firft to break in upon this religious lilencc, raifing moft lamentable cries, which augments the horror of the fjx-tt.icic. Thil^ tirll a(fl over, they take the carcalTcs and gathering together the fctttercd and loofc bone?, lay them on the fliouldcrs of thole appointed to carry them, taking care to walli and cut oft' the rotten parts and other impurities, from fuch Iwniics as are not intircly piitri- iicii, wrapping the other remains in new robes of beaver. They return to the vilLigo in the fame order they came out, where every one dcpofits his load in his own cabin. During the march, the women continue their wailing-, tl.c men dilcovcring the fame marks of fadnefs, as on the day of the death of the- perfon, whofc remains they arc carrying. This is followed by a fcaft in every cabin, in honour of their dead. The next day is allotted for public feafting, accompanied as on the ilay of intcrnunt, with dancing, games, and combats, for whlcli there arc alfo prizes propofed. Irom time to time, they utter certain cries, called the Cries of Souls, giving and receiving nic- fcnts of the ftrangcrs prcleiit, fome of whom come from a great diftance. On tiielc occafions they treat .ilfo of other aftairs, and fometimes elect their chicts at tlitic meetings. All this is performed with remarkable decency, order, and modelly, every W'l one appearing filled with leiitimcnts proper for the occalion, the very longs and dan- ces infpirinp; a certain f.idnefs, and the whole fpcd.icic being capable ot tilling tli.; moft infcnlihic iiearts with forrow. Some (iay^ .ifter they repair in proccfTion to the great council-room prepared on purpolir, fio"LTm' "''"^'■'^ ''"■■>' ''-"'6' "1' ^'i*^ bones and carcalTcs againll^thc walls, in the fame order ..s when taken from tlie burying place, and where they cxpofe to public view the prelents dcrtincil lor the dead. And if, amongft all thole fad rcm.iins, there happen to be thofc of a chief, his lnccel];)r gives a great rep.ift in his n.im.-, and lings his forii;. In feveral places the carcafles arc carried from canton to c.uiton, and every where re- ceived with great deinonllrations of the moft lively lorrow, always accompanied witli pre lent; Singul.u no- tion of ilic Fcart of ihe Jcad. Tilt M fii. iCfmen:. . of the different Indian Nations inhabiting Canada. 89 : I tirefents. At laft they carry the relics of mortality to the place where they are to re- inain for ever. All thofc proccihonj move along to the found of iuflrumcnts, accom- panied with the fined voices, tlie attendants all obferving juft time and meafurc in every fttp. This laft and general burying-placc is a large vault, lined with the fineft furs, and every other valuable thing. The prefents for the dead arc placed a- part, and the families in the fame order as the proccffion arrives take their places on a fort of fcaftbldini;, ercfted round the vault 5 the moment the corps arc depofited the women fet up a frclh wailing and weeping ; then all the attendants defcend into the vault, and every one takes a fmall quantity of its earth, which is preferved with great tare, as fuppofed to have a virtue of procuring good luck at play. The bodies und bones being laid in order, covered with new turs, overfpread with the bark of trees, on which are laid, ftones, wood, and laftly t:arth, every one returns to his own home, only the women continue for fome time to vifit this maufoleum of the nation, Watering it with their tears. There is no ditVerence in the drefs of the Indian nations, in the hot feafon, their fole Drcfs of /« garment, at futh times, being generally a fort of frock, or banyan. In the winter they ''"""• wear more or fewer clothes in proportion to the climate. They wear on the feet a kind of focks, made of doc-fkin dried in the fmoke ; for ftockings they wear alfo fkins, or pieces of ftufF, wrapt round their legs. A waiftcoat of fkin covers their bodies down to their middle, and above that they wear a fort of cloak when they can aftbrd it, if not, they make themfelves a robe of bcar-fkins, or of feveral fkins of beavers or otters, o"- fucli Kk ; furs, with the hairy fide inwards. The tunics, or veils, of the women reach below the knees, and in cold weather, or when they are on a voy.igc or journey, they wrap their heads in their mantle or robe. Some wear finall bonnets, and others a capuchin joined to their vcfts. They have alfo a piece of ftutf or fkin, which lerves them inftead of boddice, and covers them from the waill down to the mid-leg. They arc vaftly fond of white fliirts, which they wear over their vefls till they are foul, and then only next their fkin, wlicre it remains till it falls off with rottennefs. Their tunics of fkin are generally prepared in the fmoke like their fpcns, which is common enough in hot weather, when the operation is carried too far, they are (omctimes in great danger of their lives. The colours with which they paint their faces arc laid to produce the fame ad- '" "f* "^'' vantages in refpcCt to the cold, and are no lefs ornamental than the pundure. This *■" operation is performed by the warriors on letting out for the campaign, to flrike ter- ror into the enemy ; and by the youth, to give themrdvcs the fame air with the ve- terans, as well as to heii;hten the charms of their faces ; in which laft cafe the co- lours are more vivid, and in greater variety. The prifoners who are to die are alfo puiulhcd in this manner, probably, like the antients, to adorn thofc vidims of the i;i)J of war. Lallly, they paint the dead, in order to do honour to them, when they cxpol'c them cloathcd in their beft robcK. A a The "I ( i ' If «:• \. I I .{I i 4 90 m ,fi Colours arj ornamental drcfs. Ornamental diefs of wo- men. 'f' ^niit^n luif- i banJry the employment of ttie wo- men. fiuns, mc'ons Ci'iiite of mail. Of the Origin, Language^ Religion, Government^ &c. The colours ufed on thofc occafions, are the fame tlicy employ in dreiTlng their fkins, being cither extraded from the bark of certain trcer, or from earths of vari- ous forts, which if not Hvely arc at leaft extremely durable. The men add to thelv.- ornaments down of fwans or other birds, with which tliey powder their hair artcr it has been anointed with fat. To thele they add feathers of various colours, and tufts of the hair of different animals, all arranged in a very fantaftical manner. Tiis difpofition of the hair, fometimcs bridling on one fide, and fmootli and flattened on the other, and frizzled in twenty different manners equally extravagant ; pendants in their ears, and fometimcs in their noftrils j a great (hell of porcelain, or, as thty c;'.!! it, wampum, at their neck or breaft ; crowns of rare and curious feathers, with the chws, talons, feet, beaks, and heads, of birds of prey ; with tlie antlers of ft.igs, are fo many parts of the Indian drefs, and the furniture of their wardrobes, the moft pre- cious and magnificent part of which ir. employed in adorning the unhappy captivca when led to execution, or on their firft entring the village of the conquerors. It u obfervable that the drefs of the men is for the moft part connfined to their heads. It is quite the revcrfe with that of the women, who beftow on their heads hardly any ornament at all, being extremely jealous of the beauty of their hair, and deem- ing it an intolerable ilifgracc to have it clipped. Thus on the death of a relation, the greateft mark of forrow tiiey can (hew, is to cut off part of their hair in token of honour to the dcceafcd. To prefcrve its charms, they frequently anoint it with fat, and powder it with the bark of the fpruce-fir pulverifed, and foinctimes with ver- milion, wrapping it afterwards in an elk's or ferpent's Ikin, and forming it into treffes, which hang down to their middle. The ornaments of the face confift in drawing fome lines on them with vermilion or fome other colour. They never pierce their noftrils, and it is only cu(lom.'.ry with certain nations to pierce their cars. ■When this is the cafe, they infert into them or hang beads of wampum at them, like the men. When they have a mind to be very fine, they drefs themfclvcs in robes with all fcrts of figures painted on thfm, with fmall collars or belts of wam- pum faftened to them, at random, without order or fymmctry, and a kind of border worked tolerably neat \\ ith hair of porcupines, which they alfo paint with different colours. They adorn in the fame manner their childrcns cradle;, which they load with all manner of gew-gaws. Befuies the care of the houfliould affairs, and the providing wood for fuel, the hufbandry falls idmoft entirely to the (hare of the women. As foon as tlic fnow", arc melted, and tlic waters fufiiciently drained off the lands, they btgirj to prepare the ground, by burning the ftubble of the maiz, or Turky ce)rn, and other herba^'e, which has remained fince the laft crop, and then till it with a cnxjkcd piece of w(>o make tlie fmie place a ham for the inaiz in the ear, which they make lato bunthis like onions with us. and lometimes fprcad them on lonp poles over the entry ot ca- bins • others chule to thrclh oi:t the i;rain, and lav it up m larj;c ba kets made < t bnk'hored on every iide, to prefervc it from heating, but when they arc atraul of in irruption ^>\ the enemv, or determined to be long ablent from liome, they feciete it under rround, in larj;e quantities where it keeps pcrtedly well. The Chni- ti m //;.//j«i arc indeed a little more indullrious, hut one may cafily «li!covcr hy the air of penitence, which appears in their faces, that they work agamft the grain, and from a force put upon nature. i-l t The I'ldians were lorincrly at a lofs in the felling ot their timber, whith they did generally hy fettin;i fire to the roots of trees ; and to cleave or cut it, they iiud,' ufe of hatchets ma.'.c of Hints, which were not cafily broke, thougli it coll tlicm a i^reat deal uftime to grind them down to an edge. To make a handle to them, they cleft the I.e.ul ot fome fapliirj;, as if to graft upon it, and infcrted into the filliire the head of the hatchet: Hence when the tree ramc to grow uhout tlie hcul, it was fo firmly fixed, as to be pcrfei^lly immoveable. Then they had no more to do but to cut the tree to the length required, and the inftrumcnt was tiuitc finillied, unJ ready to be ufcd out of hand. The Induvi villages were formerly of a round tigurc ; at prefent they arc no nior: than a confuted number of huts of h.irk, fupported by ports, and varying much in their form, and. in fliort, huilt with mucli lefs art, neatncfs, and folidity, than the cabins of the beavers. The Indian cabins or jioufes are from fifteen to twenty feet broad, and fomctimes an inindrcd long, in which cafe tliey liave fevcral fires, thirty feet being the (p.ice .lUotted for each tire. Wiien the tloor is incapable of containing all the inha- bitants, the young folks lie upon a fort of hulk or ftall, carried quite round the ca- bin, about five foot from the ground ; and over this bulk arc the moveables and pro- vifions, laid upon boards placed aerois next the roof. Ikfore the cabin is common- ly a kind of porch, or lobby, where the young people llecp in the fummcr. and which ftrves alio for a woodlioulc in the winter. The doors are pieces of hark, hung like window curtains, and never (hut dole. Thcfe palaces have neither chimney, nor windows, but only m\ opening in the middle of tlic roof, by which part of the fmoke gets vent. This hole however they are obliged to Huit, when it cither rains or fnows, and then, too, they arc forced to put t)ut the fire, or Ix: choaked with the fmoke. The Indians underftand military better than civil archite>ffurc, their villages Ijcing en- clofed with a good palilliide and redoubts, where they always take care to lay up good ftorc of water ami ilones. This paliiVade is fomctimes double, and even triple, thv- laft row of piles being commonly adorned with battlements. Thefe piles arc inter- woven with brandies of trees, which leave no void fpaces. Before the ufe of fire- I'.rnv . thefe forts were capable of holding out a long time. In every village thcrf is a place of arms, though generally in bad order. The /'cyf/w'i formerly cxcellc! the otlier Indians in the rrchite(fturc of their cabins, as well as in what they build thcmfeKx-3 at prclent. There were figures of relievo, though of a rude manner, to he feen in fonic of their cabins. But as all their cantons have been for the moll part rtiiuced to alhcs in feveral campaigns, they have never fiiice thought of rcllo- ring ihcm. Hartio.ipi t.f " the Indians arc little folicitous ahout the conveniences of life in tlic ordinary the w/n/;, 111 places of thci'- ;■' -aIc, they arc ftill more unconcerned with rcfpcdt fo their winter quarters. Tleir own country is rough and wild enough, but that wliere tliey go f) Juint is much more uneven and difmal. The journey thither cofts them a long time, during which they arc obliged to carry all ncceflaries for hvc or (ix months, through ways lo rugged, that one would wonder how the wild hearts could make their palVauc over then;. The bark of trees, with which they are under an indilpcnfable Foitiiication. IrofMiii \k([ arc^llcit■. a liunliiig voyage. oj the different Indian Nations inhabiting Canada. 93 iiiiliriKiif.iI'li: ncccirity to proviilc tlvjinftlvcs, is all their rticltcr from tlic rain niul liiow. 1 lity (liilt bctttr when they have rculicil tlicir joiirnty's cmi, tliat is, thiy urc nut tor ever cxjuMal to all tlic kvcrity ot" the weather. Every one is ohUgcd to lend a ham! to buiKI the eabins, the niiirionarles tluin- (•'"""''"fiimi Icjvcs not being allowed a lq\ir.ite one, hut forcetl to take up their quarters in the 'c'lbn. ■'''' lirll where they aie made welcome. Thtfe cabins, or huts, are inoflly of a round form, anil Icrniinute in a cone ; anil poles fixed in the fnow is all their fupport. 'I'hefv; ar- tied toi!tther at the extremities, and thatched with lurk of trees very ill joined, ai.d .Ti badly tiilkncd, lo that tiie keen wind penetrates on all fules. In little mcac than h.ilf an hour the tditice i.. fuiillied, brandies of pine-trees fnpplying the |>laec ( f carj)£ts ami bed;;. They have this advantaj;e, liowevcr, that ynu may change them every day. The whole is fuiroutuled by a wall of fnow, which helps to keep out the wind, and affords a (belter, under whicli they llcep as lound as on the foftcit 01 down. Tlie fmoke is a fad mortification to fuch as arc not aicuftomed to this fort of Ar.nry.ncn li!e, where you cannot ihind upright without havinp; your head wrapt in a tloml ""j'"'-c •i'."* ot it, thouj^h the Imiiain arc not in the lead a.Teded witjj it. 'I bus (>ne fide free- ' ' zes whilll the other is broiling, and there is no breathing, nor often feeing any thiiv; above three feet from the ground ; and if you have a mind to breathe a little frtih air, you mull Hand without, expofed to a continual fnow, and to a dry and piercing wind, which peels the (kin ofi' the face, and eaufes the trees in the forefls t> cr.ick. lo .dl theic perlccutions, that of the dogs is rofinall addition. Thcfc .irc always in grc.it numbers to fupply Inch as are killed by tlic wild bearts-, hut lean and ill-fed, and thin of hair, which renders them very chilly, fo that they arc always alwut the lire, which is little enough for themfelves. And wl.cn they cannot get near that, they will lye upon the firlt pcr.'on that comes in their way, and it is not an unufual thing to awake almoft clioakcd with three or four great dogs lying upon you, and in tiie day time it is ftill worfe, for they arc re.uly to fiiatch the morfcl from your mouth, and ten or a dozen great curs are leaping; o- vcr and trampling upon you continually. This is but a fmall part of the inil'erics which attend this way of life, for there {[un„„ ,f,^ is a worfe t(M), and more inlupportable than all tlu rell, which is hunger; it is no ttorUufo:!', iMiconimon thing to be in want of provifions, at a time when no game is to be f >inid. The I'uliaiis are :uciillonicd to long falling, and proportionably negligent in ni.iking projKr provifions lor thele ruilc campaigns. The millionary who gives the account of it was reduced to the ncctinty of eating the (kin of eels and elks, with which his vert was lined, and when they were fpent, to feed on the (hoots and the f^i'tcfl part-; of the>aik of trees, and what is (nrprihng enough not only (urvived ill )le harillhi}v , but kept his health well all ilie time. The I'uluiin are very nally in their cabin', and n^ver change nor clean the furniture /Ww.i'.r.i.j of tht.ir beds till worn to Mttcrs. In the ("ummcr they b.uhe every day, but at the '•' •'■•"<: Ijuie time take care always to anoint themlelver witli oil or fat of a very bad llavour. la the winter th'.y remain wrapped in their c(. U of greafe, fo that nothing cm be n-.irc nuukou-i anil abominable than the fmell of their hut^. They arc (o (lovenly in eating, and the (ight of their tneals is fo lliocking, that j^'^JI-'^' r'> one woulii wonder at the ditVerence between their palates and ours. They have, however, improved in thi; article lince the arrival of the Iroufj, efpecially lliule who live in the colony. The gnats arc (o troublelome and vex.itious in the fummer, that tiie iiiconvcniencies of the linoke are tlie leller evil, and they are often obliged to raifc it to g'.t iree f om the ilings of the gnats. The care which motiiers t.ike of their cliildren whild yet in the cradle is beyond iv,u!,-rr--. cxprellion. 'i'luy never leave them, but cirry thtin every where witii tlicm, and "' '>''■•'•-■ when they are ready to (ink under the weight ot their burdens, the i.dditoiul load of till' child not only goes for nothing, but is conlidercd as a kinvi of relief and coin- fjrt in their iatigiies. Nothing can be more neat than tliofe cradles, which tire both foft and commodious. The child is fvvatlicd only li\)in the miildk- downwards, whence the head and body bend lorvvards -, v.'hieh, coiitr, rv to what < :ie might naturally imagine, renders their bodies both ailVive and well (haped. li b Children Ei.t •' H'f I'il. I ; I I KM » ' f; I y 1. c ! ^ 5 i: < '■■! *1| ^ 94 mi M 11*11. Of the Orl^ifiy LnagiuigCj Religion, GuvcrmfiCfU^ &c.- Cliililrcn after quitting their p;ircnt:< ;',re under no Iwrt of tonrinctnent, but left to CMwl on li.iiu!» .mil Ictr, tlinnij^h womis waters mire, and l'nf)W, thus rendcrin;: tlieir K).iies pnmf at;ainll all injuries of air and wcatiicr. 'I'lic dil()rdcrs incident t;) tiic breatl and lloniach arc tliruiglit however to piocted from this over-har.ly w.iy i : ediieatiun. In the fiiinmer they arc conilantly iwinnnin-; or paddling in the water. They are tailv ranpht the ni'e of the bow and arrow, whence they become excellent nurkfmen. \Vrtfllin|i is alto a fivoiirite exereile ainont^ll them. The firll .ind almoll fi)!e nl ;ci:t of an hiJi,m\ cduc.ition is to iidlil into the niinJ a principle vi honour, uhichlalbas lont; as lit,:, and i', cultivated by tin; parents with the iireatell caie. 'I'his is ttVciftcd always in an indirect manner, liuh .i; rcl.itinu the iioble cxplult^ o\ tlv.ir countrymen or anceftors. The youths tahc tiic at the recital, and lii;h fur tome OLcafion to imitate tlicm. To corre(^t their faults tlu'y employ tears and entreaties, and never mcn.iccs, which liave no effect on the niimlj vi I'-.Jii'.r.s, it bcini; a maxim with them, that none has a right to ulc the Icall coercive means towards them, and chal\ilcmci\ts are never pratliled, but by fuch as h,uj become converts to Cluillianity. 'liic tt irs .;nd repiu.uhes of a mother, by l.»yin;^, for inllaiuc, to her ilau;;hter, Thcti art a ilifgracc to mr, are more prevalent tiian any punilhnient, the hij;heil degree of whieh is tl.rowinj; water in the face of the child, which is looked upon as an huimus ottencc. Slight a^ ti.ele challilements feem to us, yet fo gre.it is their power over Imh minds, that a daui^hter h.is been known to llran- glc lurfelf cut of ilomach and rcfentmcnt for a few drops of water cafl in her face by her mother, t.iking hrr final leave with thtfc threatninj; words, I'vn Jitill f-.^.n h rid of yuir iliiu:J:tcr. From fuch an cduc.ition we ihouKl be apt to promile but little good i but experience, the bell milbefs, (hews us its (alutary ciVecu. The Jndiiiiii by this means become early comjxjled and m.iftcrs of themfches, rcifon being generally their guide, and they are by no mean.; propcnf'c to any kind ot Icwdncis or debauchery. The Ir.iiiiiin of dviiiilii arc generally well m.idc, ami tall of rtature, and a deformed r,'i-.i'il'"h?bit* pcrfon is rarely to be fecn amonglt them. They arc alio of a robul}, vi;',orou3, and ctboO). healthy habit of body, and n.uuially very long livers, though their forccil m.irchc*, and ! "\g fillings, ruin many naturally excellent conftitutions j and the ulc of brandy, which thi y drink alw.iys with a view to intoxic.itc themklves, has contiibiitcd not a little to unpeople this country, the inhabitants of which are now reiiiiccd to lets than one twentieth part ot what the were one hundred ami tifiy years ago. larlv h.i.irtd Their bodies are not fw.ithcd and llraitened in the cradle like oui s ; and nothing fj tirclip, i.i more proper to pive them that wonderful agility in all their members than this liberty, and the cxtrciles to which they are aceullomed from their carlictl infancy. Their mothers fuckle them fometinics feven years, though they ncglee't not giving them other food fn-m the hrll year. They are almoll continually cxplcd to the open air, and made to undergo the greatell fatigues, but graduall), and in proportion tu their Arength. Their f )od is limple and naturrd, which, with the rert, contributes to render their body robull, and capable of enduring incredible hardflnps, though many of them die under this management before they "arrive at their full growth. Amongll the advantages they have over us, the tirll .md chief is the .icutcnefs and perfedion of all their fenfcs and faculties of mind and body. Their light, a- midll the fnow which dazzles them, and in fpitc of the fmokc which blinds them for fix months of the year, is lliarp and llrr^' innate in them. The beauty of their imagination is equal to its Hvclinrrs, which appears in all Thdr live!/ their difcomres. Tliey arc quick at repartees, and all their harangncb arc full of "" n|" i'""i (hilling pallagcs, which would have been applauded at Rome or .-tthiin. Their £]„. "'>'"^^"'1'''"«« qiicnce has a llrcngth and neatnefs, and a virtue of moving the paflions which flows iroin nature, and not from rules of art, and which the Greeks To much admired in the Burbaridits. Their memory is no Icfs wonderful ; their way of relating things is neat, concifc, iiid, amidll the number of alltgorics, and other figures which they nle, cxtrcnu-ly animated, and cmbelli(hed with all the beauties of which their languages arc liil- ctptihie. Their judgment is juft and fulid, tending always towards the chief point under de- Ti.cir ju.ij libcratiiin, without deviating from the proper objedl, and free from hclitation or fick- incnt aiul ilif- I uili HI in.it- lencfs in determining. As they hold all manner of labour in contempt, except what h I,,'„i n.tcn.i abfolutely necclVary to their fubfillcncc, and llmplc way of life, it is no wonder they arc backward in learning the arts. And even as to fpiritual knowleilgc, which h is little or no connexion in their opinion with their prefent ftate, they give themfelves not the leaft trouble. As to what abfolutely concerns them, there is no nation more (harp lighted ; at fuch a jundture they neither ncgleiil nor precipitate any meafurc, and if they arc llow in refolving, they dilcovcr no lels qiiicknels in the execution ; a quality, which is remarkable amongll the Uuroni and frojriois beyond otiiers. They h.ive generally a grcatnefs of foul, and an elevation of fentiment, together with Nf'gnsnimity a conrtancy of mind, which we, with all our religion and philjfophy, hardly ever attain, and, in the moll fudden (hocks, they arc always fo much ma(kr5 of themfelves, that you cannot difcover the Icaft change in their countenance. Their con(\ancy in torments is beyond all exprellion. A young woman fliall be Confljrcy a whole day in the pains of child-birth without fo much as a fingle (liriek ; and""''"'''" the Icall wcakne('s wouUl caul'e her to In; thought unworthy of the name of mother, and capable only of bringing cowards and poltroons into the world. Nothing is niore common than to (ce perjlms of all ages and lexes cnilurc, not only for hours, but alfo for leveral days together, all the tortures which tire or their tormentors are ca- pable of inrtiding without a groan ; and their only thought during their I'utierings h, licw thty may cxal[K:rate their cxecutionLTs, by the moll galling reproaches. With lo much (irmncls of foul, and lentimcnts fo noble, it is no wonder to find F^^ituJe- tlitm calm and unmoved in the ^^eate'.l dangers, and endowed with a courage proof atjainll every trial. In the wars, however, they expofe themfelves as little a< poinhle, ;,b tlicy place their chiet glory in never buying a viiiory too dear ; and it is a maxim with them to weaken theinfelveb as little as potiible, lince their nations are far from king numerou'i. Ihit when there is any neceliity to g' .e battle, they light like lions, .\!ij the light of their blootl ferves only to increafe their ardor in the combat. .And, in thoit, ail who have feen them engage make high encomiums of their behaviour. liut, what is abundantly furprifing, under an outfule which promites none but the civilitv, ho- iiv womlcr tlut tiicir country (houkl he tiiinly peopled; for, lHli>ii.s tins ri.'., 11, ti.Hijih tlic wmiicti arc healthy ami r')biill, they are, iiouevtr, far 11.111 lieini; fiuilliil. If we eonliJcr alfo their cuftoni of lonj; luekiini:, ot abOainiiij; hotu the company of fiu-ir hiilh.,niii tlurini^ that time, the hard labour to which t'u' .Jc (ubjtded, let their c.)iuli;;,)n be what it will, tlic cullom of prolUtutiui'; tlic you.ig women before marriige, which prevails in feveral part;, and the extreme ditlrcfs to wliieli tiiey arc olten reiiik:,!, which makes them far Irom tlefninj; chiiiirtii ; ;.'l thefe caiiles, in ci^iijunCtion \wt!i the ravages made by tlic fmall po\, and other difeafes importeii .wnon^ll tlieni by t'le Eunpi'iins, contribute to depopulate the country. Triile and haugluinefs is another vice natiiuil to tliofc people, and alnvd^ infepiri- blc from them. Thole nations which we look upon as |o very tontcurotible. iiavc yet a fovereign contempt of all others. The lltir'.,:, le.'oicthcy were hui..l>l i by the Iioquois, who fuceeeded to their pride, as it were by ii,"K of comjiieU, weic tiie luughtiefl of mortals. Ami they itiH retain thiir pti.le, whiriiu.:. alw.i>» their frc. dominant vice, with a certain mixture of hrutilliue's. They are a'.fo c\rremtlv fulpiei,.ui and niillruftful of the Emrpiuvn ; a fault which m.iy adr.-.it (.1 lome al!evl.itit,n,conhderi:ig the treatment they often underjjo from them. Tl>ey are great iiiaA^rs ot the art ^t diffimulation, and cherilli a thiiO of tevciv;c, whiih, like :a\ i'di^ritancc, they re- ceive of their f.ithers. and traufinit from generation to generation to tlieir l..t;i't pofterity, or at Icall till an oceafion olTer to f.itiatc it. The difreijied too of chi!,l;cn to their parents ih what jurtly ihocks all mankind. The colour of the Savages is a tawny red, or copper colour, cfpetial.'y t!i..t nf the nations inh.ibitin^ the bouthern parts of A'?;//' //w r/c./. Hut tiiii loiiijile.vinii li .not n.itnr.d to them,' but acquired by licquent rubbing with un/lghtly colours, and their continual .ibodc in the fmokc, or c.vpoling theml'elves to the hotted ravs 01 the fun. It is not fo eal'y to allign the caufc why they have no iiair, except on fiici: heads and eye-brows, which is always jet-black, a dillin^uilliiiisj mark ot all the .'/wtricim. Some of them pluck out the hair of their eye-brows. What mikes this lin;:iil,iiiiv thill hair all over the more remarkable, is, that their children are born wilii loii^j; their bodies, which falls off at the end of eiv;lit d.iys. Tliere is alfo a down on the chins of the old men, fuch .is th.it of lome women with us after arriving at a certain age. Some afcribe this property to the |iurity of their blood, others will have it produced by their onlLuit cuihim of Imokiir^ t ibacco. Whatever be the caufe, the want of hair i? el\ecmcd by all tiiefe nations a principal beauty, fo tlu: as foon as any appears they pluck it out by the rcxits, and they could not lielji 1 wk- ing on the firft Eur',p,\r:s they faw as moiirtcrs, an 1 with a kind of h irror, bec.iui": e winter conip!c\;oi InJiam ttliy happicll (jl motial . of their beards, which it w.is then the falliion to wear loir';. Th of the Europcani is equally dilagreeablc in their eyes, ami it is reported t.'iat the r'.n of the Eraub and £;.v.''//^ had a dilat^recahle lelilli, bccaufe, it Jeem<, it had a I. .'.\ taftc. If the lives wliieli the huitani kv.d appear at full li 'ht t; be foincwIi.it diii ur: to mir manners and conceptioi = vvc f'tir, ''. conlider ...u all happi:ulb i-. relative, ar.-l depends more on opinion th,. 1 1 .my uiing without u>. lieli ij3 cuft );n, wliieh ii i fecund nature, the liberty which they enjoy is inore than Inllieient to conipciifau- •' : all the ineonvcnienex's they (eem to us to'fuffer. The cuiidition of nroiii:; ; bcL-.V':, as well as that (,f moil imloicnt jX'ople, who prefer this darling of m.inkiml »J a'. the conveniences of life in exchange, proves, beyond all quelli.m, th.it men luaylk happy in the very arms of indigence. The IiuUam arc the h.ippiell of .dl nwrtu-, and th.it for tiicfc two ;eafons : I'iril, becaiife they believe thcmlelvc. to be '*; anJ, fecondly, becaufe they are in full and pe.iceable poilLllion ot tiie moll vjIh-^v thiiij in nature, whieh is libeity. To thele we may add a third, which i-, tlut iliey \.' ther know, nor deiiie to know, thofe falfc cniovtnent> wliiw'i we piii.!'i!e \s\\\\\> much pains, ami with the lof. ol that which is fol'id .uid real. And their tin. il admliaMc quality is that truly philolophical wav of tliiiikin /, wliieli iiiakcu t;iem c..ntur.n all of the different Indian Nations inhabiting Canada. 97 the parade of our wealth and magnificence, fo that feme of the Iroqmii, after they had bcti) hewn all the fplcndor of the royal palaces in Vnuur, preferred thiir fortfts ami c )tuu;^!i to ail they had fcen j admiring nothing in Varii fo much as the plenty I 'II forts of vidtuaU ihcy faw in the fhops of the cooks in the Anct df la buclytt,-. Hence not ignorance, or want of experience, as trial and obfcrvation indu- ced tlicm to tret our manners and way of living with the utmoll contempt. There '■!. pcrhap.s, no fwbjedt more curious, or what has more employed the re- ©,, .!„ of ^. fcirches ot tlic learned, tliaii the origin of the nations inhabiting the dificrcnt parts of« ' the '^cw WorM And here, as in all fubjcdts of this nature, the great diffi- culty I > reconcile the various conjedlurcs on this point with the account of thing* in the lacrcd writings. Without entering into that controvcrfy, concerning which many books have been written, (bine deriving the InJiniu of ylmericj from the anti- cnt Qltfs, others from the Cbinefe, and foinc from the Ifraelites, and, laftly, fonu from Scandinavia, an abridgement of which would fill a moderate volume, I will content mylelf with giving what, in my humble opinion, is the moft probable cou- jcdure concerning the origin of the Indians in that part of Amcrua I have been jull now defcribing, which is, that of our countryman Brermiocd, who derives their pedi- gree from "Tartary, and efpecially, if it be true, that the continent of America is fe- paratcd from that of the Aftatic 'lartary only by narrow inlets of the fca. The proofs with which this learned gentleman fupports his hypothefis, arc iuch as flow from a fund cit fagacity, and (olid good lenfe. The firll is, that this continent has always been better I'copled on the fide towards AJia^ than on that towards Europe. In the fecond place, the genius and manners of the Americans, in thcfc parts, have a great and ftriking refem- M.iiice with thole of the Tartars, and all of them have the lame contempt tor mc- cluiiic arts. Thirdly, their colour and complexion are almoft the fame, and what little ditfcrence there may be, proceeds from that of the climates, and from the cuflom (if the Americans in rubbing themfelves with different ointments. In the fourth and lill place, the wild bcalls found in America could only have come from Tartary, as it is impoflible that thefe animals rtiould traverfc the ocean in their way to the new pi^'fmtn "* World, and Tartary is the only country from whence they could come without this Tartar^. traverlc. The difference in that the 'Tartars circumcife themfelves is no material obicftion, thole people having never known the ul'c of this rite, till they had cm- lirat.ed the dodlrine of Alahomct, Every one is free to think as he pleafcs, but, for my part, if wc mufl derive lium from Ibmcwhcre, iiiflcad of what is perhaps the bell coii)e«ilure of all, which is, that they arc Aborigines, I cannot fee what can rca- loiiably be oppoled to circumftances fo full of conviilion. ) I '■: IfA'' ■' T''^' i Hiflory of the Difiovery ami Settlement of Canada. TI I O U f; H the r.ngliJJ} claim a right to all North America, from the Dif- Ciivery of it by Cahot in 1497, to which he gave no name but that of the Neu/cnnd/and, yet the French pretended claim of this part of the world "s f'/"^'.,'! ** founded as early as the year 1 504, when, as they fay, the filhermen of ' hi'.pnne, Normandy, and liretagne, ufed to filh for cod on the great bank of AVii- J'juiidland ; and, to confirm it, that in 1 506, Jean Denys of Honjieur made a map of the gulph known at this day under the name oi St Laurence. Ill I 50S, 'Thomas Auhert^ a pilot of Dieppe, brought ibme of the Indians nf North Americu to prance. 'I'lie kings of France, however, I'ecm not to have turned their atten- tion towards //%(•/ ;ViJa, and, after coafting along lliore ^o leagues to the !Sviuth\vards, found hin-.klf in -5.5. deg. Nortii latitude; then, tiirniiig Northwards, he coaf\cd the coi'tinent C c of li '■ '\ ;«l >iai 98 Caiti/r'i Jlf- Tl covcncj. "■ f j„,c Hijiory of the Difcovcry miJ SctthnoH of North America as liigh as an ifland, which tlio Irene h writers tc!l ii-; had been difcovcred by the inhaliitli^ts of BrefJV"; i'»>-l '" pn>b.ihly the iaine with N-^vfumd. Lnhl. The iucccls of liis third voyage is not fo well known, though the Sptviijh wrj. tcrs will have it that I 'irdZiVii was taken near the Canaries by their C(iumrynn.ii, and banged as a pirate. en years afterward?, Philtl> Chabot, admiral of Franrc, engaged tb.e kin;^ to re- ; the defign of fettling a colony of I'reneh in Jmrriea, and prclcntcd Ca|'t.iiii j,ic. qucs Cartier of St S.ah, as a fit ptrfon to condiid tint atfiiir. The king jicKlLd io this rcqucfl-, and, in April \ ; ^4, Cartier fct out on liis cxp':''ition. On the K-th ir ,V/i,y he had fight of Neivfcntidlaiul, where he could not land fir the ice ; w luTcfore, lUcring Soutlnvard ten degrees, he came to an anchor ir a port which lie called St Ctttlerine's. Tiicnce, afcending Northward, he made the ^,'ier ,is Oifanx, or /.'■'.%/ IJlamh. After co.iltin'^ mi^ft part of hies-fcuvdlanJ, he ftccred his courfe Ftnithv.anls, and niter vifi. ting great part of the cnalh of the gnlph, an.l taking pofllllion in (he name ol his mailer, he returned into France, fullnf the adv.mtagis his country would prob.dily reap fnm his difcovcries. The mod "calous pcrfon tor tlic fttticmcnt of a colony in thofe parts, ;;t the Fre>ir/.< court, was the Sie ur Je la Mai.iernw. This gcntkinan olif,.in. ed a coinmillion for Cartier, who fct out with three Hiip^', accompanied by levt.al young geiitkincn as volinitters, and, on the tenth or Ju^af, entered the gulph, to which lie gave the name of iV Laxvre'he, from the Saint whc^le kflival is celebrated on tiiat d.w. This name has fiiice been gi'.\n to the river that diichargcs itfclf into it, wliiJi bclorc that time had always been c.illed CatWila by the n\tivcs. lie d.i;cuvcrcd the iilind of A/itien;?i, 01 Natiflctek, which he called the illind of Ajjumpti'jn \ and aici-iAl. iug the liver So kagties as high as the SaT^umay, and continuing his voyage 00 lei-i^s higher, a- far as IFxlctaga, a large village of the huliam gave it the name of M \t- royal, now called Mcntreal, as well as the whole illand in wliich it Hands. Ijut the names which Cartier gave to the irtantis, rivers, capi-«, and places ''i t!u- maps he has left us, are hardly intelligible, and even the terms he mentions aie no longer to be found in the lanttuaws of Cana.ia. l-"or Ibmc time after this Fr.i'ire feemed t;) have n'l thought"; of Carada, till ici", when I'rari^cis de la Rrque, Seigneur de R'.herra!, at his own requid, oht.iinc'd .a !^ ic.^"""'' coinmillion, and was afterwards, by letters p,.tent, created Irrd v\' \'.ri/:.''iitf, and viceroy and king's lieutenant gcner.il in Canada, Hceb.la-a, Sa^uenav, !^eicf'-u>id- Ivid, Belle ijle, Carpon, Labrador, the (i re.it lia\, ard II: ala'ji. Next year /'i.v. cw/let lail with five (hips, on Iward of which was Cartier. in qu.dity of firfl pilot, and built a fort, ncconiing to fomc, on the river of St f an>;>ue, or', as others lav, on the illind of Cape llrercu, leaving drtier as ids lieutenant with :x iiuimi.us c.irri- fon. /^9^■rr,;/ made levcral other vence he was at' to nuke it uic- cecd proving lruit!e!s, lie is faiil to have died of grief. The ill luccels of the marquis hindered not an eager foUicitation for his c>'ni- miliion. M. de (u.v, ,;v, and .\T. de Cha.'te, Ibcceediiig each ether in tlii> lervice a- bout 1600, i602, and 1603. About this time a gentleman i;f Saint'jn<-e, a grave and lull It> Icttic a colony, Compsry forni(\i, anil difctivttin ex fji, had cpericiiced captain, at the follicitatiwn of (Aivcrnor de Chatte, made a voy.igc to Ca Ida. He tailed up the river St Laurence as lar as S,iult St. Lruis, wliere I'artiei id been before ; !>ut the viil.i.re of l/Aela?a was now no more. On his rcturi r iri\ j.r„i.cu>cdl,).tof7w./,v ...f.uind thst de Ckitle wa. dead, and a new povcr-ior appointed in his cw.^c room. 7hi« w,is />,/,/• Ju Cu.i;!, Sicur de Monti of S.iintcre, gentleman of the i.iiijj'sbcdth.imber, and governor of /V/,, who Tiad obt-iined the e.xclullve privilege yf iii'h'H of C A N A t> A. 99 ,-hrc f> I'tl- of trading for furs from 44 to 54 degrees of North latitude, witli power to grant lands as high as 45 degree?, an<1 with letters patent creating him vice-admiral and lieutenant general over all this tradt. Be Monti was of the reformed religion, and the kirn; liad granted him the full exercilb of it in ylmerica, on condition he Ihould people the country, and fettle the Roman catholic religion amungft the lixlians. This gentleman, who was a man of honour, and zealous for the luccefs of the iVttlcmtr.t, had maintained the company formed by his prcdcceflbr, and alfo flrcngthentd it by ihe accedion of feveral merchants of the principal ports of Fninci', efpecially thole of Ror/ji'l/t'. The armament fitted out on this occafian furpalled all that had been before, but his cxclulivc privilege raifed him abundance of enemies, who traverfed all his dcli^ns, and ruined him at laft. However he, together with Samtii-I Champ- Liiii, and jean tic- Biencour, afterwards his lieutenant, finiflied their incrontl'imcnts in AiiMii, begun by the Marquis de la Rociu; and next in that part of tlie continent of Amtrka, lying to the North- Weft of the Baye F/a/ifoife, which the Frcmh prctciul t.) he a part of Canada. The Cune year, 1604, they made a fettlcmeiit at the illand of St Croix, and the winter following Chaniplain extended his incroachmcnts as far astheUiverof Penohfcot, where Peiitagoet was built. In 160^, the fimc gentlemen intruded as far as ^inikqui, now known by the name of ]\-'ii>'eh-ck River ; thence to Ca[>e Makhar, near the Cape called by the li\ml\ Cc.pe Blanc, and by our writers Cape Cod, in the neighbourhood of Bojhit. Tlic IW/ii/j writers alii) tell us, that Chainplain planted a crofs on Ca[>t' Malchar, j^jbjc/'.j^J'. nnd took polllllion of it in the name of his maftcr. Three years afterwards, that/.i;». is, in i6()H, the fame Champlaiit founded the city oi Sluebcc, the capital oi Kcnjj irjmr, on tl.e third of '/w/y, on the Northern bank of the river St Laui\:iic<.\ In 161 1 67ii/w//<;/>/ penetrated into the province of iVriii 11/-^ to the country of the Ire- qif.'n, and, in his way, feized on Corleur Lake, and changed its name to that of Ci:-wi plain. In the winter of 161;^, he ran over the country of the Hurons. The firft hollilities lictwecn the I'jiglijb and French nations, in thelb parts, commen- co,„nic-„. ccd about the year 161 ], when Captain iS'dWi/f/ y^r^^^z/ fctting fail tionW/>!;//.'.'i/ for i:iciu<>b.:ii the Nm/'cundlaud fiihery, about the IJk of the depart nruutains, hearing that fome '""^, '."'":|^|] (hangers had fettled near I'tntagcct, attacked and carried that fettlement ; and fome £„^./^'„.' ' lime after the governor of Virginia fcnt out Argal, witii a commiliion to drive the French out of Acadia, or AVii/ Scctia, in confequcnce of the grant of '/.;«;. i I. He proceeded to Penlagoet, which he found abandoned; from thence he went to the Me ui St ('rjix, where he demolilhed the plantation of de Ahnts, and thence lleer- iii.; lor V'rt R wil in N"-:;i Scotij, fet fire to It, and in two hours dellroycd what hid roll the French more than a hundred thoiifand crowns, bclidcb the loli of three years labodr. It was alxMit this time, in 1 6 1 -^i on Geamplain'i return to France, tliat Canada obtained ^^^.^ , , ,. ,^^, tlic name of A'.;c France. CharUi de B^trhon, Count of Sci//'.fis, takina; upon himfti! n' ed .\ the proteiflion of the colony, made Champlain Ids lieutenant, who, after the Count's ^' '■'•' (katli, was continued in his employ by his fucceflor in the cliief direction : TJiis vsas the I'rince of ('■■>:de, under whofe autpices he returned to i:liie/>ec, uiicre he fcunid every thing in a very flourilliing condition. Some time after, the court's ne^dec'ting liic colony, and abandoning the proprietors and perfons intcrclled in the company t> their own narrow views, and the troubles, which arofe in /-/v/ati*, created many olirtrtirtions to its growili, to that CLamplain loft moll of his time in voyages to l',:i- rope to lollkit fiiccom^, which were kldom or never granted him in iealon, when op|ioiiunity or need required. The icalouly of the merchants w.is no (iiiall addi- tion to tliofe evils. The Prince oi Con de, in 1620, yielded his viceroyaltv of AVii' France to tlie Marfhd de Mo>itmore::e\\ and Cham, lain ftill continued in the I'o- vernnuiu ol the colony as his lieutenant. 'J'he year following the Iro/jiiois attacked the /•'■y;;, /» fettlements in three bodies, o^ilon • one ol which carried fire and fword to the gates of ^lehec ; this conlidcration, :"■'•'• ' -' with II rumour that the llnr'ns were on the point of breaking their alliance with '"'"'" tile French, and joiiung the I'oquois, made Clamplai'} (ollicitous fir kenrint: the ca- pital, tao inhabitants of winch, at this time, thoui^h fo much had. been done M peoj'le the colony, I am afturcd, did not e.\ceed fifty perlyii:, including women and i ■ \<. 'i •i'JP ,t- ',: till Ml en. 100 Hijlory of the Difcovcry and Settlement m mm Ptivilcgts granted to it children. And commerce was for from being open, though there was a vcrjf floo. rilhing trade at TdtkuU'ac, and a good mart at tlic 'fhree Rivers, 2 5 leagues above ^uekr. Forthefe xt:^ioni Champlain, in 1623, cauled the fortiHcatinsof that capital to be built with ftone ; this done, he returned into France with his family, where he found the Marlhal de Montmorency engaged in a treaty with his nephew the Duke de Ventadoiir for furrendering to him the viceroyalty of New Frunce, which was loon after concluded. Tiiis year, or the year before, on remonrtrances made to the king that the company neglected the colony, their privileges were taken from them, and given to two private perfons, JVilliam and Enteric de Caai. Ordinal ^ouv vcars after this, Cardinal Richelieu, deiirous of advancing the French coin- Rkkii,u((>m>'{nt'[cc\nCan(jdii, fincc the Sieurs de Caen thought of notiiing but enriching them- ""'*■"'"'"='• feives, like their predeceflbrs, formed a new company, on terms which the French writers extol as highly advantageous to that colony, and which would have render- ed it the mod powerful fettlement in Jlmerica, had they been carried into execution. The Prft year of their privileges, which was 1 628, they were to carry over two or three hundred workmen of different trades, and, before fifteen years ihould expire, they obliged thenifclves to augment the number of inhabitants to fixtccn thoul'and, to provide them lodging, and a fufficiency of all necelTaries for three years, and, after th.it, to afTign them as much land to clear as would be iutHcient to fublirt thcin, and to furnifli them with feed to fow it. All the labourers were to be natives ot France, and no foreigner, or heretic, was to be fuffcred to fet foot in tin; colony. In each fettlement were to be at leaft three pricfts, whofe expcnces, as well as thole of their funftion, were to be born by the company during fifteen years, after winch they were to fubfift on cleared lands to be afligncd them. To indemnify or fatisfy the company for this expencc, the king granted to then and to their afligns for ever the fort and fettlement of Siuebw, all the country cf New France, Florida included, the whole courfe of the great river, with tlic other rivers which flow into it, or which difcharge themfelvcs into the fea within thii trad, together with all its iflands, ports, rivers, fifhcries, &c. conformable to the ordinance : The king only preferving to himfelf the duties of fc.dfy and honiape, with a crown of gold of the weight of eight marks, at every fucceiiioii tt> the throne, and the falaries of the officers of jufticc, who (hould be n.imid and prdlii- ted by the company when they fhould think tit to appoint any fiich court. Thc-y had alfo power to caft cannon, build and fortify places, make all (orts of arms and weapons offenlive and defenfivc, and in general to do every thing ncccffary for the defence and fccurity of the colony and its commerce ; alfo power to make grants of lands in fuch quantities as they (liould judge proper, and to qualify tlieni with fuch titles, honours, rights, and privileges, as they lliould fee fit, and accor- ding to the rank, condition, and merits of the perfons to whom they ihould lie granted, and with fuch incumbrances, referves, and conditions, as to them flioiil.i Icem meet ; except only that in cafe of eredtions of lands into dutchies, marquii.itcs, earldoms, or baronies, they fhould take out letters of confirmation on the prclentatioit of Cardinal Richelieu, grand mafter, chief, and fuperintendant of the navig.ition an 1 commerce of France. His majcfty alfo revokes all former conteliions, granting ti.j entire trade for furs, hides, and other peltry, to the affociatcs for tiftecn years onlv, to commence from the ift ofy,;;/W(;;-^ 1628, till the Lift day of December 164^, wlili iill other commerce, whether by land or fea, within the faid countries, in the molt c\tenfivc manner that may be, rcferving only the cod and whale iilhcrics, which the king Icucs free to all his fubjeds ; and provided, alfo, that all French fettled in tlioic parts, and not lubfifted at the company's cxpcnce, (hall be entitled to trade for fur. with the Indiam, on condition that they fhall only fell fuch furs to the conipanv's fadtors at the general rate of forty fous tournois each. The king further jirelints the company with two fliips of war from two to three hundred tuns burthen, whicii t he company fhall be obliged to maintain, and in cafe of lofi to replace, cvccpt they Ihall happen to be taken by his majefty's enemies in open war. I'he companv, in cale ot failure, by not carrying over fifteen hundred perfons of both lexes in the firlt ten years, were obliged to refund the coft of the two Ihips of war; and, in cale of f.uluie, by not tranfporting the like number in the five rcniainin'^ y.ars, t.) forfeit then- charter. The company lud leave to tranfport on the laid lilies \vh.it olhccis tf CANADA. icii (•.ncoursgc- ofTicers and troops they fliould fee fit, provided only that all captains lb tranfported, as well i'S coininandcrs of places and forts, which now arc, or Ihall hereafter be built, ihuii take his majefty's cominiflions or provifions. In order to induce perfons to fettle in New Franct\ and to ered all forts of Kn maiiufadures there, it is ordered ; that all artidms who fliall engage with the company, '"«'« i^fft-fcj and who 'hall follow their profcHions there for fix years, on returning into F/w/tv, '"'"'''*''' fli..ll be free to follow their feveral trades and crafts in Vans, and other cities throu^Ii- out tlic kingdom ; that all merchandize, and cfpecially fuch as fliall he nianufat- tiiitJ by the Ireiich in that province, (hall be exempt from all impolls and iluties witiiin the kingdom for fifteen years to come, as well as all llores, pro^^fions, and warlike ammunition, which (hall be deftined for the faid province ; that all perfons, oi whatever rank or contiition, may enter into the faid company, without deroga- tion to the honours or privileges annexed to their orders, his majefty engaging to praiit letters of noblefs to twelve of the company, in calc fo many Ihall be found wlio iii..ll not be of that rank, the which nobility or honour Ihall delcend to all their lawf'il illhc; that all the defcendants of French refidiiig in New France, as well as all LiJiaiii who Hiall be converted to the faith, ihall be held and reputed Icgitiimte French, \s'\t\\ power to inhabit, acquire, devife, fuccecd, ami accept donations and legacies, in the Umc manner as natural French, without ncccUity of taking out letters declaratory of naturalization. i'licfe articles were figned the 19th of yipril i()zj, by Cardinal Richelieu, and by Comp.myen. thi Ce who had prefentcd the projett, and approved, 01 by the king, by an edid in the '"'iJ'^'fo"-- iiu):i!h of May, of the fame year, dated in the camp before Roe/.elie: This done, the f>",„°-^. '"^ Duke lie I'enlaJour reiigned his place of viceroy. The company took the title of the Ccinpafi)' nf New France, amounting to the number of 107 perfons,. whereof Card. Ruielieu and Marlhal Defiat were the chief, being joined by feveral other per- fons of quality, and the reft confiding of many of the richeft merchants and eiti- zcns of Parii and other trading cities. Thus this colony was likely to become worthy of the pul»lic attention, being fupported by fo powerful a company. Tiie beginnings of this ell.iblilhment were far from being fortunate. The firft vef- fch lent by the company were taken by an Englijh fiect under the command of Capt. Kirk, wlu) after a firft attempt without luccefs, and making himfelf mailer of a French fquadron, which carried leveral French families, and provifions for the garrifon, paid it an- other vilit in 1629, when he took l^iehec, by which he made a conqueft of ail Canada ; tn\ it remained in the hands of the Englijh, the French inhabitants continuing in their Co„„j,, f^n. luliitations, till 1632, when it was reftored to /"VrfWf-, tognhcx \\'\x\\ Ac a ilia and the qunoi b> the illand of Cape Breton, at the peace of St Germain's en Lave. From the death o(^"f"^^; •'"'* u.\i"iH'nt, wnicii Iiappeneil about this time, I liiui notlung very intcrelting, excep- tiiv^ th it the company of the hundred afiocLites, following the tootlleps of their pre- ilccelloi., lufiercd the colony to languilh ; and that the millionaries were bulled on all han.ls in converting the JitJians ; and that the irruptions of the Iroqucis made it nceelfary for ihe new governor to think ot fecuring the colony againit any future attempts. This was the occafion of their intrulion in building Riihelieu I'ort at the iiunith of the /- •■'.•j.'r.is river, fince called Richelieu river. That Indian nation ftill continued tlicir ra- ^'•'•'•'"* for' v,'.";^ till i<)45, when a peace was concluded with them, and ratified by all the can- t■'l^. In 16.^7, the Chevalier (/(■ Montmagnv, Chanip/ain'i i\iccci]W in the government 01 iVc'^i- France, was recalled, on account of a new regulation maele by the court, th.it 110 governor of any French colony ihould continue above three years in othce, the mxilion of which w.is the rcfufal of a governor general of the llles to admit a ibcccliiir, and his m.iintaining himfelf in his government. Mjntnuigny was fucteeded by M. d' Atllebotijl, who had commanded at the Three .^,.v,/„,? R.i'ers. lie rcfemblcd his predecellor in liis prudent adminillration, in taking pro- governor. \K-r iiu-afures to gain and prel'ervc the afteiltionb and efteem of both French and In- ui.i'ii, and in a perted knowledge of the province and its necefiities. 'Jluebec, as well as the other French fettlements in Canada, now enjoyed a calm, and all l"nibn{r> Oom th'j Indians, who were accuftomed to live among them, partook of the fame tranquillity. '''"'■ ^"i'"''-' I'lie trade confiftcd chiefly in fiirs, and was carried on principally at the Three Rivers :ind Tadrujfac, whither the Indians rcforted for that purpofe. The Iroquois continued their intui lions upon the Hurcns, allies of the French, with their wonted luccefs. Hut one of the moft extraordinary events was an cmball'y from New England, propoling .1 perpetual alliance bctwceh the two colonics, independent of any ruptures that might D il happen » : if 1 1 '•. :\t\ V I 102 m Whj-fjruitltfs. fct.i !n the i tnidty of the la-TK: b.ulv.M aiu. ievfin ro- »ffr.or. tr-.^lui: vic- torious. Hijlovy of the Difcovcry and Settlematt happen betwixt the two crowns. The F/v;;c-,{i governor w.is Iiighlv plcafeil with rliis propofal, and for tliat purpofc, with advice ot the council, lent Father Drcui:- kUa to B';!cn, in quality of plenipotentiary, to coiicUidc and fign tlie treaty -, but on con.iilion the Eii^lil'': fliouid join their forces with thcni againll the Injiris, The fucccfs of this'tirft negociation is uncertain; all that we know of it i?, tliat, after languilhiiii^ for feme time, it was refumcd with more warmth in 1651 -, aiiJ th;it it came r) nothing, Ixrcaufe the people of AW' E'lg/iinJ were unwilling to agne to commence iiortilitie? againft the Ircjuois ; whether it was, that tiiey iiad nothing to fear Ironi them, or thiit thofe I'.Jiaits were then in alliance with tliem, I know not. This year too the nt/rci nation was almoft entirely dertvoyed by the In^uin^ particularly the cantons of St Ig'uUiin, and of St Lru'is, with moll parr ot tin- warriors of St Mivw And, in aLxnit eight days time, moll of the cantoi-.s in tlic nt.ighbourhood of this lall were ahandoncd, the inhabitants rcmtn'ing to the littlf illand of St "J'll'ffh, where, negleding to fow the land, and their hunting and tlilm;.; falling (hort, they fuffered inconceivable hardlhips, being reduced tf) the neccllity ( ; eating dead bcKiics, which they dug up after tlicy liad been halt contnuiLd v,:: 1 rottcnncls. The hidorv of the remaining part of .1r!!,-hc!ift'$ government contains notirnr.; re- markable, except the tledrucftion of the Iftirc'is of St J I."!, a populous c.uitun, c !i- tainlng not lels than fix hundred families, with the death of their two miliionaries alio by tlie JrcjU'iis ; a confpiracv of the llurcm of the canton of St Mattleic, erpcci.i'ilv thoie w!io were ft ill idolaters, againft the I'roicb, tVom a belief that they owed .ill th.;,- mistbrtunes to them, and to the new religion introduced by them, and ilifeonccrted hv the vigilance of their milTionarics ; and the dcftrtion of the Ilk of St ''f'-frpf', oiciii- oned bv the famine above mentioned, part of the inlubitants tranfporting theml^.l\t.^ to i^m/'fc, and the others retiring, fomc into the countries of other I'/./ui'i natio: , on whom they brought the arms of the hcjucii -, fomc taking fanCluary ainungu the I'jiz'.'l'h of Pt-L'/'yl-janiti ; and others, again, particidarly the cantons of St y,L"i Hup.':';? and Si Mich'iir/, taking Ihelter amongrt the Ir&qiiHi thcmiclvc :, who, contrary to cxpcct.uion, g-ive them a gooii reception ; thofe, in the laft place, who continued to >\ander through woods and deferts, being all taken and butchered. TVom thcic events it was, that not only the Hurcns trembled at the name ot the Ir:. qu',!!, but alfo, from a like terror, all the banks of the river of the Out,ru;:i , which but the year before were fo full of inh.ibitants, were almoll totally abauiloncif, none knowing what became of thofe huiiiim ; and the i> tmb theiiUelvcs were filled with no lefs dread of thofe mcrcilcfs lav.igcs. We find, alfo, an expcditiiiii of the Ilurcns, who had taken fandtuary under the camion of i^//iA\-, againll the /' ■-]:>'.s\ which mifcarritd, moft of the party in it being citlar killed, or taken and burnt. .-Xiui, laftly, we find, recorded the progrcb of the niitlionaries in converting the natives in fpltc of all obllacles death and the crucllell torments not excepted, the cliief intention ot Ffiincr being evidently dirccftcd towards that end, trom a notion th.U, m or^ler tj fecnre the atfe<;tions of the I'lJians, tiiey mull l)egin by infpiring thctii with an ardent ze.d for their religion. About the end of i6;o, famous in the annals of di/uj./.t for the deftrudlinn of a'- moll all the Huron n.uion, M. dc Liii,l':'t, one of tiie princip.d members of the company of ( ti'uu/ been uncommonlv ailive in the atfair< I't' the cofjny, and it w.is owing t 1 him principally that .'^/c/'ir was retlorcd bv the Ln^jijl. to the I'l.iul:. He had heard of the decline of the colony, but, on his ar- rival, lound its affairs in a worle pofture ftill than had been rcprefcnted to lilni. The Ir'jqu'.ii continued their ravages, and being grown fierce by their \i lo- ries, no lor^er relpei'ted the Vn-rtib forts as checks to their incutfions, but fpread tlienilelves over all the country, fo that no |)orfon could think himfelf lafc in hii own houfe, and the French governor of the 'I /.'re,- Rnrn was killed l)y them at the head of Jiis troops, and in his own }K)11. Tlie Northern country felt the fame fiiiv, and Syllfrv, no loni'er accounted fife within its retrenchment of palifailes, was ineljled with a wall mounted with cannon. The country in Nrw EnplanJ and A'l/va Scotia, (xvupied by the A'x'najuis nations, where Father Drfiiillttta had Town the feeds, of the Rjman catholic reli- gion. of CANADA. T03 gion, anJ gained tlicm over to the Trench intereft, were the only countries wliicli the Iioqunis never tiarcd to invatie. The people of New England felt in 5?*^ P"''*^' '^[ the fequcl the ill ctllds of (ulTcring the French to gain and fecure the friendlhip of '"^ '" "'" thole I'hiiain by tiie ties of religion. About this time I find a million eftablilhed anionglt tiie Attikamegues, the miflionary appointed to this work being killed by the Iroquois, who were bloody enemies to them and their caufe, fo that fcarcc a year pallid but one or other died a martyr to his profcflion. Mcntreul liifFcred no lefs from the incurlions of the Iroquois, than the otiier quarters of , _ . Arii* France. And M. de AliiiJ'onnrui'f, after going to Paris for fuccours, whitii he could Ic'tW .inlot.g not otherwile obtain, returned in 1653, with a reinforcement of a hundred men, and, ''" ^"?""- what was reckoned a greater acquilition, with Margaret Burgefs, a native of Lan- grcs, foundrefs of the inftitution of the Daughters ot the Congregation, and famous throughout all the colony for her eminent virtues. This year alfo a peace was con- cluded with the Iroquois, though not long kept, being broken and cemented again a- tii-lh the year following, and millionaries i'etded amongft feveral of the Iroquois cantons. Much about this time the Iroquois complcated the deftrudlion of the Eries, or Fut of the Cat India/is. After driving tiie Hurons from their country, tlie Iroquois next march- ^-'"'''"'" ■ cd againll their allies, and particularly the Outauais, wiio finding themfelves not in a condition to rclift thofc who had conquered the braveft and moft powerful na- tions of all this continent, thought proper not to wait at home till their throats (hould be cut, and their villages reduced to alhes. Some of them had therefore already retired info to the bay of Saguiiuut, others into the j-lnfe de Tonncrve, both of them in lake Huron, and numbers into the illands of Mouitoualin and Michi/iiniaJtinac. Hut the bulk of tlie nation had remained on the banks of the great river, whicii bears their name, till the total dcftrudion of the Huron cantons. On this they joined themfelves to the Hurons called Tionnontatez, with whom they penetrated far into the Southern countries. At firft they made an alliance with tlie Sioux, with whom they afterwards quarrelled, and, thu?, trained up to war, at their own colt, that n.ition, hitherto regarded as very unwarlikc, and fearce ever heard of on this fide the Mi^pi. Then, fcparating themfelves into leveral bands, by the mifery to which they were reduced, they carried every where the terror of the name of the Iroquois ; and at length alter many wanderings, and reparations into finall bodies, Icvcral of which have never fmce lv:en heard of, they have diminillicd to fuch a degree, that there fearce at prefent liiblills the twentieth part of what they formerly were. The good underltanding between ihe French and the Vf^per Iroquois w;is of no Wu rcnr«ed long continuance. For, in 1657, they h.ul come to a refolution to extirpate thc""'"'"^ '"' ViL'tiJj, by a general malliicre ot all that were in their country 1 but being difco- vcred, the whole nation took o*"!" the malk, and the war began with greater animo- tity than ever. \\\ "July, of the year following, the Vifcount d' /hgenfon, the new governor gc- rccM.ftc ncral, landed at ■^uchcc ; who, by his vigorous mcafures in rcpreiring the infults of "ii''' "'""'• the Ir:quois, fettled the repofc of the colony for fome time. In 1659, we are to pLitc the arrival of Frari^ois de Laval, titulary bilhop of Petrea, with the Pope's luicf as apfjUolical vicar, and with him feveral other ecclefiallics, who were fettleil ill the feveral curacies, which had been till now ferved by the Jefuits, in order as they arrived. Tliele curacies weie at firft ferved by commillion, and were remove- alile at the will of the bilhop, or fupcriors of the kmiiiary of i^tebec, but now na- med by the dirci'lors of the foreign milfions. Since that there has been an order of tlic court to have all the cuiacies fixed like thofc in Frame, though this has not been tiitirely complied with, and clpecially in the itland of Montreal, where the curacies arc under the direction of the feminary of Sl^ebec. The Icminary of St Sultiiius had, two years before this, acquired all the rights of the firll proprietors of this illand -, and, in 1662, M. de Petrea obtained letters patent of the kii'g for the credion of a feminary at Qifehec, which was to furnilh paltors to the whole colony, and to the di- rcc'^ors of which the tithes were to be paid, and the whole to be taxed at a thir- teenth for the revenue of the church, liut the Icttlers complaining of this l/urdcn, the fupreme council of Nexv France i'.Tucd an arret in 1667, ordaining the tenths to be tiixcd at the twenty fixth part, to be paid in grain, and that new-cleared lands fliouid p.iy nothing ; which arret was accordingly put in execution. The colony af- tcrw..rd» tl \i !•! 1 1 • , ! ' llSltf ] ';|i l:M 1. I i 11 104. m Horpitii, •our.rfniion •or gi U. D'ikovet'uf, Account rf adrc:.dlul Hijlory of the Difcovery anil Scltkmeut (crw.irJs incrcifing, new curacies were cdablillicd, ami tlie tithes il.iimed as thcir right, vhich was lettlcd by a royal cdiift in Moy 1671;. I ive yc,ir> alter, ^chcc was cicdci,! into a hifhop's fee, confirming t!ic provilioii.il arret ot tlic Iiiprcnic (.oiiiiil uith refpo'-t to either, anil provided tiiat, if the tenths niould he found niUitiicieiu for tile iriaintcnantc of tlie curacies, the liefiiieney (iiould he made good hy th.o !(;rj> and inhabitants, which has, however, never been allowed, the kin;!; granting rait of his own domain the fum of 7600 livres yearly towards the luhruknce of curate* Tlie funi for the maintenance of a curate was afterwards regulated hy the king at 4C0 iivrcs yearly; and, in 1707, his majelly, belides the above fum "f 7600 liut', grants tlie additional fum of 2000 livres yearly, for the i'upport of inch as, by tin; reafon of their great age, or other infirmities, were unable to lerve their tuits ; whith fum was to be divided into 'iw portions, of 300 livres each, and one of joj. Thcr^ are moreover two fum< of 1350 livres each, one for the benefit of the fa id curate, and tor building parochial churciies, the patronage of which was to refide in the b!- lliop, and not, as hitherto, in the lords, which churches were alio to be built of flone, and all thole fums to be in the ditpofal of the bifliop. The chapter of tl;j t.;- thedral is compofed otadean, a heail clunter, or precentor, a cliiet archdtaton, a liivji..', and twelve canons. The king nominates thole of the firll rank, and the bilhop the it!t. To return to Montrciil, the ilireOtor'b of the leminary of St Su/finus full ot «! fet about building an hofpital, to which fevcral pious pcrfons largely cont ibuttif, to be ferved by the daughters of the Ihtrl ,/iiti of the fame city, an inilitution fiiuc creded into an order. At the fame time was founded the inllrudlion of tiie d.;u.'I,. ters of the congregation for the education of young perfons of the tender fe.\ ot .^11 conditions, which equals any thing of the kind in Euroffl in 1-00 which forbids their entering a cloiftcr, or taking any vow. They itnioiiili„riJ, defiring to be permitted to take upon them fimple and not foknni vows ; I nt tli.i was alio rejefted by the council as a thing of pernicious confequcnce to the colo.-.v, The L'rfelins of ^n-kc had the fame obicd in their inilitution, though with little cffedt without the walls, all their precepts vanilhing out of mind and memory, jt foon as the pupils get amongft their InJian relations, wJierc they take to their old way of living. We are to place here alfo the difcovery of fomc Intiian nations about the North and Wefl of Lake Huron, as well as fome new millions amongll the yllntUiQt.ii, and rjkimaux, and the firft vilits of the Fr,'tich to the Sir.ux, a wandtrinu, but very populous nation on the banks of the Mijfi/ipi to the well of ditiaJ,!, from whole mild difpofition, and natural good fenfe, they promifed thcmlelvcs many adv..ntjgfij. About this time I find the b'reiiih colony reduceii to great extremities from the holti- lities of the Ircqtat!, and the want of fuccours from Iftince, fo that none durfl llir from the forts without an efcort. Thefe evils were ftill augmented by the acrciTion of an epidemical diftemper, which particularly carried off a great numlx-T of young children. I pafs over many particulars rclting to the hollilities of tlie Ir'f.ic:], and the negociations for a peace, witli the various turns and hopes occafioncd by tlioie tranfadfions, the fuccefs and fate of the miUlonaries, buficd on all hands ia con\>:r- ting the ImHatts, at the hazard and often with the lofs of their lives. I cannot, however, help taking notice of one of the moft extraordinary cirti;- quakes that has hapjxined almofl in any country in the memory of man, whethir you confider the vail extent of land which felt its'll.ocks, or the fingularity of its alio- niniingtdcds. V. Charlevoix'i account of it, is what I am about to give, and that chitliy for the lake of thofe who are fond of the marvellous. He introduces his relation with remarks on the pernicious influence of the trade of felling fpirituous liquors to the In- iliiDis, the cfTeOs of which were a total dillblution of ^nanners, and a difregard to the remonflranco of the billiop, preachers, and confelVors, as well as to the tliundm of the church, and the menacings of the divine wrath. Tlie billiop of ^eitC, bv an application to court, put a flop to this infamous traflic, which produced futh horrible dilorders ; but, fays that learned mifllonary, Iicaven h.ul already prevented lui cares, and, by one of thnfc cvaits which ffrikc terror into the moll obdurate and li- ccntious the greatefl part of the colony were brought back to the right way /fom which they had wandered. The matter of fad, fay's he, has been attclled by the con- ftantand unanimous tclUmony of a whole colonv; and tJie eficds. which aill fub- lifl. of C A N A D /{. ic .r:l;q'i ih'c, t ' ■' '^'1 ! ti'^; c.ivils of the niofl. fccptical. He docs not, however, preleml to II .ii ..il us circiimltaiices. After this he proceeds as follows : i;'..;i;i; I'li; .nsrii.Tin in lOdj, a number of bodies of fire, of different figure^ but Jill (,. thcin txtiaiiiJinury, were fcen in tlie air. Over %:'Ar and Monfrcdl appeared ill tiiv n iiit «i [;iol)c of fire, extremely lliining, only at Montreal it feenicd us if it J ^,^>.i.ltvi from tile moon, and w.is accompanied with a noife, hke the difchurjT.c ot a c,uiii )ti, .;nd .itter gliding; tiirough the air for about three leagues, it vaniilrjd be- liiiui ilie mountain whence the illand takes its name. Oil yiiiinary 7, tiie following year, there arofe an almoft impcrccptibU- vapour from tile gre.it river, which, after it was flruck with the fun's rays, became tranlparcnt, but with body fudicieiit to fupport two parahclions, which appeared by the liile of tills meteor. Thus appeared at the fame time, three funs, in .1 line parallel to tiic horizon, fome fathoms dillant from each other, each of them with a rainbow, the colours of which varied every inllant, now appearing like an ordiiuiry rainbow, then ot a bright whitenefs, as if there had been a grc.it tire behind if This fight Lilled two full hours, and was repeated on the 14th, though Icfs perceptible. In tiic beginning of I'cljruary, a rumour went, that an earthquake would very K foon happen, fucli as had never happened in the memory of man, taking its rile r'<^''»^'"' from the admonitions of certain pcrfons eminent for piety, warning every foul to make ilicir peace with God, and try to appe.ife the divine wrath, julUy kindled agaiiilt Ntw I'rattce. On the night of the 1 ^th of the fam? month, an yllgonkln woman, a very fervent ^'i" f^^e- chriO.ian, lacing awake, and fitting on her becl,hc.ird a voice, faying, that within two days""""''" wxjndcrful things IhouKl happen. Next day, as ihc was in the foreft with her llllcr, making licr provilion ot wooil, flie heard the fame voice, predidting ih.it on the morrow, between four and five in the evening, the earth would quake in a terrible mariner. A young maiilen of tlie Time nation, whofc piety liad obtained the mir.iclous cure '^" "' ^"^ of a difeafe, dreamt on the ni.'.ht between the 4th and 5th inftant, that the ^Vrg/« ""'■' ' Miry appeared to her, and told her the hour, aiivi all the circumflanccs of this earth- qiuke. On the evening of the 5th, immediately before the earthqu.ike began, ihc a}'peared as if Ihc were bdides herlelf, crying out, with all lier force, Nov it ii jujt iominj;, to the great ai^onilhment of ail who heard licr. LalHy, on the fame day, mother Mary of the Incarnation, tiic ilhu^rious foundrefs of the v ,n):ior,\!i. Urluline nuns ot Ncic l-'nifuv, wlio was far from l>cing a weak }x;rt'on, after levcral '^^r /./.,,. warnings from licaven of the impending event, which rtic communicated to F. Lallc- n.int her dirciltor, about Iialf an hour after five in tlie evening, as fhc was in prayer tiiMiglit ihc faw our Lord wroth with dufitulti, and that llic was moved by fome I'liper- iutiir.ll power to demand jullice ot him for all the crimes committed in this pro- vince ; an! that all Ihe couUl ilo to obtain fome mitigation of this piinilhinent, was, to put up fervent prayers that the fouls might not peridi with the bodies. Immedi- ately attcrw.uds, (he tclt an inward alfurancc tl.at the divine wrath was on the point of bnakiiig out, and that the contempt of the ordinances of the church, was the chief caulc '.vliy it was kindled. She perceived almoin, in the lame inllant, tour ilevils at the tixir corners of the city of i^ir/nr, agitating the earth with great violence, and a per- fi»ii of a maieilic prtfence, who from time to time let loolc the reins to their fury, and then withheld them. At the lame moment, the iieavens l)eing perfcdly ferenc, a noife was heard all o- i)cKiipi,,:n vcr the city, like that of a great fire, which frightened all the people out of their " 'j"^""'" dwtllings. Then all the houles were ihaken and rocked to fucli a degree, that they almoll touched the ground, fbmetimes on one fide, fbmctimes on the other, the doors opening and (hutting of themfelves with a mighty nolle, .ill the bells ringing without Jiands, and the timber of the palifades bounding to .ind fro ; the walls were Iplit, the beams tell out and were bent, and the domellic .inimals made the moll triglitt'ul bowlings ; the (uriace of the earth had a motion !il'ht w.is \o i;rc.it an.l general that bcth men and ai.nnals appearcil as it ftrvick with thun.ler; noti.in? was to be hcanl but ihritking lamentations; people ricd every where without knowni'^ wiiithcr they went ; ami on which hJc loc- vcr tlKV palled, nut what tiiey ri^n^:e to ihun. The fields prelented every where nrecinias and -iilph , and pcoj^le exi)cdlcd the earth to ojMrn under tlicm every mo- ment, whole mountains were plucked up by the roots and thrown to i diibnce and pl.ice'd in new lituations ; lome were carried into the mid(» uf rivers, and ftoppcd their courfe, and others were lunk lo deep that the tops of the trees on th.ir lum- mits wire not to be teen. Trees were tolled upright in'o the air, as it a miic had Sprung under t'lem, and fomc re-planted with their branches in the ground and their "roots aloft. There was no more tattty on water th.m on l.ii.d. Scvir.il fprings and rivulets were dried up, the waters of others were imprcgnat.d with liil. phur, and the bcils where I'ome hail flowed could no longer he leeii. Here the wa- ters were turiicil red, there yellov , and ihofc of the great r'ver from ^i.f/:ir to T./- dcufu; tlut is, for the Ipacc of thirty leagues, were urown perfedl'y white. Nothing w.i? to be heard but a continual din, and people imr.gined tl.ey law goblins and ph.,iitoni5 of rire with lighted torches in their hands. I'h.mes arofe wh.ch took all forts ot flmpes, as of pikes, launci-S, and burning br-.m!'?, and fell upon the tops ot houl'es with- out letting them on fire. Cries ot wailing ..nd lamentation augmented the b( nor from time to time. Porpoifes and fea ctws were heard to howl near the T'/f/v /w. ivn, where never any fuch fiflics had been fecn ; and thefc howlings had no rci.:n. blance to the cries of any known animal. To conclude, fi)r a traCl ot thric luinJ r.l leagues from Eail to Weft, the earth, the rivers, and the fea-coafts were io g, Imt at liilfeient intervals, in the vaft motion mentioned 1 y the prophet, Ipcukng t4 tiie wonders which accompanied the coming up out of Eg\ff. ElFr.nMiutn The efteits of the earthqua.;c were various to an infinite degree, and nevci w.ii btn, and du- there morc reafon to tear that nature was dellroying he wotk~, and that the ti.ii of the world was at hand. The firft llioek l.fled half an hour almoft witi out ii firrup- tion, but began to abate after a Quarter of an hour. Towards eight in the eviriiv..; ot" the lame day, there was another ihock, equally violent with the fiift, and in h.ilr an hour two morc. Some reckoned to the number of thirty two the nijiht f I'.owing, fomc of which were very violent. It is pollihle that the horror of the mght and the general contufion might incrcafe their number, and caufe them to .ippcar more confi- derable than they really were. Even in the intervals of the (hocks [icoplc were in the fame condition as in a vcflcl at anchor ; which might alio be the ctVeCt of a difordered imagination. What is certain, is, that many jxrlons felt the lame fqueamiilinefs and giddinefs which arc ufual at fea with fuch as are not aecuf- tomed to this element. On the morning of the fixth, about three of the cKK'k, wa$ a very rude and long (hock. At TaJou//,h it rained allies for three hours together; in another place the Indiani, who had left tiieir cabins at the beginning of tiieic a- gitations -, on tlieir return, found .t large pool of water in their places Half way be- tween ^iluchrc and TaJouJfic ; two mountains were laid level with the ground, and the earth that fell from them formed a cape proje. could proceed, they call their eyes towards the Iborc, when thev perceived a mountain fkipping, in the language of the prophet like a ram, and woich. after lome time, whirling round like a whirlwind, funk down, and at laft entirely difippeared. A fliip, which followed the (liallop, was no Itis agitated, and the oldell lilors could not ftand but by a hoi), as it happens when a (hip rolls greatly ; and 1k- captain or- dering to cart anchor, the cubic broke. Within a imall dillancc of i^<.^r, a fire, a full lii.uic hi 'Migt'i, a-.ip ured in bro.id day-li'iht, which cjiiim^ trom the NoriJi, aft rw..rds crollci't.ic river, and diiT ,>- peared over the lllc of OrUam. Oppolite C.;^r Tijurmenu rfooJs ot fubtcrraneou! waurs ration of (hocks aurpriiingctr cumll.i nci indcffcas. 'I r cf CANADA. 10" waters rudicil from the tops of the mountains, and carried ail before tliein. A- bovc ^cbcc a river left its channel, p.irt of which became dry, its highcd banks in lunii; parts linking to a level with the water, which continued mixed with mud and of the colour of fulphur above three months. NiXu Englatu' \\\i\ K \,< Iklhuul (now AVa» Tork) fuffcred in the general confufion, and, as did all this vaft cxtint of country, with this particularity, that in the tir. v" the greatcft (liocks they perceived a kind of pulfation like that of an intermitting julfc, with unequal beatings, but l>i- ginning every where prccilcly at the fame inllaiit. Sometimes the (hock!) wtrc a (irt of elevating, at other times a fort of balancing motion, more or lefs violent ; fomc- times very brilk, and at others increafiig by degrees, and none of them ending v.itli- out fome fenfiblc effctlt. In places where the great river had rapid falls it became ptrtedlly ftill water, and in others the reverfe. Rocks arofe in the midft of rivers, and a man walking in the Helds, perceived all of a fuddcn t!ie earth opening behind him, and as he fled, the yawnings feemed to run after him. The agitation w.is gt- ner.iUy lefs on the tops ol' mountains, but an inceflant rumbling was heard in tliule places. What is pcrfedly aftonilhing, is, that amidft fo dreadful tt wreck, not a foul pc-i'-. -ti rilhcd, God being willing, lays my author, not to dcllroy, but to convert rmn>;rs'. "*''^ -^ >:• Thus nothing was to be Kccw but an univerlal repentance, every one making tlic ex- amen of their confcience with tears and compunction of heart, the moll Icandalous liiijiers declared openly the abominations of their part lives, enemies were reconciled, all criminal familiarities were at an end, and the trallic of fpirituous liquors, the firft Ipring of all the evil, abamloncd, falling, alms, pilgrimages, with the frcquenta- tion of the f.icraments, were all the (ludy, and, in fliort, nothing was omitted to dif- arni the wrath ol heaven, which at at laft relented. The fears of a general llerility and epidemical diforders, which many apprehended, Ti i, j^ rccn. were foon found to Ix: groundlcls, and the earth by degrees recovered its former*' '■' .'f''- llatc, where the apjH.arance of it had not been totally changed by fo many violent toncuflions. The hoquois flirred not all this while, and when the contulion cealed, they made new propoials of peace, which were interrupted by fome evil reports, that had got f(X)ting among the cantons. The bilhop of Vftrta, and M. Je Me/y, appointed to relieve the Baron d'Avatigour NVwRovcr- in tlie government oi New francf, had newly arrived at ^wi-^a" with troop-;. They ";"'"*''•'' were accompanied by the Sieur Gati.iais, appointed commilTary on the part of the king ■^" '' to tike polletlion in his name of all New France, which the company of CjhiiJj had vicliicd up to hinr Ftbruary 4, 1663 ; by a hundred f.unilies to people the country; ami by levcral olHccrs civil and military. The commifliiry begun with taking the oaths of fidelity of all the inhabitants, and "' ;'^'">^»'- tftfrwards regulated the |H)licc, and ra.ide feveral ordinances with regard to the admi- iiillration of judiee. Before this time there had properly been no court of iullice in tiir.iiJa, the governours general judging caufes in an ablolutc or fovcreign maimer. N ) Knly ever thought of appealing from their fcntenccs, but thele were feldorn pronounced without a previous rccourfe to the metho^l of arbitration, ami their deei- lions were always dictated by that bed and moll fupreme of all laws, good lenfc and the law of nature. Befides, the natives of CanuJa were far from being litigious, and rhofe rather to lolc fomewhat of their right than their time and money at law. At finl indeed they feem.;d to have every thing in common, at leall it was very long be- t )rc any thing was known to be kept under lock for I'ecurity. Thus the precautions which the prince took for the eflablilhing of jullice were the epoch of its ruin, by introducing the Ipirit of chicanery, and the love of law-fuits. It is true that as early as the ye.u 1640 there had been a Grand Sencfch.al of A':c't>utt> «i rrmicc, and at the 'Thref Riven was a i.\bun.il fubordinate to that of the military magif-^'' tr\tt, who, however, appears to have been wholly dependant on the governours ge- nu. d, who were always inverted with the right of adminillring jullice in their own [trfons, in cafes of appeal, which were common enough. In matters of moment they ..llembled a kind of council, compofed of the grand lenefchal, the liiperior ot the Jc- laits, who, before the arrival of the bilhop, was the only fuperior cccleliallic in the i.ountry, and fome of the principal iidiabitants, to whom they gave the qii.dity of ■:m !1 i ! \ ' t J; '■•■uiifellors. Thas tll.lMlil.lMl^t Inlcndintj office aiJ (ligniiv. Kf» toiiti ItHd'iLl.v tlCl4 IliJIotj of the Di/to-vay ^vul r^cttkmv.t i,.,.a.,:.„..c.. Tlm^ i. .65.. NvlK-n tl)c Sic.r Godcfny w.s fcnt with 1'. /V,7.v7/.J/.. lo A" .. '11'- ', K'Kland, to t,c.U about a perpetual pc.ex- l^'twcn. tl-x tvvocolon.-,. He l..d tl.c t., *'"'""'■■■'"• cfVounccllor in tl,c cuncil of AV:. Iran^c ivvn| hnn .n hw letters ol cralcnrv, tl.ou.h tl.is counal was not pcrnuna.t. In.t cftal. .dial by the rovcrnor {^nKral. hv viitue ol tlK power given hi.n by the king, and by h.m d.-m.^YJ ::s o ten a; 1„ iu'ml iM-oi'tr It was then in the year i6ft^ and not bet..rc, that the km- c;,:- lei! "tlie cniMcii of CvuuUi to be fixed bv an cdid in Mvch ot the lame year, ord.-r. iivr thitthc touneil ihouid conlill ot M. ,/- A/:/v, fiovcrn-.r general M. df U-y. biiliop lit" y'' three niiniller'^^. M. R hiit, cuunlelior i;t Hate, liad been ii..mcd this very year int. n dant i.f iulliec, police, finances, and marine for A^ ic F'arict'. But, as he never went t > C,i!ui.!,i,''S\. Tahn, who arrived iierc in 1665, is the firll who rxerciied thi': oHitc. M. Diuh,fih-M, wiio lueeeeded him in 1675, brought an older of the king, by vir- tue of wliieh the intendant was to otKciatc as full prcfidcnt in the council, Icavlir, however, tlie tirll feat to the governor general, and the fecnnd to the bifhop. Twi more counlellors were added at tiie fame time, and all the members of the touiu:! had commilhons from the court. Thi^ empowcrin^^ the intendant to act as firft preildcnt, was much r-feiitcd ly t'l,' govirr.or L;iiieral, whole rcmonilranees on this lubjedt were not rc^.irded. An. I, by an arret of the council of ftatc in r6So, it was ordered th.it in all dcld^ and wiitiivs of the council, the governor and intcndint Ihould alliime no other quality bcli les th.t «'f their ollie-c. In 1704, four new cii-iccllors were created, one clerk, and tluc layimn : So that at prelent they arc twelve in number, including the billmp, '11 •.- perlon intitled the tirll counccllor, has double thi: falary nf the others, he is named hy the court, and hi< pli' - is only confidcrcd as honorary, having no p.;rficu!ar hni'-' intendant, whofc othce it is alio to tix the day and hour of their meeting,', nn extraordinary occafions, and tc notify the fame to the goverm.r general by the ciiiei' iilher. Jufticc is adm iMlrcd here according to the ftatutes ot tlie kingdom, .itM cuHoms of Pijris. In "'urif 1679, the king made fomc regulations in the council by an edirt, which has fincc bore the name of TT^c RfJur/ton of the Cu/r, in fh..t coun- try. Some new difficulties were afterwards ft.nrtcd with rcfpcift to judging in c.i(e>. of challenges, or exceptions at Lw, whicli wc-c explained by another cdidt of Atir.h ]6S^, in which it was further dccLired, that the aelions in wiiich any officer of tho council was intcicfted, fliould be removed at the reijueft of one of the parties, he-- fore the intendant, who (hould determine, in luch calcs, with judges fummoncd by him for that purpofe : L.iftly, by the fame cdidt, the council was authorifed to jiuljjc criminal cafes, and five of the counlellors were to make a quorum. . , . There arc moreover three inferior courts of jufticc in (.'<;/Wii the colony was left bjr \\\e f^"" lOf lor elk »l, vvlict fciemcnt u' I'hey i.> led the f inh.ibitati' ana J the > jjrcw trade, .Mtid .y of We hnvc f cn In wliat a weak and Lu coiiip»iiy ut the hiiiKiiTil alVociatcs ii <"'>'• tlutal St'iii I'nimr in the grant wintli i>e m.iiic of tiie l')y>;cl> toloiiits in yj//iiriiir,^'"^ ill favour of tilt //>// h.lid company, with the rigiit of naming governors and other (tiiars. It is true that, ;.s tliis new toinp.iny were not acquainitd with perlons proper for filling the thief potis, they lequelled the king to provide them, till tliey llioiiM be in a condition to make ule ot tlie piivilege he hid granted them; in eoiiletiueiicc of which icqii-ll M. teiently opened themfelves leveral others. 'I hat ot (./'t reducing the dwellings as much as potlible into the form of the parilhes ot (jU F'diui' ; aiu), lalliy, the ililcovcry of two iron mines in the neighbourhood ot Cbtiinp- Idn: ,ind Ciif^e jM,t^,Uilt'H, two parillus lituated beyond the 'Ihrce Riiers. They had great expectations alio, from a tannery, the firlt trial of which was abundantly fuc- cil'ful. Hut what motl flattered their hopes, was, the Ireedom of commerce publillied in the year 166S. This year is alio famous lor a nui^^ber of millions fettled amongll the diticrent Iiuiian nations, particularly tlie Irc^wjiu Nni' Franci- now enjoyed pcrftdf repofe fcr the firfl time fince its fettleir.ciU, itscolony s: governors neglecting nothing that might contribute to its advancement. '1 he bell part ^-i"' i">.lll tilt ■'I- fttitil rikr formal polUf. (ion of i.ui:- trin fort f/ :>:/.•• »«( built. Ilijorj of t/jJ Dijloicry and Settletrc/it tcrity rtiU fuluilU. Muft part of then) were pciultnien, wlicnce Mw Franc* has a more numerous noblds than any other b'rcKcb ttjlony, ;iiul pcrlups more than ull the red takin toi;cthcr. Luftly, the lamls, in every part where cltarcii, were found to be very rieh. I'hus tlic new inhabitants, vying with caeli other in virtue, imluftry, anil the love ot" labour, were Coon in a condition to lubfill, and the colony received great aeecliioiib ct' llren'jth, and nuinbLri) of inhabitants. In 1A70, the cliureh of .^/./'iv wa;. credtetl mto i bilhopric. The great dilputcs vviiitli arolc about its innneili^te ikpendance on tlie holy fee, on which the Pu|x- was intlexilijc, oeeafK.'ned that atKiir to remain (o long undetermined. This, howt va hir.iiti!. lilt diel>i(hi)pric of i^ckc from being like that of /V, whicli holds imnn- diatelv o{ the IVpf, in lome Ibrt united to the etelefiadiejl ellai)lilhmcnt of Fr,!)., , Tile kin:;, fur tlie endowment of the new bilhopric and chapter of the cathcdr.il, united to" them two moiitli^, or one fixth of tlic revenue of the abbey of .il/.//.7',v ; !i;id M. ./(• Hi I'liLur, lucctllbr to M. Jc Liivtil, h.;s fince fuither obtained tiie re-unicn of tiic abbey of litHi-vcutwfi, partly to the bilhopric, and partly to the ch;:ptcr. The lauic year an epidemical ditlemper m ide fad devaflation in Gi'itiifii, and al- moll tJtally depi)pula:ed thole vail countries. The Altikamcgue: particulaily h.ive m- ver appeared lince, aiul if any of them remain, they mufl have mixed wirh oth.r n.itiiinb with wliom tlic J'rrnil.' are altogether unacquainted. At the l.imc time fd- tUu^iii; wlic.e Iiad never appeared fewer th.m twelve hundred InJiani in tradi;;:; time, began to be totally delcrtcd, as well as the Th;,- Rr.irs, wlicnce the -Vr,".- qu:tis removed to dpi- Mii^JjL'i, where the I'rnub have llill a poll, but 'TuiituJJac remains dtlolate, and entirely abandoned. The Imall pox was the chief caufe of tlii> mortality, and leveral years afterwards the town ot Svllcrv was quite depopulated. Of filtecn hundred perl'ons feiaed with that difteniper, not mc tfcapeil. In thii year alio we are to date the foundation of the Huron village of Lontto In the following year was fettle.! the Ircp/cis million of the /.;// c/' Sf Liuis. x colony of that nation converted by the hrrmb miliionaries, and dclirou'! of fettling .1- mongrt them for the fake of religion. On the other haml, many nations of the Jl- ^6/.vyi//'/; language, who had lormcrly been protected by the /•><-«i A colony from tli-: lavages of their enemies, exprelling their gratitude and att.ichment to them in a more cxtMordinary manner at this time, that politic people, always awake to tlitir own interell, laid hold of this opportunity to elfablilli the riglit'^ of that crown over the moft dirtant parts of Caiiadn. With this view one Peirot, a man of gocKl family and llnfe, and fomc tinchirc of learning, and belidcs accurtomed to travel, was lelei'teil to execute thi>. important commifllon. His nccellitics had thrown iiiin into the fervice of the Jeiuits, whieli gave him frequent opportunities of dealing with the Indium, and learning their lan- guage. He had acquired their crtcem, and by degrees fo erteilually inlinuatcd hinilcU into their afftdlions, that at laft he could perfuadc them into any thing as he pkakJ. After he had got the nccclTary inftrudlions, lie took his progreli> ami vilited all tl..- Northern nations with whom the French had any commerce, whom he invited to come in the fpring following to the Fall cf Sf Mary, where the great Ow.nlhio ot tiie French was to lend them one of his captains, who ihould declare his plciUv.-. They all gave confent to fend deputies, according to his defirc. He then pnxeedtd further Wellward, and turning towards the South purlued his journey into the tiii;:;<- territories as lar as Cbicugmi at the bottom of lake Michigan, where the Miamis Fi- dioni then held their refidence. The chiet of this people, who was able to bring into the field an armv of lietwccii four and live thoufand men, gave him a good reception, and prefenteil him with thu pipe, employing the PctttemUiimis, another InJit/n nation, to act as his deputies in tiic general alil-mlily, at which moft of the InJians, at leaft thole in the French inter- ell, appeared by their deputies. On this occalion the Sieur Je St Lu(j'cn, as fubdelegatc of the intendaiit of AV-.i> France, by virtue of a fpccial commillion, pretended tJ * 'e pollellion of all thefe countries for the French king. Next year was built tl;c t at Cdltuaqui, otherwiic Fort Frontenac. take fort Two ditierent Ix) lies ot men, the lall of them confiderablc, had l)ecn tranfportcd from OU F'lUhe, though not enough to fecurc the CanaJum i'vom the lears of the I'lve Nations. The Tort ties Sables, iw^ that at Niagara, were built on this occi- fion. The Iro(iu(,is however began their ufual incuriions next year into CuK.i.i:, fprcadin^ ' w of C ^ N /I D A fnrcaciin;» every wlicrc (iicli terror anJ dd'oLitinn, that Ictf r HI the Miiquis d.- Srig/i /iiy, (.lys lint nuthini; I -. », iiill III the Fn-nch governor, in a hut th. cxtr..,,rHinary provi.,':T ''„';;„.'.• delict ot the Alinijjtity co.iUl pD.lihly hive Lived Ciinada Uwn ckftrudtion. I find oi«iiei, tlut the whole torce which Ciina.la was capable of railing this year, was duly cijjht liuiulrcAl men, bcli.les the regulars, of whom they made but finall account, ar they WvTc utterly unacquaintcil witlj the liulinn m inner of fighting, which confiftcd in aii- iiiviii; the cneniv, wIiiKl thty (ecured tliemfcives horn their (hot, by (kulking he- liini trees and thickets. Their mithonarics, however, did what ail tlie Fretuh in A^ rth ytmciica could never have eftetttd, by dilarming the fury of liic Five I\atiollS. The revolution happening in the mean time, war was declared againft France, f,/»fidertgn wliere a dtli;4ii was ornitd to begin hollilities in Anurica with the coiiqutil of A'iw *«"''"'"•' Ji,'»*. Fortius crt'cd Count ive///t7/«/t was made governor general ot Canada, the,;"."'' pr )i>:dts then in auit.itioti, and the ftate of affairs in that country, requiring at their iii.ni a ptrUin ot txpeiknce and rtlbiution, acquainted witli tin. places, and fit ti) , tiaiiladl matters with the inJians. His inllruc'lions related to the driving the En- gii/h Worn Hu ifin'i Bay and yJ.aJia, but chietly to the cntcrprile againft !\'t"U) i„!i. Tiiis pLiii, otherwife in ail appearance to:> well digcfled to have failed, was houevci diii.oiiterte'i by two tilings, which it is impollible to guard againft, the in- coiidai^cv (if the wind>, and the unexptiiled obllicles occurring to thole who w 'e to exji llili continued between the French and Iroquoif, though with n. /n tu.'C on the fi.le of tJie tornier, till 1^90, when Count Fronteiiac was infirnij.l ' '" 1 oi^i'^is .iiid En^tjf: army was einiiioyed at Lake St Sjcrament, in making prep to rt.».k <'oitrfal; on which ativice notiiiiig was omitted to put the place p lij.e ot deViivC. /\Iir.')il at the lame time news was brought, that a flee ' i.i.rty fliip, lutd Lt lail from B li'>'!, in order to attack 'j^iih ■c by the river of St Laurence, ami h„! been out up^vards of liv week-^, which cauled the more lurprife, as the Frenc/j had n- va lo imit-ii as heard of the equipment ot an armament at that place. The governor li.'.l icarce embarked, when he w.ib acquainted th t the Friglijh fleet, to the number of tiiirty four lail, were already at the Hie an Coudro, fifteen leagues from i^ehee. And fjme /-n'm 16 authors are of opinion that had the governor delayed but three days longer li,.i arrival at that capital, lie woulil have lound it in the hands of the yv/q-///Z' ; or, that, it their fleet had not been dLtaineii by contrary winds, or had been better ided with g ) )d pilots, that city had certainly been taken before they could liavc nformttion .it Montreal that it was bclieged. If this be true, as there is all the fcMioa ill the world to believe, we are not to wonder at the encomiums which the Ire'ub writers bellow on Count Fronlenac ; and it is laid, with great jullice, that iKVcr liid lurprife do greater honour to a K^iieral, or cover with more ihame thole who oiijht t ) have made their advantage of it. Tile liril thing the governor did, after the confirm.ition of this news, w.is to or- I'lrpintiou «l;r tile C/icvalitr de Caillieres to haden to ^teiec with all polVible diligence, with • '"''=■ -11 I. IS triops, except fomc companies left for the defence of Montreal, and to caulb all tile inhabitants he could poflibly get together on his w.iy to follow him. The touni t'len marched without halting to ^ehec, where he arrived in the night of 0:hber 14, and learnt that the Englijh fleet was at the lower end of the pafl'age of the ///<• V Orleans, He was entirely fatistied with the dilpolitions the fort m.ijor had made, aii.l the condition in which he had put the pl.ice. This otHcer had got into it a conli- derable number of inhabit.mts in the neighbourhood, who tetlitied much courage and ri'lolution, and, though he had no more than five days to repair the fortiticatioiis, he had, however, lett not one weak place in all the city, wliich he h.id not fecured againrt any furprile. The general caufed fume additional intrenchments to be made wlierc necclTary, and repeated the orders which the major had fo judicioufly given, for a b)iy of militia, wliich covered ^ebec towards the road, not to quit their ports, ti'l Inch time as they Jhould fee the enemy make a delcent, and attack the body of the place, in which cafe they iliould hold themlelvcs in readinefs to march upon the firit notice. M. de Longueil had been fcnt, with a body of Hurom and ylhenafjuis Indians, to oblcrvc the motions of the fleet. All the upper banks of the river of St Laurence were well lined with troops, the inhabitants ihewing very n ' \i 1. * i I t ;i ■' I I i .1 II >M 1 i4 IliJJory of tk Difcovcry and ScttlctrcrJ every where a firm rdohuion to exert thcmklvcs with viv.oiir. Thus \ht Englifi couUl not icul lo .unci, as a lini^lc boat to il>..re. w.thout bemi; cxpolal to th. fire of their nu.Cmutry. And, lalUy. bodies ot .niht.;i were conllantly arming Jru.n Montreal, m\ tlic fwr.- Risers, and all equally relolute w.th llu.lc m tlie neighbour- hood ot" the e.ipit.d frcnh rtco'-.- Jijk lUct. On tlie tilt.ei.th, the Clicvalicr de I'nudmuK commander of tlic troops, fet out rlv in tlie morning to go on the dileovcry, and to elurge the enemy it tlicy llionid ike an Mtemrt to lami, with exprels iiijuniitions trom count Iro'itc-uic net to lolc early m.' F.n.ui'- flict in linht ct iii;lu ot them, and to lend hnn advice contitni.dlv ot all their motions ; all which he executed nertcdlv well. As thev expe.'ted H^mc ihips trom Inuur and as it wjs very realonahly a'ppreheiuied liiat they migiu inadvertently tall into the hands ot tlio cneinv, the ■governor general dilpatched, the fame day, two canoes well manned througii the\'ft"er channel ot" the ///<• of OrLans, witli oitlcrs to fail as t.ir down the river as poiiiMe, to meet thofe ihip^, and to warn theni ol their danger in the prc- feiit conjunchire. Ilecaufed men to work, at the fame time, with all expedition on a b.ittery ct tiifrrfu:i.tic3ci'.;ht pieces of cannon on tiic eminence near the citaiiel, which was finiihcd_ on tliii '""'*■ morrow. Il^ncc the fortiiication?, l>egun at the pal.ice, on the bank'; of tlic ri- ver tit CLiiilfs, afceiuied towards the hii;h town, which they iiicloled, and ciuk\l at tlic mountain on tlie lidt of (.rf/r DiamcnJ. There was alio raikd a palifadc, which reached from the beach to the doyller of the feminary, where it was terminated by inacceliible rocks, c.dled ibc Stur.r's h-lkd above the former, and emled at the fame place, in order to em-cr the muUpietecrs. In the losver town were two b.ittaies, caeh if three eij,hteen pounders, diip-.;'.vd in the intervals of the batteries of the hiuh town. The avenues of the place, not defended by gates, were barricadeil wiih iii.,iiy beams, and gabions, mounted with pattercro<:. The road which winds fr( in the low to the high town, was cut by three different intrenchments with gabions, and a kind of thevaux de fri/e. In the courle of the (lege a lecond b-ittcry w.is crc'U-d at the Suilor's li-op, and a third at the g.ite which leads to the river St CLirla. Lallly, le- veral pieces of cannon were liifpoled at proper dillaiices round the high town, and p.uticularly on the mount of a windmil, whiJi ferved for a cavalier. On the morning of the fixteenth l\iuJrcuil retnrneil to i^uhrc, ami reported that he had left the Englijh tleet three leagues Ironi the eity, at anchor, in a place called tbi- iLitbcrcil tri's being in arms againll liis l;iwf,i! fjvereign, meaning Jufm II. but alfo as that general iiad violated the Capitulation of I'on of CANADA. 113 Rosah which he hat! lately taken, by retaining prifoners fomc of the garrlfon, contra- ry to liis *■'"!> given, and to thj law of nations. The anfwcr of Count Iriiitcnac, tiiough more niu.leratc, was no lefs fmart. And turning to the trumpet, who had given him an hour to make h s anfwcr, " I will not, faid he, caufe you to wait long for niv anfwcr, whicii is tiiis : " I know not any king of the name of William j but I know the Prince of Orange to be an ufnrper, who has violated the m.oft facrcd rights, botli of blood and of religion, by detiironing the king his father-in-law. 1 know no otiier lawful fovcreien in England, but Jiinus II. Sir ff^illidm Pbipps ought not to be furprifed at the iiolUlities committed by the French and their allies ; as Ik; cufjit to have known that the king my mailer, having received the king of Enghind under liis protcdion, would order me in confcqucncc to make war on a nation who have rebelled ag.iinll their lawful fovercign. Could lie think, had he even offered mc more tolerable terms (thole were to furrcnder at difcrction) that I could have been cap.i!'!c of accepting them ? Could he believe that fo many brave men would have coiilented to them, and advife mc to truft the word of a man wlio has violated the capitulation made with the governor of ylcadia ; who is wanting in point of fidelity to hi> lawful prince ; who has forgotten all his almoft numbcriefs favours, to follow tlio caul'c of a foreigner, who, wliilll he would pcrfuadc the world that he has nu o- ti :r view than to become the deliverer of England, and tlie Defender of the Faitli, has deftroycd the laws and privileges of Tie kingdom, and overturned the Cluirch ot E':gland ; and which I make no doubt but the divine juftice, which Phipl's calls to witncls, will one day punilh with fignal fcvcrity?" The trumpet defiring to have this anlwcr in writing, Er^mtcnac faid, '' I am g(jing to fend your mafler my anfw ;.r from the mouths of my cannon; he fljall know what it is to fend a man of honour fuch a fummons." When he had done fpeaking, he made a fignal for blind folding the trumpet, who y, , j_,^ was inttantly ilifmilled, and the moment he liad got on board began the fireing daim.v.a frcm one ot the batteries of the lower town ; fo that the Englijb general fiw him- Iclf obliged to beliegc a place in form, which, he concluded, would not have had the boldnels to make any defence. What might be looked upon as an ill omen, the firil (hot ftruck down the admiral's flag, which being born along by the tide, fomc Cami- Mam threw themfelves into the river, and feizcd it, in fpite of a continual fire made up- '^" ' "" "" oil them from the tlcct, and carried it in triumph to the cathedral, where, if I am rightly informed, it ftill remains. The chief object of the governor was to draw the F.ng/ijl: to crofs the river Si stratagfm of Qiirla, in hopes of attacking the place on tlic only fide which offered any probabili- thtfr^Ti^ tv of fucccfs. The reafon of his policy was, that as this river was only fordable at ^"'" ' low water, when once the Engli/l.' troops had paflld it, they might be engaged ia i.rtier of battle without any great hazard ; and, (lunild they be obliged to give ground, they coulil never be able to rally, being under a nccefTity of marching half a league uj) to the knees in mud, before they could get to their boats. Should the French, on the other haml, crol's the river to attack the enemy, they mull, .is the governor well faw, l>c expoled to the fame difadvantagc and hazard. The former realoning might alio be retorted, by fuppofing that, had the French been beaten under their walls, and on the fide next the city, the conquerors might liavc entered it pell mcll with the runaways. The general, however, was fo confident of the bravery of his troops, that he never apprehended this inconvenience ; belidcs, as he did not intend to leave the place intirely without troops, he would always be able to fupport his own peo- ple, and make go»"<* l^ebec. This fort ftootl thirty paces from the river, on a fteep rock, fituatcd betwixt °'"''' two meadows, one of which is cut by a finall river within gun ftiot of the fort, and a little further by a hollow j and lictween them there is a ftream, with a mill on it. On this fide, to the left of the fort, the militia were encamped, with fome Indians, who then happened to be at Montreal. The regular troops encamped on the right, and the officers had pitched their tents on a rifing ground oppofite to them. About an hour before day break the enemy were difcovercd, by a ccntinel, falling .\j.,j|5^,j ,, in between the firft river and the hollow ; but after this they had gained the banks of'tilc^^li/. the river, and finding the quarters of the militia unprovided, had driven away the few that remained in it, and taken pofTcllion of it. On the alarm made by the cen- time!, the commander marclicd at the head of the troops, one part of whom took the way of the beach, and the other th.it of the meadow, marching round the fort. The battalion commanded by the oldcft officer arrived firft in fight of the quarter of the militia, and as he fulpedtcd all was not well, he halted in order to make what dilco- verics he could, when he received a difcharge of mufquetry, in which he was mor- ully wounded. The fame iiiftant the other battalion came up, and fell upon the e- ncmy, who, after a vigorous refiftancc againft fuperior numbers, made their retreat in goal order, with very inconfidcrablc lofs on the part of the Englijh, but more on that of the French who had the advantage. The former perceiving a iiiiall Frtncb detachment, which followed them pretty clofe, laid an ambufcade fcr tlicm, in which every man pcriflicd. Grown more confident with this fucccfs, they took the fame way by which they came, when their fcouts difcovered the advanced guard of a body of troops coming f) the relief of the place ; and, concluding they had noRspuiW Hy more than the handful they faw to deal with, they fell upon them without hefitation. •*"= '^""*- There happened to be the trunks of two large trees lying on the ground, behind which the French otliccr, with much fagacity, drew up his men, ordering them to lie flat on their faces till the firft fire of the enemy was fpcnt. Then rifing up, he lorined them into three bodies, and charged the enemy fo fiercely, that they were e- very where obliged to give way. After, however, rallying twice, and rctjrning to the fight, which laftcd an hour and half, they were forced to betake themfclves to riight ill great confufion, leaving fix-fcorc dead on the fpot, and twice that number wound- ed, with the lofs of colours and baggage. The French allow thcmfslvcs to have had fixty killed, and as many wounded, in this fliort but iharp adlion. Thup was Canada rendered powerful and flourirtiing, in comparifon of what it had been but two years ago, through the vigilance, adtivity and firninefs of Count Fron- tenac. \ i m ^mk r , ■ (i'' J. ■ (• \l '^ I |.. %^^ mmim '! I'i'; II M IliJIory of the D'tfcavcry and Sett!cn:ciH mac. There fcemcd but little caufc of apprchcnaing any attempt from /■'/(; /..vj, and tiic iiicuillons of tlic Irofioii rather m.\c tli.- inhabitants uncay, than did them any real detiiincnt. In the year 169.; arrived a deputy Irom tlie &ioux, demaiulii .^ Addrff>rfa '^jjj, protection of tlie governor gener.il, the ceremonial ot winch is worth rel,.tiiig. dtr-^iytK-ni ^ .^,jj.i,i„i^ the Count with a very dilmal air, and plating both his liaiids on W * ' ""' kiiA'S, he conjured iiiiVi with tears in his eyes to liave cumpalhon c-n hiin ; adding that whereas .ill the oth;:r nations had their latiier, vtt he tor lii> part had noiv.-, bc- iii"- in the conJ.itiun of a child that had Ikch ..b.uuloned and delerttd by it. pari.iiis. Then extending a robe of beaver-lkin on the ground, he placed on it two and twenty arrow?, and, taking them up one alter anotiicr, nimel attach anmv the name ot Ibme village", for which he, at the fame time, demanded the g ncr..l\ piotidiim. The Count conlentcd ; though no care has fince been taken to prJcrve that nation mi the Vrcnch intereit, and though a great profit miglit be got from the liides and wool of the butValoes, with which^heir vail plains li.ive been already laid to abouivl. f f. In 1696 the //-.w/.' formed a proied of invailmg the provinces oi Kcw Ln^^lmi fchniic of.n. and A'cv York. 13y the plan of operations, their army was to m..rch fiotn M.r.trc^l, v-ifionftuilra. j^„j^j ^^^\^,. j]lh,vi\\ and from thence proceed to Kcvi I'o'i, and, with the allillance ol a *"*■ 'pri'ml' fleet, to reduce Pr/lon, th;- ci.icf ditiiciilty if which they fcemcd to pLcc rather in t.'ie extreme uncertainty of tlie iundion of all tlie troops neteffary lor fucii an undertaking, the vaft cxpcncc of time requifitc (or luch a delign, and, lalUy, tht (iitliculty of cartving provifions for an army on bo..id of canoes which was looked upon as ahnoll unlurinountable. The tliet defij;ned a;',aiiill lio.'oi was to eonfill .1 ten lliips of the line of battle, one frigate, and twi.> fire ihips, commanded by the Marquis Jr NonminJ, who, after joining with a fquaJ.ron Jitting out at Koibfcit, un- der the command of M. dc M'lgnoii, was to proceed with all diligence to the l!..y u Pliiccritia, in hoper. to be early enough to prevent the F.nglijh from rcionquttin^' what they had loll the year before in Keu(:u>uluiii.i. And if he tl)und them U- fieging Pliicc'itli:,, his orders were to attack them, and, in cale of luccels, to let Uil for Pcntiigoet in AcaJia, and thence to dilpatch a veliei to i^tiwi, to halien the ilc- parture of Count Fro/iti"ii:c, who was to repair to liim with 1 jco n>cn. Tliis lunciion made, and the troops embarked, thev were to fail inllanlly tor Bh:on, ami, after t.ikini; it, to fcour all tlie coall as far as P,ji,iihu<-, ruining all the plantations as high up tl.c country as pollible. If tiiis lucceeded, they were to attem.pt Mjwhatts, if the lcal')ii permitted, and, after reducing that city, to leave iKhind the troops o\ CanjJa, who, ia their return home, were to ravage the colonv ot AVu' i'mk. 'i'he failure of carrying this vaft proicdl into execution Father (hurltxoix afcribes folcly to want of diligciKc. But an Englijhiii'in will fake oecalion, from this bold and milchicvous, and, as it ii imagined, well laid Ichemc, to retleilf with joy and trembling on the late danger ot his colonies from the much more tlourilhing and formidable llate ot CantiJa in tliiic later times. 13ut what has lie llitl to expedt, it the Frcrub be luiFercd to pollef^ aiul people L'.ui/iiT ii, a country larger than Europf, lituatcd under the linell climates, and at the bitkof liis plantations ? He will lee no way to remove his iuft appreluniions, from the thriving progrels of the enemy in thole parts, but by the tonquell of CwinJj. To this we have now an open door, which the Fntub vviij never be able to ihut while we have Louijbourg \n our hands, the reftoiation of whicii has lincc appeared only julliriable by the necellity of extricating our faithful allies Irom their iiiuii,ultjc-, and procuring them good and honoural^le terms ot peace. A peace having been concluded in Eurrp,-, touimilliontrs were appointed to fctt!: the limits of the territories belonging to the tw.: ».>-ovvns ir> yjmtrica, which had kon the occafion of much wrangling and blooiiflied. According to this leltlemcnt, the limits ni Canada, in which Acadia feems toh vc. lM:en compreheniibe(fui and 1',-ntu- gr.rt ; whercis they had formerly been extm.icd .is far .is the tiril of thole two places. Notliing was determined with refpeiit to the country of the In.quoii, thole Indiain pre- tending to an ahibUite independ..iice on titiur n ,tion Ad Huaiun'i B.i\ w.ig alio left m the hands of the F';ii. I.\ wIm \..ere in the acfu d polTtilion of it, as well . s of the illandd' Capf Brc/ov,.beiiig then .-t nuall conlequence, and the (.ttleincnt thirc Injiijg too inco,;- filerahle to give .my tuiile ot uncalinels to the Enyjijh \ but the wa , which broke out foyji alter between the two crowns, remitted the dcciiion of boundaries to the fate of arm*. M. «V Sfittcmcnt of limits. of C A N A D A. M, /' Caillicres fiircceiling Count Frontrnar in tl'.e govcrninciU of diiuidi!, was williiiiT to take advantage ol the t'.ivouraMc difpofltion of tiic Ifjqw.h tiwaid'; a pence ; nmi, in Ipitc of the oppofition of the govtrnor of A' ;j i'. ,', he fucceedcd f;) well, that. in I TO I, tile deputies of ihc (itiingonins, 'Tj'.n>!mth,>iitis, Onnoiitni^ues, Gii''\outbs, nnd Jniurs, the five nations incliuied under the general name of Inqii-.i^, in tiio Jlri.'ilh colonic?, and better known by the names of iV;/(V(/i, Qiyinyi's, O-i.n.Uijoi's, O- rii'ila'i, and Mohawks, an ived at Montrral. They w ere foon followed by thofe of the IhHan nations in the I'ri-nch interell, when the Riit, who was the orator and chitf of the licpntation oftlic fluronsnf Mii-l:iLmakiiiac, made the governor u very fine com- pliment in the name of all the reft. Tiiis treaty Iiad been effedted by tlic ncgoci.itions of the S'ieur <'• Ciirtcniaucl:,-, and of K..ther yliigf/rtin, who had been lent with a commidlon for that purj-ole. In tlieir proTils, on their arrival at MicbiltnKjkinac, they fdiiul alinoll all the hi.i'uvit ablent \i li>nitin:' ; wlicretore, after difpatciiing nicliengcr^ to i;it'ornv tlum of' the caiile of tlitir arrival, the Count left his cf)l!cgne to tranladt matters with the Ifunjn and Outa- i.\iis, and rt paired to tlic rivrr of .SV "foff'', where he met the Mituiiis, and p.uties of t! : i';tif<:uij'aMis, Sokokis, Outn^amii, lliirotis, and Mn'.in.^n.'i InHivis. Hci.ce he prncce led to the Jlinoi'^ and in his return to Chictigou, vilited the Os'yatonou^ a nation of the Miomit. In A/./v following lie took a progrefs to the country of the Mafcou- tlns, and, continuing his jonrney towards Hu 'Jen's Bay, nu-t fevcral bodies of the Snkt's, Ottbap-as, MalLoiniii:-^, Uufaiawis, J'ottfi~ii'a'a>/iis, and Kikapcm. Tiicnce returnmc to M!ch:limiiks>iOi\ he luuiid the ncgociation happily conchukd by the zeal and addrcfs ni Father Angrlriiii. On the Count's arrival the father ftt out tor Moitreal, leaving the Count at Mticbilimakiiinc, where his prelenee was necelVary for removing fomc icrupU's that urofe with refpeet to the reilitution of prifoncrs, which thole nation^ had t.ik'jn Irom the Iroqmi', fomc bemg defirous of ret doing tlum, in order to treat I'c- paratcly with the cantons ofth.it people, whilll others wanted only to embroil mat- ters. Lourtinidih V had many dilHculties to encounter, moft of thole nation'; being inarms aij.iinll the /'S'/zK/'f, and nuny of them or., againft another; but he had the tvid tortune tJ furmouiit them all, and at lad embarked for M.Kttcal, witli ;i fleet of I So ca.ioes. Before the meeting of the general alTembly of the Itiil'ia'n abovcincntione ?, tlie go- vernor held priv.'.tc conferences with the deputies apart, though there lud been alrea- dy .1 preliminary debate, in wliich the deputies ehietly infilled on lowering the price of ccinmoditics, and purchafing all th. ir lelTer j'-ltiy, be.iver ikins beginning to grow fe.irce. At laft every thing being fcttleil with tb.e deputies in particular, it remained onlv to fign the artiilc^, and i^roclaim the peace. Fur the performance of this folcnuiity a 1 irge plain w.'S chofen without t!ic city, furroundcd with a double inclofure, at one end of which was eredted a canopy for the Liiie^ and principal pcrlons of the place. The troops were drawn up round the lifts, and the l'itli.:'is, in number l^oo, were drawn up within tbcm in beautiful odor. 'I'lie governor, attendcil by M. di' Champii;;n\\ the t'hevalier dc I'liudrcuil, and the prin- liiwl otlicers, pl.iced himfelf fo as to be ken aial heard by all the Jieoplc, and nddrcf- ling himlelf to the Intliarr; told them, in few words, that he had the year before e- fl.ibliilud a peace between all tlie nations. Hut as none of the Northern and VVef- tcrn people, except the Hurct:s and 0//.'.;':;..'/j, had been prc'cr.t at the treaty, he had acquainted the others with his dclirc, that they fliould lend deputies at whofe gc- ner.il aflembly lie might folemnly take the liatchet out of their hands, and dt'clare to all thole who fliould acknow!cdgL' him I'or tlieir fither, th.it he took upon him to be, lur the time to come, the arbiter of all tluir iliflercnces. He therefore advifed them to forget all that w.is pail, and intruft all their concerns to his management, in wliich he woul>) take care to fee llria jufticc done. He aildcil. that they had rtafon to be weary of the war, which had been equally unprofitable to all of them ; and that therefore he doubted not to receive their thanks, as foon as they lliould have tafted the hvects of peace. This fpefch of the governor, being repented to the fevcral nations by their inter- preters, wis aiifwercd with general nccl.unations, and belts, and robes, were at the fame time dillributcd among the chiefs, who rifing up one after another, and march- ing with a grave and folcmn pace, cloilied in their robes of beaver (kins, preten- tcd their priluners to the governor, together with belts, the meaning of which was- explained to him. All of them ("poke with great polite ne Is, and in. i very fcnfible man- H h ncr; 117 ni;rrr.il.,r- r nilily ct fit- i'ltu:i ,n (MdtT IV ,11,.. ution. r.iiijvi.J. Fir-:t covet* no ' ■: icih to /•• '1.11 Jc- inaii... So'rmn (te |oriniriitof Ii.M.iii- hiJii' Ir II' IV. t ' 'i: ^ (i 1 II 3 HiJJory of the Difcwtry and SetthtnaU r:M m u PrclTrj and fptccbci. but their principal aim was to inforcc a belief that they were facrifiting their own ii,te. reft to the love of peace, and to their great deference to the will of their father, at the fame time iivfinuating how little they had to fear on the part of the Inquois, tho' they had fmall reafon to depend on their finccrity. This ceremony, ferious as it was, afforded matter of much merriment to the French fpcftators, many of the Indian nations appearing in a very ridiculous drefs, wiiich, contrafteJ with the folemncfs of their deportmci.t, excited laughter beyond all fup. preffion. The chief of the Algonkim, a tall handfome youth, was drellbd like x CanaJi,3n traveller, with his hair done up with red feathers, which formed a fort of crown rcfcmbiing a cock's comb. This hero, who had pcrformctl fomc admirable feats againft the Iroquois, advancing towards the governor, with a noble and unaffcc- ted air, f.jid " My father, if my reputation as a councellor is but fmall, let it be re- membred that I have ever made it my maxim to obey thee in all things ; and Jince thou hail fettled peace, I bury all my refcntment in oblivion". The chief of the Poutcouatamis wore a fort of bonnet or caiket, made of the Ikin of a bull's head, the horns hanging over his ears. This perfonage paflcd for a man of folid judgment, joined to great fwectnefs of temper, and a llrong affeflion to the French ; his fpccch is faid to have been well fpoken, and in a very obliging manner. The Outagdmim orator had his face painted red, and on his head an old fcare crow wig, of which he feemcd particularly vain, all covered with powder, but fhockingly dreffcd, whith gave him an air at once ridiculous and hideous. As he had neither hat nor cap, and was defirous to falute the governor after the French manner, he pulled off his pe- ruke, on which theaffembly broke out into a peal of laughter, at which he was not in the Icaft difconccrted, but probably took it lor applaufe. He told the general that the reafon why he had brought no prifoners was becaufe they had all made their efcape, and that his principal hoftilities had been committed againft the Sicux, and not againft the Iroquois. The Saulteur chief had on his head an ornament of feath' formed into a kind of rays refembling the flowers of the auricula. He faid that he had already given his prifoners their liberty, and that he conjured his father to grant him his fricndlhip. The Iroquois inhabitants of the colony, and the Algonkins fpokc laft, exprcfling much zeal for the growth and profperity of the French fctticmcntj. Then all the fpeftators, carting their eyes on the orator of the Iroquois cantons or Five Nations, who had not as yet fpoken, he faid, in brief, that thofc he had the honour to reprefent, would foon convince all the other nations of the wrong they did them by their diftruft, and that they would fatisfy the moft incrcduioui among them of their fidelity, finccrity, and refpcrt for their common father. The treaty was then produced, and figncd by 38 Indian deputies, after which the great pipe was brought forth. The governor firft fmoaked in it, then the French _ . officers of greateft dilliniflion, with all the Indian chiefs and deputies in their turn 'e»'x 'g" ^f^gj. vvhich Te Deum was fung. Three whole oxen were boiled in their caldrons' and every one was ferved with his portion, all paffing with much order and decency! Thefe tranfadtions were followed by giving audience to the Upper Indians and Iroqunt; Subfrqiifnt the acceflion of the yigniers otherwife Mohawks to the treaty } the fending miffiona- •ranUtioni, ^j^j ^q j|,g pjy^ Nations at their own requeft, not to convert but to watch over their pro- ceedings, and to fruftrate the negociations of the Engli/b j the hoftilities of the Englijh in the breaking out of the war ; their threats againft New France ; the projcA for fettling a miffion in Acadia ; fome proceedings of the Indians in the French colony prejudi- cial to their intcreft j the death of Caillieres fucceeded bv l'audreuil\ a deputation rotn t\\t7fonnonthcnans or Cayugas ; and, laftly, an expedition into New England by 'he bicur de Beaubaffin at the head of a body of Abenaquss, with the flaughtcr of about 300 of that province, which was revenged by an inroad into Acadia, the country of thole In- dians; and laftly another furprife of New Englanders by the fame Indians in which many were killed, and 1 50 taken prifoners. ' In 1706, the governor of Canada propofed to the king's council a permiffi n for M«>.f.ftn,„*'^^ inlubitante to cultivate hemp and flax, and to manutadure them in that coun- .ftabulhcdiu ""y' where not only linens, but even woollen fluffs, were rifen to fuch an advanced a»acis. price, that the poorer fort were obliged to go half naked. The anlWcr of the nii- nifter was, that the king, his maftcr, was extremely pleafed to find that his fubjeds of Canada had at laft acknowledged their fault in nci^kaing the cultivation of their lands for the fur trade. And particularly he approved of their dcfign of growing ^ hemp ri i \- n^..: y wr, i Hrif^ A :^EW Ma] ^tj;^:=^: A :^Ew Map 'fW^^ :uu] (APE Britain. NEW EN(1LANJ):uuICaNADA, I'romagivat miinlwTDl' ;u>tual Sui-vovs; \ „ ^ RE or LA T E.B "^^^r^^.f- 'idi:uiEx()luiuitioii P New llu ,\T % i>bservations onwAu/i Mi< M»j> i< ihvunJiu. ^ Pfa^in La/tbiJf- lin/inai: i'httmm ' (^u<>l)e.ok via jj ,,\ 11, B/iiff/f i/Oi' ^u/v J'liM- Ai ■>■!• IA4; .f'l l'Att/;rt ipi ^.^_jtipc ('an.v \.\i iB 14,^ 13 fAafitrf V \~^vniie il/L'f \xs a; J4i 4<»^ ' ' ^ LouLsbiirr tir % 1 : , Engjlilh Harboiuj ' ininfjf^^ ^\ W^ % V, - > '*^ / A 1^ p .r\^ ^ '•^'l/fllh'A/aA |^'W.•(|,.„, '7-U fW/..i/u A 'L l_r/^ -^ ->^ fc-5r^ «r^«^ V'^-S^V. t/nOrftK nitt /FAnn / -*^] ^J>mtK.<,^ (It! .\i K:X^ ,i;.i ,\i (m>,V B |H||^£]UH1 UlUl tUMUt' kttiii y ^w.>4 lUlt MU HH UUUl IfllUlk 1 HUft . felUI AUu J t ii Auytu- //\vft Oi-lruni t /ivi*v i" Ui,tt. ,•'■ . X"'^ M..^'^'-' •„ /'"•'' ,//,)y"kut«k It kV\>' ,■.*■'{ "'^iv.uiw Mountains ^^ |^ ^ .^ G i: r o Y N o V A S c o r .alUtl Ijv tlu. FRT.NtH A rft.Av ^^«,- T H H r L K^'^-C^^) I r yrvt/" n-rt Hiu-n I "■fftf :T Raint*a «•/' y*'*'^!. 'Mlniui>lu II 4^ijiiuuL * ■•'•i-numii'p , Jiarthl ^asL-^- i«"<'*;'l>i'ikli »I M;l(1:uu ife-^r*?**^ ■^ ^if "•^" ^' >!>* SsS/r"'""""^' ' *"« ;*K*»«^^ Sftble^BlanJ , ?/} /w/ntra/ CV>/^> .c^" .;. '■ ^v**'^'' »■* r,i«A<»"' I observation* on whifA tAu Vai^ u Crrpuritif,^ PliiC€.> IMituJf. lii^ffitmie. I'A'tmrti | |^uel>ei-k lib j'j Si l,^, Sr^iani tfi4f Boston U'l ■».< l>* 1% Biiitt/f ijoo t'apf J\if>ft- |4>1 '»J -13^4; .1" tl^uftrf i^Ji _/^e ('an.H> |.t,5 * ilnnJf iln.>r U? .s; Louubiire; (V l^ j 1 *y / ^ Englilh Harbour)^^ ' ' r.ith./iu /'* ,-*' <^''.r"-^'-t N o V S c ~tle Idond Oivutla ■ .0 .tyf ExplaiinUoii S (• ./ / A I t^iiif/i'A ,Uan/k- t,\iifiut< ■><• />< a Ay/iv. il *; .V l" .:» <»' "'> M) \M »« ■^v •^^" il \i Si'^ or ^ ?4 •X'/:-' U^. .. v w CAPE Is fituatcd bet of the entry o the Eallcrn, tli rates it from and h called th not quite fifty I Its figure ii vcr; parts of it arc o bottom of Pcf Thelc lakes f iiland of IWJe The tlimatc more frequent fomenefs. Th oaks ot a prot The moft comi ^cblly applc! flax, though ill CenaJ:!. U even to their ed from the 1 the giiiph of 5; -\ f 'of c A rr A D A. 119 Vain attempt uf the E»iliji to I f^ ,i < 120 Porti. Hijlory of the Difcovcry and Sdii'mcni All forts of ilomcllic animals horfcs, liornul cattle, hog^ (liccp, tlccr, ami pn.il, try (m\ ahundanc*; of provcn^tLT. Huntiivi; anil filhini; wtc alone alik' tf) maiiit,;in the iniiabitaiits for a toiUulcrablc part of tlic >var. There arc alio (even! rich mine, of txcclknt coal, ami thole lyin^ high on inoiint.hns, and thcrctorc m.iy he wroiigln ttt a hn.ill Lxpcnce ; thire i« alio found plail.i" liU' tliat ilui; up near l\ins. It i; atUrniCii that no part in the world atibrds grmttr plenty of tod lilli, unJ, with mun: conveniences ot all forts for curing thein. 1 b.i:. illand was lornKrly well Uockci with wild gatnc, hut it ha^ lately hecdine very feirce, tfpve .dly the elk. The par- tridi'e is i.f the li/e of a phtafant, rclcinl.ling it alfo very much in the colour ot iu feathers Lallly, no plaee ^.\\\ \vj better (itiiated tor th. fillicry of the fta wolf, pof. ujife, and whale, which ar.' tound in urcat plenty in tii^jle fcas. All it-; portsareopcn towardsthe eaft, f nnewhat inelinini; to the iJoutii, within the rp.ica of t". '7 (ive lea'^ues, beginning with Vc/Vf D^iup'-ifif m far as PorU- 'IhrMhif,; fitii.itcil ahiioll at ;lie eiuiance of the ihaits, or '.'Ut, of Fionfac. Kvery where elle you li.ird- ly find any anchoring ground, except only for fni.ill vdHis in the creeks and between the illetb, Tiie wliule Northern coall is very hi;;h, and almoil inacceliible ; and it is equally didieult to find any landing place on the Weft, till you come to the (Irai:, of l-'ro'ilhi, in your courle from which you inunciiiatLly meet with Pot Ihcidiiifi, for- nierly known by the name of I'orU- St l\t,i\ and lituated between a fort ot giijph, called Liu!:- St Piti-r, and the illands of St ]\frr, ojipofitc to the ilks MtiJ.im,', o- tlic: wife MiUiiepas. From thence returning towards the i5..uth Eall, you liiicovcr the Bay of Giikroiis, the ei.try whereof, which is about twenty leagues diilant tnin the illnuiiof St Peter, is a league in breadth, lying between ill;nds and rock?. Ail thefe ill mds may be approached, and lome of tliem run out with capes a league and rnnof'w Ji'ilf into tlic fea. The bay is two leagues dcq), an I the anchorage very go-vl. i.'..r^, ail The harbour of L5///77r;/r;T^ formerly F.ngllj': Il.ii/'iur, is no more than a lc,i:;je "'"'"."/''"diAant, and one of the principal ports in all A<-i:ricii. It is near tcnir le.i;u.s 111 o:- beJ. cult, and has every where trom lix to Icven tathiins water. I lie anchorage is excel- lent, and ihips may be run alhorc on the mud without daM;;cr. Tlie entry is no more than two hundred tathoms wi>le, between two fmall illands, and is ealily known at fea by (<• Lonmbcc, lituated near it, towards tlie North V.,\\. Two lca!»iiej higher is P .rte Jc /<; Bahiiu; or H'LiL-i Pert, the entry of whicli is wry liitlicult on account of fomc rocks, which lie hid under water when the lea runs high. This harbour is capable of no larger velVels than th.'.t of three hunK- r)!' fetching a compafs by (ca in the winter feafon, Whiill the I'rcnch remained in potltflion of ykudia, or New ScotUimi, and the Sou- thiin coalt of Newfoundliml, they made little account of the ifland of Cd/>c' Breton. ThcSieurs Rt'n,iiidot were liic tirll who took upon them to recommend it to »he at- m. mori.il ..i tcntiin i>f the /'nv/c/j minillry in 1706, on account of its utility to Ncv.^ Ffti/tce. tUc ^>t\ii. For this purpose they tranhnitted a memorial to court, in which thty intimate that '^""""'■"■ liiicc the chief and almoft fole vitw in t(labli(hing the colony of Ciintu/a, at lead nt ihi'le conccrncil in it as mcmheis and proprietors of a company, had been the traliie of funs, principilly l)caverlkins, thofe intcreftcd ought to have retledlcd and forc(cen) that one day this commodity muft be in a great mcafure exhaufled, w c!!c too common, and, confequcntly, far from ("uthcicnt for the fupport of a colony (if lo much confequencc ; that the lall of thefc evils, the low price of beavcr- lkiii>, had ac'tually come to pafs and that thole who hail got enough to live at c'.k in Old Iranii' were, for that very realon. Id"! concerned what became of A'iw fr.r!Cf. Then they obllrvc that this trade can never employ any confiderabic infufficierry minibcr of jicopic, and never can fuiricc alone to maintain or enrich a whole colony ; oi ihc futr and that, even fupjwling the confumption of thofe • immixlities certain, the evil laft '™'''^' mriitioncd could only be avoided by running into the firft j for w; it of making thefc fLikxions, the inhabitants of New Fnvicc had almoll entirely addicted themfclves to this conunerce, never confidcring the impollibilitv ot finding a gen.ral fale for bcu».., as they might undoubtedly lor cod and other filli j l. it they T I been io ccuftoin- cd to long and fatiguing ionrncys, and to a life of wandering and ftroll >:: through Ijrcfts and wtxnl!., and crolliug of lakes that tho' the value of beaver w^ *;.k fo low as not ti> be worth their pains they could not yet, without great diflicul, ;, oe brought to I'lihird thcmlelves to any more profitable but more continec! "w of lite. The Knglijl; on the contrary, lay they, have obl'erved quite i.uv.ii ;r method, and, ,.1- iiuiunricfthe ftcjd ot amuling thcnWelvi-s with long and uncertain percgrina ions, have made it their £»i '."■■■ buli.'.c!^ t>i cultiv.ite their lands, have e(>abli(lial maiuifadlurcs, creded glal's-works dil- coviTcd iion mines, loilmvid ihip-lniilding, and have never regarded the furriery but as an actrlf iry and not a [>rinci|>.d article of coiimuTce. Indeed neccllity has at lalt opened the ryes of the Canadicm, and they have been f;,,^/,^,, ob,ij;cii to turn tht-ir liaiuls to cnltiv.ite hemp and flax, to making of fails, and of fomc lottrj uiHt nothing liad not as y^t liiltered tticm to overcome their lazy indo- lurtj. \c.x'.. That it all of them hail corn and cattle lutHcicnt for their fubdftencc, yet ibil multitudes want do itlis, and are under a necclTity of palling very hjng and (harp wii ta; with no other than tneh as are made of doefkir.s. Tiie king is at b yearly ex|>encc of a hundred thoufand crowns towards the s„k|j ;„ |„de fupport of this colony ; the Ikiiib, or furrs, amount to about two hundred andfourlcorc oi i.ur.ija tiiiiliiid livrcs ; oils and other interior article^ .urn about twenty thoufand livrcs ; the iKiilions which lie upoti the royal treafury, [at the king allows private perlbns, aiiii tiic revenues of t!ie billiop and I'eminarics, paid by Old I'runcc, amount to fifty tliDtiland livresmorc; making in all lix hundred and htty thoufand livrcs, [reckoning tluix livres to the crown] which is the •■ iiole of the value or (lock in trade, of tlie whole country. A very inconfidcrablc natter indeed, with rcfpcdt to the fublilkncc of fivand twenty thoulaiid (uuls, aii.l jiroviding them alio with all ncccllarics from the IV: thcr country. Idrnurly iJie Ling bcf>owed a much greater fum on the colony, the returns then ColonvJn.r- ir.aintcd to near a million in beaverlkins, and at a time when that province was not**'*'* "'""«J near fo jxipulous ; bnt as (be was never .ible to make returns equal to her receipts from tiirrp,-^ btr credit diininilhed, and at lall Uink entirely, fo that no goods were to be had III 1 raucr, till the merchants h;.d paid for them with ready money, or by a con- fidtr.dilc conlignment. Thus, as well as by the fiill of the price of bcavcrfkins, all the luoiity of Cdiiada was drained into Fnituy-, whence it haii been atErmed that at I i certaia I i 1 J , .« f ' fil m^ftmifiiffm _IL._.i!'L-J*^aK- 122 it >m^\ Ctiiitiiiij im provfil by llVinl convc tiicrt tor Imuggliiig. Choice of h.iibuur, WW Uifiory of the Settlement of the Ijhfhi certain times there were not a thouland crown- in Ipccic to he iound iii the whole colony. . r^ I rr^\ Tlius far they proceed in rcprcfenting the llatc of allairs in CiVhiilii. They next take the liberty to otVcr propolals to rcnJer tlie culoi.y more rloiiiilliiii:^ and to prevent or remedy all future complaints, CatiiiJa has, fay they, lutlicient commodities to drive on a very h;erativc commerec, , _, fuch as fait Iklli, nut'ls, deal hoards, fide-planivs, iniall and j;ieat tiniba lor fhip- Cap, Brum. ^■^^^,^^ ^\[^-\y^ tjr, whale oil, and oil of porpoifes and fea- wolves, cudfilh, hemp, llix, copper and iron. All th.it is neceifary to be done, is to liiid a market tur the conlinnp- tion of thefe commodities, and to lower the priee ul labour, and ot tlie cnnimoiiitiis of OU F/iVice. Cipc Breton was therefore judged the propereft place for a mart, or flaplc, between France and Qiiuuii), for carrying on the inutu.d commerce of both eoun- trie?, as well as for a nurfery of feamcn, it being the moll advantagcoully litii.itctl, and even abfolutely neceflary for the cod and whale filhcry, as well in the gulf of i,t Laurence, as ell'c where in the neighbouring feas. Such, was the fubrtanee of the memorial and of the propofals it otters. Hut there was another advantage which the French promiled themlelves from fettling ((//f Hrc ton, refulting trom its moll commodious (ituation tor fmuggling brandies, wine?, linen, iiiks, and other French commodities into the En^/ijh colonics, not only of Nrntb A'ner:c,t, but alio of their ifi luds, which mini be a confidcrable iliminution ot tlio calh, and detriment to the marufaiihires, of G <;;'/ to the end of December. But this argument la its lavour feemed counterbalanced by tlie want of a beach, or convenient lluir^ for any great number of filhing-veirtls, the barrennefs of the country round ir, ar. i the immenfe fums it mud coll to fortify it. Tin y who were lor tlie harbour of .i.' ylnne, belidcb the ihelter it attbrds to ihips from the height of its banks and the neigh- bouring mountains, ai:.t the ealy acccis of all I'orts of vellels near the beach, uddti.;, that it might be fortified at a trifling cxpcnec, llnce .is much work niight be lion.- lierc tor two thouland livrcs, as at EnglijI: llarlrur tor two hundred thouland, becaul: it' afforded all Ibrts of mn.erials proper for building and fortifying a great city. Ik'- lides the beach was as lari.e as tliat of Placentij, anil r.o lels the quantity ot lilli. To thole advantages might be aildcd the vail variety of timber, iuch as ni..plc, bceci\ cherry-trees, and, above all, oaks for ihip-building, and malls, marble in great qu.ir.- tity, the lands excellent, cfpccially thofe of the greater and lelter La/n-i:Jcr, which ar; alio capable of maintaining a great number of inhabitants ; and that it is no more thjT four leagues from Spanijh Bay, an excellent harbour, the adiacent lands of a rich 10::, and producing much timber tit for ihip-building. 'iiierc was, however, one tnxn and overbalancing inconvenience attending St yltwe's llarkur, and that is, the dilii- culty of get'.ing into it, which, after much wavciing between the two, gave at L:; the preference to Englijli Harbour, fiucc named Ltuijbctng, on account of its ta- fy acccfs. We think ourfelves obliged, before we coi^clude our account of this important fpot ci cartli, to give an hillorical relation of the I'everal revolutions it iias of late years un- dergone, which the reader will find in the Hdlowing oider. Cape Breton, ami the otlicr illands in the bay of Si Laurence, wb.ich, together wi;!i A'cvrf Sedta, had been reduced by tlie Englijh in 1710, w^re, by the peace of Utricl:, given to the French in exchange lor Flacentia in !\'e;./oi,niliaiu/, .,r. 1 .ill other right Mi title to that illand, with a relerve, however, of libcity, fur the Fnmh and i'^V niarih to cntch and cure filh in its NortIn.rn harbours. Ijy the lame treaty, A ■ I'a Scofm, called by the French /IcaJia, whole undetermined bounds, together witr. other claims, unftttlcd by that and other fuccctding negociations, have given occalic:. t. Cife Biihn ccji'd lu hanri. to llie prcfent dcr debate at Sretcn was 11 iliert with a ( tlic Fracb th In 171 7 XV ments towards Rci'u; tlieir y kttlers. Inriu by God, unalit alter lunie tim When that tc other llock. prevailing in ;> iiillrudtiuns coi M. ijoices he miiilon.iries, w an illand of St. eii InJiiin laui (kitroy their ca the Iiidi.im ma of Majj'acbufett per I'calp to \o\ li.i.s. The iiK v.r, Augufi 12 ILrman, with briiiging oil" 26 mounted to cigl great ilrvice, v aboat 70 FtJia/, w iinKlal. A";; ii:i.S witli a in loiicls .iiid a g'. with the govcrr h::,ini. Alt I Illation of ,1. bv which the eil the treatv, wi'.h the piivi In 1744. tl k;.:j niiiiinderl vviiii J'liime, ciaiinc.i w.ir . w.i: w.;< not Mi;u iiad c.ir tri))ps -and mi i.;:rn', the gair itr Icvcral Wct it. 'ec river, June 1 3, 1 722, the I'liii.ins made a beginning, and took fcveral captives, jfu/y 1;, 1722, the governor i\ MaftihufeUi Bay proclaimed tlie Indians enemies and rebels, and ordered 100/. Pt." Icalp to volunteers fitted out at their own charge, and afterwards 4^. per day be- li,l;s. The mod confideralilc adlion againll them was at Noridgwoag by Kenebec ri- v.r, Aiigull 12, 1724. Their lighting men being juft returned from fcouting, Capt. ILrniiin, with 200 men in 17 whale boats went up the river and furprifed them, biir.^int; oil" 26 //;..'/(;'/ Icalps, and that of Father Ri!/e ; the killed and wounded a- mouiitcd to eighty. On the other hand. Captain Lovti, a volunteer, who had done grcit fcrvicc, was interceptcil in his way from 0//'ipi pond to Vigockct, by a party of abaiit 70 Indians, and killed with 14 of his men volunteers out of 44, befules many w iiiiKied, Njvcriher 17, 172;, arrived in ll'ilon a captain and lieutenant of ma- liii.j, with a melfige from the governor ot C.-nad,:. And in yanuary, 1725, two co- lor.ds ..ml a gentleman were lent from A'cii- England with a melTagc to cxpoflulate with the governnicnt of Canada, concerning their inviting and aflilling the rebellious ln.i:,vif. After iniieh Ikirniilhiiig aiid blood llied, the Indians begged and obtained a iiiiatian of a.nis, Dt-cemhcr 15, 1725, and in May following, a peace was concluded, bv which the Indians of Noridgwoag, Fenobfcct, St John's, and Ca/>e Sahlcs, who fign- eathc tre.itv, were fceurcd in the polllliion of all their lands not hitherto conveyed, wriithe piivilege of hunting, fowling, and fiihing, as formerly, la 1744, the war declared leveral years Ik fore between England and Spain, after ^^'-^ ''«'^«4 kiT, niiuuuierl^aniiing, and fome previous adts of hollility, drew on another of England FrL7,'\nd una I'lanif, which appeared to have taken Spain under her protection. France pro- K'-.^i^nd. ei.„aie.i w.;r Marih 2(>, N. .S. and England yipril 2 ; but at Uolkn, in NfW England, w.;; w.'.s not proclaimed till June i^. On Mav 24, Du rivier, a French officer, ulo had early inteiligencc, with a tew armed fmall vellcls, and about 900 regular triMps ■.'.ikI militia from Loiti/hwg taka Can/b in A^/V./ iVo/;V/ without refinance, and i; it> tilt garrifun and inhabitants to th.;t foftrefs. After this he blockaded Annapolis iu leveral weeks, but on the arrival of fuccours from New England retired to Minas, aioun ill the heart ot that ctjuntry, peopled by the Iremh in fubjcdiou to the En~ ^r'-, lilt dii(H);ed, on all occalions, to favour the attempts of their countrymen. ^)\\ Fihnuiiy ^, 174c, N. S. at an alVembly of the reprcfcntatives of AfaJ/intufffs siege ani Ii-\ the molk powerful and leading of the four provinces of New England,* it was cDnqiuiiof cci duded, by the m.ijority of one vote, that, conlidcring the imminent danger and an- i,',"",''!'".'* ni .,.;iee to iii'; majelfy's Northern colonics, in time of war, from the neighbouring lli.ag .;nd moil commo'lioully lituated /''vmA harbour and garrilbn ot' Louijlwurg, a;; attempt ihould be made to reduce that lortrefs. The governor of Neiv England at til t time was Mr Shirhy, a man of the law, of great abilities and merit, and in- ti:iutely acquainted with Colonel Feppcrell, chief olficcr of the militia, one of the lar- ' ! "''. 1 ,1 I, 1: l,J. ^t.;!r U- i ; '1;' ,r. (,■ . i '. ■ Ut-l * 1 lie other provineci arc Ctuntilint, Airw HaufP'irt, and Rhtit ljla»i. geft ffmttmmimi» I. Mil m » Ml m m t I I t24 ^rco//«/ 0/ the taking of the Ipnd of Cape Breton in 1 745. ceft traders in Bnb\ b.ittery, to play upon the circular battery and mava/ine. '^Mif ^, about 500 men in whal; boats made an attempt on tlic illand katcry wlarc was had landing, ^o cannon 2< poiin.lers, and 180 men in garrifon, and were repulled withtho lofs of 60 men killed an! wounded, and 116 taken priloncrs. "June 23, the CMnterbitry and SunJerltinJ o( 60 guns each arriving, it was refolved with tiiefe and the reft there l>efore, confiding of one 64, two 60, one 50, and three 40 gun ihips, to dorm the town the 29th by fea, while the forces from the camp made an attack by way of divcrlion on the laml, though the ditch was 80 feet wide, the rampart eighty feet high, and the fcaiiiv^ ladders lo feet too fhort. But the garrifon, compofed of 600 regulars, with about, 30J militia, }^>erceiving the preparations, thought it beft to capitulate on the 28th, and were allowed the honours of war, not to fcrve for twelve months, and to be tranfportcd t) France at the charge of England. The French had expended two millions of livro ill lortil >g tJje place, and it had when taken, cannon mounted on the town walls 64, and on tiic grand and ilLmd batteries as before mentioned, and no want of ammuni- tion and llorcs. The lofs of the befiegers did not excecxl i 50 men. This expedition rcfulted greatly, qnd almoft folely, to the honour of the people of Aru' England. " When I reflect, fays a writer of that time, on the fagacity and bravery of Mr Pippere 11 And of the Ntnv /•>/r///'!' engineer who left his (hop. board, and the intrepidity of the reft of the New Eniiijhmeu in this undertaking ; when I confider the coolnefs aiwi bravery with which iliey marched to a»ition, and their re- turn irom victory to their fcvcral occupations, I form in my mind the image of th. antient Romans leaving the plough for the field of battle, and retiring after their con- qucfts to the plow again. " And a French otliccr ohl'crvcd tliat in all hillory he lu-! never met with fuch a bold inft.ince as of 4-500 raw iindiKiplined men laying fitgo u / r mmm '"-ai ■MiiJ riJi " "liniiitfai ■■"■ 1 1'l'ii \\im iii1iiV'aiiiiBilBwiMi^BBMi^BiHBr'¥ 'tf-ai'Xi A /t i MV 1 1 ■ i' II t'^.vr*^ /tifii/'.ir' - 7.t/ii.<- ,'/■ SAyv <'/' W irll'l/i/J7i'li.<\\f u i/.Ti ■/■//,'/■'• . h>Mfiiu'ii/y i'^ Ji'n\/v f.Par.ifft i. Tu/uf 'JUni.P > Citadel. Ii,n>,i- 'B S«k ^ BilidUl ^yL^[rJ V .^.; _::--.r«^:. / JilMl' . •■ ^,. A1*LAX oIiIk- I'lTYuud T'ouTiruwno.xs ..I" / (f II s n IK a ti(»Ul II SllI'VO.V lll;lc|c |»\- l{li llAltl) (rlUKLKV. Ih /If y','//.)'/'//',' 7hi/// ,'/'. J // /////•)• i/i iJif,. ' '///,• i/i!/ii>r/ti/U I'di-IioI.v /i;t,< AiA // •'// //<■ //./•'^//(•fl / /.//,,ti//, /■.>< //v/,' r/ f,}L/\i//.', /■// y^nwiAi'iNiii, III.' rl'iif Mv/v /{.//■'■•J <-H.iiiif'u/ iii,^. Ihty.t I /I X «■/■-'//(/' I f^J ,i>i,/i;niw.ii!.U (■// S'^Ulll'l' l'.>|i|u.iill ,i/.i.-/,J h/i ///,- f, '•111111,111,/ ,/ l'iiiiiiiuiili>r<' \laiTf 0, //■/// (/l.- /,'/.'■,/ /.'/. //,// /:i//../..i>l,/,w //l.l/./'.4/y\^ ^/i ■///l(,, • V,// ,y ^i , Hi/(\t ' /*n/'/u'/h -J^UrJ-L ^, //,»!•/•/. llntilb IK-.-i .//a/ 1 1 MtKUorlK .//, I't.tw/ .(fll/ /.'///> ' .m4w.> hi .1 .t,f.i,-/nii.nl /tvm Uiiiumirf; ^^^ff^S^"^ '^rt-.',f i: /,> M, /*!,//,, ,'/'HU/i\i .If f^'A.it /,•/,' ^ri'y (Ka>M\<^. IJ'^^t). l-o.t i ' ~f^ 1 >v to fo ftropr might li.ivi iiitrcpitlity ' batteries mi roods oi tlu liegcrs two The new conqiieft w.i ved by aliK up ;in ad'.ln ,•,/ ;;-,/ to fuft 7—;; n-'. them down r'.tiiriis to ii ;i free and u d.iiigeraiis a! lul and line; t.-.'^ion to Jrc, The place Ionics, rcftor 174^, by \vi reciprocally i Wis lent to / the troop, jhte, kept tl tor the rediiil Kn^/ijl' mini .'.'Vii, of no I (Icr a nccel]it\ in exchange 1 tciv.il in Oc, ii.ivy and l.ii p.tfj over fli.'I) ttmpts of tlic body of I'ri'f.'i I'nnfb inhabi expedition of Sr, I'hich niilijrriatfe of was interceptc lix otiicr itvii Ar 14, of tlu In 1 7 J,-, tl made the pref (icclaration, w !nen mv\ llorci them. I If cs AuiJi of ii\t^ lixty five j^uns fortes, both le On Septvmhi n-id (ingle llii| linghinJ decl.'. F'ind-i, pirtici kfi, ill /ipnl \ Wis (dom io\\o\ E'lfiiind the ai In ij!;7 it \ w.b (iropokvl a or tiie total red CylP E B RE TO N rcjlored to the French in 1 748. 125 to fo ftrong antl well fbrtificil ;; city, with fiicli ;i garrifim, batteries, £?f, ns lie thought might have laid out againll an army of 30,000 men ; tliat he never heard of fuch intrepidity in men, who re'.^ardcd neither fire nor bombs ; was quite furpriled to fee batteries raifed in a ni^!;ht's time, particularly the filiine battery, within twenty fiv« roods of the city wall, to wliich guns of forty two pounders were dragged by tlie be- licgcrs two miles through a very rough road. I'he news of this Uicccfs was received with great rejoicings in England, and the Dibatrand conqiieft was thought fo important, that at a court of aldermen of Lciuion it was mo- '^'•""'•' '" ■' ved by aldermen K-ii that it (liould be an inftrudtion to tlie committee for drawing ryaddr'dl''° up an additl's of cona itulation to dcjirc Lis nuijejly that he ivouLl nwjl groriotilJy be plcaf- (dmt to \'uj)n- it to ■',■ giirn up by a gimral peace. Hut to this it was obje(ited by Sir •y.-u /i— ,/ that it was quite improper to the minillry, and more unjiid fUll to tie thfin down in making a peace. At lafl it was agreeii in their addrels, after grateful r'.tiinis to heaven for the conqucft of Liipc Breton, as fecuring to his majefly's fubjedts X free and uninterrupted trade to A.iierieit, and protecting them from the infults of a iLmgerous and ravenous en; my, to exprefs their inind^ in the f)llowing moft refpect- tiil and unevccptionable claule, jiitd ice entirely rely en your royal patronage and pro- ;:-!:o'i to feeure tj your kingitms the perpetual enjoyment of thii -calitahte aequijition. The place however was, with infinite regret, elpeeialiy of the Engliib NortJiern co- ionics, rellored to the French by the Vtli artiele of the treaty of W/.v la C.hapelle in i7^S, by which it was jMovidi-d that all coiiquells made during the war, (hould be rcciprocdly rellored ; and by the IXth, two £.'/£;;////• noblemen of the fait diftindtion WIS lent to /'■(///.•.• as hollages wiili certain advice of their evacuations. In vain had the troop, of tlic C"I.>nies \\!iii.h had bjen levied by order of the fecretary of Ifitc, kept the field all the next lummer of 17.1.6, in expcet.itioa of a fleet and army f)r tiie re^luiiiion of C.tn.ida, which ilu-y were made to hope. Verv probably tiie Englijh miniftry might, upon deiiheration, conlider fucii an expedition, belidts the h^- :'.!rii, of no benefit to the common lanK-, finie, if it fucceeiieii, they would be un- der a ncceility of reihning Uidi conqviell^ ll r thi: laiiu; re.;fon as they did Lcuilbcurg, m exchange fir the Je'lrian NctU'rlaui!; iwA. MaJ'j/i Wherefore orders were rc- icivvd in Oeloler \y.\j iu difbanding the tr-ups of the colonies, :inA the Engtijh I, ivy and land forces midj an unlit. ■.I'-.itil attempt upon I'oit L'ciient. \Vc p.tls over fli.ditly fomc iiitermr liatc events of !els coiiteqi:ence, as ibme iruitlefs at- timpts of tiie Freiuh upon A':':.if-4is -, th- fuiprife of a party of Neiu E.nglijh by a body of French and Ir.diam in Mnun, thro'igh the treachery, as it was fiitl, ot' the crenib inhabitants, with, the lois of Colonel Soblc and many other priva;j men ; the expedition of the Fren:'^ .uimir.d d' Ar.ville, with a ftrong fqu.idroii againll Kowi Sn.'i:!, which, through fickncls ivl other diiappointments, proved abortive ; and the niilvarriaj'e of ano'iier FrtHcb Iquadron delHned tor i\''y-eu ticJia and Canada, which W.1S intercepted by the admiral- .•/'//'; mvX ll'.irren. May 3, 1747 ; jurt to mention the fix other men of war taken b . .\dmir.d ILncie out ot" a iquadron of eight, on Oclo- ber 14, oi the (,\\Vi: year. In 1755, the h illdit'cs committed the vear before by the Frer.eb near the Ohi>, nude the preparation of war "ii each fulc quite necelfary, though as yet without a (iccLir.ition, wherefore in C'lUequence of advice that a Frer.'ih tleet w.. -tailed with men ami (lores for i'.auad.\ Admiral H;lcauen was fent with a Iquadron to intercept t:iciii. Ih- came up wo thcin the 1 oth of 7/,;/(', and after fome rt ance took the Aliidi of fixtv tour gu!.> .uid lour hundrcil and eighty men, and tb.e L\s pierced for lixty five gun', but mounted only twenty two, and carrying fight companies of land forces, both lepr.ated fmin the tleet by a tog, under favour ot which t!ie rell cfcaped. On September t\ oideis were illucd bv the /J/vZ/'/.v court to ad the tleets, fquadroiis, ml ringle lliips then out, to make rcprilids of French ihips. Un Mtiy 17, 1756, LnJiind di.cl.'ied w.u' ag.anil i'V.;;/r,-, alledging tor inotivts the eiicroachment of the Fren'h, pirticnlarly in Noiut Scctja, the ilepi>lleiiiiig the F.ngiijh of a ioit on the ()- hi', III ,ipr/l 17^4, the reparation of Dunlci'k, and the invalion v^ Mnorca. '\'\\\r, was loon followed by the French king's iteci.ir.ition, in which he Kibours iiard to prove E'igiand the uggrcllbr. ill i7'7 it was refolved to give .1 decilive blow, and the rcdudlion of Cape Breton w.ii propokd as the firll Hep, and moll likely to produce either an honourable peace, or tiie total rcdudlionof Canada. Tiie liuri of LtuJonn was appointed Captain CjCncuil K I: ut u 'I iH 1 mJ! ,|.|-M:j > Account of the Siege and ReduSiion ' '11 'I^H I > I' '1 ^1 of the American forces, wlio, after having made proper conveniences at Halifax, for the recovery of the fick and wounded men, in calc the attack of Louilbourg Ihould take place, on July 9, Admiral Hotbourn arrived with the forces from En. gland, and now there was a glorious appearance at Halifax -, for the whole armament was computed at eleven thouland, effective land forces, feventeen (hips of the line, four- teen frigates and (loops, two bomb veirds, and one fire fliip, bcfides about one hun- dred and eighty tranfports, with three general officer and two admirals. The land forces were divided into three brigades under Majors General Abtrcrombu, Hopfon, and Lord Charles Hay, and fince it would be unjuftifiable to carry the forces againft Louijhourg without proper intelligence of the enemy's ftrcngth, and whether a (iefcent was prafticable or not, the Captain General, in order to enure the men, cxcrcifed them in (ham fights and mock fiegcs. But it fe«ms thefc mcafures were condemned by fomc " as keeping the courage of the foldicrs at bay, and expending the nation's wealth in making (ham fights, and planting cabbages when they ought to have been attacking or fighting the enemy of their king and country in reality." A council being called 7«/y 31, and the tendency of fuch public reflexions on the condu(ft of affairs well confidered, it was thought fit to order Lord C/wr/fi ttiy to whom they were afcribcd under arred. However on Augujl the firrt and litond the troops em- barked, and orders were given to rendezvous at Gahrcus bay, two leagues VVeft of Loutjhourg. But on the fourth was brought in a Frcmb prize Ichooner, on board ot whicii were letters direfted to Old France, with an account of the arrival of a large rtcet, and that there were then in the harbour ("eventecn rtiips of the line and twelve frigates, with four thoufand regxilars.befides three thouland men belonging to the garrifoii. A council of war being calfcd, the former orders were immediately countcrmandtJ, all the falTmc (hips were fcnt to St George's ifland to unload ; Blaienefs, Murray's, nA Kennedy's regiments were ordered to the b.iy of Fundy under the command of gova- nor La'urence 5 all the reft had orders to return to Nfw Tork, except the firft and le- cond battalion of Roynl Scots, which, with Bragg\ regiment, were left at Halijux, The Earl of Loudoun (ailed with the reft of the trot)ps from Halifax on Augu/i 16, and receiving on his pa(rage the unwelcome news of the lofs of fort H'lllium Hn- ry, arri\ed on the thirtieth at Ne'^o Tork, where the men were immediately put ca board iniail vcfTcIs, ami Cent up to yUitiny. Admiral Hcthourn failed to block up the liarbour of Louijhurg, in hopes that as the feal'on was approaching when the Fremb fiect would be obliged to return home, he (hould be able to give a good account ot' them. He remained off L'-Msflxhrg till September 24, wlien his fleet was difperfcd by a violent ilorm, with the luls ot the Titbury of iixty guns, and moft of her men. Thus ended this unfortunate campaign to the Englijk in North America, not without c^icuftcf the rcfcntnicnt of fomc great pertons againft the commanders for not attempting a ~ iuf deftent on CVr^i' Breton. Hut it ought to be confidered, that, bclidcs the ftrong gani- M.u.de; . t s.iblc. i.egc and eoi.qucrt of ! .iJjhirrg in % 'I fon at Louijhourg, the naval force was not only at bc(\ but little (upcrior to the Frenck, as indifputably appeared afterwards by the ar- ival ot feventeen (liips of the line, though indeed with very iickly crews, on Aoiambrr 25, frosn Loui/bcurg at Brt/l, but was alib dilpatchcd too late in the year; whereas all li(jj.ies of fuccefs in an attempt upon Leu- ijl^urg muft depend on attacking it early in the fpring before it tun receive fuppliti trom Europe or ^tebec. This aflertion fcems (ufficicntiy juftificd by the fuccelshjl fiegisof that fortrefs in 1745 before dcfcribcd, and of 1758 about to be related, both inidutaken as early as the (eafon would admit, and with the advantages of numbers fcy lea and land. To this we might add that the firft was unexjiedcd, .ind the place, in a maimer unprovided tor defence ; in this la(t the naval forte m the harbour, though not one tliird of what is now confidered, was yet I'uthcient greatly to annoy the men in the trenches, and obftruit the progrcfs. What then could Ix; expcdcd from (o tot- midablc an armament but repulle with (hame and detriment, and confcqucnces not to be ima;;iiicd without horror ? In 17:^: aficr extraordinary preparations, which from paft experi<:nce appeared t3 be ncccirary, during the winter. Admiral Bo/lawen, appointed to command in a new expedition againft Cape Breton, failed fo early as February 19, with five large fhips^' war, three f riga/cs, and two fire ihips for North America. March 1 a, a general em- bargo was laid on all (liipping at New Tork ; the Earl of Loudon was fuperfedcd i.i his toininand by Major General Abtrcrombie, and, on June the firlt arrived at Port/mouth. About the latter end of April a frtncb nun of war, two frigates, aid two of CAPE BRETON, in the Tear 1758. two pinks, with a battalion of foreign volunteers, ainnumition, provifions, and ftores, arrived at Louijbourg. On May 2S, Admiral Bo/ctiWi'u failcil lioin Halifax with the fleet and troops, and was met by Major Ccncral Amhetjiy a|ipoiiited to tlic command of the land forces. The whole fleet confifttd of one hundred and forty leven fail, and on June 2, came in fight of Louijbourg^ anil anchored in (.uibaroti bay. The French had a chain of ports from point Isioire to the I'lat Point, and poHcd irregulars from thence to the bottom of the bay, and tiirowii up works at I'll places wliere it appeared prac- ticable to land, and fome batteries. IVom the leeoiid to the fixth the high wind and furf, or a great fwell and fog would not futtcr the troops to attempt landing, during which time the French icintorced t'leir polls, added to their works, and cannonaded and threw Ihtlls at the fliips. On the eighth the troops afl'emblcd in the road before day- break in three divilions, and Commodore i^wn// giving his opinion that the troops might land without danger from the furf, the left divifio.i began to fire, and was fol- lowed by the centre and right. When the fire had continued about a quarter of an hour, the boats on the Ictt rowed to the ihorc under the command of Brigadier Ge- neral tVilJe, whofc detachment confided of the four oldcft companies of grenadiers, followed by the light infantry (a company of five hundred and fifty men, chofen as markf- mcn from the dificrent regiments) commanded by major Scott ^ and the companies of rangers fupported by the Highland regiment, and that by the eight remaining compa- nics of grenadiers. The divifion on the right commanded by Brigadier General tVhit- n,:rc, and compofed of the royal regiment and thole ol Lajceffes, Mconckton, Pcrbes, Anjlrutber, and IP'ebby rowed to the right by the tyhite Point, as if intending to land tlicrc. The center divilion, commanded by Brigadier General Lawrence, and formed of Ainherll'i, Hopfon'i, Otway's, Lawrence's, and IVarhurton'i regiments, made a rtiow at the fame time of landing at the JVhite Cove. This drew the enemies attention in every part, and prevented their troops, polled along the coaft, froni ioining them on their right. They very wifely faved their ammunition till the boats were near in Ihore, and then diredled the whole hrc of their cannon and mufquctry upon them. But in Ipite of this, and the violence of the furf. Brigadier H'olft purfued his point, and landed jull -t the left of the cove, tm)k pt)lt, attacked the enemy, and forced them to retreat. Many boats overfet, fevcral broke to pieces, and all the men jumped into the water to get on fliorc ; about one hundred and ten boats were loft in landing the troops and provifions. As (i)on as the left diviliou was landed, the center and right divifion rowed alio to the Iclt as fall as the boats could fetch them from the fiiips, and got on Ihore, which tot)k up a great deal of time. The lofs of tJic Englijb was a captain, four lieutenants, an cnlign, four ferjc-.ints, a cqrpora!, and forty lix men killed, among them twenty four grenadiers of ylmkcr/l'^ regiment, eight of whom were ihot, and the reft drowned in trying to get alhore. The wounded were five lieutenants, four fcricants, a corporal, and fifty two private men. The French had an officer with an Inaian chief, and ievcral others killed ; and two captains of grenadiers, two lieutenants, anil about fevcnty men t.tken, with three twenty four pounders, fcven nine pounders, fevcn lix pounders, two mortars, and fourteen fwivcls, with ammunition, tools, and ftores of all kinds, Tlie prifoners gave information that the garrifon con- lillcd of five regiments, Ixlidc;-. leven hundred Canadians. The ninth and tenth the weather proving bad, and the furf great, only fome tents could be got on ftiore. On the nth the light fix pounders with fome artillery ftores were landed. On the 1 2th, on intelligence that iIk: French had ileflroycd the grand battery, and called in their out- polls, Brigadier M'^olfe was detached with twelve hundred men, four companies of grenadiers, three companies of rangers, and fome light infantry round the North Eaft harbour, to the lightlioull: point, with an intention to filence the ifland battery, and attempt to deftroy the Ihips in the harbour ; but the enemy had abandoned the light- houfc point, and all the ports on that fide tlie harbour, leaving fcveral cannon rendered ufclefs, with implements, and a great quantity of firti at Lorembec, On the 13th the beliegers began a communication from the right to the left, and to eredl three redoubts on the moft advantageous ground in the front of their camp. The befieged made ;i filly but were foon rcpulled with the lofs of five men killed and forty wounded. The 14th, the fleet under Sir Char la Hardy, which had appeared the day before, was in the night blown oft" to li:a. The 1 5th, four more mortars were lent to the lighthoufe; and the i6th, being the firft fine weather, twelve days provilion, and many other things, but no artillery were nor could be yet landed. The 17th the ge- neral 1 I t T 127 'n I t il Ji i\ r 1-' I ttf 1 i 'u ■ li' 4;' ' ->-ffi': ; lliV w ri8 CuU0U7it of 'he Siege ami RcduFiion k neral, with Colonel IVil/inrnfon, Major Macic/hr, aid Col Bitftiile, chief engineer, fc- connoitred the grouml, .:i i iialh ' was detcrmi 'd v\ nv- '^pinion ot makiiijr iipproiithcs bv the Grtrnhil/, and cun.ining he demolition of the lliips in the haioour to tl:e light houfc batteries i on which t dit one inch mon.ii., and three royals were addd to them, The iSth fine weatlici, the /W///«j took three of the tranf] .< men, \vl.,i bad landed ;t the bottom of Gnlmron bay contrary to ordci ; the road)>;r tli/. artillery was pulhcd on, and three twenty four pound. ■ were go' i tborc. On J.c iQtli, tlni Ixho, i\Fn-m'' fripatc of thirty two guns bound ti- '^/e/'a, was brought in; (he lud g^ out ni the ijtli at nighr, and informed us that the liixarre frigate iiad got out the liay the troops landed, and the Ihmcttc frij^ ''c ftncc our arrival oft" the liar. Iwur. On tl .:otn, the illand battery, and Oii|? . '.vi'aii t> hrc at the batteries on tJie tiiorc, wldch ha ' begun their hrc the night t- Jiii^j the befieged burnt an old (hip at t!ie boftoni of the iuirbonr. On the 2 lit, the i>encb canonaded the bcfiegcrs, ina- kiiifi; the : o.ul for the artillery, and thp w fome ihot into the ii.it of the tamp ; aij advanceil redoubt towards Grccntill was ti.iown up at night, 'i he 2 2d was employed on the roads, and getting up a block houie on he left, by the Mlniy road, to lecure the comnuiiiicatidn with tJie North Eaft harbour , and lighthouc point, and to bin- dcr any parties from (getting int.) the town. On the 23d the bcfiij^tTb iwd on ihore tvelvc twcntv four pounders, and fix twelve pounders. Colonel Mijjcrvey and nioll of his carpenters were taken ill of the imall pox, to the very great detriment of thearmv. Gab: n; and fali.incs were I'ikIji! to make an epaulment on (.irccnbill. On the 2.jtli tlic l\;fKgcd played on the lightiicule batteries frcni the tt)vvn and ihipping ; and, from the town, on the advanced redmibt which wms finilhed. On the :5th, the cannoiu- ding continued night and (' . In the evening the lighth (ufc b.ittcrics filcuccd ths illand batter- , its own tire lu ;>ing to break down part of the works ; fafcines and ga- bi'ins weref rwardcd to Giwihilix the bcfieged tired mucii at the advanced rcdouh. On the 26th the garriUjrj failied, and got up to the block-houfc not quite /inilhcd, with a barrel of pitch to ll't it on tire, and two rf the men t'ut into it } but 3 detach- ment was fent out fj quick to Aippi t the guards tijat they \'.ere forced to a prcciri- tate retreat into the town ; three bundreil pioneers were ordered to Grci>:Lok poll at Keiniiiigtott cove, which was a gre.it eafc to the army ; Icur thirty two poum , and two twenty four poundcr> were def:red of the admiral (ant' landed the night ot tiie zyth) for tlic l:-.:hthou!f, to keep the iflind battery in ruins, that Brigadier fVolle, having a proper nundxT it VICIJ there intrenched, might with his lictaehment l)c .ible to come rinind the hjibou-, br-igii.jj his artillery with him, and try to dcftrov the ihipping and advance towan'* till; VI i.rt gate. On the 271!! a br iis twenty four pounder was loU in twelve tathoi;. water, by flipping otTthe tatamnrun (a kind of raft much ufed ut fea). On the 2Bth th* J oft at Grccnhill being covered, a road was begun over the liog by throwing up tn epaulment. Colonel Mrffervey and his ion both died, and of his company of one hundred aiul eight carpenters, ail lay ill of the fmsdl pox except li.vteen, who attended the lick. On the 29th the frigate fired condantly at the epaulment ; the working on the roaii, which coft much labour was purfucd. At night the kliegcil lunk lour fliips in the harlwur ; the ylpclio a two decked one, la lt Noir, did not take place. Col. BafliJe gor a contufion bv a miilkct ball on his boot, wliich laid bim up intlit gout. 9. At night the be- lic'cd mailc a tally from CMpe Noir with 5 picquct<:, lupponed by 600 men, upon biiV Lti'Ji'tnie'% f\\\^KXc($, and firprifed a company of Forba's grenadiers, comtnand- cdbyCiil. nutuhinU, who was killed, with one corporal and 3 men. Lieutenant Tcvf was wounded and tiken priloncr. Capt. Bontiin ot the cn)2;iner8 wa< alfo taken pri- ibntr, 17 others were wounded, and a fcrjcant and 1 1 ci hers milling. Major /Wttrr riuiitie: * the woiks ami the town. 15. The b-.fitgeJ tried to throw loinc 111 11 -into the camp, iiitc:ide I againd the powder maga- 7 ae. At 10 at night the liglitlijulc battel y tired fmne rockets as a lignal ol ihips tail- ii„' out of the harbour. Sir (./'tfr/. j aiil\\iii.d it ; b,it a lii;^Mte ;jut out, and H.irJy's {'.■::l got iindci lad ami went to lea. IJcloic d.iylKc.ik (.'apt. ^ulLfrlariJ, polled at lix end vt N. li. barb;iiir, was attacked by i> o men from Mimy, where thcv left M. d Iki/hrrt, who had on the other tide of the water v u 11. en with boats re iiiy [pals. The ena. tiers of /f o'/t's corps, and all the liidit infantry were lent to Lf.ain liim, bu: the action was over before thcv could t. mc op, the gci.> al cn- c.;iipcd a cor^s foiward, io. Towaid, niglit bng.iiier If'j/J: took polii-irK/ii of tiic hill, in the front (f the liiirafov, ard made a lodgment there ; the enemy fired \c y I'.ilkly liiin the town ami ihipping. 17. It w.is rcfilvnl to c.xiend the pa- rallel Irom right to left. iS. All lilt iii^dit the eiicmy fred mulli-.try from the CAcad w..y, and tried to tliruw iIkIIs into the camp. 19 Tlic trenches were rcheud by 14 butt.ilions forn.ing 3 briga.' s ; a finart fne ticm the c vcit way; \Ik lafeiies on tile left p!a\cd upon the 1 ailion naii(iliiiic witti great luccels. 21. Oiicit ti:c lliips in the I. ib^ur bad l> ir.c pcwder bu.wn op in licr, which made a great cxplolion, ;.i.d fet lui on fiie. I he tiames lo -n CiUgh: tl.c Cils of two llups in.rc, and they burnt v:rv fall, while the bcfiegers kept firing at tii.m to hinder alVif- taiicc f om the town. The 3 burnt (hips wrre the /•>;.'>./;•<";..•/;.' of 74 guns, and the G'/r;.;(va' and C.i/f<• Ncir ■. a battery was I'ci^tiii un tlie left lor four 24 poumlcrs. 23. 'I'hc cohorns and i'rcnch mortars fent to tiirow Hunts into the treiio ts were ulcd at niglit. The b-.-liogers fircif alllort'.of old iron, and ilutf they could pick up. Col. /<.////-/r wis nut for the firft time lincc hi- raeived the contulion j at night the ih-lls let fire to tl.c barracks of the garrilon, ai..i tliev burned with great violence. 24. The fre ot the befK-gers was very btilk, iiri ) tliai of the garrilon nii: huilcJ .illaiil lk:p»o:i ihr luiliceol WdUt, (jccaficiicd by a dtli- 129 cicir, clutgc u( pywJiT, u:ri.;:itJ l"jr llrikiiij; an object "•> ilui iii«m:i L I make ll'l II : ' C ' !■ I I't I i "; 1 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■50 •^^ MlB ^ iiiiiii& 6" V2 W 7. Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STIHT WIBSTIR,N.Y. M5S0 (716) 173-4303 '^ ■^!r-*rf-i«fj«,;.». i i 'i i!. ti IlO Lf'fv of the I. Irvrnt^ry ' in [III; J Ucc, Account of the Siege and make quick v^ork. 1 he four gun batteries opened, and another of five was on ereftion The Bie/ifui/unt fired on the trenches at high water, and the citadel and tlic ballion Dauphine fired againft the five gun battery j but the men firing finall arms into iht embrafures, beat the beficgcd off their guns. 25. The miners and workmen wenton very well with their approaches to the covered way, tho* they iiad a continued and very fiiurt fire from it, witli grape fliot, and all forts of old iron from the guns cf the ramparts. The hcfiegers kept an incelfant fire and ricochet. In the night between the 2i,th and aift, the admiral detached the boats of his fquaJron in two divifions, under Captains Loforey and Balfour againft the Prudence of 74 guns, and the Bienfaifant ci 64'guiis, the only remaining French fliips in the harbour. They fuccecded fo well as to burn the VruJence, it being aground, and to tow off the Bienfuifant mo the N.E, harbour, with the lofs only of 7 men killed, and 9 wounded, though expofed to the fiic of the cannon and mufiictry of the ifland battery, being favoured by a dark night, and an inctfiant fire from all the batteries into the works, to keep the ineiny's atten- tion to the lind. 26. The admiral came on fliore, and intimated his intention to fend fix lliipsii.tothe harbour the next day. At this inftant the general received 3 letter f;om the Chevalier Dr/,'«6r, governor of the town, oftcring to capitulate. And they agrcLvi to furrendtr to Admiral B'fianen and Maj. Gen. yJniLvrft, the townot .Lo'tlbou'g, ..nd the illands of Cape Brtton and St. John's, and their ajipuricnanecs, witli all the artillery, ammunition, arm?, and provifions; the garrilon of i.oi,/;^,v.^T to be pnliiners of w.ir, and tranfported to England 'n Britijh (hips j the governor to give his word that the troops in the iiland o( St. Join's, and its appurtcnarjces, lluH uo aboard fuch fliips as the admiral fliall fend to receive them ; the g.itc calxil < tnv DanpLirie to bj ijiven np at S o'clock the next moining, and the garrifun, including ail that carried arms, to be drawn up there on the efpL.nade, or great fijuarc, \vh:re they .hall Ly duwn their arms, colours, implements, and ornaments of war, and p on beard in or^xr to be carried to England, at u convenient time ; the fame tare to L>e taken if the fick and wounded in the hofpitaU, as of th'^le belonging to his lWii^\iic niaicdv ; the mercliants and their clerks, who have not carried arms, to be icm to trance in fuch manner as the admiral fliall think proper. The niiiiibtr of tlic garrifon, including 2i4orticers, and 44^ fick and wounded, J amounted to 3051 ; and of fcamen and marines, inclufiveof I3; olficcrs, and n-j fill; and wounded, was 2606. total 5637. Of the beficgers were killed, 21 erii- mitliun and noii-t .>m'i ilTioned olHcers, 146 private men, 1 gunner, and 3 ir.atr ii; wt.unded, -50 coinmiflioii and ncn-commiflion officers, 2 drummers, and ;i5pi.u:c men; (t the artillery, i corporal, 1 gunner, and 3 matroflcs. ,r Jn the fortrels were found iron ordnance, -rompleatly mounted, from ^u lo ; ^pounders, 2iSj brats mortars, in beds, 12 and half inches, 35 3 inches 1 ; 6 aid i iialf 3 ; in n mortars, on bci's, 12 and a half inches 6, 11 4; t; ai d a luit 1, mu('>iuet$ with accoutrements, 7^00 ; powder, whole barrels, (,00 ; eartriJges, t'o.i ; ; halls, 13 ton; fliells, J053 ; of which 850, 13 inches; round fli:t, from ,6 i fi pounders, f;6o2 ; grape fhot, ditto 733; cafe fliot, 24 pounders, 53 ; double hc.cJ 24 pouniitra, 2.15; 12 pounders, H3; lead in pig and flicet, 22 ton ; iron oo ; (hovels wootlcn, 600, and iron 400 ; pitkaxes, 822; w.tii plenty of other w rlike implements, betides 1 1 colours, whole and torn. This licgc, coiifidcring its obflacies, uppears to have been condudfed with the greit- c(t ikill, and vig iir ; and the ncwf of the capture of this important place, the / i.';- ■ktrk i)i ylmet itu, dift'uft.d an univerlal joy throughout the /ir/////. liominions. Tiic colours, after lame time of expofal to pubiick view, were carried in triumphal procelTi. 11, to the cathedral of St, Paul's, and there fufpended, adding to its fplendor, the iiu- nour ar.d ornament of a trophy. And addrcflcs of congratulation came pouring ii upon the throne, from every quarter; in fome of which, particularly from LonJoiud • St. Jthnt ilbnJ, nftcr great rcluilaiice, and Tomewrak rrfiftknce of ihc governor of » foit tlutiifi'n':! it, who iirctindcd In; w i nut bmind by ilie ciipiliilation •■! L.tuijlcur[, lulimitiid to Lirut. Col. litili, Ifiiu rrccue it i and llie iiih.ilntaiil'i, in niimher, at Piint It Princi yro, N. E. river 7C)no, St. P4lin 'jcc, 'Sor.h P.iint 500, \V. and N. river 200, brought in thrir arm>, and vtrc afler dime time Iranlpottfd to /-nw, as niaiiv n cfc.ipid flii|'vvretk in th«ir pjfTiige. This ifland had lupj'lird j^wi/c with corn and bif c»fr iincc ilie wai, havinjii.n it above lo.oco liorncd cattle, and many of the inlialiiiant* gnmin^ <4tli 1;' bufhili (it torn aniiuj^'y. f' lius aim been an afyUim for the Frinch inhabitantj ,V»..j ■,>-' ' .,-i.. ..- M \ :•*>, 4 , .:«; ■;'-:'- ■ ■•■'>,•%''- ■-t -■■'■'' ,^*>' ' 1 -," ,i»i ■ h^- .:f1 , '" , t . US- . m-n', ■ J a: j^ Wi^ f. •-\*. :!U1W % %ii''Mi'. In/: .b^n^^f) irjirjHh't iii;)r} ,!,.»••.', »• ;!v/: , I, ■ iikj/' !« .lOJi-w /ij!_'>r! Jk iJ!l..i)-i"1 r,3) iM, ... Va ^ >.iv,..'. ;, *. .Uli,^ '*:'v i ■«! sill !»)'.! ;yrj3a(J m-j vti wi •;,»*;■,& byr; ),!iil.!i.(;';.l :i«.A.4' :<-.4«rc,ini ...U i?;S ..lowj: iiJi.fi tU) I. 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J''' "■• « 'iCiw I'rf) v-J.jiiito #• j ..iti j» rfj • • |«!»i« brti. .nii'ci !-iiiM * . . , 1 ■»! :';. • .1 ijii w-fl',ni> i.'ii Oil! • i-,''»V\ „i\ t.)\ iiiuiv.i, l,^ iij'Kt D'li. ', '■ if .y 11*111 f»' V« .''••"ft .1 , i. » to 93ifi«iq iiffiii-riM- • ii do bjmi 1 t .i >*tit.'t\ m(«: b«».'' fill i">.i< -i.» :iuvw . >l; lii'. r.v.T'i hi»,s ,)^»r ,A-4»»i\ nO i .;inl i(i((i jii,^i,.!,l !•. i-4,.^jrt* i.il .vi\!,i t- V ' », ». .^.Hi- fcw I 1 I I) "I II i ,»^''1! ii' .1.!! ' !.!i, 1 V \ 'W-mm ■h^ V r- . i ir H *'! Ill AJJD rulNriPAL S ECUETAllY OF STATK Ac nr.;J,::t Part of the Upper Jii'ver of STIM.UHEI»'CE. A k M Chorleltourir err igc 3lKFK.\CK8 of QniBKC B.iii.' lies A'^oi (Jiu(. aiort^, K.Th,- litaJ,/ p ■■■O H. /»•• i/ H.^*iw /l.ilt >^ */»'.' An^f>\) flA- <./ '>' jj». ;< jr J* Jf K ^^ Xe't JtitUt.'ru. . U r.X 'pfifl'/nrf-irAfrfrtFrtH/ "•'1,1 w .tc/l-. ^*^ i A Rcauport c*> Ac Hoauporr « ,S|,„,,; y. "^ jf\i 6m^ K.u '">>. V J'-J -"'• , "9^ »/. ,/ .<>, / /.W//[^ /y.,.-.f= M' ' - ^ dfint;tlA/F.ivm%. .^ ii i.jifo.rm"' w :*"•; ih ,- i ; ' ; • , »..l ^i* "1 1' . -v. All Al' IIIKNTH Pl.AN Ri v±:ji ST J.. I t^HK s t E /'<>m SiUorv foilu-Fall of'Mcmimomui 'ri'tJi f/i,- ( 'fir.ifK'ii.i ,i/'fA, SiK(}K(.rQri:iii.(' iindrfA,- ('iini//i,i/i./,'/' VioA- Adui!S;mii(liTsi' Major Ciiu'Woir,- I )mwii ly u I- Al-IA I K 'i „ liis MajeHits N ,iv> ^ Traji llriUlh Mile< '^*JMMBlSeit -iUStia'Ja-Biii" ' Prw i>mit..it,^. s i U II. ti AJJl) rillNril'AL SErUETAJtY OF STATK Ac Hiiiti' rii-N A"ol (hut. Mort' A.7^' i'i/.iJ,/ o -.' II. TA- < /.V.IK ,/) Pilrlyde 'it! J \^. //-.r ll.s« Huttiiii .'' "^ '- I >* 1 » - .1 ■*•*. ' 'C^^ I J _;•» urtj ■"^ 'la •■ • ■• ■ -• XM* ■ ' " * • ""X far *'!.*''"'«< V^ HtuirhlittHnMl • " ' Iff i'M^5mA ■-^^■^..' 'ii. ftT '■■^iliJIIH.tt. "'--^"^ ■ • ,si\-\/. ^.A'X.viHn.J-^.v;,} 1,(11; \(i<-Uy.yyih \i i ;4,^ ^ ' . lii .'iS . ■■■f'l 1' ;>'•■/ iti.fS ,^^>".^; '-ii' '' ■ - '■' I Iff/ Uih Jh-'/ v.;,w .; .1 ,'.*i;rv. •:!';.•!( ;-'.'■■>;' --l.';.,.-.t' >/i^t^M '^lo!'-;^ >. l : V .,,! •• ,v? I,. i,S)ij(;j-,! wj, !..,.. Sillerrfo the Fall «tM„„t„„„vr„-i n'itJif/i, (i/;/:t/ii'n^ ,1///,, S IKGEof QrKin.C luu/tf fA,- (iini/niui,/of ' Viiv Adni'«auinltT8 k Major (Jen' WtilJ l>i-;.w,. Ipra r.M.-iAI V -.i, |,i^ M;,jrlH..K N:iv, S7- <).'«/ & % >A tk,' 1 atf'^' '• ^."'fe" ReduSiioH of ^U EBEC, in 1759. "Bxder, the loyal votaries could not forbear, in the fulnefs of their hestrts; to exprcfs in a dutiful manner, their honeft widics, tu fee this invaluable acquifition made an infepjrabic part of the Britijh empire. Tlic gr.ind oh)c&. of the American war being now attained by the conqueft of the fland ol CVt^i" Breton, and the capture of the enemy's principal forts on the conti- inciit, wc (hall conclude this hiftory o( Canada with an account of the ficge of ^ebec, the capital of all their fettlements in that part of the world, and the magazine from wiicnce the reft of their fortrclfcs derived their ftores ; fo memorable an event cannot be part over without the moft particular notice, as every ftcp was taken to efFedt it, aiui every ditHculty that ihreatncd to retard its accoinpliniment cannot but be inter- eftiiig, as well as to thofc who concerted the entcrprizc, and dircdcd the execution, as to every fubjedt of Great Britain, The fifth of iU;^ <759» Admiral Dure.'/s fquadron, confifting of feven fail of the line, failed from L'Misbourg for the river St. Laurence ; tiic pailaije of which was found not nigh fo hazurdoiib as was generally imagined, tlicy arrived at the JJle zuxCoudret the 27th, and there came to anchor. The Admiral fcnt Cupt. Gordon in the De^.imjUre, with two more fail of the line and a frigate, to go through the traverfe and anchor bi twccn the IJle of Orleans in^ the Main, an i llationed the i'rincels of Orange at the JjU aiix CouJres. On the 23d. ot June, Genci al It^'J/c arrived with great part of tlie Grand Fleet, and Wiiit up immtdi.;tely to (Ji leans. For ihc lemaiiuicr of the proc.cdings of the Britijlj fleet and army, we fljall refer to the levtral letters written [7 the commander!, in chief on that expedition, beginning with the celebrated letter trom M.j. Gen. Wi-lfe, brought by Lieutenant PtTfi-utf/ of the A't(/«(V cutter to Mr. Secretary AV/, perhaps ihcbeft wr>ttenperformanceofthe kind that }u:> aiipeared this war. The c'earncis with which it is written, the difficulties that are iorcl'ccn and rcprcrcntCii, the maaly fortitude that is notwithftanding exprefTed, ia orilcr to turmount thelo liidicultics, and the rdignation with which the general per- lills ia ril>|uing the greateft dangers for the honour of hi.- country, will leaveamonu- fiict to hib njemory, more durable than marble, and more Iplciidid than titles. His death, in leading on his vali.ur. troops, in the lad action th.it determined the fate of vv.ir ill that country, is a tircum[laiii.e greatly to be deplored. . f the progrcls of his majefty's aruis ; but the obdacles we have met Willi, in tix operatiuiib ot the campaign, arc much greater ti an we had rcafon to c\pcd,or lould forlce ; not lo much from the number of the enemy, (though fuperior to u>) as fioin the natural ilrcngth of the country, which the Marquis de Montcalm Kciiis wifely to liepciid upon. W lull I learned that futcours of all kinds had been thrown into j^ebec -, that five b.ittp.licn& of regular troops, cqmpleatcd from the bell inh.ibit»uts of the country, l> nic of the troops of the col ;ny an I tvtry dnuJian that was able to bear arms, be- liilts Icvcral naiioi s ot favji^cs, h.nl taken the tield in a very advantageous fltuation j I tould not flatter iiiylclf tlut I iliould be able to reduce the place. I fought however an oicafion to att.ick their army, knowing well, that with thcic troops I was able to fi;;ht, and hoping tli.it a vidory might dil'perfc them. We found them incamped along the lliorc of Beaufort, from the river St. Charles to the falls of Skntmoteuci, and intrenched in every accetfible part. The 37th of June wc landed upon the illc of Orleans ; but receiving a me0'age from the admiral, that (here wab reatun to think that the enemy had artillery, and a force upon tlie point of Levi, detached brig. Nhnckton with lour battalions to drive them from thence. He palled the river the 29th at night, and marched the next day to the point} he oblig- ed liic enemy's irregulars to retire, and pollelll-d himfelf of that port: the advanced parties up Jii this occafion had two or tlirce bkirmilhcs with the Canadians and In- dianu with little lols on cither fide. (J> 1. Car/eiin marched with a detachment to the wcftermoft point of the ids of Otltutii, fiom whence ojr operations were likely to begin. 131 ifc^. .t^'iji I . 1 * iN . rr-i,.*e ic^l;.*4,i*to»ia*«.»;,..v*i.-ir VI .MMClUkki^oV I ^ y mi J l"i* f 132 j4ccount of the Siege and It was abfoliitcly neceffaiy to poffcfs thcfe two points, and fortify them, hecusfj, from cither the one or the other, the enemy might maki it impolFiblc for any Hiip td lie in the bafon of ^^ciec, or even within two miles of it. Batteries of cannon and mortars were ercdlcd with great dilpatch near the |y,i„t of Levi, to bombard the town and magazines, and to injure the worits and battcric,: the enemy perceiving thefc works in fume forwardneCs, paflld the river with 16 men to attack and ddtroy them. Unluckily they fell into confufion, firc.l upon one another, ;ind went kick agiio; by which we loll an opportunity of defeating; tiiij large detachment. Thj tffcii of this artillery had been (o ;;rciit, (thoui^h acrois tl:c rivtr) that the upper town is confiderubly damaged, and the lower town entirely dc- ftrovcd. . -n r Tlie works, for the fecurity of our hofpitals and ftores on the iflc of OrUati', bciirr finilhed, on the 9th of Jiuy, at night, we p.ifled the N. channel, ;ind incampcl rc,:r the enemy's left, th= river Montmcrfnci bewecn us. The next morning, Capt. Djnkt company of ningcrs, ported in a wood to cover fomc workmen, were attntked ami defeated by a body i4 Indians, and had fo many kiled and wounded, .is to he alnoit dil'abl d lor the rell of the campaign : the enemy alfj fuftcred in this affar, ant were in tiieir turn driven off" by the nearcrt tro.'ps. The ground, to the eaftward of the faIN, fccmed to be (as it rc.i'.lv is) highfr than that on the enemy's fide, and to command it in a manner which ir.ij;lit be \\\ (\t ultful to us. There is befidcs a fcrd btlow the fills, which m.iy be palled tur f m: h .urs in the latter part of the ebb and beg nning of the Hood tide j ami I lad h'",t^ that poliibly means might be found of palling the river above, fo ai to ht;l;t M. M<:;. cal'/i, upon terms of lefs diladvantagc tlian tlitcilly attacking his intrenehmcnts. h reconnoitring the river Montmomici, we found it fordabic at a place about time miles up; but the oppofitc bank was intrenched; and lo fteep a::d woo-.^y, that itwm to no purpofe to attempt a paflagc there. The efcort was twite atackcd by ilic Indians, who were as often repulfed; but in thcfe rencounters we had /_o (otiicas and men) kdlcd and wounded. The 1 8th ot Ju/y, two men of war, two armed floops, and two tr.mfpcrts \vi;h fome troops on board, palTeel by the town without any Icfs, and got into the u.-pcr river. This enabled mc to reconnoitre the country above, where i f und the ime attention on the enemy's fide, and great difiicultits on our's, ariling from the n.^■J^ of the ground, and the obftaclcs to our eoinmunication with the fleet. Hut wh t 1 feared nvid, was, that if wc Hiould land between the fow:i and the river Ca/e R,:, the body tuft landed could not be rcuifoiccd before they were att.itki\i by the ene- my's whole .Trmy. Notwithtlanding thcfj difficulties. I thought once of attempting it at St. Miih d-, abdut 3 miles above the town; but perceiving that tlic eneiir. w^to xmIous ui [i.c defign, were preparing againft it, and had ap fired upon by a body of Indians the moment he landed, but they were Inon difperfed and driven into the woods, he Icarched for magazines, but to 1:0 purpofe, brought off" fome prifoners, and returned with little hf?. After this bufincfs, 1 came back to Montmorenci, where I found that brig. Tcnnf- bend had, by a fuperior fire, prevented the French from creiling a battery on the b,i;i< of the rivir, from whence they intended to cannonade our camp. 1 now reli. bed 1 ) tak-; the firft opportunity which prelented itfcif, of attacking the enemy, though polled to gteat advantage, and every where prepared to leccivc us. As the nvn of war cannot (for want ot a luflkicnt depth ot water) come ncjr enough to the enemy's intrenchnunts, to annoy them in the leaft, the admiral liui prepared two tranlports (drawing but little water) which upon occaliuiis could If rua 5 L 0/ ^U E B ^d in 1759. d-groiind, to favour a dcfcent. With the help of thefc vcffels, which I undcrftood iVould be carried by the tide clofc in ihore, I propofed to malcc myfelf maftcr of a detached redoubt near to the water's edge, and whofc fuuation appeared to be out of ihuflict fliot of the intrcikhmcnt upon the hill 1 Jf the enemy fupported this detached piece, itwould necelTirily bring on ancngageincnt.whatwemoftwiOiedforjandif nor, Ilhouldhave it in Iny power to examine their fuuation, fo as to be able to determine where we could bcft attack them. Preparations were accordingly rtadc for kn engagement. The 31ft Ti?^ in the forenoon, the boats of the fleet were filled with grenadiers, and a part of Brig. Monck- tPHi brigade from the point of LcVi : The two brigades under the brigadiers TcnvH- p,id and Murray, were ordered to lie in rcadincfs topafs the ford, when it flionld be thought ncceflary. To facilitate the paflage of this Corps, the admiral had placed the Cenhtrion irt the channel, fo that flic might check the fire of the lower battery which commanded the ford 1 This fliip was of great ufe, as her fire was very judici- oully directed. A great quantity of artillery was placed upon the eminchce, fo &i tob.itterand infilade the left of their intrenchments. From thevcffcl which run a-ground ncarclHn, I obfervcd that the redoubt was too much commanded to be kfept wltnbut very great lofs j and the irtore, as the twoarm'd fliips could not be brought near enoU;jh to cover both with their artillery and mufk- quctry, which 1 at firft conceived they might. But as the enemy feemed in fome confufion, and we were prepared for an adion, I thought it a proper time to make an attempt upon their intrenchiucnt. Orders were fent to the brigadiers general to be ready with the corps under their coirtmand. Brig. Moncktsn to land, and thfc Brigs. J'cuTififrrd and Murray to pafs the Ford. At a proper time of the tide, the fignal .'d as could not be brought off, and to ftalp the dead ai their cuftoin is. The place, where the attack was intended, has thclc advantages over all others licrt.ibout. Our artillery could be brought into ufe. The grcatcll part, or even the whole of the troops, nnii;lit ad at once ; and the retreat (in cafe ot a rcpulfc) was fecure, at hart for a certain time of the tide. Neither one or other of thcfc advan- t..gcs can any where e!lc be found. The enemy were indeed polled upon a com- n>.iniiiiM: eniimntc. The beach upon wliichthe troops were drawn up, was of deep mud, witli lu'lcs, and cut by ftvcral gullies. The hill to be afeended, very deep, ciiui not every where pradicable. The enemy numerous in their intrenchmcnts-, and their fire hot. If the attack had fucccedcd, ourlofs muft certainly have been great, and theirs ineonfukralili-, from the (belter which the neiijhbouring woods atVonkd tluni. The river of .SV Chirks ftill remained to be pafl'cd, bel'ure the town was in- veUcd. All thefc circumllanccs I confidcred ; but the defnc to ait in conformity to the king's intention?, inducev.1 me to make this trial, pcrfuaded that a viilorious army finds no diliicidties. Iinniedia!*. ly alter tliis check, I fent Brig. Murrtty above the town with 1 2co men, ilirtdiiig liiin to alVillrear aimiral Hsimes in the dcrtrudion of tlie I'riHih ihipi, {\i tluy could be got at) in (iniertoopcn a communication witii Clencral Amherjl. The Brig, was to feck every favourable opportunity of fighting fume of the cn.my's de- taehment?, provided he could do it uywn tolerable terms, and to ufcall the means in his power to provoke them to attack him. He made too diticrmt attempts to land upon the north fl.orc without fucccfs ; but in a third was more fortunate. He landed uncxpctleJly at Jt- Cl.imbiiiul, and burnt a magazine there, in which were fome provi- fions, fome ammunition, and all the fpare ilores, clothing, arms, and baggage, ot" iheir army. The prifoncrs he took informed him of the furrender of the fort of Niagara ; and Vc difcovered, by intercepted letters that the enemy had .ibandortcd Carillon and Crov:fi Pointy were retired to the ille jlttx Ncix; and that General Amherjl was mak- ing preparations to pal's the lake Oi7w/>/(//;/, to fall upon M. liMrkmtique'b corps, which conlill.> oi 3 battalions of foot, and as many Car-tdians as make the whole amount to ■^oco. The admiral's dlfpatchcs and mine would have goncti^;ht or ten days fooner, if I Ji.ui not been prevcnteil from writing by a fever. I found myfcif fo ill, and am ftill lo weak, that I begged the general oOitcrs to confult together for the public utility. They arc all of opinion that, (as more ihips and provifions have now got above the town) they fliould trv, by conveying up a corps of 4 or 5000 men, (which is ncarl/ tlic w hole ftrength of the army, after the points of Lni and Orleans .arc left in a pro- jcrftatc of defence) to draw the enemy from their prefcnt fituation, tind bring them to an atltiun. I have, acquiefced in their propofat, and wc are preparing to put it in cxceution. 'I he a.Imiral and I have examined the town, with a view to a general affault ; bii', after conliilting witli the chief engineer, who is well acquainted with the interior yarts of it, and, after viewing it with the utmofl attention, we found, that though the batteries vi the lower town miL'ht be ealily filcnced by the men of war, yet the burmefo of an alLult would be little advanced by that, fmce the few paflages that lead lioni the lower to tlie ujijHr town, arc caretiiily intrenched; and the upper batteries cannot be aflc(ileil by the lliipj, wliith mult receive conliderablc damage from them and from the mortars. The admiral would readily join in this, or in any other mea- fiMo lor the pul)lic fcrvice ; but I could not propofe to him an undertaking of io dan- gerous a nature, and promillng fu little fuccefs. 'lo tlie nncomiuon ftrength of the country, the enemy have added (for thedefeilce of the rivtr) a great number of floating batteries and boats. By the vigilance of thefe ai il the Indiam round our dirtcient polls, it has been impolTiblc to execute anything by lui prize. VVe have had ah 10ft daily Ikirmiflies with thcfc favagcs, hi which the/ ait genei all v defeated, but not witliout lofs on our fide. By tlic lift of dilablcd otiiccrs (many of whom arc of rank) you may perceive, Sir, thit the aiiny is inucli weakened. By the nature of the river, the moll formii^l- a'jle put of this armament is dttprivcd of the power of uitin;;, yet wc havealnvtl tlis wh'J< ft if I loujr'i :rccive, brm'ul- ' 0/ ^U E B EC in 1759. whole force 01 Canada to oppofe. In tliis fituation, there is fiich a choice of difficul- ties, that I own niyfelf at a lofs how to determine. The affairs of Great Britain, I know, rfqiiire the moft vigorous meafures j htit then the courage of a handful of brave men ftiould be exerted only, where there is fomc hope of a favourable event. However, ynu may be aflurcd, Sir, that the fmall part of the campaign which rc- niains rti«ll be employed (as far Us I am able) for the honour of his majefty and the iiitcrcll of the nation, in which I am fureof being well feconded by the Admiral and bythc (Jcnerals. Happy if our efforts here can contribute to the fucccfs of his ma- jc'ily's arms in any other p.irts of America. I have the honour to be, with the grcat- cll rcfocdt, Sir, your moll obedient, and moft humble fcrvant, . .* James Woi.fe; *'' Retu)-n of tlv killed, wounded, and mijfing. ... ,..:\v . Killed. Wounded. Miff. _ ' ^•■' Officers — . — -:.i-i:-— II 46 o" Serjeants — _ — ____—, q 26 o Drummers — — — — — o 7 o Rank and Hie — — — -^ — 161 57a 17 Total i«a 651 '7 ni ^ , .'• 'Stirling Cafilt, off Point Levi, Sept. r SIR, .,:•.,..-.■ .:..:-■.; ," . *' ... IN my letter of the 6th of yiinc, 1 acquainted you I was then off Scatari, ftand- in^ for the river St Laurence. On the 26th, I had eot up, with the firft divifion of tJie ritct and tranfports, as tar as the middle of the ilTe of Orleans, where I immcdi- atJy prepared to land the troops, which I did next morning. The fame day the fe- lonJ and third divifions carnc up, ar.d the troops from them were landed likcwifc. 1 got thus far without any lots or accident whatever 5 bur, dir&flly after landing the troops, a very hard gale ot wind came on, by which many anchors and fmall bo.its wtre loft, and much damage rccciv'd among the tranfports by driving on board each other. The rt.ips that loft moft anchuis 1 lupplicd from the men of War, as far as I v.j5ablc, and, in all other relpetni:, gave them the bcft alfulancc in my power. On the 2Stli at midnight, the enemy fcnt down from ^ebec 7 firelhips, and tho' our ihipsand tianfpurts wcrcfo numerous, atid ntccffarily fprcad fo great a part of the clunnel, wc tow'd them all clear and r.-grt>uiiJ, without receiving the leaft damage from them. The next i.ijht Gen. MotuHou crcjftcd the river, and landed with his brigade on the S. fliore, and took poft a' ruiat Lav, and Cen. H'olje took his on the wdiermuft point of the iflc of Orleans. On the ti.'.l of yuly I moved up between the points of Orleans and Lrci ; and, it being rcfolvcd to land on the N. fliorc, below the falls of Montmorenci, I placed, oii i\y- 8th inftant, the Porcupine Hoop, and the Ui/ciruen armed vcffcl, in tlic channel between Orleans and the rVorth fliorc, to cover the landing, which took place that lli:;ht. On the 17th. I ordered Capt. Rous of the Sutberbnd, to proceed, with the firft fair wind and night-tide, above :^ebec, and to take the Diana and Squirrel, with two armed floops, and twocitts armed and loaded wi\h provifions. On the 1 8th at night they all got up, except the Diana, and gave Gen. fVolfe an opportunity of reconnoit- ring above the town > thofc ftiips having carried fome troops with them for that pur- pole. The Diana ran aftiore upon the rocks of Point £,("1;/, and received fo much damage that I have fent her to Bujlon, with 27 fall of American tranfports, (thofe which received moft damage in the gale of the 27th of June) where they are to be dilcharged j and the Diana, having repaired her damage, is to proceed to England, takii g with her the maft-lhips, and what trade maybe ready to accompany her. On the aSth, at midnight, the enemy lent down a raft of fire ftagcs, of near a hun- dred radtaux, which futcccdcd no betttr than the tirc-lhips; On ■' ,»( Ki 1 ; l-;fo|A;;-J v: • fi t I. il »»•■- -»...i-. I J, 132 , ■ M yiccoufit 0/ the Siege and ReduEtion On tlic ^ft, Gen. mife determined to land a number of troops above the falls of Moutmoioi'ci, in order. to attack the enemy's lines } to cover which, I placed the G/n luricn in the channel, between the iflc of OrUam and the Falls, and ran on fliore, at high water, twocatts which I had armed for that purpofc, againfttwo fmal I batteries and two rtiioiibts, where our troops were to land. About fix in the evening they landed, but the general not thinking it proper to perfeverein the attack, part of them iooii after, rc-embarked, and the reft croflcd the Falls with Gen. If'c^i'j upon which, to prevent the two catts from falling into the enemy's hands (they being then dry on lliorc) I gave orders to take the men out andfet them on iirc> which was accordingly dune. . On the 5th of jiiiguft, in the night, I Tent 20 flat-bottomed boats up the river, to the Sutbirlanii, to embark 1260 of^the troops with Brig. CJen. Murray, from a poft wc had t.ikcn on the South Ihorc. I fent Admiral Holmes up to the Sutherland, to ad in concert with him, and give him all the afliftancc the ihips and boats could aflbrd. At the fame time I dircdled Adm. Holmes to ufe his bed endeavours to get ;it, and dcftroy the enemy's rtiips alx)vc the town j and to that purpofc I ordered the Lcur/l'f/i; and Hiintet' floop, with two armed floops and twocatts, with provifion?, to p.if!>i;J//utbec, and confequcntly with tlic ablblute ruin of the French uponthf, A 'r.'jrican continent > the fatisfadion with which the news infpircd us was damped by our bcins told Genrral tVolfc fell in the adion, having received 3 (hots in different places, and left behind him a charaiikr both as a man, and an officer, that raifes him to a level with the moll renowned commanders. General Moncktcn was alfo (hot through the lungs, but his wound was not mortal. Wc were happy in having the command devolve upon General George Tmvn/lfnd, whofc letter will here fpcak better, . than any language we (hoidii attempt to ufc. Letter from the Honourable General Monckton to tbe Right Honourable Mr. Secretary Pitt, dated Camp at Point Levi, Sept. i 5, 1759. SIR, I Have the plcafure to acquaint you, that, on the 13th iiiftanf, his majefty's troops gained a very fignal vklory over the French, a little above the town of S^Utbec. Gen. H'olje, exerting himfelf on the right of our line, received a wound pretty early, of which he died foon after, and I had myfclf the great misfortune of receiving one in my right breaft by a ball, that went through part of my lungs (and which has been cut out under the blade bone of my (houlder) juft as the ' ' . neb were giving way, which obliged me to quit the field. 1 have therefore, Sir, defired Gen. Tvwnfxttd, who now commands the troops before the town (and of which I am in hopes he will be foon in iiotTcnion) to act^uaiat you with the particulars of that day, and of the operations carrying on^ ^ j >*.,,:. . •^ '''"**' *^ honour to be, tSc. Rob. Monckton. ?. S. His majcfty's troops behaved with the greatcft ftcadlncfs and bravery. As the Jurgeons tell me there is no ilanger in my wound, I am in hopes that I (liali be foon able to ioin the army before the town. -■tV I' Litter from the Honourable Brigadtn- f7«'/»/T/i/ Townfhend to the Right Honourable Mr. Secretary Pitt, dated. Camp before Quebec, iept. zo, 1759. S I R, I Have the honour to acquaint you with the fuctt- fs of his majcfty's arms, on the 13th infVant, in an adlioi: with the French^ on the Heights to the weftward of this town. It being determined to carry the operations above the town, the ports at Point Levi, and y Ijle S Orleans being fccured, tne general marched, with the remainder of the force, from Point Levi the 5th and 6th, and cmbarlicd them in traiif^xirts, which haii pafTed the town for that purpofe. On the 7th, Sth, and 9th, a movement of the (hips was made up, by Adm. Holmes, in order to amufc the enemy now polled along the north (horc i but the tranfports being extremely crowded, and the weatlier very bad, the general thought proper tocantoon half his troops on the South fliure ; where they were refreftied, and rcmtbarkrd upon the 12th at one in the morning. I'hc light infantry, commanded by Col. Hewe, the regiments of Bragg, Kennedy, Lafcel- let, and Aiyirutber, with a detachment of Highlanders, and American grenadiers, the whole being under the command of Brigadiers Monckton and Murray, were put into the flat-bottomed boats, and after fomc movement of the (liips made by Adm. holmes, to draw the attentiort of the enemy above, the boats fell down with the tide, and landed on the North Ihore, within a league of Cape Diamond, an hour before day- break : The rapidity of the tide of ebb carried them a little below the intended place of attack, which obliged the light infantry to (cramble up « woody precipice, in order Mm* to 133 i It 1: -n 1 '1 1 '* '• M ,1 ( ^' ■ m ■jI: ii * 'i ' 41 I i'lirll :l 1 * ,• I ! 'I ■^I'f ■A>:' f»«,5kiyafl5;fc«»i»i.ji(to„.. „, . •34 "ii. '. ii lii Account of the Siege ^W ReduEtion to fecure the landing the troops, by diflodging a captain's port, which defended the fmall intrenched path the troops were to afcend. After a little firing, the light infan- try gained the top of the precipice, and difpcrfcd the captain's pod j hy which means, the troops, with a very little lofs from a few Canadians and Indians in the wood, got up, and were immediately formed. The boats, as they emptied, were fent back for the' fccond embarkation, which I immediately made. Brig. Murray, who had been detached with j1i//irutkr's battalion to attack the four gun battery upon the left, was recalled by the general, who now faw the French army crofling the river St Charles. Gc'i. iVolJe thereupon began to form his line, having his right covered by the Louif. /Kurq/j grenadiers } on the right of thefe again he afterwards brought Otway's, to the left of the grenadiers were Bragg's, Kennedy's, Lafcellesi, Highlanders, and Anftrv^ tbfr's ; the right of this body was commanded by Brig. Monckton, and the left by Brig. Murray ; his rear and left were protefted by Col. Htw's light infantry, who was returned from the four gun battery before mentioned, which was foon abandon- ed to him. Gen. Motitailm having coUefted the whole of his force from the Beauport fide, and advancing, flicwcd his intention to flank our left, where I was immediately ordered with Gen. ylmherft'% battalion, which I formed en Potence. My numbers were foon after increafed by the arrival of the two battalions of Royal Americans \ and IVebly'i was drawn up by the General, as a rcfcrve, in eight fubdivifions with large in- tervals. The enemy lined the bullies in their front, with 1500 Indians and Caiiadiam, and I dare fay had placed moft of their beil markfmen there, A'ho kept up a very galling, though irregular, fire upon our whole line, who bore it with the greatcft pa- tience, and good order j referving their fire for the main body, now advancing. This fire of the enemy was however checked by our ports in our front, which pro- tected the forming our own line. The right of the enemy was compofed of hi!f the troops of the colony, the batt.nlions of La Saare, Languedoc, and the remainder of 'heir Canadians and Indians. Their centre was a column, and formed by the bat- talions of Bt-arn and Guicnre. Their left was compofed of the remaining troops of the colony, and the hattalion of Royal Rcufitkn. This was, as near as I can guefs, their line of battle. They brought up two pieces of fmall artillery againft us, and wc had been able to bring up but one gun; which being admirably wellferved, gall- ed their column exceedingly. My attention to the left will not permit me to be very cxaft with regard to every circumllance which pafied in the center, much Icfs to the right ; but it is moft certain that the enemy formed in gtxxl order, and that their at- tack was very brilk and animated on that fide. Our troops refcrved their fire, till within forty yards, which was (o well continued, that the enemy every where gave way. It was then our General fell at the head of Bragg's, and the Louifiourgb gic- nadiers, advancing with thtir bayonets : About the fame time. Brig. Gen. Moncitcn received his wound at the head of La/celles's. In the front of the oppofite battalions fell alfu M. Montcalm ; and his fecond in command is fince dead of his wounds on board our fleet. Part of the enemy made a fccond faint attack. Part took to fome thick coofe wood, and fecmed to make a Aand. It was at this moiiient that each corps fecmed in a manner to exert itfclf, with a view to its own peculiar charadcr. The grenadiers, Bragg's, and La/celits's, prefi'ed on with their bayonets. Brig. A&r- ray advancing with the troops under his command briikly, complcated the route on this fide; wiien the Highlanders, fupported hy ytn/lruther'i, took to their broad fwords, and drove part iiitu the town, and part to the works at their bridge on tbc river St Charles. The ad\ion, on our left and rear, was not io fevere. The houfes, into which the light infantry were thrown, were well defended, being fupported by Col. Howe, who taking poll with two companies behind a fmall copfe, and frequently Tallying npoo the Hanks of the enemy during their attack, drove them often into heaps, againft the front of which Ixjdy I advanced pUt(x>n« of Amherlf% regiment, which totally prevented the right wing from executing their firft intention. Before this, one of the ^'■^(d American battalions had been detached toprcfervc our communication without boats, and the other being fent to occupy tlie ground which Brie. Murray'% movc- ineiu had left open, I remained with Amher/i'i to fupport this difpofition, and to keep the enemy's riaht, and a body of their Savages, which waited ftdl mote towtrdt our rear, oppofite the polls oi our light infantry, waiting for an opportunity to fall upon our rear. This, Of ^U E B E C tn I 759- »35 This, Sir, was the fituation of things, when I was told, in the aaion, that I commanded : I immediately repaired to the centre, and finding the purfuit had put part ot the troops in diforder, 1 formed them as foon as poflible. Scarce was this cffedcd, when M. de Bougainville, with his corps from Cape Rouge, of 2000 men, appeared in our rear. I advanced two pieces of artillery, and two battalions toward* him ; upon which he retired. You will not, I flatter myfelf, blame me for not quitting fuch advantageous ground, and risking the fate of fo decifive a day, by feek- in-^: afrcfh enemy, pofted perhaps in the very kind of ground he could wi(h for, viz. woods and fwamps. We took a great number of French ofiicers upon the field of battle, and one piece of cannon. Their lofs is computed to be about 1 500 meir, which fell chiefly upon their regulars. I have been employed, from the day of ac- tion, to that of the capitulation, in redoubling our camp beyond infult, in making a road up the precipice for our cannon, in getting up the artillery, preparing the batte- ries, and cutting off their communication with their country. The 17th, at noon, before we had any battery ereited, or could have any for two or three days, a flag of truce came out with propofals of capitulation, which I fent back again to the town, allowing them four hours to capitulate, or no farther treaty. The admiral had, at this time, brought up his large (hips as intending to attack the town. The French oiiiccr returned at night with terms of capitulation ; which, with the Admir.il, were confidercd, agreed to, and figned at eight in the morning, the 1 8th inftant. The terms we granted, will, I flatter myfelf, be approved of by his majcfty, conlidcring the enemy aflembling in our rear, and, what is far more formidable, the very wet and cold fcafon, which threatened our troops with ficknefs, and the fleet with fome accident i it had made our road fo bad, we could not bring up a gun for fomc time ; add to this, the advantage of entering the town, with the walls in a dcfenliblc itate, and the being able to put a garrifon there ftrong enough to prevent all i'urprize. Thcfe, I hope, will be deemed fuflicient confiderations for granting them the terms I have the honour to tranfmit to you. The inhabitants of the country come into us faft, bringing in their arms, and taking the oaths of fidelity, until a general peace determines their fituation. I have the honour to inclofe herewith, a lift of the killed and wounded ; a lift of tlie prifoners, as perfcft as I have yet been able to get it ; and a lift of the artillery and ftorts in the town, as well as of thofe fallen into our hands at Bcaup't in confcqucnce of the viftorv. By defcrters we learn, that the enemy are re-aflcmbling what troops they can, behind the Cape Rouge j that M. de Levy is come down fro n the Montreal fide to command them ; fome lay he has brought two battalions with liim -, if fo, this blow has already aflifted Gen. Atnhcrjl. By other defcrters, we learn, that M. de iaigainvelle, with 800 men, and provifions, was on his march to fling himlclf into the town the 1 8th, the very morning it capitulated, on which day we had not cotn- pleated the inveftiture of the place, as they had broke their bridge of boats, and had detachments in very . ong works on the other fide the river St Charles. I ftiould not do jufticc to the Admirals, and the naval fervice, if I ncgledcd this occalion of acknowledging how much we are indebted for our fuccefs to tnc conftant ailiftance and fupport received from them, and the perfedt harmony and correfpon- dence, wluch has prevailed throughout all our operations, in the uncommon difficul- ties, which rhe nature of this country, in particular, prefents to military operations bf a great extent, and which no army can itfclf folely fupply ; the immenfe labour in artillery, (lores, and provifions •, the long watchings and attendance in boats ; the drawing up our artillery by the feamen, even in the heat of the action ; it is my duty, (hort as my commund has been, to acknowledge, for that, how great a fliarc the lavy has had in thig fucccfsful campaign. . ■ \ '■ 7 have tbe honour to be, C?i". Geo. Townshend. .u •'!P i \ I 'I 1^'r ^ ■A uirticks <^. 1" ' *''*'it**^JI«iaLi::' 126 Account of the Siege and ReduEikn Art'uUs of Cofitulatkn agreed on, Idvicm General Townrtiend and M. de Ramzey, Commander of Quebec. y^rt. I. M. de Ramzry ^Lm^nAi the honours of war for his garrifon, and that it fliall be conduded bacli to the army in fafety by the ihorteft road, with their arms, baggage, lix pieces of brafs cannon, two mortars or howitzers,, and i z rounds. 'The garrifm of tlx ioiin, eompfed of land forces, marina, andfathn, JImU march cut 'd-ith their arms and liiSS"S^* ^''""'^ beating, lighted matches, with two pieces of cannon, and fur/ve rounds, and Jlall be embarked as conveniently as pojjible, in order to be landed at the firjl port in France. II. That tiie inliabitants Ihall be maintained in the poffcffion of their houfes, goods, effct'ls, and privileges. Granted, provide a tley lay down their arms. III. That the laid inhabitants Hiali not be molefled on account of their having borne arms for the defence of the town, as they were forced to it, and as it is culbmary for the inhabitants of the colonies of both crowns to fcrvc as militia. Granted. IV. That the efFefts belonging to the abfent officers, or inhabitants, fliall not be touched. Granted, V. That the faid inhabitants fliall not be removed nor obliged to quit their houfes until tiieir condition fliall be fettled by a definitive treaty between their moflChriflian and Britannick majeftics. Granted. VI. That the cxercifc of the Catholic Apoflolic and Roman religion fliall be pre- ferved, and that fafe-guards fliall be granted to the houfes of the clergy, and tu the monaftcries, particularly to the Bifliop of S^tftbec, who animated with zeal for religion, and charity tor the people of his diocefs, defires to rcfide conftantly in it, tocxercilc freely and with that decency which his charaif^er and the facred myfleries of the Ca- tholic, Apoflolic, and Roman religion require, his cpifcopal authority in the town of ^e/'ce, wherever he fliall think it proper, until the pollcflion of Canada flull have been decided by a treaty between their moft Chriftian and Britannic majcfties. The free exercife of the Roman religion. Safe-guards granted to all religious perfons, ci li-ellas to the bijJ.^, icho Jlall be at liberty to come and exercife freely and with deeenct tbefunSlions of his office whenever heJJ:all think proper, until the pojfefjion of Canaday/iui' harce been decided between their Britannic and moft Chriftian majejiies. VII. That the artillery and warlike Aores fliall be delivered up bonafide, and an inventory taken thereof. Granted. VIII. That the fick, wounded, commifiarics, chaplains, phyficians, furgcon?, apothecaries, and other perfons employed in the hofpitals, fliall be treated agreeable to the cartel fettled between their moft Cluiftian and Britannic majcflics on Feb. 6, J 759. Granted. IX. That before delivering up the gate, and the entrance of tlie town, to the Englijh forces, their general will be plcafcd to fend fomc foldiers to be placed as fafc- guards at the churches, convents, and chief habitations. Granted. X. Tiiat the commander of the city of ^ebcc fliall be permitted to fend advice to the Marquis de Vaudrueil, governor general, of the rcdudtion of the town j as alfj that this general fliall be allowed to write to the French miniftry to inform them thereof. Granted. XI. That the prelcnt capitulation fliall be executed according to its form and tenor, without being liable to non-execution under pretence of repriuls, or the non-e.\ecu- tion of any preceding capitulation. Granted, 7 he prefent treaty has been made and fettled between us, and duplicates fgn'd at tht Cd/»/) ^i/or«f Quebec, Sepr. ]8, 1759. C. Saunders, G. tovinflxnd, De Ramefay. Killed, : Of SIJJ Eh EC in 1759. . Killed^ Wounded^ and Miffing, in the Battle of the lyb. < ;..w .. . •.-... . . ,, . , Killed. Wounded. Mifing^ Officers — — — — .i-Ii— — 9 ^3 o Seijeants —— — — — — — 1--.3 2$ o Drummers — — c— -_.^ — »_o 4 o Rank and file *-•— — — — — 45 506 3 Total . A^ltery. 57 588 killed. Wounded. Miffing. Engineers — — — —.—— — o i o Gunners — — — ^ — — — 1 i o Bombardiers —— — — — — — o I o MatrefTes ——*-- — « — — o 5 o Total 8 Ah Jtceouttt of the Gum, SSc. found in Quebec on its Surrender to bit Majefty's Troopi. Brais guns Iron guns 6 pound. 4 2 2 + iS 12 8 6 4 3 2 I 3 2 ID M »3 43 66 3s to run N n Ml i ■, n .y \\ ■: d\' , I' I i'n i IS , •■( 1 \ il •4 II A ^ \ '^"iUKtummk.* ¥ • 138 Acount of the Siege and ReduSiiofiy 0/ ^1/ E B E C in ij^g. in upon them, and pufli them with their bi;jronets ; by which, in a very little time, the French gave way, and fled to the town in the utmoft diforder, and with great lofs ; for our troops purfued them quite to the walls, and killed many of them upon the glacis, and in the ciitch ; and if the town had been further off, the whole French army muft have been deftroycd. About 250 French prifoncrs were taken that day, among whom are ten captains, and fix fubaltcrn officers, all of whom will go in the great (hips to England. I am lorry to acquaint you, that General ^offe was killed in the aflion ; and Gen. M'jickton fliot through the body ; but he is now fuppofcd to be out ot danger. Gen. Montcalm, and the three next French officers in command, were killed ; but I muft refer you to Gen. fmvnjhend (who writes by this opportunity) fcr the particulars of" this ahioi), the ftatc of the .garrifon, and the meafures he is taking for keeping pof- I'ctTion of it. I am now beginning to fend on (horc the ftores they will want, and provifions for 5000 men ; of which I can furnini them with a fufficient quantity. The night of their landing, Admiral Holmes, with the (hips and troops, was about three leagues above the intended landing-place: General /Fo//?, with about half his troops, fet off in boats, and dropped down with the tide, and were, by that means, Icfs liable to be dilcovcred by the French ccnUnth, ported all along the coaft. The rtiips followed them about three quarters of an hour afterwards, and got to the land- ing-place juft in the time that had been concerted, to cover their landing ; and con- fidering the darknefs of the night, and the rapidity of the currant, this was a very critical operation, and very properly and fucccfsfulfy rondufled. When Gen. Wolff, and the troops with him, iiad landed, the difficulty of gaining the top of the hill is fcarcc credible : It was very rteep in its a(rcnt, and high, and had no path where two could go a-brea(t : but they were obliged to pull themfclvcs up by the ftumps and boughs of trees, that covered the declivity. Immediately after our vidory over their troops I fent up all the boats in the flert with artillery, and ammunition ; and on the 17th went up with the men of war, in a difpofition to attack the lower town, as foon as Gen. lovmfkend (hould be ready to attack the upper ; but in the evening they fcnt out to the camp, and offered terms of capitulation. I have the farther pleafure of .acquainting you, that, during this tedious campaign, there has continued a perfttl good undcrilanding between the army and navy. I have received great airulancc from Admirals Durell and Holmes, and from all the cap- tains ; indeed every body has exerted themfelves in the execution of their duty ; even the tranfprts have willingly alliftcd me with boats and people on the landing the troops, and many other ferviccs. I have toe honour to be, Cf. Charles Sai;nders m It appears all through this expedition, that great part of its fucccfs was owing to the patriot unanimity that fubfilk-d between the land and fea officers. None of thofe bickerings and dilputcs reigned among them that had been the ruin of many well concerted fchemes in a former WAR, and if there was any contention it was in who (hould be foremoft to (licw his love for his country's glory, by being foremort in his duty. Admiral SaunJcrs who commanded at fea, was always ready to affift the opt- rations by land, and he was nobly (ccondcd, by the Admirals Holmes and Durell. The death of the brave General IVol/e, abated nothing of this confidence, and indeed fach was the tenor of all the officers condudt through the whole, that the wifdom and valour of the britirti councils and arms, by their intrepidity and courage have been ertablidied in the capital of New France. A Description Tlje French attempt to retake ^IJJ E B E Cy in I'jdo. 139 A DESCRIPTION of the further jprogrefs of the Britifh arms (hall now be entered upon. After %^3r, the capital of Canada, had thus fallen under the Englijh monarchy, in the glorious sera, 1759. An event fufficiently furprizing, in whatever circumftance we regard it ; the great fupcriority of the French over our troops, as to numbers, the many difficulties the latter had to encounter even to come to blows with the enemy, occalioned by Jie inequality and commanding ftrength of the country about the town, which was occupied by forces much more numerous, highly en- hance tlie merit of this atchievement : but what ftill more claims our wonder and ap- plaufe is, that fo fmali a body Hiould perAft, without relaxation or confulion, after tne fall of its gallant leader fVolfe ; who had braved every danger at their head, and when general Monkton, that fuccedcd to the command, had in appearance (hared the f^une fate, not only to oppofc this formidable foe, but to repel, rout, and purfue the fcattered remains, even up to their city j which, ftruck with defpair at the fight, furrcndered to them in four days after. Hiftory can boaft but of few actions parallel to this; and indeed, providence fcems to have more eipecially employed its agency to inlpirit i\\c Englijh, and confound ihtFrench, in the above mentioned exploit. Ucing thusmafter of the town, the next thingthe conquerors hadtocunfiderwas, how they (liould bcil fecure this important acquifition againft any fudden attack, or furprize ; this loudly demanded the mod ferious exertion of their care and management, as the enemy had ftill a much larger force in the field, than theirs amounted to within the walls, far lefs flitigued, a id in betic health : added to thefe advantages over them, they had alfo a thorough knowledge of the countiy, and a conftant fupply of frerti provifions in abundance, from the lands to the fouthward, which were hitherto un- der their dominion. Sluehec, that was to be the winter quarters of our people, lay moftly in ruins, and thofc houfes which remained ftanding, were fo fhattered by the b;itterics as to be fcarccly habitable ; the fortifications in a ruinous condition, and in (hort nothing before thcni l^ut a pro(jie(fl of the extremity of harddiips and toil. Thefe difliculties were however in ibmc mcafure furmounted by the unwearied refolu- tiun and perfcvcrancc of the foldicry, and the place put into a pofture of defence, the moft promifing affliirs would admit of. By feizing two ports one at St. Foix, and the other at Lordtc, the garrifon made rtiif t to furnilh itlelf with wood for fuel, of which there was great want; and afterwards a detachment marched to St.AuguJiin, made tiic enemies advanced guards prifoncrs, and dilarmcd the inhabitants. Thefe fuc- cdVcs were (Irokes of great momerit to the Englijh army, as they afforded them op- portunity of watching the motions of the French, covering at tne fame time their u'vn, and likcwife v)bliged the pcafints to furnifh them with frelh fubfiftcnce during the winter. Things now Ihewing a more agreeable afpcft, and terror being baniHied a little fnrthtr from home, a party was fcnt out to tne fouthward of the river St. Litircnc; that ftript the inhabitants of their weapons, and obliged th^m to take ciths of allegiance; which ftcp was likcwife the means of procuring them great quantities of frc(h prcvifions. The French generals who had cantoned their army in winter quarters about the neighbourhood of Montreal, having received intelligence, that our army daily diminiihed through ficknefs and inevitable diftrefles, came to a relblution of attacking the town in the depth of winter, hoping to carry it by a fud- ilin effort of their whole force. For this end they made a great preparation of fnowfhoes, and tcaling ladders for ftorming the place, which they nad agreed, ihould be put in ixccution about the middle of February following; till that time all pofTible precau- tion was to be ufcd in order to conceal their defign, which neverthelefs did not prevent our army's being apprized of it. The more readily to compafs their intentions, the enemy difpatched a body of forces to port themfelves at point Levy, to augment their army by collecting together the fouthern inhabitants ; and to form there a magazine of provifions for the troops who were to follow. This point they had now been in poffeflion of for feveral days, which time they employed in amafiing a large quantity of flour, and in killing cattle for the fiiflcnance of their forces during the projefted expedition : they were however 4ifiurbed in this work by our people, as foon as the river was fufficiently frozen to let them crofs it, and driven off m fo percipitate a manner, that hardly any thing, ex- cept their own pcrfons efcaped the hands of the Englijh. The enemy afterwards at- tempted to regain the fame fituation with a greater body, but were (till bafHed, and . obliged only to the nimblencfs of ihcir flight for fafcty, Dcfpairing therefore of being It- »■* '' U ■■: ; t I 'i i"i' '« '•: f ll \ t^i !:■ :if; 'r P!'»^ 1 1 , M ' ^ \i ■ r? ' 1 r i^ 'if 'X ■' . If u'tatMi^jSllt^iMtj^umi^ ^>**^i;fc«u^.*,^ ■ 140 CANADA Conquered by the being able to carry their dcfign into execution, of taking tlie place by a fitddcn onllr, tliey rcfolvcd to make all the ncceHiiry difpolitions ibr a regular ficgc, to be com- menced as foon as ever the breaking of the froil had rendered the river 5.'. Umrcut navigable. The Chevalier dc LevU, who commanded the whole, near 1 5000 nicii, of whom about 7000 were Camidums of Montreal, \ 200 Savages, and the renwinJcr regulars, had formed them into twelve battalions; the Englijh garrifon, whicii at fml confillcd of about 7000 men, was now greatly reduced by death and fickncb, i.nb- much that the whole number fit for adlion amounted to little more than 3000. N\,w as '•^wAv was verv far from being in a condition to full.iin a long fiege, (Jciicral 'Murniy, to whom,' upon the departure of General To-iOu/cnJ, the command devolved, rcfolvcd,' with his little army, to fcize the heights oi Alffiduim, which overlook the to^vii at the dilLmce of 8oo yards, and intrench himfelf llrongly there : but hilbre he could compafs this fcheme, the froll broke, tlie enemy's (liips fell down the river, and landed '.heir army at Point an T/vw/^A', whence they marched diredtly to /,'./■<■/ ,\i„ order to furprir-e and cut otf the advanced ports planted in tlioleparts. But tothcirutttr dif.ippointnicnt, thefe were all properly fuccourcd and withdrawn with very little \oh. Affairs bciu" tluis circumftanced, and the enemy at hand, there was no other ciioia- left, but either for the EngHjh to (hut themfelves up wilhin the walls, and rtiiil the foe from thence, or with very inferior numbers to meet them in the field, and try the fate of valour oppofed to multitude; General Murruy rclblved upon the litter, as confiiiering his troops habituated to conquer ; and that if he (liould nut iIk-- cecd in this, he could rtill have recourfe to the former. He iiv.ucheil therefore with .dl that could be murtered, and drew up upon the heights in order of battle. During this interval, he tx)k a view of the enemy wlio were upon the inarch, in a column, and thiiki'i:; it nowthcproper iuni^ture toattatk with tlie greatell advantage, before they had formed; he prclTed brilk'y upon them, and after fume difpute, pullied them from the ri.' u> grounds they were in pjiTelTion of. Tlie van of the Fnfuli being thus put to lli^'.'it, llieir main bodv advir.ccd a pace, ar.d their wings began to form with that a femiciiLL up(!n the flanks of the Lzgi:jl, which was now in danger of being furrounded liy tliei.' wlicie t .".'cc, fr.d hiviii^ tbci.' communication with the town cur oiT. To ; re- vciit tlicrcforc a calairJr/, :ht have ruined not onlv the ;irmv, but all tlie .id- vantages acquired in CanaJj, they were compelled to retreat, an»l letiied b.u.k to t'le town in fuch gocd order, that the enemy ventured to purfue but flowly. Tlie phij;Ii- ncL of the ground, and .>rcadi.-. of mow, render d it imprailticable to bring of.' I'lir cannon, which fell mollly into the enemies hand. The loU of the Euglijh in tlii^ .,c- tion aniuuntcd to al)out 1000, tliat of the Frcnc/j to 2500 men. The night foILiu- ing the batde, the iKficgers opened their trenches againft the town, and the g.iri ion fet a' hcartilv alwut fortifying it within, to enable them to held out as long as pvAvtrhillv I'econded by a fleet; but intlead of fuch an appearance. Lord Cohiilc («h(j lad received advice of what was doing) arrived in the river ; and on the i 5th of Mu/ ij6n, having anchored before the town.dilpatched immediately two frigates toiitt.iek the Iri-n-/j fquadron, all of which prelently run alhore and were dedroytd; this tr.ml- atiion threw the l)cfiegers into the gre.ited panic ; fo that they inllantly railed the fiegc with luch precipitation, as to abandon all their cannon, mcjrtars, baggage, ihiies, ammunition, and provifion, and retreated to Jiijaes Carticr. Thus ended alio, glori- f comajuniee in tliefe regions as yet unconquered, excepting A/9///riv;/; the reduction of which would render the fubjcdtion of this country to the liritijb crown complete. To hallen its fill, Ciener.il y-////^f7// was making large ftrides. During the interval between the furrciidiy of L',uiJI>',urg and the time we are now treating of, he h.ad been employed in att.ickiiig their feveral llrong holds upon the L^kes, whicti had all yielded to his arms fuccellively, notwitliiiimiiiig the oppofition of the Frcncfj to preli-Tvc them. It had been concerted between liiin and Gener.ilMwmzy, that as foon aspradlicablcfor the former to i.tt .iloii.' the 1 '.kes, tl~.e latter (liould meet and join him on the river St. Laurence before M'>n- tieal. Uur other forces undcrCoLZ/./y/A/Wf/, d.\.Cr'y.i.-n Point, bir H'iHium yj.»ifonMJI- Iv.'i , British Armies in 1760. b.ir.y, Lord Rollo at Louijlmirg, were likewifu to draw together towards him, from their llvcral nations. On the 9th of 'Juhf 1760, General Atnhcrjl arrived at OJwego from iV//.Vt'iV(.Y/)'; off tlie harbour ()f which place, two Fn-wA fliips prcfcntly after made tluir appearance : the General thought to have decoy "d them into the hands of Capt. Loring AtNuigtittJ, by engaging them in a chafe after fome boats fcnt out for that pur- polc, but without fuccefs. Soon after two Englijh veflels appeared upon the lake, and went in quell of the faiil fliips, but they had, notwithllanding, the good fortune to cilapc. Troops were now daily arriving from Albany and other places, particularly bir IVilliiimJobnJbii with his Iiuliiins\ and the General began to make the requifite dif- p'jlitions for embarking them in order to procede to Montreal ; and to faciliate that de- figii, he detached a body otliglit infantry, grenadiers, and highlanders, to poft thcm- i ;t;cs at tlie bottom of the Lake, and aflilt in finding a pafl'age for the vefliels down iIk- rivcT to /.; GttHcttc. Sc/juylcr'i and Murray'^ regiments being now arrived, and the rcil of the forces that were to join the General at Ofwego, he gave orders for the whole to cinbai k. This being accomplilhed, they all proceeded down the river; and not long ;;:Kr palled the two fnows which had been difpatched in queft of the French vellels aliovcnicntioncd ; they had fome how milled the right channel, and could get no lower. Here tlicy reci-ivcd intelligence by an Indian, that one of the iaid French wlTcls was afliore, and lb much d.unagtd, that (lie could not get off, and that the ('' vT lay oti* Giii'htti-. l'jM"> this, the General rcfolved to lofc no time, but haflen down the river to attack a poll of the enemy at Ijle Royak : in his way he difcovered 01 . of tlK- French vellels, wliich the row gallics pulhed after and took. She mounted ten twelve pounders and four Iwivels. The fame day the Englijh army took pollellion of S iiY.'gatchie, and General ylmherji lent engineers with proper parties down towards /,.'. Royale to view the coall and fitualion of the illaiuls near it. The report of the iiii^ineers cauling no alteration of the dilpolitions already formed, the General leav- iiu; fome provmcials and the heavy artillery at Sijj:tgatchie, taking with him three r.iw gallics, a body of regulars, tlic liglu infantry, the greatell part of the Indians^ and romeliglu field pieces, rowed .lown by the north ihore, palled the forts, and tookpolTef- fion of the illands and co.ill below it, wliile Colonel llallimand did the fame on the 1 .ith fliore, and took poll oppolite to the fort, but out of the reach of its guns. The lienc'o vellil which li.ul been taken, failed ilown tlie river between the gallic* that i-.iried the troops, to anelior at random Ihot from the fort, which was efVeiited with i!ie lols of o:k" galley and a llw men, by a fmirt cannonatliiig as they palled. Thus the place was completely invelK-d. Two of tli»;fe fnuU illamls were found abandoned, and i;,ir InJLins meeting; with loi\u' I'calps, which the enemy in their iiurry had left, were fo enraged, tli.it they burnt .ill tlie houlc , .\ni.\ a cltapel, to the ground. On tlie I9;h day of y/'.;."//, a battery was fixed upon each of the illands that were ixatellto tlie fun, and a thiul on a point of land upon the fouthcrn Ihore; ground was Iroken, fileines prepared, the heavy artillery and provincials left at Swetga/rhie were lent hii, and the licj'.e begun. As luon as the tirnig from the beliegers com- nunced, the two liiows belurenientioned being now arrived, were ordered, with tiie prize, to fall down, dole to the fort; and with a proper number of markfmen aboard, ti) keep the enemy from tlicif b.itterie.. Dirpolitions were alll) made for llorniing. Kit tlij vellels not procee(*ing a- the (>ener.d could have wiihed, that dcfign was de- ten ed for tlie prelent. Tlie tort in the ncan while tired a great dcd, btit did very little execution, and our batterVs !>y degrees difmounted their guns. We continued to play upon tliem till the 25th of Ai/gii/i, when the garrilbn beat a parley, and capitu- lated. VVhilll (Jener.il Amherji was thus opening his way down the river to Alon- :real. General Murmy was ailvancing on the other hand up the river to the fame place. The manifelloes he publiihctl as he went on, drew the chief part of the inhabi- tants on the louthern Ihore to lubmit themtelves and take the oath of neutrality. He heard nothing of General Ani!.h>il, and was followed by M. de Levis with the Indk of his armv in the rear; therclbre Lord Rolh received orders from him to difarm, and make the inhabitants of the northern ihore fwear, whenever it could be done without retarding his progrefs, which brought on likewife a fubmilfion of that tide of the river. He much regretted the necellity he w.is under of burning the dwellings of a number ot thofe unhappy people, w ho had dellrted their parifli called Sorrel, and were in arms ; but the execution of his duty demanded this piece of fevcrity. On the 24th of Auguji he arrived within nine miles of Atyi.'rr,//, tlic very day before fort Louis fur- reiulcred, 141 * i' y: i ». I, ■ i B ' '' iJ i ■.•fir:* m. H .'■ ' Jil ■' ] ■-'"■•rl^'.AtidiliM^,.: r.in W ' 142 CANADA con-jucnd (>y the Britilli Armies^ in 1760. rendered, of which us yet he had no intcUigciKC. General Amberjl fince tbat time, had l>ecn employed in repairing the faid lort, and refitting his boats and vcllcls, and in whatever elle was requilitc tor ronviying the army down the river. He paflcJ through the rapids, and the long fall, t(/thc illc <;w Chat; thence rowed down lake St. hrmcis and encamped at BaNdet. The next day fomc lofs was fuftaiiicd both of men, artillery, and Iwats, owing to the violence of the rapids in palling to illc Pcri'A when: he encamped that night with the regulars, while, as it was too late for them to pro- cede lb far, the train and provincials did the fame on the river fide. The inhabitants of t!ic ilUvnd had ail flown to the woods j but many were taken again, or came in. After qivin;:;; them the oath of allegiance they were reindatcd in the peaceable pofll-f- lion of their houfcs ; which uncxpcdled lenity of treatment gave them no lels fur- firize than joy. On the 6th of Septtmbcr by break of day, all the troops were em- >arkctl on board the boats, and proceeded in lour columns by the right, the General intending to land at la Chine on the ilVand of Montreiil. He met with no oppofition at his landing, except a few Ihot from fomc Hying parties, which immediately ran towards the town, having broken down a bridge in their way ; but that was loon re- paired ; and after a march of two leagues, the army was formed on a plain l)cfore Monttwil, w here they lay that night on their arms. They brought with them twelve pieces of cannon, moftly of light artillery, and left the New I'ork troops, and two Coiinrilicut regiments, to guard the boats at la Chine. The next day a letter was brought to the General by two oificers from the gover- nor, tlie marquifs de P'audrcuil, which referred him to what one of them, the Colonel lioiigainville, iiad to propofc. The converfation ended in a cefTation of anns till 1 3 o'clock ; when articles of capitulation arrived from the Marquis t to thefe the General returned conditions of his own, and wrote to the Marquis. This was anfwercd and replied to again. Letters alfo paflTed between M. de Levis and the General, relating to the fame affair ; which was concluded, and the terms of capitulation agreed to on the 8th of Siftember; the day after General Murray with his troops from ^ebic had landed bebw the town. The fubftance of the articles were, that the troop ihould lay down their arms, and be fent to old France at the expencc of the Britijh crown, within 1 5 days, not to ferve again during the prefent war j and that the in- habitants, now the fubjedls of Great Britain, fliould continue to dwell in the peace- able {wircfison of their houfes and property, with the free exercifc of their religion. The furrcndry of this place fully completed the conqueft of Canada from the French, which va^l country was thus wholly ilibducd in Icfs than three years after tlic reduc- tion of Louijbcurg. A DESCRIPTION 'MB DESCRIPTION o F LOUISIANA. 'In 'id THE province of Louifiana, or the Southern part of Ntw France, extends, ac- g^unj, of cording to the French geographers, from the gulph of Mexico, in about 29 dc- Lsmjiaia. grccs, to near 45 licgrccs of Nortli latitude, on tlie Weftern fide, and to near 39 degrees on the Kaflcrii ; and from S6 to near 100 degrees W. longitude from l.'iJcn. It IS bounded on the N. by Ctiniidi ; on the E. by the li ri I ijh colonics oi New Y'jk, Penjihaniii, MwyhiuJ, I'lr^iniii, North .\nt\ South C.nrclina, Georgia, and by the pcninlula of Fiori,la ; on the SvUith, by tlie gulph of Mexico ; and, laftly, on the VVeft in- K'x Mexico. It contains, properly, the French fcttlements on both fides the MiJJiJ- ip. ..nd is, by ilinu', f.iid to be the nobleft and richcft province of all North Amerien. In that part which lies between the fca coaft and Point Coupe, a trad of about eighty twf) Ic.iguc!-, tlie air is not very wholefomc, becaufe of the inundations of the MiJJ^ipi, 1f"^l'^^'^ vvliic.'i oversows regularly every year from the end oi'Manh to tlie beginning oi July, du-lcafom. rlng'.vhich all the country near the river is cr.tialy under water. It has been remarked th.st the winters have been more fcvcre, for fomc years part, th..n they were commonly !;:i. wn to be at the time when the French fnft fettled here, occafioued, as is thought, Ind.aring the lands ot the wocds, or perhaps by lome other unknown caufe. The win- ter begins in this country about the ciul of Novcinlcr^ and lafts till the end of Fehru- <:• V. During this Icalon there blows a llror.g and piercing North Winil, and, whenever it changes from tliis }ioint, the ccld is interrupted by fomc intervals of moderate wea- thtr, and the (liar, 'els of the winter begins to dimiiiilh. They remark three torts of I'iiMtes in this country : Towards the capital, auit as bi^^h as Point Coupi\ it fome- tiiiicj frec/cs \erv hard, but ("ekiom or never liiows : Fr in Point Coupe, as far as the i^ii.try of the Akiinjiis, the air is miUler and more temperate ; but towards the coun- try of the Ilinoii, at about five hundred leagues above New Orleans, the cold is ex- trciialy piercing ; the river Mijjijjipi, and others in its neighbourhood, arc generally trozcn tn Inch a liegree as to be palTable by carriages. IJut, though the winter be fevere, it is i V ur the mort preferable feafou in this province, becaufe of the great plenty of wild cattL, goat?, and game of all f ;rts ; whereas, in the fumnier, the inhabitants are forced to b; ontenteii with fill), which is however exceeding plentiful, as arc alfo fruits and greens. Tiv fcalon laAs m l.ouifiana imm March to Si('tend-er, witli cxcefllve lieats, and thofb f^ttn followed by prodigic^us hurricanes. Tiiele llorms are cotnmonly accompanied with luiland tlunuler, and, in a country compofcd of wo id-, lakes, hills, and vallejs, the cor.:inual echoes arf; veiy terrible. In tlic year 1737, at N.-u Orleans, on a Sunday, iiil a ihower of h..illlones, lome of which were as lar^e as hen's eggs. Another incon- vcnencc attending the fummer in this country is, that in this leafon the nights arc as hot '■ilic days, and tlie people are fubje«:t to lucli terril^Ie funbnrns as have been known to prove mi ital, or ellc eauie a peeling of tlie iLiii from 'he whole part afteded. Lr-uijiaiia hiMi-arcc any auiiunn, ami the burning be.its of luninier are immediatelv fucceeded W'.vhite frolts, which appear towards the \\\\^\A\x: ui Scptciiihcr, and yet, what i; more I'.i'.talar, obllrui!t nut in the lead the growth of fallads and otiier gn'-deii Jlutf common 1:; tluit i'e.ifo;i. M m 'I'he 1 :. 1,; :ii^: ''\ f I 1 '. ;' A" ' ' ' '„ 4 »3+ Climate diir rrnt from tllUli nulci. H^nce its fj- lubriiy. Hiftory of the Difcovery and Sctelci.>icin The climate of Lcuifuma varies in proportion iis it extends towards the North. In l'°(\.i.p:\WA\, its Ibuthcrn parts arc not Icordicil like tiuil'c iimlcr the lame latitmlcs in y//nV.;, iia''£';.»^ thoii^!;!) its northern rc;ioris are coiilcr tiian thole ot Europe uniicr the lame parallels. NfVfOrLins, litu.iteit in thirty degrees, wliidi is tin: latitude of the northern co.ift, ,,1 llarhii's ;iiiil /^i;)/'/, inioys the fame tenipentute of climate with Lan^nclo,: Two ik. grccs lii^;hcr, in t'iic country of the NtiUhr^, the climate is much more temperate thiii ,it I^cv) Orlf.ms : And in the country of the llimii, which lies in thirty rive and thirty fi.\ dc grecs, the rummer is no hotter th.m at Roik-IL- m I'liUur, though the ice is llrongtr, and the f.'Ils of fnow mucii i;re.itir, in the winter. liitVcrnitc of 'Ilii.-' dilVcrcnce of climate from what is found in Ajrica and Europe is attributed t) cJinmc ituni (^yo i auics : The firft is, the 'jreat quantity of wockI, ami the number of rivers in thij country \ the lormer of which prevents the fun's heat from reaching the furfacc of the earth, ..nd the other (kc.iIIdiis tlu- gre,.t humidity of the atmofphere. To thcfe we m.iy add tiic v.ift extent of ctiuntry nretchini'; t iw.ads the North, thofe winds which travtrlc l.ir'^c traits of land being foiuul hy experience to be nnich colder than t'uch :;s tjuie from the fea, or meet witii large portions of that element in their paUage. Hence it is no wonder tlut a Nortli vvuui ihould caulc the inhabiunts to put on more tloath.s, even iii thi (uinmer, or that a South uind in the winter Ihould have a contrary ettetlt. Several il.iys cften pali. in Lc«//«.//- no rain, however, but violent ilujweis, fuch as accomp.J y thumler ; but this bad weather never contiiuies lonr, ur.J in Jialf .m hour the he.iveiu relume th.eir natural ferenity. The ilevvs are in fuch abun- dance, as to funply the want of rain i.. this country. Hence we may eafdy account lor the extraoidmary wholtfomncfs of the air, andcnn- fcqueiitly for the jufl temperature of die blootl, and that tlic inhabitants eniny ptikct he.ilth, free from acute dileafes in their younger years, und retaining extraonlm.iry vi- gour ia old age ; fu that the l|)an of life is no where extended to a gre.itcr length, ncr witli a happier llate of healtii, th.in in L'.uijiiUui. The fame order will be obfcrveil in giving aii accoinit of tlic nature and (ltu.ition of Liuifumn, as in tli.it uidvuida. The delcription of tiiis province will therefore prorvfly begin with the country of tlie Siioux on the banks of tlic Mijjiiiipi, unl by giving lii; moll latishK^lory account of the country on both lides th.it noMe iiver to its nuulli that c.ui be found, not from hearfiy, Init from lucii as have tr.;\elied over it, and \n1;j, .is they live;! upon the fpot, hid all the nceellary ojiportunities and atlvantages for that purpofe, anil who have made it their bulinefs to examine and illuAratc the fubjecl now bc- lore us. OfthfErrn The il//^////y>/, the cliief of all the rivers of /^cw/'/ww, wliieh it divides almoft inrj river hhjij two cqual parts, was fnft difcoverjd by Col. //'« /r.a; K T A. i^>r uiwrfyj' <* ,£' i^ O^T« D ,JV^ _*-,b ^Um1« or l^ArR^^T^w^ i-JM* >.Oui Mafdii* (Hur/ uiyi »1^' .Ai *• \ U \ ' VTj^ i; . i I ul',; ^1 ;: t , '' ■ '^;f 1^ IP ^ f J U** yUahm^A, Ama H^ AS FREffCH IMCKOXCHMKKTI I%4 tnmk M /#'/; / it m tiSi^tmtt A> ivnftur Maw VskjMtirf *w* mui m t f id. at dJtim- Jtitftt an Boftm m f^f 7 - I itnytiid dt M/um tf'l^ lUi>m.M»J J m lmf nfi tte.lbil.taii/tuMt L «^/»wn iWMvi-lllintiiltw^o'iU/i^Mf I«iiiAui*V«C /JIMS' I ef'tiiicAm>ttrtt/>« <<<* n Awrfx * jSi^w* .«r iMi (kNoraSoMik. /;t^«i(r 'ywwM/r'iknaa ITt'n* /uw lUtAA ;y M(r trnUi r tVadonck at I'mm nint V«o .Kiitf a;>«K> fmit in tk/w i/'Noia ScoiU 4*' «wvk>if X> (/{^ «i^ ^ ^rnr 4^1^ ■w/' An> AV*. in jt<<- Qua 4nu' v< Mt* I Ittn^J tu (Au dwy hm •(/i;w hutf/iUI^/'llftiil^f \ '*:'f*f ^*«* f?:' S-rIIngJ»nd ^ ,H-^ ,^,. ft* S »Uitntitr murt tktmt iriitimit^iiimmt mt^l^ttmil. tlmr **U ttv Mli m u iUk Xwiifl * — lkatnHtn» M t ^ Mt tmmitr tf'Mm at m Caaafe wAtnat tmr i Hnm u tttimm tttmrn- jtt4 trt Va^HituH tfTb^flA etU tf'itAem f» tr imnat Mut, Jittditt mmJtw TJk Tmok «v M*M(Kr M* C imU . /ivy 4^ CiUm 4< dmmmt taJtrftmNaa Du im wt m ijtf. MmfA t i '. ^A rJ^^itiMr ^'.??» Bay /yrtV .^^^ jtMc^fmnt^ \JAM£SsBAW tTkmm \W E ««fllW4 rntirtJ /"^^^ JUmiitJ Idiatitmi "tW—tl r A** 1/ *C^^^^ fttmck '■*^^'*2 i¥- ^>i,» 'iJ/""}? «v-»-» ♦■*•»' ^ ♦»>►-. -^^1 ':^ /^iTl .>V^ / >s. AdinuilUMK* OltWl •rtK*' kvinn l.idv f./ c* .Mg- ,t)mfqum& ^^«iw*^.. .^; ^. j;^' jM^jP \ 'X^jutaf ^^XyiMgfJ "Outaganiis .4^ ^^f\l f., lUWW ItfiiO^ Majcuuuns f titum^ K-tfjt'j 40 »(\»» Lr. ^'*' fl/* 5^. / Mr v^vdH SaJtixJtercr [f t* T X/ajij ^ fttnfw s l.ilt ci^ •T f.0 »«f es/e- ..-»•>* ■>i-.--^.?a.n.4.^..ar.>Y.y>.r5.'nii»>- G. «^m' Caroiina t i.*i \* IjnMtOM^Iu ^Sr^*"*^ V*^ ^ rU^im/ui \^^iiaid ^ S C A Z Z Sn^uA Maine U»^u«^ -i^/fiDtp^ :t^0RTH America From Ihe French of M^D Anville Bi^ffoved wifli ftie Back Scttkanents of ^Virginia and Course of C*io ILUTSTRATED 7tM Getf^n^/ucal and JfuptoncdlBemarkf ^r T^^<^ j^^ RTjT^ ilAIIHIIll UUI '^ ,j,M- .ii.»< r«i<»>i y\ V Iroqi 4J t0A\' .^Ai! 'Zditiu' ^Ar.ri), 'Utt (/■• *^.l D (>i' ^' utag'ainis .4, ^r .^ »«* .>":! i»: I i-'^'*^^^^\/aMjJimr Ma»couUn« "yi V >m cAfUtaii- ifjC^y >ji»it Alb-. ftiit-Amtirt C^Kt ' Ain-rl ^>/ ^"V'' -^vi /. (•««'<« :^\i^^/ \L\ -/v-J r^f j' <* 5^->. '^ / >A^r A -*< > » VlfVD** ■U) lis*! cWiA AW IT ^n«»» v\>'/ \ .. Bound ( ,j 'i^ tinuulX. K •oy ivt*J Jti'dii' .♦* At ■'-^ %M. • UWttl y 7 "'- - ■■^j..T*7.BV!»i \i/u/ Carolina in»^$*-> 'V. ..^-. ■l^i ~SJX PiLH: llttftf V.N ritS.vnd ^ "•I* A^lmu '^^'^ tii^ ^•J|»tA ffuiumtf &k. 7< i'tttbiJiant (rr^M^ Cahmkii d t^' 3rt>/ y. '«^: It'" ■V \ L\ofw 4mu r«w \^, '^M^ 1\. 1/ b. ;<%• «.vV/ fJMmm*/ koAi io Gulf ^'^f m .i**!,. »*J*i*i ^JSrJuI^ ' Av^v ^oM' ^• «l/!ij»^ilK.*Ji«>i<^ North iVmrric* * .w«i cjjd, N«-wt»iiiai«Bdi HU S'W»l»rr Raleif^ TV Fjiy^ift* Srtdnncnto h tinmtt t.timd/i fr(nKiytfifViS)n)ifinifl7:- V>..\mon\.iet>o'. mUi tintnA A-Ot*' i'oofm New Jciw/rf.j(»".J<» ! -^ aj^mwi* M ijtfi .t!^etnm ' atiJ /nv/fr^ iM /^* Inntj ijew RnjUnd .i/u^nMm Mf OmtnPfB^ f„mt*Jt6'o6'.anJM/^uno'»i. iit /viuuii t \fa'lg48'Ni'H/i . KmI Mui Wu/ fhm .«*» * .R tJiftnv tUnn^Mt Stuff n|ptU'<« *''«" tiand«ii> "'i0^jl^^>^^"^'- ■ English Ku^iQi •^ium tJl North .Vninvk i> MHit in A-.r' Av 'XtitK*. in i.fgj /ivm LU.tif'le Ctpr of noriife in 4^-. f Ni'wiaiiKUandi litl S'Waltrr Ralci^ Tirr^ui ij9i 'lA VirginU ' Fji^iAi Srtdrmrato A' tinmtt t,itmjfi\in Sm t/.tta (At K.te tif Wtttn/iiuiU in(.n>NrwAibt ^tJhf d> IGitf tv S'Hikokt in iji^; ■ imoetl.ie'flo'.nmJt tiiwUf lt> Iwi' CfmuhuuH ttctu fivm to ^i' ta lAt i'Mti/n>m,Mtf6> f/ CuiJtiu,Vii{pma^»ij*r, r^axiA/f///4> ont.tu Mt <>/>{rr.\rwEnfUiKl.Nc»\M , iry ^ Ju/iiu/ O'lmtA ttutf mti . Ncwk Scotu anJVUrm llnUin ;Vii]^m* or a^Salh Ame ■mf liriiuJinA /eufr parti wu&r Affirm/ rumn , (LtU. y/ Vic . ', iy aynmimfam/mu nut . triireinm ' a^tZ/f/v/xv^ in /A* ihmn ■ w EnfUnl .uw/mJh/ ut m* (imtnt/Vv^eiii HUtnf, nmt ^ 1606'. un/M/tM in toil. iAe A>iuki tnHnJ/nrmZtU. 8'XtHA , Kaff anJ Wuf fivm Sta O Sm,i/'m>t/>i>tt»u If tJkv&an ,(6i& . lu fy 0'nifi/ii/JaoeH.,'i^Xin'.tihi. r» .Srnlia wiuytJ iyji'thntA /Arjl ./irfoifutfy kipXil)!} it'ti i> 9yf^NinuAecKy&>iuiJi mv &\jamMjtKimj\ T S'( jcn fyu'j '^timtl ii>ifi U wot miuyijtu KenndiUl. m/Kmt Scotia Nut{ AccxLa^' ai^U^y/fmiA/aifnm/- ^IiCwuXn .¥msi vrfi tuiM am/miffyyftu^&iX^utn enck . who «t ip3 iy/l 'ImAi Tnat^ aJaiiiintirtlf k Q Aa ^ IU<1)>( 'itlet Title to their SkttlemENTS on tke COUT /i> Lad Mtiimg 1»Jkt. iiifi /I'K.nuilnl.iUi'wmi/a'.y^Air (Jtmn.M^AJit i^fjtt- knJ, \.t>Ut.fSSafim .Ui/ti Umya'Kutt^titOatnKKrtmJc Wit i',«W<'/KlUniuKk H J'fif^ iCCtvwmn^.l^ifneier. mJhkAmi m i,iP'l fuii Ckarlri F.«/Art RoyBl . aUto^iff.f />■ lit Sfanumii . n'/u mrr Jutfi^illff tit Rmcli ifS^./fvm lAmctm- Mtl/M/iMf>t in ilxii k\S3 (y tf/ir JSwIilk tJlfnnlt/lf S fh> fni6!rtitlli0frvml.at.3l<'ylfy9^Dtyref,anJWait(i> lAe .UniM .trti . t^t /iL//t> »w vtMttJ i)»8 K'j t/'dt SAanu fviyAt in ft>yi'nmn:in wAiHtkuuLy Gc*tntm*Jyvpmt> utyUcf/f. ' M««JrH<7/i«^t•tmMttIkulaJhntrtl »tiitJitf>rulm, 6«vteruiunt tmJJiiniitiHmfivm i^tetAt (him ijtt . yum\Afial»iitiJly9o,iSaa.,6oaiiieymtiiinmulillU R.UufAtMtfMuiAyi>/tAtlnJiiKU0i,d^tilJ6>MfTktAi!Qmi. /\akandai/U''bMm,iAieiuu&iU^wfn.XMA lAs INENT. "AS^MXxraot.iuui lAt S.S« Wtitiunv mart liimttJ ant/v«y natrvw bmuxij Sea (jiatt.Mx/iuiift ef\a»^WuMi,iid ^ntrs iivaJtr ttntarA tAt (irtn^ D/'/A/Sm HaiitOit.wAiA u jiy/pvita/ib Ae canymttdui if Rtjmp iCtiimtnmtntuilAt Ct\pmu "M^txaiL.Hiuntti fiom lb rivpntioryi^9s^ 'iScj^.nnmttJ !y^.QaS.idSc. /hm, t/u iyinniy o/'Mt 40' to (At 43 'ifiaHiuk h'in l<^yi/iidej.Dy. Wp/liAxma ^utiplii^ riMlMnmiU^enc»S&t,initl8ilA/\>u!av/%x\^ninliJtpkmtm huWilstS. «/Tfe*icaftfc , X* C«{icUiiili]{ai in^Sf^yw '^part ii ctiXii^MeMiynmarjAmn Zatal^Jh^ptr^k'tiimnimmUihMfJhyfru/iw^f. Georgia. mididXyrmtdlD a C/uipcrttticn mAiyAlfirv&irtJ^pirp anddavtnunttU^i'AuA laifinu ikm 6) rtrat/B nA^ Ctpim . Inreliaiiau iii/!i/\ta^ieu ^MeheatSx are (At lUiaiiii .Otaeout erOtHet Onondcwgao JUyongaws luu^ SeaAu.MeTaHaxaaiiimUe a Jij^A Mnr (hiaUry utmdtfivm Skciukladt iS nJI.Kef^loain.lp (At Ifiawgn. Stiwtf cflakt £m Th^ art luiiuwi^'illry lAt Vindit Jhafy b> it Aiifteti ofXaak Bnoin ; tihithclaimi to ttSlt aafLdu/Ury Wetth kt')lA{%&ap..iuU'Scutk to ifuQ^- lakwR.ir/iti^ Ceuntry oftAeyidt)St»!g)t%MndNordktm\isfi^)a»J!>iiyltyi>^ lAtLaittVbxcaat anJ0R\2aoaiui^%KateBceVi.at/ar£Mfa^^lksiL'aeAiiinfJit (^duir Gm^iutti.and all tAt (iuniiyyoeiA te M/Mm/Bivir.ii/u/IuuH'^oikt hctpeueZoAe aiul£wtr,M lAtir/4nlimtTerntviie*. iuijfj tAtlandtcftAar IK»iiAe,h'Aim Mt/kni)iafieeiiUttoJtAeAiiAef aiA./tiw ijoo^^AlmfJIot a>iJ an.^iJ/iu tf/A*lb>:^&^»Ao aa/llAmt. Bn^ntiMtidiuuifr Mf.BvtKium if^emfA., 40 WelllAn^tuH* iixan Ijoidiai jbS^ 17J.T1 htilKwl aocorcluig to Actby ThrfJ«flE»ry« . V \ i. ' seeae^ I Clllcil ! M I'l' r .: of L U I S I yl N A. 135 cailc is formed by a flit roclc, wliicli crofll-s the river from Ikie to fide, and is from eight to ten fett in hcii'Jit. Here Charlcvillc was obliged to carry his canoe and effcds on nrore. When lie had p.iflld the Fall, he rcimbarkcd, and continued his voyage up the river a hundred leagues higlier, and arrived nmongrt Ibnic Ininting parties of the 5/- ciix Indians, inhabitiii;; lv)tli (ides of tiie Miljiljipi, wlio told him, in their manner, that from the Fall of »SV Anthony, to tlie fcjurce ot' the Great River, the diftance was as great as from thence to tiie Viruit IVatcr^ meaning the ^ca ; adding further, that the countries lie :i] of A/,/. which lay in his way thither, were quite barren, and wholly deftitute of game or anyAV'^cry ic- oiie thing ncccfliiry for the (iipport or convcnicncy of human life. This conjcdure '"""■' with rcl'ped to the remofencls of the fource of the Mijlj/il'i, is the more probable, as fcvcral very confidcrable rivers dilciiarge their waters into it far above this Fall, and be- caufi, even higher than this place, the river is found to have from thirty to thirty five fatlumi water, and breadth in proporticn ; a convincing proof of its coming from a very conriderablc diflance. To this migiit be added the opinions of the natives, whtj all agree in this opinion n'ld, no doubt, h;tvc it from other InJiMs li\ing neareft to its head. Though this gentleman cuuld not vifit the fprings of the Mij/ijlipi, he learnt, how-Rcaivcia ever, tjiat manv rivers fell into it, even above the full of St ylntbons, and faw fi^veral'""'' ""'''■' "'^ (if them himlelf, wliich, after a courfe of a hundred leagues, and more, difchargc tlKMnCelvcs into it on botii (idts. As litdo is known, btf:de> thi<; general account, of tl.e rivers which run into the MiHiJliN above tlie Fall ; wc (liall therefore content ourfelves with giving a defcription (.t the eliijt of tii'>!c wliicli liifeharge thcml'elvcs into it, from this famous cataract, di>A iwards to the Tea. The tJrll ot tiiele, on the Weft, is St Peter's Riier, tiie banks '^'/''''"■■' (I whieh are inhabited by the Sioux ; and it enters the Great River, near the fti// of '*"^' ^t ylutbonv. Some leagues further, on the Fait, is La Riviere Je Stiinte Croix, Ho/y stCniznvcT Crols river, coming from the ncigiitMnirhood of Luke Superior ; near its mouth copper is laid to have been ti>und. Three leagues fartlur is Ifle Pe/ee, or the lialJ Jj/iifiJ, lb I'oVt lilc c.'.lkd from it<; iMrrcnrcfs of all forts ot trees. I/uver down the river widens, fiirming a !.;!•;. c.lled Ldc Jc Bci Seeonrs, or Lnke of G:od Help, one league broad, and feven in (■'"••/- ^'"i ciroiMt, llirrounded with meadows. On the Weil fide of this lake Nichohis Perrot '"""'"' built a fort, in a very plealant navulow, which the Lrench have often made the center of their commerce with the Weltern quarters, and where they have even wintered, the coiMitrv all round it .itfonliiig plenty of all I'orts of game. On the Weft, 20 le gues lower, is ihc (Juilionifig, and on the fame fide with tint o^ir,,ning river begins a meadow, lixty leagues in length, and iurrounded with mountains, "*^^' whieh aftbrd a moft licligbttul protpeiil. There is fUeh another on the left fide, but nut quite lb extenlivc. Hy this river Father Miirr^uette and the Sieur "Joliet entered the Mi//i/iif>i, when they made their tint dilcovcry ot tint river. Here dwell the y//- cik\: I'lJitins, whole country lies in 4^ deg. 30 min. North latitude. They arc reputed A,mzhJi. to he great travellers, and will march, as it is atlirmed, from 20 to 30 leagues in one""' liay, when free fioni the iiicutnl'ranee of their families. 1 heic Indiam fay that at tiiree liiiys journey fartlier are the habitations of the Omans, a nation of a fair complexion, Oman/w/w efpeeiallv the women, and with light h.iir. They likcwilc tell us that thefe Imiiam are always at war with the Panis, and other Wellcrn hiiiiam, by whom they have been inforiiied of a great lake at a valt diflance, i)i the neighbourhood of which live a peo- ple drelletl like Europeans, with buttons on their cloatli;., inhabiting cities, c-xerciled in j. the chaee of the buffalo, mounted on horles covered with the Ikins of tliofc bculls, J, but without the nfe of anv other arms than bows and arrows. Ten leagues bt low the Otti/ioning Are the lead mines, formerly difcovered by the i "d "i'"". Sieur Perrct, and llill l^caring his name. O" »tic Fafl fide is the y0eni/fi, by the .^,„y,^, river Frenel' called h: Rivierr tt la Roche, Rock River, lb named from a mountainous rock ojv polite to it, which Hands in the channel of the Mifij/ipi, and is fiiid to contain a quar- ry of rock cryflal. Seven leagues lower you meet with two fiills in the Ali/l'iJ/ipi, making fo many carrying plates •, and eight leagues lower, on the W. tide, enters the A/ ifigan ri- nr,i^g,„j vcr, illuing from a vafl and noble ineatiow, abounding with buffaloes and oiIkt wild river, game. 1 his river is but fliallow at its entry into the MiJIiJfipi, and bcfidcs very narrow, notwithflanding its long courfe of a hundred and fifty leagues from the North Welt. It is faid to take Its rife from a lake, and to form another after it has run a- bout fifty leagues from the firft. From this lecond lake it runs towards, la Riviere Ver- te, a branch of St Peter's River, and fo named from the green colour of its bottom. The ^1?.' lii t !': :|',1 ■S'- 1 ; r. 11 t ^ ^; ,»; ■i''i' 'j 136 Buffuli river. Chi. VK.tgoniwn toutfc of the •Ibiakiki. The hrii. I'm ii river. J'l.'i.iw river ■;/.< Rick. Fort of A/i M 1 Ilijlory of the Difcovcry a?iJ defilement The banks of the Moi/igona arc well Uoicil with coal. At fifty leagues from its moiitli is a l.irge cape, or promontory, near wliich the waters are reii, and of an ofTcr.fivc fmcll owing, as it is faid, to the large quantities of mineral ore, and, in particular, of anti- mony, found near this cape. At lome dillance from tl.e Mcifigo/t,i, on the Wtft, is the Riviere au Boru/s, or Hnfftilo River; httwcen this river ar.d that of the Ji'/mi!, on the Eaft fide of the Mijlylipi, have been difcovcred ("ome very good fait mines or fprings. The ne.\t conliderable river running into the Mifiifftpi is the llimn ; but, before this is dclcribed, it may not be improper to fay iomewliat of thule other rivers which fall into it in its courfe. In travelling from G.7W(/;r to the country of the Jiincis, hy way of hike Michigan, there arc two dirtercnt routs : The firft is by coafting the South Hiore of that lake, and tlicu going up the Chiengcn river live or lix ie.i;;ues, whence piiHliigLis get into the river C/:ie,r. g^n, a branch of the llinois, after palling t\Mj carrying places, ever land. The longcrt of thtl'o is not above a league and a quarter, but as the river lometimcs in the fummer h.i? r.ot wa. ter futiicicnt to carry a canoe, the oilier v.ay is generally pret'erred. In this, lea\l;;" the fort of iV yoftph's river, fix le.igues up the fiream, and then landing on the ll'u'h- cm bank, is a carrying place a league and a quarter by the water (ide, and afterwards a vaft mc.idow is to be crolled, beautified with groves of wood, wliieh render the pro- fpee't extremely pleafing. I'liis is called linj/iih's, IJetuI meadow, from the head of one of thofe anim.ds, otan enormous fize, found in it, A league farther over the mea(iow>; is a kind of mere, or lake, which communicates with feveral others, the largeft not ;:b(.vc a hundred paces in circuit, which are the fources of the river Thcukiki, from "Thinl;, lignifv- ing, in lome of the Indidn tongues, a // c//, becaufe the Mjchi/igain, or ff-'olf Iiidiiiiis, I, Id formerly taken ihelter here. The Thetiiiii is fo nnrrow and full of turnings and wiimiacs that canoes are often in danger of breaking, which makes the navigation of the 'fbeiiiHi \t.xy tedious, lb that after failing ten or twelve leagues very little progrcis has been m..de. 'ihc banks are covered with game, and every where produce vines, which bear great quanti- ties of \\r ' large grapes. The courfe becomes gr.idually lliaiter, and at fitty le.i':-iR-5 from its lource, though llill very narrow, the (hores on btidi fides (how wonderfully pieu- iant, being covered with lofty trees, which, when they happen to tall into the water, obflruiit the navigation. \ little beyond this it wiilens into a iinall lake, the countrv is one contiiuieil meadow, to which the eye can find no bcuiuls, where wander inliiiite herds of buttaloes, and nothing, in general, can furpail, the richr.efs of the prolptiif. The •JZiiV/y^/A-/ lofes in depth wh.it it g.iins in brcuith, lo that travellers are otteii obliged to carry their canoes over land, where, without a guard, they run great ril'ques from the iiokx and Outogtmii InJiisns, lirawn hither by the mortal hatred tiny bear the 7/j;.;;'j. What makes this fmall depth of water in the ThiiiUki the more furprifng, b, that it re- ceives con fiderable rivers in its courfe, ami panicularlv that called the river of the Ircjwis. At the Foris, or the jundtiun of the •7Z'tv//t/7.7 with the ///;.•(;/;, the former loles its n.in-.c. The reafon of which is, no lioubt, that the Ili'icis river takes its name from an //:J!,:n nation fettled on its banks. Few rivers in Europe, the R/.'ine ami the Diiuuhe excepted, excel the IHur.is af;cr thii jundtion, and no where can there Ix: feen a finer or richer country than that which it w.iters, at leaft as far down as Pimitotii, bifieen leagues below the I'urki, it aeqiiirci a depth proportional to its great bre.ulth, and in this Ipace reeeivcs the waters of f.verJ other rivers, the chief of which is called ri/licoui, flowing from the fine countrv of the Miijautim tow.irds the Nortii. This river h.is at its inouth a eataradt, callcil the Cu:i- pit, from the valf quantities of that mineral f jund in its neigliboiirl.ood. All tliis w. v are vafl meaiiows, intcrfpcrfed with groves and thickets, and covered with gr.ifs, fo very rank, that the p.illcnger is in danger of lof'iig himfelf in if, were it not (<^r a multitude of beaten paths made over it, by the numberlels droves of buffaloes, and herds ot dicr which traverfe it. A league below the CoaLpit, on the right, is a round rcK'k of a vaft lielght, and its fuia- mit in form of a fcrrafs, called, from a village of thofe InJittris near it, the Kort vjf the Mitimis; and about a league further, another on the left, called limply the Ru/:. 'W'n is the extremity of a riling ground, which runs winding about two inn. died p;ices ;,loiig the fide ot the river, grown conliiierably wider in this pLive. It is deep on all fuie», and at a dirtance has the apjKarance of a fjrtrcfs. IJeie are llill to be leen the re- mains of the palilade of an intrenchment made formerly by the Iljiiois, anj cafy to k repaired in cafe of an irruption of enemies. Their of LOUISIANA. »f7 The liid'mn village is Icutcil iit the foot of the Rock^ in an iflaiid, which, with feveral others, all woiukrtiiUy friiitllil, liivide the river into broad channels. The top of the mountain is a level tcrr.; , where ten men with arms might hold out againft all the Luti- am oiCtinadiit were it 1 .it provided with water, there being none nearer than the river, which it is iinpoinble to come near, without being expofed to an enemy. The country here abouiJs with parrots, being the moft northerly place where thefe birds are to be feen, and if they arc fomctiines found on the banks of the Thctikiki, it is in the fummer only. Hence to Lake Pimitioui '\s 1 2 leagues, which is only a wi- dcninif of tlie river, is about three leagues long and one broad. At the wcftern extremity is another village of the Ili/icis, about fitteen leagues from that of tbe Rock. From hence tlicy recko'i twenty leagues to the MijJiJJipi. The lirft of thefe villages ^"^■'.'"'^of the is in foity one dcL'.iets t)f latitude, and the entry of tlie Jlimis in forty. From the Rock '"""' the river runs wcitwafd, and Ibmewiiat fouthcrly ; tlicrc are ulfo feveral iHands, Ibnie of thcni confiderably large. Tlie banks are in levtral places very low, fb that both Hdes are under water in t!ic Iprinj, and afterwards covered with very long grafs. The whole coiufc of it is laid to abound in filli, and in the adjacen": meadows are vaft num- bers of deer and buttulocs, which latter make noditliculty of fwimming the river, when piirfut (1 by the hur.tcn'. The next river which falls into the Ilinoii downwards is the Hj^iin/icut, a lar;!;e riser flowing from the South; and five or fix leagues lower that of %;./-.,.,/ ihc Mai'fiuis, coining from the lame quarter, but not quite fo large, and taking its '";»"/"•' name from certain roots fo called, which, if eaten raw, arc a rank poifon, but boiled ""■"' over a gentle Hrc, for live or fix days or longer, have no noxious quality. Iktween thofe two rivk;i.s you find tiie marlh cA\cA M.whuutin, cxatfUy in the middle, between the,i/,,./A vill.i"e of riiiiiliXii and the Mijii;lipi. I lere may be difccrncd, after pafiing Mcwopiiie ■"•"ih. rivci\ the banks of the Crcat River, which are very I'igh, and fituated at about f.vciitv four hours fail from this river, tliis delay bciirj, occafioned by the winding of tlie llinois rivtr in this pl.ac, where it alters its conrfe horn Welt to South by Haft, and tknce to I'art Soutii I'.ilh in wiiii-h diieolion at laft, aker abundance of meanders, and witli a teeming reludimce, it mixes its waters with thofe of the Mil/ijjipi. In this country, which belongs to the confederate IiJuins, and is ellecmcd by tlic 7-^„^;..„,„ Fmic/j geographers part oi' Lciti/i.i/ui, is a J'/riab poll, or fettlemcnt, at the village called vilUge. Iiimivctuis. The country of the liirnls is an excellent foil, abounding in bufl^aloes and F„,iii.v f,f other pamc. And here you meet with tlie firll elks to be feen in this part of the '•''" i"""-y world. Swans, and .-.11 other fort of w.iter fowl, are alio in great plenty in thefe parts.""'"' '"'""• 'I'his is tlleemtd the K-ll of all the I'tauh fetfltmcnts in Latifusua for producing corn, barlev, and ibeli I'^rt ot ^'rain. All the hiilhandry required, is to llir the ground fti"htlv before it be fown, which will alv)nc AitHce to produce an excellent crop ; anil it Tv.is b'jL-n allirmed, tlut in a fcaivity of corn at A'f^c OrUuins, which happened du- riiii' tlie l.ill v.ar, the I'tinns imported upwards of eight hundred thoufand weight to tlv.it ci'.'iital. '1 hcv allc) cultivate tobacco j but this thrives but indifferently, and ri- pens wi'tii gre.it diiikultv. All the plants which have been carried over Iroin Fra/!Ci', as .ilfo all ni.iniier of Ki.'rof'.vn fruits, fucceed to a miracle. The U\i\ J-'iiuij tlilcovciers u\ Lr:ui!.aiia came down by the river of the ///;;c/;, Inland nav!- in their way trom C.nu'Mi to the MiJ/://:p:, as all thole who have any biifinels in Uli/I i;.Ujon from CitKaJa to the country' of the //'//.'i/i only Hill do; but fuch as intend for xhc Loiicr Lcuijlat!a,L:.,'iian or the III i, defcend, bv the river of the Mi.unis, into the If'iibdcbc, and from that through the' 0/>/>, into the Mij^ijlipi. There arc feveral lilver mines in tliis country, particularly one called lo Mine tie la Motte, Silver mi: e<. which has been all lyed, as have alfo two others of lead, fo plentiful in ore, that thev vcetate wi'liin a loot and half of the furface. The country North of the ///- mi's is laid to have a great many mines. Near the mouth of the llinois, on the right, is a vaft favannah, or meadow, which co,,pcr mine, is fdid to contain copper in great quantities. This coaft is perfedly charming, and very ditferent from that oppofite to it, which is a high ridge of rocky mountains, adorned with cedars, that hide the view of the beautifiil meadows behind them. It is to be lemaiked further, with relpcdt to the lliiwis, fo often mentioned, that Origin of the fome hive aflerted, what fecms c»)nfirmed by the information of a MipuriU' woman, "'**•'• that thofe huliiins, as well as the Minmny come originally from the borders of a fca very far diltant towards the Weft, where it has been prcfumcd they had their firft fta- tiun and betore thev came down into the country they now inhabit, on the banks of N II the l''l •)i i :i V'. 4 ■ r''i . ■ 111 B 1; . : i l-f i'l S *. J3' Hijiory of the Difcovery and Settlement tlic Moingona ; at lead it is certain that one of their tribes bears a name of this importance. A Miamis woman, uken by the Sioux, told Father Pv, fuperior of the niiffions of Niv> France, that flie had been conduced by the Si:uy to a village of her own nation, fi. tiiated very near the fea. The other tribes of the Sioux are known under the name of the Pcouarius, Tamarouas, QihokiaSy and Kajkaijkas ; and the two illages which bear their names confift almoft entirely of Tamarouas and MetchigamiiU, and foreign nations, coming from the banks of a fmall river falling lower down into the Mijijipi, and adop! ted by the Kajkujkias. ^ The colony of the Jlinois, and the French poft or fcttlement, among them has two thcfVwi^ct- advantages, one of which no other poft of this country can difputc with it, and tlie o- tlemcnt in j^er renders it neceflary to all the reft of the provinc". The firft is its commodious fitua- js country. ^^^^^ j^^ means of which a communication is maintained between the colonies of Canada and Lcuijiaiiii, equally beneficial to both. The fecond is its fertility, which renders it tlio granary of Louijiana, and capable of fupplying it with corn in abundance, were it c- ven peopled to the fea. The foil here is not only excellent for bearing wheat, but other neccflarics for the fupport of human life. The climate is mild and temperate, being in 3S deg. 39 niin. North latitude. Cattle might here be reared with the greateft cafe ; and even the v.H herds of buffaloes tamed, and the flelh, hides, and wool of tliofe beafls inaiie a very valuable article in the commerce of the colony. The air is healthful, and tlic dil'cafcs, which are fomctimes known to prevail here, may, at leaft in part, be owing to the in- digence and libcrtinifm of the inhabitants, and perhaps to the new breaking up and clearing of the lands ; an inconvenience, whicii can have no long continuance. And in a colony once eftabliflicd, the climate can have no fort of efFeft upon fueh as are born in it, though of European parents. For thefe reafons the French have found means tn attach the Uimi^ to their intercfts more than any other Indian nation, the Abcnaquii of Acciuia only excepted. They are now almoft all chriftians, that is, zealous Roman ca- tholics, and arc faid to be of a very mild difpofition. Temi'frMurf '^'''^ vovage down the MiUilJipi is very tedious, and the Inconvcnicncics of it not a of the dimitc little heightened by the extreme cold in the winter feafon, even in the Southern parts. The windings of the river make this voyage a courfe of four hundred leagues, and tho' there are no falls or rapid currents, as in the rivers of CanaJa, it ncccflarily takes up much time, and pafTengcrs make even Icfs way than on the lakes where they arc iiut fu'onred by any current. The caufes of the cold are much the f.iine with thole in the Fjiglijr: Southern colonics. Co flu n« f '''"''■' '^"''i'li^^ below the conflux of the Ilirois river is the mouth of the MiJ/ouri, the i^V-""' by which it difcharges itfeif on the North North Weft into the Mijjijiipi, making, wi^htu ;V;/- perhaps, the noblcft junction of two rivers on the face of the earth. Both are nc.riv • ■^'''' half a league in breadth, but the Mijfouri is much the more rapid of the two, and feenij to enter the Mi£ijfipi with the air of a conqueror, carr)'ing its white waters unmixed to the oppol'ite fhore, and communicating its cohjur to the other, which retains it all the remainder of its nrecipitate courfe to the fea. Near this conflux is an llinois village, inhabited by the tribes of that nation called D- hckiai and Tamarouas, which form one very numerous canton. It ftands on a linall ri- ver coming from the Eaftcrn parts, and is without water, except in the fpring at the diftance of half a league. The reafon they give why they built tl.cir town in (o incom- modious a fituation, is, that when they firlt fettled here, the Miffilfipi walhed the wulls of .neir cabins, but that in three years time it had loft half a league of ground, and that they were then thinking of removing it to fonie other place, which, with the Indian, is a matter of no great dithculty. It will not be improper to mention the other rivers vtrhich fall in^o the Mi£ouri, to- gether with the Indian nations inhabiting the adjacent country, and the qualities of the foil. The Mijfouri receives feveral other rivers in its courfe, particularly that of the CaHfin'att' Canfes, which has a courfe of above one hundred and fifty leagues. The opening ot the Mijjiuri into the MiffilJipi is faid to lie five hundred leagues from the lea, thiee hun- drcd from tlie Fall of St Anthon\, and from the mouth or ojKning of the Ohio into the fame river one h.indred leagues. Five leagues below the Miffouri is the river Afarameg, where, after many trials, the mine company of this place difcovered, in 17 19, a vein of lead two foot below the furl'icc, iiyer. 1^ ! IfM of LOUISIANA, 139^ '/ furface, and running quite along a chain of mountains, with fome hopes of finding (li- ver ; the event of which is yet unknown. Among the nations inhabiting thofe countries are the Ofages, a numerous people, dwelling by the banks of a river of the fame name, which falls into the Miffouri at for- '^'"''''f "■"' ty leagues from its jundtion with the MiJJiJjipi, and who fend regularly once or twice a year X." ^ to pcrfiinn the ceremony of the pipe amongft the Kafkafkias. And fourfcorc leagues from this opening is the nation of the Miffouritcs, from whom the French have given name to this river, for want of knowing the true one. Higher up, is tlie nation of the Cimft'z, then the Octatas, by fome called the MaStotataSy afterwards the ^iouez, next to thcni the Panis, a very numerous people, divided into fcvcial cantons, bearing very dif- ferent names. The Miffouri is faid to take its rife among very lofty and bare moun- tains, behind which is another river, probably flowing from the fame, and running Wcftward. This account ought to be of the greater weight, as no Indian nation is fo much addided to travel as the Mijfourites. All the nations now mentioned inhabit the Wcftern banks of the Mi/J'ouri, except the AioueZf who refide on the Eaftcrn, and arc neighbours and allies to the Sioux. The foil through which the Mif^'uri flows is faid to be meadow, for the mofl; part Soil, level, fat, and without a ftone, which is the caufe why its waters are always thick and niu(i>iy, whereas thofe of the Mi//i//ipi, flowing through a fandy firm foil, are perfedlly tranlparent. The MiJ/ouri is faid to be altogether unknown to the French any higher than two hundred leagues from its mouth, and moft of the countries about it, and rivers which fall into it have been but imperfcdly furveyed, and the country North of it is faid to be wholly unilifcovered. The French had formerly a fettlcment on the Eaftern point of an ifland fome leagues Fan OrlenKi. long, oppofitc to the chief village of the Alifouri, called Fort Orleans j and the Chevalier Bittrgmontt who commanded in it, acquired the cfteem and confidence of the Indians ill the neighbourhood of that river, fo as to reconcile thofe who had before been all of theni at enmity and embroiled in wars one with another. Amongrt thefe people, thofe who inhabited the Northern parts had the grcatcil reputation for military prowefs. Af- ter the departure of this commilliry the natives cut the throats of tJie garrifon, fo that not a Frenchman cfcaped. Some authors mention, in their account of this country, feveral other Indian nations Other natioiu on the b.iiiks of the Mi/fouri, which arc, according to them, the Atijfourians, from wliom the river takes its name, the Canjes, the Othouez, the two nations of the Panis, wliite and black, the Panimakas, the yliaonez, and the Ofages, and, laftly, the Pa- dcuias, by tar the moft conlidcr.ible of them all, as the Othoues, OJiiges, and Aiouez arc tlie Icaft numerous, and the others but inditfcicntly powerful. The Spaniards, jealous of the neighbourhood of the French, formed a defign to e- fl.iblilh themlclvcs on the Miljhufiy at about forty leagues from the port of the Ilinois, on purj-vole to llraiten the FrenJj buuiuiaries on that fide. In purl'uit of their plan, they had determined, with the allirtance of the Ofag-.s, to exterminate the MiJJourians, to whom the others arc mortal enemies. With this intent they alfembled at Santa Fi a body of men, with families proper for a fettlcment, and provided them with a Jacobin for chaplain, bcfidcs horles, cattle, and other necclfaries for an infant colony, %i.;;^ coio. the whole under command of an engineer. The multitude let forward, but mifling ")' """aacJ. their way, inftead of their allies the O/ages, fell in with the Mijfourians, to whofe chief the Spanijh leader, taking him to be the head of his own friends, without farther fcrutiny, addrelfes the harangue he intended, and probably got by heart, for the chief of the OJ'agei, acquainting him with the caufe of his coming, which was to eftablilh a Lilting peace with the i>cople, and with their afilftance to deftroy the Mi/Jcurians. The MiJ/ourian chief, dilJembling his real defigns, feemcd to accept of the offer with great alai i . y, propofing even means for the accomplilhment of the defign, and at the fame time inviting the Spaniards to indulge thcmfelves with two or three days reft, after the fatigue of their journey, before they attempted to put it into cKccution, adding that it would be neceflary for him to confult with his warriors and Icniors on the mat- ter propofed. During this interval the Mijourians gave their guefts the moft mag- nificent entertainment in their power, and in the night, which was to have been the eve of their departure, fell upon the camp of the Spaniards, and cut them all off, man, woman, and child, oj.ly fparing the j.icobin, whom, whether out of refpedt to his condition, or from the Angularity uf his habit, tliey laved from tlie general carnage, ainuling m.^H H, * u 1^ if: ' )..;: !•>. m 1 * i ■ 'i J't' T . ;■ 1 % m i: f| -i J .Q Hijlory of the Difcovcry and Scit!e)/ie?it amiifing themfelves afterwards, in good weather, with caufing him to fliew his dexterity in horl">:;iian(liip. But tiic Friar one day, taking his advantage of their fecnrity, oA- lopped off towards the Spanijh fcttlcments. This llory comes from the Miffounant themfelves, who afterwards fold the holy iiiftrumcnts and habits, and other fpoil a- mongft the Iliiwis, o.uTinml Amongll the rivers which run into the Mijjhuri the mofl: known is that of the v.,u'„ nvtrs. Ofagcs, io called from the Indians of this name, inhabiting its banlcs, and near nci'^h- hours to the confluence of this river with the Miffoun. But the moll conluioralijc ot" all is the river of the diajh, which runs a courlc of two hundred leagues throu'h a mod pleafant country. Betore we leave the Miffcuri, it may be proper to add fomewhat relating to tiie man- ners of the Padoucas, the mud: powerful Indicu nation dwiiiing on tiiis river. Tliofc of them who live at a dirtance from the SlhiitiiirJs cultivate no fort of corn, In:: livu by hunting:, which they follow winter and fuinmcr. Tiicy h.ivo largo vill;iges conipj. fed of great cabins, capable of very numerous and almoft p.itriarch.'l tamiliis. lii^^r;. they make their ordinary abode, and honcc you m.;y lee illiiing firth .;t one time a jt,j„,ip„,na hundred hunters on horfeback, with bows and arrows. About lour days "piirrvv from curingofthe their dwellings, they meet with large herds of buft'alocs. Tliey c.irrv tluii bi-'airj bjiF^iu. children, and tents, on the fame horles with them ; a man on horfeback Ic,uli;i': tlij convov, by which means men, women, and children, travel light, and withoiu ein- baralfment or fatigue. After tiicir ariival in tiie huiiting country, they cncurp nur.i rivulet, and always in a woody place, where they tie their horfes to a Inng ro-pc whih} they graze. Next day they mount eacli on his horle, and make to the firll herd of buffaloes, and alwavs from the windward, that tiie beafts may fmell them, which th.v never fail to do, having a moll exquilite fcent. The hunters purine tliem on tl.e gallop till the butfalois are lb fatigued as to loll out their tongues, and fall from run- ning to walking, when the hunters leap from their horles, and let Hy tlicir arrow? c;.ch killing his heifer, and fometinies more, tor they never dcllroy the nnlLS. Tiicu X\\nz tbcir iiorLs to feme tree, tiiey tlea the pr-.y, take out theentr.:iL, ami cut the" body in two, leaving all the rell, as the head, tcet, anil i, -wards 'o ti)c wohii and other beads of prey. The Hcin is l.ud next the horle, and th.c carcals upon ir, and the red, if any, ovtr that. Part is drelUd on their arrival for immediate ul- ..nJ the red broiled, in order to be kept good lor fome d lys ;'.tttT. l:i twu il.iy.s tJie fjia.- thing i-, repeated, and then they b'ing back the meat with tlic bones taken out to the cini". The women and young people d;v it in li-e liiioke, whilll the men onrimie tl;.!: liunting in tlic fame manner as betpre. Tlii^ meat fo cured is brmuiht lallly t.i t!\; village, winre tliey leave tiicir horles to red Imp three or lour days wlicu foine otiic-c, who had remained at home whilll their fellows were on the huntir.g party, take tlwir places. This inanner has given occalion, to fnme nulintormcd perfnis, to conclude the Padiucai to be a wanderiiig nation. As this people knows notldng, or very little > f hulbandry, the Sp.niiarJs^ who lupply th'.'m with hfrl.s, bring them alwavs loadd with tobacco, garden dud", and Indiitn corn, whi(.h toty barter iur bud'alo ikins, la- ving them tor coverlidf. PaiHia hM- "i 'i<^ Fiidcucj Indians are a very numerous people, inhuliiting a country near .100 lea<;ucs •«. in extent, their villages rcai-hing a*; far as t!ic Spiviilb fettleincnts in AV:i' M:\ico. They are acquainted with the value of fdver, and, according to what they told the /vv/zi-/ on fome occalion, they achiaily worked fon-.e mines; and, at the fame time, thev informrJ them in what manner thcv pr;/,/;-./(, have hatchets and knives made of llint ; with the I.irged of the fornijr aiJliimci fi^^y ,^]| ,-j^^^ii jj.^^j .j^^j i,„ji^rwood, and with the others they flea and cut up the hcills they kill. Thel'e jicople are far from a lavagcncfs of difpofition, and it is no dillicuk mutter to get acquainted with them, as they hive long frequented the Sf^aniards, aivlia the Ibort acquaintance the Vri-nch have had with tluin, they have become very f.ir;- li'ir i and in one of their village, compofed of 14O c-itt.'.ges, the dwellings of about So Warriors 1 500 women, and at lead 20 o children, in which the f'/iv/t/' concluded,! peace w:di Icvt-rai Indian nations of tlule parts, the inhabitants were defirous to li.ivc lynie "• knowledge one fupreme (iod, the creator of heaven and earth, to whom they offered y faLrificc, and worfliipped under the image of the fun. They live, fays he, in perfedl innocence of manners, and are very unjuftly deemed barbarous, fince they follow the pure didates of nature, and know no other liclircs than fuch as are capable of bein^ satisfied with the I'ruits of the earth, and with fuch animals as ferve them for food, keeping their promilcs to cicli other inviolate, maintaining gre.it kindncl's and nnitu.il ttffcdion in their families, exercifing much hofpitality towards ftrangers, and an unbound- ed humanity towards all mankind, and juftly preferring that happy fimpiicity to our po- litcnefs, or rather falfe re.inements, and thofe ancient and beneficent manncr«, wh'wh they derive from the firft mortals, to all the enjoyments of that luxury and effemin.icy which have corruptcil the other countries of AJia. Frugality with them is the parent of jul- ticc, and as they arc void of covetoufnefs, they never make war to invade the property of others, and having no need of gold and filver, they !\ave no paflion for thofe fidic riches. N.iture, which is their miftrcfs, teaches them lell'ons of morality, to which all the pride and arrogance of the Greek pliilofophtrs could never attain ; ignorance of vice performing more in them than the fpeculative knowledge of virtue in nations luider a better polity. To return from lliis beautiful leflbn of morality in Herotlotus, the father of hiftory, to r>nth mifli- thc delcription o( Loui/iana : The next place worthy of notice from the Mijfouri down °"'n"nf'" the ^ Ujlijlipi, is the village of Kaskafquias^ where the Jefuits have a very flourilhing mifli- on, now divided into two, lincc the leparation of this canton into two villages. The moft nuinirous is that next the MiJ/i//if>i, undev thedireition of two Jefuits in fpiritual matters. Further down is lort Cbartra, at about a muikct (hot from the Great River, and the whole Ipace between tlic fort and river is now fettled with French families. Four leagues fliil further, and a league from the river, is another large French town, almoft en- tirely fettled with CanaJiaas, with a Jefuit for curate. The fccond I/inois village is fcated two leagues further up the country, and is alfo under the diredf ion of a Jefuit, The French here are in gotni circumftanccs j a Fleming, who was a domeftic to the w^^^^^ r^ ^ Jefuits, (hewed thcln how to fow wheat, which fucceeds very well ; they have alfo of bTrtilio""^' both horned cattle and poultry. The I/inois likewife till the ground their own way, and are «ool very induftriousi breeding ;»'-it numbers of poultry, which they fell to the French, Their women too arc veiy dextrous in fpinning the wool of the buffalo, tvhich they comb to an equal pertedion with the Englijh wool, and work it to fuch a fineneft that you would be apt to take it ti:)r real filk. t)f this they make ftuffs, which they dye black, yellow, and of a deep red, and make robes of them, which they few with the guts ot deer, worked and fpun into thread in a very timplc manner. After the gut has been ^cU cleared ot the flcihy parts, they lay it in the fun for fome days ; when it is dry, O o they . ..'1: <% II ' ' t f n ■ It ; 142 /",,./,'• toAn. f:iiling on llif Mijjij'ifi- rirogutj Jioitf-mn.cr Cum. a!iJ manuring > AcM Wo-xli occa- ion blighu. Okii rirer. Jlijlory of the Difcovcry artd Setilcment they bcjt it, and out of it very eafily maiic a thread, equal in Hnencls, and much fupe- rior in ftrcn^th, to that of Mechlin, Tlic Fraich town is bounded on tlic North by a river, the banks of which are fo high th.it. tiioughthc water Ibmetimes riles twenty five feet, it fcldom overflows. All this country is open, confiding of immenfe ineadowR, feparatcd only by fmall tufts of trees all excellent in tlieir kind ; but the moil common is the white mulberry, which, to th; pr'at detriment ut the colony, tlie inhabitants are fufFcred to fell for building their houfa thuupli they arc in no want of other timber, equally fit for this ufc. The river here has been known to freeze fo hard as to carry waggons thou?li it be lit k-atl a full league in breadth, and more rapid than the Rhone. Th » is very ibrprifing, as f'.e winter in this country is fcarcc perceptible, except fome flight frolls when a North or North Weil wind blows. The change of climate is not ve- ry i]ii;:k, on account of the How navigating here, which in a bark canoe becomes ve- ry dangerous, from the great quantities of trees falling from this and the other rivers tii.it run into it, which arc often llopt againll fome points of land, and thereby inter- rupt the courfc of this river. Hence it is that, inftcad of canoes, they make ufc of pirogues, that is, hollowed trunk? oi trees, which, though not fubjedt to thefe inconveniences, are, however, very hea- vy, and not eafily managed, and fome of thcni are io narrow as to be incapable of ■A fail i befides, the rowers, accullomed to paddle in canoes, are not very dexterous at that exercife. And again, if the wind ever happen, to blow high, which is general- ly the cafe in winter, the boat is always in danger of filling witli water. The river of the Kiifkafquiiii is very fmall. The leaves tall fooner in this country than in Europe, and arc much later in b- ' ding than with us, not beginning to flioot till towards the latter end of Afe a very difficult talk, bccaufe their knotty roots arc very long, and Ipread to a great diflance. Thefe roots have a fine natural glol's, or varnilh, like the bamboos of Japan, of which thole fine canes are made which the Dutch fell un- lier the name of rattans. When therefore they intend to cultivate a field covCTcd with thefe canes, they cut tliem clofc by the root, and leave them to dry ; when dried, they fct fire to them, and the afhes fcrve for manure, and the fire opens the pores of the farth, which a firfl flightly broken, and then fown with any kind of feed they think proper, luch a rice, maiz, water-melons, and, in general, all forts of grain or pulfe, except wheat, which in thofe fat lands run, all to llalk and leaves, producing no feed at all. This defeft might eafily be remedied by fprcading the ground with a good quantity of fand, and lowing maiz on it for the firft two or three years. As for high grounds, and fuch as arc not expofcd to the inundations of the river, they arc in a condition to bear corn ; and if the firfl attempts made to cultivate whcit have failed by blights, it mufl be afcribcd to the ncgle and no place can poHibly be more proper for a fcttlemcnt than where thefe rivers meet. A fort here, Cbarh-voix fays, would efl^edtually bridle the Cherokee s, at prcfcnt the inoft ()opulous nation in all this continent. * Si.t ■■i>i tf LOUISIANA. 143 Six Iwgucs from the Ohio, on the Eaft, is a very high coaft, which is of a yellow 'f" "i'""- earth, and faid to contain iron mines. It is iiifcftcd with a I of the largcft tiniber in Europe. h is not long fince the Europeans obfcrved an evergreen laurel, called the Tulip. tree, from the figure of its flower. This plant rifts to a greater height than our Jn^ " ''' '"*' dian chcfiuit, and is adorned with more beautiful flowers. The Copalm-tr-.e is higher and thicker than the tulip-trcc, ..hI diftils a balfam, very little inferior to the Peruvian. All the known fjiccies of w . ' nit-trecs, and all forts of trees proper plenty of for carjientry, or joiner's work, abound every where. "?' great caution is to be ufcd in um^f the choice of timber, not to chufc fuch as grows on the banks of rivers, nor in any place fubjcrt to the inundations of the Mijfijipi, fuch timber being not only too heavy, but, from having its root: always in the water, is very fubjed io rot, and decays prefently. The next place is the firft village of the Akanfas, built in a fmall meadow on the ViiiiRfs of Wcftcrn banks of the MiJJiJfipi- There are three more within tlie fpace of eight '<*"''/«'• leagues, each inhabited by a particular tribe or canton. There is a village which contains two tribes, but however difpofcil, they all go by the general name of Akan- fas. One of thcfe tribes is particularly dift-nguifhed under the denomination of Ouya^ '«, or H'iapes. The French IVej} India company had fome time ago a warehoufe Fmcb ware* lere, with a clerk, who paflcd his time in a difmal folitude. houfe. The river of the Manfas, which, as is pretended, comes from a very great diftance, Akan/m rivet and at 120 leagues from \*i mouth is faid to precipitate itfcif from a high chain of mountains, making a fall eighty feet high, which M. Dumont advifcs as a proper and convenient place from which to id out in order to difcover the Weftern ocean, which he fays is but 1 20 leagues diftant, difcharges itfelf into the Miffiffipi by two channels, four leagues from each other. This river takes its rife, as is faid, in the country of the Pants, probably the fame with thofe called Fanis ricaras. The navigation of tile Akanfas is very diflicult, bccaufe of its fi-equent falls, and rapid currents, its fmall depth of water, and great number of carrying-places. The Fork of the two branches is feven leagues diftance from the fecond opening, and buttwo from the firft. This is the river to which M. iJiis pafs for the tailed and handlbmeft of all the Indians of America, and arc tlK'rtf)rc called by w.iy of diftindion the Handfome Men. For tliis reafon 'xy are tJiought to have the fame original with the Canf'es on the MiJJouri, and the Vo'u;. ti-watamis of Canada. The firll branch of the river ytianjas Iccms not above five hundi;.d paces in breadth, and the fecond is much narrower. Pointe Coupee is a high promontory, advancing into the river from the Weft. It hai been cut by the river, whence it hai obttined this name, and fo is become an ilUnJ ; but the new channel is not as yet navigable, except when the water is much Avelld. The diHance from hence to the greater branch of tJic Akanfas is computed at two and twenty leagues, though the dirett courfc Ik fcarce above ten ; for the MiJilJipi turnj and wiiidb, in an extraordinary manner, between the village of tlic H'yapes and therivrr of the 2 azcu Indians, which is 70 leagues diftance. The entry of the TazMS river lies North Weft and South Eaft, and is about :;o feet in brcadtli. Its waters arc red, and, as fomc pretend, give the bloouve its moutli, after which it divides into two branches, and abounds uiih crocodiles, from twelve to fifteen feet long. They are never heard to cry but in the night, and tiieir bellowing lb exadUy rcfemblcs that of a bull, as to be calily miftaken fur it. The French, however, batlie here with as much fecurity as m the Seine at Paru ; and though thole animals never fail to fiiaound them all the time they continue in the w.iter, they are, however, not in the leaft apprebentivc of them, at the crocodiles never attempt to molcft them while they are in the river, only watching tlie mumciit they conie out of it to furprife them. The way to favc themlclves, in this cafe, is t. beat the water with a ftick, Mrhich they never omit to carry with them, and by thii means are in perfect fecarity. The company have what they call a warehoufc ttjittente {t^-tiX is, an cco finnal one] in this lettlement, as well as in that on the Akanfas ; but the tort and ground oa which it fbuid* bdonged to a fociety of French gc. Mcmen. It is n .t cafy to guefs what made them chufe the river of the Tazoui for tlicir Grant, when tiny had it in their power to fix on a fpot of better land, as well as a more projK-r lituati- ^rt.-i,inpor. 0,1, Wiut probably determined their dioice, was the importance of commanding th. river, which rifes in the Englijh colony of Carolina, for keeping a bridle on the i"- zoui, wlio arc allies of the Uienkees, an Indian nation under tlie protedlion of lise crown of Great Britain. Bek'.v rant little menl ofLOUlSIAN/!. 145 Uclow the TazGUi is ;i gulf, or whirl-pool, (o dangerous that Father C/.\!r/c'jcix'^'^'i''[">ol tells us that, had it not been fur a NiitiLh' Iiiilitvi, the only jierfon with jiitn wlio knew unv tiling of it, he had been certainly loft in it. For, before you can perceive it, vou are io far engaj^ed as to be under an utter impoflibility of extricating yourftlf. Tills dangerous gulf lies under a high cape on the left, containing, as they' r.iy, "ood quarries of ftone which, in general, is fcarcc enough in I.ouijiaiui ; but that dtftc't jjO!;'"''- amply fuppli' I by the ;,reat convcnicncy for making brick. 'I'lie n^xt country is that of tlic Niitchc hidians, the inoft bcautifid, fruitlul, and ^''"''■'' '"■ populous of all Lcui/iiina, forty leagues diftant from the t'tizous, and fituated on the'"'" IJuie fide of the river. The landing-place is oppofite to a high and fleep cliff, at the foot of which runs a ftream navigable for pirogues and (liallops. After this firll height is u I'ccoikI tolerably cafy, and on its top, u fort of redoubt inclofcd witliin palifides, ReJoub;. which, in this country, is called a fort. M, (/<• I/i,-ri'i//i\ the firft Frenchman who entered the MiJJiffipihy the fea, failed up as high "■'"* '°"""'>' as the country of the Nntchc:, and found it fo delightful, and advantageoufly fituated, that he concluded it the fitteft place that could be found for eredling a metropolis of the wliole colony. Wherefore he drew the plan of a city, to which lie gave the ot Rijfalif, after the lady of the chaijcellcr Pont CLutrtriiin. This prcjevSt, how- A!'; name 1 'lts, who, to avoid his rapine, take the firft opportu- nity to dcfert him ; the revolters forming feveral hamlets, or cantons, at fome dillance from the great village, which, as it is liclidcs the refidencc of the court, is refpeded as the capital of the tuition. The 5/a//A: Indians, allies to the NatchezsnA. French, are al- fo (ettleil in a canton in the ncighbourhooil. Four leagues from the Natchez is a final! river, where the Mijfifilpi makes a circular fwecp ot tourteen leagues. Forty leagues farther down is another river, where the h )ais lie to in the night, and where the noife of the multitudes of fidi tluit gambol in the river is prodigious. Two leagues farther is ihe river of the Tunicas, which, though hut a rill at its mouth, at the diftance of a mulket (liot up the country forms a con- Rivtrof /< (iilerable lake. The river of the Tunicas is reprefented by D'ylnville as crofting a neck """ (if laud, and, by joining with the Mijijlipi, lliortens the paftiige of that river 10 leagues. '1 he village of the Tunicas ftands on the other fide of the lake, on a confiderable e- Village ot iniiii;nce ; the air is faid to be but indifferently wholefome, which is afcribed to the quality '^"'"'" <;t the water, or, perhaps with more juftice, to the ftagnation and putrefaftion of the waters Pp of MiM-ii, I )?'.! i: ' \iml t ) I f i< r 146 Kfriilcncf, ilrtl , aiil charatUr of (be duct. Pruitlff. if.1l ofalDillio narv. A cattying I'l.ice. Red anil block riM-rs. Tttml grants ai:d hopes. Fort. Kent: -rut .fi..lj. Rcmaik r,\, the Hij^/,f,. Fund fit tlcmcnh Hi/lory of the Difcovcry tuul Selilcvient of the lake. The village itfclf is of a round form, with a l.irgc fiiii.\re in tlif mill- die, without walls, andu but inditrtrontly pcojilcil. The ch;cf's cabin is highly ornamented on the outfide lor the icfulcntc of an Iiuli.w : There arc figures in relief graven upon it, and of more toler ibie workmanlhip th.m one woidd naturally evjKdt in fuch a place. The infidc is, hov.evLr, but ill li;^;hted, ami withi-ut any of thole cof- fers which, as foine travellers tell us, were filled with (hifts and filvcr. The chitt ap- pears in a /•>(•//(■/' or l',uropeaii dicfs, with an air perfectly free and unaftedlcd. Ihc frcmli olliccrs in L^jii/u;;ui place their chief trull and contiilence in this pcrlonage, who is much attached to tiiat nation, which, on the other hand, ftrives to rep.iy his good fcrvices with intereft ; a jufl piece of policv, anil worthy the imitation vt' all who would ilo their country any ("ervicc amongft the natives of ylimrira. He tiMtiicks jillb with that people, furnilhing them with horles and poultry, .iiid is laid to have good notions of trade. He has alio learnt of the l-'.urojyiins to hoard up money, and partes lor a man of fubflancc in that part of the world. The other cabins ot this vil- lage are partly of a fijuarc form, like that of their chief, and p.;rtly lound, in imita- tion of thofc of the Ntitclvz : The fquarc on which they ;'.rc all built is a'loiit an hundred p.iccs diameter. Tw.. other villages of the fame nation, at a fmail dlllancc from this, arc all the remains of a nation once very numerous. The i-vwiw h,ul formerly a millionary amongft them, ot whom they v.tic exticniely (uiid ; but tlrove him out after fomc time, for burning tlkir temple, which, however, they luve been at no pains to rebuild, nor have they rekindled their facred tire ; whence wc may judge of their zeal for their own, or indeed fcr any religion. Some time afterwarili they recalled their mifiionary from his exile ; but their native indclcnie got lo mmh the afccndant over all his preaching, that he was obliged to abandon them in his turn. At the bottom of the lake of the Tunicas, is a carrying-place of about two leagues, that laves ten leagues of the way by the Ci're::t River. Two Ic.igues from the river of the Tunicas is the Rio OJ-raJ'-, or the Red Riv r, foriiurly cillevl A/ Rivifrt ,i( M.ir/u; the Oumai, and A; Riiitff Hiihltuicrc, as alio the Riirr ot the Nutchiluhei, atttr the Indiiins inh.ibiting its banks ; but it retains only t!ie innie of Red River from the colour of its lands: The Jicnib built a fort here in 174 J, 5^1 leagues from the Mijhf- fipi. The hhliiins lay that this river runs from a lake, on wliicli tliey never lailm account 1 f the great Avelling of its waves. From the fame lake proceeds the river AW--,, cr B/jik Riier, which, after a couric of 120 leagues, difcharges itlclf into the R-.d Ri. 'c(7-. It was hither the Xatdwz Jndtans tciited in 173c, after having dcllroycd all the Fri-nch in their country. The /^( J river is only navigable for canoes, or pirogue?, for forty league*, afterwanls !t is nothing but unpalTable moralTes. Its opening appears to be .ib,,ut two hundred r.i- ces broad. Ten leagues above its moutli it receives on the Well /,/ A'r./Vr,- A'c/r,', or /;V Black River, othcrwife callevl the Uivcr of the Oii.itcl.itas. This Mows from the North, a:;J is quite dry for levcn months of the year. Though here arc feveral grants, vet notoiiccf them appears in a fair way of thriving, fincc their only motive was the neiglibourlidoddt" the Spaniards, at all times a fatal bait to the I'rrKc/.' of LcuHuina ; l()r, in liopes ofcsr- rying on a trade with that n.-ition, the bell lands are uncleared and uncultiv.iteJ. The NatcbitccLts are fettled on the Red River, and the rreiich have thouglit fit to build x fort in their country, to prevent the Spaniards from fettling in the neighlwurhood d the colony. Twelve leagues below the mouth of the Red River is a fecond Pcintc C'.iipcc, or A'i'a- Ciit Ijland ; the Great Hiver makes a large winding in this place. Some Canadian:, by ojKning a fmall gut llut lay behind a point, let in the waters of the Mijlifipi, whidi pouring through it with great impctuofity finillied the canal about thirty feet fathom deep, by which travellers lave fourteen leagues. The bed of the river is now become quite dry, except in time of an inundation j a manifell proot that the Mijjijlipi prclLs toward'< the Eallern fide in this place ; a particular to be c.irefuily remarked by luch :s intend to fettle on the Iwnks of that river. To the North of this cut, aiid on the fame fide, is another grant, or fettlcment, called La CoKcejjion de Ste Rcyne, in a very unthriving condition •, and .1 league South is another, expofcd to the fame danger with tlie preceding. The foil on which this lall Hands is excellent, but the builduig, of neccnUv, credcd at a quarter of a league dirtance from the river fide, iKhiiid a cyprcf-, woixl, the bottom of which is Iwampy, thou;;h cipa- bte of producing rice and gaiden-ftuff. Two leagues witiiin t;ic wood is x iake twj league* of LOUISIANA. H7 leagues in circuit, ahmintling with wilil fowl, and its waters might be inatic proJu(ftivc '"'f Kii plenty ot" tilli, by ilcfhoying the crocodiles which fwarni in it. The male cyprcls bears a fort of berry, or knob, which, if gathered green, affords a Mi Jkin I ballani, which is a fovereign cure for cuts. That which diflils from the copalma, be- iiifjii'sarJ lilies "its other virtues, is alfo faid to lure the dropfy. The root of the great cotton- '^"''•' tree, formerly mentioned, and which is to Ix: found the whole way from Laite Ontn- lio, is an afVured remedy for burns and fcalds of all forts. They take the inner pellicle, or b.irk, and boil it in water, then bath the wound with this water, anil af- tciw.iriis llrew on it the ailies of the fame pellicle burnt for that purpofe. Three leagues f.uther is the well fitu-ited grant of M. Diron J' /trtelow the Oumas is the grant «)f the Marquis (fylnjrnis, moll dclight- fullv lituated, but (ince reduced to nothing by fire and Come other tat.il accidents. The C'J.tp///tis h.id formed a finall village in this place, which (ubfirted no long time. Be- CreaniiLige low 14 the gre.it vilKige of that nation, much the picafantcd and lined ot all /.w///./- "'J.''"'-^''"- ;.'./, though it muders only two hundred warriors, but all of them of uiulainited bra- '•*'"■ very. Their c.ibins are in form of a pavilion, like thole of the Sioux, and they very (cliium ufe anv (ire in them. They have double hangings, that on the in(ide conlift- 1)1.; of a rextuic ot the leaves of the l.it.inier, and the outer compoftd of inatts. 'I'hc tliiefs cibin is thirty (ix feet in diameter, one of the greated any where to be (cen, tli.it of the (un among the A'«;/i/';^ having only thirty, i'ive leagues further is fcated the •.;rant called //'•' fiurnf Qaw!, between which and the Colnpijiiis the -j.round on which nMrntnm-s fornierlv redded the 'hien/its nation, which, in M. erlv fo many cabins ; but fincc brickworks have been erected, they .»re all of thofe injtc- riab, fo that the governor's houl'e, the church, the barr.icks, and alinoll all the houl'cs arc of brick, or half britk and half wood. Ntu< Or/(-,;;/j llands on the Hall bank of the A fifiij/ipi, in 29 I'eg. 57 min. N'orth i.iti- tude 1 and is faid to be placeil in a fituatiou much inferior to many others whicli might have been cliofen, on account of its vicinity to fh; Alc/'i/e, the chief Icttlcniciit ot the colony in its beginninj;: V'elVels nt' a thoufand toi'j may rule here witii their fides dole to the banks at low water. It is only a league hence to the Creek ui' Si yc/.>», where perlons palling through the Lake of .SV Louis embark lor the .W;- 7'ile. The place of arm-- is an open Iquarc towards the river, in the bottom oi which llands the parochi.il church, dedicated to St Louis, and fervcd by the Qi~ puchins. On the left of the church is the houl'e of thole monks ; on the right is th: prilon and guard-room ■, and the two rules of the lipiare are taken up with b.irratkstjr tile troops. Ail the iheets are Orait, and crols each other at right angles, diviiiing the city into lorty three illands, eleven in length along the river lide, and f xir in de":h. The intcnd.int's houle ii behind the barracks, that of the governor's itaiuls adj-icent to the plaLC of arms. The new convent of the Urfuline Nuns is at the extremity oi the city tovvardi the right, at the corner ot Rue Je Cijartrei, next tlic place of arms. In this city is the council, held commonly on ThurfJays and hriJass. It is corn- poled of fix counfellors, a procur.Uor or attorney lor the king, and an iiiten iant, wlu avl> alio in (jiiality of commillary, oidoimatcur, or director ot the works ; there arc beliile^ a regifter and fecretary to the council. CauK'S arc tried here without advocates, or attorney^, and tlierefore without any charge, every man being his own coancil ani tolli^itor. The market Hands on the bank on the left, and a liule above tlic intendant's, ant upj^olitc |). on-inh {.i.ii'.i.i m A I' ,1 • I'. ,{■, i.",f ■'•'"•5 "r \"4JL— -^ •^'"f ->i>i !!«■■* '.V '1' /^ •• I' ?! -' ?- I'll I If). <.; A' .^/ ;•/" l*-itft.tnu-fif /y TJ^jf^tu* ■'/ {"fiain.t *>■«•/' t'n.e 'i . J« i't oppofite to anchoring ; powder ma| nothing is are a numb The ban! ons not iar ling from tl fpring, whc of being pi which wou JVrti) Orl tells us, an build a city from the ii would be re There is fpedl to the vide J. Th on with thi from the \ creek, Th; metropolis They more Englijhman O'-ltWis, fc( The ger fpecious th ncr admit t they alk, v fince it is t of h'"avy oi it will, the teries, whi< the recepti cummunic; which, in of no mai add, that change of patliige of A littk river, cro This poiiH below the er.> fituatino vidciJ. They who maintain the former, alledge the conveniency of its communicati- °*/^' *'''''' on with the fca, by means of a fmall river, fome time fince difcovered, about a league from the plate towards the North Eaft, called le Ba -ouc de St Jean, or St John's creek. This way, fay they, a very fafc trade may be cafily carried on between the metropolis and the Mol'ile, Bilcxi, and the other French ports fituated along the fea. They moreover obferve that the river makes a great circuit below the city, called the Eag/ijhman's creek, which, by retarding the progrefs of vefiels in their way to New Orleans, fecurcs it effectually from being furprifed by an enemy. I'hc gentlemen, who arc of another opinion, alledge that thefe reafons are rather ObjcAions. fpccious than folid. For, in the firft place, fay they, thofe who argue in this man> ncr admit that the river is only capable of fmall vefiels. Now on this fuppofition, they alk, what need has the capital, if ever fo little fortified, need to fear a furprife, fmce it is thus granted that it can be attacked only with fmall craft, utterly incapable of b'-avy ordnance P However, fay the fame opponents, let the city he placed where it will, the mouth of the river is, at all events, to be fecured with a fort and good bat- teries, which would, at lead, ferve to give timely notice to the capital to prepare for tlic reception of the enemy. Secondly, they afk where lie the great advantages of a communication which can only be kept open by means of (hallops, and with ports which, in cafe of an attack, could not be defended, and whence but feeble aHiAance, of no manner of utility, could be drawn in return. To thefe objedtions they add, that when a vefTel is going up through f,nglijhman' s creek, it (lands in need of a change of wind almod every minute, which is enough to detain it whole weeks in a pali'a^e of no more than feven or eight leagues. A little below New Orleans the land begins to be very low, on both fides the PeninfuU river, crofs the country, and gradually declines as it approaches nearer the fea. [hJ^^y/ffL/, This point of land is, to all appearance, of no long date -, for upon digging ever fo little below the lurface, you come to the water. Befides, the number of beaches, or break- ers and idets formed within the lail half century at all the fcveral mouths of the ri- ver, leaves no room to doubt that this pcninlula has been entirely formed in the fame manner. And it is very certain that when M. de la Salle failed down the Mijjijjipi to the Tea, the opening of that river was very different ti'om what it is at prefent. The nearer you approach to the fea, the truth of ^rhat is here faid becomes more iHsnds form, vifible. The bars which crofs the mod part of thofe fmall channels, which the ri-^tMoHws. ' er has opened for itfelf, have been multiplied only by means of the trees carried down by the current, one of which, flopped by its roots or branches, in places of Ihallow water, will retain a thoufand more in the fame place. Charlevoix fays he has i'ccn gatherings of trees, formed in this manner, two hundred leagues from this capi- tal, one of which, alone, would have filled all the timber and fuel yards in Paris. As i\o human force is, in this cafe, able to remove them, the mud carried down by the river ferves to bind and cement them together, till, by degrees, it entirely covers them. Every inundation leaves a new layer, or bed, and, alter ten years time, canes Q q and \ t Ji ,'.•:'* : I I : v m it ■I ,> :.;if ^1 i 150 Land un- Chtniittchai JkMmi. PafTL- of the Idind of Waters of the hhjjijjifi. Pilncipal ibanriC'l Hijlory of the Difcovery and Settlement and (hrubs begin to grow a-top pf them, tlius forming points arnl ilknJs, which fre- quent'} oblige liic iivcr to Ihift its bed, and take a new courfc. iktween New Orleans and the fea you find no grants, on account of the fmall breadth of land j fo that all you fee in this route is only a fi;w private habitations, with public warehoufes for fu'ppiying the i«rge grants with neccflarics. Behind one of thefe habitations, and immediately below the Bngtiflman's creek, were, formerly tcttied the Cbatv...hns, the ruins of whoCc villaJtc are ftill to be feen. The chief's cabin was not unlike the cottage of fome French {^ .fiint, excepting only that it had no windows. It was built of branclcs of t.ccs, the void places between which wi;rc rilletl with the leaves of the latanier, The roof was conftrudlcd in the llimc manner ; tliis chief is abfolute, like all thofc of F/oriJa ; he hunts only for his j-lejfurc, his fubjcfts being obliged to fupply him with game out of what tiK'y take' ;hemfelves. The village now ftands on the other fide of the river, and a league ver down, whither the InJiti's have tranfported even the very bones of their dead. A little below their new abode the coaft is much higher than any where elfe this way ; and here, according to Charlevoix's opinion, is the bcft place for building the capital, which would then be but twenty leagues from the fea ; (o, that with a moderate breeze of wind at South Eaft, a fhip might cafily re-acii it in fifteen hours. Iawct is an other winding of the river, called le iletcur , or during the three hotteft months, the water is fait round this id.irl; but in he time of inundation perfcdtly ficflj, and ret. ins this quality a full league out at fea ; at other times it is brackilh after palling the bar. Hence what wc arc t' Id of the MijjiJ]ipi\ prekrving its Waters unmixed with the fea, for twenty leagues, is 1 mecr fable. The following is the ftate of the principal channel of the MiffiJJipi, as examined by the Pilot AVr/fl2/5 in 1722. This opening runs North Weft and South Eall f)r the fpacc of three hundred lathoms, it is 250 broad, alcending from the lea to the ifl.'.nd of Thoutoufe, oppofite to which arc three Iniall illaiids, which, though conl'uicr- ably elevated above the level of the water, had no herbage. All this way the depth of the channel in the middle is eighteen feet, on a bottom of loft mud : but luch a are not acquainted mufl always have the lead in their hand. Afccnding from hence four hundred fathoms more, in the fame dirctftion North Wtd, there is fUll (iftcin fltt water, and the hmt bottom, with good anthoratrc all the way, and (heltered from all winds, except the South and South Eafl, which might caule the driving of the fhips from their anchors when it blows a llorm ; but without danger, fince they muft flrike on the bar, which is fbft mud. Afterwards the courle is North Well, one quarter North I'!aft, for five hundred fathoms. The river at the bar is 250 fiithonis broad between low lands covered with buflics, and has twelve ftvt depth ; and at half \^,.. water great caution muft be taken, becaufe of banks in tlie wav. low Eaftern cbati In failing through the Eaflern channel, which is 2 50 fathoms broad, and from 4 to 15 deep, they fteer full Weft for a league, atid then all of a fuddeii find no bottom. Then en- tcring the great channel, iftcr leaving the bar, they fail Hill North WeA for the fpacc of three of LOUISIANA. three hundred fathoms, conftantly in forty five feet water. On the left is what the french call the Paffe i Sauvole, by which Ihallops may go to Bi/oxi, fleering their courfe Northwards. This channel takes its name from an officer, Icit by M. Iherville as commandant in the colony, when he returned to France. Then turning Weftward, one quarter North Weft, for fifty fathoms, and on the left hand, is a bay, at the end of which are three channels, one on the South Eull, anotlier on the South, and a third on the Weft South Weft quarter. This bay has no more than ten fathoms in breadth, and one in diameter ; and all thefe channels have very little water. Following the fame courfe, fifty fathoms further, lies another bay, which is twenty paces in diameter, and fifty in depth within land. It contains two iinall channels, though they are hardly reckoned in that number, fince a canoe of bark can fcarce make its way through them. From hence, you fteer Weftward five hundred fathoms, to the Paffe a Loutre, or Ot- ter Channel. This is on ihc right hand, and runs towards the South Eaft. It is five hun- dred fithoms broad, but is only capable of receiving pirogues. Afterwards you i^iil South Welt twenty fithoms, and then Ihinding Weltward three hundred, after that Weft fine quarter North Weft, for a hundred more ; again as much Weft North Weft, then North Weft eight hundred, to the Pajje on SuJ, or tbi' Southern Pa/'s, two hundred and fifty fathoms in breadth, which has nine fathoms water at its entry inio the Mi/ji/Jipit and only two feet where it falls into the lea. Two hundred and fifty fathoms fartiier, is the Pajfe au Sud Ouejl, or South Weft pafs, of the fume breadth nearly, and never Icfs than from fcvcn to eight feet water. Near the entrance of the river, and on the Eaft of the Southern paflitge, are the ifl;inds called Iffcs de Cbandekur^ on which arc found vaft quantities of tggs of all manner of fca fowl. It is believed that between thefe iilands and the land there i^ a palligc for ftiips of the grcatcft burthen, and that it would be no difficult matter to m.ike an excellent port here. The palTage is bounded on the left by a (eries of finall lakes, fituated towards the extremity of that of the CljdimachaSt and on the rij^^ht, us above, by the IJlcs dt Cbandekur^ or Candlemas IJianJs. Large barks may go up as high as the lake of the Chetimachas, whcTR they may fi-ecly cut fine oaks, with which all this coaft is covered. Near this gut the lands begin to be lefa muriliy, though they arc drowned four months in the year. All along the banks of tljc river thus far you fee nothing but find and canes. It is alfu remarkable that, for the fpace of elcvc|) leagues up the river, the banks arc fo bare and naked as to produce but two trees, both on the Eaft fide, and at a league diftancc from each other : The one is called turbre a Imtdll,', or thr bottle tree, from a bottle hung on it when ftrft dilcoveretl by the French, and inrloling a letter from fomc pcrfon informing his fl-llow travellers which way he had gone. The fcgond is called la Potence a Puard, or Phard's galioii/s, and owes this ill omened appellation to a faying ot" one Piaird, who, palling by this free in a pirogue, faid, if ever it were his fortune to be hanged, lie wilhcd it might lie either on this tree, or nt leaft on fnch another. Here too tlic banks begin to be covered with iolty trees, and thole in I'uch numbers, and io thick, at; to becalm the (hips that pafs, lb that they are often obliged to warp tiicir way with the winJiais from point to point } whence it Ibmetimes luippens that thoy take up two months time to make the nineteen leagues hence to the capital. Were it not for this ditJicuIty, lliips might with cale fail up the Miffiffipi above five hundred leagues ; and this might be removed by clearing its Kmks of the wood. Some have been of opinion that the bcft way would be to Ihut up all the paf- Ics except the principal one, by conveying the trees which are continually floating from above into the other channels. The advantage arifing from this improvement woiilvi, in the firft place, be this ; that, by rendering the river niacccflible even to Iinall vcriel<; and canoes thcmfelvcs, tlie colony would be almoft cftciUially lecured from any furprife. The lecond is, that all the waters of the Mijiijiipi, Jiaving been thus conveyed into one and the only remaining channel, would naturally, and ot thcmlclves, by degrees, hollow its bed, and polTibly, in time, remove the bur itlelF. What has ailUuUy happened in regard to the two Pointes Coupees, already taken notice of, renders this notion for from being unreafonable. All that would then remain to Ik- done, would be to keep the channel clear of any cmbarratrments from Hoating trees } a matter of no iiifurmountablc difficulty. As to the breiulth of the river between the pafie8» that is, for four leagues diftancc from the illand of the Tbouhuft to the South Weft pais, it never exceeds fifty fathoms. But '5' Eavv Outr channel Chaniietrnr Two rtmaik- ablc tree:.. Rclu^ion ot till y.JVf.;i. IMTttiT.t l.icdll. .if (lie Mijj'ijipi. 'U I \. l^ I.I I' i ( I . 1 i' ' ^11 " if J \% \ \ » I \ I \ !<■> i m nri it': r I i: i If It I, i^.f u I iiav^«ip'xi'> which bears a fruit called Pmmt de rtf^r4/#„i [Racket Applefij whichaW'A fovercig" re- *.,»*f- -X!.' Hi r.hiorri iil' tt«;u &2iM& • n''"; •'A.' 'tt r.,t r.Ui'jni I. .-I . Ill' tniju ' 00 u'.r- of L U I 1 A N A. »53 n'cdy againfl the dyfentery and bloody flux. Sun-burns arc alio extremely frequent in ihis ifland. Here was anciently a commodious harbour, but dertroycd by having its entry clmakcd with fand in two hour's time by a hufricanc. lo the Wcftward oi IJlt aux Vaijj'caux lie I Ip de Cbats, or Cat-IJland, otherwifc ir*i A CW. Bicnvi/l!' JJiind, ijlfs de la Chamkleur, or Candlcmafi IJlundi, and to the liall arj t JJli J »naac,,.«. Come, or Hcimd IJliind, and the Ijle Dauphine. On the c>.r,'.ineiii oppulite to the IJle aux Vaii^aux are the Old and New Bilcxi, two nicxiOUtui places remarkable for their having been fucccirivcly the chief fcttlemciits of the I'rcncb^'''^''- after their abandoning the IJle Djupbine, and fo called from an itidian nation anciently rcfiding in this place, and fiiicc removed higher up the country towards the NorthWcft, on the banki of a little r'vtr called la riviere de l\rles, or Fcarl river, from the great ^"^^^^ ''•^'"■ quantity of pearls, of i.n ordinary quality, found in it. The fituation of the NcwBihxi is fo New Bihxi bid that a woric could not have been found, b.,th an account of the ditliculty of its being ''■j'^'y'"""* approached by the fliipping, for reafons alfcaily mentioned, and becaufe the road has two greitiiiconv^-iiiencies, r/'i;. the extreme badnefs of the anchorage, and the fwarins of worms w'ai.h dc.lroy the fhipping, its foic ufc being to Hiclter ihips Irom the violence of hur- ricines in cafe of their llanJing in for the mouths of the Mj'ij^/i when they want water- i i;, it being dangerous, on account of the fl.itnefs of tlie tjart, to ap^rojcii it othcr- wi.i. It is no better in rcfpedl of its lliintion with regard to the Ian 1; t!ie foil confilts 'iiily of faiid, and produces nothing but pines and cedars, and the calhne, uth'rwile called CilTine pUnc. the .Ipjbcbin' p ant, which fprines up every whe:e in ^reit abandancc. The heats are._ _ Ir.'ic prodigious in the luminers, clpecully alter tlic din h.u let the (amis on nrc, it 1 may^nd UtltaUc. le [lermitt d (o to fpeak. And we are allured that were it nut f>.r the fca breezes, ulii.h arife regularly everyday between nine and ten in the mornii'.g, this part wuuld 1'. aliU'liitcly iminliabitable. N io P.Hoxi (la.uls in thirty de-^rccs fit'ecn minutes North luinuie, as the mouth of the Mr//i ,'ipi dac'i in twenty nine. 1 he cold liere in Februarys patty iharp, when the wind conns Irom ilie North or NorthWcfl, hut laflsno longtime, iul iscven fometim i followed with coiilideralile heati, ilorins, and thunder, fo that in l!i. morning you arc in the wintcr.'and in the afternoon in the fummcr fcafuns, with inter- vals of fpring and autumn. Tiic breeze cor.ies regularly always from the Eaft, and when It proceeds trom the North it is only the rctlexion ofthj wind, and is lefs retrelhing, but always welcome, as without wind here is no brea.hing at all. Coailing along this thore, the profpccl is always agreeable tothc eve, but coming near s.indy coun- i! the fecnc is quite changed ; the whole is a fa:idy bottom as at liiloxi, and nothing but t^- gloomy woods arc to be found. Thirteen or fourteen lengiics haftward from Biloxi is the Mobile, on MaubiU, called by the Niti.cs ..uA Engli/'j Ciiailliic rivtr running from Nortii to South, one of the principal rive, s of L9/«i//j'/j, on account of the i'rencb fcttlements on it, and fall.ng into the fca oppolitc to IJle Dau[bine. This river tikes its rile in 3 ftreams at the foot of ichaii) of mountains in thecou.itry of the Cbicj/ju-s, and after a courfe of a hundred and diirtv, or, as others fay, three hundred leagues fails into a bay of the fame name, a; the dilKiiKe of lour fcorc leagues by fea from that ot' the Mi/fiiJipi, at the VVellern entrance of the nver is fituated k Fort CcnJ:' de la MMle, built of brick with four billions, bclides half moons, a good ditch, cover'd ways and glacis, in the mcth a1 of I iiuba"; v.itli a magazine and cazerns for the fjl iicrs of the garrifm, which is always very ninurt/us. Twelve lca;iu.s to the N^rth on the fame fide of the river. Is the i rf»7f/» y-or/ called fcrf Lotiis de l.i Mobile, built in 1702, and delerted in 171 1. The bed if the Mobile is very narrow, and winding, and at the fame time very rapid, but is navig bie only for piragues when the waters are low. The I'rencb fort on this river was tv r a lung time the chief fettltinent of the whole colony. It is moft valued on ace.iunt of its fcrving to keep in awe tiie (d.aifaios, a numerous nation, forming a good barrier lo the Frttich againll the Cbiatfiiwt, and other Indian nations, in the province 0; drolin.:. Some fay that a llone qisarrv has been difcovered near this place, which iiuy be made of great fcrvice. 1 he foil near this river is faid lo be extremely birren, but tlie iiiterioiir parts, and fuch as are at a greater diflance from it, are tolcra- b'y fertile. A hundred and f;rty levies higher is the Fort of Tombcbi', built in 1735, tn fcrvc as a communicatiun in the war "with the Chica/aw,. TombecbJ is a kind I't mountain, confiding of a white, loft llone, and is the canton which moft abound* m cedars of the whole province ; the earth here is alfo very proper for potters work. •^bout lixty leag les from the mouth of the Mobile it receives on the left the waters ol the river Atibamous, on which, at the diftancc of fivty leagues from its opening, Rr in I k '> SM ^ 1 '■ I „■ ^ : I i^ t ; , ^-r 1 ..'iH \ m^ •54 An uiifertik foil. Cnmmuiilca- tivf r,f bar- rcMiiifls ii, women. Hifiory of the Difcovery and Setikment in the Country of the Creek Indians in South Carolina the French have built Fort loulotift. This canton isfaid to be one of the fineft countries in the whole world. The foil on the coaft, from Rio Perdido as far as St Louii Bay , is a verv fine fand, as white as fnow, and produces pines, cedars, and fomc green oaks. Tiic river Mclile, whofe bed is of a fine fand is far from being equal in plenty of fidi ti> the river MiJJiJjipi. Thj bunks from its fourte to the fea are finally unfertile, king nothing but gravel, with a fmal! mixture of earth; and, though not abfolutely bal ren, its produftions difFcr extremely from that of fuch lands as lie contiguous to the grtat river. This country is in foine parts mountainous, though it is not certainly Known whether they have any quarries of ftonc fit for building. The lands aic fjmc- what better about the river of Alibamous, 1 he lands and water of the Mobile arc extremely unfertile, not only in plants and fiflies, but, as the quality of both thefe contributes much to the decreai,; of animals, the fame effedt happens with rcfpcft to the Inhabitants, many of tiie womin having become barren on their fettling in thcfe parts ; as on the contrary, they have recovered on removing to the banks of the MiJiiJ/ipi. The interior p.irts of this country muft be exempted from this quality commua to m:ny parts nar the fcj. Natural History of LOUISIANA. liitroJuiii.m w b. i S'«utifirf CL'untry. HerJs of Detr, in:- bucks. Natura!, Water fowl. Mtttii ani mi utrf,':. Crain and NO ftudy can be more plcafing than that of Natural Hiftory, every auvircc therein dilpofes tlie mind to adore the Almighty providcnte, whole [v^ucr, the more immediately it is examined, appears ftiU more wonderful ai beneticent : every new difcovery is a frefti gratification to the curious iniju;- rer, and its ufes arc manifeft both in commerce and medicine. Loui/iiina, it niull b: confcrt'ed, affords a large field for the purfuit of tliisfcience, which has been the object of o' r careful attention, taking du Pratz, for our principal guide baiting with him:t the moft rrmarkable places, though without flaying too long at one (bige, or null- ing the time in ncedkCs excurlions, or too circuniflantial dcfcripiions. The inland country of Loid/iana affords as great a variety of bcauiihil landlkips, as the imagination can form > the fields are divcriificd with the fwecttft dowers, a.ui iiic Hopes conveniently covered with woods, where the beads find a lure llicltcr from liic dews which fall here very heavily. As you advance the country becomes pleafanter and more fertile. Game alxiun's on every hand, and it is not uncommon to meet with tive or fix hundred beeves ll. !- in^ in a herd. When you fire upon one, the reft run aw.iy; but it the creature -i whom the hunter aimed, is njt difabled, he turns with infinite fury upan his alTailiRt. Deer are every where feen in numbers, and large roe-bucks, which fuinetiines manh imJer the direiftion of a white one of their own fpecies, whom they all icem to re- fpedt, tieading cx.idly in his fteps, and none prefumini; to advance before him. In the woods arc many lorts of fong-birds, that delight the ear, nor is their concert difturbed by the hawk, or any other bird of prey. In travelling, it a man chances t.i be neccffitated to pitch his tent near a large lake or river, he is not to expect much reft; for the fcrcaming of the flamingos, the cranes, herons, wild geefe, ducks, ^nvi other water fowls arc lute to keep him waking. Here are mines of gold, filver, copper and lead, with good coals, and water near at hand to render the working them cheap. In fomc plac-s they find rocks of hard crv- ftal, marble, a fubftance relembling porphyry, fait, f.dt-petre, and fometimcs llune fit for InjilJing. But thcfe laft arc in many parts fo fcarce as not to be found in a fpace of loo leagues. European grains and pulfe thrive here very well. They have alfo various forts ct mai'/-, and what we call Turkey corn, which it naturnl to thi? country, fliooti up a ftalk 7 or 8 feet high, with 6 or 7 beards, eacli perhaps 2 inches in lUamcter, aiui containing 6 or 700 grains. Thi» grain flourishes beft in a ligiM; loofo foil, is go*' • •■ .'^ !■">' ' ...I' v: sji f v.V/i.n '. ;'j|iOuril]i(nct i^ i of LOUISIANA. »5S nourifliment both for men and bcaAs, and cfpecially fattening to fnvl. They have beans of diiFercnt colours, as red, black, £cc. called the forty days bean, as it runs up in that time, and is good food, and the apalachenc bean, which is delicate ctting, but rather inlipid, if not well drciTcd. The latter was either brought from Guinea, or from the Engli/h at Carolina. The ftalk creeps the length of .\. or 5 feet on the ground, and the leaf refemblcs that of ivy. Their pomplons are of two forts, one of which is round, and but little regarded ; Pomplon. the other has a firm pulp with few feeds : und being cut in form of a pear, or of any other fruit, is laid by to keep in jarrs, covered with fugar, of which it requires but little, being naturally fweet and plealant ; it is alfo ufed to give a rclifli to fricaflecs, fuups, and fauces. Melons of every fort arc found in Louijiana, but A\ much better Melons, thanthofe of Europe of the fame fpecie<. The water melon is here particularly fine, tranfcending that of Africa, and is perhaps the mo(l delicious in the world. It ' 1 fometimes \vciB;hs ^olb. is very light and rcfrefliing, melts in the mouth like fnow, •""" and may be given without any danger to the fick. The feed is flat and oval, fome- ' "'■ times black, (i:)mctimes red j but the former produces the bcft fruit, if Town in a light foil, which is the moll proper, oihcrwilc it degenerates, and the melon it produces, contains a reddilh kind of fenl. 1 hey have alio fine potatoes, from which the '''^*""«'- h'icnch dillil a flrong l|.irit, lo that thty fVoi.! both mc.it and drink. Vine? arc here fti plenty that a man cannot go 100 yards from the oaft for 500 Vine*, leagues to the North, without meetiiij; with a vine cir..l;ng round a tree; but fo llwlcd from the heat of tlic fun that 'lie ;;rapes (cKi'jin attain any degree of ripencfs. But with proper manaj;cmcnt «Mir aurhor thinks gond wine might be m.idc of them; and he takc> notice of a vine here bearing, two crops ot fruit within the fealon. Among them lie thinks he lounil the curr.uit, tlic Hiir^undy, ami the .Mufcacliilo grape. Here is Afirt nf a fi rt of medlar, called by the /r/v;, /• riaiia iiicr.'or Piacminicr, the fl )Wer of which .'"■^',*'^'"f''' , . • 1 /- 1 'ri ,• ■ 1 ■ 1 11. I i """ "'■'•■id, IS white \ compolcd o\ 9 petals. 1 he (ruit ;s ratlicr tweeter and more dchcate than the meiilar, which it otherwile reicmhks, l>cin^ however as large ;is an hen's egg. The natives make it up in cakes, a fin>t and half lot g, a foot broad, and an inch high, carefully k'parating from them the (kin and feed, and dry them in the fun or with a gentle heat, the former is the better way of preparation, as it prcfcrvcs the flavour. The Trencbhiiy this cake, which is good af:ainll the dyfentcry and gripes after a proper cathartic. Hnl in this ca'c it mull be taken not at raiuioin, but medicin.illy, being of an aftringent nature,, and the fruit of which it is made fliould be gathered ripe. Here is a picafant violet plum, which in a garden might be made tributary to the Plum, table's elegante ; and another of a bright cherry colour, fmall, but too four to be l^ln^mei. eaten. It is common to meet with a fmall cherry, which communicates a pleafant rclilli to br.iiuly, and may perhaps be the fame with what is ufed for that purpofc in EnghitJ, and dillinguilhcd by the n.imc of mazarine. The bluet is a ihrub pr dok-ing ^''*" I'™''- a blue, Iweet fruit, like a gooftberry, which agrees wd\ with brandy, and is faid to have fome good phyfical quahtics. The bl ,ck mulberry is not found in T.ouifanti, bat they have the red, and two forts Muiljcnitj. of white, one of which is vejy fweet and palatable. The firft of thcfe makes giod vinfgar, provided it be kept in a fliady [>lacc, and clofc flopped. As the mulberry is extremely coamion, the maniif.idnre of filk might he cafily introduced, the leaf being the n.urilhmeat of the filk-worm. 1 he olive here is a fine tree growing often to the height of \o feet, yielding pa- OiJvf?. latabie frint, and excellent oil. Ainon^; other kinds oj walnuts, this country pro- VValnuu. duces one as big as a large egg, which is plealant enough, but the flicU io hard, that the getting at it is fcarccly worth the pains. The natives bruife the nut, and then throwing it into water continue iVrring it, till the fkin and oil being quite fcparatcd ;. from the pulp, the two former fwim upon the furfacc, and of the latter, which finks to the bottom, they make a cake. There it a fm.dler nut of this kind, fo very bitter, SnulK-r Sort, that none will meddle with it but the |)crroquet, to whom it feems a moil delicious morfel; if we can judge, bv his a(5livity and noife, while upon the tree. This nut is findler than ours, and the ihcll is fott. Of the bark, which is wlute, and clofc grain- ed, the natives make a fort of fpadc to ufe in the Acids. HazcUnuts require a lei's Ui^it,- -puc- ftrtile foil, and therefore are not here in great plenty. Ihe cofjalm is very conunon, and tlic bahu which dl^ls from it has an infuiityiofc p-iim. good qualities. The bark of this trt- is black and hard ; hs timhsr too foft for anv tie; belides, it always runs into fplinicrs, fo tliat there is no workin;; of it. A fmall quantity 1' I I r^' MM, i \: 41 .lit'" t^' '■^ii'*4»a^su^ ■"•■• 156 Ili/}ory of the Difcovcry and Settlement Clfrt/l hi 41 tl-lu^if Int. S-f.frt qii.intity of it thrown on the fire yields a mod charming odour, but there would h; no bearing mnch of it without liiffocitim \ its leaf it a penMgon ^jo iitcd like a ft.ir. Ihc \iirifsnt'iti bai'.n of this tree is a wonderful friend to human nature ; the qiaiuity of lOon: ^''"'' drops taken in a difli of tea is a febrifuge. It cures a green wound in two day-, aid is equally efficacious in all forts of ulcers, provided ...c (ore be firft preparcii 1 y » plailkr ( t bruifcd grcund-ivy. It cures confumptions, removes obftrui^ions, rcliucs the cliolic nnd all diforders of the bowels, and cfieeri the heart. Vi.Ur tUa»i The red nnd white cedar, according to our author, arc both incorruptible, fo foft ihat they arc cafily wrought, and their odour, which is exquifite, is fulficicntly ftrong to deitroy infcdts. Thecyprcfs ranks, next to the cedar in value, and is by fomc held abovj corruption. This is certain that neither one nor yet 2 centuries will corrupt it; as was obfervcd from one found 20 fett under ground at New O/A'./nf, which tho' buncd 200 years, was yet not in the Icall impaired. Out of the trunk of otic of thefe trees, it is ufed to hollow a ciinoe of not mnrc thin an inch in thickiicf-, wliich fhall c;irry ; or 4000 weight. The branches of the cyprefs arc few, the Ic.ivcs fina 1 and lUiidcr, anil wood of a beautiful reddiili colour, foft, light, yielding and compadh The laurel- tulip, which is entirely unknown in Eur'.pt, grows to the height ami thitkrcfb of a common wall-nut, the top of it is round, and (b tramc tvjually common 1 Nev) OiUam as in (omc } arts of C'jnutia, where the weather is as cold as in Di>i hardiO), and ufeful to joiners. The bark is fmc and compafl ; that of it's rojt w;.l ftain red, and is fovcreign in cuts. The inhabitants look upon the wood of the /!caaa to be pcrcniiial. Of it they imk: their bows, a ufe for which it it very proper, on account of it's toughnefs ; and it!c>>c> the Frtncb in houfc building. The bUck oak takes it's name fi om the colour uti:> bark. The wood is hard, of a deep red, and may perhaps be hereafter found uillui in dying; this our author infers from it'* communicating a red colour to fuch r..iii as falls upon it. Befides the black, they have red,wbite and green oaks, and the lafl has kc.i found as good in workmanfliip as any other. Y(.u find alfo good dm, becvh, elder, willow, &c. of which they make •■vlict!.-, which thcrs is no nccefTiiy of binding with iron in a country where is neither gravel norftones, and wlitrc you may travel foipe hundred of leagues wjthout 'meeting ^^isl' - any. We ftiould have remarked, that tjw Bjifdcns arc not deftitutc of Icmuns, oranges, citrons, and peaches. ,., '"v' 7 ' * '-'^ ' , '" .', " li'i/iull. Oaks. Other fort of tree. of LOUISIANA. 157 The ayac wood is a flinib with a Icif rcfembling the liuiel, but jieliling a much Ay»c-wooil. Ids plealing fmcll \ it (lillils a ycllowifli water, \rhich the iiativei ufe in colouring their tltms. It i!> of a ii^Iutinous quahty, and might grow to Ibme height, did they not tike care t > curb its growth by lopping. The leal of the machoncti, or vinegar-tree, refembFe: the beech, and mixed by the ., , iiitiv^s With ilicir tobiicco tor fmoaking, as it takes on fomc or its acrimony, it has an alliingent quahty The leaf of the apalachine taken as tea is o llomachic. and the ApaUdilm:. natives by boiling It priKure an intoxicating fptrif, of which they arc very foiul. It grow- generally to the height of 1 5 fctt, lias a I'mooth bark, u dole wood, and bears a iLcdon which bl.ick-birds like to feed. '"" '''"'' '' ' "'' Lovc-wiioH (/;//j (f Ammrtttt) groWfsKd ijr t2 fttt high, and of a moileratc bulk. \_^^^.y^^.\. It is fenced wi;h fliorf, thick prickles, which arc cafily removed, and contains a pith lik( that of cMcr, v.hofc If f it alfo refembles, Thi- (hrub h.is 2 barks, the exterior of adulky hue, the interior of a very pale red. The bigncfs of a pea llripped from the litter and chewed, (;ivci cafe in the toothach. The natives hold in high cllimition a fhriih called the paflion-thorn, which is co- I'-iTion thorn vcreii from ihe root to the branches all round with prickles flinpcd like a crols, fo th.it on: muft be cautious in touching it. Viu PratT. knows nothing of its \irtues, and here heclofts his acccunt of the :irborific produdtton^ of Lnniiiami, with ohllrviiig that ilv" he h 9 dellribcd every thing that cnme to his ..iiowledge, yet he has not fj much ot the traveler about him a-i to go farth-T. Hetik-.s ootice iifc.vever, in this chapt. ol a kind (I a'^nric, or champignon, that grows und^r th" wjU lut tree, particularly Agaric. when fallen, which the iniiabi.aiits, who arc very c!' ice in thf»r tuotl, ;;athcr caretuily, 5i'.«l l-.aving boilvd in water, mix with their gruel, it is deh^-tc, a litr iulipiu, but luliiv made relilhing. Theie is another cxcrefccncc called Sp^tnifb beard, fnind rtickingfa tl;^ branches of^,^^^.^ ^^^^j trees near the fides of lake'' and rivers. It vj df .1 grcvith coirmr, but vvncn diied, the ' outer flvin tails o(T, and dilcovcrs a fkain of long, black tl.c '1, as ftrong as '..,-fc- iiiir. Tiiis excrelccncc may be uf'cd in rtutfjng quilts c u hcs '.;«/'.; 'r u fever, and tho' bitter, it excels quinquina in as much as it fortiticsthe ftojiiach, whereas the latter is accufcd of having a contrary cffe^l. This country yields as good larlapariila .is any in the world, and here is a fliriib very >;^,f^.,4nia. like it, luaring a fmail nut, (\n 'oth on one fide, and rough on the other, like the cowrie fhclls that puis as money on the Guinra r .^. Our author is filcnt as lo it's pro- perties, which lie hints to be fomething r v''. rious, faying, 'the ufe of thefe nuts ' is tio well known to the women and giris ut £, /-///./W(7, who have rccourfc tothcm • ofiencr tlian they (limild. Reader ! make thine own inference. L'cr,uinc is a k nd of thorny bramble, found among canes, with a rtiining, hard L^f<.u;r.a. ft. Ik and a fpun»y root. It is a famo li futfcrific; and a conftant wtlhing of the head will a drong dccotlion of it, r.or.riuutcs fo much to the growth of hair, that it will brini; It down to the ancle. „ _., Ot canes or Reeds here arc 2 forts. What is foUnd in marrtiy places the natives work c..v<. into mats, fieves, hts, br.ikets, and various other kinds of things. The pro- Bits'iihe^fy^od.-nPlat/fr, is higbly eftWrnffd by the native phyficianifor /.,;,, j;-^,;,^ it's fudortfic cffeAi'. IV^trlirs, ' iJHp6ti' a ftrttrtg ftalk 16 or 17 inches high, a cinnamon coloured !iaf, aboUt'^' IrrHii^'lcfh^, iW^ bftc WoW- '\*«h a = Woffoia like broom, it's UcJ lies within a loft of crowned calix cup. Si L'lrrl'i ik It r- A-' i'-t.. m l<^--i', ? ,^-* :1 kl ,5S R.u:lo-f,.Je. Croar-J-h r, ftt'c fir lie ti.:-/,j , ull: //- Hijlory of the Difcovery and Settkwent Vh.rh a fcrftnt il cornctti's, the rattle- fnakc-root, called in the language of tli; cciintry Oudb coudlcgotiilk, grcws about 3 feet higli.anJ bears a purple flowtr with ,- petals,' about an inch broad, anJ formed like a c.ip. This rtnwcr, tallinjr otl^" wl.t;, ripe, lliews a fort ot nut, divided into 4 fcparate apartm-Mits, cith contains- a iniull black feed. If you fliakc this nut it founds cxa^ly like a rattlc-fnake, as^^■ naiure thus wilcly gave it voice to proclaim it's virtue; it is an abf lute rcnietlyai-iiirirt the bi;e of that dangerous reptile, by applying it chcv/cd to the iiijurcil part ; for in 5 or 6 hour's it entirely draws out the venom. A plaiilcr of the groun.i-iv,- o\' Loiajiana laij clore to the fl;ull gives prefent cafe in the headach ; and our author cured a Irieiid, in a few minutts, of a megrin, by making him IhufTup fihs extr..ded from tliis herb. Ac!ict:clij- Tlie achetchy is a very valuable plant, found generally in the iliadc of the loreft', and growing not more than 6 inches high. The natives boil the root, and then by fquer/.ine it hard obtain a beautiful red dye, which they apply varioully. In the bcginuin;^ i-f /}pril appear whole fields covered with the tinell ftrawl)crr!e£. Hemp grows fpoutaiicoutly, and the flax-feed that has been brought liom Eur>fie thrives (xcecdin"iy. The plains ;.rc covered c!l the lummcr with diverfity nf t'ne tl.Avcrs dt' which it our author dcilines an account, it is becaufe he rather sppiied hmldfto matters that might be ufcful to fociety, rather than to thofe of mere cf.riofity. He tJus notice howevcrot one flower called the lion's mouth {gui:m the canoe, which they laftened to a it.ike in the llrand, with thong'; utuiv hide ii.ltcad of rope. O' e of them, more careful, rcfe as loon as lie waked to look after the canoe, and when he came to the w. ter faw it wa^ gone. As ih-y were ;o lejc,:t> from any habitation, the accident alarmed nnd ni.idc him very uneafy. Hcruiifed hisun- panion wiih the unhappy tidii.gs, and both rejMircd to the iKcth, whirc iLoi) after ihc moonrtiining out with a good degree of clcarnef, (hewed them tlu'ir little vellll finoi^tii- Iv dancing di-wn with the current. One of them imucdiately llrippc.i and fooii >.an:c up with it, nor was he iiiiimidatcd from bcarJing it inrtanily, \\\J lie I'ound a llrai.gtr at the helm who glared upon him with a mod menacing aipcift, then leaped into the water, and left him clear pollldion.This ftraiijcr was a woU, \shith du:ia;^' their llcf,', had cl'inbed into the veliel in frareh of proviiioii; but tindiiig notiiing clic made litc With the cable, and then put oH fr m (hore, without meaning any harm. Two large black wolve.';, of a much flrongtr fpccies, and uiore c.irnivcrous thvi thofe common to the country were killed here in our audvr's time. They were lup- pofed tn come from lomc dirtant climate, the chfell inhabitant never remtinbriiig 10 have feen any of ihem before ; one of them was a female, big with young. As we have dwelt largely on the bear, b.iffal;), ilk, and loiiie i thcr quadrupeds in our account of Camuii, the reader would blame us to repeat them. VVheretoie weiLH t( nfine ourfelves generally to the notice of futh as have n(;t been before mentiimnl. Among thefe is a Imall tiger, fcarcely more than twmty in^-hes high, and every way proportionable. His fkin is ot a bright bay colour, but h.is ncnc ot thofe mark', iliit rtn^'er it in other countries valuable, it is very qui' k and aiilivc. but no way, da;ine, for it will run from the fight of a man, and increnl'c it's (peed it ihontcd after. 1 his cur authiT athrins from his own knowledge, having one time felcucd his di^g, and mother time his pip;, from this animal's voracious jdws. What he c.lh the pichou which, be fays, is as high i's the tiger, with a moft beautiful tuat, and an enemy to poultiy, may be perhaps the jeopard. The Dlacfciicl' c; Small t.i F.w'.cu. of LOUISIANA. 159 of til,- with ,- « lIllJl 11 a ill re ttic hi;c 5 or () ana lajj ■lid, ma rb. foreftc, then by hcrr'cs, tlirjvcs vvcrs of mlclf ii, c tu.us t fays, a '1 iii(S ji to, h i>s The foxes here think the farmer's yard beneath their notice, as they fiml fufliclent ^ct^ti. fubfillcnce in the wc'ods. 1 heir hair :s thicic, fmooth, of a deep brown colour; un- derneath it is long, and filver coloured, which has a plealant effect, th^y are vaftly nu- merous among the woods of the fmall hills, and here aUb the tiger and pichou moil tommunly inhibit, nothing but hunG;er bringing them down to the farms. I he wild cat of Louifiana is very diifcrcnt from that oi Canada, or indeed from any WiU-cat. oihtr of the fpccics, and very improperly fo named, it having nothing of a cat about it, but iis nimblcnefs. It is eafily familiarifed to a lioufe, and then it becomes larger and fitter J but its fkin is not fj beautiful as that of a fox. It is not above « or 10 inches high, fometimis 15 long, and when tamed full of diverting tricks. This animal is lomctimes fcrved up fo table, and not bad food. It livc^ upon fruit and vegetables, and is not fond of game ; to catch which its fhort claws were never formed by na- ture. The head and tail of the wood-rat are like thofe of the common rat, only hisu.'oJuc. tail has hariilyany h.nr upon it, if v^u take hold of it, it winds about your finger. It is a How, Lizy animal, wiiich fcancly any thing can put out of its cotnmoii pace; but it has tunning enough on apprchcnfion of d.ini;cr, to counteifcit death fo well, that the deceit wail not to lie difcover d, nor will it (lir, though you (ho dd tob it about till you ate weary. It is very common, and cafiiy taken. Nothing can be more d^ fine elcfs ; and th ugh it is a vinlcnt enemy to poultry ; the blood oi which it fucks, one would ima- gine it had no enemies among the l^r ite creation. The down is tl.in, grtyilli and rnu^h; the natives fpin it, and makes girdles of it, which they die red. It climbs w:ll, and feek< its prey in tic night. The flilh is vory go d food, tafting like young pi;;; the fat is faidto aiiay the pain of the rheuinatifm and feiatica. tec more particu- Lrs, of this lit Ic animal, and cur account of fjiiiirels, porcupines, &c. in the Natural Il:llory of La/iaJa, p. 3". The bcavor, hedge-htig, croeodile, and fomc land tortoifcs are found in thefe re- Odicr beads. pioiis, with frogs a toot and half Ion;;, the cruik of which is loud and horridly difa- grcc hie. In the woods anu t>avannahs are fevcr-1 forts of ferpcnts, none of which is 10 much to be feared as th.' rattle fitake, whofe t >il, in which is a rattie, proclaims the Rattle fnake. cancer of his coming, and that plant which is an antidote aj;ainll his poifon, is always '^'^^i'tiiei. foumi near him. We have here alfo chameiions, various other forts of lizards, and very large Ipidcrs. We ftiall now proceed to the birds and filhrs peculiar to this part of the world, in j,;, . which our author confines himfcif, with his ufual fi iclity, to dclcribing fuch only as iiihes, he had an opportunity of knowing; and thefe, lie oblcrves, are very few in compari- ftm with what the country affords. The c.igic is i.ot here i"o large as m Europe; itSr, feathers arc white, edged with black, v.i(lly cllecmed by the natives, and uled in librning their c.dmut, or fignal of peaci.-. They have alfo fcveral forts of hawks; but Hawks their birds of prty r.itb«.r level their ragcagainll hares, rabbits, lljuirrels, and other qua- drupc.ls, than agaiidt their own i'pccics. Their fwan is large, fat, and good e.itlng ; and its feathers in high cftimation for^^^.j^ adorning crowns, und making I'tad-drciVcs tor women, and tippets. It fiics high, and is larger than ours. The faw bill fo named from part of its bill being indented like a faw, lives only, as Saw-bill. it is laid, on Hirimps, which it picks from the fhell, after breaking it w'th its bill. The cro.:k-bill [ic-crocbe] i> as large as a cap<>n ; its feathers arc white, and its flcfli, Oook-UU. though red, good caring. It feeds on cray-lilh. The hatchet-bill [^f<7cAf] takes its naii.c from the refemblancc of its bill, which is red, to the edge of u hatchet, it is '"' '^'"'' foii.etimes called reH-foot, the legs and feet being of a beautiful red. It hunts by the fca-lidc in fearch of ihcU-iifh, on which it lublil\s, and its retreat within land is an in- fallible fiijn of a ftcirt,',. The kirg-filher differs from that in Europe only by the Kinafiiln-r. beauty of his plumage, which difplays all the colours of the rainbow. Our author obfervcs, that when tha booby, the man of war-bird, and chefs bird, (one fccmingly if the fame fprcies, but fwifter flighted, and chequered with bruwn aid white) t^y low, they .ire furc pr "gnoftics of a ftorm; whereas the appearance of a Pmi^n'ni.lc; halycon is quite the rcverfc { an obfcrvation knowu to all the world. He dcfcribes "'•'"'! !'• the laft as fomewhat larger than a fwallow, with a longpr bill, ^nd the fineft violet "''* " feathers, with two flrcaki of>)«cllowUh brown near the cxtwnijtyofjts wings, and one Cuming over the back. . ,u; ins ,uni UMiu. -o V^i\ •; M, , y^p 5,1,^;: ..^i. ;.,; „"• ".,,'ni '\m % if A'i ...) The I He li'V 6o (r. Jiri'.;ti-r' r.rrci:^:^. rii, r. if. E..Vr. A..:.:cnt. Civin ily. Iiu-!ly. (..ihtluriJ 1 in-xs. H'tflory of the Difcovery and Settlement i lie fays tliat one of them, to the great joy of the tailors, foilowcd ihc fliip, in \v!)k!, lie rcmriitii to Europe for 3 days, ciu.iiit; whicii time it often divcil, to piek up, as he fiippi^fed, (luh iiifedsos Lhani.ei.i to drop from the liiles 01 bottom ; and role exMcily viitic it liifippcarcd. As it made no life ot is lc;»5 or It-ct in iliis fulMmtlion, iia- cti'.er.u] aiic tiirds, he fuppofes it to have been alliit.d in its mo ion by the iK\t\\m dJ the Ihip ; and he was confirmed in this opinion by its taking wing when it lett the'ii The panoiuiets afceaiily t.uight to fpcak, but, like the natives ar^- fold, m htr.!. Tl'cy are moiily ofa fine fca-grcen, wit!) ;f falTroii-coiour head, teddifli n.ar tiie ill. The cuibijtau is very tommon, and as hir^e as the woodcock; the feathers exhibit i p'.ealing variety of colour:- ; the beak is cro kcJ, long and rcddilh, wiiich is jlfo ihc o- ionr o! its feet. The author prefers its tledito that ^. figure of the ri'.mingo is lo iixornot that we may venture to affirm it was never drawiv from the life, or, if it was, the jrtii't mull: liave btcn a fad bungler. The number of wooii-pigeons whVh fwarm hr.- in winter, r.r.d in L time for colkc'ling ttitni. We have alreaily f,)okcn of the cardinal ; and ou^ht to licg pardon of his inlalabi- lity for not having given precevicntcto the pope, a b.rd with red and black fcathtrs, but ot a grave al'p.d. When it fings, which U rare, its uotes are foft and weak, as it it were c d. \Vc (liuuld be wanting in rclpcdlto the dignity of the two laf^ mentioned ccclcluftic,;!" we tckk no notice of an inferior order of clergy providd tuattird them j whercfyre the naturaliflb have appointed thcin a bilhop. He is nm (o large as a finch, aid KcCs upon a l";rt of millet, natural to this foil; his wings are of a ifcep violet, anc^ t.crcll of his plumage a dark bbie I lis long is fo hurmoiiiuus, and his note- fo fott indva- rioiis, thit tiiol'c who hear him fcrupie not to (et him in ccniptmion vvi;i) the nightingale. It continues it here a quarter ot an liour, without t'eemin'.; t ■■ breiih: t then paufts, and when once he bcgiiis fcidom cealcs, except to relt, in Icfs than u Ltt;:i. One of thife birds was wont to vifit M. liii I'n.tz cvtry evening, wh;ch in tl* tnd had like to have almc'll literally verified the provcib, :rd have brought an o!.t huuie iibout the good father's cars, A hrge oak, on whieh his v:fi;ant was wont x>\ paih.and of w'niJi he was therefore very carelul, cue thuiuiering down one itoimy nijjht up- on his ruuf, and went near to demoldh it. Ikfulcs thcfc, and many others, ofv/hich wc have no account, they !iavc liercihc fl,mungo, the crion-crow ct the yJntiufs, the grand-noMer, itnnetimc- calkd a peli- can, cormorants, cranes, wdd geclc, wild ducks, tcil, wuLreon, divers, wild tur- keys, herons, egrets, ijutulas, golains, bitterns, giil's lea- pies, fnipcs, pjtridgcs, fAvb large and whte, fvvallows. niar»ins, woi:d- peckers, ortolatis, turtles, nigluiiigilc:, biack-birus, tinciie";, wttT.s, and humming biids. Am-ng tile mod rcinarknnle infet't'. ij the liik-worin, one called the tobacco worm, which IS very dcllrudtive to that (Imib, and caterpillars ; the Liter are indeed te-vv, mi produce buttertli.s of incompa' able beauty. In the meadows aic blaik gralhupfcrs, or 1 alls, which Icldoin leap. ..nd fcltkwner take wing. '1 hf v are of en 3 inches I'.r/, and as thick as ones finger, with a head like a horie, and have beaiuif il purple win^:. Cats feed on them with great avidity. The beais lirarch eagerly for honey, wiih- o"t regarding the ftings of the bees, which its loogli ikm prLVcnt/t'rom feeling. The bees h- re either burrow underground, or retire to d«poiit their honey ia the depth ot the forcft, wiiither their enemies Icldorn pcnctr;ite. Th-: g;cen fly is larger than ihc common bee, an>l his back is covered with a beautiful green armour, which has a pleafiiig efFeft. The lire or laiHhorn riy abounds here, as alio .; eanthirides, wliith inriimes the fkin that they touch, and mav be fed with afh-leaus. Unoitlonc burned morning nnd everting ii fure to drive away th< mufkettocs, as nur author has experienced. Here are many other lorts of troubl. torn creatures, too tedi- ous to menti-n. Of fiOi vvi; have here the furgenn and fardinia fjil). barbies 3 or 4 feet long, carp, pikf, ^ cal, oiflers, muielcs, and mmy others, which have been cither delcnlicd a'xjvc, or h.ivc not co:i!C under the 11, to dion o! tlic anther: \sh-in we !;.ive conlnlted. Th: of Louis \r A N A. i6i ,'n.. Of the Origin^ MaHncrs, Cujlojm, La-jssy and Religion of the ancient Inhabit an ti e/' L O U I S 1 A N A. ^ ,, . in s no-id ^'"i NV ,1 !. HAD wc undertaken a compTete rlccount of a country which had preferved its intfoJuaiori, annals and rctoids froin ag« to age, and had undergone, as well as mod others, revolutions in litcr.itiire, wc doubticfs fliould begin its hiflory with trai ing the origin of the people. But, as wc have no lights from an- ticnt hiftory or tra.lition to (hc^v us the dired way, we are obliged to take a contrary coiTie, and (Vom conlidering the manners, cufbms, laws, and religion of the diftcrcnt iiitioiis or rathtr tribes, ot this v.ifl tradt of land, and comparing them with thofc of uthef luti ins, endeavour to deliver (omc probable conjeiiture concerning their firft origin and tx;raflion : the necelVity of this manner of proceeding will we hope excul'c our fcem- i;!" dcftit in point of mchod. 1 he iiidurtry of the iidiahitant? of Loutfiana extends no farther than their nccefTities : Indolence of ta liipply themlelvcs witii lubfillence, and provide fccurity againft the inclemency of ''"= ^""j^*'- tlicfe.fons, is tlie utnioft extent of their Invention. To cut down trees for fuel and""'" iHiildiiig, they had luch a foi t of hatchet as that ufed by the natives of CuiaJa; tiieir knives were lorined out of a reed, which is very common; thtir bows were made ofAcicia, and tlrungfirft with a tou^h bark of a tree, hut cxch.ti.gcd in procefs of time for thongs twilled ol the skins of the bealls which they hunted d vv:! ; the f.-ahcrs cfbirifs afforded them ornament, and their utinfils, drcfs &c. as were much the lame as 1)js been already defcribcd in the hiftory of Canaitti. The continent of y!menC(i i.ppcafs to have been very populous before the arrival oi .Utn^a very ih Spania> (is ; as is evident, both from trad tion, and the hiftories of their difcovciies I'^'H'"'- and corqiicfts. The dcdrudtion made among thefc people by the Spamlb arms is too iimx-oplL-J well kniwn to need in this place a recapitulation. ' by theuvorvl We ure i-lfurcd aifo that many tribes, both in Ptru and Mexico, devoted themfclvcs ,^,'^,7*^^ '"'" vohintarily as lacriticesto the ninncs of their fovercign, who periHicd either by naurc By laiciJe. cr the fvvord , while others, preferring filicide to fl.very, fell the vidims to liberty by tiicirown hands, to cfcapc the tyranny of the S/'aniarils, The warlike di pofition aifo of fmc of thefc people has helped to thin them con- civil wits. liitr.;biy. For while i:iftie;ated by revenge, animudty, or fomc ether paifion, they waged long and bloody wars with their neighbours, tliey weakened thcmfelvcs very much, though even c; owned with conqucil. They have been aifo vilitcd by two difeafcs, which have made confiderable ravage :m ng ihem, and againft which their phyficians, or cunning men, have no detence, thou:;h in otlicr cafes often wondcifully siiilful. Thclc dirtempers are t' e Imall-poXc an I colds. They fall '^cforc the fmall-pox like gnfs under the (cythe ; for they live all iimlcr one root, and neitlicr light rmr air can enter but through the door, which is fd lorn more than four teot high, and two broad. This diforder no fooner feizes one, but the whole fam ly, tisit even the oldefl cxci pted, coiitradt the infedtion. As they are natnrjliy clean skinned, ard well made, confcqucntly greatly alarmed at the erupti- ons of the puftulcs from this ditlcmper ; they fly to the water, to wall them off", if pnflible, and though tlu-v know it to be a fatal refjurcc, they v»i!l perfift, unlefs pre- vented by fome of their fiends. Our author dcfires us to obtcrve, that in the maps and charts of Loui/tana there will MIOakes ot" be found many more nations named, than he take* notice of in his hiftory : but this BcogTapIiert. he dcfires the reader will not impute to his ncgledV, but to the carelefsnefs of travellers, who have taken many things ufxin truft, and given imaginary fituations to nation-, with whofe bare names thry were onlv acqualned: fome of thel'e perhaps nr) longer cxift, ami others have been fwallowed up by their raoic powcrfvil neighbours, among whqtn their name is intircly loft. Upon the whiilf, hi (ays, it is certain, that their rtumfeer is greatly dittiiniflied, and that fctircely rrtnVc than one third of the wontry, marked n>„ the maps as populous, is at prcfcnt inhabjted. ' ,., On the firft eftablilhmeuu, made by the French m this country, they carried on a ttUamim, Iriendly corrcfponden.e, drove fome trade with \,ht.4lihm»Hs, whS are no friend? t"}'",^/'"" '^*^' the Englijl, and Uc North of the Af>ahctin!. T-l^^y ^r(J a powerful people, but oi'^l^'' "*" . ^"■":".., . ., -,,3S. T=;;- '-J-^' ' Tt ■■ .,-i, „.,„,.. ':■•■■■■■ late Stnall-pox- i. ll>K III : : r' ■ r '« I' ,> II I-; mmmy m^^ 162 Hijlory of the Vifccvcry and Settlement Ciaicii nati on. ThmiK. tmr.jai l;Ue tlic interccurfe with them has been dropped, as being too far removed from tlia Mijiijjipi river on the banks of wrhich the colony is fettled. After this our author gives a fiiccindt hiftory of the nations inhabiting tiie banks of the river Mobile, from its mouth upv/ard. The Chatoti conlifling of about n, is foiuid th'' Mcu'/V/ nation, called by the French Mobile, whofc name is alio "jvcn to ri>a:iiiabay. ^j^^ ^j^^^. ^^^ j^^y_ -j j^^ French on their arrival here found all the fmall n.itinns at pc>ic, in which hvj /till continue, being covered on the Eaft by other nations, which ibnd ai^bulw-rs b.vvcen them and the /royaoj'j. The Chic kafjivs regard thcfe n.itions .j brethren, b.caufc they fpeak the fame tongue, whicii is the language of thofc border- ing on the lull of the MJ>ilc. r/'.'>a-cgliti!'i The J\icfxi-cg'i!us, ov tLv nation oj bread, confilling of about 30 hamlets, llej i..aljn. \^',:ii ot the MU'ilc, near a bay bearing the fame name. Among them are mixed fome Canadians, who live with them as brethren. For as they aic naiuaily ci" j;i cafy temper, and well acquainted with the charade.s of the diticrciit peoi!e, ti;cy know how to deport thcmfelves amicably among any if the Indian nations. L..).t,uj^ts. yjjg -Tjcn/j s hivc prefervcd among them their native tongue, whicIi is that ofthc Natchez, but they fpeak a corrupted Chickalaws, called by the Jrcnct, the Mu-.iicn language. The Chat-kaws, who, in comparifon of the Chickali.wa, arc mere mo- derns, prtferve alfo their own tongue intermixed with fomc Chickafaw words; and cur author dilcurfcd with them in the latter tongue. Thcfe people aic dependant en ■ Crait Briiiiin. J..!,i>P:fji There i' a fmall nation within a league of Nev) QrUa'ti, and North of the lake, ni»u.iii. with which the French have no great communication; they fpeak a Ibrt ol Chickaljw>, a:;d have about twenty hamlets, or rather hut;;. They arc called Aqueloa pijj'as, wh:cii /i^nifics a nation that can both hear and fee ; the French c.sll them Cclafilfui. P ,. ^^ Oil the Eaft co.:ll of the Miffijjwi river lies the Oumas, or red nation. Some hnch who were at f ril ti.xed here, did tncm great prejudice, by .diowing them an iinmixc- rate ufc of ftrong waters, N. iv Orleans is abc;ut zo kagucs d)(lant. r.7..a;. The Tonicas u fragment of a nation always upon good terms with the Frrnch, are fitu.:tcd up ailing the river Miffijiip, oppolitc the Red River. Tiiey uled tj aiiiil the French in their wars, and their chief was ftrongly rttaihcd to their inttrcft, wiikli being properly reprelcntcd at yerjailles, the king, by brevet, appoinied hiin br.ga- dicr of his armies, and fcnt him a gold headed cane, ami a blue ribbon, to «i.i>h wa' hung a lilver medal reprclcnting his marriage. And the reverie whs a view ; Paris. 01 thcfe f.gnal marks of friendlhip the Indian was very oftciitatious. The T> nicas dificr in fomc particulars, and a little in their lang a^c from tic neighbourly nations: as for inllance, in uling the letter R, to whivh ihe others arc lb angers. Tk.i Ktulit. chief abovemcntioned was wounded in allilling ag.jinft the Sutcbez, who were lor- mcrly oneof themoft refpcdlablc of ad tbcle nations, both with rclpcdl to their cu- ftc>ms and beha-. ioiir. In 17.^0 the N.itchez, were fettled on and about a fmall river, to which they gjve name. They had among them two nations, who had implored, and obtained liicir o^i'ai. protei^ion ; one of thcfe the French call Gngrat, from their frequent uttering tlnli: two lyllabies. Uut this name will hardly appear confident with our author's ohfcrvr.ion, that thole people were cafily dirtinguifbcd by Arangers among the Natcber, as beim: incapable of pronouncing the letter R. Their language is nearly the f«n>c with thit titMit. r of the Chick .faws. The other nation fettled among the Natchez is the rcmaindcc ot'ibc Thioux, a people once very formidable, warlike, and reftlcfii, by which means they drew upon thcmfelves the indignation of the Chitktifaws, whom they reliiW *ith d.-lperate obftinacy, and never gave way till they were no longer aWe to oppois tl*' arms of their enemi«s. i-naing-nitj.jSi ;.ii ,'A.. J . , ^. •• '(Wm\\v\ ,n..>V..',\ki.) 1, . 1/ •I I ■' ••''.( iM (j 01 mjL.o d?:"/ ,i>)lio7i.il n^f'L' t)f.il -xx MoJ •'■•)! .'- Li Tliclt of LOUtStANA. lOJ Thefc three nations together cm now mufter about 1200 men, whereas tradition informs us, that the Natchez were formerly the moft poweriul nation in all North Jiic'ica, and refpedhrd by ail others as their fuperiors. They formerly ftretchcd from Mancharc, which is 50 leagues from the fea, to the river JFabache, at the diftance o\'!,\,i,h,x ft.-- 460. Among them were 500 princes, whom they called fuin, [foleih] nothing could m iiy [-uwa. exceed the vanity of thcfe grandees, in preparing the deteftablc cuftom of permitting''''- people to facrifice thcmfelves upon their funeral bier ; a dcftrudlion which men ind women voluDtaiily, nay gladly embraced, imagining by this adtion to Iccure to thetn- lelvcs a happy fituation in a future world ; that tiiey (hould be retained in the lervice of their prince, without fear or punifliment, that they fliould not liiffcr by hunger, j^' '-"'''!'' f*": thirft, heat, or cold ; that they fliould have every fort of food they cuuid wifh ; and rv'lu.'j'^VLJu'- to crown all, they Hiould neither fuffer nor die. It muft however be ubfcrvcd that two ''^1' • branches of thefc people, whofe princes were more humane than the reft, withdrew from the main body, and with fome few followers fettled upon dilVint lands to prcferve thcii people from falling a prey to this dcfperatc barbarity. J hcfc ire ihc 'laiiifas, of whom wc have juft now fpoken, amJ the Tcbitimacbas, whom the Nitchez always re- garded as brethren. Forty leagues North keeping the great river on theEaft, arc the I'czvtix, pofIc)1ingna.»,r, niti- about 100 huts on the banks of a river, to which they give name; and farther upon ""'"'J "'^^r. this river arc the Loroas in about 40 huts j who pronounce R. Caroa, natl- The Cba^ioumas, ov red hhflers, have about 5c huts on the fame river. The Oufe-f]'^-,-, cu^!ai about 60, and the TuJ>oiiJ/'as not more th.in 2 ^. Vu/,c„.-h,, ' North of the river l-Fabache, near the banki at the Mi//:/,'ipi arc the lUimii, who *'"^. ''"r'^jf'^i give name to a river, along the fides 01 which they are fcattcrcd in fcvcril villages, near '//^^T; one of which, called Taw/circa.n, there is one of the mod c. iifidcrablc I'/cnJj fettle- '^■"••'■^i!c5 of the great river. In I'oing from the fea North, keeping Welt of th: rivr M'l/i/'ifi, the firft nation we find is a very fmrdi one, kfu.wn by the name of Tchbtiii-'^"''""'''"^ ibui, and Oi!ucbi:s, the lail being a fmall village united to it. It lies between the""' '^'-'•-'"• river Mi//:J/if'i, and the lake. In tl)i> nci;;hbourhood are alio the remains of the Tcitimacf\is, who from a nu- r, ';.«.■.'.». mcrous people are dwindled into nothing. Many of them were delUovcd by the In- diuih \n dliancc with the Ircnth, whom they therefore bate, and prefer living fu'.ita- ry and remote from other people," and tfpecially declining idl correfpondence with thofc /i.vro/'r.wj, fo whom ihey would by no me ms be obliged. The fifd occafion of this (liltcrence was their murder of a mitiion.ny, who was going down the river. His dcith w.iS revenged: and lunce holUiitics conimenctd on both ,\[ ^^..,r ii.;ti\ fiijs. This nati .n, which is not of a martial turn, loll many of its bravefl pco- ili- /r.n.i. pic; in conle.iuence of which they fucd for peace, and it was granted them, on condition of their bringing in the lieail of the aflalun. They did fo, and at the fame time prcfer.ted the calmut to the I'rtncb governor. Along the weflern coaft, not far from the fea, there is a nation of men-caters, who Canibals. are hippofed to feed upon their enemies. The Fri'wf/' call them Jtac-nffai, but our author lays they have fome mxc proper appellation, which !e could never learn. They corrcfpond with other Indian nations, but have no commimication with Euro- ftans. The adventures of an oflker of fome confideration, who in the infancy of the A.ivcnnn • of colony fell into the hands of thefc /Inthropopbagi, may not he thought perhaps amifs an cW^r «- in this place, as it may afford f.roper caution to people, vvbofe lortunc may lead ".'•;'« '■"■" ••■*- them into this part of the world. A vcfl'cl frotn hrance coming to uo anchor at the '" " bottom of the river Mil/iJIipi, the captain-genera! fent down a brigantint, on board which was Mr. LharlexitiCt a Canadian, perfei5lly well acquainted with all the /«./.- an nations, among whom he had often travelled, with orders to the maftcr to liip- ply the brigantinc with an officer and a few foldicrs, to proceed on dilcoveries -, but the I l^( ,:iii!lii34i i 'M ,; I ■(I .li:' ■ t 'I- i;: m\ W' ' n >^ '11 1 1 i mi Ml i i '>: It ." H 164 Hijlcry of the Difcovcry and Scithinent tl'.e pnrticular orders our author has not notuh The mafler, in compliance with tlic govcrn'-r's o'dcrs, ient an olH'.er, named BelL-IJle, a leiji-iint called SHvcilcr, and lome nirn on hoar i the brigantiiie, with \vh -tn ilic proceeded to St. Bernard's li y. Hen the crew wciu afliorc, plc.ilcd with tlie b.auty cf the couii ry, whicli abounded with g.inie, whcreiythcy were tc:npted to walk in the woods, farther than prudence Ihoiild have fuggcllcd i nor were all the reinunrtranccs oi M. Cbarkvi/lt; whofe ixperience had taught him that tiie confcquerccs might hi fatal, of force ta dilfuade them frt-m a piocicding of which in the end they liad realbn luartily to rcp.*nt : when they left the (hip, the mafler warned them ^ot to u'.Mukr too far, and dcfired they would re vrii early in tlie evening. He alfo toUl them th it if they nid not return haek that nij^'.ht, he wouKi fire too warning guns in v.\e monivig, r.-.d fet fail in twe ho .rs after, k the wind continued fair; promihp.g u; 'r;ovcr, that, ;f 'hey flioul.l not appeu- bttinns in the tvei.ing, he would iiw. a gun for direifMnj^' them to the fca-(idc. He kept his word, and tl :y htat'l the dji. j^argc .it the tii'.c appointed, Lnt imagired from the r vcibcra ion, tliat it ccmt from h contrary .yiaitr ; lo that what was intended for their p. iftrvation, 'ed ihcP'. farther aflray. In the n:orr,ing, the fi^jnal guns of lii; irtuie were fired from the hrigantuie, and the Capiain waited f i- them, till he almvC; loll iiis tJ.-, to no purpcfc ; the next day, ammuniti >ii bejiiiuiin.; to run flurt, Ci.ail rille flrutk off to the hajf, fupj lii g it tlv; v.iy tc. the liwr, hit c )u!d not picvail on his cdiipany tu fjliow. The ferje^ut t;n.(c lp,.it wi'.h t'ui.-uc :n;d hi;n.^er, dropped down undei a tree, uluie probably he c .t'ed iiis davs. ii,.','.'- < d, tin i'l a little tiiiK , Hi 'ciri JjJe King young and viroruus k' pt up liis A^ ri i, and proc lightc.l '■ n ;i woodi.ir, an anim.d cxic. ticly nuegifj' whi.: he ka .ked dov.-:i aid devoured with i.i;;h rcliih. ^'omctinic afcr, tie i.red upon a rce-buik, w:.ieh lie ki'I'd, and havKH' lu.lhanded his ammuiniion, had a litt e Icit, but the noifcifhi; j-itti brongb.t lU-wn upf-ii liim fome of the natives of ^itiic-.jfiis, in whnfc c; ur.trv h: \vir, ami lie loui d hniifelt fiinounded, and a piifoner, be. ore he had the fmallcit ip- prihtiil-oi! of dan;:er ; refill fiicc was in vam, and it was to as little purpofe to cii.ica- vour inloimii'g them Vy l^nns of his being .i travel. er, who had miffed his way. IhJ he known the culioms of this part of ihc world, where the pc iple lie in iimbiifcJ;', and ftial upon tlnir ci'tmy like a wolf • m its prey, he wuuM n t have gone li'cp w.thout looking caiti. ullv abcut him to puvent a furprifc; and in tht c.l- \\i would have gone up i!irefain who had brought jjithcr the Qilmuf. They 1; ,mcd » liim iM. St. ZJ)i«/j whocomn.ai.ded ainoiij; the Niicb'iclonL. IKexi of iluif lai '■-'. It wa» .ill hcu ilcr- ingu.igc ; b.:t he knew the name to be l' cnch, and cxpicired his fi!;:'- fadlion ly figns at he ring it. I!c then made a fliift to fctawl upon a bit of pi,!i7, whohd l>crn loft with CLarLiilli'. Ihs he dirct'.cd to St. D.nis, and diipatehcd it fo fri- valcly by two Ir.iUani, wh,-m the r countrymen gave out to be I \\, ..nd di. laved t!,;;f d p.rturc, ui.dtr [ icteiice of waiting their return. The two Iri,u..ns d.d nat fiiv! nj, but when they came back, kept thcmfclves very private in the woods, contriving ho.v- cver to givc-ni'tice of their proximity to their tomrades, an 1 conveying by the fjin: channel u, St. I),ni/s anfwcr, the liim of which was a di c{\'u>n tu take thcfeiwo nnen for two guides ; and I'cpcnd upon this condu(ft, for his ir.c deliverance fr .in the prekn' calamity; v.h:th was accorilingly effidfeJ. VVc fliould have remarked, that \i> ink, when he wrote to St. Denis, was charcoal, pounilcd and mi.ved with water, aui 1 fort of pen made ot a turkry epiill ; und alfo th.it the (.orrcfpondcncc between hi:ii:.nd his ui expeded friends for his relcafe, was carried on (0 priv;i'ely, that his tafk-mallvrs had I e)t the Icaft fufpicion of it ; fo that he found it cafy to fccrct himfclf in the .ocdf, according to his inftrnitions. Baycrnt.p-iu- The pcojlc wh.i < iiec inhabited the territory called Ba\onnf Ogeu/tt', arc now dif- /«. icimoiy.pcita clfcvvhere. C- the border of tv^o fmall lakes to "the wcftward, covered by a craggy point of land, is a nation known oidy by name to the French called Ope t>f LOUISIANA 165 touTas, or Black Wetter^ becaufe the lakes arc covered with leaves which give the wa- o „ : i ^/r„ tcr that colour. BLtweea thcle and the y^ww/j, a fmall nation inh ;biting the banks of " the reii river, which is very rapid, we find the cnmrry quits defcrtcd. Tlicf:,- people 'f''"'-'' ^'*" ufsd toKipply the/vcA'c/i, lettlcd at Lov/'/ww./, with h'jrfes, cows and ca'ves, at a very moderate price. At prcfcnt they have them in vaft plenty, without any piirchafc. Fifty leagues up tiic r.-d rjvcr, near a Ftench ("ottlcment, is the nation of Naf?d>i- iW^i-!,:,,,/,,,, tochei, conUllinf^ of about 200 hu-s, they have no love for the S[^t:)iitirds, but arc well attaclu'd to the Frcnc/', who haveafettlcinent very near them. There arc (ome Mattered branchci of this nation, bat none of thcin r.utnerou?. About a hundred Ica^^ucs f.oni the place wjiere this river falls into the MiJjiJJipi, are CedJajuimx. the hal)itaticn5 of a vaft nation called CaiMtf'tiicx, which extends in diffcrciu tribes avail way. 'liu-y as well ,s the peop'c hcf.ircnu'ntioiicd, have a lan'.;ua!^e peculiar to thcinlclves ; bit tiiat of CJ.ifti/.riCS is underllood among them all, like iiii^ua franca in ilu' Levant ; they call it the vulgar tongue. The Ouaci'itiis areinttrmixcdamonjrtlieni, havint; abandoned the black river, to which o^.-nia,. thev g ve nann-, to avoid the ngc of the Cliikiilnwf, who dare net follow theni; for the lanu- rtalon the /..v;;/,'/;, who formerly inhabited tiiis coaft, n.ar a river to wliich tlicyltiit their denomination, withdrew to the neighbourhood of the Mcbilinm, where we before look notice of the -i. Th^fe martial gentry alf) made war upon \\\q At- ArLrtr.nKif- kanj.n, a nation of ;.'oi>d warriors, and able iiunifmen, but met a rcciption f) very'"'- '1^' '''"*"'' warm, th t tliey were glad tod fid, mtn-e efpecinlly as they found them joined by the"""" ■"'""*' fc/yVrti, M;U/.'ig(Wi:!i5 and a party if lilititis. There are no other people on the banks of this river, thyugh the co::trary has been advaiv-ed by f rnv.-r tr.ivcllrrs. The Mi// It' is .\.c A lumvMous people, on the banks of the famous river fo c.-.IIcd. .V'.y,«ri,. The r'rcn(./j had lure a fctiLnient, tlie garrifnn of which was furpriied and cut ofi'hy the natives. There arc tnar.y other Itnall nations about the MiJ/'iiris, the rc-capitulat«- inn; which would be tedious ; an 1 north of them all, a branch of the Siatx was thought fotincrly to have refiied. Our autfior is inclined to believe, tint they formerly were to be found on both fuks of t!;c great rivtr; and hejui'lyobtcrv-.s tiiat we luuft be con- tent to wait foin-.' c.nturics befjrc wc can arrive at any certain knowledge of the vail tracl of land running North of L'uifi^itiit, The firll Vrcul- fctticmcnt made in ibis province, was upon the ^!ohil'\ where the ' coiuuuii.ler i.i f:\\\- f rtllde i; but tlnce the foundation of A'^ ;:' Orlfnm on the banks of the grrat river, whii-h is now the capital, it has bf en m n good ineafure dtfcrtsd. Here is however u •;.': r!f oncd fb;t, v/lth fo.ir f.r ng badion?, that Ijcure th_- furr trade on thi> tide, awes t!:c iieig'dH)urin!' nationf, and cuts off the ibitkaics from corrclp ■t'ding widi the Ef.s'i'j'-', who arc alio curtailed in tluir views in ihz Clj:cti/'.i-us fide, by fort , ,r , Tf,m iV, built in J 736. Nut far Iro.n the Mobil-: is a fettlcmcnt of fotne Ctinndians, who cont-nted with lit- ^ ^.^^ ^j ... _ tie, prefer the Imdl a Ivaiifnj'ts of ru al 1 .hour to all the piofits of tillage j and who licincnr of" cnlv vlu; .V, ;j ')ri .v.\ when they want nccefraric?. Cn.i.Vanj. Among ;he difli-rcnt nations into which L'Aii'iaua is divided, D.i Pra/s informs us v,,.; », ^ that of t!ie S I'.ch-:. i^ the mo:1 rem.rk blc; b.ing not only very numerous, but bet- p .iiihcd'r.a- tcr prjliilied ih.n th: till, ilitir v.mv of thinking more conlilk-i.t widi iiumanity ; their''"- fcntinients in re rt fined; and their cudoms more rrcoticiliabic to rcafon : therefore in (Icrerihiiit.' the culloms and mant-crs of the penp'c ot this country in general, he draws his intorni'tion print!j>allv trom the h'otchrz. The natives of JL/iv/'/-;/,/, and alinoll all the Wwr/Vj/zr, are firong, nervous, and dnplcxion well made ; w th blaik eyes and hair, regular features, and none lefs than five feet ■;"' "■'!•"■"' and a half high; thev.' men are rather lower than the men j but giants, dwarfs-, and '"■ ■"'^'^"■*" (ief rmed men arc unkn 'wn among them. They arc white when born, at which time care ia taken t.) w.dh the n in cold water: by de'.;rees they become brown, and to this, the rublnnn th.in wifli r)I! and bears fat, contributes not a iiitic: belidcs which, it ren.'ers tlitir limb;; more flc.x.lc, and tavcs them fror.i the flinging of the nuifkitocs. As tlicy grow ip they arc turniihed with bows and arrows proportioned to their fbciigth, and by way of excrcil'.- and diverfion, trv their fkill at a mark. He that ex- cel!. ju furc of great pr. i!e, and lliled tlr.- gre.t warriour, a title of which they arc not a little proud: they alfo delight in runnii'g rnoes. ,_ ■ As they live to a vuy great age, the oldcll of n family is the mod rcfpccTed, and his ppOrJ^ mIJ will obeyed w th as nnich camion as if he was a lovercign prince. Great care i^ 1 ■ -'-i 'ij'.-- taken to prevent am i.^ 'hen^ ciuarrcls and difputes ; they rarely happen. All are U 11 taught 1 i \'i\ r ' I't !1! • !i- S' * ii- ( 1 1 1 ;. Prtcfpt of their fiift gnnJ SiUil. f Hijiory of the Difcovery and SettUmtnt taught the ufe and necefllty of labour ; but the women are rather more employed thai ilie men, they arc obliged when young, every morning to warti and Iwim unJer the tiircdion of one of their elders, without regard to fex, (mothers who have the care of infants excepted) and this inures them to fafigue, ftrengthcns their limbs, and fit> them better for war. They never Arike or beat their youth, but endeavour to iuflrudt them by repeated precepts and example. Their belief. Thtfc people believe in one great and good God incapable of evil, who created the world, and whofe common commands are executed by angels, or fubfcrvient fpirits, of which an inferior order who have offended him, govern in the air ; and thefe they in- voke for rain, or fun-fhine, as it may be wanting to the ground. Man he created, fay tliey, with his own hand, and the whole world is the produce of hit wifdom and power, r J The facred fire, of which we have before made fomc mention, was, according to firttxiliiu'd. the account given of it to our inifTioncr, by the principal pcrfon entruftcd with the tire of it, enkindled by means of a miraculous flame, brought from the fun, by a ho!y pcr- fon who had dcfcended himfcif from that planet, and whom they hud chul'cii fur their fovercign, fubmitting to a fct of laws which he hid down for their governincut, xxtL which were admirably adapted to the advantage of focieiy. He taught benevolence, focial love and rclignation tu the divine will, at puints indii- penfably necefTary to be obfervcd ; to avoid quarrelling, and to dctcll murder, adu tcry, untruth, avarice and drunkennefb. From him are their fovereigr.s dclicndcJ, whove alfo called fulcils, Suni, fur he lived to a very gnat age, and iaw the children of hit children flourilli. Our author afloniflied the prieit, who had given him tliii account, by enkindling fome fuel with reflexion of the fun beams upon a piece ui gUfs, which glafs, the grand fuleil intreaicd of the father as a very great favour ; it was j;iven liim, and he was very fond to ufc it. This monarch, if we may be fo allowed to call him, governs with defpotic power; he has no law but that of reafon, and difnofcs at will of the lives of his fubjearticui^r c^ remonies, with a relation of which wc fhall not now detain the reader. They arc pjr- ticularly tenacious of precedency, whether in public or private, ai \ fuch is the d.f- tindion of fexes, that a boy of two years of age, is permitted to take place of a wo- man. Each man is abfokue in his own family, as long as he lives ; he govcr s his children, and his children's children, with nn uncontroulnMc rule, and when kdict, the next to him in years afTumes the domeAic command. They never marry within the third degree, arnl ihe uldcfl of each faniily, agree Jp. • on the terms of the match, witho'it confulting any of the minors, whon), huwcverthcy never join againfl their confcnt> the n a i having tirll afkcd her hand < f the wunun. The day for the ceremony being arrived, the bride is conducted to th.- houfootiht bridegroom by all her family, with filencc and folemniiy. Thev are received at the door by all his friends, who invite them to enter the houlc, which they do, with ic* words and little ceremony. For compliments and talkativcnef>, arc h;, them dcwicJ lufs of time. Having feated themrc.ves, after fome fpacc, the old men oi» each lijc aiifc, and the contraflcd parties do the fame. A (hort fpeecli is then made them, ;n which they are deflred not to marry unlefs they find tbcmfclvcs iinpcikd by inuiial liking i and previoufly reiolved to live together happily j " thi> union," lays the an- cient orator, " mufl be of your own choice, think not your friends arc here afleniUcJ . . " to force your inclinations) if either cf you has any oljedion, declare it, th.it «c " may break off." The father of the bridegroom then delivers the portion intendd for his fon, into his cufJody, and he, having aflced the love and hand of the b iJc. and being anfwercd fatitfartorily, gives it in keeping to her father. The nuptials being celebrated with fome other ceremonies, their company gives themfclves up to merri- ment, and generally dance till morning. Crtnd divi- The Natchez are divided into two grand claffes. viz. The nobles and the people. Con qt the The people arc alfo diflinguifhed by an appellation that implies flinking, Micbe-rndt- people. %/>ty, however they do not much rclilh being called fo. They each of them Ii" » Unguagi; fiovernment bt'chcA'a/.^eing held in his prcfence, and he, as well as his fubjed* holding in the hi|;he(l eAecm the elders and their judgement. Sometimes it is agreed, to lend an ambalfador tu the power, with whom they are at variance, to offer the cal- mct of p. ace, but without any prefeuts, leafl it Ihould be thought they wanted to purchale it, in the mean time they fulliiit the aid and alfidancc of their neighbours. They moil commonly march by night lu prevent their enemies difcovering them, and carry on the war a^ much as p jlTible by anibufcadc and furprife, taking care to leave bcliind then) 4b few marks as poUible whcrci)y they may be traced. Such women and children as tlicy make prifoncrs they ei (lave, the men they referve for a public fatri- f.u', putting then with gre-.t cruelty tu death i and drowning their cries with inceiTant repeiitiunf ot the war-hoop. None but (he foUils and guar>lians of the facrcd fire arc permitted to enter the tem- ple Lontai inj; the ia^rcd fire ; the g ardi^^ns arc eigiit ; their bufinefs is to fee the fire ke^'t 1 p, two of ilicm aie alwayi a-'ling, and they are relieved cjuaterly: the facrcd tire ib pretuvcd in mure trmplcb than one, tlut it may be reftured, in cafe of its expir- ing in our place, fr m another. The a(l>c.( fthc Ard grand folcil aredepofited inthegrandtemplcof AWcifcez.inafortof urn maJc of cane, and very prettily wrought. It ftards upon ari altar four feet h'gh, fix lonj;, an i two broad. They have a particular veneration f-r the me.iiory of their de.id, ai-.d erect a fort of tomb over every b> dy that u interred, to which for a great while tiicy < arry vidluals and drink. All the nations of Loui/iana have their refpedlive tempi. , whieh arc cither grander or meaner, according to their refpedtive force or weal h. That of iV ■> / r( r ul bjlit;; gnnd .'tlibi djutii !on ob pdi uvswod ,vV*'5^ ''''' Their f I'ti .1' 'iJ 1 \ 1^ S' P f ■! I' U I :• '1, '1 , iifr I ,1 ;! ■ m .■.|8i«>M.a.'i«|Wfl|^-".|,y-^^.^^^^^ 68 Hi/lory of the Difcovcry nnJ Ecttletncnt Tli;ir('..f!Ii'" Tli.!i ■fn'-'I, Their fooii is beef, veniton, bear's and dcg's flcdi, with every fort of nmx\^ anJUv.Tmjc. j^j^j^^ and firti witiiout exception. They cither ro;i(l tlu-ir incit on a wo;'i.l!.ii fpit, or I broil it, and they have mai.r Ccrvcd up at all their meals, diiVcreiuly prepircd ; or iii Ijoi of i: potatoes. 1 hey h.ive no lit hours firdiiiii);', except ;it puhbc cntfrt.iininents, w],i.„ thev all fit down together, an.l in token ol unaniniity 'at (uit ot the lame dilh, the \V(,. men and chihircn excepted, who have their icl'pCv tiv,.- Ih.ircs piven to tliemlelvcs; ;,[ other times, they eat or dnnk, according as tl)ey find they hi'. c appetite, 'lli.yarc, afraid uf made didies, and \.\\z French have never been able, cith.r by ex iinple or re j- foriing, to perliLide them to tlieir foups, orra;'o;ii^i they n^t knowing what to make of tiic ingredients. They will drink nothing but water, i r brandy, the clcarnti's of theCe iiijuours determine their gocincls ; for if it be clear, they lio not think it can jvf. fibiy be fophidieateil. Wlun lliey want to make interccfllon with heaven, for anv piriiciilar brncfit, thev make intcrell with on-.' of their ciders reputed lor f-inillity aim ng them, to intcrccile fcr them. He does it by fading nine days, during wh;th tin^ be aliftains ciuirely from vcn^ry and from all manner of food till fun let, when a mcl» of gruel without fait, and I a drauglit of water is brought for his refrclhment. Kci;-.riltnili^ IJcfuies thc ( 'bed iciicc aiui profound rcfpcd paiil by the Nime, ai.d hcncccomeil it, that this nation is not near lo populous as it tivght otherwife be. TliU !i.-i;on J" 'l^c ycir 1 730, tliey were entirely cut otF by tlu / nnch, on account of thi- r li v- ili-li ly.iby ing joined in fome fehemcs intended for their dcflrudii n, lo that at prefent ic.i tcVl any tiling remains of this once celebrated nation, but ihc name. Ah)ll anthers u hoi treat of this \.\i\ trad, oblerve that tl:e bell way of k-cpin^ } eaec with the (iailrcntl people, is to keep them at I'uch a diflance, as may imprel- tliem with awe x.A vent- ration ; but this imprefiion vanillies if you treat them with too much familiarity, v:- rityingthc proverb : '■ that familiarity breeds contempt." 1 Iriince draws confiderjble advantages from the fiirrs of Lcul/itin.:, and in ourlim!* tliey miglit be greatly improveii. Large profits might alio be drawn from the hidi and fat ( f then oxen, for which alone the dilTerci.t nations kill them. The fraitl of th:; wax-tree, is aH'oacomm dity worth de:.ling in as are thevari(.u« kinds of wu.Jd for hc'ulc-biiilding, IJiip-b'.iildin^ and ornament ; and for the complcating a nav,il Intic J here i? plenty of hemp, and excellent iron. The fwil leems a Imirably adaj-ted to the bearing of fait petrc; and vafl ipLintit 1 m filk iriight ' c 1 rovluced, as tiic w.irms thrive here well. Saffron, fuliafias thei ; balm, and \arious other kinds of ulcfal druggs arc thc produce < 1 thefe climates, ami j1^ ways fure of a read\ market in Eurcpf. A conclurvc To give a brief tharadlcr of Lcuijiana, we may venture to aflirm that it alnuiiiis in grain, cattle, and ritb commoditici, which the many flrcams waferin;i; the coiir,;rv| th; ;v Ccmmcrn; • Jv.ltit IJ'/'S 111 '. c .il.»«ll t'ruiil liiiici:. the country, and fallin' into tlic eat river Mi//:'//!f>i render Ail! more valuable : and no of the world fcems more happily adapted to fccond the operations, and improv;ihi glory of a maritime power, tliaii this province ol Amaica, ' l-v Tie End of the Account of LOUISIANA. ^ ThciViitl idsot'.vt.Jil rav.ll !':ra"J