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D Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppl6mentaires: This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film6 au taux de reduction indiqu6 ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X y 26X 30X 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X THE WORKS OF HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT li THE WORKS OF HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT. VOLUME XIX. CALIFORXIA. Vol.. li. 1801-1824. SAN FRANCISCO ; A. L. BANCROFT & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. 18S5. L. KntiiiMl iicci rliim ti> Act cif <''inKri' ss in tlic Yi'iir If'fiJ, by liri'.KHT H. I'.AXOnOKT, 111 III.' illlirr nl' 111' I.il'i:iri:ili d' i 'niij-'n' ■s, lit WikIiIii^'Icii. .1// iriiilitx l.'fsirnil. COXTK^'TS OF THIS VOLI-^IIC. CHAPTER I. CIinONOLOOifAL ItKCoItli OF KVKMX 1801 ISO.'J. .lent l.ornn.. J.Van.isco .lo l.ns.un- Li,. an,l Character of I vl M...ona,,. K.t.va„ T.,.is IV..i.,e„t-A noa,. T^l^L^u:';^ D.ogo ri.e IMU- ..a.h,-A.lv.nt,„v.s of .,„,.,. ,, „ „ „,, .„ ,.,^,,. ii.. /A.-.'o-/, .la>nu.s J:uua..-I)..,,artu,v of ,1,. Catala.. Voluu- tt-eis CHAPTEIl II. ItKr-oni) OK KVKNTS-AKKII.I.AOA'S Itri.E. 1S()4 |,S()«. Xiuvti California a Scpamtc I'lovi ^.-111 ,1.is,-. Mission —An Aririfd Cruiser - Tlio / Sailors-Winsliip-s \\.ynye--^t"anii,l,oir.s" "voya". Misaioii Regulations, . . ' " Arrillau'ii on Provincial XerJs '""■-■/•• an,l the /.:;..„, -^ Captive I'iie (iiiardian's '20 CHAPTEll III. INLAND KXPI.OKATIONS. lSO(i-KslO. "^"'a^a'cCT-r ^'"-'^/^^l"-^'— J^"^-. Crespi. An.a, Font, and (.a,ce.~A lierru Inc..gnit;i-Di.eoverie« by Indian llnnte.-s- ( vii) Tiii CONTEXTS. PAoa Arrilla^;.a'ri FfTorta— Vnguo Allusions— Tho River San .ron((iiiii Nninfid — Kxiifilition of Miiitorenu iiiiil SiiiiclifZ from San Diego— Hui/. and Zalviclea from Santa BiU'l>ura — Tularesand Uucnavistu — Moraga ami .Miifioz from Motiti'rcy — Mariposa — Merced liiver — Tuolumne — Kings Kivcr — Sites for Nov Missions —Later Kxploriitiuns — Diaries of ViaUSI)OUFK. 180C-1810. Prelimiuai'y lli''sum(5 of lUis&ian American Annals — Spanish Movementa anil Policy Knglish ami American Intervention— Uusso- American Contracts — 0'(.'ttin— Heziinof's Visit to San Francisco — Authorities "on the Voyage — Russian Motives— A Starving Colony— Tho Juno ami lierCai'go — Diplomacy — An Honest (lovernor — Trading Friars — Deserters- -Rumors of War— Critical State of Allairs — Love and Ro- mance— Doiia Concepcion Argiiidlo— Reziinof's l>eparture and Death — Langsdorirs Observations— Swift and Ayres on the Coast — Tho Dirlii) and tho Mirriinj —V\a\m for Commerce and a Settlement — Ivuskof at IJodoga — Voyage of tho Winsliips — Russian Schemea. . CHAPTER V. CimOXOLOGICAL NARHATIVE OF F.VENT3. 1807-1810. Precautions — A Spanish Cruiser — The Derby and tho O'Ca'ni, Cap- tains Swift anil Winship— Holy Oil-A Strange Flag — Warnings against the French — The Dromo — The Memtrij, Capt. Ayres— American Deserters — Troubles in. Spain — Fernando VII. Recognized in California — Contribution for War against Napoleon — President Tapis Reelected — Drought of 180!) — Neophyte Laborers — Indian Troubles in 1810— ^loraga's Battle at Suisun — Revolt at San (Jabriel — Otter-hunters — The Winship Brothers — The O'CuUi, AlbnfroHf, I.tahi/lit, Merriiry, Catherine, AmethtjM, and Charon, on the Coast, ISlO-li' — Smith and Cale — A Transport Captured by Insurgents. . . CHAPTER VI. LOCAL EVENTS AND PROGRESS— SOUTHERN DISTRICTS. 1801-1810. San Diego Presidio — Officials — JosiS Font — Manuel Rodriguez— Quarrel between Ruiz and Guerr.i — RaimundoCarrillo — Lujan — Population — Finances— Forts— Visits of American Traders — Pablo Grijalva — San Diego Mission — Irrigation Works — Earthquake — New Church — Sta- tistics— .Josil Panella— San Luis Rey — New Church — Jo8(5 Garcia — Domingo Carranzu — San Juau Capistrauo — Fire — Church — Jos^ 53 S3 COXrKXTS. ix fAtlR rauni — \j(»* Aiigelos— RanclioM— I'iii'l)l<) mill MisMioii— San Ciiltriul — I'edri) ilu Sail .losi'- KsiiNiin Antonio Cnizudo — Isidoro Ikin-cnilhi — Sun Fcrnamlo — Xicolii't Li/am -.Fo.si'' Antonio Uriii-.Martin Lun- tliietii— Santa llitrliara I'lcsiilio -(.'aptJiin (Joyconcliea- Population - Finances — Kartlii|uako ami Storm— Criminal (Jasca— Santa l! LAXDH. 1801-1810. Spanish Population — Statistics— Friars — Arrivals, Departures, and Deaths— Xeophytes — l)a])tisms and Burials — Live-stock— A;iricultu- ral Protluets — Franciscans versus Secular (rovernment— Minor Con- troversies and (Concessions — Missionaries Lose their Watches -(iuai'- diaiis of San Fernando -I'rocurador and Si'ndico — Kcclesiastical Matters — I'uehlos — Settlers —Convicts — Land (irants and i'rivato liauulios 1.").8 CHAPTER IX. IN'STTnTlONS AM) INUrsTIilES. ISOl ISIO. The Labor Question — Gentiles or Neophytes — Manufactures — Ortega's Silver-mine — Agriculture — Crops — Pests — Seasons — liegulatioiis — Hemp and Flax — .loaquin Sanchez — Large Shipments of Fihre - A Flourishing FCnterprise and Sudilen Failure — Stock-raising — Cattle, Horses, and Sheep— Slaughter of Horses — Commerce — Smuggling — Trade of the Transports — Finance and Supplies — Habilitado(Jcneral — Military — Political Government — Administration of Justice — Schools Wanted 174 COXTKXTS. I 1 CHAPTKU X. IIIR HKV(lI,l TrtlXAIlV I'l.KlDlJ— HATID TIMES. ISII 1S17. 'J'lii^ l!i;v(iliitiSu|ipliL'»i from the MiHsiuns 104 CIIAPTEll XI. UOrcUAl!!) AM) Till'. INSfltdK.NTS. ISIS. !\1 Afio ilr lin Iiisnr;.'ciiti's The Urvoliitiiiii ill Soiitli America— The Lima Shi]i« — (ly/.elaar'.s Warning- Sola's liistructioiis —I'ri i>aratiiiii.s for I)effiiisj,'iisted -Sinall Comfort from the Viceroy — (iimerosity of the Fria-s — No Forci^'ii CarL;oes— The (Jovernor Tries in Vain to llesi;,'ii — Captain Josd do la Guerra .Sent to Mexico — His Aims and Ell'orts— His J{eturn with Supplies — Revival of Forci^'U and Spanish Trade— Arrival of Artillery Dctachmciit under Ramirez— Fear of Insurgents— Royalist Companies— The Spanish CouiJiitulioii of ISI'2 in California 2J0 C()xt;:xts. xi C'lIAlTKll XIII. FOKEniV Ui;l.\Tr(lN'S — M.MtlTIMI. AIIMItS — AM) CiiSTI! AI'.AMi TUAHK. IMI IV-'O. I'.ia.iiKii-ll'Mls (';iptiirc of 111.' .1/. -Ciniii'ii nt Sill I'lilni 'I'l /'..//./• Sci/cl-Tlu! Is'1,1,' Twill mill l!< -♦iili'iiy — 'I'lii! War of lsl'2 -Ucsti'icti^uis— Till) ('oliiiiihiit — Hii'jt do ('.i-tin ini'l tin- lliinii -Tin' Li/iliii mill .l/'wi/r'!"." -'i'lioin.ia !>iiiik — i\i>t/il>ii<'^ \'i-.it — ('liiiiiiiHHo mill (.'lioiis- A Siipply-Mliiii lit l,ii-it — Tliu Lima Triili r« Talli'W A'l'ilriK anil tlic '' iiiiili' Tlio (',•;! ;mi t'dlolailii - llo)|ii('fiiiirs \'i.sit.s in tilt' liiirdiliii.t i'lrnamlc/ ai I ^iifiiil- Iti iiim of till' l.asi 'rime Wars 'I'lic lii-.iir':( n!.-. ('(Uiiiii;; iraiHof Aiiiiii- cuus— Cliai>inaii ami liusi; — Tiiuliiij^ Fkct of i'^"'0 "JOT C'KAl'Ti:il XIV. IsrsSLVNS IV (• Vl.IFiPKMA — lorsliAT'iiV AM) I'llOliUI. -S OF KoIlT ItoSS. ISlI IS'Jd. 1 ruclainaliiin of till' ('.iiiipaiiy- Kii-I^oI'm i'iist Vi- it to Bo(le;,'a— Scconil N'isit- Fiiuiiilin;,' of lioss .Moiul'.i'm 'liirci^ \'i.sits to IJoss -Slo'i.iil- cliikof's 'I'ralllc - VitiToy's Otilcrs Iaihscs— Mora-a's lli'imit-- Ciijitiircof tliii J'nili r — AiviicUo's I'nlicy - 'rii('.*''»'cr(n;/'at San Frail ciftio — N'i.sit of ]\ii:iliof ill till' Chinhi'l' -Sol.i.s i'olicy- 'liic Ihinn — ('upturn of Jlliot (lu (Aislro, TaraUanof, ami Aleuts — Kot/iliiU''s \ isit — (jli ivasii) Ar.uiiulloat lloss — Coiifcrtiu'cat the ricsiilio I'ailii.siilun at Moiitficy Tlu' liiissjaiis must (lo - A 'I'lii ilorial < iaini lla^c- iiR'is ■j;)4 CliArTEil XY. VAri.dUArlONS — INDIAN All Mils lolNDINd OF SAN JIAFAKL. ISll IS'JO. A'xHa I''\p!on's tlio Lower San .roaquin ami Sacraniciito liy Water — Oiii'liial Nami's— liiilians 'rioiililrsoinc at San (ialniil Soto"s llattle — I'aclre Caiiot Kxploros tim 'I'lilari's -Suias ( iiaiiil Lxpciiitinii — Friars" Jtipoit on tin; Imliaii 'I'lilics-- An liuportaiit 1 loi'iiiiitiit — I'ailii: Martiiiu/ N'isits tliu Tiilari-'fio'- -A I'nsiilio ami Mi-simis Lcu- oiinmnilcil -Tlio Native Islainlcrs — i v>'iii.liiig of San llatacl Asistcn- c'ia — 'I'oiirof I'adi't,' I'ayeras- Tlii- \aims ritalmiia, Sat'ianii'iito, ami Nouoina— I'isastcrat San lim'iiavLiitiiia ('dloiado imliaiis A iitory of Saiu'litz over tlio Moijiuliimms-- M.stiidillo'.s ( 'aiiipai^'U .Mniai,'a's Uiisiict'cssfui LxpcditioH against the Mojaves— Xutes on Indian Af- fairs of tlic bi'cade .'IJl T xii CONTEXTS. CHAPTER XVI. LOCAL A.NNAI.S OK THE SOriU. 1811-1820. FAOE San Diej,'o Prusiilio — OfTici.ils — TrouMos of Captain Ruiz — Population — Stiitistics — I'roposL'il llenioval — Petty Occurrences of a l)ecatle — Mission San Die^'o — Padro Panto Poisoned — New Cliurcli — Chapel at Santa Isal j1 — San Luis Key — A Prosperous Mission — Branch at Pala— San .Juan Capiatrano — EartlKjualie — Los Anyeles — List of Cit- izens— I'uelilo Chapel — Private Kanehos — San Gabriel — Francisco Duniutz — .lose do Miguel — ]5»;ginniiig at San Hernanlino — Fathers Mufioz and Urresti — San Fernando — Sanfci liarhara I'residio^liiog- raphy of Captain .JosO Argiiello — Force and Population — Events- Mission — Padre Aniestoy — New Ciiureh — San Buenaventura— Purf- siiua — Kenioval — Santa Lies ;54t) CHAPTER XYII. LOOAI, AN.NAI.S OF THE NORTH. lSll-IS-20. San Francisco — Officials, I'opulation, and I'^inances — Buildings — Litho- graphic Views — Foreign Visitors — The Mission — Father Saenz — Across the Bay — Mission San Jose— Santa Clara — Puehlo of San .Jose — Otlicials^The Chapel — School — Road — Monterey Presidial District — Statistics — Presidio Buildings— lieconstruction — School— A P«ear Stoiy — Recapitulation of Foreign Vessels — Rjinchos — San Ciirlos — San LuisOhispo — San Miguel — San Antonio — Soledad — Flo- rencio Ibaficz — San .luan Bautista — Santa Cruz— Padre Manjuinez — Murder of Padre Audreys Quintana — Villa de Brancifortc 370 CHAPTER XVIII. MISSION' AFFAIRS. 1811-1820. Population — Missionaries — Neophytes, Baptisms, Deaths, Agriculture, and Live-stock — President — Coniisario Prefocto — ( Juardian— Mission Documents — Decree of Secularization — Duties of Friars — Exhorta- tions of Supervisors— Extravagant Luxury — Autobiograiiliy of the Padres— Mission Man.agenient— Need of New \\'orkers — Cession to College of Orizaba — Protest of Payeras and Southern Friars — Seuan to Write a History — Ecclesifistical Alliiirs — Inquisition 'M)2 CHAPTER XIX. INSTITUTIONS AND INUUSTKIKS. LSI 1-1 820. Pueblos — No Colonists or Convicts— lianchos and Lands — Spanish De- cree on Public Lands — Inoperative in California — Labor and Labor- L CONTKXTS. xui PAOK ers — Xativcs Bear the Burilon — Miiiiufacturea — Roads aiul Bridges — rriniitive Mills— Minos — Traditions of Gold— Agriculture — Flood and Drought — i'ests — Special I'l'oducts— Live-stock— Connnerce — • Free-trade — Duties — Lima Ships — Kxport of Tallow — Furs — IteUiil Shops at Monterey — Prices — Finance — I lahilitado General — Gervasio Argiiello— MiliUiry — Force and Dis+iibntion — Provincial and Munic- ipal Governnient — Administration of Justice — Grimes and Penalties —Sola's EUbrts for Education— School-boy Days at Monterey 413 ;i40 370 CHAPTER XX. THE LAST YEAK OF SrANI.SII RULE. 18J1. Beginning of a New Decade — Nothing Known of the Regency — Maro- meros — Secularization Decree — Padres Oiler to (Jive up the Missions — Governor and Bishop Decline — Payeras versus Sola — Policy of tiio Friars, Real and Pretended — Destitution— Supplies— Politic (!ener- osity of Franciscans — Duties on Jvxports and Importa — A Controversy —Movements of Vessels — American Smugglers — Vaccination — Sola's Discontent — Rumor of a New Governor — Indian All'airs — Colorado Tiihes — Southern Rancherfas — A Cold Season — An Imperial Docu- ment — Foreigners — Argiiello 's Expedition to the North 430 CHAPTER XXI. A PROVINCE OF THE MEXICAN EMPIRE. LS-2'2. News of Independence and the Regency— Junta of April 9th at Monterey — Oath of Allegiance — F'rst Provincial Election — Sola as Diputado to the Cortes — Events and Fears in Mexico — Iturhide Sends a Co- misionado — The Emperor Agustin I. — Arrival of the Cant'migo Fer- nandez in Septend)er— Change of Flag — Junta of October — Ayunta- mientos — Diputacion — The Cani'migo at Ross— Priestly Misiiaps — Election of Governor — Wire-pulling— Argiiello Defeats Guerra — Loyalty of the Friars — Departure of FYn-nandez and Sola — Biographi- cal Notices — Character of Sola — Commerce and Finance — Vessels — Gale a.ud the Boston Trade — McCulloch and Hartnell — Capture of the Etiittt'. — Foreigners — Mission Supplies — Indian Atlairs — The Sea- son 4.">0 392 CHAPTER XXII. AKOL'ELLO's RCLE— LAST OF TUE EMPIRE — A NEW MISSION AT SONOMA. IS123. Political Rumors — The Empire Proclaimed in April — Governor Tosta's Exploits --Downfall of Iturbide .\niiounced in Xovember — California Approves — Federation Proposed — Junta Summoned — Sessions of the XIV CON'TFXTS. PAIJE T)i]iut.'i(noii — A ]!iiv4 ninl Lohhy— S^igns of Socularization — Vinlcnce to i' ''adrt' — I)(.'allM)t' rritVct I'aycnis ami I'lo-iilciit S'l'iaii — 'I'licir Lift.' and CliJiractcr — Sarria as I'lilatc — Vossils on tlio ('oast — ('mu- iiicii'f--riii-i;liase of tlie Honr — Otter-liuiiting CoiitivK't— Foi-L-i^n licsiik'iits — A Mission at Sonoma — lAploration liy Altimiia — Xuw San Francisco— Troul)lo amonj^ the l'"riars-A Cc'nipromisi'-- Name Clmni,'oil to San Francisco Solano — Annals of lS'_'4-.'{0 — Santiago ArgiicUo in tlie North — Itonicnj's Kxiiedition from Sonora, Lsi2;!-t!. . 482 CHAPTEll XXIII. KVKNTS 01' AUui'KLLo'.s iMLIC— INDIAN IlKVOLT. 1S124. Xational I'olitics— Jr.nta at Montorcy — I'lan do Ouliicrno — r'alifornia's First Const iuition— Sessions of tiic Dipntaciou — IJandosa-jainst ( Jini- ina!s — Communications with Mexico — Mifion Aiipointi'd (iovcrnor— Colonization ],a\v — Tlio Missions and J'adrcs — Qiicsliou of Siipiilica — Stipre^'at and I'ortilla to tlic 1'ulares — Capture and Execution of I'onipouio 510 CHAriEPi XXIV. LOCAL ANN Al.S— SAN DIKCJO DISTRICT. 18'.M-1S;!0. San Diego Tresiilio— Lui/ ami Estudillo — Uiogruphical Sl-cctclus— Offi- cers, Military Foice, and Population — I'lvsidial Finance -Tlic Curt - Kanclio del I!ey. or Kancho Xacional — Town and its UuiMin'.'s — Private lianclios-N'isits of Morrell, Duliaut-Cilly, and I'attie — A Scliotil — Criminal llecord — Lidian Allairs — lasidcnce of tlic (Iov- crnor — (,'lironologic Itecord of Local ilappcnings — Floods, Politics, and Foi-cign Visitors — Mission San liicgo — Ministers — Statistics — Chapel at Santa Isahel — X'ames of ILancherfas and Mission llauclios — San Luis Itey — Invents and Statistics — Lraiich at I'ala — Lands — San Juan Capistrano — A I'eriod of Decline oAM CHAPTER XXV. LOCAL ANNAL: SANTA r.AT.n.vItA DISTRICT. 18'.M-18:!(). ruelilo of Los AnLrt'le.i — Population — .\yuntmaiento, and Muniiipal Af- fairs — (.'lia])el Inundation — Port of San Pedi-o Private llanciios and Land Crants — Mission San Gabriel — Padre Xuez — Lands— Sail COXTEXTS. XV I'AdR CHAPTER XXVI. LOCAL ANN.U..S-.MA.V KUA.NCJ.SCO DISTIUPT. c, .,. J«-'l-1830. hail Frnncisco PicsiMiii-OflicoiN P«.).„ \ -Military Fo,., S\Z7^ rT''" '''^ l'i-So„ Jos,', ^r,.™ Mi-ion S.„ F..,u.is.,-ML^ ^,/'s" /"'"■ "'^ 1 ^'- "-t'-t- -Mun.cpal Ciovc...„,„c.nt au,l Cn.ninal L^ord- Vt ! I w " J^raiicisco ^ uiu .ittauiotl to haii 583 CHAPTEIi XXVII. LOCAL A.NNAl,S-,,„x.n:ui,V DISTRICT. ]5auti,sta-Lilo„f Kst.-.v.nT • I ^^'"l>''>lo l'-l'vli„M-San .(„au -V„uu.Uu.al 1 ro.s,H.nty--\ ilia .1. nra.Kiforte. 007 CIIAPTEPv XXVIII. noss AM. Tin: la-.ssiAxs. !.s-'i-is;!n. iJescnption of Ross— Site n 11,1 P„,M- i. 1 XVI CONTKNTS. Kuakof — Vessels — The CaiKnii^'o I'cniainlez at Ross, and Results — Argiiello's Otter Contract — Kot/elme's Visit — Solano — Zavuli.shin's Nei,'otiatioiis — Mexican I'olicy — I'ears of the Junta — Echeandia ver- sus Russians— Siielikiiof Succeeds Schmidt — Salt Contract — Fears in 8onora — Visit of Duhaut-Cilly — I'attie's Visit— Eeheandia's (j uestiou — Kostromitiuof Manager 028 CHAPTER XXIX. INSTITUTIONARY AND STATISTICAL. 1821-18.iO. Increaae in Population — List of Foreigners — Gentiles — Mission Progress Padres — Statistics — IJaptisuis, Deatl.s, Hei'ds. and (,'rops — ['resident, Prefect, and Other Ollicials — Ecclesiastical Afl'airs — Succession of I'opes — Bishop— Cliaplain — Popular Religion — The W;d\;z— Church Asylum — Pueblos and R;inchos--('(donization and Land Grants — List of Grants — Manufactui'cs — Labor and Wages — Mines — Agricul- ture — Stock-raising — Regulations — Commerce — Prices— Finance — Military — (iovernment — Administration of Justice— Education 653 PioNKKU RwiisiER AND Index. 'Abbott ' to 'Ezqucr'. 083 S HISTORY OF CALIFOEXLl CHAPTER L CHRONOLOGICAL RECOKD OF EVENTS. 1S01-1S03. OpKMN-C! of TIIK CKVTrwv Av TT C.U.T.U. Urn^^tr^^'^'i '^"^'^"''"^ 'EvTKurn,.... « JUKAT .MI.S.SI0.VARV-_EST1^V VX T , n *-^-^'™ •^^■^' CirAIiACTKK OK A KvTTLK A. «Ax Dik:;o^^k Fr^;:'^-^''""'^^'''^ NAu.uTn-.-A THK CATAtAX VoUrXTKEHS ' "''"''•' I^^^VA.V-DkpaUTUUK OP Ix tlie precctlincr volume the anmls of Poiv • After a ro«, ,u- e vo 1 r "" , "' "^; '»'' '^^•••"ta"-- *ic,n i„ Ui02^.-i „-a» nr-,'.l f 1 '"/ '^«' »ox|,l„ra- rise, carrying ten guns and a crew of twenty- one men, touched at San J)iego for supplies. She was frcnn Xew York, and was under the command of Ezckiel Hublx-ll.-' Local happenings of the year include the illness of four or five friars at San ^liguel and San Antonio, and the death of one of the number, under circum- stances suggestive of poisoning by neophytes; a somewhat tiestructive epidemic among the Santa Barbara Indians; a fight near Santa Clara in which live Indians were killed; a false alarm of a plot to » Pror. SI. Pap., :\IS., xviii. 77, 88, 90, 1)8, 118, 133-4. Communications between vicoroy and governor. March '2, 1802, strict vigilance ordered, owing to war with England. Ji/., Jim. Mil., MS., xxxii. 13. '^ Pmv. J'fc, MS., xii. 11, 1'2. The supply-sliiiKS of this year were the Priiin na and L'ouci pc'ioii. Tliey went up to IJodega, wiiere they were separated in !i fog, the former entering San Francisco ]5ay and tlie latter, after narrowly escaping grounding otF tiie ^;alinas, reaching Monterey August Dth. 'J hey Vi ei'e at Santa liarbara in Xovenihcr and at San Diego in December, probably not sailing until January or ^'.'bruary. KutvdiUo, iJoc JIM. <'al., MS,, i. 40, 4J, 44, 47; Piov. Jkc, MS., x. 13; xi. 87, 101; xii. 8, 13, 14. A VISITADOR EXPECTED. kill the miiiistcT and l)urii tlio ini.s.sioii of San Ciiilds; and a lire at San Juan Cajtistrano which destroyed qu (I itc a lai'i^o amount of grain. The jnvsident was alarmed at the rumored intention f the hishoj) to send a visitador t(j inspect the Cali- fornian establishments. Lasuen regarded it as an unheard t)f thing for the ecclesiastical authorities t<) interfere in Franciscan afi'airs; but he wrote to the guai'dian for instructions, suggesting the expediency of issuing a re})ort to show the zeal of the friars together with new instructions on mission managt'- ment, to the end that if the visitador should note any cai'clessness he nn'ght not deem it habitual or sanc- tioned by the Fianciscan authorities. The guardian, (Jasol, replied that the bishop coidd not act without tlie pope's special authority or a connnission fi'om the king. Should he come Avith merely e])iscopal author- ity ho was to be received kindly, but not allowed to make his risita until the matter could l.)e reported to the college, unless indec.'tl it was likely to cause disturb- ance, in which case the president might use his dis- cretion. The l)ishop attempted no interference, but the alarm not iniprobably roused the friars to new zeal and caution.^ In Mexico the project of opening land comnuinica- tion between New Mexico and California was discussed anew in connection with the pending (|uestion of dividing the prt)vincc. The reports of the fiscal ]3or- bon and General Xava of Chihuahua were unfavorable to the scheme. From a<*onHnei'cial point of view the }>roposcd road would not l)e profitable for many years ^ In a clinptor on local annuls for tlii.s ilccadc I give more details of some of tlu'so events with references. ^Sept. -J-i, ISOI, Lasuen to guardian. Pec. .W and Aug. 11, ISO'J, (;.im,1 to Lasuen. Arch. SlaJJ., MS., xii. \M>o-7. The president saysthe iiisliop Iims acted ratlier rjueerly on one or two occasions since the refnsid t()])iiy\Mir contrihutions, omitting the title vicario foraneo from his addresses. I.asuin is glad of that, for he has not exercised the functions of the otlice and does) not intend to unless in case of special need. A curious eomninniiatioa from the vicoroy to the governor was that calling for a list f)f .lesi.its in tho province, and requiring all of that order to be quietly arrested at lii o'clock of Aug. -JOth. rrov. S/. I'ap., MS., xviii. 97-8, 102-4. CIIROXOLOniCAL RECORD OF FA'ENTS. at least. One presidio on the Colorado would not .sullice, and no pioper survey for the loeation of a pri'sicho had evei- been made. There were no men to s])are in New Nexico; reonforcements for California could with proper precautions cross the country with- (»ut the ntad or a protecting presidio, and finally, the ojH'uini^ of the new route would probably lead to hos- tihties with the Indians of the Colorado regiciu.^ In Ufcordance with these views the matter was dropped, though the main proposition of dividing the province was favored by both counsellors and was still an open ♦juestion. Another scheme for the good of California v>as considered and allowed to drop out of sight. This was the ])r( (position of Lieutenant Luis Perez do Tagle of Manila, who asked the king's license to bring a colony from the Philij)pines and establish it on the coast of Califori'.ia. In his petition Don Luis had much to say of his father's services and his own de- jL-ire to serve the king. He had been at Monterey and knew the country's needs. His purpose was to build Uj) connnerce and head off the English and ])utch. His [)ro[)osition was submitted to the viceroy and gov- ernor, and perhaj)s one reason why no more is heard of it was the modest demand of Perez to be put iu command of Monterey and the coast." Peace with England and with Russia was announced in California at the end of 1802; fears of foreign inva- sion, by no means very strong in these times after so many false alarms, were thus removed; and not even a Yankee trader made her appearance on the coast so '^Biirhnn, Pariccr Kuhre el Proyecto de abrir rkt dc Comunicachm nitre fiiU- fornhi )/ jV. Mexico 1/ extuhlerer un PrcKalio a la Entrndadc lUo ('olorrnlo, JSaJ, MS., tlatud .Maicli 4tli. Kara, Informs nohre Proyecto de (dtrir cumhios eiitre ('(di/oriiid y N. Mcriro, ISOl, MS., (lilted July '2()tli. The fiscal's report con- tiiiiK-t a full stateineut of what had been done and proposed in jiast yeai's con- cerning overland communication. June 9th, Colorado Indians not to be baptized at present. Pror. liec, MS., viii. SSS. *A)>ril 7, 1801, petition of Perez, forw.irded Sept. Ist, by viceroy to gov- ernor. J^rov. St. Pop., MS., xviii. 105-13. Nov. 7th, Arrilkga deems the jirciject a very useful one. Prov. Her., MS., x. '"2. Mentioned as a measure ngain.st I'higlish invasion, with nothing of results, iu Virreyes, InslriKU-ioiies, 211. ^ ii DEATH OF AL1U:HNI. lincccl inva- tcv «<> oven list so Ire i^iili- 0. 1SI>1, OS (litre trt cou- li's con- to be to gov- fns the lu'iisure I'ioiien, far ns tlie roconls sliow." ]\'(li'o <1l' All)i'riii, inilitaiy oominaiuhuit of Alta California, died at .Moiitt'i'c-y oii the I Itli of March. Mo luid (,'omc in l7i)() as cjiptaiii ot'tliu Catalan volunteers, and by virtiu; of his supe- rior rank had been eonnnandant of San Francisco until, ranking Ariillaga, he had been transleri'ed t;) ^lonterey in ISOO on Jiorica's departure. Jlishigli positions in the province having been purely acci- dental, he has left little in the records I'roni which we ninv foi'ni anv estimate of his character and abjlitv, but he had been I'or some vears from about 1774 in coniniiiiul of the Jaliscan [)rovince of Xayarit, where he had rendered himself popular with l)oth mission- aries and natives; and he had connnanded in 171)0 the detachment of volunteer's sent to garrison Xootka, where he made himself a favorite with the Indians, and left his nanie attached to one of the inlets on the coast of Vancouver Island. At his death the mili- tai'v command passed naturally into the hands of Arrillana, who from Loreto connnunicated clirectlv with the [)residio conunanders. Lieutenant Jose Font t(jok connnand of the volunteer company.'' Locally ' Oct. 0, 1802, vicoroy ordorctl hi;:li innss in honor of po.ncc lictwren Sp.iiu iiMil lliissia. Tliis iinlir was tran.sniitteil liy Anillaga to Lasufii JUc. II, anil liy l.asncn to his padres Jan. Id, ISO.'*. j%c'. J/lJ. ('(iL, MS., iv. I.'ST !». I'fo. 10, ISOJ, La.sm'U circuhites onliT for high mass for peace betufon Spain and I'liighmd. /(/., iv. I.'!.'!-."), also .Julj- 'J.Jtii, mass for peace with l'oth of these are original docnnieiits and licar the signatures of various padres who complied with the order. July 1, 1M)"J, a circular of the l)ishop al)ont a tax on legacies in aid of the war. A nil. .V.i Jl., MS., V. 0S-7.'!;vi. "J'.IS-.'iO.'J. The Siianisii vessels of the year were tiie Ai/iro, under Alferez Manuel do Mnrga, which arrived at San Francisco Jidy'JIi. /'roc. St, I'ap., MS., xviii. :1'2~; iuid the J'riiiri mi, whuse arrival at San ]>icgo is noted by Arrillaga at Loreto in the note of Nov. ti. J'roi: lin-., MS., xii. 17. '' .Mlicrni was a native of Tortosa in C'atalufia, Spain. Pmv. liec, MS., v. S;!, Ills service in Xayarit, recoidcd in Miisci-ik, Ini'oriiie, MS., and Xfii/nril, Jii/'iriiic (le III And. (/(' (liiiiilaluj.'»; Pror. S/. J'ap., M,S., xviii. 101, 1S3, 167, 1'J'-; I'loi: liCC, MS., x. 15, 71; xi. lUS. After his t h'' 6 CIIRONOLOfilCAL RECORD OF KVEXTS. I iioto in 1S02 a deadly t'i)ldeini(' at Sok'dad, a Imrrl- caiic at San Fi-ancisco wliicli played liavoe with tlio loot's, and a f'avoiablu a.s;jay at Monterey of silver oio iVoni the hills. Several iinjx^rtant matters occupied the friars' atten- tion this year, one hein*^ a proposal from ^Mexico to (•han<;'e the mission system hy adoptinLf the plan lor- iiierlv I'avored hv Xeve for the Channel missions; that IS to leave the natives after conversion in their ran- cherfas, re(|uiring occasional visits by and to the ])adres foi instruction and th'. performance of spiritual duties. The guardian of course op[)osed the chaniL^e, hut ho called on l^asueu foi* a new statement of the arj^u- ments against it. The president in rej)ly, besides dwellinj.,^ (ju the fact that the Indians could bo in- duced to chany^e their habits only under the constant supervision of missionaries, recalled the tragic results of a former experiment on the Rio Colorado; and referred to the comparative failure in 13aja California and at Sau Diego, where the sterility t)f the soil ren- dei'ed necessary a practice somewhat similar to that proposed. He believed the innovation would be in every respect injurious, and the viceroy decided that it should not be attempted." Another question, by no means a new one, was that of chaplain's service at the presidi(js and j)ueblos. It d(K's not appear that there were at this time any l(jcal troubles resulting fnmi a refusal of the friars to render this service; but tlio governor urged the ap- pointment of chaplains, com])laining that tiie mission- aries had not been given the nccessaiy powers, that it was an inconvenience for soldiers to go to the mis- sions for sacraments, and that it was bad for their morals to be free from a curate's supervision. The (lentil there came from the viocroy a leave of iibsonce dated April 3d, St. Pnp. , iS'cc, MS., iii. 3X Arrillaga puts Font in charge of the coiiipaiiy. St. /'(ij)., Mi.-<.t., MS., iii. '24. * LiiKiii II, Iii/ormi' sohrc inromriiirnlfs :ic(» tonk the !^r(>;iii;l tlint tlu' (Nil coiiiplaiiu'd of wiis not a M'ly serious oiu-. T\\v distaiici' to 1)0 tra\rrsc(l 1)V soMitTs and settlors was Mot ori'atrr than was ol'tni the (.-asi' in sul)-jtiU'i»los in otlii-r )»ro\inc-i'.>: the jtrrsidmt now had cusfri-ii.'O' jMtwer whirh hi' eould ddt'^at.-, and it would he very ditHcult if not inipossihh- to ohtain secuhir cK'rijfynu'n lor chaitlains. It need not he said tliat no ehaplain-i were appointech llie truth is, the i'riars wanted not se( nlar eha|»lains hut eompensation fordoini;' ehajtlaiu dutv, wliih' th(.' _o()verinnent was n(»t willinm' to ap- jioint <'haphiins, l)eeause their pay must come from the ti'easurv, and couKl not leuallv hi- taken from thj 'lOUS fund.*" Finallv the friai'; W( re tl'oulded tlii yeai' and tlie next hy land complieations. The minis- ters of Soledad replied at some lenn'th to a eomj»laint IVom those of San Curios ahout a ranehoof San ( Jei'o- ninio. The president's reply was that no such eom- jlaint had c jr heeii made. The ministers of San ( ';irlos in turn ealk;tl lor the expulsion of settlers from tlu- rani'ho of JUieua Yista, a step jtromised i)y JJoriea V h'.'never the mission should need its lands. Arri- ll;!<'a decided that as tenii)orarv Li'overnor he had no authoi-ity in the matter, and atlvised a petition to the suj)erior in'overnment. Ai>ain the j)adi'es of San Juan Jiautista were ordered to remove their cattle iVom till' lanchi) of La l^rea ^-ranted to Mariano Castro. 'J'hey I'cfuscd, and the matter was referred succes- sively to j)resident, i^niardian, and viceroy, the latter iinally decidimi,' that if the iriars' statements were true Castro must settle elsewhere.** '"Fisciirs opinions, Seiitonihcr ISO'J, in An/i. I^tn. II, :\IS., v. 70 8."i; ix. '2(!-.'M. Oct. IStli, Liisuen to j;u;iMli:iii, s.iys tlii' lii liop li.is iiiMrcssc'd Tapis iis clia plain of Santil liai'hara, to wliicli Ik', l.asiR!i. lias icplicil that thiix' was lid .siuli ajiiiointniont, title, or jiay. /., lini. Mil., MS., xxxiv. "JO. .Inly l.'i. iMMi, Arrillaga complains to viceroy that wliiK.' the natives have jilenty et spiritual instruction, the tji'iilt' ilr rd'.oii are ilein'iveil of it, many soldiers tieinj; in jiri.son for failure! to comply witli eliurcli (liicies, liecause they ilo not know tlie (loetrina. J'rar /I'l-r., MS., ix. SS-!). "del. I(i, ISO-J, jKulresof Soledad to president. Oct. iKith, reply. Ai-r/i. Ar.iil,., }ilS,, ii. 11, PJ. April "Jd, padres of San LValuji to Ciov. .Funo IGth, CIIROXOLOfaCAL RKCORD OF EVi:\T.S. TIu" Caliloi'iiiiiiis — l)y wliicli toriii for a time \\v aif to uiKlcrstaiid Mixican residents in Califonila — Wfiu iH)\v callv'd upon to ))ait with tlie voncral li' tViar, Padro FcriiiiM Fiancisco do LasiU'ii, lor thirty years a mis- sionary in the provinee, and for eiu^hteen years jticsi- lv and sururisinnlv nu'agi'e. Though Lasuen's name stands second anil not first chronologically in the list of Franciscan pivlates, though no pen of brother friar or friend has recorded his life and virtues, I cannot hut regard Lasuen as first thus far in (_ alifornia, both as man and missionaiv. In him were united the (jualities that make up the model or ideal padre, witliout taint of hypocrisy or cant. In person he was small and compact, in ex[tression viva- cious, in manners alwavs aLTreeabh.', thouijfli diiJiiified. He was a frank, kind-hearted old man, who made IViends of all he met. Distin aftbrcls abundant evidence of liis untiring zeal and of his ability as a man of business. His writings, of which I have many, both original and I I •I reply. A/., ii. 0-11. Dec. 30, 18S.1, gHardian to V. R. Feb. 24, 1804, V. R. ti) Oov. Prar. St. Pup., MS., xviii. 3S5-0. Nov. '2, 1803, Gov. to Com. of Monterey. Piov. lite, MS., xi. 185. 4 I ■>* I rRi;siPi:\T lasuex. o ropii'd, |)rei)ossess tlic rciidcr in fiivoi-oC tlicautlior Ity thcircdiiijiarativo coiicisciu'ss (*t' stylf. ( )riiis fci'vcut liiitv tlu'ie aru iilniMdaiit prool's; and liis piety and jimiiility wito of an aurrcahK' type, uiiohtiiisivr, and Itlriidcil with <'i)niin(»n-.srnse. Jli' ovircanu' oijstacK-s in tilt; wayol ut liu t'lvat.i'd no ohstaclcs foi* tlio uwiv sak(! of snrni()untinj4" tlieni. riicn' was \i\ liini notliin^^ of the bij^ot, ascotir, or fanatic; ho was not the man to limp tii...ai,di life; on a son; k'lr jf a cyuw could 1)0 lound; and wo hoar notliinaf('nfci'nn\\ tho college, inimcdiatoly assumed tile otiice of president, and tho machinery of tho Franciscan ostahlishmonts continued to move smoothly " Forniin Francisco do Liisuen wan a native of Vitoria, province of Alava, S]>ain. The ilate of his birth is not recorded, nor anything; of liis lifo until lie siiilod from San Jilas on March 14, 17(iH. Ifo reaclied Lorcto Ajiril l.t, aiiil was nssif^nod to tlie mission of San Francisco do IJorja. In Marcli 17('>!> hf went up to 'V'olicata to lilcss Jiivova's expedition starting; for tlie nortli. Jn -May ITT.'She left Loreto, was at \'elicat;i in .luly, and on Au'^ust liOtli arrived at ,S»n ]; at San Juan Capistrano through 177(i; and .at San Dioijo until 17s.">, wlion ho was elected president. During his ti'nn of otiice, froni Sept. of that year, his liead-(|uarters was at San CVirlos. Imt in addition to liis fre(|nont tours throuj,'li all the missions, ho was at Santii Clara almost continuously from l7S(i to 17>S0, at Sun IJuonaventura in 17!I7, and at San Luin ()1ms]>o from Oct. 17!M> to Aufinst 1800. In May 17!)."> ho received a few votr's lor the ]irelacy of his college, but Xoyuoira was electtjd. Arch. Stu Ji.. MS., xii. 4I{(!. Mention of his death on .June 'Jfith. /(/., viii. 177; xi. 7.'l-4; J'mr. Itir., ^'S., X. 7.3; Prov. St. I'ap., MS., xviii. 241. Certificate of Inirial on .Fune -7th, liy Carnicer, in Moidtrc}/, Parroqukt, MS., 10.">. In this document Lasuen is spoked of as ' Helif^ioso Franciscano Oh.servante, Prosidento ( I'rodi- cador?) (Jeneral Apost<')!ico do Propaganda Fide, Vicario Foraneo del Ilmo. Sr. Ubispo de Souora, Comisario de la In(^uisicion de Mexico, y I'lesidente do 10 ClIROXOLOGICAL RKCORD OF INVENTS. undoi' its now iMniiaj^'omont. That tliis system in its incclianical aspects was a very })errect onu cannot i)c c|ucsti()ne(l.^'' Several American trading ci-aft made their appear- ance on the California coast this year, creatinijf not a little excitement in some instances hy attempts at smnn^TniL!;, in the success of which tlie peoj)le were oi'ten hardly less interested than the Yankee ca[)taiiis. The Lclld Ihjrtl was fitted out at Jlandjui'ii^ l>y Cap- tain Richard J, Cleveland of Salem, Massachusetts, uho had just made a i'ortune hv a four years' vova<>'e or series of commercial adve'itures in the I'acilic, (hnin^' which he had touclied tlie northern coast of America, hut not of California, in partnershij) with AVilliam Shalcr, and sailed in November 1801.'* Shaler cstns niisionos de la Alta Xiieva California, iiatui'al de la ciuilml (IcA'itniia en la rroviutia (If Ahilia, liijo dc la Santa riovincia do Cantaliria, »'; iiicoipdiado til il AimstiiHco Cuk'^^io ., MS., xi. T^-i>. Oot. '27, ISdS, lii>liii]> of Sonora jiay.s a liiyli trilmto to LasiionV sorvicesand clianiotor. Jil., xi. UK). An old Califoiniiin says llint J.asuoii had very tiiu' jiolite Ficiicli inaniicrs — his family hoin^^'of {•'ronoli extraction. Tiiii/nr'a JJiscar. mid Found- tr<. No. .SI, ii. 1!),'?. ' J^o I'oiv Firniin do la Suen, I'lvsident dos niis.sioiis do la Nduvello ( 'aliforiiie, est nil des holiiiiios los jilus ostinialiles (juo j'aio jamais ronoontros; sa douceur, sa eliariti', son amour jionr les liidieiis soiit inoxpri- inahles.' L■'.•< Fo;/., ii. "A. I'urthcr oom|ilimoiitary notii-'e. /'/., ii. 471-2. Vancouver, in the ]iresi- (Icnt's honor, gave his iiamo to i't Fermin ;ind I't Lasneii, still so called on iiiodern maps. J^asucn's handwriting and autograph, in .V. Anloiiio, Dor. SdiHos. Ms., 2(J. '^.luiio .'!0, ISO;t, Tajiis to governor, Lasneu h.aving died, the presidency devolvi s oil me liy virtue of patent of .Ian. 2(1, 17!'S. Arrli. Sta II., viii. 177. Sept. 20. \f^)'.\, viceroy to governor, of similar pur[iort. /';•«»•. I!th. guardian to T^'pi.-,, chooriiig him to liistask, which ho iiad sought tlirough humility to avidd. l{o must ho guided liy the acts of Ills preilocessors. Anh. Sin Ii.. M>'., ix. 4( !.")(). A]>|)ointmeiit of Tapis as vicario t'oraiieo aiiiioniiced August ;!. l.S()4. Arrh. .i/'-o//., MS., ii. 41. In •Irdv 1^0!) Tapis was reelected jiresidelit of the missions. Sin Chira. I'drm- fj.nii. .MS., 2:!; S. Josr, J'li/uiir.i, MS., S.Vd; Arr/i. Stii Jl., .MS., xi. 207. Tapis received in iS(i4 his .■ip]iijiiitmont as vicario foraiieo y castreiiso. Arrli. ,S.'n II., .MS., xi. 00-101; xii. XW; I'ror. ]l(r., .MS., vi. 21; ix. 107; I'roi: St. Pill'., Ms., xviii. ;t;i:{. " April I, ISOl. ]>apers of the LiTki Jl)/rd, 74 tons (hut 17.') tons according to ('lc\( li.iidl under ('apt. I'or.sytli, witli i row of nine, signed Colouir.l ."■'ecre- tary .loll'erson at X')rfv)ll;, Va. Indur.sed at Hamhurg by American Consul, THE 'LELIA LYRD.' 11 lual llllOI'S. if ii;^o ilUltf- liiK'iit -//., ii. ]in'si- il'll oil Dor. ilclKV 177. ., vi. fcvliich Iftfi of I lis as hi !"(/ /•;•'>- •2!»7. ll'i-oi: |r(liii'j; I'ciTf- klliiul, was master, and Cleveland second In command. The vessel was loaded with a threat vai'iety of merchandise, which it was hooted to sell ]>roHtably on the west coast of America, no matter Ikav, when, or ^\here. After donljlini^ Cape Horn, and meetiniL'' with some rather interesting' adventnres in ^May ISO'J, at A'alparaiso, where they found the American ship 7/'r.(n'(/, C^iptain Rowan, the navio-ators reached San ]Jlas in Jul v. Here and at the Tres ^Farias they waited over six months, and by adroit maiueuvrinLT, sendinu:; <>iie of Iheir number to ]\Iexico, and as it appears by collusion with the connnissary, they succeeded not only in sellini^ goods to the aniount of 610,000 and obtainii.g what sui)plies they needed, but also bought 1,()00 otter- skins just arrived from California at ])rices which assured the success of the trijx An anuising fc>ature of this and other similar narratives is the cool frank- ness with which the Americans and ]*]nglish })i'esent the evasion of all S|)anish commercial and reveiuie regulations as an action altogether ])raiseworthy, and the efforts of the officials to ciiforce those ri.'gulations as correspondingly re|)rehensil»le. S'uling from San J^las, January 25, 1H<);1, after careening and ' l)oot-top}ring ' the vessel at the Tres ]Ma.rias, our ad\'enturers sailed in February lor San ])i(go where they were given to understand there was a iot of otter-skins that might be ol)tained advan- tageously. On the way they found eleven naked Indians to Ik; the only iidiabitants of San Cleniente Island. On the evening of ]\Iarch f7th, the Lclin ]>i/rnmiandant KodriiJi'uez with an escort of twelve nuMi eanie on board to comply with the formalities re(|uired by superior instructions, with wdiich the reader is alreadv familiar. He took a memorandum of the (Vt. -J-', 1801. Will. Sliulcr ill coniiimiiil. Pror. Sf. P.tp., MS., xviii. e.V2. ('iiiiiir itoiiissillim, ji (listiiiLjiiislu'd I'ulc, Kailcil witli ( 'ii'vclain! ami Slialcr, ami v,,is li.U'iistL'd in tlic i>i()lits, Imt lie kft tlio \rss(.'l at Sail lilas. w fl^ 12 CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD OF INVENTS. provisions wliicli the visitors jirotciulod t(^ newl, and prouiiscd to snpjily tlicin next day.^^ At the same time he indicated the necessity under the laws of an ininiodiate departure, and retiyncd to shore leaviiiGf Sergeant Joaquin Arce with five men as a o'uard, and givinj^ the Americans permission to land without vis- iting the presidio. Cleveland ridicules liodriguez for his exceeding vanity, his absurd display of a little brief authority, and the characteristic pomp with which this arrant coxcomb performed his duties. I cannot denv that Don Manuel may have been some- what pompous in manner, but the head and front of his oftending in the eyes of the Yankees was his inter- ference with their schemes of contraband trade. From Arce it was learned that Rodriguez had about a'thou- sanht to different itiirts of the bay shore. One returned Nvith a few otter- skins; l)ut the other was seized by the watchi'ul com- mandant, the mate and two men being bound and left on the l)eacli under a i>uard of three men. Next morning CJeveiand went ashore with four men, each '^ Three cattle, miic a rrohas of flour, imc and n hnU f'iiiifii'i>i of suit, ami '24 cliii'kfiis were tlie supplies askeil for anil receivud, ac(jording to the Si)au- isli record iu the archives. BATTLE AT SAX DIEGO. 13 armed with a brace of pistols, rescued the captives, and broui;"ht them oil'/'' Sails were set at once and the somewhat hazardous attempt was made of running out past the guns of the fort. The hoisting of a Hag and the firing of a blank-cartridge from the battery liad no effect, and when a nine-pound ball came across her bows the Lelia still kept on her course, with the Spanish soldiers on board forced to occupy the most e.\])osed and cons|)icuous positions. As she passed the fort two broadsides I'rom her six three-pounders were disc-hariifed at the battery; while many of the shots from on shoi'e took eft'ect in the rii^ging, and several struck the ludl, one of them making an uglv hole between wind and water.^' Then the terriiied Arce lung but Itain mall liey ac- rts Iter- i)m- land text ach "■'IJnt in .a letter of April from S. Quintin--A7)^ W. Pap., MS., iii. 20.')- 7--('li'volaiiil siiii|)ly siiy« the moii ■were released mi his rcpresciitatioiis. JIo i;lsi) liri'il a ^1111 as a tjiyual of <.lcjnirtui'o. Otherwise tlic letter agrees with liis ]iiiiit('il iiari'ative. " i'lxeept in the last sentence I have followed suhstnntially, with a few juhstitiitions and eorreetions of Spanish names, Cleveland's own version of t!io allair. C/i'rt Ininl's \i(rr(iliiY cj' Votjd'ji.f oiiil t '(niiincrrirtl J'^iit( rjif/sf<. (tiiiihrhlijc, IS.'/..', i. "ilO-'Jl. It is a most interestinj; and well written liouk. 'J'his was Cleveland's only visit to Califoinia, but lie gives a few items of information respeetinu; siihseipient visits of his assoeiates. Another version \< that of l\odrimiez i.i his I'iport to the j;ovei-nor dated Ajiril lOtli. Ituitii- ijiiir., Lo Afitrc'iili) coil Tri/iiihtidts tie la Fnnjuta 'Lelia Bird,' con motivo de Cuin/ini (}<• Nuh-ina, IS(i,i, MS. Alioiit the ligiit the two narratives do not exactly agree. Cleveland, in b'lok and lettei', says the vessel endured a steady cannonade for three (piart<'rs of an lioiir without tiring a shot, and only fired after receiving her damagi's, silencing the battery with two iiniadsiiles. Rodriguez says that suspicious of contraliaud traiie he nuidc a round in the evening, surpi'ised the .\mciicans of one lioat trading witli (Virlos liosa at La Barraca, arrested the thiee, and went on to tiie iiattcry where ]w sei/ecl some goods left in payment for 41) ottert-kius. Next morning when Cleveland came ashore to see what had hccome of the men, one of the guard, .Antonio (iuillen-he wa=i the hu-()ods received in exchaui^c for skins and conhscated. A'elas- quez argued that there had been between his men antl the Lc/ia meri.'ly a mutual exchange of gifts, and not trade at all. Of the result we know only that the contiscated goods were sold at auction for 5i?212, '■^See I fist. North Mix. Stad'-i, vol. ii., tliis scries. '"■•Clevelaiiir.s iiaiTiitive was reiiriiitcd in the l^Kcramciifn Ciiinn. of March 4, 1801. See //in/rs' Mi. ■<■<■, on ]}„itk\ i. l.Sl-7. May 1, 1S(W, Amllaf,fa lias heard of the arrival of the L., MS., xviii. 'M)~. May ISO.'l, Cnrporal Ruiz, of ,S. Vicente, to (Jov., announcca arrival of thi^ t\vi> American vessels on pretence of rcjiairs, one of tliiiu having come out of a tigiit at San Diego 'nniy mal ]wrado.' Ruiz did not know of the light or he would not have alloweil the vessel to anchor. Many lia(hv.> went im Iward. lie encloses a note fi'oin the captain, Shaler, m.'diing elaint against the eiunmandant of S,-in Diego. Airh. Ar:oli., MS., ii, 'JT. In I'ror. /.'('■., MS., i.\. "iO-l, Capt. Shaler is named. Xo other name givcu by the .Spaniards. M THE 'ALEXANDER.' 15 )f the [t iiii- vcnt luili- ;(»()ils ilas- nieii ;, Jiiul that irch4, liriU'il , lSt«, it Sail |iUrrv"3 MS., loUlli'CS tllllU ill not Many laUiii^ iy-7, nvcn and that the proceeds seeiu to have been divided aiuoiig the party that effected tlie capture.'^^ As we have seen, Cleveland lieard of the Alc.r- (oidrr at San Dieu^o and suhsequentlv met her at 8an Quintin. She ari'ived at San iJiego Fehrnary 2(5, ] 80."),'"' Captain ]^ro\vn den landing'' permission to i-e- main for a time that his men mi^ht be cured of sciirvv. I'liis was accorded for eiii'lit days bv ]iodri- j;nez, the sick were allowed to land at a distance from the fort to prevent contaLjion, and fresh provi- sions were also su[»])lied. There may have been scurvy on Ijoai'd, but Brown's chief object was to carry on a contraband trade for otter-skins. In this he succeeded ]>retty well until on the night of ^larch Txl liodri- guez sent on board an oihcer who seized foui' hun- dred and ninety-one skins and deposited them in the government Warehouse. Brown was then ordered to depart immediately and did so, but anchoi-ed on the 7th at Todos Santos on [iretence of needing wood." 2" April 0, 10, 1803, Velasquez to povenior, in Pror. SI. Pap., MS., xviii. 2!'»l-(i. The writer eorrolwrates sulwtantially l{n(lri;;uez' aueimnt of the fi;;lit. .lunc l'.>, 'JO, ISOO, coniinandaut of S. nicLro toduv., anin.iiiKin!,' s.'.lo (if jiooil.H, ami naming; four men ilesc rvin;^ to share tlie jiroeeecU. /'/., xix. iri()~7. Tliere are imlieation^ that the -lO (ittersUins as well as the ^'ooils j.'iv(ii for them were contiseateil, that i.s that the Americans luioston, in favor of tlic /rmjrilfi <.r/,ii/i- r!(iii'iriii .(A/.iyn/'/f'/', Capt. Juan lirown, owners, Henri(|ue l>assy it Co. anil .Tosi' Taylor of Boston. Aid to lie rendereil .should she touch in any of the kiii;,'"s dominions. I'lvr. Sf. /'"/>., MS., x\ iii. '2VA. 'J"he eustonidiouse record.^ of lloston show that the Ali'.rdiiili r was first cleared for the \. W. coasts in 1707 under Capt. Dodge. Jinstmi ui tin' X. 11'., MS., 7(1. '•■'-' Itodriguez to govcnior. March 10, iSdli. I'roi'. Sf. Pkjk, MS., xviii. 24.V.'i. A])ril "Jlst. .\rrillag.a has heard of the all'air.uid nportcd it to tlie \icc- roy. 'i'lie ))adre of San L\lis Itey lias written and asked for tlie return /., xviii. 'J(i.'i-0. Cleveland, who a.'i we have seen was di.sn]ipointcd at his failure to Imy the eonliscated skins, puts the transactions with liiown in a ilark light. Ho learned from Arec that the connuaud.;nt 'without fust dem;:ndiiig tlu ir sintyndcr, lioarded the shi[i M'ith an ar-.iicd force, nuide a seaich, and took away all the skins they could find, together with f.ome morelraidise.' ' Hi;d lirowu negotiated with the Comuiundunt lirtit, it is most prohahle he would !l 16 CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD OF EVENTS. After liis nicetiniv witi: Sluiler and Cleveland he left San Quiiitin m A\)v\\ for the Northwest Coast to Jipi'ly for relief and obtain a contin<^ent of trade ^vherever he eould impose on the S})aniards for their own benefit and his. We next hear of him at San Juan Caj)istrano, still in search of j)rovisions for his erew, but whetlier he was successful or not is not recorded.-"' In ^lay the AJcxa ndcv i\\)\ycixrc(\ at San Francisco — tlu! second American vessel to enterthc Golden Gate — where she remained seven days, and where the request for provisions and wood and water was of course granted, the cai)tain's tactics and past actions not beinL;' <»fficially known here. She sailed ostensibly for ]3o(lega.-* On August 1 Ith, however she came back with a consoi't, claiming to be in great distress by reason of hardships arising from Indian hostilities on the northern coasts. But the commandant turned a deaf ear to Brown's ])itiful, and possibly true, tale, reminding him that only four months before he had obtained provisions enough to support his crew of sixteen men for at least eight months, and ordering him to sail forthwith, as he did next day.'^' The Alexa lulc I' Hoenis to have proceeded directly to Mon- terey, where better luck awaited her, since she obtained Imve olitaiiu'd the wliole quantity, and at the same time have avoided the l.uiiiilatiiii.i' jn'odioaiiiciit "f liaving liis ship taken possession of hy tiie rahhle.' Jiu sutisoiniunlly at San (^>iiintiu learned t'rain l>ro\vn more details, whieh he does nut L;i\e. 'ol' the i(Kigh manner in wliieli he had heeu treated by tlio conniiandant at San ]!ie;:;o, which confiiiiied ns in the pfO])iiety of the meas- r.re.s we liad pui'.siii'd to avoid a simihir treatment.' 'Wo liad escaped simihir d:nn;ers and wei'e amonj; a people remarUnhle for treachery and hostility to .strangers'! Vlcrduinl'H Nki:, i. 212-1;?, 21(!-17. ■-^Pior. y.Vr.,MS., xii. 21. '-'.Inly l.">. 1803, Arrillaga to Com. of San Francisco. Proi\ Pec, MS., xii, 24i>. ]5rief mention of this visit in connection with .a later one, in St. Pdj).. Jfixs. (111(1 Colon., MS., i. 84-7. In 1804 Alacario Castro gave some testimony about trade with a ship at San Francisco in May, which I suppose may refer to this occasion. He saw ))lenty of p.eople and ))lenty of foreign goods but knows nothing about any trade. He has no particular reason to sus- ]H et the commandant. The habilitado knows something about goods bought. .fosr Maria said he had .Sr)(X)and he came ba''k with goods. Others are named who took a hand in the game. Pror. Sf. Pep., MS., xviii. 40.'{-.'). ^"' Aug. 2titli, Argiiello to Arrilluga in St. Pap., J/iss. and Colon, MS., i. 84-5. ROWAN AND THK ' HAZARD.' 17 led the ral.l.lc' liioli ho liy the le iiu'us- simihir tility to c, MS., . in .S7. e some suppose foi'cign to sus- houglit. J named UlS.. i. 4 Rupplics and repaired lier t()i)inast and then was able to run away in the niglit without payin^- lier bills.'-^ The ve.ssel alhided to as having' entered San Fran- cisco Bay with the Ah-xandcr on Auufust 1 Itli, is called by the Spaniards the yl.srr, Thomas Kaben, I suppose her to have been the JLfzai'd, James liowan, V. liich, as the reader will remember, was met by Cleve- land at Valparaiso the year before.-' There was no reason to I'ei'use Rowan's request for aid, especially after he lunl sent in a written statement of damages received in the north, and Ari>, ii'turning May (i, lS(t."); and nailed aixain nnder Smith, mastci', duly '2'2, l;-d.">, returning .Tune '2'.\, 1808. 'J'Iuh autiiority i>< not, however, reliahle. '-*'()n Rowan '.s northern experience see J /is/. A'orf/nrtut I'oayf, i., this series. He lirought to California an account not only of his own disasters, hut those of tlie lltinfoii at Xootka. -' .June 13, 1803, AiTillaga sends to the ef)mniandantR orders issued liy the viceiny du Ajiril 14, with royal order of Aug. 10, 18()'J, whieii called for rcdouliled precautious and strict compliance with the old regulations in view iif the constantly increasing eilorts of foreigners to carry on illicit trade in the Pacific. SI. /'.»/*., Sar., MS., ii. 5!). ^" Argiiello's report in /SV. J'up., 2/isx. ninl Coloii, ^IS., i. 84-7. The arrival of the Ali-nniilii- and Jjazanl on this occasion has been noted by Uisx. Cal., Vol. II. 2 18 CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD OF EVENTS. Rowan subsequently made his appearance at Santa Barbara in SL'[)tenil)er, and succeedeil in obtaining additional sui)plie.s; but at San Juan Capistrano, v/liore be went next with the same |>retext, he obtained nothing. Here he is said to have left a woman, who was sent to San Bias, and who ^^•as the cause of some irregularities on board the transport.^^ It is not unlikely that the American captain suc- ceeded at one port or another in exchanging SLirre})ti- tiously a portion of his cargo for otter-skins, though the records contain nothing definite on the subject. Meanwhile the strictest orders came from Mexico, for it was feared not only that officials might be remiss and that contraband trade might be carried on, but also that in case of war some hostile vessel might enter the Californian ports under pretence of being an American trader in distress.^- Notwithstanding the precautionary measures ordered it was deemed wise to reduce the military guard of California by withdrawing tb.e com])any of Catalan volunteers, now numbering seventy officers and men, under the com- mand of Font. There is no correspondence extant to show the motive for this step at such a time, without any special attempt to replace the company. It is known, however, that infantry troops had not been deemed useful in this province. A portion of the several writers, as Tuthlll, llixt. Cal., 118; Randolph, Oration, .310; Croniso, Ndt. Wealth of Cal., 3(J-T; Imt they have generally erred in calling this the lirst instead of the third arrival of American vesisels at S. Francisco; in pre- serving the name Ancr; and in changing tlic date of arrival from the 11th to the 1st. ^' Dec. '23, 18S3, viceroy to governor, in reply to report of Oct. l.'lth. Tho vessel is called the Anycr, Capt. Rowen. St. Pap., Sac, MS., v. 83-4. Oct. 1st, (Jov. to Com. of Sta Rarlwra, calling the vessel Asff, Capt. Rowen, "Jij gv.ns and 32 men. Proi: I'tr., xi. !(7. Oct. 3d, (tov. to Ros tub Coast — The Fiu.st Califounian Narrative in the United States^ Captain O'Ca in— Russian Contracts— Precautions aoaixst Foukicn- EiiS— Arrillaoa and Tapis on Missions — Founding of Santa Ines^ Padre Romualdo Gutikrrez — An Incrkase of Military Force— ^Iilitia Artillery Company — Fears of Anclo-A-meiucans — Proposed Mission on Santa Barbara Islands — Indian Hostilities at San Josi: [Mission — Arrillacja on Provincial Nekds— An Armed Cruiseu — The 'Peacock' and the 'Reisos' — Captive Sailors— Winship's Voy- AoE— Campbell's Voyage— The Guardian's Mission Regulations. The division of the Califoniias into two distinct provinces, a matter under serious consideration since 170(),^ was finally effected in 1804, by a royal order in which the official names of the new provinces were fixed as Antigua and Nueva California. The boun- daries were left as before between the Dominican and Franciscan missions, and Arrillaga was made political and military governor of Nueva California at a salary of lour thousand a year. A temporary governor was to be named for Antigua California and Arrillaga was to continue in conunand till such a govenujr was named. Tiio viceroy sent this order to Loreto August 29th, and its receipt was acknowledged by Arrillaga the 10th of November, whicli date may therefore be • See If int. Cat., i. chap, xxviii., this scries. The viceroy Marquina urged the iiiattor in 1800 to the king, vliu however desired further infurnw- tion. Vinri/f.f, Insfriici'iDiics, '201. April 4, liSO'2, the a iceroy asUs for tho jiresideufs opinion, which was given .July lilst, and was favorable to the change. Atrh. Sla B., MS., xi. 429-^-2. (CO) ,■: 1 ILm. FORETON VESSELS. 21 stinct J sinco ; Jur in -\ were 1 KoLin- 5 '•V ti and j itical alaiy • was 1 I was was ^ llaga ■ 'c bo H rqiiina ^| forniu- ^1 :u the 9 roganlod as tliat wlicn liis propriitary rule began. Tt was not (li'fnuMl best to name innuediately a ruler for tlie peninsula, ovi-r wliieli Arrilla^'a was recjUested still {(> exercise authority, though he might |)roeeed directly to Monterey.^ He did not, however, conio north until the next year, sailing from Loreto for San ]juis l^ay uj) the gulf on August 1'.), 1805, and ari'iv- jng at ^ionterey Jaiuiary '20, ISOd."'' J>oth the L('/i<( Ihjrd an and in re[)ulsing an attack several were killed. The second mate also had a leg broken by a falling ti'ee. Of the voyage down the coast from Trinidad we have the following only: "On the 23d we arrived on the coast of California, v^here I got aimndant suj)- ]>lies of provisions, and began a trade with the mis- .'•ionarios and inhabitants for furs. We continued on the coast of California until the 8th of July, when wo hailed for the gulf of that name."'' Ai'ter a trip to Guaymas and down the coast to (.ruatemala Shaler returned northward, and on Febru- ary " arrived without any remarkable occurrence on the coast of California, where we got plentiful supplies ei" provisions as usual, and were not unsuccessful in our collection of furs." He visited Santa Catalina 1 >land, found a desirable harbor, and again anchored lliere in May, naming the harbor, of which he believed himself the first cx|)lorer, after a former partner Port itouissillon. The Indian inhabitants of the island, one hundred and fifty in number, were very friendly. The ship was found to be ii\ an unseaworthy condition, but by six weeks of hard v.'( rk, attended with many mishaps, and l)}* a free irnd somewhat novel use of oakum, lime, and tallou, she was made ready, and sailed early in June. Shaler anchored in San Pedro ^ Aug. 11, 1804, Arrillag.a writes to the commamlants of Sta Barbara and San Dii^go that he is informed of the arrival at San Buenaventiu'aonJuly .")tli, and at San Juan Capistrano, seeking provisions, of the Aniorican ship Alex- (tii'ltr, C'apt. Wni. Slialer, 8 guns and "24 men. Tliis must be an error of tho Spaniards so far as the name of the ship is concerned. Shaler may liave given Lis VL'Hsi'I a false name on account of lier previous troubles at San Diego; but lie would hardly have chosen so deservedly unpopular a name as that of tho 'Akxainler.' Sec Prov. lire, MS., xi. 10'2; xii 30. Sept. 30, 180-t, Castro to governor, thinks the vessel at San Francisco in "May may have been tho All .laiidir. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xviii. 405. These are the only allusions in the archives to Shaler's visit of 1804. SHALKIf.l XAHHATIVK. S3 Hay wlicro lie ohtuiiicd su|>])lii's lor t'.vrlvc iiiontli> 111 (l< lucliulinuf many li<',n>^ and slu'cj); llu-ii nc ran down tlic coast, colk'ctinn' f'nrs on tin- way; and .Inly ;!()tli sailcti iVoni ( a])o San liUcas for the Sandwifli Islands, vluTc he arrived in An_nnst." ( a[)tain Slialer's narrative, puldislicd in IM08, was till' first extended account of Calii'oi-nia juinted i:i JO author ;^nvos a j^^ood Ljeiur! the Knited Stat cs. Th .1 (lesci'iption <»f the province, its people, instilul ions, and ])rosj)ects, which, however, does not demand extended notice here, hi^cause it was evidently made up ni(!ro larj^ely from the observations of La Perouse and A'aneouver than from thoMO of the American trader. ^Moreover it i.s clear that such ])ai'ts (»f Shaler's re- marks as result from his own (,'X})eiience apply us a rule to the peninsula I'ather than to Alta Calit'ornia. " The climate," he savs, " seems i)artioularlv faAorahIo to horses and mules, as they retain their strenLfth and viy-or till ])ast thirty years." The sea-otter of the Santa ]^arbara Channel were better than on any other part of the coast; and the natives were a distinct and superior race. For several years past the author thinks American traders had left twenty-live thou- sand dollars annually on the coast in exchange for furs in spite of the government and to the great advantage of tlic })eople. " Under a good government the C ali- I'ornias would soon rise to ease and affluence." The ]Jominicans were "a much politer order of men" than the Franciscans. Each mission, pueblo, ])residio, and port is briefly described, and the auLh(3' Arrillaga to have sailed in the San Bias trans})orts.^'' The vessel was owned in part by Abiel and Jonathan Winship, the latter being on board, and she sailed from Boston Jan- uary 2.3, 1803," arriving at Sitka probably in Septem- ber, Here he succeeded in persuading Bariinof, chief manager of the llussian American colonies, to furnisli a company of Aleuts witli their bidarkas under the direction of Shvetzof, and to send him southward to take otters on shares. Sailing from Kadiak in Octo- ber 1803, he is said to have done some trading and liunting on tlie coast of Alta California, but there is no definite recori' of his movements except that he touched at San IV.ego in January 1804. Here he was " Corrcspondonco between Rownn, Aviriiello, and Serjeant Peralta, mProw Si. /'.'/'., MS., >viii. ;57:i, ;>7(i-',l; I'/., Jlrii. Ml/., \.\xiv. 4; .St. Pap., .S,i,:, MS., V. 70. >»/Vor. iV. 7Vr/)., :MS.. xviii. XW. :)(n ; I'ror. /.',-•., MS., xi. 10:!. Tli.,; Priiici'i^d nnd Aairo l)r()i\i;ht the im iii(iri(i.f ivj,inn this year, arriving at Mun- tirey in August, and leaving S. Diego in \ov. Jil., xi. \U2; Prm- .sV. Pc/i., MS., xviii. ;«•_', S7-'. "The name is written O'Kain liy Clevelaml. Xiirfa'in'. i. '2'2\. 0"Keiin ■ nd O'lveene are among other variations. The vessel is ealled liy the Rus- oians the '^''/./wc' and tlie 'liu.'ilnii.' ^- H'lnino/, Shizncopinaanic, ~'>-ii. Arrillagn to viceroy. Pror. AVi-., MS., ix. 47 .">0. '''^ Itdsfoii ill the X. Jr., MS., 11. The writer of this nM.nnieript had i:i Jiis possession many of the logdiooks of the voyages t'l the Northwest Coast, but eould lind no diary of this. He mentions, livwever, a letter of Abiel AViusliip containing advice nud instructions to liib 1 'other about to embark for the Iirst time on a long and perilous \ oyage. li'l II.' ■ 'h ai 'i 26 ARRILLAGA'S RULE. negro refused provisions, having r.' passport. A named John Brown deserted, to be subsequently sent to San Bias, and then O'Cain sailed southward." His chief adventures were at San Quintin in Lower Cali- fornia, as related elsewhere,^' where he remained sev- eral months, aninion, and received from Arrillaga a rather weak protest, which never- theless was etiicacious for a time.^^ In his first general report for 1803-4, President Tapis complained that the missions were exposed to attack on all sides, the small guards being wholly inadequate to cope with either gentiles or neophytes in case of revolt. The guard is usually reduced to two or three men, one of wlioni is generally sick, one in charge of the horses, and one absent on royal service. Who then is to defend the missicm or escort the missionarv? Fugitives are increasing and the "/'/•or. /.Vc, :M8., xii. 27-30; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xviii. 364, 308. '•"See f/ixf. Xoit/i ^f('.v. Sfxtix, ii., this sci-ics. ^'^ Khl-hiiikof, Z'lphk'i, 8; Tihhmviicf, fMor. olmnraiiif, app. 272-5. '■/Vo'-. Nci':, MS., ix. 35; Prov. St. Pup., MS., xviii. 400; Arch.Anob., ii. .S9. The (k'luaiKl for a ■.vithdrawal of tlio artillery c."nie from Col. I'cdro Laguna. Arrillaga .1(1111111011 that the batteries were in .i b.ail coiulition, owing t') the .storms of winter; that the artillerymen, now that the voluntccr.s had go!io, were in great iisolation, unable to leave the batteries cxecpt for rations and then on foot itnles.s they could borrow a hor.se; and that the proviiiee was indeed in ;i, bad eondition, with nothing left but tlight for the inhabitints in ease of invasion or Indian revolt. Still he thought the men not altov;eth> r useless since the guns had ti> be taken care of. J'ruv. Jive, MS., ix. 38-41; I TtEPORT OX MISSIONS. 27 sidcnt ed to lolly lytos ed to one royal scort the A nob., 1, owing p-a had [rations lice was l^nts ill i"otli,;r -4i; only remedy is an immediate increase of military force. This subject was presented to the viceroy in a re))ort of Guardian Pangua in September 1804, in wliicli the writer presented in a strong light the threatened dangers, not only to missions and friars, but to commerce and every interest of Spain, sure tsj result from an attcmj)t to protect so large a territory with so small a force. ^^ Arrillaga also made in 1804 a full and interesting report on the missions and their management. Part of the document is niissinir, and the exact circum- stances under which it was written are not known; but it would seem to be in answer to charges of cruelty and misnumagenient against the friars, similar to those made formerly by Father Concepcion; indeed, it is not unlikely that it was a reply to those very charges. The paper is a straightforward and business-like one, v.ritten by a man of good judgment and long expei'i- ence. The substance of it is that the mission system, it" not perfect, was a good one; the friars were in the main sensible and honest men, and the natives were as a rule well treated. Slight defects and excesses were sufficiently guarded against by Franciscan and ecclesiastical regulations, while secular interference "), as very hkely it should he. ISOI, orders to v'iry the dillerent j,'uarda aecordinj,' to eircunistanees, hut never to reduce the misiivin eseolta helow si.x men. Pruv. ii'c:, MS., \u. -2')-'. >.I:irili 1. hSO,"), Tiipi-= tn(!ov. on necessity of increased force to retake fugitives. Anh. >St'i IL, M.-'... vi. .'!0-,-. '" . I rrilhujit, Iii/ormc que itlritiid al VtrS, MS., is tli(! record of a snl)sequent examination of the same territory made Oct. i!.'?d-7th. Dec. 31, 1798, (Jov. to viceroy, recoumiending the site at Lajalupe with 1,.")(K) friendly Indians. Pror. lire, MS., vi. IK!- 14. Oct. 11, 1798, Gov. to (ioyeoeehea ordering the explorations to be made. /(/., iv. 107. '•'' Also written Lajalupe, Majulapa, Majalapu, Alajulapa, and Lajulap. The meaning of the word was rliicon, or corner. '■'■^Feb. 2, 180.'$, viceroy to CJov. , he has ordered the payment of the cus- tomary .?! ,000. I'rov. St. 'Pop. , MS. , xviii. "285. .Tune .'10, 180.'$, Tapis to « {ov. , says there are 1,000 or 1,100 natives near the projiosed site, gives instances of hostilities .imong the ranclierias, and asks that a larger escolta than usual be granted at first. Arch. Sfn li., MS., viii. 177-8'2. '^^ ('(irrillii, Iiii^iriifrioii ipic (ihmrvnrd <>l comandanUi de Escolta en la J'linda- cioii dc lit Jlinion dc Saiila Ytic-i, ISO^, MS. FOUXDIXG OF SANTA IXfiS. 29 4 ••:4 rolliniL^ of many cateclmmons, including three chicf- tains> The missionary founders of Santa Ines were Jos^ Antonio Calzada and Jose Romualdo Gutierrez. The latter left California in ISOG"' and was succeeded by Luis Gil y Taboada. Gil was rejilaced in 1810 by Francisco Javier de Una, who had been at the mis- sion as supernumerary since 1808. }3y the end of the first year Santa lues had 225 neophytes, but over half of them came from the adjoining missions already ba])i..:"^d. In 1810 the number was G28, bap- tisn)s having been 54G and deaths 245, so that it would seem that still other accessions must have been received from abroad. Live-stock in 1810 nundjered 3,200 cattle, 420 horses, Gl mules, 11 asses, and 2,300 sheep. Crops vai'ied from 000 bushels in 1807 to 4,500 bushels in 1810. In 1805, and probably through- out the decade, Santa Ines had but a poor church, though it was already roofed with tiles.-'' Local annals in 1804 present nothing worthy of special mention liere, unless it may be the fact that an earthquake did some damage to church walls at San Jose and San Gabriel. •o eight Rcraiio- O ll.'])Olt iimI I'or- [aiiiulti lie tuitsuim'i, The site of C'iila- .'/,S\ MS. Vll-r); CLi-tilicate of Lieutenant Carrillo in I'ror. tSi. Pop., ^18., xviii. ;}-)!)-()0. ALso mention of foumhition in Pror. J,'i<:.. MS., vi. -21; ix. :)7; xi. 1(W; Pror. St. Pap., MS., xi\, 4.V(I. -'HiutieiTe:; came to California, as I have seen it stated in some record, in AuLHist 1804, thoiigli Tajii.'i in announeinji his dejjartm'e ini))lies that lie canio in l.S(VJ. He served at Santa Ines from Se|ttend)er 17, l!S()4, to .July ISOd, V heii he was transferred to San Jkienaventuni in tiie lio))e of rejiainini; his lieaith ; hut lie became worse rather tlian better, oijtained license to retire in Seiitember, and sailed for San lihis in November. His malady aceordin!,' to tlui surj^'con's certiticato was an alh'to hiixtrrkn, and tiiere is a not ■ ery well f.iiniiled tradition that the piidre spent inucii time hunting for a viper of a peeidiar kind reeomniemled by the native? as a remedy. Arrli. Ai-zoh., M8., ii. T)! -J; Arch. St., MS., xix. 104; Prov. Pre, MS., xi. 113; Stii /(»■<. Lih ilc MUioii, MS. ■''J 'rot: St. Pap., lien Mil., ilS., xxxvii. 40. 30 ARRILLAGA'S RULE. increase of for'^c to the extent of three captains, nitic- tecii non-couimissioncd officeris, and sixty-five privates to be added to the prcsidial companies at an annual cost to the treasury of $23,915. No new troops were to be sent from abroad, but the increase was to ])e efrccted by promotion and enlistment within the province. It was accomplished without difficulty before the end of the year, and during the next year Arguello, Carrillo, and Goycoechea were commissioned as captains, though the last named was absent from the province.^' Also in 1 805 another defensive measure was adopted, and Alferez Jose Roca was sent back to California to organize a militia artillery company of seventy men in accordance with Arrillaga's proposition of the pre- ceding year.^"* Roca arrived at Monterey in Septem- ber. Arrillaga, then on his way to the capital, sent orders for cooperation, and the selection and enrol- n)cnt of men, chiefly in the pueblos, began imme- diately. The organization was probably completed before the middle of the next year, at which time in- structions were issued for militia manatjcment, though we have but tew details respecting this company dur- ing the decade.^' The artillerymen were mounted ami '■''April 1, ISO,"), viceroy's decree for an increase of force to take the place of the Catalan volunteers, on the basis proposed by Arrillaga March 21, 180;). l>ccree sent to California, with orders to governor for appointments and recruiting, on April 3d. Prov. St. Pup., MS., xix. 47-9. Cost of the increase. JiL, Ben. Mil., Ixxxvii. 08. The increase approved by the king on March 'I'l, 1807. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. 201-2. '■'^ Jan. 19, 1805, instructions to lloca from the commandant of artillery at Vera Cruz. Roca M-as to act in harmony witli the governor, and raise eight corporals and 02 privates. Tlie corporals must be able to read and write, besides knowing well tlic rcsidcnco of each private so as to assemble the coni- Eany quickly in case of danger. The men must reside as near as possil)lo to '■ail towns; arrangements must be made for two hours' instruction evoiy iSundav, and after completing the organization Roca was to return to Mexico. jMjif. St. Pup., Ben. Mil., MS., Ixxxvii. 59-00. Nov. 21, 1S04, governor to V. li. Pruv. Bee, MS., ix. 56. ^•Scpt. 2,1, 1,805, Arrillaga at San Vicente to Roca. Is informed of his arrival. Proi<. Bee, MS., xi. 200-1. Same date, Arrillaga to commandants. J}ipl. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xxxvii. (51. Nov. 2ist, Guerra to com- isionado of San .lose, asks fcr lists of men fit for duty. 8. Joac, Arcli., MS., ii. 78. Numlier of suitable men in Monterey jurisdiction .SO. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xxxiv. 20. Fel). 17, 1800, Gov. to S. Jose comisionudo. Aid to bo given to Roca. S. Jose, Arch., MS., iii. 90. April 1, 1800, Roca rPwOTECTION OF THE PROVINCE. 81 V I Altcrcz Roca f^ccnis to liavo remained in command instead of returning to ^lexico as ordered at first. While no American traders or other forei<^n craft, with tlie exception. of the Li'lla JJjjrd, as ah'eady noted, ajipeared on the coast this year,^" a lively fear of Yankee schemes was experienced in Mexico, and various precautions were discussed besides the mili- tary reiinforcements just recorded. Early in the year there came and was circulated in California a roval order closins^ all the ports in Spanish dominions to all but national mail vessels until further orders, with reprisals in the mean time against the English.^^ An Italian priest who landed at Monterey from Manila was sent as soon as possible to Mexico en route for Italy in accordance with general orders against all foreigners."' Arrillaga had asked for an armed vessel to protect the coast and pursue smugglers, and the matter was discussed at San Bias in September, by the board of war. There was no difference of opinion as to the importance of sending a vessel; but some olticers the place '21, 180:5. Iicnts and increas'c. daich '2-2, rtillei-y at lisc fii^lit lid write, I the coiu- 3ssil)lc to 311 cvoiy Mexico. ["ci'iior to pd of his landants. 1 to coni- An/i., 'rov. St. Isioiuido. po, lloca will send an artilleryman to instruct the militia of Angeles every Sunday. The gun from San (Jabriel to be sent thither, orpei'haps the inenguing U> U\o mission to say mass may better take tlicir drill there. Pror. ,Sf. P"/)., .MS., xix. 170. July 1'2, ISWJ, Arrillaga's instructions to the militia of Saii .Tos/'. Jleu must not be hindered from attending to private business, but must on leaving town acquaint the corporal with their whereabouts; not exempt fror.i obedience to parents or judges, or from community work, except ^\ lien i:i actual service or drill. Id., xix. lOG-8; S. Jom', Arch., MS., iii. 84. l)i.-(tribn- tion in 1809; commandant Rocaat Solcdad; 23 men at San JosO; 2!) at Angeles; 3 at San Diego; 2 at Branciforte; 2 at Monterey; G at Sta D.'irljara; 1 at liuenavista Rancho; 2 at El Refugio; 1 at S. Rafael Rancho; and one at Sta Gcrtrudis. Prov. Sf. Pap., MS., xl. 17-20. Aug. 2.->, ISOl), full list of iibout 7."> names. Id., Ben. Mil, xl. 17-19. Similar list of ]81(». I'L, xlviii. 11, 12. 1810. company in great need of arms. Prov. lice., MS., ix. 120. ^"Tlic Spanish transports of the year were again the Priiiccnn and Aifi-o which brought five padres to Monterey Aug. 3t)th, and anchoi'ed at S. ]il;is on return, Nov. 21st. Prov. llic, MS., xii. 34: xi. 200; ix. 09. Acordins^ to the Oaceta de Mex., xii. 475, these vessels brought down quite a largo amount of furs, hides, wool, fish, ilour, and vinegar. The Cnvcrpriiiii from the Philippines sailed from Monterey Jan. 3d, leaving Surgeon Manuel Torres and an Italian priest, Francisco Farnesio, ill. Pror. Iter., MS., xi. 19."). "Jan. 12, 1805, viceroy to Gov. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. 45. April S, 1805, reply. Prov. Pec, MS., ix. C5-G. The cause of tliis ordei- was tho seizure of four Spanish vessels from South America by an English fleet in time of peace. The order had no practical efl'ect in California, as no Euglisli vessel appeared; yet the niovcnicnts of the transports Jo not seoni to havo been interrupted. ^■'Arch. Arzob., MS., ii. 47. M 32 ARPJLLAGA'S RULE. thoui^lit she should cruise continually up and down the coast, while others favored a station at Monterey whence she might take advantage of the favorable wind to swoop down on the smugglers further south nt short notice. The decision was in favor of the latter plan, and the Princesa was recommended for the service, being strong, fast, and copper-bottomed. The proposal found favor in viceregal eyes and a corresponding decree was issued in the following I\Iarcli."^ There were misgivings in Spain and Mexico and California about the desiijns of the Anglo-Americans. The vicero}'^ notiiied the governor of those ambitious designs as shown in the })retensions of Minister Mon- roe at the court of Madrid; and Arrillaga in reply sent a rumor obtained from O'Cain that the United States would have fi'ee trade with New Spain even by force, and that a Philadelphian was asking congress for 40,000 men with whom to take the country, relying also on the growing popular discontent. Similar rumors had come from other sources as early as 171)9.'"* Captain Goycoechea, lately appointed gov- ernor of Baja California, complains in December of this year that "the Anglo-Americans within the past few years have not only begun to frequent the waters surrounding our possessions in quest of fish, pearls, and furs, but, confident that there is nobody to restrain tliem. they come with arrogant boldness to anchor in our very harbors, and to act with the same liberty as if they were Spaniards. These arrivals, which are becoming very frequent and about which your excel- lency nmst be well informed, should convince you that quite ]K)Ssibly this proud nation, constantly increasing its strength, may one day venture to measure it with Spain, and acquiring such knowledge of our seas and coasts may make California the object of its attack, "'Pj-or. St. Pap., MS., xix. 87-!)9. =" Sept. "J-J, ISOo, viceroy to Gov. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. 73; Jan. 2, 1806, reply. Prov. Ucc, MS., ix. 70-1. GOYCOKCIIRA'S VIEWS. 33 i>;ov- Der of 10 past waters )earls, Dstraiii lior ill ;rty as ih are exccl- u that casing w ith IS ami Ittack, 1S06, l;nf>wing by the visits referred to what the proviiiee (•ontains.""^ Ill the report from whieh I have just quoted Goy- coochea furnished niueh information about California's resources, prospects, and needs, though his views did not differ materially from those expressed by others in ibrnier years. He declared that th^re were mines which might be profitably worked, in both Californias; that teachers were needed, since children were grow- ing up in pitiful ignorance, and he fixvorod the sending (if idle families, and especially of children from the ]\[('xican cities. The scheme which he urged most zealously, however, for the advancement of both ]iro- \ incial and roval interests, was the transfer of the San Bias department with its dock-yards and other ad- juncts to a more healthful and convenient site in the north. His preference was in favor of San Quintin just below San Diego; though had his opinion been called for before he became governor of Lower Cali- fornia, I dou^^t not he would have preferred San Fran- cisco or some other northern port. The proposition was referred, as the custom was, to various tribunals and officials for additional investigations. Ta|)is desired to found a new mission on Limi'i or Santa Catalina Island, with a view to convert the naked and superstitious, though friendly, natives, who were not disposed to join a mission on the mainland, yet caused the friars trouble by their intercourse with the Channel neophytes. In his general report for 1804 Tapis broached the subject, ingeniously suggest- ing tliat an island establishment would \)C a most etfectivo means of checking contraband trade. Arri- llaga approved the plan in 1805, especially as a ])re- ventive of smuggling.; but a little later in his next '■' Coycoechca, Mcdios para el Fomevfo ni[)arativi importance. Padre Cucva of San Joso ^lission having occasion to visit some sick ncoiihytes in a rancheria ten or fifteen miles distant in the east- ern hills, was escorted by Majordomo Ignacio Higuera and two soldiers, besides being accompanied by a few neophyte attendants. This was on the 15th of Jan- uary. Arriving at the rancheria to which his visit was directed, the natives — possibly those of another rancheria on his way back, for the record is not clear in its details — instead of receiving him kindly, dis- charged a cloud of arrows. Higuera was killed, Cucva was struck in the face, one of the soldiers was badly wounded, and three neophytes were killed as were all the horses. The pursuit was checked apparently by the fall of a gentile, and the survivors were enabled to reach the mission.^^ As soon as news of the dis- "« Tapi'<, IiiforviP Biennl de Mmones, 1S03-4, 1S05-G, MS. In the first report lie says Linui .iboumls with timber, water, and soil. There are ten ranclierius on the islaml. the tlu'ce largest of which Cajatsa, Ashuagcl, and Liaiii have 1'24, 14."), and 122 adults respectively. The men are naked, live on fisli, and arc eager for a mission. The natives of Huina (Santa Rosa) Island — where there are se%'en ranchcrias, the largest with 120 adults, l)ut no facilities for a mission — arc willing to move to Linui. March 1, 180.">, Tapis to Arrillaga, containing the same in substance as the preceding. Arch. St. li., MS., vi. 28-.30. May 7th, Arrillaga to Tapis with approval. Prov. Her., MS., vi. 22. Reference to the subject also in Arch. St. B., MS., vi. 28-30. ^' Jan. 1(3, ISOo, coniisionado of S. Josti to com. of S. Francisco. Tiic first rancheria was aided by two others. Arrows continued to fly all the afternoon. J'rov. St. Pup., MS., xix. .34-5. Jan. 31st, Argiiello to Gov., the hostile ran- cheria was one of the Asisines. Id., xix. 3G. Tapis, Iiiforme General de Mini- oiien, lSUj-4i MS., 77, says that a neophyte treacherously guided Cueva to tlic ^\Tong rancheria. March 11th, governor to viceroy, the padre had visited the Asisines rancheria and was attacked on his return by another six leairues distant. Prow Pec, MS., ix. 03-4. The hostile natives called Luechens. Pror. St. Pfip., MS., xix. 30-7. Feb. 20th, an investigation at Sta Clara by Peralta. Id., xix. 29. Amador calls the natives Loechas and says they lived 14 leagues east of the mission. He says, doubtless erroneously, that the sur- vivors defended themselves all night in a cave. Memorias, MS., 14, lo. INDIAN HOSTILITIES. 33 nstor reached Sail Fraiieisco, Serj^oant Peralta was despatched with eijjfhteen men, increased to thirty-lour tVoni the settlers at San Jose, aujainst tlie liostile <;en- tiles. The natives had abandoned their ranclu-ria, hut were ovcrtak(Mi, niakiiujf but shu'ht resistatice, and before the 24th, eleven of their number were killed and thirty were captured, mostly women. "^ Pei-alta made another raid in February, but no remnant of hostility was found, manj- fugitives returned volunta- rily to their missions, and some gentile chieftains troni distant rancheri'as such as Pescadero on the liio San Francisco, or San Joaquin, came in to assure the Spaniards that they had taken no part in the out- break."" Later, in May and June, there was thought to bo a plot t<:) attack and burn Santa Clara. Several Christian natives were arrested as accomplices, but Alferez Luis Argiiello after scouring the sierra in all directions and brincjinof in twentv-two n;'*'\es con- vinced himself that there was no hostili intention; and indeed the neophytes finally admitted that they had originated the threats and rumors merely to escape tloixmivjis. 40 On his arrival at the capital in the beginning of 180G, one of Arrillaga's first measures was to issue instructions in which he indicated his determination to prevent the prevalent contraband trade. He de- clared that the laws of the Indies and the orders of liimself and his predecessors had been shamefully m!;>- regarded by officials, and that no further abuses wuiild be tolerated. Clearly Arrillaga understood the nature of the evil and its remedy. Americans could not as ^^Peralfa, Diario ile xina Exped'uion contra Geiidlen, lSOr>, MS., dntod S. Francisco, Jan. 30th. Jan. 31st, Argiiello to (lov. , aniioiincinf; I'eralta'.s i-uic- ccss. Ho complains of Cucva's rashness. Prov. St. Pap., !MS., xix. ;>(» 7. Amador says that the natives were found at a rancheria on tlie San Joa(|iiia called Pitemis. McmoriU'', ^IS., H, 15. ^^'Feb. 28, 1805, Argiiello to governor, in Prov. Sf. Pcip., MS., xix. 30-40. ^''May 20, 180."), Luis Argiiello to Jose Argiiello. Prov. St. Pop., MS., xix. 30. May 30th, Argiiello to Gov. /(/.,xix. 42. June 25th, same to same with report of the campaign, hi., Ben. Mil., MS., xxxiii. 15, IG. The sus^iecteJ Indiana were Seuuenes and Bolbones. 36 ARRILLAOA'S lll'LK. a n\\v 1)0 captured or tluir vessels detained, thoiicfh this was to 1)0 done if ])ossil)le; l)ut by i)r<)ini)t action and close vigilance on the anival of a vessel the people niiinht ho prevented from all intercourse with the strangers, who without such intercourse would have no motive to come or remain, Kin. 8. 1806, Arrillaga to commandants. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. ll.S- 1 0. Aug. Gth, strict instructions of Argiiollo at 8. Francisco to liis successor about intercourse with foreigners. Id., Ben. Mil., xxxvii. 17. Arrillaga 's c"ed to en^aije in various industries when not on actiNo service.*' Meanwhile the Princesa had heen sent up for a season's cruise on the coast in quest of snmgj^lers, and had entered upon the perforrnance of her duties in June." Arrillaga also pronounced the presidio huildini^s to he in a had condition, and uri^'ed the viceroy to liave them repaired and properly suj)- ])lied Avith artillery for protection from foreigners before he should give much attention to new settle- ments. Iturrigaray promised to send an inspecting officer; meanwhile none but cheap, though solid, structures were to be erected.^* Several Aineriain vessels were on the coast this year, though information about their movements is incomplete. Such is naturally the case in these times, since of most trading voyages no diary is extant and I am forced to rely on incidental mention in letters of the epoch and on fragmentary records in the archives, where wild work is generally made with American names. The Peacock, Captain Kimball, was the tirst arrival. She anclioi-ed off San Juan Capistrano on April 4th, and sent four men ashore in a boat to ask for provisions. Tlie jealous corporal of the mission guav^ y PueMof) de Califonila, ISUG, MS. Dnted Moiitcrcv, .ln'ly l.'itli. "Prov. Jlcc, MS., viii. 84; ix. 7S; xi. 1 1'l ; Prnr. Sf. Pap., MS.,xix. lt',2. Tho Priiice'an ricire, .nnd the mate Tliomas Kilvaiii. Letter of .lime 17, ISOd, ill 'l'il:/niirii<'/, Istor. Olidnnniic, npp. 'JT.'l. The eajitiN'es r^jiresented the /'( '(ii;i7.' as of lOStons, 8 ".juiis, and 14 men. She left Uoston in Septenilier ISO."), and arrived at the Sandwich Islands on l''el). I'Jtii .'iccordini; to ]!ex.:inof. She liail a eai;.'o of stores to be traded for furs in the north. The captain 3 name is called hy the Spaniards Oliveiis Kiiiivell, and lie is even said to have lieen a lirotlier-iii-law of Capt. (JT'ain. J'ri}i\ S/. /'«/>., MS,, xix. l,");i-."). May li), 1S(MI, (iov, to Com., acknowledging,' reixirt of the atliiir. Pror. Hic, ^IS., xii. 4(i. June ■J.Hd-4tli, Rodrigne/, to (iov. Escajieof tlu' ])risoiiers. A/., xix. i;J(J-8, 148. The /Vococ/.' ill Raja Califurnin. LI., xix. 14(i-7, lo'>, liSl. ■\VINSHIP 0\ THE COAST. 39 !as 45 ciai't N, and There nilt to hack <])eak, .some anch- jl'u.sed 174-0. icliniaii, i('/:iii(if, mes the Itmo 17, itod the )tfiiil)t'r It'/iiiiof. iptain'.s to llilVO 1.->,H-.-). •. I!,r., •s. A/., 181. it. I sii|)plies and op|)ortiinity for repair.s. Then she went down to Todos Santos, wliere she ohtained water in spite of oppo.sition, and captured three men sent to watcli her inovenients. The caj)tain then attempted to use his captives to force a release of tlie Pcdcock prisoners, making' loud threats of destroviiiL; Han Diego ])resii\ with a hundi'ed Aleut hunter.s, ibur Russians, twelve women, and fifty bidaikas, the ()\'ii-.'$o, i;u-(!, i-n-;i. tih" y/r;«i.s, or >;,;.„„.., capt. .lo.-,.. i'd.niLur, vitli :i") iiR'u iiiiil is L'liiis. 11 v.liiiliT. liinl left Nemlj.'uiu, U. S., in Jiiuuury. Tliuri' wtiti a ivport that O'Caii \va.« tliu cniilaiii. 40 ABRILLAGA'S IIULE. pieces liad to be landed to protect the camp on the l)av shore, and once a tiujht occurretl in which a sav- age was killed. Conseqnently it was deemed best to quit this region on Juno 22d, and having sighted the Farallones on the way south, the adventurers reached Cedros Island on June 29th. Parties of hunters were distributed on the different islands, while the slii[) cruised from one to another with supplies and water, sjiending also some time at Todos Santos and San (i}uintin, where a profitable trade was carried on with the missionaries. After two or three months Win- ship, leaving his hunters till his return, sailed by way of the Hawaiian Islands for Kadiak, where he arrived on November 9th, with skins valued at !;>G0,000, and was soon ready for a new trip in completion of his contract. Not mentioning the second trip, which I shall describe in another chapter, the Russian au- thorities state that Winship returned in September with 5,000 otter-skins for sharing. He had (piarrelled at Cedros Islands with the chief hunter, Slobodchikof, and the latter, purchasing an American schooner, possibly Hudson's Ta\nnna mentioned in a previous chapter, renamed the Kil'olai, had returned home by way of the Hawaiian Islands, arriving in August. Thus it will be seen there is much confusion about the voyage, although one of my authorities is founded upon the log-book of the UCniii." Yet another American hunting-vovau'e under Rus- sian auspices was that of Captain Campbell with twelve bidarkas under Tarakanof His contract Mas made in October 180G; he was to begin operations at I" Boxto)} h> fh» Northirc'if, :MS., 13-20; KhUbiiikof, Zaplski, 9, 10, l:}7; lUtnUiof, Sh:'.iii('i'l''--'nii<'. 107-S; Tikhimui/, Islor. nlio.-niiii-, i. ISIS. It tin? O'Cdiii was till! vcpspI wiIUmI liy tlu^ Sii.ipiiiid.s tlio Hfi-o-i, as the dates lOnM iiidiiate, it i^ very Nlriiiigo tliat Iier \u^ ('(uitaitis nothing about tli. oajitiirc (if the hiohlieis; and if she was not, it is ('([iially stran;j;e that nothin;.' is said of the other vessels which she must have met. The lo<^ i.s silent aliont the (jiianvl with the head hunter, and the llnssians say nothing of the O'Cain'^ seonnd ti'ip. Khlelmikof says that Boilej;a as well as Trinidad was visited. Tiklnm'nef tells us that Winship was forliidden hy IJaiiinof to hunt on the California eoast 'without special pernii.ssi(jn of the Spanish govei'ument.' It is eeitaiii, however, that no suoh perniissioa was usked for or obtained. Ens- wit h ^\■as )ns at 'I MISSION REGULATIONS. 41 % Trinidad Bay, and not to go "too near" the Spanish scttk'nu'nts; and he I'ctnrned in the Ibllowing Angust ^vith l/2;!0 otter-^kins.^» On the 1st of October 1800 Guardian J(j.se Gasol issued an important series of regulations for the guid- ance of the Cahf(^rnia friars/''^ Most of the sixteen articles relate to details of ecclesiastical, niissicjnary, and jirivate life, and need not be presented here even in resume'. It may be noted, however, that this document gave rise to the custom of keeping in each mission a book of jxjteutcs, or communications from su])erior Franciscan authorities;'"^ and that it also re- (|uired an annual meeting of the friars of the ditfeient districts at San Francisco, San Curios, San Luis ^8 Khirhnil-nf, ZaphVi, 9. ^'■>a(i'iscret(irv) to direct til Vour Re\ei'ences these h Iras puleiilr^ for tiir pur))ose of establishing some points which all must observe in order that by means of tliis religious con- fonuity theie may be preserved among you the ]>eace for which so zealously sti(jve the founders of tho.se missions, sons of this A^wstolic College — an', if indeed it were a sin, as the danijer of beinix cautjht. The uniform testimony of the traders is that the mission- aries were their best customers. Local events in 1800 were the injuries done to the ])rcsidio (•ha}>el at Santa J^arbara at lirst b}' an earth- quake in March and later by a gale in May; the rav- ages of the measles at San Francisco from April to .June durinii' which time two hundred and thirtv-six neo])hytes died; some new boundary disputes at San Jose; a destructive fire at San Miguel in August; and the consecration of two new mission churches, one at San Juan Ca[)istrano, and the other at San Fernando. Two topics of this year's annals demand eacli a separate cha[>ter: one that of inland explora- tion, the other the beginning of intercourse between Californians and Russians. ^' Archivo del Ohlqmdo, JklS., C, 7. CHAPTER III. IXLAXD EXPLORATIOXS. 180G-1810. Preliminary RKSrMt^; of Inland Exploration— Faoes, CnESpf, Anza, Font, and Gaucks— A Tierra iNCciiiNiTA — Discoveries ijy Inuian- IIUNTERS — ArIIILLAGA'S EFFORTS — VaGUE ALLUSIONS— TlIE KlVER SaN JdAQflN XaMEIj -]'-XrEDlTION OF AJaITORENA AND SaNCIIEZ FRO^I Sa.V Diego — Kuiz and Zalvidea from Santa Bariiara — Tilare and ]5ce- NAVISTA — MoiiAGA AND MuSoZ FROM MoNTEREV — MaUII'OSA — MeRCED I'lVER — TrOLUMNE — KiNGS lllVER — SiTES FOR XkW MISSIONS — LaTI'.R Explorations — Diaries of Viader — Names of Kanciierias. to tllO earth - Hiu rav- .pril to Irtv-siK l\t Sail |u<;ust; irchos, It Sail ^inand [plora- Itwccn I' The Spaiii.sh occupation of California was limited to a narrow strip of territory along' the coast from ISan Francisco to San Diego. Soledad, their most inland establishment, was not over thirty miles from the sea. Tlie vast interior was a tierra incoijnita, frequently spoken of as such in official documents. The extreme south, the modern county of San Diego, was much better known than the inland regions north. In 1774 Juan Bautista de Anza came iV;.ui the Colorado liiver to San Gabriel diagonally across the country liom south-east to north-west b\' a route })ractically the same as that now followed by the Southern Pacific Paih'oad. In 1775-0 Anza brought a colony to California by the same route. In connection with this expedition Father Francisco (Jarces made some extensive and important ex[>lora- tions a little further north. He went up the Colorado to the ^Fojave region, and crossed westward by the thirty-lifth parallel and Mojave liiver to San Gabiiel; tlien proceeding northward he traversed the since (13) 44 INLAND EXPLORATIONS. wm famous mountrtin passes into the great Tulare Valle}', nearly reaeliiiig the latitude of Tulare Lake; aiitl finally he passed out of the valley eastward and returned along the thirty-fifth parallel to the Colorado, (jiarces had thus explored what is now Kern and 8aii ]>ernardino counties, but tliough his diary was pre- served in Mexico, and the results of his exjiloration \vere preserved in Font's map, yet these results, never well known, were soon completely forgotten in Cali- fornia. In 1781 Rivera's colony was brought IVoni the Colorado by Gonzalez and Argucllo over Anza's old route, and during this and the following year that I'oute was many times followed backward and forward in connection with the disastrous events at the Ct)lo- rado liiver missions. In one of these expeditions Pedro Fagcs took a more direct route farther south i'vom the Gila across the mountains to San Dieu'o. Finally Fagcs and Velazquez made some exploratit)ns on the San Dieo-o inland frontier in 1780-5. Thus as 1 lia\c rmnarked this southern district, or San Diego County, was tolerably well known. In the north it will be remembered that in 1772 Fagcs and Crcspi explored the country now consti- tuting Alameda and Contra Costa counties as I'ar as the mouth of tlie great rivers, getting from the hills a broad view over the inland valleys. In 1770 Aiiza and Font reexamined tlie same territory, and added nothing but confusion to the knowledge previously gained, though in returning they passed to the east of Monte del Diablo, and thus their survey embraced a larger circuit than that of their predecessors. This same year, while the naval officers explored the bay by water, going up either Petaluma or Sonoma creek, jVIoraga crossed the hills from the southern head of the bay eastward to the great river, which he ascended lor three days, crossed, and penetrated one day's march into the great j»lain beyond. In later yi-ais the Spaniards made at least one trip from San Fran- cisco to Dodega; and the soldiers, raiding for runaw ay A TIERRA INC6GNITA. 45 Diego In 1772 coiisti- 'ar as o liills Aiiza atUlecl it)U.sly |c fast M'aL'ccl 1 118 e Ijay -•I't'rk, (I of iiulod idav's iioo|)liytos, often peiictrnted the borders of the interior valleys, and still oftener looked down upon them from the summits of the coast range. Thus at the beginning of the present century, re- sjtecting the great interior of their Californian posses- sions the Spaniards possessed a knowledge, gained partly fi^nn vague traditions of the early explorations now nearly forgotten, but chiefly from later reports of Indian-hunting sergeants which were very barren oi' geographical detail, hardly more complete than might have been gained by a view from two or three ci.ast-rango summits, consisting mainly in the general i'acts that beyond this range were broad tulares, valh^vs bounded in their turn on the east by a lofty and often Miow-capped sierra. In 180G Arrillaga, probably aet- iiiu" under orders from Mexico tlioui>-h no such orders are extant so far as my researches show, made an earnest and somewhat successful effort to have the eastern country ex[)lored, with a view to the estab- lishment of new missions in the interior in case suit- able sites should be discovered. To the results of this exploration as far as known, though the records that ] have been able to find are meagre, I devote this short (•]iaj)ter. It is a topic that might easily l)e disposed of in a few paragraphs; but it is also one which I deem of especial importance, respecting which every scrap of available material should be carefully preserved. Ill the preceding clia})ter I have noticed certain expeditions in pursuit of natives from the region of ]\Iission San Jose, one of which perhaps reached the San Joaquin at the Pescadero rancheria.^ In 1804 I'^itlier ^lartin made a visit to the valley of the tulares, reaching a rancheria of I3ubal named La Salve, Init {leeomplishing nothing; and in 1805 it is stated that an expedition reachcdand named the Rio de los San- tos Reves, still called Kings Hiver." At some recent ' ( 'liaptor ii. of this volume. ■ M"i-ihi, ]"isita (i Aw tieiiUlcs Tulareiios, 1S04, MS. In a later report of ISK"). ,1 /•(•/(. SUiJJ.,'SlS., iv. -27. II 1! 46 INLAND EXPLORATIONS. time before the autumn of 1800 a party sent out to find a route to Bodei^a, reached a river whicli was named llio de la Pasiou, apparently ini New e come uis Ar- at San Argii- ijfsdorff in the !>• made Tulare Gs a some- lie ensiu'ii ;, as tlio I.'), tells lis tloi'eil tlio Ir the con- i County, .i,nvini( the names San Gabriel, San ]Mie I'oiind." May 20tli the j:(overiior issued instructions similar to the preceding, ior an exj^edition to be under AHen-z l^uis Arjjfiiello. The territory to be explored, as \'a,nucly indicated, seems to have been the same as that intrusted to ^Maitorena — that is the country irom the sierra iidand between San Luis and San ]\Iiguel; but Argliello was not to visit the Colorado ranchuria of San Quirino.^ Nothing more is known of this expedition, and I think it was nevei" carried out, .\n exi)edition was however despatched from Santa ]iarl)ara on July 19th, in accordance with Arrillaga's orders of the 10th of July. Father Zal- videa was one of the party and his diary I reproduce sul)stantially, so far as names, dates, distances, and courses are ct)ncerned, in a note.'' The writer alludes 'Jnnc IS, ISOfi. coinmnndnnt to governor, acknowledgiiif; receipt of instrac- tions of M:iy Kith. .Iuhl' 'iutli, iininunceinc'iit of st;u't. July 'Jotli, aiiuouiice- lueiit of retain. Prov. fjt. I'np., MS., \ix. I'J.VO, IS;i-7. ^I'ror. J'<<\, .MS,, xii. S7-40. Possibly this was tlic same expedition referred to l>y Lanu'silorll' as in pre]iaration a litth.' earlier. '' Znh-'iil((t, JJliirio a groat f,'iVLU. a broail the lake, called which is lis, some itli some I'om the Taciii is }.ng. 1st, lof the 3 IhichSl. Be do Ids lortli, ill lehei'ias. knchoria kvithout ^I.\r OF THE TULuUtE Valley. ElBT. Cal., Vol. II. 1 'I" 50 INLAND EXPLORATIONS. several times to tlie lieutenant in connnand, who was probably Francisco ]iuiz. The route followed was iirst north from Santa Ines, and then eastwardly into the great plain. The name Buenavista was applied to a rancheria on the banks of the Lajjuna Grande do los Tulares. I am unable by the aid of maps to follow the exact route and identify the different streams mentioned; but in what seems to have been the Visalia region Zalvidea found an excellent site for a mission, most of the country traversed being arid, alkaline, and unlit ior mission ]>urposes. They seem not to have jjfone further north than the southern boundary of Fresno County; and then proceeding southward, they passed through Tcjon or Tchachipi l)ass out of the valley; followed the eastern foothills of the San Gabriel range until they turned west and crossed the moyntains to San Gabriel on the 14th of August. The natives had been uniformly friendly and willinii' to receive missionaries, several submitting to ba])tism at the hands of Zalvidea. Sei)tember 4th Arrillaga notified Commandant de la Guerra of ]\Ionterey that instead of two expeditions — one from Monterey and the other from San Francisco as had ajiparently been the intention — one only need be despatched under Alferez Moraga, with Marcelino Ciprcs as chaplain.^" Moraga's party of twenty-five ■water. Aug. .Sil, south to Punta do la Lagiina, and one league more. Aug. 4tli, 4 1. south into the cujon where two sohliers were killed some years ago. It is ') 1. from Punta de hi Laguna; 5 1. from Buenavista; and 7 1. from Panchcria do los lvio.s. A rancheria of Taslupi mentioned. The stream of the cajon contained some saltpetre. Aug. 5th, fruitless search over the moniitains for a watering-place the lieutenant had seen before, and return to camp. Aug. 0th, cast through the cajon. Aug. 7tli, visit to rancheria of C'asteguc. Aug. 8th, 4 1. east to a spring; 7 1. into a broad valley. Aug. i)th, 9 1. east througli the valley, no vater; 2 1. to a spring. Aug. 10th, all day over hills adjoining the sierra of S.vn Gabriel; 1. in afternoon. Aug. 11th, 7 1. east to Atongai; 1.5 1. to a cihiega; 2.5 1. to Guapiabit. Aug. 12th, resting. Aug. 13th, 41. west to Moscopiabit; 41. to an abandoned rancheria; 2 1. to a stream said to flow into the llio Santa Ana. Aug. 14th, 1. west to Guapiana; and to San Gabriel. '" iVou. St. Pap., MS., xix. 117-18. The com. of San Francisco was to have a sergeant, corporal, and eight men ready to march whenever Guerra should call for them. As Ruiz had marched from the Laguna de San Buena- ventura to San Gabriel without noting anything of importance, Moraga must keep to the eastward, or to the other side of the river which the other party VALLKY OF Till; TULARK8. CI ^-^^^v^^^^ Map of tue San Joaquin Vallev. m n 'i i nmrnm 11' ' :l 'i ' i : 'I ; :i I:: 52 INLAND EXPLORATIONS. men finally started from San Juan Bautista the 21st of September. Instead of Cipres, Pedro Munoz served us elia})lain, and kept a full diary of the trip." I rc- jiroduce the diary in substance as I have that of Zalvidea, although there arc parts of it which I can not follow accurately, and although my condensation of such parts will very likely prevent their interpre- tation by others better acquainted with the regions exiilored, about which in a oeneral wav there is noun- certainty. lind not lioon able to cross. This I find well nigh iniintelligihle. Oct. 2(1, <_luci'ia notilicil the ^(jveinor that Aforaga had started for 8. Juan Bautista with lo nieu to join tiie 10 from San Francisco. /(/., xix. 118-1!>. " Afiihijz, Didiii) ill' Id K.rjiididoii hnha par Don (lahr'id Mornqa, AlfvrfZ ih la Cvi/i/iin'iniileSdii l'rani'',.t. SOtli, a ])arty went N. w. and discovered a river similar to the Pierced, l)ut w ith steep banks. Another party went up the Merced and found many Indians. Oct. 1st, marched n. w. 7 oi- 8 1. to the river named ])olores from the time of discovei'v (the Tnohunne River). Oct. '2d, 1 1. to dry bed of a stream; 2 1. to a very large oak grove orforest; 1..") i. to another river ' liko tiie former in magnitude and Christia'. waters,' with innnense (piantities of wild grape-vines, named N'" Sii' de (Juadi>lni)e (the Stanislaus Iviver). Oct. 3il (i 1. K. up the river to ii i-anehorii,of 'i'aulamneor 'rahualanme ('J'uoluinne?) situated on inaccessible rocks. Oct. 4th, 1. N. w. t(j the uld seem that this must have been the CaL'iveras liiver in the vicinity of Stockton); back to Kio (iuadalupe. Oct. 5th, lIostil(> demonstrations of the Indians, wliose fears could not be remove•/•( z fiilai; JSVd, agues soine- lyniiis. ISept. •o iiaincil 1)0- ic there is a st to a place y tules ill all '24tli, sou^!.''it )re the givat in; retui'iicd S. Jdaciuin; l>ca\cr ami loley, across rtli through lind willows, this region) uch trouble i camp; the a • lauious wliicli was )ugh it was \v 'l";;oluiniie ihaiuloiied. he Merced, iind uiaiiy 'oloi'cs from Iry bed of river ' liko laiitities of ■er). Oct. uolunme?) f a stream, llarge river laid named Calaveras th, Hostile^ Oct. (ith, 7th, back mcheria of 1. i;. to a .'lit s MORAGA'S EXrEDITIOX. 63 Moraga took a cour.se somewhat north of cast from San Juan, crossed the San Joaquin near the ^jrescnt boundary between Merced and Fresno, and turned northward. Tlie name Mariposas was appHed to the creek or sh)Uo-h still so called or to another near l)y; and the first larijro stream crossed, deemed the best place in all tlb; northern region for a mission, was dry creel., over a rouglx rnd rocky way. Oct. 10th, 2 1. K. to a dry Ci-^ek with oaks and willows, called Santo Domingo; ."> 1. K. to a rivcr-licd, place named Tccolote. (Jet. lltli, 4 1. I), to dry creek named Santa Ana; 4 1. v.. over a lictter country to the Itio do S. Joa([uin (their course for several days had jirobabiy been considcrai^iy sor.th of east, and they were now perliaps in tho vicinity of Millerton). October 12th, rest. Oct. 13th, e.xploi-ations on tlio S. .loai|uin. One ]iarty went down tlio river, and found nothing but bad huid; tho other wcnl, up stream into tho mountains, linding plenty of pino and redwood, and having an interesting interview witJi tho old chief Sujoyu- comu at the rancheria of I'izeache. Ho said that a liand of soldiers like tliesu came from across the sierra (trom Xew Mexico) 20 years ago anil killed many of tlio Indians. Across tlie sierra northwaril was tho sea, 10 days' jou'.-ney distant, and lio himself had been there 1 ]fe said that a great river ro.-^e in tlie middle of tho mountains, one branch of which tlowed ilowii tho opposite; side of the range, and the other was the S. Joaijuiii. Oct. 14th, .") 1. K. to tho ]\io do los Santos lieyes, discovered in bSO,"), an excellent place for a mission (ajiparently Kings Kiver, the translation of tho name being still retained). Oct. l,3tli, ihtiniied by rain. Oct. Kith to IStli, explorations up and douii the liver. Up tho stream was found a rancheria under Achagna called Ayijidche, where they heard of other raiicherias and received contirmatioii of the story about the soldiers from Xew Mexico. Down tho river were 'A raiiclienas nf 4(H) souls, all anxious for a missinn. Oct. 10th, moved .'? or 4 1. to a watciing- ]ilace and rancheria under (iucayt", with GOO souls. Oct. 20tli, 2..") 1. east- wardly to Cohochs rancheria; then to a fine river discovered by another expedition in April of this year and called San (iabricl, witli another branch called fcan Miguel. This region covered with oaks, has .'1,000 souls eager for conversion, and is the best place seen for a mission. (It must bo tho Visalia legion though details are very confusing.) Oct. 21st, explored 7 1. eastward to the liio San Pedro, discovered by tho other expedition and now , all the sitcf) of the Koblar having beer, exploroil, waited for supplies from Mission 8. Miguel. Oct. 2otli, 2 1. K.; 2 1. w. to Itio S. Gabriel (unintelligible). Oct. 2lltli, 4 1. along the roblar where Hows tho ]lio S. Pedro; and 4 1. up tho roblar eastward, apparently on tho river. Oct 27tli, 1 1. up tho river to Coyehctc; I 1. K. to arroj'o of San Gayetano; 4 1. K. to another largo arrnyo; through a Canada to a dry creek, in search of a largo river discovered by an expedition from Sta Biirbara this year (that of Zalvidea). Oct. 28th, HI. to the river sought, and doun the river; foiin0; Chineguis, 2,")0; Yunate, 2.')0; Chamuasi, 2.")0; Latelate, 200: Lacliuo, 2lMt; Pizcaehe, 200; Aycayehc, 00; Ecsaa, 100; Chiaja, 100; Xayuase, 100; Cajiatan, 12; llualo Vual, 400; Tunctache, 2."iO; Notonto (1st), H(iO; XotDnto (2.1), 100; Telaiuo (l.st), 000; Telamo (2d), 200: Uholasi, 100; Eagnea, .'iOO; C.ihoclis, 100; Choyiioipic, 300; Outuoho, 400; Taliuahuimo, 200: Coyehete, 400. jl ll!!!ill|li i 1 1 i , I I 1 54 INLAND EXPLORATIONS. named Merecd. Sulxsoqucntly the explorers on a generally north-western course in a distance of twenty- five or thirty leagues crossed successively the rivers nanied Dolores, Guadalupe, and San Francisco, a dry l>ed, until they reached the large river called by a previous expedition Rio de la Pasion. It' the first river was, as I suppose, the one still called Merced, the distance might possibly have brought the travellers to the Sacramento at Richland or Freeport; but this vs'ould require some of the intermediate streams to be disposed of as dry river-beds, and there is nothing in the narrative to indicate that the Pasion was so very large a river as the Sacramento. On the other hand, if we take the rivers in their order we may naturally identify the Dolores and Guadalupe v.ith the Tuolunme r.nd Stanislaus and suppose that Moraga reached the Calaveras, ^'■^ A rancheria of Tahualamne, doubtless ilie oricin of Tuolumne, was found on the second river above the Merced, The natives in the north v.'ore uniformly timid, in one instance even hostile, and though on most of the rivers they v.ore followed far up into the hills it was only in a few instances lliat friendly intercourse could be established; yet such natives as were consulted ])rofessed a willingness to become Christians. Above the Pio de la Pasion there was a total change in language which prevented all intereuirse. The explorers turned about on the 4th of October and returned to the Merced, one party generally keep- ing to the hills and another in the plain. Thence keeping to the east, or more probably to the south- east, the}'" reached the San Joaquin in a march of '- Diego Olivcra, ft soldier who claimed to have accompanied this expedition, said they exjilored the whole ('ountry from tli'' head of tlie San .Joacjuin up north along the Saeniniento ami .Sierra Nevada. From their camp on the SaiTamento many trips were made up into tlie snow mountains. Moraga made a long report to the vieevoy. This was liie most exten,sive exploration of tiii.s region, tliough Olivora went vith several others. He says that Moraga liad (10 men. Olivera in Tni/lnr'ti Di^nw. ciikI Foinnlcr--. No. 'li\, ii. The same or a simihir narrative was published as the K'niij'x Ohl SuUlhr^ in C'lfiJ'oniid — 'riirir Ex}nd'itious hi tlu liitcvior, in the .*?. /•'. lliillitiii, M(ii/,.'S, 1S(14. These narratives always exhibit, and very naturally, a decree of exaygertttion. GENERAL RESULTS. 65 twontv leaj^ucs or more, cami)ing perhaps in tlie vicin- ity of Millerton. The rive was explored for some distance up and down; runi >'■ j were heard of visits of soldiers from New Mexico twent}- years ago; and tlien a march of five leagues brought them to the Kio de los Santos Reyes, Kings River, discovered in ISOo. The rivers San Gabriel and San Miguel explored on the 20tli were apparently branches of Kawiali Creek near Visalia, the region being pronounced b}' this as by preceding parties excellently adapted to mission ])urposes. The Rio de San Pedro was perhaps the Tulare River; and the next large stream, not named, Kern River. The 1st of November Moraga and his party went through what Mas probably the Tejon Pass; and next day crossed the southern mountains to San Fernando ^lission. Finally in his mission report President Tapis states that four presidial expeditions accompanied by friars have been made within the year. The gentiles have everywhere manifested a desire to become Christians and receive missionaries. Twenty-four rancherias have been i'ound with 5,300 inhabitants, of whom 192 have been baptized by the ex})loring friars. Only four or five good sites for missions have been found, all of them lying between the parallels of San Miguel and San Francisco. These |)ros|)ective establislnnents will re(|uire a new presidio for their protection, because of their remoteness and of the numerous gentiks who dwell beyond the regions lately explored.*"^ The resb of this decade, so far as the topic of this chapter is concerned, may be brieily disposed of. An old soldier reports an expedition of ^loraga witli twenty-five men to the San Joaquin and the Sierra be3'()nd in ] 807. No cimarrones were captured, many horses were lost, and (he party returned by way of Yeiba Buena.^^ In October 1801) a sergeant and fli- teen men spent twenty days m a tour of inspection '•■' Tnpis, fii/onm' Dinml de Misloiies, lftOr,-C, MS., 81-2. "(jarcia, in Tiiylors Diacor. and Foundi'r'^, No. 25, ii. 56 INLAND EXPLORATIONS. among tlie ranclieiias, no particulars being preserved of the trip.^' While it may bo deemed very probable that several of these minor expeditions to the edge of the great valleys were made in these years without having left any definite record, it is by no means likely that ex[)lorations were pushed into any new territory. In 1810 Alfurez Moraga with Father Viader made two expeditions to the San Joaquin, with, a view among other things to find mission sites; and tliough they did not even reach the limits of previous ex|)lora- tions, Viader's diaries merit preservation by reason of the Indian names of rancherias and tribes.^" The first trip was made in August. Cadet Estrada was one of the party of eleven, and the route was northward from San Jose Mission to the mouth of the San Joa(|uin, up that river as near as the mire would permit for eighty or ninety miles, and thence across the mountains to San Juan Bautista. They killed many bears and deer, caught plenty of salmon and trout, and had some petty diplomatic intercourse with the gentiles; but they found in all the region traversed no spot deemed suitable in every respect i'or a mission. The second tour was made in October.'^ I , i : •] ^'"Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. 249. '" Vhulcr, JJiarii) o 2^''oti<'i(f drl Viaric que araho ih' hucor por mnndnto 'hi Sr Gohcniii'lo)- ;/ Patlrc Prea'ulinlp, con cl chjitn tie huxvar jidraf/i'.i 6 Silios ptira J'lmditf Jlixioiiia, Aijotiio JSIO, !M8. August loth, left Mis.siou San.losc' and went six lciig\ics N. to a sprinj^ in San Josii Valley, Kith, (i 1. x. to souive of Nogak's Cl'. ; (! 1. x. to month of same stream in sloughs extending \. E. 17th, explorations (if the plains aliout tiic mouths of the great rivers in the land.i of the Tanpiincs (Carqnines?), no facilities for a mission for lack of water. 18th, 7 1. K. over range of mountains to the l\io do San Joa(|uin, or as it is also called Rio de los Tulares, in the land of the Tulmines; 2 1. E. lOth, 10 1. S. E. along edge of the tules to a lagoon in nn oak grove, at or near tlie rancheria of Peseadero in the country of the Cholbones. 20th, .3 1. .s. k. past Aupimis to opposite Tomchom; 2.5 1. to Cuyens, 2lst, .S 1. fiast a dry creek, toMaijeni; 2 1. to Bozcnats. 22d, .3 1. p. e. toTationesand Apaglamenes; 31. to some lagoons (all these rancherias were on the other side of the river, and the traveller.^ simply arrived opposite them. Most of the names were tlwso of the chiefs^. 23d, 4 1. to a lagoon. 24th, turned west and in 10 1. rcnchcd San Luis Gonzaga. 2Jth, explorations. 2(!th, ,s. w. over the mountains, 9 1. to Ausaymas Cr. 21 th, 5 1. ,s. \v. to San Juan Bautista. '' Vitvk'i; Dinrio a(|uiu 1 1. alwvc the ^fereed; 3.") 1. down the river to Oro.stiinac Arroyo opposite the Apelameiies; 2 1. to opposite Tauolames; 3 1. west to Arroyo of C'or]iu.s Christi. 2(jtli, 1. \v. across the hills to Kl Tom; (3 1. to sprin<,'s and little plain of San Gnillermo. 27th, fi 1. w. to r;ni(ht'iia of the Palefios; 5 1. to Slission Santa Clara. It is to he noted that ViailciH original diary in my possession nnd tliat copied from the aroliivcii (,f Santa ISarhara do not exactly agree in some details. '* Mnriiijd, l>iavk) ' xii LxfKdirioti her Caroo— Djplomacy— An Honest Goveknoi!— Trading Friars— DEfERiEFiS — Rumous of War- -Critical State of AFFA^:^^— l^OVE AND ROMANCE — DoSa GONCEl'CION ArGUELLO — ReZAN- of's Departure and Death — Lancisdorff's Observations — Swiit and Eyeks on the Coast— The 'Derby' and the 'Mercury'— Plans for Commerce and a Settlement — Kuskof at Bodega — Voyage of the WiNSHips — Russian Schemes. iii; One of the chief motives as avowed by the Span- iards for the occupation of San Diego and Monterey l)y the expedition of 17G9 had been the fear of Rus- sian advance, or encroaclnnent as they regarded it, ironi the nortli. The Russians were indeed destined to ph\v a not unimportant part in the kiter history of California. On them she was to depend for years for lier foreign trade; they were to furnish her in s})ite of herself with many things that she required. They were to plant themselves on her border, if not within her territoiy, and were to serve and annoy her at the same time. It was in 180G that the Russians of the I'ar north iirst came into actual contact with the Span- ish residents of California, and in this chapter I shall trace the resulting relations down to the end of the decade;. In a later volume of this series devoted to the history of Alaska I shall present a complete record of ANNALS OF ALASKA. 09 SDORFF. sir MovK- N — Ilrsso- {ANCIHCO — S(J Colony )Vi;RN01! — , Statu oi' o— Rkz.vn- swiit anu Plans for ,(;k of the Span- jiiterey Rus- dcd it, estined tory of ars for })ite of They within at the of the Span- shall )f the -1* to the fd of Russian policy and achievement in nortli-M'Cstcrn Anieiica, including of course a vast amount of mate- lial l)earin.i Hui:., MS., ix. 54; i'/tiy. /iVc, MS., x. 5; ix. 7. I : i :f|i l! 1 1 i ■■i i G2 EUSSIAX RELATIONE (liiblo proportions. Claims to cxclusivo rights by cer- tain companies in certain districts led to serious contlicts. Amid tliese conHic\:s tlio natives fared badly, especially the docile Aleuts. True, kind treatment Mas required hy orders from St Petersburg; but as the ]lussian proverb has it, "Hea/en is high and the Tsar is afar off." The fiercer tribes of the mainland suf- fered less, thanks to their own valor and strategy — or treachery as the chroniclers jto fond of calling it. The llussian yoke had no charms for them, as nuiny a hotly contested fight and many a bloody massacre of their oppressors testified. The chaos of rival companies was at length reduced to unity and order by consolidation in 171)7, resulting in the organization in 1799 of the gigantic monopoly that was destined to rule these shores for so many years, the Russian American Company. Lesser com- panies were fused into this or abolished; and as it was under im[)erial protection, and counted among its share- holders the im})erial family, it is no marvel that it flourished and was all-powerful, something more than a commercial company or a colony, a practically inde- pendent department of the Russian empire. The lot of the Aleuts, always a hard one, was somewhat im- proved under the company's rule. True they were practically slaves and animals, but as such they had a value and were entitled to a degree of protection. The natives of the mainland retained their indepen- dence and were now free from oppression, their trade and their services as hunters being in demand. Popu- lation in the colony increased slowly, being far behind the Spanish population in the Califbrnian establish- ment. Furs were abundant and valuable, and the business of the company was immensely profitable from the beginning. The only drawback to j)rosperity was the barrenness of the country and the extreme difficulty of obtaining a food supply. Transportation overland through Siberia was slow^ and difficult. The voyage by water round Cape Horn could be made only AMERICAN CONTRACTS. 68 educed suiting )n()poly ) uiaiiy ?r coni- !5 it was s sliare- that it e tliau y iiide- ':iie lot lat im- V were had a eetion. depen- trado PojjU- icliind bli«li- d the fi table peiity trcnie tatiou The le only nt ]o\vy intervals, and the fur-hunters, notwithstand- ing' the company's wealth, were (jftm threatened with famine. The American colony was under the imme- diate rule of Alexander Baranof as chief director of the company's aii'airs. Spaniards and Russians in America liad thus far seen but little of each other, but the time was at hand when tlu;y were to become more intimate. En,i;]isli and American traders in northern waters came often into contact with the Russians, who were always «^lad to buy any ])art of their cargo which could be eaten, and who doul)tless listened eagerly to their reports of California wheat and corn. In 1 80i^ })eace was con- chuled between Russia and Spain, and was duly cele- brated in the American colonies of both nations. In 1803 the American captain, O'Cain, after selling Ba- ranof goods to the value often thousand roubks, per- suaded him to furnish a com[)any of Aleuts with their bidarkas, to go to California and hunt otters on sliares. ]]aranof was reluctant to encourage any foreign inter- ference in the fur-trade; but he had heard wonderfr.l stories of the abundance of otters in the south, and wliile he knew that tlie Americans could accom})lis]i but little without the Aleuts, he M'as also aware that the Aleuts could not be sent so far without the pro- tection of a large vessel; moreover it was important to acquire reliable information about California. The result was that O'Cain carried his point, and that Sho- etzof, a shrewd official, was sent along to make obser- vations. This enterprise, which was most profitable, and two others made under similar contracts, have been described in a former chapter, and yet others will be noticed in their chronological order. We shall find these Yankee contractors having things very much their own way in California for a decade or more, by the aid of the skilful Aleuts, and of the goods they carried for barter by which the con- nivance of the friars was generally secured, and some- 64 RUSSIAN RELATIONS. times tliat of tlio officials. Tlic Imntei's l)cc'aino l^oMcr and bolder, until wu shall find thuiii takiii}^ otter iii San Fi'ancisco ]^ay under the very noses of the exas- ])erated Spanish authorities, who, without so much as a hoat in their ma_i,niilicent harbor, could do iiothinLf but look on, though they oeoasioui.illy cauj^jht an in- cautious Aleut. Thouj^di nearly ten thousand skins were (tbtained in this manner as the company's share, llioui^di the terms of the contracts MX're equally favor- ai)le to American and Kussian, and thout^di Jiaranof made such conti'acts only with men in whose integ- rity he had esj)ecial confidence, yet the forei,L;neis eventually ])ut the company to much trouble and loss by occasional sharj) practice, by exactinu^ exorbitant ])rices for their furs which they threatened to carry to another market and thus create a com[)etition, and by exciting tlie animosity of the Spanish autlujr- ities. This contract syr;tcm seems to have been aban- doned about 1815, and there is some reason to believe that it would have been more advantageous for the company had they al\va\s paid cash for such goods as they needed and kept the fur- trade exclusively in their own hands. ^i * In September 1805 an event occurred which was to have considerable iidluence on future relations with California. This was the arrival at Sitka of the Rus- sian Chaml)crlain Nikolai Petrovich liezanof, in the capacity of imperial inspector of the north-eastern establishments, being also i)lenipotentiary of the Kus- sian American Company. With still another mission as ambassador extraordinary to the court of Japan liezanof had left Russia two years before with the exjiedition of Krusenstern and Lisiansky, who on the Nera and Nadcslida made the first Russian voyage round the world.'^ Of this famous voyage there is ^ Kruseii/itern, Vmjnric round the World, in the years 1SQ3, ISO/f, 1S05, and ISOG, hi/ order of 11 is liii]i< rial Mnj(n!y Alexander the First, on hoard the ships Nadeshila and Neva, tinder the eoinnuind of Cujilain A. J. Von Krnseiis/irii of the Imperial Xaci/. Translated from the oriyinal German. London, 1813. \ ■ !: RKZAXOF'S MISSION. cn ii(»tIiiiiH' to 1k' siiid luTC as lu'ithcr of (lie vossols ivtu-Iicd Ciilironiia. ]{ez;iiinl' had left the XiKfcs/idti at I'l'ti'opavlovsk in Juno, and arconipanicd l)y J)r Laiin'sdnrir, (surjjfc'du and naturalist, had crossed over to tilt' Aleutian Islands and thence eanic down to New Ai'clian^el on the island of Sitka. Jfezanofs ohject was to invosti'jfato the condition and nianagenient of the colonies, make what nn[»rove- nients he could, and su^'i^est in a full rej)ort sucli lefonns as iniL,dit he conducive to future prosperity. TlionL,di no i'ault was found with ]^ar;in<»f's administra- tion, yot the chamberlain found opportunity enough f »r his 1^^)0(1 oiiices, and seems to luivo worked with nmch zeal and no little success to ameliorate the con- dition of the em|)eror's subjects in America."' liut there was one evil at Sitka which it was found veiy 4ti), '2 Vdls. Kruscnstcni was commandor-in-i'liiff from a nnA'al point of vimv, tliiiii,!,'li ill Hdiiio ruHjieuts siiboiiUiuiti! to Jiczanof; .siiiltil on tliu Xidli n/u/ii imiumI Ciiiio Uorn to Kaniclmtka, ami tlifucc to .laiian and liack; and atUr K'!i\ iiii^ l!oz:iniif, rt'turned down tlio China coastand round L'apu (loud iloin-, arriviuu' at ( 'ronsuult in August 18()(). l/i.-iiinski/, A Viijiuiji' round the World, in thi' i/ffirn JSO.'l, IflO/f, ISO',, and ISd'i; /iiri'iinnid l,i/ oriirr <>/ Win LnjKiial Majisty Alixandir t/ir J'ir-f, h'in/ii rur (ij Jtiifisiit, ill till' nhiji Sara, lii/ Un [i Li-^iitnn/,;/, <'u/i/(iin in Ihv A' ^^- ■-iiiii \(iri/. London, 1S14. 4to. 'J'hu autlior coninianilod tiie Xirn, wliicli (.(■Ijaiatcd tVoni lior consort at tlie Sandwicli Islands, visited tin; noi'tii-wrst coast of America above the latitude of California, and rejoined the Xiidt.'i/ida on the (/liina coast. Lunijxtlnrl)', Voijaiics and Trairli in Vnrioiix I'nrin of tin; Worli), dnrimi the yi''i,-^ ISn.l, ISO.'/, ISDo, ISm;, and 1S07. Ih/d. II. run J.an>isilor[r, Anlir < 'omi- .s. '/<,/• III llin Ma ji. it II till' Emyitror of Itiimn, ('oii.inl-(li'iiii(d lU l/ie Jinr.il », Aiiiijlit if till' Order of St Ainic, and Meinl»;r of mrioiis Ariidiinii x ond liiiiiird iSo''i(tii's. llluatndidbii lui'jrarinij.'ifioin uriifinid driiirimjH. London, l.Si:^. Ito. '2 vols. ])r Langsiiorfr was one of the natundists on 1)(jard the Xiiilislidit, apjiointod just before the sailing of the expedition at his own in- triccssinn and that of Kezi'inof. He left his vessel in Kamchatka, and after his visit to Alaska and California, of which I shall have more to say, returned to St I'l'tersburg overland. ^(ireenhow, Ili.^t. O,-., 273-4, describes Rez.'inof as 'a singularly ridicu- lous and incompetent person' who 'after the failure of his endiassy to .lapan,' went to California and 'spent some time in trilling at Sau Francisco.' This criticism though coming from so intelligent and able a writer, I regard as almost unfounded and most unjust. Kezanofs faults, even as portrayeil by his foes, were not in the direction of incompetence and tiilling. The Russian authori- ties, with no interest in perverting the truth in this matter, agiee that he was a man of unusual capacity, intelligence, and humanity, ami tliat tlie cand dollars.* This relief being but temporary and the situation of affairs becoming again critical in the spring, llezanof was forced to device new expedients and at length hit upon that of going to California for virovisions. Ti'ade with f(>reii>ners J. O was forbidden there it is true, but starvation was a hiuvler matter to face than Spanish law as adminis- tered on the Pacific. Possibly also a little profital)le business in furs miglit be triiiisacted, "if not with the viceroy's permission, at least in a ])rivate manner tlirougli tlie missionarios." " The plan once conceived, action was not long deferred. The Ju)io was made ready; a car;oods likelv to temi)t the Calilbrnian taste Avas selected; and on the 8th of ]\Iarch 180(», llezilnof, still accomi)anied by Dr Langsdorff, put to sea. Of the crew, weakencc' ' " ' ' ]so.- by tnc lammc at n ^ lirzunof, Zapkhi, 20.V. This letter is dated New Archangel, Xi Th liuilt at liristol, Mass., in 170!t, was a standi M" bottomed and fast vessel of 'J(l() tons. Five Anierican sailors entere.i tlio company s service. Most of the rest it to the ilii ]sl:i th. si. (/■, which Ke/.anof threw into the liaruain with the wish 'IJod ; tliat they niay not have jiaid too dear for their lashness'in trusting t leir lives to siicli a craft. Lanysihnll', I'oijaijcn, ii. 8S, gives the American's i anio as Dwolf. " 'The missionaries were tlie chief agents in this contrabanu trade." j'.'/t- miiicf, Islvr. Obo^rank, i. 14(J. '%(► ■fs VOYAGE TO CALIFORNIA. 67 ^V..11V, uzanot' ■j; but ■ a,ij;aiii tk'visc was a liuis- tal)lo 1,1 tlio vod, made tniiaii ISOC), lit to Sitlva Nov. (i, •iij>iR'r- •rc.i the ill th.i |i,:^ t'lvir 's ) anio niid mlucod rajiidly by scurvy, lialf were soon unable to d«» duty. Thive times at the innnineii^ risk of shipwreck they desperately attempted but in vain to^ enter the Columbia Kivtr. They .-.cgan to des))air ..f ever reaching- California; but the te-:ible scurvy, sparini,^ none, made it necessary to go forward or die. A change of the moon broU!;ht fav()ra!)le Avlnds. and (m the 4th of Ai)ril the mari.)';rs had reached the latitude of San Francisco and weic peering- with pallid i'aces throu^li the dense fo<^'-hank for a ^'hmpse of the jtroinised land. The Juiio anchored outside the heads and next moinin^', Ai)ril ath/' ran straight top tlie harbor with tide and \*ind, and all sails set. Jn view of the critical state of ailidi's on board, ]Jez;lnof I'csolved to run past the fort even at the risk «:f receivini^' a few cannaiu:^li ari.'liivi'.s dn nut give tlic I'xact date. ' Tiic iK'st and nms*- i'mhii'IcIu aiitiiiirity uii tliis i-xiicditiim ami tin' att( n- daiit iU'i,'fptiatiiiiiri is /;'■•'■ i/', /((i/,i.aiiish lan,i,'u-iL'.e, and a siiijiularly un]irepossessiug fare as ]iiir- trayecl on the frontispiece of lii.s Ixiok, J.aiiusdorll's narrative isiu.struetiveaud ihleresti!)','. I am, however, hardly ready tore;.rard this .'is ' the most detaile>l aeenunt of the country and its population that, h:id yet lieen giv'en to tlio Morld,' with Stillmau in On rhniil Munllihi. ii. '.MS-dv,. Tikhiin mf, J.s/io: i lUot- nuiicy 144-."pO, is a very t;ood liu.ssian n;irrativc of tlio expedition, Imt the nuthorfollows Kezanof very closely. I'ltn-hhi, Silml /i'o.«, and llui-'iiio/', S/ii-:- vriiiiigmiiie, contain lirief resmnes of the voyaf,'e. Seala, in Xonv. Aini'ilix ili' r ?xliv. ;iS(>-l, tells perl perliaps as many aiisi.rd lie.s ali< Mould lie possible in a hrief space, IpuHal ill the tale. Mofras, i".t7ro- posed to Ijarter a cargo of bread-stuffs,"' the very thing the Kussians most desired. But the governor's con- sent liad to be gained, and the chamberlain wr<^te to Arrillaga that he would come oveiland to Monteivy f(.)r an interview; but presently Don Jose Argi'iello airi\'ed with a letter from Arrillaga in which he said he would spare his visitor so much trouble, as it was his intention to come immcdiatclv to San Francisco.'^ !^[eanwhile the contrast between sunny Calilbinia and the dreary Sitka with its storms and star\alion introduced discontent into the Juno's crew. Life in California — where to eat, to drink, to make hjve, to smoke, to dance, to ride, to sleep, seemed the whole duty of man — must have seemed to these cold, sea- salted men a pleasant dream. Here all was abun- tolinssia; tlwit the Tstir luul intni.stcil him witli the crvniniand of all liis Aiiieiican jxissi's.sidiis; tliat lie had inspected his doiiiiiiir.ii during the jiast year and had uintered at Xorfdlk Sonnil; and that linally he had detennineil ti> visit (/alit'iirniii and eonsult with its (.'overnor, as niler of a nei;.hlM)i-inL; country, eouecininj,' mutual interests. 'J'his he told -with the view of faeili- tating iaisiuess liy impressing the Spaniards with iui idea f)f his iniportanee as lu^ says in his letter, and 'at any rate 1 did not exaggerate nuieh,' he ailds, W ith the eo\irier sent to Montei'ey, Iveziinof sent a letter to the governor expressing thanks for his courteS<;(!, Ariillaga to Kezanof, in J',fr. lli<\. :Ms., viii. 8'J-;?. '1 reeogiiizeil in vhis,' siiys Kez:inof, 'the sus])ic'ions nature nf tlio Spanish government, whieh everywhere jirevents foreigners from acrpiaintin:^ tlunisilves with the interior of the ct)nntry, and ohserving the insignilicauco of its lurces,' , n 70 RUSSIAX RELATIONS. (lance and indolence, in the north liardsliip and want; liere ftiir women, there hideous sqiiaws; this was a, lotus-eating life worth living tor, that a struggle lor an existence not worth having. Tln-ee Americans and a l^iussian asked to remain; llezanof j)romised to s[)cak to Argiiello ahout it; and wlien permission, at'tur what was probably not a very earnest plea, was refused, the men were sent to an island in the bay to be kept until the vessel should be ready to sail. Two Iiussian sailors, liowever, managed to escape.''^ Arrillaga arrived on or about April 18th and re- ceived the Russians with the same courtesy that had l)een shown by his subordinates. His ability to con- verse in the French language rendered subsequent intei'coui'se nuich easier than it had been, though lieziinof unch'r certain favorable circumstances to be noted later had made rapid }>rogress in his Spanish. Xot a day was allowed to pass before the subject of trade was brought up, but in this matter the governor ]>ro\ed t(j be inconveniently wary and honest. In the ensuing interviews and discussions he gradually drew out of the Russian plenipotentiary, after not a few dijtlomatic lies on the part of the latter, the substan- tial trutli that tliQt/iiao had brought a cargo of goods t(.) trade tor l)read-stutis,thouuhthe wilvliezanof would not say (piite so much literally, still keeping secret his urgent need, ])utting it all on the basis of nuitual benetit from trade, and professing that while his com- missary had a few goods he woukl like to sell, his own object was merely to collect samples of California ])roduets to be distributed among the noi'thei-n estab- lishments in ortler to ascertain their adaptability to that market! Arrillaga asked for some explanation of O'Cain's trip in 1803. "They hunted otter all ^'-Prov. 7,'fc., ^IS., ix. 77; Tdhmri((j\ Lt. 10, ISOCi. Arnllagii oviKts tlio ciiiliarciitioii of Ifussian ]irisoiiers (])iol)aljly the two (IcsL'rtfVs), (111 llu; Coiicf'jiciiiii fur San JJla.s. (Imrrn, Jtac. Hist, (ul., ,MS., iii. I!I4. A iini;^li imto in tlio arcliivutj f.'i\fs tlio ftircc (in Ww.linio as Sou Mxcclk'licc (k> ('lialii)icllaii ct Clicvalici' Nicdhis do lic/aiiotl'. Cajit. Kicolas dc Ivliiirstdir. l,ii lit. (laln'icl dc Itavidull', (ico. dc l^anusd"! II, l)ri-'t Naturali.st(.', I'lldtc's llliyii it Aiuhvcl; and 4;S liiun. Prvc. Si. Ph^k, MS., xi.\. l(Jo. DIPLOMACY. 71 10, V the -MS., Sim as (Ic! li.sto, vintor," snld tlio my.stificd o'ovonior, "but \vlioro tlicy liid thcinsL'lve.s Avas more tlian wo couid liiid out." lu'Zjuiof, far from admittiDg' tliat tlio 1-Ju8siaiis liad aiiytliiiig" to do \\itli that c.'.\})oditioii, full in witli tlio liuuior of tlie oovcruor, who was verv bitter a<>aiiist llir "T)Ostoniaii suuiiX.Gi'lors and robb(;rs," and ho pro- cooded U) dilate u])oH the trickv nature of the Yankees Mid the swindles they had perjietrated upon tlie lius- ^iaiis.'^ .Vi'L-'umcnt, persuasion, and flattery Merc alike un- availinn'. Arrillatjfa admitted tho eiiiiviMiieiue of trade i'm' the people of California, but he would not violate till' laws, nor his oath of otHce. TIkj utmost cf)nces- .-ioii he would make, after the Kussian liad exhausted his ol()(|U('nee, was to permit the ])urehasc of Ln^raiii f)r eash. This was bv no means satisfactory, as the li-ov- crnor doubtless well k-.new, since the Juno C(s actual, war between S])aiii and liussia. The enihusiasm of even the friars began t^) abate, and tluy weri' not unwilling to admit tliat they hi'per. lie/anof ^•' J>'-ji)i /, L'fj.:.-.li, •2'A-.\ Icttir of .June -I'X iSUSi. I'„ii\uivl\ Shhuco- y •.•(.•or- li live lis pri'- |l U[in)l >t tlie kmtiiig t'oiiie I its lie lait ill lieart to follow her ainhitioii and ivciprocatod tlio ad- vances of one \vho, thoULi'li aial'assadoi- and chamber- lain, was alsf) alas I a heretic! It Avas not, however, until all other expedients had failed, that liezanof pressed his suit so far as to pro- ])ose niari'ia:L^e,"an(l herein lies the evidence that ratiier un})leasautly merges the lover into the diplomate. Doha Conc(!pcion consented; so did her parents; and so did the friars reluctantly, on condition that the be- trothal should be kept secret and bo subject to the ])ope's ap])roval. On his return to St Petersburg, as Langsdortf tells us, liezanof ])roposed to go to ^Ea- drid as envov extraordinary of the liiissian court, to I'emove all misunderstanding between the two ])owers. Thence he would return by way of Mexico to Sail Francisco to claim his bride. iJoha Concepcion hail before been very useful as a ' devoted friend ' in kee[>- ing the chamberlain acquainted with the state of feeling on commercial topics, and the pretty spy's occupati(»n was jj^one; but as Rezdnof was now (-ounted as one of the family, the father and brother kept no secrets from him. " Fi'om this time," he writes, " I managed this p(n-t of his Catholic Majesty as my interests re- c|uirod. The governor was very much astonished to see Don Jose intrust me with the most })rivate atfaii's of his household, and to lind himself all at once, so to spoi my 'uest. Now was the time to make a final effort for ])t'rmis- sion to dispose of the Ju.nos cargo. With the new " ' Secinn; thiit my situation was wA iin]iriiviiij,'. expecting every ilay that sniiu; niisuinlcrstaiKliiiL,' voiild ari^e, ami liaviiig Imt little ciiiiliileiire in my (iwii jn'i'iilc, 1 rc'snlved to fhaiiL'e my |">lireiiess for a .si'i'ioiis tone. I'inally I iii]]i(iceiitilily eieated in lirr an imiiatieiiee to hear .something serious iidin me on the subject, Mliiclieansfil me to ask for her hand, touliich .she eonse:iteective sej)- aration from tlieir daucjiter made it a terrible blow for them. They ran to the "lissionariis, who did not know what to do; they hustled poor ( 'oiK'e|uioii to e, 'ih, confessed her, aii'l uiged her to refuse me, but her resolutciuss finally overcame them all. The iioly f;«tliers appealed to the decision of the throne of lumie. and if 1 coulil not aeeomplish my nuptials, I had at least llie lireliminaiy act performed, the marriage .jontraet drawn iiii, and foi ed tlieiii to betroth us. ' r i 1 i ' 74 RUSSIAN RELATIONS. allinncc in favor of tlio project failure was impos^sihlo. Ari'illa'^a, with all his oflicial intcg'i'itv, ])ar('ly aMu to I'csist the friars, tlic people, and his own inclinations, cDiiM no more i-esist l3on Jose Argliello, his friend of thirl V wai's standing, than ]Jon Jose could he deaf to the entreaties of his daughter, the spoiled '<'i had yielded, a soniewhat complicated [)lan was devised, hy which cash was to ap[)ear as the medium of purchase on hoth sides. That is, the governor, on a }>etition heing ])re- sented to him hy the inhahitants settintjf forth their need i)f the goods, was to buy the Jioio's cargo for nmney l'r(>m the ]iussian commi.ssary, Ivezanof's name not ap|)eiiring in the transaction except to certify that the commissary had a ]'iu]it to sell the n'oods. The commissaiy was to use the money thus ac([uired to huy grain and other })royisions from the i'riars; and the lattei" could suhseijuently return the governor his coin foi- the Lifoods they needed.^^ AccordinTain was '"Suik i.j Itt'Ziiiiof'.s own version of tlio iiirangeuient, iind if not (Hiito (irfunite ill L'vcry ivsjioct, tliuro are no means of correcting it, for iiatiirally it 's not e.\]ilaiiK'cl in the S])aiiisli records. April 'JD, ]8!)(i, liez:iiiof to »\.;ii- lla,i;a, u.->ks pcnni.ssion to Imy for cash 'JOO fanegas of wlieat, liarley, hcaiis, mill pease, 1(10 arrolia.s of flour, 50 arr. of salt, .SOO air. of butter, ami r.tOarr. of tallow. Jhj,t. S/. Pap., J/o»^, MS., i. .'57. .May Kith, ArgiielKi r( ports tliat lie has siiii[ilie-0. Arrillaga had previously announceil liexaiinf's arrival in his letter (jf April lOtli, to which the viceroy replies .liily -".Itli that he awaits account of the Jiiiio'i objects and passports. I'ror. iSV. Pup., ^LS., xix. 100. Sept. b"), ISO;!, viceroy acknowledges receipt of the ]iassports and of de patclics from l.'ezanof and others, all of which lie will forward to Spain. /i<', 10.'); LangsdorO', I'm/aijis, ii. lib"), f-ays they got 4.'J04 measures of corn, with a birge unantity of ilour. ]H'aso, beans, ami maize, together with ii few casks of .•■■aiU'd meat, and a small )iio- vision of salt, soap, tallow, and some other articles, all amounting to .tiJ4,CuO. REZAXOF'S DEPAr^TURE. iO Tho II was t (|uitc irjilly it I) Avvi- l)caiis, cr, au'.l \rL,'iiflli) (■ to Hk; -Miiy K'litiini.s rcipos:;! (if IMIll- t .^4,(!(il) •., MS., s Ifttir H'l>t. 1"), IS from ..,. .1/;/., . IVter.s- murcial ..y. /'/., )i"_ras if a:al salt ■ ii. -J I.'), Jifasp, ill jiiM- 24XUO. broiinlit ill i-npidly frf»in all (liredions, and tlio Jimo was soon loaded. The question of mutual trade in the I'utuit; was discussed, and Arrillat^a spoke strongly in favor of it, but he declared he could promise nothing in the matter without higher authority.^'' JiaviuLj accomplished his ohiect lu'Ziinof h court. 'J'lu! oli.staclcs in liis o|iiiiioii wiTc the ditiicultiu.s of conmniiiication; tlit; ditlicnlty in obtaining.' artielrs suited for the California trade, the artiele.s most desired there lirin;4 id.^o searce in the norLli; and tho hi;'h price of corn in California coni]iareil V ith that at Croiistadt. True the otterdiunting might he prolitable, tmt the aullior did not lielieve the Sjumiards would ever ]ieruiit it. A Russian colony in file south was, he lielieved, the only iiraeticablo way of taking advantage of California's fertility. Voijaye.f, ii. 184-G. ■m i|^ 76 RUSSIAN RELATIONS. nflectioiis; and the tein])or,'iry ravages of the iiieaslos. There was no attempt to j^atlier histoi'ieal niateiial, tliouiih sonic ideas of inland ueorjrai»liy were colleeted as they I'xisted vaguely in the *Si)anish mind. Jndiau maimers and customs were .studied somewhat elosuly at San Francisco and ^Mission San Jose, the natives of the latter j)lace beinj^ va.stly su])erior to those of the former. Of the character and zeal of the mis- sionarit's Langsdorff speaks hii,ddy. lie believes the neophytes' condition to be better than that of the (••entiles, attributing; their tendency to run away to national character rather than to ill-treatment. To their iid'erioi'ity as a race he also attributes the success of the Spaniards in keeping in sul)jection so large a number with so small a ibrce. The mission system is quite accurately described. This author has less to .say than other visitors, of the Spanish poverty, shift- lessness, and lack of all ])rogressiyc and precautionary characteristics, though the failure to use boat* in San Franciscc* Bay struck him as very remarkable; neither is he so enthusiastic in praise of California's natural advantages and pi-ospects for a glorious future as have been some travellers before him and many since. -'^ It is necessary to add the unhappy ending of the romance which [)layed so prominent a part in the nar- 20 < Fi'ieiulsliip anil harmony reigned in the whole behaviour of these worthy kind-hearted iieojjle.' ' None of tliese missionaries ean acqnire any inniierty, so that tiie idea of enriching tlieinselve.s ean never divert tlieir tliougiits fnini their religious avocations.' 'Tlie monks conduct themselves in general with BO nuicli prudence, kindness, and jiaternal care, towards tiieir converts, tliat peace, happiness, and oliedience universally prevail among them.' ' I was jiresent at the time of delivering out tlie sonp, and it apjjeared to nic incom- prehensible how any one could tin'ee times a day eat so large a portion of such nourishing food. ' ' One cannot suiiieiently admire tlie zeal and activity \\ hicli carrier, the friars through so arduous a task, or forbear wishing the most com- plete success to their undertaking.' 'Xone of the men that we .saw (hidiansat San Francisco) were above live feet higli; they were ill-proportioned, ami hail sudi a dull heavy negligent appearance, tluit we all agreed we had never seen a less pleasing si)ecinien of the human race.' 'I believe them wholly incapable of forming among themselves any regular and condjined plan fur tlieir own emancipation.' ' As the padres have more men and Monien under their care than they could keep constantly employed tiie whoh; year, if laiiour were too nmcli facilitated, they are afraid of making them idle by the intro- duction of mills.' .Luwjfdorjj's Voi/iKjvti, ii. 153-71. END OF THE ROMANCE. 77 Isc wiirtliy ]liioiiiTty, t,'lits fniiii ILlill witli lurts. tlmt |1(! lllCOlll- j)II <>\ SlR-ll |ity M liich liost l-M)!!!- liidiaiiK at iiuil had |ar startwl in Si-pteuibcr from Okliotsk I'oi' an ovL'ilaiid trij) to St Pctt'rsluii'^'. ]j('t us lio[te tliat lie ^vas true to his ('alifornian love, tliat liis ])ur- |ins(' was sti'oiiLC to elaini liis hritle, that liis j)rouusL'(l diplomatic sacritiee ot" himself in matrimonv was vet a swict dream as iKMvas whirled over Sil)eiian snows, that no adverse inihienee was in wait at the im[>erial niuj't to shake his purpose, i'or his constancy was ncvtr to ex[)erience a final test, liis constitution luid heen weakened hythe liardships of the pre(,-eding year, and he was unal)le to endure his lonu' winter iournev. lie was seized with a violent fcvei- and was carried into a Yakout hut. Ivecovering, he ])ressed on for twelve days, when exhaustion caused liim to fall from his horse. The combined effects of the fall and the fever kept him for sometime bedridden at Yakutsk, whence he started too soon, but succumbed at Krasnoyarsk, wlure he died on ^Marcli 1, 1807.-^ Dona Concepcion Argtiello, the sincerity of whose affection for the Russian chamberlain there is no reason to doubt, did not learn of her k>ver'.s death i'or several years. Yet she was constant to his memory, refused to listen to words of love from other suitors, and finally, when it became evident that her betrothed was either dead or false, she t(X)k the rohca o{' n heat a, and detlicated lu^r life to deeds of charity. Probably she accom))anied her parents to Lower California in 1815 from Santa Barbara; at least she was at Loreto in 1818. Next year she returned to Santa Barbara; l)ut subse(iuently rejoined her j)arents at Guadalajara. Here her mother died in 1821), a year or two after her fatho's (loath, and then Dona Concepcion came back once more to California, where she lived in the Guerra family, busied in caring for the sick, and in other g(»od Avorks. Here Simpson met her in 1842, and it Was from him that she is said to have learned the particular •" Tikhmenif, Istor. Obosranie, i. 1G2. ^ y). v^ ^;. '^ 91 '> ^ 7 >^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ' m m 1.25 1.4 M 2.0 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ;^"Q ,<> 78 RUSSIAN IlELATIONS. canso and circumstances of hor lover's death." Wlien the D()?-'i lit Sail Fmiu'isco and Imptized on Feb. 20, 1790. San Frunc'iHco, I.ih. ill' Jiim»i, MS., "J.")-!), (.'onimandunt Zt'ifiiirn. of San Diego, ai;t(Ml as (^'iilfather, tlirongh -Manuel IJoromla, wlio li 'Wer of attorney for the iniriiosc. Vallejo, J/isf. Ca!., MS., i. l(»'2-l aiulo, J/IkI. Crtl., MS., iv. 4.1-1; and Koinero, Mimorinn, MS., !), allB|" i the lady in terms of the highest respoct, dwelling on lier many acts ot ihiirity and religion, her minis- trations to the sick, her teaching of children, hotli Indian uiul Spanisli; lar hahit of carrying always a bottle of holy Avatcr, her visits to the ditierent iiiissions and presidios, and her persistent rejection in the early days (jf all offers of marriage. Gov. Alvarado believed that by a mysterious warning she saved his life at Santa Barbara in ISUS. No writer, however, says any- thing of her having ever left California, which fact I learn from her own correspondence preserved in the family archives of Don Jos6 do lii (Juerra y Noriega. April '20, IS18, she writes from Loreto to her brother. She is evidently in considerable trouble from the ardor with whicli one Don .San- tiago, Jnines Wilcox Smith presses his suit for her hand, and the reports euri-ent on the subject among her friends in (.'alifomia. She denies hitving given Don Santiago any encouragement tliat she would marry him, though siie admits it did once occur to her that, as he promised to change his religion, by consenting siic might save his soul; but she had reflected that if his con- version was sincere he had no need of her. Whatever interest she had shown in iiini has been from gratitude for favors to her family. She is anxious tliat tlie matter be explained to Josd de la Ciucrra and Pablo Sola. Guerra, JJoc, Jlirofits of these and preceding cx])editions made Baranof think of sending out one on the sole account of the c<>m[)any. The procuring of furs was not, however, his only motive as will be seen. l\ez:inof had come back from the south with two doniinant ideas. One was the establishment on a permanent basis of trade with California; the other was the acquisition by the company of some portion of the Xew Albion coast, where an agricultural and trading establishment might be formed to serve as a sup[)ly-dep6t for the northern settlements. It is noticeable that his original plan was to introduce Chinamen into California as agricultural labnicrs for the colony.-^ With regard to conmierce, the (•onn)any on receijit of Rezdnofs reports sent a jietition to the emjieror setting forth the great advantages to l)e de- rived, and re(|uesting imperial intercession with the Spanish government. The llussian minister at ^la- drid was instructetl to open negotiations, but owing to political changes in Spain the matter dro[>[)ed out of sight for a timo;-^ or at least Spain gave no r('[)ly. Concerning the Xew Albion settlement it was doubtless dcemcvl unnecessary to apply at first to the government, because the emi)eror had already author- ized the company to establish llussian sovinvignty as far south as was possible without infringing on tlic rights of other nations, and it was easy to ignori.' any claim of Spain to the country north of San Francisco Bay. lleziinof, however, had higher aims tlian the '• Ilnnton in (he XorthweM, MS., 20-7. From the log-liook. Not luintiDiu'l by Kussiuus or in Spanish records. More details will Iju giviii in tlic iu:>t cha])ter. "^ Jiaruiiof, Shizneopmanie, 112; Khlibuikof, Zujii^Li, il; /'roc. A'cc, MS., viii. 07-S; xii. '',\. '-' Letter of .June 1800, in TlLhmi'iicf, Istor. i)hoi>., ii. app. 2(57. ^ Pottchin, Sdcnit liosii, 3, 4; Tikloiunc/, htoi: Oboarunlc, i. 204. 80 RUSSIAN RELATIONS. mero occupation of an unsettled regit)n. He hoped to found .settlements at the mouth of the Colundna, thence to extend llus«ian [)ower gradually southward, and eventually to wrest from Spain a lar<^e part of Alta California.-' These schemes the cliamberlaiu confided to the chief director, and succeeded in inspir- ing Baninof with a portion of his own enthusiasm. Tlius it was that when the latter resolved to despatch a hunting expedition to southern waters, he also in- tendeil it to keep a sharp lookout for a favorable site ior the [>rojccted settlement. The important mission was intrusted to a well tried officer of the company named Kuskof. Two vessels were fitted out. The Nikolai, IMaster Balygin, with Tarakiinof as store-keeper, sailed for the Cohunbia in October 1808, but was wrecked. JMost of the men were captured by the Indians; but Tarakanof with a few hunters was rescued by an American ship two years later. Kuskof sailed on the Kddiak, master Petrof, October 2G, 1808, and first touched at Trinidad Bay. Finding neither otter nor natives here he con- tinued liis voyage to Bodega Bay, where he arrived January 8, 1801). I append the original Spanish map made at the discovery of the bay by Bodega y Cuadra Here the Kadiak remained at anchor until in 1775.^"' the 2*Jth of August. The adjoining region was some* what carefully ex[)lored; friendly relations were es- tablished with the natives by the distribution of gifts; *"Iii a letter to the company dated New Archangel, Feb. 1.'), 18(H>, and marked 'secrvt,' Keziinof, after recommending a settlement on the Columhia and an apinnach thence to San Francisco ]$ay, 'which forms the boundary uf California, ' lie goes on to say: ' If we can only obtain tiio means for the begin- ning of this plan, 1 think I may say that at the Columbia \vu could attract a jMipulation from various parts, and in the course of ten yeai's we should become strong enough to make use of any favorable turn in Kuropeiui politics to in- clude the coast of California in the Russian possessions. . .The Spaniards are very weak iu these countries, and if in ITi'S when war Mas declared by Spain our company had had a force corresponding to its proportions, it would have been very easy to seize a piece of California fram 84" to Santa RiirlMira. . .and to appropriate this territory forever since the geographical position of Mexico would have prevented her from sending any assistance overland.' Jltzdnof, ZapUki, 'l-X\-\. '"'/'/■or. St. Pap,, Bin., MS., i. 21. This map should have appeared iu vol. 1. EXPLORATION OF BODEOA. 81 some temporary l)uildiii,L,'.s woii' civctod; over 2,000 (•ttt'i-skiiiH were secured; and iive or six men, Kiis- sians and Amerieans, deserted. Tlie return voyajjjc was tedious, but Sitka was reached in October. ^^ The Sjianiards did not lonj;" remain ignorant of Ku.skofs piisence at Bodel,^•^. Tlie deserters math' straii,dit for the settlements, told all they knew, and were i^^athered into jail for theii- pains. The Aleuts also were seen huntinijf on the hay of San Trancisco, whither they had carried their hidarkas oveiland. and where several of their number were caj)tured.''" Kuskof aftei- his long stay was able to render a very full rej)ort. He had found a tolerable harbor, a line Cauipu Vvrdo Ptii. lit- MungvM Pta. del Cordon MU It mm:iw~ III'" I., "Pta Arenas ,,'v~ i,; IkiDKGA Bay in 177.>. ^^K/d'hiiHo/, Znphl'i, 10, \?r,; liiiiuilio/, Sfir.iifO)iiiior is calletl Ivduniijiiitzuf ]5ay in tliu last-iiRiitioiu'd wdik. '■^I'll). !», ISO!), Airillaya to coinniaiKlaiit (if San iM-ancisen, the natives rcpnit laigo lliis.sian slii|is at Bodoga, the crt'ws of wliioh liave irt'ctnl luiilil- iiigs. A <.'a|ituri'(l Indian says lio lifhtngs to tlio AVc/. ('anocs llsliing on tlio liay. I'rov. I'lC, MS,, xii. 'JSO. Fili. KitJi, coinniandant to governor, among the natives Mho came from the other siih.' on I'eli. i-ltii ;ire two Anier- i.aii deserters from the sliij> at Bodega. Tliey are of the four eontineil liy lieziinof on an island during liis visit. The vessel is the Cun'iic-h, ('apt. (ioosehfli, with 40 lUissians and l.'iO Indians including 'JO women. Fifty canoes have lieen crossed from lluymene.s Ikiy to I't Bonetes. The strangers must have had miuh trade with the Indians to judge from the ell'ects seen, '^'esterday three Itussinns came to San .lose and were sent to the jiresitlio. I'ri'i: UK I'liji., MS., .\i.\. "JOll-S. March Slst, Arrillaga reports these facts to the vicerciy; two wouud.ed captives. lilHT. Cal., Vul. II. C m 82 IIUSSIAN RELATIONS. buildiiiijf site, tilhihlc lands, a mild cliniato, al»undanre of lish and tiir-l)eariiiyf aiiiin.als, and, above all, a rogiou unoccupied by any European power. Accordingly the eini»eror was again petitionetl to induce Sj^ain to open the California trade; and the imperial per- mission was also asked for a settlement on the coast of New Albion, uitli assurance of the hi<:^hest j>ro- tection in case of opposition by the Americans. Nothing was said of 8i)anish opposition, since it war* best not to admit even indirectly that the Spaniards had anything to say in the matter. His majesty did not see fit to enter into any negotiations with the couit of Madrid, but adopted the simj)ler plan of in- forming the comi)any that with regard to connnerce they might arrange the matter as best they could, while as to the settlement they were at liberty to found it on their own account, relying on the highest protection when "occasion should require it."*^ Upon receiving this encouragement the general administration instructed Baninof to send a shij) to California with a carii of Cal- Tcii IT), lis; ior :iou to rctiini Irs were 111 W leni 111- l of iii'lit alitor Ad. • ht kroiii ^e voy Alhutrosa' CHAPTER V. CHRONOLOGICAL NARRATIVE OF EVENTS. 1807-1810. pRECArTinNs— A Spanish Crpiser— The 'Derby' akd the 'O'Caiv,' Cap- tains SwiiT AND WiNSHip— Holy On.— A Strange Fi.Afi— ^VAnMM;^^ against the FiiENCH — TiiE 'DuoMo'— TiiE 'Mercuri',' Cai't. Kykks— Ameuican Desertkhs — TiioruLES in Svain — Fernando VII. Recoc- NIZEIJ IN CaLIF(iRNT.V — CoNTRIBHTION FOR WaR AGAINST NaPGI.EON- - Phesident Tapis Reelected — Drought of 1809 — Neophyte Laikir- ERs— Indian Troubles in 1810 — Moraoa'h Battle at Suisun— REVot.T AT San Gabriel — Otter-hunters — The Winship Brothers — The 'O'CaIN,' 'ALBATB0.SS,' 'ISABELLA,' 'MeKGURY,' 'CATHERINE,' 'A.ME- TIIYST,' AND 'ChAKON,' ON THE CoAST, 1810-1*2— SmITU AND GaLK— A TuANSi'ORT Captured by Insurgents. Returning to the ehronolof;ical order of events and to the year 1807, we find the record of that year hy no means an exciting one. The Princesa, armed as a cruiser, returned to California to convoy the transport Actlvo, and to guard the coast against foreign craft,^ hut no foe appeared, and there is no naval battle to i-ecord. At the suggestion of Arrillajja the Sun Carlos was ordered north for the next year's cruise, being better fitted for the .'service than the other vessel.*'' The provincial authorities were warned against the American ship TJfi(/le of 1,000 tons, fitting out at New York for some Spanish ]iort in the Pacific; and ' The vessels arrived at Monterey in May, and were at San Diego in .In! v. Prov. 7.Vc., MS., ix. 08; xii. .'»4, 00, 270-1. Doc. lOtli, they anchored sit Sua Bias, l)ringin>{ hemp, tallow, lard, hides, deer-skins, otter-skins, wool, suliiiou, sardines, shoes, bear-skins, oak planks, etc. O'lintaa t(e Mcr., xvii. 40. _'' Aug. 28tli, Oct. 0, 1807, viceroy to Arrillaga. Pror. St. Pap., ilS., xix. 197, 204. A few ot the artillerymen seem to have sailed for Mexico this year, to be replaced by others. Id., xix. 200, 217. (83) 84 CHRONOLOGICAL NARRATIVE. also nccjuDst an Kii«(li.«sh squadron soon off Pananiil;' Imt tlio ])oaoo of Caliioiiiia was not (listiirl)o(l ox- (•o|tt l)V Aloiit otter-liuntors of the JJcrhi/ and the Of Swift's visit in tlio Dcrhi/ svo onlv know tlirouLfh Bussian autlioiitios that suoli a visit was nuido;* but »l)out Jonatlian Winsliip's visit in the (fCerha|)s include it in tlie mention of the same oaptMin's |»receding trip. The OCnln left Kadiak January I'>, 1807, witli fifty native hunters, and in a month leached the Farallones, the south island bciiiLC explored at this visit, perha})s for the first time, anil seals I)eing found in ppers," the contents of which had to be eked out with connnou olive-oil.'' In August 1808 a gentile Indian from the Tular region anived at San Fernando with a Hag, not rec- ognized by the friars, which he said had been sent *' through a s|)ace of ten captains," that is through a Cordillera of ten tribes, by a captain whose name the messenger . Nov. .SO, 1807, Tapis nnnouiiocs in a lii-- cular that tlie hishop has granted him for 30 months power to remove tho impediincnt.s of lid antl 4tli degrees of consanguinity. Id., xi. l,j(i. NDv. •_';{, iStiS, Tapis to padres. The procnrador has ;i.(X)0 masses at one dollar eaeii on his hands to lie said in six month*. Let each say how many he will tiike. Let each mission also say a misit da roi/aHni for remedy of evils in Spain until the king returns to his throne. Id., xii. 30{^10; x. 273-4. 8G CHRONOLOniCAL NARRATIVR. U ; m i|'''M<^ i ' Indian's reports of a sea in the north miglit bo true, and proposed to write to the mysterious captain. Ar^j^iiello pronounced the ihv^ Knjjflish, and found the Indian's talc soniewliat contradictory and inii)rol)able/ The year was not without its alarms. The gov- ernor was instructed to seize any French vessel that mi;jjht appear, if it were possible, but otherwise the knowledge of war must be kept from the Frenchman so that he might fall into Mexican hands at Aca[mlco." N<» French conunander ventured to approach the California ports and to assume such risks. A warn- ing came also against the ]3oston ship Dromo coming ]iresumably to engage in contraband trade. She was to be seized and ke[)t, the rudder being removed and the cargo deposited under inventory. The Dromo was nuich nearer caprture in some port of Alta Cali- foiiiiathan was the possible French craft; for she actu- ally came to Lower California, where this year and the next she engaged in profitable barter for furs; but s!ie did not reach San J3iego.^° In ])ccember five American sailors made their appearance at San Jose, claiming to have been shipwrecked but in reality deserters, as they confessed later, from a vessel seen on the coast, which was doubtless the Mercury, Cap- tain Evres, which vessel visited the coast in 1808-9 under a Russian contract, touching according to Rus- sian authorities at Trinidad, Botlega, San Francisco, and San Diego." The Spanish vessels of the year v.ere the Concepcion, Princcsa, and San Carlos, the latter armed as a cruiser.'^ The missions were called ^ Arch. Arzohi»pado, MS., ii. 03-5. "Oct. 20, 1808, viceroy to governor. Pror. St. Pap., MS., xix. 238. '" Little's Life on the Ocean. Baltimore, 1843; /Vol'. St. Pap., MS., xix. 2-l.".-7;A7. Pap., Sac, MS., vi. 134-0; 7 Voi'. Jlec., MS.,ix. 111. " y^/or. /(Vc, MS., ix. 110; xii. 283-4. Tlie Americans were as usTial set to work at the presidio to earn their living. Tliey were sent to San Bias next year with two Imlians from same vessel, called Macure or Mucara. Id., viii. U7-8. For Russian authorities see chap. iv. April 20, 1809, Arrillaga to commandant, is infonned that 24 cayucos, with 40 men and a pilot, belong- ing to the ship Geonje lying at San Pedro, had come to San Juan Capistrauo to catch otter and were driven off. Pror. Ile.c, MS., xii. 73. " Prov. Rev., MS., ix. 107; xi. 128-9; xii. OS-9, 278, 280; Extudilh, Doc. Hint. Cat., MS., i. 72; Gaceta de Mex., xviii. 92. The San C«r/o8 and t'o»t- FF.ItXAXno VII. IN ( ALIFDUXIA. 87 \\\)im to <'ni)t>ll)iit(' Mccftnliii'H' ti» tlirir nijo to tlic pay- iiiciit of a (Icaasid .siiulico's di'licit, that no sliadu of (lislioiior uiiufht ri'st upon the older or tht' coIIi'lci';'' and as wo have st'i-ii the friais wi'ic ivcjuircd to strive taiiK'stlv in prayer for the eh'ariui;-up of the political atmosphere in Spain. J^ocally the most inifxtrtant occurrenco was a series of vi(tlent eai'thui dii-litu rcaclii'il San ]>lan Nov. Ist. The coinniunilcrs were Kanion ile Moja, Agustin liocalan, and .lost^ Mai'ia Xarvae/. '^ .1/r/i. Sin /.'., MS., xi. 157-8. Circular of Tapis dated June .10th. Also mArcli. oliir'/iinio, MS., 7,8. '* Sept. I), 1808, vieerc/y decrees general amnesty on accession of Fernando VII. I'rdi: St. /'«/(., MS., xix. '_'43. Sept. l'4th, viceroy sends pnic'.aniatinn of peace between Spain anil Kngland. Id., xix. '2i'2. Oct. Jl'tli, V. ]{. calls for a war contribution. All classA to he appealed to in the name of reli^'ion, king, and country. /LOC;l('AL XARRATIVE. fliiKMul till' Seventh!" Tlio saino djjy salutos wiio i\\vi\ and clmrcli servit'cs held. Suhseonapartes; and the work of collectinjjf pecuniary assistance was also advanced, the contribution from the tntops amounting to $1,080."' Another contribu- tion was UKule in 1810, but respecting it few details have been }»reserved. The presence of Kuskof at Bodega and that of Capt. A3'ers on the southern coast in the eaily part of ISO!) have been already noticed.^" In October three more Americans were arrested at San Gabriel, who may be supposed to have deserted from tho Mcrcuri/ in tho spring, since there is nc record of any other American vessel on the coast tins year.^^ The Priii- i-rsa and San Carlos brought the year's supi)lies, ar- riving at Monterey and San Francisco in May and ^'^Enfiiilillo, Doc. Jlist. ('ill., MS., i. 81. Circular of commandant of Mon- terey diittd FeV). '2(i, 1800. March 5tli, mention of ceremonies. Pror. L'<<., MS., ix. 111. Oath of tlie governor. Prov. St. Pop., MS., xix. 2(i'2~'A. "•Fel). '2(t, 1800, comandante of Monterey calls for a contribution in his jurisdiction. Sun jouc. Arch., MS., iii. 83. San Joso and Branciforte, .^.VJS. Prov. St. Pap., Dcii. Mil., MS., xlvii. 3. July 3d, viceroy sends thaidvs for ^l,mj from the four presidios. Prov. St. Pnp., MS., xix. '250-1. Aug. 1800, governor has ordered chanting of litany after high mass during war. /Voc. ViVc, MS., ix. IHi. April '2."), 1810, among King .Joseph's agents in Anioric.i Ih niimed Santiago Parreno for New Mexico •nd California. Prov. Si. Pup., MS., xix. 303. Aug. 10, 1810, more donativo^ asked for by the nudiencia gtibernadora. Id., xix. 204. Dec. 31, 1810, soldiers of San Francisco contiib- utcd .S-200. Proc. St. Pop., lien. Md., MS., xliv. 4. '" See chap. iv. of this vol. ^^ Pror. llci'., MS., xi. 2. March 27th, Indians forbidden to bi-ing sailors from foreign vessels under severe penalty. /'/., xi. 131. October, deserters from foreign vessels to be put to work repairing the presidio. Id., ix. 117. EVENTS OF ISOO. 80 .Tunc, n\u\ sailinuf fVoin Sail I)i< «r,) in Xovciulu'i-.''' In iiiissioiiary annals of tlu; year I may note the ni'lcc- tioii of I'lvsidisntTaiilsattlic colh'iji' of San rtinaiido; uns inclu than I 807. The loss in yield of hailey anl < >m was le^;>j I'.an in that of wheat; and theoxtrenit '»uth- ern missions sutfered as a rule more than tlios. in the iKi'th. The total fallin^-oii* in all cro[)s was about tliiity \)Ci' cent from the averai^e, and not more than ten |>er cent from the cro[)s of 1807. These con- clusions rest on the mission statistics, since the corre- spondence of the time shows little beyond the fact that it was a hard year."^ There was a proposition in M';xico to admit to new '9 /•/•or. Pfr., MS., viii. 97; ix. 113, 11.5; xii. 70. In ('■ >. J/)7., xxxix. G: SfaCnr., Ari'h., MS., 14. In the annual reports of several missions the ligures lea- ISOy are omitted altogetiier. The correspondence, espeeiatly in the north, complains of greater want than the tables would indicate. A .i-riter in the 6. /•'. liiilk'tiii, March 19, 1804, obtained an account of this drought from an old resident of Santa Barbara, who said that scarcely any rain fell, uud that both crops and live-stock sutiered severely. [ 00 CIJ I OXOLOniCAL NARRATIVE. Calilurniiin foundations tlic friars from another Fran- ciscan colli'L'c' {it Orizaha; but respoctinij it we know only tliat the authoiities of San Fernando at hist resolved not to admit the strangers.-''* An important industrial tojtic, involving the employment of neo- ])hytes as lahorers, came up for discussion in 1810, though it seems to have occasioned no very heated controversy. The settlers of Los Angeles, encour- aged hv the government to engage in the hemp-culture, had obtained from San Juan Capistrano a hundred Indians. Father Suiler for some reason not given recalled the Indians to their mission. The settlers through the alcalde and other ])romincnt men peti- tioned lor an order ctmipelling the service of the laborers, and it was also rej)ortcd that the president had forbidden such service. Tapis, when the matter was referred to him by the governor, replied in a clear argument which throws much light on the labor (piestion at this epoch. He denies that he has given any orders against the Ictting-out of the Indians, or that he has any desire to prevent it; but argues also that he has no authority to require Suncr to comply with the settlers' wishes. His argument was first, that by royal order of 1713, newly converted Indians were not to serve private persons except voluntaiily, the pivsum}»tion being that the neophytes would not often work of their own accord in the j)uel)los. Second, that even where repartimientos were legally permitted Indians nnist not be taken over ten leagues from their homes. Third, the Indians had a right to spiritual care not given them at the pueblo; and fourth, the making of repartimientos belonged to the governor and not to the president. If Arrillaga chose to assign to each mission a certain nuniber of laborers to bo furnished for hemp-culture the president would do all he could to render the measure a success. But still he uiged that the missions as well as pueblos were engaged in that branch of industry and needed laborers, ^'Fcb. 20, 1811, guaidiau to Tapis. Arch. Sta li., vi. 218. i- i MOr.AGA'S FIGHT AT SUISUN. 01 and that a little more hard M'ork was hy no means liki'ly to injure the settlers and their iamilies.'-"' The Indians were somewhat more troublesome in IHIO than they had been before, both in the north and south; and Alferez Moraga, preeminently the Indiiin-tisj^liter of the time, was kept very busy in the Sj>anish acceptation of the term. In ^Fay he was siiit with seventeen men to punish the gentiles of the Sespesuya rancheria who lived across the bay from San Francisco, apparently near the strait of Canpii- nes in the region of Suisun, an., MS., xix. ;U4. .lune '2(), 18I'J, governor to Com. Kstmlillo, transmitting v:Lcr(iy"» conminnijation. Prov. Pit., MS., xi. '2-2-2-X ^'allejo, //A*/. Cnl., Ms., i. lol-") in describing a fight in the same region by Jose Sauciiez ia !i ' ' 92 CHRONOLOGICAL NARRATIVE. ■ 'i; . i r ii !Moraga's two expeditions to the San Joaquin Val- ley and another to Bodeija from Ausjjust to ( )(tober of this year have already been mentioned in a chapter on inland exploration. During the second exploration to the San Joaquin, sixteen Christian Indians were recovered and eighteen gentiles captured l)y a sudden attack on a ranchcria, to say nothing of filty womcu taken and set free — all without bloodshed.-'' In No- \eml)cr there was trouble at San (jrabriel, where an attack was deemed imminent, and Moraga was ordered south. Though the archives contain several connnuni- cations on the subject, it is impossible to learn exactly what took place; but the danger, whatever it may have been, was averted throu<_»h Moraicja's efforts and those of the company of militia artillery at Los An- geles. Other local events of 1810 include nothing more important than a slight misunderstanding l)etween Los Angeles and the padres of San Gabriel, caused by the action of the latter in cutting off the pueblo's water-supi)ly and in neglecting their spiritual attend- ance on the settlers. i I have already mentioned briefly tlie otter-hunting voyages made under Russian contracts by the Winship 1817 ajrainst the Suisunes under cliiuf >rii!aca, statos that the Indians set the to the huts and t< >n"scalrii in which tlioy hail taken refuge, and perished in tlio llanies. It is possililc tiiat the autiior lias confounded two ditl'erent hattles. Alvarado, ili.ff. Vol., MS., i. tit)-70, makes the date 1S17, hut puts (iahriel Moraga in eoniniand, and says that Saniyetoy, afterward known as Solano, was ea]itured on this occasion. '^'•' Viwltr, Jiiario 6 Xotk'm, MS,; A/., Dlario dc nna Entrcula, MS. Seo chapter iii. of this volume. ■'"Xov. ri, ISIO, Sergt. Cota with IS men to go every 15 days in pursuit of fugitive Indians of San (iahriel and San Fernando. Pror. /tec, MS., xi. 8. Nov. "27111, Moraga to go to San (Jahriel and investigate the causes of dis- onlcrs and the rising of Martinez, who with 50 men holds that place, hi., xi. 9. Dec. .'il t. '1\ (,'liiistian Indians and IvI gentiles in prison for complicity in the revolt. A/., xi. Hi. Before Juno ISU Moraga captured all the leaders and proceedetl so wisely that 4(K) gentiles were converted. Ziilrhlta, in Dor, Hint. i'(tl., MS., iv. 175. Tiie hostile Indians were .iie Amajahas (.Mojaves), and came within two leagues, but retired on hearing the mission was defended, killing one neophyte on the way. Anli. Sla Ji., MS., iii. '271. Tlie reliels intended to attack hotli San ( lahriel and Angeles, Names of the artillery- men and settlers who served during the crises from Oct. '28, 1800, to Juii. 4, ISll. i'lov. at. Piqi., MS., xix. 32t-8. ■* WINSHIP AND GALE. 08 [iiin Yal- Oetober \ <*linptor ploratioii a lis were a sudden y Momeii In No- where an s ordered •oniimnii- n exactly r it may [I'orts and Los Ail- ing more ; between el, (?ansed pueljlo's \\ attend- r-hunting Winshii dians sot tiic I'lisliiMl iu tho •rent liattlc'S. put.s (iabiiol n us Soliiuo, ^a, MS. Seo Ij's in pursuit |iVc., MS., xi. :a»ises of «lis- llftcc. /'/., xi. Ijoinplicity in till! IfatltTS ,le Dor |is (Mojavus), iisdefoiukMl, L'1)l'ls I'tilloiy- Th -a. tu Jun. l)rotliers, AYilliam Davis, and George Eyres on tlie O'Cain, Alhatrosst, IsdhcHa, and Mcreun/. The log- hook of the A/hatro.ss, Captain Nathan Winship, ])i-e- scnts many interesting particulars respecting tho ojieiations of all the ileet on the California coast in 1810-11.-' The journal was written by the captain's clerk, William A. Gale, afterward prominent in the Cal- ifornia hide trade. William Smith was chief mate, and the crew consisted of twenty-two men. Winship went with instructions from a Boston company to form a set- tlement on the Columbia Rivcr,and sailed in July 1809. ])<)iihling Cape Horn, and touching at the Hawaiian ]sl;iiids, the Albatross entered the Columbia in ^Tay 1810. The attempt to found a settlement was not successful, but the details do not belong here. In the north was met the Mercury, Eyres, master, from Calitoinia, and on July 19th the vessels parted, Win- ship sailing south, and anchoring near the south Fara- lloiies at the end of July. Hei'e were two gangs of sealers, one belonging to the Mercurij and the other to the Jsahclla. Seven men were left there in cliai'ge of Gale. Tha AU)atross continued southward; touched at the Santa Barbara Islands, where were found few seals, but many sea-otters, which in the {djseiice of Aleuts apparently could not be caught, and left another o"aii<»' of sealers on Cedros Island. ]{eturning northward she arrived at Norfolk Sound ()<-tober 22, 1810. Bej)airs were here made and a contract entered into with iiaranof for thirty bidarkas and fifty Kadiak hunters,-'^ with which reenforcement the Yankee cap- tain saik'd on the IGtli of November. A.t I^rake Bay at the end of November he found the O'Cain, the Isahclhi, and the Memtrt/. Early in ])ecember communication was hail with the party on the Fara- "'' Alhiilro, ISl 1, Com. of San Framisco to e them, but vithout success. J'rar. St. Pap., MS., xix. ;i(»7-H. July .'{(>, IMI, tlici fdijncoH have retired from the bay. A corpse found on the Stii Cruz beach. No vessels at Bodega, hi., xix. .'109. ]>r Taylor tells us that, according to ('apt. Cooper's statement, old Cai>t. Bully (Billy?) Smith went to the I'ara- Uonea in 1808 Mith a party of Kudiuks, stayed there two years, and caught I 1 Mli i 90 CIIRONOLOfJiCAL NARRATIVE. In ISIl Tlioiiuis Muck in tlic Atiwtln/sf and "Will- iam ]jlan('hard in tliu Catlicrliie wore on the coast inidui" llussian contracts, each carrying back over seven hundred otter-skins for the company, which is all that is known of these expeditions. Whittemore in the Charon shared nearlv nine hundred skins. He was found at the Farallones by Winship at the time of his last visit in 1812.=^' The sup))lies for IS 10 were brought ])y the Pn'n- ccsd. and ^ictii'o, arrivinj*' at jNIontercv on Julv and leaving the coast late in the autunni. The schooner 3fos((i also touched at Monterey in June on her way from !Nfanila to San l^las.^'^ Thousjfh the Mexican authorities in August instructed Arrillaga to put the ("alifornian forts in a state of defence by purchasing new cannon, there seems at the same time to have been an ordei' for the withdrawal of the artillery de- tachment. At any rate we find the governor at the end of the year protesting against such withdrawal.^' When the Princem reached San Bias on her return she ibund that town in possession of the insurgents, and was herself caj)tured and held for a short time. 'J'hus slightly was California involved in the great revolution in its first year.^* 1.30,000 sonls licsiilcs ninny otter. He took them to Chinti in the AlhatroHg, (ilitaiiu'il S-_'..")0 for soal-nkins and 8.10 or .^40 for otter; loaded two sliips with tt-'iv and silk, and sold the cargo in I'xtston during the higli prices of the wjir of 1/.-■(•(;)'. (I ii•"•.. MS., ix. 1-_M; xii. 81 :{, -JIO. i"/V.w. St. Pap., MS., xix. •-'!«; Prov. y.Vr., MS., ix. 120. " l'el>. -JO, ISII, guardian to president. Arch. SlaB., vi. 210. The port had already Ijeeu retaken. -^ CHAPTER VI. LOCAL EVENTS AND PROGRESS- SOUTHERN DLSTRICTS. 1801-1810. San Dieoo Presidio — Officials— Jose Foxt — Manpel Rodriouez — Qitar- RKL BETWEEN' RCIZ ANdGtERRA — RaIMUNDO C'aRRILLO — LuJAX— POPU- LATION — Finances — Forts — Visits of American Traders — Pablo Gri- JALVA — San Diego Mission— Irrigation Works — Earthquake— New CiiiRcii— Statistics— Jose Panella— San Luis Rey— New Church — Jdse Garcia — Domingo Carranza — San Juan Capistrano — Fire — Church— Josi Faura — Los Angeles — Ranciios — Puj.blo and Mis- sion — San Gabriel — Pedro de San Josife Estevan — Antonio Cru- ZADO — IsiDORO Barcenilla — San Fernando — NicoLis LizARO — Jose Antonio Vuix — Martin Landaeta — Santa Barbara Presidio — Captain Goycoechea — Population — Finances — Earthquake and Storm— Criminal Cases— Santa Barbara JIission- Epidemic— Padre Cortes — San Buenaventura — Santa MarIa — Puiusima — Fernan- dez— Payeras' Report. We will here take up the thread of local annals whore it was dropped in 1800.^ With a glance at each presidio, mission, and pueblo, throughout the lengtli — it can hardly be said to have had any breadth — of the land, I shall present the meagre narrative of events at each establishment, name the persons, mis- sionary, inilitarv, or civil officials who directed the des- tinies of each, give biographical sketches of [)romineiit men who died or disappeared from the field of their labors in- California, condense from voluminous records statistical views of progress, or in a few cases of deca- dence, tell what gentile souls were saved, what build- ings were erected, what crops were harvested, wliat cattle were branded, and say whatever it is desirable •See vol. i. chap, xxx.-xxxii., for local record from 1700 to ISOO. Hist. CAt., Vol. II. 7 (97/ Hi'h r ! OS LOCAL EVEXTS-SOUTIIERN DLSTRICTS. and ]K>.ssiM(; to know of California's twenty-six sot- tlenitnts during the llrst decade of the nineteenth century. 1 Ini^in as before in the extreme south, at San Dieci^o. Here I lieutenant Font connnanded the [tost till his departure with his volunteer company in 1808;'- and Maiuiel llodriguez was commandant of the company, as of the post after Font's dcparturi', till I SOO, when lie was promoted to be caj)tain of the San Francisco company. lie never went north, howevei', for before the end of the year he was api»ointed hal)ilitado gen- eral ibr the Californias to reside in Mexico, and sailed in Xovendjer ti) assume the duties of his new and resi>onsible position, which he held until his death, Sei?tend)er 28, 1810.'' Cajttain Rodriguez was an intelligent man, a good -Of .Josi') Font I have not hecii abU; to Ivarn niiything bcyoml tlio fact of his ri'siiluiu'o in Calitoniia with tlie Catalan vohiiiti'crs. lli; was, liuwevtT, proiuoteil til lie eai)tMiii on June 10, ISO,'!, just hefofe his departure from the L'ountiy. l'i:i\ SI. I'd/I., MS., xviii. '2'M. .June l;t, I.SOU. he wa.s present at tlie laying,' <»f tlie corner-stone of a new church at San Juan J»autista. orica for a cadetshii) in the company of lioreto or Monterey. Jli^ was then L'li yeais ohl. A cadet wa.s ohliiied to live as a gentleman on a soldier's pay; hut Jlodriyucz had the patronage of his relative, Uahilitado (ieneral t'lircuha, who not only leconmiended him Init otl'ered to make him an allowance of S-0 or i}'2'> a month. April '23, 17!(4, Kodriguez to governor. I'roi: St. I'ttp., M.S., xii. ISO. lie was admitted to the Monterey company and came to (.'alifornia in I7!'">. Pror. St. J'., lien. Mil., MS.,xxii. 5. InAugust 17i)S, liy jjrovisional order of the viceroy lie was niaileulfcrezof iheSan Francisco company, and honored w ith thetitleof Alcalde dehi Santa Hermandad duCahallerosllijos dalgo. Aug. 14, 17'.IS, governor to commandant of Monterey. Prm'. J'cc., MS., iv. '2.")4 ; v. 1 1 1 . llisconunission was senthy the viceroy .Tan. 4, 1790. J'rur.Si. /V/p., MS., xviii. l!i7. llenevir .served at S;;n Francisco hut was hahilitailo at San l)ii'go from July 1708 till his promotion to the lieutenancy and ecjmmand of the San Diego company in ISOO. Appointment, Feh. 11, ISOO; droiipetl from rolls of San Fiancisco company. Xov. SOtli, Pror. St. Pap., Il; xxxiii. 1'2. ('omiiiissi(Ui forwarded hy the viceroy .luly 17, ISOI. Pror. St. /'(t/)., MS.,x\iii. 0!». For t'levelanil's expeiience at SanlJiegoand his opinion of Itodriguez see chapter i. this volume; alsoCA '•(7f///(/'.'< AVo-., i. '21()-21. llcassumed theotlieo of hahilitado general in Mexico after .Ian. "21, 1807. The exact date of liia election in 1S()() is not recorded. Pror. J,'ir., MS., ix. 04; Pror. St. Pap., Jlni. .1/(7., MS., xxxvii. 37; Pror. St. Pop., MS., xix. lo;!. May .31, ISIO, the governor notilies tht ■ni!''iiM CARRILLO AND GUERRA. f)fficor, and a skilful accountant. Cleveland foinid him to be "an exceedingly vain and })onn)ou.s man;" in fact "a most arrant coxcomb," and altogether a most disagreeable personage; but the Yankee smug- gler's judgment ot'a man who could be tempted neither to trade himself nor permit trade in violation of tho laws may l>e taken with allowance. Captain Kaimundo Carrillo was named as the suc- cessor of Ilodriguez, but as he could not leave ISanta Barbara innne had been held by Ignacio Mar- tinez. It chanced that (jiuerra's connnission as lieuten- ant was a few days older than that of Ruiz; therefore the former had to be made commandatit of the post. The result was jealousy and bickering between tho two officials, not diminished probably by the fact that while (iuerra's promotion had l)een most rapid from the position iven by Ills rival in an insulting tone, whereupon Guerra ordered the soldiers to arrest him and to load tlieir aims to supj)ort his authority, lluiz re[)lied by knock- ing Don J(jse down and calling upon the troops to say whom they recognized as their su])erior oiHcer. (Juerra drew his sword and rushed ujjon his ^oo; Init Father Sanchez and others interposed and prevented liloodshed. Tliis aflair came to the ears of Arrillaga who ordered Captain Jose Argiiello to investigate; and the report went to Mexico. There it was decided that both otncers were nmcli to blame, but as they had r [ 1^ .*• ■ ii !| ^:|ii 100 LOCAL F-VENTS-SOUTHERN DISTRICTS. cooled down i)oforo blood had boon spilled, a severe rojuiinand was doeined a sufficient punishment. The cooling-down process had been hastened by the action of fiiends who made the lujt-bloodcd lieutenants under- stand that they were likely to lose their commissions or be tlirown oat of the line of j)romotion.* Carrillo arrive>., 3. In 170.') ho was transferred to ftlonterey, and on Ai)ril 27, 170.5 was com- missioned alferez of the Monterey company, taking the place in August. St. Pui>., Sac, MS., i. .V); Prov. /fee, MS., iv. 22, 101; v. '230. His appointment was api)rovcd by tlie king Nov. 1st. Carrillo (Dom.), Doc. Hint. Cat., MS., 1 0. ()n tlio recommendation of An-illaga ho was made a lieutenant Dec. 2.'{, 1800, and became commnndant of Monterey from Dec. 8th, to succeed Sal, the king's approval being dated Feb. 10, iS02. /(/., 4; Prov. St. Pap., -MS., xxi. 48, .'iO; (imrtd de Mex., x. '240. In August 1802 he was trans- ferred to the command of Santa Barbiira, though still lieutenant of the Mon- terey company. Hero as elsewhere he kept the company accounts as liabili- tadomuchof the time. He was present Sept. 17, 1804, at the founding of Santa lues. Libra di' Minion, MS., 3. On Oct. 1, 1806, still by recommendation of Arrillaga, Carrillo was promoted to be capUiin of the San Diego company, royal approval bearing the date of March 22, 1807. St. Pap., Sac., MS., i. 41-2; Carrillo (I)oni.), Dor. Jlint. Cal., MS., 4; Arch. ArMb., MS., ii. 73. He was buried in the presidio chapel by Padro Iturrate on Nov. 10, KSOO. Id., ii. 74; S. Diri/o, Lib. dr Minion, MS., 92; Prov. St. Pap., Urn. Mil.,'Mfi., xl. 14. His A\ill, given verbally to Don .Jos(5 de l.a Gucrra y Noriega, was sent to the gov- ernor on Dec. 19, 1800. Prov. St. Pap., JIS., xix. '201. July 13, 181G, the viceroy decides that Dofia Tomasa, the widow, Avas entitled to the montepio mililar, since iier marriage had been with royal permission. LI., xx. \2o. It is evident that Carrillo was an intelligent man and an efficient officer; but of his private character we have only Arrillaga 's significant remark that he was at times 'masculine, ' " v prueba deello cs do ijuc par.a curar ,1 su hijo la madre necesita liccncia. ' His daughter, Maria Autonia, married Josti de la Guerra SAN DIEGO COMPAXY. 101 nppointod coiiunaiulant in liis place!; Imt for soino uii- cxplaiiu'd reason hv never came to California." Kuiz Ijecaine acting connnantlant, tliouf^li he did not ol)tain his captain's commission till 1821, when ho nominally succeeded Corral as full commandant of the company, Jose Lujan continued as alferez until 1 BOfi, when he left the country/ and was succeedetl hy Igna- cio ^lartinez, lately cadet at Santa Barbara. Acebedo was succeeded by Joaquin Arce as company sergeant before 1804; and after 1805 there were two sergeants, Jose Maria Pico being advanced to that position. The presidial company numbered usually fifty-seven men besides the officers down to 1805, after which date eighteen additional men were recruited, chiefly from the pueblo of Los Angeles and surrounding ranchos; but as the twenty-five Catalan volunteers had departed in 1 80J5, the actual force was rather smaller than larger than in the preceding decade. The invalids of the com})any varied from fifteen to twenty-four, and u few of these remaineei on duty at the })residio. There were also four or five artillerymen at the fort; but as in 180G the viceroy, having relieved San Diego from the care of Mission San ]Mi<;uel, transferred five men to the Lorcto company,^ the eftective force of the pre- sidio was in 1810 about eighty men, twenty-five of whom composed the four mission escorts of San Diego, San Luis, San Juan, and San Gabriel. The y Noriega; ami his sons Carlos Antonio, Josc'i Antonio, Anastasio, and Do- mingo, were proniinunt men, as wc shall sec, in the later history of the coun- try. "March 10, ISIO, Rodriguez to governor, speaks of the appointment of Corral, who was a lieutenant in the Corona regiment, and says thi' vii eioy must he urged to send Corral forward to his post, else he would surely remain in Mexico. Prov. St. Pup., lien. Mil., M.S., xliv. 1. ' Lujan was regarded hy Gov. Borica as unfit for his position, being of weak mind and body, and ignorant of military duties. Prw. St. J'op., MS., xvi. 174. Idle and disposed to feign sickness. Pror. It'cc, MS., v. '21',i. Pro- nounced by Arrillaga wholly incompetent to command a pi'esidio. /(/., .\. 17. June ;?C, ISOC, Lujan writes from .San Luis Iley that he would demand a court-martial. Ho left San Diego for Lower California on Aug. oth, and on Sept. 21st writes from Velicata tliat llodriguez had insulted iiim, retiirded his promotion, and exiled him. Prov. St. Pop., MS., xix. 121-2, 147. Noth- ing is known of his subsequent career. ' Dec. 23, 1800, viceroy to governor. Prov, St. Pa])., MS., xix. 103. ii i (; !! lO'J I/)CAL IIVFXTS-SOUTHERN DISTRICTS, Soldiers willi tlu'ir fjiiuilii's, not iiiclii(lin»( tlic invalids ^vllo were ii'sidciits of An^jfoles nor the }^uard of San (Jaltricl, ina; anil tiie yearly inventories of j!o(m1s in the varehouso from 8-0,(MK) to §'_'.">,0(K). Mission supplies to the jresidio wen- 84,«XK) in 1804; ^.n.'KK) in 18(M); and $7,7()0 in 1807, litit there aie no records for other years. Tiie iiniount in tlie,/'('//'/o animals in 1802. The avera},'e net revenue from postage after dv Ineting 10 per cent commissions, was .?!)() per yea Tithes at the presidio, presmnalily on the ■oi'agetl .*n0; hut for the whole district they ^ipal bulls for the few yeai's recorded hrought uie at San Diego was more important, yield- •. Net yield of the presidial f')rgo in 1807, O'csidial accounts from 1801 to 1810 in I'rov. iv. i>assini; JJi'iif. SI. I'o/i., Jliii. Mil., MS., wiiliox, MS., i. :VJ-40; I'rov. SI. P., lim. ., n<;ii., MS., ii. !»; 7V»c. St. Paji., MS., Cnl., MS., iii. 31-1'; vi. li'S. catth^ of the rancho del rey, i t;ccui to have exceeded ^400. !?7,'> I'cr year. The tobacco re ing (in an average .?l,7ti4 jier j S2i!,'!. Sec company rosters am. .S7. J'd/i., Jim. Mil., MS., xxix.- Ixxxvii. 50, .58; Pior. St. J'fi/i., MIL, MS., i. 14; Prov. St. Pc xviii. 240-51; (liicrra. Dor. J/im '"Repairs on the battery in .801, §183. Prov. St. Pop., MS., xviii. 278. Jan. 10, 1804, comandante to governor, .?(i88 has been appropriated by the viceroy to the construction of a boat 25 ft. long for the luse of the garrison. III., xviii. 3. July 3, 1805. governor orders a light on I't tJuijarros. I'rov. I'll-., MS., xii. 2!). 1805, six-pounders, 5 of which useless. Pn.v. Si. Pcip., lieu. Mil., MS., xxxiii. 21. April 1, ISOt!, Corporal Muriauo Fcniandez to 1 ill !i |l|l r ill: liii 'D i. kititoMll. CLKVELAXn AT SAN lUKCO. 10.') Cli'vc'liuwl in IWO;; fumid " i'i;^lit hiass iiiiic-po -.ndors, iiiouiitcd on caniniLit's, wliidi jipjicjiicd to l)c in i^odd (irdi-f, and a plcntirul supiily <>!" Ijall," and tluir visscl tin' Ldiii Jii/nt a little later served as a tarL,^'t for those same l>alls, niuch to her dania., Hen. Mil., MS., Ixxxvii. 52; Pror. LW., MS., v. 244, 200: S. Praiirisr,,, Lib. de Mi.tion, MS.. 0, 24, 50, 58; S. JJi(', J'H). J/i'.ficiyf, MS., 25, 30; Sla Cruz, Lib. Miiiioii, MS., 41; Arch. Arr.ob., MS., i. 37. .1 MAP OF SAN DIEGO. lOB >or 171)7, ho allowed. th ill 18()(>. •ary grant been the ly granted XX.) He brought no of the SCO to the married have dc- nanic of June '21, (> droves iiall crcd- n trifling ea for tho •cmainder :niber his iL'in; ))ut [it their lossessed. lis on tho V. 80-1 ; 4; XXV. Ixxxvii. i.,0, -24, MS., 41; Sa.v Diego District, ISOO-IJO. |! ' it I 'f }!■■ W ': i I i liii IK 106 LOCAL EVENTS-SOUTHERN DLSTRICTS. tliosc ycars.^" I suppose it may have been those drouijflits tliat impelled the friars to construct an ex- tensive system of irri;{, co.'t. '^ Pi'V. y.Vc, iMS.. xii. 2L '" Airh. Ai:.i.h., ii. tio. Anillaga's I't'ply, Oct. 2Tth. Piov. liic, MS., xii. It4. SAN DIEGO MISSION. 107 in one j:^ravo, but in separate boxes between the altars of the now church.-'^ Gaiiiinj^ in ncophj-te population from 1523 to 1011 a gain of only live per cent as against 75 per cent for tho preceding decade, the death-rate increasing from 50 to 80 per cent as compared with baptisms — San Dieu'o was still the largest mission at the end of 1810; though I have already explamed why this was not a gauge of pros})erity.'^ In other resj)ects, how- ever, except that it lost nearly one half of its cattle, the mission was tolerably prosperous." ]3arona I'e- niained as minister throughout the decade ; but Panella k'i't the country in 1803,^^ and was rejilacod Ibr about a year by Mariano Payeras, and then Jose l^ernardo Sanchez took the place in 1804. Pedro do la Cueva from ^Mission San Jose was here for a short time in ISOG, and Jose Pedro Panto came in Septend)er 1 810. In the general mission report of 1801-2 it is stated tliat the adobe church of San Luis Key had been ^"(5. D'lcfin, Lih. jV/n/o)), !MS., 80-00. Jiuimc was jilaccd in tlic siiiiillcst l)ox iK'aiX'st to tlio iin!i,i,'e of tlie vir^'iii; MuriiKT, in the largest near StJaiiie:*' iihaj.'e, anil I'iguer farthest south. Three stones wei'e ereeteil over tiie grave. Ill An/i. (ih'ispdlo, MS., (iS, there is iin undateil note to tin' elleot that under tlir iiiciie of St Fi'ancis i.s deiiosited the ofl'eling of Capt. l''ons (I'\nit) of the Catalan volunteers. ])ee. '_'.">, 1804, a neojihyte eauglit jla;irnii/r (lili'J.S to l.(ill; haptisnis, 1,0113; lowest year ISO',) Mith 'Jl, highest 1808, with 140; deaths, 8J0; lowest •!'.) in KSO.'C hi;:liest, lli'-' in 180(1; lai-ge stoek, decrease from 0,0(10 to .'{,7-0; horses, mules, and asses in ISIO, 7-JO; small stock, gain, (1,0-28 to 0.740; crojis in l.S(K), •.>,(UjO liusiicls; in 1810, 1 ,.")40 hushels; smallest eroji, :{ti(» l.ushrls in 1800; largest, .'(.."lOO hushels iti l80(i; average, 'i,.'<(K) hushels. ]t will he noticed that the gain in population is nnich less than the clillcrenci' hetwt'en liaptisms and deiiths. 'J'he same is true of most other missions, and tlu^ discrejiancy can n' t he satisfactorily ex]ilained. I can tind no sullicieut evidence that the jiamcs of runaways were erased from the registers or omitted in the icgula" rejiorts, though tliis may have heen the case. -^ Of .losr rjinella we know only that he came to the iimidry ie i/07, served at i^an l>iego, was accused of undue h.'ilshness in his tre;iti'.. S. (luhrUI, Lib. Misloii, MS., 51. Allowed to depart lor Mexico Oct. 4, IbOa. J'ror. A'tc, MS., vi. 20. I i!';! iiij 108 LOCAL EVENTS— SOUTHERN DISTRICTS. completed,^* and this is all we may know of the growth during this decade of what was the most imposing pile of mission structures in Califor iia, better known to the world than any of the rest through the draw- ings of Duflot de Mofras, made in 1840.^' Padre Antonio Peyri, the founder of this establishment, pre- sided over its fortunes throughout the ten years. His associate, Josd Garcfa, left California in 1808 and was succeeded at San Luis by Domingo Carranza, who himself retired in 1810, when President Tapis came here to aid Peyri for a time.^^ Under these shepherds the neophyte flock increased from 337 to 1,519, a larger gain than that of any other mission, with by far the lowest death-rate, 28 per cent. In population San Luis was now second only to San Diego; in cattle third on the list and a tie wath San Gabriel; in agriculture its best crop was exceeded only by that of San Fernando. ^^ San Juan Capistrano was a favorite stopping-place for the American traders in search of provisions and opportunities for barter; but few details of their visits are known. Captain Brown in the Alexander touched here in the spring of 1803, and in the autumn Rowan in the Hazard; in July 1804 there appeared the Leila ^* Ldsiien, Informe Bienal de Misiones, 1801-2, MS., 69. ^^ Mofraa, Exploration Atlas. The front view and ground plan — both, and especially the latter, very inaccurate — have been several times repro- duced. '■''' Josd Garcia was assigned to duty in California Feb. 3, 1800, and arrived at Monterey in August of tlie same year. On his way south he officiated at several missions; but his only regular ministry was at San Luis Rey from 1S(X) to 1S08, when he was allowed to retire on account of impaired health, which had caused liim to ask for license as early as 1804. His qualities have left no trace in the records. Domingo Carranza arrived at Santa Barbara May 7, 1798, on the Cmicepcion with seven companions. He officiated at Santa Cruz from November 171)8 till August 1808, and at San Luis Rey until late in 1810, when, having Ber\'cd his term and more, he sailed on the San Carlos and with that vessel fell into the hands of the insurgents at San Bias. By them he is said to liav'j been sentenced to death, though the sentence was never exe- cuted. '■" Increa.sc in population, 337 to 1,519; baptisms, 1,451 ; lowest number, 42 In 1809; liighest, 4;i-2 in 1810; deaths, 411; lowest, 23 in 1802; highest, 104 in 1800; large stock, gain from 019 to 10,570; horses in 1810, 770; small stock, gain fiom 1,000 to 9,710; haiTcst in 1800, 1,000 bush.; in 1810, 4,225 bush.; smallest crop, 2,800 bush, in 1809; largest in 1808, 10,875 bush.; average, 5,250 bush. ■1 SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO. 109 B]ir(l, Captain Shaler; in September Kowan returned; and in 1806 four men from the Peacock, Captain Kim- ball, were seized and sent to San Diego as prisoners.'^ If we credit the Spanish reports of these visits we must believe that the foreigners were uniformly sent away without supplies and were given no chance to trade ; but it is implied in the reports of the Ameri- cans and Russians that there was never any great difficulty in getting fresh provisions'or in trading with the friars, though it was deemed wise to keep away from the forts. In March 1801 the store-room was set on fire by a servant's carelessness, and the mission lost 2,400 bushels of grain besides more than six tons of tallow, some damage being done also to church property.'^* Tlie only other event to be noted, and a most impor- tant one in the mission annals of San Juan, was the completion of the new church which had been in l>rocess of construction since 1797. It was the finest church in California, built of stone and mortar, sur- mounted by a lofty tower, with five interior arches of cut stone; and it was regarded with equal pride by missionaries and neophytes, who had accomplished the work with the aid of a master-mason. The con- secration took place September 7, 1806. President Tapis was assisted by the ministers of the mission and by Urresti, Victoria, Zalvidea, Pcyri, and Cueva from other missions. Governor Arrillaga was present with Captain Rodriguez, Lieutenant Ruiz, Alfcrez ]\Iaitorena, and many soldiers from San Diego and Santa Barbara. Crowds of neophytes from all the country round witnessed the rites, which are not par- ticularly described. Next day Victoria said mass and Urresti preached a sermon. On the 0th the bones of the former minister, Vicente Fuster, were trans- ferred to their final resting-place within the new '" See chap. i. and ii. of this volume. ^Prov. St. Pap., MS., xxi. 08-9; xviii. 94; M., Rm. Mil., xxix. 13. The soivaiit in question went with a caudle to get some fat, and amused himself by killing bats. 110 LOCAL EVENTS— SOUTHERN DISTRICTS. edifice. Cuova on this occaf lon eliantcd a solonm requiem mass, and the sermon was dehvered l;y Faura. Meanwhile Padre Sanchez and Alferez Ig- nacio Martinez had come from San Diego to join in the festivities. The three days formed an epoch long to bo remembered in southern California.^" Father Santiago remained in charge of San Juan until 1810 when he retired to Mexico ;^^ but his asso- ciate Faura retired in 1809;^'^ Francisco Sufier came in 1809; and Jose Barona began his long ministry in 1810. Those missionaries baptized 1,040 Indians and buried 748, but increased the number of registered neophytes by only 92, or from 1,04G to 1,138. The number of sheep at this mission was greatly dimin- ished, but was still larger than elsewhere.^* The annals of Los Anjjeles and the surrounding ranches present f(3r this decade almost an utter blank. I cannot even give a complete list of pueblo officials. Sergeant Javier Alvarado was the comisionado in 1809, and perhaps in all the preceding years, but was replaced by Guillermo Cota in 1810. Mariano Verdugo was al- calde in 1802, with Fructuoso Ruiz and Ramon Buelna as regidoros; Guillermo Soto in 1809, and Francisco Avila in 1810, with Anastasio Avila and Teodoro Silvas "',5'. Jiirn) Cnphstrmio, Lib. Mixion, MS., 26-9; S/. Pap., Mhn., MS., iv. 22-3; Arch. Sta liurbara, MS., xii. GO, 71, 70. The first baptism iii the iiuw chnruli tooli place on Oct. IStli. ^'.rimn Norberto do Santiago came to Mexico from Spain in 178."), and was sent to California the next year. Hi.s signature appears in the books of San I'rancisco often in 178G-7; but his only regular ministry was at San .Juan Capistrano from 17S9to 1810. He sailed with Carranza on the San Ciirlns, and was captured by the insurgents at San IJlas. In February 1811 he writes to tlie preyident from Guadalajara that ho has been through great dangers, having even been sentenced to death. Arch. Sta liiirhara, ^IS., xi. 302-Ii. ^-' .b)se I'aui'a was a native of Barcelona; arrived at Santa Barbara May 7, 1708; served at San I.,uis lley from -Tuly of that year till 1800; and at San .Juan Capistrano till October 1800, when he was allowed to retire, his term of service having expired. ''^Increase in population, 1,040 to 1,1.^8; bapti-sms, 1,040; .smallest num- ber. .")8 in 1S02; largest, 329 in 1805; deaths, 748; largest, 210 in bSOd; smallest, 20 in ISO."); large stock, gain 8,r);i9 to 10,21;>; horses, 003; small stock, decrease 17,030 to n,.")00; crops in 1800, 0,240 bushels; in KSIO, .'>,300 bush.; smallest, 1,170 bush, in 1809; largest, 10,400 bush, in ISOO; average, 5,570 bush. ANNALS OF LOS ANGELES. Ill solemn red ly rez Ig- join ill cli loiij^ n Juan is asHo- T came istry in ms and mistered I The ' dimin- ounding V blank. officials. in 1809, eplaoed was al- Buelna :-aneisco Silvas ., MS., iv. ism in the [>, and was dUs of San J San Juan §rtii Cdrhit, ho writes It (lanj^ers, l3o_>-;<. Ini May 7, lul at San lis tenn of llcst niun- in KS()(!; |0:<; small Vio, ."),:wo avurayo, as rogidores.^* Population, including the ranchcros and their families, increased oidy from 315 tc) 3G5 ; though it is probable tliat the soldiers recruited for the presidios from Los Angeles represented a further gain of over tifty.^'' Cattle and horses decreased, by intentional slaughter for the most part, from 12,500 to G,l75 head. Sheep were still less than 2,000 in number, and crops of wheat and corn varied from 3,000 to 4,000 fanegas. In 1805-G the people are represented to have suft'ered considerably and to have been despondent by reason of the increasing devastations of locusts on corn and beans. '^'' It was hoped, however, that hemp-culture miglit better their condition, and, as we shall see, some- thing was actually accomplished in that direction. In 1809 Comisionado Alvarado reported gambling, (h-unkenness, and other excesses to be alarmingl}' on the increase. Despite his efforts — and the stocks at his office were rarely unoccupied — the people wx're becoming more vicious, scandalous, and intolerable every day,^' Los Angeles was still within the jurisdiction of Santa Barbara, though many citizens were invalids of the San Diego company.^^ In August 1802 Goy- coecliea mentions the ranchos of the jurisdiction as being those of Nieto, of Dominguez, of the two Vor- dugos, and of Felix, held under concessions of Borica or his predecessors; Simi held by Luis Pena and Santlajxo Pico, and Las Virixenes by Miufuel Ortei^a, under provisional grants by Arrillaga. It will be noticed that this list agrees with that of tin) last decade, the Encino Rancho having been a[)[)r(»priated by the "Aw. St.. Pap., MS., xix. 258, .m"), .328; A/., Bni. MU., xl. 25-G; Ardi. Sta /}., MS., ix. 181; St. Pap., MU"., MS.,iii. '.io. •'' Sue a list of many citizens in a militia artilleiy roll. Pror. St. Pop., Jkii. ^^ll., MS.,xl. 17---'(). '•''' Prov. Pec, MS., ix. 81-2, 180."). All the corn, beans, and pease destroy ei I by tlie chapule. Pror. St. Pap., Pen. Mil., MS., xxxiv. 27. ^' Pror. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., M.S., xl. 25-0. ''^Tlie invalids have no further dependency on the (omnmlanrta of San Diego than that of getting their pay there, being subject to the comisionado, wh(» was a sergeant of the Santa Bdrbara Company. Uoycoechea, Ojicio liidruc- tiro, IM.,', MS., 124. Em 112 LOCAL EVENTS-SOUTHERN DISTRICTS. friarfi, except in adding the Felix Rancho mentioned only in this document, and that it confirms my idea respecting the other three ranches, since it makes no mention of either the Santiago or the Refugio ranchos, and shows Siml not to have been granted as early as 1795, as was claimed before the land commission. Since 1800 Las Virgenes had been granted to Miguel Ortega, and El Concjo had been asked for. The latter was granted in 1802 or 1803 to Jose Polanco and Ig- nacio Rodriguez, In 1809 Santiago de Santa Ana was granted to Yorba and Peralta, and I suppose that El Refugio was occupied by the Ortegas before 1810, though I have seen nothing more definite on the sub- ject than the mention of two Ortega boys as resi- dents of Refugio in a militia list of 1809.** There were two controversies, neither of them very bitter, between the settlers at the pueblo and the friars, both occurring in 1 8 1 0. The missionaries were accused of having cut off the town's supply of water by damming — the only instance of profanity on record against them — the river at Cahuenga; but it seems that they were willing to remove the dam if it could be proved that the settlers were really injured.^" The other difficulty arose from complaints that the padres refused to attend to the spiritual care of the sick at Angeles. President Tapis in a private letter warned the mis- sionaries that it would be extremely prejudicial to Franciscan interests if such complaints were to reach the superior tribunal. He urged them not to fear hard work, and threatened to change places with one of them. The friars replied that on the two occasions ^' For map of Loa Angeles district, see chap. x\n. Qoycoechea, Oficio In- siriicth-o, 1S02, MS., 124; Gucrra. Doc. Jlist. Cal, vi. 30-1; Prov. St. Pap., Ben. MIL, MS., xl. 18, 19. In the same list Nieto's Rancho is called Sta Gertrudis. See also vol. i. chap. xxx. of this work. Goycoechea says that many persons have asked for San Vicente, but it has heen refused for the general good. Permission has been refused even to the padres to establish corrals in various places. According to the land commission cases — No. 308 — San Antonio was granted to Lugo in 1810; and a claim was made--No. 483 — for Topanga Maliba granted to Tapia in 1804. ♦"March 26, 1810, commandant of Santa BArbarato Arrillaga. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. 304-5. li iiii \ ii ^iijMtiiiilii SAX GABRIKL MISSION. US itioned ay idea ikes no anchos, jarly as iiission. Miguel e latter and Ig- ta Ana >se that e 1810, he sub- as resi- sm very B friars, accused imming against lat they proved 3 other refused .ngeles. lie mis- cial to reach fear th one 3asions )/7r!0 In- 1st. Pap., tailed 8ta Isays that for the 1 establish No. 308— Ko. 483— ^rov, St. wlien they had refused attendance one of them was absent and the other busy with sick neophytes. They claimed, however, that it was not possible for the two niiuisters to properly care for the pueblo and the i-anchos so far away. The supreme government could not blame them for not neglecting their neophytes, and tlie settlers could bring their sick to the mission until a chaplain coukl be employed.*^ At San Gabriel Mission we left three friars in cluirge at the end of the last decade, Antonio Cru- zado, Miguel Sancliez, and Pedro Estevan. The last- named left the country at the end of 1802.*- Cruzado and Sanchez, both missionary pioneers, who for thirty years had served together at San Gabriel, died at their post, the former in 1804, the latter in 1803." *' Correspondence of March and May 1810, in Arch. Sta B., MS., ix. 181- 90. ■•^ Pedro de San Josii Estt^-van was a native of Castile, became a Franciscan at llabima in 178.3, jr)ined the college of San Fernando in 1793, and was sent to California in 1794. He was at San Antonio for some months in 1795; served at San Diego from April 179G to July 1797; and at San Gabriel till October 1802. He was often at San Juan Capistrano, wliei'e he buried I'adrc Fuster in October 1800. He also visited San Buenaventura and other nii.ssions. His license from the viceroy was dated Feb. 8, 1802, and that from the governor Aug. 21st. He sailed before Oct. 20th. Arvh. Sta li., MS., xi. 248; St. Pap., Sac, MS., i. GG; Prov. lite, MS., vi. 18; xii. IG; also registers of tlie missions named above. " x\ntonio Cruzado was a native of Alcarazegos, bishopric of Cordova, Andalucia, and was bom in 1725. Coming to Mexico before 1748, he served ill the Sierra Gorda missions for 22 years; was assigned to California in August 1770; sailed from San Bias Jan. 21, 1771, and arrived at San Diego Miirch 12tli, and again July 14th, after a trip by sea to Monterey. He was assigned to San Buenaventui'a, but tliat foundation being postponed, he ri'mained at San (iabriel as supernumerary from Novemlier 1771 until May 1772, and as regular minister from that date until his death which occurred on Oct. 12, 1804. He was 79 years old, and had labored for 55 years as a missionary in America. He received the sacrament of extreme unction, the others being omitted on account of his feeble condition, at the hands of Francisco Dumetz, who liay adverse winds to Manzanillo, whence he returned overland to Sina- Ina, and iinally reached Loreto Nov. 24, 1771. He was assigned to the mis- sion of Todos Santos; and in August 1773 when the other Franciscans came ncji'th he was left by I'alou at Loreto to attend to sending forward some cuttle. He started northward in April 1774, left Velicatii in August with I.icut. Ortega, and arrived at San Diego Sept. 2Cth. He wa." minister of iSiin Gabriel from Sept. 1775, though from 1790 to 1800 he spent most of his Hist. Cal., Vol. II. 8 III i 111! h i>i :! U. .!!! 1 II 114 LOCAL EVENTS-SOUTHERN DLSTRICTS. I.sidoro Karcenilla served hero from 1802 until 1804, when lie retired to his college.** Dunietz lived hero most of the time from 1803 and Jose Antonio Urresti served from 1804 to 180G; but the regular successors of Cruzado and Sanchez may be regarded as Joso do Miguel who came in 1803 and Jose Maria Zalvidea in November 180G. J^esides the slijjfht misunderstandings with the set- tiers of Angeles about water rights and chaplain ser- vice in 1810, and the threatened revolt of Indians in the same year, which have been already recorded,''^ there are no local occurrences to be noted. The mission was within the jurisdiction of San Diego; that is the six soldiers of the guard, who lived here with their families, belonged to the San Diego company.'"' Tho mission church had been completed with an arched i-oof, but after cracks had appeared and had been once repaired, they were again opened wider than ever by an earthquake, so that the arches had to be toiii down and a new roof of timbers and tile substituted time at San Diego, Santa Clara, and Soledad, visiting also S. Francisco, 8. Jos(5, and S. Luis Obispo. Li ITS'? with a view of retirement he asked for and obtained from the governor a certificate of hia missionary services; but lie decided to remain in tiie country, and finally died at Sail Gabriel July 27, 1803. lie was buried by Padre Santiago in the mission church under tho steps of the main altar on the epistle side. S. (lahrlel, Lib. Mlsion, MS., 27, and other mission-books; St. Pap., Sac, MS., vi. 92-3, 95; St. Pop., Miss., MS., ii. 77, 102. **Isidoro Barcenilla came to California in 1707; was one of the founders of Mission San Josc'^; and served there as minister from Juno II, 1707, till April 1802. Ho was a very irascible man, always in trouble with tiie soldiers of the guard; but this charactoristic was due mainly, it is believed, to a cere- bral allection ami to piles, which so impaired his health that in July 1800 he obtained, after repeated applications, permission to retire. On account of some informality in the document he did not use it; but again in July 1804 he received his license and sailed in October. After leaving San Jos6 in 1802 he lived at San Francisco a few months, and then went to Sau Gabriel where he lived until his departure. He was regarded as an intelligent and zealous missionary. S. Gnhrid, Lib. Mi.iio», MS.; S. Jast', Lib. Mision, MS.; Arch. Sta R, lis., X. 400; xi. 03-4, G7; Arch. Arzob., MS., ii. 40; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 35-0; xxi. 44. *•< Sec pp. 02, 1 12, of this volume. '"' One corporal, live soldiers, and four wives made their annual confession in 1800. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. 101. Xov. 24, 1801. Goycocehea of Santa IJiirbara says to Carrillo that an order of this date makes the church at San Gabriel counnon, as regards imnmnity, to persons of San Diego and Los Angeles, it being the parish chmxh of the pueblo. Doc. Hist. Cat., MS., iv. 124. I HUSSION SAN FHRNANDO. 113 In 1804/' Tliu neopliyto population increased from 1,1.']0 to 1,201, San Gabriel now occu|)yin;^ the sixth plate in this respect, and the death-rate tor this dec- ade heing eighty per cent of baptisms. The ii was liho larger than at any other establishment/^ At Sau Fernando Hey, one of the new establish- ments, an adobe church with tile roof was consecrateil in J )eceniber 180G/^ Father Dumetz left the mission in A|)ril 1 802, though he was back for a time in 1804-3. Fiancisco Javier Uria, the other founder, left the country in 1805; but subsequently returned to Cali- fornia, though not to this mission. In 1805 there came Nicolas Liizaro and Jose Maria, Zalvidea, the latter transferred to San Gabriel in 180G, while the iornier died at San Diego in August 1807.'" They Avere succeeded in 1807 by Jose Antonio Uria and Pedro Muhoz. The former retired in November 1808,''^ and was replaced by Martin Landaeta, who died in 1810.^- Meanwhile Jose Antonio Urresti had *' Ttijii.% Informe B'icnol de Misione.9, 1S03-//, MS., 71. ■" I'upulatidii, giiin, l,i;]0 to 1,'201; baptianis, 1,.'](J4; largest number. 212 in isnt); siiiallcst, ;J7 in ISOS; deaths, 1,0!),'); smallest iinniber, ")!) in 1810; lar^'est, 21)1 ill ISOti; larpc stock, gain, 7, 000 to 10,070; horses, etc., in 1810, 770; small ,«ti.ik, los.s, 12,;{U0 to 9,7.")0; croiis in 1800, !),420 bushels; largest crop in 1810, l!l.l K) busliels; smallest in 180,"), .3, .'WO bushels; cotton iittcnipted by Tapis in 1808 witliout success on account of colil. I'ror. St. I'iio)ieK, 1SV5-G, MS., 70. (.'orp. Guilleniio Cota commanded the guard in 1800. Prov. St. Pap., lien. Mil., MS., x.x.xvii. 21. ^" Xioolas L;1zaro, anativo of Fmrgos, Spain, ari-ivcd in California Ant,'. 31, ISO"), and served at San Fernando from September of that year until .Juno ]>S()7. Ho then Went down to San Diego, hoping that a change of climate iniiriit bonelit his health; but lived only two months, dying on Aug. l.Stli. Arch. S/a 11., MS., x. 424; Prov. Per., MS., xii. 57; S. bicjo, Lih. Mision, Ms., 01. lie was buried in the San Diego cliurch. ^' .lose Antonio Uria an-ivcd at Monterey .Inly 28, 1700; served at Mis- sion San Joso from August o? that yr.ir until July 1800; at Santa Ciu/ in lM)(i-7; and at San Fei-iiando until November 1808. Jn November 1800 ho wiote from Mexico to Capt. Guerra that he was in good health and hoped to remain attached to his college. His name appears fre(iuently in the nii.ssion books as having oliiciatcd at San Francisco and San Juan IJautista. Langs- diiilfmet him at San I'rancisco in 1800 and found him a very intelligent but very serious man. "'-Martin dc Landaeta came to California in 1701, and after a very short residence at San Luis Oliispo was assigned to San Francisco, where he served until 1708, when sickness compelled him to retire to Mexico. Kecovering his 116 locjVL evexts-soutiiern districts. como in 1809 and became the associate of Mufioz. Neoj)liytes increased threefold from 810 to 955, and d(.'atiis were but little more than half the ba[)tisnis." The excitement over a strange Hag brought in from the Tulares has been noted. In 1804 tliere was a controversy about lands, the friars protesting success- fully against the granting of Camulos liancho to Francisco Avila. i:l¥. Captain Felipe de Goycoechoa commanded the com- pany of Santa Barbara'* till August 31, 1802,''^ when ] lieutenant Kaimundo Carrillo was appointed to suc- ceetl him, and he sailed for Mexico in October to take the position of habilitado general of the Californias to which he had been elected by his brother officers. lie was the oldest of the presidial commanders, having held the place since 1784, and he was also one of the ablest, subsequently becoming the first governor of Lower California.^" Carrillo during the term of his conunand was lieutenant of the Monterey company, since Goycoechea retained that lank in the Santa licalth lie returned to Ciilifornia in ISOO and again servetl at San Francisco until the end of 1807. In Jainuiry 1808 he waa transferred to San Fernando, •where he died iu 1810. Vaneouvcn- found him a very genial man in 1702 as did J^ingsdorll' in 1800. Arch. Anoh., MS., i. 52; Arch. Sta li., M8., x. 423; iS'. Franc'ifvo, Lib. J/ixion, MS., 42. *' Population, gain 310 to Ooj; baptisms, 1,408; highest number, 3G1 in 1803; lowest, 42 in 1800; deaths, 707; higlicst number, 200 in 180(!; lowest, 30 ill 1810; large stock, gain 527 to 8,282; liorsesand mules in 1810, 802; sm.all stock; gain, 0(M) to 3,204; crop in ISOO: 1,800 busliels; in 1810, 8,730 bushels; largest crop, in 1800, 11,580 bush.; smallest, 1 350 bush, in 1807; average, 5,220 bush. *' For map of Sta Brtrbara district, :-co chap. \xvi. ^'^ Gojicovchcn, Ofirin Iiisfntrtivo jvtra cl Tfi'kntf Don Ji(iimiin(?o CnrrUln, ]S0..', MS. This original document in tUi, oi.'nor's own handwriting is dated Aug. 31, 1802, the day on MJiicli the coniiuuid was tm'ued over. It is devoted til details respecting the condition of affairs in the district, some of wliich I have utilized elsewhere. ^"Felipe de Ooycoeehea was born in 1747, probably at Alamos, Sonora, St. P(i]>., J/(.s.*., MS., i. 4, 5; J'omcro, jf/cmorian, MS., 13. He was an alferez in the presidial company of 15uenavista in Jan. 1783, when a connnission as lieutenant was sent him witli orders to take connnand at Santa IJarbara in Alta California. J'luv. lice, MS., ii. 55; St. l^up.. Sue, MS., i. 5.5. May 23, 1783, Gov. Fages from Lorcto notifies Soler tliat Goycoechea will com- mand on the frontier until the company has been reviewed. Juno 20th, Fages announces to Goycoechea that he shall start for Cnlifornia July 15tli, and hopes to find him in possession of the command which Soler had refused him. Frov. Ike, M.S., ill. 101, 111. He arrived at 8au Diego Aug. 2fith, FELIPE DE GOYCOECHEA. 117 conii)aiiv liiirbara company duriiij^ liis term as liaMlitado f^en- eral. Carrillo hold the command until I 807, when ho wont to San Dioj^o as ca})tain, and Josd Ar^niollo waa made cai)tain un, l~S4, .siifciedinj^ Lieut. Oitoga. In I7S7 and the foHowinj,' years he wiia often reprimanded by I'ages for eareh'ssness, nej,deet of duty in minor matters, and arbitrai'y actions; and Kagea left him to his BUecessor Konieu as an olfieer that must i»e wateiit'd. J'nir. ..■!. J'a/i., ^IS., vii.-viii. passim; x. 14S. Goyeoeeiiea's excuses were ill- health, forget fulness, haste, etc.; and it appeal's that he made an unsuccessful elluit to he transferred to some other province. /(/. , ix. 7S. After Fages left the country we hear no further conijilaint, aiul it is evident that Ooyeoechea performed his duties as commandant and hal>ilitado with zeal and ability. Several ollicial papers from his jien are found in my list of authorities, and their contents have been put before the reader. C)ct. '2S, 17!*7, the viceroy iiiforuied the governor of his promotion to the rank of brevet I'liptain, and IJorica sent him his eonunission ou Jan. 20, 1708. Prov. ]i. There appear to have been no votes against him for habilitfulo general in .Tune 1802, except his own, \xliich was cat;t for Jose Argiiello; and he sailed for Mexico Oct. l.'Uh, his aiipoiutment by the viceroy bearing date of Aug. .Slst. Id., xxxii. (i, HI-IK; J'l-iv. /'((•., MS., xi. 00-2. The records throw no light on his adniinistra- tiuu of the general /(f('y(7(7f((7"o», during which he continued to Imlil his r.mk as brevet captain of the ilanta Barbara company, leaving it to be inferred that no fault was found, since in 1805 he was made governor of I'aja ( 'ali- tnriiia, though he did not take possession of the otlicc until July ">, ISOCi. Prov. ,">'. J'np., MS., xvi. 80; xix. (iO-70; /(/., ncii. Mil., MS., xxxix. (i; Prov. /.Vc., MS., ix. 02. In 1811 Gov. Ooyeoechea was impeached for oflicial misconduct, being accused of speaking ill of the superior government, permitting illegal trade, neglect of otlieial duties, in favor of private business, inattention to religion, and defrauding the soldiers. Little is recorded of details, but the governor is Si.vl to ha\c successfully refuted each charge. At any rate he held his jM)sition until his death which occurred on Sept. 7, 1814, at Loreto. /;•'-/■. iSV. Pa/)., MS., xix. ;{I3, 317-20; xxii. 27. Jose- Maria Komero, M(i)ir,r!aif, MS., 13, describes Goycoechea as a tall, stout man, of light ruddy complexion, atlalilc to his men. Vancouver, Voy., ii. 4.")2, 4.">7, speaks in liigli terms of him and named Tt Felipe in his honor. Ifc was a bachelor, Prov. Itc\, MS., iy. .'il; but not a womandiater so far as I can judge from an entiy in the .Santa Barbara mission-book of baptisms to the etiect that a certain widow had presented him with a son. 1 11 T 6l| 118 LOCAL EVENTS— SOUTHERN DISTRICTS. The presidial company by recruiting in 1805-C was increased from fifty-nine men to sixty-six. Invalids increased to tliirtv-five, most of whom still lived at the j)residio, and the total population de razon, including- the guards of Santa Barbara, San Buenaventura, l^urisima, Santa lues, San Fernando, and San Ga- bi'iel, had increased from 390 to 4G0, not including Anijcles and the ranches. Includinof these, as all were within the same military jurisdiction, the total ])()pulation of the district was 825, a gain of 150 during the decade. The neophyte population of the jurisdic- tion, including San Gabriel, was in round numbers G,500, a gain of 2,500. There are no reliable statistics of presidio li^e-stock" or agriculture. Reports of weatlier and crops were sent with considerable regu- larity l)y the commandant to the governor, but these reports contain nothing noticeable beyond the almost total destruction of the corn and bean crop at Los Angeles and San Fernando l)y the chapuUi, or locust,'"'^ in 1805. In a note I append such items of financial affairs at this presidio as niay be gathered from the records.^" Tlie records say nothing of the presidio buildings during this decade till 180(5, when on the 24th of !March at midnight an eartliquake cracked the cliapi'l 'aces. Carrilh V 3por May 11th, asking permission to obtain njaterial for ^' Tliprc were 1,300 head of stock in the rancho del rcy in 1804, besides 210 licad of iI'kziikm. The site Mas Ijad and tlio iiiisisions wore often applied to for cattle. P,;,v. St. Pap., MS., xviii. :«>0-l. '*rrov. St. Pup., Bill. Mil., MS., xxxiv. '27. ^"Annual appropriations were from !?!(), 000 to .S'20.000; invoices from Mex- ico and San IJlas, from ^7,000 to !?20,000; supplies fiom missions on an aver- a,!,'e S,"i,O0O; totals of liabilitiulo's accounta ^iol.OOO to !?( 17,000; balance from §800 aLjainst to S7,000 in favor of tlie company; invcmtories of goods in Avare- house ^SlO.dW to S'2:i,000. Net rcvemic from tobacco sales, §'2,(t00 per year. (In ISO.'t, ~>.',]4'> papers of cij,'ars and 'J.'), .31(1 of cigarritos were consumed. Kai b invalid bad Sl.TiO wortb of cigarritos per month. Prov. St. Pup., Pienldiox, JiS., i. ;!; S. ./ov'. Arch., ]\1S., iii. 7")); Jiostal revenue !?S,') per year; tithes $1,S7'J in I.S04; ]iapal indulgences aboutSlOO per year; net proci-edsof playing- cards and gunjiowdir in ISO!), cil.'n); amoiuit.s (liscountod on pay for ,/()»'/os i]pt. St. Pop., Bin. Mil., JIS., Ixxx.-lxxxvii. SANTA BARBARA. iia )5-C was Invalids 0(1 at the neluding i.vciitura, San Ga- includini^ e, as all the total 30 durinj^ JLirisdic- nunibers statistics eports of .bio rcgu- but those le almost p at Los ii- locust,'"'^ financial from the iiildings 24tli of ho cliapcl niisha}> torial for repairs from the mission, and on May 21th a violent storm almost entirely destroyed the chapel and did further damage.^' The presidio had eiglit guns, all but jnc of brass, from one to six pounds in calibre, half of which M'ore distributed among the missions, but none of which were used for purposes offensive or defensive, as the Indians were quiet and no hostile foreigner made his appearance within range. N(jt- withstanding the armament, Shaler declares that Santa Barbara " has only the show of defence, and would fall an easy conquest to the smallest ship of war.""' The remarkable criminal case of Jose Antonio Kosas and his execution by shootinu' and burninijf at Santa Barbara on February 11, 1800, have already ])een narrated."^ There were three other cases tried bufore 1810 which caused considerable local excite- ment. In two of thcni men were accused of incest with daughters, and in the other of blasphemy; but in neitlier case is the final sentence recorded, tliouu'li more than one hundred and fifty pages of manuscrij)t are filled with the testimony and lileadinos."^ llowau in the Hazard obtained sup})lies at Santa Bar1)ara in 1803; but though the Channel islands w-erc visited by tlie Lclia Bijrd, OCain, and Albatross in 1805, 1807, and 1810, respectively, it does not appear that any of these vessels ventured within range of the pre- sidio guns. ci 1804, bcsiik's |ii applied to Is from Mcx- \ on an avc'i- ilanco from Inls in waiv- lO per y(!ar. linoil. Kavli I, J'lTsidio'i, k-oar; titln's lof playiii;,'- for jhii\\ throe sides b}- an adobe wall built in 1802. Inuring these years there were also erected a, tanneiy, a inajof- «"P»-or. St. Pap., ■SIS., xix. I'Jfi; P;y)l, n^c, MS., xi. 109. «' Pror. SI. J'; Shuli r'a .InuriKil nf a Voijivji', \'~t. "'-' Soo cliaj). xxviii. of vol. i, '^/Voc. SI. Pap., lit,,. Mil., MS., xxxvii. 21-35; xxxvri. 1-3; .\li. 1, 2. "Sco chaptera i,, ii, , and v, of this vulumc. 120 LOCAL EVENTS— SOUTIIERX DISTRICTS. domo's house, and throe largo warehouses, besides several other buildii)gs, one of whicii was 18 by GO feet, divided into many apartments, nicely plastered, and furnished with a corridor. A.nothcr was twice as long. In ] 803 a church, or chapel, of adobes, 27 by 00 feet, was built at the San Miguel, or ]\Iescaltitlan, rancheria, five or six miles from Santa Barbara; and in 1807 oi<;hteen adobe dwellinofs seem to have been erected at the same place. In 1800 a reservoir of stone and mortar, 120 foot square and seven feet high, was added; in 1807, a stone prison and four houses; in 1808, a fountain with laundry accommodations, a pottery, and an addition to the ministers' house includ- ing a Htone-archod corridor,"' In 1801 an epidemic pulmonary disease carried off' a large number of Indians, whereupon Chupu, the deity of the Channel coast, appeared to a neophyte in a dr(;am or trance, and revealed that all gentiles who were baptized must become victims to the epi- demic, and so must those already baptized unless they made offerings to Chupu and washed their faces with a certain water. Within an hour the revelation was known, and nearly all the neophytes hastened to the j)roplu!t's house with l)eads ami grain to renounce Christianity. The movement spread through all the Channel rancheri'as, while the missionaries remained in ignoi'ance; for Chu})u had foretold death to any who miglit inform them. Subsequently wlien the trouble was past the secret canio out, and the friars realized how narrow had been their escape, for they were sure that their lives would have been lost had Chupu ordered the sacritice."" We left tlie mission at the end of the last decade in chjjrge of Ta[)is and Cortes. The former after he '•■•Arrh. Sfn n., MS., v. CO, 70-7, 8S, 1'20, 141, 144, 14S, l.-:,l()l, in aiimiiil and liiLiiiiiMl ivpoi'ts of the luiHsioii. J'rnr. lire., MS., xi. (Mi. Tlio iiKiioiiloiiios of tlu! mission ilown to ISIO wlto, Ivufail (Jcrixnlo, Nov. 17!>'! to .liin. 17!»4; lunacio Ui'mi'ia, Fl1>. 17!l!t to Nov. ISUI; .l( il(^ Santa Ana ;'w ' 4'* Avila, Doc. iSOl to Oi't. ISOd; Airh. Sta li., MS., ix. 4.SS-;> till Sept. ISO."), when he obtained license to retire anil sailecl inini San J-'Jegi on Nov. Gth. From Sept. 181S to May IS'JT lie seems to have Ijoen piri ui-.'le. of San Foniaiido college; and in June IS'27 lie was siiulico of the s!i>au iiis'.i '■utioa. ''*J opnli'..,.!!. gain, 804 to 1,3."); highest number 1702, 1,.S03; l)aptisms, 2,0". 'J; hiubno number, 831 in 1803; lowest, 32 in ISOit; deaths, 1.337; higliest niMniiur, "Jlii ia y6i)ii; lowest, 89 in 1810; largo stock, gain, 2,4!)2 to r),()7i); liorsi.? auil 'viule;- [a 1810, .,300; small stock, gain, f),[\\'y to 8, 100; ero])s in ISdO, 3,u7." u ^. in 1810, 3,000 bu.sh.; largest crop, 10,150 bush, iu 1804; siiia'lcst, 2,8li0bush. in 1803; average J,2U» i>ush. 'fArrh. Sl(t ndrhnra, MS., ix. 400. '" \'iceiite do Santa Maria was a ' son' of the Franciscan province! of ]>iir- gos, Spain, lie left San Fernando college in Oct. 1770 and sailed fioni Tcpio in February 1771. He was one of the company ilriven by thi' winds dnwu to Maiizanillo, returning to Sinaloa by land, and arriving at Loreto Xov. 24, 177b He at lirst served at Loreto; was minister at San .bivii'r in Dec. 177'.'; and sailed from Loreto for Mexico on May 27, 1773. Jii the summer of 1770 he c lie to Alta California as chaplain of the Skii ( 'tirlm. He liveil as sujier- nw'i. vary at San Francisco, San Antonio, anUena\entura, w here ho Bi.'v ! t II iiis death July 1"), 18(H), His remains were interred in the mission ehuviM. lid thrtc years later, on Sept. 11, 1800, tliey were transferred vith all possiile solemnity to the newly dedicated church and deposited in a recci-s in the wall on the gospel side. Vancouver met him at Santa Barbara iu 1703 122 LOCAL EVENTS-SOUTHERN DISTRICTS. and war^ succeeded by Padre Marcos Antonio de Victo- ria. Homualdo Gutierrez came here from Santa Incs in 1800 in search of health, which he failed to find, as already narrated. The construction of the new church seems to have proceeded slowly. We have seen that it was half finished in 1794, and nearly completed iu 1707; but in 1807 it is still described as about beinuf finished, very capacious, of stone and brick, a part of the roof only being covered with tiles.'^ Finally, however, it was done, and on September 9, 1809, was duly dedicated iy Sefian, who was assisted by five other friars an . priest. Next day, which was Sunda}'-, the first . 5 was chanted by tlie presbyter, Jose Ignacio Argiieilo, son of Don Jose; and a ser- mon was preached by Urresti. On the 11th, as before mentioned, tlic ceremonies Nvere completed by the transfer of Santa Maria's remains.'^ The fact that Shaler in the Leila Byrd, and Rowan in the Hazard, touched at San Buenaventura in 1804 is barely mentioned in the records, with no ])articu- lars whatever.'^ The neophytes increased during the decade from 715 to 1,297, the largest population over reached. In its herds of cattle and horses this mis- sion was still far ahead of all the other establish- ments, and the average crops were among the best in California.'* The new foundation of Santa Ines, belonging to ami carried Iiim tlown to his own mission by water, the friar's adventures on that trij) having heen elsinvhcic descri))ed. TIic Knylish navigator speaks in teiins of the liiyhest connnendation of the padri;'.s character and zeal. He sjiolce tlie native language iluently. One of his diaries of an exploration for mission sites appears in my list of authorities. Saiila M(tri(i, Iii't/istro do. l'(fruijcs, lyjo, MS.; Vawuuvcr^t ]'oyaijc, ii. 4o4-Gl; S. lliiciiarottara, Li'i. M'lKion, MS.; S. Frunciaco, Lib. Misloii, MS., 37, 09; I'rov. Jlcc, MS., xi. 111'. '' Prar. St. Pap., Z>V«. JPiL, MS., xxxvii. 40; see vol. 1. chap. xxx. of this Work. '•'■S. Dmimvcntiira, Lib. Mision, MS., 17, 18. "^ See eliap. ii. tliis volume. "' I'opidation, gain, 71.") to 1,297; baptisms, l,i")4n; highest number, 210 in 1803; lowest, 92 in 1.S09; deaths, 977; highest number, 100 iu KSOO; h)\vest, 77 in ISO,"); large stoek, increase, l(),ll.'l to 21,221 ; horses and nudes in 1810, 3,270; small stoek, increase, 4,022 to 8,."i43; crops in 1800, 9,420 bushels; in 1810, 4,27.") bush.; largest, 9,4o0 bush, iu 1800; smallest, 3,130 bush, iu ISOJj average, 0,400 busli. 1 4 JEi ■fw PURISIMA MISSIOX. 123 this jurisdiction, lias already been noticed in another chapter.'^ Of Puri'sinia, the only remaining mission of the district, there is little to say beyond recording the fact that the church, of adobes and roofed with tile, was completed before the end of 1802,'" present- ing the usual statistics, and naming the ministers in charcfc. The increase in neophytes was small for the whole period, from 950 to 1,022 only; but the number in 1804 was 1,522. Thus wo see that Purisima like tlie other Channel missions, Santa Barbara and San Bucnaventuia, reached its greatest strength in con- verts in this decaf'e. In all kinds of live-stock this mission was one of the foremost in California."" Father Cal/.ada served hero until 1804 when he was replaced by Mariano Payeras. Gregorio Fernandez left California in 1805,"** and his place at Purisima was taken by Juan Cabot, followed in 180G by Gero- nimo Boscana. In 1810 Payeras made a full report to tlio president on the condition of his mission. With the aid of interpreters ho nad m;ule a complete catechism and manual of confession in the native idiom , by the aid of which the neophytes were becom- ing more or less perfect in their s[)iritual knowledge. He had found many errors in matters of faitli, and even idolatry at first, but had made })rogress in uproot- ing the worship of Achup, or Chupu, in favor of the "Cliap. ii., this volume. 'J^Arch. SlaJi., MS., xii. G9; Prov. .?,'. Pap., Don. MIL, M.S., xxxvii. 40. "l\>l>uliitioiigiiin, 9.')0 to 1.0'J'J; lii^licst iiuiiilier, l..")i!2iii ISO); l);iiitisiiis, 1,11,"); hijihcst muiilior, 4.")1 in l.SO,'?; luwist, '27 in 1M)S; dfjiths, !»!»1 ; liiuiu'st nuniliui-, L'JO ill ISOd; lowest, 40 in JSO'J; ]iu;uc slock, ,u;iiii, l.SllSto Kl.di."); horses and inuk's in l.SIO, l,"_'l,"); sniiill stocU gain, 4,()'J(I to 1(>,(I4'J; ciops in ISdO, 2,170 bush.; in KSiO, the largest, 5,070 bush.; tiie smallust, l,OV,o bush, in I.S(i;>; avcraLTe, .S,:i00 l)ush. ''(iiTgorio Fornaniloz was born at I'l'ir^os, ,S]i,Tiii, in 17")4; bccanip ii Fr.'in- ciscan in 177-; came to Anicrioa in 17^0, and to «':ditornia in 1704. lie 8ervfd at San i^uis Obispo from Xovcndnr 1704 \intil 1700, and at I'uilsinia from May 1700 to Septvinber ISO."), lie solicited bcense to retire on the cx- niration of his term in 1804, and sailed for Mexico on Nov. (I, ISOo. lie came to tlic country with an excellent rejiutation; ' es un iinjj;el,' writes MuLrarterrui; and there is nothing to show tiiat hi.s an.uelie ((ualities deterio- rated in California. A)y/i. S/ti, Jl., MS., xi. 247; J'or. //;>/. Cnl., MS., iv. ItO- 40; Mission-books of Nm Luis and Turisima. lie olliciated at San Francisco in Jiuiu 1704. '. Fi-uiic!dco, Lib. Miaiun, MS., 42. 124 LOCAL EVENTS— SOUTHERN DISTRICTS. true God. Nearly all mothers gave birth to dead infants; preaching, teaching, and even chastisement had been powerless to arrest the evil, or even to make known its direct cause. There remained no nujre gentiles to be baptized except at a long distance of twenty-five or thirty leagues. The natives were docile, industrious, and not inclined to run away. It was a joy to see them work and sing and pray, and especially to see them bear their sufferings, beg for confession, and die like good Catholics. For five years not a kernel of grain could be raised without irrigation; but certain springs had been found which promised well for the future. The rancho of Reyes instead of being an injury to the mission as many are had been its salvation in at least one year, and recently it had been purchased by the mission for $2,000. A large amount of liv^e-stock had also been purchased, and the prospects for meat, tallow, and wool were excellent, A $5,000 invoice of goods was expected from Mexico. Trade, especially that in skins, which took the friars' time and did harm perhaps to the Indians, had been abandoned, though in his own time, as the author seems to say, it had yielded over $10,000. The vines at Salsacupi had been transferred to a place called San Francisco, where they were cared for by the Ortegas on shares and promised to yield for the mission wine and brandy " which your reverence will yet drink some day without scum ov dregs or bad taste, pure and clear as its mother gave it birth."^'' ''■' Pni/erns, ComHiumnon mhre rl E»tado dr la Mifsiondc La Pur(s'nnu, ISIO, MS., (lilted .liin. I;H1i. The writer also states that the old liousc had been newly roofed and whitewashed. CHAPTER YII. LOCAL EVENTS AND PROGRESS— NORTHERN DISTRICTS. 1801-1810. Sax FFv^vxcisco Pkesidio — Officials, Forces, and Population' — Finances— BciLDiNGS — Langsdokff's Visit — Eaktiiquake of 1808 — Affairs at THE Mission— Ministers— Statistics— PcEBLO of San Jose— Jcrisdic- TioN — Population — Comisionado and Alcalde — Chapel — Boundary Troubles — Santa Clara — Mission San Jose — Pedro de la Cueva — New CiiURcu — Monterey — Statistics of Population and Finance- Bears— Silver-mines — San Carlos — Buenavista— Relic — Pujol — San Luis Obispo — San Miguel — Poisoned Padres— Fire — San An- •JONIO— SiTJAR and MeRELO — SoLEDAD — SaN JuAN BaUTISTA — SaNTA Cruz— Branciforte. Brevet Captain Jose Dar^o Arguello was co- niandanto of San Francisco until 180G, in Ausfust of uliich year he turned over the command to his son Luis Antonio Arc^iiello, and soon after went to Santa Barbara.^ Don Luis with the rank of hcutenant C()mmanded the company throughout the decade and much longer as we shall see. His brother Gervasio, however, was habilitado after 1808. San Francisco was entitled to a captain, and Manuel Rodriguez held that rank in the company after 180G, but he never came here in person, serving in Mexico as habilitado general. The company altcrcz was Luis Arguello 'The lieutenant's commission of Don Luis was datcil March 10, 1800; ho received the liabUitacion July 8th, and the eoniniand on Any. jth. J'rof. »SV. J'lip., lien. Mil., MS., xxxvii. .'i, !">. Don Jose was commissioned ca]itain of tile Santa Barbara company March '22, 1807. /'/., xxi. 12; tit. Piip.,!ii(c., MS., viii. '2'.i. His instructions to his successor were dated Aug. utii, anii were contined for tlie most part to tlic minor details of routine duty, tlicrc l»ing no attempt to explain tiie actual condition of affairs at the presidio, since the new connnandant needed no instruction on that matter. Ar'juello, /iixtnicrloii que ha de oh<(rrar el TenieiUe 1). Luis Anjilello durante nu maiido de .*>'. Fran- cinco, ISOG, ^IS. (125) i 126 LOCAL EVENTS-NOnTIIERX DISTRICTS. until March 180G, and Gabriel ;Mt)raga, promoted lr(nn the Monterey company afterward. Amador was retired, probably in 1801, and Luis Peralta took his place, having Jose Sanchez as associate sergeant after ^s"(A'eniber IBOG.^ The company for some years con- sisted of thirty-six men; the volunteers were with- drawn in 1803; but in April 1805 an increase of thirty-four men was authorized/ and before 1807 the ranks were full, with seventy men. There were also five artillerymen, and from nine to eleven invalids. These men with their families, in- cluding the guards of San Francisco, San Jose, Santa Clara, and Santa Cruz missions, but not those inva- lids of the company who lived at the pueblos, made a total population of gente de razon within the jurisdic- tion of 330, or a gain of 105 in ten years. Adding the population of the two jmeblos, both of which were under the military jurisdiction of Monterey, we have a total of 500, with a neophyte population of 3,440. A more convenient division, and one which I shall hereafter follow, is to join Santa Cruz and Branciforte to Monterey, and to retain Santa Clara and San Jose pueblo in the San Francisco district. On this basis tlic population de razon in 1810 was 435 and the Christian Indians numbered 2,930. I append in a note some items of financial and other statistics.* ' It is probable also that Gervasio Argiicllo held the place of company ser- geant with I'eralta for a time in 1805-U, jireceding Sanchez, but then chang- ing his place for that of cadet. It is somewhat diilicult to follow all the movcr.ients of all the mcndjeis of this Argiicllo family as they were so often shifted about by the advice and inlluence of their father in search of the beut lin'- of promotion. ^ July '2'J, iSOi"), Arguello to governor, will proceed to recruit the new force according to viceroy's instructions of April .Sd; but fears it may be diilicult to get i-o many men. Kcconmiends his son Cervasio for sergeant. Froc. SI. J'ap., MS., xix. 30-1. * The San Francisco nppi'opriation from the treasury increased from $10,000 to !i5iy,0(K) in round numbers; invoices of goods from Mexico and ,"■ an ]51as varied from §d,000 to IJl.'i.OOO; supplies from the missions, from )j;j,OOU to §0,000; inventories of goods in warehouse, from §4,000 to §17,000. Average annual I'evcnue from sales of tobacco, $1,'2G0; from post-oUiee, !;G5 per year; tithes .SlOO; papal indulgences, §110; i)laying-eards in IcSOS, §70; 144 packs sold. In /b/jt/o (/c n/^t'/Hv'ow from §1,500 to 1,800. Hancho del rey, average net product of sales of cattle, §'J0O. In 1802 there were 1,172 head of cattle iji tlic rancho, 07 having been found dead or killed by wild beasts. March 10, SAN FRANCISCO. 127 In the annals of this decade as of the precedinj^, the condition of the San Francisco buildings and defences gave rise to more correspondence than any other local topic; but the conmmnications on the subject were always complaints, or petitions, or sug- gestions, and practically nothing was accomplished in the direction of construction or repairs. Early in February 1802 a hurricane made wild worK with many of the presidio roofs ;^ and two years later, after hasty repairs had given the garrison one winter of comparative protection, the heavy gales and rains of January 1804 again wrought havoc with the fx'ail structures.*' The next storm, in November of tlie same year, devoted its surplus of energy to the battery of Yerba Buena, levelling the palisade which enclosed that woi-k, and doing other damage. Commandant Argliello was now convinced that the battery was use- less in its original location, and ought to be moved to the hill nearer the anchorage proper of Yerba Buena, perhaps to the slopes of what has since been called Telegraph Hill.'' Fort San Joaquin was also reported to be in a deplorable condition, though some exj)ense had been incurred in repairs in 1802; and accordingly in 1805 the fortification was surrounded with three sides of stone-wall and one of palisade, and a new casemate was built three hundred yards away, all by the labor of Indian captives without cost to the king."* 1S03, order to send to Monterey all cows Ijut 25 or .30 to avoid complaints fiuni tlic mission. ISO,"), stock much mixed with th;it of mission. Many Klray cuttle. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. 3"2. hSfMj, man in charge lit Ijiirilnni warned to tame the oxen n.'cded for jiresidio work. Weatlier repoils: KsO:?, rains slight; Jan. IS04, copious rains and strong winds; 180."), weather change- ahle— nioderute rains in last months of previous winter — snunner windy wich the usual cold fogs— present winter began with slight rains, strong winds, and frost— crops fair; ISOO, good rains and crops; 1807, past winter, slight rains in later months with frosts and north winds — crojis fair— summer ci)ld with varying winds— present winter began favorably. See company rosters, haliilitado's accounts, etc., in Prov. St. Pup., Bin. Mil., MS., xxix.-xliv. p.issim. ^Feb. 2, 17, 1802. Prov. Si. Pnp., MS., xviii. 221. "Jan. i:5 to 20, 1804. Prov. .St. Pnp., Bat. MIL, MS., xxxiv. .S. ' Nov. 2'.t, 1804, Arguello to Arrillaga. Pror. St. Pap., MS., xvili. 302-.*?. ^Sept. 28, 180j, Arguello to ^Vi'rillaga. Prov. St. Pup., MS., xix. 31; Prov. lice, MS., X. 20. 12S LOCAL EVENTS— NORTHERN DISTRICTS. To L., MS., xviii. EARTHQUAKES. 1-23 two years we find no special record respecting' the ])rcsi(lio buildings; and then in Juno and July 1808 iliero came the most severe earthquakes that San Francisco had over experienced. On July 17th Argii- cllo wrote to the governor: " I notify you that since the twenty-first day of June there have been felt at this presidio some earthquakes, eighteen shocks to date, and among them some so violent that as a result of them the walls of my house have been cracked, being badly built, so tliat one of its rooms was ruined; and if the shocks have done, until now, no fur-ther (lamage, it is because they found no chance for lack of dwellings. The quarters of Fort San Joaquin threaten ruin, and I fear that if the shocks continue tliere may liMppen some unfortunate accident to the troops sta- tioned there."" Arrillaga, who was accustomed to an earthquake country, is said to have replied to this report and to 1^11 is Argiiello's verbal account of the temhlorcs by advising the commandant to go home and repair h' house for winter and not mind such trifles as cartn- (juakes, sending also a box of dates as a consolation.'- Finally in 1810 Argiiello sent in the last complaint of the decade, stating that continuous storms had reduced the granary and four soldiers' houses to a "vvoful state; also the old barracks and the other structures, includ- ing the chapel, the merlons, and esplanade at Fort San Joaquin were entirely destroyed. The artillery l);maek and cavalry quarters were in so bad a condi- ti< )!! that serious accidents were to be feared; the ware- 2J;!--,; Prnr. J?ec., MS.,i\-. 114, 125; Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xxxiii. ].-_'l); XXX iv. 4. " Avgiiollo to Arrillnga. Pror. Sf. Pcip., MS., xix. Sn.Vfi. Mentioned in /'/., III')). Mil., xxxviii. !). Aug. 1st, Arrillaga fonvai'iU'd tho news to the viee- 11 ly, /'roc. J'ec, MS., ix. 10.S;aiicl it waspuliiislu'd in the d'nnfn (//■ Mr.v., win. fS(li2, with f>onic exa;.'gcration of the damage, Avhieh was not I'eportod as eonlined to S;ni I'Vaneisco. This sei'ies of earthquakes is referred to in /'aiii/j/ji/rs < hu- I'Oii. 211; Ti-asL; in Cal. Acail. Srinio', Prorcl., iii. 134: Tuthill's lli.-:t. CuL, 1 1(1; FJIint in Orvrlmid Muulhlii. iv. ;13!(; anil various newpapers; Imt the first translator of Argiiello's eonnnunication raised the number 18 to 21 and all tho rest have repeated the error. '^ Vullcjo, Hist. (ML, MS., i. 107-8. Hist. Cal., Vol. II. 9 13^ 130 LOCAL i:VEXT,S-NOIlTnnRX DISTRICTS. house witli its zacat'' roofliatl hcen rohhc'd, jind there vcrc no \v(»rkiucii i'or rt'])!iirs oi* rchuihJiiinr.''' TIiL' visits to Sail Fi-aiicisco of Brown and Ilowau in IH0;5 and 1804, that of Kozdnof in 180G, and tlioso of tho Alhatross and otlicr vcssfl.s to the Faralloncs ill IHIO, luivc ah'L'ady hcen mentioned and retjuiro no i'urtlier notice.'* The onlv foi'ei IVom ej)idemic measles. Twelve or fifteen of the San Francisco converts were ulao killed in Febru- i:52 LOCAL EVE> TS-NORTIIERN DISTRICTS. [< i' ' it ary 1807 by tlio gcntilos in a fight that seems to have occurred in tlie region of Carquincs Strait,^** Moraga's famous batth^ in the same region, belonging locally ])erha])s to San Francisco, has been mentioned else- where.^'' San Francisco's gain of 04 per cent in neophyte population, from G44 to lOoO, was larger than that of any other of the old missions except San JJuenaventura. The total number of baptisms in the decade, 1,978, was greater than in any other mission, and it nmst l)e added that the total of deaths, l.f^JO, was only slightly exceeded at one establisliment, Santa Clara.*"* In horses and cattle San Francisco stood second on the list of missions; in sheep, fourth; while in the average product of agriculture it was excelled at this period by only a few establishments. Shortly after 1790, the exact date not being re- corded, the jiueblo of San Jose had been transferred from the military and judicial jurisdiction of San Fi'ancisco to that of Monterey';*" and in 1805 there •was the faintest shadow of a controver-sy on the sub- ject. In September and October 1804, Sergeant Luis Peralta made tWo unimportant raids in this region after gentile assassins of Christian Indians. He acted of course under the orders of tlie comandante of San Francisco, Santa Clara and Mission San Jose still belonging to that jurisdiction; but it seems that Comisiunado Castro also furni.shed men or other aid I'or the expeditions without consulting his superior nfficor, wlio in January 1805 i-e[)rimanded him for so acting, reminding him that nothing could bo done at ^^AhcJla, Xoflriii (Jc una llataUd iiitrr Crisfiniwx y Ocntiks, 1S07, MS. This is a nitlicr cdiifuscil ii;ii''ativo in a I'lmiimmiL'iitidii to tlie governor, dated Fel). UStii. Tlie ti;,'lit took place Feb. 3d to 8th, n|)parcntly. "riia])tci \. this volume. 'T )[)iil;ition, };ain, (144 to LO.')!); luiflisnis, l,f(7S; largest nnmlier, ^20 in lSO:i: .smallest. 1)4' in 18(17 ; deaths, l.-ViO; largest number, 371 in 18(M); siiuill- est, f)0 in 1801; lari^e .stock, increase, 8,'2(1.") to l"J,'_'."iO; horst's, mules, etc., in 1810, 1,010; small slock, increase, (),-j;?S to 10,(M)0. Crops in 1800, 4. ISO bush.; in 1810, 7,080 Imsh.; largest, 8,700 bush, in ISOo; smallest, 3,720 bush.; average yield, 0.320 bush. '^Si'e map of San Francisco di.striet in chapter xvi. PUEBLO OF SAX JOSf!. 133 tlic pueblo witliout his, Gucrra's, consent. Tliorcu|X)a Arjr"i^''i'> ^i^^od the ij^overnor that both the coniisionado Miul Guerra be instructed to render him such assistance as he might need against the Indians.^'^ The town was not prosperous. The population de- creased during the ten years from 170 to 125, tins ialling-oft' being largely attributable to the enlistments of 1895-G by which the presidial companies of San Fi'anciisco and Monterey were increased to the extent of sixty men, representing about 230 persons, half of whom may be supposed to have come from San Jose, Had it not been for the loss oi' these recruits and their families the total population in 1810 would have bi'cn 250 at least."^ Horses and cattle fell off iVom G,5iS0 to 3,717, though much of this decline was owing to a general slaughter in 180G and the following years, intruded to reduce the herds and keep them under c( tutrol." Respecting the shee[) the records are scanty, but tlie nund»ir remained aT>parently less than 400. Crops were 4,2G0 Imshels in 1800, and 3,52G in 1810; but there exist no reliable statistics for most of the intermediate years.-^ The lithe accounts are, how- ever, very complete from 1604 to 1810. The average of grain was 300 bushels, (»f cattle 103 head, and of total value $370. ]>y multiplying each one of these items by ten we should obtain an a[)[)roximation to avi'i-age crops and increase in cattle.-' Of the results of hemp cultivatit)n still carried on in the pueblo ■" rcivilta's iiaiTative of his salida. Pror. Sf. Pap., MS., xviii. .3.")l-'2, Xr,. Jiui. !!■_•, ISO."), (liiLiTti to Castro. S. iVr<, Anh., !MS., ii. 84, Jan. ;!lst, Ar^'i'uUo to governor. Pmv. St. Pap.,}i\S., xix. ."7. -' In lS(i(i the govi'nior say.s to tlio v.c'eroy lliat San .Tosr lias Imt fiw iiicn K'ft to woik; and pagan hihorors aro also hocoining verj- scarce so rajiiilly aro tiny liciiig converted. Pmv. Ji'cc, MS., ix. 81-2. List of many citizens in a militia roll of ISO'.). I'ror. S'ul. I'np., Pxn. Mil., AIS., xl. 17- -'0. "May 14, LSOCi, a meeting held at San .Tost'' de.'ided on killing all man'M except "J.") to each ri'diio, or SOO in .all. Seven thousand ke the ]>eople, listen to tlie proposals, and I'educe them to writing. Then if the amount contributed were sutlicient he might oi'der the work to be begun and com- mission some suitahle person to superintend the same. For the preservation and jiroper adornment of the chapel each farmer would stipulnti tlie amount of grain he would give each year, and Jialf a faiicga iVom t'ach ought to suffice. "To the willing mind ways and means are easy, and a oift to the church inii)ov- dishes no man," writes tlu' govern(»r. It is toljc pre- ^-umed that all preliiuinaiy details were satisfactorily '■'■' Tlie rcgidorcs \vcrc, Apolinnrio Benial and Fi-nncisco Valencia in 1S02; IkriiMi'do Ik'itdiaiind I'ram i.-.io( ion/alcz in ISC.'i; Clam Ho Alviius and N'icoho' Mi'sa in lR(l."i; Ihiluics Mfsa anil Manml Anu/i]uita in 1S(1(I; Antonio S to and .luau ('. Altamirano in l.SOl); and Soto aii., MS., xviii. 7, 1!I7: >i\-. T7. KH). '2:i~; /-/., Jl'ii. Ml/., \xxvii. (i. 7: J'ror. J,',,:, MS., xi. lr_>, 17i>, l!l(j; at. I'iiji.,JJU^., MS., iii. '20, X'l; Esttidillo, Doc. JJi-t. Cid., MS., i. 80, 'M. A PUEBLO CHAPEL. 135 tlic next ;e of the 07, when Ita. The governor •ally from derstand- rds show. , Tiburcio :ain 1H0:3 9-10, and n\ welfare own; and stro, they iiission to dant Car- Lorcto in in Jnne. Jose, eon- id lednee luted were and corn- he same, it of tho. iioiint of cu'a iVoui ind ways inipov- o \h) })re- faetorily Heuiiu 1802; mill Nii'dhi^' Uitoiiio S ti> 4CS ill isin. i. 1(1; ii. SO, [ilS. , xviii. 7. IS., xi. ]?-', •ill., MS., i. arranged, for next we find tlie eomisionado inviting Alferez Jose de la Guerra y Noriega in the name of the people to act as sponsor of the chapel. This Avas eai'ly in July 1803. Don Jose could not come in pci'son, but he gave Cadet Jose Maria Estudillo a power of attorney to act for him at the ceremony of laying the corner-stone, which took place on July Titli with great solemnity under tlie direction of Jose A'ia- (lt;r from Santa Clara. Under the stone Estudillo dc[)osited certain coins, and also a sealed bottle con- taining a copy of the document, signed by himself, A'iader, and Castro, from which I gather these facts. The structure was dedicated to the patriarch San Jose and to the virgin of Guadalupe. There is no record of further progress on tlie building during this decade, but it was sufficiently advanced to have its walls cracked by an earthquake late in 1804."*' Tlie old dispute with the mission of Santa Clara resi)ectin!T; boundaries having been settled in the last decade as already related, there arose a new and some- what similar one in this with the mission of San Jose. After some slight difficulties about the encroachmc'nts ot" cattle the bcjundary between pueblo and niissioii was established by Ai'rillaga in person abuut Juno I80G.-" In 1809 the dispute arose, both parties claim- -'^ April :iO, 1S02, Castro to Ciirrillo; May M, Carrillo to governor. Pror. Sf. J'dp., Ms., xviii. Km. Juno lltli. Arrillaj,'a to Carrillo. S. Joxr, Air/i., .Ms., iv. :r>. July 7, ISDH, Ciarra to CantroT /-/., iii. itS. July I'J, I.S();{, arcoiiiit of laying tlio corner-stunt'. /'/., iii. OS. Damage l)y lartliiniaUo in JMIl in letter of .T..;.. ', ISO."). ,S7. r>tj>., .!/;«., MS., iii! :!."). Aecording to llidl's /fit/. S. Josr, 87-!), tlie eli:tinl, Imilt of atlolies witli a roof of tiilcs, slodtl iMitil is;?."). All article in tlie ,S'«rt Fnnirisro Alia, A\m\ '_M, IS77, ile- .'icriliiiig the (kclication of a new clinrch in KS77, say.s the original chapel, at th.' ccirner of Marki't ami Feriiamlo street.s, .stood until IS,")'). '-'Oct. "24, IS07, Macario Castro certilies th.it in Jiiiie ISOd he wa.s onlereil tn meet Arrillaga at the I'liiita ilo Ion Ksteros in front of La, Calera (tin' lime- kihi, or j)o>ssihly La CaU'ta, the little eovc) with Alcalde .Vrclmleta. 'I'lio giiveinor came late ^\ith ('ajit. Jose Argiiello, Cadit Estudillo, Sergeant I'].s- trada, and I'adie (Jonzaga ((iii) y 'I'ahoaila. -Vrrillaga indicated us tiie diviil- ing line, or its initial point, a certain little I'afiada coming down fnnii tlio .■^hrrilii, about midway tictween the honse where i.ario.s fdrineily lived and the little lirodk where dwelt the deceased Ignacio lligueia. 1'lie line was to run to the imint of the lir.st (sh'ro where the road fr, i.^ ! IS 136 LOCAL EVENTS-NORTHERN DISTRICTS. f^ 1 ing that the lands known as Las Calaveras were on its own side of the line. The comisionado was sus- tained by the commandant of Monterey in his position that Las Calaveras belonged to the pueblo, and Arri- llaga took the same view, but Father Duran refused to conform to the decision, though his side of the argument has not been preserved. The result was an order to drive out the mission cattle and substitute those of the pueblo, a guard being established to pre- vent any interference by Duran, a man who as we shall see later was always disposed to have his own way.^* At Santa Clara there was consecrated on August 12, 1802, the day of the titular saint, a grand high- altar which had been obtained in Mexico for the mis- sion church.'^'' There were also some troubles with the Indians, beginning in 1801, when Bartolo Pacheeo narrates an expedition in search of a chief resulting in a fight and the killing of five gentiles.^'' In April 1804 the friars sent twenty neophytes to bring in some fugitives, but the party was attacked, one Cliris- tian was killed, and the rest came running back with- out a captive.^^ Again in May 1805, a neophyte and a pagan of the Seunenes were caught on the roof of the missionaries' house reconnoitring for a projected 1805, Uria to Castro, thci'c will lie a In'anding on the 13th nncl the settlers had better look out for their euttle or the mission brand will be put on them. Id., ii. 74. '■'^Jan. 28, 1809, Arrillaga to comisionado, waniing him that the vecinos must look out for their lands by day and for their live-stock by night. If cattle are killed on mission lands no compensation can be detained. The set- tlers wished the padres to kill encroaching cattle but to pay for them, but the pa(h"es refused any such reiiitoiro and were sustained by the governor. iS'. ./oxc, Pat,ntc«, MS., '27-0; S. Jost', Arch., MS., iii. 70; I'roi: lie, MS., xi. LM."). Sept. 2:\ 1809, Estudillo to Peralta. S. Jos(f, Arch., MS., iii. 92. Oct. 2 to Nov. 12, 1809, correspondence .about Calaveras between Estudillo, Duran, and Arrillaga. The boundary line is described as running from the Lomfi dc la Canada to the first creek or cstcrito. The com.'iudante .speaka in very severe terms to Duran. Estudillo, Doc. Hi»t. Cat., MS., i. 85-92. May 14, ISIO, tlie comisionado is ordered not to prevent the neojihytes of Santa Clara from fencing and cultiv.ating their gardens at Calaveras, they having the mission- aries' permission. S. Jose, Arch., MS., iii. 102. '^•^ Arch. Sta IL, MS., xii. 09. »" Narrative dated March 15th. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xviii. C5-(!. s' /Voc. i.Vc.,MS.,ix.43. SANTA CLARA. 137 wore on ,vas sus- position ad Arri- refuscd J of the iult was ibstitute I to pre- as we liis own August iid liigli- tbc iiiis- iles with Pachcco resulting In April bring in le Chris- ck with- lyto and roof of rojocted 1 the settlers lut on them. I the vecinos night. If The set- em, but the |or. «S'. Jam'-, ., xi. 21."). Oct. 2 to [Duran, and joma (le la kX'ry severe L 1810, the L'lara from lie mission- attack in which, as was rumored, the mission build- ings were to bo burned and the padres killed. Five or six other accomplices were arrested. The alarm was great, and all the available forces of San Fran- cisco with reonforcements from Monterey were sent in haste to the rescue. After a campaign, however, of a month, in which the whole region was carefully examined by Alferc;z Luis Argiiello, it was ascertained that the rumors of impending hostilities were without fcjundation, some discontented neophytes having ut- tered threats with a view to frighten the friars and avoid certain imminent floixii'ings.^'' Magin Catala and Jose Viader were the ministers here throughout this decade, apparently without the aid of supernu- merary associates. Tliough the number of bai)tisms v;as larger than at any other establishment except Santa Barbara and San Francisco, the number of deaths was nowherp exceeded, and the net increase in the mission community was only from 1,247 to 1,.332, Santa Clara now standinij fourth on the list. In live- stock and agriculture this mission had more than an average prosperity.^^ Santa Clara was one of the only two missions — Soledad being the other — where the greatest number of deaths did not occur in 180G. Barcenilla remained at Mission San Jose until April I 802, when Luis Gil y Taboada took his place, and in 1804 was succeeded by Pedro de la Cueva. Jose Antonio Uria, who had served here since 171)9, and Cueva both left the mi.ssion in 180G, the latter retiring to Mexico the same year.^* Their successors '- Prov. St. Paix, MS., xix. .30, 42; Id., Ben. Mil, MS., xxxiii. 1."., 10. ^^ Population, gain, 1,217 to 1,.132; baptisms, 1,724; largest niiinlier, ."Wf] in 1805; smallest, 84 in 1810; deatlis, l,."iSO; largest numher, 2.")8 in ISUJ; smallest, 101 in 1S09; large live-stock, increase, 4,807 to 8,li.");!; Jiorscs, etc., in ISIO, 2,0:J2; small stock, increase, .5,(X)0 to 10,027; crops in ISOO, 4,i;>() hushcls; in 1810 (and largest), G,i")2o bush. ; smallest, 2,S.')0 Itusli. in 1807; average, 4,070 bush. '' I'cilro de la Cueva, commonly called in California Padre Cuevas, left y the Lulinns wliilc on a visit to a distant rancheria. Ill-health, not relieved l»y a fi^w months' stay at San Diejio, compelled him to retire to his ccillege, and h(! sailed from San Diego in Xoviiuher ISOO. Langsdorlf met this friar l)oth at San Francisco and at liis o\\n mission in the spring of liSOO, and found him ' always gay and cheerful, and indeed a most agreeable coni- jianion,' besides being ever ready for biirter. 3'' I'djndation, gain, "JSO to .")4."); b.iptisms, 1,.'?S1; largest number, 247 in 1S02; smallest inimlier, '1\ in ISOS; deaths, 1,10-1; smallest nnmber, Siin Francisco. S. Josr, Lib. Jli^tiioii, MS., 21. '"Dec. 1), IS02, Argiiello to comisionado of San Jose. S. Jose, Arch., MS., iv. .3j. ^' Chap. ii. , this volume. MISSIOX SAX JOSfi, 139 ^vitll the greatest liospitality, giving liis neophytes a hoHday witli instructions to prepare for a grantl dance, since the visitor was particuhirl}' interested in study- ing the manners and customs of the natives, to whom lie devotes much of his narrative, representing tlieni as in every way superior to those of San Fiancisco, and u'ivinij to the world an enij^raviu'jf which, shows six iinely formed men and women decked in all their hol- iday paint and finery. The rarity of foreign visits to interior missions Viill justify nic in quoting Langsdorff's description of San Jose : "Although it is only eight years since they were hcgun, the buildings and grounds are already of very considerable extent: the quantity of coi-n in the gran- aries far exceeded my expectations. They contained at that time more than 2,000 measures of wheat, and a proportionate quantity of maize, barley, pease, beans, and other grain. The kitchen-garden is extremely well laid out, and kept in very good order; the soil is cNcrvwherc rich and fertile, and yields ample returns. The fruit-trees are still very young, but their produce is as good as could be expected. A small rivulet runs through the garden, which preserves a constant moist- ure. Some vineyards have been planted within a few years, Avhich yield excellent wine, sweet, and resem- bling ^Talaga. The situation of the estal)lishment is admirably chosen, and according to the universal opin- ion this mission will in a few^ years l)e the richest and best in New California. The only disadvantage is, that there ai'o no largo trees very near. To conq)en- sate this disadvantage, there are in tlie neighbourhood ()f the mission (.-halk-liills, and excellent bi'iek-earth, so that most of their buildings are of brick. Their stores of corn are nuich greater than of cattle, conse- quently the nund)er of oxen slaughtered every week is consideral)]y smaller than at St. Francisco, but their consumption of corn and puis: is nuich greater. The habitations of the Indians, cas Iki richer las, are not yet 111! 1! ; UN I i'M 'Hi 140 LOCAL EVENTS— NORTHERN DISTRICTS. finished, so that at present they live chiefly in straw huts of a conical forni."^^ Meanwhile work on the mission church was pressed forward, and on April 23, 1809, President Tapis came to hold the vigil of Saint Joseph and to bless the new structure. Next day he preached and Father Arroyo do la Cuesta said mass in the presence of other friars, of several military officers, and of many people from the adjoining pueblo. On the eighth of the following- July the new cemetery was blessed with the custom- ary solemnities.** Raimundo Carrillo remained in command of tlio Monterey company until 1802, though Alberni as already stated was commandant of the post until his death, in March of that vear. Carrillo was then transferred to the command of Santa Barbara, though still lieutenant of the ISIonterey company; and Alferez Jos(5 do la Guerra became acting connnandant. In 180G he also was transferred to Santa Barbara, and fi'om the middle of that year Lieutenant Jose Maria Estudillo, who had lately come up to California with Arrillaga, assumed the command. Guerra's place as alferez was taken by Josd Mariano Estrada, who had also come from Loreto with Arrillaga, The habilitado was Carrillo in 1801, Guerra in 1802-6, Estudillo in 180G-7, and Estrada in 1807-10. The surgeons were Juan do Dios Morelos in 1801-2, Manuel Torres in 1802-3, Jose Maria Benites in 1803-7, and Manuel Quijano from 1807 to 1824. The company sergeant, Castro, was retired as an invalid about 1801, when Gabriel Moraga took the place. Ignacio Vallejo was made a sargento distinguido of the company in 1805 and held the place throughout the decade. jMoraga was succeeded by Francisco Alvarado in 1807,*' who "' Lnnqsdorff'a Voyaqe and Travels, ii. 190-9, with platfi. 3».b\ Josf', i'atentes, ']\)S., 31-2. In Arch. Jlmones, MS., i. 704, is tho design of a mural decoration of the churcli. ■"'Tims these tliree men, Alvarado, Castro, and Vallejo, whose sons, or grandson in Castro's case, bom about this period, were to be tiie mostprouii- AXXALS OF MONTEREY. 141 on liis death in 1809, was replaced by Miguel Espi- 41 iiosa. The presidial force at Monterey was — besides the offiecis, a bleeder, two or three mechanics, and per- luips a few servants — 57 men until 1805, when it was increased in three days by enlistment to 82 men. There was also an artillery detachment of from five to seven men. The invalids numbered from 23 to 27, and lived for the most part at San Jose and Branci- i'orte,^" The total population of the jurisdiction reck- iKiit figures in the later history of California, were now sergeants of tlio siiino company. Jose Francisco Alvarado was a corporal in the Lorcto uoni- p.iny in Si'pt. 1805, when ho received orders to go to Monterey with jn-oino- tiiiii to sergeant. He was a native of iSinaloa, his parents having been .liian I'l.iiiti.sta Alvarado and Maria Dolores Castro. It is not unlikely tliat Ids father wan tlio soldier of the same name who came to California with the first » xpi'ditioiis of 17(ii'-73. Soon after his arrival at Monterey Francisco married ,](..sifa Vallejo, daughter of Don Ignacio, who l)orc him a son named like his .maiidfather Juan IJautista, afterward governor of California, who died in JSS'2. Tlie sergeant only lived three years in his new home, as he was buried on "Slay "JO, ISO!), in the cemetery of the mission of San Luis Obispo. Ilia widow married Jose Ramon Estrada. Prov. Jli'C, MS., x. 4; S. Liiii Ohiyio, j.ih. Mi-'ioii, MS., o-t. In Shuck's Ik preventative Men of Cat., 503, wc read of '( Jeneral Francisco Alvarado, chief adviser and adjutant-general of ( iov, Arrillaga,' which is rather amusing considering that Arrillaga himself was never more than colonel. Of course the book referred to is not worth this iiutice, but I give it as an illustr.ation of the trash that has circulated in Cali- i'urnia as biography. Jo.S(5 ^lacario Castro, grandfather of the famous .lose (astro and of tlie somewhat less famous Manuel Castro, does not appear in the records after he ceased to be comisionado of San Josi? in 1807, though I am nut eerUun that he died duruig this decade. He v.as born in 1753, entered the military service in 1778, came north from Loreto in time to have a son born at Santa Barbara in March 1784, was made a corporal before August ] 7^5, commanded the escolUis of San Juan Capistrano and Soledad, and was iiiaile ;i sergeant in 1704. He was comisionado of San Jose in 17!*2-4, ami fiom 1700 to 1807, being a sni-jiriifo iiivdiido after 1801. His wife was Maria I'otenciana Ramirez and in 17!*3 tliey liad five children. St. Pap., Sac, MS., vi. 8, 0; i. ,m; S. J^!<;in, LUi. Minion, 'MS., 123; Sta Barbara, Lib. Mis'wn, MS., 4: S. Juan C'aji., Lib. Mision, MS., 10; Soledad, Lib. Jilixion, MS., 3; Pror. SI. Pap., MS., viii. 98; xviii. 313; Prov. Pec, MS., v. 413; iv. 18.5. *' In giving the succession of the various ofiicials I liave generally not attempted to lix the day and month of changes, because there is often much (•Diifiision between the dates of promotion, order to depart, departure, and dropping from the rolls in the case of each individual. I add however n few I lutes lesiiecting the positions of comandante and habilitado: Carrillo's ap- linintment approved by government, March 23, 1801. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xviii. 70. Orders himself recognized April 0, 1801. S. Jom^, Arch., MS., v. (i, Guena as habilitado from January 1, ISOil, to June 30, 1800. Prov. St. P't))., lUii. Mil., MS., xxxiii. 0, 10. tiuemi left ^lonterey Xov. 22, ITOG. /'/•«(•. .SV. Pap., MS., xix. 110. Estudillo succeeds (J uerra as liabilitado Juiy 1, 1800. /(/., Bdi. Mil., xxxiii. 8. Proclaims himself commandant Dec, 3, 1800. S. Jour, Arch., MS., iii. 78; Prov. Pec, MS., ix. 90. '-After the departure of the vol mteers in 1803, and before the increase of 1S05, the invalids were called upc ii to come to the presidio for service. S. II M 142 LOCAL EVENTS-NORTHERN DISTRICTS. onod on tlio same basis as in the last decade, excluding the invalids at the })Uebl()s and includinu^ the <(uard.s of San CVu'los, San ]\Iit^nel, Soledad, San Antonio, San Ijuis Ohispo, and San Juan Bautista, amounted in IS 10 to 480; or it* we add IrJrancilbrtc and Santa Ciuz Ibr a more convenient classilication, leaving San Jose and Santa Clara to the northern district, we shall have a total de razon of about 550, with a lu'o- pliyte po])ulation of 5,130. As in the case of other iHstricts I refer the reader to a note for various sta- tistics.^^ The bears, wolves, coyotes, and other wild beasts were responsible for what little ex(.'itement was known about j\[onterey in the early years of this decade. The bears became so bold as to kill and eat cattle every-day in full view of the herdsmen; the W(jlves attacked work-horses on tlicir way fr(^m Carmelo Val- ley to the presidio. The Indians were (;ften chased by the bears, and one was killed by a grizzly. More than fifty bears were killed in 1801-2, including one who had distinguished himself by eating live mules and seven cows. She-asses were so attractive to bruin Jow', ArrJi., MS., iii. 07. The di.sti-ibiition of the inviiliils in ISOGwa.s; ]2 at feaii J()S<'; T at ]5raiici forte; 4 at San Jligiiel; ami 1 at San Carlos. Pmr. St. Puii., Bf'ii. Mi/., MS., x.xxv. ;l; x.xxvii. 1!). Full list of the conipiiny on Aug. 1, 180(1, in O'lKiTd, Dor. Jli.sf. (ML, MS., i. 140-r>. Aug. 3, ISO.'), the coniinaiiilant says he enlisted the 1!) new men in three days. Prov. tSt. Pop., !MS. , xix. Al-'A. In ISO,") at the ])icsidio ilS men and 7S women complied with tlieir religious oliligations. Id., JJi'n. Mil., "SIS., xxxiii. 1. ''^ Tlie linaneial reeords are less complete and satisfactory for Monterey than for the other presidios. Animal apjiropriations varied from 617,000 to .< j;!,O0l); invoices from .Mexico and San lilas .Si:?,()()0 to 848,000, those of goorls from San lilas being about S-,00(); totals of habilitado's accounts $oS,0()0 to tl()4.000; inventories of goods in warehouse, SI4,000 to ?41,0()0; balances fi-.im .S4,(KW in favor of company in 180.1 to !ji!ir), 000 against it in 1810; supplies f;i>in missions about i^JjCOO ])er year. Revenue from post-ofllcc, .^170 per year; fromsalcsof tobacco 8 l.o.'iO; tithes about 6400; papal indulgences .81. ')(). A^uiount deducted from pay lov /uii(lo.i dc iiivuHdo-i y montcpio, 6'200 to 8<100 a j'ear; ;\n\om\t\n JuikIo dc rdt iicion, $3,000 to .84,000. Net proceeds of sales of cattle from rancho del rey .8'>00 a year, 1,.")"21 cattle branded in 1801. Prm: Sf. J'(i/i., MS., xviii. 4(1. Stock in the raucho in 180'2; ."),'2()0 hor.ses, 57 nudes, •2."»asi,es, and •->,-i84 cattle. /(/., Jim. Mil., xxx. '20. Over 400 animals killed by wild beasts in 180."). LI., xxxiii. 19. On the king's land at Salsipuedcs, near (,'orralitos, oOO broken horses were kept for the troop.s. Sfn Cnr., Arch., MS., 14. See company rolls and habilitado's accounts for this decade in Pror. St. Pap., Ben. MIL, ]\1S., xxix.-xli.; Si. Pap., Sac, MS., i.-ix. xvii.- Viii. PRKSIDIO BUILDINGS. 143 that all liad to bo brouLjlit to tlu; presidio for protec- tion. Traps and [)oison pi'ovint,'' inadequate, the yov- eruor was called upon to authoiize the use of 1,000 cartridufes, and a regular military canijiait^n was un- durtal^'U against tlie enemy. That the Ibe, if tem- ])orarily checked, was not entirely routed is shown by the record that in IHOf) some four hundred head «»f live-stock wei'o killed in and about the ranclio del rev, altliouuh about thirty mares were slaus'-htered and tluir ])()isone(l carcasses used against the beasts.''* In I'V'hruary 1801 the viceroy was informed that the ^[onterey buildinujs, ])articularly the presidio chapel, were in a ruinous condition, the hard labor of troojjs and Indians I'or twenty years bein<^ rendered useless by reason of orif,nnal faulty construction. In ^larch a storm of wind and rain demolished the prin- cipal gate of the presidio. In December the coiu- iiiandant represented the urgent necessity of new rooms in the barracks, of a better jail, and of a new warehouse to stand on the foundation of the old one at the landing-place, now in ruins. Three lunidred dollars were spent in repairs this year. In June 1802 Carrilio announced his intention to rebuild the com- mandant's house, demolished several years ago at the (Uath of Hermenegildo Sal to avoid contai^ion. The local authorities were evidently desirous of a chance to rebuild the presidio at the cost of the ro^-al trcas- ur}^ with a view among other th:"ngs to revive business and circulate money in California; but the viceroy and his advisers paid but very little heed to such requests except when aroused by the fear of inmiinent danger, real or imaginary, of foreign invasion.'*' Slialcr says ** ^^o)lfrr('1/, Di"rto "ov. -Jit, l.SOO. to i\ h. •!',, ISOl'.chiiMly ill tlie handwriting of the two ollicuis intntioncd. Cairillo's i-c]ioits to Airi- llaga, in Proi: St. Pitp., MS,, xviii. 44-7. Aug. .SI, INOI, Arrillaga aiitluir- izc's the use of 1,000 cartridges. J'mv. I'cr., MS., xi., luO. Ituvages of beasts in ISO,-). Prov. S/. Pup., Boi. JUL, MS., xxxiii. 10. '■■'/Voc. .SV. Piiiinani'e; and there were occasional complaints that tlio armament was in bad condition.''" In February 1 802 a minin<^ export came on one r»f the transports, and made with such poor apparatus as was available an assay of a small quantity of ore obtained from a mine near IVTontercy. The vein had been discovered before l^orica's departure by Ignacio Ortega opposite the king's rancho north-w'csterly toward t lie Sierrita. Lead had already been obtained from tlie ortj, .'i small quantity of which now yielded six ounces of fine silver as weighed by Carrillo with his own liands.''" Also in 1802 Sergeant Jose Koea was accused by Carrillo of having insulted him j)ub- licly in the j)laza, and bawled loudly i'r justice.'^ Brown in the Alexander, who touched at Montere3'in August 1803, is the only foreigner known to have braved the terrors of the prcsidial battery during the decade;'" and beyond the departure of the Catalan volunteers in the same year, the increase of the cav- alry company in 1805, the arrival of Arrillaga at his capital in 180(), the occasional changes in military officials, and the regular arrivals of the supply -vessels from San Bias, all occurrences that have been noted fiidio ns 110 varas square. On tlic north is the principal gate witli barracks and ;j warehonses; on the west tlicjiovernor'a house with ]iarlor, 8 small rooms and kitchen, also '2 houses for otlicers, and 1 for the surgeon; on the south !) houses for fiiniilics witji tlie chapel in the centre; and on the east !l houses for families, a blacksmith shop, and a small gate. I'roi: St, I'ap., Ben. JUL, MS., xxxi. I'J. *''Shnlcr^s Jouriicd, 157; Prov. St. Pap., lien. Mil., MS., xxxiii. 2; Prov. Rec, MS., xi. l'_'(); St. Pa,)., Sac, MS., v. '2X Sept. 2(1, ISIO, the governor states that Monterey has a cemetery near tiie presidio walls and the shore. Prov. i;<'i\, MS., viii. 103. *'■ Moulin II, DUrno, MS., .58; ,S7. Pnp., M'l.is. a w^ CWoji., MS., i. 42-3. The mine was at Alisal. Jffnr-K' Scraps, Mininij, v. 3; Yolo t'o. Hid., 22. *^Pnw. St. Pap., xMS., xviii. 204-8, 216. **Suo chap, i., this volume. CEXTRAL CALIFORNIA. ii:> )g the italau cnv- at his ilitary .'cssols noted 42-3. 22. Monterey District. HWT. Cal., Vol. II. 10 la 140 LOCAL EVENTS-NORTHERN DISTRICTS. elsewhere, I find nothing further in Monterey annals requiring notice here. At the mission of San Cdrlos there were rumors current in 1801 of a plot formed by the Indians to kill Father Vinals and burn the buildings. The ran- c'hen'a was accordingly surrounded and all the Indians were captured; but, as was usually the case in such alarms, the rumor proved to have no foundation, hav- ing be on circulated by a neophyte for purposes of reveny himself liut often Puyol liy others, was the sou of Juan I'ujol y Soulie and Jusefa I'ujol y Duruus, bap- 3y annals G rumors idians to The ran- 3 Indians ; in such tion, liav- ■poses of to obtain c ground it it was jants had lid finally 1 when it Arrillaga natter on im. The ) govern- ans to do This is !S to the 801 and La Brea lan. Of we learn f gold a Ineo, the 1803 as hder cir- [ing tem- Yinals cr, April to Ic relic was |».,MS.,i. 1. In Puyol liy l)uraus, bap- MISSION SAN CARLOS. W kTt California in 1804.''^ Pujol was succeeded by Caniicer, who came back to this mission in 1801 and served until 1808 besides being chaplain at the pie- sidi () '" Yiuals was followed by Juan Amoros in 1804; Caniicer by Francisco Suher in 1808; and the tizcd Miircli 7, 1702, at Alos. Catalonia, Spain. He took the Franciscan lialiit ]\'h. 1,'i, 17S7, ami came to San Fernando colle^'c Aug. 19, 1793, after having; ' sulliTcil terrible imprisonments among the enemy' in consiecpieneo of the war with France. Ho came to (.'alifornia in 179."), and served as minister at S:ui Ciirlos from 17' '7 to 1801. A 'hen at the end of 1800 tlio ministers at ii'aii Antonio and San iliguel were r>u'ldenly taken ill, Pujol volunteered to aid tliem, tliougli the danger of being himself jwisoned was l)elieved to be great. He .served at San Antonio till Jan. 17, 1801, and tiicn went to San Miguel. Hero he was attacked witli tlie same .nalady tliat liad prostrated the others, iiiid was brouglit back suficring terably to Sau Antonio on Feb. '27, where ho (liid Sunday iiKirning March loth. His death was witnessed l)y Cipres, Sitjar, iiiid Mercio, by Sergt. lioca, Cadet Fernando Toba, and Surgeon ilorelos. It Mas intended to make a posi,-;"ortem examination, but the body was in such a ciiiiditiiin that it was not pi'acticable. There seems to have been been no (liiubt in tlie minds of the people that his death was the lesultof poisoning liy the Indians. His body was buried March 10th in the church with mili- tary honors, rarely accorded in tlie ease of a simple missionary; but it is not unlikely that he was the company ciiaplain at Monterey, On .)uno 14, 181.1, I'ujiirs Ijody was transferred with that of Sitjar to a grave in tlie presbyteiy of the new ehurc)i at San Antonio, on tlic gospel side. He was generally re- garded as a martyr, or a victim to his own zeal ami eiithusiasm for missionary duty. .S'. Aiitoiho, Lib. Minion, MS., 29-42; I'mr. J,'kr., }>lri., xi. l.").'>; Monf-- ri 11, ]>i(irio, MS., 30. According to the List authority an examination was made and the intestines found to be black and putrid, ^•' Jose Vinals came to California in May 1798. He served at San Ciirlos from August 1798 till 1804, in August of which year he obtained license on the ground of threatened impairmeat of Imililyand mental health, and somi iifter retired to his college where he was yrt living in 1809, intending to go to Spain in 1811, as he wrote to his friend Cajit. (Juerra, since (lod would not permit him to speml the rest of his days in California. He askeil (iuerra for iiiDuey to )iny his travelling expenses and to relieve the wants of his aged p:iivnts. He soon left his cf)llcge to join anothei", and before ISll had luought suit against .San Fernando because his certiticittc of dismissal did not show that III' had acted lonhlcmc/i/i'. He is supp(jsed to Ikivc ended his days ii: a * 'artliusian monastery. Ho was of an ardent, gay temperament while in Cali- fiiiiiia, being a line singer and performer on tlie guitar. It is necessary to add that the moral character of Miials was not wliolly above suspicion, for lie was at one time accused before the alcalde of Sau .lose of having been the fatlii ;• of th.ree children brought into the world by a certain sehora of that locality. Prov. Ihr., MS., vi. 20; Airli. Sin JJ., MS., vi. 218; xi. 08, .'103; /'/•or. Si. I'lip., MS., xviii. 373-U; Arc/i. Ar^h., MS., ii. 41; Ord. Oa:iin>u- ciits, MS., ,Si-2. ^"l>altasar Caniicer came to California early in 1797. He served at Solu- ilad from .lunc of that year to 171I8; at Sau Carlos in 1798-0; at Sau iliguel iii 1799-1801; and then at San CMilos until 1808, in Aug. or Sejit. of whicli year he got permission to retire. He was one of the padres supposed to have liee'i poisoned at San Miguel, but recovered his health. He served as chap- lain from ISd.j until his departure, coming to the presidio every Friday or Siiturday and remaining until Monday morning. Proi\ St. P((j>., MS., xx. 277 8; Anil. Ar::iih., MS., ii. 02; mission-books of San Miguel, Sun Antonio, Solcdail, and San Carlos, as also of other northern missions wheru he occa- sionally otliciated. 148 LOCAL EVENTS-NORTHERX DISTRICTS. latter by Francisco Vicente de Sarrfa in 1809. Presi- dent Tapis also lived here much of the time after 1806. In neophyte population San Cdrlos, the missionary capital of California, had reached its highest figure, ,')27, in 1794; and during this decade it declined from 758 to 513, the number of deaths exceedinfj that of baptisms by over a liundred. In other respects the mission was more uniformly prosperous than several other establishments. It was by no means the fault of the friars thai there were no more Indians to con- vert."' At San lAiis Obispo, the southernmost of the mis- sions subject to the military jurisdiction of Monterey, tlie friars were commended in 1805 for their cool re- ception of d foreign vessel, probably the Ldia Bijrd, which came in pretended need of fresh provisions, but really in quest of opportunities for illicit trade. Let us credit the missionaries with this law-abiding act, and let the credulous of my readers believe, if they can, tliat such was the reception always given to traders at San Luis, for there is no record of this decade to ])rove the contrary, save Winship's statement that he obtal.ied supplies for the Albatross in 1810.''^'^ In 1809 the governor approved the building of a (•Impel at San Miguclito, one of the rancherias of this mission."''' Luis Antonio Martinez served continuously for these ten years and twenty more. Jose de Miguel left the mis.si on in 1803 and Mareelino Ciprcs came the next year; but he left California in 1801,"° and ■'" Population, loss 758 to 513; Imptlsms, 4r)4; largest number, 71 iu ISOO; .•^nijillest, 17 in 1801; deaths, 580; largest nunibei', K] in 180G; smallest, .1!) iu liV()7; large stock, increase "2,180 to "i.o.'lO; lioises, etc., in 1810, 4;{0; small st<»ck, increase 4,100 to 0,04."i; crops in 1800, 5,!)40 bush.; in 1810, ;{,075; largest crop, (),.'>S0 in 1801 ; smallest, •_>,080 iu 1807; average, 4,000 bush. ■'•'('liap. ii. anil v. this volume. •'»/'(•(,(•. /.Vr., MS., xii. 07. ''"Mareelino CiprOs was a native of Hnesca, Aragon, Spain, took the Fran- ciscan habit at Saragossa, stiidled philosopliy at Teruel ami theo.ogy at Tar- ragona, and came to San Kernanilo - oUege in 179."?. In 1705 he was assigned to (.'alifornia, s'.rving from October of that year until tiie enil of 1804 at San Antonio, and thenat San I^uiji Obispo until his death in 1810. lie was a very zealous missionary, learned the native language at San Antonio, and de\ otcd SAN LUIS AND SAN MIGUEL. 14a ]\[arcelino San Jose y Marquinez took his place. The iiuinber of neophytes of the San Luis conmiunit}'" de- creased from 726 to 713 in these ten years; but the highest figure, 854, had been rea, Ind in 1803. This was the smallest of the old missions except San Ciirlos. In its live-stock it held a place far above the axerage, but its grain crops were somewhat more varl''le than in most other establishments,**^ and gradually decreased. At San Miguel, next northward, Juan Martin was the senior minister. Carnicer left the mission in 1801, Adriano Martinez served from 1801 to 1804,"- Pedro Muhoz in 1804-7, and Juan Cabot entered upon his long term of ministry at the beginning of 1807. It was in February 1801 that Carnicer and Martin were attacked with violent pains in the st(^)mach, supposed to have been the result of poisoning by the neophytes. These two friars recovered their health, but Father Pujol who came down from San Carlos to relieve the liimsclf most assiduously to the work of caring for the sick nnd attendiiif,' to tin.' f^piiitual welfare of his neophytes. He \va« always i-eady to stiirt \\ lieu siiiuuKined, regardless of the iiour, thedistanee. or the ditiioulties of the way. In l.SOl ho had trouldo with ills mission guard, and was in i^onseijuence the sulijei t of certain charges wluch jiioved to lie unfounded. He siiti'ered with his associate in 1S(H) from the illness attributed to poison, iiut iceovered. >\fter nine years" service at San Antonio his health broke down iwrtially, and iit Ills (.w n rc([uest he was transferred to San Luis Obispo, wlu're lie would have easier woik and more leisure for study. It was hi^ who is credited v. itii the extraordinary act of having coolly received an American smugglei' w ith goods to dis[)osi' of. At the beginning of 1800 he made a visit to .Monterey, and on Ids return arrived on Jan. 2(itli at San Miguel, where lu; was attacked byacnte inllannuatory disease anil died. He was buried on Feb. 1st l)y I'aye- ras, Martin, and the Cabots, in the church of San Miguel. S. Mijiinl, l.'ih. Misldii, MS., l.->-17; iS\ Lidy Oliisjio, Lifi. Miy/oii, MS., Arrli. OhlKpwlo, MS., K~t; Autograph signature in S. Ai/faiiio, I)nr. Siirl/n.':, MS., ',V2-'A. '■' I'dpulation, loss 7"J0 to Tl.'i; hii.die^st uundier, 8.")4 in bSO.'i; baptisms, GOO; largest number, S-J in 180;2; smallest, 10 in ISIO; deaths, (id.";; laigest num- ber, "Sin b80(); smallest, 42 in ISIO; largo stock, gain, (i..")2l to 7,0o0: horses, etc., hi islO. l.O.V); small .stock, gain, (),ir)() to !».().">4; crops in ISOO, :5,m14 bu.sh.; in ISJO. -J.OIO; largest crop, 7,."t{)0 in ISd'J; smallest, •J,7L") in ls;!l»; average, 4.4."i(i bush. ''- -Vdriano Martinez was one of the tirst ndnisters of San Juan Bautista, though not ])ersoiially jiresent at its fi>;"ul;Ltion on •lune'JI. 1707, and he served there until the end of ISOO, snbsv'i,nenlly serving at San Migui 1 until August LS04, when he cibtained license to retire to his colhge, of which hi' Was chosen procurador in July 1S1,'{. His name appears on the register.^ as having oliiciated at nearly all the northern estaiili.-.liments on dillurent occa- sions. Aixh. Anal)., MS., ii. 40; Airh. Sta B., MS., xi. 07. 156 LOCAL EVENTS— XORTHERN DISTRICTS. :l|:: sick missionaries, died from a similar attack as already stated. There is no special lack of recorded informa- li'/n respecting this event. But from all that was written on the subiect we can leather notliinf*- bevond the facts that the friars were ill; that jwisoning was suspected; that a small military force was sent down to investigate, and that three Indians were arrcsted.^^ In January 1804 the stream at San Miguel rose suddenly and a servant was drowned while attempt- in ij: to ford it on horseback."^ In the same month Father Martin went with a soldier to Cliolan rancheria fourteen leagues awa}' and asked Guchapa, chief of all the rancherias in that region, to let him have some of his young men to make Christians of them. Guchapa refused and repulsed the friar and his escort M'ith threats, declaring that he had no fear of the sol- diers since he knew perfectly well that they died like other men. It was important to modify this chief- tain's views, and Gu^rra despatched a sergeant with thirteen men to arrest Guchapa, which was effected after a brave resistance; and as a captive the chief, be- ing duly rewarded with beads, accreed to brintj in all the Christian fugitives in his jurisdiction, and left his son as a hostage for the fulfilment of his contract."' In August 180G there occurred a fire which burned tliat portion of the mission buildings which was used for manufacturing purposes, destroj'ing all tlie imple- ments and raw material, including a large quantity of wool, with hides, cloths, and (5,000 bushels of wheat, "^ ^Itirch 7, 1801, Cariillo writes to Airillaga that he has sent Moraga to iiivi'stigato, who husbioiiglit hack three Imlians accused hy Ciiiri's. Siiigeoii ]Morek)s, Cailet Tolia, auil .scvt-ii iiieu uill start to-morrow. Aju il 7lh, Cairillo sjiys the throe lihlians escajieil at Soletlad, through the2; Arch. Stn B., ^IR., xii. 70-80. Au>% .Slst, circular of jircsiclciit calliiii,' it|ion tho pailros to coiitriliuto for tlie r<:lit f uf t!ie )mnic(l mission. Id., xi. LVJ-Jf. Statuiu'jiit of contiilmtioiis of San Luis, I'lirfsima, Santa Ijiirhura, San ( Sabricl, Sau .luan C;i[)istiano, and San Antonio for San i\li;^ucl froTU its foundation down to 18()G, including '20 yoke of oxen, I l(i head of cattle, S3 horses and mules, and iJdU sheep. Arch. Obtupado, MS., .-);i-4. '"Population, gain, 302 to [)73; liaptisma, 1,1'20; largest number, "48 in ]'0:i; Hmallcst, :« in ISOO; deaths, ,"i.")L>; largest nundier, 84 in ISOO; sjiiallcst, .'iO in 1807; largo stoek, gain, .'37- to .'i.'.'Sl; liorses in 1810, 081; small stocl:, gain, ),;")82to 1I,1G0; crops in 1800, 1,0.')G lm::h.; in 1810, 7,.'500, the largest; smallest crop, 07") in iSO'.l; average. 8,4fiS l)ush. «•* Population, increase, 1.118 to 1,1'_'4; liiLrhest nuniher, 1,2(WJ in ISO.'; 1 apti.sms, 1,017; largest number, 203 in 180.");' smallest, 21 in 1808; de.itlis, Ui'>,, in handwriting of Sitjar and I'ieras, same work as preceding; autograph in .S'. Antonio, Doc. Snclto-^, MS., i. ; llorra, Jt'cprcm-ntacion, MS., .'50-7; J'ror. Iter., MS., vi. ll.l. A long account of this friars life, death, and burial trauslahul from the mission register of deaths in ., MS., xii. 131-"). Laiiil commission, No. 101, 0.")3, 748. "'^.s'. Jiinn Bnutiski, l.'ih. MUhn, MS., 12, 13; Arch. ShiB., MS., xii. 79,87. I' Arch. Obixpado, ]MS., 09. '^Jacinto Lopez landed at ^Monterey July 28, 1799. lie served about a year at San xVntonio and for a like period at San Juan Bautista; when, his health failing, he sailed f(jr ]\lexico on Get. 9, 1801. ''•'Jo.se Manuel de Martiarena was born at lieuteria, in Ciuipiizcoa, Spain, in 17.J4; became a Franciscan at Zaeateeas in 1788; came to San Feruawlo college in 1791, and to Califoi'nia iu 1794. lie served at Suu Autonio from 154 LOCAL EVEXTS-XORTIIERN DISTRICTS, II Andrew Dulanto from August 1804 to September 1808;^'' and the latter by Feli])c Arroyo do la Cuesta. INIeanwhile the associate minister was Domingo San- tiago do Itiirrate, who retired in 1809,^^ and was suc- ceeded in September of that year by Roman Francisco Fernandez de Ulibarri. Neophyte population increased from 516 to 702, tliough it required over 1,200 bap- tisms to accomplish that result.**' One more mission remains to bo noticed, that of Santa Cruz, really under the jurisdiction of San Fran- cisco, but included in this district for convenience. Here the highest number of population, 523 souls, had been reached in 171)G; and in 1805 Captain Goy- coechca recommended that as all the gentiles had been converted, the neophytes might be divided be- tween Santa Clara and San Juan, and the friars be employed in new fields.*^ Still there was a gain from 402 to 507 in this decade, and the number of bap- tisms, GG8, was certainly extraordinary if there were really no more gentiles in the region.''* The ministers at Santa Cruz were Francisco Gonzalez until Juno 1805,*^^ succeeded by Andres Quintana; and Domingo June 1794 to June 1795; at Solctlad until May 1797; fit San Juan until July ISOO; at San Francisco until August 1801 ; and a<,'aiu at San Juan until August liS04. Ho officiated at San Gal)iicl on Oct. '28, 1804; but liis license was datdl in July. Arch. StaB., MS., xi. 00-7, 247-8; Arch. Arzoh., ^IS., ii. 40; and the various mission-books. *■" Andres Dulanto was a native of Miranda do Ebro, Castile, Spain, and came to California in 1804. He was assigned to San Juan Bautista in August, and served there continuou.sly until his death on Sept. 11, 1808." '•'Domingo Itiirrate, as he signed his name, left the college in Feb. .3, ISOO, and ai'rived in California Aug. lilid. lie served continuously at San .Jium Bautista until failing health enmpelled him to ask for retirement, and he sailed for Mexico in October ISO!). Pror. live, MS., xi. ."?; xii. 90; S. Juna Ikiiil!.; small |70, largest i8; largest Icr, 101 in llioi'scs in .; in 1810, lO bush, linta Cruz SANTA CRUZ AXD BRANCIFORTE. 135 Carranza until August 1808, succeeded by Antonio Catiino Rodriguez in June 1809, the two padres Una serving here also as supernumeraries, Joso Antonio in 180G-7, and Francisco Javier in 1808. Branciforte was the last of the Californian estab- lishments, not only by reason of being put at the end (if this local narrative, but in respect of importance and jn'osperity. Its only grandeur was in its name. It will be rememl)erod that in October 1797 an esti- mate of about 823,000 as the cost of building the villa liad been sent to Mexico, but that a little later, doubt- less in accordance with orders from the viceroy not jii't'scrved, the governor had ordered a suspension of work.^*' Now on June 3, 1801, the viceroy informed Arrillaga that he had ordered tools and supplies to \)o purchased fn' Branciforte, and had also provided for tlie remission of .$15,000, or two thirds of tliu amount called for, believing that the settlers by the aiita Cruz, Arch., MS., u. ^ "'^"^ ^""^ ^"'^^'^'^ «f *'»« presidial company. I i iliiii CHAPTER Vlll. MISSIONS, I'UEBLOS, AND LANDS, 1801-1810. Spanish Population'— Statistics— Fuiars— Arrivals, DEPAiiTrREa, and DKATHS — NeOPIIYTKH — BaI'TIMMSANDBcKIALS — LiVK-STOCK — AoKici i.r- ruAL Puodccts— Franciscans vkrsis Secular Government— ^Iinoii Contuoversiesantj Concessions — Missionaries Lose their Watciie.^ — Guardians of San Fernando — Procurator and Sisdico — Ecclesias- tical Matters — Pueblos — Settlers — Convicts — Land-grants and Private Ranciios. Having thus comploicd tlio chronoloo-Ical annals of California for the first ton yoars of the nineteenth century, it remains for me to offer a cfcneral view of the country's tlifforeiit institutions with their condition in 18 J 0, a view similar to that presented for the precedinLj decade.^ ' Progress as indicated by the increase of wliito j)opulati()n had been less encouraging under the rule of liomeu and Arrillaga than in the time of Borica, though the difterence was but slightly if at all attrib- utal>le to the policy of these rulers. The total pop- ulation of gente de razon, taking the sum of figures already given for each of the four presidial district-;, had been 990 in 1790, 1,800 in the year 1800, and was now 2,130.2 I begin as before with the missions. They num- bered eighteen in 1800 and were increased to nineteen by the foundation of Santa Ines. At the beginning of the decade there were forty friars, including; four ' See //(^^ Cal., vol. i. chap, xxvii.-xxviii. ^ Accortlinu to the roporf-. of the contatloi' general, Navnrro y Norie^'ra, in ISIO the po]nilation was "J.Oo'i of mixed race, 39 friars and 18,780 IndiaDs — total, 20,871, 'Vof. Alex. Geoy,, JJoktiii, ii. 82; 15,500 is given as the total ia 1805. hi., ii. IS. (138) THE FRIARS. loO supcriuinioraries. Dui'iiiLf the ton years twenty re- tireil to their ci)l]egc on account of ill-lieulth or on the completion of their term of service. Ten lUeil in (Ailifornia, and twent^'-eiyht new missionaries came from Mexico; so that there were still thirty-eight at work. Among tiie deaths were five of the six ])io- necrs, companions of Jun!'[)ero Serra who came to California before 1784, surviving in 1800, and the veneraljlo Francisco Dumetz alone was left to see fourteen days of the new decade. There were living two other friars who came before 17I)0, and still other twelve whose arrival was before 1800.^ The retiring friars included none of any special prominence, and none were sent away for inefficiency or irregularity of conduct; but among the new-comer.s were such prominent names as Arroya de la Cuesta, Uoscana, Duran, Sarria, and Zalvidea.* 'Tlie 4C serving in 1800 were: Ahclla, Barccnilla, Bjirona, Calzaila, Car- nicer, Carranza, C'atulii, Cipros, Cortc-s, Cruzado, Dinnetz, Esti'van, Fauni, l'"iriuuulcz, (iarcia. (Jonzalez, Iti'irrato, Jaime, Landaeta, Lasucn, Lopez, Mar- tiareiia, Martin, Martinez, Merelo, Miynel, I'anclla, I'ayeras, I'eyri, I'ujo!, Sanciiez, Santa Maria, S; atiago, Sefiun, Sitjar, lapis, Urla ("2), Viailer, and Vifials. Tlie 28 neA\ -etmitrs were: Aniestoy, Aniorus, Arroyo, IJoacana, Caliot (.T.)i Cabot (V.), Cueva, Dulanto, Duran, Fortuiii, Gil y 'I'almada, (l\itierrez, Ibanez, Liizai'o, Alarquinez, Mufioz, l'anti>, Quintana, Rodri;4iiez, Saenz, Saizar, Sanelioz, Sanclio, Sarria, Siiner, Ulibarri, L'rrcsti, and Zalvidea. 'I'lio ten wlio died were : Lasucn, Cipres, Cruzado, Dulanto, Landaeta, Ijiizaro, I'njol, Saneliez, Santa Maria, Sitjar. Tlie 'JO who retired were: IJareenilla, Carnieer, Carranza, Cortes, Cueva, Est(5van, Faura, Fernandez, (iareia, (iun- zalez, (Gutierrez, Itiirrate, Lopez, Martiarena, Martinez, Merelo, Panella, San- tiai^'o, Urla, Viuals. Tlie two survivors wlio came before 17!*0, were: Calzada ami Sefian. The 12 who came before 1800 were: Abella, IJarona, Catala, Jaime, Martin, Martinez, Miguel, I'ayeras, I'ejni, Tapis, Uria, and Viader. *ln 1801 Jacinto Lopez and Lorenzo Merelo sailed on the transports on Oct. Otli. Antonio Sanchez (?) had a license of the viceroy dated Aug. Ctli, but did not use it. /'/v-»;. J?ec., M.S., x. 12; xi. 1, 1(54; Moiiteri!/,J)iario, MS., 40, 4."). Ibafiez and Gil came on tlie Coiiccpriou in August. Mariano Vargaa was named to conic witli them, but was prevented by illness. Prov. Sf. I'fij>., MS., xviii. 8.'); xxi. 70; /(/., Bo). Mil, xxxii. .S; Pror. Pec, MS., x. 1 1 ; xi. l.">7. Pujol died tliis yeai". In 1802 Antonio Sanchez (?) and Miguel Gallegos (?) were to have sailed on the Valdrn and lloiximtai, St. Pap., Sac, >bS., iii. .'iil; but Estevan was the only padre who retii'cd this year. In 180.1 Lasui n and Francisco Maria Sanchez died, and I'anelia retire(l. License v us granted Sept. (ith, and Oct. 30tii, to Barcenilla and Catahi. Proc R^c, :MS., vi. 14. \()v. aotli tiic guardian wrote that of 14 friars required only 7 had ottered. Arih. Sta Ji., MS., xii. lG(J-7. In 1804, 10 new padres came: Amestuv, Aiuoros, Pedro Cabot, Cueva, Dulanto, Gutierrez, Muiioz, J. 15. Sanchez, Saneho, and Urresti. They left Guadalajara April 2.3d. Urresti was president of the party. Tliroe, Cueva, Amestoy, and ^luiioz, showed some insubordi- u:itiou on the way and should be watched. Arch, Sla B., MS., xi. 290. ■ I- -fi 160 MISSIOXS, PUEBLOS, AXD LANDS. Duriiiij^ tliis decade the missionaries had baptized 22,000, of" \v])()iii approximately 15,000 were new con- verts and 7,000 the children of neophytes.^ The small- est numl)c;i-l)a])tized in any year was 1,215 in 1809, and tlie largest was 15,041 in 1803 — not only the largest in tlie decade hut in the whole course of mission history. Deaths were 1 0,000, of wliom 0,000 were childi'cn of eight yejirs and under. The death-rate was 72 per cent -(i; Proi\ lin'., !MS., viii. 7ted to avoid the duty a" Angeles, the ])resident gave them no su])poi-t.' Again in the matter of escorts, Comandante ( 'ai-ril!o witJ, the gov(!i'nor's approv.'il, not only instructeil the soldit 'S of every mission-guard to show res]-^., ix. isCitli. 'J'liis al'air .-huv s a less eonliai and suliiiiissiv c spirit on the triar's part toward President Tapis, ^ than had lieeii I'elt fur LaMieii and Sena. UiiT. c AL., Vol. II. 11 1C2 :missioxs, pueblos, and lands. incliulinjj^ tlic recovery of fugitives, to have an e.>^eort wliieli inij^ht even be absent overni^'lit; and on th(.' other hand the guardian counselled his friars to use all moderation and prudence in tlieir intercourse wit'i the guard, avoiding always harsli words, to whicli some (A' the more irascible had been addicted,^ The use of horses by the Indians still increased, and was noticed, more rarely' than of old, in oihci;d coiMnumications. The governor complained that Jie rarely met a friar without five or six mounted neo- j)hyte attendants, and his protest was answered with tlie old conundrum: "How else can the vaqueros' work of the missions be done?"'^ The old strictness about license for retirintx missionaries was much re- laxed, and from 180G the governor even dele<''ated t;) the comandantes the power to grant such licens(\ when all conditions had been coinplied with and sul)- stitutes were at han., MS., xix. 1 ! 1-1.'; (' 'rrillo, l'ii.-; Estudillu, Dot:. 'iPtst. Cu'.., M-j., i. hJ. CONTROVERSIES. 1G3 ovursy lioii iii lattoi'o 1 tho 11 in liad Both S08 it it I to })ire :c (or xxxiii. I -]■_'; so:i, al- liiiii liy V. ]i;ulvc,'i -l/r/i,, civilization, thus fitting thoin for tlio duties of tlioir i'uture lives as citizens. On tho other hand the friars were instructed that the books of deceased associates if ko})t at tho missions must be plainly marked as b(>- loiiging to tho college so that they might be removed.'' The few trouble-i about lands and boundaries were not productive of much bitterness except locally, and their settlement shows no great victory for either hide. The protest of tho friars was sutficient to kee[) the rancho (jf La Ih'oa from tho jjossession of ]\[a- riano Castro. Arrillaga, on the ground that he was only temporar}' ruler, refused to disturb il:o occupants of I'ueiiavista. The (juarrel at ^Mission San Jose was due chiefly to the obstinacy of Duran, and in one case iit least at Purisima a friar admitted that a rancho in private hands had been a blessing rather than a curse u> iho mission. Ivespccting tho treatment of the neophytes there were no serious cliarijfes or scandals durin gu.'inlitin. Va/lcjo, Due Ifixt. CaK, MS., xxxiii. m. 1S(I!I, instruclion of j^nanliiiii. Air/i. (i'liy/Ki'lo, }ilS., !), 10. ^^Ai-rilfinjft, IiiJurvK' (Ic jM isioif", ISn.U MS. 1S'.)!>, Kstiulill') f^nys tlio friars trtat tlic iicophytes as their own cliildreii, eorreetiiii; tlniii v.itli wuriU, and for si rious oll^iiees with from VI to 'J.') laslics. /'/•(.('. St. I'nji., Jim. M:/., MS., xl. 7. 1802, order tliat new eluirelicH )je not l)Cf.'iin without eon.icnt of tile governor, in order to avoid overworking t!ie Indians. /'/•(.(•. S'. J''i/i., MS., xxiv. i;i4: Arch. Sfd Jl., MS., v. 07 s^xii. Ms. In ISO.") for thniwiii;.,' a slniie iit a pa. Ire an Indian liy military autlioiity was inniri.-ioned, given 'J.j laslies for or Indians being obligodto witness cacli punis'.i- nicnt. I'n^'. Itc'., MS. , xii. 3.">-(). 1S04, a jiadrc reconinicmls as an ctH'ctivt! nictlHul ( P enforcing ilisciplino, to oblige eaeli Jmliaii to kiss tlio dortrina \w- fore going to ■\^drk. Jh'i't. St. Pup., Jim. J'nf. y Jtivj., MS., i. 2:!. Fugi- tives wliippee sent on vessels, since loans can Ije had from tin' jiadres, re])ayalile liy tlie San lllas treasury. /'/., xix. '240. 1S()!I, Tapis pro- nounces tlie padns, ' polires de soleiuniilad,' and tlie neopliytes, ']5ol)res do iiecesidad. ' Anh. Ar.ub., ^IS,, ii. Gb-'J. Alvarado, lli~l. CaL, JIS,, ii. 8S-!), 70-1. icy at I'xico. tliiit n tlio VH lie 8S-0, :| THE FRIARS' WATCHES. 1C3 Tlie most incoiivcnieut refonu (.■iiforced on the luis- sionarics duriiiL^ tlio decade was that which coin[)e]led them to part with certain silver watches, acquired in some not very mysterious hut iini'ecorded mannci. Complaint came not from laymen, hut from the Fran- ciscan sui)eriors themselves. The watches had to he .sent to Guadalajara and sold for the benefit of the Indians. It was not even })ermitted to sell them to naval or military officers in California for fear that stories of missionary lu.Kury in that i)rovince, incon- sistent M'ith the vows of })overty, would become eui'- rent in Mexico and Spain, doiuLj harm to the order.^' Lasucn had been succeeded in the [)residcncy by Ta}»is, as elsewhere recorded.'"^ Oi' the hitter's admin- istration there is nothing;" to be added here, except tliat there are several slight indications that iiis rela- tions with the friars were somewhat less cordial thnn those of his predecessors. So simple was the Fran- ciscan administrative machinery that in Card'ornia there was no other provincial mission authoiity than tiiat of the president, who was responsible only to the ]L;'uardian of San Fernando. The (guardianship >\as held during' this decade by Jose Gasol in 1800-;>, ISOG-O; Tonuis Pan^'ua in 1803-G ; and Aijfustiu (hnijo from 1809. The election was in July of e\'ciy tliird year.^'' Another prominent otHcial of the collect; was the proeurador of the California missions, whoso thinks the padres sent lai'j;ious service and mutual confession i.iid instiuctioii were ordcii'd ty guardi.in and presi[ ■ his volume. On the duties and jiowirs of the jiresidint, see (<'«.v(i/, Lttms !'■■ < ulm, MS., of ISOo, and the instructions of the I'"ranciscaii cuuiisario j.'encral of ISKK Ai'., MS., VI. l.Vv -JSS, -I'M, -JlXi, •-",)!); xii. Um; Ar. I I mm i ' ped by the mis.'^ions. ^Mi^'uel Gonzalez Calderon held this ofHee until 1802, his brother Tomas ptTliaps until 180(), Ramon ]\[oreysa appointed, but perha})s not servin;^-, in 180(5, Estevan Lascano in 180(j-T, and Kustaquio (le la Cuesta from 1807. Lazcano ap[)cars to have died a defaulter, or at least deeply in debt, and the missionaries, or rather the missions, were called upcju to contribute according" to the a'''e of the resijcctive establishments to \n\y the delicit and maintain the iinancial integrity of the order.-^ Ecclesiastical matters cannot be separated from the general subject of missions, since there was as yet no secular clerg\- in the province. California still formed part of the diocese of Sonora and Sinaloa, and as \\cav of J3ishop Ixousset de Jesus, the president held {..id delegated to his friars such ecclesiastical })owers, and perfo}-nie(i such church duties for the geute de -W'-r. /,V<'.. MS., vi. 10; ArrJi. S/ii B., MS., xi. l."3-4, 2!).S; xii. 308, oTl: Arrh. Ar.oh.. MS., i. 1; S. JiM'', Pat'iih's, MS., IS, 34. -^Arrh. (;//;.-;«rr/o, MS., 7, S; Airh. Slu JL, MS., xi. l.')7-8, 1)ciny a cir- cular of I'ro.sitlfiit Tajiis datoil Santa IiU'.s, Jmie 30, 1S(N. Juno '23, l.SO;, t'lo guardian wiitcn that Ciicsta would ui>t take the ()tlic(> uidcs.s lie could have all the mi.ssiou !)Usmc.rson who lield a jja/tcl de ijlcs'm. The friars obtained some mono}' in the shape of alms and fees foi- burial and other services; and the king by the sale of ])ai»al indulgences brought back into the treasurv some J-^450 of the amounts exnejided for the ehuicli in California.-'' I find only a single instance --Soo clmp. i. iiiiil V. this vdhiino. .Tnno 1, 1S(VJ, Fiiincisco itimssot u<\ iSiieifo", MS., jlli. " -Wror. S/. Pn/}., MS., xviii. 4S. Kio; A/., Ji, „. MIL, xx\iii. 1, 14; xxxiv. 20; xxxvii. LS; EMiid'llo, Doc J/Ul. Cul., MS., i. 40, 77. Arrest of Igiuicio Aceilo for lion-coinpliance at Jiraiiciforte. Arrfi. Sht Crux, MS., lo. Ooiiiiiirro Ariij- not allowi'd to leave all lii.s jiro|n'rty for masses. I'ror. I?»r., MS., xi. US'. 1808, man triotl for Masplitniy at Santa llirliara. J'rov. S/. I'nii., lii'ii. J/(7.,MS.,x> i\m. \-',\. IslO. coriKiral rfpriinandoil for puruiittiiig tlirou mun to enter a eli.. 'h with handliercliiifi ou their hciuls. EiihidiUo, Ihw. //.■.-.V. C'rt/., MS., i. !)]. ••The hiilax most eiiUed for in California wero the elieap"r el.-isse.s of this. It was affixed to the church doors and invulvetl tlie e.\tir])ation of all that was opposed to faith, king, or the holy tribunal.'"'* The annals of each of the three pueblos, as of each mission, have been given separately. Los Angeles alone liad gained slightly in [)()pulation, but in the aggi'egate there was a decrease i'roni 550 to 535 set- tltis including many invalids from the })residlal com- panies, lloi'ses and cattle decreased from 19,700 to 12,500. In sheep there was but slight if any gain. Crops in 1810 as in 1800 amounted'to about 6,U00 bushels, figures for intermec'iate years being for the most part lacking. Tlu^ ku-k of pros])erity in the pueblos was generally admitted and regretted in olH- cial reports, but projects for stinudating their progress were devised and discussed with much less frequency and entliusiasm than in Borica's time.-" Xo settlers [)i'oper came during these ten years, the increase of population, more than equalled by deaths and enlistments, arising solely from births and the retirement of soldiers. It would seem, however, that in a few instances women were brought to the prov- ince by aid of the government, some being wives of set- jiroliiliitcil days, sold generally at from 2o to 40 cents eaeli. See cstiniiites of Ijiiln.-^ needed in Pror. Urc, MS., ix. 03, !1'J; I'rov. SL P still living in 1880 at Santa Barbara,-' where slio was known as La JJeata. A few convicts were sent to the province in the early years of the decade; but the governor and commandants, being fjuestioned by the viceroy, protested zealously against the practice as ruinous to the best interests of the country, and their jirotests seem to have had some temporary eflect.'"' " Prov. St. Pcip., MS., xviii. ;21-i; Pror. Rrc, MS., iii. SO. The governor says the nlistnt wives must eleurly uiiderstiind that ouco in the country they cannot loiivc it. -'July 1.-), ISlMi, Arrillaga to viceroy. Prov. Rec, MS., ix. 80-7. Supplies for the l'muidliii-3 from 1801 to 18(l(), §810. Pmr. St. Pup., Jhii. M!l., MS., xx.xiii. 10; xxxi. 1.'?. In the hill for supplies to the girl foundlings tho f;overiior diHa]iproved of the item for cigars! and also for some labor hy Ind- ian servants. St. Pap., Sac, MS., xiv. IS, IK. Carrillo in l.SOI was trouMud liieause one of tho girls refused an oiler of marriage, or rather the matron iii eliarge refused for her. Moiitcrii/, JJiiirio, MS., o."). '■'LoiV)i:niia, Memurias dc la Bcata, ^IS. The old lady, tlien entirely I'lind, dictated her recollections of California history for \\\y use, lia\ing very elear iileas of per.sons and events in the old times. M )n our arrival,' she says, 'Kl goliierno repartio los ninos como perritos eutrc varias i'amilias.' Her iiintlier eanie Mith her, liut soon married an artill'Tyman ami went to San iilas, so that Apolinaria never .saw her again. The girl was placed in t!ie (-'arrillo family, with which she spent many j-ears at .Monterey, .Santa r.;ir- lia'.a, and San Diego; then she lived long at Sau lliego and other missliais 1 iigaged in caring for tlie padres, tending tho sick, and teaching children. Slie soon gained the name of La IJeata and has ever commanded tlie liigla;,t respect of those who knew her. '"'Fel). 1, 1801, Carrillo protests against the sending of any more idle, use- less, tradeless, immoral ])cople. They do no good and .set a had example. Prav. St. Pap., ^IS., xviii. olJ-T. April liOth, Anillaga complains to viceroy of the uselessness, vices, and insolence of the settlers, and urges that no more hi' sent. Some of the foundlings even have lieeu stealing. LL, xxi. (iT-S. Aug, •J2d, viceroy asks the Ciov. to report on the ' utilidad 6 uo' of sending con- LJ ' :1 \ I'll 170 Missioxo, I'UEr.Lors, and laxds. Ill i\\v matter of land-gi-ants and private raiiclios llio records mcntioiu'd in the iiiiiinls of llils decade. The luls- ^ioimries of San C.'iirlos made up tlieir minds that the iiiission was in need of the lands, and were; iiiihi^nant hi'caiise Arrillaga deehned to eject the oeeui)ants in ISO.'J/'' I .suppose tliat some if not all of the other livt; I'anchos wei'eahandoned before 1810. 1'here were, liowevei', negotiations I'cspecting the gi-anting of two ethei' ranches in this distriet. ^lariano Castro came hark from a visit to ^lexico in 1803 with a viceren'al I'MM'nse to oecup}' T^a I^rea, in the region of San .luaii ]!;iutista. It seems to have heen the plan to form a ];ind of settlement at La Brea, six ])ersons liaving agreed as early as 1801 to settle thei-e.^" 'i'lie friars ]ir;)tested against the grant, refused to remove their ciittle, and so successfully urged their claims that hefore the end of the decade Castro had to give up i'or years all ho}>e of possessing La ]3rea."^ It became necessary to find another desirable site, and accoi-d- iiigly in May 1807 Castro asked for the rancho of Salsipuodes, near the place since known as Watson- ^iile, which had hitherto been used by the government for tlie pasturage of the presidio horses. Of the re- sult of this application wo know nothing beyond the fict that in July Conuuandant Estudillo made in- (iinries wi th a view to 1 earn i f tl le concession wou Id be in any way detrimental to Branciforte, and that the friars of Santa Cruz had somethiiiL'' to sav iu defence of the mission claim to the property in (|ues- tion.'^ Within the Santa Barbara district and in the legion ^■'Arch. Arxo?,., MS., ii. O-l-J; Prov. LW., M,S.,vi. 1(1, 17. "''Si'iit. '2~, ISd, list of the ii.'iiiK'.s forwiinli'il tu cinmiKimliint of Monterey. They wei'e Jose 11' ■lii;,'uez, .Ju:\ii M;u'i;i Ituiz, Dolores Mesa. .lo:ii[uiu ( 'astro, Antonio Bueliia, ..nil I'ablo (Botero). K-, JJoc. Hid. Cut., M.S., i. 14, 1.-). '^' Piow St. Pap., M.S., xviii. SS.VG; Pro,'. 7?.'C., iSIS., ix. 110; xi. IS.'); Arrfi. Arz, 1S07, Estiulillotoconiisionailo of Uraiiciforte. SaiilaCniz, Arch., MS., 14; Sdiild Cruz, Pc('p, 41. July .'jth, Carranza and Qniiitana to gov- ernor, arguill^' that the jurisdiction of Ih'aneiftjrte never exteiule \ :\^^ mv A'' «^ \ 6^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) 873-4503 1^ \ \ q\ :i i' i I ■y 3; 1 31 . 'i 172 MISSIONS, PUEBLOS, AND LANDS. round Los Angeles all the ranchos of the last decade*' were still occupied; and there also existed the Ranch o do Felix, of which there is but a bare mention ; Las Virgenes, granted by Arrillaga to Miguel Ortega; El Conejo, granted in 1803 to IPolanco and Rodriguez; Santiago de Santa Ana granted in 1809 to Yorba and Peralta; and a rancho near Purisima, not named but granted to Reyes, jterhaps in place of Encino taken from him by the missionaries of San Fernando, and purchased of him by the mission before 1810. That the Ortegas were now in possession of El Refugio there is not much room to doubt, though I find no direct testimony to that effect in the archives. Mean- while at least two applications for ranchos were re- fused ; for San Vicente desired by many persons, and Camulos near San Buenaventura, where Francisco Avila wished to settle. In protesting against the latter grant the friars expressed very freely their ideas res[)ecting rancheros in general. Their presence was detrimental to the success of missionary effort ; they led an idle, vagabond life, often left their \'i> and wives in charge of gentiles, and set a bad < ^ uple, rarely coming to hear mass or missing a fandango. The Indians found it hard to understand why they should be flogged for not attending religious services neglected with impunity by the Spaniards; therefore Indians who were brought up among Christians were always hardest to convert. The rancheros, the friars claimeil, did not accumulate property, nor add in any respect to tlie prosperity of the country.*' Res[)ecting the granting of the pueblo lots there is, and naturally in view of the decrease in the aggregate number of settlers, little or nothing in the records of this period. There was, however, an order that regular settlers were to have the preference over in- '"Sce Ifisl. CaL, vol. i. chap, xxx., and vol. ii. chap, vi., this series. Tlio ranchos were: Sun I^afael, Verdugo; Los Xietos, Nieto; Nan Pedro, Doniin- guez; IWtezuelo, Verdugo; Sinii, Pico; ami possihly Kl Refugio, Ortega. "'.May 4, 1804, pudres of San Buenaventura to governor. Arc/i, Arzob,, MS., ii. 37-1). t decade*' c Ranclio ion; Las cte^a; El odriguez; orba and imcd but no taken ndo, and ). That Refugio find no Mean- were re- ons, and ran ci SCO inst tlio eir ideas nee was they led id wives >, rarely ). The should iglected Indians always laimed, respect DISTRIBUTION OF LAXDS. 1^3 vahds in the distribution of lands wlienever both •lasses could no be satisfied, since the latter had the r pensions on winch to live." There is also an order ;. biddnig commandants of presidios to own rand os I'.r the raismg of live-stock. Only a few milch cows and sheep were permitted."'- rro.si.lio muk-train is ent t p,1 %n r>„ f '*' '^OSE^^tudillo claims tlmt the ^irrh., MS., iii. 8" ^^omwionado because tins lias Ixien refused. S. Joaf - May .>8. 1S08. Arrillaga to Com. of San Diego. Prov. liec, MS., xii. (U. IS. here ^regate ords of r that ver in- ies. The ), Doniin- •rtcga. h. Arzob., CHAPTER IX. t I INSTITUTIONS AND INDUSTRIES. 1801-1810. The Labor QrESTiox — Gentiles or NEornvTEs— Mantfactcres— Oi;- tec.a's Silver-siine— AcRicrLTCRE — Crops— Pests — Seasons— Rr.ia-- LATioNs— Hemp and Fl^vx — JoAQnx Sanchez— Lard r Shipments of Fibre— A FLoruisiriNa Enteuprisi; and Si'dden Failure — STorK- raising- CAi-fLE, Horses, and Sheep — Slaughter ok Hoiwes — Commerce— Smuggling— TR.VDE of the Transports — Finance anu Supplies— IIabilitado ( Sen eral— Military — Political Government — Administration of Justice — Schools Wanted. In noticing niiscellaneous institutions and progress from 1801 to 1810, 1 follow the same order as in a pre- vious presentment of the subject. The labor question presented no new phases; in fact it lacked some of its old ones, })articulaih' the ambition to effect reforms Avhich characterized Borica's rule. During the early years of the decade two at least of the artisan instruc- tors, Botcllo the tailor and Mendoza the weaver, were yet in California drawing their salary and making some cftbrts to teach their trades to boys at Monterey, who like the convicts on whom the same experiment was tried, displayed no ambition to excel in mechan- ical industries, Arrillaga advised that no more arti- sans should bo sent from Mexico; Carrillo on the contrary thought it might be well to send instructors, provided that children could be sent with them to i-eceive instruction, since California boys cared Ibr nothing but riding and a military life. Armorers anloved whenever an aijfreement could be made with the tiiars who received the wage. The only contro- versy recorded was that caused bv the retirement of a hundred laborers at Los Angeles in 1810 to their mission of San Juan C'apisti-ano. President Ta[)is declined to order their return, but he promised not to (•pposc a regular repartimiento of neophyte laborers lor hemp-culture, should the governor take the respon- sibility of ordering such action.^ ]\[anuracturing industry was confined to the missions where the neoj)hytes under the ministers' superintend- ence continuetl to work up the wool shorn from their large flocks into blankets and coarse fabrics v Iiicli suiliced for their own clothing. They also made soaj), tanned various skins and hides, made shoes and sad- dles, and did the rude carpenter's, cabinet-maker's, and blacksmith's work needed at the missions. The mis- sions monopolized the manufacture of such articles as could be sold at the [)residios, and would necessarily liave done so, even had the settlers or anv other class had the enterprise to engage in industrial oj)erations, ;is it was manifestly impossible to compete with abso- lutely costless labor in s(j limited a market re(piirin .;• only the coarsest articles. There were no attemi)ts t<» introduce new branches of mamiiactures or niodity the < 111 ones, and there areabsoluti'ly no statistics or details lespecting the products of the mission W(,rk-slio[»s.- '/Voc. St. Pap., MS., xviii. r)l-4, 17.3, 101; xix. -JIT; xxi. (i.V.-; /,/., Un,. Mil., xxxvii. 41; J'ror. Jf,r., MS., ix. 02, 11!); .S. Joxr, An/i., MS., vi. 'li; A I'll. A nob., MS., ii. 70- SO. Mrovunior to vioiToy. .Inly 1,'), \Ay], on uoicliti'):! of inanufacturinj? indiis- tiii.:i. /'/tic. Jin:, MS., ix. bCJ-'J. Diicf lULUtioii of iiulustiics. I'lor. >Sl. /'«/»., 1 i^ i ! : 176 INSTITUTIONS AND INDU.STHIES. The (Iccatlc had its mining excitement, as wo liavo seen in the local annals of jMonterey, but it was rather a mild one. Ignacio Ortejja found a vein of ore in the foothills of the Monterey, now Salinas, Valley, which being assayed yielded richly in lead and silver. The mine was worked by Ortega subsequently at several different times, but with results uot known. This I learn from the mission report of 1822, which desciibes Ortega's silver-mine as beinof one leau^ue from San Juan Bautista. In the record of its discovery it was located in the foothills north-west of the rancho del rey. Robinson, followed probably by Ross Browne and Tuthill, menticms the excavation as existing on or near the Alisal rancho. Notwithstandini; this dis- covery Arrillaga in his report of 180G stated that there were no indications of metal near the coast nor in the interior so far as explored.^ Agricultural statistics are extant with an approxima- tion to completeness and accuracy only in tlu; case of the missions,* but if we add the average harvest of the pueblos to that of the missions we have a total grain product averaging about 93,000 bushels per year. 1807 and 1 809 were years of drought and correspondingly short crops ; but the statistics of production show that Ben. Mil., MS., xxxvii. 40; Lan^Kdorfn Voy., ii. 160-1, 1C!>, 187-8. Langs- dorll' iiotea particularly the abaence of mills and boats. There was, however, one l)uiit in the province, at San Diego. Prav. St. Pap., MS., xviii. 3G0. In Los A linden, in.it., 7, it is stated that a saw-mill was built at an early period near tiie grist-mill at San Gabriel, but no date is given. In a note to a docu- nuiit in Pror. St. Pap., MS., xviii. '2, \i, Vicente (Jomez notes a Californian industry which probably dated back to this period or oven earlier, that of rciiielting the jianocha, or coarse brown sugar, received with tlie tncmnriai, by w Inch the government improved the (piality of the staple, and also made a lianilsome profit. ^ Mviitnrij, Diario, MS., 58; St. Pap., Mi.i.t. and Colon., ^IS., i. 42-n. The oi-e was discovered in 1800 and on being subjected to fire yielded plomn emplatah, or lead mixed with silver. An assay was made as soon as a com- petent man arrived, and yielded with imperfect apparatus six oz. of line silver. .Tosi5 Maria Ortega was summoned from Santa IJarbara and steps were taken for a larger assay with results not recorded. Sec also mission report 1822, iu Arrh. Sta li., MS., iii. 303; (Jovornor's report of July 1806 in Pror. Rcc, MS., ix. 90; Rohinson's Life in Cal, 190; TuthiWs Hist. Cal., 231; Drowucs Mill. Pe.'foiircea, 1SG7, 13. *See chap, viii., this volume. ^vc liave ,s rather if ore ill Yallov, (1 silver, nitly at known. 2, which rue from JO very it i rancho Browne ni^ on or this dis- tecl that 3oast nor iroxima- (.; case of ;st of the tal grain ar. 1807 ondinojlv low that (-8. Langs- ]i8, however, iii. 300. In Biuly period le to a docu- Californiau [lier, tliat of vieiiiorid", lalso made a lS.,i. 4-2-3. tided ]>lomo |n as a com- tine silver. «'ero tiikeu |ort 18-2-2, in ^ror. lice., Bruu'ite's AGRICULTURE. 177 in no year of the decade was tlie faihire of crops very (lisa.'^trous, as the smallest yield, in 1801), was more than jialf that of 1800, the larj^cst. Local failures of jiar- ticular crops occurred sometimes, but not ol'ten, l>y reason of trouble about the irrii^atini; facilities. The f worms at the root of the grain, is occasionally reported, as are the ravages of the c/iapulin, or locust, and of the anliUas, or ground- S(|iiin-els; but all these complaints were for the most ])ait local, and none of the pests of farming had as yet become wide-spread or very destructive. Weather reports were sent in by the commandant with toler- ahle regularity, but no such thing as a rain-gauge was ]h not very conlident as to results — he never was hopeful about the future of Calil'ornia or anythinu;* in it — urLjed all to make an earnest etibrt, im])lvinLr that there existed somewhere c. stroni^ opposition to the establishment and success of the new <'nterprisc, to overcome which sj>ccial eft'ort and care would be necessary. The vessels of 1 804 took away 40,3 jxtunds of the stapl(>, recommended as of u^ood (juality l)y Sanchez, who, however, represented his patience as well ni^h exhausted by the stupidity and want of zeal shown by the settlers. One of them wished to use his whole crop for making' a net to catch otter, regard- •"'Sce Ifisf. dill., vdl. i, cliap. xxviii., this series. 'Aug. !•, ISOI, Smir'Iu'Z !iiiin_!j;Iit tluTO clu'sts of tools. ^fiiiiiiri)f, D'larhi, MS., t;!. ValiU' of tool.s, .S.'{S(;. Invou'c of .May .SOtli, San Jilas. 'y'coc. St. J'liii., .MS., xviii. l.'U-:). .Am;,', liltli, vioerciv iiaiiu's .^l."! a niontli as the 'j;i!iti- lioa.ioii' to 1)0 allowed. /./., xviii. I,i:}; /V,.c. lU^:, MS., x. 11. .Inly Hith, .VniUaga at Loreto onler.s Sanchez to i)rei)aio an 'in.struceion ' on liinart. /, .\rrill.i:,'a to .Sanchez, attrilmtes li.id lesiilts to the hot sun ratlicr than to any s'lcrility of soil. J'lVi: JiiiH'tl. Ih luiii it iMinicH |a ti> SjiikIu'/, ^lilitv of suil. loss of the royal needs. Another obstaele was the I'cgulation that the pursers of the tiansports should deride on the priec to be paid aeeordin_i( to quality, f<:].i)0 beinj:? the nmxiniuni. Sanchez protested that Jr'.l.aO was the lowest limit whieh would K'ave a protit to the producers, and Uioreover that the pursers knew nothing of the quality of the article presented."* At the end of 1804 Sanchez distributed eleven I'anegas of seed to San Luis Obispo, Purfsinia, Santa lues, and Mission San Jose, for it was at the missions that he antici[»ated the best results. Hi'inp was s<»wn ill April, liarvested in August, and was not ready for t \[)t)rt until the following autumn. There is no record of any shipment in 1805, but it is implied that the croj) of 1804 was burned. Having given the settlers of San Jose all the instruction they needed, Sanchez went south in September to continue his labors at J^cs Angeles and throughout the Santa Barbara district. J'elbre leaving, however, he amiounced his opinion that though hemp bade fair to succeed in California, ilax could not be profitably produced on account of the expensive operations re(|uired." In ^Fexico the tiibunal de cuentas i-eported to the viceroy in March 1805 on the great im])ortance of the new industiy, showing the impossibility of the produeei's waiting until the (juality of their hemp could l)e tested at San Jllas, together with the danger of allowing the iiiex- |tiiienced j)ursers of the transports to decide the mat- ter. It was recommended to ado[it a liberal ]tolicy I'oi' a time even if it should occasion a loss to the go\ - c'liniciit. Accordingly the viceroy instructed Ani- I'.iga that all the henq) ottered was to he paid for, the dctennination of value being left largely to liisdiscrc- liv'ii.'" Accordingly the price paid subsc<|Uently for ll'rm: St. Pup., ]MS., xviii. .S14-1S: St. Pnp., MiK». anJ Cohvi.. MS., i. •l'--T; J'lor. L\r., MS., viii. oS; ix. ;U. C'lierni, iJuc. Jli.-<>. i'nl., MS., iii. ].sO-.'l. " I'ror. St. Pap., MS., xviii. 1S1-.1; xix. 74. '" Maiili 7, iSCI.'i, iijKiit (if tribiiiiiil (U> tui'iitas witli iiiiiii(nal of I'isfal railuiii. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. o4-7. April HOtii, viceroy to governor, hi., xix. ba, July \b, 18U0, Arrillaga Bays that 20U pouudHof liernp cost $13 de- 180 INSTITUTIONS AND INDUSTRIES. lit'ini) in tjfood condition seonis to have been four tlol- lat'H jicr arroija, or sixteen cents a [>oun(l. Altliouj^li some ojiposition was experienced from the settlers at Los Antjjeles, the new i;i(Uistry ilour- islicd nioie and more each year in puehlo, mission, and even private rancho. So far as the fi«,nires, some- what con»i»heated and contradictory in 180l)-10 esj)e- cially, can he understood, the liemp shipments of 1 800 Mere 1,850 pounds; of 1807, 12,500 pounds; of 1808, 8t),000 [xmnds; of 1800, 84,000 pounds; and of 1810, 120,000 pounds, or accordinjjf to one report, 173,200 j)ounds." Of this quantity less than 5,000 pounds seems to have been produced north of Purisima, all perl laps at San Jose. There was, besides, a surplus from the crop of 1810 of 98,750 pounds which the vessels could not carry away. Of this surplus 5,000 pounds came from San Gabriel and 30,000 from Santa ^! livered at tlic shore without reckoning manure or tillage. Prov. Pec, MS., ix. K7-8. Aug. 4th, comisionado of San Josu ordered to liuy lialf of all hemp produced at 20 reals perfanega. S. Jontl, Arch., MS., iii. 75). Juno 1(5, IfSOT, Sanchez at Sta Barbara says the journey from the hemp-fields to the port re- (juires five days, a nmle carrying UOO pounds. Jlcaska that TiO cents he added to the price. Prov. St. Pop., MS., xix. 208. Aug. 1st, Arrilhiga orders the coniandantca of Monterey and San Francisco to pay §4 per nrroha. 111., xix. 21(i. March ISOS, hemp growing finely at Sta JJiirhara and \mh Angeles. Id., xix. 236. Aug. (ith, comandante asks governor for instruc- tions. Harvesters of hemp nmst be paid in money, but funds were scarce. Arrh. Arzob., MS., v. pt. ii. 105-0. Aug. 12th, Sanchez informs the Gov. that hemp from the north was landed at Sta Barbara for his inspection. The lots from Santa Cruz and San Juan IJtiutista were rotten, badly prepared, and useless. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. 236-7. March 7, 180'J, Alcalde Suto of Angeles petitions the Gov. in behalf of the settlers to restrain Sanchez from sowing 40 or more fancgas of hemp as he proposed, since the other crops would suffer for want of water; but Arrillaga declined to interfere, regarding the hemp-culture as of paramount importance. /(/., xix. 2.">8-0, 264. July null, probably §20,000 worth of hemp will be shipped from S. Diego and the habilitado lacks funds; besides he expects some compensation for attending to this new duty. Ji(.,xix. 260. " Prov. live, MS., viii. 100; ix. U, 102, 110, 126; xi. 5, 8, 121, 1.30; Pror. St. Pap., MS., xix. 2.">5-7, 260-1, 274, 283-7. The sowing in 1810 was 100 fan. at vSan (iabriel; 100 fan. at Angeles; 36 fan. at San Fernando; .")2 fan. at S. Buenaventura; 25 fan. at Sta Barbara; 57 fan. at Sta liii's; 80 fan. at S. Juan Capistrano and Rio Sta Ana; 40 fan. at S. Diego and Los Xietos; total, 4fK) in the south. The distribution of hemp shipped in 1810, was as follows: From S. Gabriel, 15,582 Itis. ; Kan Fernando, 7,(500 lbs.; Sta Ines, 12,508 Uis. ; S. Buenaventura, 9,908 lt)8. ; San Luis, 2,044 lbs.; Sta liarbara Presidio ware- house, last year's crop, 28,963 lbs.; >*jau Diego, 44,781 lbs.; 13 settlers, ,37,531) lbs.; or 7 settlers, 11,840 lbs.; Sta Bdrbara mission, 4,583 lbs.; Monterey, 4,537 lbs. LrV'ESTOCK. ISl four (lol- '(•(l from rv ilimr- UllHSlOll, 3S, Homo- 10 espc- 4 (.f 1800 of 1808, of 1810, 173,200 I pouiuls [siuui, all I surplus liich tlio lus 5,000 Hu Santa r iiistrnc- ere Hcarce. IS the Gov. tion. 'J"he pared, ami le Soto of mchez from other eropn r'.'gardiiiL,' •2ti4. J Illy ego and tlio attending 1.30; Pror. 10 was KK) i>'2 fan. !it fan. at S. etos; total, as follows : 1-2,508 U.S.; sidio waro- Icre, ,37,530 Monterey, Inc^s. Thus wc sec that in tlio south a flourishinif industry had been estahll.shed, ljrin<,Mn<( into the prov- ince .si20,000 a year with llatterlii«,' j)io.spcet.s for the future. It is not necessary to .si)eculate respectlnif what would have been the ultimate result under ordi- nary eireumstancGs, and it is j)leasant to notice anish i,n)vei'n- iiu lit. Fail it did, however, most suddenly and coni- jilctely; for the shipment of 1810 was the last made. The revolution broke out in New 8j)ain; the transports ceased to visit Californian ports; there was neither means to pay for nor to transport Californian hemp. In Fel)ruary 1811 Arrilla^a notitied the farnufrs t]iroUL,di Sanclu^ii that if they chose to cultivate hemj*, it must be at their own risk or for their own use. His excuse was that the j^overnment had already enouij;h of the .staple for the proposed experiment, an excuse » itlur invented by himself or suggested by the viceroy, for it was not deemed wise to speak of the revolt in those days.'- Statlstics of live-stock show that the province had in 1810 about 100,000 headof large animals— 132,000 cattle, 25,000 horses, and 3,000 mules — and the same number of small animals, chiefly slieep. Details re- specting the animals of the riincho del rey with its branches at each presidio arc very incomplete; but I suppose it contained from 11,000 to 13,000 head of horses and cattle, the sales of which yielded a net revenue of about .^1 ,200 a year. The position assumed by the friars and approved by the governor respect- 'n'\'h. 22, _1811, Arrillaga to Sanchez. Piw. Hcc, MS., xi. 11. To the viceroy in 181", the governor speaks of the revolution as the cause of tlio suspension. Id., ix. ltil-2. So did Prosident Tapis in his Iii/ormc Jiiciinl, JSll-JJ, MS., 88, and Bandini, JIi< Cal., MS., 115-10. Sanchez had applied in 1807 for retirement from the naval service. His petition was sent to tlie king in 1810, and in 1811 he was granted retirement with two thirds corporal's pay on condition of dedicating himself exclusively to the hemp culture. Pror. St. Pap., MS., xix. 301; Pror. I!,,:, MS., ix. 127. What hecaiiie of him I know not. Neither does it appear what was done with tho largo surplus of hemp left on the hubilitados' hands in 1810. I 182 INSTITUTIONS AND IXDUSTHinS. 1 i ' i iii<; v oattl»! was tliat animals found in t!i(! fields l>y ni;^dit niiirjit l)o killed, and no <'oin|K'nsa- tion could be claimed.'^ It appears that for each trs — stranu'elv enou<;li tlu! Knidish lan'aiatain Ar«,Miello •:^av(; Santa l^drhara a hundred sheep and was to re- ceive one ovorv week durin*' his life.'^ The most important topic to be noted in connection with stock-raisini,% however, was the slaughter of horses I'rom ISOo to the end of the decade to prevent too rajjid an increase. President Tapis seems to have been the iirst to su,tj:L,'est this measure in ^Earcii KSOy. The susjfij^estion was followed, thoui^h how many horses were killed and whose horses they were, does not ap[)ear.*" There is also evidence in the records that some horned cattle were thus slaughtered. In IMay ] 80(5 Ignacio Vallejo went to Si \ Jose by Arrillaga's «»rder and assembled a council composed of the town oflicers and eight prominent citizens to decide how many horses were n\ally needed and to make arrange- ments for killing the rest. It was determined to reserve twentv-five mares, workiiiij horses, and mules "5. Jonf, Patenlin, MS., 27-9. "/Voc. Sf. Pap., MS., xviii. 108-9. '^ J ;■<•/(. StuB., ix., 4')L'-a '"Manh 1, 1805, Tapis to Airillafra. Arch. Sfn R, MS., vi. .1.')-n. Sotno lioi'soH killed this year. Pror. Pre, MS., xi. 1'22. Lan;^3ilorll' Icariit'd from Ariillaga in the spring of ISfKJ that the cattle had lieeome so luimerou.s at San I'runcisco, Sta Clara, and StJi Cruz that he had sent out soldiers and lulled i2;),()()0. I'oyd'jci, ii. 170. In a petition of the llu.ssian-Aincrican Company to tlic Spanish court it is stated that immense herds of wild cattle and horses range through the country aa far north as the Columbia, and that an annual slaughter of 10,()00 to SO.OOO head has been ordered. While llczanof was in California several hundred were killed merely for their skins in which to pack bread sold to the Russians, the meat being tin'own away. Potirhiii, Si(ei:k Poxii, 2, .3. r. S. Garcia states that as early as 1S07 the soldiers found large numbers of wild horses and cattle on their expeditions into the interior. Tai/- lor'd JJkcov. uiid Found., ii. No. 2o. t i COMMi:ilCR. 183 foniHl ill i)iii|K'iisa- [icll rrs— no word two ivals tod (juos- ' it.'* A idividimls a mission rt'tviviiiu; Aryiu'llo vas to ru- onnoftion lolitcr of () prevent IS to havo irch lcS05. iny horses [does not ords that In May riHaga's K! town cidc how arran'jfe- ninutl to nd nuilcs 35-0. Rome Icanu'd fnmi lermiH at Sail rs and Idlk'il Coiiinany to lo aiul horsL'.i it an iinnual Ziinof was in lich to pack rhiii, Silci:ie found largo tciior. Tai/- for each f>wiH'r, or MOO lor thc( wiiole ])Ui'hlo. The missions wore also authoi'i/cd to kill inti-udini;' horses. J^y Juno, r,r)00 animals ha- proval.'^ "May 7, 180C, An-illaga to comisionndo of San .Joai?. May lltli, Gncrra to Id. S. Josi', Airh., MS., iii. 1)4-."). ])t'ci.sion of tlic junta May 14tli. /(/., iii. iKi; J'ror. St. Pa/)., liin. Mil., MS., xxxvii. (i, 7. .June oth und March ■J4tli, Castro to governor. Pror. St. J'ap., ^IS,, xix. 77-S. .hdy ■J7tli, order to kill liorscs of royal runcho. S. Jos^, An-h., MS., iii. !).">. Nov. .'iO, 1S07, governor ti>('iiiii. of Santa Barbara. Prov. I've MS., xi. Vl'l. July 10th to coniision- ado of lirancifortc. Sta Cruz, Arrh., MS., 10. ISOS, slaughter at Santa 15ar- liara. St. Pop., Mina., MS., iii. .Vi. June '2.">, 181', slaughter at Monterey. ExIiiilUh, Doc. Jlist. Cal., MS., i. !)0. '"Items on sinnggling. May 15, 1805, viceroy to governor, contraband goods l)clong to the faithful Hubjcet of the king who niuy .seize tiieni, or at least tiieir full value. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. 00; Pron. Ilcc, MS., ix. 08. April 14, 1803, Id. to Id., sends royal order of Aug. 10, 180:2, urging great caro to prevent smuggling. Prur. St. Pup., xviii. •J(i7. Nov. "20, 1804, gov. advises viceroy of cuntruband goods by the Vonccjicioii, hidden at Santa Bar- I lli , I Mi! j,: .,i. I 1S4 INSTITUTIONS AND INDUSTRIES. Ttcspcoting commercial operations carried on by means of the San Bias transports, aside from the regular supplies of presidios and missions, tliere are occasional notes preserved in the archives, l)ut no statistics. In 1801, with the viceroy's approval, an attempt was made to export wheat from California to San Bias by certain men not named who had made a contract to sui)[)ly the vessels of the department with n by Arrillaga for a statement of the quantity they could furnish and the price. In reply the set- tlers of Los Angeles and the rancheros of that reoion offered 2,270 fanegas at $2.50. There is no record that any shipment was made, and no reason is given for the failure of the })roject. This same year, how- over, the officers of the transports were ordered to take on board at San Bias only such supplies as were necessary for the voyage northward, in order that provisions for the return voyage might be bought in California; and accordingly in August and September Captain Saavedra obtained sujiplies, chiefly of Hour, for two vessels. The mills of San Jose were kept running day and night, but there seems to have been ! J bara ami Ortega's raiicho. April 0, 180i), viceroy wants to know more about it. /(/., xix. 50. Doc. '2'2, 18(Ki, (tov. to coiuinaiKlantd, urging obcdioncc to tlio laws, lias heard that maize anil cattle from California have bccnsoltlat Capo San Liicasand in tlio Samlwich Islands. Id., xix. 1 TJ-l.'}. Oct. 'J7, 1907, viceroy to Ciov., the king has ordered a system of premiums which will close the port to smugglers; therefore tlie onler of ISO."), giving contral)and goods to those wlio seize them, is repealed. /(/., xix. "203. Canci'lada, ilnuiaili' la Xueni JC^jiculn, 47-")'i, writes in ISII of the commercial advantages of California which are being wasted tln'ough the foolish policy of Spain. He says that in six months of ISOi), 11,10.") packages of produce, with .'i?-l,187 in money, were l)rougl)t in nine vessels from tlic Californias; and mentions an American ship wliicli brought a cargo to California about 180S, thereby doing an injury of !i?;UK),000 to ^Icxican manufactures. Khlebnikof, Zajiid-i, l-lo-d, gives the lol- lowingas the prices paid and received on this occasion: Hour, per arrol)a {'2o lbs. ), i<\.M to .S'i; lard and tallow, 8-; salt, •2.")e. ; wool, .^i2; dried meat .si; wheat, per fanega (about l.T) bush.), li?2; ))arley, .^1.30; pease and beans, from !?1.75 to .?;{; otter-skins, eacli §5. Kussian goods: linen per piec-?, !?;{]; canvas, S-."); tliick cloth, per (irnhlii, §,'1; cotton handkerchicf.-i, .■?! to .^i2; needles jicr thousand, )?4; Siberian boots per ))idr, 8"); crosscut-saws, $1'); axes, .f!l.,"/0; ticking, per arshin, oOe. In ISO.'] a rejcct dated May 1st. In taking articles from California tho prodnctof tithes and other royal property mu.st have the preference. Prvv. lte<-., MS., ix. 4.'>-0. .Inly 2, 1804, vague reference to an order to form pii< rios riifiiores in Calif(n'- nia. Ill, ix. 44. Some chalk sent to Cal. in 1803. Pror. St. Pap., MS., xix. 2il."). F(mr hundred and ninety-one otter-skins shipped from San Dieu'o in 1S()3. JJt'jit. St. Pap., Pre/, y Jkm/., MS., v. 77. June 30, ISOO, President T.ipis to padres, announcing that mission exports will he received by the vcs- sils in proportion to the nmnl-'r of head of live-stock owned by eacli; but any mission sending less than its pro]ii)rtion might ceile its surplus ]iri\il('go to another. May 7. 1807, this- principle was ajiplied when the vessels could take hut 1,.300 packages. Arvh. S'a, 11, MS., x. 147 ."lO. April 2.'), ISOS, >io auclioiage eiuii-gcs at Acapulco, San Bias, or Calif(U'nian ports. Pror. St. Pap., MS., xix. 244-"). Admiralty dues exacted (?). /-/., xix. 3(K). 180S, anotlier call upon San Josi"' for wheat and tlmn' for the transports. ,S'. J;'-, yl/v/i., :\[S., iii. 02-3. Sept. 7, 1S08, tribunal do euentas decides that no coin need be .sent to California f(n' the purchase of supplies, as loans can bo had from the padres, repayable at S. lUas. Sui)plies bought nnist be of good i|uality and less than tarill' rates may be paid iu years of abundance. I'rnr. St. Pap., .MS., xix. ,?30-41. Goods not properly registered subject to contis- cation. /(/., xix. 270. ^ I 186 INSTITUTIONS AND INDUSTRIES. bo known; but various accounts and invoices of goods from Mexico and Toj)ic, preserved in the archives of the family, show that from as early a date as 1808 Jose de la Guerra was in the habit of receiving quite extensive consiurch;;ser will have to pay for delays or expenses. S. Joii', Arr/i., .MS., ii. 84. 1805, tithes on 205 head of cattle, increase of this year, are.'ij_'7. J'rur. St. Pup., MS., xix. 182. Of taxes other than tithes there is very little oM record. July 1, 1802, bishop transmits an order imposing a tax on certain iiilieritances; S. Antimio, Doc. Suelto.f, MS., 30-7; Arch. Sid B., MS., v. (18- 7l>; vi, 208-;tOH. Dec. 31, 1804, governor orders that the tax of 25 cents on each rc-t killed be no longer exacted. S. Jose, Arch., MS., ii. 83; Proi'. St. yVy;., MS., xviii. 108. -" Feb. 20, 1807, recommendation that powderand cards be put on the same basis as tobacco, the administrator's connnission to be 8 jier cunt on powder and 5 jier cent on cards, of which other habilitiidos were to get 5 and 3 ])er tent resi)ectively on sales away from the capital. J'ror. St. Pup., MS., xix. 1!M» 5. Sept. 3, 1807, habilitado of Monterey to factor de tabacos at (liiada- l:ij,\ra. As it has been decided to place powder and cards in estam-o, he a.-^ks f'lr (10 arrobas of tino powilerand 30 gross of cards. E-w. I list. ( 'f the tliree served in Mexico as habihtado general. No successor to Carrillo was appointed, and thus Captain .fo.se Arguello was the only officer of that rank actually .serving in California during this decade. The chief cNonts of the period from a militaiy point of view were the battle at San Diego with the LeVia Bynf, the departure of the volunteers, the reenforcement of the presidial companies, and the formation of a company of militia artillery in 1805,'"' all of which have been sufficiently described; and in the current connnunications on matters of military system and routine I find nothing that requires notice here. As the proposals to separate the political and mili- taiy jurisdictions of Upper and Lower California were a leading to])ic of consideration in the last decade, so the carrying-out of that separation in 1804 was a leading feature of this, so far as affairs of government were ct)ncerned.^'' But this division involved no chanue whatever in the civil government of Alta California. Both in 1801 and in 180'J there are indications that California was accorded a right of re]>resentation in Spain, but there is no evidence that any steps were MS., xliv. 2, 3, anil .igrees very nearly \\ith the summaries given in previoiw chapters for each of the four presidio-s. Hunil)oUlt, l^nfai Pd., ii. iSl'2, gives the total force for about 1804 as 'J'J.*?. In I'inri/cn, JiiatnicclniieK, l.S,'), it is given as \1'.H for 180.S. Tlie increase of force ordered in April 1805 included .'1 c:iptains, "2 ser;;eants, 1(> corporals, and To privates. /'/■(;(•. .S7. I'Kp., ^MS., xix. 47-i*. 'i he volunteer company left the ewintry in 180;!. In 1801 it included .S ofliccrs, ;{ sergeants, 8 corporals, 2 drunnners, and 5,") ))rivates, 71 men in all. Ji. Mil., \\\i. Irt; .\x.\ii. 1. The artillery detachment numheied 18, except in 1804, until 180!) when the nnnilicr i.s givi n as l.'t. Jd., xl. II. Aug. 21, 1807, Lieut. IJoea asks for permits for 4 mi n to go witli him to ^Mexico, to he rei)laecd hy otliers. Only 2 seem to have sailed. J'rur, SI. I'll)!., MS., xix. 20(i, 217. 'Ihc pay of the new forces was: ea[)tain, .I^L.^OO; alti'rez, !r?400; .sergeaiit, $2G2..jO; corporal, §22."); soldier, ij217.oO. I'l-or. SI. I'up., lien., :\IS.,ii. 20. ^''See chaj). ii., this volinne, on the artillery company. Jose ]\laria Pomero was a member of tlie com|)any, and he says he served three years, receivini; pay and rations like other soldiers. Jioim :•<>, Jhniorhi.t, M.S., ],2. Tiii:^ iri the only evidence I have seen to show that any actual service was performed by the militia. ■■'' See chap, ii., of thia volume. OOVKRNMENT, 101 taken to utilize that privilei^e.^' In tlio matter of local or municipal (government, as illustrated by the archives of San Jo.se, I append in a note a few minor com- munications which as will be seen show no special modiiications of system or mcthods,^'^ unless it may bo in the election of pueblo alcaldes by lot IVoni three candidates. There were no civil nor criminal cases in the Cali- fornian administration of justice, which merit citation as cavscs ccfchrcs, though a few may be noted as illus- trating public morals.*" Tlie use of intoxicating li(|uors "' I*cc. 12, 1801, governor to viceroy, Icanis that the kin;,' iillows him to nppoiiit ;v (le!er;ato for tlic presidios of Alta ('ulii'oniia. /'lor. V.Vc, .MS., x. ].'). ISOO, dccreo tiiat t!ic provinces of tiie American dominions Bliall have national representation. A/., ix. IK!. '■"* April 4, KSOl, clioico of regidor disapproved by commandant, and new ck'ctiou ordered. Jfoiilo-ci/ Jiiario, M.S., 'JS. Nov. (Jtii, the alcalde has not f^ivcn satisfaction, and an invalid may he eiiosen. S. Jom', Arnt., MS., v. 11). IVli. 'JO, l.'i02, a vara (lejmtiria n)ay he hoiiglit for .'?"2..")n. /(/. , iv. i'l. ISOvJ, invalids may ho chosen for puehlo oliicials if they nie willing, hut tliey can- not he forced to serve. They must, however, perform their part of com- munity work. Prop. St. Pap., MS,, xviii. ](il; Stu Cruz, An/i., MS., 17; .s". Jo.sr, Arch., MS., iv. .39. Jan. 1, 1804, the carrying of 'hehhKpies' or dag- gens in hoot or helt prohibiteil. J'ror. St. J'cp., AIS., xviii. Xu). Klectiim of t.iwn ofiicials at ].,o3 Angeles approved by commandant of Santa l):irhara. //., xviii. .'^70. 1S04-O, alcaldes to be chosen by lot from three candidates i;i p-,d)lio junta. S. Josd, Anh., MS., iii. 22, 85; v. 3. Dec. lS0., Ilcn. Mil, MS., XXX. 21. Cost of supporting Indian pri.soners in 1802, .SO'.W. /''., XXK. 22. Jan. 180,1, there were 27 jinsidirtrion at S. Diego, four for nnir- ili r, but most for stealing lior.=es. /'/. , xxxi. H, 4. Dee. 4, ISO.'t, Piidre Cipn's i;.il;:i that an Iiulian murderess be allowed to serve out her tinu; of six years in t:;e tnission ?»o)yVr('n. Arch. Arziih., MS., ii. .'!2. 1S04, Indian nniniei-r of San Francisco given eight years in chains at S. Diego. Ji/., xxxiv. 14, \~i. * lovenior proposes torture of a woman who refu.ses to confess a nnudci'. /'•/■. />.■., ;MS., ix. 4H. ISO"), murderer, Ignacio ^Ii>ntes de Oca, .'^cuieiued to 10 y' ;.r.-i' imprisonment for murder of Tomi'is Matamoras. /(/., ix. (10-1. Soldier tor violating his step-daughter sentenced to public works, and died in a ycj- working as a tailor in chains. Aniailur, Mmi., MS., 220. ISOO, a woniim i.iHcil her cousin because that cousin rcmiiideil her of her de;id daughtir. A.i the Indians were always incensed ;it Ix'ing reminded of de.'id friends; as th' re v.us no premeditated murder; as the woman w;ih a ( hiistian of nnly fniir ytavii' stamling; and as she had taken I'liurch a.sylum. Fiscal J\ui/. asked tiiat tlic .';i>ntence be six years in shackles. C';irlos Antonio Carrillo, tlicn a unhhvlo 'f' tiiiijiiii/o, was clerk in this case. Prnv. S>. Pn/t., /li ii. Mil., MS., xx.wii. !' 11. Indian murder case at San Miguel. I'ror. St. I'liji., MS., vix. l(jt)-8. Two citizens of Los Angeles on trial lor crini. con. with married women and I ' 102 INSTITUTIONS AND INDUSTRIES. and indulgence in gambling propensities caused but little trouble to the authorities in these years so far as the archives show. Let us hope that this may be taken as an indication of sobriety on the part of the people rather than imperfection of the records.^^ We have seen that by the exertions of Borica sev- eral schools were established in California befoi-e 1800;" but that in the last years of the past decade the records throw no lijxht on their condition. During the present decade under Arrillaga's rule there is not a word to show that any one of the schools tjstablished for vagrancy. Id., Ben. Mil., xxv. vl. Long investigation by Corporal Cota of an incest case between fatlier and daugkter at S. Fernando. Opinion of Fiscal Carrillo, but no sentence. Id., xxxvii. 21 -3o. A militiaman arrested for a n-'imen ivfamh con beiilin. S. Jok(^, Arch., MS., iii. 78. Inventory of shackles, handculls, stocks, fetters, etc., at the seven presidios. I'rov. St. Pup., IiSt. Pup., B>ii. Mil., MS., xl. 1-10. Estudillo went down to San Fernando to act as defender of a soldier, who had chosen him. Prov. St. Pnp., MS., xix. 201. A soldier given stocks, chains, and sweeping for fornication with an Indian womiin. Entuditlo, Doc. JJist. Co/., MS., i. 84. A married woman at Branciforte threatened with exposure, hair-cutting, and imprisonment, if a soldier were found again at her house. Sta Crir., Arch., MS., 10, 20. Tlio penalty that Indians dread most is exile. Prur. St. Pap., JJin. Mil., MS., xl. 8. 1810, incest case at Santa lidrbara. /(/., xli. 1, 2. Indian nmrtler case at San Diego. Id., xliv. 6. *' 1802, the comandante of Monterey imposed a duty of §G per barrel of mescal introduced which the governor disapproved, because such an act was l)eyond a commandant's power, because inijiorts and exports were free of duty, and because mescal could not be admitted at all. Subsequently, how- ever, there came an oi'der from the viceroy favoring the duty, and the $(> was on several occasions paid. This is the only record extant for the decade. Pror. S/. Pap., MS., xviii. 213, 308-0; ii. 37; /(/., Bin. Mil., xxxiii. 18; Prov. lierhaps better weavers and mechanics by reason of tlie teachingsof the artisan instructors; some soldiers and settlers had a knowledije of reading and writing gained in the schools; but in the main all had settled hack into the old condition of inertia. Arrillaga was a very different man from his predecessor, though the jirevalent stagnation should by no means be at- tributed altogether to his neglect. "In 180G the governor stated that five school-masterawerc needed. Prov. /''(•., !MS., ix. 8G-9. Vejar, L'cciicrilon de uti Vhjo, MS., 1, "2, says a .ser- geant tiiught school at San Diego about 1810, but there is no certainty about the date. Hist. Oal., Vol.. II. 13 |r batTcl of vn act was Iro free of fitly, how- Hie §() was lie decade, txxiii. IS; \; S. Jn^fi, military lose tines, LMS. , xix. Ill i:.^ ri CHAPTER X. THE REVOLUTION.VRY PERIOD— HARD TIMES. 1811-1817. The REVotrTioN in New Spain — Effect in California — Fihm Allegiance TO THE KiNfJ— AURIVAL OF THE NkWS — XoN-AHlllVAL OF THE Sri'l'I.V- VEssEL— Cai'tuue ofGieura — Depenuence on Eoreion Vessels— The Earthquakes of 1812 — Beoinnino of the Lima Trade— A Windfall from the 'Merci'ry' — Death of Akrillaoa — ARtu'ELLo Actino (Jov- ERNoR — Sola's Aitointment and Arrival — Foreign Policy — Sru- RENDER TO THE INEVITABLE — TrADE WITH THE 'CoLONEL'— TllE InSIU- gents Coming — The 'San Carlos' with War-stores and Memorias OF 1810— Sola's Report of 1817— Lima Ships and Tallow Trade- Trouble WITH THE Friars about Supplies from the Missions. The decade 1811-20 was in New Spain and many other parts of Spanish America a period of strife growing out of the revokition by which the coh)nies sought to throw off the j'oke of Spain. It miglit seem that a study of this revolution, at least en resume, should be a necessary element in the history of any Spanish province; yet such is not the case so far as California is concerned. The fact that Mexico was in trouble and either could not or would not aid this dis- tant province with money or supplies was the sum and substance of the rebellion so far as it had effect in California. From a political and military point of view the 'grito de independencia' and the fierce waves of contention that followed it died out in the south nor sent so much as a faint ripple of popular excite- ment to this distant north-western shore. The suc- ceeding phases of the struggle were not even known there. (194) TIIK MnXICAX IIKVOLUTIOX. IDJ Tlie subject oC tliu revolution was designctlly kept (juiet in Culit'ornia. Save in an occasional indirect allusion, cliieily in the private correspondence of olH- cers and friars, the archives, both secular and mission- ary, are silent. It would be difficult from the closest study of the Californian records to form any definite idea of what the national trouble was. Yet mail coinnuuiication was conn)aratively uninterrupted, and it is hardly possible that the friars and oflicers were not constantly informed in private letters of the course events were taking in Mexico. All were strong in their allegiance to Spain. There was as yet not thi* slightest indication of any popular feeling in favor of inde])endencc. Nothing could be done to aid the cause of royalty, and it was deemed wise to say noth- ing and await results. The viceroy was cursed again and again for his neglect of California, but that vice- Kgal authority was endangered was to(j absurd an idea to be entertained for a moment, in public. When i'oreign visitors inquired about the troubles in !Me.\- ico they were told that the rebellion was entirely crushed. Yet in the one respect in which the revolution made itself lelt in the province, it was the all-absorbing toi)ic of the period. That the memorias no longer came, tliat the soldier's received no pay, were stern facts patent to all, and they furnish the key-note of the decade's annals. There was hardly an oificial com- munication written during the ten years that did not allude directly or indirectly to the prevalent want and sulfering, and the great question of the time for the ])rovincial government was how to devise means lor feeding and clothing the troops, all thought of paying wages and salaries being abautloned at an early sta^e of the struijgjle. The only resource of the authorities Mas to obtain mission produce, practically on credit, to be served out in rations and to be traded for chjtli- iiig and other necessary articles, which were purchased legitimately sometimes from Spanish vessels, but 100 THE RKVOLUTIONARY PERIOD-HARD TIMES. I I ' ¥ 'i< oftener more or loss illfgally from the Russians and Americans.* Tlic situation for the missionaries was u trying one indeed. Not only weie they denrivi'd of their stipends and their missions of the articles which those stipends had formerly furnished, but they were ol)lij,'ed to exchange the mission products, the proceeds of which had also been devoted to the same end, lor orders on the royal treasury which they had every reason to fear would never be paid, as indited they never were; and this too at a time when the frequent visits of vessels to the coast afforded them a better market for their products than there had been before. Yet the friars, more vitally than any other class, were interested in sustaining the cause of royalty, in main- taining the dependence of the province on Mexico, and ill keeping California from the grasp of any foreign power. They knew that without a military force the missions could not be sustained, and that by the mis- sions only could the troops be fed and clothed. Their submission to the inevitable was perhaps on the whole as cheerful as could be expected; that they sometimes gave grudgingly, that there were exhibitions of ill- temper, and individual instances of partial revolt against the necessity of giving, is by no means to be wondered at. And after all, if they did have to sup- port the whole province, and notwithstanding their troubles, they were much better off than any other class, and their establishments were in some respects more prosperous t lan ever. I have no doubt that several of the fria s accumulated by their irregular connnercial operat- ns large sums of money dui'ing this period and a h le later. Neither did the settlers suffer seriously sav from their own indolence and improvidence. The soldiers had the worst of it, as tliey had nothing o sell; and what wonder they complained, if not always justly, when they turned ' The visits of foreign and Spanisli vessels are fully described in chrono- logical order incliapteraxiii. anuxiv. of this volume, and alluded to as needed in this without references. NO SLTPLIRS. 107 (I IVDin contcniplatini,' the luissioiiH' plenty t«> look at tlio lilies that intagrc'ly coveretl tho hacks of their wives iiiid cliililren. Here, rather than in theold-tinio eoii- tiovcisiL's of Serra, Faj^es, and Neve, was laid tho loiiudation for tho bitter feeling of later years. Neither the regular supply-ships from San Bias nor j\ny other S[)anish craft made their ap[tearance in Cali- f( iinia in 1 8 1 1 . Butin September there came twolctters fioni Guardian Garijo to the president, dated Febru- ary 20th and April 18th. In these letters the outbreak f Hidalgos revolt was announced with its rapid l»rog- ress across tho continent. In them was also narrated the caj)ture of the transport on her return from Cali- fornia in tho autumn of 1810, with the adventures of fathers Carranza and Santiago, who had been passen- gers c>n that vessel and had been captured with her. The writer noted with joy the reported success of tho royalists, who had .slaughtered thousands of insur- gtiits with slight loss to themselves. He spoke of tlio rccafture of tho vessel and the release of tho friars, and announced his firm confidence that as God was on the side of the friars victory was certain at an early day. But at the same time he explained tho iiii[)ossibility of sending missionaries or supplies this year, and the uselessness of trying to bring to the viceroy's attention any measures for tho good of Gall- ic »rnia. There was nothing for it but to wait.^ Don Jose de la Guerra was also taken by tie insurgents at San Bias, he having sailed in the transport to take the position of hrbilitado general in Mexico. He was rescued by General Cruz in February 1811, and served • Garijo. Cartas del P. Guardian en que da iiofieia de la Eerolncion en Me- jiro, ISll, MS. After referruig the president to the public papers for particu- lius, Garijo says: 'It is enough to say that God lias doclarcd hiniselt' on our side, and in all the battles the nuniher of insurgents killed has lieen infinite.' He announces the death of the archbishop on March 3d. These letters were iTLciveil Sept. 17th and answered Oct. 4th. In a communication of the giiar- (liim of .Tan. 18, 1819, it is stated that the supplies collected in 1810 (for 181 1 ) ill Mcxifo and charged to California were seized for the Mexican troops anil never replaced. Arch. Sta B., MS., iii. 101. 108 THE UEVOLUTIONARY PERIOD-HARD TIMES. for a time at Tcpic against the rebels.^ He proba1)]\' returncfl to Calit'ornia later in the year, and doubtless had much to say that is not in the records. Meanwhile Kuskof was making explorations in the rerjion of Bodejxa in the interests of the Russian company, without, however, coming nito contact with the Spaniards. Several Amerian vessels were flitting up and down the coast engaged in taking otter b}^ the aid of Aleut hunters and the contraband trade, l)ut without entering the ports or leaving any record of ])articular operations in smuggling. The Indians were quiet, if we except some not very well founded alarms at San Gabriel and the attempt of a neophyte cook to poisoi lie minister at San Diego. And finally by \vay of inland exploration Father Abella made a boat voyage to the lower San Joaquin and Sacramento. These are general statements, for the details of which I refer the reader to other chapters which I have found it necessary to devote to special topics.* The records of 1812 furnish but a single item to show that the Calii'ornians were thinking of the rev- olution. The commandant of San DieTO informed the governor that on receipt of the news he had at once strengthened the defences of the port; yet although a 'seditious paper' was found on the shoix-, tlie ])eoplc showed no signs of swerving in their loy- alty.'' Correspondence from ^lexico cx])lained that attempts had been made to send the [)residial supplies 'Certificate of Argiiello of Aug. 20, ISl.", in niin-ra, Doc. rilsf. Cal, Z^IS., iv. ]14-l(). May l(i, 1 SI 1. viceroy's pcrinit to snil from San IjIhs. /». J/'V., MS., xliv. 7, S. July ITlli, I'rociirailor Martiia/, to in'i'sidunt. Af, 1777, lic'canio alferez Slarch 30, 1778, served as lieutenant from July 14, 1780, in tlie companies of San Sabas and La Bahia, Texas, was promoted to be eaptsiiu on .J nno I'J, 1783, Jind in November of that year arrived at Loreto to take eom- iiitind of the presidio as lieut. -governor of the Califoraias. At this time lio had merited the praise of his superiors in three campaims under Col. Juan ]>:aitista de Anza and in two battles against the Seris ana Pimas. Arrillmja, llujdit de Servicio, 1701, 1795, 1798, MS. On the death of Gov. Romcu, April {I, 1702, Arrillaga became governor ad interim of the Californias, and by the viceroy's order came to Monterey in July 1793. He held his position until Utirica took possession as proprietary governor at Loreto on May li, 1704, though he remauied in charge at the north until Borica's arrival in October of tlie same year. Then he returned to his old position of lieut. -governor at l.dirto, being commissioned lieut. -colonel on Nov. 15, 1794. St. Pap., Sue, 'S\ S. , i. 55; xvii. 1. His chief work for the next five years was the tedious and (liliicult one of regulating the presidial accounts of both Californias, which V I re in a sad state of disorder. He toiled patiently and long, showing much skill as an accountant. Ho also made in person several exploring expeditions (ju the north-eastern frontier, toward the Colorado River, involving several liulits with the Indians. In December 1798, Gov. Borica credited him with aliility, experience, zeal, prudence, courage, and irreproachable conduct. St. P(ip., Sac, MS., vii. 70. Dec. 2, 1799, Arrillaga petitioned the king for tlie {.;ii\ ernorship of the Californias or of some other province, recounting his past services. Borica warmly indorsed the petition. Pi-ov. St. Paj)., Ben. Mil., MS., xxvi. 10-13. Before the petition was tinswered Amllaga became onco r.Kjre governor ad interim of the Californias on Borica's departure in January IMK). But his power was purely political tnitil the death of Alberni, the comandante de armas in March 1802, when the military command also devolved on him, though he remained at Loreto instead of coining to the capital. On March 20, 1804, he was appointed by the king military and political governor of Alta California, the news reaching that province in December, and he was r.t once formally recognized, but did not come to Monterey until January ISOfi, In 1809 he was warmly thanked by the guardian of San Fernando for Ills many favors to the Franciscans. Arch. Arzot)., MS., ii. 72. A little later as age and infirmities crept upon him he asked the king to be retired from the service and allowed to return to Spain; but the reply, accompanying a culiiiiers commission, was that his services could not be dispensed with in California. His will of July 15, 1814, after the usual declaration of faith in the trinity orders his body to be shrouded in the Franciscan habit an. Antonio, JJor. iSiicltun, MS., 71-2. Same date to President Sefian, to viceroy, and to the comm.andants, conveying the same information. Pror. /?f"c., MS., xii. 107; ix. 134-5; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. 372. Id., Den. Mil., xlix. 41; Arch. Sta B., MS., xi. IGO. April 17, ISlS, the president addressed a circular to the padres announcing that Sola had a brother in the college, ■which fact promised Mxll. In August he had found sentiments of piety, etc., in the new governor. Arrh. Sta B., MS., xi. 159-GO. In a letter of Nov. 14th, Sola signs himself, ' Don Pablo Vicente Sola, teniente coronel de los Reales Eji^rcitos, Goberna- dor Politico y Militar de la Alta Califoniia, y Comandante Inspector de las tropas que guarnecen sus Presidios.' Prov. liec, xii. 112. ARniVAL OF SOLA. 209 17 (an Anto- lio, V"i\ 111 to tlio 107; ix. . SUiB., le pailvcs acil well, overnor. himself, Gobenui- ;or dc las Juan Bautista Alvarado narrates in ronsifleraMo detail the ceremonies and festivities of the next day or two \)\ wliieh the new ruler was welcomed. Friars, settlers, jind Indians came to ]\lonterey from all the country inund. President Senan, with twenty padres and tliiity native musicians and singers, headed l»y ' .Foso il Cantor,' marched in jirocession to the presidio ( hiipel to chant a te deum, and were soon joined by Sola with the officers and soldiers, whose advance was amid salutes of art.'llery. After mass the i)resi(lent made a speech .suitable to the occasion. Then afti'r tlie religious ceremonies there was a review of the troops ill the ])laza, and a discourse by the new gov- enioi', received with loud vivas. In the executive mansion Sola was waited on by a delegation of twenty young girls, who, through Dona Matidalena Estudillo, delivered an address of welcome, all kissing his hand and receiving gil'ts of bonbons. A feast followed, the tables being laden with the delicacies of the province, game antl other meats, the olive of San Diego, the orange of San (jrahriel, the wines of San Fernando, and the ' oven- fruits' of the famous San Ant(mio Hour. The dishes were decorated with flowers from the ufarden of Felipe Garcia, w^hosc daughters waited on the t;d)le. After the repast soldiers in vaquero costume gave exhibitions of horsemanship; the inevitable bull and bear fight took place, and in the evening a grand hall was given by the ladies of ^[onterey at the ••oiimiandant's house, which lasted till dawn. Two days later Sola was entertained with much ceremony at San Carlos by the missionaries and neophytes." That Sola found the province, or rather the troops, in a state of destitution the reader already understands. It does not appear that the Paz y lidlyion brought ^^ Ah-(irwh>, Hist, f'al., IMS., i. 47-GS. Tlic author was a younj,' scliool-hoy nt till- tiiiie; l)nt liis iiieniory of detalLs, most cjf which I omit, was jjiuliably lefnslifil liy later conversalioiia with hia elders. Hist. Cal., Vol. II. H 210 TlIK IlKVOLUTIOXAIlY rr.niOD-HAIir) TIMES. any suj)i)lies,-" and Sola's first letter in tlio viceroy aiiiioiiiifiiij^ his sale arrival coiitaini'd a coiuplaiiit of Hurious want aiiioiii^ the soUliers and the deieiiccless (•((uchtioii of the jiorts. For years no olHeial eoniniu- nicjitioii was sent to Mexico \vi..,-h did not endxxly a siinihir complaint. C'oniinjj^ fioni the tumults of New S])ain, Sola naturally f her cargo. About the same time the Chirikof ixuA Ibnvu had obtained laruo quantities of grain at San Francisco. The new ruler at once took steps to investigate the ;icts of Luis ArgUello in this connection, administering at the same time a sharp rebuke. In Se])tember he also showed his strict devotion to Spanish laws by ordering the arrest of Eliot de Castro and Ijoris Tarakanof of the Jlmcn, who, emboldened by past success, were juishing their contraband and otterdiunting enter^jrise with ini[)unity in the south. The two captives were sent to San Bias on the same vc-sel that had brouglit Sola, though they \vero bro tight back next year. While the gtn'ernor, howv.v.-r, would abate nothing of his patriotic zeal against the existence of a foreign colony on California soil, it did not take him more than a month or two to appreciate the needs of the ])rovince and the extreme desirability, or rather the utter necessity, of a foreign trade. The British shi'> Cu/iiinhia in July and August had obtained from Argi'iello a promise to submit a commercial proposi- '■•''' Tlioiiph the -captain ' happened to have ' 8*2,000 worth of cloths which the governor bought with his own money. J'rov. /I'ec, MS., ix. l(J7-8. DANOER IMMINENT. 911 tioii with lii.s rcconiinondjition to the viceroy. And vo soon sec Sohi wilhnjjf to go evi'ii iinther in tiio iimtter; for when the Colonel eanie in An<^UHt 18 1 G iiisti'iul of the Columbia, notwithstanding tlie vieeroy'.s jiosilive orders hitely received to permit no trade, the governor yielded to the solicitations of his ofllcei's and nien and bartered for needed articles about }?7,000 worth of supplies obtained from the missions for that jturpose, confessing to the viceroy his deliberate dis- (ibcdience of superior orders, but pleading necessity as his justification.'-^ 1'lie prevalent want was increased by the non- arrival in 1815-lG of the Lima ships, which before had brought goods to exchange for tallow. The fail- ure of this source of relief also indicated that some- thing was amiss in the south; and in June IHIG the reason was known through desi)atches from Afazatlan by way of the peninsula, recounting the hostilities of ihc Buenos Ayrcs insurgents at Guayaquil and Callao, and the imminent danger of an attack on the north- ei'ii coasts. If Sola had before felt anxious about the weakness of California coasts defences, his fears were multiplied on receipt of this alarm. The news was innnediately forwarded to each comandante with orders to prejiare for defence. A sharj) lookout must be kept; cartridges must be made of the least valu- able of the archives if necessary; the men of the artillery militia company must be sunnnoned to the jiresidios for instruction; and if the insurgents ap- jieared they must be resisted to the last drop of blood. Tliese orders were issued on June 2.3d, and on the same day circulars were sent to every mission so ex- jieditiously that in seven days every friar had received the document and sent a favorable reply. At each mission fifteen or twenty native vaqueros were to bo ready at a moment's notice to fjo armed with riatas to iheir respective presidios; the Indians were to bo jn-aiscd and exhorted to loyalty; the most valuable of ^'Sce chap, xiii., this volume. i I 1 ; ! I 21: THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD-HARD TIMES. the cliurfli jiroperty was to be boxed up for conceal- iiioiit; aiul on tlie approach of a suspicious vessel cattle were to be driven to the interior. The answer from all came promptly that they would obe}' instruc- tions and do all that was possible, but each coman- dante deplored the lack of an effective armament, and called for aid which could not be furnished." The insurgents did not yet appear; but in October the San Carlos brought up to Monterey a cargo of war- stores sent by the eomandante general of Nueva (^alicia from San Bias in response to Sola's -demands and by the viceroy's order.^"' Want prevailed at the presidios, and complaints were contnuial.-* The ordinary or irrcgidar sources of suj)ply were more limited than for several years past. As I have remarked, no Lima ships came in 1810. Neither is there any evidence of trade with the Russians; for in the interview between Sola and Kuskof during Kotzebue's visit at San Francisco, '^Juno 2.% 1810, Sola to commandanta at San Francisco and Santa Barliara. Prov. Ji'ec, jNIS., xi. ;}7; J'ror. St. /'«/)., Ben. Mil., MS., xlvi. lio-Ct. Jmio 'JDd, Sola to padres. Arch, .li-.oh., MS., iii. pt. i. .m-OO; I'rnr. Iter,, ^IS., xii, l-JS-;?(). June L'Stii, Sola to the prefect. Arch. Sfa IJ., .MS., xii. ;r)7-8. Juno 'Jlitli, ( Jucrra to Sola, asks authority to enlist r)(M) or (ilK) Indian archer.s. I'ror. SI. I'iip., MS., .\x. 104-"). July (ith, (Jnerra to the padres calling' for the archers .and vatiueros. Giirrra, Doc. Ili.st. Cui, MS., iii. 120-Hl. .Tidy (itli, id. to LI., has brought in the guns from the niis.sions. A])proves of reddiot l.alLs, but nobody know.s how to manage them. /th, Ar- giiello to Sola, asks for ammunition. Will call in the militia fioni San Jose. J 'I., XX. 2, .'{. July (itii, Ruiz to Sola, has plenty of amnninition and will keep a close watch. /(/., xx. 118. Nov. l,")th, Ruiz has sent home the militia sutliciently instructed. Id., xx. 1'24. Aug. 2()th, Sola onlera (luerra also to .'.end home the militia. /'icy. Each friar jironiises to do his best, after various excuses of scarcity. A rr/i. A)r:ol).,yiS., iii. pt. i. 7-li>; also many scattei'ed coininuiucations <■; minor iirnortanco on sinular topics. III., passim. Mardi 11th, I'aycras of ^ urisim.v to Guerra, cnuuiera'ies tlie sacrilices already made l)y the mission.^ for tlio trcops, but says all that is ]iossililc will still be dune for the .-, .^ipottof prisoners, etc. (iiKrni, Doc. H'l^l. ('ill., MS., V. Hi. April '_'"Jil, the same padre oilers one sheep per week to tlie liiutenant, 10 per year to the alfiriz, and 8 to the sergeants. /(/., v. 17, IS. .Iniic '28th, Sola to prefect. Wants !.(KK) dccr-skitis ami henii)-threacl to make breeches for the soldiers; also ;{(t m\dc outfits and oO loads of sacks. Anh Sl(i II., MS., xii. 3.")8. July (ith, jiritVct to padres on the same stdiject. Calfskins would answer the ]iurposc. 7i/., xii. ood 7. Sept. "iOtli, Sola, writes to Jaime of Soledad, '.Si luibiera .sabido los niuchos y mains ratos quo estil pasando, por las prescntes iniscrias y otras co.sas con . Cnl., iMS., ii. 1.-0. ■■''Dec. 110, 1815, April Ifl, 18H(, viceroy notifies the govcnmr tlint t'.o nieMiorias ai'c detaineil at AciipuKo. Oi-ders to be sent to tne intei-d'Hte t.t 84; xx. '■>. Aug. 'J4t".i, vicci\)ysays thii iSdu Citrlos has orders to bring the memurias. /(/., .\x. 2'2. July IGili, 214 THE rEVOLUTIOX/VP.Y rERIOD-IIARD TIMES. guello seems to have sailed on this transport to assume the p(»sition of habilitado general in Jslovcmber. Dur- ing the la.jt half of the year some reassuring promises v.ere made about supplies in the future, and the head- quarters of the department M-ere for a time transferred to Guadalajara without anything practical being ef- focted.2^ At the beginning of 1817 Sola made a general report on the condition of California, with particular reference to its capabilities for defence. While urging llie impossibility of dislodging the Russian intruders without large reenforcements, he explained that the presidial cavalry companies not only were barely suf- licient for the protection of the missions, but that by their long experience in the peculiar tactics of Indian Y.ar{\ire the troops were unfitted for eftective service ngainst a foreign foe armed with weapons more deadly than bows and arrows. The artillerymen at the presidios were few, disabled, and unskilful; the guns were defective, rfnd numitions were wanting. For coast service against the Russians or anv other for- eign foe, a new force of infantry and artillery, with new guns and a new sup[)ly of war-stores, was abso- lutely necessary, while an armed vessel to remain on the coast as a cruiser and transport was hardl}' less essential. The An., Jlcn. Mil., MS. xlvi, '_'!•. I'lieir (lamapeil contlition, according to Sola and Lieut. E.strada. I'niv. Ito-., MS., ix. l,Vi-4; ilmrro, />or. llixl. M<.i:, MS., vii. 7[)le. Tlie Indians naturally could not he counted on to give their lives in defence of a people whom they charged with having deprived them of their lil)- erty. They could easily be bought from their alle- giance and the strangers were very free with their heads. Yet S|iain coidd by no means afford to aban- doji the jtrovince, which, to say nothing of its own intrinsic value and the duty of maintaining so giand a spiritual conquest, was an especially ini])ortant jios- session just at this time as a commercial frontier bar- rier to keep the schcminui: and aufi^ressive Enu'lish and liussians I'rom interfering in the trade of Xew Spain. Sola appended to this report his views on the agri- cultural and eonmicrcial resources of California and on the measures necessary for their profitable dcvelop- UKiit, among which the most essential in his o[)inion v.cre the introduction of five hundred Spanish fanii- lit '^S the opening of the long-ch)Scd Colorado Kiver route, and the furnishing of at least two shi[)s to cany away the produce of the country. I^egrctting tliat he had not the talent to devise ways and nuans to settle and [)rotect the province confided to him Vvithodt, nnj)osing expense on the roj-al treasury, the go\: 'Mof concluded by insisting that, while expensive i'l ri lii'-at'.ons would be useless, two hundred iiirantry- li. Ml, i\)\:r field-[)icces with men skilled in their use, ai;«' an ari'icd cn.iser were absolutely necessary not only toi ihe expulsion oT the ]lussians but for the safety of the province.^'* Subsequently he made a tour of inspection, visiting all the })residios and missions to a('(iuaint himself morc^ thoroughl}' with their neinls. I'hree vessels, the San Autoiiio and Ifo'inosa Mcji- vdiia from Lima and the Cazadoni from l*anam;l, came 1 i !s year to exchange their cargoes of goods for Cali Ibr- 1: u tallow. The governor made a requisition on the '■■olo, Ififo)T)if Gciirral al Vim/ fohre Dvj'cnuas ilc la Calfjomia, 1S07, MS. Datoil Jlontcrcy, Juu. 'J, 1»17. I ! 210 THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD— HARD TIMES. ir M , 'M I missions for tallow or money and thus secured a fair portion of the goods for his soldiers. He also held out the danger of attack from the South American insurgents as an incentive to get rid of the large amount of tallow on the coast.'*'' The duties on exports and imports imposed by Sola not only proved an item worth consideration under the circumstances, but it obliged the pueblos, of which we hear very little in these days, to contribute a slight amount toward the support of the soldiers. From Captain Wilcox of the iVmerican Trav> tiler about $1,4:00 in cash and cloth, perhaps much ;f • was obtained. Russian trade was also reopened r a temporary interruption of one year. Padushku in the CJilnkof came to San Francisco and ^Monterey in the spring; and although Sola would give no formal consent to barter, refused permission to hunt otter in })artnership, and insisted peremptorily on the abandonment of Koss — 3'et all the same the Cliu'lkofs cargo was in one way or another traded for grain and meat. In the autumn Ha«jfe- . . . "-^ moister in tlie Kutuzof cvawc down to San Francisco, and Sola made an effort to purchase the cargo to the amount of !?25,000 or $30,000 with drafts on Guada- lajara,^ but the Russian conunander declined such doubtful securities. Then Hagemeister offered to sell tlic goods and take his pay in otters to be caught then and there, which terms Sola would not acce})t; 3'et now as before the Kutuzof carried away produc in place of the effects she brought. ^^Aug. 20, 1817, Finnin f the troops. Prefect Sarria refused to contribute so much and after a rather bitter o()rres|)ondence Sola was obliged to reduce his demands far below the original figure, and the amount finally levied on the missions seems to have been $2,800 in cash or its equivalent in tallow.^^ '■" Fob. 20, 1817, Sola advised from Mexico by a friend that an active and clilcient agent is much needed to agitate California interests. 7'yow. iSV. J'op., MS,, XX. l.")l. Guerra complains of the great poverty of the inhabitants of Ills district. Oiierra, Doc. I/ixt. Ctd., MS., iii. ,X June 4th, Sola'to Oen. <'ru/, Ills heart bleeds for tlie indigence and sull'ering of olhcers, men, and faiiiiHes, to cover wliose nakedness ho had already given away nearly all liis own clotldng. Not $100 to be borrowed in the province. Proi\ St. Prtp., MS., XX. 14S, loO. June 28th, private letters to Sohi from Topic, the invoice of goods ordered has not been sent, because tiie merchants of New Galicia will not venture unless with a certainty of large returns, /r/., xx. 173. Aug. 14th, Gervasio Argiielloto Sola from Guadalajaia, says he makes daily appeals to trca-sury olhcials, viceroy, general and iiitendente; but no attention is paid to his claims. There is great want in Mexico, and no likeliliood of obtaining relief for California unless great influence is lirouglit to bear on the V. K. /'/., XX. 1S8 -92. Aug. lOtli, Sola toGuerra speaks of more encouraging prospects. The liabilitado general has received a little money, (tiicrnt, JJor. //i.if. Cal., !MS., iii. "244. Oct. 8th, Argiiello says the V. K. has ordered the treasury oliicials to relieve California, but nothing has been done. I'ror. St. Pa p., MS., XX. l!)4-."». Dec. 8th, Wilcox says at tlio time of liis visit at Monterey 'the most of tiie troops and other inhabitants could not attend mass f,^r want of clothing; and the padres had neither wealing ai)]i;irel, ornaments for the cJiurciies, nor implements to till the soil.' Id., xx. 1(18-!). ^-Sarria's first reply was an oiler of .'?4,()()0 or 4,(H)0 arrobas of tallow, free from duties. Sola oll'ered then to take (i.OlK) arrobas and $4,(K)(> in ciisii. (•'itrrm. Doc. n\d. Cut., MS., iii. 24l»; Arcli. Sin /{., MS., vi. (il-.S. Sept. 'J.'id, Sarria by circular calls for contributions as follows — given in full as an illustration of the comparative resources of the (liflcrent establishnu'titr': Sau I'raiicisco, Santji Clara, San .Tosc', Santa ('ruz(?), San Carlos, Soledad, San Antonio, and San Diego, §r)0 each; San Juan IJautista, San Miguel, Santa liiirbara, San Luis Key, 8100 each; San Fernando, SljO; San Luis Obispo anil Santa Ines, .«!200 each; Turisima, .^.'^OO; San Juan Capistrano, .?;{.">(>; Sau Lueiiaventura and San (;abriel, .i?4(X) each. Arch. Sin IS., MS., ix. •Ji.7 12. Later in the year the governor called for cloth, sei'apus, and blankets, and the 218 THE RFV'OLUTIONARY PERIOD— HART) TIMES. i m\. In a communication of Anijust 24tli, Sarn'a do- clarcd that the destitution was hy no means as great as in past years 'when the supplies failed to come; that the missions were disposed to do all they could for the troops; that the governor's information to the effect that the missions could export 100,000 arrobas of tallow was inaccurate, though it might be true that Cavenecia had by extraordinary exertions obtained 30,000 arrobas; and finally that consolation and relief were coming "in the news that the insurrection by which the face of the world was threatened was already drawiuix its last breath.""^ WritinL"- to Guerra on this subject Sola said: "I had to write to the padre pre- fecto a second time, and pretty plainly because he, wishing to play the part of a good bull-fighter, thouglit lie could get the best of me by holding out the ho})e that after t:ie missions had supplied themselves with such goods as they fancied, they would give something for the troops, as they did in the time of Arrillaga. But that kind of thing did not please me, and I told him very plainly that the neophytes had no use for such goods as were ofl:ered."^* A little later Sarn'a, Amoros, Duran, Viader, and Marquinez protested against the attempt to collect any export duty or any tax on mission produce. Sarn'a reminded the governor of a decree of excommunication against any who com- mitted so sacrilegious an act. Amoros declared that vessels ought to be thanked for coming, not taxed, hinting mysteriously at the prevalent popular excite- ment and the need of precaution on tin," part of the authorities, while Duran proposed to appeal the matter to the supreme government.^' inissiona from San Juan Bautista to San Luis Obispo gave COO varas of jert/a, ."50 blankets, anil 105 scrapes. /(/., ix. *204-(i. ='^Aug.'_'4, 1817, Sarria to Sola, ^l/r/i. .Ir-o')., jMS., iii.,pt. ii. 12-10. Fatlicr Martinez writes to Sola in snniling some blankets: '.si quiere V<1 que vayau de l)alile, para mi Pslo mismo porque cstceoniercio f the J 7th century on the Spanish main were familiar t(i llic people. After i^Dine tiring the strange vessel appeared to be injured by tiic tire from th< bat- ti ly, anil bore away, and disappeared. The alarm spread along the coast as fast as swift riders could carry it, and .all the troops at every point were onlcrcd to be on the alert. The strange craft next appcanid oil the Ortega riiiich and hmded some men, who while plundering the ranch were surpri.sed by some soldiers from Santa Barl)ara, and before they could regain tlu.'ir boats I'oinu four or five were captured. She next appeared olF San Luis Capistrana, liiiided and plundered the mission and sailed away, and never was heard of mure. All that is known of her is that she was a IJuenos Ayrean privateer, r.hd that her captain was a Frenchman named Bouchard.' Foslo-'f Fir-ff- Ainirh-mi in Los Aii'/dci. How inaccurate the uiformatiou (juoted is may bo judged from tlie following pages. 222 BOUCHARD AND THE INSURGENTS. I acts in more than one instance afTortled foundation for the less flattering epithet. The Buenos Aires vessels, by blockading Callao and the Chilian pf)rts, kept the tallow-traders away IVoni California in 1810, and there came a letter from Cavenecia of Lima explaining the reason of the non- arrival of the ships.'' Not only this, but there came in June despatches from the peninsula and ISIazatlan, with a warning that the privateers were likel}- to visit the northern coasts. I suppose there was no special foundation for such a warning at the time; but wo have seen what a flurry it created in Cali- fornia, and what preparations were made for defence.'' Next year the Lima ships came again, and the news was probably reassuring, since we find no record of further alarm. In fact the blockade of the ports of Chili was regarded as a benefit to California by fui'- nishing an improved market for her tallow. Roquc- feuil on his arrival from the south in the autumn of 1.M17 could have given reports somewhat less favor- able perhaj)S, but there is no evidence that he did so.^ On tlie afternoon of October G, 1818, the American brig Clarion arrived at Santa Barbara, under the command of Henry Gyzelaar, formerly of the Lij(.h'(t,^ M'ho imparted to Connnandant Guerra the startling news that at the Hawaiian Islands two insurgent shij)s were being fitted out for a cruise on the American coast. Guerra immediately despatched a correo vio- Icnto to Monterey, and assembled his men that even- ing to announce the report and authorize those who wished to do so to send their families to the interior. Next dav he sent a circular to the friars of the south- ern missions ordering every precaution." Sola received 2 April 20, 1816, to GueiTa. Onerra, Doc. JHst. Caf., MS., xi. 124. ^ Sec cliap. X. of this volume. ■• In the early part of 1818 there were a few minor oommiinicntions bctwcou Sola and his commandants about precautions for coast defence, but there i:-i u.) indication that any special danger was apprehended. I'rov. Ike, M^i., xii. 151; Pror. St. Pup., Ben. Mil., MS., xlix. (i4, 7-2-:?. "On the movements of vessels see cliap. xiii. this volume. * Arrival of the Clarion. Gutrra, Doc. Hid, Cut., MS., iii. 110. Oct. 7th, 1 PRECAUTIONS. 223 \<., Pen. Mil., MS., xlix. 18. Padre ^lartinez made every P'-eparation for defence and even was ready to burn the mission if necessary. td., vii. 98-9. TWO VESSELS SICnXED. 223 10 ami (loincstio nfiairs, sinco he bulievod tlio si-ason too iiir iulviinceil lor liostilitios to bo apprclieiulod. Still ill otl)er rc'spofts visj^ilunco was not to be ivhixed." ]*a(lro Olbcs wrote from Santa Cruz late in October, liowevei', that all were astir in the mission anil villa, i'\|)oetin<( the insur^^^ents, "not to li,L,dit, but to join tilt 111, for such is the disjiosition of the inhabitants," it being expected that of eoui'se the insurgents would hanii only the (/ac/iH/iiiK's, or Spaniards, and friars; but Olbes was not disposed to look on the bright side ol' thiniis, and I shall have occasion a little later to notice some interestmg doings at Santa Cruz. On the afternoon of November 20th, at a time vlicn the governor has almost ceased to fear, the siutiiul on I'oint Pinos reports two vessels in sight,'* niiproaching Monterey. The available force is forty men, twenty-five cavalrymen of the prc.^i(hal comi)any, four veteran artillerymen, and eleven of the artillery militiamen. While Sola is posting his nien at the hi lore battery under the command of alfereces Man- ml (iromcz and Jose Estrada, and while he is prepar- ing the families for a retreat to the interior, it is well to place before the reader the little that is known of tlie two vessels that are drawing near the capital. The larger of the two is the Anjentina, or perhaps Iai (jcntila, better known among Caliti)rnians as the 'fragata negra,' carrying thirty-eight heavy guns and "Nov. 12, 1S18, Sola to Gnerra. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 2.'?0-l. Nov. 2l)tli, (iuerra announces his obcdiunce and asks for additional instructions. <''ii' rm. Doc. J fist. Cal. , 'MS., iii. ll.j-lO. According to Mrs Orel, Ociirreii<'ian, Ms., "2, '^, Sola's letter, the one alluded to above or another, was ref,'arded as insulting, accusing lier father of being over-credulous in listening to \iiifi)Uiided rumors; but subsequent events abundantly justified Guerra'a Zi'lll. '"Oct. 10th, 01b(:s to Gnerra, in Ouerra, Doc. Ilht. Cal., MS., vii. 92. " Vallejo, Hist. Cal., MS., i. 182-t?, says that the ves.sels were first siglitey the strong M iud; also that messcnj^ers— two of whom, Teodoro Mexica and Cayetano ]v-i|uerra, were drowned on tho way in cro.ssing I'lijaro Kiver, according to \ ullejo — were sent to Montei'ey to announce the appi-oach. That messengers ■\\ ( re so sent is very likely. The pre'scucc of tho insurgents at 8aii Francisco is doubtless an eiTor. Hist. Cal., Vol. IT. 15 226 BOUCHARD AND THE INSURGENTS. ill two violoitofi, or light howitzers, and coinniandod by- Captain Hippolyte Bouchard, a Frenclinum, of whom I have boon unable to learn anything beyond his con- nection with this expedition. The smaller vessel is the ^finta Rosa, Lihertad, or the ' fragata chica,' with twenty-six guns, under Lieutenant Pedro Conde. Both had sailed originally from Buenos Aires, and carry the flag of that revolted province. Their force is two hundred and eighty-five men, made up of rep- resentatives of many nations. Of their operations before coming to California nothing is known beyond the outfitting at the Hawaiian Islands," The infor- mation just given rests mainly on the somewhat con- flicting testimony of tvro prisoners from the vessels, of whom I shall have more to say^ later, and it is by ''■'One of the men on tlic larger vessel siiil tl>ey had captured on the way a hrig in ballast, which had run away and discharged licr cargo bofore hciii;^' taken. Tin's may be made an excuse for introducing here a mystcri(»us Htiny from Russian sources. Tikhincnef, /.sVor. Oliosniiiii', i. '2:54, states that ♦ho J''oi'tiniu\\as added to tlie company's fleet in 181!)iiniler the following circuiu- stanccs; A schooner in distress seen near New Archangel was towed into port and found to contain only seven Kanakas, who said they had hccii pressed into service as sailors by the commander of two insurgent frigates; that while those frigates were bombarding Monterey and San Francisco (in s of them had captured the schooner, the Sjianisli crew of which escaped to tlic shore; and that tlie Islanders witli three Europeans had been put on board tl prize. During .a nmtiny on the frigate the commander and officers were killed, and tlie Europeans on the sciioaner transferred all that they wanted of her cargo to the frigate antl left the Kanakas to follow as they could; an 1 the Litter, after a voyage of 82 days, reached not the Islands, as they hop d to do, !>nt Sitka. I have no explanation to oU'er of this remarkable naria- tion. But now that I am recording such matter I may add the statement of Alvarado, Iliit. Cal., MS., i. i;V2-4(), to the effect that the year before, in 1817, a large ship, really that of Bouchard, anchored at Monterey, claim- ing to be an English man-of-war engaged in a scientific exjjloration. Fir.st the second officer, named Gomez, and then Bouchard himself were wel- comed wannly by Estudillo and Sola, the latter accepting an invitation to visit the ship the next day. But some of the sergeants and corporals, notic- ing the Ihient Spanish of the ofhcers, investigated the boat's crev by offering them cigarritos and brandy, and noted their very un-English use of both. Tiiey made known *,hcir suspicions; a council of war was held; and it was deemed safest for Sola to make excuses and not go on board. Bouchard saw that suspicions hnd been excited, but was corfident in his strength, and .'^cnt liib band on shore to ]>lay for the pecplc in the evening, and next day came to a feast. At Ida departure Bouchard saluted the fort with 21 guns, and received the same honors. He had failed to capture Sola and thereby obtain a heavy ransom, but he had studied the defence of Monterey. A dance called th(! rcmadora was invented to celebrate the departure of the ' fragrata sos- pechosa. ' It is iierhaps needless to say that there is not the olightcst founda- tion hi the records for this statement. i I AUTHORITIES. 227 no means unlikely that it is inaccurate and cxagger- ;it:y Chiivariiii of Jiiienos Aires. I'ondo is said tiiJiMvelieen anAinericin who took eoniniand at the Islands. Tiiere was another vissel. tiie ClHicahnco, bound for I'eru. Win. Taylor, a. lieutenant on the liUL'er vessel, was from ]5ostou. A laicr i)ri.soner saiil tlie lander vessel was iiameil till; Coitsccnritcia. I'ror. SI. I'lijK, Jlcii, Mil., MS., xli.x. 70. ">V(i/a, Solicin (/(' /() Acai'cidit en. c-ite, J'licrto ntions events of as late n ihitcasDee. loth at least; liut the archive reeords, Pror St. /'ti/i., MS., x\. ?!•; /'/., Jlcii. Mil., 1. L*."), iianic tiie date also as ]>ee. (•_*th or l.'Uh), and ]iidp- h-hed hy the viceroy's order in an 'extra' of the government iiews]iaper of Mairh 1'2. ISlIt. GdirtiiK ili> .l/cr., xxxix. 'J.S;t-(). It was sulii.c([uently re- jiroduced in JIii.iIioikui/i', CiKuIrn //i.i/driro. \, ii'2 l. Sola made iv supjile- iiiiiitary report dated .luly (!, KSl!t. Snht, Iiifonnr Siifih woilario mthir lu.'i liisiir;ii ;(^.^■, JSJS, MS., of no special iuipoit.'jnce, l.eiu),' eldeily an ueknowledi,'- iiicut of tile jiadres' services. The ^'overnor also m.;de a hrief re|)ort to (leti. Ciuz dated Jan. (i, !81!(. Sold, liij'i'niic ilirii/ido le CaL, MS., lo-lT; 'loimdtz, Exjicriiiicia.^, MS., 5-11; Ari'n, Ucntcrdon, MS., 17-1!); (lankt, l/irlios, MS., 44-8; Jlo- rniidn, Xotun, MS., .^-(i; Ord, Ontrreiicidn, MS., .'1-7; Pico, Acoiilcciiiiicntvi, MS., :<, 4; Cnxlro, lidncloii, ]\1S., 0-9; Ardn. Xotnn, MS., 2-8; To/'/'s J/('ninria», MS., 3, 4; Linjo, I'ida, MS., ,'"), (i; Va/des, L'einin., MS 5-7; JtOi'ihiW'Z, Nurrni'ion, MS.; Lario», Coin'iilsioiii'K, MS., 4, .'"). '" in I'ui/cniK, liiforme Jiirixd, f.iul in several of the niisccllancoas statements the (late of the attack is given as Nov. 22il. ''Tlie captive witnesses liefore alhuled to — Bouchard, Tt'xtimoiiio, MS., etc. — tcstilied that tlicy tired only after and because of Sola's refusal to fur- nish iiupplics whivli they iisked lor and which they iieedcil for their voyage. SURRENDER OF THE PIRATES. 229 tliat officer had gone to the other ship; wliereupon it was announced that the firing would be resumed if some responsible officer was not landed at once. The second officer, an American, then came in a boat with two sailors.^^ Unable to obtain from these men anything but " lies and frivolous excuses," Sola put them in the guartl- liouse and directed his attention to preparations for defence against the 'fragata negra,' which was aj)- proaching under full sail and soon anchored just out of reach of the battery's guns. Bouchard now sent an olficer with a flag of truce bearing a formal demantl fur the surrender of the [)rovincc; " to which," writes Sola, " I replied, saying that its governor looked with due scorn upon all that the said connnunication con- tained; that the great monarch whom he served had confided to him its command to defend it and keep it under his rule ; that if he should use force as threatened, I with mine would make him know the honor and firm- ness with which I would repel him and that while there was a man alive in the province he could not succeed in his plan of taking possession, since all its inhabitants w^ere faithful servants of the huvj; and would shed the last drop of blood in hi> service." jMatters remained thus during the restof tlie day and night of the 21st.*'' I am disposed to believe from "As to the names of the two sailors, or what eventually liecainc of tlieni, notliiu;.; is dctinitely known. One of them is described as a native of ISuenos Aires and tlie other of (iuinea — a negro (?). The American was Joseph Cliap- niiiu, of whom n'lrf" ^non. ''■' Jlei'c I m'-.st introduce the version of this affair at Monterey given hy the Vallcjiis jind Alvarado, and supported more or less fullj' Ijy the testimony (if seveud otiier witnesses. Tile leading ]iiiints are that llouchard had either visited Monterey before or sent an agent to reconnoitre; that Manuel (Jonie/ was a traitor, had sent to IVmchard a ])lan of the Monterey defences, liail a nepliew or near relation who Mas an oliicer on the vessels, and hy ordering the lire suspended saved the small ship from lieing sunk; that the battery which did so nutch execution was not the old one, or the castillo, hut a iw.w one of three guns built by Sola's orders further south and not included in Jionchard's ]il;in-\\ hence the disaster; and finally that .losi^ de .lesus N'allejo was in eom- niiud of this battery and entitled to the credit for the partial victory. Indi- vidual statements en resume respecting details are as follf)\vs: M. (i. A'allejo says that when she first opened fire the shiji sent oil' six boats to land umler cover revious action, but those of a new battery on the beach under the command of Corporal Jose de Jesus Vallejo. I'ng the hoata back, sinking one; and killing 30 men. Seveml ]>a.\h pierceil tiic ship between wind and water. At the lowering of the flag Sola feared a trick and wi.slied to continue the firing, but Gomez, commanding the castillo. ordered Vallejo to stop firing; Vallejo refused and Gomez ordered the guns of the castillo to be turned on the battery, though the men refused to fire on their friends. But (iomez induced Sergt. IgnacioVallejo to go and influence his son to report to Sola. Bouchard meanwhile withdrew his vessel and prei)ared to land. He landed about 0()0 men at the Playa de Dofia Brigida, later called Playa de Ins Insurgentes,atthemodernsteamer-landing,Alvaradosaysnnder Lieut. Luciano Gomez, nephew of Manuel. Sola sent Alftircz Estrada with 80 men and a four- pounder to prevent the landing. One of the insurgent boats lay on heroais to return Estrada's fire while the other two landed 400 men who attacked tlic Spaniards in the rear and forced them to retreat, though occasionally charging to gain time. Sohi seeing pjstrada driven back, ordered the guns spiked and tiie powder-magazine blown up, which was done by Ignacio Vallejo and two soldiers. The enemy advanced slowly, fearing ambuscade, and tiius escapee 1 being blown up with the powder. Then Gomez burst the guns from which he could not remove the spikes, sacked the town, burned all except the clnurh and customdiouse, and then pursued Sola as far as El Saucito. Returninf,' he was followed by Estrada and J. J. Vallejo, who harassed him, killed and wounded some, and took three ])risoncrs, a mulatto Mateo, the Argcntiiu^ Nicolas Chavarria, and the negro Norris. This was on the 'Jid ; the insurgents slept on the beach and in tlie customdiouse. Next day they went on board, but subsequently landed .SOO men to protect workmea in making masts. They made every effort to arouse the (^alifornians to revolt and to ransom the three captives, but in vain, finally sailing for the south. Sola established his head- (juarters at the ranclio del rey, now Salinas city, where ho was soon juini-d by Luis Arguello ^^■ith rcenforcements from San Fi'ancisco and San .Josi'. From here the families were sent to different missions. The Vallejo, Estu- dilio, Rodriguez, Pico, and other families went to San Antonio in ox-eaits. ' How well I remember that night,' writes this autiior. ' My good mother wiis iu a wagon which had two hiiles for a floor and two more for a i-oof, when' after supping on half-roasted strips of dried meat without .salt .she gatlieicil round her her whole family, Juana, Magdalena, Encarnncion, Rosalia. Sidvn- dor, and myself. Six blankets obtained from Padre Elorencio at Solediid were our only bedclothes; and all were sitting or lying, weeping and shiver ing, cared for by my poor mother with inimitalile patience. Tiie oxen wiir hitclied to the pole of the wagon at our lir.st ramp at Qiiinado, getting mith- ing to cat all night.' There was an attack by the Indians also, ciiusiiiL' !i scene of great confusion, but the party was kindly received at San Antonio. Argiiello, Estrada, and Vallejo wished to have Gomez tried as a traitor, but Sola did not deem him guilty, especially as one of the irKurgent balls hail hit his house. The captives were brought to the camp at the rancho Nov. 'J.'Id at !) V. M., and the women wished to burn them alive as heretics. At an ex aniination they testified that Bouchar(r.s object was to gain California to the insurgent cause; that he cxpeeteil to find the oificcrs in 8yni)>athy with I'is purpose; thatareward wasoil'ered for Sola's capture; and that it Wi'..sinteniliii to attack all tiie Californian pos*s. sparing neither jirivate imr elinivh pr^p crty. The captives were jianloned by Sohi, but sent away tVnn .Montei'i \. Norris became a cook at San tl nan Capistrauo and afterward escaped from the CALIFORXIAX VERSIONS. 231 The soldiers had remained under arms all night in a drizzling rain, and the families had already been sent away to the mission of Soledad. At 8 a. m. on the 2 2d the larger ship was seen to draw near the bat- tvvv, and at the same time nine boats, four of which carried small cannon, started toward Point Potreros. srced the (1 a trick i.ordeiTil Castillo • frieiiils. toi'epoit iiul. Ho ya do Ids . Luciano 1(1 a fouf- croavs to eked the chargiiij; )iked and and two s escapi's of (ioniez to pity for the insurgents, who were calling for iiiercv. rath' r tliun to treachery; confirms the story that Gomez turned the Castillo's guna El m I t 232 BOUCHARD AND THE INSURGEXTS. The intention of the foe was evident, and Sola at once sent Alfcrez Estrada with the twenty-live men of the presidial company to prevent the landing. But he could of course do nothing against four hundred men with four* field-pieces, as Sola affirms the force to have been. At the same time the firing rcconnnenced be- against the battery; and says nothing of any captives. He tells us that the new battery Mas a very weak afl'air of sand and branehcs, yet it received no diimagc, .mJuI Vallejo's guns were most eti'eetively aimed, hardly a shot ndssing its mark. ,)ose Maria Amador was a sentry at San Francisco when Dolores Cantua arrived from Monterey with the news; and he wa.s one of the men who went with Alf. Sanchez to rciinforec Sola, whom they found 'con iinas ojera.s que le lle^aban hasta la patilla,' at the rancho real. Luis Argiiello came next d.iy. After iive or six days of drill and preparation they marched toward Monte- rey, one man, Cayetano Rios, being drowned on the way. The town was .still burning. ]}ouehard was on the 'negra,' which opened the fight. Valleio w;;.s ordered to atop firing by Estudillo. Bouchard landed 3o0 men. After tlic troops reentered Ab)ntorey Bouchard again landed a party while Argiiello sent 30 men to pursue, and captured '21 prisoners(l) without firing a sliot. Amador remendjers of these the following names: Acuua, Franci^sc(), and Joa([uin, Spaniards; Chavarria, a Mexican; Aguilar, a Chileno or Peruvian; John Ross, a Scotchman; and Francisco, an American negro. The nui! returned to San Francisco in January. Sola made his head-quarters at Sole- dad. Canuto Boronda was at San Miguel when the news came, and hastened with others to the king's rancho. Most of the fanulics fled to Soledail. 'Parecia el dia del juicio.' The in.surgents stayed alxuit eight days to repiiu' the damages caused by Vallejo's guns. Narrator wan for a time Sola's orderly, and one day an Indian came who claimed to have been captured by the enemy but had escaped, with the news that Bouchard Mas preparing to attack the camp. The insurgents carried away all the provisions and other goods tlu'y found. The presidio M'as fired at four diflerent places. The families retinuid six months later. The narrator says the soldiers' furniture, etc., Mas piled up in the plaza by the foe and saved. Jacinto Rodriguez M^as six years old at the time. He confirms the statements of Alvarado and Osio. Says the first t-\uit destroyed the house of Gomez; that the battery Mas near the site of the pres- ent custom-house; Gomez M'aa alarmed because he had heard that a kinsuiiiu was on board; Bouchard landed 78U men at Mussel I'oint; and the name of nnc of the captives was Mateo tSagarra. Early in Ibli) there came workmen from the missions M'ho were not long in repairing damages. Jos(5 do Jesus I'iio was a young boy at the time living Mith his father at the rancho del rey. Jlc heard of an understanding betM'cen Gomez and the insurgents. Inocente Garcia in a brief narrative confirms the Alvarado version. So does (,'apt. Jose Fernandez, Mho arrived in Califoniia this same year just l)cfore tlie attack. He says both of Bouchard's ships Mere painted black. Doiia Muj la Inoeenta I'ico de Avila was in Monterey at the time. She relates that in thr terror of hasty flight many families became scattered, some of the cliildrcn not being found by their parents for several days. !Nbxst stayed at San An- tonio until April ISlft. ^bvnuel Castro nnplios that J. J. Vallejo merely man- aged one of the fort's guns, but most efi'ectively. ])orotca ^'aldl''s was at S.in Carlos, whence everybody fled as from the presidio. Mrs Ord fn'tpiently hianl J. J. \';.llejo credited M'ith the achievement. Justo Larios Mas at ^lontiTcy near Miiei'c his father had been killed by a bear a few days before. He says .the M'arehousc, governor's house, and a few others were burned, but not all. FALL OF MONTEREY. 233 i ,all. twcen the f^nns of the ship and fort, though this fact rests on Sola's statement alone. Sending off one small eannon to the interior in a cart, the go\'ernor ordered ]']strada to retreat to the battery, spike the guns, burn the little remaining powder that he could not save, and fall back to the presidio. The foe advanced steadily. At the presidio " some resistance was made, IVuitless on account of their numbers," and Sola re- treated with all his men — saving one two-pounder, two boxes of powder, 0,000 nuisket-cartridges, and all tlie documents of the j)rovincial archives — to the ran- c])o del rey, five leagues distant, where Salinas city now stands. The Spanish force on the Salinas was next day considerably increased by reenforcements from San Francisco and San Jose; but it was not deen»ed safe to attempt offensive measurtis, though sentinels were j)osted to watch the o])erations of the foe. IMoan- while the insurgents killed some cattle which they found astray, ransacked the presidio for the few articles worth carrying away, and took two eight-pounders and burst the other guns. They probably made some lepairs, else they could hardly have remained so long, and forced or otherwise induced to accompany them a drunken settler named Molina, who had either straggled into jMonterey or been left there in the letreat. They finally departed in the night or early morning of November 2Gth to 27th, after setting tlie presidio and fort on fire.™ They did little or no harm "'111 Ilia Xotifia Sola says they loft on the 2oth, but this is apparently a iiiis|iiiiit. Nov. 27, 1818, probably early in tlie inoriiiiij.'. Sola writes fior.i tlie riinclio to the padres from San Luis (Jbispo south: 'Having coiieeiitraUMl luy forces here to hinder the pirates, foes of the human race, from j^oin;,' inland, up to the present time tiicy remain about the prusidio and beaL-h of Monterey, and have not dared to la"s report to Gen. Cruz is but a brief resume of that to the viceroy, and is sir|>pleniented by an appeal for aid. Prov. Hir., MS., X. 29-;i0. President l^iyeras' loport touches the affair very briefly, adding notliing new. Arch. Sla IS., MS., x. .304-5. '■" It i.s saitl that one of the insurgents was seen from the hills to enter the mission on hors iback with two paek-hor.sea. Afterward it was fcjund that many of the mission tools had disappeared. Arch. Arzoh., MS., iii. pt. ii. 1 10. '--On the damages at Monterey see Jvstudillo's note of March 4t]i to Sola. prov. >it. Pap., MS., xx. "JOJ-^. Jiuie "Jlth, Sola to president. Arch. StuB., m PREPARATIONS IX THE SOUTH. Comandante Guorra in addition to his precautions for safety in the jurisdiction of Santa Bdrbara had at Sola's order sent a corporal and six men to rcenforco ]\[()ntcrcy."^ This party returning southward proi)ably hiouyht from the rancho del rey news that Bouchard had left Monterey, his attack on that place haviu(( hecn announced to the great terror of the Barbarenos a few days earlier. Families had been hastily sent to the interior, chiefly to Santa Ines,"^ and some vecinos from Los Angeles had been summoned to the presidio to aid the soldiers. It was not thought likely that liouchard would venture in his larcre vessels into such a harbor as that of Santa Bdrbara at this season of the year, yet it was well to be prepared for the worst." A part of the San Diego garrison also seems to have been brought to the north on this occasion. The insurgent squadron, after its departure from iMontere}^ November 27th, was first sighted by the sentinels of Purisima mission at 3 p. m. on the 1st of ] December. Padre Pay eras sent a note to the other friars saying that in passing Point Pedernales the tMo ^rS., xii. 238. Sola's report of July 6. Id., vi. 277-SO. July 27tli, President tu padres. /'/., vi. 107-8. Aug. ,3d, Sola to Kstudillo. St. Pop. Sa-., JIS., V. .'),3. Aug. l.Sth, Sola to PP. Tapis and Arroyo. /.;{() A. Ji., he writes to Sola that Lieut. Ignacio ^lartinez will start in a few hdurs witii all the force he can get, including jirisoners released for the pur- pose, many without arms. Prov. .S7. Pn/i., MS., xx. 227. This may be the li:nty alluded to by Gonzalez. See note 2.'1. Dec. llth, Sola exp. .s.ses ilia surprise and displeasure at the delay of Martinez in rctmnii:;; to Santa Bar- bara witli 20 men of the Mo.iterey comiiauy, ])robablv in additicu to those he biuught north. Prov^ St. Pep., Jjci. Mil., MS., xlix! 23. ' ! 236 BOUCHARD AND THE INSURGENTS. i'l vessels had stopped a little and apparently hesitated respecting the course to be followed. Next day Father Una of Santa Inds announced at 5 p. m. that the ships had anchored at Refugio; but Payeras stated for the constjlation of all that he had sent forty armed neo- ])]iytes to aid Uria, that Don Ctlrlos was expected that night with a military force, and that "with your ] (layers a buena accion may be looked for." Padre llodriguez expressed to Sola his opinion that " the Caualeiios will do deeds that should be recorded in characters of gold." Martinez of San Luis Obispo rose from a sick-bed and marched with thirty-five neo- phytes to the scene of action. Still another friar, Avhile he thousjht that the treacherous rascals would hardly have tlie impudence to measure strength with the valiant Barbarenos, yet deemed it well, in view of the uncertainty of all things, to pray much and eat little; and even an occasional self-flagellation would do no harm.'^" Of what was done at and about Refugio we have no satisflictory account so far as details are concerned. Bouchard's men, however, landed probably late in the afternoon of December 2d. They first ])lunclcred and then burned the buildings of the rancho, which had been abandoned at their approach by the Ortegas and other occupants, killed some cattle, and sailed away, probably the next morning. Meanwhile Sergeant Carlos Antonio Carrillo, with a squad of thirty men, soldiers and civilians, hurried up from Santa Bdrbara and reached Santa Ines at 11.30 p. m. on the 2d.-^ Thence he went up into the sierra overlooking the sea- si lore and pitched his camp at a place called Las Cni- ces. Here rapidly assembled the fugitives from the rancho and the padres with their bands of warlike ^''' This correspondence of the warlike friara is found in Arch. Anoh., JIS., iii. pt. ii. .3.V7, 41; Arch. Sla B., MS., vi. '277-80. '-'Carrillo announces his arrival in a letter to his brother-in-law, Capt. Ducrra, at the hour named. He is resolved not to let the enemy cross tlie sierra to Santa Ind's, and if they retreat ( !) to Santa Barbara he will follow them closely. He is on the point of starting for the sierra. Guerra, Doc. IJ!k(. Vol., MS., iv. 197. ATTACK ON REFUGIO. S87 neophytes. From the eaiiip scouts were sent out to watch the foe. One adventurous and inuij^inativo vaquero approached so near to lief'ugio as to see the in- suigents hring guns, kilHng cattle, and breaking doors. ]Io even counted five hundred men in one house! A pai'ty of Spaniards also advanced carefully and formed an ambush so near the doomed rancho that when three of the pirates came that way in (]ucst of a cart, they were seized, hurried off across the hills to the mission, and put in the stocks.-^ One of the prisoners called himself Lieutenant William Taylor, a native of Jjoston; another, Martin Romero of Paraguay; and the third was a negro named Mateo Jose? Pascual. As the enemy sailed away from Refugio, the Span- ish army with the captives retired to the presidio, leavin<; the families still at Santa lues."'* On December Gth the two shii)s cast anchor at Santa Barbara, and Bouchard immediately sent a ilau" of truce ashore with a letter to the comandante in which he proposed an exchange of prisoners, and promised if it were granted to leave the coast without committing further hostilities."" Guerra in his rcjjy ^' The letters of Padre Ullibarri to Paycras, dated Santa In(''S, Jan. .^d and 4th, are the best authority extant ou these events. Arch.Ai-zob., A18., iii. pt. ii. --'4-0. '"In addition to the documents already cited, I ni.ny note that Sola Xofida, 128."), briefly mentions the affair at Refugio. Juan Avihi, Xota^, MS., ."}-.■), says that his father was in charge of the party from Lo.s Angeles nnd tliMt lie captured the prisoners agaii jt Carrillo's ■wislu^s. He says tlierc wore only two captives, who were exchanged for an Indian and a negro named ^biliua. J osij !Maria Romero also confounds the negro with Molina. Mniio- rii(x, MS., 11, 12. Gonzalez, Experieiicius, MS., 8, tells us that the troops ret liming from Monterey in passing the Cuexta de Santa lues saw Ortega's buildings on tire and many people ou the hills looking at the conflagration. Oslo, ll\x(. Cul., MS., 44-r), states that 50 of the insurgents returning from till' janclio to the shore met 30 of the Santa Barbara troops and Merc (hiveu buck after losing two pinsoners and several wounded, while the Spaniards L'st only four horses wounded! There is no foundation for this hostile ren- c., But. Mil., MS., xlviii. i.1. lu this same document tUe date of departure is given as Dec. 9th, which 1, liMill i ;■■ 238 BOUCHARD AND THE INSURGENTS. to Bouchard Htated that the prisoners were still alive, and that their fate would depend largely on Bouchard's own actions. The proposition for exchange had been forwarded to the governor, and six days would elapse before a reply could be obtained. This was on the 7th, and the same day he wrote again, doubtless in lesponse to another communication from Bouchard. "If your men are very anxious to fight, I can assure you tliat mine are desperate to meet them. But inasmuch as feelings of humanity prompt you to propose the cessation of hostilities and to return the prisoners you hold, provided those taken at Refugio are also given uj), I, who value the lives of my fellow- beings above every earthly interest, give you my word to have the prisoners brought here and to deliver them some time to-morrow." When the morrow came and Guerra was on the point of giving up the captives, ho was much surprised to learn that Bouchard pro- posed to exchange only one pris >ner for three, which as he informed the insurgent chief in a letter of the 9th, seemed to him a very strange proposition in view of past references to "prisoners" in the plural. He therefore declined to proceed in the matter, remind- ing his foe at the same time "that ihh moderate answer is the offspring of my good manners and n(jt of any fear of your threats, which are of no conse- quence to me."^* But later in the day, on receipt of Bouchard's assurance that he really had but one prisoner to deliver, and his proffered permission to f^ iir- I. is perhaps an error, as in Proi\ St. Pap., MS., xx. 228, Gueri-a says they sailed at dawn on tlic 12th. On the same day of the arrival Guerra luid reported to Sola the afFiiir at Refugio and promised to make the best defeiao possible though he had no artillery and few men. lU., xx. 22:}. Kafaol Gonzalez, Ex/wrkiinafi, MS., 8-10, saj's ho was one of two soldiers sent to the beach with Alf. ^laitorena to meet Bouchard's boat which was seen approaching tlie Cerro de los Voluutarios. As the boat drew near they were directed to stand olF, while one of the men waded ashore with a letter on a stick which he stuck in the sand and retired. Mention also of a flag of truco in Otd, Ocurrciicias, MS., 5, 6. ^' Komero, Jlrmoria.t, MS., 1-12, tells us that Guerra with a view to overawe the pirates caused his troops to march toward the mission and round a hill in such a way as to come over and over again into sight and represent a large army. AT SAXTA BARBARA. 230 ise- of Olio to they luill fiK'l t to seuu W L'lO on a tnico \v to iiiul and search his ships if his word were doubted, the com- iiifindant "for humanity s sake" consented to the unequal exchange, which was at once carried into c'll'ect."" The so-called prisoner whom Bouchard gave uj) in exchange for his three men proved to bo the drunken Molina, who would have been a good riddance to tlie province at any price. And now Sola's replies to the (omandante's reports began to arrive with expressions (»f the governor's surprise and dissatisfaction that (luerra liad consented to hold any parley with pirates oi- to take into consideration a proposition to exchange ])risoners v^-nen none had been taken except by the Spaniards. Soha's disgust at the deception practised ou the comandante in connection with Molina was natural enough; but his reprimands were altogether too severe, and ho even went so far as to blamo (iuorra for not having attacked the insurgents, which Avas in very bad taste indeed, after his own failure to defend Monterey with resources vastly superior to tliose of Santa Bilrbara.^^ Poor Molina had to bear the brunt of the governor's wrath, ^ince he was sen- tenced to six years in the chain-gang after receiving a hundred blows on his bare back. It was never clearly known whether he had deserted to the insur- •isoner, or had oone on .xlly pri '^ Bouchard's letters are not extant, but tliose of the comandante arc prc- pcrvi'd in blotters in Giterra, Doc. I/U. (.'at., MS., iii. 138-41, Dec. !)th, fiiiLrraolso reports the exchange to Sola, Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 'J24, aii- luuiiicinj; at the same time his purpose to attack Bouchard if ho shouhl break liis word and land again. The prisoners had been examined at Santa Biiiljara en Die. 5th. Their testimony has been utilized elsewhere in the narrative. lioiirhard, Testlmomo, etc., MS. ^^ Dec. 9th, Sola to Guerra, reprimanding him in very severe terms, and expressing the tear that Bouchard had not done with California yet. Pror. >S>. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xlix. 10-21, Also same to Padre lvodri.s,mez on till! same subject. Id., 21. Dec. 1 1th, Sola to Guerra, after receipt of the iiittei 's communication of Dec. 9th. Complaints of not being informed whether lioiicliard departed or not on receipt of bis prisoners, and urging precautions. /'/., xlix. 22-4. Sola, in his Notk'ia, 28o, 'Dieron fondo en la rada del pre- sidio de Sta Biirbara con bandera parlementaria y ajustaron con aquel coman- dante Capt. D. Josd de la Guerra cange de prisioneros, no teniendo ellos iiingmio; pero llaniaban asl A un paisano que en Monterey quedo ilbrio el dia de la salida, de donde se lo llevaron d bordo, y a estc vociferaban prisioncro.' TH-r 240 BOUCHARD AND THE INSURGENTS. board the ship too drunk to know his own mind,^* It is not quite certain whether Bouchard sailed at once on the 9th or three days later. It is not unlikely that he went to some of the Channel islands for wood and water, and finally disappeared from night on tlie 12th. At any rate he was off San Pedro on the lOth.'"" JVIeanwhilo the troops from Santa Btirbara wcj o hurried south to protect San Diego and the missions of that jurisdiction. At San Buenaventura the alarm was i^reat, though no enemy came tlicrc. Padre Sciian with his noo- pjiytcs and the guard abandoned the mission, taking with them the sacred vessels and all other movable property, and went several leagues away to the caiia- da do Purisima Nueva, where a temporary church was erected, and where they remained twenty-four days. In his entry in the mission-books Scnau classifies the insurgents as heretics, schismatics, ex- communicated persons, heathen, and a few INIoors '"" Bouchard did not, however, keep quite faithfully his promise to quit the coast without further hostilities, for on December 14tli to 15th he was at San Juan Capis- trano. At the first news of his approach Commandant Iluiz of San Diego sent Alferez Santiago Argiiello with thirty men on the 13tli to protect the mission. The padres had not been so energetic at San Juan as elsewhere in removing property; but Argiiello's men hastily completed the work as far as possible, and I'amilies were sent to the Trabuco rancho. When Bouchai'd landed, probably on the 14th, he sent a let- ter to the person in charge, rsking for certain supplies. '* Molina's sentence, and the testimony of some insurgent tleuerters in I:i3 case, in /Voo. S/. Piij).. Ben. MIL, MS., xlix. 'I'l-A, 4.') (}, (i()-7-'. ^•"St'c note 30 of tiiis chapter. The arrival at San I'cdro is mentioned liy Sola i-i a letter of Dee. )''th. Prov. St. /'up., Ben. Mil., iMS., xlix. 24. '" A child was prescted for liaptisni after the saereil ves.sils. holy oils, etc., had been removed on Nov. 'JUth. Tliero was much suH'ei'ing from cold at La Purisima, and several burials were recorded. Tlie return to tlie old mission church was Dec. Slst. S. Bueuiiirntiini, fJh. Mitlaii, MS., 17--I, (jI-'J. Jose liamon Antonio Vahh's, Mcmona.i, MS-., 3, 4, relates tlie sumo occurrcuces. It was his brother who was thus baptized informally. I: 1 AT SAX JUAN CAPISTRAXO. 241 Argiiollo, posted witli his force on a hill near the mission, refused the request, very likely in no gentle tonus. I do not deem it certain that the insurgents did any damage at San Juan. Sola says that thev homed a few straw houses of the ncoj>hytes before going on board. jVfost of my later v»'itnesscs state that some wine and brandy were spilled, and it is not unlikely that such iri'cijularities were connnitted by .some <;)f T^ouchard s men even without his coi^sent.'"^ Next day reenfoicements arrived from Santa i>;u'- bara and Los Angeles, soon followed by Guerra him- self, who, as Sola t<'iis us, challenged the foe to land and fight, but without success. After the vessels had sailed, on the I'^th or IGth, four deserters presented themselves and asked for pardon on the ground that they had been forced against their will to enlist in the insurgent service. There was no reason to doubt their honest intentions, and tliey were merely sent into the interior and ke[)t under guard for a time as a precaution. Strangely enough, so far as the records sliow, these men were never examined with a view to get iidbrmation about Bouchard's expedition, though thiir testimony was taken respecting the actions of ^lolina. Tlie four men were the negro !Mateo Jose ]'ascual, who had before l)een ca))turedand exchanged; Jelm liose, a Scotch drunnner, aged twenty-seven; Pedro Zaldibar, of Buenos Aires; and Nicolas Cha- vari'ia of ]iogota, both young men, 3S ^' Amador, ^Fniiorias, MS., .'iO, says they carried away some goods from the warehouse. Did some damage. (I'oirjilc-, K.rpirioi^'ia-i, yif>., 10, II. Tlie iiiissimi wassaekcd and tiuriied. Vnlhjo, Uisf. Vtil., MS., i. '237-8. ])id miiek ilaiiia;_'e, spilling wine and oil that could no" liocarrieilaway. Ord, (.kiirrenrio.i, MS., (i, 7. The chief huildiiig was lired, liut the clunch (destioyed years l)e- ti 111) was res|iected at the re(|Mest of sumo of the enemy. (As/o, llixl. ('((/., MS. , 4(i. Spilled the Mine and did other damage. Umiu'io, Xolas, MS., I'J. IJavaging and Imniing. Li"ji>, \"iilt(. MS., ,'>, (i. Avila, Xotm^, .MS., ,")-S, says his father tried to jtersnade Argiiello to attack the jiirates while they Were iceling under the inlhicnce of the stolen lienor; l)ut he would neither attack nor ]>eriuit others to do so. '•"'Sdhi. Xotiriii, '28(i. Names of the prisoners with their testimony. Prnv. .S'. /•„/(., MS., XX. (i'J: /., TROUBLE AT SANTA CRUZ. 243 uas (lone, tliougli not by pirates' guns, Padro Kanion ()ll)us, the njinister of Santa Cruz, entertained a low opinion of the settlers of Branci forte: he had accused \l\v'\\\ lu advance of an intention i r> j(jin the pirates in -\\;yA^^'A i.U>' v.iissioii."*'^ He subsequently com[)laincd, in i.,.,_^ w,/v . ,v» /i^vssv^' A> a friar could use, that on the ap[»roach of t/ie \e.3,5(.]^ ijjc rascally rilUo^os had de- li',, '-ately sacked the mission with the intention of charging that act upon the insurgents, who, however, by not landing, left them in the lurch. The friar's charges were sweeping, including the theft of every movable article, the wanton destruction of all that was immovable or useless to the thieves, and the most sh(K'i:lng desecration of the church and holy images — in lact, nothing but the bare walls of the buildini-'s icniained to show for all the i)ast toil of the mission- aries, and Olbes declared that ^!ie establishment must 1)0 abandoned, f(;r he would not go back to submit longer to the inhuman outrages of the people of Bran- cilbrtt,'.'*^ Xaturally such serious and direct charges attracted the earnest attention of both the president anil the governor, and the latter at once set on foot a strict investigation, Santa Cruz being in the mean while practically abandoned. xVs the investigation went on ()ll)es became more violent than betbre, reiterating his charges and pronouncing the pretended investiga- tion by Luis Ai'giiello a fraud. He declared that the settlers had the impudence to come to chuich clad in the stolen clot lies, and had besides plenty to sell. '* Justi- tia no habita en California," where such crimes can go unpunished! The proceedings instituted by Sola, and canied on by Estrada from ]\[onterey and Argi'iello from San Francisco at different dates for several months, involved the taking of testimony from all *"0,'t. 2!lth, ill GiK-rni, Dor. Jfi-f. Cxf., MS., vii. !V2. "OlliOa' Ktturs of Xuv. 'JOtli. I'Ttli, J»i'c. (illi, ami March "Jil to Sola ami I'.iycias. 1)IIh/i, Carlti.i ao/iri' el Tinnullo rocei'(liii;ra. 'i'lie Miitcr was lurIi t;xciti:il, ami ho t'Jt-'s into some very miimtu ami aimisiug tk'taila. i[| m '■4 t, Ji in™ i I lilf' li Ml ii llipt 244 BOUCHARD AND THE INSURGENTS. the male residents, de razon, of villa and mission, from many women, and from not a few neophytes. Tlie record is somewhat voluminous,*^ but the testi- mony was not very conflicting, and the result showed the following facts. On Xovember 21st by advice of Ex-profecto Sarii'a, Sola ordered Gibes to abandon Santa Cruz and '^o to Santa Clara with his neophytes. He was inclined a day or two later to have the mission burned, to keej) the grain and other property from the foe; but he contented himself with sending an order t(i Comisi- onado Joaquin Buelna of Branciforte to go to the mis- sion, and if it had been abandoned, to remove all lie could of the propert}'.*^ Buelna went with a party to execute the order on the 2J:th, and there are indica- tions that his movements were quickened by tlie ap- proach of some of Bouchard's boats, which, however, could not land on account of the surf At any rate the doors of various buildings were forced, and the work was begun. On the morning of the 2;]d, Padre (^ll)es with his neophytes and a few soldiers of the guard had started for Santa Clara. Joaquin Castro, the maj(n'd()mo, and a part of the Indians stopped on tlie w'liy and next morning returned to Santa Cruz to save some of the mission goods. Castro found Buelna hard at work, and nnturally was surprised; but when he learned the |)Ui[i!)rt of the governor's order he joined his force to that of the comisionado. (_)ne or two casks of wine and aguardiente that could not be carried away it was deemed best to spill, not improh ably into the tlu'oats of those present, Aftc.-r this the work went bravuly on, but naturally the goods were not 'saved' witli the systematic care that wouM Iiave been desired by the Iriars. Doors were broken, cur- tains wert; torn, vestments were soiled, a few images *'-S(uitn Crir., Tiitiivoiiio snhrc 0 (1, gives quite an accurate though brief .account of tlie matter. He says tlieio Were certain jiooplc who wore l)recc!ies made of line red clotli stolen from tlie luisr^ion. Alvarado's version, /fis/. Val., MS., i. 171? 4, is that a kind of nioh was formed to plunder and destroy, on the ground that the ]iroperty mi,i.'iit as well fall into their hands as those of the pirates; l>ut .Fudge lUielna hacked liy a few good citizens succeeded in dispersing the inoh. Vallejo, I lift. <'al., MS., i. 'J 14 "JO, gives the same version, lleatldsthat IJuelna was much dislikeil liy tlie conspirators, who caused him nuicli trouble until lie wrote some verses and sent a copy to each. The ignorant villanos took the poetry f(ir some bad and devilish thing, aiul wcie so frightened that they marciied in jirocession to restore stolen ]iropcrty and beg the ])ailre to intircede with lUielna for them. The \erses are given. Having succeeded s • veil in this. lUielna tried poetry on some young men who were disposed to make h)ve to his wife. I'lie versiw were bad, but they bi'ought about peace, domestic and political, for .Judgo b,u!na. I'raneisco IJodriguez recited a poem on the event ut Stu Cruz und in praise 1. 1 raneisco Jtodnguez recitea a poem on tlr of Buulna. Vt-rrtiti'a llambliinj-i, MS., 207-9. I ■ •• 21(] BOUCHARD x\XD THE INSURGENTS. ! WVf' dio camo no farther than San Luis Hey, and the San Diego famihes retired from Pala to their homes. Thus tlie padres of the far south, tliougli burning with mil- itary ardor, had no opportunity to meet the fue.*" Respecting Bouchard's movements after leaving California we have but a few doubtful and disconnected items of information. Several of thcCalifornians speak of the sacking of Lorcto and of other places in the ])eninsula; but they clearly confound the ravages of IJouchard with those of Cochrane several years later. The president of the Lower California missions re- ceived news that two vessels supposed to be the same anchored in Todos Santos Bay on Jan. 2Gth, departing the next day ; but the comandante of San Bias thought there was an error of date, and that the vessels were seen from the 24th to the 27th of January in the re- gi(m of S:in Bias. On the 19th Governor Argiiello at Loreto heard of the attack in the north, and fifteoii days later he informed the viceroy that he had taken every j)recaution, but had heard nothing more. About the middle of February the Indians reported the ar- I'ival of certain vessels at Motincs on the Colima coast, a report which caused great alarm and mustering of forces, but nothing deiinite was learned about the strange ships. Finally two suspicious frigates were noticed near Acapulco on the 12th of ]\Iarch. These items, all that could be collected in ]\Ioxico before ]\Iarch 24th, I take from correspondence appended to ^^ Dec. l(Jth, Sola to Gncrra, spcukin/r of the prcpanitiona at S. Diego. Pror. S/. Pup., Jjiii. MIL, MS., xlix. l2l. Tint (loot passed in siglit oi S Diego in sailing south, (liwrra, ])ti! tierra ha dc sor do Fernando, y de consiguieute en eila dcbe veinar la religion eatolical!' Dec. '27th, I'adre Eseiide of San Luis Rey to Sola. Thanks (iod the aborlox i/rl iiijicnio have disappeai-ed. An/i. Ar.oh., MS., iii. pt. ii. '21 '.K 40-1. I'io rico, Jli-t. CuL, MS., 5, brielly alludes to the preparations to de- fend San ])ie;'o. ig of 'tlle were 'liese 'fore d to Prov. u)go ill [arluido (if Iho ith tlic vj. bei'U ' Mil Til iz L'v, ini>' 't'ortho iiiul i-i dii^uiu ks (. , to tU'- OFFICIAL RK POUTS. :4: Sola's report in the ofiiclal newsjiaper/^ O.sio in his inanusc'ri])t liistory adds, on authority of which I know nothing, that Ijouchard's vessel while lying in wiiit for tlie treasure-ship Jftria at the Tres Marias, was attacked and badly cri[)pled with great loss of men hy the cruiser Fideliclad; but a breeze springing up t!.e vessel escaped, and Bouchard himself died at Lima live years later, having been supported during his last yeais by charity/^ Sola in his report to the viceroy pictured the heroic efforts of the Californians and theii' sufferings during this winter campaign against invaders, in colors most \ivid. The Gaceta in which that re[)ort w;is [)rinted contained the viceroy's warmest thanks to all, the notice of Sola's promotion to l)o colonel, while flannel (Jomez and Jose Estrada were made lieutenants, and the announcement of orders to send immediate reiin- forcements and supplies for the relief of California.'" A\'hen the Gaceta reached California it was of course read with great interest; but the friars noticed with pain that their own distinguished services and patri- otic sacrifices had not been mentioned by the viceroy or governor. Complaint was made to Sola, who rec- tilied the past omission in a sui)plemcntary report in Vvhich full justice was done to the missionary warriors, ■•' ddcdas de Mexico, xxxix. 28G-90. Alaman, Il'i-'t. Mijirn, iv. GfKi-T, nftir stating that the insurgents 'sigiiierou liaciciido iguak's (k'[)ri'(lati(iiu'S en tiMli's Lis ini.sioiifs ring account in iJixoii's White L'uii'/ii'st, i. ;j.'!-l. "^ ''.cc. :!()tli. Pmr. St. J'tiji., ^IS., XX. (i(i. ]Maicli .'!Oth. Sola forwards the infoiina- ti .n, including the promise of rci-iiforccmcTits, to the ]:,idrcs. Arrli. Arvih,, iii. )it, 7"'-.S, ^!aich 'Ji'd, viceroy ti> Sola, ackniiW Icdging receipt of reports of ^ov. 4i]i and I)ee. Iiith, thankin,:;' evcryljody, and Ji] jiroving measures for i!aVnce. ,SV. Paji., Si;c., MS., vii. (iCh-iu; I'vr.v. St. /V/y.. :MS., xx. 70. •b.ly (1, IcSli), Sola c(jmmunicatea the precciling despatch to the coniandante. Id., Leu. Mil., 1. 'Jo, Koiice of the promotions. Id., xlix. o'2. ■ P- 243 BOUCHARD AND THE INSURGENTS. to wlioni also tliu viceroy sul)scr[ncntly expressed his \¥ , ."0 thank: A Hcliooncr arrived at Suii Diego in April 1811^), wliieli was said to liave been chased Ijy tlie insurgents off tlie Tres Marias, in conse. MS., xx. 71-'2, 87,235; /Voc. AVc, MS., x. 32. '■^Sec chap, xiii., this vol., for information on these early pioneers down to 18'20. Neither Sola nor any other contemporary authority mentions Chap- man's name in connection with the Bouchard alliair, but Chapman himself stated in a later document that he ' remained here as a prisoner because ho was forced with other persons at the Sandwich I»lands on the expedition of lionchard.' Dvpt.St. Pap., MS., xix. (!)0-7); iv. l."0-8. TheCalifornians in their testimony generally confound the Monterey prisoners, those exchanged at 8ta IJilrbara, iuid those who gave themselves up at S. Juan. Gonzalez, however, A'a,yx-n'wM'(V(iJ, M.S., 9, 10, itiniembers the American prisoner as Joseph MOTIVES OF THE INVADERS. 240 liU 111. 1 Hty. MS. MS., . Sola, Mar- Idiig I rzoli., m, see Cal., ',i-2. lown Cliap- iiiist'lf use ho ion of aiis in iiigeil zakz, oseph 1)0 conjueturcd. The Califoiniiins liad no doubt tluit liu cainc to coiKjiier theii' province and to plunder it, Itut was repelled by tlioir energetic measures, braveTv, and unswervinsj;' loyalt}' to the kiiii^. That he had no .viuh intention is best shown by the fact that he did not carry it into execution, which he certainly nii<>ht liave done without encounterinj^ any very fbrniidaljle ()l),4acles. Cruising in the Pacific in search of rich jiiizcs, he doubtless entered the port t)f ]\[onterey chiilly to obtain sonic needed su[)])lies. That he vras inclined to ascertain the political feeling of the [jcoplo and willing to aid in a revolt is not unlikely. Nor is it improbable that in the resulting troubles he hoped to get a share of the mission plunder popularly suppcjsed to be very rich. Whatever Were his [)lans and hopes, they were effectually overthrown on his arrival at Monterey. The coohiess of his reception, the refusal to fur-nish sup})lies, the popular alarm at his approach, the removal of every portable article of property, the iin{)ossil)ility of coming in contact with the soldiers, made it e\ident to Boucthard that no profitable busi- ness, revolutionary or predatory, could be done in this inovince. Angry at the inliospitality of the Cali- i'oniians and at the damage done to his ships, if any A\as really done, he allowed his men to take all they could find and to wreak their vengeance on the pre- sidio buildings, and then left the capital in disgust. Th.e Ortegas, however, w'ere ccjinmoiily believed, as notorious smugglers and confidential aijents of the fiiars, to have largo amounts of money or valuables at their rancho; and made aware of these rumors, perl laps by Molina, the insurgent privateer resolved to strike another blow at Refugio, with what success, so far as valuables are concerned, there are no means of ascertaining. ('lKi))nian, Foster, Fit-Kt American hi Los Avf/rlen, gives an interesting skotcli 1 1 ( liupmau's capture, etc. , which is purely tictitioua so fur as details arc con- ccnied. :i ^'1; i CHAPTER XII. ■ i< LAST THREE YE.> IS OF THE DECADE. 1818-1820. SoLv's Rkport on Phksidios and Missions — Dkstititios — Mission Aid— KKii.NFOKt-'KMKNTS FUOM MkXICO — XaVAURKTIv's CoMI'ANY OK Sa.V IJLAS Imantby — Poutilla's CoMi-ANY 01' Mazatlan Cavaluy — The Cim- Los- Hard Timks Cosiinckd— Sola Disccstku— S.mali, Comfort from TiiK Vh^kroy— Oknkrosity of thk Friars — No Forkion Carook.s— The Governor Tries in vain to Resion — Captain Jose de i.a Gherra Sent to ^Iexico — His Aims and Efforts— His Return with Sui'i-UES— Revival of Forkion and Spanish Trade — Arrival of Artillery Detachment under Ramirez— Fear of Insurgents — Roy- alist Co^u'ANIEs- -The Spanish Constitution of ISl'J in California. I HAVE already noticed Sola's general re[)ort on tlio condition and needs of tlie province at the beixinnlno- of 1817.^ A large portion of that year Avas spent by him in malvinix a tour of insiiection, inclndinLT everv ])residio, pueblo, and mission Irom San Francisco to San Diego. On April 3, 1818, he sent to Viceroy Apodaca the result of his observations. The report was chiefly devoted to local descriptions; but attention was given in general way to the neophytes, their alarjii- ing mortality, 41,000 having died out of 64,000 bap- tized, the prevalence of hei-editary venereal disease being rapidly communicated from the Christians to the gentiles. The comparative worthlessness of tlic Indians as an element of future prosperity was noticed, the faithful services of the friars, and the urgent need of supernumeraries tt) act as chaplains. Agricultural resources, progress, and prospects were given, with the increasing devastations of squirrels, gophers, grass- ' See chap. x. this volume. (250) I SOLA'S RrCOMM END ATIOXS. W! the p iii'j; K^ l)y ■ erv H ) to H roy ^ M)lt ml :i(Mi ■1 nu- H )a])- B ;aso H 1 to 1 tlio E •eresidios must have been grer^.ier than ever in 1818, for the sources of supi)ly from without the ])rovinco were fewer even than usual. Goods to the amount of about $14,000 were purchased for drafts I'rom the ^Manila ship San Ihtpcrto, which ])ut into ]\Tontere\' in January with a scurvy-stricken crew.'"' ]v()(picfeuil took produce at San Fi-ancisco in Se[)- temher to the vahte of about 67,000.'* It is probable that some relief also was obtained from Hawmeister and Golovnin, who visited Monterey in the autumn: but very little is known of those visits.^ Sola was still timid and reluctant about engaging in this unlaw- iid trade with foreigners; but the condition of affairs lelt no alternative, and after carrying his refusals and protestations to such an extent as his oflficial conscience (leu:anded, he always yielded. No Lima ships came '■Sold, Ohiierrnrhnpn Iierhai^ ni la Viiifa de la Prorlncia dmh' San Fran' der 181H. So serious was tl'e emergency in the eyes of Viceroy Apodaca, who supposed that a part of the j)rovinco had very likely fallen into the hands of the foes of Spain, that he not only urged Sola to strain every nerve in the defence of his country, but immediately sent orders to Guadalajara and San Bias and Sonora that two vessels should he despatched forthwith with all the troops and munitions of war they could carry for the relief of California. Such was the purport of the viceroy's letter of January 20, 1819,*^ and the good news was circulated at the end of March, A little later when Sola's official report of the invasion was received, showing that the Spanish dominicMi was still intact in the north-west, the danger still seemed so imminent and the earnest appeal for reenforcements "Aug. 4, 1818, Jos(5 Maria Nar%-aez to Ouerra. The habilitado general has no hope of getting the silitadn; and even if the funds were fortliconiiiig there are no vessels availal)le for transportation. G'lcrra, Doc. JJM. Ctil., MS., vi. 119. Complaints of las infanti'y eonii)any of one liun- (lifd men under tluM'onnnand of Caj>tain Jose Antonio Xavari'ete, l^ieutenant Antonio del A'alle, and Suh- licntenant Franeiseo de Haro. The ti'ans[)oj-t San C'drfos was l)r')U,L;ht int(j service to carry the lieuten- ants and half the company, and was commanded l»y ( (onzalo de I'lloa. The captain with the rest of the nun embarked on the shi[) /'ciiKt de Los AikjcIcx, (\'ip- tain .lose ]>andini, chartered lor this tri}).*" The vessels sailed from San ]^las on June 8th, and hoth landed their troops at ]\ronterey between July L'ath and Septend)er 7th, there bein*^ much coni'usion abont the t'xact dates." The Jit'iiKi amonjjj other war-stores bionght five ii'on six-pouncbrs and ten four-pounders, while the Sax Carlos had four hundred sabres and tluee national Hags. Forty men of the company under IJeutei-ant Valle were soon transferred from the caj)- ital to San Francisco. The second detachment of reenforcements was a ]iart of the ]!^scuadron de Mazatlan, a company of cavalry one hundretl strong, under Captain l^d)l() de * March 30, 1810. Sola in a circulnr to the padres directs tliat if tlie ships, txpieted to arrive with troops, should be Keen soutii of San Ihu'iiaventiira tln-y me to be directeil to Sta ljiiil)ara; Imt if furtlier nortii, to Monterey or San I'raneisco. J'ror. St. I'(t/>., MS,, xx. 80. June 21st, Sohi lias Iieard that a Vessel is litting out at Mazatlan to bring 100 men under Antonio (J)rdero. J'rot: J'fc., MS., X, So. July Gth, Sola expects the iS". Carlos and Caxmrk; 1., /'/•<■<., MS., i. \'2. .lose' llanilnii was a Peruvian who afterwards settled in California, and whose son v.as a prominent man in later times. ".June 8, 1810, instructions from Commandant Antonio Quartara of S. ISl.is to Lieut. Ulloa for the voyage, giving details of what is to be done in e;iseof meeting hostile vessels, precautions in approaching ('alifornia, relations with Sola, etc. The vessels wei'e to bring back a cargo of hemp if it could bo had. J'ror. St. Pap., MS., xx. 'j;58-43. Announcements of sailing ami ar- rival, with other tniim|iortant matti'r cfincerning the <'xpedition. /(/., xx. 71, 71, .S-'-:i; A/., JJr.i. Mil., xlix. :\-2. .T.; 1. -M. 41); I'rnr. /!,r., MS., x. 30-40; i*>V. Pcji. Sac, MS., V. 54-5; d'ucrra, Dor. J list. L'aL, MS., vi. l! i\ ^ '■ill H 1! 254 LACT THREE YEARS OF THE DECADE. Iti Portilki, lieutouants Juan ^lan'a Ibarra antl Xar- cisc) Fabrcgat, and Altci'cz lunacio Uclgado. This ounipaiiy embarked at Mazatlaii in the Cossack on Jidy 14th. The N'essel was chartei'ed I'or San Diego direct, but the winds carried her to tlie gulf instead, and on August Tth the troops, thirty-seven of whom are said to have been dangerously ill, were landed at ISan Luis Gonzaga Bay. From this point they niarched slowly northward, and arrived at St.n Dieuo on the IGth of September. These troo})s came toler- ably well armed with muskets and bayonets; and they brought ten thousand dollars in money with which to dei'ray exi)enses.^- Forty-live of the men under Fa- bregat and Delgado were soon added to the garrison at Santa Barbara; so that the new forces were in a few weeks ])retty eveidy distributed among the lour ])residios, giving each an increase of about lifty men. Xone of these men were at this time aceonn>anicd by their families. A rcenforcement of artillery had been asked for, promised, and had even started, but did not arrive this year. The only especial use for a military force this year was in the series of expeditions made in th'.- autumn against the Indians of the interior valleys, nhich, in- cluding the disaster at San Buenaventura and tlio resulting cani])aign of Moraga towards the Colorado, I narrate fidly elsewhere.^'* The newcomers aided in these ex[)editions, part of the southern com[)any going with Moraga, and the infantry by garrison duty in tiie north released the presidial soldiers for campaign service. Portilla's jSlazatlan company was composed of a good class of men, who subsequently gave no grounds for ci)mplaint, being e(pial in character an' I disci[ilino to the regular presidial troops. Xavarrete's infantry comitany, t'le •' vetcranos de San I-)ias, solda- dos de la otra banda," or as they were best known in ''■^ Corrcsponiloncc abrmt tlie cnniiiifj of tlie Cnx.^ivk and tlie ^[azatlan • f-.a- panv ii! J'r-ir. Sf. Pap., MS., xx. 71. 74. SI, S.5-(i, •j;i;i-4; Iil., J!rii. JUL. xlvi. )], l-J: xlix. ;{•_', :y, :fN-!l; r>i,r. /,'.'., MS., X. :{7-S, 41. '■^ St'o chap. XV. (jf this vuhiuiL', 'car ti'.ii ill- US ii in-' ill Li,^':i 111) :n:'l !tl'"s Ida- I ill xlvi. THE CIIOLO.S, AND HARD TIMES. 253 California, the cltolus,^^ were on the contrary most t uiphatieally a batl lot. Sucii i.s tlie unanimous tos- tiiDoiiy of governor, connnandants, friars, and citizens, no one of whom luis a word to say in their fu^'or. They belonged to the criminal and vagabond classe;-' ; were taken for the most part from the jaijs oi piv^kod. up by press-gangs in New Galicia, and they A^'oru alt^^•cther ignorant of milita'-y disciijline ortlie use of arms. Xotwithstaiiuing the suit of clothes and two iiiuiiths' advance i)ay which they luiil received, they suoii j;roved a burden rather than a relief to Cali- fornia!" .\ii(l here T am brought back once more to the ever- jL'curring topic of hard times. Nt'itlu'r thr Sa/ii ('dflos nor the llviini brought the long hoped for iiiciiiorias, though, goods to the sniall amoimt of .$3,000 srcin to have been obtained from one of the captains. '** Si'la had baseil some very sanguine expectations on the viceroy's communications. Besides the legular ' * ( 'Iv'Io in American provincial Sjianisli i.s tlm fifrs]irinj,' of ji Spanish father and Iniliaii niuther; liut it was never used in ('ulilornia except in an oll'ensive ), with reference to character I'ather tlian to race. It vas ap[)lied only to viii;al)(inds wlio came from Mexico. ''Sept. '2S, rsiS), Sola to (.iiierra say;i lie has conijilaincd very l)ittcrly to the \iccrov about the clas.s of men ' .sent at a co.-;l of nearly S()(),(l(JO to aug- ment my troubles.' I'roi: St. Pap., JJni. Mil., MS., xlix. 42. Sept. (itli, J.icut. Estrada sayti not one of the men e\er had a nni^ket in liis liands. diiimt, iJnr. Hid. Cdl., :MS., V. bsil-;j; iv. 4:j. Sept. 17th, I'aihe Mariinez t I Sola, the new tioop.s '.sin diseiiilina y .sin i'eli^;i(m.' 'J'he valley of tho 'i'uhue.s is a good pi. ice to tann. hor.-cs and .soldiers. The \'. It. should be talked to very plainly. Aicii. Ar.., ■>., MS., iii. pt. ii. 00-0. Sept. Idth, I'ayeras tuSiila, prijtests against the n^'w troops being tpiartered at the missions or liaving anytliing to do witii the neophytes. It is liai'd enough to manage tlio Indians with tlic be.st soldiers of the [iresidial com))anics as cscoltas. Tlio mw troops should be kept in tho presidios; but if Some of them must come tn ilio missions he will notify the padres to have separate ((uartcrs built t'lr tlu'Mi. Oct. 8th, Payeras to padres giving diri'ctions for SLicii buildings. /'/. , iii. pt. ii. 00-104 Of mixed race and worse than mixed cliaracter, vicious and (luarrelscaie. Their eoUiluct inspired ili.sgust anrcsidial tnio|>s, diunkards, J imblcrs, and thieves. Ahann/o, J{i.s the inconveniences naturally arising from the hasty abandonment of so Hi.iiiy estabrishments, and that tlu! [ladres mack' a direct contribution of about 8'>,o00 to sujiply losses sustained at ]\[onterey, besides furnishing laborers and many articles to which no special value was given, ''■'Dec. 15, ism, vk'oroy to Solii. Pror. ,SV. P,i/i., MS., xx. KW,. Oct. -Stli, the V. Iv. luul ■written tli.'it tliei'c were no ciirliines to lie liat at the mis- sions until the alarm shoidd be fiiven. A rrh. A r:.!ih., MS., iii. pt. ii. .")!-"), ();!-(); Pror. S/. rap., Bni. Mil., MS.. 1. 2(i-:jl. March .SOth, April 4th, corre- spondence betweeen .Sola and jjrefect on aid for the expected reiinforccmcnts. Arch. Arzoh., MS., iii. pt. ii. 121-'2; Pror. St. Pa/i., MS., xx. 80. Jan. •27th, I'el). '2(itli, .June '2(Jth, Sola's ap]ieals for aid for Monterey, and I'aycrr.!)' favorable responses, apportionin;^ I?:?, oW) among tlio missions in the name of the conuuunities of neopiiytes. Arrh. Arzoh., M.S., iii. pt. ii. 4n-.">l, 0.'}-!>, 1'2.V(I. Thaidvs of viceroy and {governor to padies for past .".ervices during tlic inva- sion, eonimnnicated by .Sola June 27th, and by I'ayer.is July '2Sth. JJor. Il'ist. ('((/., MS., iv. 440-1. Correspondence about supplies for tiie new troops after tiieir arrival. Aug.-Sept. )S1(». J'ror. SI. P(i/>., Jim. Mil., MS., xlix. - : .SV. P'ip. Sar., MS., viii. 07; Pror. Ri-c, ISIS., xii. 170 8.".. ''- The (jUarrels at Sta Cruz and at San .hum CapistraiKi have been recorded in the last chapter. March '22, ISIO, Santiago Argiiello say.s he dislikes lo liave iinything to do with the padres, for they act like tiie apothecary who sugars liis pills, implying more than they would dare to say. G'licrra, Ix.r. J/ii/riliiiri(iii''d iind •22(1. /./.. iii. i. 1-0. -* .Ian. 4th, Senan to Sola. 'Our time of troulile lias eome; tlie Americans >\ ill do all the hfirm tliey can; old conneetions arc liroiicn; no more menioiiii.-; foreigneis (lisres])ectful; the Limenos charged us \'> |)er cent, on goods last year, and will take uO per cent, next year if they come at all; from the gen- MISSION SUPPLIES. 259 IX. ■ini)vi:i>; hIs last .lie gtii- im A cut sonic of his pcevislinoss on tlio fnars, nccusing tlii'in, as he accused everybody, of lukewaruniess and a faikire to appreciate his own troubles and efforts; but tlie president repHed in a dignified manner that lie had given no just cause for such conipkiints; that lie fully realized the governor's difficulties, and that lie had done and would do all in his power Ibr the province. Yet he was about to resign and hoped his successor would give better satisfaction; and he in- sisted that while the padres were strainin ii. 4(J-8. \A\vi Martinez also taUi's a melanchoiico-joeooo lis paih'e's writiiiL; is no giiitar-iiiayer view of thin.u'H in hi.s ktter.s to (ir.erra, tlioUL;li mmli of tli is not over-ilear to the luiinitiated. For iiistai to •: III"/. ''((/., MS. ill. (>. S. ■-■(•(JlT es])on( leneeof Oet.-Dei [Ari-h. Arztih., MS., iii. pt. ii. 12fi- 1, Al- tli< iiailo, Jli.-it. Ciil., MS., i. ].S7-!U. di'srribcs a formal eiMiteicme at Monterey I'tueen Sola and iiadres from 7 mis.sions on the suiiolv oiustioii .soon afti I anil padres irom , mis.sions on the supiily i|iustion .soon after aril val of tlie choli He iVH that Sola liad to tal a very lirm stain jiltd-e his pri»-!ite wealth, and cviii use some (liieats licfoiv the | ;idrrs wo eoMsrnt to smfifiort the new troops. Correspondence of ISl'O. HiKrnt. I. uhl Do lli^t. Vul.. >iS., ii. |.V>, iii. 8; I'atUJo, J)oi\ Hist. L'nL, MS., xxviii. 'J,j, •lH at. Pup. ^J<%c., MS., vi. 22; xviii. 3J-U, 45. M M i-i ', 1 11 ifi ' iH it W i il ;^i %. 5"B>y a ' 1' - f ! ■f ■ i ! i 2G0 LAST THREE YEARS OF THE DECADE. piro. Ho was in a contented mood at that time and expressed a desire to end his days in Cahf'ornia.-'" With increasing troubles, however, lie became discon- tented, and a year later, although he had in the mean time been made colonel of provincial militia, he announced his expectation of being relieved at the end of his term in ac(X)rdance with his request long ago forwarded to the viceroy."'' In the spring of 18l'() ho .sent in his formal resignation, thus arousing strong hopes among the friends of Ca[)tain Guerra that the latter might through the aid of San Fernando college secure the position.^ Throughout the year Sola ap- pears to have urged the acceptance of his resignation of an office that yielded him neither honor nor profit, nothing but vexation of spirit. His friends were asked to work for him and secure a better place, as intend- ant or minister of the exchequer; but no attention was paid to the matter, perhaps partly on account of the demand for a better place; on the contrary his appointment as governor was royally confirmed in June, though the announcement did not reach Cali- i'ornia until the next year.-'' Oil' .nensure for relief devised and executed by tlio goverjior, with the advice and aid of his subordi- nates, was to send a special commissioner to Mexi(,'o =6 May T), 1818, Sola to viceroy. Prov. /?pr. , MS. , ix. 19(5. In April Moran l.iiil wiittcii to (iiicrni from Alcxieo that Sola sliould l)u proniotcd; 'he iiiii:t let fly his memorials ' and get tlio reward duo him for the ' liaiiishmont lie i:n]»)scd upon hiiusclf with profit to tho service and benefit to that neglet-teil settlement.' Oiicrra, Doc J fist. CnL, MS., vi. 117. -' June 21, isnt. Sola to (ruerra. He says liis request was sent 10 months at.'i>, tliat i.s ahfiut the time lie had really asked for a continuatiin. Prnr. Si. J'l'ji., /I'll. Mil., MS., xlix. ."W-H. On ^lanii 7th a notice a))pcared tiiat Uh' j^iivcniorship of Cnlifornia was vacan':, witli a re(|uest to aspii-ants to niaiv<\ llixi. CaL, MS., iv. 4(n-'i, 40."). '".lulv 2.'), lS-_'(), Sola to I'jitrieio Humana. J'mr. Ihr., MS., x. .")(). Oct. 7th, Sola to Ruiz de Cahafias. ,SV. Pup., Snr., 'MS., vi. 'JO-1. Oct. 9tli. s,,la to Guerra, askinu; him to call on several intluential persons in his behalf. Prov. Si. P(ip.. Il'ii. Mi!.. MS., xlix. 40. Royal order of June 1820. St. Pui'.. Sue, MS., vi. 'AS. ■>, , l.v •tli- lllVMU lllll:-t it ln' k'ctoa ontlis SI. : Ihr :ik.' Ulli' llliow- 111. !• to Oct, Sola Imlf. rs Arxjelcs for San Bias. His instructions, dated September 23d, re([uired him to hasten to ^lexico, on no account to delay at Guadalajara or to [)lace any reliance on the treasury official there, to treat directly w ith the viceroy, to be put off with no frivolous ex- cuses, to claim the promised armament not sent with the troops and also the detachment of artillery, and above all things to insist on the innnediate payment of sir)0,000 or $200,000, half of which was to "be in- vested in the supplies most needed according to ( \ uerra's judgment.^" JJoubtless a better man than Guerra could not have been chosen as commissioner, and he accomplished the little that was possible. He wrote from San Bias on Xoveinber 2Gth to the viceroy, who on January 12t!i replied that he was making jireparations to send .^.j(),000 to the habilitado general at Guadalajai'a; that he had informed Sola of his efforts to do for C alifornia all that the conditit)n (»f the treasurv would jiennit; and that if he, Guerra, had no other business in Mexico he might return to his post on the Sun '"Gniria, Drte.rmhxicion fohrc t fioiii each incsi 'ill, wliii h ( iueira asUcd for, hut \\ liii.li ho suhsu(|iiuiitly seems tohavo (lecli, ci vohiiitaiily. /-/., iv. (CJ: vi. Ul_'-4; I'rov. St. I'up., Bin. Mil., MS., xli\. 3o-0, ;}8, 4U-1, 44; 1. oV~\; I'ruv. Rec, MS., x. 40, 40. tm *,\i fii- ^ffin! ! k' ■ ■' ■' (!:! raii«i HH||fl| ■i ffl^m 1 4' "if-- w 2G2 LAST THREE YEARS OF THE DECADE. Carlos, since liis longer stay was unnecessary/^^ Yet the captain thought it l^est to go to the capital, where he succeeded in increasing the amount of the appropri- ation, and ])erhaj)s, thougli this is not so clear, in get- ting' a part of the amount to expend in Mexico, where it is stated that supplies could be purchased much cheaper than in (Aiadalajara. At any rate he obtained a [>ass])ort for return on April 15th, and sailed froiu San Bias, probably on the San CtUioti, in June, with goods invoiced at !?-tl,.319, but valued in California at 6:34,000 or $3G,000, with which he arrived at Mon- terey in August.^"' Meanwhile complaints of destitution in the prov- ince were frequent, several of them having been for- warded to Guei'ia while he was in Mexico.''^ The memorias if of slight amount were better than nothing after so long waiting; and trade, moreover, was nuicli moi'e brisk than in the preceding year. There were at least five Spnnisli craft l)esi(les the transjiort San (Au'h)S on the coast, which afibrded a market for more tallow than could be obtained, and in addition to their trade with the padres and settlers sold to the ^'■Tan. 12, 1820, viceroy to Cuorra. C'ltprra, Doc. Ilht. Cal.,^\9.., iv. 104; vi. 94-."). Oil tlio same date the V. R. wrote to Sola expressing j^reat suipiiso at the hitter's letter of Sept. 21, ISK), on the uselcssncss of the expense iu- enrrcil to seiul the vessels with 100 jail-birds as soldiers. Prnv. St. I'd/)., ^IS., XX. 282. Same date also Moran to Gueria, doubting that the latter will get anything,' in Mexico more satisfactory than fair promises. Oucrra, JJvr, J/i.'it. Cal., .Ms., vi. 118. ^'^ March 1S20, (lUerrain Mexico thanks viceroy for his interest in tlic wel- fare of California, and asks for money to invest in supplies. Guerru, Ihx. Hint. Cal., MS., iii. l.")2-.''). April l.")th, viceroy's passport. Id., vi. 12l'. Invoices dated Ciuadalajara, May l.jtii. J'ruv. St. Pap., MS., ii. 4;5; /■/., Ijcii. Mil., li. 10. March 2'Jtli, the .S'. Vdrloa will be overhauled and then proceed with invoices to Califoniia. Arch. Sfa Ji., MS., xii. 40.">-(i. Aug. 2.")th, Sola says that Noriega has arrived with .?;}(!, 000 in supplies. Pmr. Per., MS., X. 58. Luis Argiiello on Aug. 12th says the i?;i4,000 brought liy (iucrrawill be but slight relief to the 4 presidios. Oucrra, Doc. IPid. Cal., ^slS., vi. 127-8. ^^Sueli complaints in 1 SI 0-20, the purport of which it i.i anncccssarv to r-ncat; in dnirm. Doc. Hist. Cat., :*IS , Iv. 52, 5.')-(), l.S(J; v. 200-7, 2;!()-l, 1M-\; Pr'iv. J.'tc, MS., x. 24; Pror. St. P,ip., MS., xx. 202-;i, no ink fn; writing, gunpowder used; /'/. , /iiii. Mil., xlix. 5;)-4; St. /'c/)., .S'nc. , MS., vi. 24. Dec. 23tli, Sola to (iarcia Conde. Aii'airs in a bad condition; no trade; only 11,000 people from whom to collect tithes; the dockyards of S. Bias ouglit to be transferred to L'alifoniia. Id., vi. 25-0. M $ PARTIAL RKLIEF. 288 OS. presidios at least $17,000 worth of goods.^ Besidt> Kldchnikot' came IVoiii the north with the welcome (•ai'L;'o of the liuhhikoj; and possibly another Rus- sian carijfo was obtained, to say ncithing of small sums received from two Russian vessels bound to the north, and from a liritish whaler for fresh })rovisions iarnished. Thus financially atfairs were a little brighter at tlu! close of the decade. ] think the detachment of artillery, about twenty stroiiL;', including a few artisans, under Sulj-lieutenant .lose Ramirez, must have arrived this year, perha]>s in the Cleopaffd which arrived at Monterey on May 7th, though there is no positive record to that effect. The reiiidbrcement was a niost welcome one to the province, since the few remaining artillerymen under (ioniez were for the most j)art old and disabled, and the new men were of a good class under an able olliccr.^'' Throughout the year the Californians were on the watch for hostile vessels. A lai-ge ship was seen at San Francisco in the evening of March I'Jth, hut had disa[)peared next niorning. This brought (^ut from the governor an order to the padres to keep their valuables boxed and ready for removal.^" Within less than a month there came a warning from ^[exico that four insurgent vessels from Chili misjcht be expected at any moment ou the northern coasts. ^'Stc chap, xiii., this volume. ^'Tlio movenienta of tliis iirtillery (letiichmcnt arc not very clear. Alost of my narratives speak of it as liaving come with the otlii'r reeiiforceineiits iii ISl'.i; Init we have seen tiiat such vas not tlic ease. March "JO, 1810, the viceroy announced their coining, /'ror. Sf. /'np., MS., xx. 08-9, 71. Attheenil of May 181(1, llaniirez and his men are said to have left Mexico for C'alifoinia liy way of Durango, (iuaymas, and Loieto. Arih. Aryli., MS., iii. pt. ii. 1 lit. Si'pt. 'J.Sth, Sola had received news of their coming, from (Uiaymas. I'l-or. S(. J'd/i., Hell. Mil., MS., xlix. 4"_*. Oct. '-'Sth, the \iceroy ad\ ised Sola that the artillerymen were at Mazatlan. I'roi: Sf. J'ap., MS., xx. 7-. l're])aration3 for their coming in Sept. -Oct. /il.,XK. 'i."il-'J. March ilt, \i>'l{), thcCliojiii/rn is said to he iitting at San ]$his to carry artillerymen and war-stores. Arch. Slit /)., MS., xii. 40")-0. ]5ut in the notice of the Cloojuttra'.'i arrival tliere is nothing said of artillery, (literra. Doc. Hist. <'(il., MS., v. '2()7-!t; /'rrtv. Ji'ic., Ms., 54. I'ico, Aronticimiculfix, MS., 4, tells us that the artilleiynien were nearly all men of good cliaracter ami pure Spanish Mood, .hily 20, IS'JO, Ramirez renders an account at Monterey. Dept. St. Pup., Um. MIL, MS., liii. :i. ^'^ March ill, 1820, Sola to padres. Arch. Arzob., MS., iv. pt. i. 7. Ill }-il I ' !| i K' 1 *'\ ^Bn ,'■! hI *1 jHH» r ( \ i 1 864 LAST TIIRf:E YEARS OF THE DECADE. ! t Accordingly Sola issued on April 9th orders to co- liuiudiuites and friars which ref(uired a renewal of the measures of 1818, and a readiness to send families and jtroperty into the interior and rally for the defence of the country at the first notice of an enemy's ap[)roach."^ The only new feature in the governor's precautionary measures was the j)roposed organization of companies of (^-ilifornia royalists, for which })urpose lists were called for of all civilians over fifteen years of age in the province. ]t does not clearly appear that the organization of the faithful realisias was carried fur- ther than the formation of these lists. The neophyte warriors were, however, organized and drilled to some extent, especially at Santa Barbara, where Padre RipoU formed a 'compania de urbanos realistas de Santa Barbara,' one hundred strong and armed with bows, besides a compan}- of fifty machete ros, and another of thirty lancers, all picked men. These Indians })rom- ised to shed their last drop of blood for their king, and Ilipoll, meanwhile keeping their arms locked up, had much confidence in them, but President Payeras liad his doubts about their conduct in battle.^^ Fernando VII. having been forced in March of this year to accept the liberal constitution of 1812, Viceroy Apodaca with his ministr}' followed the king's example in jMay, announcing the fact in a hamlo, or decree, of May 31st. This document was forwarded to California for publication by the bishop of Sonoia July 1st, but there is no record of its reception. On the 7tli of June, or July, however, the viceroy issued another bando, requiring a formal oath of allegiance to the constitution to be sworn to by all before the curate '• Api'il 9, 1820, Sola to President Payeras and to commandants. Prov. St. Pap., MS., XX. '2~l-'l\ Arch. Arzoh., MS., iv. pt. i. 1,'}. Preiiarations at Sail liafat'l, where the news arrived April 18th. Vallejo, Doc. Jlid. Cat., MS., xxviii. 27. ""April 10, 1820, E.studillo to coniisionado of San Jos<5. iS'. Jose, Arch., MS., iii. 15. One hundred and eiglity-sevcn men tit for arms at San Diego. Prov. I\e<'., MS., xi. 52; Prov. St. J'l'i'., MS., xx. 48. Maitorena makta out list at Monterey, (hwrrn, J)of. Hist. Cal., MS., v. 207. Padres conliikiit in Indian loyalty and bravery. Arch. Ar~ol)., MS., iv. pt. i. 31 et al. Piipoll's preparations at Sta liiirbara. Id., iv. 17,20. CONSTITUTION OF 1812. '20.' of each parisli on the first ilia do Jicsfd after tlio |iul)lii'ati()ii of the edict. This order was forwarded liv the hishop from Arizpo on Auijjust lOth, and leached Cahfornia in Oetober."'"' The matter lirst appears in the provincial records on October 8th, when SoUi took the oath before Padre Suner, Ca[>tain (le la Guerra, and the assembled j)eople at the presi- (lial chai)el at Santa Barbara. Next day he notified the prefect that the friars must be ordered by circular to take the prescribed pk'dijfe. October l!Oth Lieu- ti'ii.nit Valle went to San .fose as commissioner to iiceive the oath of the pueblo officials. The li'Jd l^csident Paveras took the oath at Monterey and Stilt out the re(]uired circukirs. These are the only iec(»r;led instances; but doubtk\ss the formality was ciiinplied with eveiywhere during' the month. The only evidence of reluctance is f(jund in a communica- tion of Sola to Captain Xavarrete, according to which the padres of San Carlos arc to be warned that if they ftiil to swear on the next Sunday they will lose their priestly character and j)rerogatives." The king's oi'dcr on this subject was obeyed by the loyalists of C'alirornia simply because it was the king's order, without discussion, and, so far as the majority of the ]>eople were concerned, without any clear ideas as to the pur})ort of the new constitution. It is not even (•ei'tain that there was a copy*" of the document in (.'alilbrnia at this time. The missionaries understood ''•' CoHxtifiiclon E^'panola de 1S12. Bttndos del Virr;/ y Ohinpo noire Kitjiifa, iiSVO, Ms. The form of oath was to be: ' Do you swear hy God and the 1 Inly (in^;]ll'ls ti) observe tlie political constitution of the Spanish Monarchy saju- tiomil by the Ocncral and Extraordinary Cortes of the Nation, and to bo f.iitlifid to the King?' the response of all to be 'Si juro.' This oath was to be prccodcd iiy a mass of thanksgiving, and followed by a te deum ami a i]\^- Liiuise by tile curate. Next day after the publication, all prisoners for other tliaii ciiiiiinal ofl'ences were to beset at libei'ty. The viceroy's order of Jidy ;ilsf is also mentioned in Prov. St. 7'o/)., MS., xx. 127-. On .Tan. '21st, Sola, li;i ti'anscribed an order to prevent the circulation of suliversive periodicals siuli as the Etpaiiol t'onstitucioncd, O'ubiiute da Curiosidadtti, etc. Jd., JJcii. Mil.. 11. 8. '"■St. I'np., Sac, MS., xviii. .3.3; v. 50; S. Jox^ Arch., ]\1S., iii. l.'], 1(1; Ai-rli. Anol)., MS., iv. pt. i. •2:i; Omrrn, Dw. Hid. Cul.. MS., vi. IKi. " I have what appears to be the original copy sent to California. Doc, lli.l. fill., MS., i. 1 -4"J, but it has nothing to show when it was received. 'I i i HI! 1 a m^ ||Hi| '■' 1 1 ■ ' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 t \m 12.0 2.2 — 6" 1.8 U III 1.6 ^^' ^ y /^ Photographic Sciences Corporation # \ M .V «^ <> ^: 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. M580 (716) 873-4S03 4i. Ji i 2C6 LAST THREE YEARS OF THE DECADE. the principles involved, and had no sympathy with them; but they realized fully that they and their peculiar institutions must fall with royalty, and that m unwavering fidelity to the king lay their only hope for the future. CHAPTER XIII. FOREIGN RELATIONS— MARITIME AFFAIRS— AND CONTRABAND TRADE. 1811-1820. ]5ia\nKA-FLEETS — Captttre of the 'Mercury' — Cannon at San Pedro — The 'Pedler' Seized — The 'Isaac Todd' and ' Raccoon '—Gilroy— The War of 1812 — Restrictions— The 'Colcmbia '—Eliot de Castro AND THE 'IlMEN' — ThE 'LyDIA' AND 'ALBATROSS' — THOMAS DOAK — Kotzebce's Visit— Chamisso and Choris — A Scpply-ship at Last — The Lima Traders — Tallow — Wilcox and the 'Caminante'— The Capitan Colorado — Roqcefeuil's Visits in the ' Bordelais'- -i-EUNAN - DEZ AND SuSOL — ItEMS OF THE LaST ThREE YeARS— ThE InSURGKNTS Coming — Ffjirs of Americans— Cilapman and Rose — Trading Fleet of 1820. Two subjects connected with foreign relations for this decade, Bouchard's invasion and relations with the Russians, are treated in separate chapters,^ receiv- iut,' here only such brief mention as convenience may iv(iuire. The visits in 1811-12 of certain American vessels with bidarka-fleets hunting otters under Rus- sian contracts — of the Winships in the Albatwsa and O'Cain, Davis in the Isabella, Meek in the Ametlnjst, Blanchard in the Catherine, and Whittemorc in the Charon — are elsewhere recorded, little being known iihf)ut most of them beyond their presence on the coast and the number of otter-skins they carried uwav." Kuskof in the schooner Chi rikqf came down to Bodega in 1811, returned to establish Fort Ross in 1812, and the following year entered into commercial relations with the Spaniards at San Francisco.* ' Chapters xi. and xiv. of this volume. ^ See chapter v, this volume. ' Thu niercliaiit brig Mexkano, Capt. Josd Arci, anchored at Monterey iu I 207 J 268 MARITIME AFFAIRS AND CONTRABAND TRADE. I I In 1813 the American trader Mcrcmy, Captain George Washington Ayres, repeated her visit to the coast in search of opportunities for contraband trade, and came to grief in the attempt.* Two Spanish vessels, Flora, Nicolds No^, and Tagle, Anangua, were on the coast this year, having come up from Lima un a trading voyage,^ and the former had the good fortune to find and capture the Mei^cury just above Santa Barbara on June 2d. The circumstances of the cap- ture and the testimony of officers and crew left no doubt in the mind of Argiiello, who by the governor's orders held a formal investigation on the 19th," that the Americans had neglected no opportunity for clan- destine trade. Accordingly a formal inventory was made of the captured effects, the officers and meji being secured at the presidio until all could be sent south and the matter be turned over to the superior government for final disposal. Noe did not approve this course, since ho wished the Flora to be pronounced a privateer, and the Mercury her prize to be confiscated and sold with all her effects for the benefit of himself September 1811. Prov. Rec, M.S., xi. 220; and the Columbia was on the Cali- fornia coast in 1812. Dept. St. Pap., MS., iv. 158. * Sola in 1813 states tliat Ayres, called I'ayus, was left at Monterey nine years ago, or in 1804, by a smuggler, and was sent to Mexico, soon making Ilia reappearance on the coast. /Vor. liec, MS., ix. 133. This is mj'sterioii.s, unless ix)ssibly Ayres was the mate of the Peacock captured in 1800. Seo chap. ii. of this vol. A scrap in JJayes' Einifj. Notes, 702, says an American snuigglur, Capt. Geo. Washington, being at Refucio at the time of the earth- quake of Dec. 20, 1812, was carried upacanon and brought back by the wave. This was from tlie S. F. Bulletin and was written probably by Taylor. ^Arch. Sta Ii., MS., xii. 92-3; Guerra, Doc. Hid. Cal., MS., iii. 21«; Pror. St. Pup., xix. 351, and allusions in references of following notes. Noo sold §2.000 in supplies to the presidios, taking a draft. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. 372. '^Mercury, Expediente de investifjacion sobre captura de la fragaia Am&ri- cana ' Meiriirio,' 1S13, MS. All admittetl occasional traffic for skins ami supplies. Ayres testified that he had been eight years on the coast, cngagiil for the most part as on the present voyage in bringing supplies for tiic Rus- sians and carrying their otter-skins to China, but also trading with the Indians; had never entered the ports of California; had a U. S. patent, but no spoijial passiH)rt for these waters; was not in company with any other vessel, though there were eight American vessels trading on the coast; had some watches from Ross to be repaired in China. Pilot John Dillaway said an American vessel would soon airive from China; and he offered to aid in the capture nf the Charon, then at San Quintin. June 8th, Arrillaga to Noe, ordering invtii- tory and investigation made. Proi'. Ike, MS., xi. 10, 20. Also to command- ant. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. 352-3. CAPTURE OF THE 'MERCURY.' a Amfii- kins mill cngagiil the Kus- eliuliaus; no Bpt'c.ial il, thout;li e watches American apturu of ing inveii- ommanJ- and his men.'' This Arrillaga and Argiicllo could not reconcile with their ideas of international law, or at least, they preferred to evade the responsibility. The property must all go San Bias, except •ii'lGjOOO in coin, which it was more convenient to send in the form of a draft on Guadalajara, a perfectly unobjectionahle operation, though a very shrewd one, by which Cali- i'ornia was enabled to see once more the color of the king's money in spite of the treasury officials and the revolution.' Noe left his own vessels at Santa Barbara and continued his voyage in the Mercury to Monterey and other points. There were rumors of other snuig- glers about the Channel islands, and Noe hoped to capture some of them, but there is no record of his success." Finally the prisoners were taken to San ]^las in October on the Catalum, alias the Tatjlc, which carried also three Russian deserters.^" I sup- jiose that the Mercury and Flora sailed about the same time." Captain Ayres had on his vessel a woman from the Hawaiian Islands who had accompanied him ior four years as wife, or mistress, and had borL'c him a (laughter at sea a finv days before the capture. Both mother and child were left in California and became good Catholics.*^ ' June 27th, No(5 to commandant, being hia not quite disinterested views on the 'customary' disposition of contral)and vessels according to the 'rules of the Pacific' Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. .349-r)0. ^Prov. Rpc, MS., ix. 133; xi. 21. In one document the sum seems to ho given as $8,800. "JuncOth, Arrillaga to Argiiello. Pror. Ppc., MS., xi. 20-1. .Tune 2(>th, Argiicllo to An'illaga. Proi: St. Paji., MS., xix. .T)0-2. It was rccom- tiicndud to send the prisoners up to Monterey for safc-ljccping, Imt it appa- rently was not done. According to /(/., xix. 302 3, tlic captain was allowed j*l a (lay for support, and each of the men 20 cents. Only four men liesidrs tlic captain are mentioned; anil only three testified, one being a native of -Manila, another, Thomas Jones, of Marhlchead, besides the pilot. "7Vm'. Uer., MS., ix. l:(l. "Oslo, //(V. Cat, MS., 28-f), writing, probably from memory, an account of the smuggling operations of these years, in which details are inovtricaldy confused, sjiys that tlic captains of the Siilfavn and Urlmitn, then at Sail I'mncisci), oll'ered to aid Capt. Davis, owner of the Mcnuri/, to recapture llio vcsM'l, but he declined. This is all wrong, and no such vessels were on the coast. '- August, 1810, Onerra to Sola. The woman is called Maria Antonia do la Ascension Stuurt, and is said to have lived at (Juerra's hou.se. Aceordiaft 270 MARITIME AFFAIRS AND CONTRABAND TRADE. There are records of subsequent corrcspontlence respecting the Mercitn/, but none which make known the ultimate result. Orders were issued by the vice- roy that Ayres should be well treated and his prop- erty protected. It was decid^id that the captured vessel must be treated as a sUiUggler and not a.s a 1>rize of war, and in 1815 the Mcrcuri/ was ordered t<> »e sold at Ayres' petition, since she was rapidly breaking up. At last in 181G General Cruz was named as judge to dispose of the whole matter, l)ut the fmal issue as I have stated is not known." Noe, for some unexplained reason, left six or eight cannon at San Pedro in care of Bartolo Tapia, [)robabl3' to make room for more tallow and grain on board his vessel. A rumor found its way from Lower Califor- nia to the ears of President Scnan that ijuns hud been left buried in the country by Americans with a view to future hostilities. The report was sent to Sola, and naturally, the truth being known, created no special excitement; yet in view of the frequent visits of Americans known to have designs on the northern coast," and of the efforts in progress for jMexican independence, it was deemed prudent to take the [)recaution of spikiiig the cannon secretly. ^^ to . Sonan notes the presence of an American vessel with a l)idarka-(Iect at mn! of tlie islands since December. There were 08 canoes, and the men were on camped in straw huts with 4 women to make their tortillas. It Lsdidicult to identify tliis vessel or the two mentioned by the same writer as having bci ii at San Pedro in January and March 1812. Tlie latter, an American, is wiid to have brought much clothing which it waa intended to land had the insur- CAPTURE OF THE TEDLER. 271 The Tarfle came back in 1814 under Josd Cavcne- ciii who was fortunate enoujTjh to siij^ht the American hriu^ Peillcras she was entering the biglitot'San Luis Obispo. Until she was inside, the T(((flc raised tlie stars and stripes, but then hoisted Spanish colors and tlri'd a blank charge to stop the prize, which showed iv disposition to make off. Two more guns, this time loadetl with balls, caused the Pedler to heave to, and a boat with twenty-five men was sent to take posses- sion, secure all papers, take the prize to Santa ]3ur- Itaia, and lock her hatches. In an investigation, coiKkicted by Lieutenant Estudillo, it was shown that the vcsstl had come from the Hawaiian Islands with a cargo for Koss, and had entered San Luis because shi' had mistaken the Tatjle for a Russian ship to whicli a part of the cargo was to be delivered. This (•\])lanation may not have been (|uite satisfactory; iiHlc'ud as a matter of fact the vessel was one chartered by tlie Pacific Fur Company's agent, Hunt, who was the II on board homeward bound from Astoria to New Vork;'" yet there was no proof of contraband trade, and tlie captured brig was released with an order to (juit these waters at once. The viceroy approved the ivlease." The affair of the PcOlcr occurred in August and Se[)tember. Earlier two English vessels had visited tlie coast. The armed merchantman Isaac Todd, Cap- tain Fiazer Smith, ostensibly bound to Manila for tea, ('onts been found in possession of any part of the coast. 'Ha Soilor! Los Aiit'lo-Aiucricanos con los I lispano- Americanos I Ik'Uu union!' Tlie fiiiir l.iiiunts tlie rapid destruction of sea-otter, l>y forcii,'ners. Fonnerly Sjin iiiuiiii Ventura employed six canoes and got from 100 to KM) nkin.s eaeli yi-ar, liut Jill that was past. Tliere is no foundation for tiie remark m ('rnul^'t Xiil. Wmllh, 'M't, that in or before ISI'i a number of stragglers f.om the f>ir <(iin|ianies found their way to (jilifoniia anil caused nnich trouble to the jiuilics l>y taking the best looking s(|uaws foi' liousekeejiers. '''St;c J/isl. AorlkirrMf Coast, i. .S.'VJ .'I; ii. '2X>, tiiis scries. There is no inithority for the report that she was sent to San lUas as a prize. '•/'/•or. ,S7. Pn/i., MS., xix. .'W.'l; I<1., Urn. Mil., xlv. .S-(i. Besides the '/'";//<■ tlie Santa Eiilal'ia or lifnoliii-hm was on the coa.st in 1.S14, and sold the presidios 8Hj,000 of supplies. Giiirra, Dor. I/!st. ('a/., MS., iv. 110-12. The liitrijiiilo from Panama for California touched at Acapulco in May. Gactta ill Mcx:, XXX. 790. MARITIME AFFAIRS AND CONTRABAND TRADE. ii but really to the Columbia River with supplies for the Northwest Company, with a view to the .seiz- ure of Fort Astoria," anchored at Monterey in January and remained a month there and at San Francisco, thence proceedin<^ up the coast. Eight men deserted, and three others were left at IMonterey to recover from the scurvy. One of the three was John Gilroy, the first foreigner to take up his perma- nent residence in the province, of whom I have some- thing to say elsewhere.*" The other vessel was tlio man-of-war Raccoon, Captain William Black, cruising against the United States, which had left the I'odd at Rio Janeiro, and rejoined her at San Francisco in February. Black had visited the Columbia River \vhere he had captured an American fort as he said— that is Astoria; but his vessel had been damaged, per- haps in crossing the Columbia bar, and he had been forced by this accident and the need of supplies to San Francisco. He was kindly treated by Argiiello, and beached and repaired his vessel with the aid of tlie lodd's crew.'^" He obtained a thousand pounds of gunpowder with other needed supplies, recovering, perhaps, the deserters lost by the Todd, and at last sailed for the Islands.^* Early in this year came orders from the king that ""Sc'C Hint. Northwest Coast, i. .33.3; ii., chap, ix-xi., this series. The Toihl aiTivcd jit the Cohimbia in April. '•/Voc. ,S7. Pap., MS., xix. .308-70; Prov. Itec, MS., xii. 22G-7. Julian Malcolm, baptizetl as Francisco Migiu'l, with Gilroy on Sept. 21st, and .Jiiiiics M. Baldwin, baptized as Diego Mariano on Nov. l'2th, were very likely (iil- roy's companions. Tai/lor'n Dlncov. and Founders, ii. no. "28. These two may have died, or more likely recovered and been given up Mith the desertci-s. John Mulligan, or Milligan, the Irish weaver, may also have been one of tiiese men. Spence, Hist. Note, MS., 2o, says Mulligan came about the same time as (Jilroy; and in 1819 he was included with Gilroy and Doak in a per- mit to marry and settle. Deyt. St. Pap., M.S., xix. 1. '"Cox, Adventures, i. 285-6, says that Black had determined to abandon the Itdccoou and proceed overland, and would have done so but for the Toibl's assistance. He is the only authority for the visit of the Todd to San Francisco. All these voyages connected with the annals of Astoria are fully recorded in llixt. Northwest Const, this series. "Jan. 15, 1814, Argiiello to Arrillaga. Pror. Her., MS., xii. 220-8; ix. 1.32-3; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. .308-70. The visit is mentioned iii,Vo/(/''i Annals of S. F., 10.3. Zavalishin, Deh o Kolovii/ Posh, 0, says that Bhick was an unwelcome guest at San Francisco, and treated the Spaniards aa sub- ordinates. The liUCCooH had 28 guns and loO men. TRADK WITH TIIF, NORTinVE^T. 278 stiict innitralitv must bo oUscrvod 1)V tlic Califoruian jiutlioritioH ill the war l>et\vc'on Eiij,d}iiul jukI tlio I'liitcd States, tho war of 1H12. No aid was to ho j^ivoii to American privateers, nor were prizes taken liv either nation to he admitted into tho ports ox('ej)t i;i cases of tho most ur<;ent necessity."' This onler was followed a little later hy other roj'al instructions. TIu' kini^'s attention had heen called to tijo excesses (Miiimitted hy foreire- tcst of whale-fishinj^, did a larijfo contraband trade. J'oreiijfners nmst hy every possil)lo means ho kept away from the coast, and tho oft-repeated orders in such cases must be strictly enforced. Vessels seized must bo confiscated accordinj^ to the rei^ulations, and the Spanish minister at Washington was said to have ht'iii notitioil that stringent measures would be adopted to remedy the evil. 23 In July and August, 1815, the North-west Com- jiaiiy's schooner Columbia, Ca[)tain Jennings, visited .Monterey and obtained without difficulty such sup- plies as were needed for the voyage. Jennings' chief nliject was to establish a trade between California and ,l!iu Columbia establishment lately purchased from the Americans, but Sola refused to allow the landing (if goods or the purchase of suj)plies on credit, though ill his letters to tho viceroy he favored the i)roftered traffic. Ho also refused to allow one Duncan to remain at Monterey under pretence of awaiting letters iVoni England. Ten deserters were left behind at first, but the CuIumJ>ia after a trip to Bodega returned and recovered them from the Spanish authorities who had placed them under arrest.^* The decision in --July nth, Jnnc '28th, Aug. '28th, 1813, viceroy to governor. Proi: St. ]''ilK, MS., xix. :W.>-!). -■' l);ite., MS., -NX. !KS-100. '■'One man, however, remained from tho folimihia and became a perma- 111 lit resident. This was Antonio llocha, a Portuguese. Vejj. St. Pu/i., MS., i.. 15ti-8. Hut. Cal., Vol. II. 18 274 .>rARITIME AFFAinS AND CONTRABAND TRADE. i 1,1,1 Mexico, wliich arrived a year later, was iinfavoraldo to Jennings' proposition and the governor's reeoiu- inendation. It was a[)parent to tlie viceroy's advisers tliat the true aim of tlie Enghshnien was to ol)taiu otter-skins and to reconnoitre the country witli a view to its seizure. Tliereforc thi-y were to \m watclied and furnished with such aid oidy as was re- quired by the laws of hospitality." The affair of the Ilmen in which Eliot de Castro visited the coast this year with a bidarka fleet, heiit on contraband trade and otter-hunting, is recorded in a chapter devoted to Russian annals.''* By the or- tlers of Sola, the Russian Boris Tarakdnof with some twenty Aleuts was captured at San Pedro and put iu jail at Los Angeles, This was on September IDtli, and on the 25th Eliot with an American and foni' Russians was taken at El Cojo, the Ilmen escaping/^ Sergeant Jose Ortega of Refugio was suspected of complicity with Eliot, and still worse, with other American contrabandistas; and Sola caused a strict watch to be kept on his movements.^^ A little earlier in the year, in August, the Suvdrof, Captain Makdrof, had traded at San Francisco.^" On one of these ves- sels, I suppose, came Josd Bolcof, a permanent Russian, settler in California.*' »Proi\ St. Pap., MS.,xix. 387-9, 398-9; Prov. liec, MS., ix. 1.3.5, 1.37-!t: Giierra, Doc. /list. Cal., MS., vii. 11. Brooks, Orhjin of Japanese, i., piestrvLS a statement of Captain Adams to the effect that on March 24, 1815, while sail- ing-maste.' on the Forrester, Capt. Pickett, he saw off Santa Bilrbara a Japancso jink drifting, from which three men were rescued. From the fact that, in ;in- otlicr item cited l>y this writer, Capt. John Jennings is represented as captain of tlie Forrester in 1813, the suggestion presents itself that this may possibly have been the true name of the vessel, called by the Spaniards Columbia. '•"^ Cliap. xiv. of this volume. ■'' Sept. 21, 1815, Sola has heard of the arrival of the Germania {Ilmen), and orders the arrest of all who land. Prov. ltif known of old to the nader."' Comandante (iuerra immediately proceeded to IJefugio, and with the aid of Carlos Carrillo and Santia<^o Aryi'iello arrested the two captains with a i'rw men who had landed in boats. Possession was at (tiice taken by Sergeant Carrillo of the Li/dia, since she had no means o f def ence an< I t o ))i event her breaking-up in case of a wind she was taken to Santa ]);hbara. The j:llhatross was too well armed to bo taken so easily. Smith absolutely I'efuscd to order her surrender, and she sailed away under a promise to return in eight days to learn what had been decided respecting her captain. Guerra hoped that the lack (tf provisions and loss of connnander, passport, and part of the crew would bring her back and ])» rhaps within his power, but she never came. The ])risoner.s were taken to the i)residio before the 20tli of Jan- uary 33 I ^' For former visits of the A I hat rosn, Capt. Winsliip, Mate Smith, in lSlO-1'2, sec iliiip. V. of this voliiine. The author of JJoslun in the Xortfiinnf, MS., "J'.i, well iic'(inuiiitc(l with the snhject, sjijs the AlhatroK.^ never eaiiie haek to the I'iuilie iitter Winship left lier at liostoii in hSHt. Siio may tiierefore have taken Wiiiship liomu after this visit, or Smitii may have minicd a new vessel fur the old one. ^■'The LydkCs crew were Captain Henry (iyzelaar, pilots Jacob Smith and Wni Owen Jones, sailniaker Arehi. IJean, sailors (!eo. Heft, Jas. Kowe, .lohan Dnnderfeldt, Nathaniel Dcnniaon, and TIiom. IJennett; carpenters. Win. Muore, Amos, and Doliver; servant, Cheek, 1,'< in all. Those of the Allm- li-o.is arrested were C'apt. Smith, white sailors Wni Stajig and Henry .Septem, Kiinakixs Ropiam and Atnay, ami the ne;,'ro Boh, hesides two deserters, Tliuuias Doak and Nathaniel Sawis, who were arrested just before or just iit'ter tiic rest — 8 in all. Jan. 18, 181(1, ,S(da writes to reprove (luerra wlioui lif erroneously supposed to have allowed Smith to sail on the Atlifttnunon his jirutnise to return in 8 days. I'mv. lire, MS., xi. 'J!). The governor under- iitiinils that the Lydin i\rst arrived on .Tan. 7th. In I'ror. St. /*«/»., Hen. Mil., MS., xlvii. 4-5, is given a brief diary of events from .Ian. 14th to 20th. It was reported to the viceroy that tiie Lydia arrived at Refugio in distress, iiiid was furnished with supplies gratis, because the captain gave for the bat- tery 1 small cannon and 50 axes. Prov. St. I'aji., MS., xx. l'2't. This is the "Illy trace I find of the whole affair in Mexico, being in the V. R.'s letter of •Inly '.'8, 181G. Jan. 14th, Avila claims to have aided Carrillo in the capture. I'ror. JSt. Pap., Ben. Mil., ii. 11. 1 27n MARITIMR AFFAIRS AND CONTRAnAXD TRADE. Ill the jtartial investijjfatioii wliicli now took place G^'zrlaar ami all liis nicii affirmed in writiiij^ that on account ofdaniaufcs to the Li/romise. At ^lonterey a new investigation was c iiductcd by Estudillo,"'* and as there was no evidence; < f any intention to engage in smuggliniif. Sola decided to release the Li/dia, following the action of Argiiello in the case of the PcdU'V as a pn ;cdent a[)[»rove(l by the yiceroy. Gyzelaar accordingly sailed on Maivh llth for the south, leaving at least one of Smith's men, Thomas J)oak, behind us the first xVuiericun ssettler in Calilornia.''* ''Jan. 25th, Sola to Martinez. Pror, Rec, jMS., xii. 115. Tlio schooner saik'il oa l'\l). '1<\. Sec correspondence on support of the prisoners by coiitii- Initions from the missions, in Arch. Arxoh., MS., iii. pt. i. ■_'0-'J4; I'ror. SK J'., M.S., XX. 115. ^' It took place on Feb. 19th, and the records arc given in Si. P(ij>., Um., ^IS., i. 51 (i.'J. It appcarcil from the testimony that tlio Liidia had ciirricd ii curj,'o of liijUors, annnunitlon, etc., from Canton to Sitka, and that she was i:u\v bound for tiic Manpicsas with a few ni'ticlcs for trade, and comparatively heavy armament for defence. ■■■- I'lur. y.Vc, .MS., xi. ;n-2; aiicrra. Dor. I/ixt. <\,l., MS., iii. 2'24. Tlio-s. l>oak, of ]V)ston, according to the mis.sion books of San Cih'los as cxainiiieil by Taylor, J)isroi: and /•hiiiid., ii., no. 28, was baptized on Dec. 22d of tliis year. Three otlier men baptized at San Cilrlos this year, according to the same authority, were Marcus Messon of IJoston, (ieo. Mayo of I'lymonth, and Sam. (Jrovcr of Maiden, .luan Maria Romero, an Irish resident, is .saiil to have served as interpreter in the Lydia case. St. Pu/i., liiii., M.S., i. 51-2. RELEASn OF THK CAPTIVES. 877 ^reainvliik! Smith was uiulor arrest at Santa Biir- IiMiii, l»ut stiivitjj^ earnestly for release. He, too, liitutul from New Arelmn^'el to the Saiidwieli Islands, liad heen driven hy lack (»!' food and water to seek aii jiiicliorajjfe, without the faintest idea of contraband trade, lie feared that his boatswain would disobey liis orders to return in eiy-lit davs with the A/lt(«(i'(>s;<, nr peirhaneeshe had been l(»st, beint^ so sh()rt-handed. lie pleaded old aj^e, and be«jf;^ed humbly and hanl ti> be set free.^" His petition was j^M'anted.and on March Ijth, when the LifiUa touched at Santa l>,ii'bara, Smith and two of his men took their de|»arture. Tho luLfio and twt) Kanakas ivmained to be instrticted in tlu' true faith, as Doak had done at Monter .'*' That tlic two captains camo to Itefus^io for nothing; but contrab.u.i trade tliere is but little room I'o)' duubt; but haviniL; the full sympathy of the padns and tho people, with only a pretence of opposition from ;iny ecided uelloiii bvtlie nth schooner )y coutii- rror. .S'. •2i. Tlios. cxiiiiiiiied •2d of this ing to tlio I'lyiiioiitli, lit, is saiil i. :a-'2. In Sth, asoiu; of the Li/iHii'h crcu whom (iuerra ougiit not to liavu aUoweil to remain, I'ror. ltd'., MS., xi. 4.'<. The Marcus Messoii was doubtk>ss the Anthony A. Mason Imptixed at San (.'arh)8 May '2.'{, 1SI(», t() whom the iiresident jjave a h'ttcr of rccoin- luciulation on Feb. 10th, wlieii ho proposed to go to .NIanila, accordini; to .V. Aiildiiiii, Muerto tic. P. iSarrid, MS.; Arrh. Aizoh., MS., iii. pt. i. lS-)ii. Who all these men were, except |)oak, and what l)ecanio of tlu^m it is ik t easy to aHccrtain. Taylor, Lint of Pi'nii rrs, MS., tells us tiiat Thos. Ihikedied heforo islCi, near Santa C'!ara; John Mulligan, a sailor from Ireland who came in Isl.'t, died before 1840, near Monterey; Marcos Mason, IJeo. Mayo, Sam. (iinvcr, and .luliiin Malcolm died beforo 1840; and .Tames lialdwin dieil be- fiire ls;i(). Mostof these statements doubtless are founded only inthc imagina- tion of the writer. Doak at any rate ]>aintcd the S. .luan Church in ISIS, .1 nfi. Ar.oh., MS., iii. pt. ii. 45; was permitted by the viceroy ti> marry and settle on Oit. -JO, 1S19, Dcpt. St. Pap., MS., xix. 1; was married on Nov. 8, IS'-'O, umlcr the name of Felipe Santiago Doc, to a daughter of Mariano ta-stro, N. Jiiitii Ikuiti.tia, Lib. Misiun, MS., 'J7; aii. Jlitiuii, .MS.. -JO. •;"; Proi: St. Pap., Bfii., MS., ii. 11-14. ^" J'l-or. St. Pap., MS., XX. 117. On foreignci • romainiii;,' in the country SIC ))rece(ling note. In addition to the numerous Sdurces of infoiniation about Uw Alliiitro.'in and Lydia already referred to, see, as most iiii'inrtJiiit of all, J.Hi'ttrass and Lydia, ('omnuiruciotiin rvlatira.^ d ta raptiirn ti I 'lul'-td Aiiic- riniiin Li/dia ft urnstavioii del rapitan dc lajrai/ata Alliatrofs. ISld, MS., and also some odJitioual papers in Otterra, Doc. Hid. Cut., MS., ii. 90-110, 120-1. 27S MARITIME AFFAIRS AXD CONTRABAXD TRADE. i l)ut the liijjlicst officials, it is not stranijo tliat no evidence could bo found against tliem.^* Tlie viceroy's orders in the case of the Colxmhid had been very strict against the proposed trade with tlie northern English post; yd when at the end of August 181Gthe Northwest Company's brig Colonel, (Captain Daniels, came into Monterey with a tempt- ing array of goods in charge of Donald McTavisli, Sola was unable to withstand the pressure l)rought to bear on him through the importunities of the super- cargo McDougal, the mute petitions of tlio needy soldiers and families, and the advice of friars and offi- cers. He yielded to the temptation, sent out circulars to the missions calling for Hour and other produce, and bartered the result to the extent of ,$G,79G fir needed articles in deliberate defiance of the viceroy's orders. In his letters to the friars and his report to ^Mexico he frankly avowed the illegality of his action, but pleaded urgent necessity; and it d(jcs n(jt appear that he was ever blamed.'^'* On the 2d of October the liurik under Otto vo.i Kotzebue, of the Russij^n navy, anchored in Sau Francisco ]^ay.*' Fitted out at the expense of Count Kumiantzof for an exploring voyage to the luutli l^icific, slic had left Russia in 1815, rounded Ca[)e ]Iorn, touched on the coast of Chile, explored Kani- chutlva and Alaska, and sailed from Unalaska 8e[)- '" Orders to prevent all communication with foreigners came from Mexico thin year as usual. I'rov. SI. Pap., JIS., x.\. 5, 1)3. ^^ It would appear that even before the ( 'olonfl'M arrival, Sola had resolved to ti'ade; for on Feb. 10, IHl.") (must bo J81(i), President Sarriii called on the jiadrert by the governor's requeat to contribute Hour, etc., for the i'uhtmlihi on iicr return. In response San Jtuin Bautista, Soledad, and San Antonio otreicd Gi)0 of the 1 ,000 (irrohax of Hour desired; San Miguel could give only wiuo ami wool; San Luis, only blankets: ami San Carlos somo ■••nrijifn. Arr/i. Stu Jl.. MS., ix. l!)7--y3. Arrival of the vessel, and Sola's correspondenco witli thi^ friars, inehuliut,' llieajiprovalof Payeiasand l)ur,iu. Arch. /bv-o/*. ,MS., iii. ]it. i. (iJ-."i, 71, S7-'J7, 1-0-1. Oct. lOtii, Sola to viceroy, acknowledging his dis- obedience of tlic order of July 8th, and justifying his conduct. He assiiris the viceroy that all possible care is taken to prevent intercourse of forcij.'nii -i Willi any 'but the chief oflicials. I'ror. J!cc., MS., ix. 144-.">0. The Colons' Bailed Oct. I'Jth. Tlic Colonel Allan seems to have been the full name. <» Pror. S/. I'll II., MS., xx. 30-4; /./., Urn. Mil., xlvi. 37. Two deserters from the liiiril: captured. Pror. liec, ix. loO. KOTZKEUF/S VISIT. 279 Sail Count north Capo Kum- a Sop- +('n)1)cr 14th for California in quest of fresh suj)i)lies \vith whic'li to eontinue lier explorations. Argiiello received the offieers and seieiitilie corps with every ])()ssible attention and furnished all that was needed, jis indeed he was required to do hy ])revious instruc- tinus from Spain and ]\[exico.'*' The friars were (■(lually attentive, and entertained the strangers at t'le mission on the 9th, with I'estivities in honor of tlic j)atron saint. A bull and bear light took place at the presidio. Sola came uj) from the capital on the Kitli to greet the foreign guests, and the Spanish ellicers were often entertained at Kotzt'bue's tent on f^hore; communications were established witii Iloss; fiesh provisions were furnished in abundance lor the ship, and after a pleasant month's .stay the Jiiirifc saiK'd on November 1st for the Islands, thence to re- sume her northern explorations.*^ The Spanish officers at the presidio could not re- I'l-ain from acquainting the visitors with their jx't grievance, and spoke bitterly of the fiiai-s, vvho in these times of scarcity and suifering would furnish tlie lueu only with the barest necessities on the formal lequisition of the governor, although they had plenty "June 27, 1S1.5, royal order; Dec. 21, ISlo, viceroy to Sola; Apr. .10, 1810, S'lla to coiiiiiiiin(hiiit.s. St. J'aji., Srtr., M.-' , xviii. 4It-.")fl; I'ror. Sf. P"p., MS., xix. .'584; xx. 13.'J-4. Argiicllo'.s letter annoiinciiis,' ariival, vitli copies fit' various passports and other oilieial papers furuisheil by Kotzeijuc, sent Ity Sila to vii;eroy. Id., xx. 1H7— 10. Oct. 5, ISId, Kot/el)uc to Sola, writti n in I'lesuli, presenting his respects and thanks for kind attentions; explaining tI:aMiis only object is to get fi'esh stores, and lie does not intend to reiiuiin over |."> days; h:',a jiapers wliich lie 'and Koti'cbuesci ni tn have e\[iectiMl tlu' tii\st eiil'. Hotli vere somewhat obstiiiati^ in tiieir ileas of I !i'|\K'tte, and Sola, declaring lie could not endure tlie salt water, was on the. ]"iint of returning to Monto-ey, ^^■hen Kotzebuc eanie on shore to ni.aku his ii'iiii observations, and t!nis Spjiin and liussja were eualileil to eudirace. 1 lually at the parting dinner in Ivit/i bm^'s tent, a gnod inis.-iunary allowed lliln^elf to drink too nnuhwine. I'wotzebne tnok with him Mliot de Cisti ) and tliric Itussian jirisoners, having no roum for the rest, vhuni Sola siems to have bcrn willing to give up. One of tluso IJussians went o'.it U> hunt mar tlir pvi'yidio before end);irkiug, and, drnppiug a sjiark into his jviv, di rhurn, vas sn seriously injured that he died soon after sailing. At his (irst approaeii t' San I'rancisco, Kotzeltuc tells tis there was great activity and preiiaratiijn. Itji' dei'encu ut ; ■ c fortress of ' St Toai^uiu. ' 2S0 MARITIME AFFAIRS AND CONTRABAND TRADE. of cvciytliing. Sola presented his coin[)laint against the intruders at Koss; in faet it was for this ])ur[)f;;;(! chieily tha': he came up from Monterey. Kusk( t" came down to San Francisco and a somewhat impoi- tant conference was held, but this subject is treated elsewhere.^'* Kotzebue's voyage derives its chief importance, so far as California is concerned, from the iact that it gave rise to at least three books, each containing in- formation about the country, though in many resjKxts the visitors took little advantage of their opj)ortunitie>. The commander's narrative is a brief statement of events connected with the visit, without any mentioii of. the negotiations respecting Ross, and without any very valuable observations on the country or its insti- tutions. Kotzebue's general imi)ressi()ns were unfavor- able. Beyond the country itself in its natural state, and S[)anish hospitality, he found nothing to praist'. The natives were ugly and stupid and n()t at all im- proved by mission life, and the ])adres cared little or nothiiii; for their subiects. " The ri\u:o for convertiiiij' savage nations is now spreading over the whole South Sea, and causes much mischiel", because the mistsioii- aries do not take pains to make men of them before they make them Christians." The soldiers 'were in a destitute and miserable condition, as disgusted with the government as with the missions. California was a source t)f great expense and no profit to S|)ain: in fact a fine and fruitful country was lying entirely useless.^* Adelbert von Chamisso, a Frenchman of nobk- " Sec cliiip. xiv. of this volumt". '' Kol~.i hue's I'oi/it'ir of Jiisfun n/ Into Ihf. Smith Sia and I>(cr'itiij!< Slr. .'{:>7 !•, liiis ii pajier ' on tlio iiatuii,' of thciocksoi the ooaHt of ('iilit'orni:i.' ( '/ii(iiii.t.'«i'.'< li'i'iiiiirLs and O/iiiiiiuiH. in vol. ii. II.V), contiiinM a luief mention of a volcano on the eojist; and, in vol. iii. ,'iS-.">l, a soniewhat e.vteiided acLMnint if California, its natnral history and institntii ns. 'the nmiis and i lutes contain uotJiin^iou •(.iilifornia. obk II to Caii- m vol. ii. It.iii v,.l. ilif(inii:i.' ititm i)t' .'1 CCOlllll I I S COlltilill CHAMISSO AND CHORIS. 281 l.irtli, was the naturalist of the expedition, and served ;il>i» ill California as interprett;r. His narrative of (•\ cuts as well as of his observations on the state of the eouiitiT, is more eoniplcte than that of the eoni- luaiuler, to say nothinijf of his valuable remarks oii natural history. His eonelusions, however, res[)eet- iiiH' Spanish institutions, are substantially the same as those of Kotzebue/' The third book written in eon- iitction with this voyage was eomposed <»f llthoorai)h ilhistrations from drawiiirjs bv j\[. Louis Choris, painter of the expedition, with a descri[)tive text by tlie artist, Chaniisso, and others. The text is very interesting, and like the drawings largely devoted to tlie Indians of the mission.*^ *■' < 'hnniinno, Pipsp vm dk ^Velf, 2 vols., lioinif torn. iii. iv. of ('Iicml'on, M'd-b , liorliii, 18.";G. The matter on California is in torn. i.. p. 1"J!)-4I, ami ti'iii. ii., p. 30. Tom. ii. is subBoi|Utntly the same as the liiiiKirkK ami < )/:iiiiiiii.i uttachwl to the Knglish edition of Kotzebiie".-* V(iya;,'e. TIp' iiaria- tivc (if the visit to San Franciseo is well translated hy Mi.ss (ieorgii,' McKlroy ill the (In rliiiid Monthly, x. 201-8. The following (juotutions are takiii from thi' iJiiiiirLt mill OjiiniotiK, iii. 38-51: 'Mehinelioly feeliiiys atttnil our olVer- iii;: a fi w words on the Spanish settlements on this eoast. VVitli an aval i- timis thirst for possession, Spain e.xtends her territory here merely lieear.su A\.- envies others the room. Siie maintains her presidios at a great eM[iensc, and tries, hy the jnoiiihition of all trade, to foiee ready numey hark t" it.s sdiiive. lint ii little liberty Would make California tlie granary and market of lliu northern eoastsof tlie.se seas, and the general resort of the slii] s v.liii.li navigate tli<-'in.' 'Yet California lies without industry, trade, and navi^.a- ti'ii. desert and unpeopled.' 'Only a smuggling tnule, whieh the new ;;o.- iiimr has tried to suppress, furnishes this provinee wilii the mo-^t indisixiita- I'lc articles. Spain has given way in the atl'air of Xootka. Knglanil ;:nd tlse l". S., without regarding its vain territorial possessions, arc now ncgntiati!!;^ alp'iut the eolony at the mouth of the (.'ohiinljia; and the Kuss. Am. Co. have still a settlement u few leagues north of San Franeiseo.' The work if eouvertiiig lieathen 'has been here injudieiously begun and ill-exeented. T!.o liinus Franeiseans are not skilled in the art.s and trades which they oi'glit to i\crci!r. lire, MS., i.\. 141; Prov. St. Prip., MS., xx. 23. Taylor, DUcr. auil Fiiuiii!., i. No. 12, in an imiierfuct list of vessel.) trading on the coast fmni ISIO to 1S14, includes tlie Siiltan, ('apt. lieynohls, and tlio Arnii. ('a]it. \\'Lit- tcniore. Osio, J/it'«//«/(«, ('apt. Isaac. find I'rhuud, Capt. Raynaldo; but he couples tlu'lr ari'ival with that of the Mi., xix. l.SiMM): J>r,/. Si. J'rij)., AIS., iv. ir)8. June-July, a huge I'dsloti ship off San Ciirlos cause ■! great tear. Arrh Arzoh., MS., iii. pt. i, 40-.")0, (M). Afterward oil' Santa ll;ii- bara in July. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. !()!». ^' Daniil Call, an American carpenter, age 17. who mnrried and remained. Ih'p. St. J'ap., JIS., iv. l.'O-H. According to the newspapers ('a|)t. Win O'.N'cil came to Cal. from (.hiiia this yeai'. Santa Cruz Snitiinl, Sept. 1.*^, 187.".. ^■'Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. ir)4-.'-., 172, 1^:(>, 202; I'n.r. llrr., MS., iv. 171-3; S. Jofr, Arch., MS., iii. ID. Caveneeia was owner, but perhapa not on THE T^VLLOW TRADE. 283 Si ptembcr respectively. Sola favored the exporta- lidii of the tallow, of which there was a surphis of (ivci- 1,250 tons in the country according to his state- iiiciit. He wished the missions to furnish fifty tons t«i ciU'li presidio to he exclianged for articles which i\\r soldiers needed; but the friars showed no enthu- ,vi;isiu for such a })lan, j)referring to trade directly V. illi the Linui shi})s, or sliip the tallow to Mexico on tlicir own account;^^ yet tlu-re is no indication that iliLie was anv difficultv in obtaininjjf cargoes either for tllc^-c vessels or for the Cazadora from Panama, which (.line to ^lonterey in Septendjcr, and remained on {\w coast until Decendjer.'* The cominjx of two ves- ^rls, the Paz 11 Relirjion and the Bastanij, from Tepic (111 the same business was announced, with the proba- Itihty that numy others might be despatched; but imiie seem to have come this year.'*'' The Russian ^i>its of the year were that of Padushkin on the ( 'hi rib f to San Francisco and Monterey in the spring, ;iiiing goods and takinuf away grain."" Sola made no attempt to carry out the viceroy's orders by using force against the Russians; but in his It port of January 2, 18 l~, exi>laincd the utter impos- sihihty of accom|)lishinL' anvthinu: without stron'*" rciinrorccmcnts, and the absurdity of expecting such rcciiforcemcnts from New Galicia. He also expressed Iiiiiisclf very freely respeciing the danger to be appre- li'>anl of the »S'((M Antonio tiiis trip. She ivmnincd until Novomlicr. Tho M'.ricaiia jiaitl 8")S2 exjiort tUitics which shoiihl havu hocn \vnil ut Callao. 'i'liis Was accoiilinj,' to law uiul was a Cdiivciiii'iice tu Calii'uriiia. Sou al.-.i) <.'ii(n;i, Doc. Ilht. CuL, MS., iii. 'lAV'r, iv. 1. ^ I'mr. ],'<<•., MS., xi. 49. Sola t'j (iuti'ia. The daiigor of an attack froni the r.uiiios AiiX'S insurgents was; },'iven as a reason for /.'etting rid of tlie siir- 1 Ills tallow as qiiicidy as possihle. See also Airli. -S'/a. Jj., MS., vi. Gl-.'{; (■'1^ ri-it, JJvc. //i.^l. C'«/., MS., iii. 'J4.VG. ■''I'ror. a/. ]'(ip., MS., .\x. 180, 107; Cinrrn, Dor. J/i.it. CtL, .MS., iv. 1. •Iiilv ll', ISK), viceroy to Sola, trade hetweiii I'an.inia and the I'aeilie ports el .\\\v Spiiiii strictly forl)Ldden. Prov. SI. /'(ij,., MS., .\x. |-J4. ■"•Iuiie4lh, '27th, IVdro Negrcte, 'JVjjic, toduerra. I'rvr. SI, Pup., MS., ^.^ lS."i, ji.!). A contract with settlora tor tallow is uUuded to. ■^Sec chup. xiv. of tliis voluine. "I -.ui i !■ 2S4 MARITIME AFFAIRS AND CONTRABAND TRADE. licndcd from the Anglo- Auicricaii ve.ssels,aiul dcelart'l that the province ooukl not be in any sense protects < I against probable hostile designs of foreign jioweis, ludess two companies of infantry, with field artillery, and an armed cruiser were stationed })ermanently < n the eoast."'^ No English craft appeared. Orders cann' fioni Viceroy Apodaca that the ]^ritish ship (lix.iJ Hope must be confiscated whether engaged in contra- band trade or not, ap[)arently on account of sonic irregularity of conduct at Mazatlan/''^ but Captain liamsay did not show himself The American contrabandistas and Aleut otttr- hunters left but slight trace of their presence on the coast this year, if tliey came at all, as is indicated l»y occasional allusions in official correspondence.'^' These allusions show that Sola had no faith in the honesty :! ! ".S'o/rt, fii/orme General, 1S17, :\IS. °»Xov. 10, 1817, viceroy to Sola. Prov. St. Pop., JIS., xx. 216-18. The liiK-na E.i])f runza was bouiul from Deiigal to the Russian settlcineiits. ■''••Ill I'obruary Guerra explains to Sola the careful precautions lie alviiys takes on the arrival of foreign vessels to examine their papers, etc., tlnm^h lie labors under difiiculties through not understanding the language. \\ lil continue his precautions, and will report arrivals before furnishing Kupplie-, though he reminds the governor that vessels cannot lie long at anchor at Saiit.i Barbara without danger from storms. Other eonnnunieati(ms from tlie huiin; source and apparently of about the same date mention the escape of kou.u Kadiaks to the islands, and the presence of boats from an American vc:-s(l engaged in taking otter. He asks for authority to send out an cxpeditii-.i against theui. O'liirm. Doc. //isf. CuL, MS., iii. 0!)-7'2. In a letter of Ajuil I'Jth, Padre Amoros explains to the governor some of his ideas of trade to the eO'ect bliat foreigners being also chiklren of Ciod and in a sense brethren i t tiic Spaniards, it was not generous or honorable to charge them a maxinun:i price — like $8, §12, or §1.}, for a cow worth §4 — and tind fault with tlicin I'nf not .selling goods at the miniimun, especially as the trade was benelicial u the country and might be lost by bad policy. /(/. , vii. 12-14. .July 2Sth iin American ship left four men — three Americans and a Spaniard— at San Liiii Obi.spo. They were to l)e put at work at Santa Barbara and watchul, t) ])revent intercourse with people at the presidio. /(/., iii. 2.%, 241. 'i'lmniiis Lester, an English sailor who settled in Californiii, is said to have desutcd from a ves.sel in 1817. Ih'iit. St. J'aji., MS., xix. 24-!(. Davis, (i^hiijixe", MS , 241-2, says that tiie Boston ship L'ci'jlc, Wm. H. Davis, master, visited Cali- fornia in 1817 or 1818, and twice later. July .'10th, i'adrc Arroyo assures S.iU that the friurs of San .luan Bautista will iu)t allow foreigners to observe tli.; country. I'ror. St. Pup., MS., xx. 14."). Alvarado remembers that .' M&)., XX. 211-14. "WILCOX AXD THE 'CAMIXANTE.' 289 -18. Tlio s. he al\v:iys , tll<)U_ll !;e. W.il tUiptilii'S it !''an;.i the huiiic of sou.o 111 Vl.:-^^l 1 j)f(litii;i of Ainil ai\e totliu liivii ' f iiiixiiini'.M tliiin 1> r t'ticial .11 •JSth ail Sail l.iiii H.l. to 'I'lidinas lll'SUtl-.l sr.-, MS , itcil «'ali- iserve tli ■ lat sennit' )c ill tl;i' llo of Sua slo\Vlir>-i uul traik; Si. P(tl'; itf 1m Miul zoal with 'Aliicli Ai'^iiello at San Francisco and (iiu-rra at Santa ]"5arbara exerted tlieniselves to pre- \ ( lit illicit connnerce. Affairs at ^lonterey came more iiimii'diately under the governor's own eyo, and San 1 )iego the snuij^glcrs Heeni to have neglected altogether in these days. 'Vho presence of one American vessel, howcvt'r, is (Iiiiiiitely recorded, that of the Trarr/lcr, translated \>v the Spaniards into Camlnante, Captain James Smith Wilcox. This schooner came from Sitka, made idiiie repairs at l^odega in December 18 1 (5, and ar- rived at Santa Barbara on Januar}' 20, 1817."' Wil- cox, said to be a brother of the United States consul at ( 'auton, was furnished with supplies to satisfy- the Dioic pressing wants of the crew, and good-naturedly cDiiseiited to wait for more until the governor could ])(• consulted, whereu])on he Ijought additional pro- ^ isjoiis to the extent of $(550 for cash.*" Then in Yvh- luai y he went up to Monterey and sold $700 worth ol' cloth for the soldiers. Juan B. Alvarado, then a is(i!<()M)ov, jxives an amusing account of the Yankee c;'i)tain's arrival. One s[)ring morning the sentinel IV in Point Pinos came rushing in with the news of ;',■'. approaching sail. Drums beat the alarm, soldiers i.ounted their horses, artillerymen and militia rushed to man the castiUo, and balls were bi'ought from the (asciiiate. Families made readv for fliolit, while Co- iiiaiidante Estudillo mounted a high rock, e([ui])ped with telescope, trumpet, and ling-book, all in al)out iiTteen minutes. To the inquiry ";que buque:"' as the schooner ap})roached the sho'ie came the reply "no sal)(^ espanol." Ordered to come ashore the strangin" landed and was escorted l>y the cavalry to tlu; jireseiice of Sola who awaited his approach clad in i'uU uniform and asked his business. Through an inter[)reter it was learned that the captain had goods to sell, and '"III Pror. Per., MS., xi. 4.'), the date is given as Jiui. Sth; and Sola calla tlir vosscl the Tratiliu. See also A/., ix. I.Vt. "inid-ra, JJuc. JJint. CtiL, MS., iii. 71-2. r ,.-^ iMHHiiiittiiiii 286 MARITIME AFFAIRS AND CONTRABAND TRADE. Sola was about to dismiss liiui wlion soiuobody sii^- gu!>ted ]io might bo the spy of some foreign j)o\ver, and it was decided to hold a council of war. Mean- while the Yankee, an exceedingly tall and lean speci- men of the race, clothed in blaclc witli a swallow-tail coat and tall fur hat, stood under arrest in the middle of the plaza, wiping his })erspiring face with a larg(> red handkerchief, while all the women and boys of the capital came as near as they dared to get a lonk at this bold foreigner who thus dared to invade the Spanish realm. The ludicrous aspect of the situation was not diminished when the noon bell rant; and tlu; prisoner was required to kneel in the dust and un- cover his bald head. Yet the council could find no sufficient evidence that ho was a spy."^ Wilcox not only sold his cloth, but was trusted to carry south the portions allotted to Santa Barbara and San Diego, having apparently made himself very popular with the Californians. He left Santa Barbara on March IGth for San Diego and Baja California, leaving two men who were sick and wished to become Catholics."^ In Juno Wilcox returned from Loreto and remained until September, touching more than once at eacli place on the coast from Santa Cruz to San Diego, enjoying the full confidence of the authorities, and making himself generally useful by transporting sup- j)lies and lumber from point to point in his Camuiaiiti'. If he indulged in contraband trade he did it veiy care fully and excited no suspicion. The only pri\ i- leges refused him were those of buying otter-skins and travelling by land in defiance of the law. He finally carried away the four American prisoners of the ]))e- ceding year, but whether he took also the two men lie had left before does not appear. *** He was also al- ^■"^ Alvarwlo, 1114. Col. , MS. , i. 12,'5-32. The author does not sny that this 'Capitaii Colorado' was Wilcox, and in fact there are some detiiilsof the stoiy as narrated that do not apply very well to him; but there was no other cupt; in who arrived at this time so far as I can learn, and the story is too good to \i»-r. ^'■^Giicrra, Doc. Hid. Cal., MS., iii. ~i. The names of the men are giviu as Est and Yems. Est was perhaps Thomas Lester. ** Gucrra, Doc. Hist. Val., MS., iii. 24'J. The four prisoners were tliuso ROQUEFEUIL'S VISIT. L87 Idwed to take a carj^o of oraiii at Sail DIc!.^o fur Lo- ivto. In this latter jK)rt tlio TrarcKcr was sci/.eil on October 30th, by the treasury official Francisco ]ia- iiiircz, who managed to steal a considerable amount (if property before the vessel was released, as it soon w;is through the influence of Sola and Argiicllo, the latter being now governor of Baja Calilornia. Jt is iViiHi the letters written by Wilcox, chiefly at (iuay- iiias while seeking reparation for the wrongs done liiiii, that most of my information respecting his voy- ages is derived."^ The merchantman Bonlclai.s anchored at San Fran- cisco on Aufjust 5th, beini>' the lirst vessel carryinn' the Fi'ench flag that had ever entered the port. She was c.)Uiinanded by Lieutenant Camille de Kofpiefeuil of tlie I'^rench navy, though the voyage was a private and j)urely commercial venture to the Pacilic and round the world undertaken bv a merchant of IJor- (Icaux. Roquefeuil came direct fi'om Chile and Peru, having in the former country rendered important aid inciitioncd in note 4.S. May 9th tlie commanilcr at Santa Cruz iiotities Sola lluit a vusicl has aucliorod anil wants wood anil water. Arr/i. Ann')., MS., iii. pt. i. lli.'i. This could not he Wilcox'o vessel if the date is corroct, anil may .•n;.".'est simie light on Alvarado's 'capitan Colorado.' Wilcox tonU in Cali- f .i;iia a iliaft for .Sii.tMii 7">, wiiich was not paid, at lea.st not pronipily, at ( ina- il:.laj,ira. J'lor. St. )'((/>., MS., xx. IS'.). '■' ir(7'0.i', C'drtit-^ rarict.i sohri' Kill r'uuiex en la ufihta Camhiaiilc, lSt7, MS. Jiin. 7, ISlS, (.ov. Cordero, of .Sonora, informs Sola that the (.'(iikUkiiiIh Jiiis Ihcii conliscated, to<;ether with all jiroperty hclo'igin;' to Wilcox whuivvcr it iM:iy lie found in Spanish dominions. A/., xx. 'IV.K li: another letter evidently fmm Wilciix. dated Octoher 2d, at Lorcto, it is stated that the vessel was taken nn Septend)cr HOth, by a 'desespcrado de Lima llamado rranci.seo Ka- i"iie/,' aided i)y the patron and two 'nialvados' whom the governor had forced hiiii to take on hoard at Sta Barbara. Himself, Don Gnillermo (often men- timied in the correspondence, hut I cannot, tell who he was), and live sailors Ii;id lieen put on shore immediately after the capture. Arch. Arzoli., MS., iii. jit. i. It,"). Early in April 1818 an attempt to take Wilcox":* .ichi)oni.r out i f 'oiaymas hy an American vessel is mentioned, some men having been kilhd on liuth sides. Ginrm, Doc. JJM. t'dl., MS., vi. ST. Cajit. Wilcox wislied lo ui.niy l)oua Concepcion Argiiello, heroine of the liezanof romance, and lie u.i.i at one time very near success in his wooing; but at last tiie lady declined the offer. dKcrm. Doc. IIIM. Cat., MS., iii. "J.ST-S; vi. i:U-'J. March 8, IS'J-J, tlie .secretary of foreign relations reported that a patent had i)een issued to Wileox to introduce steam engines ia Mexico for the drainage of mines. .\l,.rira, Mem. Uciurioiii-n, IS^.', p. 11. Sept. 18, IS-J'-*, \Vilcox writes that he i-i r. S. consul in Mexico, and intends to do bu.siness on a large .scale with California,- monopolizing the trade in hides and horns. Gucint, Due. Jli.-^t. CV(.'., MS., vi. 134. i ;; I f II li i S88 ^lARITIMF AFFAirS AND CO\TRABA\r> TRADE. to ilic Spanish victini.s of tlio revolution by tr.nns- l)oi"tinuf tlieni to a j)la('L' of* salbty. Ho was liospitaMy trtatc'd tlurinj^ liis stay of nine days by Ari^Midlo, !Moiaga, and Fatlicr Aln'lla; and lie seems not to have met the sliixhtest ohstacle in trading' his jro(»(ls for produce, or even for the few otter-skins that were on IkuhI.'* The 10th of October, after a trip to Xootha and a call at Koss, the Jiordc/ais returned i'or furtlu'r harti r, heiiiiX ohliired to riMuain till Xovend>er 20th waitin' for the I'ceovery of the crew, four of whom were cared for at the mission, and .le (»f whom, the hoatswaiii lienom, died there. Two men also d(\serted hut woe re-taken."' After a trip to the ^larquesas and aj^aiii to the north coasts, l^oquefeuil made Ids a])pearanc(,; for a third time at San Francisco on September 'ioth, 1818, rcmaininuf just one month. "^ He counted on obtaining produce with which to fill a contract made in Sitka, and he did obtain it through Luis Argiiello's nsual tlisregard for the governor's instructions; for Sola, when he learned that the exi)edition was purely ji commercial one, directed that she must submit to tiie regulations and be content with the sujtplics absolutely needed for the voyage; though he suhsc- '" I'dr/iir/iiiil, A I'oyctfifi rovml the Worh/, hctirren tltcyrrtrK ISIC-lCi. hi/ M. CfDiii/li' (Ir J'diiucj'cii'il, ill Ihc xli'iji l^c lUifthUi'ix, London, IS'J.'l, Svo, 1 12 jiiigcs. 'J'liis iirst visit to San Francisco is dcscrilictl on pp. 'l\\-~. Any. Stli, Roijuclciiil to Sola enclosing ii letter of recommendation from Cavenccia of Lima, and flsking for friendly eonsiileration on acconnt of French sympathy for tlic .Spaniards in (,'hile. Pi'of. St. Pop., MS., xx. "iOiS-'J. Sept. lOth, Sola to vice- roy, announcing the visit, and stating that Ivoipiefeuil left 4 Knglishiiien I';) on his (Kpartiire. Prnr. Jtrr., MS., ix. 17L iSlight allusions to the visit in .?.Iirhierha]>s the liist writer to mention the annual tloods of that river; }| f '■" Sept. 22, 1818, f^oila to Argiicllo containing the usnal instructions, to l>o (ii!iii'(X(l ill the c.'iwe of tlie Jionl' lais. St. I'ti/i. Snr., MS., ii. l(4-(i. 'J"hi.s l;ii'|i!tf('uil siiys, ]'(>!/. Ion, anived on tiu.'2."ith, ami wuis .'inswered liy an ox- lil.iiiatii'ii of tlie purity of the trader'.s intentions and his Itelief that simie iiiiijiy hud lied about liiiii. .Sept. 2()tli, .Sola to Argiiello, consenting tn tracU^ i'V money, duties being paid, and iid padres or i-iti/eiis being allowed to have ii:iytliiiig to do in the matter. Sf. J')tji. Sar., M.S., ii. 94-0. This came on the 2.sth and was regarded l)y Knijuefeuil, !'('//. i".V, as 'vague' aii''2. Alvarado, Hint. CaL, MS., i. 182—10, mentions the arrival at Monterey 1.;'ll' ill 1S17 of a man-of-war pretending to be English on a scientific expedi- tiuu, but really one of Bouchard's ships. This is probably an error. Hist. Cal., Vol. II. 19 .11 890 MARITIME APrAIRS AND COXTUAIJAXI) TRADE. was told of the exploits of the Kiuliaks in their M- (larkas, and learned of "the ti'rrible deerease of tin- native' race in tlie missions of the two CaliCornias." I ajipcnd a map of the western rejj^ions ineludin<^ Cali- Inrnia made in 1818. It peeuliarities arc self-expian- Ul 31" The Pacific Coast in 1818. Forcijjn affai ^ and maritime annals for the last three years of ti ; decade, exclusive of Bouchard's in- vasion, the all-a sorbing topic of the period, take the form of a series of comparatively unimportant items, >vhich may be grouped as follows: In 1818 the Amcr- "'^ Drawn by Roberdeau under inspection of Win Rector, U. S. Surveyor of Mo. and III. rublished in W'arreu'a Memoir, pi. ii. nuMons OF plots. 201 i(;i!i \'r'\'^ Clarion, Captain Dyzi'laar, fonncrlv of tlio J.ihli'ii, toiiclied at, Santa liarhai'u lor Ji wt'ok IVoiii Octoher Otli, obtaiiiiii;^ beef and lu-ans, and IcaviiiL;' a wni'iiiiiijf a^faiiist the Biiciios Aires insurf^ents.'^ Jlu- iiiiTs (if war Ixtweeii Spain and the I'nitod States, Mild (if a ])r()jeeted plan of Anu>riean invasion lV(»m New Mexieo, are also said to have fonnd their way to Ciililoniia in the friars' eorres[)on(K'nre;''* and indeed ("ajitain AViieox had been accused the year before jit ],nnto and (iuavinas of revolutionary schemes of similar j)Ui'port. At the be'^^'Miiinuf of N'ovend)ei' an llii^lish sloo[)-of-war, the Ji/ossoin, llickey connnandcr, IVoin the Cohnnbia, and havinijf on boartl the conniiis- siomr ehari'etl with transferriiiLT the northern post of Astoiia to the United States, touched at ^[onteri'y I'or sup[)lies.'''' At about the same time the Russian Vessels of llaiLjemeister and (iolovnin were at the same jiuit, while lv(K|ueJ'euil visited San Francisco as already recoi'ded. It lu'ed hardly be added that Sola issued this year, as usual, his orders to conunandants that foreign ves- sels must be treated exactly accordiuL,^ to the laws."" The Lima vossel Cazadora either came back to Cali- fornia this spring or possibly had wintered on the ccast;"' and on January 24tli the San lhq)erto, Cajt- " Giicrra, Doi'. Hint. CuL, MS., iii. 110, l.'i4-.'). In July nn American sl-.ip v.as aiaiiorcd oil' San Pedro, iiuiiie not given. / a Scotch 292 ISIArJTIMK AFFAIRS AXD CONTRAIIAXD TRADE. tain Varela, from Manila, was driven into ^lontoroy to escai)o the gales and scurvy. A ver\' large amount of goods was purchased from her for the presidios'^ — a god-send for the soldiers, since "please pay the amount due" was Sola's messafje to the vicei-ov. The ]^ouchard aflair increased the foreign populatinii (if the province hy the addition of at least Jose[)h ( hapman, John Rose, and two negroes."'' ]JurimT the whole year of 1819 the onlv definitclv recorded arrival of vessels were those of tlie San (Mr- his and Xvera licina de Los Angeles, from San ])]as with reenforcements and war-stores, respecting wliiili cargo I have much to say elsewhere. There are, how- ever, lie or two vague references to the presence of an American schooner on the coast.^° And there ap- }iear in the archives a few items, not without a certain interest, concerning the foreign residents of California at this early date.*^ Fiiilor, deserting about tliis time, settled among the natis-es of Grand Island, « liere his Imlf-hreed obildren were found in 1S41. A stone is said to have liccn found on Feather River in 1851 inseriijed: ' ISIS — gold eave, in this .M. Mn|> — Lodes, L. M.,' the inscription being possibly, as tiie author thinks, tliu sailor "s work. '8/Voc. /iVr., MS., ix. 175; xii. 147; Guerra, Dc: Hht. CaL, MS., iv. '.». The goods bought in aildition to the value of supplies funiished was i-^lli.S'J-J. '"See eliai). xi. on tlic IJoucliard all'air. .Stephen ('. Foster has an iiiteri>t- ing but unreliable aeeount of Cliapniau and one of the negroes. Foster's Fir-f- Aiiif ricaii ill Fos Aiiiitlis. He erroneously calls Chapman the tirst American settler in t'alifornia, ])('ak being entitled to that honor, lie calls the negio Fisiier and says he disajijieared in the mining excitement of lS4S-!». Snine < '.difornians call the negro Norris. In June ls20 Chapman came to Santa hus, where he was euiitloyed as a carpenter and blaek.'^mith, also liiiilding a fiist-mill. Dcj>t. .V'. J'lip., MS., xix. (S-1-5). We shall hear more of him in later years. On the arrival of Rose see chap. xi. of this vol. l)uring this (liinde we only know of liim that in 1S2() he was removed from the mission of San Diego on account of his religious heresies. Hut as he was willing to liecome a Christian, and was also a good meniler of drums, his salvation \vas undertaken with good prospects of success. Anh. AtjAl, M.S., iv. jit. i. 'J b ."II 1; Tuiihr, in Vat. Farmer, Mavcli 21, 18C"J. James I'easo, still living in 1.S7S, is said to have c(jmc in ISIS, North S. Juan Tiiius, April \i, iJsT."'; Jiruii-iii'.i Statement, IS-IO. •■" Jan. ;{1, ISl!), Padre Rodriguez writes of a two-masted vessel off Ft San Simeon, which after taking many lobeji mariiios sailed toward Monteiiv . Anh. Air.n/i., AiS., iii. pt. ii. 55-0. June 1 2th, (luerra, reports the illegal said t grain and cattle to an American scliooner at San Pedro by Manuel (jrutierrez, the guard being bribed. Guerra, Doc. Hist. CaL, MS., iii. 141-2. *■' Oct. 2l)th, \'iceroy Venadito sends permissir)n to marry and settle in ('aliforL'.., according to tiie Ley de Indias, to Juan Maria (MullignriV), an Irish weaver, and others. JJe/it. St. Pap., MS., xix. 1. Jan. Cth, Sola Jip- I S.. iv. ',1. 8i:).s2J. iiituiv.-t- Aniericiiii the lU'LTi'i) I. S.'iiic to S;iiit;i uilliiiu' ;i. liiiu in I'iiiL; till!) e ini.ssii'U willinu' to itiijii «:is \A. i. -Jl, liviiii: in settle lU i^'anV). iiii ,"Sula ;ip- EXD OF THE DECADE. 293 For 1820 the maritime annals are .sli^'htly more ex- tensive, since there were no le^.s than live S[iani.sh craft on the coast. In ^Slay there came the San Fran- cisco dc Paula, or Dos Ilcrmanos, Captain Bias Cosio, from ^[azatlan, and the Cleopatra., well manned, and aniu'd probably as an escort. They brought an as- .sorted cargo and some money, but failed to g(;t as much tallow as was expected even from debtors.'^- Fiom September to November there were threi; Vessels in the ports, the Europa from Callao; the Svno- riiiiio, Captain Juan Malarin; and the San Francisco Jm-icr, or Alcion, the two latter ap[)arently from San ])las, all with goods and coin to exchange for tallow and soap.*^ Four Russian vessels visited Californian ])tii'ts, the Bnhldb)/' and II men t(.)Ucliing at Monterey ill August, and the Otkruitie and Blar/onajuerinie at San Francisco in Xovendjcr. The only other foreign craft was the British whaler Discover// at San l)iego, in (juest of fresh provisions in August.^* piovi.s the carrying cif the American prisoner, who Mas at San ^lignel. to Siiiitii IWrliara. Proi: .S7. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xlix. 28. Sept. Kith^ liishop of Sunora replies uj I'ayeras about the Ijapti.sni (jf an I]n;^lisli protestant named Tlioiiia.s Ciiear. Vail' jo, JJvr. Hist. CW/.,MS., xxviii. llii. ^^(Jurrra, JJoc. H'ist. CuL, MS., v. :207-!t; Pnn: /.V'',, MS., xi. iJ4. lixnacio MaiH'isiilor seems to li.TVc been connected, with this venture. Ho sold .sj,'J,j4 wurtli of ^'oods. Prof. >■>!. Puji., MS., xx. "273. ",^7. J'ap. .S'((0., 'Sia., V. *2I-'J, .">7; vi. 1!); xviii. 33; JJcpf. St. J'(ij>., Jim. r>i.., MS., XX. "283. The Pumt on th',- coast (?). Ihj,t. P(,\, i. 273. '"'/^•c/C. iSt. Piip., MS., xlvi. 18. T)ie captain's name is given as \'ig. Tims, J'irijjficiii.i, MS., 132, speaks of a negro slave wom:in brou'.'ht from I'eru in 1828, but who went back latei'. There is no foundation for the state- iiieut iu tV(//((Vc'.i ytU. W"il/li, 40 1; )'>i'ni (',,. //;>/., 27, and other woiks, that in 1S2^) hunters and trappei's found their way from the east into ( 'alitor- liia. Aeeonliug to San-inneiito Ricord-l' nion, Aug. 4, 1877, Major Stirling^ liNiugatSta liosa iu 1877, came to the California coast for the lirsttimein 1820, j l;|. -i u ' CHAPTER XIV. IIUS.SIANS EST CALIFORNIA— FOUXDATIOX AND PROGRESS OF FORT ROSS. 1811-1820. Pkoclamatiox of the Company — Kcskof's Fikst Visit to Bodega — Second YisiT — Founding of Ross — Moraua's Three Visits to Ross— Sloisod- chikof's Traffic — Vicei;oy's Orders— Excuses — Mouaoa's Reihiut— Capture of the 'I'edler' — Aroiello's Policv — The 'Suwakoi' at San Francisco — Visit of Kcskof in the 'Cuiiukof' — Sola's roi.icv- - The 'Ilmen '—Capture of I^liot de Castro, Tarakanof, and Alki is — Kotzebi'e's Visit— Gervasio Arglello at Ross— Confi-.rence at the Presidio- Padcshkin at Monterey— The Russians just (In— A TerritorialClai-M— Hag EMEisTEii's Visit — Visits of Goujvn in and Khleunikof— RujioRS of Cession — I'lioPosnioN to Abandon Ross. KusKOF in behalf of the Russian fur company liad s|ieiit the spring and suunner of 1809 at lx)(lo';a. The company liad determined with imperial encoiii- agement not only to secure the Californian trade, ])ut to found an agricultural and conmiercial supjily station on the New Albion coast, with a hope, rather than a definite jnn'pose, to acquire eventually territory south of San Francisco, the northern limit of Spanish jios- sessions as it pleased the Ilussiaiis to regard the matter. A proclamation to the Californian people had been forwarded from St Petersburg to Sitka; and Kuskof had attempted unsuccessfully to make a new expedition to California in 1810. Such was the situation when in a former chapter I dropi>od the thiead of Russian aimalis.^ The proclamation was ct)uched in the most concili- atory terms and was intended to put the advantages ' Sec chap. iv. this vohimc. (291) ADDRESS OF THE COMPANY. 295 of mutual traclo in the most tempting light. Somo- time boforc jMarcli 1812, exactly when aiul how does not appear, the document was received in Lower California and perhaps in the north.' A reply was -'According to the Kussian niithoritiea it was sent dov/nby Captain Ayros, KV by a contidi'ntial afrcnt who sailed in his Vfsstl, in Isj-J, and was foiwardid to tl coniniaudant at San Vicente, flannel Luis (Ruiz), wlioso anciwcr is cjuoted without a date. Tikhmcmf, l4or. Olnnrniiir, i. iO,"); I'lilirhiii, Siltnle Ji'iiiS 8. Cai)t. Ayres in tliu Mmitii/ was at Jiiake I'ay in Xovendier ISIO, and was captured at Santa ISarbara early in June IS 13. Of his wlierealiouts in tlie mean time notliin},' is definitely known, hut ho may have come down finiii tlio north at the end of 1811. March "JO, isli', Kuiz at San N'icente, writing; to a person not named, probahly t!ie eonlideutial a;.;ent alluded to, acknowledges the receipt of the proclamation in three dill'erent lan;:uag(s. lle.^ayshe has forwarded the documents to (iov. ( Jnycoeciiea, liut feels .sure that no trade will be i>ernnttcd by tiie ruler of either (Aalifornia with a:iy f ii'eii,'n power however friendly, or whatever may be the advantaires of such liiule, except with the permission of Fernando \'1I., or the junt.i de la regeu- cia. /'(•(,(■. St. PdjK, MS., xi.v. 3u'2-3. The text of the proclamation, given in Spauish and Latin in /ian Amirii'au Company of which the uiwh'rsigned are Directors, ehar;;cd with estah!is!iii:g some couMnunieations between the Californi:is and the coloniis of the ii. A. Co. on the I'acilio Ocean. On his return ho told us of the kind reception V liicli he had merited on those shores. e(n possible to .-icuii,' the results of this negotiation which cnuld nut have failed to give MutMid satisfaction. The actual cundition of l^urope in general and of Sjiain i.i lirlicidar gives rise to the jironniption that there is to-day no iuipedi- !■ lit to the admission of the Russians to the coast, especially since their ' hjici; serves the interests of both parties. A\'ith this \w\\ we have ordered I'le Oovernor of the colonies, the ( 'ouiisellur ami ( hevalicr 1 •. Alexandi-. llaranof, resident in the island of Kadiak, latily Sitka, to send a slii;, with some merchandiso under the command of a suboi'dinate of his, for the pur- )iose of establishing commercial relations with our milile and estee'ii'd iieigli- l"Ms. and of 8np])lying them with vaiious lines of goods which t!iey neid and «!■ ran ]iidcure for them, taking in exchange' giviin, tallow, cattle, ami other ]i|ddHctiiiii.s V hicli thei'i' abound. \\ e eoiitemplale seiidi'.ig aimilK r ship to Culilornia from this city arouml the world as koou as circumstances may per- ul[ 206 RUSSIANS IN CALIFORNIA. elicited from Comandante Ruiz of La Frontera, and perhaps from the governor, refusing to permit trade contrary to the laws without the consent of the au- thoi'itles at ^ladrld. ]Meanwhile the energetic chief director had unt neglected his plans for the New Albion settlement. On February 2, 1811, perhaps before the receipt of any definite instructions from St Petersburg, liaranof desjiatehed Kuskof on the Cliinhf^ov Bodega, uhero he arrived the 4th of March. Few details have been preserved respecting this visit. Otter were not plen- tiful at BodcLja at that time, and therefore twentv- two Ijidarkas were sent Into San Francisco Bay, where hunting was carried on for some months In company with two other parties of Aleuts from the L^abcll". and Albatross,^ with a result of 1,200 otter-skins fur Kuskof's party. The Russians say that though the Si)anlards could do nothing at first to interrupt this wholesale [)oachIng, they at last hit upon the expedi- ent of guarding the springs of fresh water and thus forced the Aleuts to withdraw. The Spanish records rather strangely contain nothing on this topic. ])u!- inu' the absence of his hunters the commander suem-; to have devoted liis attention to tlic conciliation < t" the natives and to the exploration of the region round Bodega Bay, or Rumlantzof Bay as the liussiaus called it In honor of the imperial chancellor. The site for a settlement selected by means of this and previ- ous exi>lorers, or possibly not finally determined o;i until the next year, was about einfliteen miles abt)vc the bay, wliere, though there was no good anchoragx', all other advantages of soil, timber, water, and ])as- turage were much better than at Bodeij^a. It Is said init niiong, and to deny it when forcible possession must be taken. Having obtained a supply of sea-lion meat iVom the, Farallones, Kuskof sailed for the north the first of Julv, reaching Sitka the 8th of Aun'ust.* ^lean while Baninof probably received from St Petersburg expected instructions to found the settle- ment without further delay. At all events, late in 1811, or possibly early in 1812,^ he once more de- spatched Kuskof in the Chtrikof with all that was deemed necessary for the foundation of the new establishment. There were in the company ninety- ii\e men of Russian blood, including twentv-five mechanics, and probal)ly eighty Aleuts in a hunting- ileet of forty bidarkas.'' The arrival seems to have *Kh''hii;kof,Zaphli,U, 138; Tllhmfnef, htor. O'losrniih; i. 208; Potechin, iSili iiif /'iiMn, ,")-(); I'ui/cniH, Xoticiaf fohve Itox-', MS., 42!)-.'ii). ''Klik'liiiikof says it was in Xovoinlier 1811; Tikliuu'iiof and rotecliiii, March ISI'J, alluding perhaps, howuvtr, to the arrival at ]'.()ilci:a. 'AH authorities agree on the 40 l.ndarkas, ami there weredoulitlessas usual two luintc'-s to eacli boat. Khleltnikof, /f«/^si;iiis as {)."). The Spaniards reported tlie number as about ItX). Mot'ras, L.Liil'imlioti, ii. W, states that there were 100 Russians and 100 Kailiak Ind- ians, and this stutenieiit, uut very iuaociutito, Las been generally I'uUowed by 208 RUSSIANS IX CALIFORNIA. been in March or April of ^812, though of this and immediately succeeding events there is no detailed I'ecord. The Aleuts were sent out to hunt otter along the coast, apparently with instructions not to ent<.T San Francisco Bay, for it was best not to offend the 8})aniards just at this time.'' The Russians prepared timber for several months. When all was ready the Aleuts were recalled to aid the mechanics, and everybody went to work vvith a will on ;i fort and other necessary buildings, and in the course of a few months a fortified villaije had arisen on the sliores of New Albion. The site, selected probably during the previous visit, was some eighteen miles above Bodega Bav, called by the natives Mad-shui-nui, in latitude 38 ' t^ ' t,' ' ?>?j', longitude 123' 15', according to Russian observa- tions, and the fort with its ten cannons was xx-ted on a bluff some hundred feet or more above the sea. Of the buildinii's and surroundinu's I shall have more to say later. All was completed and ready for occu- pation early in September.^ On September lOtli, or American writers. A large part of the Russians seem to have been sent back ti) the nurth after a little. " Yet several bidarkas were seen by the Spaniards in t'le bay duiiiig the month of July, and were supposed to belong to the vessel reported at JJiidega. So says the commandant of San Francisco to the governor in his letter of July 81st. Pror. .St. Pap., MS., xix. ."'ii-S. '' According to B-(!, says that the fur company sent out the expedition in l'V'l)ruary 1812, and that Jvuskof founded the settlement on ^lay 2(itli. M'l- raira late in August reported that the llussians had arrived live months liefure, or in March. Prof. ,S7. Pap., MS., xix. 32-1-0. The works named ai'e my authorities on the foundation of the Russian set- tlement. American and other wiiters mention the foundation brieliy and often incorrectly in connection with subsequent history down to 1841. Cri>- niso, Xatiiral U'calth of Cut., 37, tells us that in 1S20 the Russians fornu'il a Ki'ttlement on the river Sebastian 40 miles north of Rodega, called by tluia Slawianska, by the settlers Fort Ross, and now known as Mount Kof.:-'. (Ireenhow, Jfift. Or., 18, says the Russians formed an cstal)li8]nnent on tlie shci'o of the northern branch of Rodega Bay in 1812, and some years later another called Ross 3:) miles north of Rodega. Manuel I'astro, Uddi-ioii I'l: Alta Cat., MS., 83, informs us that Ross was established under a special FOUNDING OF ROSS. 299 uscmau ^niiih , •f.s hit. Nov. 'iittiilc Sitkii 1011 in Mo- lii'fori', an sct- lly ami Ci-o- •iiiL'd a y them lios:; ! Jilt nil •ri later iuii <''■ .spfL'ial Au^'ust 30th of the Russian calendar," the 'name-day' of J']uipcror Alexander, the establishment was for- mally dedicated with great festivities and named Ross, from the root of the name Russia, a word extending iar back into antiquity.^" Thus tlie company's cherished plan for gaining a footing on the California coast was brought to a suc- (•o.-^sful issue, and as yet without opposition either fiom the natives, whom the new-comers chose to legard as the owners of the country,^^ or from the (Spaniards, whom they aflected to look upon as ncigh- titaty between Spain and Russia in 181."), and was occupied l>y aOO men until the ttrni of the treaty had exjiircd! Chaniisso, Itil^c, i. l.'>l-2, says Kuskof wttlti, Kill- 10, has it that theRussiaiia obtained permission to buikl houses from the govenior of California, who afterwards repented but was not strong enough to expel the unwelcome guest. Scala, L'Ainueii Compto'ir ItusHe, .'Wl-2, states that the Russians in 1814 fortified the entrance of lJode;,'a JJiiy, and built a village to which they gave the mystic name of Ross; while hundreds of C'ifio- !■ rii-i roamed through the interior hunting bull'aloes to supply meat for the far north! Kotzebue, New Vfyiuje, ii. 120-3, erroneously represents that tho Spaniards for a small compensation aeipiiesced in tho Russian plans and only made trouble when they were alanned at the prosiicrity of Ross, becoming aj.'aia friendly when the Russians lirmly refused to yield to their p'etensioiis. For other mentions containing no errors requiring notice, sec Vulbjn, lli-it. C'll., .MS., i. 10.')-7; Fcniainlcr., Co-iUi dcCal., MS., 2-l-r>; Iictinlol/ih'.t Oration, ;(||; Ttilli'iirr nut. Cal., 110-20; T/iomji'^nii's Hist. Soiio.mi, 8-10; L'.'. J,'ii<'j.-'., MS., 1-4; Sonoma Co. Hist., 8GH-74; Marin Co. llist., 'M, 4.1; Jaih- ciy.< ('niixc of the Dale, 31. '•' Twelve days must bo added to a Russian date to make it conform to tho Koiiian calendar; but in Alaska 11 di'.ys sntiice, for tho loss of a day in eoni- iiiu' eastward from St Petersburg was never taken into account unUl Alaska V as tranferred to the U. S. '"It is thought that Ross may be identical with tho Ileln'ow ro-7t of £"■.(.'- /''/, xxxviii. 2; xxxix. 1, translated 'chief in the IhiLrlish version, with the 'Uos' of the Byzantine writers, and with tho 'Rus' people on tlic Volga. Aceording to tho Arabian trf^dition, Ros was a son of Japliet. However tliii may be, it is certain that the Russians were formerly known as the ' people of itoss,' and their country is still Rossiia, or Russia in English. Galit/iii, AoZ/'C Jlioj. Kitr BaranoJ)', in Nonv. An. dc< I'o//., ex.w. 21."), says: 'The name ot' lloKS is derived from the word Russiia, Russia.' Relclier, I'oi/a'jc, i. '.i\'.\, says it Miiaiis 'Little Russia.' Khlebnikof tells us the place v.as called Slavensk, orl!oss. Some very absurd derivations have been given by late v.riteis, as i'lV instance that from the Spanish ' Fuerte do los llusos,'as corrupted by Aimiicans! Sonoma Co. Jliif., oTl; and J/urjicr'.-i Mmj., Ixvi. 102. "Tile Indians were friendly and at lirst came often to the fort; but I'otechin, Seleiiie I'oss, G-7, tells us that gradually the visits, especially of dio )"'", became more and more rare. Alvarailo, J/i--t. Cut., MS., ii. 12, nien- tioin an attack on the settlement by a Sotoyome chief soon after the coming ot the Russians, easily repelled by a few discharges of musketry. This v, riter thinks the liussians entitled to some credit for having helped to keep the noithcrn Indians in check. "'Mm 300 RUSSIANS IN CALIFORNIA. ii I 1 bors, dwellers in another country, California, sepa- rated from New Albion by San Francisco Bay. The latter, however, were by no means ignorant of what was being done at Bodega, though in no condition to interfere. In July Comandante Argiiello noticed bidarkas in the bay, and sending out native scouts, learned that a vessel was on the beach north of Bo- dega. On August 25th Mora^ja was sent with seven men to mvestigate. He came back September Ist and Bodega and Ross. reported that the vessel was a small schooner stranded, or beached for repairs, eight leagues above Bodega, and that she was in bad condition. Kuskof's eighty men were in great want of food; the Russians who had been in the country for five months, had built a fort protected by artillery, and apparently intended to remain. Moraga, whose visit was just before the dedication of the fort, was courteously rsceived, but communication for want of an interpreter was difficult. MORAGA VISITS ROSS. 801 On liis return he was sent to Monterey with a letter iVoiii Argucllo, and to report in person to the gov- ernor: but of the additional information thus imparted wc only know of Kuskof's desire to trade for grain, meat, and tiUlow.^" Russian authorities say nothing (if the difficulty of communication, but state that Mo- raga made a complete inspection of the settlement, received full explanations of the company's plans, was shown the instructions of the chief directory, and jiioniised to use liis influence in favor of the desired trade.'^ There was no further intercourse between the Russians and Spaniards in 1812, except that early in December a flag was noticed across the bay from San Francisco, and a sergeant crossing in a launch brought back three Russians found on the beach in a state of starvation. They had deserted from Ross in consequence of the great want experienced there. Their vessel was still aground, they said; and Kuskof was hard at work on his buildings; but ''they flaimed to kiK»w nothing whatever of the object of the settle- ment." Moraga went back to Ross late in January 1813, v;liere he conferred with Kuskof about trade, was shown a copy of the proclamation of 1810, and ac- quainted himself with the details of the plans of the .strangers. He returned January 27th, and four days later was sent to report at Monterey the Russian de- sire for traffic, bearing also a letter in which the des- titution of the troops was vividly described, doubtless as the strongest argument in favor of the proposed trade. Arrillaga comuiunicated to the viceroy the result of Moraga's two visits.^" There is not a word '-.Tulv 31, 1812, and Sept. 7th, Arguello to Amlhiga. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. 3'2J-(;; Pnw. AVc, MS., ix. 12S-'J. '■'' TiklimeiKj, htor. Obonrame, i. '212-13; Potechh, Selenie lioss, 7. These vritci's stem to inako tlie date of Moi'aga's visit October. "Dec. 16, 1812, Arguello to Arrillaga. Proo. St. Pap., lien. Mil, MS., xliii. 8-lt. '^Jiin. 31, 1S13, Argiiello to Arrillaga. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. 34.V4. Jan. 2."ith, Moraga at 'Nova Rosa, six leagues north of Bodega,' certiliea to a ■ il ' 302 RUSSIANS IX CALIFORNIA. in the Spanish record to indicate tliat the governor or connnandant had consented or would consent to any trade without tlie viceroy's permission; yet tliu Russians state that Moraga on tliis second visit brought not only twent}^ cattle and three horses as a gift, but also the verbal announcement, as welcome as unexpected, that Arrillaga had consented to an ex- change of commodities on condition that pending the viceroy's decision, the company's vessels should not enter the ports, but transfer goods in boats. Accoid- ingly Kuskof at once despatched his clerk Slobuil- cliikof to San Francisco with a cargo which, in the manner prescribed and to the value of $14,000, was exchanged for bread-stuffs. Trade was thus continued for some time, but no particulars are given. That this traffic was allowed, considering the urgent needs of California, is not strange; nor is the silence of the Spanish record to be wondered at, since the trade was illicit. There is no good reason to doubt the ac- curacy of the Russian statement.^" The viceroy in the mean time learned indirectly through the authorities of Lower California and New Galicia that the Russians were at Bodega, and on July 9th he wrote to Arrillaga instructing him to ob- serve closely the movements of the strangers, and ascertain their designs. He did not apprehend any hostilities on the part of Russia in view of friendly international relations, but he feared the intruders might be other than they seemed and connected with Anglo-American designs upon California." Three weeks later, having learned the true state of affairs from the governor's letter, the viceroy wrote again copy of the proclamation of March 15, 1810, shown him at that date liy Kuskof, or Coseof, as the Spaniards called him. Id., 344. Feb 4th, Arrillaga to viceroy. Piov. liec, MS., ix. 128-9. ^^ Tihhmenef, Istor. OboHranie, i. 213; Potcchin, Selenie Pons, 7. "July 9, 1813, viceroy to governor. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. 3.33-5. Manuel Varela, commanding the Bostones, told the commandant of San Bias that he had seen a communication of Arrillaga to the governor of Lower Cal- ifornia on this subject. From San Bias the news went to Gen. Cruz of New Galicia, who forwarded it to the V. R. in a letter of May 20th. THE RUSSIANS MUST CO. 803 enclosing tlic treaty of July 20, 1812, between Spain and Russia. Kuskof was to be notified at once tliat the company's occupation of Spanish territory was a clear violation of the treaty; reminded that it was a duty of the subjects of friendly powers not to embroil their respective courts; and requested to remove his establishment before the matter was brought to the attention of the national authorities. Meanwhile the Ilussians were to bo closely watched, and the military authorities of the peninsula and the western Interior J'rovinces were to be ready to furnish aid in case of an emergency. ^^ These communications reached California early in 1814, and in April Moraga, with Gervasio Argiiello and an escort, was sent a third time to Ross bear- ing letters in which Arrillaga made known to Kus- kof the viceregal instructions." The Russian com- niander was thus placed in a difficult position, and he thought it best to make no definite answer until he could hear from Barilnof and Luis Argiiello. Accord- ingly he waited until June 20th before he answered the governor's letter, which even with Moraga'.s ex- l)lanatlons he claimed not to understand sufficiently to justify official action. It was always with great difficulty that either Russians or Spaniards could be made to understand an unwelcome message in a for- eign language. Having thus disposed of the main subject, Kuskof proceeded to offijr Arrillaga as a gilt a tent formerly left at San Francisco, and closed his letter bv makinof a formal demand for the return of certain Kadiak captives who it was clamied had cn- ite by L-ilUiga 333-."). Dlus [r Cul- New " Ang. 3<1, viceroy to Arrillaga. Prov. Sf. Pap., MS., xix. .330-1. '* KhUhuihtf, Zafiinki, i. 214. Arrillaga'.s letter as quoted by Potechin, Selciiii- lioss, 8-^10, calls ow'iy for a circumstantial statement for the viceroy's information of all tliat the company had done or }iro])osed to do, and of the .luthority under which the settlement was formed; therefore it is possible that (inly the V. H.'s first letter had been received and was sent up bj- Moraf^'a; }\t had this been the case and an explanation only been demanded, Kuskof vimld naturally have funiished it as he had done before, and would hardly have been obliged to fall back on his ignorance of Spouisih. 304 RUSSIANS IN CALIFORNIA. tercd tlio bay to oscnpo the storm witli no evil inten- tion, and of rertiiin others who had deserted from Fort ]l()SH. To Arj^'i'iello in a letter of the same date he sent haek a Spanish letter to he interj)reted, and re[)cated his demand lor the release of eaptives. These letters were carried down to San Francisco hy the aoent Slohodchikof, who went after «jfrjnn still dne and with a small caru^o of "^oods for traltic.^" It was hojjed that the trouble caused by the viceroy's orders would blow over and that trade might proceed. It was the company's policy to keep its afl'airs in Cali- I'ornia as quiet as po.ssible at St Petersburg and ^Mad- lid, and by no means to cause a (juarrel between the two courts, an easy task on account of the disturbed condition of Spain, and to trust for the permanence and prosperity of Fort Rosa to the revolutionary con- dition and consequent weakness of Mexico, and to the good will and needs of the Californians. The ])re- tence of an equitable right to any part of the Califor- nian territory was an idea of later growth."^ Mora^'a on July 30tli made out from his recent observations a full report on the establishment of Ross, particularly on the strength of its defences.-^ The capture of the American smuggler Mercury, Captain Ay res, in the preceding year, though she liad been for years in the service of the company, if not still in that service, seems not to have had any bearing on the Russian question. This year, however, another '"111110 20, 1814, Kuskof to Arrillj^rii ckI Argfiello (written in Russian). Prov. SI. I'dji.. MS., xi.\. 30.")-7. It \>^ perhaps worth iioticiui^ that tlie tent ci'.r'ercd to the governor and which K' -k' i took pnins to represent as having' l)cen left at San Francisco by carelfadi' jss, was really sent clown from Ross witli the letters. "' Raynal, JIintra('t and |)assj)ort, !.h(; liad nioroly hrou^lit a car'jf() of 8U))pliL'.s to Fort lioss, i)art of whicli was still on hoard t(> he ti-ansferred to a Russian vessel for whicli the Tuijle had heen mis- taken; and as there was no evidence of contrahand trade, the only plausihle pretext for the detention of nil American craft, she was released with a warninn^ to leave Spanish waters forthwith.'^ Arrilla_iL(a luul (lii'd in July, and Jose ArgUello was now j^overnor III} interim. The change was not favorahle lor the llussians, for Argiiello, either from natural inclina- tions, or more likely on account of his temporary power and future ])olitical aspirations, was much less iViendlv to the foreion colonv than had been liis dc- ceased friend or his own sou Luis."* Early in 1815 Argliollo wrote a peremptory letter to Kuskof, stating that by the viceroy's orders the M'ttloment c)f Ross must be abandoned if friendly iclations were to be maintained between Spain and liussia, and also expressing great surprise that Arri- I'.aga's letter of inquiry had not yet been answered, luiskofs only reply was that he could do nothing without instructions from his superior, Bariinof." Yet "•'The capture was between the 1.3th au(12Gth of August, and the governor okUivcI the iel»mse Sept. lOth. Pnn: Sf. /','o and most of the crew beloni^'ed to the eonipaiis'. Tlie Pvdler v,(iit liiick to Rosa before continuing her voyage round ('ape Horn. -'•With the death of Arrillaga,' writes 'I'ikhiiiruef, htor. Ohotranii', i. ■J14, 'the Eussinn colonies lost a true friend. His general good Teeling toward the llussians and his coniidiance with all their wishes so far as possi- l!e. in spite of the uncertainty of Spanish politics and his limited power, luntinued since the time of Kczanof.' '■' I'oli'chhi, Silciiii' L'osn, 10, 11; T'd'hmeuef, Ixfor. OhoHrnvic, i. 21.5. As I have before impiied, it is possible that the viceroy's orders of August 1813 luid only just arrived and were the cause of Argiiello's peremptory commuui- ttitiuu. HiBT. Cal., Vol. II, 20 306 RUSSIANS IN CALIFORNIA. 1 i i trade continued, juul on Aujjfust 20tli tlic Sitrdrof, Captain jMakiirof, arrived at San Franeisco. She had been despatched from St Petershnr;^ lor Lima, and lier ostensible business at San Fi'ancisco was in o-et water and fresh i'ood. Yet slie liad on board a ])i-ocIamation similar to that of 1810 addressed by tju' directory of the company to "our good friends and neighbor?!, the noble Spaniards," in which the a(iva)i- ta'»es of mutual trade were aufain set foi'th. Jt docs not appear that the authorities consented to any tral- ilc beyt)nd the furnishing of necessary su[)[)lies; but the peo|)le could by no means resist the t(>m[)tation <(» I'xchange their products for goods, and there is no reason to doubt the Russian statement that a largi' jtart of the Siirdnirs cargo was sold. The proclama- tion brought out a new h-tter iVom Argiiello, or ]»im- haps I'rom Sola, to Jvuskof, in which he expressed his sur|)rise at the presumi)tion slu)wn in addressing such a document to the people or even the p)-ovincial authorities of California, since as a matter of course only the king could act in the mattei'. lie would not ri'ply to the proposition for tralHc, but had sent (hr l)apers to the viceroy. This conununication, like the former, received no deluiite answer, "^riade, howevt'i', was by no means suspended, for the Ch'n'ikof and the Jiiiicn both came to San Francisco this year and ob- tamed large (quantities of grain which was shipped to Sitka on the Chin'h>f'. Kuskof can»e down in person on the latter vessel, and with the other agents exerted himself to tlie utmost to avert the tlu'catened troubles. He still labored to conciliate California and kee]> the controversy from Madrid, there being no fear of Mex- ican action. The Americans were seizing eveiy opportunity to work against Russian interests and warn the Spaniards of their and)itious designs to seize San Francisco I^ay. The company in turn uttered Marnings against the Anglo-vVmericans; rc|t- resented its settlement as the best possible protection for the Spanish frontier; disclaimed all desire for ter- SOLA'S POLICY. 307 ritorinl possossIoiiH soutli of l^^ica; iirncd tliut tlio kiii"^^ (»!' S|)iiin would liavo nuulc known liis (lisj)lcasuro lonn' since, liad l»c IV'lt any, iho foundation liavinjj^ Ix'cn known it Madi'id before the news reached St Pete)"s- huri^; and linally ])ietured in hriglitest colors tlie e\ i- (Icnt iidvantago of trade to the ne<^lected soldiers of tilt' ]ii\'sidios and their faniiii (Jovernor Sola luul anivt'd in Auufust, and his di> losition was not at first more favora ble t oward tl le jvussians than Arsj^iiello's had been, since he was more IVcslily ind)Ued with JSlexican leelint*' and knew less (if ( ahfornia's needs, lie at once called upon Ijuis Ar<.,^iu'll() lor a i-eport on past visits of liussians to San Francisco, the supj)lics I'urnished, and how they dl Hi Deen paid lor If. lie also seems to have sent oi'der; to Ivoss forbiddiuL^ the illegal entiy of all foreiijfn ves- sels into Californian ports. -"^ The ail'air of tin; Iliiwa ai)out this time pave tlui ntnv ijovernor a chance to show his devotion to Spanish laws. This vessel, snil- iii^- under the American Ww^ as the I^'i'fi/, was ]»ui'- cnasi (1 by Uaranof in 1HI;{ and sent down to 1 k ( tss uiidci' an 1 Vmerican master.-^ She had on boaid a liaiid of Aleut hunters under l^oris Tarakanof, and a (•aro'o of ij^oods I'or traflic in charge of Juan ]']liot (K; Castro as aiifont of the company, who is said to ha\e Ih'cii in California before. Of his proceedini^s down to the middle of 1815 we »nly know that he visited -■■/■/•o)'. Sf. Pnp., :MS., xix. 'MC, ^02 ?,; xx. .''), G, /'/., Hen. Mil., xlvi. ;!7; l\i!i'-hiii, Sfloiie. 7iVw.i, 8 11; Til.-lniie'iri\ I>tur. <)lo.'S'« (•«)•';/' is uImi imIIiiI Lm/juvF, .•mil IIk' .supcirai i.'(i \v;i.s ]|i riiwiii Mulvcc. Slic w.MH of ."lOO Ions. 'I'ikiiiin ik f ;illiiil<.'s to tlic (li'lciilinii I't' !i ^■(•s.s^'l .sent to Sun Fiiiiicisco hikI tln' sci/mi' of luT ciirjio aiiil |i;i]icis. It is not cli'ar wlmt vcs.sel isnfcircd to. Tott'i'liiii .siiys Ai'giii'llo'N first li'ttii' M.is sent ill Miircli ami tiio srcoml in .Inly, wiiicli latter ni.'iy Ik' an ciror if till' Siirdrof witli tlu! iiroclaniation canic in Aii;,'iist. Kiiskof is siiid to liavo Hliin))cil V).^'''' lounds of j,'i'aiii to Sitka; I'Uiot, of tlic llimii, lioniilit in .liiiio iiiiil .\iig;, " ,.(,371 worth; and a :t('nil)er l)ion;,'lit .'^'J, s|.s in illcrts for tii(: troojis. Tlio proclamutiou was datud July Li, iJSl.'t, and is jiic.icrvcd in tlic arcliiM'S. '■Sept. 'J(i, ISL"), Sola to Arpiii'llo. Pror. St. Pap., Ikii. Md.., ^IS., y.\\\. iio; 'I'ilJuiK )i('j\ I.slnr Oho-rniiii, i. 'JI.V l(i. ■*'Hi' is called W'lsdr.-isii, \Vo,sdwit, Wodwit, and ^Vii8on Woowarck. Kikulorof was elurk, or (supercaigo. J I ' 308 RUSSIANS IN CALIFORNIA. most of the places on the coast, made many friends, and was very successful both in tiude and hunting-, sending to Sitka a large quantity of grain, 400 otter- skins, and $10,000 in money. Success made him reck- less, or perhaps he was not fully aware of Sola's strict ortlers against contraband trade; at any rate on Se))- tember 19th Tarakdnof, having paid no attention to warnings to quit the coast, was captured with over twenty Aleuts at San Pedro by Comisionado Cota and put in the jail at Los Angeles. Six days later Eliot himself, landing from his vessel at El Cojo, near San Luis Obispo, was also arrested with another American, four Russians, and an Aleut. The Ilincn escaped and sailed for the Sandwich Islands by way of Ross. Tlie captives were sent to Santa Barbara and Monterey in October, the officers being treated with every attention and the rest obliged to work for their rations like Spanish prisoners. The ))rotestations of Kiiskof were for a time of no avail; but some of the Aleuts, whom the Spaniards foolishly sent out to catch otter for their new masters, made their escape to Ross; while a few embraced the catholic faith and prepared to remain in the country.-'^ ^^ ■^ Dnrdnof, Shkncojiimink, 1^5-0; Khh'hvilof, Zaphli, 11; T'lJJuiirnrf, iMor. (Jlionraiile, i. '2l'A, 'JUi. This author accuses tlic 8j)aiiiui'ils of cruolty to the captives, stating that a'.'conliiig to Kuskoi's report one Aleut who refiisi d to lieeoiue a Catholic died from ill-trcatincut received from the padre at S;m Francisco. The Spanish records arc somewhat voluminous on this afi'air, Imt not very important, being largely rejietitions of thi- same statements liy ilit- ferent olficials or minor details respecting the vransportation or examin;ition of the captives. Elii.t dc CnMro, Pitju !is loaiiilix a sii (irnstdcloii y la ilf otru.i ('niitraUiiKlixtfix del hiriiaul'm nisa ' Ihinn'; I'ror. Ii'ic, MS., ix. IS.Vd; xi. '2'A-ik Proi: Hi. l'aj>., MS., xix. IMV2, IMU-Sl, .'{84-7, .S!tO-l; J,/., Jkii. Mil., xlvi. .S-4, 33, 41-'J. Sept. l.')th. Sola, in an original letter, s]icid:s of a hoat cr.yi- tured at San Luis on .luly'JTtli. S. Aiiloiiio, ]>o<\ Siiclhin, MS,, 73-4. 1 lie vessel is often called Ilcrmhua, Anniini, or J/iiii iiiii. Kliot is also sjioken of as an Knglishnian. Two American deserters from tlie IIiiku aic said to liiive come to Slonterey in November. Several Aleuts were wounded in a skiriiii>li at their capture. All armed reconnoissanee of the Sta ISiiibara Islands was onlered in tlie hope of linding a de))osit of otter-skins; but no result is re- corded. It is anuising to read the transj)arent excuses the I'lissian prisom is always may stress of weather,' or had 'lost their way,' and if suddiiiiy cornered by cross-exiimination they suddenly became profoundly ignonuit ui every language but the simplest lUissian, Taiakiiiidf liiid some silli goods in his bidurka when captured, which he had the impudence to ileclare were A CONFERENCE. 309 nunrf, Ity'to fuscil t S;iu liut lif- iiiitiiiii (l; si. Mil., It .T.I.- IIr; licll of III VI' niiisli Is was is 10- ■soiicrs Wl'I'O Iciily aiit (if Kills ill P< So far as the records show iiotliing was aecom- ])llslicd by the Russians in the way of trade durini^ 18l(j, a condition of things made more endurable to tlio Spaniards by the arrival of the supply-ship for the first time since 1810. The leading event of the year so far as the present matters are concerned was the visit of Lieutenant Otto von Kotzebue on the liiD'ik in command of a Russian scientific expedition, wlio spent the month of October at San Francisco as elsewhere related.^^ Sola came up i'rom Monterey to welcome Kotzebue and profited by the occasion to (•()m})lain of his nation's grievance at the hands of Kuskof and the company which he represented. Kot- zebue, of course, said he had no authority in the matter, but promised to bring the subject to the at- tention of his goverimient; and finally he consented to summon Kuskof to a conference. Accordingly Gorvasio Arglicllo was sent to Ross with the sum- mons or request,"^ and Kuskof came down the 2oth of October. During three following days a conference was held at the presidio, the result of whi(;h is preserved in a documentary record signed by Kot- zebue, Kuskof, Chamisso as interpreter, and Luis AvL^ilello and Jose Maria Estudillo as witnesses.^- Li tliis piper are narrated the circumstances under whicli the conference was held; Sola's complaint that Kuskof lui'i sett' ;d :*n Spanish territory and neglected to obey t' c viofjoy's orders to depart, or even to give any •i'liiiif'-' answer t^ the governor's letters; Kuskof 's de(liui..j; i.-» make any argument on the merits of the iiitcndcJ for his own use! Wlien asked if he bad not been warned to ijuit till' cuiist ho could not understand the (question. ■'" See chap. xiii. of this volume. ^' The messenger on his return made a report on the condition of the Ilus- siaii settlement. Anjiic.llo {fi'i rvn.^io), Olistrrwiniit.i fiirhaf par il Caihic. . .( .i iovinces for aid if necessary.^'' The order of course was not carried out, but the progress of the colony in the direction of commercial intercourse was at a standstill. In his report of 1817, Sola replied to the viceroy's ^^Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 03; Dept. St. Pnp., Den. Mil., MS., Ixxxvii. G'2. June 17tli, Sola vritcs to Onoira that Tnrakauof before sailing revcakd the fact tliat there was a large dejiosit of skins on one of the islaiuls. These arc to he taken and a secret report made. Pior. Ric, MS., xi. 3.") (i. I'ailre Martiiie/, says of Eliot in a letter of Dee. 1 Ith, tliat unless he luendHhiH ways lie will go hence 'to hell — not because I will send hiiu tlierc, for I am not in the sservicc of devils, but bei^ause ho so wishes it.' Oiicrra, J)uc. Jli.if. Cri/., -^IS., iii. 10. '■'■ Kdtzilme'H Voif., i. 280-7, ii. 13; Chmvi.^fo, /?^/>, i. 130-7; Bdnhiof. t(ii.-'anie, 15'?; Prov. St. Pnp., MS., xx. .31; Valbjo, JIi., M^., XX. 20G-8. The writer regrets his inability through ignorance of SpiuiiHli to enlarge on his own views, but he has given Padushkin full powers to 'di.scuss without any ill-feeling or hostile pretensions the questions referred to. ' « March 31, 1817, Sola to Argiiello. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xlvi. 38. April 10th, May 12th, Sola to viceroy. Prov. L'ec, MS., ix. 169-70. It would seeui that the schooner did not enter the bay, but that the oliicer.s lauded in bidarkas, or cayncos as the Spaniards always called them. Ajnil 24th, Padushkin at Monterey asked for arrest of an Aleut who had desertcil from the vessel at Ross. Pruv. St. Pap., MS., xx. 205. THE GOVERNOR'S PROTEST. 313 ital Sola received liiin politely, and without the slight- est Iiesitation delivered the prisoners to the number I if liftcen, promising to give up the rest as soon as tluy could be brought in from distant points.*' As to trade the governor, though he seems tt) have jiermitted l*a(hishkin to obtain a cargo of provisions,'^ refused to commit himself without the consent of his suj)eri- ors, and took the same ground respecting a proposi- tion to hunt otter in partnership with the California government.*" These matters being disposed of, Sola reverted to the old complaint against Kuskof, wlio persisted in keeping up a settlement in California against the wishes and orders of the Spanish authori- ties. By Padushkin, who returned to Sitka in June, lie sent a letter to Baninof, in which, after alluding to liis ]iast dealings with Kuskof and stating his reasons for having delayed the release of the prisoners, he says: "And now I hope that you will proceed to re- move every ground of complaint, by immediately with- drawing the establishment of Bodega beyond the Sjjanisli limits, which, as already stated, extend to tlie Strait of Fuca; which being done and this cause of ill-feeling on the part of both sovereigns being re- moved, I shall report to the viceroy, and perhaps this will make my king more favorably disposed to accede to your proposal of obtaining the products of this country for the support of the inhabitants of your own." Then he ventures to doubt the genuineness of a license of the Russian emperor to found the settle- ment of Ross, because such an act must naturally " Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 214-10; Bardnof. f^hizneophsanie, 147. One of tlu' rclciised prisoners was Tarakanof, or Tarasof as the Spaniards called hUn. Sdiiio who had married Californian women were allowed to remain at the missions. Sola had intended to give up the prisoners to Kuskof the year be- fore, liut had been so disgusted at the latter's excuses about quitting Califor- nia in accordance with the viceroy's orders that he had concluded to wait a uliilc, '■' Khh'hnihof, Zapi-tki, 148. For this ])urpose the Chirilnf seems to have L'oiR' down to Sta Barbara. May 9th, I'adre Ifipoll to Sola. Ai-., MS., xx, 210-11; ilncrra. Doc. Hint. Cal., MS., '251, 2,">4; lioqnefeuW^ Voiiwii', '.V.)-W. Slu' left for Sitka Nov. 11th. During her stay a Russian letter '.vas sent all tilt way down to Santa Barbara and hack in vain search for an interpreter. ii i ^ t\ 11 310 RUSSIANS IN CALIFORNIA. his pay in sca-ottcrs which lio would catcli in Saii Francisco Bay." Notwithstan(Un<^ the manifest ad- vantai,'cs of such a bargain, Sohxdid not feel atlihcrty to accept it;®' but he allowed the purchase of con- siderable quantities of grain on terms not stated, ' and the general effect of Hagemeistcr's visit seems to have been a restoration of former confidence and amity. For several years the company had but little difficulty in disposing of the cargoes, and the old con- troversy was left practically to take care of itself. The mission of San Rafael, the first permanent S])anish establishment north of the bay, was founded at the end of this year. The Russian writers tJiink that this foundation was intended to strengthen tlie Spanisli title or to prevent the extension of Russian possessions.''* There is nothing to indicate such a })Ui- ])Ose on the part of either missionary or secular au- thorities; and if Ross was thought of at all in this con- nection it was probably, as one writer asserts,®^ only as the best available mai-ket for mission products, in which respect it proved a great advantage in the al- most continued intercourse that followed."" There is little of importance to be recorded on Eus- sian relations during the last three years of the de- cade. Early in 1818 Sola acknowledged the receipt from the viceroy of a royal order to strike a blow at ^' The company was to bear all the expenses of the hunt; to share tlie jiro- ceeds equally with the Spaniards, anil to take the sliarc of the latter in jiay- ment for goods at a fixed price — 88 for large skins, which was vui'v low. Po/cckin, Sclenie Rosk, 12-14. According to Padre Arroyo's letter to tho governor there were some Russians seen hunting near San Pedro this yviw. Pror. St. Pap., MS., xx. 125. " Khlebiiik-qf, Zapiski, 78, 141-2. ^^ The KiUusof, according to Potechin, took 1,396 pouds of wheat; !)!> I'f barley; 200 of pease and beans; and 144 of tallow. A pond was 36 Itis. 'I'ikh- nienef, /star. Obosranie, i, 218-19, states that Sola gave a formal autliDiizii- tion for future trade in a letter to the company, but this seems unlikely, w licii a tacit consent would have served his purpose as well. '^^KhMmllcof, Zapinki, 148-9; Tlkhminef, lator. Obosranie, i. 361. f Fernandez, Corns dc Cat., MS., 86. ^"Moi'ras, Exploration, ii. 5, tells us tliat President Payeras on Ma\ '2, 1817, addressed a letter to the king of Spain on the Russian colony, Tliis letter I have not seen. GOLOVNIN'S VISIT. 817 the intruders; but he urged that for such a step re- ciilnrceinents were needed, an cks of their stay.^ Golovnin, however, gives m his narra- '' Aiiril 3, 1818, Sola to viceroy. Prov. lice, MS. ix. IflO. In this letter he rcniiirks that tiie Russians arc instructing the Indians, who show great aptitude. ■■'X'i/,id-!, 148. ''"Tlio arrival of the Co^^cq//' (perhaps Kiitmof) is announced by the gov- ciiKjr. Sept. 2, 1818. I'rov. J!ec., MS., ix. 11)7. Khlebnikof, Zapinki, 78, iii(.iiti(in.s Hagemeister's second visit. ''"(•'niofiiiii, I'oyatic, i. 'J71-88, fragmentary extracts in Mnternihd, pt. iv. 111. iiiul in the Morxhvi Slioriiik, Jan. 18o8. Correspondence about the delivery fit' ',1 mure Aleut prisoners. Guerra thinks some of tlicm ouglit to remain in ('iilifiiniiii, since it would be a praiseworthy act to enable them to save their .soiils. Gii'i-m, Doc. IJist. Cat., MS., iii. lO(>-7; iv. 3i»!)-400: Prov. St. Pap., Ill II. Mil., MS., xlix. 18. Arrival of the A'(/>/(t7i«^te mentioned. Prov. Rcc, Ms., ix. 107; Poqiicfeiiirs Voy., 107. In a letter of Jan. 28, 1818, tlie com- \mn\ is said to have notified the colony at Hoss to refrain from all dealings with thf Amoricans. Zitvuli.thhi, JMo o Koloniy, 7-8. In July Kuskdf sent a]iaity ol .')S bidarkas to Trinidad ]5ay, but the Indians were hostile, and only 1 1 skins Wire obtained. Khlrhiiihof, Z<(jiisl'i, 111!). In a letter of July 2,')th Sefian men- tions a newspaper article from St Petersburg praising Sola for his reception of Kut/.eljuo. ' What has engaged my attention particularly,' says the friar, ' is V.w iiaine of New Albion which they apply to the province, being one of the iiinncs imiiaiulant by Sola April 28, 1820. Pror. St. Pap., MS., xx. 7-4-0, 270. T!iu (Jtl.ruitle and BhujotHimerctiie sailed from Cronstadt in August 1819; ariivcil at San Francisco Nov. 22, 1820; and apparently remained until Jan- tinry 1821. Prov. St. Pap., MS.,xx. 273; St. Pap. Sac', MS., vi. 24; Gucrra, Jhj.: nut. Cal., MS., iv. 02. Jose Maria Amador, Memorias, MS., 24-.'), mentions an expedition of Miiraj^'a to Bodega and Ross this year which he accompanied as a soldier. All Were very kindly received by the Russians, especially by the otlicers of twi) Vessels at Rodega, who gave tliem silk shirts and. fV.w.v things U>y them- whes and f.amilies, enabling them to make a decided scnsstion with their liiK ry on retunrng to San Francisco. This expedition is not elsewlicre nien- tiniiLtl, and there may be an error of date. Alvarado, Hist. Cal., MS., i. l',)l, (.'ivcs a not very probable rnmor that the Russians prompted the unfortunato expedition of the Spaniards to the north this year. i i 1 n !il 320 RtSSIAXS IN CALIFORNIA. ('([ departure of the Russians, claiming tlie land occnpi by tlieni and even the whole coast of New Albion ms belonging to the Spanish crown on the strength (it the first discovery of Americd by Columbus; and ])('r- ha})s forcible measures would have been rcsorte)ef, Idor. Ohni^rank, i. 221-2; Potechin, Selevie lioss, 13-14. ™ !Si;c ohapter xxviii. of this volume. CHAPTER XV. EXPLORATIONS-INDIAN AFFAIRS— FOUNT)ING OF SAN R^VFAEL. 1811-1820. Abklua Explores the Lower San Joaqitim and Sacramento by Water — OuuiiNAL Namks — Indians Troublesome at San Oabuiel — Soto's Batt'.e — Pahre Cabot Explores the Tulares — Sola's Grand Expe- dition— Friars' Report on the Indian Tribes — An Important Docu- ment — Padre Martinez Visits the TulareSos — A Pklsidio and Missions Recommended — The Native Islanders — Founding of San Rafael Asistencia — Tour of Padre Payeras — The Names Pkia- LiMA, Sacramento, and Sonoma — Disaster at San Bpenaventlra — Ccplohado Indians — Victory of Sanchiv over the Moquelcmnes — EsTUDiLLo's Campaign — Moraga's I^nsuccessful Expedition against the Mojaves — Notes on Indian Affairs of the Decade. The annals of inland survey for the decade open with an exploration of the lower San Joaquin by water. This visit to a rej^ion so near the settlements and already more or less well known to the Spaniards iiiinht be deemed hardly worth notice as an explora- tiuii; yet by reason of its local impoi'tance, its minute- ness, and its application of early and original names, I liave thought tlie diary worthy of reproduction in substance in a note.^ Padre Abella was accompanied '.I /"//a, Timrio de ui\ rrn'intri) il<' Ion rion (irriii'l, the troops are eaid, on Oct. 2oth, to have gone aeaiiist the Uusumncs, and the Alcalde Julio PADRE CABOT IX THE TULARES. 325 Tlic second expedition was made in October 1814 witli aims less bloody, and apparently with a view to soarcli for new mission sites, A sergeant with thirty men accompanied by Padre Juan Cabot, left San Mi- mivl October 2d, reached the edge of the Tulares that nii;ht, and next day reached the shore of th, the best autiiority is tlie S. Frtnii:ltco, ( iniilu.i iltl HuhUitudo, ilS., torn \. - xxiii., containing coniplete lists of men iuiii cliic<;rs each year. For similar information in com]iany rosters, etc., as loi v irious financial and otlicr stati.-- tics for the period, I have consulted chi(liy tlie original records of the coiu- pany in my possession, Valdjn, JJur. I!.-' ■ 'ul., MS., i. xvii-xx., xxix.-x.w.; but also J)i'iit. St. Pup., licit. Mil., Ms , liii.-lxxii. passim; St. Pap. Sn'\, MS., iii. 15: x. G-7, >S7; xi. 1.V18, 71; xiv. 'A:>, 41; xviii. 23-4; St. Pap., 7;- -. ('o)a. nml Trcna., MS., ii. 1; J.-ept. St. Pap., Ben. Cuxt. 11,, MS., i.-iii. iia>- bim; Dcpt. St. Pap. Mont., MS., iv. 88; Depl. Bee., MS., i. G8, 291; vii. |n7. The habilitado's accounts of revenues, or duties coUectcal on imports on ioi- eign goods, with names of vessels and amounts jiaid by each arc very toui- i)lcto in comparison witli those of other presidios, in Vatlcjo, Doc. Hint, t'li'., ^IS., i. xvii. XX. passim; but the statistics have been utilized as far as is prac- ticable in the chapters devoted to connnercial and maritime affairs. A U-w items on financial affairs, gathered from records that are sufHciently voluiui- nous but not equally satisfactory, are as follows: Pav-roll of the company, $ir),000 to .SlS.OOO per year; annual debt to company, from ?4,000 to.SlO,^0'2. .Supplies to infantry dctacluncnt very irregular, from .?')(> to ."^l.'JdO \)cv year. Supplies to artillery detaelnnentin IS.'Mt, $(i,.")4S. Keceivcil fiHiM Nlonterey in lS2t, $,'},()74. lieccived from other presidios, iSJ.S-IiO, j^'i,'^-';!. Average net postal revenue §10. Xct proceeds of tohacei) sales, IsJT, S(i90; 18'JS, to March, 6100; April IS'JS to Nov. lS'2t), Sr,S-; r>0 ll.s. Wire hurned as rotten this j'car. Li(iuor tax collected, 18'2I-4, §174; 1S"J!)-I>1), ?J4. Average yeaily expense of tlie presidial harge, or lightei', over and ;il)iive its earnings, .^130. Stamped paper sent to S. Francisco in IS'JO, ?S74; ill t!ie oflice 1830, §109. Mission supplies were as follows: S Francisi'o, I •^•J I -30 (except 1S'_'7), §(!,2SS; Sta Clara, §14,008; S. .Jos('s §1. "),!•-'."); Sta Crt./, .*.",(1!)0; Solano, 1828-30, .S.^S; S. Itafael, 1822-0, 182S-30, §1,311. ".l/v/i. Ar~ol)., MS., iv. pt. i. .")9-00. Two carpenters, 12 axemen, and 2 li'iats loaded with material were sent in May. ".S7. Pap. Sac, MS., xiv. 12 (72?). " Kotzcfnic'H Ncv Vvi/iiije, ii. "J'y-XoO. See also chap, xxiii. this vol. fur an account of this visitor's ohsen'atioiis in general. I'adre Amon'is in a, I'-tter of 1823, speaking of a Jtussian visit to the port, says: 'I'uede (juo S. IVuncisco cobre fama entre muchas naciones, y asi visitas no faltar.in.' An-/i. Ar.iih., MS., iv. pt. ii. 83. F'^ieondia on his first visit to 8. Francisco is .said til liave exclaimed, after gazing on the bay from the summit of Telegraph Hill, 'Esto es muy porientoso. Mejico no sabe, no, lo que tienc!' IFc sjient i-'me days in making plans for fortilications — castles in the air. Valhjo, Hist, (.:'.!., MS., ii. GO. 588 SAX FRAXCISCO DISTRICT, fcl'H^I 'iiW':' Captain Morrcll was here in 1825. He describes the presidio as "built in the same manner as Monterey;" that is, "surrounded by a wall of ten feet in height, built of freestone, but much smaller, comprising oiilv about 120 houses and a church. The fort mounts 10 guns, which would be sufficient to command the pas- sage were the works kept in any kind of order." This American captain was very enthusiastic in his admira- tion of the bay region." In 1826 occurred the visit of the English navierator, Beeche3\ Of the buildings he says: "The governor's abode was in a corner of the presidio, and formed one end of a row of which the other was occupied by a chapel; the opposite side was broken down and little better than a heap of rubbish and bones, on whicli jackals, dogs, and vultures were constantly preying; the other two sides of the quadrangle contained store- houses, artificers' shops, and the gaol, all built in tlic humblest style, with badly burned bricks, and roofed with tiles. The chapel and the governor's house were distinguished by being whitewashed." Beechey made a careful survey of the bay, discovered and naiiu^d Blossom rock, and in one of the books resulting from his visit there appeared a chart which I reproduce.^'' • 'It presenta a broad sheet of water of sufficient extent to float all the British navy without crowding; the circling grassy shores, indented witii cdu- venient coves, and tlio whole surrounded by a verdant, blooming ooimtiy, pleasingly diversified with cultured fields and waving forests; meailnws clothed with the richest verdure in the gift of bounteous May, etc. Miiii, enlightened, civilized man, alone is wanting to complete the picture uml give a soul, a divinity to the whole. Were these beautiful regions which have been so much libelled, and are so little known, the property of the United States, our government would never permit tliem to remain thus negkctcil. Tlio eastern and middle states would pour out their tliousands of cnuL'iants until magnificent cities would rise on the shores of cvcryMnlct along the eoast of New California, while the wihlemess of the interior would bo niadr to blossom like the rose.' Morreli'n Xarrative, 210-12. Morrcll had evidently read Beechey before his book was published. ^^ Ikfchcifs Voyaijc, ii. 1-05. See also chap. v. of vol. iii., this history, fur a general account of IJeechcy's visit. The chart intciuled to illustrate ciiiclly the geological features of the region round the bay, but which I use fi'i" geographical purposes only, is taken from /fichardsoii's Zo()lo. Iii<\, MS., vi. 189-90. In December 1830 the nrniament of Han Francisco ^-is 14 k'uns: G of braR.<> and 8 of iron; 3 of 24 lbs. calibre, 2 of 12 lbs., 8 of 8 lbs., un,i I of "1 lbs. The esplanade is said to have'been Migood condition, Dvjtt, m. l\.^,., Lm. Mil., MS., Ixii. 24. ^ ■- ■ 590 SAX FRANCISCO DISTRICT. in preference to tlio presidio anchorage. It is not quite certain from tlie narrative that any of them anchored within what is now North Point; yet I suppose that the Frenchman at least did so, and that the name Yerba Buena was apphed after 1827 rather to the recfion between North Point and Rincon Point than to that between the former and Point San Josu as in earlier years. ^'- While there is some uncertainty about the date, it is certain that the change in com- mon usajT^e was made either at the end of this or early in the following decade. It would seem that, the eastern anchora. ]{atliir strangely the location of Yei'ba Buena is not indicated on Beechey's cliait. Duhaut-Cilly was piloted by Richardson 'to Hierba Buena, situated in a bay farther inland behmd a big point, •which M'as seen a league eastward,' To reach it he 'advanced first „wo miles k,, keeping near the shore; then oiio mile E. 1.")° s., when we arrived at the r/omifo (elbow— panit or cove?) of tl.o Verl)a Buena, where we cast anchor in five fathoms of water, the northern point of the ijomito covering entirely the entrance of the port (dSoldcn (!ate).' Jhihaut-Cilhj, l'ia;/;iio, i. 2'20, 228-0. This description applies nearly as well to the anchorage west as south of Telegi'aph hill. " Nov. 14, 1827, Echeand(a's order to comandante; Nov. ir)th, call on 'SW-^- sion S. .losi'- for building material and men. Drpl. ller., MS., v. 107-8. Alfril Robinson and Charles Brown state that when they came to Califc-uiii i.i Ib-^ AFFAIRS AT SAN FRANCISCO. 591 i. It is not my of them !*oint; yet I so, and that •1827 rather ilincon Point Int San Jose i uncertainty mofc in com- ' this or carly ?m that, the ^cther clesira- viow; but in ■ders for tlie beach, to he ;, after which w vessels to use, if it was 1 the site of Cilly erected )rc of Yerha recorded in '7.^3 1 location of Verba some milea farthir icnpc, where Vim- lilt, or else was in Fectly safe at ;ill |ia, after a swect- ii. VMS. Morrill |y, ill from ten to [ssion, which is in (1 off a stnall buy I, about a lenuiiu I/'', ii. r>. ]{atinr Ik-echcy's cliart. situatetl in a Imy \q eastwanl.' To shore; then oiio or cove?) of tl.o Iter, tlie iiortlieiu •t ((jolilen (late).' ipplics nearly :ia ll.'ith, call on Mi«- ,v. 107-8. Alfr.l Juliffuiu ia 1!>-'J There arc the usual vague and fragmentary records tliat a school of some kind was kept up during this period, as at the other presidios." The company's ^tock-farra, or rancho de la nacion at Buri-buri, con- tinued to furnish meat for the soldiers, but declined rajtidly in usefulness ;'° until in 1827 it seems to have l)een granted provisionally to Jose Sanchez, Events of the decade at San Francisco, of minor importance except such as are presented elsewhere, I append in line print for economy of space, including also in 'bronologic order some items connected with the ad- ' \istration of justice in this presidial district, one of ,50 items, that of the Rubio murder case, having ,,oine historical importance in connection with the annals of the following decade.^" t'u're was not a building at Verba Buena, nothing but the natural chaparrnl; ;.iiilit was not until later that vessels were allowed to anchor there. Rnhh,- (.'i/i'.s Statement, MS., 14-15; BrowirH Sfatcmeiif, MS., 3-4. IJeechcy in lS"2(j s:i\v seven whalers anchor at Sauzalito. Jose Ramon Sanchez, Xotan, M.S., 17 IS, thinks the anchorage of Verba Buena was lirst mentioned when in jsi"! (iov. Argiiello allowed the ships of Hartnell & Co. to anchor there. " Jose Pena, an artillcrviiiiin, was teacher in ]S'2'2. S. rrunrincu, Vueiitan, MS., vi. i)2. 55. Sergt. Jesc Berreyesa was paid in IS.'JO at the rate of §10 pi r month for services as teacher in 1823. VaUijo, JJo'-. Hint. Col., MS., xx. ■JJI. School-master's salary ordered paid by Eeheandia in IS'J!). Vcpt. lice, .MS., vii. 142. '^ 'Jattle at -^ud of 1821, 749 head; 1822, 711 head; proceeds of sales— that is moat furni ).f.(f. ♦.u --oldiers— .$1,039; 1823, 330 head; p\'oceeds, .'r!l,3l) head; pi'v.ocja, c!4.'J!); 1825, 158 head; proceeds, .^034; 182(), 85 head; pro- )8:''7, ,>roc3eds, §235. VnUi'Jo, Doc. Hist, r'n^., MS., xvii. 113, "" "" " I BhuU i;4, i>i, :325; Dcpt. St. Pop., lien. Mil., MS., Ixiv. 8. T 1 ' t'i-.'.i) liaptc^ of private rauchos round the bay icL is, ^Si'i, '2:A; xvii speak lai "•IS^l. E.iC'dive cold in Jniuary, water freezing in the ditches. Two llnssian fn^j.-'tea u ]v^t, since I>eci;niber, the oflicers spending their money laily. A soldiei ',\ is t:cntcnccd to public works at S. Bias for crim. con., tl'c woman, his sister-in-law, being sentenced to exposure with shaven IunkI in the plaza. In the course of the proceedings the man accused one or t\\ o lit' tlie friars of illicit relations with his wife. J'lov. St. Paji., Ben. Mil., MS., lii. ,5-0; St. Pap., Snc., MS., xiv. 33-4; Oiierra, JJoc. Jlisl. 7-9. In October Capt. Arguello with a part of tiio presidial company blurted on his famous expedition ' to the Columbia.' chap, xx., this vol. 1S22. The oatli to iiulependeni e — the imperial regency — was taken in Apiil; Wm. A. Richardson, who may be regarded as the first foreign resi- ., Ben. Mil., MS., liv. 12. In June an infantryman killeil another and was condemned by court-martial to years in the chain- gang. /(/., liv. 18; St. Pap. Sac, MS., x. 19. 1824. Kotzebue's visit was from October to December, chap, xxiii. Dur- ing his stay a terrific storm on Oct. 20th uprooted trees, unroofed buildings, and injured things in general. Kotzc.hue'a New Voywje, ii. 134-5. 1825. The federal constitution of Mexico was ratified on April 24th. cliap. i. of vol. iii., this history. Benjamin Morrell in the Tartar was lieio i:i May. Wm. A. Richardson this year married the acting comandautca daughter. 1S2G. April 30th was a day of celebration, on which, being Sunday, do- spatches were read announcing the surrender of San Juan de Uliia and tiiu pope's recognition of Mexican independence. Salutes were fired and vivaa shouted; but the festivities were much marred by the refusal of the padio missionary to take part in them, and by the failure to obtain §400 from tiio treasury for distribution among the troops. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., yi^., Ivii. 10-11, 13-14. Becchey's visit was in Nov.-Dec. of this year. chap. v. of vol. iii. 1827. On Jan. 1st, a popular election took place for the choice of 12 nunii- cipal electors. The following citizens were chosen: J. J. Estudillo, FraiKisn) Castro, Francisco Sanchez, I'edro del Castillo, Francisco Higuera, Iguacii) I'cralta, Josi^ Aguila, Ignacio Alviso, Francisco Soto, Fr.mcisco Haro, and Pctronilo Rios; Jan. 4th, the 12 met, organized, produced credentials, and adjourned; Jan. 7th, at a new meeting the acts of tlie preceding were ap- proved; and finally on Jan. 8th, at the 2d ballot they elected Francisco llaio as elector de partido to vote for congressman. Comandante Martinez \>ix- sided at every meeting. Vallejo, Doc. J list. Cal.,Mi^. , i. 99-102. InMaivlior on April 22d, or perhaps on both dates, there was an earthquake, throwin,' down statues at the mission, and damaging the presidio somewhat. Bi'trli'ifs \'oi/(ujc, ii. S2l; Duhnut-Cill I/, I'imjf/io, i. 24G; neither writer being jnv.siiit at the time. The French voyager's first visit was in January. At tin; oiid of the year Gov. Echeandia is said to have made liifi urst visit to S. Franci.'^i-d. chap. ii. of vol. iii.; though there are some indications that it was in Is.'iO, J'ilch, Proceno, MS. In September a neophyte was tried for sodomy. J ''jit. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., Ixviii. 5-6. 1828. In August the little daughter and infant of a soldier, aged 5 and 1 years respectively, were found by their parents returning from a fim(laii!.'(i, dead in their bed. The little girl had been outraged, and both brutally imir- dered. Francisco Rubio. a sohlier in the same company, was accused uf the murder, aud in the proceedings at the time the circumstoutiul evidence ot liiii MAP OF THE BAY DISTRICT. 593 Sa\ Fkancisco District i.\ 1S30. IIisi. Cu... Vol. II. Ud :,! ^''il! If r I >' i|.| •■("'■ lil{ 594 SAX FRANCISCO DISTRICT. 1827." Across the bay Sergeant Luis Peralta had in 1820 obtained San Antonio, including the i^rcscnt sites of Oakland and Alameda, and had had aquanrl the same year with the padres of San Francisco wlio tried to encroach on his northern boundary; but ho could not have resided on his rancho until 1826 wlioii he left active military service. Francisco Castro secured the San Pablo rancho, adjoining Peralta's grant on the north, in 1823 from the diputacion, and was living there as early as 182G. El Pinole, still farther north, was liekl by Don Ignacio Martinez in 1829, and perhaps earlier. In the region of San Josu farther south the only private ranchos clearly men- tioned in the annals of this decade are those of San Isidro, owned by Ignacio Ortega, and Las Animas, or the uJvl La Brea, owned by Mariano Castro. A rancho of San lunacio, three leaijues north of San J(>se, is also mentioned in 1828; but I do not under- stand what tract is meant. Also Los Tularcitos was granted to Jose Higuera in 1821.^^ pnilt ■\vcrp. strong if not conclusive, though he protested his innocence. The testimony is given i" full iii JJcj't. ') 100 fancgasof grain. Vallejo, Due. llwt. Cal., MS., i, 1G7; xiv. 209, xx. 27^- Martinez paid §132, the rancho not being named, but in 1829 he owmd I'iuolc. Dcpt. Itcc, MS., vii. 78; the S. Antonio paid §o3, had UO horses and MISSION DOLORES. 503 At San Francisco ^Mission Padre Bias Ordaz was succeeded in October 1821 by Tonuis Estenej^a, who stived alone after Jose Altiniira went to ^ew San l-'rancisco in 1823. The registered population lell liom 1,252 to 219, but after making deductions for San Rafael and Solano, the real decline was from 340 ti> 219; in fact there was a slight apparent gain from 1 823, when the separation was effected, though caused by the return of old neophytes from Solano. Largo live-stock increased slightly; but sheep decreased eighty per cent, and crops on an average were about one third of those raised in the preceding decade.'" Of the buildings nothing new is learned. Duhaut- Lilly noted that in 1827 the quadrangle had been L'O imilcs, and raised 2S0 fanegaa of grain; Jos6 Sanclicz had a rancho (Biiri- liiiri), not named, paying ^22; and there was a farm of S. Ik'niardo, wliosc owner is not mentioned. Val/rjo, y>t(C., nt supra. Francisco Ilaro seems also to liave got a grant of Salsipucdes, and wished in IS'JO to give it up in ex- i liangc for tlio Isla de Los Angeles. Dejjt. L'cc, MS., vii. 78. There is much in the newspapers and in the court records respecting 8. Antonio, S. I'ahlo, and Pulgas. In 1828 S. Francisqnito creek is named ns the boundary Ijo- tween I'ulgas and Mission Sta Clara; and S. Leandro Creek as that between H. Antonio and Mission S. Jo8(5. llef]i>iter of Brandx. M8. , 5, (i. Grant to Fran- ■ isco Castro April \'t, 1823. Id., 8, 9. A report of names in 1828, with details of population, products, etc. S. Pablo, 18 inhabitants, 1(J 1. n. of SanJo.si'; S. Antonio, 12 inhabitants, 12 1. n.; S. Ignacio 31. >'. with !) inhabitants, •2(10 cattle, etc.; S. Isidro, 2G inhabitiints, and Las Animas, 2-1 inhabitant.n, each 141. s. Uept. St. Pap., MS., ii. 72. In a report of 1830 S. Pablo, S. Luis, and S. Antonio arc mentioned as the S. Francisco ranchoa. St. Pap. , Mis;)., MS., X. 34. Mention of Pulgas and Las Animas, in Bvcchet/.'i \'o;i/y tho missions was about .?3(X) per year. The most complete collection of mi.-^siou statistics for this period is found in Vullcjn, Jjoc. II iM. Crtl., MS., i. xvii.- xix. In 1821 the mission furnished tho presidio 31,200 in soap. Arch. Ar-.nlt., MS., iv. pt. i. 77. According to one set of accounts the total of mission sup- plies to the presidio in 1821-30, except 1827, was .§0,288; but other accounts make the sum over ^8,000 for 1821, 1824, and 1829. In 1822 the mission lands arc described as extending 01. k. to s. and 31. i;. to w., hilly, but sullicient with hard work to maintain half the neophytes. ill lIHi' , isK I- !'f ^i i Ti. r '"^VT rrr ff m mm ^ 1 i -' i i 1 1 1 ^^^^^H 1. :id [ jj ■H I 1 696 SAX FRANCISCO DISTRICT. completed and a lari^e church had been built sinco A^aiicouver's visit; but respoeting the church he has iiiisuiiderstood the English voyager, and there is no evidence that any new church had been built. jMany of the buildingH were in a ruinous condition; but tlio Indians' houses were regularly arranged in streets, and a fine stream of water (lowed through the ])laza. According to the Frenchman's opinion the mission ruin had been due to the want of capacity and energy on the part of the friars; and Estenega, being in ill- health, was not likely to restore prosperity. The most important event in mission history of the decade was the proposed transfer to Sonoma, wliich was begun in 1823, but was partially suspended; so that 8aii Francisco Solano became a separate mission and took only half instead of all the neophytes from the old establishment.'^'' San Rafael, under the care of Padre Juan Amoros, was in every respect, save in the item of sheep, pros- perous throughout the decade, though on not a very large scale., Baptisms outnumbered deaths more than two to one; and population, notwithstanding the *J2 neophytes sent to Solano, was nearly doubled, reach- ing its highest limit of 1,140 souls in 1828. It appears even that a house was built and a beijfinning of conver- sion made in the far north, between Petaluma and Santa Rosa perhaps.^^ In 1821 Captain Argiiello No irrigation. Also a piece of land .31. n. to .s. and hi. E. to w. across the baj-, 'eu la costa de un gran canal.' Misioin'i, Ciiad. de E^tados, MS., ."JIS-H. In 1 820 the mission claimed the rancho of liuriburi. Dcft. I'lr. , MS. , vi. .'")3, 08. Description of the mission buildings in 1827. Duhaut-CiUy, Vkiui'suit, overtook the San Francisco boat near Angel Island, rescued the girls, and gave the kidnappers .")0 lashes each ! ■"Statistics: Increase in population, 590 to 970; 1.140 in 1828. Baptisiiis, 1,182; highest number, 228 in 1824; loweat, 17 in 1S29. Deaths, 504; highest SAN RAFAEL. 507 ilt sinco : lie has ;rc is no ]\Iaiiv but tli'c streets, ic plaza. mission .1 ciicriLjy MX ill ill- ;y. The ic decade as bejTun hat San and took I the old Anioros, ;ep, pros- it a very ;ore than the !)-J d, reach- appears coiiver- Liiiia and irVrgiiello across tlio lis., 313-14. |s.,vi.r)3,i!S. Vkujijlo, i. Osio, 7/;^'. , at the mis- restrain tlie single tiilio Jalso various |(1 -well iiml \c\, on coin- iu imrsuit, |ls, and gave Baptisms, b04; lug'.iest arrived at this mission from his northern expedition, in which, as in those of Padre Payeras and the canu- nii^o on their way to Ross in 1822, and of Altiinira on his way to Solano in 1823, quite extensive explora- tions were made in the region about San Rafael. In IJeccniber 1822 an oath of allegiance to the national congress, the only instance of the kind recorded ia California, was taken by padre and neophytes. In 1823, in connection with the foundation of San I'^rancisco Solano, there was a proposal to suppress tliis missicm, which in the end had to contribute nearly a hundred neophytes, but at the same time became an independent establishment instead of a mere axistciiciu, of San Francisco as before; this is .shown by the .stati.stical reports, though there is no direct record of the fact.-- In 1824 Kotzebue visited the mission, misnaming it San Gabriel, "which peeped from among the foliage of its ancient oaks," and was mo.st enthu- siastic in praise of its location and natural advantages, though silent respecting artilicial improvements.-^ It was this same year that the famous Indian bandit Pomponio was captured at the Canada de Novate,-* niiiubcr, 70 in 1S2,-); lowest, 29 in 1830. Increase in large stock, 504 to 1,548; liur.ses anil mules, 104 to 448; decrease in sheep, 2,000 to l,8.-)2. Largest crop, 4.713 Imshels in 1822; smallest, .333 in 1H29; average, 2,4.14; of wliicli 1,105 wheat, yield 7 fold; 837 barley, S fold; 219 corn, 37 fold. Supplies to pre- sidio, 182G-.30, ^1,311. Crop of 1829 a very liglit one, and spoiled hesiiles by rats, locusts, etc. Arrli. Std />., MS., xii. 181. Description of landsi ia 1822. Mlnioi>c.% CkikI., EMddox, MS., 31(;-19; in 1828. J,'cV(;, mentions a large reservoir in the rear, pipes canying the water to buildings iiiid gardens, fountain witii conveniences for bathing and washing in front, lluildings were inferior in beauty to those in the south, but durable and con- \onient. In 1822 the lands extend 9 1. with a width of 1-3 1. Towanl tha N. the mission claims to the rivers 1.") 1. J/Z.-f/'o/fcs, Ciifiil. dvEstadns, MS., 31 1- 12. In 1828, separated from Sta Clara and S. .'ioaC- pueblo lands by the punla il' I Extern about 2 1. from the mission; n. w. boundary, S. Leaiidro Creek. Tlie centre of the 9 1. of extent is the ranchoand stream of San Lorenzo, .") 1. N. w. 5 1. N. of the mission is the Valle de S. Jos(j, with the Cafiada del Ingenio stretching o 1. x. Here is the stock ranclioof El Valle; and ia v.inter the cattle and sheep };o to the lioiilar de los (.'luii)canes 4 1. fi'om the niissioii, and adjoining Monte del Diablo. ji'(,'//^/o' o/' /j'r •/'(/■", MS., (1-7. 'J hi.i is the earliest use of the name, in writing, of Mt I)iablo tiiat I have seen. Salvio I'acheco was coi-poral of tiie guard in 1824; ISernal was nuijordomo in 182vi, and Jose Maria Amador later. ■^■'*7)(7-^ St. Pap., lien. JUL, MS., lii. 4-,"); liv. 12; Ivii. .39-42. In 182.-) Duran and a neophyte performed the cesarean operation. The cliihl was baptized though giving no iiigns of life. San Jone, Lib. Jlision, MS., 20-7. ^f:, ;i: GOO SAX rilANCISCO DISTIIK T. I'amous letter to Dnran. Four hundred Indians ran away ahout the same time, and J)uran unjustly sus- jn'ctt'd the Ameriean hunters of havini^ enticed tlic i'uLcitives."'" In 18"J1) eiLfht neoi)hvtes, ai)sent with leave, were killed hy the Oclujannies; and the Indian alcalde of the mission was condenmod to a year of work at Monterey. The same year the padre refused to furnish sup}»lies for Solis and his rehels, thougii everywhere else in the north their authority was acknowledged.'" In July IH'IO Ewing Young, the Xew ^[exican tra|)[)or, came to the mission; and later ill the year a grand ^kisco tiKWifi'iito on the San .loa- (]uin and its hranches was i)lannod to ex})loro the country and inspire respect among the Indians.''- At Santa Clara Padre Jose Yiadcr served through- out the decade; hut !Magin Catalii, one of the oldest of the California fi'iars, died in November 18.'30 after a ministry of thirty- seven years at this mission.*' ''Clinp. iv. of vol. iii. this history. .Tuno 2flth, Dnran sends interpreters for tiiu ii.su of the iiyuutaniicnto, ho^iing tiiey will l)e kimlly treated. S. ./o.-r, Arc/i., ilS., vi. '22. Ajiril _.■>, IS'27, Or.ran to llartnell, asking him to tiiank Beecliey for his gift of lireworks. \'nll('jo. Dor. Hist. Cal., MS., x.\ix. l.SO. ^"Chap. vi. of vol. iii. this hi.story. Anh. Arzoh., MS., v. pt. i. '27-l>. "Chnp. iii. of vol. iii. this history. A\ i/o.<(', Lib. Misioii, MS., 27; -Ucp'. Jiec, vii. 80. ^'-Chap. vi. of vol. iii. this history. S. Joxr Arch., MS., i. 38-0. "^ ^lagin Catalii was born about 17GI at Mouthblanch, Catalonia, Spain, becoming a Franeiscan at IJareelona in 1777. Jfo sailed from Cadiz for San Fernando eoUcgc in Oetober 17S0. ][i.' went to Xootka in one of the king's vessels and served there as chaplain foi' more tlian a year, subseciuently re- turning to the college. iJeing assigned to California he came up as cliaphiiu on the Ayiiir~nzu, and iiaving lauded at ^lonterey in July 1704, refuse ulians I'aii iistly sus- iitu'L'd till' siMit with tlio Indian a year , Clara, whi'ii' I spiritual caiv lied license ti> Arch. Ar.o'i., and all tlio Iwere attested ^and for years I people I'adro Ihcrc ui'o cur- ludei' the care of these missionaries Santa Clara >li()\ved a decline for the decade in all I'esjuc.-ts sav(! tliat of cattli'. The crops, notwithstanding; the hroad and fei'tile lands, were considerahly less than those of Isl I "JO. In population the maximum of 1,4(!4 souls was reaclu'd in IK"J7, after which date the decline was rapid, deaths exceeding bai)tisms for the wholu jiciiod.''* We have seen that a new mission church had heen (•(•iitemplated in IHIH. Hall, who knew ncfthing of that fact, tells us that the old church was so hadly injured hy an eartlKpiake in lH-2'2 that it was thought hest to take it down rather than attempt repairs; and a new church, the oiie still standing, was huilt in lS-Ja-(». As J tall gives no cxa.'V date for the I'arth- <|Uake, and therefore apparently obtained his infor- mation from lu) detinite document; as lie i\i>rf< not iini»ly that a new church was taken down; as I Hnd no contemi)orary record whatever t)f either destruc- tion or rebuilding; and as visitors of the period would rent traditions, traceahle to no definite source, that he foretold the discovery of ^'old in immense (piantities in California. On one occasion lie paused in III* siM'inon and calli-'(l upon the con),'n';,'ation to pray for the soul of a man V liii had died; ere the prayer was endeil news arrived that a soldier had heeii tliiii«n from his horse and killetl. He died Nov. '22, IS.'JO, and was hnried ill the mission church hy Viader and 1)ui'an, the former of wlioiii testilics to till' excmjilary, lahorioiis, ami edifyinj; life which had made his associate hi loved of all and his loss deeply dejiloreil liy the community. S>'i Clara, I, ill. MixiDii, MS.; Aii/olti III. Aiifoi/. ill' lin PI'., MS., ;W7; Sarria, liifuriDc ,s'i/;/'f I'nt'ili.'i, MS., (IT S, liiS; Arrh. Sla II., MS., xi. (j-j :j, -J'il; I'rm'. St. I'a/i., MS., .\ii. 100, 1(14-."); I'dllijo, Hisl. I'al., MS., i. 'i:~,\). •'"statistics: Decrease in population, 1,. '{.17 to K'J.'id; highest numlier, 1-Ki4 ill I.S'J7. IJaptisms, 1,107; largest iiniiil per. I.")!! in lS-2'_'; smallest, ;?() in ISaO. I'r.iths, 1,17;5; largest iiumher, 1S!» in IS'JS; smallest, (58 in 18.'?0. Increase ii» cattle, ."i.O'J^ to !),7.S>S; horses and mules, 7'-'"-' to 7.SS; sheep, l'_',(Miit to S,O.S."». Largest crop, ~,'7m bushels in l,S'il ; smallest, 1,,S.-)!), in 182!(; aveni;.'e. 4,S,S8; if which 'J,!I,V_' wheat, yield VI fold; !»()() harley, .31 fold; 738 corn, 74 fcdd. Taxes on mission jn-oducts in 18-J4, ?i!7-l; in 1828; .Sl,")(il. Monthly sujjplies to cscolta in 18'2'J-.30, from .'?40 to .Si2.'> per month; generally ahout §70. SiTgt. Herreyesa commanded the escolta in 18'2!)-l?l). At times the puehlo had to furnish citizens to till up the guard. Many statistics in Arrh. M!.<1- o/(f.v, MS., i. passim. Vallfjo, ])ii<'. Hist. Cal., MS., xvii.-xx. xx?.. Sup])lies to presidio, 182I-.S0, .'?14,0(i8. Description of the mission lands in 182'2. 1S27-8, in .MlKioiicii, Cuad. dc k'stiidim, MS., 2.j4, 308-0; St. Pap. MIsk. ami (Joluii., Ms,, ii. 22; llcijixti-r of lirniul-i, MS., 4-.">. Tiic lands exten, tt. St. I'ap., MS., ii. 134; Jd., S. Ju.sc, iv. 5-U; Dcjit. 7.V., MS., vii. 151. "ill" m •-: m 604 SAN FFvANCISCO DISTRICT. ' i ^il. i im'^i sufficiently referred to, since none of these travullors met with any noticeable adventures in this region, or devoted more than a few pages to the pueblo and its surroundings. On May 10, 1825, the people assem- bled in the })laza to take an oath of obedience to the federal constitution of Mexico. The oath was adiuin- istered b , Alcalde Iliguera, after an address fioiu Juan Miianda; the national code was formally dc|)()s- ited in the casa coiisiston'al, and arrangements were made for throe days of bull-fighting and other fcsii\ i- ties to celebrate so notable an event.*' San .Ji^sd adopted the ' })lan ' of Joaquin Solis in Novenii)er 1821), but abandoned his cause as soon as it seemed likely to fail. The pueblo sent a force to ]\Ionteiey in January 18;>0 to aid in retaking the capital nml restoring the legitimate rulers.'** Such records as are extant of local affairs at San Jose, as at Los Angeles, for this decade are largely connected with the numicipal government and aduiiii- istration of justice, and I economize space by present- ing the items iji fine print.** The list of town ofiieiuU *'Dppf. Sf. Pap., MS., i. 110-17: .9. J(k^<<, Arch., MS., vi. 22. *^Sl'o chap. iii. of vol. iii., this history. **1S21. Luis IVviilta, comisioiiado ; alcalde, Agustin Xarvaez. Ij^iiacio Ortega ■\vas_/)/« at his rancho of 8. Isiilro coutiiuiously to 1828 and jxrliiiiis later. .V. Josr', Arr/i., MS., vi. 1, It). I'io I'ico put up a hut of hides iiml opened a dram-shop, drinks heing two hits. The (juantity taken at a iliiiik Beeniing excessive, lie introduced the use of o.x-horns with false wooden Imt- tonis, whicli contained less tlian the tumhler but were tiiought by the diiiil;- crs to contain more. These 'horns' had long been used in the south, but uiro new in tlie north. J^iro, IH>:t. Cat., MS., 179. 1822. I'eralta on Oct. 22il gave up to the alcalde the arehivos, etc., ot liis otKce, and S. .lost5 liad no longer a comisionado. Dc/it. St. Pap., li. Mil., MS., Iv. 18; .S'. Jo.-'. I'uji. Sac., MS., vi. 4U-7. In July Sola issued a kind of sermon and rcpniiif to the alcalde, on the evil ways of the vecinoa, their neglect of their hiiiil!', failure to clothe their wives auil children, their gandilingand other vices. .Ml tliesc! evils must be rooted out and delincjuents punished; and especially .niV citizen causing scuudul in cluuch must have 25 blows in public uud a URinth AFFAIRS AT THE PUEBLO. 005 ie travollors s region, or cblo and its oplc asscni- encc to the was aduiiii- ddrcss f'loiii inally dcpos- ^ments were >thcr fcslivi- Saii J use . Novoiiil)ei' s it Hceincd :o jMonteix'V capital and fairs at San are lankily t and admiii- by presrnt- owii officials uii'vacz. lj:ii;icio S'JS and jiuilmps [lut of hidus ;iiiil ^akon at a drink [alsc wooden Imt- Ldit by tlio diiiil;- fe south, luit wiio pdvos, etc., lit' Ills Pfip., Bv)i. Mil.. |e regidorcs \m ii' lever, coiniiliiinril Irary acts, mid he le dipiitaoioii .l-o Atr/i. M'ish;:-. |\vaa alcaldi' iiniu \nh., IIS., i. .'SI. kt ti.o scaiiihil'His [the tallow ti.'iii Ind casa iLid, N'. |inon and itpiiinf I't of their hwh, I other vices. All |il especially .niy jlic uud a iiiiiiit!i is not complete, though more nearly so than that of tl](> preceding decade. There seems to have been in 1822 a conflict respecting tho fuero m'dltav of soldier citizens, similar in its nature to that noticed at Los Aiiii'cles. A single document cfives us no idea of the result, but there was no attempt to continue a comi- in the .stocks. Drpt. St. Pap., •'>'. J(ts\ M.'^., i. 102-.'). The immediate occa- sion (if .Sola's displeasure and also of the petition against Castro was the evil lUi ds (jf one Bernardo Mojica, who failed to atteiul mass, and stuhbod tho ri'^'idiir Hernandez whom the alcalde sent to put him in the guard-house. Ill I't. St. Pup., Ikn. Mil., MS., liii. 09-71. Dec. (ith, the ayuntamiento com- ]i!;iiiicd to the diputaciou that the authorities of Monterey liad claimed juris- (liotidU over certain persons as invalidos, who were really subject to tho civil authority of the pueblo officials. tS'. Jose, Arch., MS., i. 51. 1.S_'3. Juan Alvires was still alcalde. On July lUth, Gov. Argiiello wrote to the alcalde that Antonio Sunol had introduced into the pueblo a ([uantity of riiiii and honey to sell at retail, concocting therefrom a drink that was laiisiiig much harm. He called for an investigation. JJcjit. St. Pup., S. Jonv, M.S., iv. 8. I.S'_'4. Alcalde, Ignacio Pacheeo; regidor, liartolo IJojorgcs; secretary, Mmums (Juerrero; sindico, Tiburcio Vas(|i.iez. Trial of a citizen for crini. con. Jtij.l. St. Pup., lien. Mil., MS., liv. 18-13. l'i".'.'>. Alcalde, Joa(£ui;i Higuera; Juan Miranda, secretaiy; Bojorges and .To.-('' .Maria Flores apparently connected in some \\ay \\itli the municipal gov- cnuinnt. Dec. Oth, complaint against citizens for having bought blankets, etc.. from neophytes; with orders fron* commantcr. Postal revenue S9. J)iitt. St. P(ij>., liin. Mil., MS., I\ii. 8; bv.w :i. 58. Nov. lUth, Echeandia informs the commandant of Monterey thill Siin Jos(5 belongs to the military juris. Nov. 24tli, ciioice by the ayuntamiento of nino iiniiiicipal electors, who on Nov. liOth elected tiic ayuntamiento of 1828. St. l'<'l'.. Mi.^s. ,111,1 Colon., MS., ii, '22 li. 1'>-S. Alcalde, Salvio I'achcco; regidores, (\)rnelio I'crnal and .lose An- toiiin Alviso; sindico, Carlos Castro; secretary, Francisco Sanchez. Miguel I lon/;dez de Ala va, elector de partido October. July, the alcalde sends to till governor a list of 18 .yiiji/ox nnjon. ])i pt. St. Pfiji., Pnf. y Jii'i/., MS,, i. ■4-. Wm. Willis applied to t!ie governor lor a inautof land at l.aguna de los Uolli.ines, and was refn.sed; llien he aji])lied to tiie commandant of S. ]''ran- ei.-iro who granted the petition; whereupon the governor lined Willis i}'>0 and 'leil.inMl the couuuandant had no right to grant lauds. lluU's IHcpt. St. Pup., lien. Mil., MS,, Ixvi. (il 2. iS-".l. Alcalde, Florentine Archuleta; sindico, Domingo Pcralta; secretary, .SiiKio Pacheeo; postmaster, Antonio Suflol. This year the ayuntamiento : mwk 606 SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT. sionado in office. The citizens, if we may credit tlic general tone of the records, were distinguished neither ior their good order nor for tlieir industrial thrift. In 182G San Jose was declared to belong to the mili- tary jurisdiction of San Francisco, as indeed I luivc always regarded it in my classification for motives of convenience. sent a petition to the supreme government in Mexico in behalf of the f>p;iiiisli inissionaiics. chap. iv. a-o1. iii. this history. In April three persons wciu exile(l from Monterey to San Josu for theft, vagrancy, and failure to rinn/Jli- con la hjle^hi. S. Jmf, Arch., MS., iii. 10. Municipal receipts for tlio viar, as tax on brandy, S-13, of which %>17 was paid for stationery and a padlmk, and tiie rest to tlic secretaries of 1827-8 for salary. Id., vi. 18. 1880. .Alcalde, Maiiuno (.'astro; sindico, Pedro Chaboya; elector do p;i it ido for October election, Luis Peralta, rejected for want of proper credentials. ilure to rii/niJlr CHAPTER XXVII. LOCAL ANNALS-MONTEREY DISTRICT. 18-21-1830. Mdntf.rky Pri'.sidio — Military Officers — Force of the Garrison — I'opuLATioN — Statistics — Buildings — Municipal Affaius — Official 1-isT — Petty Evenis — I'rivate RvINCiios of the District — San Carlos Mission— Statistical View — Mission Ranchos— San Luis Obispo— I'aure Luis Martinez — Bad Investments — Crops and Live-stdck^ Lands— San Miguel— Death of Father Martin — Statistics op Decline — San Antonio de Padua — Juan Bautista Sancho — Popu- lation AND Industries — .jOledad Mission — Changes in Ministers— A Neophyte Election — San Juan Bautista — Life of Estevan Tapis— Santa Cruz — Retirejient of Olbes — Aukicultur.\l Pros- perity — Villa de Branciforte. The record of officials and of forces at ^lontcrey for this decade, and especially during the later years, is lather complicated; but may be unravelled with ai)proximate accuracy as follows: Governor Sola until ]b'22, and Arijiiello from that time until October 1825 resided at the capital and held the chief military cdunnand. Echeandia, as we have seen, made only occassional visits to the capital in 1827-30. Other (itHcials residing here, but belonging to the province and territory rather than the presidial district, were Surgeon Manuel Quijano in 1821-4; Jose Maria llcrrera, sub-comisario de hacienda, in 1825-7; Man- uel Jimcno Casarin and Antonio Maria Osio in charge t>t' the revenue department in 1828-30; and finally Josu Maria Padres, adjutant inspector, and Jiafael (Joniez, a.sesor or legal adviser, who arrived in 1830. .lose Antonio Navarrete, ca})tain of the San Bias infantry company, outranked the highest officers of (007) 1 1t 1 1; •J ill': i i i' MOXTEREY DISTRICT. the prcsiclial coinparn', and was tlius comandantc inil- itar until his (loparturo with Sola in 1822; asjjaiii Cap- tain Miguel Gonzalez of the artillery company wa.s comandantc of the post in 182G-8 until his suspension by the governor; and finally lieutenants RonuuiMo Pacheco and Agustin V. Zamorano, coming U[) from Saiita Btlrbara after the Solis revolt, were in coiu- inand for short periods in 1830,^ though not belonging to the company. I come now to the presidial company. Jose ]Man'a Estudillo, thouu'h absent at San Diego in 1.820-1, and perhaps at Santa Barbara in 1822-3, was its lieuten- ant until 1825, and remained from that time to Octo- ber 1820 as comandantc of both company and post. Jose Mariano Estrada, alferez, brevetted lieutenant for gallantly at the time of the Bouchard affair in 18 IS, and made full lieutenant in 1824 for his services in 11k' Purisima revolt, connnanded the comjmny inEstudillo's absence, and the post perhaps for a tin.ie after the sus- pension of Gonzalez in 1828-9, in which latter year his name was dropped from the rolls and I su[)[)osc he retired from the service. Rodri-lG; ['nllvjo. Doc. Hint. Cul., MS., xxix. 8'2; Giicrra, Jjoc. //'<'• i'aK, MS., V. 9i). Jost5 Fernandez del Campo, lieutenant of artillery, v. ud also acting comandantc for a time in 1829. COMPANY AND POPULATION. COO ulantc niil- ai^aiu ( a})- upany was suspc'ii^iou Romualild ig up tVoiu. !rc in coiH- t belonging Josd !Mavia 1.820-1, and its licutcii- no to Dc'to- y and [>«ist. jutenant loi- air in 1818, [•vices in IIk' nEstudilln's fter the sus- lattcr yeai- :l I sup[)nse PlicgO SIR'- s absent at ijrust 18 ;'.(); I 1 • [moted li'oui in 1828-1), company. The coni- his return I) and post- In IS'^O-:'.*). I ill 1810 in iMiii- ombcr IS'l'l witli ■o. For wliiit is Ithis seiifs. Ou chose Estudiuo [, 1S2G, wlicu by 111 was soon iilti'i' . St. Piip-^ '">"'■' \(rrii, Doc. //'■^'• af urtiUery, ^. -^ Tlie company sergeants were: Ignacio Vallejo througli- out the decade, though unfit I'or active duty in later years; Jos^ Dolores Pico, in charge of the rancho iiacional until about 1827, whe-n he probably died; ami Sebastian Rodriguez, in 1828-30. Of municipal otlieers more a little later. I may add that Fathc^r Antonio Menendez came up from San Diego in 1830 to servo as chaplain at thirty dollars a month.' The presidial cavalry company, with officers and iiuehanics, decreased from about ninety in 1821 to seventy-five in 182G, after which, in consequence of troubles at the capital, the figures are very contra- dictory, varying radically from one month to another, ^[any men w^ere discharged teinporaiily, to get their living as best they could, and to be recalled when needed. The infantry detachment, commanded by Lieutenant Valle after Xavarrete's departure in 1822, also declined rapidly in numbers; but the artillery iurce was considerably increased after 182G. So far as I can determine from the intricate records the lorce of the Monterey district in 1830 was GO cavalry v/ith 20 invalids, 20 infantry, and 20 artillery; or a total force of 120, of whom 40 or more were scattered in missions, pueblos, and ranchos.'"' The white popu- lation of the district, including Santa Cruz, I ])ut at '.),)0, a uain from 720 durinu: the decade. Nearlv lialf the number were living at the various ranehos.* There were about 50 foreil. St. Pap., ncii. Md., .MS., lix. II; Ixvii. 'J; Ixxxvii. 70. Iho f 111 c of the garrison is given us 1 12, Vll, and I'JS in lSJ(i-7-'J. Some report-; put the cavalry company as low as .S.") men in lSi2!)-.'}0. » DifTorcnt statemonts are: 400 for 1 S-_'4 ; TOO tor lS'J(i-7; 708 for 1828; 8(17 fill- 1S20; and 078 for ISIJO. In 18'_'0 the population of Monterey is given as •"i I-, and of the ranchos, ;{(!.">. St. Pap., Mii-i., MS,, vi. (i. In lS2;i there arc i^iiid to have been J 14 at Monterey presidio, hosides tlie military. Jji pt. .SV. J'"/!-, MS., i. l.'{l-2. List of 44 foreigners in the jiirisdietion in Feliruary I'JO. Dcpt. St. J'np., MS., ii. II."). Among the jiermanent residiMits of the tiiwn were W. E. P. Ilartnell, Hiivid Spence, T. J5. 1'. Cooper, (leo. .Mien, IM. Melntosh, Wni. (Irayliack, John Martis , .^.anes Wilson, .John Littleton, Tim. Murphy, and (ico. Kinlock. H18T. Oal., Vol. II. 39 ' Ii cia MONTEREY DISTRICT. with a iioopliytc population that luul decreased from 4,500 to 3,500. For the two districts of Moiiteicy and San Francisco, or northern Cahfornia, the total is 1,940 white persons and 8,400 Indians, against 1,4G5 and 8,900 in 1820, and against 2,310 and 9, GOO in the soutli.'^ There were occasional references in 182G-8 to tlie ruinous condition of various buildings, and even one or two orders for laborers and adobes for repairs, willi unknown results. Morrell in 1825 found "the villai-o and presidio of Monterey situated upon a plain which is terminated l)y a range of wood-crowned heiglits. The town is about one mile from the landing; bein^- as is usual with the Californian missions, surrounded by a wall of ten feet in height, built of frec-stoiif, anil enclosing about two hundred houses. There arc also one church and a nunnery. The residence of tlio governor, his excellenc}'^ Don Miguel Gonzalez, is a very handsome edifice"! Beechey, from whom Mor- rell tot)k such part of his own matter as is not absurdly inaccurate, says "the presidio is in better condition than that of San Francisco; still as a place of defence it is quite useless." ,Duhaut-Cilly, coming in March 1827, says: "Whoever should arrive at Monterey ex- iiHi! /■■ * For company rolls and statistics of finance, etc., see Dcpt. St. Pap., 11 n. Mil., MS., Iv.-lxxii.; Ixxxviii.; Valhjo, Dor. Hist, t'al., MS., i. 103; xix. 43; XX. 175, 187; xvii. 53; .S7. Pap., Sac, MS., iv. 10, 19; vi. 42; x. ">, S; xii. 10; xiii. 6-20; Dept. St. Pap., MS., x. 1-3; xi. 2; xx. 296; JJept. L'4; ii. 1)4-5. The cut iloca not show so large ptti- tioiuTS were Josi! rilnircio Castro, Aliguel (ionzalez, Mariano Soberaiies, Iim- cLMite (larci'a, Nicolits Alvi.so, Feliciauo Soljcraiiea, Josl' Antonio llonu in, .hum Maria Melif,'en (Mulligan), .Tost' Ignacio 'i'afon'), Ilainon Antonio Xav.r- rcte, Faustino (Jerinan \>y .Inaii iJuelna, Raininndo de la Torre, ,Tosc Joatjiiin do 1(1 Torre, Juan Alvires, alcalde, in J)e/if. St. Pop., M.S., i. 131 '1. 1827. Ayuntamiento cleetcd Dec. 1820, and installed by Lieut. E.str.'ubi April 11), 1827; alcalde, Jos(5 (T.) Castro; regidores, Jos(5 Ignacio Tiifoio aihi Antonio Fernandez; sindico, Mariano Sobcranes. Axhli'ii^'* l)uctnneiii-<, MS., 1-2; Di'})t. St. Pap., San Jaiof, MS., v. ii. Account of the sindico, Maiiai;i) Soberanes, of dues on liquors, tindier, and wood, collected by Sanii:i;;ci Moreno, depositario, from .Inly to November, .$737. Dcp. St. J'(i/>., Ms,, ii. 40-8. Tax on liquors for May, §80. Dept. St. Pap. lien. Mil., MS., Ixii 12. 1828. Alcalde, Juan ,Tos(5 de Soria; rcgidores, Antonio Fernandez rtiid Franci.sco t'iizares; sindico, Santiago Moreno; Secretiirio, .Jose Castro. Ikr. (ith, Moiilrrc;/, Onhnniirji.^ Mitn'tcipalcs cxpcilii/an ]ior el Aiptntamicnto, MS. Art. 1. Churcli duties must ))e strictly performed; nor nuist any one lea' !• church when the sermon begins, as is customary. Art. 2. Li(|uor not to bi' sold on (lianffufivofi before mass, nor after the drum-boat at night ; iine, !?4, .'?'i, $8, and contiscation of liquor. Art. 3. Every kind of game of lia/ard jir^- hibited; penalty, imprisonment at liard work; or lineof .?.'), .?I0, etc., for liaviiii; a game in one's house. Ai't. 4. No offensive weapons to be carried. Art. .'i. A drunken man 'scandalizing the pueblo' will have 15 days of ohr. Art. 12. Entering taverns or houses on horseback strictly prohibited; line df .?l, .^2, §.'1. Art. 13. Discharge of firearms from evening prayers to tiie iv Acille, or within the town at any hour, prohibited; fine, $1, .S2, §3. Art. II. Any person who will not work will be considered as a vagrant, and employe i on the public work.s. Ai"t. 1"). No per.son shall take any article in ixiwn, 'since it is a way of robbing with usury.' These regulations fipply to ;:ll persons not engaged in actual military service. Municipal finances for 18-^-. I'cceipts, .Si, 710; expenditures, $537. Dcpt. St. Pap., MS., ii. 70; Dcpt. //c ., MS., vii. 47. 1820. Alcahle, .Tos(5 Tibureio Castro; rcgidores, Francisco Soria and Fi!i ciano Soberanes; sindico, Santiago Moreno; secretary, .Jose Antonio fiajinl.i. Municipal (inances; receipts on wood, .*?17, on liquors, ^1,370; expenses, iJCpST for sindico's 3"', .ind salaries of teacher, .$1,"); secretary of diputacion, .?2."); an^l socret.ary of ayuntamiento, .S20. Dcj'l. St. Pup., lien. Mil., MS., v. 307 '■. This year the ayuntamiento sent a petition to the supreme governuieiit iu behalf of the Spanish friars in California. Sec chap. iv. of vol. iii. this ln>- tory. 18.30. Alcalde, Mariano Soberanes; regidores, .Tos('' Espinosa and Antonio Castro; sindico, Marcelino Escobar; secretary, Jose Castro. Feliciano SoK ranes was at iirst elected ist regidor, but claimed to be unable to reail .• ii'l write. Vall(jo, Doc. Hist. Val., MS., xxix. .■>12. In the sessions of July 'l.A. SCHOOL AT THE CAPITAL. C13 A school was niaiiitnincd at JMontorov, but here as (Isc'wlu'ro c'ducatiiJiial records are cxeeedinyly niea|L(re. AVc know, liowevei', that the teaclier's sahay was raised in 18 2 'J from tii'teeii to twenty doUars a month; that tlie alcalde received thanks from the governor lor havinLT tauj^ht awhile in the absence of a reijfular ]»',.'(lagogue; and that tlie school effects at the end of the decade consisted of a table, one arithmetic, an 1.; and along the coast, 10 1. (?) to tiie starting-point. Jurisdiction, from moutii of the liio del IVijaro, up th.at stream, eastward, ^i 1. to the sierra; thence southward along tlie sierra, 8 1., to a point between ('liuahir and Kncin:;!; tlieiico westward to the house of Sanjoncs, 2.5 1.; tlicnec north-eastward (y. w. ?) 2 I. along tnc summit to a point lialf a league south of Corral do Tierra; thence in same direction, ."i 1., to Laguna Scca; and to ( 'ypress I'oint, ."il.; and thence following the coast to the I'ajaro, 11 1. Lcj. lice, MS., i. 14.')-51. Munici])al accounts in JJii'f. St. !'<(/>., MS., ii. KJT-T-l. ElectortM dc partido: Josi'j A''uz, May, 1822, and nienilHr of the diputacion in Novem- ber; Ksti^'van Munnis in 1827; -lose T. Castro in 1828, and Juan Mahirin in 18.'»0. chap. xxi. and ii. of vol. iii. ^Bejit. S/. Pup., n<»., MS., V. 308; Dipt. /iVc, MS., vii. 03. Rafael Pinto, Api(iitavio)ii:.'<, MS., names Manuel Crcopo and Antonio liuelna a;j teachers during this period. "1821. Heavy snow-storm on .Tan. ISth followed by excessive cold, the like of which the oldest iniiabitant had never .«cen. Holy waterfrozen at tlu' mission. Estrada toCucii'a, O'lirrni, JJar. Hint. Caf., MS., v. |S.">. In April :;;i imprisoned artillery scrgc;int was so violent as tc demolish three houses in wlii( h it was attem])ted to conline him. He was lin.iUy chained in the l)attery. .s/. y'"/).,.S'«c.,^lS.,xi. (!.1-4. In.July Capt. (of the?) Kutusof vaccinated ."jl:])er.. An amusing incident illustrating,' the Spanish inability to distinguish 'b' from 'v.' Three good-for-nothing soldiers went to Tio Arnicnta's shop and sold four r(if/it(lri>i, or sides of sole-leather, getting some money and drinking large (|uantities of brandy. Annenta went to the bfirracks for Ids leather, and was ollered by one of the men his htupiftii.-!, or drum-sticks; and by the others their lnviiKlan, or ramrods. A fight eu.sued .•Hill all were put in the stocks; in fact there was almost a revolution until i!ov. Sola stopped the trouble by paying Armenta the money out of which ho had ijeen tricked. V(tlhji>, llht. CfiL, MS., i. 2()0-72. 1822. The foreign commercial firm of McCulloch, Hartnell, and Co. waa m ,1 ( I I i . in fi III :.! !.i «,H,r:.,l|i im 'in i(. ■■ G14 MONTEREY DISTRICT. Tliei'c wore in 1830 twelve or fourteen ranelins owned by |)rivate individuals in the oMonterey distriil, v.ith nearly four hundred inhahitants. Six of tlitsi; ranehos eanie hefort? the l^ S. land i'onnnissioiiers iit later years partially on the strength of grants niadi' f:;;/. St. P(i/>., Ikn. Mil., MS., Ixiv. 1. Inventory of prison material. St. I'np., Sac, MS., viii. 18. In November a party fruiu IJeechey's ship at San Francisco came ,)verland to Monterey. 1827. Clov. Echeandia came to the capitid for tiie lirst time in May. His controversies with Capt. (loazalez and with. Lieut. Col. Herrcra. with tlio sessions of the new diputacion from .June to Sejitember, are the leading topic s of the year. //('.>7. C'al., chaji. i.-iv. vol. iii. this series. The town was iliu- niinated on the night of June 14th, after the swearing-in of the new assembly. Duluiut-Cilly anchored at ^lontcrey in March; and Bcecliey of the Blonfoin PRIVATK RANX'IIOS. CI.-) l»tt\vccn (820 and 18:30. Rospoitincr tlio owiiorslilp (., Jim. Mil., ^IS., Ixvi. ",S-,sl. \S-2'.}. (ireat A\ant anion;,' the troop.s in .May. .SV. I'ap., S(ir., MS., x. 80. Ill .liiiie a ])lot of revolution was revealed, liut there wii.-t no outlireaU, and \i ly little is known of the all'air. In November the Soli.s revolt liroke out, i;)id .Monterey fell into the hands of the revolted troop.s. chap. iii. vol. iii. this hi.story. I.S.'iO. The capital was retaken and the legal authorities were restored in .1: iiiiiuy; and on May !lth the prisoners were despatched for San lila-s. May I 1, a meeting was held to protest against the sending of convicts to (Aili- f .ii. From July lOth to Oct. 7th the diputacion was in session, ('ai)t. I'lti'h ind his wife were under arrest from August to (October. Sept. Itith, i! It; was a light between (,'alifornians and Mexicans at the national jic-ln. .All'.;, l.'ith, nine municipal electors were chosen, ValUjo, Doc. llht. (.'al., MS., i. (I, and (Jet. M Carlos < arrillowas elected to congress. .See chap. ii. vol. iii. tills iii.story. Dec. l.'itli, 40 persons in prison, including Ti Indians. Jh'jd. St. I'uiK. JJrii. Mil., MS., Ixxii. •-'. '" lleports of 18:30 in Lv'jixlntive ll'.\, ,518; Hoffmanns 1'i-pl.i Land Caaan; Ihi/tHtcr i/Jlrinids, 21. The liolsa del I'otrero, 2 sq. 1. was granted on June 22, 1822, 1 1 .lose Joaquin de la Torre; and the Bolsa tlel Moro Cojo, 2 sq. 1., adjoining tin; I'otrero, on Feb. 14, 182.'), probably to Simeon Casti'o. Cat. Lund Cdiii., Xi'.s. 1IJ8, tiOG. The Potrero, also called La Faniilia Sagrada, was sold by Till re to Capt. Cooper in Oct. 182!), at which time the adjoining ranchos Moro C'ljo and IJolsa Nueva were owned by Simeon Castro and I'vancisco .Soto n :.|icctively. Vallcjo, Doc. Hist. CaL, MS., xxix. 428. The rancho de la Vega i\<\ I'ajaro bad been granted to A. M. Castro in 1820. Chap. xvii. C(d L, 1824; and a claim founded on a grant to luiiacio Willejo and Dolores I'ico was rejected. Cat. Land (Join., Nos. 8."). (JSO; llilfmau's Iicptu Lund Ca-'^cs. I have an original petition of J. J. Vallcjo, elated Oct. 27, 1S2(), in which he asks for two sitios at S. Cayetano, stating that his father had put cattle there 11 years before, and that four years later ! 'on Ignacio and Dolores Pico had asked for the grant and obtained it; but I'ico by failing to fullil the conditions imposed had forfeited his rights, while tlie petitioner hiul use for the whole ti-act. Vallcjo, Doc. I list. Cal., MS., .wix. 101. On Sept. 30, 1830, the diputacion coniirnied the grant to Ignacio hi ■Iii; irm CIG lMOXTr:REY DISTRICT. At San Carlos ^Mission Ramon Abolla served as minister througliout the decade, with Pi-efeet Sariiu as an associate until 1829, the latter being undci' arrest for some years as a recalcitrant Spaniaid. jMorrell, Duhant-Cilly, Beechey, and Pattie visited the mission successivel}^; hut none of their narratives contain iidbrmation of value or interest respecting this estahlishment, unless it may be Beechey 's mention of crosses standing along the road from the presidio, eadi with its special history, not related, and of the paint- ing of La Perouse's landing, which the Enjiflish na\ i- gator ti'ied in vain to obtain from the })adre. Saii Carlos, though .j"), .'{70. The others of the 14, I'ilarcitos and Tucho, v.ctc granted, tint former to Miramontcs in 1841, and the latter in 1841-4 to Castro, (loiiicz, and Coal. //oD'dkih'h Ji'/il-^ J, mid Casix. It is also stated that .loaiiuin Sdlis and J. A. I'xjtillcr got possession of tlie rancho de S. Autonio in 18'J!) from Eeheaudia, having before Argiiello's permit; D:irbaia .*!1.802 which had been due since 1804. Cmrra, Dor. //!.•iitliai:i , .MS., iii. 4... Afzuh., M-.. It li MAP OF CENTRAL REGIOX. 617 Mi)NTi:itKY UisTiacT, US30. 1 i .... III!! 11 H M 'h \ iM i < ,1 618 MONTEREY DISTRICT. At San Luis Obispo Luis Martinez served as niiii- ister, generally alone, until lie was banished in tluj spring of 1830,^'- Padre Rodriguez having left the mission in 182L Martinez was su(!ceeded by Luis Gil y Taboada, though it is said that Padre Jinuiio iv. pt. ii. (GfiS); v. pt. i. (2). In 1822 the mission lands were 2.5 1. wide nt llie mouth of the Rio Carmelo, gradually narrowing as they extend (i 1. up the river. As the only good land was in the valley and in the little traits cf l'"ranci.squito and Tularcitos, the governor in 1801 had given tiie misKi(jii nlso a cattle rancho 2.\2.25 1. at S. Bernardino, or Sanjones, or Ensen, butwrcii the rancho il '1 rcy and Solcdad. At Salinas, south of the river, a slu cp raiK'ho l.ox.TiJ 1. had been established in 1708. MisioneK, Cuad. de Edndux^ MS., 200-301. According to the report of 1828, places up the river wcii; Lanrcles, Chn]jines, Tiilarcitos, and Corral dc Padilla. The fields wciv in front of the mission extending to S. Francisquito; the oxen and tamo cittlc on the hills toward S. Clemente. The rancho of S. Bernardino was G 1. Last, lictwcen the Solcdad lands and Buenavista. Sheep rancho at Las Salina ., called by the natives Tucho, l.r)x.7">l. No irrigation. Springs at S. Fran- cisquito, but frost prevents cultivation. Iferjister of Bruiid:,, MS., 11-1.'?. '-Luis Antonio Martinez was born on Jan. 17, 1771, at Brielics 'in Asturias, Spain, became a Franciscan at Madrid in 1785, sailed from Cadiz for America in May 1705, and was assigned at S. Fernando to the Calil'iiiiiia missions, arriving at >'tii Barbara May 0, 1708. He served at San LuisOliispD from June 1708 until the time of his arrest in February 1830. On his ancst and banishment see cha]i. iv. vol. iii. this history. In July 1830 he was at Limu; and in October had ai-rived at ^Madrid, where he was still livin;,' in 1833. ^lartincz was always highly spoken of by liis superiors, but rather iLr his zeal and skill as a bu.';iness maimger than for his excellence as amissiunai v proper, lie was, however, familiar with the language of tlio Sun Luis liulian.i aufl ke])t them in order. He took great pride in the ))ro8perity of his mi.s.si(iii. It was his and)ition that the cattle, horses, and especially the mules of lii.i 'San Luisito' should bo nowhoro excelled, and that no other mission slumld set a bctt(.'r table or ticat visitors with greater hospitality. He always wcjio the jilain habit of his order, but in all otiier rcsjiects was fond of display. It is related that he took great j)leasure in entering Monterey with a loail uf mission produce drawn by sleek mules, with g'lyly decked Indian diivei", himself m a cart at the licad of the procession. He was always liberal and sometimes recklessly so in furnishing supplies to the presidio. At the tiine of the I'louchard invasion he showed great courage and zeal in preparin;: i' v defence and in aiding to repair damages; for which services he was thanked by (lov. Sohi and nlso by the viceroy ir. the kings name. His shrewdness .-s a man of business was known tliroughout the province, and the belief w:s general that ho was largely engagetl in smuggling; but though Cov. Sda slunvd this belief and a strong friendship between the two was broken up by a (|uarrel on the subject, it must be admitted that Martinez if not innocint vas vvry careful, since there is no record that his contraband operations w< re (letected in any particular instance. Of Ids troubles as a Spanish friar with Cciv. Eclieandia enough is said elsewhere. His position was like that of ino^t of his associates, but he w;v) somewhat less cautious than they in the exim s- sion of his views. That he was directly interested in the Solis revolt, or liid any. intention of a revolution in the interest of Spai.i, the olVence for wliirh he wat- ■ xilcd, there i;, much reason to ., .MS., i. 47; iv. pt. i. 21-2; Giierra, Doc. Hint. CaL, MS., iii. 5-lT; iv. 21; Dor. IHst. CaL, MS., iv. 502-.1; Vnllfjo, Doc. Hint. (Jul., MS., xxxvi. 2S8; J'ror. St. Pap., MS., xx. 01; Iil., Bin. Mil., MS., xlix. lU; Pror. Pec, MS., \i, .■)!; 113-14; vii. 32; Oril, Ocurr<'iici,800 to l.O'JJ. Largest crop, 0,220 bushels in 1821; sniallest, 180 in 1820; average, 2. l.VJ, c i vliich 1,002 wheat, barley, and 103 corn. The crop of 1820, cxccjit, wlicit and barley, was destroyed by raloiici. Arch. Aivnih., MS., v. pt. ii. 1U.">. la 1821 80 horses, 80 saddles, and CO blankets were sent to the troops as a j.'iit. Acknowledged by (!ov. Sola. St. Pap. Sac, ^IS., xxiii. 40; noticed in llit; li'acdii dc ,!/(■.<•., xliv. TiOl-J; and thanks from guardian of 8. Fernando. Airh. »S7a /.'., MS., xi. 3-13. Condition in 1830. Ilobiwiou'ii L'ife in Cat., y[ '). I'adrc Gil says the mission has become very poor since the removal of .Mur- tinez. C'linra, Dor. //ist. Ccl., MS., vii. 10. In 1822 the mi.ssion lamls rn; described as lying in a cafiada 1 1. Mide and 14 1. long, bounded by riM: i s of mts. on E. and \v. Two ranchos, Sta Margarita. 4 I. away on the Mnii- tcrey road, where wheat is raised ; and the other for corn and beans 3 1. awiiy. llor.se.s are kept beyond the eaiiada. Locusts and squirrels very troubIehi);i)i'. Jlisioiit's, Ciiful. dii EMado^, MS., 244, 280-9. '••Juan Martin was born at Villastar, in Aragon, Spain, Jan. 12, ITTi', took the Franciscan robes at Zaragoza Jan. 10, 1787, studied theoloL'v at Terui'l, sailed from Cddiz June 11, 1703, arriving at S. Fernando coHcl'c iu ISeptember, and he came to California early in 1704. Ifo served at S. tliilniil as supernumerary from March 1704 to July 1700, at I'urisima until Au-"" t 1707, and at S. Miguel until his death, whicli occurred on Aug. 2!>, IN'J4. after a painful illness resulting from a dropsical disea.'^e of the chest, lie \--m buried in the church on Aug. 20tli, on the gosjiel side of the main altar, by i\w side of I'adru Cipres. Martin maybe rcg;irded as the //(//((■''^/•o ./'((»(/'"/"' if 8. Miguel to the advancement of whose interests he gave all his energy. Ho acquired a thorough knowledge of the native language, aiul was regarded 1 y his jirelates always as the right man in the right jilace. lie has left a diaiV of his vist to the iji'ui'dcx Ttdai'vilos in 1804; and in 1818 and again in iM'l Im^ accompanied the prefect as secretary on a toui of inspection to the dillcri i.t n.issions. Padre Uria, who records his death, eertities to his excnqihny devotion and conformity to the di\ine will in his last days and hoiiis. S. Mi'iml, L>h. Misioii, AIS., 12; Aiitohioij. Aidoij. dc Ins I'P., MS., 400; Siu-nn. luj'ormc Kohre Fmdes, 1S17, MS., 57-8; Arch. Sta Ji., MS., iii. 131. '•^Statistics: Decrease in population, 07."» to 084. IJaiitisms, 313; larifrt vinmber, 43 in 1821; smallest, 18 in 1828. Deaths, 581; largest nund)ei-, Ii4 in 1S28; smallest, 45 in 1820. Less in large stock, f),440 to 4,000; horses and mules, 1,340 to 1,120; sheep, 14,100 to 7.500. Largest croj), 4,027 bn^-luls in 1821; smallest, 300 in 1820; average, 2,.3.V2; of which 1,070 wheat, viilil 8 fold; barley, 304, 7 fold; corn, 100, 31 fold. lJobin;-ion, Li/c in C liJ that the ileas might be seen in the heat of the day gasping for breath on Iho SAN ANTONIO. C'Jl At San Antonio do PiUlna at Los Roblos, Pedro C'iihot and Juan Baiitista Sanolio served together as tli( y liad done since 1804, until tlie death of the lat- ter in February 1830.^'' We hear notliing of the new diureh, which had very likely been dedicated before tli»? beginning of the decade, except that it was stand- ing in 1830, built of brick and with arched corridors. P()})ulation decreased here as elsewhere, as there were no more gentiles to be converted within 7o miles. Statistics show a gain in horses and sheep, and only a small decline in cattle and cro[)s; while we learn lioni Mr Robinson that this mission in 1830 had an air lirick pavements! In 1829-30 John Bones, an Irislinmn, was liviiin; here; and Win. Trevethan was inajonlonio at the mission. Hist. (Jal., chap. vi. vol. iii., this .scries. In IS'JJ the niissiion lands were reported as extending' Ml. N. to.'^., and 3-l-(i 1. E. tow. Stii Isabel and Asumpeion were app ircntly iui.s;-ion ranchos. Mis'mni'x, Cuad. ile E.-itado^, i.sV,.', .MS., 2!t0-l. In l.SJS the l.iunularios were the talarcs on the K. ,'J.")1.; the sea-shore on the w. , Vl- ]\ 1.; S. Luis Obispo lands on the south, 7 1.; and S. Antonio lands on tlie N., 7 1. On the northern boundary was the raneho of >S. JJartoloim'', or ricito; eastward were pa.stiires for Iiorses; toward the .shore was the raneho of S. Simeon, with an adolto house, where grain was raised and 800 head of slcick were kept; soutliward the sheep and soldiers' home were kept; also in tills direetit>n were the ranchos, Sta Isabel, with a vinoyai'd, 3 1. ; S. Antonio, uitli barley-liclds, .'$ 1.; I'aso de liobles, ,">..") 1.; and Asuncion, 1., with Mluat-iields. North-west 2 1. is a hot spring witli a vineyard. In dry asons the sheep are kept at IJio do Nacimicnto, 2 1. away. Droughts and iiists troublesome. ltiijid( r of llramU, 17-18. "Juan ]]autista Sancho y Iditeras was a native of Ai'tii, Island of Mallorca, where he was born on Jan. 1, 1773. He took the habit I'Vb. J), 1701 , at Talma, and iJicr receiving holy oi'ders was made master of the choir, and was employed c^ preacher. Embarking at Cadiz June 20, 1803, he reached S. Fernando in Scptendjer; started for California in February 1804, and landed at ^Monterey I'll Aug. 4, 1804. His only ministry was at San Antonio, where he served continuously from Oct. 1SU4 to Feb. 1830, the d;;te of liis death. An il!i!e:-.4 if 1.S2!) left his blood in bad condition, and the immediate cause of his death v,\;i blood-poisoning from a tumor in tlie thigli. Outside of liis own local held if labor I'adrc Sancho was not much heard of, though he Avas one of tlit^ moit liiilical loyalists and not backward in expressing his opposivion torepublican- iiii; but iov his managenient at San Antonio he received and deserved nmeli jraise. Cabot, his veteran associate, who buried him in the presliytery if the mission church near tiie remains of Puyol and Sitjar, pays an eloi|Hiiit tiiliute to his memory in tlic death-register of the mission. He says of Iiini tliat he had a constitution of iron, and was constantly busy either in work lUicld or in attending to the liodily and s])iritual necessities of the sick .'.inl il\iiig. In bad weather he prepared books of music and eatccliisms for the iinpliytcs, with whose language he was perfectly f;i'"iliar. Ivigiossi^d in siuli 1" lupations he often forgot to cat. IIi^ was cvci a ftic to idleness, alle;:iiig tli:it those who would cat nnist work. His liurial was on the anniversary of hi- li(!coming a Franciscan. . Mhln);, MS.; S. .iiiloii!o, J)(>r. Sriltm, ISIS.; Aiilohloii. Aitfini ,1c !„,■< Pl\, MS., .3f:0: Arch. SUi B., MS., iii. loJ; X. 439; iSuriitt, lujhntie .ioltir Fruilc.t, ISl'l, MS., 59. if: ilti'V 622 MONTEREY DISTRICT. t)f thrift not observable at many of the others. Evcrv- thing was kept In perfect order; the buildings wcif in good condition ; the Indians clean and well dressed.'' There were several changes in the missionaries of La Soledad. Padre Jaime left the mission in is^l, and Juan Cabot in 1824; Francisco Javier de Una served in 1824-8; Pedro Cabot in 1828-9; and Vw- fcct Sarri'a came here to live in the middle of IS-Jl). On May 5, 1822, the padres and neophytes met to take the oath of independence, and on November ll», 1826, the Indians formally elected one of their num- ber to go to Monterey and represent them in an ehr- chn de partldo. The decline of Soledad was less rapid than that of other northern missions in sev(nal respects, and in population it now surpassed four of the others.'* ''Statistics: Decrease in population, 878 to 081. Baptisms, 298; liir^tst luimber, 43 in 1825; smallest, 22 in 1824. Deaths, 538; largest number Siiiii 182G; smallest, 31 in 1821. Large stock, 6,590 to 5,000; gain in horses isiid mules, 790 to 1,000; sheep, 9,910 to 10,134. Largest crop, 5,437 bushels ii 1821; smallest, 547 in 1829; average, 2,830; of which 2,173 wheat, yieM l!) fold; l)arley, 246, 8 fokl; corn, 223, 106 fold. Supplies sent to Montcnv in Nov. 1829, $1,162, including 81 pairs of shoos. Valhjo, Doc. Hint. Cnl., MS,, xxix. 409. Mention of S. Antonio, in liouinMii'ii Life in Cal., 80-1. On Xnv. 2(5, 1826, the mission ayuntamiento met and chose the neophyte Eugciiio Ni.ctrL- as elector do partido, or probably to go to Monterey and vote for an elector de pai'tido. Padre Cabot served as secretary at the election and sIltik d Nactrii's credentials, the alcalde and regidorcs signing with a cross. 'I'liiii wore the Indians being trained for the duties of citizenship. Ilht. ( 'al. , elin p. i i. vol. iii.; Dipt. St. Pop., Ben. Mil., MS., lix. 17-19. No school in ISJ'.l, because no teacher could be found, says the padre to Echeandia on April 'JiM. S. Aulonio, Doc. Swlfos, MS., 76. This collection of fragments, dug up from the earth in the old church, contains many petty items of mission affairs. In 1822 the mission lands were said to extend 13 1. n. to a., and 8-9 1. i:. to w. Soil, rocky; but pretty good crops were obtained by irrigation. Frosts, sijuirrels, and insects troublesome. Min'wiics, Ciiad. dc Fffado,'!, MS., 29J-:{. In 1827 the padres reported that it was very difficult to find pasturage for tlic stock. West 31. was the rancho of S. Miguelito; another at LosOjitnsiu the south; another at S. Benito 6 1. E. on the river; and one for sheep ;it V.\ Pleito, or S. Bartoloun5, 7 1. s. Northwanl to the Sierra de Sta Lucfa, 11 of 4 1., were pastured norses; southward the mares, 10.5 1.; westward, across tlie river, 5 1., broken horses. Tlicrc were three ditches carrying water from the Arroyo do S. Antonio to a distance of 2 1. s. of the mission; but the w;itir lasted only until .Tune or July. I^eijistcr of Bramlx, MS., 15-17. "Statistics: Decrease in jiopulation, 4S5 to 342. Baptisms, .302; lai'.'cst number, 1,34 in 1822; smallest, 5 in 18^7. Deaths, .356; largest number, .u in 1S20-8; smallest, 18 in 1820. Decline in large stock, 6,0.30'to 5.007; hm srs and mules, 1,080 to 1,007; sheep, 9,040 to 5,274. Largest crop, 5,467 bu -h 's ia 1825; smallest, 528 in 1829; average, 2,829; of which 1,429 wheat, yii.lJ SAX JUAN BAUTISTA. C'23 At San Jnan Bautista Felipe Arroyo do la Cuesta ci'iitiiiued his ministry; but Tapis, his associate, dietl in 182;'), being succeeded by Buenaventura Fortuni in 1825-0, while Juan Moreno came here at the end of I80O.-*' Thi« mission reached its hiirhest fiiruro of W fold; 433 barley, 12 fold; 399 com, 100 fold. The mission furnished t^l.loO to Monterey in 18'21). Current items in books and newspapers credit S.iU'chid witli 3o,00() cattle, 70,000 sheep, and more horses than any other mission, in IS-JG! Lands in l.S"2'2, extending 0-20 1. K. to W. and 3 1, x. to S. Soil poor, and yielding toleral)lo crops only in wet seasons. Homo irrigation, N()rc- .■^idio has directed us. After hearing the mass we went out of tiie c'.iurch, and lieing togetlicr with all the people, I named Sr Simon Cota, wlio can v.i ito, as my secretary, and chose two scrutators, Odilon Quepness and I'^elijio do .lesus; and out of all the people eleven were set aside as the comandanto prescribes, and then all the people retired except tlie eleven, whoso names are. . .and they talked among themselves whom of all the men of the mission they would send to Monterey. Three wanted Fernando, one was in favor (jf 1 p.ilro, two preferred Valentin, and four Juan do Dios; anil all the ten con- ihideil that Juan do Dios W'as the one that God desires to go to the coman- dantc of Monterey, and hold himself subject to his orders. And this is to be Iniown by all the people, and this paper we all that are hero present will s'gn, aiiixing tliereto ii cross because we cannot write; and Juan do ])ios will larry it with him. (Here are the crosses.) Before me, Simon Cota, sccre- tarv of tiie junta.' Original in S. Antonio, Doc. Suclton, MS., 10."); also in L'r},t. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., lix. lG-17. -'Estevau Tapis was born Aug. 20, 1754-, at Santft Coloma de Fames in Catalonia, Spain, taking tho habit at Gcrona Jan. 27, 1778. He sailed from (Vidiz June 4, 1786, and came to California in 1790. His service was at San Luis Obispo in 1790-3; at Sta Udrbara in 1793-1800; at S. Carlos in 1807-1 1 ; at I'urisima in 1811-13; at Sta Inds in 1813-14; and at S. Jium Bautista from' •lauuary, 181."), to Nov. 3, 1825, the date of his death. At the death of Lasuen I'c was elected president of the missions in the middle of 1803, and luM the [iiisition until 1812, having l>een reelected in 1809. He was also tlio liishop";! vicar. During his presidency he resided for .short periods at many dift'crent missions. He received the last sacraments from Prefect Sarria, who with ^"ialler, Fortuni, and (!il were present at his death, the latter burying him on \ov. 4th in tho presbctery on the gospel sidj. Father Tapis has left less of his individuality in the records tlian any iitiier of the friars who fiUcil tlic presidency and was so prominent among his associates. Notwithstanding his high otlice ani PP., MS., 300-7; Surri't, Iiifonuf. wire Fra'des, MS., 03-4; Arch, tita J}., MS., iii. 130-7. ^' Statistics: Increase iu j .nulatiou, 8-13 to !)04; largest number, 1,2IS in 1S23. IJaptisms, 1,174; largest number, 3.j!) iu 1821; smallest, 42 iu l.SJII. Deaths, 047; largest number, 220 iu 1S2.'>; smallest, 47 in 1830. Deena.-i; iu large stock, 11,700 to 7,824; horses and mules, 700 to 324; sheep, 0,."»;;() ti 7,0.jO. Largest crop, 5,004 bushels in 1S21; smallest, 01)3 iu 1S28; av('ra;.'i', 3,441; of which 2,518 wheat, yield 17 fold; 513 barley, 21 fold; 325 corn, ..7 fold. Sheep increased until liS28 and then decreased rapidly. Jan. 22, IS'Jl, the padre writes to the governor that last ni<'ht33 gentiles came in to ask for baptism. Arch. Arr.ob., MS., iv. pt. i. 41. Feb. 24, 1821, Tapis says he ha^ been obliged to suspend the Indian alcalde for having ' entrcgado las .soIter;:-i ., Ikii. MIL, MS., Ixvl. 81 2. Inoc'Jiitc Garcfa, Ifcchoi^., MS., 24-.30, who was majordomo of the mission, Jose de .Jesus I'ico, Aroiilcc'imteiitos, MS., 7-0, and Justo Larios, Vhla y Ari i- turas, MS., 2-5, tell some stories about life at San Juan at this ptTioil, including bear-fights and practical jokes played by or on the soldiers of thu guard, respecting which events details do not seem desirable. Garcfa oiuo hid the arms '^.. 1- 17-10. In his treatment of the Indians Ik' varied from extravagant generosity and indulgence to excessive cruelty. Asisara,.iin cx-ncophytc of Sta Cruz, in Ainm/or, Mcmorinn, MS., says tlio padre would on a feast-day give the Indians 100 ciie.eses, a barrel of molasses, and other things in proportion; butf(jr the slightest olVenci! in hisdark moods, ."'.) blows on tho belly awaited tlie culprit. Asisara tells many stories of the friar's peculiarities whicli hardly merit reproduction hero. Respecting tho ii'tirement of Olbes we cnly know that the license was r'ranted for ill-health. 'ilohioij. Aiitoij. dc los PP., M.S., 40."); Sarnd, Infon/ie m'lir Fi ■i2~:h Arch. Sla IS., MS., iii. i:i7; x. 432: Arrh. Mi ■iiuiies, MS. 4sr.; 1 .MS., roc. y,'. M.S., \i. :\r>; xii. 122. ir)7-! HIST. Cal., Vol. II. 10 iMfl 62C MONTE.'IEY DISTRICT. mission claim for the ranclio of Salsipucdcs. Maiiv vessels touched at this laiidiiig, where as at the otlur way-ports visits of forei*.'!! traders were at diflercnt times j)ermittcd and forbidden; and among others the Ileros in 1827; but Captain Duhaut-Cilly confines his description to natural features."^ -m The Villa de Branciforte doubled its population in this decade, having about 150 inhabitants in IS.'JO. Tliere is a complete list of the 32 citizens, four (»! whom were foreigners, with the names of every mem- ber of their respective families in 1828 — 153 persons in all. The villa, not having a sufficient population for an ayuntaniiento of its own, was attached in 18 "J J to the civil jurisdiction of San Jose; and with th;it pueblo was transferred in 1 820 from the military juris- diction of Monterey to that of San Francisco; but in ''Oath of padres and neophytes to tlic independence, April 21, IS'J'l chap. xxi. 7. Correspondence respecting the proposed suppression of tin: mission, cliap. xxii. ; Arch. S/a B., MS., xii. 30!-'2; Arch. Arzob., MS., iv. pt. ii. f), 12. Dec. 31, 1824, Gil writes that the rainfall has been greater tlian over before, for 21 years at least. Much damage was done to gardens and Id buildings, including the church which threatened ruin as no laborers wci (■ obtfiinablo for repairs. Sta Cruz, Arch., MS., 12-13. In 1825 the jiadre was ordered to abstain from all dealings with vessels on the coast. He ansv\er( d that he would obey, but had supposed his mission included in the port uf Monterey and therefore open. Arch. Arzoh., MS., iv. pt. ii. 149. 1827, visit of Duliaut-L'illy. Viugijio, i. 247-52; ii. 93. Statistics: Decease in popula- tion, 401 to 320. Baptisms, 274; largest number, 91 in 1821; smallest, 1(J in 1829. Deaths, 417; largest number, 02 in 1828; smallest, 29 in 18.30. J>l- crcaso in large stock, 3,492 to 3,303; horses and mules, 492 to 303; shci|i, 5,700 to 4,827. Largest crop, 7,350 bushels in 1821; smallest, 1,074 in 18211; average, 3,708; of which 1,410 wheat, yield 14 fold; 474 barley, 17 fold; 1,2I.S corn, 193 fold; 441 beans, 108 fold. I have the original statistical reports Dt Sta Cruz for nearly every year in Arch. Misiones, MS. The number of fugi- tives in 1825 is given as 31. Arch. Sta B., MS., ix. 500-1. Gil writes that the Indians were all im^jregnated with venereal disease, so tluvt the slightest change in the temperature prostrated them and 00 or 80 were sick at the siiiiic time. Doc. IliM. Val., MS., iv. 774. Here as at other missions an Indian ayuntamiento was chosen in 1823. Arch. Arzob., MS., iv.pt. ii. (478). Taxis on mission produce in the later years were about !?380 per year. Supplies to the escolta averaged about §35 per month. Full accounts with presidio fir most months in Vullcjo, Doc. 1114. Val., xvii.-xx. xxviii.-ix. Amount of sup- plies 1821-30, except 1817, .^5,090. Missi(m lands extend 3 miles N. to s. and 7-9 1. E. to w., though only 3 miles arc useful. Crops moi'c than suffice for neopliytes, lea\ing a surplus f^r the presidio. Xo lands for the further extension of agriculture; grasshopptis and insects very Ijad. M!sio)ic.i, Ctiad. de EMudoa, lS2.i, MS., 305-0. '\'\\<- rancho Matadero and the rancho Punta are mentioned in the live-stock re- ports. BRANCIFORTE. 027 1R28 it was detached from Sau Jose, together with the raiichos of San Isidro and Law Aiiimas, becoin- uvj; again «uhjeet to the < ivil and niihtary autliorities (iC Monterey. I find no evidence that the otiice of coniisionado was continued after 1819, but there was always an alcalde of subordinate rank. During the lii'st lialf of the decade v," have the name of the alcalde jnr 1822 only — Serafin Pinto; but the office was Ik ! I in 182G by Jose Joaquin Buelna; in 1827, by Seraiin I'into; in 1828, l)y Canuto Boronda; in 18o0 b}' Fran- cisco Rodriguez. I>cyond the figures of pojiulation there are no statistics extant, except to the effect that the rillanos owned about 2,500 head of cattle in 1830; and as for events, only one or two slight items of criminality are recorded, the most interesting case being that of a citizen who was accused of .slandering Father Gil.'* '^'On population see ]ifigio)ir/<, Ciiad. de Estudo!<, MS., 2.").3; SV. Pap. Mixs., 5IS., vi. 7-8; Vallcja, Doc. Jflst. Vai., MS., xviii. '201; IC/VA-m' jN'ro-., v. .Vi.l; JSdiiiliiit, Dor. Ilixt. VuL, MS., (i; SidClard, I'arrnijuin, MS., flT-S; Drjit.Sl. Pup., MS., i, l!)-'2fl; and the lists in Id., ii. 70, 74-.">, from wliicli I take tho following names of citizens, omitting those of women and cliildren: .losti C. Boronda, Juan Jos6 Castro, Miguel Villagrana, Joaquin Pinto, Joso Maria Perez, Jos6 Maria Solar, Luis Gareia, Julian Wilson, Francisco Gonzalez, Jos6 Bolcof, Francisco Juarez, Joaquin Buehia, Jose Maria Juarez, Juan Pinto, Joaquin Castro, Martin Vela, Josi! llamirez, Mai'cos Amador, Samuel (Buckle), William (Buckle), Francisco Soria, Juan Jos 6 Felix, Francisco llodrigucz, Jos(5 Antonio Koldes, Roman Rodriguez, Joaquin Soto, Manuel Montero, Manuel Tego, •Joacjuin Juarez, Juan Gonzalez, Macedouio l^renzaua. Jaime Mendoza, And from another list, apparently additional: Serafin Pinto and Lnz Garcia, On the successive changes of civil and military jurisdiction, see cliap. xxi. ."4; S. Josd, Arch., MS., i. oO; JJcpt. h'cc, MS., iv. 'J.'); vi. IS!); Ji>iw/iiii, Dor. Ilixt. Cal., MS., 8; Drpt. St. Pup., JJtii. Pnf. yJiizij., MS., i. ;j."); Id., Bm. .Vil., Ivii. '22. In 1S'2H Branciforto is described as bounded by the bay of Monterey on the w. , by Amesti's ranclio on tho s., by Sta Cruz and tiio Sicrrn on the N'., and on tho K. by Sta (.'lara Creek, lidji-tlrr of Brumh, Ms., 20. In the slander case, in 1824, Jose M. Perez was accused of saying to tho iiiothcr-in-law of Gervasio Soto that Padre C!il had accused all che women of tho villa of immoral cemduct. The evidence is more complicated and amus- iu'j; than convincing. Dept. St. Pup., Ben. Md., MS., Ivii. '20-31. In IS27 Joaquin Castro had to pay afinc of $18 for a slap or two and some blows with a stick by which the health of Macedonio Lorenzana was impaired. Dept. Utc, MS., V. 72. CHAPTER XXVIII. ROSS AND THE RUSSIANS. 1821-1830. I -i "> t • I- K \\\ DKsntirTioN of Ross — Sitk and r.i-iLmsos — Poitlation and System— I'ISTAIILISHMENT AT THE FAUALLONKS—OTThU-HIINTlNli — STATISTICS - TUADE IN C'AUFOUNIAN PoUTS— KXI'OUTS— AdKIfULTURE — St(h;k-kais- iNi: — IsDrsTiUKs— Siiu>-iniLi)i\(i- lJiiiLHK!iiAi'iiv OF Ross— (.'into Ml- LOdio Record, IS'Jl-ItO— Russian Policy — Feaus in Mexico— Sciimiijt Succeeds Kuskof — Vessels — The CAN6Nitio Fernandez at Ross, and Results — Aiuii'ELi o's OiTer Contract — Kotzeuue's Visit— Solano- - ZaVALISIIIN's X'.CioTIATIONS — MEXICAN PoLICY — FeaI.'S OF THE .IlNTA — EciIEANDfA VS. lirSSIANS— SUELIKIIOF SUCCEEDS SciIMIDT— SaLT CON- TRACT — Fears in Soni ra — VisiroF Duiiaut-Cilly — Pattie's Visit — EcjieandIa's QuestioN'-KostromitiNof Manager. The annals of tlio colonvat Ross from 1821 to 18:10 ill rcsfiect of local and colonial events, or so far as Russian relations with 8})ain, Mexico, and California arc concerned, require but a coin[)aratively brief treat- ment. Rut there may ap})ro|)riatcly bo added a gen- eral descrij)tioii of the Russian establishment, with a statistical view of its condition and proj^ross in resj)e(t of its dilferent industries during the whole jjcriod of its existence, from 1812 to 1841, such a skctcli as J have alludetl to in a former chapter,' and such a one as obviously belongs to no one year oi decade rather than to another. I begin with this general sketch, presenting the record of events later in the chapter. The site of Ross, on the seaboard eight or ion miles above the mouth of the Russian River, was a toleia- bly level table of something more than a square mile 'See chapter xiii. of this volume, on Russian annals of 1810-20. (028) A.M) System— \ — Statistics— ;K — St(k;k-uais- Ross — ClIliKMl- ;XICO— ScilMlKT •;Z AT llltSS, AM) isiT— Solano- - )F TIIK JlNTA — [i)T— Sai.t Con- ATTiii's Visit— DESCP.IPTIOX OF ROSS. Ill extent, toriiiinatiiii^ on the sca-shorc in a precipice of seventy feet, and so proteetcd naturally hy ravuies (III the other sides as to be oC difHeult acc(»ss to an ( neiuy. All the struetures o[' the establishment were i>{' ledwood, exc;e|it a few earthen huts of the Indians. ( )ii the plateau near the shore was a quadrant^ular enclosure of about 250 by 300 feet, its ani,dc's very nearly facini^ the cardinal points, formed of thick Russian Settlements. beams set upright in the ground, twelve or fifteen feet high and surmounted by a horizontal beam on which was a kind of c/tcvaux-dc-frise of wooden and iron points. The stockade was conveniently pierced witli loop-holes especially near the gateways, on three at least of the four sides; while at the corners diagonally opposite and facing approximately the north and south there were hexagonal towers, or block-houses, simi- larly pierced, connnanding the whole structure, and terminating in a liigh sharp roof. In these towers, 1 niH jtii n 1 m\ ijIBil 111^ 1 ;i|||i H •1;;:^' I P :\ \\-^M 830 ROSS AND THE RUSSLWS. as at the entrances, and witliin the enclosure on car- riages, caiuion were mounted.^ Thus the i)rescnc(_' of these guns, with the natural strenijth of the site and the strict system of sentinels and drill never relaxed, gave to Ross the appearance of a military fortress lather than a fur-hunting and trading post. The for- tress was impregnable to the aborigines and even to any force the Spanish Californians could have brouglit aijainst it; but the occasion never arose of testini:^ its stren^rth aojainst either foe. Within the nuadraiiulo were the commandant's house, the officers quarters, barracks for the Russian employes, a chapel, and vari- ous storehouses and domes4^ic otHces. Some of these buildings were of two stories; the commandant's house had glass windows and was comfortably furnished; tie chapel was decorated with paintings; and all are de scribed as having presented a very neat appearance. A well supplied water for cases of emergency, thougli the stream in the ravine furnished a supply for ordi- nary uses. Outside the stockade on the plateau were the huts of the Aleuts and natives, wdiich they built for themselves mostly of redwood, and which tluy even made more or less effort to keep clean in imita- tion of the Russians; and .scattered in the immediate ^ icinity were a windmill, farm buildings, granaries, cattle-yards, a tannery, and work-shops for the various industries cari'ied on. Bej'ond lay the vegetable gar- dens. Down at tlie foot of the cliff on the beach at the mouth of the southern barranca was a small wharf and boat-landing, a shed for the protection of the skin boats, another for storint tiiat tiie last does not indicate a ])recipiti>us descent t ) the sea. Ingersr.l also gives views oi the o' I chapel and the old hlock- lionse, in the oast and stAith corners respectively of tiic stockade. Ho says tlK! chapel was in the .s. k. corner, serving as an a^ldit-'onal tower for defence, ;:iid this is also .shown hy the drawings of the ruins. IVitechin, .sV7(7/(V J!".-'S, Ci, wh(j gives a careful description, speaks of )1(> steps leading up from the liarrauca. According to Tikhnienef, I,leascd and not in retridar street':-. (loloMiin, I ' ,'M7''. 1 '"ii speaks of the well inside the fort. Khlelmikof, Z"pisl-i. 1.">7-S, 1")!', 100, says the Ijuildings were all completed in l.sll. (Jabriel Mora,,'a iiftcr his visit nf 1814, I'ruc. fiK P'ijk, M.S., xix. ,'i(i(i-7, gave an accinvitc de- seiiption of Koss. (iervasio Argiiello, Oltsfrrncioiirn, MS., 'Jli-.H, gave a still mni'c minute one in IsKi. lie found seven huildiuga in the s(juare. There were ;)7 huts for Aleuts, 47 skin-hoats scon. Site two mil 's long and less than one mile wide. Only one place of access. Choris, I o//(;/c I'ittorr.fqno, pt. iii. 7. 8, unfortunately had no iip|rortunity to make draw ings in ISlI). Itoiine- fi nil, I'di/rif/'', 30, hrielly di srrihes h.nrbor and site in 1.S17. Pnycrjis, Xn>ir'ia-< s ihrc /iV'..s', M.S., 41'.)-'J."), g.ave a minute description as the result of his vis't V, itii Fernandez in 1S'J2. lb > ; s the commandant's house had three floors .111(1 eight rooms, d(^scribef the i thdiouse in which lie tried a stcam-batli, s;icaks of a cemetery; says most of the buddings were formed by placing s |iiare timliers one Ujion another, and fni'ni.shed with steep board r.iofs. 'I'here is nothing reip.'ing special notice in Kotzelme's description of I.Sl'1, .\'rc I'oi/a;/:, ii. l'21-(i. Vallejo, lii/urtin' T' srrvado xohrc cl f-^tafilcrijiiicnl > ilt' .'.*')■■;, ^I,'^., found in IS,'!.'? two \4arehouses at lioilega in care of :i band of g< ii- tiles. At the fort he noted a water-power mill and 'j;5 e;innon, counting .".0 baililings outside the enclosure and witliin. lU' perhaps he means ti) say ."iO ill :dl. lielcher. Voi/tti/i'. i. .'{K} Ki, says the stpuire had but one entrance. '■■V large folding gates towanl the sea. ]Ie counted "20 Aleut huts, and I iticcd the buildings in the lavine. Laplace, in IS.'iO, Voi/tif/i.i, vi. (iO-S(», I' niid Uoss to bear a strong resemblance, s.'ive in the absence of women, t > .a I ii'iipeaii farm. Sutter, Anln'/iiHint/i/iif. M.S., 'j;j-(), describing the ]>lace as i ■ 'anid it in IS.'i!), mentions a glass hot-house, and he speaks of the farm 1 t >veen Itoss and I'odeg.-i with (jne of the two houses set apart f(>r the use of t i.cllers. Mofras, A'c/./o/y/Z/Vj//, ii. ].'), brielly describes Uoss in 1S4I; and I ;.-itings, Kmii/rinit (liiiilc, 104, in 1S4'_'. The inventory by which th(^ prop- I ity was ollered for .sale in !,S4I includi's tlu^ following items, on the best pos- Mbie authority: Si|Uim'o fort of logs, l.OSH feet in eireiiniferi'nce, IJ, fei't high, A\ itii ■_' towers; coiniiiandiint's hniise of logs (oldK ;i(i.\4.H feet, doubl.^ board roof, rooms with corridor and kitchen: y a wooden struc- ture 1-ut no inscriptions. A road graded through solid rock down to llie shore, witli iron bolts in the rock to which wharf timbei's were fastened. Also a I'it for sawing lumber. An enclosure of live acres about a mile east of the fho[) to ba[)tize, marry, and read the funeral service, hut 1 find no inl'orination respecting a chaplain or ivi^ular ehajKl services. The food of the n)asses was liiigely sea-lions and gulls from the yarallones, with fisli and game; grain, vegetahles, and beef being as a rule sold for the northern cstablislnnents. The general system and routine observed by the company in their trading and hunting operations as in their relation to employes, uniform in all the Russian American colo- nies, is fully treated in my Iliston/ (if Alaska. From 1812 to 1840 the Russians kept up an cstab- lislunent at the Farallones as well as at Ross. The ^lief object at first was to secure fur-seals, 1,200 or ! jOO skins being taken annually for five or six years, tliougli Winship, Gale, Smith, and other Americans had taken the cream of this natural wealth a few years larlier. After 1818 the seals diminished ra})idly until (inly 200 or 300 per year could be caught, and the hiisiness was no longer jirofitable; but still a Russian with from six to ten Aleuts was ke[)t at the station to kill sea-lions and gulls, collect eggs, and pniparo the products of this industry for use at Ross and Sitka. Annually from 5,000 to 50,000 gulls and a])out 200 sea-lions were killed. (31' tlu; latter the skins and sinews were used in making l>oats; the meat was salted or dried to be eaten at Ross; the bladders were made into water-tight sacks; while the blubber was tried for oil used both as food and for lamps. Tiie meat of gulls and other birds was dried for food, and the down was also saved for exportation. The ]iurty lived in earthen huts on the storm-beaten rocks. Five or six times a year bi(Larkas were sent out to the station to carry water and wood, tln^'gh oil-soaked hones largely took the ])lace of wood for <'ooking. Tile same boats woidd bring back meat, oil. and sivins. The trip in these frail vessels was often long, difficult, I' '7 ^ Km i ! t ■ n\ 4 > i ; if. ■i i 1 f 1 i n 'M f i ( .1 634 ROSS AND THE RUSSIANS. and ovon dangerous in unfavoral)lo weather. Two bidarlcas were always kept at the islands.^ The two leading objects of the company in fouiid- in!>' the Calif'ornian establishment had been, as the reader is well aware, fur-liunting and the opening of an advantageous trade with tlie Spanisli neighhors for provisions. Both these toi)ics, and especially tliat of trade, have from their very nature been proniincut and will be still in the chronologic narrative; hut such general and statistical statements as are accessi- l)le may well be presented here. It was always believed by the Spanish Californians, and often l)y others, that the company was deriving an immouso revenue from the f'irs taken by the Koss colony, hut this was an exaggerated view. The post was proiit- able in this respect during but a very small jiart df its existence, if at all, and a part of the fur yield could have been obtained quite as well without the settle- ment. The catch on the New vVlbion coast, in a sense the legitimate hunting-ground of the Russians, never gave a large mai'gin of profit; and, even with the poaching and contract operations in and south nf San Francisco Bay, it may be doubted if such a margin was kept up much later than 1820." The total nundjcr of sea-otter skins definitely re- corded as having been obtained in California by the 'Klil(''buikof, Zaphki, l")7-8, gives the best account of this station at tlic Faranoiics. Tikhnu'nof, L-itor. Oh' it., *20S-1'J, barely mentions the siilijcd. Diiliaut-Cilly, Viaijuii), ii. 177-0, says 100 Kadiaks were uxiiiilly kept at tlin islands. Captain Moirell found a Russian family with 2.'J Kadiaks on tlio Nortli Farallon in May ISi"). Morn I/'. f Xar., -JO!). ''Khli'bnikof, Zajiitl-i, ii. 13S-9, gives statistics of the sea-otter catcli from ISi'i to ISi.*}, and Tikhmenef, 'htor. 0/w.<., i. '211, 3:)7-!», from 1S24 t. 1S;U, asfoHows: 1812-14, S77 skins; 1815, l,-).-?; 1810,07; 1817,5"); 1818, i:!; ISIO, 71: 1820, 22; 1821, .'«; 1822-.'], 4:i: 1824, 475; 1825, .'iOO; 182(1, 2s7; 1S27, 12: 1828, 1; 1S20, 23; 1830, 34; 1831, 112; 1832, 1; 18.33, 221; 18:il, 255. Total, 3,287 skins. Tikhmenef says tliat by 1817 the otters were extci ■ niinated from Trinidad liay down to San Antonio cove near San Franciscn. Ifuntini; otter on shares in the south was given up before 1830; and no fin- ,'!eals were taken at the Farallones after 18.34. From 1825 to 18.30 the valiK! of fur cxiiorts from Ross wjis 4,138 roubles. In Raranof, Shi'iiropSsitaiiii', 147, the catch from 1812 to 1817 is given as 1,000 skins. The recorded product "f the cfintraet hunting before 1812, described in other chapters, was!), 181 skin-; while the hunting (in shares in lS24-() yielded 1,144 skins. According to C/ioiin, Voijiiiji Pitt., ii. 7-8, the yearly catch was 2,000 otter. Alvariulo, in foniid- 311, as tlio )ponii)<4' of noio']il)ois ciully that proiniiu'iit ativo; hut re access! - IS always i often l)y I immenso olony, hut kvas profit- ill part (if riekl could the settle- oast, in ;i Russians, even wifli I south of it' such a initoly re- ia by tli*' station at tlio tin; ,sul)jcI7 2."i4 per cent of prolit was clpare as deemed a fair gain, since sume articles 5 ( i i f C3C ROSS AND THE RUSSIAXS. arc shown more or less couiplotely in a note!" Except hail to be sold neaily down to cost. This author gives the following talilr if provisions obtained in California: 1817 1818 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 At San Francisco, per KnliUof. Monterey and StaCruz, pnv Kutiisof. Mont(;n;y and StaCniz, por liulih'dvf. San Francisco, por Colovnin Montoi-cy, per Kulusof. San Francisco, per liuldiikof. Monterey, per Vohja Monterey, per IJulduko/ Sta, Crnz, I '«/;/« Monterey and Sta Crnz, per liitrik. . Monterey, per Jlnikaf S. I'edro, per Iliili/dknf Monterey, per K'lukhla S. l\Hlroand S. Francisco, i>cr Baikal. Total M'hoat. fan. 358 3,140 1,370 737 1,100 1,880 129 1,020 520 742 1,317 1,885 1,510 530 ley. full. 250 500 2.50 300 280 200 115 400 I'ciuio mill Ileiiiia fun. 109 904 103 24 300 Flour, nrr. Tallow ,llri..l ni"! ,.'*ii;[l. Liiril. iirr. 180 203 114 1,08! iin-. 24'J 15 25. 152 120. 80, 103 101 39. 390 20:! 480 258 4 3181 0, 1881 510. 140', 2.58'. ."140 •2m l.so 170 10,310,2,307i 1,928, 815 4,123 l,.s7ll rotcehin, Scloiic liois, 14, adds for 1823 cargoes of the FoAyct and Diihli'tlcf, amounting to 1,208 fan. wheat, 170 pciiso and beans, 200 barlej', and 2.i() arrobas of tallow. Tikhmencf, Lftor. Obos., i. 221, 342-4, 359, gives iiiui ![ larger figures for 1822, viz.: 8,127 fan. wheat, 1,458 pease and beans, I.IU'J barley, 1,1.>5 arr. floui', 3,200 tallow, and 1,354 dried meat. Wlieat cost the lUiMHiaiiS 3 to 4.5 rubies per poud; b.irlcy nearly 4 rubles; and flour iJmrt 9 rubles. The shipments for 1837 aiiionnted to about 87,300; 1838, .^lO.OdO; 1839, .•J!10.000; 1840, $:'.0.00(); 1841, §8,000. I attach, however, very little value ti.' these statistical fragments. " TaliK> showing \ ield of wheat and barley from 1815 to 1829, from KhI-- buikof, ZojHski, 150-9, 109. Sown. Harvest. ■* 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 • Total. Sown. Ilnrvest. Whcnt. Barley. Wheat. Barley. Wheat. Barley. ' Wheat. Barlrv. 1815 1810 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 Pouils. 5 14 15 29 31 41 37 54 57 70 114 103 217 9 24 1 11 12 8 18 15 33 J'uuils. 8 48 8 100 94 173 235 420 418 733 1,118 927 1,200 40 04 11 20 34 97 48 88 350'; I'ouil.s. 201 240 428 350 507 2.-)!» 044 220 857 280 . 39 04 27 80 42 143 107 107. 1'iiikI.i. 1,815 1,8.30 2,000 1,010 2,333 953 4,421 004 3,4.50 1,114 lOS 3(1(1 Sd OOlt Ml 574 50S 42S 4,779 740 25,084 3,071 e.' Exc-Cjit How ing tiil)lc .if lour. Tallow ^Ilri.'.l anil ,.M,;,i, Liird. j arr. arr. arr. 180 20.'! lit •242 i,o,s;i .-,40 3!)(» -JiiO 201! 4S(( 7'J',) io 2.3)S • • . . 4 103 3181 ISO ()' ioi 1S8' 170 r.io — 140 O.) 81.-> 4,123 l.STii 1 I and Diihjitl,,/, )arloy, ami 'I'M) 30, gives iiuir!i 111 beaiLs, 1,IIIJ Wlieat co.st the 1 ilour ;'.lini;t 838, 8I(1.()(«I; cr, very litilu \i 29, from A'/,/.. Harvest. Vhcat. Burliy. 1,815 His 1,830 .301 i 2,0(10 8(1 1,010 (1011 2, .333 141 •153 r>74 4,421 508 004 4'JS ?,4r)0 1,114 i.084 3.(iT( AGRICULTURE, C37 ;is a source of home supi)ly for the colony it was not icLiarded as a success. The land in the iiniuediate ^ icinity of the fort was limited in extent and not re- markably fertile, while the prevalent coast fogs caused The j)oud is 3G lbs. avoirdnpoi-s, or about four to .a fanoga. After 1822 the (liiulilo ligures show the resiiltH of jilantiiig both by tlie ooiiiiiaiiy and by (iri- vatf per.sdiis. Under .Sli(''likof's ndc every fertile spot of sod near the t'oi't was eiiltivated, ami then' were lields two miles away. 'I'iic area .''own in 1S2H in scattered lields is estimated at about 175 acres. I'lowing and planting vas (lone in November and December after the lirst rains. No manuiinu' e.\- ccjit for gardens, etc. ]5oth oxen and horses wurc used for plowing, and iu some rocky spots Indians were hired to dig up the soil with spades. \'ege- talile.s were raised iu iibundanee in the gardens, including i)unipkin.s and watermelons. I'icklcd beets and cabl)ages were sent to Sitka. Potatoes \\ ero jilanted twice in a year but the yield Avas only six or eight to a hill. Wild laust.ird-seed was giithezed for exportation. Fruit trees did ,vell. The first ]iiacli-tree brought from .S. Francisco in 1814 bore in 1820. Other |)c;ieh-trei's \iere brought from Monterey, and also grape-vines from Lima in IS17. tho latter bearing in 1823. In 1820 100 trees, upple, pear, cherry, and peach, wero set out, bearing in 1828. The fogs were so dense that sometimes for three niiinths the sun was not visible. All this from Khlehjiikof. Tikhnienef, y.-Vo/-. Ohos., i. 211, 220-1, 3.53-0, ."(10-1, gives in addition the following items: The .sowing in 1813 was 05 lbs., harvest 105 lbs.; 1814, 200 and .S82 lli.s. For the first 10 ye;ir.s the company derived no adv.mtagi^ from agriculture at lloss, save some little aid to vessels. ( Jreat eflorts were mad'.' and great results exi»ecLed in 1820, but a rust destroyed half the '.rop oi \\lieiit. In seven years, 1 82(J-33, about 0.000 pouds of grain, or 800 ponds per yi^ar, weri^ shipped to Sitka. In 1821 the field of operations was partially trau.sferred fiom tho t'lLfgy coast to sheltered vales further inland, but on account of the inaccessi- bility of the fertile .sjiots and other reasons, very little was gained. \\\ 18,'>3 V ild oats sprang up, and the old lields had to be p.istured for several years. Miee and gophers did much damage. The same year l>aron Wrangcll trans- ferred cultivation to tho mouth of the river, with much success for two yeans. Ill 18.35 and 1830 there was a failure of crops. All hope of piolit to the com- ))any hail been given up by the chief administrator. 'J'lie shipments for the last Inir years, 1837-40, were wiieat, !),!tl8 ponds: bread, KjO ]).; barley, 03!) ]).; lyc. 20 p.; pease, 243 p.; Inickwheat, 24(i )).; maize, 38 p.; tobacco, 4.5 j)., besides seed of ila\. hemp, nmstard, and popi)y. I'oteehin, S'lcnh /''iss\ 0-7, 14-15, says the yield in 1S23 was 0,104 ])ouiis of m heat and 042 )i. of bailev. ALxrieultural products in 1820 were worth 20,004 rubles; 1,S28, 3,(>IOr. ; 1,S2!>, 10,233 r.- 1830, 3,007 r. IVitatoes. according to this author, sonietinies yielded 250 fold. Zavalishin, l)i 'o o Ka/oii!)/ Ifoss, 21-5, notes an efl'ort in I'd 7 to bring a colony of 25 pea.'^^aiit farmers fre)ni Itussia; and he i|uotcs .si'veral rc- jMir's in which the want of success at Ito.^s is ••ittributed to lack of skill on tho ]iai't of the farmers. .\ l'ooiI crop in IS2!) and a failure in 1S30 are reported. (•olovnin, Voifcitfr, 117-lS, repoL'ts in au'riculture no smeess down to IsIS, except in vegetables. Potatoes in Ku.skot"s gardens yieldeil 100 fold, and at llodeu'a sometimes 2(X) fold. Vidlejo, Inj'orm' Ui-xiriuido, MS., fomid in |S33 that wheat was vieldinu only eight to one. A piece of ground hail been cul- tivated on Tamalaiiiea Creek, three leagues fifim P.oile'j;a, and 5 1. from Uoss, lilt had been abandoned on tlie remonstrance of the comainlaiite at Saa 1 raneisco. The invi ntorv of 1S41, Unsx, /'riijuiotti ili' V< iihi, MS., names tliitie ranc ,os: the Kostr.miitinof, Khlel>niki>f, and (iorgv"s, a Iruit-oiehard .1x141 feet, with 200 trees, of v.liieh 207 wi -■. trt k w trees to nearly iverv linise; aui ipple nother sniallone with d a f cw Miles. Tl lere was lain lor sowing 175 f.inegas at the fort al! f( d; too acres at Kostr I itiiiof laucho on the river; sowing land fi'r .'lO fanegas, and also 2,000 vines at 1,, 1 ( :1s ' ' ■' " .1) 'i»i^:4 • 'J 038 ROSS AND THE RUSSIANS. grain to rust. Goj)hcrs, squirrels, and mice wcie troublesonio posts. Tillable soil was only to be lound in small spots difficult of access. Wild oats sjjraiin i4> in the old fields, which were, moreover, exhausted liy constant croj)ping. True there were broad and I'c rtilc yrain-lands in tlie interior, the occupation of wliirh the S|)anish Californians could not have prevented as the Ilussians well knew; but to have occupied tlidse lands a. (loivy'ri, yieldinj,' ;t,(X)0 lui-sluLs in jjood years. lUdwell, Ji'ecolkctioiix, 04-(!, nieuiii'iiif J). in lS;!;i, and 1100 in IS-II; there Mere 100 sheep ai l,sl7, SOOin 1S-J_>, (d I in IS'20, OO,') in is:!.'}, and 000 in 1.S41; and swino niniiherc.l 124 in 1821 and 10(1 in 1820. lietween 1822 and 182:1 tiiere seinis to h;i\f lieen a set-hack in ,ill kinds of live-stock. The Uesh of swiiie was spoiled hy their feeding on nius- MANUFACTURES AND SniP-BUILDING. 630 luittcr, and leatlier was sent ovory year to Sitka after cldiiiestic wants had been sn[)plii!d; and at the last the (•(.nipany had about 2,000 cattle, 1,000 horses and mules, and 1,000 sheep to sell with the establishment. Tlio first livo-st(H'k was obtained from Californians, not without some difficultv in the case of breedinuf- animals, which, as then; is some reason to suppose, were secured throuufh the aid of the Indians. There was hardly any article of wood, iron, or leather which the mechanics of Iloss in the early years could not make of a quality sufficiently ^'ood I'or the California market, and to the very last they leceived i'requent a[)[»lications from the Spaniards. J)ut in the later years many minor articles were more clieaply obtained from American and English traders. Several boats were built for Spanish officers or friars. Timber and tiles were not o\\\y sent south, but north, and even in some instances to the Sandwich Islands. Pine [)itch was also sent to Sitka in considerable (piantities, in barrels which, like those for meat and (»1her exi)orts, were made b}' the Ross coopei's. All these industries were of course by reason of the lim- ited market more useful than })rofitable. Ai^ain, shi})-building, an industry for which the abundance of timber in tlie vicinity seemed to promise great results, proved in tlie end only an cx[)ensivG failure. The wood, not well fitted perha})s Ibr the imrpose in tlie first place, was not properly seasoncjd liefore being used, and the workmen had not sutK- cient skill or experience. In vain ledwood, pine, wis and pea-lion meat. There wore about .")0 imiles in 1S41. A few liorsrs, luit uhielly oxen, were used for worli. Many cattle were killed liy hears and Indians. Hulk used to come in to the fort with lacerated llesh and hloody imi lis after encounters witli liears. In the last I.") years "Jld.OOO llis. of salt liicf and 17, 0(H) Ihs. of Imtter Mere sent to SitUa, Wry little tallow was .^aveil, as the cattle were not killed when fat. JjiUterliroULlht aliuut 'M cents Jirr U). in Sitka. Excellent leather was tainied and exported. Of the \\wi\ vrry little use was made, since weavinp was not suecessfid. 1'he total jirod- Uit in good j'ears of cattle and sheep was v;"hicd at S,()0(( ruhles. See Khiih- ii'hif, Zaphki, 153-0; Tikfimdncf, iMor. Oho.-i., i. ;{.")(!-7; Golarnin, To//., IIS; 'rn/.ii< x/it I'liUrhln, Sfic Rn-fi, 14—1"); ZurtiH.'ihiii, Ikl" ) Kd/., i24- 1; on iiuis- ,1. V, 177-9. iita, MS.; Bidicell's lieKoUtctionif, MS., 6J-j; Dnhuiil-tJil/i/, Vlwjijht, ii. iii^ I ,.ii C40 ROSS AND THE RUSSIAXS. oak, and lanri'l wore put to the tost; tlie vessels Itiiilt iievei- lasted more than six years, and wej-t; in a Imd condition loni,' before tliat time had ela[>sed; so tliat in tlui end it was found (;liea[)er to buy shi})s of tlic Anicrieans tlian to build them at Ross. Yet fuui' vessels of I'espeetabh; dimensions were there coii- st?'U('ted and launched before 1824, and throe of tlnin. the llnldiikof, Vohja, and Kiaklita, tlie reader niLvts \\\i)\'v than once in the southern ])orts.^" I have thoULflit it best to ])resent here a list of the Russian autliori- ties consulted in my chapters on the Ross settlement, ^vith biblioq;ra])hical notes, which are very brief he- cause most of the works, treating in general of thi,> ]lussian American colonies and referrinu" onlv inci- dentally to Ross, receive more extensive descri])ti()ii in connection with the Jllsfori/ <>f Alas'ha, and also because the character of the dilferent works is largilv indicated, so far as they affect California, in notes and citations scattered through the four chapters do\'oted to the present subject." '"The schooner f'oiimimif-.nf, 100 tons, was begun in 181G iinil liuuiuhiil in ISIS. It cost 'JO.'JIi! fulilcs, besides liibor, sailed in ISI!), fuid was ii.selos in IS:;^. The bri,!,' Ijiildiih"/, 'JOO tons, was begun in ISIO, eopjier-bottoineil ami laiinehed in IS'JO; cost, iirst and last, Sl),00() nii)lc.s; and was in use only until ISJC), except to be anchored as a store-ship. Tht.se t\V(j vessels v.ere I milt cliielly of oak; but the later ones of pine and cedar (redwood?). Tiie I'l'i/a, ]()!) tons, was l)egun in 1S"21, launched in IS'J'J; cost .'Jli,lS() rubles; and in 1S_'7 was unseaworthy. Finally the K'lakhtn, "JOO tons, was Ijcgun in ISJ.'J, launched in 1S24; cost 3."), '248 rubles; and was in use after ISIIO. Ik'sidcs the four vessels named several boats were built both for home use and for .sale tii the Spaniards. Khhhiiilof, Z(i}ii-S. Francisco Mission; and in 1827 a barge for Mission S. Jose at 81, "'OO. " 7 V/.7i );)!// r/', fsfi,rh-/i(Kh)!f- Ohoxrauk, etc. — Historical review of the oiijiu of th(! Russian American Company, and its iloings up to the present tiui' — St Petersburg, lS()2-.'{, 2 vols. The work is ollicial and exhaustive, givin.: in an appendix many original documents relating to Ross as well ua to the otlur establishments. M'tft'i-I'ihii (IhUa Tstnriii Rinoik'ihh Tnnsplcvh/, etc. — Material for the hislniy of the Russian settlements on the shores of the eastern ocean — St Petersbui u'. CIIROXOLOdlC llECORD. 041 TTavinnf tlius ])r(!S(iiti!(l a ijfi'iiciiil \ icw of Ross and ils iiidusli-ic's I ri'tuni ti» the cliiuiioloific record of 1S21-30. At the end of the last decade, as we ha\e seen/' tlie company liad expressed its w illinn'ness to iihtvndon not oidy its claim of Ivussian title to lands in ( 'alitoiMiia, a claim hnt lately and rather teehly iU'L;'ed I'lir tem[)orary pur[)oses, hnt even tin; settlement at lioss, in return for unrestricted trade with the Span- iartls in Calit'ornian ports. In ordinary times Spain would prohahly I'othave paid nnieh attention to such a |iro|)osition, and that it is not heard of a;j;aiii in the tur- moil of the followiuL; years is not to l)e wondered at. It would seem that in the troublous times of the revo- lution, llussia, had she cared to do so, might without i ,1 it i ;! isi'il. A collection of papers originally piihlishcil in the ^for-'l:>lni Sl)nr)ill\ the (Ugiin of the JkiiHsian Naval DcpartniLiit. 'i'hc most important of tiu! ilocu- inint.s are KliliMmikoI'M h.'tttis on AnuTica, Kldihnibif, ZnpisLi, \\ liioh. ami (-|ic'uially thf suconil j)art, contain a very lartrc amount oi minute and riliablo iiitorniation re.spceting J'oss. Other jiapers tiiat have been used to some ex- tent are Uolovniii, I'oi/diji', ISJS, anil LiitLc, Xnrmlicc, lS'..'iJ-i). Jinrdimf, Shh.in'ojiissrinii —Biograjiliy of Alex. A. 15ar;'inof, ehii'f manager (if the lius.sian colonies in America— St reter.ilnirg, lM.S."i. This work forms ,'i very conii)lete history of the American coh^nic^s from ITdOto ISIS, including the early annals of lioss. It was written liy Kyril Khlei)nikof, autiiorof the Ictti'rs already referred to, who made several visits in person to California, and held a ])ronunent position in the companj\ Piiicd-f, JJiiriimcnt" on lliisxkni Amrrira. This is a collection made at St Petersburg by M. Alphonse I'inart, the well known traveller and linguist, who Liudly permitted me to copy them and thus jjrotit by his labois. The follow- ing 1 have found useful in connection witli Ross amials: Et/ioliii'" Lr/li-r fo tin' I'li'iif AdmbiiMnUloil of t/ic (.'oni/xnn/ (ihont l/ii' Jtoss Coloni/, ttated Sept. !>, JsH, on the preparations for abandoning the establishment; lidlrlK'/'n iJa d (J lliisii to Slitter, J)'C. 1,.', IS.'/I, contained in a letter by Capt. Ktholin; J'iiy>i, All). Fur (,'()., Accounts IS.'/T—'iO, with information about Sutter's paymcnt.s; Ji'.id particularly, I'otcrhin, Sili iiii- Jton.-.- — Settlement of Ross — a very valuable ]i iper printchin — iSloscow, 1S(1(J. This work is a dissertation on Russian iiolicy and liulitsat Ross rather than a history or description of the colony; yet many Jiistorieal events arc narrated, and numerous extracts from colonial i-eeords nil- given. T' author is emphatic in di'feiice of the Russian ehiim to Xew AUiion as wib be seen elsewhci'e. In 1S"J4 he was engaged in some negotia- tiiius with the (jalifornian authorities for the cession of the country north of S;iu Francisco Bay. lie hasan exalted idea respecting the wisdom of his own A lews, and is fond of reminding us that had these been adojitcd all would have ^iine well. As it is, he criticises the vacillating [lolicy of Russia, lidicules the presumptuous claims of S|iain ani.1 .Mexico, and is especially bitter against American settlers on the I'acilic. '- kSeu chapter xiv. of this volume. HiHT. Cu.., Vol. II. 41 i! ' .%%^ ^> IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) h /, A % Ms ^ % 1.0 I.I 1.25 i^ II 2.8 "' m M i.8 U III 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 s. '^ iV :\ \ % .V o^ L" <^ ^0 l/j * '^O 642 ROSS AND THE RUSSIANS. much difficulty have ohtaincd from Spain on easy tonus some concessions in this far north-west which would have been of considerable value; but it is certain that the Russian government never pretended to have, niid never tried seriously to obtain, any territorial ri^lits whatever in California. Duflot de Mofras notes that in the imperial oukaz of Septeml)er 4, 1821, forbid- ding foreigners to encroach on the Russian possessions in America, no mention is made of Ross.''' Yet the reel- ing in Mexico is indicated by the report of a high offitial to Iturbidc in October 1821, that the Russians were iii California "perhaps under some secret agreement with the government of Spain."" Three of the company's trading vessels, the (wlovnin, Kidusof, and Bulo/A», o2 guns and 120 men, Captain Stephen Krusot', also arrived at San Francisco from St Petersburg in X(»- voniber seeking fresh provisions. Argiiello ordered that the ship be furnished with all she needeil and could pay for, that every courtesy be shown to the oiKeers, but that no opportunity be afforded for obser- vation respecting the condition of the country and its defences.''* The most important event of the year at Ross was the visit of the Canonigo Fernandez, Captain Argiiello, and Prefect Payeras in October. This visit has al- ready been fully recorded.** Kespecting that part of the topic which it would be desirable to notice more fully here, the negotiations between the canon and Manager Schmidt, there is very little information extant. Payeras, after alluding to the hospitable reception of his party by the Russians, and the privi- lege of inspecting everything at Ross, fully utilized in his narrative, says merely, " the j)olitical and other subjects of the superior conmiission intrusted to my noble companion having been discussed, we prepared to depart." The Russian writers tell us that Feinan- dez, after asking the old threadbare (juestions respect- ing the rights and papers under which Ross had been occupied, and getting no satisfactory replies, decland as a representative of Mexico that the place must l)e fur him tlie rank of collegiate assessor to protect him, if not from insult, at least from I)catings, witii wliicli he has often been threatened.' Tik/iiuiiii/, iMor. Obos., npp., •2Ii»-'J0. "See chapter xxi. of this volume, on an-ivnl of vessels. Kiilt'bniknf, Za}iixki, 141, mentions the otter-hunting in lS'J'i-3. Tikhnienef, l/,(K)0 arrubau of llour, meat, ami tallow were obtained by tlic vessels of this year. " ViUhjo, Doc. Hint. Col., MS., i. ol; 1»»-/''. AVc, MS., i. 4, .')t); St. Pap. Sat'., MS., xii. 5. '■'" See chapter xxi. of thia volume. Also Pu>jeras, Xotkiaa nobre Hom, MS. mm 4f it M ''M- Infill G41 ROSS AND THE RUSSIANS. abandoned within six months or force would be used. ' Tiicre is no reason to doubt that such was the suK- stance of the interview. The canonigo's main objt < t was to get information about the Russian establish- ment, and having accomphshed this he could hardly do less than insist on the abandonment, neither lie nor So'hmidt attaching much importance to the accom- panying threats of forcible ejectment. ''^ Fcrnandc z, after his return from Ross, caused some depositions to be taken from Russian residents respecting the plans of their nation, and even carried one of those residents with him to Mexico."* The trip of the canon to Bodega, his remarks and acts after his return, and his letters from Mexico a little later, fanned into a flickering flame the suspici<»ns fears of Russia entertained in Mexico and California.^' The national authorities had, however, other ami more urgent causes of anxiety which prevented tluni from devoting more than brief attention to dangers on the northern frontier; and in California, though some uneasiness was caused by the presence of the Apollo, which had wintered at San Francisco, and of the Creizer and Ladoga, Russian frigates which arrived later in 1823; and though Padre Duran took it upon himself to agitate the matter by calling the governor's attention to the impending danger, the fuel was too damp and the flame refused to spread. Relations between Ross Jind Monterey contiimed to be as friendly as ever. And even more friendly; for not only did the Bulddkof, Golovnin, and perhaps the Vohja trade on " TUhmntff, Istor. Obos., i. 361; Potechhi, Se/enk lioas, 10. ''■- TikhiKt^nef say a that the iiicmlicrs of the diputjicioii assured the com- pany's comniiasioner, KhlC'lmikof, that they knew nothing of the cununiy'i's plan to force the evmniation of Ross. ■'■^Arrh. Arzoh., MS., iv. pt. it. 8.3; Dept. lif., MS., i. 55, 96; Gitrrnu Dor. nut. Vol., MS., V. 2-2-2. Capt. Hall, of tlie Lcu/i/ lilarkwood, tou.ln l at Ikwlegft this year, and in his liemarka describes the liarlwr slightly. ^*.See chapter xxii. '2-4, with references to Iturbide's fears and seviral letters uf the ^ladres. INTERCOURSE WITH CALIFORNIANS. G45 the southern coast this year;'^^ but Governor Arj^iie- lli), always a friend, socially and commercially, tt> the Russians, even went so tar as to grant the oft- urged privilege of hunting otters on shares. A con- tract was sigjied in December, which, being renewed the following year, yielded before the end of 18*24 a total of 1,500 skins for division.^" The Russian vessels in Californian ports in 1824 were the traders Bulddkof and Rurik; the frigates Crcizer, Ladoga, and Apollo; and the Predprintc undir Otto von Kotzebue.*' Business relations continued altogether friendly, and there is nothing in connection with the foreign ileet that requires notice liere except Kotzebue's visit to Ross. This visitor gives in his jainted narrative a very good description not only of the Russian establishment but of " the whole of the northern part of the bay, which does not [)ropt;rly belong to California, but is assigned by geographers to New Albion." Past and present relations between the colonists and the Californians he treats in a most unfair and prejudiced manner,'^"* representing that the '^See chapter xxii. of this vol. KhUhnilof, ZtipisLi, 141. '-"Sue chapter xxii., this vol. In a report of Oct. 1(>, IH'J."}, the AiiKTicans iiiv cimrged with ariniu^ the Iii(lian.s and inciting them against tiic llussiaiis; luit this charge refers diielly if not entirely to the acts of the Americans at tlie north. ZaoalUthin, Delo o Kolonly Rosa, 7-8. '" Sec chap, xxiii. of this vol. ■•* ' The Spaniards lived at first on the best terms with the new settlers, and provideil them with oxen, cows, horses, and slicep; but when in i»roci's.-i i>f time they began to remark that, notwithstanding tlic inferiority of soil and I liniate, the Russian establishment became more flourishing than tlicira, envy and apprehension of future danger took possession of their mindii; they tin ii ii'i|uired that the settlement should be al>andiined; asserted tliat their ri.;hts "f dominion extended nortliward quite to tiie Icy Sea, and tlireatened to .suji- I'lirt their claims by force of arms. The founder, ami tlien commander of Unss. a man of penetration and one not easily friglitencd, gave a very deciiled iinsuer ' (exactly what he never couhl be induced to do). ' He had, he said, iit tlie connnand of his superiors settled in this region which had not previ- iiiisly been in the possession of any other power, and over wiiich, conseijuently, mine had a right but tlie natives; that these latter liad freely consented to liis oicupation of the land, and therefore that ho would yield to no such unfoundi'd I'leteusion as that now advanced by the Spaniartls, but should always bo ready to resist force by force. Perceiving that the Russians would not com- I'ly with their absurd requisitions, and considering tiiat they were likely to 1 ' worsted in an appeal to arms, tiio Spaniards quietly gave up all further thought of hostilities, and entered again into fiiendly communications with is r-.:- k it, • i C40 ROSS AND THE RUSSIANS. Russians had set up, insisted on, and virtually fri^fht- ened the Californians into admitting the justice <»f a claim to territorial possessions in New Albion. Tlu- author is justified in praising the thrift observable at Koss as compared with the prevalent want of entrify among the Spaniards; but ho is extravagant in liis praise in several respects, notably in that of agricult- ure; if we may credit the Russian writers; ovcr-entliu- siastic, perhaps, in his admiration of the company's Indian policy;** and only moderately successful as a ])rophet in saying: "Should the blessing of civiliza- tion ever be extended to the ru\ her a loving mother. How difFerent has been the conduct both of Cathoiio priests and Protestant missionaries'! New Voyaijc, ii. VIA. *** Kotzebue H New \'oya-7, note.-i that in the treaties of April 5, 18l!4, and Fel). 1(1, ISl'."), hetweeii Russia, tho United States, and Knghind, by which the former agreed to found no estab- lii^hments south of 54' 40', no mention is made of California. Wcala, L'Jii^ffii- (urv lie CAiii-ioi t'ompto!) h'i;s.te, 3.S.'} 4, tells ns that the llussians maintained their jiosition in spite of the treaties of l.S'J4-."i — the Mexicans being iMjwcrless against a garrison of 400 soldiers, besides a multitude of CanaJituis, Amuricous, lip 1\ Ii i, Ii , ,iii C48 ROSS AND THE RUSSIANS. In 1825 there was a renewal of the otter-hunt iiiLj contract. Klebnikof tells us that the arrangcnuiit was made with Herrera, and was similar in its condi- tions to that of 1823-4; but that Echeandia wouM not })crmit it to be carried out except after vexati(jus delays and various restrictions. Captain Beuseman of the Baikal was allowed to hunt from San Luis Rey to Todos Santos from November to February, securing- 408 skins; but in the division he took his pay to sonic extent fc^r tlie past delays.^ The vessels of 182r)-(», besides the Baikal, of which Klebnikof was supercar*;( >, were the Creizcr, which sailed from San Francisco for St Petersburg in February, the Helena, with Kiul Schmidt on board, the Kiakhta, and the Argosy. V\x\\\ Shdlikof succeeded Schmidt as manager. In Mexico the junta de fomento do Californias clearly knew very little of the Ross establishment, since in its report of January 1825 it speaks of " the Russians, who, having extended their power to the most northern limits of Asia on the South Sea, might advance their steps within our limits.""* In 1827, however, the junta had learned more on the subject, and spoke as follows in its voto final: "Russia, that political colonist which, having mas- tered the confines of Europe and a part of Asia, has now taken possession dow!i to the port of Bodega, distant less than one degree from that of San Fran- cisco, which is the last point of our possessions; and from there she takes large quantities of articles wliich, tiiough they ought to belong exclusively to Mexican connnerce, do benefit these intruders alone ; and more- over they have intercouse with the nations of the ami Kanakas — and began to intrigue and spend gold freely with a view to separate California from Mexico I "•' KUhnikof, Zapiski, 144-5. He says the company gavt the Californiiins only 101 skins on uccouut of the delays; but an unsigned ai d undated am- tract in St. Pap. Sue, MS., xi. LVM, makes the share of tic company two thirds of the whole number. One brig and 25 canoes only were to be employcil, and the ground was from Stft Cruz to S. l>iego. In /1 l)otwccn San Diego and San Quintin; Imt only two bidarkascoukl bo obtaiiitd at Ross, witli which, wliilo the Baikal was loadiui; salt, tlio Aleuts took sixty- thrc'o skins. The company's * halt" amounted to I'ortv- lour.*- In acquaintinj^ the supreme government with the f'oncessions he ha«l made, Echeandia n^)ted the fact that while the Atnericans were accust)mod to take salt without permission, the Kussians comported themselves in this and other matters with the great- est delicacy and honor; but a few months Inter, in .lune 1821), he suggested to the minister of relations that the Russians be made, in a polite maimer, either to quit the territory or acknowledge the sovereignty of the republic.*^ ]3esides the Iktlkaly the Okhotsk visited the Californian ))orts this year. At Ross Slielikof seems to have been succeeded in the com- mand bv Kostromitinof: and in June the fi^'t was honored by a visit of a week from the liimous Anieri- can trapper, James Ohio Pattie, who claims to have nceivetl one hundred dollars from the commandant, wliom he calls Don Screldo, for vaccinating the in- liabitants. Pattie pronounced the situation "one of the most beautiful that I ever belield, or that the imagination can conceive." "Clear, cold streams ]M»ur down the mountain unceasingly from different })oints, imparting moisture"!** In 1828 the Russian ships are said not to have succeeded in obtaining the usual cargo's produce; in <'Oct. 13, 18-28. Peter Ischiskkof to Kclitnmlia. Dcpt. Si. J'ap., MS., ii. 00-7. l>ec. lOtli, Kchwinilia allows the yA;/7v(; t(i take salt ami otter. />r/ff. H'C, MS., vi. 157-8. Dec. 'J'iil. Don Adulfo (Ktholin) tJikiiii,' otter near S. ]>iego. Vallijo, Due. flint. ('. April 14, liS'2!>, Iv'laainlia aniionnceH the eonee.ssioiis rfs|ieetiiiij! salt ami otter-skins, the former of which iiad yiehled a revenue of Sl,;{08 to begin with. Feb. 1-tli, the govenior had ordered the valuation and sale of the skius taken by the Baihil. I)<]it. liir., MS., vii. 10-11, .S.">. la the Wavirli/, Lou, M'"^-i 4-7i three Ilussian vessels are noted as arriving at Monterey from the north Nov. 'llSth, Dec. 2d-7th, one being named tho Lujifuiii (or Lapviini), and another being tho brig formerly cuHcd tho Anifi, *^Di'}>t. Her., MS., vii. 11, 2o. ** Puttk\ Xanatiir, 217-10. The author implies very absurdly that tho remedy for small-pox was a great mystery to the Kussians, and tiiat Don bcrcldo had entreated him at San Diego to introduce its beuetits at lioss. (U2 ROSS AND THE RUSSIANS. 1820 it was tlie same, and a vessel had to be sent to Chile ;" while for 1830 I find no definite record ol" what was accomplished by the Baikal, apparently tlic only vessel of the year. The total expenses of tlic company of maintaining the Ross colony are givtii as 45,000 rubles a year on an average from 18 2') to 1830; while the income from all sources was lesstiian 13,000 rubles per year.*" And finally we find Echejin- di'a writing on September 18, 1830, to ask from tluj officer in charge at Bodega the old, old question so often asked by his predecessors, and so often eludtd by the Russians: "By what authority have you founded that establishment?"*' " Tikhtnfnef, Intor. Ohog., i. 344. ^^Potrrhln, Sflriiie Rohm, lo; Tikhmfnff, tutor., Oltoa,, i. XiO. " Di'jit. I{rc, MS., viii. llX*. Euheandia alao complains of tampering witli the Indian tribea. CHAPTER XXIX. INSTITUTIONARY AND STATISTICAL. 18i;i-1830. IvcnEASK IN PnrrLATiON — List of Foreio.veiw — Okntfles — Mission Puoo- RE8S— Padres — Htatistics— liAmsMS, DEATirs, HEia>s, and riinps — PUESIDEST, PREFEtrr, AXI> OtHER OFFICIAL'^ - liCCLtbi aSTICAI \tFAIU8 — SiTCE-ssioN OK Popes — llisiiop — Chaplain— Popuivb TltLiuio.v— Thk Waltz — Ciiriicii Asvli'm— Pueblos axd Rasciioh Colonization anu Lanh-orants— List of Grants — MANrPAcrrR' ;— T.abor am» Wacf-s — Mine!}— A(iRii tltcre — Stock-raising — Heocla uons — Commeim e — Priced— Finance — Miliiary — Government — Admtvtstration of Jus- tice— Education. The population of California, that is of gciitc (1(3 razon, had now increased from 3,270 in 1820 to 4,250 in 1830. Such is the result obtained by <;onibiniiig the figures already given for the different districts; and it agrees tolerably well with such general reports and estimates as are extant.* Of the increase, about 1 ,000, at least 350 came from abroad; that is, 50 offi- cers and soldiers, 150 convicts, and 150 foreigners. As registered in the mission books there were 1,8GG baptisms, 717 deaths, and 357 marriages among the gente de razon. The colony of foreign residents had increased in ten years from a dozen to about 150 men, many of whom were baptized, naturalized, and married to native wives, and who as a body liad already cresidios in 1830. There are no data on which to base any estimate respecting the number of gentilo." The number of missions had been increased dur- ing the decade, by the promotion of San Rafael from the rank of asistcncia and by the foundation of 8a ii Francisco Solano at Sonoma, from nineteen to twenty- one, the highest number ever reached. Of the thirty- seven padres at work in 1820, ten had now died; four had lel't California, and only three had come to take their places. Only twenty-six were left in charge of twenty-one establishments. The death of Seiian had left none alive of those who came before 1790; and *See end of this chapter. Hall, ///•>./. S. Jos/i, 120, says the minibcr i>f foreigners in 18.30 was estiiiiiitcd at about 70; while Cronise, Xut. Wenllh all the unmistakable tendency of the times toward a sj)eedy secularization, all these things have been re- corded, and assuredly left the Franciscans but slight grounds for hope.^ * The 37 serving in 1820, those who died l)cfore 18.10 in italics, and tiiose who retired marked with a *, were as follows: Al)ella, *Altiniira, 18'J8, Anion'is, Arroyo, Baroiia, lloscana, Ciilifit (lM, ('(t/idit, IS.'IO, Duran, Kscudt-, Kstf^nega, Fortuni, (iil, Jiunn', IS'2I», Martin, Miulhi, 18--'4, ♦Martines;, 18:)0, Xitvy., 18'21, •OHhh, KS'Jl, t)liva, Onhi/, /V-//- '(V(x, l,Si2;i, I'eyri, *Ri|)oll, 1S28, Hoilri'/iiiz, 1824, Saizar, Sanchez, Sumhi, IS.'K), Sarria, iSciidii, 182.'J, Siifier, Tapin, 182o, Uliharri, 1821, Uria, Viali<., ii. .100-10; xii. 104. CaM; of Maniuinez in 1821, who, having retired to his college, clainic9."» wheat, yield l0.7 fold; 19,2.W corn, yield 110 fold; 13,290 barley, yield 12.3 fold; 3,795 beans, yield 28 fold; and 2,.340of miscellaneous grains. The smallest and largest crops of wheat, torn, and barley seixirately were also in 1829 and 1821. MISSION FIXANCE AND OFFICIALS. 657 crally in good repair and well furnished; while at nearly every mission there had licen more or less im- provement in miscellaneous buildings, and in only one or two apparent neglect. Neither was there any evidence that mission discipline had been relaxed; nor did the friars appear unduly discouraged at their prospects, having somewhat exaggerated hopes of relief at the hands of a new governor. They had col- lected no part of the large sums, about half a mill- ion d(jllars, due the missions from the government; but their representatives had succeeded inol)taining some large sums on account of stipends, and the commer- cial revival had poured into the Franciscan treasuries an amount of ready money hitherto unknown. I have no doubt that nmcli of the capital thus gained was devoted to purposes not directly concerning California, and j)ut where it would do most good for the order and for the friars; but of course it can never be known exactly what use was made of it. Jose Senan was president of the missions, vicar, and vice comisario prefecto until his death in August 1 82:3. Vicente Francisco Sarri'a held the ])residency until April 1825, Narciso Duran until Septend^er 1827, and Jose Sanchez for the rest of the decade. The office of prefect was held by Mariano Payeras until his death in April 1823; by Jose Senan, ad in- icvim, until August 1823, and l)y Sarria during the lemaining years. Martiarena continued to serve as sfndico of the California missions at least until 1825, llstevan Velez de Escalante was sindico in Mexico in 1825, and Padre Juan Cortes was procurador at the college until at least 1828. At San Fernando Jose Gasol was guardian in 1821-2, Agustin Garijo in 1823-G, Juan Calzada in 1827-8, and Jose Maria (Jruzmon in 1830; but the establishment was now virtually broken up. -+-^ffl Ecclesiastical matters have not like those pertnin- ing to the missions been noticed in earlier cha[>ters; HWT. Cal., Vol. II. 43 ess INSTITUTIONARY AND STATISTICAL. Imt ncitlier is there much to be recorded on this sul)- ject. At the end of 1823 were issued orders through the bishop for a proper observance of rehgious cen- nionies in all the churches in memory of the dead pope, Pius VII., the rites to include also prayers lor the wise selection of a successor; and in July 1824, some two months after the preceding orders had been opened, the bishop sent others for mass and other demonstrations of joy, including three days of illumi- nation, at the accession of Pope Leo VII. Thcst; ceremonies were performed early in 1825. The death of Leo XII. and accession of Pius VIII. caused a repetition of funeral rites and of the rejoicings in September and October 1829. No detailed record of either celebration at any particular place is extant; but it seems that the illumination, ringing of bells, and firing of guns took place at presidios as well as at missions. In the spring of 182G also was an- nounced the death of Bishop Bernardo del Espiritu Santo of Sonora, which had occurred in July 1825.^ As before there was no one in California authorized to administer the rite of confirmation, and the Cali- fornians seem not to have been greatly troubled by the want.® Chaplain service at the pueblos and pre- sidios was still performed, irregularly, by the nearest missionaries; except that Padre Menendez, a Domin- ican, was employed as a chaplain for the troops at San Diego or Monterey after 1825. Secular priests who happened to visit the coast on Spanish vessels were not allowed to receive confessions by the Fran- ciscan authorities, though they sometimes wished to do so.'' Ht)ly oil, blessed in Sonora or Puebla, came at rare intervals and small quantities, It had to bt; paid for in masses said by the friars, and the old must ' Arch. Stn B., MS., vi. 132-4; xi. 169; xii. 323-4; S. Jonf, Pntrntes, MS., lSl-4; Arch. Misioiicn, MS., i, 272, 277; ii. 341; St. Pap. ,S«c.,MS., xiv. -'O; J)i)>t. Jlic, MS., vii. 234; JJejtl. St. Pap., S. Josi, MS., iv. 85; Sta Cnn, Arch., MS., .V>. "In the iniasion report for 1S25-0 Durnn sugRcsts the necessity of a curia i/HMo/Kil for ("iilifornia. Arch. Sta Ji., MS., x. 310. *S;inia ami Tiii)ia to Diiraii, iii Arch. Sta JS., MS., xii. 322. CHURCH MATTERS. 68t be burned when a new lot came. In quantity it might be eked out with connnon olive oil.^" There ■was no longer any officer of the holy inquisition, since that institution had ceased to exist; but orders con- tinued to come from the bishop and to be circulated l>y his viear that all innnoral and irreligious, that is anti-Catholic, books or pictures must be collected and destroyed. Many of the objectit)nable publications were named; but it does not appear that any of the number \\as ever found in California, uhere few books of any kind were read. Prefect Sarri'a, however, was once greatly alarmed at a report that one of Vt)ltaire's works was to be found in Hartnell's house, and he called upon Governor Argiiello to aid in carrying out the decree of the church before any one should read that pernicious book." Several copies of the Bible were seen in California ])rinted "in connnon language," a fact which caused Prefect Sarri'a to make zealous efforts in 18"JG to pre- vent the reading of that book.^"' There also came in 1821 from the bishop a decree prohibiting that ''c.scau- clalosifiimo dance called the waltz" under pain of cx- voin union mayor incurred by dancing it; but we are told that the edict was disregarded, and that the waltz was a popular feature at a ball given by the governor eight days after the prohibition arrived. ^^ Compliance with church duties seem to have been as strictly en- forced, in theory at least, under republican as under royal rule; aiid no series of regulations for i)ueblo or })residio was complete without the UKJst stringent rules ^'^Arch. Sta B., MS., xii. 28.V7, 290, 4.'?0-40; Arch. Misioncs, MS., i. 277, 279. Arrival of holy oil is noted iii 1822 and lS2o from Sonora, and in 182(i from Puebla. " Fib. 11, 1824, Sarri'a to Argflello, in Arvh. Arzoh., MS., iv. pt. ii. 80. Oct. 23, 182t5, comisario general to Herrora, imjiiouH articles and olisceno jiictures attacking tiie church niu.st not l)e uUdwuiI to pass tin; custom house;. J'i'/it. St. Pap., lien. Com. and Trcas., MS., i. (il. Onlcrs of diU'oient dutos fui' destruction of prohibited books, in Arch. Arzoh., MS., iv. j>t. i. 4(i; .V. J",t important one in these years by all secular authorities, and it derived most of its impcjrtancc from the extent and value of the mission lands. On the distrihution and occupation of territorial lands by actual settlers the future prosperity of the country was imderstood to depend; and while the rights of the Indians to their native soil were always conceded, in theory at least, by Mexico, the continued retention by Frantis- can communities of all the best lands under the shallow pretence that the Indians were being fitted to enjoy their rights at some period in the distant future, was with much reason regarded as an absurd proposition. Argiiello and others expressed these views very clearly in 1823;''' and in September of that j'ear the matter of land distril)ution was discussed by the dij)u- tacion, before which body Sarri'a appeared as defender of the natives' rights. The prevailing opinion of the legislators was in ftivor of reducing the ranches, not only of individuals but of missions, to an extent cor- responding with the real needs of the occupants. Even in these earl}'- times the prevalent tendency to a monopoly of land was recognized as an evil; but it was decided to leave the matter to the decision of tliu national government.^" On August 18, 1824, a colonization law was passed by the Mexican congress. It was most liberal in its provisions, favoring the entry of foreign colonists, while giving the preference to Mexican citizens; but was very general in its terms, leaving regulations iii detail for subsequent legislation. The required coni- p/lementary regulations were issued November 21, 1828, and, like the law of 1824, are given very nearly in full elsewhere.^^ Mission lands were not to be dis- ^^Ifalleck'n licport, 120. I have not seen the law referred to. "See chap. xxii. this vol.; Dept. J.'ec, MS., i, 36-8. ""See chap, xxiii. this vol.; L,-[)]ication in California — prescribed by the law was that some- what carelessly followed down to 1840; it included a j)etitit)n with descriptive ex})lanations by the ai)[tlicant, an investigation of circumstances and consultation of local authorities, an apj)roval by the diputacioii, a for- mal documentary title from the governor, and a record of the whole expedlcntv in a book kept for the i)ur- pose.-^ There were in 1830 nearly fifty ranchos which had been granted to private individuals by the successive governors since the time of Fa<;es: and more than half the number had been yranted durini; this decade, though only one or two under the provisions of the regulations of 1828, and only one, so as far as clearly appears, with the direct approval of the diputacion.'* regulations were published in California. In Jan. 18'27 notice was gi\'en that the governor would not in the future grant any lauds to foreigners (not- withstanding tlie laws of 1824, oruntil the appearance of the necessary regu- lations?). ])fi,t. >St. J'ap., S. Joxe, MS,, v. \'l. ^^Tuthill's remark, Ukt. Cat., Vll, that 'congress was nibbling at the mission property but was not quite bold enough to seize it;' that tiie coloniza- tion scheme was probably a plan to make the civil outgrow the religious set- tlements and thus reiuler the work of plunder easier, is evidently founded on ft misconception of the legal title to mission lands. '•'^ April G, 1830, a law of tliis date modilied those of 1824-8 somewhat liy authorizing the national governnu'nt to take such lands as were reiiuired fur fortifications, etc., and by prohibiting frontier colonization by foreign citizens of adjacent nations. JIuIIicL'h litpoii, 121-2. ^* The follow ing is a list of the diflerent ranchos granted before 1830. la'- spccting several marked with a (?) there is some doubt, but such details as are extant have been given in previous chapters, especially in chap. x.\iv.-x.\vii. of this volume. San D!e;io DiMrirf:—Hi\n Antonio Abad (?), to before 1828; Sta Maria dc Pcfiasnuitos, to I'aiiz and Alvarado 1S2.'>; Itosario, or Las Barra- cas(?),to before 1828; San Isidro, to before 1828; Otay, to Kstudillo (re-grant 1S4G) 1829; Otuy, to Estudillo 1829; Tenuiscal, to Serrano before 1828. Santa Bdrhara Dixtricf: — San Rafael, to Verdugo 1784; Los Nietos (Sta (iertrudis), to Xicto (re-grant 1834) 1784; San I'edn). to Donnnguez (re-grant 1822) before 1800; Portezuelo, to Verdugo about i79">; Refugio, to Ortega about 171)7; Simi, to Pico (re-grant 1821, 1842) 1795; FOli.x, to (rc-grant to Verdugo 1843) about 1810; Virgeues, to Ortega (re-grant 1837, 1834) about .ItF 'r CG4 INSTITUTIONARY AND STATISTICAL. Not inueli is kiKAvn about tlic tlocuinentary title to any of tliese early grants; but the governor's ri^^Iit to grant unoccupied lands seems to have been as well understood before as after the colonization laws were issued. There was always a j>etition, more or less investigation, and a written permission to occupy; and in some cases a formal act of possession, the methods being very much the same as later. Sixteen of these grants were subsequently confirmed by the land com- mission on the strength of the original concession and proof of occ.4pation; twenty-three were presented to that board strengthened by new and more formal titles made before 184G; while seven or eight never re-appeared, or at least not under the same names and original titles. Governor Echcandia refused in 18 2 'J to give written titles for lands granted by his |>re- decessors; but in July 1830 all owners were suni- njoned to appear and give information respecting their lands and titles,'*^ with results that are not 1810; Concjo, or Altagracia, to Polanco and Rodriguez (Guerra in 1822) l.SO;i; Santiago do Sta Ana, to Yorl)a 1809; Cioncgas, to Avila (?) 1823; La lirua, to Kocha 1828; San Antonio, to Lugo (ro-grant 1838) 1810-23-2"; SauzalKedondu, to Avila (re-grant 1837) 1822. Montcnii Diiilrkt:—k\\sa\, to Butron (?) (re-grant 1834) about 1828; Bno- navista, to Estrada (1795 to Sobcranes) 1822; Llano de Bucnavista, to Estrada 1823; Escarpin (or S. Miguel?), to Espinosa (re-grant 1837) before 1828; Mon) Cojo, to Castro (re-grant 1844) 1825; Potrero (or Fanulia Sagrada), to Torre 1822; ISolsa Nueva, to Soto (re-grant 1836) liefore 1829; Natividad, to Butron and Alviso (re-grant 1837) before 18.TO; Piljaro, to Castro 1820; Pilarcitos, to Miramontes (?) (re-grant 1841) before 18.30; Salinas (before 1795 to Acevcn, re-grant 1830), before 1830; San Cayetano, to Vallejo (re-grant 1835) 1824; Sau/ul, to Soberanes (re-grant 1834) 1823; Tucho, to (re-grant 1841-4) l)eforc 1830; San Antonio, to Soils (re-grant 1835?) 1829; Corralitos, to Anie- 8ti(?) (re-grant 1844) before 1827. Sun Francisco District: — Pulgaa, to Arguello (re-grant 1835) before 1824; San Antonio, to Peralta 1820; San Pablo, to Castro 1823; Pinole, to Martintz (ro-grant 1842) before 1829; San Isidro, to Ortega before 1810; Las Animas, or La Brea, to Ciwtro (re-grant 1835) 1802; San Ignacio (?), to before 182S; Tularcitos, to Higuera 1821; Buri-buri, to Sanchez (re-grant 18.35) 1827; Llano del Abrevadero, to Higuera (?) 1822. Abel Stearns obtained a grant on the San Joaquin in 1830, but not tlio necessary confirmation by the diputacion, nor did he occupy the lands. Li'/. Itcc, MS., i. 323-7. ''■'J)ci,t. liec, MS., vii. 121; Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., Ixxi. 3. In Oct. 1827 owners of lands had been also called upon for similar information. Olvrn, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., 1. The right of a presidial commandant to grant lands was denied in the ease of Willis' application for Bolbones in 1828. chap. xxvi. Duliaut-Cilly in 1827, Viaffgio, ii. 99, 120-1, noted the evils resulting from the uncertain titles to property. While two men were engaged in liti- MANUFACTURES AND LABOR. 603 known, except that they probably caused the new petitions antl rc-grantinL? of old ranchos already al- luded to. Nothinj^ like absolute ownershii) of land by individuals was yet recognized by the govern- ment; and even under the new regulations very few persons took steps in later years to acquire i)erfect titles. I find nothing in the records of this decade which throws any light on the granting of pueblo lands or house-lots, e.Kcept some indications that at San Diego lots were given without written titles.'^" IVIanufacturing industry received no fresh impulse 1 )ut rather suftcred a decline. As before, coarse woollen fabrics were woven at the missions; hides were tanned for shoes, sacks, and rude saddles; soap was made in considerable quantities; and a variety of necessary articles of wood, iron, or leather were produced by native or foreign workmen. San Gabriel, Santa Bar- bara, San J uis Rey, and in the earlier years of the decade San Luis Obispo were most noted for their various industries ; but there is no information extant respecting what was accomplished at any of the estab- lishments; and we only know from an occasional refer- ence in an official report, or the notes of a traveller, or in accounts of supplies furnished, that the work of earlier periods was still continued in the mission work- shops. Laborers of all kinds were still for the most part Indians hired from the missions or from the gentile ranchenas. Doubtless in some instances the Indians were compelled to work for nothing, but the authorities made some efforts to prevent such abuses.-^ L'.ition about a piece of laud it was granted by the governor to a third party. Heecliey, Voyage, ii. 11, says that retired soldiers were no longer given land in the pueblos as formerly, but only .lUowed the use of it. July .">, 182."), the guardian of S. Fernando to Minister Alaman, says 'the settlers unfortunately are so indolent and slack in their labors that generally they do not eat unless tlio Indians do the work.' Arch. Arzob., MS., iv. pt. ii. 146. May 19, 1S21), Kcheandia reports that there is no apparent hope of the settlers doing more than to earn a bare living. De2)t. Ilec, MS,, vii. 15. '"Applications of Bandini, Estudillo, and Arcuollo in 1849-50 for titles to lots on which they had lived since the 'old times' before 1830, when 'grants of that class were made verbally.' S. Dieijo, Arch., MS., 8. ^' There ore no items or references of value on manufactures; but the fol- GGO INSTITUTIOXAltY AND STATISTICAL. ]\rissi<)iinry n'|>f)rts in 1822 wi-iv to the viiwi that i»o iiiincM liJid \k'v\\ fouiul In Califoi'nia, except tin- ( )itt'na silver mine on the ranclio San Isidi-o, wliirli liati In-un fscvoral times worked witli unknown resiilt>; tliouiL;li tliere were rumoi.s and 'dreams' (»t' metallic veins in a roek on the coast, tive li'ajjfues from Vuvi- sima; the miner, IVdro Posa(hjs, had been j)ros[K(i- in^^ about San Luis Key witliout Buecess so tar as eould be known; and travellers had declared tli< iv must be metals in the mountains around San Luis ObisjK).'^'' Padre Amorc'is in 1S22, like the rest, sai-l there were no mines near his mission of San lialarl, Initthe next year he expressed to Arjnri'iello hisojmiinii tliat the Russians in a recent expedition from Bodega inland had discovered a silver mine, ur<;in'' this as a reason why the Spaniards should make every exertion lowing on liilior may be worth prosorving: In 1.S2S, only ono alavc in tliu tfiritory, ii woiimu who came with Irt mistivus iu l.S'J.">, iJfjit. Itic, ^IS., vi. ft.'i. ('ii'culnr sunt out asking tiio numluT of slaves. J>i'iit. St. Ptiy., /!< n. /''■■ /. y Jiizij., M.S., i. 41. Oct. tJ.'l, IcS'JO, Kcheumlia hlamcH tiu! coniamliiiiti' I'f Alontcrcy hecauHC Indiana captured l>y the trooim have been distrilmteil aniong tiie people ns servants. .Su<'h Indians must he sent to the mi.s.sinns. J)i)if. I'cc, M.S., vii. 170, '241. White men do no work hut to care for cattle or sheep; for tilling the ground they pay the jMidrcs for Indians wlioni they Use us .^lave8. Dnhuiil-C'dhj. I'iaijijio, ii. 124. In 18'2I, neophytes supplicil by missions for rebuilding Monterey were chnrged at the rate of from l.."i to 4 reals pur day, including the use of tools. Arch. Arzuh., MS., v. pt. i. ."il. In IS'Jti Zalvidea tells the governor he will make no charge for four Indians of his mission, aiiice it appears they arc expected to work on the presidio for patriotism; but he complains that for workmen who get no pay they arc very scantily fed. fd., v. pt. i. '25-0. A neophyte carpenter ai>plie8 to the govonior for permission to leave S. Diego mission nntl go elsewhere to ply his trade. The p; dres were ordered to report on his civil and religious conduct. /'/., v. pt. i. 8. . 1 IS'J.I, Tapis tells Mulligan that neophytes are much opposed to wink- ing av y from their missions. Vallijo, Dor. Hist. C'al., MS., xxviii. '2',tl. In lS'2(i ' vid Spencesaya to Hartnell 'everj'body has Indians at his connnaml,' and h ants some. Id., xxix. 30. 1828, A'clntosh says to Cooper that Indiim wages e S4 per month. Id., 242. Juno io, 1820, Eeheandia permits the settlert f San Jo86 to go and 'induce' the gentiles of the Tulares to come in and w'c ; but their morals and conduct must be looked after. Dept. St. Po}'., MS., i. 0. »«^1) ^. Stn /?., MS., iii. 279, 317; vi. 198; ix. 116-17. December '.'•., 1820, t! governor writes to Garcia Conde that mines are lying unworkcd for want of speculators, referring chiefly to Lower California. St. Pcip., Sdr., MS., vi. 20. The Hrst expedition to explore the .Sonoma region in July IS-Jll found what they deemed lime between Sonoma and Napa. Arch. Arzoli., MS., iv. pt. ii. 40. Mexican law of October 7, 1823, allowing foreigners to o\mi mines. Svhmidl'x Ciril Laws o/S/inln and Me.v., 337-9. Brief mention "f gold dust washed out at S. Isidro, S. Diego Co., in 1828. //«ye«' Scroj>i Mini II g, v. 3. MIXIXO AND AORirULirRR 007 id explore nnd Indd that rountrv. Tlio ..ict, Ijowcvcr, llint tlio padre wanted some men at tlie time for an I \|>edition after eonverts and runaways, may liavo )i:id much influence on Ins opinion.*' X«'ar Montci'ey MM event occurred which at the least seems to have served as the foundation of a minijiuj tradition in later years. Ahout 1825 one Romero and his wife found rich silver-heariner rock near a warm spriniLT iu the mountains hack of Carmelo Vallev, to which thev had Iteen directed by Indians as a euro for the w(»mMn's rheumatism. The man .) In An','eles, S. Jijse, iind Branciforte no person may have more than a Ijand of 40 r.iaics, which ninnbcr the ayuntamiento may reduce still lower. (Iti. ) On the ranchos hides and tallow can only be bought of the owner, who will give tlii^ buyer a certificate to be presented to the justice. In pueblos the buyer will notify the alcalde who will give him a, ]ia/iclctn. (17.) No one shall u.se a liiirs 3 without the owner's permission. (18.) No one may make a fire in the liilds, and he who is obligccl to strike a light must cai-efully extinguish it be- fore dejiarting. (19-20.) No one may leave his place of residence without a ]ia;-s. Those regulations were also issued by the governor as an edict on Oct. 7th. Drjit. St. P(tj)., Mont., MS. , i. ir)-17. July 22, 1S2!), the governor is asked fnr instructions about the wild cattle belonging to the jirn pi (!.■< y arhilriint ac- cording to Art. 13 of the rcglamento. JJept. Sf. Pap., Ben. Com. owl Trcax., MS., i. 4!)-");"). Aug. 17, 1830, Zamorano by Echeandia's onler notities ran- clieros to be rendy for a visit of inspection from Raimundo Estrada as the gov- i iiior's comisionado, with two associates, the inspection to begin at S. Cayc- tii'ioon Aug. 12th. Dcpt. St. Pap., Ut to terms by a threat to leave the coast with a fine cargo, A colony of foreign traders, headed by such men as Hartnell, Cooper, Gale, and Spence, now controlled the conmierce of the coast ; and the peculiar system of hide and tallow trade did not vary materially from 1823 to 1840.^^ Financial administration in California for tliis dec- ade, with particular reference to the complication^ "'"' For commei'cial annals of 1821-30, sec chap, xx.-xxiii.; and chap. i. v. "t vol. iii. ■*' I append a Hat of current prices for tliis period, tlio different items ^l■ill^' taken from a great number of original invoices and bills on file in my cl- FIXANCES. C71 UTowing out of the subject in 182G-30,is fully treated elsewhere ;^^ of the adiniiii.stratiou in Mexico there is nothing to be said beyond noting the fact that Ger- \asio Argtiello retained the office of habilitado gen- rral at Guadalajara, drawing his salary, or enough of it to keep alive, as lieutenant of the San Diego com- pany, but performing so far as the records show not a single act in connection with the furnishing of sup- plies for California; and the usual statistics of pre- sidial finance, or such fragments thereof as are extant, liave been given in connection with local annals. Both in Mexico and in California the old forms of yearly estimates, adjustment of accounts, retentions and dis- counts for tlie various military fonJos, and others reminiscent of the old Spanish system were still kej)t up to a certain extent; but mainly for show as it v»ould seem, since of the fragmentary accounts extant many arc wholly unintelligible, and some certainly (leal with amounts and payments that were purely imaginary. There are no data for general conclusions, 1)ut I ai)pend a few items of more or less interest and importance.^'' lection: Cloths, per yaril, Amcr. cotton, 15-16 eta. ; striped cotton, C>2 cts. ; tiiking, §1; canvas, !?1; Miinta, 70 cts. -82,30; chintz, 7") cts.-Sl.'Jri; inl flannel, Jr'J.'J.'); jiano— woollen stuffs for men's clothing — 8'2.2.")-80.(M1; Cuzco ilotli, 81.">0-82.(K). Articles of clothing: Hats, 81-8<>; socks, 8;{.7.'i-81.") per il 1/. ; shoes, 81.00; mission blankets, Sl.2r)-81.50 ; scrapes, 8i..')0; hiuulker- 1 liiefs, 25-50 cts.; muslin dresses, 85; rcbozos, 832 doz. ; shirts, 37 cts. ti> sl.M. Articles of food, and groceries: Corn, 81-50-81.75 per fan; wlieat, 82- yA; beans, 81.50-.82.50; barley, 81.50-82.00; pulse, 81.75; pease, ii^'.i-s-; I'uions, 10 cts. per lb.; salt, 82 per fan.; sugar, 24-32 cts.; rice, 12-1(1 cts.; t'leoa, 3(i-7 cts.; coU'ec, 15 cts.; cinnamon, 8l> lb.; lard, 8*i-81(i ]icr ewt.; t:il!ow, 8l)-812 cwt. ; llour. 8<)-S^c\vt. ; dried beef, .84-81) cwt. Cattle: 75 cts. to .88 each; horses, 84-820, 840-850 for pacers and racers; sheep, 50 cts. tr) ■'■1.5(). Uum. 81.75 gal.; gin, 81-75, brandy, 83; wine, (iO cts. to 82..')(>. Timber, 8-'0 per M. I'low-points, 82; sickles, 81-50; axes, 82; pirks, 82; spades, 82; knives and forks, 84 doz.; combs, 8 cts. Plates, .82.25 doz.; I iip.s ami saucers, .812; iron pots, .82.50; leather, .82.50 per hide; hides, ilOets. til 82; sadilles, 80; aparcjos, 85; wax candles, 81.50-83.75 lbs.; tobacco, 75 its. -81. 40 11).; gunpowder, 40 cts. lb., 88-810 jier keg. I'ope for lialiards, l5-l(Jets. H). ; steel, 8t).50 per anrihri; iron, 812 cwt. ; shcc.'t iron. Sir, sliot, S24 cwt.; nails, 15-30 cts. lb. Writing paper, 84.25-SlG ream; sealing-wax, 82 lb. •".See Ififl. Ca!., chap. iii. of vol. iii., this series. ^"Dec. 1822, California assesscil 811J30 for 1823 to aid in covering a ill licit of .8(1,000,000 in national budget. Sii/i. y Kcheandfa as '271 in IS'JO. Ih [it. /.'if.. :M8., iv. 42; and as 203 in 1827. Sta tiara, J'armij., MS., .'Mi. The ar- tillery is given as .SO and 25 in 1S35; 45 in 1S27; 40, 4;{, 42, in 1S2S; 5!) in 1S2!); 49, 44, in 18.30. Tlie 8. Bias company, 50 in 1823; 40 in 1825; 37, 40, in 1S20; 41 in 1827-8; 39, 20, 23, in 1829; and 23 in 1S30. The Ma/atlan oDuipiiny, 90 in 1825; 08 in 1820; 07 in 1827; 50 in 1829; and 37 in 1830. J)r]it. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., passim; JJ'pt. J'ec, MS., i. 0-7; vii. 7; JM/it. S!.Pap.,Bvn. Com. and 7'n'a.s., MS., i. 13; »SV(i67rtC(/,/'«(/-ror/.,;MS., 50. State- ment of mission escoltas; one corporal, and from two to live cavalry men in e;iL'li, besides a detachment of infantry at 8. Fernando and S. IJuenaventura. Arrh. Sta n., MS., iii. 228-00. 1828, IJandini says each pre.sidio had 100 cavalry besides infantry and artillery. Jiaiidhii, Doc. lliitf. Cal., MS., 8. 1S29, general statement without figures. St. Pap. Snr., MS., xix. 4.3-5. IS.'JO, total force, 422, cavalry in the two Californias costing §131, (WO. Mexico, Mem. Guerra, 1S:30, annex, 1-3. List of commissioned and non-commissionecl olliccrs of the presidial companies in 1824. liaii'ini, Dae. Jh.if. ('a/., M.S., 5. 1S3(), the total armament was 54 cannon, 3 of 24 lb. calil)re, 2 of 12 lbs., 18 (if 8 lbs., 19 of lbs., 1 1 of 4 lbs., and 1 of 3 ll)s.; 23 l)rass and 31 inm; all b. it the brass four-pouuder out of order. Dipt St. Pap., /J'li. Mil., MS,, Ixii. 24. ^' Jan. 1824, Gov. ArgiicUo calls for 25 recruits from Los Angeles and Sta l>ai'bara; volunteers if possible; otherwise, available vagrants; and as a last resort unmari'ied men to be drawn by lot. Dipt. St. I'np.. lieu. MA., liv. 0. ^'■' 1821, (lOV. Sola lias taken steps to inipiovo defences, (iiieirn. I)iic. l/i.^t. fill., MS., iv. 09. 1822, Argiiello calls for 400 carbines, sabres, .uid cirtridije- boxes. Depf. I'ec., MS., i. 3. In .Ian. 1824 a junt;i decided to make the pre- sidial companies 70 and 70 men rank and tile. Vallijo, Ihic. Hist. CuL, .M,S,, xxviii. 01. In the same month the diputaeion resolved that a person be appointed to report on all vagrants and evil-disposed persons, that the same might be set to work at 18 cents per day on the fortifications, hept. St. Pup., s". Jour, MS., iv. I.VIO; Le;/. Ha:, MS., i. 23 4. If vagrants did not .sullice, neo])hytes were to be hired. Feb. 0, 1824, Argiiello tells minister of war that he has been oblii,'ed to nuister out the two auxiliary companies (.S. Bias unJ Hist. Cal., Vol. II. 43 ■iiia 674 INSTITUTIONARY AND STATISTICAL. rv t. however, (lid nothing more efTeetive than to pass tlio law of May 8, 1828, which provided that each com- pany fshould have four officers and seventy-six men at an annual cost of $22,740; granted the services of an adjutant inspector, and made some other slight modi- fications. Save the coming of an inspector, nothiiii^^ seems to have been done before 1830 as a result (if this law." The comandante general of all the troops was G<>\- ernor Sola until 1822, Argiiello in 1822-5, and Echeandia in 1825-30; while Captain Jose Man'a Padres came as adjutant-inspector in 1830. Lieuten- ant Jose Ramirez commanded the artillery detachment, known as Company Five of its regiment, until 1825; Captain Miguel Gonzalez in 1825 8, and Alferez Josu Fernandez del Campo in 1828-30. There are many references to the militia, both artillery and otlur branches; but they reveal little or nothing respecting the organization of such forces. Probably there wa:s in reality no such organization beyond the geneial understanding that tlie citizens of each district were to hold themselves in read' less for service in case of Mazaltan), and to retire provisionally some soldiers of the prnsidial companies. Dcpt. lice, MS., i. 214. It would seem that there must be some mistake about the disbanding. Feb. 1820, Kclicandia has asked for 150 men fium Sonora to resist the Bourbons who secretly attack indopeiidenee, also toi' w. chaplain. .S7. Pap. Sac, MS., xix. 20-7. Jan. 1827, Echeandia asks that t!ic Mazaltan and S. Bias companies be recalled, and two companies of rcguLiis be sent in their place. Dept. lice, MS., v. 12."?, 120. Sept. 1829, Echeandia complains that there arc no presidios in the territory — only squares contain- ing adobe huts in a state of ruin. /(/,, vii. 39. Fel). 18110, the diputacioii agreed to advise the government that the troops should be of better cliaractif and better discipline. Dcpt. St. Pap. , S. Joxr, MS. , iv. 88. ■*■' May 8, 1828, decree forming six companies for the Califoniias. Arnlhui'i, licrnp., M.'S, 118-21; Sup. Govt. Si. Pap., MS., iv. 3-4; Dcpt. St. Pap.', .H. Jose, !MS., iii. 49-51. ^larch 21, 1822, decree granting an allowance of oxtia time, 1 1 years and 1 1 days, from Sept. 10, 1810, to Sept. 27, 1821, to all otli- cersand men who accepted the independence. JJept. St. Pap., Ben. MIL, MS,, liii. 88. Tills addition was made in many instances in California. March -i', 1820, director general of artillery wants a topographical plan of every fortiti. d place, so that the government may know the advantages of those Califoriiiaii ' antemnrales do la defensa de la Kepiildica.' Id., Ivii. 17. April 1828, in a distribution of 24,000 muskets, California with one deputy and 80,000 inlialii- tants gets .'120. Siiji. (lorl. St. Pup., MS., iv. 3. Nov. 1828, some cav;;l;y troops captured by (ien. Anaya to be sent to California. Dcpt. St. Pap., U' i. Com. and Tirax., MS., i. 94. GOVERNMEXT. C7.J an emcrgcnoy.^* The San Bias infantry company \vns cornnianded by Captain liernanlo Xavarrote nntil late in 1822; and l>y Lieutenant Antonio del Yallo during the rest of the decade. Alferez Ilaro retired, I think, from the military service soon after 1824. This coinpany was not deemed useful to the country, its mustering-out was rcconnnended, and in 1830 a;i order was issued in Mexico to merge the organization in that of the permanent companies.^"' Captain Pal)lo de la Portilla continued in connnand of the Mazatlaii company, Lieutenant Juan Maria Ibarra being still second, and Alferez Ignacio Delgado third, though he perhaps retired from active service before 18;U), while Lieutenant Narciso Fabregat had been retired by reason of his Spanish birth. In 1828 the Mazatecos were ordered to be considered in the reviews ms infantry, though originally cavalry. In 1829 Eelu;- andia was ordered to send them to Sonora; but they were detained on account of the Solis revolt, nnd finally there came from Mexico an order for the company to remain in California.*'' In respect of practical government; California as a territory of the Mexican republic under a gefe politico did not differ very much from California as a j)rovinc(' of Spain under a governor. The authority of th'' ruler was substantially the same under tlu; Spanish constitution of 1812 before 1825 as under the federal constitution of 1824 later. His military powers were theoretically somewhat abridged ; but even these were *' In April 1S2S tlicgoncr.il Spiinisli rcgnlatioiiH of artillery militia wcii' circulated. Vnlhjo, J)or. Jfisl. Cal., MS., xxix. l.'VJ. May '-'-i," I S-J(». I'lciican- dfa reported tiiat the militia wan a.s tlioroiiirhly oi-f.'ani/ed a.s wa.s po.stiihle, in live companies; though it had cost great labor to teach the rules to tlie .")(l() availahlo men. iJc/if. Ht'r., MS., vii. IS. "Feb. II, 18:iO, Minister Faeio to governor. i'»/'. f.'ort. Sf. I'n/i., MS., vi. 2. June 1!), IS'Jt!, complaints of (."onmndaiitc Martinez. Jfiiii. Si. /'iij'., Hen. Mil., MS., Ivil. Jl. <« Marcl) !'•_', 18-28, Eclienndia'.s orii,f. /,'(<-., MS., vi. 1!)4. The rest of the squadron still in Sinaloa in IS'JH. Hit mid and Vnlih'.-i. Mmn. /■:s'fiilMirci,'2i)-7. May 20th, Aug. .SI, 1S2!I, Kciieandia to Com. (ien. (f Sonora. St. i'nj)., Snc, MS., xix. 40-1. March 2, 1830, Minister Facio to Echeaudia. Sup. Govt. St. Pap., MS., vi. 5, m '■ "''M Vl C76 INSTITUTIOXARY AXD STATISTICAL. very sliglitly affuctecl in practice. The j>/rot Oc fjoh- icrno served locally as a temporary constitution in 1824. The efforts of Cahfornia to follow jSIexico through all the successive phases of revolution, re- gency, empire, executive power, and federalism from i 821 to 1825 are described in the chronological annals; l)ut so far as the rights of any individual or the pre- rogatives of any official were concerned there was im change to be noticed. A territorial diputacion of •seven members was formed by the election of half the members each 3'ear, and acted at rare and irregu- lar intervals as a kind of governor's council rather than as a law-making body, having really no power save in regulating minor matters of territorial eco- nomics. California was entitled to a representative iu congress with a voice but no vote; but there is no evidence that either of the diputados sent before 18:10, Sola, Guerra, and Maitorena, obtained his seat. There was a law of May G, 1822, that in case of the death of a gcfe politico the senior vocal of the diputacion should take his place temporarily; but this law was perhaps not known in California before 1830. The position of governor's secretary was held successively by Joaquin de la Torre, Francisco de Haro, Jose Antonio Carrillo, and Agustin V. Zamorano. Under the republican regime liaja California was attached to the same jurisdiction, but was again detached iu 1829-30. In municipal as in territorial government there were no radical changes. The ayuntamientos of Los An- geles and San Jose were somewhat more completely organized than before, but no new powers or methods were introduced. The comisionados at the pueblos were deprived of some of tlieir former authority and finally removed altogether. Ayuntamientos were also established at Monterey and Santa Bdrbara, where the number of resident civilians required such a civil power. Frequentlyrecurring elections occupied largely the attention of citizens and required the circulation JUDICIAL MATTERS. C77 of tlotallod instructions for such events, besides givin-^" I'ise to irregularities and contests which resuked in bulky correspondence if nothing more. Many items of interest in ctmneetion with this topic of municipal government andayuntamiento records have been given in local annals of the decade. ^lany cases illustrating the administration of justice have also been given in connection with events at the different pueblos and presidios, including crimes and penalties. There was no change in S3'stem or methods as compared with earlier periods; but in the last half of the decade there is no doubt that crimes were less ])romptly and effectually punished than before. This laxity resulted in part from the political changes which practically isolated California from the influence of other than territorial authority; but chiefly from in- ability to pay the troops, which of course rendered it im[)ossible to maintain military discipline. Arguello made an eff(jrt to enforce a strict administration of justice in 1824; but Echcandia was no disciplinarian, and met with slight success in stemming the tide of lawlessness,. though his intentions were of the best. !Many prosecutions were instituted, but few so far as the records show were carried as far as the infliction ( )f a })enalty. The coming of Licenciado Rafael Gomez in 1830 as asesor, or legal adviser of the governor, was the only measure actually carried into effect in the direction of judicial reform; though some action was taken in Mexico for the establishment of higher courts under comjK'tent judges.*^ *' The plan ilo goliioino of Jan. 18'24 contained l)ricf provisions fortlic di.-j- jiosition of civil and criminal cases — tlic latter lij* military nietlioils. VtiHijo, Jliic. Hint. (J'lL, MS., xxviii. (il. Xov. lSi'4, cases to be. sent to tribunal de gucrra instead of to king as formerly. Sup. Onrl. ,SV. I'ltp., ^IS., xi.K. 10. Ajiril 'JO, IS'J."), a monthly account of cases jiending must be sent to sec. of var. .S7. /*((//., Sac, MS., xvi. 10. May 2(t. lSL'(i, there was to bo a district judge for California, but none came yet. The territory belonged to the i ir- cuit court at Ro.sario, Sinaloa, established late in IS'JT ; but I find no evidence that any Californian cases were ever decided by that tribunal. Jd. , xi.x. 47 !s Sup. G(>rt. St. Po<\ Iti't. Cat., MS., xxix. -Ov), 'JIj. March 1829, leiiuisitiou from Durango for arrest ll C7S INSTITUTIONARY AND STATISTICAL. Only ono cronoral topic, that of education, remains to 1)0 noticed, and that briefly; for tliere was no pio- ^n-ess in tliis , lOclicanilia gives ii brief liut very clear atateineiit ni t'le Bystcm oltwervetl in tlie country. />(/(<. Hvc, MS., vii. 2'2-S. Feb. iNliO, district jutlf,'e to re:iido at .Monterey. Murder and lioiiiicide: Tlie penalties in most cases were tliosc ilemanded by tiio fi.scal ; in but few is tliere. any record of infliction or even sentence. |S"_M, homicidi; by '_' neophytes; lian'.'ing, and 8 years in chain-;,'anj,'. I'mr. at. J'dji., ISiii. Mil., MS., Hi. \-'i. it^'l'l, neojiliyte murderers; deatli for It, 10 years for one. I)(i)l. St. I'"})., Ikn. Mil., liii. 7"»-(5. Homicide at S. ,Josi'. //.,(iU-TI. llomicido at ^lonterey; 10 years. Id., A-d. Hoy murderers at S. Francisco. Id. ,''2 4. Neophyte inunler, S. IJuenaventnra. /(/.,(j4-7. lS'_';i, r.cophyto nuirder, Sta Clara; I year. Id., liv. 12. A soldier kills anotlicr, S. l'rancisco;(» years. Jd., liv. IS. 1824, murder and rajie, S. Jos(5 Mission. /'/. , I'ii. 3'.t-42. lS-'(i, Neophyte nnirdcr; 1 year as a 'new Christian.' Id., Ixiii. ."). Soldier acquitted of homicide, S. Diego. /(/., lix. 5-7. 1828, llubio murder at .S. Franciweo. Id., Ixvi. 2-(il. Murder at S. .Juan Bautista; 8 years on a w.ir vessel. /(/., Ixvi. 81-2. 1S2',), neophyte kills his wife; 2 years. Sf. I'liji. /!< n., JIS., i. Hi. Neophyte accused of killing an American at S. Francisco. J)(j'/. Jiic, MS., vii. 7!). Murder ease. J<1., vii. (i. Neoi)hyto beat his Mife to (iLHth; 1 year. /'/., vii. l'A'2. 1830, neophytes at Sta (,'lara tried for nnudcr <.i' an Indian and released after Ii years for lack of evidence. Dcpt. St. l'"j'., Jkii. Mil., ]\IS., Ixxiv. 1-4. Neophyte murder; 10 years. Id., Ixxii. 7. Infractions of ndlitary discipline: I82H, soldier selling his saddle; 2 iLionths' work. I'n.i: SI. Pnp., B< ii. Mil., MS., Hi. 11. 1822, Lieut, repii- manded for disrespect to comandanie. Vu'hjo, Doc Hid. (.'ah, MS., i. 4S, 2 .soldiers for robliery; 3 and 2 years '.n chain-gang. /(/., i. 47. 182".l, Icavin,' riinrtd in night, 3 years. JJcjit. St. I'a/)., Ikn. Mil., ^IS., liv. 11. Stealing; 2 years in barge. /(/., liv. 12. 182.'), raising bayonet against .seigeanl; .'i months. St. I'aj). Sac., ^IS., xi. 21. 1828, soldiers for making complaiul ag.iinst lieutenant; banished to other presidios. JJcjit. St. Pup., Urn. Mil., Ms., Ixvi. (J4-8. 182!), losing a despatch; 2.j blows, and 1 month sentry (hitv. I<1., Ixix. 4. Assault: Citizens for cutting a soldier; 8 yeai'S chain-gang. Id., Ixxi. ^.V.-jS. Majordomo for whipping Indians, one of them dying. /'/., Ixxii. 1 1-1."); I)('jit. I'lr., ^IS., viii. oO. Soldier for laying hands on n, padre; re- leased and made corporal. Andi. Sta Ii., MS., xii. 1.38-43. Attempting to ttali a vagabond; ^ fine. Dijit. Per., MS., vi. 188. A slap in the face; $1S line. /(/., V. 72. Sexual irregularities: 1821, r.-ipe case, per.sons IS and 12 years; 2 yens chain-gang. Proi: St. Pup., Ihn. Mil., MS., lii. 0. Adultery eases, S. Dicgn. Pv(ii\ St. Pup., MS., XX. 28(). A slandered girl examined by a matron and declared a virgin. Dipt. St. Pup., Ben. Mil., MS., Iv. 7-8. Fourcasesof wonn u being exposed on church steps, or in plaza, with shaven head, for scandalous conduct. Pror. St. Pup., lien. Mil., MS., xlvii. 23; Prov. SI. Pup., :MS., XX. 2!»3; St. Pup. Sue, MS., xiv. 33-4; vi. 40-1. Fornication and abortiim, S. Diego. Proi\ St. Pup., Hen. Mil., JbS., lii. 11. Rape, S. Francisco; Ii years of work, and .^200 to support ehilil. Id., lii. Tv-iS. Soldiers not to be forced tonuirry nifless they have committed rape. Id., xlvi, 2.3. 1822, incest case at Monterey. Dipt. St. Pup., Ben, Mil., MS., liii. 7-04. Moral liie SCHOOLS AXD CEI.MES. 670 rial trodMury witli wliicli to hire tciK'lu'rs of an order siH)erior t(j that of retired soldiers. The j»riniaiT and j)riniitivo schools at ])uehlo and presidio were 1 sup- pose kept in operation duriiij^ a jijreater i)art of this decade; but the nund)er of scholars in attendance; was always small, and the advantai^es offered wijre I'ecoo- nized hy all as sli^'ht. The suhject was on sevei-al occasions brought up in the diputacion, but for lack of rc'i|uiro(l ftt Los Angeles. Sf. Pap. Sar., MS., vi. 40-7. 182.1, accusation of btHtiulity. S. (iabricl. JUlwIilh,, Doc. J/isl. Cf. ,sy. J'up., Urn. Mil., MS., Iviii. 5-0. 1S:27, sodomy and niuriicr at Sta Clara. /(/., Ixviii. ">-(>. (Vim. con. with an aunt at S. .lose. iS'. Jom; Arrh., MS., vi. '2(i. Kain; at Sta ll;irliara; 7 ycai.s. Jhjjf. J'ec, MS., v. .SS. 1S28, crim. con. at Anyclcs. /»/., vi. .")."); /)(//t. Sf. Pop., J!('ii. Mil., MS., Ixvii. 1. Kapo at S. Francisco. Ji/., Ixvi. HL'-O. Adultery at S. Jose. /(/., l.wi. 01-2. 182!), house of ill-fame, S. lJic;,'o. Jj<]it. Per., MS., vii. 1.14. Tiieft: 18'22, two Lxlians hreuk into presidiul warehouse at Sta liarliara. J)r}if. SI. Pdp., Bill. Mil., MS., liii. 87. Two men for stealing cattle; 3 years chain-gang. Dfjil. llro., MS., i. Oil. 1824, si.x yeai-s for roliliery. Id., i. l.VJ. Ten years at Loreto for robhery of store. liL, i. I(i2. .Stealing an otter-skin when drunk; 2 years in shackles. JJfjit. St. Pup., P< ii. Mil., MS., Ivii. ;18. 1820, neopliyto for stealing clothing; 1 year'.s service for tiie lici'sou robbed. Id., lix. 4-."). Stealing cattle and fre(|Uent ruiniing away; I year on public works. Id., lix. 3 4. 1820, §40 line for stealing a iiarrel of lirandy; same fine for buyer. /'/., Ixiv. 1. 1827, soldier, 1 year of iniprison- inciit with cleaning of the barracks, for a.ssault and stealing a small amount from a foreigner. I)i]it. Itic, ^IS., v. 00-7. Three Indians, for roblierics and running away; 2 years at work in l)all and chain. /(/., v. 3.'). 1828, N'alerio, !i famous robber. LI., vi. ISO; .SV. Pup. Sue, M.S., x. 100. 1820, neophytes f:)r stealing horses; 2 months of labor. Dfpt. Itic, MS., vii. !).'). Soldiers fur stealing cattle from rancho nacional at S. ])iego; 21 moutiis, payment for cattle, and dismissal from the servicCv Dept. St. Pap., lien. Mil., MS., Ixiv. 13. Some general complaints of prevalent drunkenness. Pi-oik Pic., MS., xi. 05; IJcpt. Pec, MS., i. 13."); Mont. Arch., MS., vii. 22. Kvil etl'ects of rum and iioney at S. Jost'. Dcpt. Sf. Pap., S. Jo--*!', MS., iv. 8. Stoi'ies of raliiing and gambling at Tio Armenta's shop in Monterey. Alrurudn, I list. Cul., M.S., i. l.")0-(i2, 21.j; ii. 1.30. Mention of jircvalent gand)ling habits. JJii/uiiit- Cilli/, Vi'dj'jio, ii. 12.")-(); Moriiii'du, Notice, 50. Alcalde of .Sta Ijiirliara arrested in 1825 for having a nionte game at liis house. J)<]if. St. Pap., Prif. Olid Jiiez, MS., vi. .34-."). Corporal of S. .Tuan reprimanded for gambling. ,SV. Pap. Sar., MS., vi. 28. A government lottery in existence 1825. J)i/,t. Per., MS., i. 270. Slaiidf'r, forgery, and jiei'jury cases, 1824-0-!). Dipt. Sf. Pap., MS., iii. 15;/(/. , Ben. Mil., Ivii. 20-.31; Ixx. 1. Vagrants impressed into militaiy ser- vice. /'/., Ixvii. 4; J.)i}it. Iln-., ^IS., vi. 188; vii. 35. Two Indians escaped fiom Sta IJiirbara in 1823 and came to Montciey, still wearing tlieir //riUcfm, to complain that after a confinement of live years they had i-eceived no benefit from tlie three imliilton that had been granted in tjuit jieriod. I)fpt. Pir., MS., 1. 120. I'risonei's' support cost from 12 to 18 cents jier day, eliarged to tlic i/rati/icarion fun».'/. I'i'r., MS., i. 88. Prisoners were let out for private service. St. Pu^k, Sac.,\i\: 19. cso IXSTITUTIOXAUY AND STATISTICAL. funds and luck of toaflicrs notliinj^ could be done. In a report of May lU, I8'2l), Eciicandia stated tjiat the l)Ueblo and presidio schools had been 'paralyzed' until lH'JG-7, when he had taken effective steps to establish them on a permanent basis. At this date there wciv 18 scholars in the school at San Dicujo, G7 at Santa ]Viri>ara, fil at Los Anj^eles, and 30 at San Jose. The !Monterc!y school had been closed for want of a teacher. In the late years efforts had been made by the polit- ical authorities to obliije the friars to establish a school at each mission, without success as it would a[)[)eiii' from all other records; yd in the rei)ort cited it is said that seven of the southei'n missions hatl schools wit!i from eiyht to forty-four children attending each. 43 "Jan. 7, \S'2'2, no schools exist at missions siiya tho governor to prefect; yet forasiuullsun) the jiailresniiglit hire teachers and do great good. .S7. J'ri/i., Snr., MS., xviii. i. Jan. 27, IS'J4, tho estuhlishinriit of ix hoxjiidu tic I'shnr^nii proposed in tho diputaeion. Tour nicnil.'crs voted for it. J^cij. live, y\:<., i. '24-(). Valiejo, llisl. Cut., ii. 1-H, ways tliat in KS'J-l, while Sohiwaa in emi- gress, there came a request for California to eonti ibutc for tho foiuidatiou nf a literary and scientitic institute in Mexico. Ui v. Argiiello i.s creilite> academia do gramatica, Idosofia, etc' Lnj. Jt'cr., MS., i. Ti). lS'27-8, orders of Echeandiaon establishment of mission scoouls. The i)ri.fcLt an^.. i. 70-SO; Vullrju, Doc. Hist, t'al., MS., xxviii. l)0-!)5. May 19, IS-_M), E. Grover, Sam., 1810. Gyzclaar, Hen., ISIO. Harris, James, 18.10. Ht.rtnell, WmE. 1'., 1822. Hi>{gins, John, 18.30. Hill, Daniel A., 182,3. Hinckley, Wm 8.. 1829. Jackson, Joseph, 1827. Juhnson, Torn. A.. 1828. JoiK's, .lohii ('., 1S30. Jones, 'I'lios .1., IS2I. Kiiili.ck, Geo., |S2!». Laughlm, l{ich.,_l828, Lawrence, Jos. V., IS2l. Lrandry. .Tolin H., 1827. Lester, Thos, 1817. Lewis, Allen, ls:tO. Littlejohn, David. 1824. Littleton, John, 1820. Livermorc, Ittihert, 1822-4. Lodge, Michael, 1822. Logan, Will, 1820. McAllister, Mich., 1S22. McCarty, James, 1S24. MoFerioii, James, 1824. Mcintosh, Kd, 1S23. McKinley, James, |H24. Macomlray, Fred. W., 1822. M.'ilcolm, Julian, 1814. Martin, John, 1822. Mason, Anthony A., 1810. Mayo, (Jeo., isKi. Moreno, Santiago, 1824. Mulligan, John, lS14-l.'i. Murphv, Tim., 1828. Mutref, Jean U., 1827. Nye, (iorham li., 1830. Olivera, Manuel D., 1829. I'acheco, Jordan, 1820. I'ark, Thos 15., 1820. I'ascual. Mateo J., 1818. I'asos, Manuel I)., 1822-4. Pattie, Sylvester, 1828. I'eircc, Henry A., 1828. I'crcira, Joaquin, 1820. Pombert, Louis, 1820. Pope, Wm, 1828. Prentice, Sam., 1830. Pryor, Natli. M., 1828. Rainsford, John, 1829. Head, John, 1820-8. Pace, Geo. J., 1820. lliohardson, Wm A., 1822. Poach, John, 18.30. Robbins, Thos M., 1S2.3, Robinson, Alfred, 1829, Roclia, Ant. J., 1815. Rose, John, 1818. Roy, Pierre, 1782 Satte, J. J., 1827. Sawyer, Jos., 1828. Scott, James, 1820. Shaw, Thos, 1824. Slover, Isaac, 1828. Smith, Charles, 1828. Smith, Thos L., 1829. Smith, Wm, 1800. Smith, W'm, 1827. ;i I'ff G82 LIST OF PIONEERS. "Snook, Jos. F., 18;?0. Spuiici!, David, 1S"J4. Steiiriis, Abel, 1829. Steel, Jos., 18-26. Stewart, Thos, 1824. Taylor, Win, 1828. Temple, John, 1827. Thomas, Iguacio, 1818. Tiiompsoii, A. B.. 1S2.>. Thompson, James, 1823. Tievethen, Win, 182(). Tamer. Jolm S.. 1820. Vincent, Geo. W., 1820. Warren, Wm, 1828. Watson, Dav. or Jus, 1823-4. Watson, Ed, 1828. Welsh, Wni, 1821. White, Michael, 1829. Williams, Cieo., 1829. Willis, Wm, 1828. Wilson, James, 1824. WiLsoii, John, 182G. Wilson, John, IS2G. Wilson, Jolm H., 1826. Wilson, Julian, 1828. Wilson, Wm, 182i nONTIER REGISTER AND INDEX. 1542-1848. All history, as a record of the acta of men, is hiograpliy. In these pages it is proposed by means of an alphabetic index to nialvc available as l)iograph- ical matter the first live volumes of this work, covering the annals of Califor- nia from its discovery to 1848. Tlirough this index the reailer may have access directly to all that is told in the work about any man of the thousands whos-j acts make up the country's early history. Tiie names will not in most ca^-es be repeated in the general index at the end of vol. vii.; but to that index tho reader is referred for additional matter relating to such of these persons as were prominent after 1848, and also for information about men who, though mentioned in the history, di or i . ■ requiring only a reference here. True, there remains after all a cl.us di ^,io- neers, a hundred or two in number, permanent residents, representative citi- zens, founders of f;'milies, but not directly connected with public affairs, to each of whom a few pages instead of a few lines might be devoted with inter- est, often with profit; yet these are the men who are given in this register tlio greatest average space, and it is doubtful if that space could be increased con- sistently with the scope of such a work. There will be noted an entire absence of the indiscriminate eulogy so often deemed an essential feature of pioneer sketches. I have neither space nor disposition to indulge in pi'aise or blame, cither for the purpose of pleasing or displeasing pioneers or their descendants, or of adding the interest of irild scan- dal to my sketches. Of private individuals, as a rule, no attempt is made to depict the character, to picture them as ' nature's noblemen,' or to point ont tlie fact that they were not members of temperance societies. It is taken f l- granted that they were more or less good, bad, and indifferent citizens accord- ing to circui.istances; but their weaknesses and virtues, within certain liuits, do not concern nie or my readers. Doubtless I have recorded many iLci 's about individuals that they and their friends would prefer to have suppi esse, i, and suppressed many items that to enemies would bo most agreeable read ini.'; but in each case I have acted on my own judgment and with strict in. partial- ity. Where a man's distinguishing traits are so clearly marked that they may be fairly presented in few words, especially in the case of men locally fanions, I have not hesitated to write the few words, whether complimentary or otiier wise. Public men are freely criticised, but mainly in other parts of tl;e work where their acts are recorded, only a summary or moderate reflection of gen- eral couclufions being introduced here. In the comparative extent and gen- eral tone of the notices, no ilistiiictio.; is made by reason of race between Spaniards, Mexicans, Californians, and foreigners; between soldiers an ' civilians, friars and laymen, sailors and iiumigrants, traders and ranchero rich and poor, the living and the dead; but, other things being equal, mon! space is given to early pioneers than to those of later years. If a line or t\\ o of extra space is occasionally devoted to a man who has furni°lied documentary and other evidence on early times, and the rec "d ui aiioLner man wlio has PREFACE. C85 shown no interest is briefer, the difference does not neopssarily indicntc par- tiality, since in many instances certain kinds of information about a man can be obtained only from himself or some member of his family. From the nature of the case, my authorities, except in special instances, (•amiot be cited. Such citations would involve endless repetition, and would fill much space that can be utilized to better advantage. The reader is re- ferred to the general list of authorities in vol. i.; but it is proper to specify iicre some cla.sscs that have been particularlj' prolific in items for this regis- ter. P''irst in importance are the archives, public, private, and missionary; especially in their records of naturalization and pas.aports, custoiii-hou.se records, military rosters, local census lists, voting and official lists, mission registers of births and marriages and deaths, and the correspondence of (itiicials; friars, and citizens; particularly important amtmg the private archives l»ciug the commercial correspondence and account-books of such men as Lar- kin, Cooper, Hartnell, Spear, and many others. Next should be nieiilioncd tlie several hundred volumes of personal reminiscences furnished for my use by early Californians, native and foreign, each containing a few — some very many — personal items in addition to those relating to the narrator and liia family. Third may be noted the work of such specialists as Clark on tiio \. Y. volunteers, Tyler on the Mormon battalion, McGlashan on the Donncr l)arty, Kooser on the artillery company, Lancey on the conquest in general, etc.; with valuable muster-rolls kindly furnished me by the military depart- ment at Washington. Fourth, and amply worthy of separate mention, we liave the biographic gleanings of Ben Hayes on the pioneers of southern (.'alifocnia; while in the same connection may be mentioned the patient re- searches of Alex. S. Taylor. Fifth, the archives of the Society of Pioneers contain, besides lists of members, partials rolls of the Cal. battalion; wliilo tlic government lists of those who held 'Cal. claims,' Wheeler's list of Sail Francisco lot-owners, the voluminous testimony in famous land cases, and especially the valuable New Helvetia diary of '45-8, furnished me by Win F. S>'ascy, should not be forgotten. Sixth arc to be noted the newspapers of '47-85, with their thousands of obituary and biographic items, so faulty in individual cases, so extremely valuable in the aggregate; and, similar in 1, my resp'.. Ls, the county and local histories of recent years, from wliieli [ JKu'c drawn much material. Finally, I must allude to special corrcspomlenco with many pioneers from time to time as particular information has been needed; hundreds having replied, and a few — siicli as John Bitlwell, Wm II. Davis, Wm Glover, S. H. Willey, John A. Swan, and others— meriting fuller acknowledgment than my space permits. That this register will be appreciated in any degree commensurate with tiie labor it has cost is not to be expected. Within my knowledge notliing I if the kind has ever been attempted in any new country. The value that in Jiny of the older communities wouhl now ho attached to such a record, had it 'iccn made at the beginning, is my basis for estimating the prospective useful- ness of this. The references arc to the History of California, vol. i.-v. ; that is, 'iii. 475,' in connection with a man's name, indicates that on page 475, vol. iii. of the Hist. Cal., some information about the man, or at least a mention, will be ] 'iM C86 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. found; when the reference is enclosed in parentheses, as, (v. 340,) the reader is directed to some event or party with wliicli tlio man was connuctL'd, with- out a mention of liis name. With a view to condensation, abbreviatiinis .•no freely used, but none, I think, which require explanation. The register will be continued alpiiabetically at the end of vol, iii., iv., and v. Abbott (Austin R.), 1847, Co. K, N.Y. Vol. (v. 409), living at Saoranimto '82. Abcck (Fran(^ois), 1847, a Swiss in Sutter's enipoy at N. llulv. in '47 >i. One of the earliest gold-miners. Abell (Alex. (i. ), 1847, native of N.Y., who went to Honolulu in 'l."i; arrived at iS. F. in Nov. on the Currency Luhk. Member of the firm J. 15. Me- Cltirg & Co. at Los Angeles till Feb. '48. From '40 well known as a bu.^iiHv-s man at S. F., member of the state senate in 'G.S, and prominent in the nuisdiiio in later years. Living at S.F. in '8o. A son, John, came ,, ith him in 'lothcr son, E. A., died in '84. ' ' "Ua (Juan), 1S4'J, Mex. captain, of Ind. race, who came with MIcIk 1- toreiid and departed with him in '4."). Acting oomandante of the batallou liji) (iv. '287, 351, et seq.), after the departure of Tellez, and com. of the post :it Monterey in '4"). He left his business affairs in cliargc of Larkin, at wl](]-u house he had lived, and wrote to L. from S. Bias. He signed his name 'Aheya,' Sec vol. iv. p. 280, 357, 405, 460, 487, 514-15, 052. AbeUa (Kamon), 1708, Span, friar, wlio served chiefly at S. F., S. Carlo-;, and S. Luis Ob. , dying in 1842; for many years the only survivor of tiioso v Inj came before ISOO. Biog., iv. 047; mention in i. list of auth., p. 432, 577, 7I-, 732; ii. 130-2, 150-00, 198, 288, 321-3, 329-30, 373, 375, 383, 304, (il(i, (I.-.:); iii. 92, 9((, 191, 310, 3.50, 390, 440, 588, 022, G79, 081, 083; iv. 40, 372, (i.-i7. Abernetliy (John J.), 1847, asst surgeon, U. S. Lcximjton. Aborn (.Johns 1S4(J, in Sta Clara val., apparently an overland innnig., serving perhaps in Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 3.")8-00). Abrego (Emigdio), 1842, Mcx. lieut of tho batallon tijo, '42-5. See iv. 289. Abrego (.Jose), 1834, Mex. hatter and trader, who came with the II. it 1'. colony (iii. 259 ct secj.), and opened a store at Mont. Young, intelligent, « ith some capital, and of good repute, he soon became a prominent citizen, holditi^' olKcc continuously from '30, as comisario de policia, administrator of S. An- tonio mi.ssion, customs officer, member of the assembly, substitute membiM- of tlie tribunal superior, and treasurer. As sub-comisario and treasurer lie w.is in cliaige of tho territorial finances in 1830-40, possessing the confidiiicc "f all classes. In '41-2 he was involved in controversies witli Cen. Vallcjo in the matter of distributing funds, as also in '45-0 witli Pico's administrutimi; but these quarrels resulted from his position rather than his character, no S. F., died in '79. A son, James Jlardie A., born on the voy. to Cal., died in '49; a' daughter died at L. Ang. in "48. Another son, .lohii (^uiney A., 3 years old on arrival, was educated in the 1st public schools at 5. F. ; presented with a gold nugget on tho plaza by a miner as tlie 1st scIkkjI- boy he had seen in Cal.; played juvenile parts in the .lenny Liiid tiuatre; served on the U. S. Wnrren '55-0; oflicc-boy for Com. Farragnt at Marc Isl. '57-S; law student at Benicia 'GG-7; lawyer at S. F. from '73. He h;is bctii orator at pioneer celebrations, sec. of surviving X. Y. Vol., and has atl'orded me some aid in tho collection of historical material. Adams (John), 1.S4G, lieut Co. C, bst U. S. Dragoons (v. i5.3C). A. (Jolni), 184G, midshipman on the U. S. J)a/i'. Another .John Adams had a CmI. claim (v. 4G2-S) of 8200 in '4(); voted at S. Diego i>i '48; and settled netir Kapa — pcriiaps 2 or 3 ditlcrent men. A. (.Jos. 11.), licut on the Sardiuidh and LTaiit in '44-5. A. (Orson B. ), sergt iu Co. ( ', .Morni. Bat. '47 8. v. 477. Adams (Walter \V. ), 1840, Boston sailor arrested at Mont, but not exiled, iv. 17, 120. Shipped on the California in '42, ami later on the Laiini. In "44 disabled at Sta B. and Mont., l)eing aided by tlu^ U. .'^. consulate, and get- ting a carta; but in Ang. he shipped on thef'Aav IT. Mori/(tii. A. (Wash- ington), 1847, Co. B, X. Y. Vol. (v. 499). A. ( \Vm), named by Hall as hav- ing come to .Sta Clara val. in '4G. Addison (Isaac), 184G, a Mormon of the nrool./i/n colony, v. 54(!, with his wife and daughter. He was exconmiiinicated from the church, and returned east before Jan. '47. .S. K. Addison bought a town lot at .S. F. in '48. Adlcr ( Lewis), 184G, German cooper who came from 1 lonolulu on the Kn/ilti- )iii(t. Clerk for LeidesdortF an2. Aguila(Jos(^'), Alex, settler at S. F. in 1791-1800. i. 710; niiinic. elector iit S. F. in 1827. ii. 592. From '28 Jose Aguila, or Jose M. Aguilar (lietwci a vliich names there is evident confusion), was a somewhat prominent citizen of Mont. In '31-34 ho was sindico; in '32-3 regidor and com. do policia. iii. 072-3; in '33 vocal of the diputacion. iii. 240; in '.30 admin, at Sokdad. iii. 090-1; in '38-9 clerk to admin, of S. Antonio, iii. 087-8; and in '44 grantee of the Canada do Nogalcs rancho. iv. 034. In a Mont, padron of '30 J use iCguila is described as a painter, 50 years of age, native of Colaya, married to Maria Fran. Garcia, a native of ilont., aged .37. Agnila (Felipe), land near Mont, in' 35. iii. 078. A. (Joaquin), claimant for land at Sta Ines in "17. A. (Lugardo), resid. of S. Gabriel in '40. A. (Ramon), soldier of S. F. in '37 - 43. iv. 007. See list i. 7.32. Aguilar (Bias), son of llosario A., born at S. Diego about 1808. In "I!! majordomo of S. D. ndssion, and in '34 at TemOcula. Lived in '38-43 .it tin; Palomares rancho, Los Ang. Co. In '41 got land at S. Juan Cap., wliere in '40 he was living at the ago of .38 with his wife Antonia (iutierrez, aged 21). Pii'iiou; where he was alcahle in '48, and where he still lived in '70. See mention in ii. 443, 550; iii. 020; iv. 020; v. 024. An Aguilar is ment. as oiie of Ijouchard's men in '18. ii. 232. A. (Antonio), soldier at S. F. '19-2.'!; resid. of Los Ang. in '38, murdered in '42. iii. 504-5; iv. 032. A. (Casildo), trader at Los Ang., ago 20, in '39; juez do aguas in '40. iv. 025; claimant tor La Cienega. A. (Cristobal), resid. of Los Aug., age 24, from '38, when lie was alcalde suplente; in '44-5, regidor. iii. 030; iv. 033. Aguilar (Francisco Javier), soldier of the Loreto eo., who served in the exped. of 1709 ct seq. to S. Diego and Mont, but never came to live in Cal. A sergt from 1795; in comuiand at C. S. Liicas of a militia eo. 179.5-1S(K\ A. (< <'abino), at San .luan Cap. in '40, age ,30, with his wife ]Maria Ant. Sesciia and children. Padron. A. (Ignacio), said to have lired the gun at Mn- vine's defeat '40. v. 319. A. (Jos(5 M.), settler at Los Ang. fr. '14; regidur '21, '25-0; in trouble with Gov. Victoria in '31. In the padron of '39 he is noted as a bricklayer, age 54. ii. 349, .359, 559-00; iii. 190. (See also Agiiila, Jos(''.) A. (Maccdonio), resid. of Los Ang. in '39, age .30; juez de campo in '4:1- 5. iv. 032-4. A. (Martin), .Span. com. of one of Vizcaino's explor. vessels in 1002-3. i. 98, 104, 242. A. (Ramon), killed by the Ind. in '40. v. 017. Aguilar (Rosario), corporal of the cscolta at S. Diego and S. Luis Rev missions from shortly after 1800. Lived at S. Diego fr. about '30, bciii^' majordomo of the mission in '38, and getting a grant of the Paguai ranuho — which he is said to have refused — in '39. In '41 he was juez do paz at S. ].)., but obtained land at 8. Juan Cap., where he was juez in '43-4, and where he died about '45. ii. 540; iii. 012, 019, 020-3,020-7. His daughter married Jo^e Ant. Serrano. A. (Santiago), Mex. sergt, age 22, at Mont, in '30. In chaigo of the printing-office, and took part in the revolt against Alvarado, '37. iii. 470, .523-5. A. (Simon), executed at Mont. '31. iii. 190-1, 009, 073, 079. Aguirre (JosiS Antonio), 1834, Span. Basque, born about 1793; a wealtiiy trader at Guaymas, when in '33-4 lie engaged in the Cal. trade, owning se\- ei'al vessels, and visiting Cal. frequently. From about '38 ho made Sta B. his home, marrying Mari'a del Rosario, a daughter of JoscS Ant. Estudillo, in "4-'. His second wife was a sister of the first. Grantee of the Tejon rancho in '4.'!, and his wife of S. Jacinto Viejo y Nuevo in '40. On account of his great size ho was sometimes nicknamed Aguirron; of fine presence, affable in mini- ner, and well liked by all. An excellent type of the old-time Spanish nuT- chant, keeping aloof for the most part from smuggling and politics, thou^li often employed by tho government. Still a resident of Sta B. after 1S.H. Mont, in iii. 020, 037, 059, 000, 727; iv. 12, 01, 100, 104, 332, 021, 035; v. 587, AGUIRRE~A LEX AXDKR. 6S9 ('10. Agtiirr," (.Tuaii B.), 177'), Span, mate ami master of ilifToi'cnt transport sliips on t!ie coast in 177.V!»;). i. '_'4iJ, 287, 3-JS, 44-1. A. (Sevuro), IM'J, Mex. BLTgt in the batallon fijo '4;)-j. iv. 'JS!). Almniada, 1813, Dcjniiiiioan of ]{. Cal., preaching at S. Diego, ii. .345. Ainsworth (John), 1S2S, Kngl. sailor orilereil to be sliippiil to Sanil. Isl. ]>y lstves.sel. Perhaps 'Rainsforil,' (j. v. Ajuria (Orcgorio), 1S4."), Span, supercargo oi the Ifaniifth, fr. Mazatlan, with a letter of introd. from I'arrot to L:irkin. lie linall^- .settled at Loh Aug., married the .laughter of John Temple, and beeaiiie rich, lie went to .Mex. about '.")(» to engage in heavy and unpiolitable linancial opcratioii.s. On th(! fiill of Ojinonfort went to Paiis, where lie died in '(14, ageil 47. leaving a widow anil .several children. Akers (15.), l.S4(i, in Cal. iJat. I'robably .same as 'Acres,' q.v. Alanis (Mariano), ISOO, M"X. settler at Los An;;. ISOO-.^O. ii. 340. /'(ulroii. A. (.M;i:;imo), 1810, resid. of Los .Aug.; arrested for .snntggling in '21, and f'jr political misdeeds in '31. Owner ot tiic S. .lose de Ijuenos Aires ranclio in '40- 3. ii. 354, 441; iii. 10(), 034; iv. 03.">. A. (Nicolas), a settler at L. .\ng. i;i 1807. ii. 350; and Marcos A. in '4(5. Alarcon ((Jaspar), l(i0'2, Span. com. of one of Vizcaino'.s .ships, i. 08. A. (Hernando). 1")40, com. of an explor. vessel at tin; head of the gulf; may have .s,en Cal. territory, i. OS. Alarico. 1840, Ind. chief arrested by Sutter, iv. 137. Alariwi (Juan P.), Cal. claim for >!1 l,r>(i5 in '4l) (v. 402-8). Alava (Jos(5 Manuel), 1703-1, Span, brigadier of the navy, or commodore, who visited Cal. in connection with the Nootkaafl'air. He fell at the battle of Trafalgar in 1803, i. 500, 523-5, 533. AII)iillo(l'eMeiano), 1777, one of the Lit isettlersat S. F. i. 207. Alberger (John), 1847, Co. A, X. Y. Vol. (v. 4;),')). Alberni (Pedro), 170(5, .Span, lient-col, and cai)t. of Catalan vol., wlio came in connection with the project of founding Hrancifortc. IJy his rank ho v.as com. of the S. F. post in 170!»-1800, and com. de arnias of Cal. at .Mont, in 1801-2, tlying in 1802. Seobiog., ii. 5-0; mention in i. 535. 530-41, 513, 5o.-)-7, 015, 0.30, 030, (570. 003, 705, 720; ii. 2, 140. Albert (J. C.), 18.33, nn- of whaler IsaM. iii. ;!82. Albet (Ibre). 1825-0, mr of whaler Triton, iii. 149. Albin (Charles), 1845, Amer. at Mont.; jjrob. same as (.'has Albien, who got a lot at S. F. in '47. iv. 587, 0S5. Albrijliu (lames), 1845, Amer. sailor fr. the Tasno at S. F., aided by U. 8. con.sul. Alciintara (Pedro), 1702-5, mason-instructor, i. 015, 084. A.ldcn (Fernando), 18.32, at Mont, in '47. Aniei-. who testified at .S. F. '53, in U. S. VH Ca,itillero, that he came in '.32, and had lived 25 years in C'al. and Mex. A. (James), 1841, lieut in U. S. ex. exped. iv. 241. Later a c.;mnio- d ire. Ahlerman (Isaac W.), 1848, Amer. miner from Or.; killed by (.'. H. Pickett at Sacramento. .See /lifif. Or., i. 450. Aldrich (.fames), 1847, Co. T, N. Y. Vol. (v. 400); d. in Va '(54. A. (Prudence), 1840, widow in the Mormon col, v. 54(5, with son and dan. ;hter, her husband, Silas Aldrich, having died on the voyage. She was owne • of ii S. F. lot in '47; but returned to Utah, where she still lived with her darghter ill '84. Her son Jasper dieil in Utah. Alegrc (Antonio), 1700-5. settler at S. .lose. i. 478, 08.3. Alepon/fini (Flavio), 1701, alferez in Malaspina's exped. i. 4!K). Alered (Jesus), 1,S40, resid. of S. Bernardino. Alexander, 1834, Kngl. sailor in a Mont. list. Alexana and Rebecca. Perhaps brothers, etc., of J. M. Allen, q.v. Allen (Daniel), 1848, a Mormon killed by Ind. iu exploring for a new roail over the Sierra on the return to Utah. v. 490. Tyler calls him Daniel, but th"rc is no such name on the rolls. Bigler calls him Ezrah H. Perhaps it was Elijah or George Allen, who were privates in Co. B. Another George A. was in Co. E. Allen (David), 1847, Amer. immig. in Brown's co. of '46, but left sick on the way, going to Or. and visiting Cal. in '47. His wife died on the overland journey (v. 520-30). See Jas M. Allen. Allen (George), 1822, Irishman, said to have been a quaker, also calh d Scotch and English in some records, who landed at Mont, at age of 20. llu was baptized as Josef Jorge Tomiisat S. Cdrlos in '24, and in '26 married Pctia Boronda, a native of S. Jost?, age 14. Naturalized in '29. He kept i. little .sliui) or inn at Mont., in comp. with Wm Gralbatch, but sold out to Mcintosh in :) I for §90. In one way or another his name appears in the records of almost every year, as he was a favorite witness to divers contracts, had petty transactions with everybody, and served on occasion as surgeon and dentist. He was several times a member and oftener an employe of the ayiintamiento. In a padrou nt' '30, when he was munic. treasurer, he is noted as a trader, 40 years old, wiih wife and 4 children. In '42 he was justiceof the peace, and seems to have got a lot at S. F., though he never lived thei-e. In '44-5 teacher by the governors appointment, and iu '4J-C clerk in the U. S, consulate, being an excellent pen- ALLKN— ALLSOPP. GOl man, nml fviucntly a man of some cdiiciitioii. He somelimcs signed (rco. W. Al- len. Ilodicdiit Mont, in '47, and his widow was still living in 'S',i; liis hods v.ure Miguel, 1). in '27 — iu ". in o3. an my store of i)ioneer reuiiniscences; and few of tlie tlidu- sands iiiinied in this list have hud so varied nn experience. Allyn, 184.S, mr of tlio liiKir Wcltou. V. r)7S. Ahuenares (I'ruto), resid. of S. Bern, and Loa Ang. '4G-8. A. (Ign. ), Lis Anj,'. 1813. ii. o't'X A. (Jost5 M.), Los Ang. '40. A. (I'edro), soldier ut S. l\ and .Sonoma, '.30-42. Allien (.James), lH'J8-9, Engl, sailor at Mont. Perhaps 'Halpin.' Allaniirano (Abelino), at Los Ang. '4((. A. (Domingo), S. F. soldier ',17- 43. iii. 038, 007. A. (Francisco), S. Jose '41, married to Encarnacion Jicniid. A. (Uonzalo), soldier at 8. F. '"23-!); sent to Mex. '30. iii. 85. A. (.lose ( '.), Los Ang. '40. A. (.Tuan C), rcgidor at S. Joso 1800. ii. 134. A. (.Justol, settlers. F. 1791-lSOO; inval. '10-23. i. 710. A. (Lucas), soldier at S. .huui 1800. i. 588. A. (Luis), alfercz at Los Aug. '45-8. iv. 505. A. (Marcs), soldiers. F. '19-24. A. (IJafacl), .it N. llelv. '47. A. (Salvador), soldier of S. F. comp. '32-42. A. (Victoriuno), soldier at S. F. '23-0; sent to Mux. '30. ii. 85. See also list in i. 732. Altindra (Jos(?), 1820, Span, friar at S. F. and Solano, of which latter ho was the foundei-. lie left Cal. in '28. A padre who had a will of his own. Sie biog. in ii. 570; list of auth. in vol. i. ; mention in ii. 375, 304, 490-50.'), 5il5, 597, 055; iii. 24, 03-4. Alurcl (.J. B), 1830, French saddler at Mont. Perhaps 'Mutrel,' q.v. Alva (Manuel), 1833, !Mex. surgeon of the Cal. forces who camo to Mont. with (tov. Figucroa, and before '30 ni.irried Nicolasa (iajiola. In '37, with other Mex., he took part in the revolt against Alvarado, for which he was arrested and confined at S. Miguel; hut escaping, joined the Carrillo faction in the south, only to be rearrested in '38 by Castro at S. Buen. and released on promise of non-interference in politics. At first he was noted as a free- thinker, but with illness became devout. In '40, being disabled at the a;^o of 53, he got a passport for Mex., and his successor was appointed. No deli- idte record of his departure or death, iii. 230, 240, 290, 403, 523-4, 5.'>j. Alva (Valentin). Resid. of S. Bernardino in '40. Alvarado (Francisco Javier), soldier of S. Diego from 1780, and of St:i B. comp. from 1780. In 1795-(> corporal, and comisionado at Los Ang.; i.i 1S05 sergt; and in 1800-10 again comisionado, dying before 1818. lie mar- ried Maria Ignacia, daughter of Pedro Amador, about 1788. i. 001; ii. IliJ- 1 1, 340, 350-7. A. (Francisco .Javier), probably a son of the preceding, l).)i-i in 1807, and a resid. of Los Ang., where he was suplentc member of tlic dip. in '33, alcalde in '3.5, and again suplentc in '37. In a padron of '30 he ligun^ as a trader, age 32, and still lived at Loa Ang. in '48. iii. 240, 282, 500, 5ll."i, 020. A. (Francisco Maria), perhaps a brother of the preceding, though tiievc may be confusion between two or more of the same name. Grantee of Pena;- quitoa rancho in '23, '34, '30, on which he lived; rcgidor of S. Diego ".'u; grantee of Soledad rancho in '38; aux. alcalde and regidor at Los Ang. ('.') '38-9; treasurer at S. Diego '40-1; and jucz in '45. ii. 547, 012, 018, 003; iv. 53-4, 495, 012, 010, 019, 020-1, 030. See also list i. 732. A. (Fran. M.), ut Los Ang. '30, age 25. Alvarado (Ignacio Mai'ia), witness in the Hen-era trial '27; regidor at Los Ang. '32-3; juezdecanipo '.35; sindico-'37; prisoner in '38; resid. of Los Ang. , age 27, in '39; juez de paz '41; still at Los Ang. '48. Very likely more than one of the name. iii. 02, 517, 554-5, 035-0; iv. 032. A. (Ignacio Rafael), 1774. soldier and later sergt of .S. 1). and Sta B. comp.; may have been the fr.tlicr of some of the preceding and following. Biog. i. 047, 452. A. (Isidro 11.), aux. alcalde in Angeles dist. '.38; age 20 in '30; grantee of Monserrato ranc'.K) '46. iii. 030; v. 010. He scema to have been the man who died at S. Luis Key '62, and at whose grave tiic mourners were attacked by the sheriir r.ud one killed. A. (Joaquin), regidor at ^lont. '31-2. Born at S. D. in ISJO; married to Juana do Dios Higucra; 5 children in '.30, Jnau Josi?, I'c- li;)c, Jos^ A., Maria Ana, and Francisco, iii. 114, 072-3; iv. 653. A. (Joa- quiuti), grantee of the Canada Larga rancho '41. iv, 042. ALVARADO. Alvaratlo (Josu Francisco), ITO."), scryt Mont co. Ron of .Iran IJ., anl ."aLlicr of .luiinJJ. (the governor), l^icd in ISO"), lliog. ii. 111. A. (Josr M. ), j^riintio of Viillctitoa runclio '40; juez ut 8. D. '4l-'_'; kiiUd at I'auiiiii "4:1. iii. (ill"; iv. (Hi); V. 017. A. (Josefa), owner of lioi-.su ut Los An^'. '31. iii. .'i;!l); uIho '48; as was Jiiana Alv. A. (Juan), regidor of Los Ang. ';il. iii. liW. A. (.Iiian A.), nicnib. of dip. '37. iii. .")0(J. A. (Juan liuulista), father of Jose I'raii. as above, a suldior who cauio in the Ist cxpcd. of 1701), but hiria Josefii A'allejo, born at Mont. Feb. 14, 1809. To a man like this, wJiitfdr years was a central ligure in California history, and to wlioni iijany pa;j;es aie devoted in other parts of this work, but scanty justice can be dmie in this regi.ster. I attLiiipt no more here than to present a brief elironologic outline ( f wilieiit ) oints, to index the pages devoted to thesui)ject in otlicr volumes, and t) add J oiiio general remarks on the nuin, his character, aiul liis eaicer. Alvar.uli's oliicial life began in '27, from which date to ",'A he was .secretary of tlic dip- utacion, being named in '31 as eomisionado for '^. Luis (3b., and meauwhilo t uii)lijyed as clerk by dilFcrcnt Monterey merchants. From "34 to "30 he w;;s a vista, or appraiser, in the Mont, eustomdiouae. In '34 he was elected mem- l;i r of the dip. for tlic term of '.'}>>-0, and in '3(i was president of that body. ]'oi- a biog. sketch down to '30, sec iii. 4.")0-3; mention for the same period, in ii. 4:2'J; iii. ;«J-43, 41J-50, C'J, 82, UiO, 210, i:4.-., 21!)-r)(), 2!)1, 2!),-.-(J, 307, ;i7!, •'i7i\ 4~2, 420, 420, 441, 443, 07i>, 082. Leading a revolution against (lov. (Gutierrez, Alvarado was revolutionary gov. of (,'al. from Dec. 7, '30, to July !). ".)7; from that date, by submitting to Mex., he bei^ame regular gov. ail int. ."s pres. of the dip. till Nov. 21, '3'.), when he became constitutional gov. by ^lex. appointment of Aug. On his revolution, struggle witii the south, cani- 1 ;iigna, political schcmings, controversy with Carrillo, and his rule in general 1.1 '30-8 — no satisfactory resume being practicable here — see iii. r)4.")-r>78, or I Iiap. xvi.-ix.; also mention in ii. 78; iii. 014, (],")2, 070-1; iv. 47 et seij., SO, i', et seq., 101, 14y-.")0. On Alvarado's rule in '39-42, including his marriage, :ceiii. .■);y-94, 039; controversy with Vallcjo, iii. 593-007; iv. 19()-20r), 2S1-4; i'.cts in the (!raham afTair, iv. 1-41; policy in mission and Ind. all'airs, iv. 47- 73, 194-8, .'{30-41; commercoand finance, iv. 91-lCO, 200-'2j, .'!41-2; treatment of foreigners, Sutter, Russians, etc., iv. 107-89, 228-52; Com. Jones' allJiir, iv. 307-19; succession of Micheltorcna, iv. 291-7. Alvarado's governorship ended on Dec. 31, '42; but from '43 he iield a commission of colonel in the Mex. aiHiy with pay; and from '47 that of colonel of the defensorns dc la patria. Ho v. as a leading spirit in the revolution of '44-5 that made L'ico gov., and by tiic latter was made admin, of the Mont, customdiouse. Ho was elected to con- j;rcs3 in '45, but did not go to Mex., being also the grantee of several ranchos, including the famous Alariposas. Though serving as colonel under Castro, ho tjok but slight part in the affairs of '4(), being arrested and paroled in Sept., n:'.d residing as a citizen in '47-8 at his raucho near Monterey, though the !Mex. govt had appointed himayud. inspector of the Cal. prcsidial companies. For mention of A. in this part of his career, '43-8, see iv. .357, 300 , ;03-4, 407-9, 4.53, 485, 488-508, 518-20, 524, 530-7, 539-fO, 544, 550-82, ■ ': -' 021, 072-3; V. 5, 28, 31-2, 41, 09, 137, 231, 201, 207, 282, 289, 303, 4:{3, 4.;^, 501, r.05-0; iii. 712. In the flush times and period of land litigation Alvarado saved no land or money; but subsequently moved to the San I'ablo estate inherited by his wife — ^lartiiia, daughter of Francisco Castro, wliom he married in "39 — where, though the property was always in litigation, ho was enabled to live comfortably until his death on July 13, 18^2. His wife had died in '75, init ho left several children, including two sous and a married daughter. He had also several natural daughters before his marriage. In physicjue Don Juan Bautista was of medium stature, stout build, fair complexion, and light hair; of genial temperament, courteous manners, and rare powers of winning friends. Re- specting his character I must refer the reader to the discussion elsewhere of his various acts. Much will be found in him to praise, much to condemn. Most that is bad in his conduct may be traccU to his environment, to his position-as a ■m . .' CO I riOXKER REOISTRR AND INDEX. ]! ili iri;iii fonid l.y (■ii'ciiiii!,:!iiicc'» to Hiipport liims«'If hy iiitiij,'iif, nnd to liis i'.iifi)rliii:alc' iiuliil'^UKc in iiil(»xicaliiij; driiiU. From It!) lu' was ri'ikloNS, <[[>ti\. ji tcl, iiti.l ill i'.;)rniMlf^;r( c ilis|H)-('il to |u'nnit rascal i-icsoii tin- juirt of ;is.s()ci:iti'S rvil f iilioi'iliii.'i'.cs; tlioii'-'li, imlecd, all hi' foillil liavodoiii! to ]ir('Vi'iit Mli.'li coii- «li!ut v.i.H to icsij^ii and li-avu tlif I'L'sjHuisiliility to aiiothi'i'. Nof can it lie said t!;;;l he i:a.s:ic(l tiirouirli thu onlcal of later land litigation witliont (''scrtdit. li his favor it may lie said that he Imil more brains, ener^'y, nnd execnti\(' 1 I.iiity Ihiin any three of JiiseontemjjoraiieaeoniLined; that in must of his many c ):it!o\' rsJe.s he wan rit;!it as well an miece.ssful; that he was iiatiiolio, and at tl:-' lirst full of good intentions for his country; that the jioliticians wiio forcrd l.ini to expend ilia ener;,ies and the country's sulistance in seeticjnal c|iiariels r.(! lar;;( ly re;-ip(aisil)le fir Idi failui'e; that none of his eoinitrymvn could \u:\ii dune MO well in his place; that he was honoralile in his private dealings, truu t) his political friends, and never used his position to enrich himself. Jle hm l):'on accused, and for the most part unjustly, through church inlluencc, of liiiv- in;j plundered the missions; but for their inevital)Ic ruin lie was responsililc < ;dy in being gov. while it was accomplished. Still moi'e grossly exaggi-'ratt-d, r;id even false, have been the accusations of fmch men as l''aruhaniand llastings, f lundcd on Alvnrado's policy toward foreigners. In my list of authorities will l:e found many of Alvarado's writings. His original letters of ';{(i-4'2 merit ("ily ]irui»o as the best authority extant on the history of that period. His ii'i^tiii-ia (If t'dlij'orniii, dictated for my use in ''i\, is valuable in many parts r.iid worthless in many others. Alvarado (.)uan 15.), son of Fran. J. Alvarado, born in 1700, regidor of Los Aug. in '30-1; at 8. 1). as regidor and com. de policiain '3.")-(l; at Los Mvs,. ia '.■'i7; niemb. of the dip. in '30. ii. odi; iii. ."i(;0, ."i.S4, (i.'U, 015- (irantecuf lliucdii del Diablo in '4.'{. He died in '47, lea\ ing a family. uan .lose), !,Mi(i' and Corp. at S. Diego fr. 1703, and settler at Los Ang ">. ii. 3"0. Ano'.licr of the same iinine was a son of .loaciuin A., born ... at. in '•.!(!. A. (lunn N.), settlor at iios Aug. 'Ill; regidor in '3:2, '3.J-(), age 40 in '30. A. (inaiui), land-ov.ner at Los Aug. '48. A. (Maria. loafj.), wifoof (lab. Moraga. ii. .'^1. A. (Mariano), at l.ns Aug. '40. A. (Miguel), soldier of Sta I!. ;\!id S. F. '20-37; in '44 at Sonoma, age 44, and grantee of Vulujia ranclio. iv. ( 74. A. (X.), soMier at Mont. '4."). iv. 4.S7. A. ('J'ouuiHa), Iiouse and lot at ■'•;. Diego, 1830. ii. .")40; iii. OIL'. Alvarez, murdered at Sta IJ. 1794. i. 000. A. (I'olipe). settler at Mont. 1701. i. 00(i. A. (.lose), artilleryman toachcr at S. !•'. 17O7-l.'!0;). i. (;i!. A. (.Iii;e F.), sec. of aynnt. S. Dic'^o '.'W; clerk in Mont, customdiourte '43 4, iii. Old; iv. 377,431. A. (.luan), Ind. on t'.ie .S". Aiitoulo, 17.>0. i. 131; g.i;:;tl {i.S. D. 177"). i. •_'.■(>; settler at Les Aug. 1700. i. 400. A. (Miguel). ;,L_Sla 15. "37. wife I'aida l.arn. At Los Ang. in '40. A. (i'edro), at Los Am,'. \',.'i'.l ii. 3:-'. A. (iV Iro .M.i, nr-j. at S. ])., murdered '1-t. ii. 3.0. A. Vi'i'-'''.''- eio), ]ilotting wit!i Ind. '."iO. iii. r)S7. iVlvire.'f (Claudio). t-ettlcr at S. ■fuse fr. 1780; land in 1783; regidorin 17'-'">, loO."). i. 477-8, ',\'.'.)\ ii. L'U. A. (rra.ieisco), settler at S. F. 1 71)1- 1 ;'■;):). i. 710; Id., rcsdd. S. (Jab. '40. A. (Juan), soldier who eame before 1700. i. 7;)3. A. (.luan), iKrhaps son of the preceding; alcalde of S. .lo.se I'dil-l;). ii. C,74-.">; ale. of Mun;. ''JO. ii. 011-1'J; grantee of Laguna Seca ranelio '.54; ah'. of S. ^o&(i '37. iii. 430. 71-', 7-J0-30; mention in '44^0. iv. 400, 470; v. 0. (ii. Alvi;ji) (Agustin), son of Ignaeio, b. at S. F. 1800; !:oon going to Sta (,'lani; married M.';ria Ant. I'achcco in '.SO; maj. of S. .Tosc:- mission '41J-1; grantee '>f I'otrero (Jo loa (,'errit( s rancho '44. iv. 07-, and later owner of Sta iiita in Livt laiorc Val. He was a ]iit)sperous ranchcro, locally well known. Arrested 1 y Sutter in '44 in the Michcltorcna alTair. His wilV died in '70; his children v.crc Margarita b. in '31, mar. in 'oO to Andnmico Soto, at S. Luis Ob. in '85 villi .1 children; Jos.i 1). in '34, Salvio b. in '37, Valentin b. in '41; Jesus M. 1'. i:i '14, mar. Iguaeio I'achcco in 'O.'i, at I'leasanton in '8.'); .Jose li. b. in '."lO, Ala::i. (.'o. 'S.">; (Juadalupe b. in '.')'2, Alam. Co. '8.'>. Don Agustin died in '80. .Mvi'.o (Anastas-io), :i'):i cf F.-niieis'co Jav., said not t > have married. Id., con of Ii.u'icio, rcaid. of .S. -lo;'; i:i '41, -c/'i -l;!; v.Ik in'.i Ant. Alcamirau'j; ALVISO. 605 child., lilas I), ill 'iS, Isalnl ",V2, Aiitouia '.17, Ignatio '.'tO. Lias Alviso in kiiDwa IVuiii liJH coiinut'tioii w iili tliu afi'.iii' nt Arcc'ii iiDi'.ie.s in '4li, iiiid iiis cuii- BC'ijtic'iit cliiini (jii till' govt. V. I()(i, lOv). Alvi.M) (l)(iiiiiiij,'()), son (if l!L,'nufii), 1). iit S. V. alx)Ut IMI"; in '41 t\ rcsiil. (if S. .lom''; wife Mariiv S. raclRi'o; cliild., Uafii(d and Iiu:f. In MTi lie M,,a L'lv'i'U'd jd alcalde, iv. tJS."i. Sec al«(» list i. "I'M. Tiiiic waH al.-'U a iiiiimral Al- \i.s,)at Sta 15. in '-24. ii. r,:\\. Al\ iso (I'nin. .)a\ icr), liro. of lynacio, who came as a S. V. Huttkr with Vii/a ia '7">-(i. i. U!)7, 7l(i; «aid to liavc mar. Alalia Ant. JJcltran, hy wlimu In' had .'ii'ohis, Francisco, and AnaHtasio; lint in '17 at S. CirluH y.mi inani( d Iran- i!sciiai'tc- -to ( l«'rir;'.di,< \'illa- vi'cncio. Francisco (the son?) \\a.s a sold, in S. F. conii). t; alcalde of liranciforto '44, iv. 004; was in 'I.') livin;^ at IJcainii'. , a'^'c .d, l::itive of S. .Jo.se; wife Jiernahola (Jarcia; child., .lo.'^efa 1>. in "29, Maria T. ■.i.', (Jnillermo %'*, Sahaa ';«), Manuelita '4-2. .\lviso ((Jaliriel), son of Jgnacio, l>. in IS02; .sohlier at S. F. 'UI-IJO, aloo at .S. F. in ',S7; in '41 at S. Jo.sC'; wife Fraiicisca lli;^'nera, chilil., .hum J; n. I>. '24, Maria '-.'7, Nicolas ';'!), Maria A :il, .lose 11. and .lo.'se S. ',i4, -Nlargarita '.'(5, Toin;is ';>!), .Ion ■ E. "40. Also at S. .1. in '47. v. Oli"). Alviso (Ignacio), native of Sonoia, li. in 1 77-; son of |)oniin;;o .\. and An- jrolaTrcjo, Spaniards; came with hifi mother, liiother, and sister as niemln'r of iVnza'H iS. F. colonists in '7.'>-0. i. •J.')7. In ''M enlisLed in S. F. cimii)., sei'vini^ as ;i jirivate till ISO.'), and as corp. to iKlil, wlu'n ho liecame an inv:did(i, or ]iv;nsioner, with the rank of scrgt and half pay liy order of tiiu kin^;. lie re- mained for some years at S. F., heing an elector i:i '•_'7, ami militiaman in '.'{7. ii. .")!)'J. Then he went to Sta Clara; wayyrautceof Jlincon de los l^sterosranclio in 'US. iii. 71'2; and was admin, of Sta Clara mission in '40-;); jue:'. in "47. v. 0(i2. Me died in '48, leavin;,' a lar^'e estate, lie may lie regiinled as the original Alvisoof Cal., and a town in Sta(,"laiaCo. hears his name. J I is wife was .Mar;,'a- rita liernal, mar. in '1)4 at .'^. F. ; his children, A/Austin, Jose Ant., Calniel, Anastasio, Jose M., Domingo, t'onci'licion, and l)olores. Another Ignacio A. was a native of (Jal., age 0."), at .S. .lose in '41 ; wife Lui.sa I'cralta. .\lviso (Josi; Ant.), son of Ignacio. Soldier in S. F. co. down to "21; rcgidor at S. .lose '28. ii. 005; elector and militiaman S. F. ■;}7. iii. 70,"); juez at S. l'rancis(iuito and S. Josi5 'Ui>, '4IJ. iii. 70t"); iv. OS,"). Ment. down to '.'i."), whin he was claimant for Arr. de Purisima i-ancho. v. .'{71, 0,'t7, 077. He ilicd he- fjre "S."), leaving a largo estate. A. (.lose Ant.), protialily aiiDUicr man and 17 m of NicolAs, at Salinas in '77 gave nij his interesting CdinjKti'ia di' Xatlvi- i! ill, MS. A. (.JostS Maria), son of Ignacio, h. ahmit 1711'^; sold, at S. F. ■|'.) 27; grantee of Milpitas in ';$."), iii. 712; alcalde at S. ,Josi'' '.'!(). iii. 72i>- ;v); in '41 resid. of S. Josi^', with wife .luana 0, Agustina '.'{2, Florcncina '34, Antonio ';i;i, ( iai)riel 'US. A. (.lose M. ), : 7. iii. 7;''2; grantee of (.'.ifiada Verde '38, and later claimant for(j! lito (perhain dif. men), iii. >)77; i •. 072; in '41 at S. Jose, age 29; wife Mannela ('antiia; eiiild., Francisco and 1 jnacia; with Arce in com. of troops '40. v. 10(1 !), 002. A. (Jn.in), resid. of S. Jose '41, age 52, wife Lugarda Lrioiic", child .liian. A. (Loreco), sister of Ijn-.cio, who came in 1770, and married Luis I'eralta. A. (Manuel), soldier it. S. F. from '27; died in '04. Alviso (Nicolas), son of Fran. J., at Mont. '20. ii. 012; grantee of Alisal, Sau;:al, and Natividad. ii. 010, 004, 077; suplente of dip. '27-8. iii. .'{(i, 41; m.;j. and ale. at Solcdad. iii. 3.">4, 074, 090-1; took part in arrest of (iraliani '4J. iv. 21-2. Hij wife was Barbara lUitron. Anotlicr >,ic. Alviso lived at D.ancifortc in '4"), age 2'i; wife Juana Lorcuiiana; child llusa. A. (Se.ero), suldicr of S. F. eomp. 'i3-;)2. ^W n 69G PIOXEEIl REGISTER AND INDEX. Alviso (Viilcntiii), son of Agustin, b. at 8. J(;sO in '-11; cdiicateil in Mass.; nir.i'iit'd '(j!S Jostta Livci'uioiv, liy whom lie lied 4 child.. Cri.stina, Anto!ii:i, lioca, and ilnicsto. J lis homo liai, boon at Li\ orniorc, where he has lieea fanner and real estate ayeiit, .'■erviny also as supervisor and assemblyman. In '«.") lie is an employe of the U. S. mint at 8. F. Deeply interestetl in the liio'tory of his eouiitry, he has furnished mc the valuable JJocwnuuton jiarn In. Hi -I. ( 'uL, forming the Alviso family archives; and has rendered aid ui otlar uiat.crs, besides e(jntributing the JAvd'inun; I'ttjicrs. Alvi>;re (Sel)astian), settler and ineorriyible scamp oo S. Jos»5 J783 eaiid Los Aug. fr. 17i)0. i. '.iM, 4(;(M, 477, 4S4, (J 10. In '40-0 u, dozen Alvitrea lived in tlic L. Ang. region, one being mentioned in iv. (i;{7. Amador (.fose ^laria), sun of I'edro, b. in ll'JJ. at S. F. Died at Oilroy in '8.S. See biog. sketch ii. fiS-'i-U; also mention ii. 'i.'W, 31!), 335, 33!», 37-', -l-"i, ■14,), i'l'.i'J: iii. 713, 7-"); iv. 75, (iSl; i. list of autli. A. (.Marcos), sold, at 8. V. 'lS)-23; rcid. of JVanciforte '28-;!0. ii. G'27. A. (Pedro), Mcx. sergt of tht; It exped. in 1700, who ic'."r Capt. 15nrrouglis, and like his leader was killed at Xatividad in Nov. v. .■)7l. He was I'l.iried at (loniez' lancho, and his efl'ccts were sold at N. Helv. in 8ept. '47 by I'etcv Wimmer. A. (Edward T.), 1847. < 'o. D, N. Y. Vol. (v. •1!)!)). Ames (.losiah P.i, 1847, Engl., Co. H, N. V. V-A. (v. 490); settling at Sac, and about '.55 at Half Mo'ui Bay; farmer, suptrvisor, assemblyman of '77-8, and warden of state prison iu '82. C/arL: Ames (Thaddeus M.), 1847, Co. C, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499-518); later a doc- tor in Mendocino Co., niemb. of the assembly iu '02-3. and dicil at (ireeii Valley, Sonoui.a Co., in '70. A native of N. Y. Aiiiesti (,JosL'), 1822, Span. Basque, who came on the I'aiilhcr, at the age of 30, swore idlegianco to Mex., anil became a prominent citinen and merchant of the Monterey district, ii. 475; iii. 51-2. In '24 he married I'rudeuciaiia, daughter of Iguacio Vailcjo, by whom he hud three daughters, Carmen b. iu '25, Epitaeia in '20, Celedonia In '29. Gr; ntee of Conalitos rancho in "27 and '-14. ii. 010, 004; iv. 055. In '32 joined the coiiip. cxtranjera. iii. 221; took slight part in the politics of '30. iii. 409; was juez in '41, and alcahle iu '44 at Nlont. iv. 053, 050. In "40 being plundered by the Amer., he hail a Ca!. claim (v. 402-8) of §7,000. v. 358-9. Tliough sometimes involved iu (juarrels by rea'jii of a liery temper, Amesti was a man of good ehai'aeter, being not only wealthy but resiWeted. Larkin, in his Xotcs of '45, desciibeil him as a man disgusted with the Mex. govt and favoring a change. He died about '50, and his widow after '77. A. (Feliiie), alcalde at S. Juan 11. in '3.5. iii. 092. Aniestoy (.Marcos), 1804, Span, friar, who served at 8ta B., ami left Cal. in 1814. See ii. 304; also ii. 121, 159-00, 394. Amuz(jnitn. Several of the name among the early sold, and settlers of 8, F. and S. .losi^ fr. 1775. See list i. 7.'!3; also mention of .lose', i. 079; .luan Antouio, i. 47S, 017; Muiuiel, i. 297i 312, 350. Juaii Auivz(|uitu in '30 was a •A' 1. lit it' IIC- ilit 111 a 111 IT, ;{.-., AM KZQUITA— ANDERSON. native Calif., ngc 40. living at Biiei'.avista ranclio near Mont, with liis wife (ire^'iiriu Arceo ami eliild., Uarbaia b. in ''2'>, Til)iirei() "J7, Coiicepcion '^'J, (Iiiiulalupe '.'JO, Casiklo ";{;}, Anita "lU. !Maiiuel was regiilor at !^. .lose in ISOO. ii. i;U. llaiiiun, jiiez (le caiiipo at IVijaro in ',S."). iii. 074; in '.Sli liveil at S. Miguel lanelm, age lUi, with his wife Ana M. \'illaanil (J child., .Juan li. ill ''2i>, X'icente ':2S, Maria t'. ''M, I'ahlo '.'tl, liefugio '3'.', (.'asiuiiia '.'54. Salvador in "Mi lived at the Salinas raneho, age 48, wif^; (Jarcia Martinez; cliild., Saloine h. in ":.'.">, liusa ''2', Salvador ''2'J, Hanion "S'2, Jo.se '3j. Aniist (L.), is;i4. iiir of an Kn;_'l. hriy. iii. 384. Anioro.s (.Jnaii), 1S04, Span, fiiar of Catalnna, who served at S. Carlos and S, ilafael, where he died in '3-'. I'roniinent in early annals of the noilli- Lin front!"!-. JJiog., iii. 7i")-10; ineiition in ii. SS, 147, l.V.MJO, 218, 1284, WM, ;)83, 3!I4, 418, 483, "lOO, ,587. -VJii, G.'O, UO(i; iii. W>, ^M, 31!t, 3.")1; iv. l.MKOO. AiUDS, 181(J, carpenter of tiie Lydia at Sta IJ. ii. •27"). Aiuiirrio (Ijrc- gorio), 1773, Sjan. friar; founder of S. Juai' Cap.; left Cal. in 1779. .See hioi,'. in i. 4.")S; mention in i. l!)4-5, •224, 248-1), •2U()-7, 30(), 303-4. Anangua, 1813, capt. of the Tui/lt'. ii. •2()8. Anastasio, 1831, executed at Mont, for robbery. iii. (iOO, (173. Anaya, 1S34, lieut on the Mordos. iii. '20!). AiRlersoii, 184."), doubtful name of (Jrigsby-Ide co. of imniig. iv. .")78-!). Anderson, 1848, of lirm Edmoudson &. A. at S. F. v. 082. A. (Cameron), 1,S48, lot in S. F. A. (Chas), 18-20-8, mr of the Solitml,: iii. 148. A. iCha.s), l;i3i, acting as doctor at .S. Ciab., prob. from n vessel, iii. •209. A. ((.'has), 1810, Co. (jI, Cal. ]lat. (v. 3.")8), trans, to Co. ]}, artill. Knli.'.'^ed at S Anderson (Chaa C. ), 1847, lieut Co. <\ N. Y. Vol.; com. garrison .-it N. Helv. V. r)04, 314, 07"). ile died at S. F. in Sept. '47, and his body was tlio 1st buried in the North lleacli eenietery. A. (Frank 1'.), 1847, Co. D, N. Y. \\i\.; printer on the Califuriiiun. After an adventurous career fr. '.").") -.vitli ^V'alker in Nicaragua, and as clonel in the confederate army, he returned to S. F. , where he became a special policeman, dying in Oct. '8l. A. ((ieo 1814, Ainer. sailor a.id cook on tlie Hibcrnia, aided by the consul, and dis- cliarged in '40. iv. 4.">.'!. A. (Jacob), 1842, Amer. .steward on the ('dli/ornitt. A. (.1.), 1848, came fr. Honolulu. A. (J. 1).), 1840, master's mate on the Sinuiitnh. A. (.James). 1832, trapper of Young'.s co. , murdered near J^oa .\ug. iii. 388. A. (Lewis), 1.S43, Amer. iiiimig. of ('hiles-Walker co., iv. ',i',)2, ^\ ho in '44 applied for a pass to return home via J>os Anj,. Anderson (Mary), IS2U-30, Scotch wif.: of (ieo. Kinlock, and the 1st foreign woman to settle in (.',d. A. (Robert), 1810, Fauiillenjy's dragoons (v. 2.'5'2-47). Anderson (Ste])lieii), 18'28, Scotch trader and sometimes physician, ]partner of .las (loldie of Lima, who spent much of his time in (,'al. from '"28 ti> '32 as supercargo of tlie l\i)ir)t(il, I'hox Xoirhin, and Ai/iiriirhu. He was olten ac- iDinpanicil by his family, and was known to cvery])ody. I have much of his commercial corresp. He went to Kuroi)e from Lima in '33, and perhaps did not return to the L'aeille coast, as lie was at Ivlinburgh in '30. See mention in iii. 71, 73, 81, 99-100, 147, 178, .'{81. Anderson (Walter), 1M8, Amer. iiamig. said to have come with his wife to Lake Co. in '48 ('!), being the 3il setiler. In '51 wi-iit to Mendocino Co., to fi jilace named for him Anderson \'alley, where he became rich, but died in poverty. Lah; Co. Uisl., 0;{, Anderson (Win), 1837, I'higl. .^ailor who left a whaler, or perliap"- • .lO A'm(^ at Mont. Ivnowii as •Mountain Bill,' or ' Kei1 liill.' A lli-.eiit narrator in cockney dialect of his own exjiloits, not afraid of aguardiente. He was one of (liaham's 'rillemen,' and in U) one (jf the exiles to S, Jilaa. iv. 18, "23, 33, 37, 118, .'i93; but came back with a pass and claim for damages which yielded him a little mom^y. In '42 he got a carta and soon married a native. In '38-48 his name constantly appears in Larkin's books and other records. In '40 7 — besides having a '(Jal. claim,' as who did not'/ — he made soaj) for La kin, and had a llouring-niill on the Salinas plain, sold to i'anauS,.(;40, G57, (501 2. Anzar (Juan Maria), brother of the padre; grantee of Aromitas, etc., in '35, and of iSta Ana, etc., in '39. iii. 07(5, (579, 713; juez, acting at times as prciLct, in '39-41 at S. Juan. iii. 001, 075, (593; suplente of tiic junta in '42- 3. iii. 290; iv. 301. He was described in Larkin's Xoleg of '45 as a man of wealth and character, favoring the U. S. cause. I tind no trace of him after '52, when he was claimant for certain rauclios; but in '5.3 .Maria Ant. do An/.ar appears as cl. for others— apparently his widow, and daughter of A, M. ( 'astro; though A. is said by Larkin to have been married in Mex. Apaliitegui (Antonio), 1834, .Span, clerk, age 33, who came from Mex. with the If. & P. colony (iii. 2,")9, etc.); leader in the Los Aug. revolt against (ti>v. Figueroa in '35, for which ho was exiled to Mex. iii. 2S4-90. Ajiis (I'ablo), S. Luis Hey neopli. and chief; grantee of 'i'emf'cula in '45. iii. {517, 021, 1)24. Apolinario (Mariano), Dom. friar of B. (.'al. at S. Diego 1791- ISOO. i. G.55. Atjuino (Tomiis), Span, friar who acted as chaplain in Viz- caino's exped. 1002-3. i. 98, 102. Araiza (Francisco), 1840, ^lex. shop-keeper at Mont., who in '42-5 made some money under the patronage of Col Tellez; militia oliicer anil juez in '44-5. iv. (552-0. His wife was a daughter of Capt. Segura; but soon after '40 he left his fain, and went to Mex. Aralde (Kno), doubtful name in a I.,()s .\ng. list of '4(5. Aralon ( \Vm), 1829, mr of a schr. at S. I'cdro. iii. I.'i5. Aram (.Joseph), 184(5, iiativc of \. Y., and over!, immig. from 111. (v. 25(5- 30), with his family. He organized and comni^nuU'd a comp. of volunteers to garrison Sta Clara and protect the faniilit < of immigrants si wing in the batallion '40-7, and took part in the ' battle ' ye. No record of him after 1807. i. 297, 312, 350, 478, 480; ii. 134-5. A. (•Tos(5), nat. of Cal., age 52, at 8. Josii in '41; wife J nana Montero; ciiilil., Josefa b. '24, Miguel A. '27, Josd Ant. '30, Maria D. '32, Maria L. '35, Con- ccpcion '.S9. A. (Jose Noberto), son of Ign., b. at S. J,js6in 1778; proljably sanjc as jireceding, though age docs not agree, A. (Miguel Geronimo), imn of Ign., 1). at .S. F. in 1779. Became a soldier at .S. F., promoted to coip. ; transfciTcd to .Mont, to become a school-master about 1811. Many Calif, ui later prominence attended his school in '11-20. ii. 381, 427-9. His wife was Mai'ia Ant. Garcia. Arci (.Ios6), 1811, mr of the Mexicuna. ii. 207. Ardisson (Estevan), 18)0-1, French trader who settled at Sta B. H,' was periiaps the Ed Ardison who in July '40 had a claim aminst the govt. Mcnt. by Mofras in '41-2. His name frecpiently occurs in 42-7; he had a 'Cal. claim' in '40; and in '48 was alcahlc. iv. 279, 587, Oil, 031. Still living at El Kincon in '50. Arellanes, maj. at Purisima '24. ii. 429. A. (Francit'co), .Sta B. raiicliei'o '37-45, with wife Pctra Ruiz and 2 child. A. (.lose), at Mont. Arenas (Cayetano), Mcx. who came to Cal. as a Ijoy. In '40 employed as clerk iu the seuretaria; grantee of 8. Mateo rauchu. v. 001. Iu '54-5 a resid. |e, ARENAS— ARGUELLO. 701 of Log Ang. and •witness in the Limantour case. A. (Jose M.)i sent as a prisoner to Mex. in '30. iii. 85. A. (.losi'), Mox. at lirancif. in '45, age 52; wife Feliciana; child,, Felipe h. in '23, Maria '29, Florcncio '31, Josu Ant. '33, Omel)on (?) '36, Juan '38, Ciirmen '41, Zcnona '44. A. (Luis), 18.S4, Mex. trader who perhaps eanio with the colony (iii. 259 et seq.), settled at Los Anj,'. , where he was alcalde in '3S, and was prominent in the opposition to Alva- rado. iii. 491, 504, 555, 577, 63(5. In '37 one of the grantees of iS. Jost5 raneho, and in '40-1 grantee of Azuza. iii. (333. In '44 regiilor. iv. 033. In '44-5 grantee of I'iuiba, Los Hnecos, Cahuenga, and 8ta Clara orcliard. iv. 021; v. 501, 0()."), 027. Also capt. of the defensores. v. 140. Still trading on the coast in '47; but 1 have no later record of him. Arenaza (Faacual M.), 1780, Span, friar at S. Cdrloa, who left Cal. in 1797 and died in '99. Sec i. 685; also i. 388-423, 409, 575-7, 579. Argiiellea (Luis), Mex. shoemaker at Mont, in '30. Ai'giiello (Concepeion), daughter of Josd D., h. at S. F. in 1790; d. at Beni- cia in 1857. Famous for her romance with Uezanof in 1800, for account of M hicii, with sketch of her life, see ii. 72-4, 77-8. Her full name was Maria do la Concepeion Marcela. See also mention in ii. 287; iii. 508, (JOO; iv. 219. Argiiello (Gervasio), son of Jose D., b. at Sta B. 1780. In 1804 he entered the military service as soldado distinguido of the S. F. comp. , in which he was cadet 1807-17, serving also as habilitado in 1808-10. ii. 117, 125, .303, 370. Sent in '16 to Ross, writing a report of his visit, ii. .309, 031 ; i. list of i.uth. In '14 he married Encarnacion Bernal; and in '10 was sent to Mex. as habili- tado general, never returning to Cal., and holding this oflice till '32, besides being a suplente in congress in '27-8. Meanwhile, fr. '17 he was on the pay- roll of the S. Diego comp. as alferez till '31, when he was promoted tolieutof the Mont, comp., and in '34 coinmissioneil capt., but immediately retired as lieut on full pay, with permission to reside in Jalisco, ii. 213-14. 217, 2(il, 421-2, 514-15,543, 071; iii. 3.3-4, 45, .378, (!71. In Cal. Don Gervasio was re- |,uted to be a youth of good conduct and fair abilities, though dispo.sed to 'put on airs.' In Mex. he accomplished nothing, either as habilitado gen. or congressman, having no special fitness for tiie positions; yet a man of ten times his ability would very likely have failed, cipially in getting money for C-A. from the Mex. govt. I have private letters written by him from Guaila- lujara in '49 and '52, filled with pious complaints of poverty, which would bo intolerable but for aid received from Cal. Argiiello (Jost5 Dario), 1781, founder of the Arguello family; Mex. alferez, later lieut and capt.; comandante at S. F., Mont., and StaB. ; acting gov. of Cal. in '14-15; gov. of L. Cal. in '15-22. Died at (iuadalajara '28; his wife was Ignaeia Moraga, who died at Guad. in '29. For many years Don Jose'; was the most prominent, influential, and respected man in Cal. See biog. sketch in this vol., 358-01, inelud. 4 of the children who did not remain in (Jal. ; also mention of Don Jos6 in i. .340-2, .347, 372, .390, 445, 403, 408, 470 2, 478, 484, 498, 501-2, 511-13, 525, 531-2, .-)8S 94, 078-80, (i92-4. 708, 717, 721, and list of auth.; ii. .30, 44, ()8-74, 8(J, 99, 117, 125, 127, 133, 135, 187, 190, 207-8. 210-11, 240, 305-7, 4.50, 505, 571 ; iii. 11. Argiiello (Jos(5 Ign. Milx.), oldest son of Jos6 D. ; b. at S. Gabriel in 1782; educ. in Mex. as a priest; visited (Jal. in 1809. ii. .359-00, 122. A. (.los^ Ramon), son of Santiago, at San Juan Cap. in '40-1. iii. (12(5-7. Sec. to prefect at Los Ang. in '42. iv. 032. Suplento juezat S. Diego in '45. iv. 020. Sub-prefect in '40. v. 018. A. (Jos(5 liamon), son (if Luis Ant., b. at S. F. in '28; living at Sta Clara and Mont, till '44; on the coast of Mex. '44-0; lived with his mother from '40 at Las Pulgas and Sta Clara, where he died in '70. A. (Julian), a Sonorau with Zamorano at Mont, in '.36, age 10. Argiiello (Luis Antonio), son of Jos(5 I)., b. at S. F. in 1784; cadet at S. F. 1799; alf. 1800; lieut and com. 1800; capt. from '18. Gov. ad int. of Cal. from Nov. 22d, '22, to Nov. '25. Died at S. F. '.30. First wife, Rafaela Sal, 1807-14; 2d wife, Soledad Ortega, '19, who died at Sta Clara in '74. His children were Francisco, by 1st wife, who died soon after '30; by 2d wife, Concepeion, b. in '24; Josefa, '20; Jost5 Ramon, as above; and Luis, who, I 702 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. tliink, sti'.l lives at Sta Clara in '85. Don Luis, as military officer and gov,, Ictt an excellent record in respect of honesty and ability and popularity. Un- like his futlu r, lie had enemies, and was involved in controversies; but these were ihic hir;,'cly to his position and the times. He often disregarded the let- ter of the Spun, and ^lex. laws, but it was always for what he believed tl:e welfare of his country, and never for his own interests. His private record •was that of a dissipated spendthrift, yet never accused of dishonorable con- duct. .See biog. sketch in iii. 0-13; listof auth. in i. ; mention in ii. 35, 40, 4S, (iS et seq., 12,V(i, 1-211-30, 137, 203-4, 210, 230-2, 243-4, 208-9. 272, 270, 284-5, 28S, 300-1, 305, 307, 300, 312, 328, 330-1, 370, 372, 3JK), 425-0, 443-0, 451, 455, 4G1, 404, 4(i(>-8, 470-80, 482 et scj., 493, 510-38, 540, 551, 559, .505, ."jS.;, 591-2, 594, 590-7, 005, 007, 014, 043, 045, 047, 050, 004; iii. 2, 7, 0-10, iS- 19, 24-7, 40, 75, 80. 110, 148, 712. Argiiello (Luis), lieut in the Cal. Ikl. '40-7. V. 300, 380. I cannot say who he was. A, (Romano), sec. in prefect':* oiliee in '45. Lnrkin. Argiiello (Santiago), son of Jose D. ; b. at Mont, in 1791. He entered tli.; military service as cadet in the S. F. eomp. 1805, but was trans, in 1800 to Sta K ii. 40, 117, 275, ,301, 425. In '17 27 he was alf. of the S. F. eomp., tliouL'li Bjrving from '18 as habilitado at S. i>iego, where he was involved in sevend controversies, also visiting the north and making a trip to Ro.ss and Sonoiiia. ii. 210-2, 258, 341, 370, 424, 442, 4.>7, 470, 507, 510, 537, 542-3, 583; iii. 12, 201. In '27-31 he was lieut of the 8. D. eomp., being comandantc from '28, in which year he was elected suplente member of congress; in '30 suplente nf the diputacion. ii. 541-3; iii. 45-0, 50, 04, 135, 190. In '31-5 he was capt. of the CO., taking part somewhat unwillingly in the revolt against Victoria, serv- ing as diputailoand comisionado for S. Diego mission in '33-4, and being llnally retired with full pay— in theory, iii. 201, 204, 210-19, 327, 331-2, 372. OOS, 012, 020; iv. 408. In "30 he was alcahle of S. Diego, using his influence against the Alvarado govt, but acting as comisionado and admin, of S. Juan C'ap. in '38-40, and as vocal of the junta in '40. iii. 422, 482, 520, 590, 004, 000, 015, 020-7. In '40-3 he held the position of prefect at Los Aug., and in "41 his name was given to the jnieblo of 8. Juan; in '45 holding the offices of suplente of the tribunal, vocal of the junta, and sub-prefect of S. Diego, iii. 040; iv. 19.3, 195, 205, 310, 532, 540, 020-2, 020-7, 032-3. In '40 he was friendly to the Amer. , held an honorary com. as capt. in the Cal. Bat. (?), was appointed member of the legis. council iu '47, and was made collector of the port of S. Diego (?). v. 37, 282, 320, 300, 433, 440, 407, 572, 018-10. Meanwhile in '29 he had obtained the Tia Juana rancho, in '41 the Trabuco, and in '4() the S. Diego mission estate, iii. 012; iv. 035; v. 501, 019-20, 027. Argiiello when very young married Pilar, daughter of Francisco Ortega of Sta B., by whom he had 22 children, among them the following, who lived and had issue: Francisco, Ignacio, Jose Antonio, JostS Ramon, Santiago E. j Refugio, who married .luan Bandini; Teresa, who married Joa6 M. Bandini; Luisa, wife of A. V. Zamo- rano; and Concepeion, wife of Agustin Olvera. Don Santiago was tall, stout, and of lino presence, with fair complexion and black hair; reserved in manner, yet of kindly disposition. His record, public and private, was an honorable if not a brilliant one. Ho waa often in trouble with I.u brother officers and ■with men of other classes, and especially in the earlier years was by no means a jiopular man. This was chiefly due to a peculiar reserve or haughtiness oi manner, attrii)uted to family pride and regarded as an assumption of sujieri- ority. He died at Tia Juana, on the frontier, in '02, and his widow soon after '78. The rancho is still owned by the family. Argiiello (Santiago E. ), son of Santiago, b. about 1813. Receptor at S. Diego '33-4. iii. 277, 000. Grantee of Melyo (Miiligo?) '.33. iii. 012. Took part with the south against Alrai'ado in '30-7, being then in charge of the ranehos Otay and S. Antonio Abad. iii. 482-3, 517, 012. Majordomo and land-owner .at S. Juan Cap. '41. iv. 020-7. Suplente in aasemb.,and juez at S. Diego '45-0. iv. 540; V. 101. In '40 he aided the Amer., served as captain in Stockton's bat- talion, and had a 'Cal. claim' for §1 1,548 for damages to his property, v. 378, 380. I think he may have been the capt. in Cal. Bat. and collector of the port, ARG Cello— ARROYO. 703 instead of Ids fntlicr. as nl>ove. Ho died at Mali^'o in '57. His wife was (iimda- hxya Kstudillv), wlio survived him witli 2 sons and '2 (or 4) daugliters; one of tlio latter married A. H. Wilcox and another Wni J5. Coutts. Arias (Francisco), S. F. settler of 1701-1800. i. 716. A. (Francisco), grantee of ranchos in Mont, district '39, '44. iii. 070; iv. (555; 8ui)lentc |)retcct ill '41, being juez at JS. Juan '41-3, and regidorat Mout. in '40. iv. G.")2-3, GO I; V. (i3(). A. (Rafael R.), 1791, contador in Malaapiim's exjied. i. 490. Armas (Ikiltasiir), 1002, piloto in Vizcaino's exped. i. 98. F., 1'., and J, AniiiLs, named as at Honolulu from Cal. in '48. Arnienta (Cristobal), sirviente at Sta Clara 1770. i. 306. A. (.Toa(|.), solil. at S. Diego 1775-0; later at Los Ang. i. 250, ."JOS, 401. A. (.lose M.), grantee of I'unta de I'inos rancho '.33, '44. iii. 078. A. (' Tio '), retired soldier who kept a shop and sometimes a school at Mont, in '11-20. ii. 3S1-3, -120. Armijo (Antonio), native of X. Mex., atS. Jose in '41, age 37; wife Maria J». Duarte; child., Antonio, Jesus, Fcjlix, Matias. Probably same as the Francisco Armijo who was a >S. F. militiaman in '37; and perhaps same as Antonio M. Armijo who settled in the ISuisuii region in '43, vas in trouble '47 for outrages on Ind. V. 509, 010; and ilied in MO. A. (Francisco), at S. Mateo in "35; al- calde in the contra coata '.37. iii. 705; at S. F. '47. S/xar, J'(i/>. A. (Jose F. ), grantee of Tolenas rancho '40. iv. 074. A. (Jesus M.), at Sonoma "14, age IS. A. {.Juan F.), at Sonoma '44, age 42. A. (Salvador), iiL I.os Aug. '39-40. I have not been able to obtain much deiinite information about any branch of the Armijo family. Arnion (Cliaa), 1830, at Mont., named in Larkin's books. Armstrong (James), 1842, com. of the United Ufates; and of the S'dvointah in later visitsot '44-0. iv. 307-S, .301, 313, 4.-)9, 509. A. (.John). 1.S40, Amer. rancliero in the Mont, district; exiled to S. Bias with the (Jraham party, iv. 18, 120. Li '40 he wrote a letter against Larkin, which appeared in a St Louis paper, causing L. to get statements in hi.s own defence from several prominent men. A. (.John), in '40 at Monterey, and in 47 employed on Larkin'.s Sac. rancho. I'ossibly same as preceding. Arnand, 1848, nirof the Co/* (/c VaZ/xi- ra'tKO from Honolulu for S. F. Ariiaz (.Jose), 1841, Span, supercargoof thcClnra inVirmond's employ, iv. 102; and later in Aguiri'e"s JiJrcit (riii/)ir.roniia. In '44 he opened a stoic at Los Aug., sufTering much from depredations of the cliolos. iv. ,3t)4: and in "4") leased the mission estate of 8. Huen., which in '40 he purchased, as lie claimed, but was not permitted to retain possession, iv. 5.'j3, 5.">8, 501, 045; v. 400. 032, 043, (i(i5. He still retained considerable property, however; and 1 fmind him in "74 living at his Sta Ana rancho near S. Ruen., a genial gentleman of 54 years, who then and later gave me 100 pages of his interesting /I'lriiirilux on the life and customs of the traders and raiicheros in early times. Probably living in '85. In '47 he married Mercedes A vila, who died in '07, leaving several children. His 2d wife was a daughter of Juan Cainarrillo. Arnold (Robert), 1828, Scotch turner, age 20, at Mont. '28-9. Arrieta (Sebastian), 1820, Span, iiitendente, com. of the royal order of Isabel the catholic, who came from I'eru with the king's license to live in Cal. with a pension of is3,000; imt died at S. Juan IJ. in '21, ago 54. Arrillaga (Jose Joa(juin), 1793, Span. capt. and lieut-gov. of the Cals at Loreto '8.3-92; gov, ad int. '93-4 at Mont.; lieut-col and lieut-gov. at I^. '94-9; gov. ad int. 18(X)-4; gov. of Alta Cal. from 1804— coming to Mont, in 1800 — to 1814, when he died at Soledad at the age of 04. Arrillaga was an efficient and honest ofiicer, of most excellent private character, and a model governor so far as the performance of routine duties was concerned. See bio:;. in ii. 204-7; i. list of auth. ; also mention in i. 471, 482, 484, 488, .■)01-29, 531- 6, 574, 002, Oil, 031, 637-8, 0.58, 001, 00.3, 071, 729; ii. 2-204 pa.ssim, 2ii!), 301-5, 380-7, 41(>-17, .500. Arriola (Josi5 F.), blacksmith instructor in 1792- 5. i.015. A. (Maria), .vifc of .J. V. Lawrence, ii. 496. A. (Rafael), settler at Los Ang. from 17?* .. 000; ii. 350. Arroita (Francisco Jose^, 1780, Span, friar at rurisima,who left Cal. in '90. See biog. notice, i. 075; mcut. i. 388, 423, 425, 459, 575-7. Arroyo, 1795. i. ipi 704 PIONEER REGISTER AND INT)EX. 2r)3. A. (Ign.), exile of 1842. iv. (ioH. A. (Joaquin), grantee of Tncho MO. V. (537. A. (Joa(5), 1792-5. i. f.l.l. A. (Jos6 Alan.), i. 2J0-3. A. (Joso Jpidro); at iMont. '.30, age 53, nat. of S.F.; wife Isabel; cliild. Ignacio, Vnti- rin.T, .Joaijuina, Concciicion, Maria P. A. (Victor), 1820-.39. ii. 382; iii. 587 Arriiyo (le la Cucsta (Felipu), 1S08, Span, friar, serving chiefly at San .Jiiaii Vj. ; (1. at Sta Int'S in '40. Noted for learning aa well as piety; author of several works on Ind. lang. See biog. in iii. (iC2; list of auth. i. ; ment. in ii. 140, 154, 159-60, 284, 316, 3.38, .394, 492, 520, 655; iv. 03. Sec also 'Cuesta.' Artea-a (Ignacio), 1777-80, Span. com. of explor. and transport ships, i. 296, .323, 3i>!l. Arther (.James P.), 1829, German mate of the Brooklyn in '29-30. iii. 1.38- 9, 140, 179. Master of Bryant & Stiirgis' liostun ship California on 4 or 5 voy- ages to Cal. in '34-46. iii. 381; iv. 101, 564. Mr of Thou Perkivs in '47. v. 511, 580. Often called .James \). Arthur, but I have many of his autograph letters. A skilful mariner, though close-fisted and not very popular on the coast. Said by Thomes to be still living in Alass. '84. Aruz (Domingo), settler at Los Ang. 1790-1810; not allowed to devote all his prop, to masses for his soul. i. 460; ii. 107. A. (Jos(^'), elector and meuib. of the dip. at Mont. '22-4. ii. 454, 402, 513, .530, 616. Arzaga (Manuel), sec. of ayunt. at Los Ang. '34-5; sec. of vigilantes '36. iii. 418, 631, 635, 6.38. Ascension (Antonio), 1002, friar with Mzcaino. i. 98. I have his autograph. Ashley ((Jeo. H.), 1849, native of Mass.; memb. of S. Joaquin Co. pioncei's '84 (?). Ashniead (Geo. ), 1840, Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons; killed at S. Pascual. v. 340. Ashton (A. B.), 1846, clerk on the Dale. A. (Geo. H.), 1847. Co. ]), N.Y.Vol.; killed by Ind. in S. Joaq. Val. in '47. Asken (VVm), 1840, Engl, pilot of the Xiiifa; at Mont. '41. Aspiroz (.Salvador), 1814, teacher with Gov. Sola. ii. 426. Quarrel with (iuerra '17. ii. 382. Asuncion (Fr. An- dres), 1002, with Vizcaino, i. 98. Atanasio, Ind. executed at Mont. '31. iii. 190. Atensio (Gregorio), at Los Ang. '46. v. 308; also Ign. Atensio. Atherton (Faxon Dean), 1836, native of Mass., who asa boy went to Valpii- raiso; memb. of a firm engaged in the hide and tallow trade. Visited Cal. in '36-7, and later kept up a corresp.with Larkinand others. I have many of his letters on personal, political, and business affairs, sometimes signed Feliz 1). Atiierton. Wentto Honolulu and Boston in '38-9, but returned in '41. iv. 91, 103, 117-18, 141. Said to have sent descriptions of the coast to Wash., and to have had a corresp. with Welister about Cal. Visited Cal. again in '49-.")0 to make investments, and became a resident in '59. Besides being the owner of a large estate in San Mateo Co., he was prominent in building railroads, banking, and various financial enterprises. Died at Fair Oaks in '77, leaving a widow — native of Chile, still living in '8.5 — and 7 children. Three of his daughters married respectively Wm Macondray, Maj. Rtithbone, U. S. A., and Edmunds of Valparaiso. Atherton (Geo. 1).), 1847, Co. D, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499-518). A. (Robert), 1847, brotiierof Faxon D., who came with a letter of introd. to Vallejo, 'para jirobarsu fortunaenCal.;' and was employed as a clerk by Larkin. A. (Wm), 1845, nn- of Parrott's Star of the West. iv. 568. A. (Wm), 1846, Mormon of the lirooklijii colony, with wife. v. 546. Lot at S. F. '47; also at N. Helv. ; in the mines '48. In later times a pressman on the Oakland Tranncript. Atillan (Pierre), 1841, French sailor married to a native at Mont. Cox- swain of the custom-house boat, and tax collector. Attiickcd and mutilated by the cholos in '44; got a pension from the Mcx. govt till '47, when (tov. ^lason was not able to continue it; and Pierre was supported till his death by charity, iv. 279, 339, .364. 414, 615, 653. Atkins, 1846, mr of the Jennette. Atkinson, 1848, a physician at Sac. according to Burnett. Atkin.son (Chas A.), 1847, Co. D, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499- 518). Called a 'judge' at S. Jo8(5 '77; d. at Mariposa in '82. A. (James or John), 1843, Amer., who after an adventurous career in Texas and Mex. came to Cal. accord, to newspaper sketches at a date varying '40 to '46, but appar- ently with the Chiles- Walker party of '43. iv. 392, 399. Known as Old Wheat for hi.i reputed reliability; at Mont, in '45; served with Stockton in '46-7; long a resident of Los Ang.; in '71 pensioned as. a veteran of 1812; died in the (S. ATKINSOX-AVILA. TO.-; ^ac. !)9- or IllC jar- eat .iig (S. .Toaq.?) county hospital in 71 at tlie ai,'u of abmit SO. Atnay, ISIO, kaniika sailor arrcsttil at tSta 15. ii. 'i?.''. Altcrvillo (.laiiK-s), Ks40, (l()iil)tl'iil iiaiuo in Farnliam's list. iv. 17. AulieiiH (X.), 1848, pais, from llonoliilii. Aulick (.J. II.), 1S4I, win. of the U. 8. YorLiniru, at .Mont, anil S. F. iv. ;}iS, .jTO. Later a coniinodoru. Auntroy (.John), 1840, arrested at Loa Ang. in the (jlrnhani allair. iv. 14. Aiirelio, 1797, neoiih. who killed his wife. i. G.-)9. Aurweller (John), 1847, Co. C, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); at S. F. '82; called also Auwaortcr. Austin, 1822, mr of the P(iiit.'.P): ii. 474. Austin, 1S47. mid. on U. S. Indt'pi iidence. A. (I.)avid), 184(1, Fauntlcroy's driijjoons (v. '2.'J'2-47). A. (Henry), 1838, Canadian carpenter, naturalized in '41, when he was at S. Jost?. iv. 119. A. (Horace (J.), 1840, on roll of I'ion. Soc; error in iv. ."587. A. (,lo.sepli C), 1848, on roll of I'ion. Soc. A. (.Julius (J.), 1840, Mormon on tlio Jlrooklyiu with wife and ."J children, v. r)40. Ment. as a lawyer at S. IVrnardino in '81 ; also as in Utah, '84. A. (.1. Wcmys), 1848, of Findley, John.son & Co. atS. F. Still at S. F. '.U. A. (W ni), 18-JO. nu-of the Mircury. iii. 148. Avalos (Joaquin), tanncr-instriictor 179'_'-."). i. 01."). Averctt (Klisha), 1S47, in com. of a party of Morm. J5at. on the return, v. 4!)!!. Avery, 184'J, lieut with Com. Jones, iv. 308. A. (Flihu), 1844, lioy on a whaler at .S. F. ; mr of Lci/al Teiulci', 'S'J, accord, to a newsp. sketch. Avieta (.Jost- Ant.), 1S.']4, witii a party from N. Mex. iii. 390. Avila (Anastasio), son of Cornclio; settler at Los Ang. 1799. iii. 349; re- gidoriu ISIO, '19, alcalde in 'I'O-l. ii. 110, 337, 3.-i0-l, .•r)4, .").")9; grantee of Ta- janta in '43. ir. O.S."). A. (Antonio), 18"2."», Mex. convict sent to Cal. for i-ohberics and murder in I'liebla. In the .Solis revolt ot '29, and in the Zaino- rano regime of '32 he aided the govt, in the hope of getting a release; hut had to remain and serve out his time till about '38. iii. 10, 70, 83-4, 230, 009. Another Ant. A. in '37-9 apparently, iii. 004, (]39. Avila (Antonio Ignacio), 178.3, son of (Jonielio; native of Sonera, who R'.itt'.ed at Los Aug.; in 1804 married Kosa lluiz at Sta 15.; in '20-1 regidor; grantee of Sanzal lledondo in '22 and '37; juez de canipo most of the time in '.■i.V48; !ind always prominent in the pursuit of Ind. horse-thicvos. ii. .349-.'>l, 3,')3, r),")9, oOO, Oi)4; iii. 390, .")0.j, 02(i, 0;!2~7. He died in '.'jS, aged 74. A. ((Jornelio), 1783, settler Los Ang. from Sonora, with his wife lsal)el Urqui- d;M and 8 children, i. 003 A. (Bruno), son of Cornclio; setvler at Los Ang, '1."); later claimant of Aguage del ('entinela. ii. 349-."iO; iv. 034. A. (Fn- riquc), prob. son of Anastasio; 2d alcalde at Los Aug. '47; cliimant for Ta- janta rancho. iv. 03,"); v. 020. A. (Francisco), a 'hard case' at S. F. anil S. Jose 1783-1800. i. .350, 484, 040, 710. A. (Francisco), drov»ied in the 1'ulaies 1790. i. 001. A. (Francisco), son of Cornelio; iri Lm Ang. region 1:04; alcalde in '10; applicant for dif. ranchos, and grantee of i i^ncgas in '23, '31. He h.id i)robably been a sold, at Sta ]5. ii. 110. 110, 172, 349-.">0, .3.")4, 5j.j, ()04; iii. 033. A. (Francisco), rcsid. of S. Jose '41, age 44; wife, Maria Ant. Alviso; child., Franei.sco, Kncarnacion, Geroninia, and Viviana. A. (Fran.), resid. of 15rancif. '4.'), age 40. A. ((Uiadalupe). i. 17."). A. (.Ja- nuario), ])rob. .son of Francisco; reiridorof Los Ang. '.'54-9; claimant for (Jicne- ga.i. iii. 033-0. A. (.Jose), at Los Ang. ',Si»-40. ' A. (JosO), settler at S. F. 1791- ISOO. i. 000, 710. A. (.foaijuin), lS42, sulidieut of the batallon. iv. 289. A. (-lose .Toaijuin), surgeon of the Cal. foices 1774-83. His wife died at S. F. in "79. Pror. St. /'ajK, v. .")7-8. Avila (.lose Maria), son of Cornelio. Alcalde of Los Ang. in '2."). In the b;itt]e of '31 he killed ('ai)t. I'iichcco, and was himself killed. See biog. iii. 20;) 9; ment. ii. 0.59; iii. 190. 200. A. (Jose de Sta Ana), son of Corne- lio; niaj. at Sta 15. 1801-0. ii. 120; mar. Maria .Tost^.i Osuna. A. (.los^ de los Santos), sec. of ayunt. at Urancif. '.34. iii. 090. i^. (J. S.), colegial at Sta lues '44. iv. 420. Avila (.Juan), son of Ant. Ign: eye-witness of the fight near Los Ang. in '31. iii. 208; grartee of Miguel raneho '42. iv. 0.3."); jnezdc campo at Los Aug. '44; juoz at S. Jian Cap. '4(). iv. 033; v. 023; in '47 carried a flag of trncc for Stockton to the people of Los Anj,. Hist. Cal., Vol. II. 13 V. 390. Uc married BoledaJ Yorba; una 706 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. t1au[,'litcr mnrried M. A. Forster, nntl niiotlicr Piuil Pryor. Don Junn vns a iiiuii of c'xcelli.'iit icpiiti', who avoideil political coiiiiilicatioiis, but liiul godil powers of olisurvatioii and iiitinory. At S. .luuii Cai). in 77 he gavo iiiu Lis ivci)llcctioii.s — Xo/ax < 'n/i/ontiuiian—oi early tiiiica, including valuable testi- mony ()!i several niattei's. Avihi (Miguel), son of Jos<'! Sta Ana; b. at Sta B. in 170G; educ. at S. ]■'. ; served us copyist at Mont. In 'Hi he enlisted in the Mont, comp.; and in ''Jl was corporal of the escolta at S. Luis ()!)., having a (jiiarrcl with the pa(hc. ii. .")l(i-i7, 010; .siudico at .Mont, and alf. of militia '.'(o-O. iii. 447, 474, (i7;'."l. In '"-'(j he liad mairied Maria Inoecnta, daugiiter of Dolores Pico; and in ''M lived at' Mont, witii ."> cliild., Kafaela, .lesua Domingo, Francisco de Paula, Jo.se Ant. 11., Jofxfa de los Ang. !Ment. in "M, '41. iii, 501; iv. 0.")."?; grantee of .S. Miguelito in '42, '4(t, and Lagnna in '4.">. iv. (i;{7, (i4"_', 0.")tj. Also nicut. in '45-8. iv. 4111 ; v. '.i2\, (>:)'.). Alcalde of S. Luis 01). in '40. He had a fond- ness for preserving doeuinents, but most of his collection was burned witii his house. Died in '74, leaving his S. Miguelito I'ancho to his widow and children. Dofia ^larfa Inocenla gave mo not only her own recollections on old-time Cosa'i (fc <'uh, ii. 'ZVl, 4"27, but also the remnant of Don Miguel's /Vo''. Jllst. (Jul., containing uevcral important pajiers. A. (Pedro), juez de campo at Los Ang. '44. iv. it,\?i. Avis (\\'m P.), KS4-J, Boston m.in from Honolulu, with letters from Peine & Brewer, to go into business as a comnu.ssion merchant. Ayala (Carmen), at .Sta 15. '45. iv. 042. A. (Cris6gono), ranchcro at Sta B. ';H7-50; gi'antee of Sta Ana; m;ij. of S. Bucn. in '42-4. iii. 0.")(); iv. 044-5. His wife was Barbara Vanegas, and tiiey had 5 chihlren. A. ((icr- vasio), juez de policia at .Sta B. '4H. v. Olil. His wife was Kafaela Morag.i, 1 child before ';>7. A. (Joacjuin), owner of land near Sta \nCs. v. (i.;j. A. (.Jos(^), invalido at Sta B. '32; wife .Juana Felix; child., Maria, H:ifad, .luan, Prudencio, Antonio. A. (.Jose M.), soldier at 8ta B. '32; wife Kmedia X'alencia. A. (.luan B.), 1775, lieut and com. of S. Curios; explorer of S. F. bay. i.24l, 21,J-7. A. (.hum :Man.), 1778, com. of .Va»^iuf/o. i. 328. A. (.Juan Ne[iomuceno), 1834, Mex. clerk, age 20, who came with the II. & P. colony, iii. 203; took part in the revolt against Alvarado in '37. iii. 523-5. Ayala (.luan Pablo), sergt of St.a B. coiiip. '35. iii. 0.50; lieut '38-9. iii. .-S3, (i51. Admin. S. Luis Ob. '.•!0-40. iii. 083; acting com. Sta B. '45; iv. 041 ; capt. of dcfensorcs and 2il jue:', '40. v. 140, 031 ; proposed revolt in '48. v. 580. A. (Paljlo), admin. S. F. Solano '37-8. iii. 720-1. A. (Wm), 1832-3, mr of the Ruxana. iii. .384. Ayals (Manuel M.), 1837, Span, physician in Alameda Co. '70, said t" have eonic in '37 (?). Alain. Iliit. Atlas. Ayer (Franklin H.), 1848, Ar.ier. carpenter who arr. on the Sabhir in May from Boston at S. F., and went to the Mormon Isl. mines. Mcnt. by Co\-. Mason as having farni:;hcd gold specimens for Wash. In '52 an advertisement for him from his bro. in China ami parents in Somervillc, Mass., appears in the A/la. In '72 he wrote me a letter on his Pcrxonal Adventures, from Gray- son, Stanislaus Co. A letter to that address in '82 brought no reply. Ayot (Alexis), 1S44, perhaps came to Cal. with Fremont, iv. 437. Ayres ((Jeo. Wash.), 1812-13, mr of the Mrrrury, captured at Sta B. ii. 208-70, 205, 304, 302. In '20 he was iiitercsted vvitli Abel Stearns in obtain- inir lands in the Sac. Val. for a settlement, but prob. did not revisit Cal. Jiei^t. net:, :MS., viii. .38. A. (R. B.), 1847, lieut Co. F, 3d U. S. artilleiy (v. 518). Azeona, lieut on the Morelos '34. iii. 209. Babcock (Benj. E.), 1848, on the roll of Pion. Soc, died before '81. B. (.T.), 1848, sup. of the Mara. Baccy (Jauics), 1831, one of Young's trappers; perhaps did not come to Cal. iii. 388. Bachelor (Fred.), 1841, Amer. cooper of the WoiUman-Rowland party from X. Mex.; went east iu '42, iv. 278, but ret. to Cal. in later years, living at Noon's ranclio, where ho died in '7*). Baclielot (Alexis), 18.32, French missionary prefect of the Sand. Isl. in cx- ilo; served at S. Gabriel in '32-7; rot. to t!ic Isl. in '37; died '38 on a voy. to the South Sea IsL iii. 317-18, 364, 384, 408, 043; iv. 102. Bacon (.J.), 1840, BACOX-r.ALDWIX. 707 Co. B, Cal. Bat., artillery (v. .IJS). Badwui (Francois), 184-t, one of Frt- inuutH L'aiiadiaiis. iv. 4',^. IJadcii (.lames Culiins), 1847, Co. V, M artill. (v, ')|S); clerk and copyist for the coinp., enninmndant, and dept. to 'ol, not deserting like niust ot iiis comrades; later a teacher; d. at Watsonville "(KS, aged aO. He Man a bon of :i colonel in U. S. 8L'rvie(^ and b. at lialtiniore. Ment. liy (ien. Sherman, Mi in., as his clerk; obituary in Sta Cruz Si-iiliiii't, Sept. 'OS. IJadcr (('hristojilp'r), 1847, Co. B, N.Y. Vol. (v. 4'.ll}); a miner at Coloma and elsewhere 'tS -."/.'; hct- tled later in Butte (.'o., and lived for many years at Cherokee, where lie was in '82, but died before 'S.'), loavinj.; a widow and I) children, most of them >,'rii\vn. One of the sons, II. F. Badcr, writes me from Cherokee April '8.'>. B;id;^er ( Wm O.B.), 1848, pass, on thc.S'rt/<(«c from Boston; atthe Morniou Isl. mines. I'm- dillo (Francisco), \H'2'>, Mex. convict who continued his lawless career in Cal.; wife liafaela Garcia, 4 child.; lynched in '00 with one of his sons. iii. 10, r>l!>, O.'fi. Baewdsxig (?), mr of the iV/7.o/«» in '40. iv. lOo. Bagley (Alden S), 1848, part owner of the Coloma mill iu Dec. Bailey (Addison), 1S47, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 409), rcenlist. at L. Ani,'. ]]. (.lames), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat.; made bricks at S.F. B. (.leli'erson), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat., perhaps same as the Jell'. B. who had a farm iu Sta Clara Co. ',"0-74. ]$. (Theodorus), 1847, lient, com. of IIk; I'. S. J,).c- iinjlou; rear-admiral in the war of '01-5. v. 578. Portrait iu the Ciiiliiiij, April 'So. B. (\Vm J.), 18;!4, Kngl. sailor at Mont., age; 'Z'r, dnjvo calllo to Dr. ';{7; perhaps the Wm Bailey exiled iu '40. iv. 18, S."), 41'_'. liaiilio (Thomas), 1844, com. of the J^ugl. Modcsle. iv. 507. Bailoa (I'aseiial), 178.', corporal killed on the Colorado, i. 304. Bails (Jonas), lH'.Hi, Anier. tailor at Los Aug. from N. Mex., age "2!). Baker, 1845-0, nirof the Moiitczumn. B., 1848, of the firm S. II.^Villiam3 & Co. at S. F. B. (Andy), 1840, Co. G, Cal. Bat. (v. ;{5!-,); at Stockton with Weber '47-8; also employed as a builder iu '47, at Mont, in '47; called also Antonio B. ; ment. at N. Helv. '48; very likely the 'Antonio' employed by Larkin at S. F. B. (Isaac Munroe), 1840, nat. of Md, b. iu '20; mai iiio on the U. 8. Dulv '40-0; one of Marston's men in the Sanchez campaign (v. S70). Being discli. iu N.Y. he came to S. F. in '50-05; in the cast '05-8; owner of a place at La Honda, Sta Cruz mts, from '04, but iu the grocery buaines i iit S. F., '75-85. Married Mary A. Sniitli '75, has. "{ children '85. Iu aii interview he gave many items about S. F. iu "40-7. B. (John), 1840, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 3,30). B. (John F.), 1848. I'assport from Honolulu. B. (Uni), 1845; Anier. sailor at Mont. Balderrania (Jose). 1708. i. 000, 7.i;j. Should be written Valderrama. Baldomero, grantee of Corral de I'adilla 'ISO. iii. 077. Baldridgc (Wni), 1843, Tenn. niill-wrigiit, b. in '11, resid. of Mo. fnim '20; ovcrl. immig. in the Wrlker-Chiles party, iv. .■{02, ;S!)0. After working at his trade iu different places, in '45 he settled on a Xap:v raucho as a jiartner of Ciiiles; in '40 a member of the Bear organization, v. iii. 170, ISO, ami later served as lieut of Co. C, Cal. liat. v. 301, 4.34. Then he resumed his trade Utv a time, and I have a contract signed by him in '47 to build a saw -mill for Salv. Vallejo. From '52 Baldridgc lived on his rancho at Oakvilie, always commaml- ing the respect of his neighbors. His Dnjiit o/'JfO, w ritteu in '77, is an interest- ing part of my collection; and in the testimony given by him at various tiuiis for newspapers and books there is to be noted exceptional accuracy. Ne\ er married. Still living in '81, and I think iu '85. A good sketch of his life, and portrait, iu Naiia I'o. Ili.^t., 387, 20. Baldwin (Alfred), 1840, native of N.Y. ; overl. immig. to Or. in '45 and in '40 to Cal. V. .'")4C. Served at S. Jose under \Vatniongh, and went soDth with the Cal. Bat. (v. .3.")8). Besid. of Sta Cruz '47-85. His wife was Fannie Witlard, whom ho married in '00. B. (Charles H. ), 1840, passed mid. on the U.S. Coiifireiifi, left by Stockton in com. of a guard at Mont. '40-7, until the coming of tlie artill. comp. v. 290, 519; lieut iu war of '01-5, and com. of a gunlioat in the I'acilic; later an admiral in com. of Xorth I'ac. station at Marc Isl. ; iu Cal. '83, as was also a son. B. (James M.), 1814, Eugl. sailor left at Mont, by tho Inaac Todd. ii. 272. B. (Jumes 11.), 1847; Co. B, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). ; 703 riOXr.KR REOISTKR AXD IXDKX. II {.Toliii), IS'll, nt TiOs Aiij;'. from tlie Ji>nn Johi!, but required to depart. H. (.)«. inli L.). 1S.J7, Co. I, X.V, Vol. (v. 41)!»); d. at S. Jobc:' MO. 15. (Timothy), )S47, Co. K, X.Y. Vol. ISiilii (I'MWiird Tiinicr), 18.37. I'-nyl- surgron, who hindod from a vcssiil nt Mdiit., a','o 'Jil. ii, 117-lH. For '> or (i yejirs hi- i)i'actiHe.iii^' ill '•4l)-.'( Hurg. of thcCal. forces hy (!i,'ii. \'nlh'jo'n apjMiinlniciit, ami hiiv- ii'; iiiiin'icil Maria Igiiacia Solieraiics. IJalc was a iiiaii ot i^ood cdiicatioii, liiit nlwiiVH more or less in troiihlo on account of his ilchtH and personal (jiiarrcls. III '4 ) lie opcni'd a li(juor-nhop in a room hired (f Larkin for a drng-store, and uaH arrested in the residting complications with tlio authorities. I have many original documents written liy and about him; Imt have no indention of eata- 1 I'Miing his trouliles. In '41 he was naturalized and got a /rrant of the Cariic llumana raneho in Xapa valley, where he went in '4Ii, though his family lived for a time at S. F. with John Fuller, iv. (iC!), (i7l; v, (i7H-!t. In '44. !ia\- ing been whipped by Salv. Valkjo, he attempted to shoot the l;ittcr, was pu*' in jail, and narrowly saved his life. iv. 444-5, (i7S; tlic rumored intention < t Uk; Kelseyi^ and other foreigners to rescue the d()ct(jr also caused much excite- ment. In '4(» he built a saw-mill, and in '47-'S did a largo business in lumber, the increased value of his land niakiiig him a rich man; Imt he dic^d '4!) or '.")((, leaving a widow — still living in 'S.')— •_' sons and 4 daughters. His son lOdwanl vas commissioned in '()4 capt. of Co. 1), 1st ISat. Xat. Cal. cavalry; and in "71 was in business at Xapa. IJalc (\Vni), ISIll, Engl, carpenter at Ljs Aug. in '.!(j, ago 'JO. iii. 40."). Possibly Wni ' Bailey,' q. v. IJall (FrankliuK 1847, Co. K, X.Y. Vol. (v. 4!)!)); blacksmith at Sta Cruz in Xov. Ballard (.John), 1847, Co. C, X. Y. Vol. iJallcnback (Wni), hS4(i, marine on the ])cde, acting as baker at S. F. in '47; in the mines later. IJallcstcros (Carlos), killeil at Cliino raneho '4G. v. 3I.S. 15. (Felipe) iind 15. (Francisco), at L. Aug. '40. I (Juan), regidor at L. Ang. '-'a, ",V1, ";!•>: I rantcc of Itosa del Castillo raneho .'11. ii. TwO; iii. (ililJ-O. He was prob. J,,, n Ant., son of ,1. do Dios. 15. (,Juan do Dios), Corp. of the Sta 15. eonip. 1787; com. (if escolta at S. Ant., S. Luis Ob., and S. ■luan 15. 17!)l-7. Also named at L. Aug. 1700, ISIO. His wife was Teresa Sepiilveda, and liis sons Juan .An- tonio, b. '87, and Fran, .lavicr Ant., b. '07. Before 'SlJ he had been a sergt,'lmt was reduced to tlio ranks for desertion, i. r).")7, 718; ii. .'UO, .'5.")4. Balllians (Fred.), 1840, (icrman iinmig. (v. 5'2fi), with Hojipo and Harlan: in Cal. B.-it. (v. 3.")8), at the X'atividad light, and in Co. B artiU. in tlio sontli; worked at S. F. and X''. Hclv. '47-8; in the ndncs much of the time '48-(:(l; married Katrina Franck 'j.l; to Frazer Hivcr '08; from '01 at S. F., brewir, vegetable gardener, and man of property; still living in '8'!, age 00, with wife r.nil ;i children. He has kept a diary, and tells no end of interesting details of liis Cal. ONperienees. Baltasar, 18'24, Ind. executed at Purisima. Balteco (lolm), 1840, Fauntlcroy's dragoons (v. 'J3'2). Balygin, 1808, mrof the XiLt- liii. ii. 80. Bancroft (Jerry), 1811, sailor at Drako'.s Bay. ii. 95. B. (.Tohn), KS.'IO, mr of the Convoy, iv. 103, 118. In '37-8, mr of the Lor'tot and Llamn; killed by Ind. at the Sta B. islands, iv. 90. 105; iii. 052-3. His wife, fatally wounded nt the same time, was a half-breed Hawaiian, Miss Holmes, a sister of Xathan Spear's wife. Bandini (Jos(''), ISIO, Span. b. in Andalucla 1771; came to Amer. '93; a mariner whose homo was at Lima, where he married twice and hail 7 children living in '28, only one of them ever know^n in Cal. In '19 as nil' of the Sp.an. Iiciiia (!<• /vOx -4 »(/(■/(.'< he brought to Cal. fr. S. Bias a cargo of war supplies, making another trip in '21 , and doing a little in contraband trade, ii. 253, 201 , 439-40. t)n returning to S. Bias he raised the Me.\. flag on the I'vhta, which, as he claimed, was the 1st vessel to fly independent colors in all the reimblic. For this and other services Don Jose was m.adc by Iturbidc capt. of militia, and in '22 was retired with that rank, the fiicro militar, and right to wear the uniform. A few years later, being a widower, and suflcring from gout, he came with his son to S. Diego, where he built a house and spent the rest of Ilia life, taking the oath of allegiance required by the law of '27. iii. 51, 170. I5ANI)IXr. 7C9 In ''27 111' wrote a lonj; Ciirtu lll-i^riai 1/ /h mri/ilirn ilr (' :l to Kustaco Uarn n. i\'. IT)!. ]')i roiiLiiiisly attriliuli'tl ti> his 8011 in tliu 1st rd. of vol. i., iiDt of lauli. JIo ilii'tl lit till- Sta Anil rani,lio in 'U. Itanilini (.hum), I.V.U. hoii of .lost', )>. at Liniii in I.SdO, and I'lluc. tlioi-o. 'J'lu' exact dutu of arrival in not known; lint in I)l'c. '"JM lii.s I'atiiri'Statid llialliu l:ad 4 child. Iiy hi-i ( 'al. uifu. It is i< • -lihle that hi' ciinie with hiti father in 'ID or '"Jl. Hiu imblic life began in '"JT-'Sas nienil»cr of the diimtacion; '"JS-il-J snli- eoniisario of revenues atS. 1).; suiilento eoiij,'rcHsnian 'Itl-'J. Mention in tldn jiart of his career, ii. .")4;», r)4(i-7, ."i4!», .'.»);(- 4; iii. Ilti 4l', .'id, (>l-.'>, S(i, l_'(;, l;i(l, '-'17, •l()7, 'I7.'i )i. In '.'tl he took 11 leading |uu't in fomenting tin- revolution against (iov. N'ietoria, ami in o|i]io:sing Zamorano's eounter-iivull of °,'tj. iii. l.SH !), 1!)7, -JOO 1, •-'(«-4, 'J(MI, -JIO, 2-2.\ In '.•{.'t lie went to Mexico a.s niemlier of con;,'reHs, hut came hack in ';i4 as vice-jiresident of llijaranil I'adn s';,'rantl colonization anil commercial eo., MU|)ercai'go of tlii! eo.'.s vessel, the Mnldlhi, ni\t\ iusiicctor of customs for ( !al. 'J'lie ilif-astrous failure of the colony .scheme, and tile refusal of ( 'al. U> recognize his authority as inspector, were re|;ardiil liy l)on .Juan as the most serious misfortunes of hi.s wiiole life and of hi.i udojited CI '"titry's history, his failure being rendered the more h\iuiiliating by the detection of cerUiin smuggling operatiuns in which he had engaged, iii. 'J4-', '.MO, •J(iO-7, '-'i»7, ."W."), a70-:i, :is;{, (Ji;!, ti7(). in '.'U) H Handiid was in wiv- oral respects the leading spirit of the southern opposition to Alvaiudo's gov t; at each triumph of the iirribenos he was lucky enough to escape arrest, and lost no tinu; in fomenting new levolts. His positi(jn was a most unwise one, productive of great harm to (al.; his motive was chielly personal feeling against Angel Kauiire::, whom he regarded as iulluential in the new adminis- tration, for lie hail been a personal tViend of the northern lead, is and a sup- porter of their general views; and his record as a politician throughout the sectional troubles was neither dignilied, patiiotic, nor in any way ci<'ditablc. Under Carrillo he was nominally still in charge of the S.l), custom-house, iii. 41.-), 41!)--20, 4-j;j-4, 4S0, 4S-J-;t, 4.SS-'.)0, .")l.-)--JI, .j;i!), .VIS, ,V)(!, .-).')«, .-)()4-(!, .-)7«, (iO'J, 01 1; iv. OS. He was the owner of the Tecate lancho on the frontier, whicli was sacked by the Ind. in ';{7-S, IJ. and his family being reduced to poverty and serious want; but (jov. Alvarado made him admin, of S. tiabriel mission ';!S-4(), granting him also in ",SS Juru|ia, in ';>!} llincnn and Cajon d(^ .Mnscu- piabe, and laml at S. .luan Cap. '41. iii. Gil', (i.'W, ((44.'); iv. (iS, iCJ, •-",)7, (i'Jti. lie was appointed fiscal of the tribunal superior '4()-"_', was comisionado at the new pueblo of S. .luan de Argiiello in '41, and sindico at L. Aug. '44, taking but slight part in the troubles with (Iov. Micheltorena. iii. 0().5; iv. l!»(i, ■Jidi, o(J.">, 411, Gi'4, (i'J()-7, (ilW. In '4.') (i I)on Juan was Gov. I'ico'ssec, and a /.e.d- ou.'j supjiorter of his admin., j)articularly in mission all'airs and opposition to ("astro, being also a mendier of the assendjly and originator of the projected consijo general, iv. .")ll, 511), 5;J0-'.', 540, .14!); v. .'15, ;{7, .'W-IO, 44-5, 4S, 51, Gti, "204, 27^, 5.59. Later, however, he espoused the U.S. cause, furnished sup- plies for Stockton's battalion, was oH'cred the coUectorship, and named as mem- ber of the legislative council in '47, and alcalde of S.Hiego in ■4S. v. "JS-J, ;j_'s .'!(), 3.5G, 433, OlS-l!). In '41) he declined a judgeshi[i; is saiil to li;ive iiup.iircd his fortune by erecting a costly building in '.")') at S.l)., where lie ke])t a store; and subsequently appears to have gone across the frontier, wliei'c the estate of ()uadalu))e had been granted him in '4(i, resuming his .Mex, eitizenshij) and serving as jucz in '.j'J. He still dabbled to some extent in revolutionary ])!ili- tics, and as a supporter of Melendrcs had to ijuit the country with all his live- stock in '.55. lie died at Los Angeles in '5!). It is evident from the preceding resume of what is for the most part more fully tohl elsewhere that .luan liau- dini must be regarded as one of the most iirominent men of his time in (Jal. He was a man of fair abilities and education, of generous impulses, of jovial temperament, a most interesting man socially, famous for his gentlemau'.y manners, of good courage in the midst of per.sonal misfortunes, and always well liked and respected; indeed, his record as a citizen was an excellent oue. He also performed honestly and elliciently the duties of his various ollicial positions. Ill his grander attempts as a would-be statesman, Don Juaii waa w ,'l ? ' -'1 ••1 'I. j:;|li||: • 1 710 nOXEEIl REfilSTER AND IXDEX. Ies3 fortuuaic. His i .several of this name not to be iden- tiiied. See also ' Bantista.' JJarajas, sirviente at Sta Ci'uz, l7!to. i. 41)(i. 15arber(A. H.), 1S4.S, of X. Y.: vet. of the Mex. war; settled at Sutter- viUe; lived at (Jhieo from '."il to his death in '(ill, age 51. il. and sous at ?.'ont. '47-8. (.'oiitiitl. Arr/i.; perhajis the following. B. (John and John, Ji), 1 i47, at Mont, and in thu -edwoods '47 K. 15. (John), 1S4S, n;it. of (^lnn., l:',i'mer in Xapa \'al. to '.'>',]. Xiipa Co. l}( jinrlfr. IJ. (.Matthew), KS17. fa run r near Maitine.'. in '(>(). when lie testilied in S. F. that he was public admin, in ')7-!>. 15arl>osa (.lose), .sett'erat I'.rancif. 17!t7. i. ')(!<). 1!. (.Mariano), I.^IS, s;;iloi' who tanvht Cal. boys to ma!;e hats. IJarbot (.M. ), 1S4S, at S. Josu'M. r.arbour (-lohn), 1847, lot-owner at S. F. l'erhai)s 'Barlier,' cpv. 11. (Xatlian), lS4(i, nat. of X.Y., migiating to Ivv, J.a. !Mo., ami finally overland toCal. (v. r>"2()), with his wi.i'e N'.mcv, ilanghter of L'-,ndy Alford. He served in Co. 15, Cal. I'.at, (v. ;US): had a 'Cal. e! of S-_'.".(); il in '47 settled at IJenieia, where he built seveial houses, fieing in the landier business with Alford. V. 4(i7, 117-. His daughter Amelia was t!ie 1st child liorn at iSeniiia, :nd ho had (I otiieiv:. In oO tlu; f:imily moved to a farn in Suisun Valley, v.liere the wife ilied in '(')8 ami the husband in '82, age (iil. 13. (liosweli). livK), brother of Xathan, whom he socnis to have aceompanie.i in all his Cab e::periences uiitil his leatli in '71. liarcelo (.Inain). bS'.'d, nn- of the M<'rn. r'oubtful record, iii. 148. Bar- cena (Jose), 17(18. i. (Mi. Bareenar (( luadalupe), drummer at S. F. 'l'o-.'II. liarcenilla (Isid(n'o). 17!f7, Span, friar; founder of the S. Jose mission, who left Cal. in 1S()4. Se(> biog. ii. 114; nu'ution i. r).Vj-(), 577: ii. Kil, b<7, 15<)-0l). Barnetnar (.\ugnstus), 1847, Co. D, X.Y.Vol. (v. 4!»!n. B ger (W'm \\ .). I.S17. Co. I), .Morm. B:it. (v. 40!)). At Suttei's mill when gold Mas disco\t'red; said to have be(Mi the first man to whom the discoverer showed the nutal. Went to Utah later. Often calleil James B. Baric (Cluules), 1S:U, French from Mex. in the H. & P. colony, iii. 2fi:i, 4I'2. For 10 years itr more a trader at l,os Ang. , being '11 years old atar- I'iv.il. ancl marrying in Cal. In ■.■!7 aidi'd IJandiidto capture the town. iii. 518; in "!0 had charge of Aguirre's business; iuterestrd in the S. l''rancis(piito mines '4'2; iv. •207, 1; in '44 owner or nn-of the /'rimanni. iv, 408. BARKER -BART liROP. Til Barker, 1838, nirof the Iicts-^chi'i. iv. 10."). BiM-kcr (porluips Vacn), l'i-l(i-7, mr of i\m Jorcii (idi/tuzvuai/a. v. 578. Barker, 1848, on tlie Smja l<:l(o<' fr. HoiujIuui. B. (John (^.), 1817, mr of the Kdininl. v. .')77. B. (IVtcr), ]8;il, ICngl. carpenter woi king for Kiiiliick lit ^lont. B. (Rohert S.), ls;;2. Amor, who joined the eonip. cxtranjera at Mont., iii. '11\, 408, and uho.se imnu' aiii}ears on Larkin'.s I'ookri to '.'iO, getting a lot in '.■>.">. Bamoro, 18J8, mv oii\\o S(t, 271). Jjived with Yount till '43, then settled in I'op'^ Valley, m.ui'ving the v.idow of "iVui I'ope. Xnpn Co. Uhst., 55-0. Had a luuiis ■ in the 8ae. \'alley '40, .".ce. to Bryant and Laneey: also seems to have si;.:ned a doe. at L. An^;. ia J;:ne '40. D.jit. St.. Pup., vii. 05. Served in Co. K, (Jal. J'at. (v. 358); and had a 'Cal. ei.rini' (v. 40"2) of .^135. Returning to his Xaparaneho, he sjieut tlio rest of hi.j life there, dying shortly before '50. J5. (H. P.), 1848, from Or. in -Maj' on the Mxr:/ Ann, and afte'r good luck in the mines went baek for hio family liarney (\Valter), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 401)). Jlarnum, 1S43, in the Hastings jiarty from Or. iv. .'/JO. I'rob. went )}aek soon. B. (Kilgar M.), 18-17, Co. I, X.Y.Vol. (v. 4!)!)); died at Mont. "47. B. ((ieo.), 1845, nir of a vessel at Mont, and S. F. Jiaroiia (Jose), 1798, ."^pan. friar at S. Diego and S. Juan Cap., m here ho died in 1831. See Itiog. iii. ()'J5; ijientiou i. 577, (i54-5; ii. 107, 110, 150, .",45, 34s, 304, 553, 555, 05.); iii. 00, 310, 351. Baioue (;)sear de (iiande), 1845- 53, doubtful reeord. iv. 5S7. B.irrau'an (Burbaro), Mex. .soldier age 28, nnirdered at INIont. '30. iii. 075. 15. (Manuel), settler at the Colorado pueblo, killed by lud. 1780-1. i. 3.".0-0-_'. Barrena (Jose), jaez de eampo S. Dieguito '41. iv. 028. B. (Taileo), 2. iii. 227; ileparted fur Mex. ".33. iii. 305. Barrowman (.lohn). IS47, Co. B, Moini. Bat. (v. 40it); tried by court-mar- tial for .sleeiMiig on guard at S. Die,:;o; a I'tah fai'iner in 'SI. Barriis (Ihiel), 1847, lieut Co. B, !Morm. Bat., also of the re.nlisted eo. ; in com. at S. Luis Rey; senteneed by eouit-martial to 5 years (red. by gov. to 1 year) of hard labor for ])assiiig eounterfeit coin. v. -177, 405, 010. 025. A Utah fanner in '81 . Bariy (llciij!), IS17, Co. K, N.Y. \ol. (v. 400). ]'.. (P. Iv), 1.S41, acting mr of the U. S. ,S7 Loiii-i. B. (Kiehai'd), 1S2S-!), mr of the Viifliirp. iii. 141- 2. 140. B. (\\. ]).), 1845 (?), inimig. from Mo. at Sutter's fort. iv. 578, 587; at Sta ( 'lara "50-70. Bartel (\Vm), 1845, .\mer. immig. fr. Or. in MeMahon-Clvninn party, iv. 572, .587; served '40 7 in tiie Cal. J!at.; still in Cal. "40. Bartels (Lewis), 1847, Co. 1), X.Y.Vol. (v. 40!)). Batthelow (J. .M.), 1818, doubtful reeor.l. Bartliote. 1840, at L. .\ng., doubtful record. Barthrop (Fdward), 1847, Co. A, X.Y.Vol.; resid. of S. F. '7L85; asst sup. of the Industrial seliool; nat. of London; miner in 'J'uolumne to '01; soldier in 2d Cal. cavalry during the war of "01-5; 4 children in '85. i.' ,f I I 712 PIONEER REGISTER AXD INDEX. Bartlcson (John), 1S41, capt. of the 1st regular ininiig. party that crossci tlie Sierra to Cal. He returned to Mo., where he died. iv. 2(J7-"ii, ">i'2, ()S4. Uartlett (A.), 1.S48, iiir. at Honohihi on the JtilUtn fr. S. F. B. (Chas H.), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.VoI.(v. 499), died at S. I'. '81; a Boston man. B. (.!.), 1848, pas.'^p. fr. Honolulu. B. (.John A.), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol.; nat. (f Mans., b. in '28; at .Sonoma and S.F. after his disch. ; went to Nie. with VValkir; in Boston '.")8-(}l; a vol. in the war of '01-5; at Canibridgcport, Mass., in 'S."). Bartlett (Washington Allen), 1845, lieut on the U. S. I'ortK>iwiil/i '45-8; alcalde of S. V. in '40-7; captured by the Califoriiians wiiilo out on a raiil for cattle. He performed the routine duties of his position in a satisfactory manner, having the advantage of a knowledge of Spanish. See mention iv. 587; V. I'-'O. li'S-9, 1:57, 295, :i79-S(), ;i83, 539, 044-5, 048, 054, 059, 080. Later h commanded a vessel in coast .survey service in the Pacific; was sent to Europe on a miusiun connected with lighthouses; and wJiile .serving on the Afi'ican coast in '55 had his name stricken from tiie rolls of the navy by the retiring board. In Canvirn Star of (he. West, 278-344, is an elaborate defence and eulogy witli favorable testimony from many naval olliccrs, also a portrait. His daughter was the heroine of the famous 'diamond wedding' of the Cuban Oviedo. Bartlett died I think between '70 and 'SO. Burton (.James R. or H. ), 1845, at L. Aug., serving in the Micheltoi'eiia campaign, iv. 495. Lieut in theCa). Bat. '40-7, serving under Stockton, v. 205, 300, 435. Later a resid. of L. Ang. ; killed in '57 by the ' Manilas ' while acting as sheriff in their pursuit. B. (Win), 1839, Amer. sailor on the C'ali- joriiiu: one of the exiles of '40 to S. Bins, but retui'ned with a claim for dam- ages; at Sta Cruz '43. iv. 18, 21, 33, 1 19. 3.'>0. Bartow, 1842, chai)lain witii Com. Jones, iv. 310. Bartram (Win), 184;!, Scotchman who worked at tljc N. Almaden mine in '40; a witness in later litigation; testifying that he was ;it S. F. in '4.3, and at Sonoma in '30-7. I met him near S. Luis Ob. in '74. i\ . .3!)9. ]]avtuscc (Zama), 1847, Co. F, 3d ai'till. (v. 518). Basadrc y Vega (Vicente), 178(), Span, commissioner for estab. a fur-tradu between Cal. and China, i. 438-42. Basilio, 1824, mr of the l}imk. ii. 5H). Basilio, l:i47, in Sutter's employ. Bassett (Xatlianiel S.), 1831, nn* of the Murois. iii. 3S.3. Bassham ', Win R.), 1845, Kentuckian immig. of the Grigsby-Idc partj'. age 23. iv. .")."i7. He ^^•as a clerk at L. Amr. for Daltoii in '40; and fi Leidesi'iorfF and later llowai' 1 & Melius at S. F. in '47 9, being also the owner of several town lots; a nicndicr of the Cal. senate in '49 -.50; later a resid. of S. Jos(i and in business witli Belden. In '55-0 ho was ii witness in tiieSanti- llan case, but I liiid no later rei'ord of idm. Bastian (.James), 1848, Englisli- nuin fr. Honolulu who died.it S. F. in Oct. Basualdo (Francisco), 1828, Mex. artilleryman, later sergt at Sta l>. and .S. Diego; killed by the lud. at I'auma '40. iii. 78, (iI5, 017. Batan (iJesiri'), 1845, mr of the Eyjiadoii. iv. 505. I'atcliclor ((k'o.), 1847, drum-major N.Y.Vol. v. 503; ttied before '82. Batenian (E B. ), 1847, Amer. innnig. fr. Mo.; niend)er of the 1st legisla- ti'.re '4!t-5ll; a ])iiysician at Stockton '75, and perhaps later. B. (Loren/o). l;;-t(), i'atintleroy's dragoons at Mont. (v. 232-47). Baten (Wm), doiditful name in a Brancif. list of '45; Amer., age 37. Bates, 1840, purser of the St. Lnidi. Bates(l)r), 184'), had an acct with Larkin; in '47 -8 often numt. at N. Helv., somotinics as a physician, oftener on the sickdist, and finally pros- pecting for goM and riuicksilver. I'o.ssibly same as K. B. 'Batennui,' (|.v. B. (Asher B), 1 848, New Yorker who came round the Horn; d. at S. F. ■7.3, age ()3. B. (l''i'ank), 1848; alcalde at Sac; vice-pres. of a public meeting iu Jan. '49; nuMit. by Coltou as owner of Ve-non. Perhaps same as the 'doctor.' B. (Manue'), 182(i; nn* of the Sta Apoloiiln. iii. 148. Bathgate ((Jeo.), 1848, Co. F. N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. before '82. Baugh (Theoauiu (.lohn), IS4S, overl. innnig. fi\ Ohio to Or. '47; and to the Cal. nunes '18; returning to Or. in "50. Bausford (.lohn), 1829, Irish sawyer at S. F. '40, age ,30; came BAUSFOIID-BECKWOURTII. ri3 by Roa in '29; alias 'Solis.' Diriiir'/c, Biuitista (Tuaii), ISIO, Mexican sur- vivor of the Donner party, saiil to be stiil living in "SO. v. iJ3l, 't'.Wu 541. I'eiiiaps he was of French l)l()0(' .n. ". named ' Jiapliste,' (j.v. Bau/.;l (I'elipe), 17'J1, scientist of Malaspina's e.Xi.^a. i. 490. IJawden (J.), 1S48, connriission nierclmnt at S. l'\; ailvcrt. in Star. Bax- ter (J. (}.), 184 J (?), Mass. farmer in Sta Clara '74 (i. iv. r>.s7. Baxter {Win Owen), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol.(v. 4!t9); of J'^ngl. birth; ;>0 years in the mines; living at Sta Monica '8.'), age .">8, with wife and 4 children. Hay, 1S48. named in the Calif oniiuii as a member of the Sonoma council. Bayley, 1848, (?), at Coloma. El ])ora, 1847, Co. A, Morn-. Bat. (v. 409); reenlisted; living in Utah 'SI. B. (Orin M.), 1847, Co. .\, Morm. ]5at. ; rei'nlisted. Beckwith (Seth Lee), 1.S4H, nat. of Cimn., w hoeame from Honolulu on tha Kduir.'inmiliK nntl went to the .Vmadur and Calivcia i nnnes; from '."iO, as before '4S, a traveller in many parts of the world, but re- garding S.F. as his home, where he still lives in "85, at the age of (i4, \\ith a son and daughter. Bcckwourth (Janies 1'.), 1844, nudattf) of Va, who be(;.ime in t!ie great west a famous hunter, guide, Indian-tightei', chief of the ('rows, and horse- thief. Xo rcsunu'' can do justice t(j Ins adventures, nor can the slightest faith b(! put in his statements. See Jioiiii('i'.< Lifi'.uf lii'fkivinirth. He came to Cal. from X'^. Mex. "44. iv. 453, 495; and was one uf the mount.iineers sei \ iug against MicluUoi'eiui, at the 'battle of Cahuenga' in '45 (v. 494, 5();i), uf which he gives an absur; and in .\l- varado's service performed more than one feat of valor, if we credit his ov.ii ver. ion. In '40 he w.is arrested but not exiled, iv. !t, 17, -.l; moving .'^ooii i Sta Cruz; and living iu '43 at Verba Pueua, where he got a lot, iv. ()(i;(, ;: .,d r.nolhcr later. In '40 he carried despatches from Sloat to I'rcmont, v. '2\~, as iippears from his i-eceipt of July iL'tli, for J^IOO, including the value of Ivo horses killed in the service, in Moid, (.'oiixiil. Arch., thouidi there lu'.s been come newspaper controversy on the subject, lie subse(jucntly served tn;(Lr Vt almougli at S. Jose; A\as constable at the! pueblo in '47; went to the inii:! s i:i 'IS; served as elei'k in a store till ',"0; raised potatoes for a few years; ai'd worked as carpenter till '00. Fie lost his wife in 'oD, his son in 'tJO, find i.t the Kiiue time a leg iu an encounter vith the desperado IVlipe Ilernaudcz. In '77 he dictated his Ji'tcol/ii-tioim for my use; and has furnished inimy rem- iairjcences for the Pluixcr and other papers. Hai ry is inclined to di'aw some- \.li;it liiavily on his iKiaginatioii for historical cletails; but there is generally a substratum of fact underlyin;,' his yarns. Piving in '8.'!, and I tliink iu ';;.'>. Pcebc (J. W.), 1847, named as the 1st Ainer. lUiigistrate at S. Puunav. n- t.;ra. S'ajiKil. Perhaps -nmc as the follow ing. P. (Wni P.), 1847, nat. (f N. v.; one of the 1st supervisors at S. Puis Ob.; later county judge; ,';lill livi:;g i;i '8;j. .S'. Lui^ Ub. Co. JliM. I'eecliJiy, 1810, doidjtful name in Farnliam"s lijt if airestcd foreigners. Picechey (Fied. Win), 18'20, com. of the IJrd. ex- ploring vessel /<7o,s.so«(, and authoi- of a A'")V«'.'re of the exploration, iii. IJ!) -.i, nil, 140; i. ■iWl; ii. r.88, .WO. olrj, .V.);)-000, OO:), 010, (il4 10. ]'.. (llich- ard P.), KS'Jd, nud. (ju the JVu^:m,i. \'\\. Vl]. Pci ner (.lol)n S.), 1847, .idvii- ti.ics lo.'bof a ])ocket-book between S. Joaip and S.F. in Sli1. Uetre (\Vm), 1848, eabinet-uiaki r at S.F. v. t:8L'. Peers (\\\\\), b^l7. Co. E, ?iIorm. ViiX. (v. 4(iO). IJceson (Henry), 1840, elaiiuant for .supplies lo rrc'Liiont (v. 4011). Perhaps this wr.s ' Dee,' i|.v, Beggs (Peter), 1847, negio servant of Capt. A. J. Sndvh, accused of lub- BEGGS- BELLOW. 715 l)cry at L;.s Ang. Bclin (T. lui), 1041 (?), imtise of Bailcn, accredited by Wil- s ,;i if) the Woikman liirty fi-. >.'. !Mex. ; Imt not in ];o\vluiKr.< li:.t, ;;nd nut iMr.ciiibc'ixd liy Given, iv. -JTS-'.). Ai;pe;.rsiii the rccoida fr. '4 li::^otLOl•-lulut(■l• an^l trader at l.os Ang. Ho quit business in '53, and died 'OS, leaving several cliildren. Bejai', sei; 'Vejiir.' Iklchcr, 18-J8, i!ir of the JA/jv/ at S.F. fr. ColumI ia Kiv. B. (Edward), ]'V2{>, lieut on the JJlris.tom in Becc'aiy's exped. iii. I'Jl; in '."iT-O, coin, of tlio S.'l/i/iiir, and author of a Narratirc u{ the expetUtion. iii. ()14, 070, (i!)ii; iv. 0."., 1C(1, 14"J-G. B. (Lewis r.), 1847, at Mont, in company with Aram; in the giild mines '48; about '."0 a large deider in cattle. An eccentric chanscter, ii.'itive of X.Y., v.ho ac((uired a large propertj'. Murdered at Mont, in '."^(j, Leiden (.losiali), 1841, nat. of ( 'onn., b. in '15, v.ho after a vnried commer- cial experience in X.Y., La, and Miss., came to Cal. in the 1st inimi;,'. party miller ('apt. ]3artlcson. iv. "JGT, -70, '2~.'>, '2~',). Going to Mont., ho took chai'go for LarUin of a branch stiire and hnnbci busincs at Sta (.'rnz in '42 4, taking pa it in the I'aising of the U.S. ilag at the time of the ( 'om. Jones afVair. iv. 'M'2, ;il(). (i.')l, (!()'2-4. I have many of his original letters of these and later years. Li '41 he obtained naturalization jiapers, and a grant I'f the LarraneaColorada nnicho in the 8ac. Valley, iv. G70. The lirm of 15. & (Jliard appears at Mont, ii "44-"); B. took some part in pic-erving order during Gov. .Michcltorena's i.b cnce; and in Dec. '4.') went up to his rancho, returning in !March '4(i. N. Ill 'i\ Ji'diry, 22, 37. I'or sonic months in '4(1 1). took charge of a store for (':;;;t. I'atyatS.F., v. (182, and later in '4G-7 woikcd as clerk and collector f.,;- Win H. Davis, obtaining lots at S.F, and Lenicia. v. ()72, G7G; also inter- er.Led in a (piicksilvcr mine. I.arLiit'K JJoc, v. Miil. Li '4S he opened atS. .losi5 i'. branch store of ^Melius & Howard, but s.oon followed his customers to the i.:ines fora few weeks, leaving the store in chai •;,'c of Branham. In '4!) he closed Kiillie business, and married Miss iSarah ^L .lones, a pioi'.eer of '4G. In '.")() ho v.a : the 1st mayor of S. Jos(5, being later member of the council, and in '7ii a i\l ]( gate to the republican national convention. Fortunate juirehases and judi- eious management of IS. K. real estate niarovince.s, bcrdniing a citizen. He came from Sonora on the i^.-nm ndiiti, iv. ;i4l, settling ;:'„ Los Aug., where he married Nieves Guirado in '44, and cngageil in trade fwr many years. Ha was prominent in '4."> among the foreigners who oi'.pos'd jMiilieltorena and Sutter, iv. 49.">; in '40-7, being sindico at L. An,"., v. (!2.'>, f erved as capt. in the Cal. Bat., v. liOit, ap])arently (|uittiiig the town with Gil- 1,' jiie anii"i/, ,';aid to lia\e discov. oysters in S.F. bay. iii. GW. B. (Iticliard H.), 1817, Go. F, 3il U.S. artill. v. ")iy. B. (Wni), 184.'t, nameil at Los .Aug., ]ieihaps by error. Bellomy (Geo.W.), 1843,Viiginian fr. Or. in tiic Hastings party, woundeil by Ind. on tiic w,-:y. iv. ;>!I0-L 3110. In '4t lie got a carta de seguridad, .uid next year had a sliop at S. .lose', where he complained of be iiig robbed, and signed the, call to foreigner.s i" March, iv. .VJO. Ho does not seem to l.avo served in the (,'al. l!at. '4ii, bu^ had a claim of !?12, v.liich was paid; in '47 was imprisoned for disobedience to decrees of Judge Burton's court; in '4S ov.ner of the Sta Clara Hotue, ,:till in 1 ■■';il troubles. His wife from '4.") was Maria do Jesus Bern.nl, liter wife of ,1. T. I'eiez. Bellomy - 1',, 11. „i- (.1 >i .bed of L m '(I II, wno wr.s ion I'cllow (.1. Mitch.), 184G, said to have com til o navy ipiiliceman at S. Jose, and died in '7'.'. ■>. J. I'l" nat. I'liU p^[ 710 PIOXEER REGISTER AND IXDEX. Belt (Geo. Gordon), 1847, Q. M. scrgt X.Y.Vol. v. n03; alcaMc at Stock- ton MO; bctauiu a ricli trader, and Avas murdered at Stockton by Win Ucniiis iix '(J'.). lieltran (Nicolas), corporal 1770-81, killed on tlio (.'olorado. i. ISO), IVi'.i. Iklty (Wni), 1841. Gerinnn innuig. from Mo. in the IJjirtlcson party, iv. "JTO, 127'), 271). Some say lie went back and died in the east; but a niiiu of t!iL' same name served in Co. A, Cal. Vint. (v. .l.xS); is named on Larkiii".-! book.s at Mont, in '47-S; and ace. t'> Dally, who helped to bury him, was killed by a fall from his horse in the mines in '48. IJen, 1840, negro servant with Gillespie, v. 24. Benavides (Elias), 1817, at X. llelv. B. (Jos(:0, soldier at S. F. '44; grantee of a lot '40. v. 0--0. 15. (.lo.;i5 M.), settlor at S. F. 1701-1800, prob. father of the preceding, i. 710. B. (!Maria), 1847, had bonnets for sale at S. F. Sfar. B. (Miguel), soldier at S. F. '27-31; in '41 living at S. Jo.sc, age 20; wife Josefa Garcia; child., Patricio, Jos6 Ant., Concei)eion, Aiitonia, Xanita. Trinidad. Benedict (C L. ), 1S47, owner of a house at Benicia. v. 072. Bengaehea (Joso Ign.), Kct- tleratthc Colorado Riv. pueblos 1780-1. i. ;{.'n, ;502. Beiiitcz (Jo«(5 M.), ll^'Jo-7, surgeon of the forces at Mont. ii. 140. Benito, neoph. rebel at .Sta B. '24-0. ii. .'532, 037. Benitz (Wni), 1841-2, German in Sutter's employ. Arrived Oct. '42 ace. to rolls of the Soc. Cal. Pion. ; but in applying for naturalization in '44 ho claimed to have come in '41. iv. 341. After being for a tinio in ciiargo of Hock farm, in '43 lie took charge of the Ross estate for Sutter, succeeding BidwcU. iv. 180, 070. in '44 grantee of the Briesgau ranelio in Shasta co. iv. 070; in '4,') he rented the Ross rancho from Sutter, and later bought a part of it; bondsman for some of the tJrigsbyldc imiiiig. iv. 070, 044, .'JSl. Ueait/. is said to have been the man vho wns swindled to the extent of 80.001) by the Sutter- Muldrow claim. He lived at Ror;a till '07; then moved to Oakland; and in '74 went to the Argentine Republic, where ho had a brother. Ho died there in '70, at the age of 02, leaving a family. Benjamin (Kordyee J.), 1840, Co. H, X.Y.Vol. (v. 400); alcalde at X. Helv. '48; at Sonoma '74. Bennett (A. B.), 1840, Co. F, Cal. Bat., enlisting at S. Juan Oct. (v. .358). B. (Charles), 1847, at Sutter's Fort fr. Or.; at the Ojloma mill in '48 wIkii gold was found; said to havj been killed by Ind. in Or. about 'oo. B. (Dennis), 1843, prob. son oi Vardamon, fr. Or. in the llastingn party, iv. 300, 300. X'ame(t in a S. F. padron of '44 as an Amer. carpenter, ago 10. B. (Jackson), 1843, brother of Dennis, age 17 in '44, said to have been slightly wounded at the * battle ' of Sta Clara in '47. iv. 300, 4!)0; v. .381. B. (Xar- eiso), grantee of land at Sta Clara ni '4."); perhaps another son of Varda- mon, who came in '43. iv. 587, 073. B. ('fhonias), 1810, sailor on the Lydin. ii. 2"). ]$. (THus), 1847, Co. G, X.Y.Vol. (v. 400). Bennett (Vardamon), 1843, nat. of Gn, who went to Ark. '30, crossed the phiiiis to Or. '42, and came to Cal. in the Hastings party with a large family, iv. 300, 300. After a brief stay in the Sac. Valley B. went to S. F., where ho appears in the padron of '44 as an Amer. carpenter, ago 40; where he appcai'3 in other records of '4j-7, including a petition for naturalization in '40; and where he kept a grog-shop, bowling alley, ct". v. 08."); being also owner of a Benicia lot. v. 072. Ho died at S. F. iu '40. His wife, Alary, was a good woman, but one of masculine attributes, who had a ' mind of her own,' and body also, iu many respects head of the family. In '4.') she asked for a separation, complaining to the authorities of her husband's failure to provide for herself and 8 children. In '40 she and some of the children were living at S. Josi'', having a 'Cal. claim' (v. 402). She marrieil Harry Love, and died near Watsonvillc iu 'OS, age 00. B. (\Vm), 184."), doubtful name of an ovcrl. immig. iv. i")78. B. (Win), 1844, immig. fr. Or. in the Kelsey iwrty. iv. 444, 4")3. Seems to have settled near S. .lose', where ace. to Hittell he was a wealthy man in '00; perhaps same as Win H. on the rolls of the Soc. Cal. Pion. , ixii having arr. !MarcIi '44. Bennett (\Vinston), 1843, aon of Vanlanion, whom ho accomp. to Cal. in the Hastings party, iv. .300, 403. He is n;i'Med in th • S.F. pailion of '44 as 25 yeans of age; but he did not remain long at S.F. or in any other place; roam- bexnett-ri:rxal. 7i: ing from tlic Sac. Valley to ilai'iii Co., Verba Ihicna. Sta Clara, and Rtaf'ruz, ami taking Home sliuiit part in the troultlcs with Micheltoicna in '4."). iv. 4S0 - 7. Jn '4(> he enlisted in Co. . (Ana Maria), mar. 1784 to-Gabriel Moraga. ii. 571. B. (Antonio), sol- <'ier at S. F. '41-3. iv. 0(i7; still at S. Josi5 "50. B. (Apolinario), born in Cal. 17S0-1K); rcgidor at S. Jos.5 1802; killed by Ind. '13. ii. 134, .339. B. (I'asilio), grantee of Sta Clara cmbarcadero '45-8; also claimant in "53. iv. 373; V. 005. B. (Bruno), in '41 at S. Jos^', age 39 (prob. older); wife Aiito- nia Ortega; children, Antonio b. in '25, Dolores '27, Francisco '31, I'cdro '33, Josi^ and (lertrudis '35, Cuadalupe '.'iO, Itulina '37, Luis '.39; Cal. claim f)f .^10,000 in '40; claimant for Alisal, ib)nt. Co. iii. 070. B. (.Jesus), juez do caPiipo at S. ,Jos6 '41. iv. 084. B. (.Toaipiin), soldier of S. F. at Sta Cruz 1795. i. 490; inviU. '19-.32; grantee of Sta Teresa rancho '34, being then !14 years old. iii. 713. B. (.fos6), soldier at S. F. '19-30. B. (.lost^ 2d), sol- dier at S. F. '19-24. B. (,JosO), born at S. Jos6 in '23; married Alta Ci'acia lii'.'iicra in '55; 10 children: living in Alameda Co. in '80. B. (.losi'- Ant.), iridic,- at S. F. '29-'42. B. (.Jose Ant.), farmer at S. .Jose '41, age 25; wife (ji.udaliipe Butron; children, Juan and Trinidad. B. (Josti Cornelio), regidor .b t I. I' 111" k ^ i i j ii ^ H 111 1? 1 1 1 : m 1 W Iii J i 713 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. of S. JcM '28. ii. CO."; grantee of land at Mission Dolores '.14; elector and iiiili- tianian at S. F. "M. iii. 70."); grantee of Rincon do (Salinas, etc., and liincuii do IJiiUena ".'W. iii. C'S, 712; in '42 at S. F., ago -Ki, wife Cariueii Ciij;iaii, .son JosJ do Jesns 1). '20; still living 'iui-i. His widow lived at the niisaioii until after '07. i. 293. ]J. (.Tos6 Diouisio), soldier of the Sulcdad escoita. 17!)I-18(;0. i. 40!). 13. (.Jos6 Jesus), grantee in '30 of the Canada dc; J'ala r;:neho. iii. 711; in '41 farmer at S. Jos(5, age 31; wife Maria Ant. Iligui'iM; cl:ildren, Jose (iabriel h. '34, J(.'sus M. '3.">, JosO J(!sus '37, Diouisio '37. i'». (.Juan), cattle-owners in S. F. district 1703. i. 707. 1>. (Juan), soldier at S. 1". '2')-3y; elector and militiaman at S.F. '37. iii. 705; grantee of Laguna do i Vio.s C )1. in the contra eosta '35-41. iii. 712; iv. 071; in 'II at S. Jose, ago 38; wife I'ncainacion Soto (who as a widow was owner of S. F. lots fr. '4 i. iv. (i.;i); V. 085); children, Guadalupe b.'31, Nicohis '35, Aiiolinario '37, Juan '40. ]J. (.Juan), farmer at 8. Jose '41, ago 31; wife Rafacla Fcli.x; cliild., I'rancistu 1>. '35, .Tu.an '.38, Guadalupe '30, Refugio '40; jue/ dc eaiupo '44. iv. 085. 15. (Juan), son of Joa<]nin, at .S. Joscj iu '77, age 07, wiio gave me hia Mcmoria of several old-tinic occurrences; pcrliaps same as preceding. 15. (.luan). dc- scrihed by Larkin iu '45 as a man of some wealth and local influence at Sta Cruz. B. (.Maria D. Castro de), at 8. JosO '41, ago 52; children, Juau b. '2J, Ciregorio and Francisco '27, Ramon '30. licrnier (iJaiitiste), 1844, one of Fremont's men. iv. 4.37. R^rrcycsa (Antonio), son of Nicolas, who in '77 at S. Josd gave mo his lidurioii. of l!iu r.uiidcr of his undo by Fr(5inont'.s men in '4(i (v. 171), and of the troubles of hi.s father'.'j family with the stjuatters and land lawyers. i>. (Felix), soldi .• at 8. F. and musician '31-42. li. (Francisco), soldier at iS. F. '37; sergt '30; grantee in '40 of Canada dc (japay and Rincon do iMusuIacon. v. 0()0, 075; claimant for Rincon de Esteros '53. iii. 712. 15. (.loyu Ign.), atS. Jose '41, ago 34; children, Jesus .Maria, JosoJesus, Adelaida, Maria Los Angeles, and (iabricla; grantee of Cliiniles rancho '40. v. 009. 15. (Jose Jesu.s), coldicr at S. F. '32-3; sentenced for stealing horses at Mont. '35. iii. 074; at Sonoma, age 28, in '44; grantee of Las Putas '43, and Yacuy "40. iv. 072; v. 000. 15. (.Jose de los Rej'es), nat. of Cal., son of Nicoh'w, I). al)out 1787; sold, at S. F. 10-20, sergt from '30; also employed Hi fi teaeiier at S. F. i:i '23. ii. 501, 584; iii. Ill, 701; in '31-5 sec. of ayunt. at iS. Jose. iii. 729-30; in '41 at S. Jose; wife .Maria S. 13ernal; children, Domingo b. '22, Francisco '20, Fernando '28, Kncarnacion '30, Dcmesio '33, jSIadclina '34, but tlicre were several others older; in '42 grantee of S. Vicente rancho. iv. 073. In Juno '40 while on his way to vi.sit his son at Sonoma the olil man was murdered at 8. Rafael by Fremont's men. v. 171-4. B. (.Juto do los 8antos), son of Jose Reyes; sergt 8. F. comp. at Sonoma '40-2. iii. 702; iv. 078; grantee of Alalaconies rancho '43. iv. 071-3; in '40 alcalde at Sonoma, v. 124, 1.54, 150, 008; in '55 a witness iu the Santillan case. 15. (Maria do la Luz), mar. to Joaq. Soto 1803, the 1st marriage at S. Jose. ii. 138. 15. (Martin), sold, at Sonoma '42. 15. (Nasario), corporal at 8. F. '19- 2k B. (Nicolas), settler at 8. F. 1777-1800. i. 297, 710; wife Gcrtrudis Pcralta, children Gabriela, Maria dc la Luz, Jos(5 dc log Reyes, Nauario, Nicoliii!, Juau Josc^, ace. to S. Jos(i padron of J793. B. (Nicola?), son of pre- ceding; sold, at S. F. '19-30; grantee of Milpitas '34. iii. 712; regidor at .S. Joso '.'iO-7, iii. 730; at 8. Jos6 '41. age 51, wifo Gracia Padilla, children, Jose b. 'IS, Nicolas '22, Francisco '20, Jos6 '28, Antonio '31, Mariano '.'!i, Agustin '30. The nmrdcr of hia In-other Reyes and tlic plundering of hia cattle by the battalion in '46, the later lynching of his brother Demesio, tlie continued stiugglo with squatters and laud la\\yers, in which all lus property was stripped from him, drove the old man to madness; and several of his sona also became insane. He died in '03. B. (Rudesindo), ment. in '42. iv. 240. B. (.'Santiago), at .S. .Josi! '41, age 37; wife Maria Roaario Valcnei.i, child Maria .Josefa. B. (.Si.xto), soldier in 8.F. comp. '38-42; grantee of Las Futas '43. iv. 072. ]5erry, 1848, from Or., one of the Ist nn'nera at Grass Valley. Xcr. Co. Hht., 52, 04. B. (Daniel K.), IS-IC, ovcrl. immig. from ^lo. with liis famiiy. EERRY-IJIDWELL. 710 V. r)20; SL-n-cd in Co. C, Ciil. Diit. (v. a^S); fr. '18 one of tlio Ist settlers of Snisim Valley, wIktc ho still lixi'd in "(JO. IJ. (.laiiii'i Jticiianl), l.S;i(i, Irisli- 111. '.n who liad lived Inn;;; in Si an. iirovintes, a j;icat traveller and a man of many acedniplisiunents; f^ranti'O (;f I'linta (Ic IJeyes in ',';(!. iii. 7I-; iv. IIS; o.viiei' c;f lots at S.F. '41-4. iv. (itj!l; v. (J79; at Sonoma in "44, aged .VJ. 1 iind no later record of him. IVrlodano (Cosme), 17SI4-<>, Span. com. of the l'ali/< .<, Arllr:i, Araiizuzu. i. ,V2;3-4, .■|40. ISertran (Luis), Mex. at Mont. ';!(!, aj,'e 40, wife Toniasa C'arrillo. JJcrtiand (ihnile), KS47, Co. (J, N. V. Vol. (v. 4!)!)). Ijeslon (Tlio.s), 1847, at X. Jlelv., with family; ajipiirentiy nn innni;,'. v. .''i.VJ. liestor (Norman S.), 1840, assistant to Lient Kmory with Keainy'a force. V. ,3.'i7; at Mont. Feb. '4S; had a store at C'olonia '4S- '.). S/nniKiii, Meuscman ((.'hris. .M.), 1817, I'ru sian in the Itnss. .service!, noMo of the 4tli e!a."s; nir of the Chlrth-of, and Jlxihil. 'il-!i>, 'iV. S. ii. '21)8, ;{!•_', 048; iii. i4«. Hcvcrley (McKenzie), 1847, owner of .S. I'', lot; murderer of Diirnte; later a desjicrado at lar!,'e. v. HSO, (;4G, (iC.'J, (;7(i, (J84. 15ianchi (Nicholas), 18:14"), mr of the Hum. iii. :!.S4. J'.ielioU (.John), 184;!, Amer. in cliarj,'e of Sutter's cattle at Hock; naturali;:ed '44. iv. 40U; name written ' Hi^'nol' and also 'llignoU.' J'.ickniorc ((iili)ert), 1847, Co. A, Morin. l!at. (v. 4(ii)). ]]id(lle (.lamcs), 1847-8, com. of the I'ae. si|nadron L'. S. X. on the ColniiiliiiK. v. 4.'j7-8, 4.")0, .")77. Bideler (Thos), IS.'fl), Amer., douhtfnlnameatLos. An^'. Jiidilton (.Tohni, l8'JS-!t, Imij^I. catholic at .Mont. Bidwell (.John), 1841, nat. of N. Y., boin in 1SI!», who went with his parcnty to I'enn. and Ohio; a school-teacher in Ohio and Iowa; au iintniji. from Mo. to Cal. in the jjartleson party, t'or an accmnit of this party, ineludinf; much about IjidwcU personally, and about his diai-y sent east and pnbli.shecl a ; ^1 Joiiriii 1/ to Cali/oniht, now of great I'arity, see iv. ■2(i(i-7, ;!4(i-7. I h.ive the ori^'inal bond si},'ned by Thos (i. liowen in II.'s favor on Nov. 18, '41. J!o entered Sutter's employ, and in '42-.'{ was in eliaru'e of the lloss estate at Jlodeira. iv. ISO, 2;i;}, GO."), 070; in '43-4 at Hock farm. 1 have much of liia original corrc^p. of these and later years. Jn '44, visitin;.; .\Iout. with a reconi- iiiend. from Sutter to the gov., he obtainetl naturalization ]iapers and a grunt of the Ulpinos ranclio. iv. 074. In return liidwell was active in suj'port of Mieheltorena, going south with Sutter's army, being taken prisoner at tho 'battle' of Cahuenga, and oven having something to say 40 years later in de- fence of that most unwise movement of the foreigners, iv. 300, 47:'-8."{, 48j- 0, oOS. Keturning to X. Jlelvetia, lie continued in Sutter's service as agent and clerk, being the writer of portions of the X. J/ili: J)}iirii, and his movement.^ from day to day being recorded in other portions; also grantee of the Colus raneho in '4"). iv. 510, 071. His travels in t!ie valley .-md foothills were exten- sive, and he had many narrow escapes from iiudving the grand discovery of gnld. I'^arly in '40 he made arrangements to ojicn a s;.hool at Mont., JAtii.iu'.i Doc, iv. o4; but circumstances occurred to prevent this, lie did not at lirst take an active part in tho settlers' revolt, being ;i Mex. citizen and a])p;aciitly not v.armly in sympathy with this most scnsele:;s filibustcrism; but ho was at one time in charge of the prisoners tit the fort, and in .luly was sec. at tlie f.M- mal organization at Sonoma, v. 100, Vl't, 128, 171». He went south with I're- mont; was put in com. of S. I.nis l!ey in Aug., and made a perilous trip by sea from S. IJiego to S. I'edro for sup[ilies during the l'"lores revolt; lauLing as eapt. in the (,'al. But., and serving as i(nartermaster with rank of iu;;ji.r under Stockton in '40 7. v. -JSO, 317-18, :!24 ,">, .•!i;i, ;!8.'), 4_'0, Oil;)--.'. Ik'tuni- ing to the Sacramento, Bidwell continued his labors as Sutter's agent and surveyor in dittcrent jiarts of the valley until the discovery of gold, when lie became tho ])ioncer miner on i'eaiher Itivcr, where llidweU's Bur w.is iiann d for him. Of his mining experience, as of hisoliicial career in later \ear.-, 1 ...lia.! have occasion to say something in vol. vi.- vii. of this work. Becomiir,' owner of tho ArroyoCliico ranclior) granted to Iiickeyand Farv.ell, he made here I. is permanent home, site of the town of (.'hico from '00, becoming a man 1iy (lov. SiiiiiloKl; ik'lugivti! (>) till; iiulional union convention in '(A; nnd i nicin- l)ur of congress '04 7, l>'.'in,'; in '") a (h.fc'utc'i], non-pai'tit^'in, !inti-in> nojioiy caniliilato tor gov. of Cal. Jjut it is to tlit' agiicnltural luul inihistrial dt vcKii)- ment of iiia eonnty and statu lliat lie lias given Inn chief attention, and it i.i Ilia success in this direction tliat has evidently given him most satisfaeti(;i\ His record is in all respect i tliatof an honorable as well as successful man, <^nc of the c'aief testimonials ii, his favor being Iho flimsy natiwe of the incvital !c cl:ar,;;e:) made again.'it him as a eundidntu for ollice. His position as the lead- ing representative of his elt.ss, that of immigrant farmers, will be . F. In ii\i\ ly- ing for •'at'..iali;:;it'')n in Sept. '43 he elaimed 10 years' r'-idcnce. For a year or two he hunted otter with Mcintosh, hiing named in !.arkin'.s hooks liom '.'(4. A witnes.sat Sonoma in '.SO; met liy Edwards neai- s. iJafael in ';>7. iv. 8J. Ahoiit '40 he perhap.s settled on the Jonive raiieho, which after his natiirali.:;4- tion and muriiage in '4;{ \vas formally granted him in "4.'». iv. 1 17, <)7I ; ni.ir.ed in a Sonoma list of '44 as SI years old; iM alcalde of S. Kafacl in '4.'i. iv. 077. 15. seems to have taken no part in the political troubles of '4.">-fi. About '48 l:o exchanged his Jonive estate for that of Xicasio, where lu' spent th'' rest of hid life, lie was a judge in '."lO, and asso.s.sor in '."rJ- .'(; evidently a man of indus- trious habits and good character for one of his cla.s.s, though a hard drinker in tlie later years. Died in '70, leaving a large estate about whicii there was mncli litigation resulting from an attempt to break his will. His first vifo was Agustina Sais, who died in '04, leaving a daughter, Mrs I'.urdell, who was living in '80. In '0,') ho married tiie widow I'aeheco, who survived him. lil.ick (.loseph), |S4."), hatter at X. Helv. '4r)-7; often named in the IHdnj. iv. r);-;7; lot owner at S. F. ; on the 1st jury at S. Jose "48; perhaps his name was 'lllock;' or there nuiy have been another Block. B. (Win), 1814, com. of the lliirroon. ii. 'I'l, 304, 373. Blackburn (\Vm), 184."), Virginian cabinet-maker born in 1814; overl. immig. in the .S«asey-Todd party, iv. ")70, 587. He wen U> work at I"''ta Cru;; as a luinbernian, being a witness at the trial of Williams for killing Naile in April '40. v. 071; but after serving a while in Fauntleroy's dragoons, he joined the Cal. Bat. and was made '2d licut of Co. A, artillery, v. 301, 4;;'. Keturning to Sta Cruz, but also obtaining a lot at .S. F., B. opened a .ston ; and served '47!) as alcalde by the governor's appointment, v. (iH-'J; being also county judge in '."iO after a brief experience in the mines. The decisions of his court are famous for their originality; but if technically somi'what irregular, they were always in accord with common sense and justice. He is sai'i, ilouliLi'iil iiumk; of a trailci'. Dli'a (llaliu'li, ISiO, at l.os Aii;^'. iinil S. Jjci luiiilino. lUicksniitli, (Leo- liol(l), IHIT, «'o. n, X. V. Vol. (V. 41ilt). lUuviiiM (Alex.), Is4:{, .loui.tful iic'\VH|ia|i( r nii'Mtion, ' JJUiul Toiii,' lt>.'j;», Engl, sailor iit S. .loHt5. Sht Chm Co. f/isl. liliii.l- enhory ( L li.), JS.'CJ ;{, nir of tlic t'lliml. iii. HSl'. lUiini (.lolm), is.'id, mr of tliu Luii'.t ';iti-7. iv. 10."i; iiif (.f t'lc Clam' III lull '.'!!• and jiass. on IJu! A/rii'/n . iv. 100, lO'i; nir of tlie Mmiifaiid'-W, in «liicli yuar ln' tliiil. iv. 'J(J7, otiT. r>lirkiii (Wni), lH4(t, iloubtfiil name in lainlKini'M li.st of airtstc'S47, Co. J!, Morni. liat. (v. 4(i:i). lllotU, sec 'lilack.' lilooniticM (Wni), lt>40, ono of llic txiliil foni/ncis. iv. IS. lilossoni (•I. W. ), 1S48, at .S. F. fi'om Honolulu on the Smindd/ioc. ' BUit .luckit,' l;>4(i, iiicknauio ot one of the ;,'uar(l at Sutttr'.s I'mt. v. IJ."). lUunio (I'rcil. (iustavu.s), I1S4'_', (Jorman Bur;,a'ou of the uliak'.sliip ^j/c.r. yjV(/T/a// at .Sauzalito IX'c. '4:.'-Maivh '4;j. iv. .'!4I. Late in '4(i ho canio hail; t'l ( 'al. on the Ciirrciiiij Lhhh from Honolulu with u .stock of ;40(m1» suhl at S, ]'. ; and a<,'ain in April '47 on the (leu. luarini, thin time to htay, (i]h nini,' a Ktoio at .Sononui with M. J. Haan. In '4>S ho niovi'd to a tancho in the lioilcu'a leLjii.n, near Fri'L'.stone and lUoomlield — the latter named f(ji' him — wiiere in '41) he nmii'ied tli(! widow Maria Ant. C'aeeie.s de Haw son. IJotli were li\ii:;; in 'SO without children. Hr U. held several local oliicts, and ia jiostma.strr ;;t I'reestone in "S.'). Jlis poitrait is fcnind in Sonoinn Co. ll'tnl., L'80, IJhiry (.\rtluir dc), ISIO, Fauntleroy's dra;,'oonn (v. 'l',>l-\~). lloardiiiL'n (.John), 1S4H, overl. imnii;j;. of the ( hile.s-W'alker party. i\'. 3!):2, 400; witnesh to ii doc. at .Sonoma '47. ' lioh.' or .luan (/ristolial, Isjd, tlie pioneer negro, icft by Capt. Smith of the AllKiira-s. ii. 24S, '277, ;>■'.'<. ' liol),' Irish servant of C'olton at Mont. '48, who nuide his fortune ia the mines. ' Hob,' a tattooed Marquesan in the mines, ment.by Hulium. ISobn, (Zarah), 1840, < o. C, 1st U..^ dragoons, (v. SliO). 15(jcalon (Agustin), l.'v.W, com. of the Coiiceprioii. ii. 87. Hochon (I'roeopi), 1847, Co. H, X.Y. \'ol. (V. 400). Hode (Nicholas F.), 1847, Co. F, IM U. .S. artill. (v. oKS). Hodcga y Cuadra (Juan Francisco), 1775, Span, lieut in com. of the exjilor- ing vessel iS'ojiOiv/, discovering and naming Hodcga bay. i. •241-H, ")KS; ii. ;il; in 1770 cfim. of the I'avorila. i. IJiJO; in 1702-;^, com. of the S. Bias naval ( .i- tiiMislnnent, and conunissioner to settle the Nootka troubles with I'^nglanil, visiting Cal., and dying in '1)3. i. 'lOO, noO-PJ, ."> 10-20, .")J2-4, .j;;n, C.s2. .^ee also Hist. X. W. Coii/tt, i. Bodio (Waterman .S. ). vai;uely alluded to as having come in '48. Uogurt (Henry), 1847, ('o. E, N.V.Vol. (v. 4!)!)). Hoggs (Albert G.), 184(i, son of Lilburn W., and overl. iaimig. with his father and brotlu^rs (v. 520); later a prominent citizen of Xupa, and county treasurer; still living in '81. 15. ((iuadalupo Vallejo), son of Wra M., born at Petaluma Jan. 4, '47, often nauied incorrectly as the 1st child of Anur. parents born in Cal. H. (Lilburn W.), 1840, Kentuckian, b. in 1708; overl. imuiig. with wife and 8 children, v. 528. Ho lived many years in Mo., ;\here he was a very prominent man, as pioneer, tradei', and public olliccr, bi.'ing elected gov. of the state in '30. He took a prominent part in tiie expulsion of the ^lonnons, to wboiio vengeance is ipii(iru Ilickliii jut Ixf'irc (lie ••tint. Ho took HKiiic slinlil imit ill tlif liiwil cainpai;;!! (it tli<^ wiir iiiriiiiist >iiiil'Ii(/ in '411- 7. V. ;{.SIi; ami atti'i' all iiil\iii;iiroii« iMK ir 111 llii' iiiiiit m sfttltil at Napa, v luiu in "7- Ik' wi'jti' fill' 11.1.' Ills III iiiiiiisf .III n of iialy lift' in Mo., his fa'.licr's lift', tlio tii|i to (,'al., ami his cxfifiiciKU's in '4li-.S. His '/'/•('y/ nn-n-s Ihf I'l'thiM, in tlui IifivspaptMs, covers m.'aily tlio saliii' (^Idliml. lie lias (Hciiiiicil hi\ cial olli( i:il jK.bitioiiH, and lias raiscil a faiiiily of livi' sons — ( luaiialiipc \ ,, Li 11 m in W ., .Ir., Anuiis, .liU'cison, anil Win, ami a ilaiij^litt r, to wliosr idination Niiciial caro liaa lii'L'll ckvotuil, Hcvcliil of tlit.Mii lifill;,' ttMcliuls. [{.ilioiqilL'S, si'f ' ll()joi;;(s.' 15oingor (l-'wl.), KS47, Co. (1, N.V. Vol. (v. 4it!i). Hois (.liian), 1'<'-'S, nir of the Wilmmtk. iii. 14!». JJoisst' ((ialnicl), 17!IS, MoNtoii .sailor at '>. ])ii!:,'o. i. (14't, tj.')4. ilojoigts iiioro jiroiicrly wiitti'ii Itolioniiii'M— (Aii;,i'l), iitS.F. '.S7-!'; (it , -Sonoma '44, iigu .'!;(. J{. (l!artolo), w>ltlifi at S. F. 'IK; inva- liilo ■:J"2-4I; icgitlor at S. .JosO '-lA-'i; I'k'ctor at S.I'". 'Il.">. ii. (iO.'i; iii. ~'\,\', giantoi! of Layiiiiailo S. Antonio '4."), ami claimant '.■)4. W. ()7H. I». (( li'iaiiio), at.-'i.F. ";{7. 15. (HurniLnc'giltlo), sohiitTof tliu S. .lost' cscoltii 17il7-l'''»<.'i'. i. .Vili. \\. (Ignutio), BolilitT tif tin; S. I''. coni|). '.'t,">--4'J; ut Sonoiihi '44, ajc '.'(l. ]{. (Jo.-iti Jlainon), (.nrporal of tho Stii Ciaiii oscolta 177<)-7; iiniil. at S. .Icisi^, 1701) IN'-I. i. -".lt»-7, :{0(i, 47S; hid wife was I'Vumisca Koimro; tlicir'J'J, W. (.Juan), Mihlier of .S. F. I'onip. 'i'.'i-,'il ; at Sononia '44, agi^ {{."i. iv. 'M'.\. In '77 nt Sta ('lai'ii liu ;;av(i inc.- his Ji'criii rilos ui Intl. fanipaigns. 15. (I'cilro), scltlif at S. F. I7'.H ISOO; ivgiilor at S. .lostj 1810. i. 7l(i; ii. i:t4. 15. (l'otlio>, at S. v. ':i7; lit Sononia '41, u,^o '-'4. J5olan (A. J.), 1S».'), at Snttoi-'H '4.">-(), ncc. to the X /A /r. DJiirii; iv. ."17^. llolaiios I Francisco). I,")!i."), one of (."cnncfion's men at I't Ufycs; also witii \'i/> caino in l(i(('J. i. !((], !IH. lioUicda (Louis), lt>'J(i, French trap[iii' of ,11(1. Smitii's luirty, who rem. in Cal. iii. I(i0, 170. Uolcof (.Jo.sc^ Antonio), LSI.'), the earliest Russian aettler; native of Kaiii- eliatUa, who lift his vessel at Mont., a^'c about '.'(). ii. '2~4, ',i'J',i. Jii '17 lie was liaptizeil at Soleilail. or at least had hisdrcek church haptisiu •nililied;' in '22 r.iarriet' 10 Caiitlida Castro, iintl peiliai>s iiiaile a trip to Mex. ii. 471'; in "-' arnstcd for simiggling, and from that time ttften named in local ricords of Bianci forte and Sta Cruz. ii. i'lUl. .TJ'J, (i'J7; iv. 117, r)44; in '2') iiained a.n a s!iocr..aker of ;;ootl eoniliict; in '.'tl olitaineil lands; naturaliiail in ",V.i; alcalde at Liaiieif. ':U, also ';{!)-4'.', '4.V(i. iii. i>-l; iv. (i(J'2-4; v. .'u, (iH-'J; being iilsn ia charge of the ex inis.sioii from ''i\); grantee of the Itefiigio rancho '41. iv. (i.".-|. In the JJraiicif. piidrou of '4.''> 15. is iiamctl with his wife and 1 1 children as fol- luwji: Amadeo b. '2."), l''i'aneisco '21, Jnaii '2'.), Kncarnacion 'U'J, (luad;iliiiio ';{(>, Josefa '.'!!), Carnien ':i7, Jose Ilanion '40; Josii iJulore.s "41, Maria Ant. '4J, anil Mari'a de Ids Angeles '44. He took no part in the political troubles of '4.") 7, bntiii '4Sciigagiil in mining with his sons, bcini? very suceessful; but not content to let well enough alone, and imbibing somewhat too freely the new spirit of progress, the old man fell a victim to sharpers, gradually lost his lanthi and money, and tiled in poverty in 'GO. 1 have no rccortl of his sons aftt r '4."i. Holes, see T.owles.' Bollou (Jo.st5 Maria), 1S.'54, rortugiicst; at .Mont. Lolton (.James K.), IS47, trader at Mazatlan, having some coinniercial relations with Cal., whieli country he visitetl for the first time in •liino '47 on the /.ii y Shall' Slnraff. In later jears ho became known as the principal elaimanl for the Mis.sion Dolores estate in the famous Sautillan case; in 'So a capitalist re- siding at S. I"'. ]>on (.Folin), IS29, mr of the ]V'tlmin(]ton. iii. 140. 'Bonaparte,' bS,"!!, Frenchman with Yount in Xapa Val. 15ond (Tlios), ISH.S, named as on.' of Walker's party, iii. {{id. Ii. (Wni), LS47. Co. D, X. Y. Vol. (v. 4!),).) litjiiechu (Louis), LS'J4, French viiieyardist at L. Aug. '40, age .")7, claiiaiiig to have been 10 years in Cal. lioiica (.John), LS'JI. Irish carpenter at S. !Migucl '"JO-.'SO, .'jI years old, and 9 years in Cal. ii. 444; [los.sildy 'iUiiiis.' Jionifacio (.Juan B. ), IM'J, Italian or Austrian who landed from the Johti Be;/;/ with tho governor's permission and was employed by Hartnell as Hte\c- dore. ii. ■l~S: an illiterate, honest fellow about 'J4 years ohl, who inarrieil Car- men Pinto in 'l27; naturalized in '-Ji); 'Jd in com. of the coin)), extranjera "32. iiL 221, 223, 225; died about '34, leaving a widow and 3 children. 7-24 riOXEER REGISTER AND INDEX. Bdiiillii f.Tosi'' Mariano), 1834, Mex. liiwycr and toacher, who came with the II. & L*. colony; iiMplitatt.'tl in tlic Aiialiiti'^'ni revolt, l)iit not .sent away. iii. '20.'{, "JhU. A man of liio saiiu; nanio Mas ni< niher of tiie Cal. junta in Mcn. '2.")- 7. iii. ■'{. A young man of 'J7 on lii.s arrival, well (.(hicati'il at tlio (^olcgio National; tcaciui- at Sla 15. ';>■">. iii. ().")7; cUmU and see. in dif. pulilio olliou.s ';i(i-40. iii. 4(i;{, (iO."), (is."); ailmin. of S. Lui.s Uli., and auxiliary juoz '4"J. iv. 81(1, 1)57- S; grantee of Hueriiui'io, or Huerfano, rancho in '42-4. iv. (m.">-G; jiarti.san of ^lielleltorena in "4."); see. ami a|ipointed liseal of vlio tribunal sujie- rioi'. iv. i>'A'2; jnez ami ale.dde at S. J.nis '4(!-S, I'eing at one time arrested by 1 remont. v. OIkS !>, ."{7."); suh-jjiefeet -IO; later county judge, di.striet attoiney, and su.]iervisoi'. lioiiilla wa.s a man \\\m always eoUiniandeil i'esj)(!et, though not always in sympathy with thi' ( 'alifoinians, and one whose adviee, by rea- tion of his sn]ieiior edueation, was always in demand. In '.■}7 he married Dolores, dauuiiter of Iiioeeiite < Jareia, who in '~H gave me tlie Bonilla collec- tion of J>o<\ J /Is/. Cal. Jle died in 78. B. (I'atrieio), at Los -Vng. '4(i. I'lonnet, 1S44, irn- of the Linn '44 .">. iv. M"!; iii. .S>S'_'-.'{; also in "4(1; possibly in "."!."). iJonne^y (.larvis), l;j4."), .Amei'. innnig. of ( liigsby-Ide party, with Ins family, iv. .")7S, ."•Sf!; v. ■")•_'(». Jl<^ iiuried two ehiidren at N. Ilidv. .Mai'eh '1(1, and ill Apiil went to Or., v iiere he was in .luni;. !>. (Trunum), IM,'), prob. :. brother of , larvis, whon. he ae(.'om[i. to Cal. and to Or. with his family, v. !'uS. lie also lost a son at N. llelv. ; and Ids daughter was mariiecl in l''el). '40 to A. Sanders. Next yeai' a man named IJonny, very likely one ')f this family, was met ou his way alone from (h. to the states. /In/niii, \:\7. liu.my- eastle (.lohn C). IS47, lieut and adj. N. Y. Vol. v. :>0:\; 'later lie>'t of 41h Lf. I-. infantry '4S (ii; at Louisville, Ivy, 'S'J. IJons (Wni), 1S4(), arres'.ed at Lianeifoi'tc, having no e:'.;La. ISonsall — or IJousell — (Jacob), 184S, ov.'uer of a ferry on the S. .loaijuin with Dctak. Loiiker (Henry), 1S44, .Vmer. named in Larkin's accounts '44-5 at Mont.; living on tin' Sae. "40. TtiKlin. .loining the Hears, ho was the messenger who tallied lde"s proelaiuation to .Mont. Later in the year he went south with I'lenKuit; was probably (jiie of (iillespie's gari iaon at L. Aug.; with .Mcr- \ ine"s force defeated at S. I'tdro; one of .Stockton's men at S. Diego; one of the party sent to iceiiforee Kearny: and linaliy killed at .S. rascual. iv. -ioW; V. ll(», l,")'.), :>4(). I'erhaps no other man in Cai. had so varied an experience iu this most eventful year l>ooth(.l.;, 1S47, atS. r'. on ilwCurrcnni Lnnniwnw Honolulu. IJ. (Win), 1847, --aid t(j lia\ (> settled at Sta Clara with his family. Sin Clmyr <'o. Hist. r.orlio.sa, settler at Mont. ISOO. i. ()7<). I'.orden, 1S47, mr of the lloinlUi-h. V. ")7(l. Lore!, iS47, at N. Helvetia. Lorenback (Antoine), IS47, ('o. i'', ")d artiil. (v. ■")1.S), ace. to Lancey; not on the rolls. Borgas (.lose M.), grantee (.f i'ajaro in '4.'{ (N'argas ':). Lorica (Hiego), 17V4, Sjian. colonel, gov. of Cal. from Oct. '!)4 to .fan. 1*3, 1S(H(; dying at Durango in .luiy 1S(H). "See i. ."i.'iO :i and 7'-(i-;W, with intc - veiling [lages, passim, for the events of iiorica's rule; also list of autli. in vol. i. He w.is one of tlie ablest and best rulers the country ever had, always striving for progress in diU'erent directions, avoiding controversy, and jerson- ally interesting himself in the welfare of all classes; a jovial b< n-vivant, kiMglit of iSantiago, and man of wealth. His wife, who accompanied him to Cal., was Lona .^lagdalella de Uiqnidcs. 15or': (Louis), 184,">, Engl, who got a pass for Sonora at Los -Aug. li. (Manuel), lS4r>, ditto. Loronda (.lose Cainito), son of Corj). Manuel B. and his wife (Jcrtrudis Jliguera, b. at S. V. 170'-; soldier of ^Iollt. coiiip. from 1812 in the eseolta of S. Antonio, S. .Miguel, and S. .hiaii. ii. 'IW'l; in the S. 1. 'oinp. '2(1-7: in "28 alcalde of Branciforte. ii. (127: wife Fraiieisea Castro, eliildren Maria. Con- cepcion, Antoiiia, .iuan .lost'', and Francisco; grantee o' land in .Mont, district '4.'<. iv. (;.")(); j lie/, at S. ,luaii B. '44. iv. (idl. f'l '7!- 'ic was living with his daughter Conce])cioii — grantee of the I'otrero. iv. (ij.") — .;ear S. l.,uis Obisjio, and diitated for me iiis Natitsoi old-tinu! adventures, ii. ',\',\\\ 44(i. B. (.losii Lusebio). perhaps a brother of Canuto, in '.'{(i majordomo of the Verjele.i lauclio. iii. 07'.'; age "JO, wife Josefa Buelua, children Josi^ tie los Santo.s and BORONDA— BOTTS. V-'a Maria iU'l CYnnit'ii; in '4 ) ;;i'aiitc(! of lliiicoiiada ilcl Zaiijon. iii. (i7H, and jucz aiix. "41. iv. li.");!; still living' at Saliiiiio iu '77. l>iit \i\» A;,i-.ili:'< Hi-^iOrh-iK was very l)iii;f and uiiiiiipoi'taiit. B. (.j(is('' Manmll, prol). scpii of Mamul, at Salinas lantiiu ';!.")-(), I,cii:y \\\vv. do lani; ■ iii. 074, ()7S; a;.'(; ;>.'!, wil'i- .Itiana Cota, ihildrcn .JiiiiM lie Mala i). 'iJI , ( -ailota 1.'2, .Jn.scfa "J."), Isalu 1 "JS, Ascinsidii 'iJO. Franii-iii '."il, Juan 'WW, .losi'^ Maninl iUi, urantcM' of J.os La iriK's in '.'ill. iii. ()(i7'aiiii |Hiliai).s<)l"l\u'li(( in ';>."). iii.(J7!t; «till li\ in. mViO. B. .luando Mat:), jiU'Z at S. Carlos '4(i; named a.s tin.' man wiio UillL'd ('apt. ]>uii-oii,L'ii.s at Xativi- dad. V. .'i70, (i;!7; son d .lost' Mai.'iil. J'>. (.Manaul), t upoial and tarpintii', tcailior at S. V. and .Mont. ]7!K) isjS. i. (i4:!: A. 7S, ;;n;{. 4-_*7. 1!. C'liaj, voman w lio kept a littli; .shop at Mon' 'Si 1- .'Ui, perliaps a sisti.T of Maniiul. ii. 4Jil. (il4; iii. 4."»l ,"). !>oirt'L,'o, ISJ'J. Mex. priest who ji.nK. a.s a companion of (anoni'^o l*"einan- diz; not of llu. Ih'sI repnlatio': }'e;'!ja[is a nieluiaiiie. ii. 4.")S. llorris (.lames Will), I Sl'I), .Veu Yorker \\ ho.-.e father was I'aigl. and mother |)uteli; l>a[)ti/:ed in Ji and emjiliiyed liy ( ':i|)t. lie la (luerra as a pliysician for tin- troops at St;i I), ii. 411.1, 7yH). \'ei v hkeiy his name was ljiirr>,i ;_'!is. Jjiiseaiia ((liTonimoi ISOO, Sjuni. friar who served in the south until his du! th at S. (ialiiiel in ';il; a man (jf learniiiL', whose treatise on the Ind. I'lii iiilichhik'l: -wn^ puhlisl'.ed i.iter, Imt whose conduct wa.s not in all respeetn ixemplary. liioLC iii. 041 •_'; ineiit. i. list of aiith.; ii. I"_';!, I. "ill (id, ;;!."; S, iVi.Vli, »)"(), :{!I4. 48S, .■)I7, .")li7, (i.Vi; id. !l(i, lOJ, ;{|(), :i."(l; iv. ;!4 I .">. Bos,(» (•lohn), 1S47. \iitii the .Morin. l!at. (v. 4(i!l), in the fam. (;f C.'apt. Hunt. Hose (duo. A.), I.S48, (ierman fanner in Sia Clara \'al. "70. liosipie ('riionia. ), KS47, Co. (1, X. V.N'ol. (V. 4'.ti»); d. at L. Anii.'47. IJostwick ( l.imesC.), Isi;. Co. I), \. V. Vol. I'.otaires (I'asiiial), ISJ.ii, Cal. claim of ><'M> (v. KiJ). Botello (.loai|iunl, tailor instrmtor at Niont. I7'.l- ISOI. i. 01.">; ii. 174. liotello (.Varcisol, ISIi.'i, .Mix., native of .Mamos, Sonora, who came with .lohn I'orster liy land, and ajrain with .lames Johnson iit '.'!4, aL,'e '1\. ijro- neoii.Tily named as sec. at Los .Vng. in 'i!0. ii. Mi). At lirst 1>. tended Kicc':; liilliiird-sidoon, and .soon opened a trrocery at L. Aug. Sindico of theavunl, ''.\.<\ .sec, of the ayunt. from ";>(), taUinic a jironunent part in ninny public mat- ters, csjxcially in the southern opposition to .Alvai.-.do in '^lO S. iii. 4III, .">I.S- l!l, '\'M, r),"!."), ."i.'iS, ■"lO.'i 0, (!.■{.■) 1); sec. of iirefcctuic '.')I)-4.'{. of the tiihunal .si- pcrior '4'2, and jiiantci^ of Land at S, .luan < 'ap. "41. iii. OO."), 040; iv. (i2(i, {V.Vl -.'{; vocal of tlie asscmlily "4;{ (1, taking' a leadiTiL; part in all deliheiations of that hody, aUi no of tiie lessees of S. jiueii. mission '4.'i. i v. , '{Iii, 410 I 1 , 4 _'.'), 4!l.'i, .")•_'!, r)40, .").i. ."i.-i.^, IU,"); active aiiainst the .\nier. invasion .lune -.Vul'. '40, and also as ab-enilil\ man and .sec. of ( iov. {''lores in '40-7, hut did n it ^'o w itli F. t- Mex. as he wished to . (loii- (piin), teacherat Los .Aug. '.'{I), ii. .■')i)4. IJ. (.losi' .\nt.), at Los .\ng. I!', anil S. Antonio rancho "lilt. ii. ;(,"i4, 010; in ".'{(> at Mont., age .'il), w ife .Maria dc la 1..U/ Morales, child. .Fo.se de .lesils li. 14. I'eregrilio "'24 -employed, liy Larkia as a courier "40 — .lose .loiup '20. I>. (losi' di 1 CiirmenI, I.S4'_'. i\. O-'iIi. I>. (Xarcisi ), eiMirier '40. v. 7"-. Botta d'aolo l'',niilio), I.S'_'7, Ital. scientist on the //tiros '\l~-b; author of On. left two {.'randdaiighte.s, dacghler.s of \)r .Vylette of Stockton. Judge ]lott.s Mas a brother of .lohn ?d. ]jotts, the fanioii.s \irginiau politician, and wa.s hinisi If a politician of the liettcr .sort, a successfid lawyi r of uuuked ahiiity, and a citizen of wide inllueiice. IJouehaltz (I'heodoie), 1M7, Co. A, N'.V. Vol. (v. 41)9); d. at Marii.o.sa '8.^. I oueliard (liypoiitc), ISLS, 1 renell com. of the IJuenos Aires insiii-gents <:n the Cal. coast. See ii. •J-JO-l!), 'J.")'J, .'US, ;W3, ;JS!). Nothing is kno\ni of his curlier or later career. Luuchet (Louis), ly_'8, French cooper with .Mex. pa>-.-i>. at ^lont. L!S-!I. ii. .").")8; iii. 178; owner of a vineyard with \\'. L. Hill at Los Ang. ; iiatur.-dized in "Ijl, and soon married; one of the vigilantes '■'>(! (iii. Joii); ""^t hy ^lofras in Ml. who calls him W'ni, also called liauchctand Lanehot in .sonic records. He signed a proclamation against Castro in '10; and ace. to Lox AiKj. Co. //ifif., .S.'i, died Oct. '47; but 1 tind his naino in an origi- nal list of '48. i)Oiidii;ct(\V. !•;.), 1847, owner of a S.E. lot. l>(Hiet (lean), 1848, French trader at Los Ang. ago .'JO. I )oul)tful record. Bonlanger ( Fran- cis), 1847, Co. 1), X.Y. \<>\. (v. 4!i!)). lloiisol, lS4(i, came to S. .lose Valley, J hill. IJonzet (V,. ni year to year; one of (iraham's rillcmcn '1^(5 (iii. 4.J7); grantee of Canada de S. Felipe in '.'il), having heiii naturaii/cd and married, iii. (177, 711; ai:csted but not exiled '40. iv. 17; in "41, being a S. .lo.ii'; trader age 'Itii, with one child, ho becainc security for .some of the ilartle- joii imniig. iv. '1'7>, (184, (i8(i; failed in business '44; signed the call to foreign- ers '4."). iv. ;")!)!). J tind 110 record of him after '4(1. J5. (Tl.os), 184(1, prob. a, i'on of the preccdiiiir, named by Fremont as a Mild young fellow of S. Jose, v.hose mother (ivvned laml at the ndssion. I>. (W'm), lS44-."), .'^ailoi' from the ijVi /•/(//;/ at .Mont. iv. 587. H. (Win J.), 1847, came fnjiu Honolulu on the (.'urn iiri/ /jd.t.i; later miner, and Iiinibcrman at JJodega: part owner of tlie .S''(- /'."/((■, making several \ oyages, mariie, Morm. Bat. B. ((let).), 1818, jicrhapsat S. F. B. (R.), I84S, passji. from 1 loiiidnlu. Boyer, 1848, mrof the /'ir^eirraiirc. v. .")7!). Boyers ("\Vlii), IS47, (.'o. 1'', X. Y.Vol. (v. 4'.)!l); at S. F. "82. Boyle (l)r), 184."'), doubtful nami- of an immig. iv. .")78. B. (Henry (i.), 1847, Co". C, Morm. liat. v. 481, 4!H1; in Utah '.S2, cha|ilaiii of the legislature. 15. (.Iiime<^, |Sl(l, Ainer. car]ienterat Mont. '40-8. jjrackcnbeny (Biiij. ]>.), 1847, C". i'>, Morm. Bat. (\. 401)). Iliaekeiiriilgo BR ACKEXRIDG E-BRAXX AX. t27 (.1. T>.), IRll, lintani-t of U. S. px. cxped. iv. 241-2, 24."i. Biaekctt (Jolui Ely), IS47, licut 2(1 L'. S. aitilliTy: caiit. Co. (', X.V.Vi.l. v. r)04; coin, of tlio .Son(iina,L;aniii(iir47 N. \ . til'!* 10, (iOT. (JliD; latiralawyi'r.ln'invjaTmiiiliiifif tlio Irgislatui-f of '4! • .")(), and niajor-^'cn. of Cal. militia, llf iVwA at llink Islaml, Hi., .Ian. '5."). His .son Of liiiitliui- — fori liavi> lust tlii' icfcrinoe — Col Alln'rt (I. J'rackctt, toni. of tiic mil. ili.'^tiiot of Xcvaila "IK!, fnrnislud mc in '~(i a ,V'■'^7( (;/" Ihi- /si Rkj. \. Y. Vol., and sever.il otlici- MSS. con tain in;,' uscfnl in- fn'niation. Sec i. list of ant h. J'ladfoid {\Vini, lS4li, lifiit on tliu CS. ]yiinr>i. Hradli'y (Thomas Wcstlyt, 1S4;!, 'rciini'ssccan inimi,Lr. fiom Mo. in tlu' ( 'Inlcs Jiarty. iv. ;{!I2, 4(10: employed a while hy Sutter, luit in '44 !) lived in Na|ia \ alley, joining the lieais. v. Ill; lait not apparently ;.'oin,if t.onth \\itii the liattalion, and mairyinn Jielieeca Allen of Mu. in ] )ee. '4(i. Finni "4!( he lived i:i Conir.i Costa eonnty, and in 'S.j uas still (Hi his farm near J-af.iyette with a lar;ie f.imily. Of his .six sons, .lames Warn n was li. in "47 and .lulin W'illard i:i '4S; there weic 4 daaghters. .'! of them mariied In lore "S.">. Portrait in <.'(iii- frn CoKld Co. Hi"!., 2'.l(i. liiadlcy, 1.S41 (';), a man w ho aeeonijianiiil IhiMjks — Four Moiilhs, etc.- in his ^'oUl-hnn' 'lig tour (jf '4S, heinii named on nearly every paL'e: elaiined to havi! Iieeii in t'.d. eiu'ht years, to h.ive lieen iin ollii c r of viilunteers in the war, and to lie a fiiend of Cajit. I''(;lsoin. iv. 27!'. Uradsliaw (.l(jhn), 1S27, one of the best known l'i.\"W2 :{. Capt. B. never leturneil to Cal. after '.T). hut I havi- his letter to ('apt. Cooper in ".'{(i; and a letter nf .Ian. '84 from his daughter, Mrs 11. ]•;. lioundy, informs me that he ilied at his home in Ikverley, .Si ass., .May "SO, at the age . (Wui I).), 1S4(I, lient Co. D, Cal. IJat. v. 30l'; had a Cal. elaim (if .'■•!;!2(v. 4()2). Biady, KS48, with Xewell k (iiU.ert. J'., (.fames), 184(1, at .\. llelv. in .l.m.; ]ierliaiis siime as preceding. H. (.f.ames), 1847, < 'o. K, X. V.\"(jl. (\-. 4!);)). B. (.lohn Iv.), 1847, Co. H, "X.Y.\'ol.; died at Stockton after '.">(). P.raham(A.), 184."), at X. Ilelv.; jiroh. ' Brnheim,' (pv. Bralee (Thomas), r-li'i, l']ngl. sailor disch. from t\w Snrdiinah: a lusid. of Mont. ;ind ('.'irmelo \a!., excejit 2 years at the ndues, to 77 and later, luiing a daiiynian, with two sons and a daughter. Brali'V (.MhertI, I84"i, mate on the J/o/v '^ l)iaiuli (l'"raniis Ziha), bS.SI, trapjier — n n., ^,^i^ u ^I'lxi^ '.» i.i'- i-ki. ..■>,iiti,iik raneho near S. JiUis Obispo, iii. (i7ll; iv. (m.'i; where he spent the icst of hi.s life, a rich man of good repute. Jle died in "74 .at the age of 72. leaving ni.iny (•'.lildren and grandchildren. ][is portrait is given in .S'. Liiix oh. (\>. IJi^l., :M(). Brand.i (.liian), at Sonoma "44. ISninder (Wm), 18.'!;l, .Scotch carpenter, 2!l years old. at Mimt., hi-> name appearing often (in Larkin's Imoks and othei- lecords in '.'!.'!- I.'i. iii. 4llil: ai- rested but not e.siled in '40. iv. 17; got a carta, and in '41 ~2 was a Inndier- man near .Sta Cruz. In Oct. '4.") he was found dead on .\nu%sti's raneho, be- lieved to have been killed by Ind. iv. .")4.'). Ihanham (Renj. F. ), 1S4I!, son of Isaac and overl. innnig. at the agi; of one >■( ar; shcrilV of Sta Clara Cn. 'S.'). H. (Isaac), I84(!, Kentnckian immig. (v. .")2(l). with his wife Amanda A. Bailey aii'l son Benj. F.,settUng at S. .lost'', where he was .a nieniber of the town C(i\Micil "4t)"7. v. (i(i4; and when! he still livedin'81. I'drtiait in .S'/f( r/(//vf r„. //;-/,. .'((Ij. He had as m < harlen 1>. '.i4, and a daughter Mary b. '(iO; besides 4 children b(irn belorc he came to ( 'al. Br.-.nisan ( Fluria), 1.S4(J. pass, on the (luijii': ■umii' from ( al'.an. IJanks (Uobert), 18-18, \isited >. 1'. fioiu lloiioialu on iUuJu/idii. ]jrannaii (IVtci), PIONKER REGISTER AXD INDEX. 184G, Irish brickl.iytT who sorvud in the Ciil. 15:it. at the Xativitlad fight; hitcr workt'il at his tiailo; in the mines '48; soon alr.ei' ihowned at S. F. Siruii. rerhajw liis name was llreniinn. Iji'annun (Samuel), IS-iO, Mormon ehler and chief of tlie colony sent from N.Y. on the /JrooLli/n. See full account of the colony, v. .")44 ct se.-(«;/' )• and later the J'rc/ihff, as organs of the Mormon church. Of his conversion and early experience as a latter-day saint not liiueli is hnown, the suhject hein^; avoided hoth liy himself and his old associates; bat he was eleai'Iy a leadin;.! .•spirit in the church, anil was just the man to take charge of the (.'alifornian .scheme. There is no good reason to ilouht his devotion to the cau.se, but it was his tirin intention to huild up his own fortunes with those of his .sect; he was gi-eatly displeased with President Young's change of jdans respecting Cal.; and having failed during a visit to Salt i^ako to modify the president's views, it re(jinred hut few years to divest himself entirely his of o'd-tinie religious fi.rvor and become an apostate. Mean- while, at S, V. he was a leading spirit from the first, preaching eloi|uently on Sundays, publishing the Sidr, buying town lots, taking part in political con- troversies, working ealonsly for the advancement of the town's educational and other interests, always aggressive but liberal in his views, showing no signs of sectarianism, h'or mention in this pai't of his career '4(i 7, see v. 404, 'J4;)-.")l, titiO S, (iSl •-'. in "47 he established the lirm (jf C. C. Sunth & Co. at Sac., later ISr.'innan & Co., in which Melius & Howard and Win Stout weie partners. The immense pidlits of his store after the discovery of gold in '4S-!>, with his mining operations at Mormon Island, and the im.Tease of S.F. real estate, made him a little later the richest man in ( al. Of his career after '4S something will be found in vol. vi. of this wo;'k; also in my l'(jj/iilti.r Tr'i !iiiiii(/<. r>. having been prominent in connection with tlu^ vigilance coiannttees. I do not attempt even to outline his most renuirkalile career a.-i ca|)italist and si)eculator. In many [)arts of the state and even beyond its Hunts he aci|uireil innnense interests, sliowijig in their management the ability and energy so characteristic of the man. He probably did more foi'S.F. and for other places than was eU'eeted by the eondjined etl'orts of scores of better men; and indeed, ill many icspccts he was not a bad man, being as a lule straightforw ard as \\ cU as shrewd in his dealings, as famous lor his acts of charity and open-hand'd liberality as for his enterprise, giving also freipicnt proofs of personal bravery. In '.')!) he purchased the (.'alistoga estate, in connection with the improvement of which his name is perhaps most widely known. Here he established a dis- tillery on a gi'and scale, and here in "(JS he received eight 1 -diets and neiirly lost his life in a ipuirrel for possession of a mill. Meauwinle he had given him- self u]) to strong drink; for "JO years or more he was rarely sober after nnon; and he became as well known for his dissolute habits and drunken freaks as he had been foi' his wi:altli and ability. l>oniestie troubles led to divoree from the wife married in '44, who with their child had come with him in '40 and li irne hiui other ehildiin inCah; division of the estate was followed by r,n- huky speculations, and Ihannan's vast wealth melted gradually away. In the days of his prosperity he had liberally supported the cause of .Mexico against the I''rench invasion and its tool Maximilian, and just befoi-e bSSO he obtained iu return a grant of lands in Sonora, embarking with somewhat of his old eii- « rgy in a grand scheme of colonization, which has thus far lu'oved a total f.dl- nre. I'or the last year or two down (o "N.") I Iran nan has li\ cd at (Juaynias or i>n th(! fi'ontier, lemarried to a ^h'xican woman, a sorry wreck jihysieally and I'nancially, yet clear-headed as evir and full of courage for the future. Thou- sands t remarkable characters in Califoi'nian annals. l>rant (Henry), IS4,"i, one of Ficniont's nu'n. iv. a,s;{. Ihashei' (S. M.), IS! I, mid. on the .S7 /,„),;>■. Itrass (ISenj.). ls-17, Co. A, .\b)rm. I'.at. (v. 4(i!)); rcciilisted at Los Ang. iJrasseau (Chas), KS47, at N. lielv. Lraun (.lean BRAUX-r>RJ:\VER. 729 Louis), 1831, FrencUinan, id yciir.s oM, from X. Mox. piiiluilM vith ^Volfskill .lacks li (CIkls J. W.i, 1,S}.- IJrauii (I'liiliii), l;:47, Co. H, N. V. Vol. (v. AW)). )f 1- ICIllOllt S llU'll. IV. MX culc;i:allv (1 to ik'iUli ill i;i |)o|-;ul() Ci ■'.). til (David), s(ililiL'r at Mont. v'c 4;j. 11. (.ii do Di: ls;i2. nil). <-'Ntraiiii ra at -Moat, iii, "JJl; ix^iilor at Lo.i Ai .!.). 1)1. ().>.) ]i. (luan X.), KSlL' ,il)-i i(uit of tliu liatalliiu lijo. iv. '.'SO. 1!. (.Manuel), 1S4_', iliito. iv. "jyi). Jj. (-Marculiiio), in\iil. at Jji'anci [){). liray (Ivlnuiml), IS44, Iri.- tl lit ic Stevins ])arty, agi- .'IT 44." an cniployL'd liy .'-^uttcr frc/ni '4.'), .serving' in tiir SlicliLltorcii'i c-. l)ui,L;ii. iv. 4.S(J; winit to tliu luiucs in '4!ri. He was disahled !i fall .1 in '72 Iiad hccn f(jr (i vjars in the Sa liis .1/ t'iniiir, an cveu Hunt ity lio.sjjital, wIkto ho wroti'. for iiio narrative of the jomiiey overiaiid IJ. (K -l), 1347, i;ir of the llvnnj. v. .'iTtS; owner of a S. !•'. lot. Ker-t f K, -Mt jf t IJat. \ I t\ lH'ol). I lid •ax.ier (Kicliardi, IS 17, I party or trajipei'.-^ between \t'l aiK I "40. not come to Cal. J Jrea''" r, witli Jjreeli (James Win), IS'2!)-I!0, Ijuston man who pci iiaps visited Cal. o'\ a ii.' wlialer, anu possilily remauie I at tl it tune, u. 3, iii. 17:>, tl he eaniu baek from Jloiiohilu in ';>7 tf !■' its men, seiviiiL' in the ( 'al. l!at. mil as one < if tlr !Sta 15. ij;arrison '40. v. .'iOli, 4.').'), .'.S,'); liad a Cal. claim (v. 40J) of ;>-J0, and was lit WasliiiiLjtou -May '4S to testify it tlie eourt uiartial. Brei'U (I'atriek), IS4(i, Irishman v.dio'caiiie to Aiiur. in ':!S, ami from Tom a ovcrl.uid in the Donner iiy UH' named), with his w party (V. .-..•'.0-44, wi.ere a 11 ti le nienibers of this tam- Ife .M, iriraret an dren, the whole fain i!v sur- \ivin,u' theperilsof thatterrihle journey. IJreen's original h'lnrii of Ihr I >oini< r Puiiii is one of the most highly prized treasures of my Lil.raiy. The Ijrccns liv e;l at Murphy's on the (. dsiimiK's till Sup; ■when they settled at .S. .luan 11. Here I'airii "74. Portraits and hio''. sketehes of the faniil '47, then at S, ,)ose till Feb. '4S, died in "(i.S and his widow ii The 1! jiveiis liave always l)een regan lied as hoU( 11 MrChl.l,. d Ih, (lulward .1.), 1S4II, son nf I'atriik. Hi iin lanl-workiiig peo] r r lie. nil oil tl le ovei-laii(l trii) were aggiava ted 1 lya l.rol, en leg; In ing at ilren. li. (Isabella), 1840, irfant daughter of I'atriek; married Tl luan in S.) with "Jd w ite and .) eliil- MeMa- lion '0!); at llollister ',Sj. B. (.lames F.), ISIO, '41 ; ediieated at Sta Clara eolle' iwver at N. ,Ii .f I'at Ik b. in Iowa, e has been ilistriet nek. attorney, asseinblyinaii, county Judge, and from ■7!> superior judge s. n liito. .Nlarried in '70, and living in ".S.") with wife and twoehildri'ii. 1>. (.lolin 1840, ohle.^t son of I'atriek, 14 years old, and strongest of the family except the mother, yet baiely eseapi ith. In th at Ml Isl. "48. .ind tir iter built a house wli 1' ille st(jod later. Returning to S. FA. and buying the old reside:ice of (leii. Castro, he married ;i daughter of mith in '.■.: d "8.-» stiil lived tlier ith w ife and !) ehildrtn. In his .1/, r. has contributed an interesting nan;itiv< .f SO my collection. l\. (I'atriek, .Ir), 1840, .f !' ilru-l 1» p. t. di tanner at S. .luan, niairied in '0."., ami living in "N.') w ith w ift years old on an n a am I 4 chil- li. (I'eteil, 1840, son of Patrick, a child in '40; vlied unmarried iu '70. 15. (Simon I'.), 1840, son of Patrick; li\ing'S.-> at S. .luan .\ ith wifi lildr a w iilow ami eliiii 11. (Win M.), IS48, son of 1- ■k, b. at S. .luan; wi;u 111* duughter; liv; 111' at .1; iinaic ii riains, Mass., at the age of ,Sil iu "84, wIku h ! ^; 7S0 riOXEER REGISTER AND INDEX. also piintoil furliis faniily asnmll vul. of nemiiihrdiriii, of vhich Jic presented a cojiy fur my collection. 1!. (< ', "iil, (1. ^V., luul 11. ]>.), llSlS, jiass]). from ll(mo!i:lii. linwdtou ((ico. L).), 18-17, lieut Co. ( ', X.N'. \dl., trail;;, to Co. K. V. ."01; vent east in '4.S witli (,'arHi'ii'.s l^aity to X. Mex. (sec Brnn lioii'.-i Hide, in i. list of autli.); later lieut l.st L'.8. infantry; colonel in 7S; liviii;^ in N.y. '7^. Jireuster, IS'Jl), said to have been master of the whaler Jl- viiifi {':). li. (F. :M.), 1.S4S, on the Jutinii. Brian (Henry), KS47, Co. F, .'id L'..S. artill. (v. .■')1S). Briant (John S.), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 4lil)); reiidisted at Los .Aug. ]5ridg(;r (.lames), l8f].') (':), noted trapper of the ])lains and mountains. It is not clear that he Tisited Cal. before '4'.), but he is likely to have d(;ne so. iii. 4i;J. Bridvcs (f. (.'.), 184.'!, Kentuckiaii imiiiiL;. from Or. in the Hastings party; empluycd b'y .Sutter and perhaps by .'^mith at Jiudega. but died in the winter of '4;i-4. i\'. .•«».!, {too, 4UJ, Brien (1). L.), 1847, lisst sur;,'. U.S. Coliimbii.f. ]3iT.jgs (lS4t)), in .Sutter's employ. B., bS;!2, mr of iho I'/ialie, reported as deail the .same year. B. (C. 1'.), 1844, sailor at S.F. from tiie Mokh. iv. AitW; later in l^eideiidorfT's employ; and perhaps one of the Bears in '40 (v. 101); but idl seems to rest on his own statement in '7-. He was jierhaps the V. A. Brigi^s v.ho joined Co. ( !, (,'al. Bat. (v. li'iS), at S. .los,' in Xov; and the C. r. A. Brigys married at .*>.F. '47 to Catherine Coombs. (See i. list of autli.) B. (Calvin T.), 18;J7 (?), oveil. immig., iiat. of Vt, died '08, aged (jl). Sf.c. Pio)i., records; also reporte.l to have come in '."j'j on a whaler, to have been a trapp( r on the coast, and later resid. of S, .foa{piin. S. F. Examiner, iii. 4tS. B. (Ca.-.tor. or C;:spar), 1817, <'o. K, X.Y.Vol. (v. 49',)); at S. F. '74-82. B. (Chai'li's), 1847, sittler at Benicia; B. & llusscU, lumber dealers, v. 07'-. 15. (Francis), 184."), perhaps one of Fremont's men; in Cal. Bat. (v. .'5")8); one of Talbot's garrison at Sta B. iv. ."18.".; v. ,'',10. B. (Geo.), 1847, mr of i\w I.<>(- lid'd. \. ,")11. Briii^s, l8iS, of sloop iS'/o(7,'/o(; running from .S.F. to .Sonoma. V. CAG. Brigham fi;. B.), 1847, Co. 15, X.Y.Vol. (v. 4;)9). lirincken (Wil- liclm), 1840, cui.' of the (iraham e.xiles who did not return, iv. 18. ISringas (luia ^L), meiit. in connection with J. M. lleirera's trial 'i!7. iii. 01 2. Briusiiiaae (A. A.), 1848, at S. F. August-Sept, treasurer S. !•'. guards. Brioues (.Vi;toiiio), ci)ri)oral at '>. Juan Cap., killed by liid. i. .Sb"). B. (Antonio), soldier and Jnd. lighter 1810; smugf^der 'JO-1. ii. 'Jl, 411, 410-1, .■';04. 15. (Cannto), S. F. militia ';}7. B. (iJesideri j), ditto; at S. F. '41; wounded l)y Ind. '."19; juez do campo l'^. Jose '4."!. iv. 70, 08.'). B. (Fcli)ie), regidnrat S. Jose 'i!0. ii. ;578; on S. Mateo ranelio, electors. F. '.')."). iii. 704; kilUd by ind. '40. iv. 70. B. (Gregorio), soldier of i*^. F. coinp. '10-'_'7. ii. 371; mililiaman .'^. F. ';i7; alcalde contra costa ';'i."). iii. 704; rcgidor S. F. ';iO. lli. 70.1; alcalde S. Mateo '.'IS. iii. 70."'>; owner of lots at S. F. '41-.-). iv. 009; v. 083; at Sonoma '44, age 47; juez at .'-i. liafael, and grantee of Bauiines "40. iv. 077; V. 009-70. B. (.luana), mentiom^d as a widow at .'<. F., and also as the wife of Apolinan'o Mii'anda, nottxl for her kindness to sick and deserting sail- ors; had an adobe house in the North Beach region in '30; owner of lot '41-."). iii. 709; iv. 009: Liter claimant for Furisima ranelio, St.i (.'laia Co. iii. 71-; still living at Maylield '78 at a very advanced age. B. (Manuel), soldier at S. Jiuia B. before 1800. i. iioii. B. (Mauuela \nlencia de), witlow at S. .Jos6 '41, agv^ 47; ehildim, IJamoii b. "l.'f, Desiderio 'l(i, Isidora 'liO, Casimiro '24, Felipa 'is, Maria A. it. 'l ,', Angela '.'{(), FiiLarnaciou '32, Mareelino '34, Vicente '3;!, C.irmcn '38. ]>. (Marcos), soldier at Soledad, inval. at ISraneif. 1791- 1800. i. 499, r)7l ; coinisionado at Bramif. 1812. ii. 390; still living at .S. .losj '41, a native of Sinaloa, age 87. B. (I'ablo), in .Marin Co. and Sonoma from '37, proli. son of ( Jregorio. B. (Ram.Hi). soldier at S.F. '37, '44. Bristlcr (.Joliii), 1841), bugler in Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 330). Bris- tow (llUj.di), 184.'), an old Kentuckiaii at X. llclv. iv. .")78; an overl. immig. a:id called by soaic a Mormon. .). H. Blown says that B. came with himself i;;:d in the Grigsby-lde party. Wintering at the fort, m here he was badly hill t !iy lieing thrown from a horse, he went to Or. in '40. v. r)20; wliere ho di.il ill '72. //(^', Or., i. .■it;8 9. Brittoii, 184""), ;it X. HeU . Dee., perhaps nu ermr. B. ( W. 1". >, 184S, ],assp. from llouoluhi. l!ii/zee (Henry \\'.), 1^47, Co. 1>, Morm. Bat. (v. 409); reeul. at L. Aug.; in Arizona '82. BROADIIURST— BROWN. 731 RiTmilliurst (Stephen), 184S, oveil. immii,'. fidin Mo. •^ith hiswifcj in Mer- ced ( 'd. '7;5. ]>1(>l1v (Hlislia Iv), IS-IS, \'ii-^'i!)iiiii, ovcrl. iiiiinig., acooiiip. I)y his laiiiily; a mini r on tiie Yniia; favimr at Sta (, lara, anil frmn '(i'J near (lil- roy, wlurc lie (lieil in '(i!). ][i,-M\ iddw, i;ii::a .S. I)ay, snrvivnl iiiin; tliefe were {) eliildren, 3 of tluin horn in (/al. !!. (Hiram), Ks4(!, Cah l!at. 'Kl-T iv. :!.")^); in S. .loaq. Valley 'IS. JJioekeo (dovepli), 1817, Co. K, N.V.V(j1. (v. 4!)!l); drowned in Staui^huis Riv. '47. iJrixh'r (Andrew ][.), I.'i47, Soe. (.'al. I'icjn. rolls. Rrohan (Jolm), lS-17, Co. A, X.Y.\'ol.; died at Stoekton '."lU. ISrolaHki (Henry J^ynns), lSll,. '4'2, Imt .sooi> saileil for Caliao, from wliieli jilaee he writes in '44 to Larkiu and '1'. II. (Ireen. He .siieeeeded his l)rotlicr in hasiness at Caliao for three yeai's from '41; at St Louis Sept. '4S, anxious to eonie to Cal. and estahlisli a .saw-mill; hut .said to have lueu livin;; in Mo. as late as '70. lie sometimes sii^ned lirolaskey. Ih'ooks (.S. S.), 1S4S ('/I, storc- kci ]ier at Colinia. El Danidu ( 'n. Hisf. Brookir (.Mex. \.). 1 S4(), at .S. ,Jose; in '47 di(:t,'inga eellar for Larkin at S.F. JSrookey, oveil. iinmiLT. with l>ry- aiit. V. o'J.S; nient. hy Sherman as a worthless fellow at S.F. '47; proh. same as jireeediuLT. lirooknian (Israel), IStO, douhtful mention .'is a Rear Flaic man livin,' in''(;2. lirooks (Clias \V.). i,S47, Co. K, N.V.Vol. (v. 41)11). U. (Kd- Maul. I.), 1S47, (,'o. I, X.Y.Vol. R. (Geo.), 1S4S. j.assp. from Honolulu. I!. (H. L.), 1S4S, ditto. R. (.J. Tyrwhiti.), IS4S, lai.;!. physieian, who eame hy sea Ironi Or., anil nuide a tour in the ndne:;; autlmr of I'mir Mtmllia (uhuikj the liiii'd-Fiinlcrti. ]5. (W'mS. ), 1H47, on the U.S. Prclib'; later in ;.;o\ t emjihjy at S.F. and iMare Ish, whero he was in '70; twice nmrried with fS ehildrcii. Sol mo Co. J list., .'i.'ft. Kroteliie (W'ni), 1S.'J7, Fngl. master of the f'luJIioro, Lhiiii", Xii(l(f, and Coii-IU-^ on thv eoast '.■]7-4'J, in service of H. Vt. Co. from Vaneouver. iv. 101, 1U.">. .')04. Rrotliers (L'.), to Honolulu from S. F. on the J'raiicis.'d. Rrough- toii (Wrn Rohcrt), i7!t2, eo;n. of the H. R. M. S. C/mt/tam: and of the I'ror- vl, „,■(' 17!l(). i. ."ilO-Ki, ");}S-II. (is,"); authorof I'oi/. of JJImoi: to l/ir Xorth Par. (>■•".■//, Lond. l.S(»4. R. (Sam. (,).), I,s4(i 7,C,,. !!, c'al. ISat. (v.;!.")S). I'.rower ((ho.), IS4.'>, at :Mont. from X. V. Jirowett (Haniel), lS47. sergt Co. K, Jlorni. Rat. (v. 477); in Sutter's employ ■47-S as carpenter and hoat-huilder; killed hy Ind. on his way to I'tah .luly '4.S. v. 41)(J. Rrovai, 179.'!, nu' of aji Kngl. vessel, i. .">14, 7(t.">. R., 1S0:{, mr of the Jh.,ytii(l(:r. ii. I'J, 1,")~17, 1)4, 10.!, lOS, l.'iO, 144. R.., 1S:J I, deserter from the J., I84S, mining at Colcima. ]$., 1S47, froiu Honolulu to S. F. on the ii'ii'/iirxofinn. Rrown (Alhert), 1844, Atner. •iS years old at S.F. R. (Alex.), 1.S47, Co. C, Morni. Rat. (v. 4(i!l); in '82 at Lyime, Utah. 15. (llenj.), 18;>-, named in a hoard hill at .Mont. Drown ((Jharlcs). ls;j;{, nat. of X. Y., h. in '14, who deserted from the whaler //(7(('/;».s at S. F. iii. 4')'.>, li-iJ; ii. 500-1. In hiter years Rrown always elaime(l to have come iu ''2!); hat tlie archive evideiu'O is conclusive against the statement, hoth hiiiiscdf and his comrade deserters testifying in early years and in ilitVerent doc. that they eamo in '.'iH, to .«ay nothing of the fact that the llili-('tiii.< docs not appear in the lists of '2!1. IK; liveil for a time at I'in. lie with l''eli|)i' Hriones; .'-erved I*. (>uijas at S. Rafael; wi'Ut t(J S, in '4.') tiok part iu the ilioheltorena campai^.i 1)y exchanging him- m ii :;::!l If 7n'2 riONEER lli:(;iSTKR AND INDEX. si'lf as ii iiri.sonci' for Mumu'l Castro, iv. 487. 'I'o about '49 he lived on a raiiclii) liuiir .SciusvillL', and later at tlie Mission Dolores, where in "iH lie ^'ave nic Ids iiai rative of Karl;/ Eniils, and w here he died in "SI! at the a^'c of (iil. Jlis seeond wife was Uosalia de JIaro, widow of A. A. Andrews, who siirvi\ cd Idni with .si'veral grown ehildren, and who 1 tliink still lives in ".S,"). Ihown (; ha.i), l>S4r>. iv. oS7; real name ' l)ittniann,' (j.v. 15. (Clias), 1847, Co. K, N.'S'.Xcd. (v. 4!»n). D. (('ha.s), 1848, at Sta Cm/ '81. .S'. J. I>i<,ii(ii: IJr.iwn (Eliene/er), 1847, sergt Co. A, .Morni. Jjat. (V. 400); at .Mont. '48, V>. (Ivlmimd J^ee), I;i47, sergt (,'o. E, Morni. i>at. v. 49."); reeiil. at Los Ang. ; a X'u'giidin who remained in Cal.; alealde at S. Die,'.) and in eharge of the liiission '47-8. v. 018-'_'0; elaimant for Laguna de Santos Calle runeho. iv. (i71 ; died at Davisville "7- age (18. ISiowii (l]lam), 184(), iiat. of \. '^'., 1). in 1797, moving to Mass., Ohio, III., .Mo., and linally (jveilaail t(j Cal. with his ehildren in ii party of which he v,as eai)tain. v. .")J8. lie went to Sta (.'Ir.ra; .served in Aram's eonip. (v. ■S78); vias named for the pi'oposed legis. council iu'47. v. 4;)l); lioiiglit the Acalanes ranelu). iii.711; and was juez (jf the contra ecta in '48. v. (ili'J. In '49 he was a iiiend)er of the constitutional convention, and also of the first two legisla- tures. Eiom '48 to \S."), being now 88 years old, lirowu has lived . '8.'). His .sons were Thomas A., Warren .1., and Lawrence M. The I'oiilni (\i!ila Co. Jll^t., .")!.■), contains Brown's reminiscences of his overland trip and Calinjrniaii experirnee, in which as is eomnioii with "4(1 innnig., an exaggerated im|)ortanee isattaelied tothe Sanciie/, campaign of StaClara. Seo also list of auth. vol. i. Brown (E.), 1818, |iassp. from Ibjnolulu. Jliown (Francis), 1S47, Co. B, iMorm. Bat. (\. 409). B. (Ceo.), 1844, Anii'r. sailor on the Adiniitanrf, discharged .sick in '4r). B. (.James), 1847, ea])t. Co. (', -Morm. J5at. ; left bi^hind in X. Mex., but came to Cal. by tiie T; uckee route before the end of '47. ^ . 477, 4S'J, 494; delivered an oration at a battalion leuiuon at Salt Lake (,ity ".")."). IJ. (James), 1847, returned v.illi Stockton or Ercmont; a witness at \"i'ashington Jan '48. v. 404; possibly >ame as ]iree,'diiig. J), (.lames), 1847, ('o. \), .Morni. J]at. (v. 409). B. (James S.), 1847, Co. D, Morni. Bat. : in Sutter's eni[)loy; at the ( 'oloina mill \\ hi u /;old was discov.; at Salt Lake City '82. J5. (.lames), 18;)7, named in J.ar- kin's books; t jok on the Cali/onua in '40. B. (.lell'ery), iS.'jti, on Larkiii's liook.'s ';J0 40; arrested at Los .Vng. in '40. iv. 14, 118. Jb'own (.loliii), IS'JS (?), Swede known as Juaii Elaeo or 'lean John.' and famous for his liile from Los Aug. to Mont, with tlespatches in ■41!. iii. I7'i; V. liO;) 4. JLe claimed to have come on a Mex. vessel in 'JS after an advriit'i- rous career in the I'ngl. na\y and the service of Bolivar in S. Amer. ; also to have been one of (iraham's men in '.">(J-7 (iii. 4.")7). and one (jf Sutter's men in the campaign of '4 t-,") (iv. 47(i); lu' died at Stockton in '09. I find no origins,! evidence of his ]iresencc before '4(j; but there was a .John Brown on Larkin'.s books 'o7 9; a.Jean Ijouia Brauii at l.os .\ng. ';>!!; ami a .lolin 'Moreno,' liutdi .sawyer at S.i''. "4l!. B. (.lolui), 1S04, negro deserter from O'Cain's ship at S. D". ; .sent to S. Bias. ii. •_'(). I!. (.John), 18-2J-7, mr of the Jonn. Taiin,- (■;). iii. 149. B. (.fohni, I84(i, Co.C, 1st U.S. .Iragoons (v. WM). B. (John), IMT, Co. A, Morni. 15at. (v. 409); Utah farmer "81. B. (John G.), 1841, in U.S. ex. expcd. iv. 241. Blown (.lolm Henry), 184;i-."), Engl, .-^ailor who came to Amer. about '.'iO, wandered westward, and about '40 went to livewitli the (Jherokee Jnd. In '4;!, with a jiarty of Cherokee far-tiadcr:'. under Dan Cootlcy the halfJjrced. ho crossed the country by the Humboldt and Truckce route, spending the winter at wliat was later .Johnson's raricho— not visiting Sutter's fort, though somo of the Ind. did .so — returning in the spring of '44 eastward, and meeting the Stevens party (iv. 44.")) on tiie w;iy, Aftci' ni.aiiy adventures in the great liasiii and Texas, Brown came back to Cal. in '4.") w ilii the(irigsbylde party (iv. ,"78). All this rests .solely on his own statement; but there is little doubt that hu BROWX— BRUXER. 7:!3 cnme overland in '4"), in a jmrty that was with the rii'i','s1)y-T(1o part of tlio wny, pn't; nominal owner of a dc/in eitv lots or more in '4>S. V. G7-', (ISO. In Dee. ■4(i he marriid Hetty ('., daughter ilf K. Ward I'ell, ami in Ajiril '47 advertised her as liavinj,' left him: Init he soon married a;,'ain and iuiil ehililren by his 'Jd wife. In '■")0-SI lu' lived at Sta < 'rn/, and then ic- turudl toS.F., where in '8.') he keeps a grocery, being 7"> yiars old. John 1 li'my is one of those who <'laiin ' to know more than any otiier live man ' about tarly times in S.F., and one of these days lu' is going to publish w iuit he know s, thus gaining no end of fame and money. He gave me, however, some useful items. B. (.1. 11.), 1S47 S, nunht a trip to Honolulu on the Jhtri/ Ann, re- turning in I )ee. '4.S; pui'haps .same as the prt'ceding. Brown (Lawi-enee M.), 184(1, son of Flam; dii'd in Contra Costa Co. '77, leaving a widow and '2 children still living in '8.">. B. (Martin). ISl,"), iunnig. from Or. in the MeMahon-Clj'nuin party; ))i-obably ri'turni'd to Or. '4(i. v. 57-', .V2(). B. (IMiilij)), 1,S47, lot-owner at. S.F. v. (i7(i. B. (H.), ISIS, passp. from Honolulu. B. (IJichard), KS4."i-7, a Helaware Ind. of l'"rcmont"s eomp. B. (llobert). 1S47, (.'o. F, .^d U.S. artill. (v..')lS). B. (Uobt), IS-JS, 'Roberto el Baleado,' a horse-thief operating in Cal.; the reference may be to I'eg-leg .Smith or to Juan Flaeo. B. (.'^am.), l!)4(i, overl. innnig. of (lernian descent who in '47 built houses for Larkiu at Benicia. v. (171; in \apa\'alley '4S; went to Oi'. about '')(), becoming a farmer at French I'rairie, and a candidati; for the state senatt; in '(i(i. B. (Talbot), 1S44, Amer. at Mont., w ho got a pass- port for one year. H. (Thomas), IS.'il), named in Larkin's books ';iy-40; said to have eome in '34. Sta Clara Co, I/isl. AfhiK. Ijrown (Thomas A.), is 17, son of Klani, b. in 111. ''2?>, overl. inunig. to Or. '4:?, who visited Cal. '47. In '48 he eanu; to Cal. to stay, settling at Martinez in '4i>. In Or. a sm'veyor; in Cal. at 1st miner and trader; holding sever.d town ajid county otlices, and becoming a lawyer; married in ".")! to Caroline Camron. County judge '.")(i-()4, and '74-80; assemblyman '(i.')-8; candidate for U. S. senate; judge of the superior eouit of Contra Costa fiom 'SO; still living '8."), with wife and 'A sons. Portrait in Contra, Costa Co, I list., .lO. W. (Warren J.), 1847, son of lOlani, b. in 111. '"Jti; started with his father in '4!!, but was left sick at F't Bridger and went to Or., coming to Cal. in Sept. "17. Lund)ernian and miner '47-8; storekeeper '4!)-.")() at Martinez, where he lived till '71, having married Laura A. Hastings in KA. He held the othces of county surveyor, assenddyman, and sherilb F'rom '7.") he lived on a farm at Lafayette, where he was still in '8.'); no children. B. (Wm), 1844, sail-malar on the Vaiulalia, implicati^d in ai'obbcry. B. (Wm), 1847, witness at Wash, in Fremont court-martial .Tan. '4S; perhaps went east with I'', fir Stockton, v. 4:)4. B.(W.B.), 1847, in listof letters S. F. B. (WniH.), 1847, X. V.Vr, age l!», at.S. F. Ih-uen (lohn H ), Is 17, perhaps of X.Y.Vol. under another name; died at S. l.sidro '78. Brulieim (Adolf), 1842, (Jernian, age '21, who eam( on t\w.Catifiirtiia from Hon.olulu as servant to a passenger, being permitted to remain, iv. '.\\ 1 ; went to X"^. Heiv. ; employed by Cordua on leather River '4.")-(i; and named as one of the 1 -t Donner relief party, v. 'tW'.); no record of him after '47, but I thiidi he lived at S. F. in later years under another name. Bruncr (Christian), lS4ll, oveil. immiy. with his wife and brother; employed by Sutter '47, also owning a lot t. 1 1 1 ''t;i ;••■ If ill l^i riuxKKii rj;t;isTi;ii and ixdfa'. fit S. F. ; in '."i7 iit S. !•'. ln' wiis .scntciucil Id Htatc; piisoii fur 11 years f^r liiiirdci' coimnilUil wlnii in lii(liof. S. /•'. lliritld. \'i. (.huoli), IS-ll), liiotlifi- (it tin: iiroc*'iliiig; scltluil at .Sonotiiu. iW'uiisoii (Clinloii 1>. ), IfSlT, ('". A, MoMii. liat. (v. Kiil); in L'tali 'hi. IJruslc! (.lacksmi). ISIT, Co. K, N.Y.V<.1. (v. 4'J!»J; (1. Coiitni ('i..slii Co. o4. 15. (Wasli.), 1847, Co. K. N.V.Vol. l>iy:iii (AliiKi), l.Sl.'i, at \. JIclv. '1.') (1; iv. i~,^, ."((ST; tcstilit'il l/cfon; tln' liiiid ciiin. aft<'i' '.'lO. I am iiiloriiicd l>v 1). Ji. Ailaiiis, wlio.'-o iiKjtiiti' li. iiiiir- lii'il, tliat lie is Htill liviiii,' 'fS.') in Stii li. Co. li. (J. \V',), 1S47, farmer in Sta Claia (,'o. '47- 7<); a native of Mo. ]>. (Win), 1S4S, at Monterey; perliajn ' liryunt.' liiyant (A.), |S47, actinu; mr of tlio U. 8. Jhik. liryant (Ivlwin), 1n4(), nat. of .Mass., anil a journali.st of Ky, who eanie overland at tlie head of a party, v. .ill 'M'l. ll(! took a ))roniinent part in en- listing men for tiie (,'al. I!at., in wiiieli lie served a.s lieiit of Co. II. v. ;i.'i!l, .'i.il; alcalde uf S, 1'. F'li.-May "47, also lot-owner, v. (MS, ()7((/(■. II. (Stephen), ISI'J, Anier. cook on tlie sclir ('(il'/riniiu, 1!. (Will), IS4(!, overl. ininiig. aecompanied liy lii.s wife Lucy Ann. v. o'JS; at Jliiiicia "47 8, V. iicre he liuilt houses lor l.arkin. v. (17-; in tlie mines fixjni end of "48, and dieil of cholera in ".")0. According to testimony in later litigation, he was the owner of Mare l.^land, living on it in '47-8. His widow married a, man named ( Irissom, and in "77 was living in .Sonoma Co. IJryeii ((Jco.), I84(i, Co. C, 1st U. S. (Irag'ions. v. :VM. liuciialas, I81(i, doiihtfiil name of !;n immig. v. rf20. ]5uehanan, 184,"), Amer. iinmig. from Or. in t!ic McMahon-Clyman party, iv. 07-, r>87; per- haps at X. Jlelv. "47 8. 15. (.lojin), IS47, "Co. J), Moini. 15at.; at Manii, Utah, '8'J. 15. (.loliii C.), 1840, Kentnckian immig. with 15ryant's parly, v. r>2H; of tlic (iiin .Mel)onald i*c 15. at S.l"., auctioneers, .Ian. -May '48; o\rncr of many city lots; alcalde's clerk '47. v. 048, (i.")l, 07(), (i8j-:j. I'erliaps a resid of S. 1''. ill later years. J5. (McKean), 1840, nat. of I'eiin., purser (/f tlie U. S. /)nlr "40-7; died in Mass. '71 ; father of the actor of the sann^ iiaiiic. ISuck (Xicholas), 1847, sail-maker on the U. S. /iidejicndeiicc. Jiuckhee (Flavins), 1847, Co. D, X.Y.Vol. (v. 4!I0). liiiekelew (Beiij. 1!.), 1840, Xew Yorker and overl. immig. with Hojipo and Harlan, (v. Tii-'O); ke[)t a jewelry and watch-maker's shop at Clark's I'oiiit S. F. '47-8, being also puhlisiicr of tlio CitUl'onihui, owner of many lots, and meiidier of the town c(juneil. v. (i4S-!), O.'jS, 07-, 084. Ho was interested in .several newspapers and was engageil in trade after '4!). Claimant of the Pt Quintin raiicho. iii. 7I-; and owner of part of the Nica.sio ranelio. Died in Marin ( 'o. '.">!) at the ago of ,S7, leaving a I'ainil}'. Liucklaiid ( Alondtis I ). L, ), 1810, of the Mormon colony with family, v. r)4G; one of tlio founders of \cw Hoi>e on the Stanislaus, which he was the last to leave, settling at Stockton in "47 8, and later Imilder of the ISiiekland House in 8. F. 15. (Hannah I).), 1840, mother o. Aloiidns. v. .■j40; owner of S. F. lot; in Utah "84. Bueklo (Robert), 1847, Co. K, X.Y.Vol. (v. 4'J!)); owner of a lot at ,S. F. Buckle (.Samuel), l8'2l-;5, luigl. .sailor and laborer at Mont. '20, claiming ye:irs' residence, age "JS; in 'WA u contractor to furnish lumber; in '40-1 dc- scrilied as an I'lngl. .sawyer, age 4.5, and residence 1!) years; naturalized in "41, wIk'ii he lived at l!rancilorte, having been baptized us Josd tSamuel, often called Manuel, and his name being written also 15oc, Boele, liockel, Bokle, Jingle, aiul ISiichel. ii. 44."), 49."); iii. 180. In '4,"j named in theBraneif. padrou as a bachelor aged .")0. Xo more is heard of him by the name of liuckle; but he seems to ha\ e bcca the .Samuel Thompson who appears often in Larkin's books and eorresp. as a limiberman at .Sta Cruz from '15.1 to '48. The news- papers tell us how Sama(d sailed for many years in .search of his I irother Wm, but gave up the search and settled at Mont. , soon meeting his brother accident.dly IlUCKLK-liLlFUM. at St.'i f'ruz; Imt al>oiit iliitusmul ilct.iils nf tin's Ktr.'iii^,'(' mcitiii'^ tlicn' is nmdi coiili! ion. Xor liav <^ I any clew tn tlif niciti\ t- ot llio twu li>f n -in:; i\\ n nnnic-i, lliukic jiMil 'I liiinii>Min. Siiniuil dicii at tin,' 1uiiij*l' of C'lias Martin in tiic Sta C'rn/, MtH in "7-. I'.iii kir (W'ni), l.S'J.'J, lia|iti/fS. ii. ^!l.'); iii. 077; in '4:! lie sii^Micd a doe. nL'uinst (iiidiani, iv. 'AM. and oUtnined ii liicnso to huild a vessel ot ,'{.") tons. la '1.') lie is naniid in the liriineit'. ])adron as -I.* years of aue; wife .\ntonia (/a.^tro, ehildr^n (luilkiino li. ',■>;!, .losi' Ant. ';!.'i, Maria 'IVresa 01, M.in.i Sehola (?) '."!(!, I'raneisco "M, (iiiillernia '.'{!•, Josef.'i '10, and .Maria .hsns '14 - nil li. at liramit'oite. Jt was at his house that ilenry Naile was killed in '4ii. V. (141. 1 here is no latei' reeord of IJueUle, liut Wni 'llionjpson aiipears in Larkin's aeeounts and other reeords from '.'!.'( to '47: \v;is (Jiie of the fore i'.'ueis ai'res;e)(i/./iniil Ihiiin Jour., Xov. 1, '7.'!; said also to h.ivc ser\ cd .dter graduation at Yale on the whaler linnjiiii-Ai. Wood'.^ Uicull., ;i!l; and thisi ves- sel was on the eoast in "41. v. •27!). ]j. was a preshyterian elergyiiiiin, a^'ent for the Anier. UiMc Soe. on the I'ac. coast for '_'() years; d. at Oakland '7.'{. lUielna (Antonio), Mex. soldier before I7SU; in the Soleilad eseolta, settler at S. 1"., holder of a raneho near Mont, before ISOI. i. 4!);i, (IS.'!, 7lii, 7;>4; ii. 171 ; teacher at Mont, and S. ,Josi5 ISlS-'Jl, '■-'9. ii. .•!7S-!», 427, (iO.'i, CI.'!. ]J. (Antonio), pei'liajis son of the preceding, also u soldier ;it one time, possihly confounded w itli his fatlu'i' or another Antonio in some records; memlier (if the diputacion fi'oni 'L'S. iii. .'{(>, 41 ;>, .">0, (!■'?; alcalde of Mont. '.'!l. iii. |S7, 1!I4, "Jl'J, (17'J; dip. again in '.'J.Vi); com. ef S. .Josi' troops in .Mvarado's icvolt, sent to the south as eomisionado ':i7. iii. -!ll, 4.')4 ."), 4.')7, 4(iO, 4(i:i, 4M, 4!i|, 50(1, ."/S."), (J!I2; grantee of S. Cregorio and .s. Francisunito in '.'l!*. iii. ('i7.S, 71.'); in com. of exjied. against Ind. and foreigners ".'>y--40. iv. "I'l, 'I'M. In "41 at S. Jose, age ."iO, wife Conce[)eion X'alencia, children .Iiuiii b. 'Hi, Coneepcion '38; jnez de ] az at Sta Clara '41-'2. iv. (JSIl-(i; but died in "4"J. Though .'ome- vliat iirominent as Sihown above, V>. was a \ery ignorant and conanonplace man. ]>. (I'L), prob. son of Ant., and claimant of .S, ( Iregorio in '.")•_'. iii. ()7S. 15. (Felix), rcsid. of S. .Jose from '.•}7; I'd idcald<' ';!:>, '44, '4."). iii. 7.'!l; iv. US.",; in "41, age l27, Viife liernarda SepiUvedii, iliihl. .Iulianaa:;d Mari:'.; "lo'Jd juez. V. (i()4; .sid)-pref! i.'t "4!(; moved to Mont. ''A. lie funashed a ..Vd/vvf' /';» tor my use in '70. ]». (.foa(|uin), brother of Antonio, wiiter <]f various verges; ■ nud- sionndct at r>rancif. IMS. ii. •JM-."), ;j'j;!; teacher at S. Jose "Jl . ii. (iOI^; alcahle or juez auxiliar at Urnncif. "-JO, '',V2. '.'IS-D. ii. . (JosC' Jiainon), grantee of I'otrero y llincon de .•^. I'edro '.'!S. iii. 07S; alcalde at lirnncif. '4.-). v. 004; age ;!0, wife Itafaela I'erez, eliiid. Guadalu])e, IMatilde, and Juan. B. (.hum), at .S. F. iind Mont, from ''JO. ii. Gl"_'; in '41 at S. .Jose, ago 4!(, wife Ascension JJeriud, child. 'I'rinidad, Antonia M., Fi'ancisco, and Alta tiraeia. 1!. (Marui Antonia), teacher at Mont. 'IS 24. JJ. (Kamon), .soldier before 17S0; .settler at Los Aug. from '!i:!-lMO; rcL'i- doriulSOJ. ii. 1 10, IMil-oO, ;J")4. liuenaventura (.lose), I S-J!), Irislnnan, fam- ily name not known; at Loa Ang. with eertif. of good character, age 47. Dullin, 1S4."), possibly in the (Irigsbv Idc party, but prob. went to Or. iv. 678-!). Bullum (F-dwaVd Could), is47. lieut Co. 15, N.Y.Vol. v. o04; having been previously connected w itli the X. Y. J/craltl. After his disch;irge went to the iniues iu '48, and iu '■i.'J-oO was a reporter ou the Allu, serving also as m I If l(i I ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A ^ <% 1.0 I.I 1.25 2.5 2,2 2.0 II 1.4 1.6 6" PV vg ^a ^;j ^X "^ f s 7 /^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STKEET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 'fr; .; went in T)? to Paris, wi)erc ho wrote letters for the Aila and iV. }'. J/iruhl, and wliere lie committed suicide in '07, at the age of about 4."). He was a man of good cluiracter and abilities. Unhuc (H. H.), 1847, Danish mate of the Chmi'iitinc, wlio came back in '49, and from '»(» was a pioneer of Humboldt Co., where he still lived in '82 with wife and n chihlrcn, a ])roniinent man of business. Portrait in l/iimh. Co. I/ir't., I(i4. Uujan (Antonio), 18-14, a militiuman at S. P., called Iluyano, aged 2r», and Mex., but he was a foreigner who came earlier, perhaps in '42, witness in tlie Nantillan case; in later times he kept a wayside inn and saloon in Visitucion Valley, S.E., where he still is perhaps in 'S.'t. null (.lames II.), 1844, at S. V. IJull, 1848, mr of the Ol;/n. Bnllord, 1840, owner of a Los Ang. rancho (?). BuUen (Newell), 1S40, of the Monn. col. with wife and 3 children, v. 540; owner of a S. P. lot '47. v. 080; died in Utah, where his family resided '84. IJullock (Ezekial), 1S47, Co. E, N. Y. Vol. (v. 4JI0); at S. V. '74 82. IJ. (.James D.), 1848, mid. on tlic U. S. IK(/r- reu. liidtice (Vincent), 1847, Co. (i, N.Y.Vol. (v. 49!)); died before '82. Bund (.John), 1847, Co. I, N.Y.Vol. (v. 4!)!)); at H.iwkeye, Calaveras Co. '71-4. Bunker (Benj.), 1841, gunner on tiie U. .S. St Loui», and in '47 on the ImhpvudfUCf. B. (Alex.), 1822, mr of the Oulmio. ii. 474. B. (Ed- ward), 1847, Co. E, Monn. Bat. (v. 409); a bishop in Utali '82. Burch (Chas H.), 1840, claimant for supplies to Fremont (v. 402) to the extent of $;«»; at N. Helv. '47 8; went to Or. and ret. in '48. Burger (Chas), (Jerman of the Donner party who died in the mts. v. .^Sl. o'.^4. Burgenian (Emil), 1847, Co. C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 409). Burgess, 1840, immig. with Bryant; perhaps did not couie to Cid. B. (Edward). 1847, Co. B, N. Y. Vol., transf. to Co. O (v. 499); owner of a S. K. lot. v. (i70; went to Hon- olulu on Ihc Julia '47, ret. in '48; at Honolulu 71. B. (Thos 11.), 184."), Iv- ntuckian innnig. in the Oigsby-Ide party, iv. r)78, 587; joined the Bears, with Ford at Olonipali in '40. v. I(i7; '' ' hiim of 63."> (v. 402); went south with Premont; with (Jillespie at Los ind at S. Paseual. v. 347, 3.">0; at N. Helv. "47-8. Burhcll (llichard). Co. B, Cal. Bit. (v. 358), enlisting at S. Jose"'. Burke (.las), 1847, ('o. .\, .>.Y.Vol. ; died on the Stanislaus '51. Burke (.Tames W. ), 1824, Irish trader from S. .\mcr. on thoJiifeii Turfai; who settled at Sta B. in '28, ii. 520, 573, being then 30 years old. His name — often Santiago and Walter— appears often in eornniercial and other records from '.30; married Josefa Boronda, and in '.30 had children, being then regi- dor and an applicant for lands, iii. 420, 054. Still living at .Sta B. "70, but seems to have died a year or two later. liurkins (.lames), 1847, Co. P, 3d U. S. artill. (v. 518). Burling (.Joseph), 1795, Irish sailor at Sta B. desir- ing to remain, but sent to Spain '!MI. i. .538-40. Burnett (Horace), 1848, nephew of Peter H., with whom he came from Or. ami engaged in mining. B. (Peter H.), 1848, nat. of Tenn., b. in 1807; a trader and lawyer in 'I'enn. antl Mo.; overl. imniig. to Or. in '43; fanner, member of legislature, and judge of supreme court in Or.; came to Cal. by land alter the discov. of gold, and worked in the mines for a month or more in '-I8. In Dee. he came to N. Helv., and became agent for young Sutter in settling the captain's complicated liusiness and the sale of town lots, thus paying olT old debts and laying the foundation of a handsome fortune. His family came from Or. in May 49, and his management of Sutter's business ceased in July. He took aproiiiinent part in public meetings to secure a state Kovt; went to S. F. ; was made judge of tiie supreme court; sold half his Sacramento property for $,50,000; moved to S. Josi?; and \»as linoUy elected governor of Cal. — all before the end of '49. He was one of the luckiest men of the time. Resigning his otiice in .Ian. '51, ho devoted himself mainly to the management of his private business, practising law to a limited extent, residing at S. .lose except in '."i2-3 at Sac. and several long visits to the east. lie was judge of the supreme court iu '57-8; in '00 publishe«l 'J'hf Path Wnuh BURXETT-BUilTON. 737 Lnl n Protestant Lawyrr fo Ihr CnthoUc Chinrh; nnd from '63 was presiJent of tho I'acilii; IJiink at S.l-'. His /I'c-ollfr/ioiin, w MS., wcie copied for my Library ill '7S und publislicd in 'S!». Still living m '!>.">, ijossessin^' great wcaUii and a good ri'pntation. Burnett liaa never liceii credited with any brilliant abilities, nor eliarged with any great weakness; lacking force and decision in otiicial positions; an honest, industrious, kindhcarted, tliploniatic, lucky man; of many but harmless whims in private life. His wife died in 'oS; but he has several sons niid a married daut,'litcr. Burnie, lcS2J), mr of tiic Aini. iii. 140. Burns (Daniel M.), 1840 (?), sec, of state in '80; native of 'I'eiiii., age 4!l in '70; said in newspaper sketches to have come to Cal. at the age of 10. iv. TJO; his name is in a list of letters at S. F. in '48. B. (James), 1S40, in Farnliani's list of arrested forci-ncTB. B. (John), 1830, Amer. atS. Miguel, iii. 180; joined the conip. c.xtranjcra in ",V2. iii. 2'2I ; was perhaps the Jnlm Byrnes 1)11 l.ai kin's books ';{4. J5. (1*. T.), 1S47, in Sutter's employ at X. llclv. B. (Win), 18.19. ICngl. who came with Sutter, iv. 1 10, l.'JS; in '40 he iisked for a piis'* to ipiit N. Jli'lv. and .setth- at StaCruz; in Farnliam's li.'-t of arrestctl foreigners, iv. 17. l>ui-(|ue! (IVdro), soldier at the Colorado Biv. jiueblos 1780 1, killed bj Jnd. i. ".">0, .'>(i'_*. Bnrr (Chas (.'. ), 1840, f>f tlie florin, colony with wife and child, one child having (lied at sea. v. .^Ifi; owner of S. F. lot '47. v. (i7S; in Ttah '84. B. (Xathan), 1840, of the Morm. eol. with wife, father of (has. (". ; died in Utah before '84. v. .540. Burrell (Chas), 184(i, sailor on the U. S. />(if<; h)iig a resident of S. F. in later years. B. ((JnthbertI, 184(i, at (iilioy "78. Bun-oughs (Chas), 1840, ajiparently an iinniig. of this year; prominent in raisin" men for the Cal. I'.at., in which he seems to have ranked as cai)Laiii - or peiTiaps was to have been made captain. Chief in coin, at the light of N'ati- vidad, where he was killed in Nov. v. 3liO, .'$().'{ 71. I'eyond the part that he took in this ad'air, nnd his general reputation as a brave and popular man, tliou^h a g imbler, nothing seems to be known of him. lli;t name i:! of len writ- ten ]5ur«s and Burrows, and it is not sure that his name was Chai'les ur that he came in '40. B. — or Bonis— (Wni), Amer. doctor at Sta l». |S-2;t 4. ii. 4',(."), 570. JJurrows, 1841, from t)r. with wife and child in Einmon'a party of the U.S. e\. c.xped, iv. "278. Burt, 1840, doubtful name of a man captured with Weber by Castro, v. 1.10; probably 'Bird,'//'.< Xofcs. Bu''ton (Henry S.), 1847, lieut-ccl X.Y. Vol., and for a time in com. at SU B. V. .')():5, .^l I, 'A'A, 0:i0-l ; in com. of tho exped. to Ba Ba/ '47 8. v. :>fiX He w;!S a graduate of West Boint and lieut of Co. F, od artill., of which he to(jk com. as capt. on tho inustering-out of the regt. v. .Tl."), .VJO. He remained seve!':il years in Cal.. and was collector of customs at Mont. '48-0. He w;is promoted to major in '01, and in '0.') to brevet 1 rigadier-gen., dying in 15.1. '(il). His v.ife, who survived him with two children, was Dona Ampai'o Kuiz of l^ower Ca!., wliosc father and grandfathei- were iirominentin the early annals of the pcnin sula, and who has gained some litcraiy as wi'll as social ^listinetion. Ilnr- ton(15.). 1847. lieut who raised and c oinniainlfd a vo!unteligiul, Juan, iiiiil Sjl veria; witness of Xaile's murder, iv. OSti; signer of the call to forciu'iiers i,i "1."). iv. .lOO; ulcaldu in '40-7. v. 002. I havo no later record of him; perhaps died in '48. B. (,K)hu B.). 1840, ,\mer. mechanic who aime on the C't7Ti(//'(.f to Hur. C.VL., Vol. H. 47 . I f ''M I 73S riOXEER REGISTrR AND INDEX. Mont. n. (.Tdsc'pliK 1S4S, Roston man nge SO, who came from Honolulu in Au'.f. ;iii(l died at S.F. in dct. llurton (Lowi.s T.), IS.'il, Tcnnesscean from X. Mcx. with the Wf)lf skill party, v. ;{.S(), 40."); scttlinj,' lit St.k 15., and cnjjagiiig in otter-hunting, trade, und fiiiidly funiiiiig. iv. 117. In ';!(» he doseribed hinibtelf a.s a catliolic bacliclor, 21 years i-ld, in liusincss wiili Branch; in '.10 he married .Maria Antonia, daugh- ter iif < arlos (^"arrillo; naturalized in '42. I^rkin gave him a high cliaracter in his XoiiH of 'J.J; and he liad a Cal. claim of §400 in '40 (v. 4«-J), 304. Jle he- e.Tiic a wealthy merchant and ranciiero; claimant for the Jesus Maria and (Jhamizjil ranchos. v. 0.">.">, 077; and died at .Sta 1). in '70. A second wife was tiie da;;glitcr of .l(js('! Ant. Carriilo. I'.uAi (Iticiiard), 1847. Co. B, Morm. liat. (v. 400). Buslmnc (Lcandro), 1S47, died at X. Hclv., formerly a corporal at tiie fort, and ajipareiitly an l;i'!.; Otiili 15. also d.cd. iiustaniantc y (iuerra (Jos(5i, 1701, com, of tlio Ai nrilii. in Malaspina's exped. i. 4!)0. Ihitt'U (Win), 1.S45, doubtful name (.f ail Aincr. in a Brancifortc pudron, age 37. Hutler, 1840, bugler in Cal. IJ:'.t. V. 374. Dutkr (.Vmos), 1847, at S. !■'. from Astoria on the J/i-iirij; in list of letters '4S. K (Xathanicl), 1847, at Mont. .July. IJutroii (l''elipe), named in '40 in connection with the (iraham affair, iv. (i; leader in a proposed attack on Mont. '4.'). iv. .")!."), being then a capt. of aux. ea\aliy; in 40 a lieut in the Cal. IJat. v. 3(10; in '47 lieut in an exped. against Ind. V. (iO'J. ]). (.hum de ]>ii)s), soldier in Mont. comp. '30, ago 31. 11. (Manuel), soldier of Mont. comp. 177'">, married to a neophyte, and the l.st givintee of hin.l. i. 311, 008, 010, 083; a settler at S. .Josi^ 1780. i. 477. H. (.Manuel), proli. son of precedim.', grantee of Alisal '28, and of Natividad '30, ''.•'. ii. OiO, ()()4, (i77; in '30 living at Xatividad, a_;e "18, wife Man'a Ignacia Ili^'uera, cliildren.losefa b. 1800, Nicohls ':2I, Kamona '21, Manuel '24. li. (Ramon), son of Manuel, ehiimant for Xatividad. iii. 077. B. (Sebastiani, settler licfore I '00; in 'II at S. .lose, age 01. Bntter:icl.l (.Jacob K.), 1847, Co. A, .Morm. Bat. (v. 400); at Taylorville, Utah. '8 1. Butter.s (TliomasI, 1841, Kngl. sailor tli.scli. from the Liuiinr; Biihvell mentions a Thos liattus at Bodega about the same time. Rutton (.Moiitgoiiieiy), I8J7, Co. 1>, Morm. Bat. Buzzell (loseph Willanl), 1841 (?), deserter from the M'halcr Orhnfin at Halfnuion Hay, spending some time with Craham at Sta Crnz, later a trappi'r at X. Helv., till he went to Or. in '43, where he married — apparently one of the Kelscy fatnily. This is his own statement in newspaper sketches, iv. 270. In '44 he came fiom Or. in the Kelsey party, v. 444; .served Sutter in tin; Mic!i- cltoreiia campaign; signed the call to foreigners at S. .lose '4.'). iv. ."iOO; and Worked for Leiilesdortf at .S. V. His name often apjiears in tiio X. Ililr. JJifiri/, and occasi(jnaIly in records of Mont, and S. .Jose. A daughter Klh 11 is Siiid to have been born at X. Helv. '4,">. In '40-7 B. scived in the Cal. Bat. (v. .3.">S), under l''reniont, (lillespie, Mervine, and Stockton in the south, itc- turning he went to .Stockton with Weber, acquiring land on which the town stood later, and building a cabin. Ttnkliam, (Jurmii, etc. A son wa.s born "47. 'S'. ./. l*i()ii. His name appears at Sutter's fort '47-8; daughter Lizzie Agnes lM)rii at Stockton, Sept. '48. Still living in "00; ace. to Yolo Co. Uist. drowned at Halfmoon Bay a few years before '70. Bybee (Hcniy (i.). 1847, <.'o. C, Morm. Rat. (v. 400). R. (.John), 1847, ilitto. I'.yers, 1847, at Honolulu from Mont, on tiie Miri:43 4. Caatnll (John), 1840, doubt- ful name in a Los Aug. list. Caballer, sec 'Cavalier.' Cu'uillero (Amlres A.), 1781, lieut of the escort to Cal. and return to CABALLERO-CALLAGIIAX. 739 Sonora. i. 342. C. (Felix), 1833, Dominican friar of L. Cal.; a famous mis- bioiiaiy of tlic frontit-r, who crossed the line to Cal. '23, '29, '33, ami t]oii)>tleMH on other occasions, ii. 4S(», AOT; iii. !I0, .V)7. C. (Francisco), Stu H. raiichero '4j. ('. (Maria Antouia), grantee of ISisquoc in '33. iii. (ioO. ("ahello (Mar- tin S. ), 1834, Mex. revenue oHicerwit'i the IF. k 1'. eolony; receptor in charge of S. Diego custom-lionsc '34-8; prob. left Cal. aliout '38. iii. 207, 377, 4'J'J- COl, (J0!», (il3; iv. 98; Cabiner, 184G, mr of tiie /■<(nic lloirlruid. Cabot (Juan), 1805, Span, friar who served for 30 years in Cal., cliicfly at S. Miguel, retiring to his college in iS.'},'>. Uiog. in iii. :>. Callaghan, 1840, three brothers in the Los Aug. region, iv. 4!>5; their iianu's ns signed to a doc. of June "40 seem to be 'lOin,' 'Epli.'anil 'Ceral,' but itap- pi'.'irs that 2 of them were Kvan and Itaac. They scr\ed under (lillespie. and were among the chino prisoners, v. 314; in '47 one was iii charge of S. Bucn. s 't I if ilJiS 740 PIONEKR RKCISTER AND INDEX. jnisRion, hciiij,' jucz Av pa/ in MS. v. ^31: iiimI another had some petty I'lOsition ul S. IVilro. Ai-<;. to 1!, 1>. Wilson, Kmw ('. canu-toCal. in '44. ('. (.lames), IS47, (Irownt'il at S. 1''.".">I; said to liavc hccii one of the N.Y.V'ol., but not on tin- rolls. ('. (.Folin), IS47, lot-osvncr at S. F. ; still there TiO. Callahan (f'an.his n.), 1S4(5, Co. C, 1st V. S. dragoons (v. ;}.%). C. (Thos W.), 1847, ( o. I!, .Moiin. ]>at. (v. 4(iOi; rci nl. at J.oa Aug. Callogan, I7(i0, com. of the .s'. ./„,«•, lost on the voy. to Cal. i. 1'.'4. Callender (.Mills I..), 1S47, Co. K, X.V.Vol. ; lots at S. F. '47-X. v. G7!»; sue. of town council '48; sfill there ■.V_'-4; d. Ihdokljn, N. Y., '71 ("'). Callis (Eulalia), 17S.'{, wife of Gov. I'cdro I'agis. i. 38!»-9:{, 4S7. Calvin (Vincent), 1844, ovcrl. imnug. of Stevens party, iv. 44."); «t N'. l! 8. Calzaila (.lose Ant.), 1787, Span, friar who serv<,d '.7 years in Cal., hcing founder of Stji Int's. where ho died 1814. Uiog. ii. U(18; iiicnt. i. 'ASH, 4j'.t, iuTt, ."7, (>(i4-.'i; ii. '-'8 0, I'J.'l, !.■.!». :i!»4. Calzado (Dioni- .sioi, at Ihancifortt- 1S(.;{. ii. l.'.C. Calzado (.lo.se), I7'.I8. i. GO(i. Cam (Isidro), ]H'M), New Yorker, rgc 'J(i, whose only known exploit was to liyhl with Leundry ahoiit a tlog, lor w hich he served a month in tlic chain- fang at .Mont. Caniaeho, com. of transport vessel 17S.'!-!(0. i. 444. I.'., killed at.lamul '.■?7. iii. <>14. C. (Ana.^tasio), .soldieratS. Diego 177">. i. '-'>''. C. (Toniii.s M.), soldier killed on the Colorado liy Ind. 1781. i. ."G:!. Cama- leiio(Xieoiis), settler at S. V. 17!»1-1SOO. i. 710. Camarrillo (.luan), 18;i4, .Mex. who eamc proh. with the H. & 1'. col. (iii. '2.">0); trader at Sta IJ., where he was sindico and juez at dillerent times '40-(». iii. G.")."); iv. 4'JO, G.'!!, G4'J; luovcil to S. Iiuen. '.■)!), where he hecamo owner of the Calleguas rancho. lie ilieil "80, at the age of ()8; his wife was Martina Hernandez, mairieil in '40; and lu! left 7 children, one of his daughters being the wife of Jose Arnaz. Portrait in Sta Ii. Co. IIUI., .'WJ. Candion (Pedro Pjcnito), 1770, Sjian. friar who served chiefly at 8. F., but was fiiunder of S. ('ahriel and S. Ihien., retiring to his college '01. Biog. i. 7P-'; ment. i. 17:1, 17G, 170 SI, 187 0, 10.1-4, 'Jr,.-.-G, •.'4G,'2.m,*J71, '287, "-'80- 00. L'0-->, '.'07, .T.'0-:!0, :?.-.•_', 37.1, .TG, .•!7S, .nsi, nss. :iOO, 4G0, 47.1, .")7.'>-G. Cam- liuston (Ilein-i), 1841. Frenehman from Mex., who became a teacher at Mont, iv. '270; married Cal.riela Soberane.K; lined for smuggling '44. iv. oOC; quarrel at Mont, with Prefect Castro ■4(i. v. .'14; at the military junt.i. v. Gl; grantee of lan, Sp;in friar of L. Cal. 1700-73, who was ehaplaiu of Heeeta's exped. at Mont, and on the north coast '7.->. i. P-'-J-.'i, 104, --'.T), •J40--2, '247. Campbell, 1800, otter-hunter, ii. 40-1. C. (.\nthony), 1840, Engl, sailor diseh. from the Fhi at S. l'\, and killed by Inevn killed, iv. (JSO. C. (Wni), 1S4G, api>arent!y overl. imndg. and jierhaps u brother of Thomas; came to S. Jos(j with hi.s faniilv; surveyor '47. v. (j()4. In Tulare '8.'{, age 00, veteran of 1812 and battle of N.'(h-le:ins: 'J sons. C. (Wm), 1847, Co. K, X.Y.Vol. (v. 4!)i)); de.serted, and was h;inged in Dec. '48 at S. Jos6 for robbery and attempted murder, v. (»(i:i 4. C. (U'm), 1848, ovcrl. with Lawton and Johnson; editor of Si' rid JlriiKirraf and clerk of legislature 'uG; county judge of Sierra to 'U.'t; district ntlorney at, Virginia ( "ity, dying'70. Xi'vada Tranncri^'t, Jan. 28,70. Canijio, see ' Fernandez ' del C. and ' Perez ' del C Cai.e (Vicente), 1825, Span, sailor landing from the Anin at Mont. iii. ."d. 02 .'!; permitted to renuiin and marry in '28; grantee of S. Bernardo ramlio '40; aiimin. and juez at S. Luis Ob. '40-1. v. G.')7, 083. Canedo (Dolores), at Los Aug. '40. C. (fJeronimo), settler at Los Aug. 1812. ii. SoO. ('. (.lose), soldier and cori>. '2:J-4. ii. S.w-O. C. (JosC'l, sohlicr at Stii 15. ''.VJ, wife l.ui.sa Valenzuida. C. (Jo9(5), at S. .luan Cap., age rtS, wife Maria, children Antonia b. '20, Felipe '28, Juliana "M, Juan '.'{7, Leonardo '4U. ('. (.lose Maria), at S, Juan (,'ap. '41-0. iv. 020; age .10, wife Feliciana. ('. (Juan), at Los An),'. '40. C. (.Juan X.), at S. Juan Cap. '41. iv. 020. C. (Manuel), soldier killed on the Colorado, i. 'M'.i. C. (Kafael), at Los Aug. '40. C. (Silvestrc), ilitto. Canete (.Joaquin), sent to escort (Jov. Fagcs' wife toCal. 17.s:}. i. ;»!I0. Canli''ld (Cyrus (A). 1847, lieut Co. D, Morm. Bat. v. 477; also licut of t!ie rcenl. men. v. 40"); collector of the port of S. D. '48. v. GIO; actjuittcd on trial for iKi.ssing countarfeit moi.ey. v. (MO-ll. C. (Geo. W.), 1847, Co. K, N.Y. Vol. (v. 400); at I'hil. '82. C. (O. F.), 1847, in Sonoma Co. '50 77. Soiiu,iia Co. //(■-■<., 102. Cauiau (Wm), 1S.'12, doulitful namcof a nirof the Califunii'i. Cafii/iiri's (.b)se), I70!t, pilotin who kepi a diary of lUvera's e.xped. to Cal.; com. of S. Aiiloiiio '7 J, of S. ('lirlot '70, being an explorer >[ S.F. bay and phuiucr (if the jiresidio; attain at Mont. '84; com. oi Aninzazu '80. i. i;{2, lltl), 20S, 22.-., 210, 2^7, 2S0, :J20, 410-11, 4:iS, 411, 444. Canu (Dan. ^^), IS 17, Co. 1'', .'id arlill. (v. TdS). Lnii'i i/, not on roll. Cauuell (John), 1S47, lot at S.F. Canu'.l'ax (Alistrum 11.). ISI7, contractor at mission S. Jose to make 8hiiigle:< for l^irkin. ( 'aunon (Mauen;!), Ks4!i, one of the Mormons, who iir(,b, did not com" to Cal. v ,")I7. Ca:io (ijd ), com. de policia at Mont. ''M'>. iii. C7."i; Mex., a^'o 2:5, wife .lo.sefa Soto, clnhlren IJafael, Maria, Luisa, Nicola.;. Cautau ((iustavu.i .\.), IS 17, lot at .S.F. Ciutuai I )oloies), soldier of S.i". comj). "10-27; uient. in 'IS. ii. 2.>2. C. ((tuadahii)c), in '.'iO at tlu; Cnailalupe ranclio, Mont, district, age .")), wife (.'aruu'U (,'astro, ehililri'U Josefa b. "Is, (Iracia '20, .Uanioii ol. l!amo;ia ";«:i; in ijordonio and juez do eamj)o ';{") 0; in '41 grantee of S. LiiisiU) near S. Luis(d). iii. (i74 7; iv. O.'iO. C. (Ignacio). settler Jit S.F. I7!tl ISOO. i. 710. ('.{luan Ign.), .son of Vicente, wouudeil at the Xativid.id li,:ht '40. v. ;!;i7. C. (Julian), at S. Isidro raneho "iiii, ago 4(», wife Isabel Ortega, ehilil. Manuel b. "10, Manuela '2;t, Faustina '22. C. (.Maniul), soldier of S.F. comp. '."{J-O; at .Sonoma "44, age 2."); in Sutter's sei'- vioe "4."); militia alfercz kille, wife .luana Soto, child, .luau Ign. b. "2S, .luan Maria '."{1, Maria Ant. ';{:]. Carmen '.'{0; juez de cauipoaiul auxiliar '.'{.'), '."{0, '41. iii. 074-.1; iv. 0.'>;t; giantee of ranch(j nucional ";!0. iii. C77; admin. Soledad '.•fO-JO. iii. 0'.)1; Cal. claim (v. 402) of $;j,(>01 in "40; still I ! in Mont. dist. '."iO. Cautwell (Thos), 184^, (James), 1847, roll of the Soc. Cal. Pion. in 8. Diego district, Cuplea 712 I'lOXERR REfilSTER AND INDEX. Carabajal (nafaci). at Los Aug. '48. Canihaiias (\icol:i;,), cuijt. of tin; S. iiiaii ('a|i. I'Hi'olta I77*>. i- 'My.\. I'ainbnnti'H (Aj;u.stiii), .si'ttkr at Lm.s .\iig. Is()7. ii. .■{.")0. V. (.^alvailni), at Sta 11. 1707. t'arl)ajal, .sin-;, of the I'riu- '•'.«(. I7sn. i. ;i!l7. V. (.losefa), wifo of Surgeon Diivila, d. S. 1'. 17S(). i. 4(;s. Carliit CJ'lioH), 1847, Haiil to liavo <;onio witli the N.Y. Vol., but not on the roll; .1. Oregon City, Cal. '01, age X,. S. /'. J/'J. 1 lind little aliout hiiu except in newspaper tketches. Cariaga (.Saturnino), grantee of lical do las Agui.as '44. i\. Oi.'i. Carl (.John), 1847, at S. Hnen. Carion, noldicr killed in 17!)I>. i. 4(m. C. (•I(is('>), inviUido nt Sta 15. '.'W. C. (.Sefcrino), soldier of Sta 15. conii). ; gratiteu •>. i. '_'.';t, 'JliO. (.'arlton, 1848 ('0, later a judge in Tiiolunme Co.; d. '.Vt. Carlton (\V. IL), 1848, clerk for A. J. (Jrayson, S.F. Carmen (.Jose del), lud. cliief killed '44. iv. 409. Carmiehacl (Lawrence), LS.'J.T, Scotch trapper from N. Mex., who went to Or. '.'54 with Young ami Kelley. iii. .I.^.S, 4U'J; returned to drive a band of cat- tle ti> the Willamette ';57. iv. 8,'); anil a;;ain came back on the Xcniil \'n\, Ifon- olulu '.'58. iv. lO.'i; and settled at S, .lose-. lie was one rif the exiles of '40, but r<'turned in '41 with a pass and a claim for . ^•'7, (XK) damages for interrupted business, iv. 18, .S'2-.'5, 110. His name often appears in the records from '41 ; in ■4."> one of the jiarty eajituring I'refeet Castro, iv. 4S7; in July '40 had troidde with Henry \aile about a house; in Aug. sec. of the juez at Sta ( 'ru/. v. till ; and later in '4(5 shot by a party of Mex. for the alleged reason tl.at ho v.as bearer of despatches for the .\nier., but very little is known of tlii.s atl'air, of which 1 lind no contemporary record. Canies (Henry S.), 1847, lieut Co. F, N.Y. Vol. v. 504; collector of tho port of Sta 15. '48. v. r)7">; later a member of the legisl., district judge, and postmaster at Sta 15., wheie he li\ed in '70; at S. IJuen. '8J. C. (Tlios), IS47, Co. 15, X.Y. Vol. (V. 4!tcrvc(l chictlv at S. C.irlos and retired in 1808. 15iog. ii. 147; n out. i. iVJO. M\, -<", 08(;;"ii. 7, 1 1!», l.'.O-OO. Caipenter (IJeuj.). 181"), Amer. innnig. from Or. in tiiu .McMahon-C^lynian party; prob. went l)ai'k to (Jr. '40. iv. ;")7'J, 570. C. (Chas 11.), IS17, (.'o. F, N'.V". Vol. (V. 4<.>'.)): died in Cuba '00. C. (Isaac), 1847, <'o. C, Moiiu. IJat. (\'. 40!'). C. (.lohn). 184."), named asa captive exchanged f;)r Manuel Castro, iv. 4S7. doubtful. V. (Lemuel or Samuel), IS.S'J, Amer. froia \. Mex. iii. ."/■'■8, 408; accredited to '.'tl and ',"5;! in two lists of '.'50; prob. eame in winter of ';'.'J .'5; 'J2 years old in '.'iO, "JH in '40; had a soap-factory on the S. ( Jabiiel liiver and a vineyard in co. with Chard; one of the vigilantes '.'50, and not arrested '1'!; served '4.') against Micheltorena. iv. 4!)o; in '48 had an orchard ir.'ar >v F.ueu. Claimant for Sta CJertrudis '.j.'5. iii. 0154; where on account of f.'iaiicial fr.iiibles he eonniutted suicide in '.")0. C. (Roman), 1S40, named on L;r!;in's bsoks; perhaps the 'Ronuin carpenter' or 'lloniau the carpenter.' ( '. (Wm), r>41, doubtful record at Los Ang. C. (Wni M.), 1848, physician it N. Hrlv., room-mate of I*. H. llurnctt. Carpcntier, memb. of legisl. 'o'l, ac- criilited to '48 in tho Char/. Carr (Overton), 1841, lieut U. S. ox. cxped. iv. 241, 507. C (Oriflith), lS4o, Co. K, Cal. I5at. (v. :5,'»8), enlisting atSonoma. C. (Stephen), 1847, Co. A. X.Y. Vol. (V. 400); d. Stanislaus Co. '49. Carrauza (Domingo). 1708, Span, friar, who served at Sta Cruz and S. Luis Rey, retiring iu 1810. Biog. ii. 108; CAnUAXZA-CAllKILLO. 74S mcnt. i. irS, .'77; ii. I''>t-.', l.'iMiO, l!7. ('iiini.sco (Josi'^ M.), Sononm at Muiii. '."Hi, ii^i: ;;;), hiu^lu; ui, Monl. Mill (iilit r I'lactM to '17. C. iJuaii), I7!M, coil), bclir JJorra^i'ii.-i. i. I'.Kt. ('. (.Iiiuii), iial. of iSiii'iin.i Aires, iiit'aiif, fi)i;inl •Kail at Arroyo Morlio '.'W. iii. 7.'l-. CiuicaL'a (S.ituniiuo), IMo, jucz at S. Juan 1(. iv. l). tiif ^^ullKt iiiaii. (■arri.L;aii ('I'lios). IS47, <'o. H, N.V.V.,1. (v. 4!t!t). Carrigor (Daniel .S.), I'i4(i, Cal. I5at. (v. ■"{.VS), uiilistin^ at Sonoma. ('. (Nicliola!*), IS-J(i, Tiiiuea- Mi'iaii iiiiiiiiij. Iroiii Mu. \\itl> t'aiiiily. v. .V.VS; his fallur died and a dau''litur v.a.s liuin on the journey, lie Herved in the Sononi.i j^arrison anil as mail-ear- riir from Sonora to S. Itafael during the war; a miner in '-IS-'.t; farmer at Sononiii from '.">(», where lie htill lived in "SO, ii;,ed 04, with 'J ..ving eliildien. 1 olitained from liini a Inief yl«^(j//(oi/;'(//(/(i/,- jiortrait in .V/Howtt Co. ///>/., IJI'J; a son, I'av. \V., \va.s iiorn in "47. (.'ariilio, .sirviente at SUi C':-u/, \~[)o. i. I'.fli. ( 'arrillo (.\nasta8io), uon of .Jose iCaim., )>. at 8tu I!. I7'SN; sergt distiu- g\iiilo of tho Sta r>. eonip., named in eonnection witli many Ind. e\])ed., ete. I>|.S ;.U. ii. '2',i'>, X14, .'{'il, iVJ.S-lt, i)(il, .")7-; iii. 7S, lOit; eoini-iionailo in ehargo of i^os Ang 'l>S-'_Vi. ii. ',V)0, .").'>!); moinher of the clip. '"27 f^; liahililado ''Jri '•J!l-:;4. ii. .'.71.'; iii. :{(i-4-_», (W; ';!!-(» alf. rez of the conip. iii. G.'.O-I, 281; in '.'!J iiis family eon.-iisted of his witc (.'onee|)ciun < iaieia i.nd child. .Mieaela, .N.'aiiiulu, Suledad, Francisco, and l^uis; his other sons lieing (iiiiilerinu ami JIaimuiido; commisiunadu to sei'UJarizo .Sta IJ. '.'14. iii. 340, 0.'>7; in ".'50 retired from tiie army on full |iay; in '.'{7 com, to treat with Alvarado, majordonio at S. i'ernando, grantee of I't Coneepcion. iii. .")I9, 047, O.'m; 'IIH eomisiirio Bub. at Sta 15. 04!), 0.'>l; memh. of dip. '.■l!)-40. iii. .")!)0; grantee of Cieneguita '4."i. iv. 04'J; nul>-piefect '45-0. iv. O.'Jl, 041. Thus it will ho seen that Don Anasta.sio was 'i iirominent man of Sta J5., where he etill lived after ViO. Cirrillo (Ciirloa Antonio de .Jesus), son of .Jose Kuimundo, \>. at Sta 15. 17x;i; r.oldier in the Mont. eomp. from J7!I7, and soldado distinguido from ';i!l; named as clerk in a nmrder trial J80-(i, .'JOl, •.U:% 4!»l', ,".:U, 0:17. .')7-. (Quitting tho military service, Don Carlos was partido elector in ''27, and memlt. of the dip. '2H. iii. 'A.i, 41, 140, ."»7-; being in '.'JO elected member of eongi-ess for "M-'2, and working earnestly iu Mex., if wo may judijo by liif own corresp. , for the interests of his country, iii. i")!), 'JI4, 'J.'f-'-."), -00, .'Jl 1- l.i, .'JI'J, 398. He worked particularly in favor of tho missions, drawing his inspiration from Capt. de la (Juerra; and also in tlio interest of Californian aa a'.;ainst Mex. f.fficers. One of his speeches, the J'Jx/iosirioii Hnhrr vl Foiuli) I'ia- ilofio, was tho first production of ii native Californian printed in book form, liaok in Cal., he was grantee of tho Sespe ranclio '.'13, was memb. of the dip. '34-."), and wa8 made eoniisionado for tho seeulari/ation of .S. IJueii. in ■;;ii. iii. IMO, '_»49-.")0, LV.S, :U-2, 3.".3, 421, 488, 549, 0.}0, 0(i()-I; iv. 4ii. He was a warm supporter of Alvarado's revolutionary govt in '30, and not as has been ofien said a leader of tho southern opposition, iii. 490-2. In '37, however, his b. 'other obtained for him in Mex. an iippointnient as gov.; and Don Carlos, makin;,' Los Ang. his cajiital, strovi? inellectually in '37-8 to assume the gov- ernorship, which Alvarado very properly refused to surrender. This interest- in;; but somewhat ridiculous episode of Cal. history, with its attendant mili- tary campai.trns, is fully recordeil in iii. .")3l-8l, .")94, 012, 014,031, ODO; iv. 47, 8l, S!>. In '43-5 he was member of the junta, and in '45 gninteo of SUi llosa Mand. iv. l.-)7, 301, 49.5-0, 521. .".47, 043; Cal. claim of $14,000 '40-7. v. 407; meuili. of tho Sta 11. ayunt. '49. ( 'arrillo died in '.VJ at the ago of 09. In person J); III Carlos Antonio, like most of his brothers and cousins, was largo and 'jf niagiiiiiccnt presence; distinguished for his courteous and gentlemanly man- neis. In all Cal. there was no more kinddicarted, generous, ]iopular, and in- oir.uisivo citizen than he. Kor public life ho was much tootimiil and irresolute; a< congressman ho was but the mouth-pieco of his brother-in-law Capt. do la (luerra; as politician and aspirant for tho governorship ho was the softest of wax in the hands of his astute brother .lose Antonio; as military leader in tho burlesque child's-play warfare of '38 ho cut but u sorry ligurc; yet every- :«, I r 744 riOXKKR RK<,1STKK AND IXDKX. body undjrstood Ilia cliurncter ami lie Iind no cnoinicH. His wife was Jo.scfi Castro, who died in '.').'{; lii.sHiinM-loHc, I'cdro ( '. , uud Jimi'- iIckuk; liixtlungliters Josct'a wife of AVni . at S. I)icf;o 1791; soldado distin^'nido in S. Diego conip. from 1807; cadet fioin !«()!»; proseuntor in u ease of '11. ii. ,'141, :M.'i. In IS he had left the 8(.".'vice, ami Capt. do la (tiierra wished to send him to Mex. for a few ye:irH; Imt failing in tliis had him restorecl as Hold, dieting, of the Sta It. cunip., and in '21 he was trausf. as cadet to S. lliego. Mi'nt. in '24-!) at S. !>., Humctimesas revenue eiil. and hahiiitado, jji'omoted to aifert/. in '27. ii. oIMi, M.'i, 047, o72; iii. 41, 134, 141. In ';{() he Wiw transf. to Sta H., where he was I'lector, actiii'^ coni., and a Huopoiter of X'ietiii'ia. ii. .">72; iii. .Vt, !)!), 22.'<; in ",U prom, to lii'ut, acl- niin. of I'nri.sima, and grantee of Liut Vi'rgenes. iii. .'UCi, 'M'.t, (i;U-.">, ().">() 1, CGo-G. In '."{(i com. at Sta B., and though having tr0',), .")<)."». I find no reeonl cf Don Domingo after ".■{7, and cannot give the date of his death. Ilis wife, mar- ried in 1810, was L'oncepcion, sister of I'io Pico; his sons Joa(|uin, Jose .\ii- tonio, Francisco, Alejandro, and l'"clipe; danghteis Miiria wife of Joa/' M. Covarruliias, Angela wife of Ignacio del Valle, and Antonia. His widow in '78 gave mc a small eol. of /><«•. //i2. I do not know that he left any descendants. C. (Guillermo), son of Anastasio; married Manuela Ortega; still living in '7i>. Carrillo (.loacpiin), nat. of Lower Cal., for 22 years a soldier, part of the time at S. Diego, where, having retired from the service, he lived witli his family in '27. lie was probably a cousin of Jose Ilainiundo, but I llnd no i;i- fonnation about hispai'cntage. It is related that he played well on the violin, and was once put in the stocks by Com. llniz because ho .was too long tuidng his instrument for a favorite air. The romantic marriage of his daughter to Capt. Fitch in '27 is recorded in iii. 140-4; marriage of another daughter to M. tt. Vallejo '.'(2. iii. 472. In '.'t.'t he tried to get a grant of the S. D. mission estate; and the .same year his wife called upon the gov. to prevent his sale of the garden given to their chihlrcn by Coni. Ruiz, their godfather, iii. ()17. I 8iippo.sc he (lied before '40. His widow was Maria Ignacia Lopez, who in "41 was grantee of the ( 'abeza do Stii Rosa rancho in Sonoma Co, iii. (j7.'t; anf Sonoma, imprisoned by the Ikars. v. 12!>, ir>7, 102. Carrillo (.foacpiin), son of Domingo, who seems to have been a cadet in the Sta Ii. comp. '28, ii. 070; in ';{.") or a little later he married his cousin Manuela, daughter of Auastiisio; maj. and later admin, of I'urisima. iii. .'{,")3-4, 012, 000; grantee of Lompoo '37, iii, 0."),"); jnez at Sta R, '40-2, being proposed for sub-prefect, iii. Ooo; iv. 041-2; in '4,'t lessee of Sta Ini''s, suplcnto in assembly, grantee of Mision Vieja de Purisimu. and S. Carlos de Jonata. iv. 540, .Vi3, 5,'>8, 043, 047; in '40 juez and asscnd)lyman, and purchaser of Sta Iu(5s, v, 38, .321, 501. 0.35, He was a]ipointcd prefect in '40, was subsccpiently county judge, and was ilistrict judge for a dozen years from '52, being a man of broad views and gooil sense, and tiiough not speaking English and knowing but littlo CARIULLO. 745 of legal tuchiiioaliticM, he liml ;;iiim| ndviscr.-t iiinl left a ^oo'I rcputatiun. Ilu dletl iit '08. V, (Jimt'i, 8(>ii of (\irliis Aiitiniin, iiiciit. in '-!( iis pioHpiclivi' iiir of u Cal. aclir. iii. 140; hImd Kicnt. in '•'!!. iii. •Vi.'i; ^^raiiti'i' iif Imh l'i>/a.s ';<4. iii. O.m; t(ti(k Hoinu i)urt in tlu' pulitiial troiililts uf '."tT-!*. iii. t"».")(t, ."iSO; ^.^:^^lt. of auxiliary cavalry iind ai'tiii!,' com. at ."^ta l>. 'I.'i li. i\'. ."(.'tS-K, (i4l; v. ,').">. i^till liviii<{ in '•*>() and latci'. ili.s w il'c was ( 'ataiina Oi'tc^a, liy whom lie had 4 children hcl'oro ';<7; ids "Jd wile, and widow, wan llolorcs honiinu'nc/, who ill '78 gave ino what were left of I Km Jo.se"s JJvr. ll'nt. CtiL, iniludin;,' hcv- eral vahiahle paiiern. Carrillo (.lose Antonio J'!/ci|uiel), son of .lo.si'' liain.nndo, h. l7!Hi at ,S. !•', ; said to have been a tcaciier at S. Oicu'oin IS|;tand later, ii. WW; liou.sc-lot ut Los Ang. ''Jl. ii. Ml; nieinlier of di|i. '•_'•_' I; ^;oveinoi'rt ncc. 'Jli; alcd lu of Los Ang. 'JT-S; elector in '•Jit-IiO, hut defeated I'or (•on;,'ie..'s. \\. 4li"J, .">i;t, ."illlj, 000-1, M',V A; iii. 7, III, "lO, (i;{, !».">. In ';tl. havin.; a <|aancl witli Alealde Sanchez, and Iteing ari'ested and exihd, he liecaiiie a ieailiii;^ insti;_'ator of tilt) inovenieiit against (lov. N'ictoiia. iii. I'.MI 7, -U.'{-4, 'J(M>-s, i!;M), G.V.'; in '.M favored I'ico against Kciicandia. iii. "JIS; in 'X\ \ suph'nte e.m;^'r>ssnian, nicndicr of the dip,, and alcalde of Los .\n;,'. iii. 'IVl, •_'li! ."(t, "J.^S, •_*7.'>, .'tJ7, .'M'J, .'100, \\~',\, 0;J.">, 0;{7, ()44. In ."."•-(i ('. was in Mex. as niemhei- of congress; otherwise as 1st vocal of the di|i. he wouM !ia\c heen gov. ad. int. instead of Castro in '.'J.'); and nii;,'lit in '.■t(i-7 iiave given a more forinidahle aspect to the sotithcrn opposition to Alvaiado, iii. 'J.VS, -Jill •_', •_'!»!•. lie came liaik at the end of '37, and from that time to tlie licL'iniuiig of '.'{'.I engaL,'rii in fiiuthss etforts to rule (^'al. hy making liis hrollier i)on I'arlo.s gov., iteing more than onco a prisoner, and on on(( occasion .'^itending >omu niontiis in captivity at Sonoma, where hy iiis dii)lomatic .skill ho wcllniiih wci over .'i.S-!», M\, ,")0(,, .">70 I, rj7.'i, ">7S, ."iSOj nieml). of the dip., ministro of the triimn'il superior, hilii'ved to he engag.'il in various plots '40 :i. iii. 002, (;!)4-7, 0:iJ; iv. lO.S, -.Nl', --^4, •_'!»;),:{!!»; iir4.'{- 4, grantee with his hrotiicr of Sta Itosa Isl., capt. of J^os Ang. defi'nsori's, and not very active openly in opposition to .Micheltorena. iv. W'A, 407, 4(iJ, 47.">, 04;»; hut iinall}' induced in '•!.") to join llu> revolutionists, iv. 4'.ll-:f, .")0(», 'fll. Under tiio new adniinisti-atioii in '4.">, after declining the appointment of Ist justice of tiie triljunal, ( ". become licut-col of miliaa, comandante ile escua- dron, auil com. principal of the southern line. In tins ca])acityas rcpre-icuta- tive of Lien, t'astro in the south he became u northeiii partisan in the sectional (p.iarrels, and was baliislied to tlie frontier liy (_! )V. I'ico. iv. ."i20, .">•_'.'{, ."ilil _', ■'j;i8-4l. Returning in "4(i Ik; joined Castro at Sta (,hira, as niayorgen. of t!io Cal. forces, and i-ctreated to t!ie soiitli in.li;!y. v. :!!», 41. ."i.'t, lO.'i, l.;4-.">. In Flores' revolt C. was uM in com., deieating Mervine, and frightening .Sioihton away from S. I'edro; then engaging iu a pint against Flores, but rcstiniing his allegiance fur the final struggle against tlie invader.-, and tinally .signing the treaty of Cahuenga as Mex. eonnuissioner in .Ian. '47. v. 'MW, lU.S-'j:!. .SJt, 3;n-.'{, 391, 404-.'). In '4'J he was a mendier of tiie constitutional eonveiiti m, and this would seem to have been the end of his pMMic life. He didl at .^,;i B. in '0"2. His 1st wife wils Lstefana I'ico, and hi> seconil .Jacinto I'ico, boUi sisters of Don I'io. A daughter mariied Lewis T. IJurton, but I know not'iiug of any other children. Thus Don Jose .Vntonio's nauie was constantly hi no the Cal. public for over 'I'l years, lie' was a man of lemarkable natural aiiili- ti'-s for the most part unimproved and wasted. .Slight modilications in tiio conditions and his character might have m;ido him the foremost of ( 'alitor- inans — cither the best or worst. \one exci'lled him in intrigue, and lii^ w.is never without a plot on Imnd. Agaudtler. of loose habits, anil utterly careless in his as.sociations, he yet never lust the privilege of associating with the best or the power of winning their friendship. There was nothing he would not do to oblige a frh;nd or get the better of a foe;; and there were few of any note who were not at one time or another both his foes and friends. Xo Califor- nian could drink so much brandy as he with so little elFoct. \ man of line appearance and iron constitution; of generous imi)ul.ses, without nnicli jiriu'i- ple; one of the few original and prominent characters iu early Caliioniiau \ 1 no ri()M:i;i! iikcistkk am» i\i»rx. iiiiijiilr<. <'. i.loMi' Aiitoiiid), HMii III' hniiiiii^'ci, III XI IiimjI ill l.iiiin ''J!); /'tniitin III l.iiiii|Mir ';<7 mill run •null iiusinii \ ir|ii ' h>; iiNii III rliiii>;i' iif S. Ml>.'lii'l. iii, (i.Vi; IV. til.'l, mill; lii;i Will' Will I'l lii'iiliul < tiilii n i/. I '.iiiillii l.liiHi'' li'.iiiiiiiinln), I7l>!>, lilt. Ill l.nri'lii, M liM nunc UN II Hiililirr Mini I'l Ml' Id liit. 1111111111-4, Imlli mil Ml |iiiiiii'rr. Till' i'H|iliiiirii will' win 'rniMiiMii l^iia> lu l.ii;'i 1 tun 1 iiinl rmiii' uf \i\H )'i';iiii|''iilis nil' iiaiiii'i I ill III I' I1I1 nlilv il:ill;'lili'i', M:iri|i ,\li|n|iiii iii.'ii'i II il l','i|it. •Iimi'' ill' III liiii'iiii V .Niiiii^ii. Nil' liiiiL.'' ii. 'IM K'l; iihiiI. i. ii;;i, iiiii, ."..ii •-', (Hi:.. (iT'.i v.', iiii--' :i", T'li; ii. js, :;(», iiti I'l. i m, 1 1:; i, 171. II ' ^i"lll'l| Ills lllllni' l!:iyillilM'lii, ilii>|i|illi'; lllr .Il ll .Il lllllllll jilt S. I) ii'v'"). " II" i;' II w 111 III .Si'lliiMIII, .'IJ. I ' ('lllSl'' l>ll!llllh|, Mill lia\ iii;.;r HIM' iiiiil h Willi III I imiiIIh r II h'w \ i':ir:i III I'Ki' In |ii lir w:is lui ■ Diri r in riiililln'M liiiml I'l' < 'ililiii'iii.'iii.'i Willi r:i|il nil ll iiiiil lilli'il I ''iw II' mill low III' ilni 111;^ (III- hrnr Itii ll. v. Hill 1. ll ll Wa I rl.llllll I l.y I iii'.irir mill ll il iiiN, linn mi Lili'l'. l!:iil, III 11' iniii'ilrr w.'iH I'liniinill) ll ii : in-l lii < |>rii|r-'l or w i' limil lii i kiinw li'i|;.'r. m I IniM' no iriiMiii III .sn|i|iiiMi' lli.il. Iir wii'4 in miy wiiy ii's|iiiii.^iMi! lor llial nii- f'li tnii.'itr iii'i'in Kill I'. Ill' ji'ini I ( ',1 iIi'ii'm linrriii Iniil., mnl w illi liiniwriit Miutli, lakiii;^ |i:ii I w Itli liM riN, ll mill irinaiinil in llit! mmiIIi. llr wa.s iiMiu'li mill niklr.s.i lillww , iiHin in !■ 1 iiii|iiiny, liii! nut. rrt^anlril in ii liail iniiii liy tliiiKi' w'ln kiH'W' liini lirsl. Mr w.i:4 i.iril liy till' ciiiii'ti mill liy tl vi'iil'iiili''! Iiil° iiini'ili'i, mill iiri|iiil li'il; luitinMin, in May 'lii, lir was rlml, liiun lirliiinl the tri'i'S at < 'nraiiiiiii^;a. Wlirllirr (Ins ninnlii'was ininlnil tnl liy ii \ i'.'ilanti' nut iili'iixcil willi llic vi'iiln't, liy niinm nvrii'.,'!'!' nf tlm ."^uiiuin.'i \ii'- Inns, nr liy ||. ]ii'i\;r,n fni', was ni'Vi r kimwil. ( '. (.Insi' limiinu), at .^-'lll ll. '11; jnanlcn of Miil/Mllai|ni','i. ran lio 'In. iv. I!l(l, ('i:',.'i. r.rli.ii IS h:iiih! II I ini'' I'l'iliii'.'; il' not, I li.'iM- III! iili'iiwlio III' was. ( '. (.Iiimi), Knlilirr of tlii'.S.j'', ('n.ii|i. at Soiioiiia '11 . ('.Ill iilii ('liiliii), son of .liiainiiii. IiiiiIIiit of Ifanioii, wlioi'iinio iiiiitli with lirr iiliiiiil. ''|!l, ami in 'II is mi'iil. in SolloliiJl li t as I'.l VI of In 'Hi, ;,'oinf,' to \i.sit. Ins lii'iilli> ' in law, (lin. X.illijii, a |iris(in( r at. Siittir'.s l''iiit, 1 •on .1 lilin was liiinsrlf I'. )W ii into prison for si viral iiioiiIIim. v. \2\, I: •JUS '.); li.iil aCal. liaini o .•^IT.-'iKO, inosL of wl was ilisallowi'il. •III". I'loin 'I'.t III' was a I'tsiilcn',. i if Sla I n .1, w liclc III' was tl I' ow nrr I if 1: tr.'ii'l of Ins iiiot ll't' S I'.'llll'llo. l\ . (i7;i; liiit. I ilii' most, of Ins I'oniitrvMi'ii 1 isl his Imiil. .Still liviiii; at Sla 11 |i;i!(', {'. (i.uis), Mill of .\nasli 'S.'i, in poverty. I'lil a man of j^oml ism; marni'il Iii';iil;i.> lOrli Sta W. '17. V. (i;tl; ilifil nitii' of I lit l.nina I loi I': to .s;iv w liii who waH, riy ti ). Slo r.iin'hi M ah'ai.li! of V. (.Maria lii'l I'i^piritii .^aiitn). Mont. (list. ':t:i. iii. (i la 111 tnwililo ('Mi'iillo (Maiiiiiio), I7<''''', hiothi'i'of (Initlrrino, niiclr of .lost'' I!aini.. hinl hrotlii r Iviiinmiil.i w III) lu'Vci- caiini to Cal.: tinir p.'iiriits wi'ii- .lumiCar rill • aiiil l''.lij,'i'niil Millar, ("ainc as ii. nirp. iiml il. as aU'irt'/. in 17'^-; h.'til im f niiKV. r.ioL:. :iS'"i (i; iiii'iit. •-'."._• :(, :ii)i. .'ii.-i ui. ."i:!.". lo, 4'J(»-'; (i'l'.lro (J I. son of Cirlos Antonio, iiliii'atril at I lonolnhi ami IJi'stoii; in'rr.sl('il a! ."^Iii \\. liy Castro Ms. iii. .Vm, .'"iliU; (.'i-anti'i' of .xlaiims y .A'-iia ( 'alit'iitr, ami Caniu'ion 'lit, mill 'S, Dic^-n |sl. 'Hi. iv. (i;tl, (iU; v. til'.i; I'h-itorat l-(s. Aiiu;. Tl. iv. ."ill); ri'i'i'ptor at .S.l). 'Hi. v. til.S |!l. In the tnmlili's cif 'Hi 7 l>ou IV'ilru favoi'i'il till" .\iin'rit'aiis from t!io tint, ami was imnln colh'i'tor at S. I't'ili... S. Dii",'!.. iiiiil linally at ,Sta it. v. •J(i7, ■.N7, H)-'. 4 Hi, .".7-', <»-'(>. <>:iii'. //i-7. <'n/., inelniliiii; his father's original eonimis.^inn as l;o\ . Mis wife wa.s .In-^efa 15aiuliiii, and there are sev- eral sons ami daii/jhters. t'.irrlilo (lliiiininnU'). son of .\nastasio; eh'rk at Stjv 1'. mission '.'{."i. nml aJiiiin. ';>l)-S. iii. IJ,'>7-{S; siih-prefect ■.■{U-40. iii. Gi4-o; iv. 15, (j41; sooi'otury (.\i:i:mj-() cAiiTF-ni. 7i; of Jill/, 'II. r;;i-J, Cll; in 'll ..-nut.r .,f S. Mi;;in| imim lin. iv. V,V.'.; ill "l.-J JMi/ lit M.i II. aiiij j^iiiiil if .\ip|iiijiii. i\. (il- ;t; iii|it. of iJifiiiNHK.H 'lit. iv 407: mijilintd iif HM|i. iciiiit, nriij r |i riiii'iii ,Sta II. 'I.l iv. .'.'IJ, ."itO; in '1.' loni. -I still livi-il Ut Sl.'i h. V. :i:t(), 4IM), tl.'lil. Il« wifi iil<:ili|<-<.f .Sill It ill 'III, llirii- ill TiUniiil iati r. Ill's wifi- u.im I'ulori't Oi li^j^a, iiiiil liiiii' wiii' Hi\ii !■: Willi; I IIi<' III '11 r. ■.s:i. liiMiii'lMin 'Hi, in I'oiinri'linii witli l''.'.s o|ii'i'.ilioii.s at ' l.'i. il.in in tli" .Siut. \'al- 1' y, (III till! Or. froiitiir, in tin: S. l!afa,'.» I, IJI, l'_'7, 171 -, " . t; lin;,' sontli, '.r w.iw h< nt iii;,' |)ait ill tin- S. I'.i iiii.il (i'lit, amt MiilpHiiiUiiit 'y siTvin^' in tin; Los .\ t ', r.iin|i.ii;'n. v. '_'l(i, 'JIIO 7, "I'lO, 117. In M.ilili '17 In' u.i" ii;.';iiii sent t<. Wa 'liiii;tnii uilli ili!s|ialilii's, ariiiinii.inyiii;^ l.iiia lii'ilr. AtWa.ili. In: wa.s ii|i|i<>inli'il lit'iit t]i.'in,L!s,' ami wliose little li^ik i/irhi Ui,i,U. n/lh'' Miinn -was puli. at Stock- ton in ','>•_'. lie died in '."),'l, his w ife and clii'd airi\iii','ii little l;iter, liut retiirii- iii;.,' to the east. C. (.lolin), nwncr of S.I'', lot '-40; went to I'.S. C. (.lose Manuel,) IS 10, at S. (lalnicl willi a Sonoi-.i pass to visit ( 'al. C. ([..ind-.'a), 1SI7. settler in Kiiss. Itiv. Valley, siill thdv after '.'ili. Son. Cn. //.'.s/., ."US. Carson (M(e!»-7.S. ■7. Carsteiis (II.), 1848, (iunnaii said Carter, 1S2J, iiir of tlio Jura. iii. 147. C, 1S4.1, a pliysicuiii atN. llclv. .: ! 743 PIONEER RECLSTER AND INDEX. •45-0. iv. r.80; perhaps Ooo. C, 1.S48, inr of the Kamehnmdm ITr.; of C. & Davis iit IS. F. ; perha|)s .Joseph <). C. (David), 1848, at Mont, from Uos- tou v.itli letters from J. C. .Jones. C. ((.ieo. I, JSt.'t, iniinig. apjiaiviitly of the Grig.shy-Iclo party, iv. 578, 587; perhaps the (!. S. Carter who servtil ia the L'al. Jiat. (v. 358). C. (Ceo.), 18115, Co. C, Ist U.S. tlrayoon.s (v. ',VM',). C. (Ceo.), 1847, Co. 15, N.Y.Vol. (v. 4',»0). C. (Henry), 1831, mv of t'.ic ll'wt Little, iii. 384. C. (J. B.), 184(5, lieut on the .S'am»Hf(A. C. (.Joiin), ISlt, Anier. sailor from the Tusso; huulecl siek at S. D. iv. 453; sent to .Mont. <;ii the Admittfttirc; aided by the consul, and shipped in '4(5. C (.Tohn), 1817, Co. K. N.Y.Vol. (V. 41)0). C. (.Joseph O.), 1831, Amcr. mr oiihul'ohiii/rn- anrl llurrUt lildiic/iard '31-3. and of the L'as (his '3(5-8. iii. 382, 3:;4, 4J5; iv. 105, 141. Ilia wife and ehihl often nccomp. him on his voy. li(;t. Cal. a:ibirin. I'.at. (v. 4li9); Utah farmer and col of militia '81. Casscl (.John), 1847, perhaps of N.Y.Vol., not on roll. Cassidy (Hugh), 1847, Co. F, 3d artill. (v. 518). Cassin (.lohn A\'.), IS-tG, scrgtCo. C, 1st U.S. dra-,^j()ns (v. .33o); went east '49. but returne I from Washington Ter. ''o'2, settling in Tuolumne; a farmer in Tehama '()'2-77, the time of his death. Castauares ((Jregorio), regidor at Mont. '44. iv. 053. C. (.Jose), jucz de campo .'it Mont. '3.5. iii. 074. Cast.-iuares (.Josii Maria), 1833, Mex. from Puebla; clerk for tho admin, of customs liafael Clonzalcz, whose daughter. Ana Maria, was his wife; "JO years old in '3(5, w-Iien his amours with Ildefonsa Herrera were tin; basis of a causa eelebrc at Mont. iii. 4.'}ii-9. He was .a handsome fellow, but arrogant in manner. He went to Mex. sx little later, but in '40 came back on the ( 'uluVuni. iv. 31; in '42 lisoal and ministro suplentc of the tril»unal. iii. 005; iv. 299, 29(5; in '43 grantee of tho Arroyo do los Calzoncillos rancho. iv. 071: in '44 lieut-ci)l of tlie defensores and a .supporter of Mieheltoren:i. iv. 405, 407, 509, 051; in '45 sent to Mex. by (Jen. Castro on a mi.ssion of which little is known, and never returned, iv. 5,'iO, (iOl ; v. 32. In '47 ho appears as a colonel in tlie Mex. army. C. (Manuel), 1840, brother of .Jose Maria, who came from Mex. to take charge of the Mont, customhouse, but became, instead, sec. of the prefecture '40-2. iii. 075; iv. 31, 020, 052; in '42 sent to Mex. by Alva- rado as a commissioner, returning with appointment as admin, of customs; also fiscal of the tribunal, iv. 28:'!-5, 20(5, 312, 339, 341, 352, 5(53; in '43 still admin, of customs, elector for Mont., grantee of Mariposas, and linally elected memlmr of congress, iv. .355, 357, 3(51, 377, .38(5, 072. His labors in congress '44-5, as .shown by his ('olcrcion dc JJontmcnton published in '45, arc recorded in iv. 412-18, 431, 449-50, 4.')7, .524-5; v. 32. Ho never returned to Cal., but in later years gave testimony in the Limantonr case, which was pronounced false by .ludge Hofl'inaii. Ho was a man of some al)iUty, and more popular than ids brother. I think his family came and went with him. Castaiieda (Juan), 1^37, ilex. capt. , nat. of Texas, and com. of the L. Cal. CAST-V5fEDA-CASTR0. 749 frontier, who came to Cul. with Josd Ant. Canillo, and took a prominent part iu the mil. operations to support Carlos Carrillo in '.18, until captured, lii, i"t4U, 5-i!)-50, oiJIl-j, .")o9, (JOl. In ".'J!) lie was made sec. of tlio com. gen., and sunt on a mission to Mex. ]>y Vallejo. iii. 5't'.); iv. •2S'>; returned iu '42 with Mioheltorena, or at Icait ahout the same time; in 'J.'J-G not nuich is heard of him, but he was the grantee, as was* chiimcd, of several pieces of land, having a lot at S.F. iv. 3J'J. (JUl), (ill; v. 41 nOl, ()(»."), GSO. After '.")0 a wit- ness in land eases. A man of good manners, fair education, and little force. Castillero (Andres), ISIW, Mex. eapt, of the 1^. Cal. frontier comp., who came to Mont, apparently with «!ov. Chico; at tlie downfall of (lutierrez ho M-as not exiled, but chose to go away, periiaps to Mex. iii. 4(iO ;<; iu ';i7 he came back as a eomisionado of the Mex. govt and induced Alvarailo to sub- mit to centralism, being at once sent back to Mex. to work for Alvar.ib/s interests, iii. 521, 520-31, 572, 024. Successful again, he returned to l.'al. in '38. iii. 574-G; iv. 101; in ",i'J v.as grantee of .Sta Cruz Isl., and went to Mex. as congressman and habilitado-gen. of the Cal. companies, iii. 5.S2, 500, 0.")(i; iv. 00, 100, 102, 143. In '45 he came back once moi'e as a comisiouado of the govt to prepare for the reception of Mex. troojis and defence a:;ainst Amer. invaders, iv. 528, 5,'J5, 5:17, 002-3, 000, 014; v. 17. It was at this time that Castilkro found and denounced the famous New Almadcn (juicUsilver mine, for which he ligurcd as claimant iu the litigation of later yeai's. v. (!0."i. He was sent to Mex. again on govt business early iu '40 and did not return till after the war. v. 32-3, 577. I have no record of him after the litigation of '49-01, during which he resided cliiefly iu Mex. Castillo (Ambrosio, Enrique, (iabriel, .Jose M., Loreto, and Manuel), at Los Aug. '40. C. (Felipe), Sonoran cigar-maker and trailei', age 2."), who took p:irfc ia the ApahUegui revolt at Los Aug. '35. iii. 2S2-5; went to Son. but returned iu '45. iv. 572; grantee of Vallc de S. Felipe, and sent overland with de- spatches to Son. '40. V. .3.'{2, 019. C. (.Jose), juez aux. Mont. '44. iv. 053. C. (.lose Maria), soldier at S. Jos6 mission 1797-1800. i. 5,")0. C. (los6 Maria), regidor at .Mont. '31-2. iii. 072-3. C. (Francisco), sec. tos\d)-prcfect at Sta B. and to prefect at Los Aug. '39-40. iii. 040, 054-5. ('. (Pedro del), Mex. infantry sergtfrom S. Bias about '25; elector at S.F. '27. ii. 5!)2; regidor Mont. '33. iii. 073; receptor of customs at S.F. '33-0; iii. 377, 700. C. (Nicanor dc Jesus Garnica del), 1842, came from X. Mex. in a colon}', and after a short stay at .S. Luis 01. came to Mont., living later at S. Jos(\ and iiiuiUy near Salinas, where iu '77 he gave mo some AV"»rr(/o-'( of events iu '44-0. Castillo Bueno (.Tuan), 1002, sergt in Vizcaino's exped. i. 98. Castillo Ncgrcte (Francisco Javier), 1S34, came from Mex. with the H. & I', col.; .cin- tlico and sec. of ayunt. at Mont. '35; .sec. of (Jov. Chico; grantee of (^uien Sabe and Sta Ana ranches '.30; cither exiled with (Sutierrez or sent by Chico us an agent to Mex. a little earlier in '30. Sec iii. 4(i0; also 203, 420, 074, 078. C. X. (Luis), 18.34, Span, lawyer, brother of Fran. .!., wiioalso came with tlic colony as district judge of Cal.; a bitter opponent of Alvarado's govt, wlio went away voluntarily with (hiticrrez in ''.W; a poet as well as lawyer; later gov. of L. Cal.; died iu '4.1 Biog. iii. 403-0; ment. iii. 203. 207, 277, .372, 41.5, 480, 484, ■'»S0-7, 534, 580. Castle (.lohu). 1 845, deserter from the //'»;»-- vll, at S. Diego. Casto (.Tames), 1847, Co. D., Morm. Bat. (v. 4(i9). Cas- ton(Geo. R.), J 847, Co. D.,X.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Castro. Excejjt in tiie case of a few of the most prominent of the name, no attempt is made here to follow the complicated connections of this family or group of families, doubtless the most numeious in Cal. Castro, in a .S. F. l)adron '44, age 25. C. (Agustin), son of Mariano, at Las Auinuis ';Ui, age 24. v. (Albino), sou of Francisco M., age 10, in '41; d. without issue before ■.")2. C. (.Vngel), 8ul>-maj. of S. Juan B. '.35. iii. 092; at S F. del Hosario rancho '30. iii. 078; nat. of Cal., age 45, wife Label Butron. chihl. Kam.m b. '10, Ciuadaluiie '20, Josd '23, iFosefa '30, Concepcion '32, Juana M. '31. .lost'- .loaq. '33, 'osefa '34; ment. '40. iv. 0; in '42 grantee of Los I'aioines, and com. of a militia comp. at S. .TosC' and Brancif. iv. 055. 003,080; juezatS. .luan Ii. "44, '40; family insulted by Frijinont's men. iv. 501; v. 9, 040; taxpayerin Mont. 7.-.0 riOXEEH REGISTER AND INDEX. '"'o. '.">0. r. (Antonio Maria), soMiiT df 1780, retired in 1800; grantee of Vega del IVijaro ranclio '"20. ii. '.i^'A, (j(J4; iii. (J7!t; Huplentc of dip. ''2'2, and vocal '•J.'), ii. 4(i-; iii. IS. C. (Antonio), son of Francisco M. iv. 71, r)44, t)71t. ('. ^ .ntonio), perliajis son of Ant. .Maria, or in some items there may be con- fnsion bet. liini and his fatlier and others; regidor of Mont. '30-1. ii. G12; iii. '2\'2, (J7-; conds. of S. Antonio mis. "M. iii. .S07, 087; ale. at IVijaro 'o5. iii. (i74; supl. jue/.at S. .hum 15. 'SO, '4(1. iii. ()!).•{; v. (140. C. (.Vntoniu), j.os- bibly the sanu', or thi! son of Fran. .M., at S. Joso '41, age 41, wife l)iirl)aia Soto, chihh Francisea b. '"24, Concepcion ''JS, .lose de .lesus ''29, Maria S. ";!(), (jlal>riela 'l'2, JuaC' "M, Jos(? ,\nt. "M. C. (Antonio Maria), son of Joa(|uiii, at iS. .lo.s(5 '41, age l(i. C. (lilas), son of Jose Ant., at S. Antonio rancho ''M, age -0. ('. (Candida), wife of Jos(i Bolcof. ii. 479; grantee in '39, with her sisters, of Itefiigio rancho. t'astro (Ci'ulos), bro. of Francisco, Ignacio, and ^lariano; maj. at Sta Cruz '1-2. ii. ;-2, .')4:{-4; shidico at S. Jos6 '28, also supl. vocal '"28 9. ii. (J0,">; iii. 4'2 3; in '34 grantee of Las Llagas rancho, .Sta Clara ('o. iii. 074, 077, 71'2; where he liveil in '.3(!, age 00, nat. of (.'al., wife Maria del Rosario (larcia; su|)l. vocal of juntu '.S9. iii. .'590. Don Cilrlos i-i tlcscribed as an eccentric olil fellow, wjio teinpered his hospiUility by an all'ec- tatiiin of abusing his gncals. J5y a padron of '41 he was a .Sonoran, age "Oi, while his wife was a year younger than in '30! C (Carlos), ment. at.S. Luis Rey ';«). iii. ti'2.'). C. ('Chanate'), see 'C. (.Manuel).' C. (Crisanto), son of Mariano, at S. Jose '41, age 11. C. (Cruz), at S. Rern. '40, ago '28. C. (Kvai'isto), son of .lose, at Lus Xniinas '.38, age '2'2. V. (Felipe), prob. son of Alaiiano, soldier at Mont. ".30, agt^ "20. C. (Francisco), piloto aud master of transport vessels 1770-8. i. '287, '200, .3'28. Castro (Francisco .Maria), nat. of Sinaloa, b. 177r>; prob. bro. of Cilrlos, Ign.,and .Mariano; for 13 years artill. soldierand eoip. : settler at S.F. before liSOO, in v.hicli year he was alcalde, i. 710,718. In '■2'2 elector, member of dip. , ale. at S. Jo.se (':). ii. 4.")4, 4()2, ."iS4, (i04; in '23 explor. exped. north of bay, and grant of the S. Tablo rancho. renewed in '34, where Don Francisco spent the rest of his life. ii. 497-9, .■■»94-."), 004; iii. 713; \ocal and elector '■2.', '27. ii. .■>92; iii. 17-18. Duhant-Cilly, Viiui(fi<> ii. 88-9, says that Don Francisco was of French descent; I liiid no other evidence of this fact, or of any direct relationship to the other (.'astros. He died in '31, leaving a widow, tiabriela Berreyesa, who died in '."il; 7 sons — .\lvino, Antonio, (Jabriel Vicente, .lesus Maria, .Joaquin Isidro, .loan Jose, and Victor; 4 daughters — Maria de .lesu.s who d. before '.)2 without issue, Mari'a (iregoria who married Jose lianion Estradiv and died without issue before 'o'2, Francisea who married Jo.ni. Moraga and died before '.V2 leaving ."» children, and Martina the wife of ro. of Ci'nlos, Fran., and Mariano; soldier of S.F. IT.sO; settler at S. Jo8(5 1780; alcalde I7!M». 1S04, '0, '10. i. 477-S, 71X'2. C. (Ign.), sou of Joaquin, at lirancif. '2S. V. (Ign.). sun of Mariano, at S. .lo.s('' '41, age 'JO. ('. (Isidoro), his (lau:,'liti'r niairicd Surg. l);ivila. i. 400. C. (•Icsiis Maria), son of Franciscn M. ; rusid. of S. l'al)Io; age 18 in '41 ; iuS. I'', militia '37. C. (Jesus M.), son of Juan Josi'', at lirancif. '"28, age 13. ('. (.Joaquin), soldier of 8. P. coinp. 1777; wife Martina Botiller; sfitilcr at S. Jos('' 17'.'0, etc. i. 478, (517; iicrliaps the same who owned the l^ueiiuvista ranclio near Mont. '!)">, and obtained f^a Hrea 1801-2. i. (i83; ii. 171, 004. C (Joaquin), inviilido soldier and settler at lirancif. from 17!'!). i. .">71; mar- ried Maria Ant. Amador; maj. of Sta Cruz '18. ii. 244-.'); lined '27. ii. 027; in '28 at JJrancif. , a widower, chihl. (Juadalnpe, Ignaeio, Joaquin, N'icenta, ])aria; I!afael, and Juan Josti were apparently his sons; there h;al also been a daughter J'l.'icida de .le.sus, b. 1803; ment. in '30. ii. 027; alcalde '31. iii. OUO-7; grantee of S. Andri^^'s rancho '33. iii. 078. C. (Juatiuiul, son of pi'eceding; at l>rancif. '45, ago 2.">, wife Eusebia Valencia, child, .lose'' and Maieelina. C (.foaquin), proD. son of Joa((. of '95; at La Tirea '.SO, age 41; at S. Joh6 '41, age 47; wife Maria Int^s Sepulvcda, child. Mariano b. '21, Antonio M. '23, Lugarda '28. C. (Joaquin Isidro), son of Francisco M.; re- gidor at S.F. '35. iii. 704; lieut of the civic eomp. '37. iii. 701; grantee of El ,Sobrante'4l. iv. 073-4; ment. '41-.3. iv. 199,084,080; Cal. claim of .SS,."'.1() (v. 402) in '40; claimant for S. I'ablo, and executor of his father's estate, iii. 713. Castro (Jos(5), son of Jos(5 Tiburcio, b. about 1810; at school in Mont. '1.1- 20. ii. 429; his 1st public service seems to have been as sec. of the Mont, ayunt. in '28. ii. 012; though in these years it is ditficult to distinizuis'-. iu the records between him and his father, both called generally Josi'. Arrested by the rebels of '29. iii. 09, 89; sec. in '30, also arrested again for expressing contempt for the Mex. iii. 49-50; ii. 012. IJesides Ijeing engaged to some ex- tent in otter-hunting '31-4, Castro was still sec. of the ayunt. '31, also named as comisiouado to secularize S. Miguel, and a member of the dip. w hich Vic- toria refused to convene, iii. 180 et seq., .307, 374, .394, 084-5; 7th vocal of the dip. '33. iii. 240, 249-50, 291; 3d vocal in '.35. but acting as 1st in tiio absence of the 1st and 2d, and thus acting gov. Sept. '35 to Jan. '.30. iii. 29S- 300, 414-10, 420; also comisiouado at S. Juan 11 in '.35. iii. 092. lie took part in the troubles with (Jov. C'hico. iii. 424, 440; and in Oct. -Nov. ',30 w.is Alvarado's chief supporter us mil. com. in tlie overthrow of (Jutierrez. iii. 453-75. From Xov. 5th, the downfall of (t.. he was com. gen. of Cal. to Nov. 29th, and gov. — as presid. of the dip. —to l)m. 7th; then, as lieut-col of civic militia — under Vallejo, who remainetl at the north as com. gen. — he went south to take charge of Alvarado's cause in the complicated eam]iaigns of '37-8. iii. 493, .501, 503, 505, .50!»-10, 520-1, .'>22-3, 520, 540, .^ll-O, 558 t!2, 577-8, 580, .582; claiming also a grant of Verba liuena Isl. in '.38. iii. 713. In '39 he Wtas commissioned by the Alex, govt as eapt. of the Mont. comp. iii. 584, 071; w-as vocal of the junta, one of the terna for gov., and grantee of S. Justo rancho; and prefect of the Mont, district '39-40. iii. ,584-0. 5S8, .'i!)(», 00.3-4, 075, 07S; iv. 75. In '40 Castro ai'rested the foreignei's and went with them to S. lilaa, being tried by court-martial and acipiitted in Mex., and re- turning to Cal. in '41. iv. 0, 11-35, ,37. 193, 202-4; mention in '41-3 as c.ipt., jironuitcd to lieut-col in '42, member of the junta, etc. iv. 282, 292, 2'.t5, 313, 339, .357, .300-2, 304, 052; in '44 lieut-col of the defensores, and sent to estab- lish a frontier gnrrison in the S. Joa<|. \'al. iv. 407-9; a leader in tlic revolt against Micheltorena '44-.5, and after M.'s overthrow became com. gen. of Cal. iv. 458, 400, 4()3, 483, 485, 488-510; his oflicial acts in '45, eontrdV.rsy with (tov. I'ico, precautions against foreign invasion, tour in the north, treat- ment of immigrants, etc. iv. 518-45, .550, 558-«)0, 589-90, 001,003, (KH) 7, 0.')2; continuation of the controversy in '40, troubles with Frt'Uiont and the Hears, negotiations with I^rkiu, operations at Sta Clara, and retreat to the south in July. v. .5-5.3, 00-1, 72, 78-100, 105-9, 132-3, 185, 230-3, 245. 037, COl, 075; final operations in the south, negotiations with Stockton, and liight riONi:EIl REGISTER AND INDEX. to Mcx. Aii^'. '40. V. 2C.1-7S, 407-0. Don .To8(5 cnmo back to Cnl. from Sina- li):i ill 'IS. V. r>,S,V-(;, (U(l, t')',H, and lived an n private citizen ui Mont, anil S. .Iiian till '.">.'{, when \ii', went ii;,'iiiu to Mex., being made 8ld)-jefe ]io!itico and mil. com. of tlie L. Cal. frontieifrom about '.")G. In '00, wliilelioldini; thisolHce, he v.ii.s killed in ii dninkeii brawl— or, as Home say, assassinated -by onu M;iniiel ,Man|nez. His widow, Modesta Castro, was still living in t'al. as late as '77. 'rim.^i, .lost' ( 'astro was the most jjrominent of liis name as ii public nnin. No Californian has been .so thoroughly abused us he in what has passed for hi.xtory. It siiould bestati'il at tiie outset that nine tentlis of all that has been said a;j;ainst him by American writers has no foundation in truth. Of his eon- duct ill tlie sectional (quarrels of '45-0, there is not much to be said in his favor, except that it was somewhat less discreditable than that of his oppo- nent, Pico; but with his acts in the contest with the settlers and the U.S. little fault can lie justly found. He did not maltreat the exiles of '40, as chargecl by l''ariiliam and others. He did not brcuk his pledge to Frt'^mont in the spring of '40, nor did he do any (jf the absurd things attributed to him in connection with the (iavihin afl'air; but his conduct was far more honorable, dignilied, and consistent than that of I'rcmont. He did not threaten to drive the immi- grants back into the snows of the Sierra, but treated tliein with uniform Kin; witness in the Santillan case. C. (Jose Rjimon Simon), son of Gui- llermo, at S. JoS(? '41, age 7. C. (.ios6 Saturuino), soldier at S.F. '19-2*2. Castro (Josi^ Tiburcio), son of Macario, nat. of Sinaloa, who came to Cal. prob. before 1800; perlinps the man ment. 1801, '10. ii, li>'2, .371. He was a soldier, and linally a corporal. In '19 alcalde of S. JosC, having a rancho in that vicinity, ii. 378; suplente or vocal of the dip. ''22, ''24, ''27. ii. 40t>, .510- II, 0I'2; iii.' .36; alcalde of Mont. '-27. ii. 012; in '•28-9, memb. of dip. and p.irtido .lector, ii. 013; iii. '41-4; ale. '^29. ii. 012; iii. 09. 73; vocal '31, tak- ing part against Victoria, iii. 187, 189; comisionado for Soledad '31. iii. 307, 090; grantee of Sauzal rancho '.'{4, '45. iii. 079; maj. and ailmin. at S. Juan B. '35-0. iii. 354, 092; memb. of the junta dip. '39. iii. 590; prefect of the CASTRO. 7:3 Ist ilist. in '40, snccoeiling hia son. iii. 052, Cifi, C75-C. His wife sccnis to have Iteen an Alvarez; ))Ut I have no record of any children except Jim- and the wife of Santiago Moreno, nor of tiie date of hi.s deatii. Dun Tihurcio wua a man of little ability and still less education, but of excellent ciiaracter. ( '. (Juan), had a son in the Mont, school '4(i. V. (Juan), son of (juillernio, S. JostS (list. '41, age 10. C. (Juan l^utista), son of JostS Ant., at .S. Antonio rancho '.'{(), age 1.3; perhaps the alfC-rez of aux. cavalry at Mont. '4.'>-G of .saino name. v. 41. C. (Juan li.), son of fSimeon, b. '3o; in later years a prosjicr- ous ranchero at ("astroville, where he still resides in '85. C. (Juan Josi'j, son of Francisco M.; militiaman S.F. '37; grantee of Y. B. Isl. '.S8; in '41 in iS. JoH(5 dist (at S. I'ablo), age 38, wife I'etra licrnal, child. Maiscta (?) b. '28, Magin '.'tO, Francisco '33, .Joai'; Maria and Narcisa '38; grantee of Kl tSobrante and other lands in the contra costa '41, '44. iv. 671; living in 'i>'2; d. l)eforc '8'J, the date of his widow's deatli. C. (Juan JosC-), bro. of Rafael and Gua- dalupe, at IJrancif. '28, wife Manui'hi Juarez, son Manuel; regiilor '3,3. ii. 027, 090; in '45 at Braucif., age .38, wife (2d) Rita Josefa, child. Jos6 Manuel b. '24, Guadalupe '20, Trinidad '28, Jesus Maria '32, Jos6 Domingo '33, C'iirmen '34, Anioiiui (?) '30, Angustias '42. C. (Juan Maria), at Mont. '.30, age 14; Mrs M. Castro de Estrada was apparently his sister. C. (Leandro), son of iSinieon, b. '34; in later years ranchero near Castroville; .still living '85. C. (Luis), Sp.in. soldier who left the AquilfS at Sta B. iii. 27, 51-2; at S. (iabrid '28-9, 00 years old, single, of good conduct. 0. (Luis), at Los Aug. '40, pos- sibly the preceding. Castro (Macurio), native of Sinaloa, soldier from 1778, who came to Gal. in 1784; was coi-p. of the S. D. comp. at S. Juan Cap. '85-7; and at S. JostS and Soledad '!(U-4, being comisionudo of S. Joaii '92-4. i. 479, 499, 710; sergt from '94. i. 080; frequent mention '9.V1800, in con. with Ind. atl'uirs and explor. exped. i. 54H-9. 552, 558-9, 083, list auth. ; inviil. and comis- ionado at IS. Jos(5 1788-1807, and a prominent citizen in many respects, ii. 10, 132, 134-5, 140-1. I find no record of him after 1807. His \;ite, who came with him to Cal., was Marui Potenciana Ramirez; their children were Jos6 Tibureio, Agapito, Simeon, Mariano, Mari.-i de Jesus, Maria Dolores, and Cdrmen, all born before 1793. Don Macario, as the grandfather of .JostS and Manuel, may be regarded as the most prominent among the Castro founders. C. (Magin), son of Juan JostS, S. JosiS dist. '41, age II. C. (Manuel de Jesus), son of Simeon, b. '21; sec. anil collector at Mont. 39. iii. 075; see. of the prefecture '42-3. iv. 052. He was prime mover in the revolt against Micheltorena, taking an active part throughout in '44-5, being once captured and exchanged, and finally comisionado to make a treaty, iv. 4t")8-9, 402-8, 480-7, 500-509. Under the new admin, he was made prefect of the Monterey distriet in '45, being also made lieut of the Mont, comp., and taking a most prominent part in public affairs, aa representative of the civil autliority ami supportci of Gov. Pico against Gen. Castro in the north, iv. ■l.'i, 5.30-7, 000, 052. In '40, besides being promoteil to capt. of the .Sta 15. comp., getting a lanil gr.int, having a Cal. claim of §10,000, and continuing his services as prefect, v. 030-7, he took a prominent and luiuorable jiart in the troabli!3 with FrtSmont. v. 4, 12. 17; tjuarrel with Cambustoii. v. 34; cHorts for defence against the settlers and the U. S. v. 41, 45, 50, 131, I.34-5; sent south in July as eoniisionatlo to efl'ect a reconciliation bet. the gciier.d and gov. v. 130, 143 4, 201; left in com. at Los Aug. on (ien. C.'s tlepitiiure in Aug., but there is doubt whether he was one of the officers captured and paroled by Stockton's men. v. 206, 282, .301. On the outbreak of Flures' re- volt in Oct. Castro was put in com. of the northern division ami oomuuLnded in the Natividad campaign, v .321, 301-72, 039; llight to Mex. with Flores '47. V. 407-9. In Mex. Don Manuel continued his mililary services for .sev- eral years, and in '49 was put in com. of the frontier comp. of L. Cal., in place of AndrtSs Castilloro, taking charge of the militsiry colony of Siinto Ttmuis till '52, when he hatl to yield to Castillo Xcgrete. See //w<. Xorth M<<\ SUUe», ii. Since '52 Castro has resided for the most part in S. F. down to '85, Qover becoming a citizen of the U. S., o£teu interested; in Mex. colunizatioa Hut. Cal., Vol. II. 48 1: 7o4 riONEKR nKGISTKR AND INOKX. sclicmcs, and rankiiv^ as cf)lniiel in tiio ^I'-'X. aniiy — pcrliaps brevet general in tin; liist years. Ho wiis nc\('r inanieil. Don MiinucI was an alder man tlian his eciusin, till- general, ami iiis iml)li<- feecinl in Cal. down to '47 was in most respects an i'.\i.'ellent one. I'rue to his country ".s cause, with no sym- pathy for foi'eign lililiusters, lie ixcrted himself, for the most part in vain, to Ileal foolish dissensions hetween (Jalif. eiiiefs and direct their foicc at;ainst the invaders. Of his later record not so much can he said in praise. N'arioiis ' ways that un^ dark " are iio|)ularly attril)ute; anoi\ /list, ('id., with im- poitjint I., (,'al. )naterial -somewhat unwillingly, it is tnie, some of my assist- ants having to adopt the policy of ' fighting the devil with lire;' ami linally I olitained his J'darioii ilo Alia ('<•(■, none the l(>, sergt from 'liS; alferez from '4(). iii. (ill; v. 41; went to Mex. with (!eti. Castro, eontinuecl in mil. service, and in '.")1 was at Sto Toniils on the frontier. C. (Manuel), son of Juan Jose, at Uraiicif. '"JS; ])erhaps .same as the preceding. C (Manuel), son of Jose Alit,. at S. Antonio lancho "Mi, age 8. (.', (M.), sentenced to presidio '45. iv. {)7>4.. ('. (Maria iMicarnacion), wife of Surg. I)avila 17'S'J. i. 4(iS. C". (Maria de Loa Angeles), wife of J. L. Majors; grantee of Ifefugio 'H!». iii. »i7S. Castro (Mariano). a]tparently bro. of Cdrlosand Francisco M. , and perhaps cousin of Macario; came to Cal, before ISOO, in 1801 went to Mex. and ob- tained a grant of La l!rca, or Las Animas, rancho in Sta Clara Co., about which he had considerable trouble later, though tiie urant was conf. in ';$.">. ii. 7, \:>'A, l(i.S, 171 . .V.t4, (iO:<, tl7;{, (>7t!, 71 1 ; alealdeat S.'jos(5 '27, '»). ii. ()Or,-r>. He died before ".'!."). His wifi' was Josefa ]{omei-o, living at La Urea '.SO, age Tj"), with her sons Agustin b. 'I'i and Vicente 'JS. One of their daughters, Lugarda, marricMl Thos Doak in '•_'(>. ii. "277. I think another daughter, Maria, was the wife of Carlos Ant. Carrillo. There were 4 children in 18()l. C. (Mariano), son of Macario; probably tlie .«ame who in '41 lived at S. Jose, age 57, wife Trinidad I'eralta, child. Mercedes b. 'LS, Angela '17, Ignacio 'Jl, Josi' Ant. '27, .Josel'a '2S, Crisanto '.'SO, Susana '.S'J; grantee of S. Itamon '.S,1, and Solis '.'{.">, ami (jf land in Mont. (list. '.'1!) (Hufma C. being cl. of '2 of these ranelios anil prob. his daughter), iii. ti7!>, 71.3; juez depolicia '42, '44. iii. .")12; iv. (l!S."). I'erliaiis the same man was one of the three of that name who voted at S. .lose in ".')(•, or the Mont, tax-payer of tlie .same year, or the claimant for Hefugio rancho in ''t'2; or some of these items may apply to one of the follow- ing. C. (Mariano), soldier of S. K. comp. 'l'.(-22. C. (Mariano), son of .loa- tpiiii, at La Hrea '',H>, ag(! 1.'). C. (Mariano), son of .lose Ant., at S. Antonio rancho ':U>, age 18. C. (Mariano L), .soldier of S F. comp. '10-22. C. (Mar- tina), grantee of .Shoi|uel 'Xl, and I'alo de Yesca ';i4, and claimant '."i2. C (Matias), settl-r at the Colorado jmeblos 1780-1. i. XjO. C, (Miguel), sol- dier '.SO, ii. litiO. C. (.Miguel), alferez of aux. cavalry Mont. '4"); Cal. claim S174 in '4(1. C. (Modesta), wife of (ien. (J., grantee of Canada tie los Osos, '44. iv. O.V). C. (I'edro), son of Simeon, at Mont. 'JiO, ago 8. C (I'limo), jit L;is Anim.18 '3(1, age 00. Casti-o (Rafael), son of .Toacpiiu, juez de campo at Brancif. '.'{2. iii. (iflO; grantee of Aptos 'Xl. iii. 670; sindico "34. iii. (J!)(i; alcalde aux. and juez '',\(>, '42 '.]. iii. (iO;!, 007; in '15 oHicer of election, iv. 004, then living at iirancif., age 40, wife Soledad Cota, child, Jose Maria b. '2.'{, Francisco '2.">, Jose .Ant. '27, Viceiitii '3,'), Maria "31, ilaria de los Angeles '33, liafaela '3o, Angustias CASTRO-CERMEi^OX. 70S '44. He died at Aptos in "7S. Newspaper notices of his deatli give his ajje as 78, state that he was fonueily a solilier and ciipt. liefore "M — d(>ul)tli'.ss aa error — and tiiat lie liad ] 1 eliilcheii, (S of them living in '7S, I'on Jfufail, like his brothers, was an industrious and pr(>s])er()us lanchero of good repute, not meddling much in politics. C. (llamon), xoii of Angel, age 'JO in ''M. V. (Itudesindo), son of Jose Ant., at S. Ant. ranclio '.Sft, age Ki. V. (Salva- dor), son of .lo-se, at Jjis Animas '30, age 10; '4(J mend), of S. ,Jo.s('! couneil, V. G04; elaimaiicof S. (iregorio WJ. C. (Hamon). at S. IJein. '40, age 24. Castro (.Simeon), full name Jose Simeon Juan Ne])omuceii(), son of Macario, b. in 1784 at Sta 15.; soldierof thcMont. conip. 180;i; grantee of l>olsaNu"\a y Moro Cojf) '2') and later, ii. Gl.">, (504, (»72. (i77; regidor at Mont. ';};{-4, '.'i7. iii. Gl'A, C75; in '.SO at Mont., age 52, wife Mari'a Antoido I'ico, child. Juana I). '17, Manuel J. ''22, Manuel '24, Mari'a Antonio '20, I'edro '28, Jo-si- Ant. 'SO, Francisco '.'{2, Leandro ';J4, Juan 15. 'S.'). In "38 Oalcaldeat Mont. iii. 077, ()''i; in '41 juez de paz, and grantee of Tucho. ii. 010; iv. Git',], (!.">0; in '42 grantee of Ano Nuevo. iv. 055. He died about '42. His widow was the claim- ant for l$olsa Nueva and Corral de I'adilla in '52. iii. 077; continued to llvo at Mont.; ami died in '84. C. (Vicente), son of Mariano, at Las .Xnimna '.SO, age 18. C (Victor), son of Francisco M., ment. ".Hi in connection with Ind. nfiairs. iv. 71; militiaman '37; grantee of Marc Isl. '40-1. iii. 712; iv. 072; in '41 living at S. I'ablo, age 24, wife Lnisa Martinez (daughter of l)(in Igiia- eio), child Jose; juez de campo '4.3. iv. 085; ment. '44, '40. iv. 47S; v. 105; Cal. claim (v. 402) of .«!12,912. .Still a resid. of Contra Costa Co. "85. In early troubles with the Ind. as well as in later contests with the S(iuatteis, l>r)n Victor has repeatedly shown himself to be a brave and determined man. His second wife was Felicidad Carrillo, and the third an xVmerican. Caswell (.1. F.), 1848, passp. from Honolulu. Catalii (Magin), 1794, Span, friar, who had previously been chaplain at Nootka, an-7. Ccrvuntts (Aiulrt's), Mix. artill. hcigt at Mont. ''2\)-'M. iii. 09, 74, 071; age 48 iu "M, wife lln- carnacion Alcivar, of Tupic. C. (Cruzi, Mcx. inajordomo at Tucho lanclio '.'Ml, ago 40, wife Filonicna Arroyo, chiKl. Anclcta I). '.HI, C'eledoiiia '.'W, Too- dosio ';<.">; grantee of S. Joatjuin or Kosa Morada ',30, for which ho was claim- ant in later years, iii, 07H-S). ('. (Pablo V.), noldicr killed by Ind. on tlie C'olonxlo 1781. i. 303. Cescna (Uamou S.), 184U, rcsid. of 8ta Clara Co. 'bil; a Mexican. Chabolla, jucz of S. Juan B. '40. v. 3.50, 040. C. (Anastacio), soldier of S. F. coinp. '23-31; nat. of Cal.; in '41 at H. Jos(5, ago 31, wife Josefa lligucra, child. Jo.s(5 Ant. b. ".i'), Fernando '37, Jos(5 J. '.W, Angel Maria '40; ill '44 grantee of Sunjon do Moquclunincs. iv. 073; d. before 'o3. Maria ('., prob. liiM daughter, wum claimant for this land, and also bis son Angel. C (.Antonio), grantee of Verba ISuena, Sta Clara Co. '33. iii. 713, 7-9-.10; in '41 at S. .los(5, ago 37, wife Juliana IJutron, child. Marta b. '31, Juan 3(i, Es- tcfana '3."i, Autoniu ''AH, Auisez (?) '30; juez de policia '43. iv. 08."); cluinutnt fur Y. 15. '53. C. ((Servasio), at S. JosJ '41, age '37, wife Miguela Linares, ciiild. Juan b. 'Si, Francisco '38, Marcos '39. C. (Jose do la Cruz), son of ^larcos, b. 1700 at S.F. ; at S. Josii '41, wife Mdxima Vasquoz, child. Jos(5 de la Cru.T b. '24, Toinasa '30, Soledad '3.'), Juana '37, Nemesio '41. C. (Luis), son of Marcos; sindico of 8. Josd '31, '35, '43. iii. 7*20-30; iv. 085; in '41, age 48, wife (iuadalupo Romero. C. (Marcos), Span, sohlier, corp., and set- tler at S.F. before ISOO; alcalde 1700-7. i. 710, 719; his wife was Teresa IJernal; child, in '03, Pedro, iSalvador, and Luis. C. (Pedro Regalado), .son of Marcos, b. S.F. 1780: soldier of S.F. comp. '19-22; in "30 sindico of S. Josi'-. ii. 00<); in '.34 alcalde, iii. 329-30; in trouble '37-8. iii. 525, 573; juoz do campo. '41, '44. iv. 084-5; ago 47 ace. to padron of '41, wife (iertrudia Ortega, child. Jos6 Miguel and Josefa b. '30, Jos6 de Jesus '35, Alejandro '30, Salvador '37, Maria '38, Teresa '39; alcalde iu '40. v. 002. Still a resid. of S. Jose in '00. Cliaco (Henry P.), 1843, nat. of R. I., at Mont, and Los Ang. '45-0, bound to Sonora; on Pion. Soc. roll as having arr. in Oct. '43. iv. 400. Cliadeu (Charles), 1845, Amer. at Brancif., ago 30, wife Mary, also Amcr., child. S. Dionisio b. '31, Matilde '34, Josefa '30, Tonias '38, ^laria '40, Elisa '42. I don't think this was the man's real name, but cannot identify him. Chadwick (W.), 1822-5, mr of the Plowboy. ii. 479; iii. 148. ChafEold, IS48, mr of t'lic Sahiiie. v. 580. Chaland (Fred.), 1847, lieut on the Indepvndenre. Chamberlain (John), 1839, Irish blacksmith who came on the California fioiii Acapulco, having deserted from a whaler on tJie Mex. coast, iv. 119; vorkcd at his tr.ide at Mont., was arrested in '40, and though not exiled was obliged to make shackles for the other prisoners, iv. 9, 17, 2.!, 28; on Lar- kin's books to '41; a little later went to the Sac.; naturalized in '44 and got a grant of Socayac. iv. 074; enlisted in Gautt's com. for Sutter's campaign of '45, but on account of illness did not go south, iv. 480; married in Jan. '40 to Nancy Hess — only one of some 19 similar contracts on his part as popular t.vidition has it — and soon wont to Or. v. 520. But ho returned after IS or 20 years, and in '77 was working at his trade at Mont., whore he dictated his Memoivn for my use, and where I think he still lives in '85. C. (John), 1840, Co. C, 1st U. S. dragocns (t. .330). C. (Levi), 1840, on the Don Qiiixoff at Mont. iv. 103. C. (Ventura), 1841, on the Jdivn Carolina, Chamisso (Adelbert von), 1816, natur.ilist of KotzeVjue's cxpcd., and author of UeiAe and lifmaiku with inform, on Cal. ii. 279-81, .300-11, 372-3, 420. Ciiampion, 184S, camo on a vessel from Honolulu ace. to his later testimony. Champlain (Wm M.). 1844, from N. Y. ; doubtful newspaper record. Chana (Claude), 1846, French cooper, who came to N. Orleans in '.30, to Mo. '41, and overlaniit icUirncd, an, -''.); inter(f.iteil at IJenicia '47. v. (J7-; Vent to llunuliilu, hut cunie hack in '48. I have no later record than liiH IcttiT atiS. F. Nov. '4S, h\it ho i.s said to have died in Cal. (,'. (.lohu A.), 1S47, Co. 1), N. Y. Vol. (V. 490); at l'>o8ton '«•_». C. (Itali.h), ltj47, mid. on tho U.S. Imhpniih'ua: C. (Wni), l.s4.S, hit-owner at S.F. Cliiipcl (Geo.), 1840, one of tiic e.\ile.8; and was hapti/.ed at S. IJaen. in '"22 as Jos('' Juan, hcing married the same year at Sta liii'S to (Juadalupe Or- tega, hy whom ho had live children, ii. 47'.*. In "24-(» he houglit a house .-.t Los Ang. iind got a piece of land, w here he planteil a vineyard of 4,01»0 vines, ii. f)"J(); l)nt still continued to ilo odd johs at the missions, being a jack -of-all- trades, who apparently could make or repair anything that was neeiled. lie was a great favorite of the friars, especially I'. Sanchez, w ho «k'clared it a marvel that one so long in the darkness of baptist faith could give sucli example of true catholic piety to older christians. In '"JO, armed with certificates from lead- ing men of all chisses, and defying the world to find any fault w ith his record, lie asked for naturalization, which he got in '^tl, having mean\\hile built a schooner and served on occasion as surgeon, ii. iVi8; iii. 140, 'JO!*, ."O."!, '.\S'l. His age in ''JO is variously given as X\ U) 48; he himself seems to say lie was 3:1 or ;U in '22, but is now 48. He soijii moved to Sta !>., w here in "M, age .V2, lie lived with wife and 5 children; in '.'IS grantee of S. I'edro ranclio. iii. (i,")(); is ment. in '45, and by Bryant in '47 as living near S. Ihien.; but seems to iiavo (lied in '48 or 'tO. Iluse and Foster. His w idow was claimant for the ranclio '52; and I think some of iiis descendants still live, '8.'), in Ventura Co. Among all tho earliest pioneers of Cal. there was no more attractix e character, no more popular and useful man, than .losepli Chapman the Yankee. C. (Juani, at Los Ang. '45; perhaps a son of Josei)h. C. (Manuel), 1844, f>iie of Fiemont's men. iv. 437. C. (Thos), I8;>'{, nir of the (7i«/-/(.>yiV"'- iii. 381. Chacjuettc (lleman), 1847, Co. O, N. Y. Vol. (v. 40!l). Charbonrie.au (.Jean I'..), 1847, guide to the Morni. liat. v. 483; in '48 alcalde at S. Luis lley. v. 021, t'r2'.\. Chard (Wm (ieo. ), 1832, Xew Yorker from N. Mex. with AlVxandir, (,'ar- penter, etc. iii. SSb, 408; at Los Ang., where he had a vineyard, till "30, ap- pearing in several records and being one of the vigilantes (iii. 4.'iO); in '.'m naturalized, being then at Stii B., protestant, ago 27, a trader on the coast. The same year went north to the Sta Cruz region, apparently with (iraham's conip., and his name often appears on Laikin's books from '37. In '40, living at lirancif., he was exiled to S. bias, but returned in '41, and next tofJiahaiii was loudest in his demands for justice and damages, until the courts s])oiled his little game by showing his Mex. citizenship, iv. 17-18, 24, 31, .33, 3'.)-4(), 1 l(i. In '43-5 C. h'ld a store andeailor boarding-house at Mont, in partnership with Josiah Belden; in '44 he got a grant of Las Floies, Tehama Co., on which he put his cuttle iu '45. iv. 071; earlier in '45 he signed the call to foreigners ut ■.8 ri()\i:KIl RIXilSTKR AM) INDF.X. S. JoHi'. iv. ')'M); ill '4."i 7 lio WQH employed liy Aiidn'M ("nstillt'io to wnik the Now Aliiiailcii iiiiiic; lint licfnro tlu' >'iiil (if '47 lie Ncttlcil, ii|i[i,'ii'('iitly, on liii 'I'l'lianiii riiiiuliii, wiitro lie Hiill lived in 'M, and win ru Ik; diiMJ, I tliink, ahmit 'I'll. IHh Avilt! wan u Calil'iii'iiian (if the Udlilcs family, wlnidii'd in '7-. 'I'liu family sttunis to liavc icnidcd at Sta ( 'larii f(ir hoiik^ ycar.-i after ('hard went to '!( Iiama. Stejilien Cliard, u ^'(m of W ni (i. «a.s still in ISO and later, a jinm- lieiiiiis fai'iner of 'i'ehaina. Cliaileldiix, I.SIJ7, (aiiiidian fi'oiii N'. Mv\. in com. of a party of ' (.'liaj.ruii- iiMSDH,' or Sliawnees, w lici \Neri! trapjicrs, mildiers, traders, or JinrNe-f liieve.s — V. !iielievt'i'profe.sNion nii;:lit lie most ]irolitaMent tlie time in '."{7 4(1. J lu aided I'.indini and the surefio^i aj,'aiii.st Alvaradd in '.■>7. id. 4!l.'), ."ilH, ."I'Jd; iv. IKS. ( harh.s, ]S4(I, in Sutter'.s employ, and j.'iiard iiver the SoiKima prisoners '4ti- 7. \. Ii'.'). Charley, liS4.''>, i)(daware Iiid. of l''r('moiit's party. '4.'i-7. Charles (Michael), lS2(i, Irish lilae!;smitli who landed sieU from ii whaler; at Mont. 'Ill, a;,'e 57. iii. 17. Chase (Charles), IMd, on the 1st jury at Mont. v. '.'S!!. C. ((;.). l.S4(i, I'eet sur;ieon on tlie Siir(iini(i/i; perhaps .same as jncet'din;,'. C. (Iliram), 1S47, ('(,. .1, N.Y.Wil. (V. 4!t!t|; d. hefore '«•.». C. (Hiram 15.). lf>»7, Co. A, Morm l!at. (v. 4(i!l); in Utah 'SI. C. (.Sam.), KVU, Kn^d. with a pass, for ii \earat Mont. C. (.Sam.), 1S47, at Sutter's .Fidy; at Mont. I'ee.; in '4.S in eharL;e of l.arkin's ranclio on the Sac., Iiut soon (juit fanning for the mines. C. !S. M.), lS4(i, doiilitfiil reeor(l of ii Uear Flag man, at .Sunoma in "()•_'. C. (S.l'.). |,S4.">, New Yorker of (|iiaker parenta:;e, who eanie west in '.'(S, crossed (lie ]ilains to Or. "4.S, and eanu; to Cal. 'I.'iiii the .Me.Mahon-Clyman party, iv. .T'.', o77, ''^1. Aftoi' visiting Sta Cruz iind .Mont, lie ret. totlie Sae., and went t'lOi'. in '4(i; eaine luiek to the mines '4S-!l; later ii farmer in Sulano anil \ajia; aliout'tid settled in Volo, where he slid lived inCapay \'al. '7'.'. Never ii;ariie(l. Portrait in Yulo Co. ///'. iv. {')'>,'<; celador at Mont. '4(i. v. "170. lie took jiart in various military o]ierations of '41) as lieut, lieing sent by C.'istro to l''riin(int'.s cami) at (l.ivilan. V. 11; and later the captor ot J.,arkin and 'id in uoin. at Nalividad, \. !:('re ho was wounded, escaping capture a tew days later by being hidden in lid lietween two welldiiiown ladies of Mont. v. .'Ui'J, oOt, .'{(id 7'-. Leaving Cal. in 'IS, v. ."iS.")-!), he went to S. Bias, and was later prominent with Man- u I Castro (.n the Ij. Cal. frontier. Chavez, 1818, jiaintcr at S. .hum iJ. ii. ;;:(!. C. (.los,-), 17!IS, i. GOd. C. (.Julian), supl. aloaldo Los .\ng '.'JS. iii. (i.id; regidor 4()-7, and nrantee of Las .Animas '4(1. v. (i'J."i-7. ('.(Mariano), ;.;. Jjos .\iig. '4(). Chavira (-Josi.'), 17'.'S, i. OtHi. Chavira y Lerniii (.losefa), v.iiV'df redroyCjil. 1781. i. 4,')1. Chavon, 1847, nir of the ^L/'/ffr/c. Check, ISI(i,on the Li/i/id, arrested at Sta IJ. ii. '27."). Cheney (Zacheus), l>!7, Co. P., .Morm. IJat.' (v. 4(iit). Chever (Henry), 184(), nat. of .Mass., w!;o had lived long in Valparaiso and Manila; ace. to his brother's statement V, 11 1 mr of tiic Hannah, v. ."i78; but he seems to have eonic to S.F. from Hon- i>l:,ln on t\w J-^lizaliet/i: hada lotat S F. '40; niendier of the lirm .I.B. McClurg I'c Co. at Los Aug., di.s.solved Feb. '4S: also connected with Wai'd & Smith '47; and later wiili llastiie^s & (^'o. atColoinii. He was one of tlio founders of ^'ubaCity; atS.F. 'ol-IJiii poor health; died in Napa Val. '54. leaving no family. His brother Fdward K. was in Cal. '4U-54, and again '83-5. Chev- c;ii:vi;:;r;i;— c:n:isTiA\. rctti- (rifrrcT.), 18:;-J. H'lu.l roll ..f t! >ni|(. oxtranjura. ill. 2J1. Ch ciiuHlcr iCiiii.s), IS4S, oMi 1. iiir.iiL'. uitli AlNojpp; wmiL Ui tlio iiiirit'H. I,'. (Iltiirv 1'.), I' 47, <'n. i;, X. V. \'()1. (\. 4,i;.j; ik-SLrtcr. Ciilo, Jml. clii. f killicTlT 1. i. -Jdli. (liiiM (.Maiiiiiio), ISol'i, .M'jx. ci)l ami iiiciiilt. nf cminrcMs fruiii (iuaiiiijuato, uiiiidiiilril ;^;i)V. ct < 'al. Ti i'. ■;!.'>, iirii\ilii,' in .\i)iil "M ou llio J.iuiivr. ami ii.- susiiiu;,' liis (ilHiii .May -il. ilo riuoiiiiti'iid u liiitu- jiiijiiilicL' a_aiii sian- d .Mnnt. hofu ly liy i.n i^iiiira lai.litss, i)iPiia('n!/, wluin licinat d us his niece. (»n liis ride, tm iii. IJO-41, a!s > ni-. lit. iii. .■{();», :ii -Maiiam. was •/•>%: ..f A-iias- calicnteii, wlieie lie is fiiid to have wiiUeli many veises, liialiiiii,' himself KDinewiiat ixijiiilar .socially, tlwiigli less so than his wife. I)uri,i iLTiiacia Ale;,'re. l!(.n:iti'd S.F. in '47 on the //'/////from Astoria. (J. (Mofses), l!i4.'i, said to l:avi' i ro.-.sed the jilains ami to have lieen in Amador Co. '■]'<. Aiiiwlnr I'll. Hint., IS'J; |i(rha]:sa vaijiie n f. tothe iireetdim.'. ( liilds (.MulU 1).), I84(», Co. C, l.st L'.S. dia;.'ooii.s; wounded at the Mcoit Jan. '47. v. KDo; iianic also given .Marl; .\. Cliild. Chiles (■' .epii ]5.), Islj, KeiitiicUiaii h. ISIO; in M >. from ';!!•; took part in the Florida war ';>i; and in '41 came overl. to Cal. with the JiarLlesoii l^arly. iv. •J(i7, -10, -7'"i, '-7!'. AflLi' visiiin;; >!oiiterey, Sonoma, and other l.'artj of the country, and ohtaiiiin.; fioiii \'a lejo the promise of a mill .site, he return', il east in 'A'l for the mill. iv. •J7(i, .'ilJ. In '4;{ le; came hack with the party that hears his iianu', one portion of t!ie party under Walker taking a .southern route and hciii'.' ohli'iil to U'a\e Cliiles' mill on the way. \\\ '.V.)i- r>. (J7!). In '44 he was yranite if t'ataeula raiiclio in Najia V;il. iv, 071 ; incut, iil.o iv. 4IS, A7>'.\; in '4.") f igiis IkhiiIs for ssof.ie of the new immigrants, iv. "i8l. I do not iiiid any defiiiile reeonl that he joined either tiie IJears or the Cal. Lat. in '4(i, tliou^^h he may have done .so, and certainly aided Fremont with supplies and information, v. ■J!)7-S. lie went east in '47, proh. as j.;uide and hunter in IStocktoii'.s party, v. 4")4; was at Washington to testify at the I-'reinout court-martial; and in 'JS made liis .'id overl. trip to Cal. at tiie head of il party, v. 5.")7, which inelitded his own family 'if a son and .'i ilau;,iiters, Ilia wife liiivinij; died in '.■)7. '1 he .son w;;s, 1 suppose, the Kit Chiles iianied in I'o/oCo. Hist., 7^, as having settled at ^Vashin, toll in 'IS; the daiightirs Avere Fanny wife of .Jerome Davis, i;iii;al)etli wifi' nf I>aniel ISrown, and Mary, Mr.'* Tully. Colonel Joe Chile.s, as he i.i f.miiliarly known, married .M. (1. ( iarnett ill '."•.'>; and ha.s resided in Xapaaml Laiie cuunties down to '^.'5, I liiiiik, a fa- iiiim ) hunter iiotwithstandiiig his years, and ;i good citizen. A Iirief iiarratis'o of his Vix'd to Cal. in \/t was furiiislicd hy him in 'IS. Chiiionk (Wm), 1.S4."), Iiid. of Fremont's partj', one of tiie Sta IJ. garrison, iv. 583. Cliipnian (Walter), 1S47, sergt Co. A, X.Y. Vol., at Cei!;ir Springs, .Mich., 'S3. Ciiiron, 1837, ill Fetit-Thouar's exped., surveying i'\ F. I!ay. iv. 14!). Choqtict (Diego), 177l), mr of Ihe.S'. A/iloiiin. i. "287, .')l>l. Chovis(Lo"is), IRIO, artist with Kotzehue; author of the I'ni/'nji' /'iitorrc«i>i<'. ii. 'J81, 37'2. Christian (Chas), 1847, perlir.ps of X.Y. \'o!. (v. 4!ll(). under another n ir C. (Clias W. IL), 1848, in charge of IS.l'. school i)ec. ' a/i/oriiinii. C. (J .,./, 1838, one of the exiles to ,S. ISlas, not known to have returned, iv. IS. C (Kail), 1840, mr of the Cittaliiia. iv. 31. C. (W. A.). 1848, purser U.S.X''., at .S.F. on the Lml;/ .li/^w.v. C. (Win. H.), 1847, Co. K, X.Y. Vol. (v. 4;)!)); brig.-gen. in war of 'Gl-5; at Los Aug. '71; at Utica, X.Y., '7-I-8'J; ])eihu])a the Ciias and Chas W. II. meut. above. A man of the Bamc name was at S. 780 nOXEEU REGISTER AND INDEX. J()S('' in T)0. riiiistiancy (.Intnp!>), 181(1, Fuuntlcroy'it ilmgoons (v. 2.T2-47). C'lirintii) (II.). 1M8, left iloiioliilu f. iror/(/. C, 1S47, left Hon. for S.F. on tho Evetinfi. •847; Co. E, Morm. IJat. (v. 409). C. (Dani(l), 1848, Irish of earlier years, who came to the Cal. mikies '48-i)0, going icrc he has been a well-known citizen, y//•s^ Or., i. 408. C. 17, Co. R, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); owner of S.F. lot. v. 080; at !, where he died '70. C. (E. St Clair), 1847, sec. U. S. Co- ancis), 1843, doubtful immig. of the Hastings party, iv. 390. 1847, Co. 1), N.Y. Vol. (V. 499); shot on Merced Riv. '.-)3. is D.), 1847, Co. D, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); nat. of N. Y.; a in '49-5") trader, ferryman, and justice of the peace in S, Joaquin; N.Y. city trader '55-00; major and mil. sec. in the war of '01-5; and later a business man of N. Y. city. Clark has been sec. tuid one of tho most active members of the N.Y. society of Cal. Pioneers; and has i)articu- larly interested himself in keeping awake memories of pioneer times by tho publication of rolls of surviving connades of '47 in '71 and '74; .ind finally l)y The Fir-^t lifriiment of N. Y. Volitvtcirx, bringing the record down to 'S3. See V. 503, et Bcq. That work also contains tiie author's portrait. His Pioneer 0/' '47 is a somewhat minute narrative of his experience in '47-55. I have after his .irr C. (Albert) innnig. to > back to Or. , (Daniel P.), .S. Diego from litmlms. C. ( C. (Francis C. Clark (Frai miner in '48-!. CLARK -CLOUD. :gi to ill followed Ilia record of tl'o X. Y. Vol. with ft few cotroct ions nnd ndilitions. (!. ((ieo.), IS47, Co. K, X.V.V..1. I v. 4iMi). ('. ((km). S.), I.vJT, C... 11, Mmiii, ]5at, (v. 4lit)). C. (li.), ISJ7. mill, "f I'"' J-i-S-»7, lieut Co. A, Morni. Itat. v. 477; tanner in Utah '.SI, ('. (M.), 1S4S, paHsp. from Honolulu. (". (Nicliohw), l!.il(J, at .Sutter'rt Fort; ono of the '2d Donner relief, v, ."i4(); poitrait in .l/c- (.Idxhiui, 184; living!" '70. C. (Ohed), IS-J-J-,1, mr of tlie (.'idn.n. ii. 474, 40J. C. (Kansoni). If<44. periiapMof I'nnionl'H jiarty. iv. 4.'{7; at S. .lomVoO, C. (Ililey 1'.), IS47, Co. A, Morm. IJat. (v. 400); reenl. at Los All'?. C. (.Smith l>oiij,'la.s), l,S4.'), Kngl. witli a pa-'ts]). for .Sonora. C. (.Sophia 1'.), 1S40, one of tlio Mormnn eoi. v. ,"170; prob. Mrs Kinj; at Dgilen '84. C. (Terence), 1S4S? an early settler at Sonoru, C. (Wni), 18'23-(J, mr of the 'J'hon Xow- lull. ii. 40'J, olO; iii. 149. Clark (\Vm .Sipiiro), 1H4G, nat. of Md, h. in 1.S07, grandson of AhrahomC, fii^'ner of the declaration of independence; educated in Ohio; a lnisine.ss maa in the south and west; and an overland iminig. of '4(i (v. TrJO). He eainu di- rectly to .S. 1'., and served apparently under Marst, and in an interview gavcmomany details (if old .San Francisco. C. (W'.W.), 1847, mrof awhaler. Classen (.John C), 1848, I'ion. .Soc. roll. Claudio, 1837, leader of hostile Ind. .S. JJiego. iii. (J14. Clausen (Wm), 1847, musician Co. 1), N.V.Vol, (v. 400). Clavell, 1814, oflicer on 1I.1J.^^S. Mod,-M,: Clawson (John IL), 1847, Co. D, Morm. 15at. (v. 400); recnl. at l,os. Aug. Clavitcr (Kilward), 1848, passp. from Honolulu; resid. of Mt Eden, Alameda Co. '40-78; ut Ala- luedii from '78 to his death in '84. Clayton (Charles), 1848, nat. of Engl., who came to the U.S. in '42 and crossed tho plains to Or. in '47, coming to Cal. in April '48 on the I/riiri/. After a year in the mines ho opened a stoic at .Sta Clara, where he also held local ofliccs. From 'J3 ho become a prominent commission merchant in .S. F. , filling also with credit the ofliccs of supervisor, member of tho legislature, sur- veyor of the port, nnd nicmbcr of congress. He married irannah Morgan in 'i)4; and still resides in .S.F. in 'So, age CO. Clements, 1845, at S. F., N. 1 lelv. , and again nt .S. F. w ith a family ; seems to have gone east with Clyman in '40. iv. Sl'O, .')78. Name also written Clcinence, Clement, and Cliinnnx. \Vm demons is named in one list as a member of the Stevens party of '44, and was iierhapa the same, though he may have gone first to Or. Clements ( Lam- beth 11.), 1847, of N.Y.Vol. (v. 490); comp. not known; lot at S.F. '47; at S.F. 'o4; at Soquel '74. Cleveland (Richard J.), 1.S03, owner and 1st ollicer of the Ldia Ui/nl; involved in smuggling exploits; author of a Xurrnfire. ii. 10-14, '21, l"0'_'-3. Cliirord (Cornelius), 1847, Co. 1$, N.Y.Vol. (v. 409); d. i'.t S. Juan D. after IS.JO. C. (J.), 1848, pnssp. from Honolulu. C. (0. C), 1848, ditto. Cliit (.lames), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 400): reenl. at Lo3 Ang. C. (Robert), 1,847, lieut Co. C, Morm. Bat. v. 477; lieut of tho rcinl. comp. v. 40,"); alcalde of S. Diego '47 S. v. 401. Ol.S-10. Clipper, doubtful iiamo-of a corporal kidedat S. I'ascual. Cloud (J. II.), 1847, major 7G2 nOXEEK REGISTER AND INDEX. and piiy!ii!\:4cr U.S.A., who c;uiu' with tlio Moiiii. IV.it. v. 4S.1, 440; killcil at Slitter's J'ort Auf,'. ;i(l liy ii tall from hi.s hoitic. Cloiigli (Win), iSliT, iiaiiR'd in Litikin's accounts. Clynian (James), 1845, Virginian who, after an avlveiiturous career as .sur- veyor and trapijcr in tiie great west, came overland t(j (Jr. in '44, and to Cal. the next year as a leader in the MeMalion-Clynian jiarty. v. r)7'2-4, oST. Ho tiavelled (jver the country a.s far as Monterey; s|)ent the winter hunting' in the N;i|>a. and other vaUeys. v. 17; and in tiie spiing of '4(i — after a union with l''r('inont's coni[). had Ixxii declined, v. 'Jli-— returned to the states o\ er- land, meeting tiie Donner ami other parties on tiie way. v. .">•_>(). lie cam^^ liack to (,'al. in later year.s, ami lived at Napa till his death in '81, at the aue of N4. Colonel C'lymaii's Xol< -lidoh, a MS. diary of his wanderings of '44 fi, is one of the most complete and imiiortant records of its tla.ss in my lihi-arj'. ( 'hf)iifin''s Jiliiri/ is an abiidgment of the same, with a few documentary additions. ClyiiK'r, IiS4i.', with Com. .loiies at Los Ang. iv. ;$i.'l, (Joates ((jleo.), IS4(>, served in the Cal. Jiat. (v. S.'iS), enlisting at S. .Tiian Oct.; iirob. same as the following. C. (.lames), 1,S4.">, Aiiier. sliOemaUer, farmer, tanner, .'iiid overl. inimig. from Or. in tlie Hastings jiarty. iv. ;!!)(). atnrali/.ed '44, then living at Mont.; in '4.") a lieiit in Sutter's force, at one time a prisoner, iv. 4S0. 501); in '4(5 perliaps in the Cal. Hat. as ahove; in "47 lot-owner at S.l''., tanner at N. llelv., and linally moving toalujuse on Amrr. River. 1 lia\e no later record than Mareli '4!S, wiien (,'oates was seriously in- jured hy a fall from lifs horse, being also rohhed of .SoOO. Cobb, ISU). on the JJiiii Quixote from Hon. iv. 10;{. C. (Clias), 1848, owner of S.F. lots; same name in S.l'\ directory of '.")2. C(jclir:in (Thos), 184,'), nat. (jf N.C., who crossed the plains to Or. '4.1, and came to Cal. in the McMahon-Clyman party, iv. .-)7-, 574, r)87. Named at N. llelv. several times in '4."')-8; in '4!) built a hotel, the 1st building at Caclie- ville; an eccentric man, who in'.")! suddenly departed for Australia. Cucket (C), 1848, ))ass[). from llonolulii. Cocks (Henry), 184fi, I'higlisli marine on the U. S. JJa'c, who after his diseh. in '48 lived at ]SIont. and married a daugiitcr of Francisco (Jaici'a, moving in '."iH to the S. Ikrnabe raiieho, or Cock's station, of which he was tlie cl-iiinant. iv. (m."), (i7!). In '00 he went with tlie telegr.i]ili exped. to .\laska and Siberia; had an appointment on the Tulo River Ind. reservation; accomp. Wheeler's explor. exped. on the Colo- rado; and in '7") ^^as living near his old place in .Mont. Co., where ho still is, I tliink, ill '8j. Coe (Jolin ,1.), 1847, Co. E, N. Y. Vol. (v. 409). Coeur (Francois), 1840, with Ivearny's force, v. 'X\~. Co'li'clt ((Jco.), 184(1, teamster Co. (', 1st U.S. dragoons (v. SHO). CotFe- meyer (Ivlward), 1S4(), .sailor at X. Helv. '47-8; member of lstand4tli Don- ner relief, v. 538, 541. (.'olliii (Epliraim), 1841, of U..S. ex. exped.; died in Cal. iv. •J7!l. C. (Ilcnry), 1844, Amer. sailor of the Montnotith, aiiled by the consul. C. (Ivory), 1840, .seaman or marine on the Savinnidli; wounded at the S. Cabriel ,)aiu !», '47. v. 31t.'). C. (ramesi, KS:i.'), nir of the /'<<»• <.•,■ A' /»/,.. C. (1. W.), 1847, on a whaler; came back in '."•(); of S. F. linn ('. & Hendry; d. bei'ore '85, leavinga sou and daughter. ( '. (L.), 1848, at S.F. on tlie /,ii'/>/ .1./ (//(.sfromCallao. C.(\Viii), 18:20. 1'lroi the /'riKih/lii. iii. 147. C. (Win), 1S47, Co. I!, N. V.Vol. (v. 4!)!)). ('., 1847, mrof the Vharh's Dror. Coghlan (James), 1848, sailor on the Kl',~.i:l.rlh. Cogswell, IS45. at N. Helv. IKc. Cohu (Moritz), 1847, musician N.V.\'ol. (v. 41)'J). C. (Philip), 1S47, Co. D, N. V.Vol. C )li),i'h (Lemuel), 1S40, mate of the Eii/i/icniin '40-8; a New Englander. Colbert (.John), KSIU, Engl, sliipwrigiit, age "JO; naturalized ';i!»; still at S. V. '40. iii. 41_'. C Uta ;.)ames 15.). 1847, ('o. I>, Morm. l'>at.; at Sprii ilk C. (John), IS-.'O, sailor on the J.'onr. C. (Th s), l,s:{;{, Engl. sailor whose name often appears in Lai'kin's .•iceounts of '.S:i-40. iii. 4i)!'. .\c to John I'rice, in .S'. Lnii Oh. Co. Ill. went to Or. in '4(i. iv. .")'J(), 578. C. ('i'lios), 1S47, earpiiiter on the U. 8. J'nhte. Colespedrigue/ (Bruno), 182!), mr of the I'osdii/i. iii. 148. C(jlgan (.James A.), 1847, Co. (I, N.V.Vol. (v. 4!)!)). Colima (Tom:is.*>an- chez), at Los Ang. '41$; juez de eamjio '44. iv. (iliU; el. for Sta (Jertrudis '.").S. iv. (i21S). C. (Philander), 1 847, Co. Ii, Morm. 15at. ; a mason who made bricks an, doubtful name of an iininig. iv. r)78. ("ombs (Abram), 1847, one of the .Mormon col. with wife and 3 eliild. v. S40; in Utah '84, his wiio being dead. Comelcro (Pcdi'o), ls;>0, Italian cook from Lima at Los .\ng. Comfoi't ((!eo. F.), 1838, mr of the Ayuciirho. iv. 101. Conist(.ck (Cortey). 1847, Co. (I.N.Y.Vol. (v. 4!)!)). Conaase (.lose), I7!'l-18()(), visiting friar at .S. Diego, i. O.m. Concha (.luan), 17!tl, liout in Malaspina's exped. i. 4110. Conde (Pedro), 1S).S, lieut, com. of one of Roucliard's vi'ssels. ii. 221) 7. Condcls. 1.S4."), chjublful name of an -Vmor. at Uiaucif., age 21. Condit (.Icptha), 1847, Co. C, Moiin. l>.it. (v. 40!)); rei'ul. at Los Ang. Conduian (.Alex.), 1S4."), doubtful name of a Frenchman at Rraneif., age 2."). (Jonejii (Casimiro), I7!I8, i. Oi)0. Conley (James H.), IS47, carpenter on the /.*.(.'('. Coidey (.Marstou l'\), 1847, per- hai)s of N.Y.Vol. imilci' another name. Conn (.lolm), ls4.'t, doulitfid mem- l)er of the ( 'hiles-Walker partv. iv. 3!l.'{; in ''i'2 claimant of a Xapa ( "o. raiicho. Conne'.l (.lohn), lt>4,, Co. I, N.Y.Vol. (v. 4!)!)): -7; wounded in tlio service, iv. 5S3. Conovcr (Francis >S. ), 1847, mid. on the U.S. Iiidejitinleiiie. Conrad (Henry), 1847, Co. C, N.Y. Vol. (v. 41)'J); iitN. llelv.; lattr mayor (?) at Sonoma. Clark. C. (Edward), lS44,(>ntherollofthel'ion. Soc; atKiverside '81. C. ^.foImP.) KS47,Co.C, N. V.Vol. (V. 4-(J. He was for a time commandant of the southern district, taking some part in the (piarrel with Frt5mont. v. 437, 440, 445-0; resigned his com. and went east with (Jen. Kearny, being a witness at the Fremont court-martial, v. 450. 4.")2, 450, 4S0. His Journal of tiio march of the Bat. was published by tiie govt. v. 4S3; and was republished with additions by the author — then brevet major-general U. S.A. — in '78as the Coiiqiu'sl dfCiit. and N. Mcx., a good narrative of Cooke's experiences and those of his men, but of no value whatever in its assumed character as a complete record of tlie conquest. He also wrote Scena.'iaiKl .hi- vi'ninri'f in /he Arm;/. It is noticeai.''i that a part (jf his journal was lost in Cah.and in Jan. '48 was purchased by Sutter from an Ind. X. If civ. JJiari/, Ms., 104. Coombs (Chas), 1824, cook on the /lown C. (Catherine), 1847, married ut S.F. to C.P.A.Briggs. Star. Coombs (Nathan), 1843, native of Mass. who came to Or. overland in '42, and to Cid. in the Hastings' (larty at the age of about 18. v. 390, 400. After working a while for Stephen Smith, iv. 390, ho went to Gordon's place on Cache Creek, where he won the heart of Uncle ]5illy's daughter Isabel, and was nearly killed by a grizzly Inu'ir, also asking for natui'alizjition in '4t. In '45 he seems to have served in Sutter's force, iv. 480, .501 ; then mai'ried and settled on a Napa Valley rancho i)urchased of Salv. Vallejo; took no active part in the troubles of '4(i; and in '4S laid out the town of Napa on his ranclio. V. 070. He became wealthy, was active in local politics, served in tiie legis- lature of '55, was capt. of militia '03, but was best known as a ])atron of thn turf and the owner of blood-stock. Portrait in Xa/ia < 'o. llht. , 42. He died at his Napa home in '77, leaving a widow, 4 sons - Wm, Nathan, Fi'ank, and Levi— and a daughter, Eva, wife of John M. Coghlan. (!oou (Wm), 1840, member of tiie 1st Douner relief, v. 539. C. (Wm), 1847, sergt Co. D, Morin. P>at. (v. 400). HJooper, 1831, said to have come from N. Mex. in the Vi'olfskill party, and COOPER. 7G5 in 8- 10 It to have (lied at Sta B. iii. 387, 405. C. (Charles H.), l'>40, Amor, exile to S. B'as, who returned before '4'J to urge liis claim for damages, iv. 18. ;{;(, li'O. C. (Daniel, or David), l.S;!4, Amcr. sailor witli but one arm, possil)ly a rela- tion of Capt. J.B.Il.Coopcr. I have the original Boston passport to Daniel and the Hawaiian ])assp. to Dav. of '.■)4. Ho eamo on tlie Ayuruc/io. iv. 4V2; liis name appears often in uorresp. ; mate of the (.'al'j'irnla in '40; died at S. r. May '41 of apoplexy — which a large quantity of aguardiente had not cureil. C. (Fernando M.), IH.""), named in Larkin's accounts '3(5-8. iv. 118; in ",V?> at Los Ang. signs a eertif. as a physician. Prob. the same who in '.1.') embalmed the body of Gov. Figucroa. iii. 'I'M). C. (Henry), IS.'IG, niimcd in Larhin'.s accounts '.'30-43. iv. 118; arrested in '40. iv. 17; called by Morris an Ind. at StaCrnz; apparently in Sutter's employ '47. C. (J.W.), 184G, Cal. Bat. (v. 3.")8); enlisting at S. Juan in Nov.; perhaps same as following. C (.l;:incs), 184U, kept a liotel at Sonoma '48; ment. by Ilittell as a rich man near Bcnicia in '00. C. (.Tames F.), 1847, Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). U. (.lohn Burwood), IS.'iO, known as ' sailor ,Iack,' said by some authorities to have come to S. F. as early as '24-5, or by others on a whaler in '33, or in '30. iii. 409; iv. 1 IS, Juan Coopet, prob. the same, was an artilleryman at S.F. in '30-1; named as English at Mont, in '34; a N. York sailor nnd calker, age 4;t, at Mont, in '.•{0 in thcartill. barraek.s; built hou.sca at S.F. 'JO, '44. v, GS3-4; Kngl. re- tired artill., age 50, in S.F. padron of '44; at S.F. also '45-0. receiving nonio votes for collector, v. '295. Thus there may have been two .John Coopcru at least, John B. settled on a S. Mateo ranclio, married a native, and died in Wl, leaving a familj'. His monument at the .S.F. mission cemetery is ini^cribed John Baptist Burwood Cooper, nat. of Engl., age 08; his wife was Maria (,'e- eilia , d, '53, age '27; children Maria Jesus b. '41, Agapito, .Tuan 15. Ani- ceto. Narciso Nicvcs, ^laria Julia Dolores, and Juan Lorenzo d. '01, age 10. Cooper (John Bautista Roger), 18'23, nat. of the Alderney Ld., who came to Mass. as a boy with his mother, who by a "211 marriage became the mother of Thos O. Larkin. I have his 'protection paper' of 181(i, certifying his U. S. citizenship, and dcscrihir.^ iiim as '24 years old, 5 ft 5 in. in height, with light enniplex., sandy hair, and blue eyes, with a scar on the left ai'Ui and nerves of t!ic left hand contracted. From this deformity he was known in Cal. as Don Juan el Manco. He earne as master of the Horcr from Boston, selling the vessel to (!ov. Argiiello, and continuing to command licr on voyages toChin.a till '20. ii. 492-3, 49.% 519-20, 014; iii. 24, 119, 148. From "20 lie became a resident of Mont., and llieio is not a year from '20 to '48 in which ids name does not occur in many original records. In '27 he was baptized, his original name of John Roger being transformed into J\ian liantista Roger, married Encarnacion Vallejo, became a rival of Hartnell & Co. in trade, and signed bonds for Jed. Smitii. ii. 010; iii. 128, 158-(i0. In '28 began his legal quarrels witli Luis Argiiello. ii.583; iii. 12; in ''29 he bought for 82,000 from Joaq. dc la Torre the raneho of Bolsa del Potrero y Moro Cojo, or Sagrada Familia. ii. 015; and in '39 was naturalized, being ment. besides in connection with the iSolis revolt and the Fitch romance, as well as in commercial records, ii. 009; iii. 71, 83, 142, 145. His business eorresp. sliows not only that lie was always complaining of some injustice, but that he often gave cause of conqilaint to tliose who trailed with him. In '32 on the roll of the eomp. extranjora. iii. 221; in '.33 licensed to hunt otter, and granted the Molino raneho, Sonoma. iii. .394, 712; regidor at Moi.t. '.34-,"). iii. ()73; in '30 living with wife, 2 chil- dren, mother-in-law, and her 3 daughters at Mont., h.aving also cattle and a mill on the Sonoma raneho confirmed to Inm this year. iii. 420; iv. 110; his mill visited by Edwards '37. iv. 80. In '39 Capt. C. resumed Ids seafaring life as master of the govt schooner Cnlifornia, making many trips in tlie uoxt 5 years to the Mcx. coast and to the islands, of which I have his original Aor/ ofthii California, iv. 102, 282, '289, 340, 301, .'503-4; in '40 obtained lan0, 712, v. 083, but was in trouble about .95, '2,")0 which the govt had owed him since '2(5; jierhaps the Juan ( 'oopcr to whom the Nieasio raneho was granted '44. iv. 072; sick at Acapulco at end of '44; but was back again in '45, only to depart for Peru, w here, in '40, ho 70S riOXEER nEOirTKR AND INDEX. W!iH matriculated as 2<1 jiiloto. He visited Cal. in '47, and in '4S seems to La 'o been in com. of tlic /C/iznhelh, wrecked at Sta Ji. In '4'.) lie connnai'..icd tl;o IJrcliiK' on a voy. to (Jliina; liut soon (|uit the sea; was Iiarboi-mastcr at Mon:. in '.")! ; and was claimant lor the Jiolsas, Molino, and El Sur lanclios. iii. (Jj!). Ho ctinlinncd lo live at Mont., much of the time on his ranclio, till after l.'UiO; and died at .S. F, in "iil, in his SOth year. There were few of the old Ca!. pio- neers moi'o widely known or better liked than Capt. Coijper, though as a trader he had some peculiarities that, in the earlier years particularly, kept him in liot water with other traders nuieh of the time. Besides hundred.! of ills letters scattered in dif. archives, ids fanuly papers iill several volumes of the Vnlhjo, J)uc. ll'isl. Cul., which should properly bear his name. In adili- tiun to his Loi) of ','50-44, I have also .a book of AirDiuits of ''1~. Jlis wiilow still lives, '8,'), in .S.F. His children were Ana Maria (Juachdupc b. '■_'!( wife of Jleriiian \Volder, ,Iuan Bant, (luillermo b. ','il, Henry 15., Francisco (1., Amelia (Mrs Mole;a), tSeorge Howard, an'>, prob. deserter from a British vessel at S.F. iii. 41.'!; .'-aid to have licen a lieut in the British army or navy; generally called Kngl., but Amer. aec. to his naturalization papers, while Quigley makes him a nat. of Cork and near relative of a Bishop Coppinger, and in a S.F. padroii he appeals as a iJublin sawyer. On Larkin's books from ';50; in '30 8 lieut of (iraliam's foreign ci>m|). in Alvarado's service, iii. 4.")8-0, 401; naturalized ''A'J and juez at Corte Madera, iii. 70."); arrested but not exiled in '40, being also Ine grantee of Canada de Raimuixlo in S. Mateo, iii. 711; iv. 17. From '41 lie scciiis to have lived on the ranelio, being included in S.F. padrones, one of the defensorcs of the j)atria, liO years old in '42 and ;{."> in '44; aideil Miehel- torena in '4r>. iv. 487; seems to liavc taken no part in the troubles of '40 ex- cept that Weber accused him of giving inform, that led to his, W.'s, arrest. I COPPIXGER-CORONA. 767 find no record of liim later except an unintclHgildc one in S. Jfafco Co. Hist., 4, that iliu-ing the war he vas carried as a jirisonei' to .Mex. where he died. His wiS«i,y("/k(/j i)rol)al)!y, and was one of IJarllelt's party captured by Sancliez (v. .■570), prob. tlio only survivor of that jiarty; diseh. from tlie navy in X.Y.; ret. to Cal. '4!tanil went to the nnnes. Fnjm '."il he was engaged in many kinds of businc.s.s, chiilly that of liotel-kLcpcr, at S. F., Alviso, S. Jost'', ami Sta Clara, being U.K. agent, tax collector, and county treasurer. In 'S."), at the age of 01, wharlin'_;(r at S. F. Cordero, killed at S. Bucn. ';1S. iii. 534. C., ii leader in disturbauiu at Lcs Aug. '4."). iv. o'J:!. C. (Ambrosio), soldier of S.F. cnnip. at I'Mjuoiua '41- '2. C. ((71cinente), Sta ]i. soldier before '37. C. (Fermin), scttlerat lirancif. 1707; regidor ISO± i. oOi), (13!); ii. l.JO. C. (Francisco), at Sta 1>. '.'>7, wife I'etra I'ieo, 1 child. C. (.Jose), soldier of S.F. comp. '34-4"J. C. (.)uan), !it Sta \j. "37, wife Antonia \'alenzuela and 7 child. C. (Mariano), l.st marriage S.F., toduana I'into 1771). i. '-'!)(). C. (Miguel), at Sta U. liefore '37. wife Antonia Jimeno and o eliildren; maj. at Stn, Jnes '40-3. iii. ()4()-8, (i()3-4; at Sta 15. '."0. C. (LVdro), at Sta 1$. '37, wife Dolores C^uijada an.'as ii successful miner; and in later years held many local positions, though giving chief attention to his vineyard and to agricultural interests; couniy assessor TiO et seq.; mayor in 'US; member of the council '.54-07; state treas- urer '07-71. A man of wealth and influence, still residing at his Los Ang. vineyard and orange orchard in '85. In '77 he dictated for my use his C'osdn de Cali/oriiiii, or recollections of early events, a MS. of 205 pp., and one of the best narratives of its class in my collection. He also gave nic a vahi.ablc col. of Doc. //ixt. Ciil. from his family archives. C. (Ouillermo), 1842-5, sub-liout in the batallon fijo. iv. 289. C. (Ignacio), 18.34, Mex. teacher who with his family came in the H. & P. colony, iii. 203. In Mex. Don Ignacio had been a soldier from 1810 in the Span, army, beinf made corporal of cav- alry in '14, a scrgt of the VAw\nlarralistas urhanas in lo. and prob. in '22waa retired with the rank of alfOrez; at least, he got all the necessary certificates, including one that ho had served theeanseof independence and had ceded all liis back pay to the national treasury. Voronel. Doc, MS. Tlie failure of tlie colony was a bitter disappointment, as his appointment of teacher at Solano at $1,000 per year brought in no funds, and he was even ordered to be sent to Mex. for complicity in the supposed revolt of '35, but did not go. iii. 2S7, 201. In '.30 he was living at Corralitos rancho, Mont, dist., age 41, wife Fr.",ncisca Romero, child. .Tosefa b. '10, Antonio '18, Micaela '21, Soledad '2(), and Manuel '32. iii. 077. The same year he was named as comisionado to secularize 8. Miguel, iii. 085; iv. 40; and in '37 he went to Los Aug., taking com. at 8. Gabriel, and aiding Carrillo in tl j campaign of Las Flores. iii. 520, 522, 558. In '33-9 he taught a school at Los Ang., having also a little store, and serving as sec. of the ayunt. iii. 031, 0.35-0; also sec. in '44-7. iv. C.'i3-4; V. 025-(5; grantee of La Canada '43 and of Cajon de los Negros '40. iv. 035; v. 027, ministro suplente of the tribunal sup. '45. iv. 532; receptor atS. Pedro '40. v. 204, 025. He died at Los Ang. in '02. C. (Juan Ant.), 1709, arriero in the 1st exped. i. 135. Conva (Josi5 M.), 1842, suli-licut of the batallon fijo '42-5. iv. 289, 407. Cortes ( Anasta.sio), com. do polidaat S. Josd; killed by Jose J. Castro '39; but named as sub-licut of artiil. at Mont. '45. iv. 731, 052. C. (Felipe), invalido at Sta 15. '.32, wife Maria dc .Tcsus Lara. C. (Fernando), Mex. convict of '2.>. iii. 10. C. (.Juan Lope), 1790, Span, friar who served at S. (Gabriel and Sta B., retiring in 1805. Biog. ii. 120-1; ment. i. 577, 588-90, 594, 004, 072; ii. 159 00. Cortis (Henry), 1848, passp. from Honolulu. Corville, 1847, at Sutter's Fort and New Mecklenburg. Corvan (Toribio Gomez de), 1002, com. of one of V^izcaino's vessels, i. 98, 102. Corwin (Mr.a Fanny Jl.), 1840, of the Mormon colony, v. 540; remained in Cal.; prob. at S.F. '85. Cory (Benj.), 1847. nat of Ohio, b. in '22, a physician who went to Or. '47 and came to Cal. on the Henry in Nov. ; settled at S. Josi?, but went to tiic mines in '48. A rumor that he had found new placers on the Mo- quclumnc induced 500 men to quit tlie old diggings and follow his trail, so wrote Sehallonbergcr in Aug. Member of Ist legislature '49-50; niemb. of S. Josi5 council '50-4; married Sarah Ann Braly '53; trustee of normal sciiool from '72; county physician '81. Still living at S. Jose in '82 with 8 children. Cosio (Bias), 1820, mr of the .S'. /'. de Pnidn. ii. 293. C. (Jose Maria), Bee. of the gov. '34; ayud. de plaza at Mont, and fiscal '.30. iii. 072, 087. Costa (Bernahttl), 1830, ItaL sjiilor at Los Ang. from Lima, age .30. Coatan, 1774, surg. on the Santiago, i. 228. Costanso (^ligucl), 1709, Span. alfiSrez COSTAXSO-COULTHR. 703 iToribio fin (Mrs jrol). at went \>s6, but the Mo- Irail, so of S. school Idrcn. Slaria), 2, C87. ?oatan, lalfiircz nnH engincrr M-ho accoinp. the 1st cxpcd. t > Ciil. .is co9ino%'nii)Ii('r. nvd \\]\fKio. JJiiirio JJisldriro WHS \i\]]>. in Mex. I77. as well as to thu loililii-aliiins oi V. Ciuz and drainam! • if Mtx.; slill liviiij,' in l.Sil, luiiiL,' then a iiiariscal decaiiijio. i. I'JS, IM, Kiii, IIO-I, 147 .'1, lJ4-.'<, KiS, 171 •J,'.'.;;4-.'>, (;;.2,(i I. "i,()-J handlist of aiitli.; ///.■.^ J/'.i'. iv. I.'i4. Cdstir ( Antijiiiii), at Sniuuiia M4, a^;c Ki, Cot (Antonio Josi'), l>sJJ, Sjian. trader from Lima, partner of .luiin I;,'n. ^Maneisidor, visitinj.' tiie ccasl appannlly in '20; in 'I'li hrouLiht ids family fi'jiin Lima; named in various edinmeieial records from '2',]. ii. 4li;i. In "J8 he was recpiired to quit (.'al. as a Span. su[iposcd to he unfriendly to Mex., and after some delays to arran.m' Ids liiisineKs ad'airs — ]ierlia[is depnrtiiiy and re- turiiiii;^ meanwhile — he sailed with wife and ;j eliild. in '.'iO. iii. .'ij. !)!(. He came haek, however, in 'luVO; is mont. in mission aecouiits of '40. iii. OJO, (i.'7; and liecainc a permanent resident at Los An;,'., prominent in coinniercial allairs in '40-7, hein;^ the purchaser of S. Luis Key, and having a claim for sujipliio fuMiif^hcd the U.S. v. 4.'!.-), 4(54, 407, "i()l, ii-_'0-l. He died at Sta 15. aliiiUt '7-4l. iii. (i(!.'!-4: graiilec nf Sla linsa ran- eho '8!). iii. (),;(;; jiiez at Sta In.'s '41, '4S. iv. (i4(i-S; v. (i:!.'; still at Sta B. '.")i). His widow and cl. fur the raiii'ho \'t2 was Mari'a .Jesus Olivera. C. (Francisco A;anasi(j), I'lector at Sta 15. 'ilS. ii. ,")7i.'; iii. 44. ('. (( luilh'inio), cor]), of tiij escolta at S. I'erii. IS;)(i 10. ii. V'2, lb"). 102; eomisidiiado of J.iOS Aug. '10-17. ii. 110, 2(KS, ;!tO-r)0; sergt of Sta U. comp. from 'II. ii. .".(il, .'")72; at S. I'crn. "M. ii. .")70; coiiiis. at Los Aug. '2;)-.">. ii. ."i.-iO-OI ; alcalde '27-''. ii. ."j!)0-l; ago 70 in '.iO. still at Li>s Aug. ('. (.I(iai|uiii), engaged ill revolt at Sta 15. '20. iii. ~>>; v.ifc Ventura Ortega. ( '. (.bise .MamuT), settler at Los Ang. ']."); regidor '.■)2. ii. 340, (i;!."); iii. (i.'iS: at La IJdlona '.'!0, age IM. ('. (Jose Marfa), at Sta 15. ';)2, wife Aiilonia Domingiu/, 2 '.hild. t'. (.Joscifa), ^\ idow of A. ^I. Xioto, grantee of Sta (lertiudis raiic'.io ".'51; at Los Ang. '4S. ('. ( luan), at Los Aug. '4(i. ('. (Leonniilo), alfiie/of defensores '4."). iv. olJO; regidor of l^oa Ang. '4.")-(J. iv. O.").'!; v ()2."i; grantee of liio de las Animas '40. V. 027; and oiierating against the L'. S. in S. Diego region as eapt. v. .'{2."'), .■!42, .■5r)l-2. ('. (Manuel), soldier of .Sta 15. comp. before ISOO, ami corii. (jf tiie Sta Ines cscolta '28. ii. 4.'>0, .-182; in '.•!2 at Sta 15., wife Maria Ant. Valen- zuela, 4 child. ; admin. Sta 15. mission '.'iS 0. iii. (mO-S. In ".'{0 a lieiit. iii. .'iSIl; nient. in '47. v. 017; father and son of the same name; see also.Io-e M.iiHul. ('. (.Marcos), at Los Ang. '4l!. ('. (.Maria Isabel), wife of Dohires I'icn; d. '00. ('. (Mariano), soldier of Sta 15. comp. In fore 1700; inval. Isl!), wiieii ho was killed by Ind. at .S. linen, ii. .'{.'Jli. (". (.M.irtin), named in ■.'51!. iii. 4:)I. C. (Miguel), at Sta 15. bebne ';57, wife .Mamiela Orteua, 2 cliildivn: arrested in '41. iv. (542. C. (Pablo Antoniu), soldier of l7(iO-74; eorp. at S. Antonio '7H-9; sci'gt in com. at S. l>iieii. "82 7; alfere/. from '8S; died at .Sta 15. 1800, age ."O. 15iog. i. (id.'.; ment. i. 42.'), 40;b 40(i, 477, ">■'):!, O.'iO, list anth.; ii. 28. His wife was llnsa .Miiri.i Lugo; a son Manuel Ant. was b. 1770; a daughter Miiiia de los Angeles was t!ie wife f>f .Ic>ai|. de la Torre. C. (I'a- ei'lico), son of Vahnitin, at Sta 15. '4S in eon. with the 'ennoii perdiihi.' v. .'188. C. (IljiiiTiiindo and Ibimou), .'it Los .\ng. '40. ('. ( Itoipie), soldier before 1780; settler at Los Aug. 1700. i. .■M7, 401. C. (SimonK sec. of alcalde at Si ileihnl '20. ii. 02;!. ('. (Valenlin\, son of Manuel, jue;^ anx. Sta 15. 'o.S. iii. (i,')4; capt. of militia and later of Sta 15. comp. '.'iO-O, supporting ^Vlvarado. iii. 474, ri."),'5, ,"iS;i, ().")]; grantee of llio Sta Clara rancho ■;57. iii. 0.")."); in charge of Sta Ines '42. iv. 040; in '4(1 resigns mil. rank; sub-prefect of Sta 15. iv. oJJS; v. 33, 49. His wife was Luz (ionzalez. Coulter (John), 1S.'>4, visitor, perhaps; at any rate, author of a trashy book Hhi. Cal., Vol. II. 49 PIOXKKR REGISTi:U AXD INDEX. of .•1f/(V);^^/v.v (losi'iiliiiij; a visit, iii. I'l. ('. (T'if)tn;is). IPi.Tl, Eii;,'l, vi.^itor iiiid !itii-nti«t, wlio joined tiio coinp. extiMiijeiii in ';>_', mid pnMislicd vuhuililu Xu/in oil I'/i/.rr ('ill. 1 liiivi.' his lultcr of ";!.! from (iuMiiajiuito; also a note duo liini sent for colk'ition iu *.SS. iii. "J-Jl, lOO-S. Couih; ((j(^o. ), IS4S, jwssp. from Honolulu. (.'oniteau (I'liililicrt), IS44, peiliaija with Fremont in l.jt and -Jd exped. '44, '45-7; at N. llclv. '48. iv. 4:i7, .>:5. Named as ' I'hililiert' in Cai. ijiit. '4(i 7. (v. .'{."iS). Constncr (And. .1.), IS4(), Co. (J, l.st drayoon.s (v WM). (•outaii(«'lu:, when he was .")4 yeais of age. His widow still lived on the raneho in 'S'J, having S surviving children. Terhajis the name should lie u rit- ten 'Cotits.' .V good biog. sketch in S. Jlcni. Ok ///.sV. , 19(i-7. CoiK'cns (.John II.), 1847, hatl iv lot and slaugliter-hou.sc at S.F. ; kept sheep on Verba l>nena bd. ; owned a lot at IJenicia. v. 07-, <)8r>; he went to Honolulu and re- turne, .").■)(), ."){)!), ."iSO; in 'D'.t par- tido elector at Sta JJ., and see. of tiic pi'efecturo at Mont. iii. Mi), Vil'i; t lolc part in arrest of foreigners '40, and aecomp. the exiles to S. 151as, going to Mex., wheic he ree'il a cross of honor for services in tliat city during the 10, o^.'!, ,'uU, .V).'{, .")")S, (147; sent as coniisioiiad'j to Mex. in '41), also grantee of Sta Ines. v. 'A'2, 'JIO, .".(ll, (i.'i-i; at Sta Jnes '48. V. t'jsn, (!.')."); being a justice of the sup. court. In 41) he was a member of the constit. convention, and of tlie 1st legislature, being 4 times reelected, and cminty judge of Sta 15. in '01. Covarrubias died in '70 at the age of 00, hav- ing a family. Ilis wife was M;uia, daug'iter of Domin-^'o Carrillo; his eldest son, Nicolas, was for a, long time shciiifcf .'^ta 15. County. Covell (lliram), bS.'U, mr of the linChniirp. iii. ;!S1. C.ivil(.Tolin Q. A.), 1847, Co. C, .Morni. Jiat. (v. 4(1!)); rcenl. at Los Aug. Covillaud (Ciiarlesl, 1840, nat. of Franco, who had live! in La ami Mo. for some years; overl. ini- mig. to Cal. (v. 'vHS). He is named in tho .V. //(//'. /Jinri/, '47-8, bei.ig an overseer at Cordua's laneho, and later pros])ector on the Yul)a; had a ti'adin','- post at I'ordua's '48-0 in ]iartnership with his brolhers-indaw, and in '4ft .')7 the ]iost was at .Sacramento. Mcanw hilc, in '48, C. , with others, had bought Cord u;i s raneho a t New -Meeklcnl mrsr, and hero in '."iO they laid out a town, named Marysville in honor of C. "s wife, Mary Murphy, a survivoi' of the Donner party. Judge Steplicn -F. I''ield, tho 1st alcalde of .Maiysville, gives an interesting accfiunt of the founding. A'' )«('»., '20 et seip Here C. spent the rest of his life, gaining an enviable re]iutatio.i for his opeiidiauded liber- .ality, anil tilling some local ollicos. He died in '07 at the age of ')l ; hi.s widow die, Monii. Hat. (v. 4(i!(); in louii '82. (,'. (II(•n(ll■l■^soll), KS47, < 'o. A, Morm. iJat.; at N. Jlc'l\-. '47 >< in Sutter's cmiiloj-; killed liy Ind. on the return to Salt Lake '4S. v. 4i)(i; jiroli. tlif! man ealli'ern. (' '8.'). C. (John), 1S47, t.'o. K, Morm. Mat. (v. 4fi!l); in Sutter's employ '47-S. C (John), I84t». serjit Co. C, 1st C.S. dragoons; killed at S. I'aseual. v.'.'.Ui. C. (Patrick), lS47,('o.K, :td U.S. artill. (v.-'ilS). Coxe(\Vm), KS47, waindc ; perhaps 'Cope.' Coyan (l-'re.l.), 1S!7, C'o. K, "d U.S. artill. (v. olS); a lahorer at Mont. '48. c'. (Fred.), J847, Co. (i, N.V. Vol. (v. 4!»()); at Vallejo '41-4; jiroh. some error. Cralpl)(ll. (I. and H. X.). IS48, at Honolulu from M.int. Cral.b (.len- miah), l.S4(», Co. (', ist U.S. dra'.'oons (v. ;{;!()). Crafts (Alliert IJ.), 1847, Co. 11, X.V.Vol. (v. 4!Jlt); d. S.F. '4!). Crafton (T.), 1845, hoy in the Crigs- hy-lde inunig. party, iv. ."178-0, 087. Cri (Ji es), 18,T.', .Maid hy Dye t() have crossed tile mts with him and to he in S.l-'. '00; donhtful. iii. ;!88, 408. ('. (John), l84li, leader of an innnig. party, who in Ajjr.-May '47 was at i\. Hi^lv. pi'eparing to return east «ith a party, v. "il'S. Slur. C. (Otto), 1847, Co. F, M U.S. artill. v. ."ilS. Crain (Walter ( .), IS4(i. mid. the U. S. iVdrrcii. ( jaiH', or Xe-ta-nie-pommin, 184."), I>el. Ind. in l'"retnont's party; killed on the Or. frontier '4(i. iv. .'pS;}; v. '2'>. ('., 1847, had a restaurant at Aloiit. C. (Ceo. W.), 184(;, X'irginian said to have arr. in May; served in the C.il. ]!at. (v. .S.")S); niiner in '48; liecame a lawyei'; niendi. of Icgisl. fioni Yolo '."lO. and from Slont. '."i7; d. at S. .luan M. 'OS, 41. Icavini; a wid( and several children. All this comes fr(jm his oliituary as meml>. of Soc. Cal. I'ion. C. (J. C), 1848, on the C/iar/is itt Honolulu from .Mont.; in Cal. '.'i.'). C. (NV. O.), 184(5, mid. on tlie U.S. iVdnrn. Craven (Janus A. M.), 1840, lieut on the U.S. I)ii lat. of X. H., antl la-other of Itei dm. C. ; killed at Mobile '04 in com. of the monitor 'rrcuwsch. /.itiict/. Crawford ((!eo. ), 1840, boat.swain's mate on the U.S. < 'i/hik ; wounded at the .Mesa .Ian. '47. v. .S!)."). Crawley (I'liilip), 18411, worked f(jr Steph. Smith at IJodega aec. to the county liistorics. iv. .'WO. Crebbe, 1847, doubtful name, in Suttnr'.s employ '47-8. Creen (Hugh W.), 1847, purser on the U.S. /iiilcjii'iidnia'. ('reigliton (James), I8ts. at l',eiiieia, prospective? partner of I'lister; vieepres. of S. K. guards '48-0; elected to legisl. from S. F. '40. C. (Johnstfin IJlakely), lS4li, passed mid. on the /hi/c and Lc.riiiijf'iii '47; in '77-8 com. of Xorfolk navyyai'd. Crelis (.Michel), 1844, ])erhap8 one of Fremont's men. iv. 4.'i7. (;re.- I ,•_••_' 4, 284, .S80; and served 13 veais in Cal., ciiielly at S. C.iilos, till his death in 1782. liiog. i, :{8(i; ment. i. 121-2, i;i2 ((, 140-4, l48-.-)2, 1,-)S, Ki,!, 107 0, 171, r.'i-ti, 183-0. 10(!, 227, 2:;i, 284-."), .'!.")1, 388. 410, 473-0: ii. 44. Crespo (Manuel), Mex. jiidebcto- niist and teacher at Mont, from '20 oi' earlier, ii. (»l.'<; comisionado of S. Car- los '.31. iii. 307, 070; vocal of tlie dip. '3.3. iii. 24(i; in '3.5 comisionado to seculari/e S. Antonio, iii. 3."i4, 087-8. In '30 C. was living at Mont., age 28, wife Xicolasa Velarde, eliild. 'I'oma.s.-i .\. 1). '10 at Tepic, Adelaida '32, .Man- uel '.33, Carolina '30; also vocal of the tlip., taking part in .1 small way in the stirring political events, iii. 420, 4.')4-.'), 400, 40,3, 4(iO. I have no recid of him after his arrest in '37 for plotting against Alvurado. iii. 52"). Julio), ]S4(!, at Los Aug.; had a claim for supplies of stationery ai ( 'retaine md clothin; (v. 4()2). Crentzfeldt (F. ), 1845, ])robably one of Fremont's men '45-7, as lie was in '48. iv. 583; v. 4,53. Ciistau (Joseph), 1840, j)ermitted to settle at S. Juan Cap. iv. 020. Cristen (C). 1830, inr of the Vntaliiin; doubtful. xi: i,/> /-(._•.■, 1 , ._.i i? ft,. .__,.- ^-, /i____\ .1,1 , iii. 140. Ciisttibal, neopli. grantee of Ulistac '45. ISIO, negro settler, ii. 303. C. (Juan), or 'Boli,' 772 riONKER UEDISTER AND INDEX. CrockcT (Ttavi.l), 1S4T. Co. V, M U.S. nrtill. (v. 5181 Crockett, 1R4<«. nt S.l''. fi'Diii lloii. on till! SiKinilaluv. l,'i()iin\ til, 1S4.S(?), Wiiitrrs i% ( '., liotcl ttt Coloiiiii. ( 'roiistt'iiil ( I'liilip), IS4."), (U'.surtcr from tla- J/o/ifinl/ ut S. Diego; i>rol>. ' (JroHstliwiiitc,' ij.v. Crooks (St('])lK'ii), Isl7. aiiiiarciitly iiii ovurl. jiiimif;.; in Siittf^i'a I'liiploy '48. Cro.sliy, ISlT, mr of the 'J'oidoii. v. 'i'M. i'. (.\. II.), liS4."), Aiiu'r, i'ar|Hiiti'r 1111(1 ovitI. iiiiiniu;. of the lIaMtiii,!_'s-S('iiiiih) )iailv; ciiiiiloycil l)y Sutter; \\\uh. went liack in '4(i. iv. (kSO; v. WH\. C. (iviriiiiiul r.),' IM47, seigt Co. C, X.V.X'ol. V. .'.04. C. (Tlio.s), 1S4(), Co. C, 1st i:.S. (Irai.'ooiiH (V. :t;i(l). Cross (.\U'N.), IS4S, S.F. iiiorcliaiit. of (,'., Hoi)- Son, it (a>. v. OSl. C. ((ii'o.), lS4(i, oveil. iiiiiiiii.'. who served in tlieCal. l>at. (w .'{.kS), enlistin;,' at S. Juan in Oct.; in Sta Clara Co. '7'». C (John), l'>4(), jiioh. a lirothcr oi (ii;o. ; in Cal. IJat.; on ist jury atS, .josi'; '4,S. C. (Joliii). l;i;>!S, nanii'il in [...iikin's accounts. ('ros-inan ((iidcoii), IS47, Anier. at N. llelv. (.'rossihwaite (I'liiliii), |.S4."t, landed fioina vcssol at S. I)iego, iv. ."i.!s7; liient. in '4(). v. .'{.'iL'; "Jd jiie/ at .S, I). '47. v. (JI,S; married Josefa Lopez '4.S, also lessee of S. |)iego nii.7'-; a Baltiinoro carpenter who went to the mines in '4S. W. A. Crouch is also named as having .settled at Benicia '47, perhaps .mother man. C. (Henry.).), 1S4I, inr of the Hostiliiid '41 -. iv. l!((i, oO.S. Crowell (Jo.sciih), I8I10, Kngl. sailor from a whaler at Sta 15. C. (Win H. ), 18.'{.">(?), nat. of Conn., somewhat prom- inent from '49 as trader and local oilicial in Sac, S. !•'., Sonoma, and Mendo- cino; said as a ship's l>oy to have touclicd at S.F. and other points as early .-is ';{.'); died at Ukiali "Oi). Maalor. Ihm., Aug. (i, '(iO; iii. A\X Crowley, 1S4(!, overl immig. with Hoggs, v. .VJS. C. (Michael), 1847, Co. K, N. V. Vol. (v. 4!)!)). (,'. (Philip), I84(i, Cal. claim )*.")(). (v. 4(J-_'); perhaps 'Crawley,' (].v. Crowninsliields (.facoli), 1848, lot-owner at S.F. (,'ruceiio (Antonio), at .St;i ]J. ",V1, wife Teresa Verdugo, T) child. Cruell (Robert), 184(1, doubtful name in Sta 15. region, v. .'}.'{(). Cruz (Faustino .ros(5), settli;r at Los Aug. 17!H). i. 4(il. C. (.Jose), killed by Lid. at I'auma '4(). v. ((17. C. (.Jo.se MT), grantee of (.^anada de I'inacates in '35. iii. GJiU. C. (Santiago), at Los Aug. '4(1. C. (Toinas), sirv. at S.F. 1777. i. -!)7. C. (Trinidad), convict from Mex. ''JO- X\. Cruzado (Antonio), 1771, Span, friar who .served at S. Ciabriel for X\ years and died in 1804. VAoj,. ii. 11.3; ment. i. 173, 170, 181, I'Jti, '21^, 'I'M, HS8, 4o9, 57."), (i()4; ii. 15!M)0. Cuani (Keaniu), 1847, lot-owner at S. F. v. 079. Cucar (Thos), 1810, Kngl. ii. 29.'}. CucuUa (Fran.), Dom. friar of L. Cal., at S. Gabriel ';H-'2. iii.'.'lll, 041. Cue (.lames), 1828, Engl, sailor, ago I'O, at Mont. '28-9. Ciiesta, additional mention omitted by error on p. 704 for '.•\rroyo de la Cu- csta,' q.v. ii. KiO, 380, :«»8, 41)(), 023; iii. 92, 9(>, 0(J4, 081, (583, 091. Cueva (i'edro), 1804, Span, friar who served at S. .Tos(5 ini.ssion two years, lieing wounded by the Lid. in 180"), and retiring 1S0(>. 15iog. ii 137-8; nieiit. ii. 31, 107, 109-1(), l.")9 (50. Cuevas, 1834, mate of the Natnlki. iii. 2(}8. Culu- bras (NUguel), 1828, Span, trader, who had been a licnt in the war of Lidep., appai-outly not allowed to remain after "30. iii. .51-2. Cullingliam (James), 1847, locksmith at Mont.; name variously written. Culverwell (.Stephen .S. ), 1842, boy on the Uititfil Statca in Jones' fleet at the taking of Mont.; liv- ing in S.F. '85. iv. 304, 341. ' Cumniings (James), 1847, Co. G, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). C. (Joseph W.), 1847, Co. F, .3d U. S. artill. v. 518. Cummins (Thos), 1842, Amer. trader who came from Hon. on the Fania for his health, age 38. iv. 141, 341; again nt S. F. '48. Cumuchi, chief of horse-thieves shot !it .Sonoma, iv. 73, Cunningham (Alex. S.), Co. H, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); in Fresno Co. '82. C. (Stephen), 1847, perhaps of N. Y. Vol. under another name. C. (Wni H.), 182(i, Mass. man, mr of the Courier '2()-8, spending much of his time on shore, befriending Jed. Smith and Pattie, taking an active part in trade at all tho ports, and vainly attempting to establish himself on StaCatalina Isl. iii. 128. 140, 154, 105, 170. Li '.'jl at Boston, but thinking of another trip to Cal. ; said by IVirce to have been still living in Mass. after '80. Cupper (Geo.), 1847, at Uon. from Mont, on the Xyton. CURIEL-PALTON. 773 Ciiriel (Di riiarilo), Mcx. soldier at Mont. "M, age .'VJ, siiigli'. C. {Vcr- nnnflo), iincMted 'J'.l. iii. (i'.». Cuiii'i' (Aiiiistasi^l. l.s;'.;), Krciuli tiappiT of Young's party, iii. ITJ. Ciul (.laiuci |i.). l.sKi, Co. !•'. Cal. I'.at. (v. X'S); hit at .S.F. '47; at S. Josd ',"i(l. as was Kolicit C Curinan (JA'wisl, I.S47, ryt (Jo. F, .'itl V.S. aitill. v. olil. ('iiriduy, ist7, nirol tiio Maria //. I'., Moiiii. Hal.' (v. 4i;;i|. C. (Foster), 1S47, "Co. 1>, Morni. liat. C. (.losiali), iM7, Co. ,\, Moriii. 15at. C. (.lotiiani), IS4(i, rl. nnuii'. w itii ids wil'i^; t'onnri'tiil with the 1st |)onnt'i' relief, and I'onni 11.V ah d ith h low liuiih ol reason 1 k irnton; owner of a lot at S. 1". '4( jt -\>y MeCutc d !i. (;,.s. tllekian in Cal Hat. (\ C. (Wni), 1S4(J, Kcn- ■..S). Cushinj,', 1S4;I, suji. of the Aihnili Ciuus, I.S47. Mir of the Enroim. v. .">7M. mill , who had ell trouble witii tlio capt. anil eonsiL;iue, an< was sent iioii '/•/,., inu ( 'iishiu'' (ISela I.S47 Co. C, N, V. Vol. (v. 4'.t!)); a printer of IJoston; d. Sonoma '4S. Cushinai (IJenj.). 1SI."(, nn' of the Mori'i. i\ .)(i7 C. (.1 anus an< I Stephen), ls;t7, named in J^arkin's aeeonnts, Custer (.lohn), iSKi, l''.iuntleroy's drai,'o()iis (v. ■J.'Jl'i; Co. C, Cal. I'.at. i>s:!7, 1 renehman who si ■)S); settled near Napa '4S. Ciistot (Octave), 'lied a eontract to take eliar''e of Itafael Come/,' in Ml dueed \'; IS; at S. I'alilo TiS tryiii!,' to niaki; heet siii,'ar; later ii lueeil Nallejo to employ him to sii[)ei'iiileii(l this imlustry at I etalUMiii on a lar;.'er suide, hut failed to in'oiluee any suu;ar exeept some eakes of an imported artiele remeltecl to keep the general ill '^oml eouraj^'e. In ';!!• he joined Slitter, and for several years was a kiiiil of siipeiiiiteiideiit at N. ilelv. iv. '_'l'.l. Mo seems to have disa[)iieared before '4.'), as his name does not ueeur in the A'. 7/(7/". JJiiiri/. Cutler (John). 1S4(5, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. XW). Cutivll (Win I",. \, 1S47, li'Ut Co. K, X.V.N'ol. v. .");)4; went to Saiidw. Isl., where he married and had several ehildren; returned to S. F., where he died '<1S. Cuttiii;,', 1.S4.S, doubtful record of a man who came overl. to Or. from liid. in '47, and ret. from Cal. in "4S with large (piaiitities of gold-dust. Sulimo t'n. ilitt., .'iSO. Cuvellier (Kiiiill, 1S47, Co. (i, X.V.Vol. (v. 4!l!l). Cyrus (I'hioch), lS4(i, overl. imiiiig. witii wife and .'{sons, who settled in I^apa Valley, v. ,VJ'.). ( '. and two of the sons died of small-[)ox in ".'ilt, ami the widow, Kebccca Cook, died in '7.">, age 77, at the farm mar Calistoga, wheri^ the family had lived since '."il). C. (.Fohnl. lS4(i. son of lOnocli, b. in 111. ".'il; marrieil Lovina (lra\es of the Doiiner party in '00; still living with 5 children near Calistoga, in 'SI. Daggett (Edi, 1S;]_». inrof the linhiin;'. iii. .nSI, D. (Timothv). IS'Jl' :?, inr of tiie A/mlrn. ii. 474, 4',>_'. O.iiley (I'eter), IS47, ('». F, M LJ.S. artill. (v. .-)l,S). Daily, IS;!:t, possi'dy in Walkers coiiip. iii. 'M\. Dailey an I Daily, see 'Daly.' Dake (.Moi'iis I!.), IS4-J, asst surg. on the Uiiitol Si'iir^. Dalemaii (.Fohni, ISK). marine on tii" /A/A,- in I'hil. 'S4. Dall (.b.lm), |,S47, Co. F, .'id U.S. artill. Lmini/. Dally, KSKi. mr of the d'olil'ii (,'iil>: Dally (Henry .1.), ISl:!, nat. of \.^'., who after an advi'iitiiroiis caiver ns sailor in many jiarts of the world landed at Mont, from the whaler ('/iii.\ I)'. Morijiiii. iv. 400. He worked at Mont, fur Iviuloik, l.arkiii, an norvod li;,',iiii.st Mic'lii'ltoit'iiii, lioii^lil ImiiiI 111 S. (Iiiliricl, wiim mi|>. of tin- Slur n/ the I) ml, and ju'iaiiU'o of !>. l''iam'i»c|iiitii. iv. |!),"i, ,">IH, .">(iS, (i.'l.'i; in 'Mi I'licaiyaiiu a' S. < iiiliricI, iiiriinljii;^ iiii]iiirliiiit liiianciiil aiil tn iiis lir'_'. v. I>JS, (i.'t.'t, li.'t'). Still living in 'Ml. Ills wife was the ilaii'^'litcr of A. \ . /aiiirir.iiio. iii. ."ilil; anil liis smi, Jicnry, .Ir, was prohaMy lioi' liifoif tiic cml of '4S. |». (lolin), ISI4, nir of 111.' Jiiliini. I). (Win), Islli, Co. (', Ist r.S. lira- s (v. ;i:((i); Ki.li.l at S. I'ascual, V. ;U(>. i>aly, I.S4L', iloulitfiil rriMinl nt Mont.; prrhaps \atlian. I). (Henry), 1S44, nicntionfil at Mont. I). (.1. ami S.), |.s4i), Co. !•', Cal. i!.it. (v. :i.Vs); jiiiili. one iiiaii. 1>. (Natlian), l!S.')4, Anicr. m.mii.i'iI in Laikin's liooks ';il 40. iii. 4l'_'; o.xiliil in '4(1 ami not known to liavr nt iiiiiicl. i\. |S,'_'4. I>. (Win), ls;i4(?), H.iid to li.iM' an ivt'il in .S|a (lain Co.; airfstnl 'III, as ajiiicars fnnii tt lulti'r of i''orl)('S imjiiiiin^' alioiit Iii in as a lii itisli siiliji cf ; at Siitti'i's Kort witll liis wifo '47; in tlio iniin's '4N; had a lancho on the ( 'osiiniius '4'.'. i'l'iliaiis nioi'c tlian one man of tlic iiainr. iii. 41'-'. I>aiia l.lanii's |).|. I.S4I, iiiiiicral- «)^ist of U.S. ex. t'Xjii'il. iv. '_'U ;{. I). (Iticliaid Il.,.lr), js.'t,"), Hoston sailor on till; /'ilijriiii; author of the famous 'J'lni Ynir-^ Hi/irr l/n' Musi; later uu umimiit lawyerand writir. iii. .'1(17, 4 I •_' III, 1)1,1, (i."!*.'; iv. 11(1, U'J. |)iina (Win (ioodwin), IS'Jti, iiat. of lioston, and nir of the Hdirr/i) '"Jd-S. iii. IIS, 14!), I.")!, I7(>. Anioiij,' his tirst nets was falling in love with .loscfa C.-irrillo, daiij^liter of |)oii Cjirlos, and he w;ih ^'reatly tioiihled at liaviiij; to Viiit for liaiitisiii and naturalization In fore Ljettiiii; maiiinl. I have hus firigiiiiil lelter to Capt. Cooper in '•J7 N mi this siilijeet, with a (|iiaiiit interinixtiiru of h.isiness atl'airs. Jle liait no olijeetiuii to ehanuinj^' his reli;;i()n and eoniitry, hut daniiK.'d the institutions that foieed him to lose time. However, he was liap- ti/ed in '•J7, f,'ot provisional papers in ''JS, was married to Don.i.losefa, ago Hi, the same year, and in .Inly ";i(( in a liiisiiu'ss lette ■ annoiineed the liirtli ami death of his '2d child, eheerfiilly adiiimr, ' We \\ ill soon liavt' enough'— as they did, '_M ill all. Meanwhile lie had engagid in trade, agrienltnre. stock-raising, and soap-making, l»esides hnilding the sclir.V/a 'JiirliKni autl liiiyingthe wreck and I'argo of the J)iiiiiilic. ii. .")7.'i; iii. 140, 140. Kvcry branch of his laisiness v.as always on the point of going to thi^ dogs, if we credit the letters of thi.s imeter.'ite griinilikir. One source of revciim^ was the lettilig-out foruliercent- iij'e of results of his otter license to foreigners, who eoulil get \to such paper. Final naturalization in '.'I.'); appraisi'r at I'lirisinia. iii. (Km; cajit. of the jiort. iii. G."i4; in ';{(i alcahh; of Sta Ii. iii. 4S;{, (i.'il; iv. 117. In ''"{7 he was grantee of the Xipomo raiicho, S. J.iiisOh., iii. (i.Vi, on which he lived from alioiit ';!!), having in "AS remlered some aid to his fatherin-hiw in his politic.'il trouliles. iii. .")()'.). Sometimes named as a physician and architect. In '4.'i Larkin gavo liiiii an excellent cliaractci «s a iiiin of greater inlliience than any other for- eigner of Stii 15. region. M'Sit. 40. having a'so a Cal. claim, v. ;{21, (i:{l>. Prefect in '4!(; coiiiity irei>.-'i) vii' in Til. l)f his children Sdied in infancy, one, Mis. I'ollard, in '7'S, ami m '«."! the survivors were ('has C. at S. Luis, Win C. at Los lierros, and on tlj.j !iome farm, .lolin F., Henry ("., Frank, FdwanKi., Fred. A., Adelina K. . i '-'.vid A., Eliseo ('., and .Samiul A. |)aiiiel, KS'_'4, Amur., surname not given, said to have lieen killed by Ind. at Sta U. ii. ;V_'7, .VU. Daniels, l,s;5(i, jjoston cook, age "20, with Angel R.a- mirez at Mont. iv. IIS; arrested in '40. Daniels, ISUi, nir of iha Colonrl. ii. •21S, .'JS-J. D. (,101111), KS;{!», Scotch in Kl J)orado Co.; doubtful date. iv. II!). D. (Will), 1.S40, iiat. of Fngl.; oveil. inimig. with family; settled at S. Josii; known as judge; died '7;{, age 71. l>antt (Antonio), 17!I0, S]iaii. friar who served at S.l''., I'etiriiig in 17!"!. JJiog. i. 71--K'; meiit. i. .'iS8, 474, 4!)--', 510, iwl---', iw-J, r.7.') (), (iT'!), 700 list autli. Dare (Robert IL), 1838, mr of the FtarKtuii/lil and of the Ai/iiniclio '.SO 40. iv. 101, lO.'J. Darley (Henry 1..), 1840, at Mont. Darlington (15. S. 15.), 1841, lieut on the U. S. Si Loiiis. Darrah (Decatur), 1S17, Co. D, X. Y. Vol. (v. 4!t«.)). Darren (Henry E.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol.; drowiicJ ia the Sac. Kiv. '4U. PA uni:Nnis.s- DAVIS. 770 I)aul>fii1>if8 Molm), 1S4.'I, nnt. i>f !5.ivaii II, \\ llll CMIIIC t.) A tor nil r. .') Ill tlii^ ni,'f (it Ml, aiitl lipiii (I lii.< u:iy \vc.st«iiiil Ky 8linil .slii.'! » (iM'i'laiid to Or. ill '■^^2 nml to (al, licxl year in tlic Ihiotiu'rit '1(M». Alter udiiiiii'' on iihIIh tor Sinitli iit I / yiais, loiiiiii;^ loilc^ii, pliltV. IV. iv. ;t!til, aii.rViiU. at i.s.sjoli ,•>. .[l)8l 111 rali/L'il iiiiil ;^(>t II , .f( ■laliL ot ( to Ion i;.:m'iM. iv. ivcil .'^iitler 111 tiiu Mii'lii'ltori'iia (Mliiliiii^'ii, wa.-i natll iisi M raiii'lio III !>: n. iv. |ii|i u iih .lolm I jaiiic :< '4S, also K"i>in to tlie iiiiiii s; iiivil ,s,'iniii ( '. Lard ami moved to his lainlio al Soijiiel, ell 1 ted to eiplislit. eolivelilioli '-lU, tlloii;ili Hot .«ei\ ill''. Ill '711 lie liii liil- dreii; ))rol». .still li\iiiL,' in '.s."i. lli.s JSinij. S/nli/i cuiitaiiis many inUrestiii;; Uih eiitiires; portrait in S/a Cria Co. l/ini., -(!. Di'ivalos (.Mi>,'iiil), I7>i()-'.', iliaiilaiii of the .S'";/'/'(.'/o and Pi'nycsn. i. Sl'll, 37H. J), (ler.-t.-i), will) of Kivuru y Moiieada. i. liilL I)aveni)()it ( Allred), LSl(», Co. A, (Jal. liat. (v. ;US). Da\e.soii (I'eter), LS4I (?), liat. of liii' loniu Isl., who eaiiie in '4l-;{, aec. to dit'. aullioi ilies. iv. ■J7!'; Kiiriieii the S. , lo.se eali to foiei^filer.s '4.">. iv. <"»',l'.l; inuiit. in '4.')-7 in eniiiloy of Wilier iiiid Soiitli- vvard; also keiit an inn, ami went to the mines in 'IS; .still liviiif,' in ',S4 at S. iur.'\ His u ile wa.s a yranddai'gliter of J, wis IVialta. I'avid ( Alex.), Is4."), ill Cal. iv. ."1^7: |ieiha)i.s Davi.s. David (Ivlward). IS27, nir of the holnlld M- Sindli ami Kli.nhdli. iii. 147. Davidof, ISOd, lieiit with l!e/:iiiof at S. I''. ii. tiS, 70. Davidson, 1S4:{, lii:,te of the A-hilill'incr. liat. of N.U.; hilled lit S.K. '44 liy fallin,^' froiii the shiji'.s foietophiail yard. TlntiiKt. I •.( Hunter), l.'-:4."i, mid. on ihv' Pui/.^iikjiiI/i. D. (.lolm \V. li \yMi, lieiit 1st C.S. dia^'imn.s, who eaiiie with Kearny and foii.i^liL at S. I'asciial .'iiiil the later eonlluts of '4'i 7. V. ;{:i()-7, :i4l», ;i4";{-7, ;(•..')-('», 44(i; later enl of -Jd e.ivalry and liivvet liriir. -L'eii., ser\ in,^' on tlio I'lie. coast to '."ill, and dyini; in Minn. '.Si. D.ivilii (ALinslin), see. to jue/. at IJralieif. '41-'_'. iv. (id;!; j^r.iiitee of Corral de Ciiati '4.-1. iv. (i4J; killed l,y I'o.xeii mar Sta Lies '4S. v. ((Il,(;;tl. D. (.lose). 1771, still.', of the Ciil. foiees at Mmit. ■7I-S:t. Lioi,'. i. tiliS; ment. i. -JJL -JJS. ;is."). Davis, ISI l-I-_>, mr of tlit^ l.^nhilla.. ii. !):;,"_'(i7, •-'(;•». -JSJ; possilily Win If., Sr. D., LS4.-|, doiilitfiil meiiili. of ( Iriirsliy-Lle party, iv. ."■|7!). D.. IslU, said to have lieeii iiir of ii coaster; later a hi^liwaynian known as lUd Davis, liaii;^ed at Stockton aliiiiit '.VJ. ])., l!347, liuiiili. of .Sonoma coiimil. D., IMS, two of the iiaiiic on the iS\»;/f((/«/i'/i' fruiii Honolulu. ])., ISIS, miner at 'J'hompson'.s l''!at. Da'is (15en,j. IJ.), LS47, Co. II, X.Y.Vol. (v. 4!)(»); miner in Maiiimsa; vol. ill war of '(il— ■); died at Merced Ati^'. '7S. 1). (Daniel ('.), 1S47, iNqit. Co. J'], Moriii. ]>at., and of the rei nl. coiiip.; in com. iit S. !)iei.'o. v. 177. 4!I0, 41».-|, ()I7; accoinp. liy hi.s wife and son, Dan. C., Jr, the latter lieinj,' woumlcd in a tight with wildeattle on the iiiaich to Cr.l. J). (David A.), ISKl, al S. Jose in April; jierhaps an iiiimi;,'. of 'A'l; one of I'aiintlcroy's dragoons (v. ti.'iJ); lietit of Co. (I, ('al. I>at. v. .'Kil; in '47 S had ii store r.nd fcrrvat IJe- nicia. v. (;7:{. D. (David A.), Ls47, (Jo. H, X. V. Vol. (v. 4!l!l); a deserter who was liaiujcd at S. .lu-i' for roMierv and attem]ilcd murder in Dec. 'IS. v. 0(i:i-4. D. (Lleazei), I,S47, Co. D, Morm. I!al. (v. 4(;',l). , Davis (h i'limii.'. fro.ii Dr. in the Uaslings p.irty. iv. .1!ll)- 2, 400. Married liy Stittcr to Li/: ic Sumner, v\ hose parents came in the .saiiio party; naturalized in '44; often named in the ..V. liclr. Jiiaii/ 'I't-i'i; later en- gam'd ill tanning and raising stock in the Sta Cruz region; in 'liO settled in S. Luis Oil. Co., where he still liveil in 'S.'!. D. (I.-jaac), 1S4S, ^jcntcncid for larceny at S. I'. V. (.Juroinc (J.), lS4."i. a[ipareiitly one of Fiv'- iiioiit'.s nieii, iv. .kSI(, ;"iS7, who served in the Cal. l!at. 4(i~7. v. ."iriS. It was fir him, I think, that the town of Davisville wa.s named; still living at S^c in "7S. D. (lolm), ISJS. Norwegian carpent'jr, age "Jli, who came froni llie Sandw. Lsl. ami in ';>;)-(> v\asaresid. of Los Aug. ii. uJ8; iii. 17S. D. (.Jolm), 1S4S, passp. from Honolulu; letters at S.F. PIOXEEr^ REGISTER AND INDEX. Davis (John Culvert), lS3i>, Engl, sliip-carpcnter and blacksmitli, who had l)cen a sailoi', and lor ;"> ycaivs on Mv.x. vusscl.s, iirobably touclunj,' in Cal. ports isoiMC years t.arlier; naturalized, got a lot, an.S7. J^ived for a tim.. xt (iordou's; .served '4(1-7 in (Jo. 15, Cal. Ilat. (v. ,'i."i;s); claimant for supplies to Kremoiit. (v. 4(i"2); called also M. J. Davis. D. (.1. H.), 1S4S, jiassp. from Honolulu. Davis (I'edio), lS4.'i-.-», Ital. resid. of Mont. iv. 400. D. (Peter), 1848 (?), nat. of .Mass., long a resid. of Loreto. jierliaps eame to Cal. before end of '4.S; ('apt. 1). .lied at .'\lont. '.-),'!. 1). (I'eter J. I. 1848, nat. of X.(J., rl. ilh fi imilv; miner on Feather liiver ■4S-,")(); later farmer m S. loaiiuiii; il in lliiiiiboldt '7I{. His 1st wife, I'ho'be Huntei, died in '4!»; in .'{tl leie wil(! I:! survi\ ■hildr D. (l;obert(;.), ls;i\ere sold at S.F. '41 '2. iv. oiKi: later in tiaile at Honolulu, being also I' D. (liobert I'.). 1848, nat. of .M( eruvi;ui consul ami a judge; ( died alxiut '7'-. rl. i nimi''.. miner ami till us death liv a fall f roiii Ins wa''on m from Or. in the Hasti ngs jtarty. iv. resid. of Coloma ' I). (Samuel H.), 184.'!, .\iner. '.V.)0; lUdb. returned to Or. in '4;i-4. I>. (Sterling), 1847. ('o. I), .Morui. Uat. (v. 4(i!l). D. (Tlios), 184(i, one of Fauiitlerov's di )IIS (\ .'); Co. C, Cal. l!at., enlisting at S. JosiS A h I{.")S); jieiliaps the ' UiiiK' Tommy' Davis who died at .Sta Cruz '8,'i. umlierman of same name iiieiit. a t S. 1! the .1/ II rid h'-^lir. iii. 147 D. (\V.), IS'i.J, nirof Davis (Will H(\atli), 1810 (?), Boston ship-master who, according to tho statement of his sou, was owner and nir of tho Kinj^e fri,;n ISo-^ton to tho Samlw, Isl. about '14, for some years in the (jiiina trade, and visited Cal. aee(iiii|i. by his wife, still on the Kiujli , about 'Hi. makingother trips to the N. \V. eoast and perhaps to ('al. I have no record of any such vessel on the coast, iilid there is probably some error in the dates; indeed, it is not unlikely that this was Ciqit. |)avis of the IkiiUvHii, ISl 1 IS, wiiose jireseiiee on the eoast is iiK nt. ill ii. ilJ, •J(i7, -li!l, '-*8'2. He was related to (ieii. Heath, of revolutionary lame; iiid \vas tor years U.S. commercial agent at Honolulu. His wife was ; liauuliler of Oliver Holmes, another Ma.ss. ship-master who lived loi g at the Saiidwicli Isl., being at one time gov. of Oahii under Kamehameha 1st. .\ii- otlier daughter of Holmes was the wife of Nathan Spear, ('apt. D. ilied at Honolulu in "'ill, leaving two .sons, llobert (J. and Win If., both named in %\\\n register. D. (Win Heath, Jr), IS.'fl, son of the preceding, b. at Honolulu in "'iliniiHer inwiiih* lu. From JS ;aiiie to ( 'al. as a boy on tho /.miisfi. iii. ,'WI{, 40."); again on th ill 'Xi; iind a ;id time on tiie /hm . was (derk and manager for his uncle, Natiian Sjiear, at S. F., niucli of his tiiiu^ being spent in trading trips around tiie bay. iv. 8'J, 1 1(], '24."), 'J.")0-1 : in !» le eoinmaiK led tl licet' that t(.ok .Folm .\. Sutter f.iul his company up the Sac. liiv. to X. Hclv. iv. loO-l; hi '40 was arrested as a matter of form, DAVIS— DAY. but not sent farther tliaii tlic iiiis.^ioii, tlumjrh the troiiLlcs of thin yojir prob. prevented the giiiiitiiig of his iietitioii lor iiatm-;ilizali( ii. iv. 10, 17. In '42 ho Icfl Spear's service, i'.iid luade a Uip tu J Ion. u.i hiij). (il tlie J^uii ijtti.ci !■ , C.'apt. I'aty, returning in '4lt, and in '4.'>-r> acted as agent at S.F. for the lirni of I'aty, Mclvinley, & Co. iv. ."ill, Mo; v. (JT'.I; in '4.") at Los Any. thirinj,' the Michcl- torena campaign, thounh not a coudiatant, houj^ht a lot at S.F., and wiiit to llonoluhi on the i/oii (Juixolc. iv. ;")()."), ."ill.': v. (iT!*. lie now fornieU apariner- s'.iij) with lliruni (irinics, Imyini,' tiie L'liiikoitia with a cargo of nierchaiulise, and returning on her to Cal. in 'A('>, from wldeh date he wa.s a prominent mer- chant under his own name at i'^.V., owning several lots and huildings, liut spending mneli of his time on the vessel, which \ isited the isl:uieihaps of Young's tiaiiper.s from N. Mex. ^>i. JiSS, 40S; Amer. halter at ■ ~ .....-•. . ,^|^_ Mont." ';!4-(). D. (Ivi'Yardi, 1^47, perhaps :.I X. V.Vo'. (v. 400) under otlier name. ]). (Francis), ISK). iiatui hunt otter '4.'); ineiit. in '4(i. i\. I'JO; v. •21] II, N.Y. Vol. v. 004; died at Chicago 'jl. d eiti/eii at llrancif. ; iiii';isrd ti ]>. (.lohii S.). KS47, b' lit Co. h. (Miuucl), [ij\iS, named in Lar- li^i rio:;Ei:R register, a\d indjlx. kin's l>f:o!:s. 1). (Win). IS.TJ, I\<'iitu"1-iaii Iiiitter at Mont. ':U; very !ik(ly one of Voiin.^'s tr;'.jii)Lr.s. iinil iktihiiis .-aino as JJonjamin. iii. .'188, 40S. Ja'S."), kcL'i.inj a iiijiior-sliop at J^os Aug., lie slaljl)C(l Aljcl Steam:* in a qiuinel and vaw Ivc^it in piisoii a yeai'. iii. (iiil; uee. to the Coniity Hint, died in Soiiora, having settled at L;w Ang. in ';{|. iJaylor (Win), \Vi',]o{':), iMigl. stulor said to have left his vessel this ycai', to havo entered Sutter'tj .'iorviio in MO-1, and to have settled on the (.'osinnnes vitli Slieldon, his hrother-in-law, ahout '44. iii. 41;!; iv. l.'W. Yaten met him in M'2-l; and f pcaU.i in high praise of his eharaeter. From '4j he is often named in the A'. Il<'li\ JJiiri/, having iijjhts with Hess and Kampt in '4G; Cal. elaini of t^.JO in '4'J-7 (v. 4UJ); (len. Jvearny eaniped on his raneho '47. v. 4.V.'; min- ing Avidi Weber '4S; Ind. killed on his raneiio '40. I'larcr Thin's. Ho died of elio!era iu ',"0. liis -widow — originally Sarah Ithoadsmariied in '47 wa-. niar- lied in '.51 io Wni 11. (iriniahaxv, whose Xurrntin', MS., is the hcst aiiUiority «i;i Daylor'ti life. Hays (Wolherton), ]!i41, New Yorker who lived long in lirazil, hospital steward on V . S. ex. exped., who eanio hack to t'al. in '4',), settling ac (jrass \'nl. iv. "270; XiriiilnCu. ///■•'I. Hayton (\'/.). 1!>;S. | as p. from Honolulu. H. (Wni.J.), 1S47, Co. 1>, Morm. Bat. (v. 4G'.l); reenlisiei-, also eallcd Willard V. Heal (John), 1H44, Amor, sailor of the Bcnj. Mm-iian, hinded siek, ail d l)y the eoniid at .Mont. '44-."). Hean (Ceo. ('.), IH47. Co. V, M artiil :v. Cks); at iMont. to '-VJ. H. (Oeo. ('.), 1S47, Co. H, X.Y.Vol. (v. -V.)'.)}; at \i- salia '7'-o-, CIujI:: piob. .some eonfiisioii het. him and the jireeeding. H. ((Jilhert H.). 1847, Co. A, X.Y.Vol.; at Fort l,ee. X..I., '74- S-_>. ]). (.lames), l;;;!7, at Mont. Heas (Ji-.nes), 1847, (/o. E. X.Y.Vol. (v. 4 li'4(), owner of S.F. lot. v. (iS."). |)eeker (Zaeliariah 15.), 1847, Co. A, :\lo.in. ]!at. (v. 4(j:;); at Sutter's Fort '48; in Utah "81. Hedmond (.Jcel P.), 18;!M (?), Anier. e.'irpenter who in '44, reUtrnin,'; appar- ently fi\/i.i Iioiiolulu on tile J'tnii'i, claiiiied a resilience of (i year::, ohtair.ing iialur;.li;iition, a lot at .S.I'., and the S. .Juan ninciio in tiic .'>ac. \'al. iv. I li), Gil',), (j7d, ()8;i. He prol). served MiehelJorena under Sutter; a])pear:! in the A'. J/'lr. D'arij '4")-7; hut :;eeiii i to li:ive made a trip to Hoiiolula iu "Id. In '47 he sold out hi i hind to .'cutter and was employed at S.F. hy Lark in as sur- veyor. Heneet(\Viii H.), l!i47, owner of ^>.V. lot. Hcford (Isku ), 1847, Co'. F, :!d U.S. arlill. (v. ."ilS). Heitch (Lewis), 1S47, .;.prol al. soon ifter "27. His is said to have been very skill ul i 11 line needle- work, making ai'tilieial lloweis, etc., and to have taught her art to ::e\eial Cal. girls; perhaps she was the Cristina named above, li. '2.")4, .'iOI, r)7;i, (;7:). Helick (John), 1847, Co. H, X.Y.Vol. (v. 4!)!)). Hehme (Fran- cis), 1840, at X. Helv. '40 8, being under arrest ii. .Inne '40; also called I)"- long; jirob. sanie as 'Heland' of '14, cpv. Dclong (Wm F.), lS4(i, master I'.S. .\. i:i Murston';! force against Saucliez. v. .'180. ]>e:naraiite (Manuel). ISIiO, l'oitir;uese skipper of S. F. mission launeli, also f ir;:ier and ;iawyerwho, in 'U, a-king for naturali/ation, claimeda rcsid. of 1! years in Cal. iv. IIS. heinard, 1 84S, doubtful nieutiou of a Moi-iuon preueiier at S.F. Deinedrioa (Juan IJ.), 1S34, (Jrock lisherinan at .Mont, DEMEDRIOX— DEWELL. 779 '34-7; two Ttaliana. Lui? ami Miitias, witli liini. Demetrins, 1S39 nir of tlm JJuiL-dt. iv. 101. |)c'ii (Xioholas Aufrustus), ISSO, Irisli plij-siciaii wlio canio on tlio Knit, landing in Doc. at St;i !>., wliere he l)ccamo a piMiiiancnt settler, nftcn iianuil in I'cuords of later yeai's. iv. 117-lS. In ';>9 not pcrniitteil ti) Imiid un liin lilt; in '40 applied lor natur.ilization, which was prob. obtained in '41; soon married a daughter of Daniel Hill. In "4i2 collector at Sta 1!., and j^rantce of Do.s Pueblos rancho. iv. (i4'2; in '4;{ (.grantee of !^. Antonio ranelio. iv. (;;!,'•; in "45 alcalde of Sta B., and with his father-in-law lessee of the luissinn. iv. 4'2(i, ,"42, ."mS, (J4"2, C44; v. 'mS; in '4() ;,'rantee of S. Marcos, Cal. claim Cif about C'2,003. V. ().')"2 8, ',H>o (402). Dr Den is said to have been of j^'ood family, and became in Cal. a most popular stock-raiser of considerable wealth and esccl- lent reputation. Ho died at Sta 15. in 'ti2 at the ai;e of oO; his children were Catherine wife of John ]5ell, M;iry wife of Tho.s More, d. '7t>, Su. an, Ihn- nianrii.1, Nicholas, Wni, .\lfred, Alphonso, and Augustus. Portrait i;i Sid B. ('.I. Ili-^t., 4(5. ]). (Pichard Somerset), 184."?, Irish physician, bro. o." Nicho- las A., who settled at Los -Vng. iv. 400; mcnt. at Los Aug. 'JO. v. ;(' I; pur- ciiaserof Sta 1$. mission estate, v. oOl, 0:V2 :i; Cal. chiimof !?l.020(v. 402); ment. in '47. v. ,%,■); el. for S. Antonio raneho. iv. O;!."). Living at i-os Aug. 't.0. I)(ng (Fred.), 1S48, left <\^^\\. Lane's party and settled at Vrek:i. Denike {(le...), 1840, i>aker ami sah)on-keeper at S. 1'. '40-8. v. OK!, 0S4; jicrhaps correctly written 'Denecke.' Dcniston ((!;iri'ett \' .], 1S47, mid. on tlic U.S. /iiilipi'iidi'iia'. Denkcns (('has W.l, 1847, Co. A, X.Y.Vol. (v. 400); died at Sac. '71 ('81 '-). Dennett (Daniel i).), 1847, Co. K, -Morm. Uat. (v. 409). ])enni3(.leimny), IS.'il, doubtTul men. of an Irishman at Pei'd".'i rancho, Marin Co. Dennison (Xathaniel), 1810, on the Li/dii at Sta 1>. ii. 'J7">. Denniston (.James (J.), 1847. sergt Co. 15, X.Y.Vol. v. 504; nat. of X'. J.; twice a member of the legisl. from S. .Mateo; died at S.F. '00, leaving;;, v, idow and :t c'.;ildren. Denny, 1845, Ind. of Fi'cmont's j^aity. iv. ,')S,'!, ,)S7; per- haps killed on the Or. frontier "40. Dint (Lewis), 1.S47, nat. of Mo., lawyer al .Mont. ; of iirm D. & Martin; in '40 nxnuber of the constit. eonventinii, and fr Ji:i '40 judge of the superior and circuit court; kitcr a lawyer and pili'iiciau ii. Miss., Mo., and Washington; a brother-in-law of (!en. (irant. Died in '74 at '.he ago of 51. Denton, ISIil 2, one of Young's trapper.^, said to h:ive rc- liauned some years in Cal. iii. :iS8, 408. Denton (David), I;i40, doul)tful r.:une iit Los Ang. D. (.lohn), 1S40, one of the Domier party from 111., wlio hol'- ticulture in tiic roval gardi'Us at Pottsdam. I)avid S|ience is suid to have re- ceived a letter from I), ppe at Fxrlin in '7.'5. Derby (•!.), 184S, ])ass]i. from Honolulu. Derosier (ISaptiste). 1844, eiieof l'"'remont':> ]iarty, who v.aaibri'd from camp in Cal. and wa i not heard uf again, iv. 4;i7, 4liO. ])e.jf >r;;es (Auguste), I8;;i, F'rcnchmaM who eanu^ with the 11. i.»itt.,, Jii;:n 15. 'l:. Ooloi-ailo puel,. funeral, i. -11 • ^ ■ \ — '' -..-. -j^ --- - -' -..>._ imd wa.s mis.sionary on the Colorado, when; he was killed by Ind. in 1. -J-'l. L'li;!, 'J.V.), ;!(j-l I). (Manuel), Mex. trader, mr of the Tiiiiidad In '4j alerdde of Mont. , ;,'rautco iv. ;":;(). loJ4, Holilier at iSta JJ. ii. o',V2. D. (Benito), Mcx. receptor of cu.s- .Sta B. 'or)-7. iii. ;i77, 41)1, 0.14; iv. 1)8; eelador at Mont. '42-;j. iv. . .,^., .., , ; re eeptor at .S. E. '44-o, heing iiLso agente de poliei;i, owner of lots, l.uild..r of the cuutonidiou.se, and loeally prcjniinent in other ways. iv. 4'2.'J, 4;;,)-!, 4lj:i, 'i'.r,, O.jl, OiiCi, Gtil), G;)4; again nient. a;j in ehargo of tlie revenues • ■ '4(), ;■ l'\ delej;ate to the eon^ejo gen., and gr;:ntee, .".a was elainied, of I't !. I the Sta Clara orehar'd. v. 3(i, 4."), .;(il, ,")70, G44, C(ia, GG.. G, 0' I ; ; of ^''l,."0;) (v. 4G2), Witnes.i in tlie Santillan ami X. Alma .en 1^4;), .still living in 'G8. D. (Eranciseo), jue/, de paz at S. •. CGI--.'; at S. Jos,e '."0. D. (.'^iabriel), ijoldier hilled at the d 17S1. i. I>J'.)-G2. I)., cha[)lain of the S. Carlo.:!, at Serra's |). (Juan M. ), 1774, Span, friar who canio to Cal. with AnzM 17hl. , ,.— -. . '4;); perhaps had viaited (/;d, liefor^. _ . _.. of .Saeiamento raneho, on the 1st jury, and mend), of the eouneil after U. S oeeupation. v. 1."), "JIM, L'M), (ioG-y, (i7'>. Ih: is said to have bouglit the sehr Sla <'/•!(:, and in her to have removed hi.s family iind cfieets to L. Cal. about '4o; but there was a Manuel 1). at >.lont. in ','>l. In '4.') Larkin deseribed him as aged ;!.'>, a tjuiet man, of some inili'.enee and property, well disposed to the U.S. I). (Melchor), ir)40, one of Corour.dos oliieers, who ero.sscd the Col- orado, and ])erhups looked upon Cal. territory, i. Go. 1). (Nicolas), Lo3 Ang. battel' ';!',)— K). Dibble (.loni'.f;), UM7, advertises sale of the ;:chr ]Villt;ilej' Sutter, under whom he pro!), served in tliu Miiii iLorena campaign, iv. 480; ni^'ncd the order for Weber's arrest, iv. 4S.'J; r.p^iear.i in t!:o list of Cal. claimants (v. 4()"2): and is named in the A'. // he was a ])art- iier of liidwell in the Feather Kiver mines; went east in '4'.), living at Liberty, I'enn., and dying before '00. Dickinson (F. ), 1848, of U.S.X., at S. F. on the jAiih/ Adam^. 1). (M.), 1848, alcalde in Calaveras Co. aec. to a nev.a; aper mention. Dickson, 1847, 8. F. mereliant of lirni 1). & Ibiy- * f ll'-o lj;'c!:ivc store; owner of town-lots '47-8. v. 044-."), 084; the firm f-till in busines •, i;i ',')). I suppose this may have been John Dickson, who came from Honolulu on tlio J'rovalciice; name often written 'Dixon.' Diddlcson (Augustus), 1847. Co. O, X. Y. Vol. (v. 499). Did (I.F.), lf--!(i, Co. F, Cab Bat. (v. ;5JS). D. (Valentine), 1840, ditto; h)t at S.F. "48. '1 he name wa.s perhaps ' Dielil,' who, ace. to Dallhans, was an ovcrl. iiniiiig. wiUi Hoppe :nd Harlan; still at S.F.. a grocer, 'd'J-4; later a farmer near M..y.'ield, where he lied about '82. Dierkin (A.), 1848, corporal of S. I', gr.aidfi. Dig,' (Henry), 1840, Fauntleroy's dragoons, v. '2:]-2. Dillawav (Jolin), bd.l, pilot of the Memmj. ii. "208. Dillon (.lames, 1S47, Co. F, r)d"U.S. artill. (v. il8). D. (Joseph), 1824, Amer. (puirrymun at Mont. '21), age 28, .") years in Cal. ii. 520. Dinnnick (Kimball H.), 1847, nnt. of Conn., N.Y. lawyer and militia ofTi- cer, who came as capt. of Co. K, N.Y. Vol. v. .■)04; electio'i inspector at S.F. '48. V. 0.")2; alcalde of S. Josii '40. v. 0(i2; also judge of the f up. tribunal and nienib. of tiie eonstit. convention; a Sac. printer 'oO; went (^ast '."il, but ro- tr.rned to Los Aug., where be was district attorney, justice of the jieaco, and county judge. He iph:(, engaging ia otter-Iiunt- ing with Nidcver ami oth.rs, an occupation interrupted liy mining in '4S-.")0. Sla B. was his home ilown to '78, when he dictated for nic his Xarr.ilirp i./a y.t:a-J\ii\ii[i Life, an interesting I'ccord of many ndventuie.^. iv. t.'iH; v. .'117. Di.-v (.T.), 1848, on the ./«/('«// from Honolulu. Di. son (.Tames), 184(1, I'aunt- leroy's ilragoons (v. '2;!2). D. (J.), 1847, at Honolulu from C.d. ; ])eihaps ' Dickson ' of D. & Hay, (j.v. D. (.JamesF.), 1847, Co. A, X.Y.X'ol. (v. 4n;i); drowned in Cold Lake '80. D. (Joseph), 18.12, Amer. who joined the comp. extranjera at Mont. iii. '221, 408; on Larkin's books and other reeorils ';U- 48; got a pass '44; in Sutter's employ '4.5-0; sometimes called an I'^uglishmau, and there may have been two of the name. Doak (Thomas W.), 1810, the 1st Amer. settler in Cal., nat. of Boston, who came on the Alhutroa^, name often written Duke and Doc. ii. 27o, 277, 'Ai'/'^. He was baptized at S. Carlos in '10 as Felipe Santiago; in 'is employed to paint the mission church of S. Juan B., where he was married in '20. by viceregal permission of '19, to Maria Lugarda, daughtei of Mariano Castro, ii. '248, 272, 380; in '29 his age is given as 42, and from this time his nr.uu! appears in various records as a carpenter of good habits. He lived for some yoar.i at Sta Cruz, or at least two of ids children were born there; in ':!.; joined the com[). extranjera at Mont. iii. 221 ; said to have been at S. .lo ; • in '.)"; on Larkin's books from '113; in '34 had children ace. to the padron; in ';UJ living in the ^loiit. (list., at or near Las Animas, age 50, wife Lu^anl.i Castro age 30, child. Juan B. b. '21, Valeriano '23, Ana Maria '29, au.l Cc- cilio '33. I have his autograph of '27 ami '47, but no later record of him or his family. Taylor says he died before '48. D. (Jolm), 1847, ovcrl. imniig. , who went Ist to Sta Cruz and then to the mines in '48, presently establishing a ferry on the S. Joaquin, and becoming one of the earliest business men of Stockton. I believe that ho, or one of his sons, was somewhat prominent in S. Joaij. politics in biter years. D^iatey, 1847, at N. Helv. Dcib.son, 1840, doubtful name in a Los Ang. list. D. (.Toscph), 1817, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 409). Docente (Chas), 1817, owner of S. F. h)t. v. 070. Dockrill (Josc-ph, or James), 18-17, printer from Canxula, whose I'cal uanic ia 782 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. said to Iinvp l)crii .Tosepli Aniistronj:;; foronmti nnd pcrlmpa part owner of the Car/oriiiaii. '-iT-S. v. (i.W; worked in iiewspaiicr dliici';; S.K. till 'i"J. Ijucoming di.ssipatcd ami Icjiiij^ liisiJiopcrty; tlicii went to the mines; died at Dry Creek '")(). Dodd (Matthew), 1847, earpunter on the U.S. ('//riiii'. I). (Solomon), 1818, name in list of letters; at S. Jose 'oO. l);)dei'o (Xieoliis), 18'_'7, Italian sailor who left the Maria Ester at S. F., was atut to .Mont., and in 'v2!l was living at S. .Jose, age 2.). iii. 170; married an Higiiera; in '40 a naturalized citiziu at IJraneifortc; in '44 grantee of Tres Ojos de Agiia, Sta (_'ruz (',). iv. G.")0; in "40 had a son in the Mont, seliool. Dodge (Augusta;;), 1S47, Co. C, Moi-m. Wat. (v. 4GU); Utah farmer 'H'2. Dodge (Clias l'\ and Theophilus), 1S!S(?), early .settlers of Sonera. D. (Edwin T. ), KS47 (?), policeman anfl sherill' of Vulia Co., who in '.")S went to 15. (,'ol., and later to Wash. Ten; said to have heen a .sergt in N.Y. Vol., but there is no sueh name on the roll. Dodson (Eli), 1847, Co. A, Morm IJat. (v. 4Ui)). D. (,lacol.), 1844, servant of I'remont in 1st and 'Jdexpcd. ; F.'s companion in the famous ride of '47. iv. 4;{7; V. 4 l.'l. D. (\Vm), 184."), ovcrl. iinmig. from 111. iv. o7cS; who went; to Or. with iliistow in ■4v'!. v. ."rj(i. Doekin (Anthony), 1847, owner of S. V. lot. Dofar, or Dojan (.Matthew), 1847, named as one of the '2d Donner re- lief. V. ")H). Dolit (.lo.seph), 18;j1, named as one of Young's trappers, iii. 3;;8. Do,4e (J. l'.), 1817, doubtful mime at Mont. Doggtc (Tim. ), IS'J.'J, nir '^f th(! 'Jlitlimcr; perhaps Daggett, ii. 492. Doliling (Oeo.), 1840, at S.F. an. conip. before '.'17. D. (("urlos), at Los Ang. ",y,\ ago 29. D. (Ciirnn^i), jue/, do campoat .Sta 15. ';15. iii. 054; wife Isabel Romero, children. J). (Cristobal), soldier of S. Diego eowip. !);'foro 1809; sergt 1817- 25; gr.uitec of S. Pedro rancho '22; ncpliew of .Juan Jose; 5. His wife was Maria do los lioyes Ibafies; child. Maria Victoria wife of Jose Ant. Estndillo, Liii:i Conzaga, Manuel, Maria Fr;ai. Marceliiia wife of Win A. (iale, Marfa l']leiia Raniona. .Josi^. Nasai'io, and Pedro .hian Ag.ipito. D. (De:nesio), mentioned 'ol-47. iii- 190; v. 4()!); at Los Ang. '."Si), iige 48, on the Viigenes rancho. D. (Domingo), soldier of Sta 15. comp. ";52; another at .S. Bern. '4f>, age 24. D. (Fi'aneisco), son of Josi5 Ant., el. of .S. Emigdio rancho. iv. 0:$5. D. (.Jesiis), 1840, at Los Ang. D. (.Josi'), comisionado at .S. Jose 17!S5, when he died. i. 478. 1). (.Jose Ant.), grantee of S. Emigdio '42. iv. 0155. D. (.lose 1) )lores), soldier of S. D. at S. Juan Cap. 1770. i. .'JO.'l; corporal of the S. Antonio escolta 1780; prob. the .lost'- who died in '85 as above. D. (Jose Mari'a), .soldier at Sta B. 1800. i. 0."i9; inv;il. at Sta B. ';>2, wife Marcclina Felix, 4 children; grantee of Laa Virgenes '.'^7. iii. 034; died in '45 at age of aliout 100, his widow died '()5 at ago of 105, leaving over 100 descendants through 7 sous and 7 daughters. Ono son was Jose; 2 (laughters were Lui.ia and Maria. D. (.fosi5 Mari'a), at Los Ang. ';!!), ago 39; also '43. iv. 042. D. (.lose Maria), at Braneif. '45, age 25, vaf<; Concepcion (Jalatan, child. Manuel and (iuadalupe. D. (Juan Jose), DOMINGUEZ-DOOR. 7S3' settler of Los Anff. 178.'-fiO, soldier in rarlier yearfs. i. ?AG, 4G1; grantee of S. IVdro nuiciio 180()-'J2. i, Olii; ii. Ill, :«), .'{.";;!, C.Tl. OCT Dimiingiicz (Maimul), t-oii of (risUihal, wlio fi' ilioiit 'i.") lived on tlio S. Pedro riinclio. In '"JT-S, of teiiiii for conladcr, ;;ii] lento of (lie dip., and eleotor for Los An;;, ii. "<(jO; iii. -Ii!, -If, O.'i; i) rc'-id(;r. ii. .";()!; in ';iJ alcalde of An'', iii. -jui, {;; n ';';!-() i;ux. alcalde at ^;. I'ldro. iii. (i.' !")-(); oijxi.sition to (lov. Alvarado ';{0-7. iii. 401, 4'.i(i; in '',)'.) 2.\ akalde iiig An'', iii. OliG; 'ct of 'J<1 district, iv. (J.". iii. .'"jUI-."). (i;57; age '2'J in "oO. D. (Scrajjio), Mex. soldier of the piijuele dc Ili- da!pj at .Mont. ';>(), age '2^. 1). (Vicente), at Los Ang. '40. D. (Vicente Sotelo de), at Los Ang. ';18. iii. odd. Domini:, (.lohn), X'^'S't, nn' (;f the liolii'dr. iii. ,381; nir of the /ow/^/i P((i- hodij '."/J -12. iv. U;4, ."()(); native of Trieste, who was lost on the Xoh'c ahout '45. His widow lived at Honolulu '84, and his son .lohn (). was hrother-in-law of tl.e king. Pdrrc. J)onald (.M. ), 1848, miner taid to I'.ave lieen dro\\n(d in the Ynha. 1). (Xeal), R;47, Co. C, Morm. liat. (v. 4(;'.)); reenl.: died at S. Diego \ov. Donahlson (\. ('.), 184(5, Co. C, 1st Vi.i^. dra;-oons (v. .Tili). Donegan (.lohn), 1847, ('o. (', N. V. \'ol. (v. 40!)). Domielly. 1848, kept a pandilin'.; and grog shop at Sta ]>., ordered to he Ijj'oki n up l>y L;ovt. D. (John), 1817, C'o. 1'', :id L'.S. artill. (v. 518). Doimer ((leo.), 1840, nat. of N. C., \\\\o came from Si)ring(i( Id. 111., in tho faniou;! innnig, party that hears his name. l'"or a full acKinit of this terrihlo joui'uey, Kee v. 5t')0-44. He Mas accompanied hy his wile — Tr.msen, widow Dozier, maiden name luistis, a woman of eultuie and (ihicaii .n, formerly :i teacher, v. 5M0, 541, 541; tv.o daughters hy a former wife, I^litha C, v. 5114, and Leanna (!., v. ~u'A; and three daughteis hy Tamscn, l''r;uues IL, (icorgia A., and V.\\y.i\ I', v. 5;)5. Tlie fathcv and mother both perished, tiie latter de- liberately saerilieing her own life in order to cheer (lie dying hours of her husband; hut the ( hihhen were all rescued. Llitlia marri.d I'v rry .MeCJoon iu '47, and after liis death Htiij. W. Wilder; and iu '80 lived at V.Wi. drove, .'^ac. Co., with (J children. Leanna married .lohn .\pp in "o'i, and in "80 lived at Jamestown, 'I'uol. Co., with ■'! children. Frances mairied Win It. Wilder, anil in '80 lived in Contra Costa Cfi. with 5 chihircn. (leorgia married W. \. Ilab- coch in 'O;!. and in "80 lived at .Mountain \'iew, Sta Clara Co., with ;i e!iildi-en. Eli:'a, the youngest, a small child in "K!, married S. (). Houghton in '(11, and in '80 was living at S. .Jos(' with (> children. MetUashau gives many details about the members of this fan ily, with a ])ortrait of (ieorgia. Donner (.lacob), 184(1, brother of (Ico., ar.d member of tho same party, with his wife Elizabeth, 4 sons, and ;i dauglitei'. v. 5;!()-44. Tiic father, mother, and \\ sons — Isaac, Levis, and Samuel- perished in the mountains; but one son and the daug'Iiter survived. (!eo. D.,.Jr, mariied Margaret.L Wat- son in 'Ol', and died at Sct:asto]iol, Sonoma Co., in '74, leaving a widov.' ami (5 children living in "80. .V S.F. lot wasgranted him in '47. His sister, Mary .M. Donner, was married in "5!) to S. (>. Houghton, ami died in '()(>, having a daughter, still living in "80. Mrs hlli/iabcth D. also had two sons by a foimer marriage, named 'llook.'rpv. Donnavan (15.), 1848, ]iassp. from Honolulu. Doody"(Patrick), 1847, Co. I. N.V.Vol. (v. 4'.)!l); at Coloma '4:t with his wife. Poolan (.lohn), 1847, Co. D, N. Y. Vol. (v. 41)!)). Doolcy (Thomas), 184(J, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. .IliO), D. (Thos), 1847. Co. (1, X.Y.Vol. Chirl:; prob. an error. Door (James), 1840, arrested foreigner, doubtful, iv. 14. 784 nOXEKR r.miSTER AND INDEX. -^>"'2); mcml). of 1st Icgisl. '40-50; U.8. iiiiuslial; sec. of statu 'o'l-T; from'.')? ji farm in S. Jojiq. to liis iloat'.i in "J'2, .-igc "»1. D. (SirJamos), IS-II, ajjont Biipkcn (Tacol)), 1845, at S. F. '45-G; Joliana D., apparently liis wife; at N. 1I< Iv. '47; lot at S.l-". iv. o.ST; v. (J78. Doian (Juini), 1847, Co. V, .'id U. iS. .itill. (V. .Tl.S). Doiinan (Ilem-y), 184(5, ovtrl. iuiinig. with 1!:i111imus (v. fiJC): \inuyar(list in Sac. ^'al.; d. aliout '54. 1). (John), 1S.34, V.n';^\. tailor at Mont. iJornin (Thomas), I84'J, com. of the U. S. JJa/c. iv. .S14, 505. Diirnto (C), 1845, at N. llclv. with a family, iv. 578; po.s.sibly wenttoOr. v. rrli')-, Imt. was probably the D. who settled at >S. F. in '40, and was murilcred by lJo\iilcy in Nov. '47. v. 04(1, GS4. Dorr (Kbcnozer), 170(i, nir of tlio <'iln; the 1st Amer. V(ssel in a Cal. port. i. 5;i!)-40, GI8. 014, G85. Dorset, l!'47, f)ii i\w Curreucy /.cms from Honolulu. Dorty (\Vm), 1841, employed . (.(ulm), 1847, Irish, at N. Helv. D. (Joseph). 18;W, one of Young's trap- pers who jierhaps remained in Cal. iii. .388. Douglas, 1845, luigl. i.asn t:> tSonora. 1). (David), bS.'iO, Scotch botanist on the /.^/-y/'/i/ from the ("olumbia Itiv. ; joined the comp. extranjera at Mont. ",i'2; touched again at S. F. '.'!.'!; diul at tiic .Sandw. Isl. ';i4. iii. 221, .382, 40.3-5, G;)<.). J). (David F.), IS4S. iiat. of 'I'enn. who ci'.nio as wagoner from xMex. with Graham's dragoons (v. on of the lI.D.Co., who came on the ( 'ohimh'ia. iv. 80, l'»4, 209-17, 504. 010, 050, Gi;5. See also Hint. Brit. Cot., this series. My collection contains his Prira/e J'dji'rn and Joiinidl, including ihe Vai/rif/i- to (kil. lie died at Victoria in '77. D. (James), 1847, Co. D, .'\lorm. Iiat. ('v.'409); later in Sutter'.s employ. D. (.John), 1823, sailor on the Hover. D. (Tho.;), 1847, teacher and graduate of Yale, who came from Honolulu on t!ic /Vrn^rf.scri with letters from .ludd \c> Larldn, and in '48 took charge of the S. F. ])ublie school, v. 050-7. D. (Thos A.), 1840, Co, C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 3:>G). Dove (James O. ), 183.3, Engl, .sador from the whaler A'(7^/ at Mont. iii. 409; named in a Los Aug. li.st of 'oO as a single London ear]ientcr, age 22, from Peru; a trapper for some years; in '40 exiled to S. Bias, hut came back with a ]iass and claim for 78; a Imsincss mr;nof S.F. MS-Oand later. Dri.scoU. 1S48, at S.F, from Tahiti. iJnico (Lo/.uul), IN-Il, carpentiT from tlic Airt i\i S. I'cdro; ordered to rcemburk, SUanis lioinj^ lined lor keening D. at iiii Imiisi", written also ' Dince ' and ' Dance.' Dnimmond (.John W. II.), 1S47. had u lot and house at Benicia. v. 07-. Dryer (John), 1847, Co. li, N.Y.Vol. (v. 4'J'J); atStaCruz'71-S2. Dnarto (Alberto), soldier in S.F. militia comp. '37. P. (Andres), jjranteo of Azuza '41, and of a S. Gabriel lot '4G. v. 0-8, (i.'>4; his nanie \.i .still retained by a settlement in this region. D. (Angel, Felipe, Francisco, Jose, Julio, Manuel, Martin, Nasario, Uafacl, Ramon, Vicente), living in the Los Ang. region '46. D. (Antonio Ign.), soldier at Sta li. 'ij2, wife Eulalia lliguera. D. (Cayctano), settler at Los Ang. '1,3. ii. 330. 1). (.Jose), ranchero and militiaman in S.F. diat '3o-7; at S. Jos6 '41, ago 33, wife Maria SoU>, child Antonio. D. (Jos(5), shot for murder at Los Ang. '41. iv. 030. 1). (Juan Jose), settler at Los Ang. '14. ii. 3o0. D. (.Juan Jose), soldier at Sta ]J. '?t'2, wife Maria Serrano. D. (Juan Maria), aohlier at Sta IJ. before '37. D. (Leandro), settler at Los Ang. ii. 350. D. (Manuel), soldier at the Colorado pueblos, killed by Ind. 1781. i. 359, 302. D. (Manuel), sindico at S. Jos6 •J7. ii. 005; aux. alcalde at Sta Gertrudis '37. iii. 030. D. (Mariano), uoldier of S.F. comp. '19; alcalde of S. Jos6 '31, in controversy with Gov. V'ictoria. iii. 194-5, 009, 729; in '41 at S. JosiT-, age 08, nat. of Cal., wifeTcodoraPeralta, child. Albino b. '21, Lorcto '27, Luisa '32; in '45 a school-master on trial for grave crimes, iv. 080. Dubosc(rierre), 1840, Frenchman killed by an Ind. at Mcintosh's rancho. Mofras blamed the authorities for neglect to arrest the murderer, i v. 1 20, 252. Duchenc, 1845, perhaps with Fremont, iv. 583. Duckworth (Walter), 1S29 (?), En^l. sailor who in '32 joined the comp. c.xtranjera at Mont. iii. 179-80, 221, 408; often njimed in records of '32-43; in '30 at Mont., ago .32, wife \n- tonia Anncnta, child. Guillermo b. '30, Santiago '32, Maria Adclaida '35. Tho age of his son is the only evidence I have that ho canio before '32. In '41 he accompar." id Douglas on a trii) from Mont, to S.F. ; prob. died soon after '43. He was often called Santiago, and was juez del montc at Mont. '35. iii. 074. Tho son Santiago had a Cal. claim of §3,9.')0 in '40-7 (v. 402). Ducoigne (l']ugiinliam (Albert), 1847, Co. 1), Morni. Tat. (v. 409); died at S. Diego '47. Dunitch (Ernest F.), 1847, musician of N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); ncarPlaccr- viilo '8.1. Dunlap (Jolm), 1840, Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons (v. 330). D. (John ii.), 1847, Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. (v. 518). Dunfeavy (James G. T.), ISJO, ovcrl. iiumig. and methodist prcaclicr, wlio was a lot-owner at S. F., and was prominent in town afl'airs of '47, being municipal clcrli and taking piirt in pulilic meetings, v. 528-9, 045, 048-9, 053; ill '47-8 preacher and acting alcalde at Sta Cruz. v. 041-2; also preached at the gold-mines '48. I lind no later record of him. His 3d initial is often printed S. orAV., but I have ilia autograph. Dunlcvy (James), 1847, Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). • Dunn (Alex.), 1830, Amcr. hatter from N. Mex. at Los Ang., ago 29. D. (Alex.), 1847, Co. F, 3d U. S. artill.; in the mines from '48; in Mariposa '51-2; from '50 at Stockton, where ho was drowned in '77. D. (E. II.), 1810, 1st ollicer of the Fumn, in trcublc with the eapt. D. (Ed. T. ), 1847, purser of the U.S. Coliiinhiix. I). (James II.), 1840, Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 2,'!2). D. (Patrick II.), 1840, nat. of Me, wiio landed from a whaler and went to SononuiCo. ; alao accredited to N.Y.Vol. ; a printer; said to have frozen his feet in one of the Doniier relief parties. In southern (Ail. he belonged to a gang of desperadoes, being twice tried for murder. Went to Ariz, in '57; edited a paper; served in the legisl., and ns county judge; and died near Tucr;on in '71, or, as some say, in '00. Sec John 'Dunne.' D. (Thos), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 40'.)); at (Joose Creek, Id., '81. Dunne (John), 1847, Co. (1, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); a printer from .Me, who lived 3 years at Sonoma; badly wounded in a fight wilh despcradcies at Sta B. about '53; drowned in Kern Itiv. '.")5. Evidently there is much confusion between this man and Pat. II. ' Dunn,' q.v. 1). (\Vm Burden), 1840, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 330); nat. of Ireland and rcsid. of Los Ang. '70. I have his MS. Azotes on S. Pii,s- cvttl. Dunklemug-er (John), 184(), doubtful name in '71. AUa. Dupas (J.), 1845, in Sutter's employ '45-8. iv. 587; often named in the N. JJclv. Diary; also written 'Dupec?,' and ' Dupeis,' ' Dupont,'and 'Dupos'; perhaps the man called 'Dofar,' ([.v. Dupont (Samuel F.), 1840, com. of the U. S. Coivjrenf, transferred to the Cyane. v. 251, '253, '207, 284, 577; nat. of N. J.; rear-admiral in the war of '01-5; d. in '05. Duran (Narciso), 1800, Span, friar, who served 40 years as missionary iu Cal., chiefly at S. Jos6 and Sta B. ; one of tlie most i^romincnt and influen- tial of the Franciscans, especially in the later years; president and prefect; died at Sta B. in '40, the last survivor but two of the Fcrnandinos in Cal. Biog. v. 033-4; meat. ii. 130, 138, 1.59-00, 103, 218, 329-30, 3.35, 375, 387, 394, 4!i:t, 500, 502, 504, 518, 599-000, 044, 055, 057; iii. 18-20, 74-5, 87, 89, 90, 114, l,-.0, 19S-9, '250, '2,-)7-8, 308-10, 310,318, .320, .328-30, 3.38, 340-7, 423, 434-0, 492, 510, 530, 550, .500, 577, 582, 595, Oil, 052-3, 050, 733-4; iv. 45-S, 57. 00, 03-4, 159, '253, 331 , 371-2, 423, 540-51, 553, 505, 043. Durand (St Vraiii), 1S45, Canadian sawyer from Or. in tlio McMalion-Clyman party, iv. 572, 587. He went south with Fremont in '40, and was one of Talbot's men at Sta B. v. 310; later served in Co. A, Cal. Bat. (v. 358), enlisting at Mont, in Sept. Durbin (Daniel), 1844, possibly of the Stevens' immig. party (iv. 445), but prob. went to Or. D. (M. L.), 1848, nat. of Cal., farmer in Solano Co. '78; prob. son of the following. D. (W, Perry), 1840, nat. of Mo., prob. overl. immig.; farmer in Solano Co. '51-78. Durick (Patrick), 1842, Irish carpenter from Honolulu on the Fama, .ige 31 ; still at Mont. '40. Durivage, 1848 (?), editorial writer on the Alta and other papers from '49; left N. Orleans for Cul. via Cliihualuia in '48 and possibly arrived at the end of the year. Diirkue (Anthony), 1847, Co. K, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Dustin (C. IL), 1848, nat. of Vt; in Sta Clara '53-70. Dutcher (Thomas P.), lS-17, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); rciinlisted. Du- DUTRA DK VARGAS-EAGAR. 787 tra do Vargas (Manuel), ISIl, I'ortii,!,'. tradiT.ago 19, wlio came from S. Amcr. on the Jurat C'aruliiia, nwl was iiiiliiiali/eil ia '4'J, liaving a Mtx. wifu. llo kept a Haloou at Mont, in 'i;!, and was iivu\). tlic ' Dm i(^ ' named by L'dUoii in '47. iv. '27!). Button (('.), \6U), at SuIUt's Fort in Feb. Duttoa (David Duwty), l.'5-il), nat. of Mass. who cro.ssod tjjo plains to Or. in '3!t, and in '40 was a i>.is.sc'Uj,'Lr on tlio l.uiix'nnir, touching at ljodf<;a and going to Ilonnlulu. iv. 104, 117, 1-0-1. In '4;i ha canio back from S. Ainrr. vvitli Stephen .Smith, iv. ;>()(»; woi Ued a while at llodcga; went to N. llelv., being emi)loycd as uooU by Sutter, and scttU' 1 on liutte (,'r., being naturaliixd in '44. iv. 2'1'.), '.VM. v. lOJ. Soon after '4o ho movod to Solano Co., wliere lie Btill lived at V'acavillc after '80. His wife was Martlia J. Pearson, married in 'oG; and they had 7 eliildrcn in '7!>. I'ortrait in So'aiio Co. lllxt., 80. I^ut- ton (Daniel), 1847, owner of lot at S. F. Duval, 18411, nu' of the Faiiuij. iv. CG.J; mr of the J-'drarlnilr ami Coriiiijtoa 'I'o-l, pcrliaps tiic same man. v. r)77, r>79. D. (J., or Marius), 184(i, as.st snrg. on the PorUmouth; visited N. Hclv.j in Marston's e.vped. Jan. '47. v. lO-J, .'iSO. Dnvall (Robert C), ISW. nud. on the U.S. Saminiah; acting lieut in Stockton's IJat. '4(i-7. v. ',]'iCi. Duvanchclle (E.), 184!>, passp. from Honolulu. Dwyer (W'ni), 1840 ('0, Iri.sli cabin-boy on a trader; came liaek after '4,>; fatuous as a saloondteeper and bruiuer; killed in S.F. '7;{. Dye (Hazard), 1847, Co. K. N.Y.Vol. (v. 4'J!)). Dye (Job Francis), 18;i2, Keutuckian tra)iper from X. Mex. in Young's party, iii. 388, 408. For a year or more Dye engaged in otterdiunting on the ct)ast, iii. .')!)4, and late in 'oH took charge of Capt. Cooper's live-stock ut the llancho del Sur; from this date his name appears on Larkin's boo!::,; and lie still made occasional otter-hunting trips. In 'li'i he established a distillery ut Sayantc near Sta Cruz, at first W'th Tomlinson, later with Majors, wiiom ho bouglit out in '40, having applied for naturalization in ';i9. Met by Edwards '37. iv. 8G; arrested but not exiled in '40, being accused by Morris of taking part against the foreigners, iv. !), 17, '2_'. Ho had a store and mill as well as distillery at Sta Cruz; but chiiin^ rather unintelligibly, that his business was ruined by Castro and other Mex. oflicials, and ho was forced to start anew in a small way as trader at Mont. In '44 he got a grant of the Rio du Bvi'rendos rancho, Tehama Co. iv. 072; and in '4.") put stock on the place, iV. JJut went to L'tal), wIhtu ho died. I have a brief narrative by iiim of tiie voyage of the colony. Mrs E. kept a littl; portrait in Jlullry'a ('('III. Yvar-liook, 544. Eaglo (F.), 1840, doubtful name in Farnham'a list of arrested foreigners, iv. 17. E. (Robert Nelson), 1842, trader, ago '22, who came from Hon. on tho Callfoniin for his health. Eumes, see 'Ames.' Earl (.Jacob), 1847, Co. E, Morin. IJat. (v. 400); rcinl. E. (James C), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. E. (Jesse), 1847, musician Co. E, Morm. Bat. ]•;. (Justice C), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. Earlc (I'eter), 1847, Co. E, N.Y. Vol. (v. 4'X)); lateral! actor and cultivator of hops; d. at Sac. '71. Eailey (James), 1847. owner of lots at fS.F. ; perhaps witli Kearny in '40. v. ,^.^7, 083. Eastham, 1848, mr of the Liiia I'ernj. Eastin (James \V.), 1817, Ken- tuckian overl. immig. with wife; at Sonoma '47-8, also at Mormon lal. and S.F., where twins were born '48, one of them, a son, still living in '83; at Sta Clara from '."lO, and still living in '83, when his wife died. Easthind (Addi- son (J.), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). Eastman (Isaac E.), IS13, minor near Volcano. Ammlor Co. Hint. E. (.Marcus N.), 1847, (Jo. 'V Morm. Bat. (v. 409). Eaton, 1817, at Hon. from S. F. on tho Oconjiaiit V.. (Uco.), 1847, Co. G, N.Y. Vol. (v. 49;)). E. (Henry), 1839, sailor ( Mo-.inoon, who went up tho Sac. with .Sutter; rcmaint,' 1 on tho coast till S.F. '73. His Pioneer of '.?.? is a letter of '73 to Benj. llayi-'s narrating tlie . .sit. iv. 1 19. E. (Thos), 1830, doubtful name of an Amer., ago O;), in a Los Ang. list. Ebbctts (John, Jr), 1830, Amer. sup. of tho Volunteer '30-1. iii. 180, 334; on tho coast again in '32-4 on the lfeiiri<[ueta; and again in '31-5, being men- tioned ill mission accts in '39-40. iiii. 0J3. I'eirco says that he died i:i N.Y. soon after '42, and his father — prob. Thos J. of '.30, iv. 141 — at Honolulu in '41. I have many of E.'s business letters; and .some of them, besides dry details of hides, tallow, and goods, reveal in sentimental phrases tho writer's attach- ment to a well-known senoritaof Mont., who, greatly to the sorrow of John. Jr, preferred another Americano. Eberliardt, sec ' E verhart. ' Echeandia ( Josd Maria), 1825, Mex. lieut-eol of engineers, who was gov. and com. gen. of C'al. from Nov. '25 to end of Jan. '31, and again — if there M-as any such oifieial — from Dec. '31 to Jan. '33, thougli Pio I'ico is generally and inaceurat-'lynaiucda^ gov. He leftC.d. in May '33, was still living in Mex. '06, butseeimtoliavodied before '71. See biog. with references, iii. 213-5; mention i. 301; ii.54.']-.")4, 500,572,574,587, 592, 037, 014, 048-52, 001, 074, 080; on appoint:nent, arrival, and acis in '2.5. iii. S-3D; '23-30, rule, politics, etc. iii. 31-55; acts on linance, Soils revolt, 56 -SO; mission and Ind. affairs, 87-115; maritime and commercial airairs. Fitch romance, 1 10-40; policy with foreigners, Smith and Fattie, 153-80; acts of '31. iii. lSl-7, 195, 231-4, 233, 239, 212, .301-0; acts of '.32. iii. 217-39, 314-15; acts of '.33. iii. 23S-9, 320, 335, 013. It was Echc.andia'a fortune to rule Cal. at a time when secularization of the missions was lirst seriously agitated, and lie ha3 been a shining mark for severe criticism, and even abuse, from partisans of the friars, for tho mo.t part undeserved. His views were sound and his in- tentions good, but he lacked firmness and energy, and made some mistakes. His character is fully discussed elsewhere. Ecliovarria (Nicolis). at La Brea, Mimt. district, '30, .ago 4.5, wife Maria del Pilar Larios, child. Juliana b. '23, Maria '30, Juan. '32, Antonio '35. Echcverria (Agustin), 1782, com., of the Favorita. i. 378. Eekcr (John), 1847, musician N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Eddy (Wm H.), 1840, one of tho Donner party from Belleville. 111. His wife Eleanor, sou James P., and daughter Mary all perished in the Sierra, EDDY-ELIZALDE. 789 but the father survived, beinjf one of the most active in savin,!:; othor metnbom of tho piirty. \\ Tilll, '2',ii, 540-4. i^ldy niariicd Mrs F. Alfred at tiilioy in '48, iiikI Miss A. M. I'lirdoo in '.'>(S, dyinj; nt retuluina in '.")'.). A son .FaincH, willi family, and daughter Eleanor (Mvh S.H. AndiTHon), lived at S. Josi'i '80; and a sun Alonzo was a physician in Colorado. Kddy, 1844, nir of the ./tuif. iv. 500. Ivlelin (James), 1847, capt. of marines on the Iiidfiieiidi'iire. Kdgington (\\'m), 1840, overl. immig., who served in Co. F, (Jul. Mat. (v. ;{.")8); lived (mm '48 near Napa, where he died in '84, leaving a widow, 9 children, and a fortune. Edmonds (\atlian), 1834, Anur. in a Mont list. Edmon- son (Alfred), 1847, Co. (J, N.Y.Vol. (v. 4!H)); lot in S.E. '47; of E. k An.kr- Bon, butchers anil market-men '48. v. GS'J. E, 1847, Co. H, N.ii.^'ol.; at S.F. '8'J; perhaps same iw preceding. Edwards, 1847, mr of the EiiphrafM. v. 078. E, 1847, mr of the Pari fir. V. 579. E. (David), 18--'0, mr of the Parwion. iii. 148. E. (John), 1840, negro imprisoned at Mont, for robbery; shot in attempting to escape, E. (John S.), 1847, Co. I), N. Y. Vol. (v. -199); drowned in S. Joaq. Uiv. '54. E. (IMiilip L.), 1S37, nat. of Ky, who came overl. to Or. in '34, and in '37 visited Cul. to purchase cattle for the Willamette Valley, iii. .S58, 099; iv. 85- 7, 117-18. He went east tho same year, studied law, married ^lary Allen in '40, and practised his profession at Richmond, being a niend^. of the Va legis- lature, anil taking an active part in politics; came again to Cal. in '50 and lived at Sac. till his death in "OH; prominent as a lawyer and orator, memb. of logisl., and candidate for c ii^rcss; a man of exceptional ability and at- tainments. His MS. JJitiryo/d i'init loC'at. t/t /^'JT' is an interesting narrative of personal observations, presented by his daughter. Egbert (Robert C. ), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Liat. (v. 409). Egger (John W. ), 1847, tried for Tuurdcr of Ind. in the Sac. Val., but apparently acijuitted. V. 509, 010. Eggleston (Ceo.), 1848, had a market at S. F. v. 083. E. (J. \V.), 1847, had a lot atBenicia. v. 07"2; very likely tho same as Geo. Egn- ren (Francisco), 1842, Mex. lieut of tho batallon lijo '4'2-5, who was still in Cul. '40. iv. 289; v. 41, 49. Elders (August), 1847, Co, A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Los Ang. '74-82. Ehrenbcrg (Herman), 1847, German engineer and explorer, who after many adventures as revolutionist in Texas crossed tho plains to Or. in '44, and came to Cal. by sea, visiting also the Sandvv. Isl. and Mex. coast in '47. In the mines '48-9; discoverer of tho mouth of tho Klamath and (!old BlufT '50, publishing a map of that region; and in '54 a filibuster in Sonora. He became a pioneer of Ariz., where a town bears his name; and was murdered by an Ind. at Dos I'almas in '00. Eixarch (Tomis), 1775, Franciscan with Anza; remained on the Colorado while A. came to Cal. i. 258, 273, 354. Elb (Fred.), 1847, Co. C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); German aged aljout 4.5, who died in '48 on the Carolina bet. S. F. and Sac. Elbourne (John), 1840, mr of a w^haler. Eld, 1841, mid. in U. S. ex. expcd. iv. 24.'). E. (llcnry N.), 1848, owner of lots at S. F. Elder (Turner), 1840, prob. overl. innnig. with wife and 3 children, who built a cabin on Dry Crock, S. Joaq. Co.; moved in '47 to tho Moquelumne; later at Daylor's rancho and in tho mines; went to Mo. '49, and was still there in '79. His wife was a daughter of Thos Rlioails; twin children wcro born in '47, John living in Fresno Co. '79, Nancy (Mrs Reese) in Mo. .S'. Joaq. Co. Hid., 19. Eldrcd (Nathaniel 15.), 1843, came from Honobilu to S. F. ; went to theSandw. Isl. '50-1; wandered over Ariz., Utah, and Or.; near Stockton '00, and perhaps died in '09. Eldridge (Geo.), 1S48, on the first jury at S. Josi?. Elijah, 18.33, Ind. cook from Conn, on the ffclvetius; went to .Japan with Capt. Cooper in '42. Chats Brown. Elijah, 1845, Walla Walla Ind. shot by Grove Cook at N. Helv. v. ,300-1. Eliot do Castro (John), 1814, sup. of the Ilmeii, arrested in '15, left Gil. with Kotzcbue in '16. ii. 210, 274, 279, 307-11, 373, 384. Elisa (Francisco), 1/90-2, Span. com. of tho Conce/icion and Actlva in Cal. and at Nootka. i. 493, 500, 517; see also Hint. JV. W. Coast, index, and list of auth. Elizalde (Joaquin), at Los Ang. '46. E. (Jos(S), his doggerel of '38. iii. 577. E. (Juan), meat, iu '29. iii. 68-9; soldier at T 700 riOXEEll REGISTER AND INDEX. Sonoma '41. E. (Mariano), attnckc.l liy the Beara '4G. v. 1G2. E. (Nico- las), at Los Aug. ':«). K. (Vicentf), at Los Aiig. '40. JniJLk (.rolin), 184."i, (Icinian slioeiiiaker from Or. in McMalion-Clyiiian party, iv. 57'2, .'"jS?. In '4(), applying for niituralization, Iio claiinoii ;{ years' residence, and may, tiierc.ore, have visited (,'al. before going to Or. lie set- tled at S. v., wliere he got a lot and kept a bakery witli Denikc, also a groir- shop. V. 084-"). Still at S. F. '4S-!t; niimo written AUcck, Allig, EUig, aiid I!ig, the la.st being perhaps the correct form. Elliott (.'\lbicii 11.). IS-i,"), (.'o. ]•], Cal. I!at. (v. .'iiS), enlisting at Sonoma; prob. a sou of \V. B. Jii. (Imus), 184.'i, a son of \Vm B; said to liavc been one of a pnvty that discov. tlic (Jcytjers. E. (J. L.)i 1841, chaplain of U. S. ex. exped., detached at S. F. K. (Milton), 1840, one of the Doniier itarty from 111., perished, v. floO, r).14. 'I'lie Mdton Elliott of Or. named by McBride in Tv',hli;c'\ Mafj., July '84, ia no', the Donncr-party man, as ho writes mc from Astoria in '85. E. (Thos), 1847, <'o. F, :!d U. 8. artill. (v. 5)8); later in tlu mines. ]^l'ir,tt(Wm B.), 1845, nat. of N.C.ovcrl. iwimig. of the Grigsby-Ide party from Mo. with wile — Elizabeth I'atton, 7>:,irried in '"Jl — and 7 children, v. 57!), 587; summoned before Castro .is a repres. of the immig. iv. 000. He be- came a famous hunter, and fn one of his eai'ly ex]ied. is cr<;dited with having discovered the ftcysors. He built a cabin on Mark West Cr., worked for Smith at Bo(loo;a, but If ft his family in Napa Val. He joined the Bcai-s in '40, and Mrs E. is said to liavc furnished clotli and needles for thefaniou.s flag. v. 1 10, 148. One or more of his sons went south with the Cid. Bat. (v. 358). The ohl linnter raised grain and cattle in Napa and Sonoma; kept a hotel in '40; and in '54 moved to a farm in Luke i"o. , near Upper Lake, wliere lie died in '7()at the age of 78. Ono of his daughteiri mnriicd Bcnj. l'ev>-ell. another pioneer. Ellis (Alfred J.), 1847, nat. of N.Y. , who came from Honolulu witli wife and .T children on the Fraiicisrn ; owner of a lot and keeper of a boarding-house at S.F. from '47. v. 084; made a trip to Hon. and back with his son in '48 on the Eiijthcmia; mcnd)er of .S.F. guard '48-0, and of city cor.ncil '40; member of the constit. convention '40. Still at S.F. in '54 and l-iter. E. (llobcrt), 1820, sailor on the /.'owr. E. (Thos W.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 49!)). ]']11 son (Pleasant), ISIJO, nameil in Lai-kin's books. Ellsworth, 1845, from Hon. on the Famn. Elmer (Elijah)i 1847, sergt Co. C, Morm. Bat. v. 477; a carpenter at Mont. '48; d. in Utiih '80. Elson (Thos), 1820-7, nir of the Jilonwni. iii. 121. EhvcU (Robert J.), iS"27, rat. of Mass. who went to Honoiulu in '2.1, and e.imt to Cal. '27 as mr of the Tamiuihwaah. and of the Wa^niiijtnn in '28. ii. i'l'A; iii. 149, 170-7. Often .said to liavc come in '25 or eailicr, and this may bo so, though in a padron of '30 he is .said to have come years before. Ho settled at 8ta B., was naturalizeil '28, and in '20 married V'icenta Sanchez, be' ng engaged in trade, iv. 117. Many of his commercial letters for the f(jl- lowiug years arc extant. In '30, sige 30, with 4 children; in '42 got iv grant of land at S.F. iv. 073; in '45 grantee of Sacramento Isl.; died at Sta B. '53. Mo is remembered by Davis and others as a comical genius, and his wife as a handsome woman. Emblv (.lames), 1840, doubtful meud)er of the \'ormon col. v. 547. Em- erson (.lohn Calvin), 1847, Co. I, N.Y. Vol. (v. 400); at Bath, N.Y., '82. E. (Wm), 1832, one of Young's trappers, still at Los Ang. '34. iii. 388. Emery (.lolm\ 1847, a resid. of S F. from '52. Ennnett, 1837, mr of the Toward CastI,'. iv. 106. Enmions (Ceo. F.), 1841, lieut U.S.N., of U. S. ex. exped. iv. 232, 241-5, 278; visited Cal. again in '48 on the Ohio, ])cing owner of ,S.F. lots; later rear-admiral; died in N. J. '84 at age of 72. Emory (Oliver C. ), 1840, came as wagon-master (with Kearny?); kept adivery-stable at Stockton and a ferry on the .'^tanislaus; in '50 county judge of S. .loaf). ; latera farmer. Emory (\Vm If.), 1840, lieut of topograjihical engineers U.S.A., who came with Kearny from N.Mex. and took part in the fight at S. Pascual. v. .3.30-7, ,343-7, 35(K Having acted as adj. -gen. of Stockton's force in the campaign of '40-7, and planned the fortilications of Los Aug., he was sent east with de- spatches, and testified at the Fremont court-martial, v. 385, 3i)S-9, 420, 428, EMORY-ESPINOSA. 791 4oG. His Notes of a MU. Iiccoinwissanrr pul). l»y gtvt in '4S is a valufiMo record of the niaich across the continent and tlic liiiiil campaign of tlie war. lie ret. to Cal. in '4'J, and waa prominent in tiic surveys of Iho Mex. houndary commission. In the war of KSGl-T) he ro.se to the rank of ma j.-;^eniral. Engelherg (Kmil August), 1847, Co. F, N. Y. Vol. (-. 4',)')); at S. F. 'S-J. Englisli, 184.'5, douhtful name of an overL innnig. ; proh wont to Or. iv. r»78. E. (Karl), 1847, mid. on tiie U. S. Iiutrjiruddicf.. K. (John), ls:i_', nient. in ':?•-'; perhaps ' Knglisii Jolni.' Ennis (John), 184" Co. A, N. Y.Vol. (v. 4!);)). luiniighty (Thos), 1840, Fauntleroy's drugoon.s (v, J.'J'J). Fniight (James), lS4(i, nat. of Ireland, who seitlcd in Sta Clara Co. with his wife; jiroh. ..veil, immig.; lots at S.F. '47; still living in Sta (,'lara '81, el. foi'a ranclio. iv. 07:1. Knn((uez (Antonio), weaver and : oldier liefore 1800. i. r).")8, 07'5, (;84. I'ji- sign (Klias), 184(i, of the Morm. col. who died at sea, as did hia daugliter I'lliza. Tiie widow, Jerusha, and a son arrived at S. F. v. oKi. Knsloc (Hi- ram), 1848, had a store iit Mormon l)iggings. Brooke. Kntinin (Francis), 184."), doiditful name of in Amer. in a Draneif. jiadron, age '_'!). Erequette, 1837, doubtful name of one of Young's men driving cuttle to Or. iv. 8."). Eriekson (L.), 1848, at lion, from \<.V. on the. /((//«». Ermat- inger (Francis), IS.'Jl, in com. of the 11.15. Co. 's trappers inCil. '41-4. iv. 'J18, 'J-^U, '279. Ernest (Valentine), 1840, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. .'{.'JO). l'].scalantc ((iregorio), ISIilJ, nat. of Manila, wlio deserted from the Hd- vcliiiK. Lived at .S.F. '40-4, owning a lot, being sindieo in 'vJ, and 40 years old iu '44. iv. Co."), 00.1, 084. Ace. to C'iiaa IJrown lie marr; ;d, raised a family, maile and lost a fortune, and in '78 was in the i)Oordiouse at Maylield. Esca- niiila (Bias A.), grantee of .S. Meente '40. v. 041. E. (.Joafpiin de Ijs Santos), lieut of aux. cavalry at Mont. '44. iv. 0."i2; elector '4."). iv. .■■)40, (i.il; '_M al- eahle '4.J-0. iv. 0.j:t; v. 1:54, O.'IO. E. (Serapio), soldier of S.F. eiKup. '-J^-;!; concerned in revolt of '28, and sent to Mex. ';{(). ii. Ct\'>; iii. 8.">. E. iTomas), Mex. convict 1(97. i. 00(i. l^scheriek (Carl), 1847, musician X. Y. VcjI. (v. 499); died in sjuthern Cal. '74. Escobar (Agustin), juez de campo at Mont, '40. v. Gl'7; in '77 at Mont, gave mo ilia recollections of the ('aihjKiiia dc '.'/J. }']. (Mareelino), Mex., wlio in '24 made a trip t.< China, on tiie Uuirr. ii. u'-'O; sindieo at Mont. '.'iO. ii. OIJ; alcalde ''X,\, ';{0-7; iii. 07.'!-."); in ';J0 at Mont., age ,'59, wife Tuina.sa Carcla, child. Agustin b. '17, Juan '22, Jos'(;fa "2,'!, Jose I\Iaria '20, Xicohis Antonio '27, .lacoba '29, Ampaio '.■!l, Refugio ".V2, Fernanda ';i4; in '.'!!) grantee of ». Jose y Sur Cliicjuito, and juez int. at S. Carlos, iii. 078, (W); in '44 regidor, in '4.') alcalde, iv. 0.");5-0. IJ.seudi'^ (.laime). I,S12, Span, friar of S. Fern, college, 1). at (landesa, CalaUina, 1779; took the liabit 1799; left Cadiz 1810; left .Mex. for Cal. 1811. lie served as missionary at Sta Cruz '12-18, and at S. Luis J!ey "18-22, after which I have no record of him, and suppos;! him to have re- tired. He was reported by his superiors as a zealous worker of exet llent char- acter. Aiitob. Aiitoff. lie Ion P, sup, of the Mrra/ie. iii. J t8. Esj)i (.Jose de hi Cruz), 1792, Span, friar w lio served for short teinis jit .'^■•ver.il northern missions, retiring in 1800. IJiog. i. 712; meut. i. 498, ."iOO, ." , , 7, iil7, 089. Espindola (Raiix.u), Span, artilleryman, age 00, « llU wife and 3 child. named in list sent to Me.v. '28. Espinosa, soldier killea by Ind. 1790. i. 40.">. E., mr of tho Mriiinll'nut. i. 544. E., puni.shed in 182!. ii. f'.dO. E., corporal at Sta 15. '21. ii. o.'U. E., soldier wounded by Ind. '29. id. 113. E., guard of courier '31. iii. 271. E. (.\ntonio), soldier killed on the Colorado 1781. i. 3ii3. ]•]. (.\sc( iision), nt Sta B. '32, wife Nieolasa I'ico, children. E. (Carlos), grantee of I'oza de loa Ositoa '39. iii. 078; nient. in '40. v. .'503; in Mont. Co. '-".O !■;. (t.'a- yetano), soldier at Solcdad 1791-1800. i. 499. E. (Clemente>, soldier at Mont. '30, ago 20; an alferoz '38-9. iii. .")00, "83; .it Sta Rita, near S. .io.se, in '77 ho gave mc somo brief Ajtimteii. E. (Fatevan), nu'nt. in tlie revolt of '29. iii, 09; grantee of raucho '40. iii. 079; ia '30 at Salinas raucho, ago 25, 702 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. wife Antonia Amizquita, child Antonio b. '32. E. (Fcliciano), jnez do caiiipo at Mont. 'oO. iii. 07<3. E. (Giibriel), nicut. in '22. ii. 014; in revolt of 'l'!). iii. (J8-0; in trouU-Ic! '.31. iii. GT.'i; {j'lautcc of Salinas in 'iiO. iii. C7S. In ';>() he lived at Salinas, ago 38, wife Maurici^v Tapia, child. Josj Maria b. '10, EsU'fana '22, Antonio '25, Marcclino '29, Juana '28, Francisca '30, Bdr- bara '31, .Juan '3j. E. (Gabi'icl), grantee of Pilarritos '35. iii. GTS; in '36 at the rancho, age 40, wife Guadalupe Boronda, child. Gabriel b. '22, Igna- cia '2.'), Pedro '20, Maria '27, Franci.sco '30, Juan M. '33, Guillernio '35. E. ((jregoria), wife of Scrgt Verdugo before 1800. i. 003. E. (Joaquin), soldier killed on tlie Colorado 1781. i. 303. E. (Hipulito), at Los Ang. '40, age 30. E. (.Jose), 1791, lieut in Maluspina's exped. i. 490. E. (Jos6), regi(k)r of iMont. '30. ii. 012; at Mont. '50. E. (Juan), sirviento at S. F. 1777. i. 297. E. (I nan B.), in comp. cxtranjera '32. iii. 072. E. (Luis), Mcx. sohlier of tlie Hidalgo piquetc at Mont. '30, age 34. E. (Manuel), at S. IScrn. '40, had Cal. claim (v. 402). E. (Miguel), soldier of Mont. comp. 1791-1800. i. 499; sergt 1809-13. ii. 141, 339. E. (Prndencio), at Alisal, Mont. '30, age 33, wife Antonia Buelna, child. Jos(5 Manuel b. '28, Antonio '31, Ramon '32, Leonardo '33, Trinidad '30, Concepcion '27. In '40 he was juez suplente of the valley ranches, and carried a message from Larkin to Fremont, v. 14-15, 037. E. (Salvador), named as sirvicnte and soldier 1777-1800. i. 297, 499. E. (Salvador), alcalde at Mont. '31-2. iii. 223, 225, 072-3; in '35 regidor. iii. 073; in '.SO at San Miguel ranci.o, age 40, wife Lugarda Castro, child. Carlos 1). '10, Josii Ant. '18, Jos6. Maria '20, Asuncion '24; in '37 grantee of S. Miguel, or Escarpin. ii. 0)0, 004, 077-8; admin, of Soledad '30-9. iii. 090-1; in '43 juez at Refugio, iii. 053. E. (Trinidad), grantee of Los Gates, or Sta Rita '20, '37. iii. 077, 072; at S. Miguel rancho '30, being juez dc campo. iii. 075, 078, age 43, wife Jaeinta Archuleta, son Mariano b. 17; in '45 at battle of Caluienga and juez at Refugio, iv. 500, 053. E. (Vicente), Cal. claim '40 of $2,285 (V. 402). Eaquerra (Cayetano), messenger Sta Cruz '18. ii. 225. E. (Manuel), 1791, contador in Malaspina's c.xped. i. 490. Est, 1817, left at Sta B. ii. 280; prob. 'Lester,' q. v. Estabrook (Ethan), 1840, left at Mont, as U. S. consular agent to attend to tiic claims of the Graham exiles. He was not recog. by the govt, and sailed for Mazatlan in '41; at Mazatlan in '46. iv. 36 7, 194, 207, 214. Estanislao, kills his wife 1792. i. 087-8. Estanislao, renegade neophyte and hostile chief. 29-35; the name of Stanislaus County comes indirectly from him. ii. 110-14, 302. Estencga (Tomas Eleutcrio), 1820, Span, fri.ar who siervcd at S. Miguel, S. F., and S. Gabriel- dying at tlie latter mission in '47. Biog. v. 029; ment. ii. 384, 394, 440, 595-0, 020, 055; iii. 7, 12, 19, 91, 90, 121, 257, 319, 349, .^59, 642-3, 713, 716; iv. 331, 371, 422, .'•49-50, 023, 629, 030-7. Estevan (Jose), settler at the Colorado pueblos, killed by Ind. 1781. i. 3.59-02. E. (Jos<:'), 1821, Span. capt. and com. of Horcasitas, Sonora, who fled to Cal. on refus- ing oath of indep., on tiie Zcrtajv. ii. 431. E. (Pedro do S. Jose), 1704, Span, friar who served at S. Diego and S. Gabriel, retiring in 1802. Biog. ii. 113; ment. i. 570, 055, 057, 004; ii. 159. E., executed at Purisima '24. Estirtcn (Felix), 1829, mr of the Triiloit ; doubtful, iii. 149. Estrada (Francisco), at Cini.ilar rancho '."^O. iii. 077; at .S. Jos6 '41, age 23, wife Inijs Castro; grantee of Pastoria de las Borregas and Refugio '42. iv. 072. E. (Joaquin), in '30 at Chnalar, age 19, single, iii. 677; grantee of Sta Moi'garita '41. iv. 650; juez do paz at S. Luis Ob. '45. iv. 658-9; arrested by Fremont '46. v. 37"; county judge '53; still at S. Luis '77. E. (Jos6 Ant.), represented Gov. Alvarado at his wedding '39. iii. .593; admin, of S. Jos(5 mission '40-1. iii. 725; iv. 681, 084. E. (Jos(5 Maria), alfi'^rez of the Loreto com))., prob. father of Jos(5 Mariano and Rainnnido, died 1791 ; never in C-il. l']strada (Jos(i Mariano), 1800, born at Loroto 1784, enlisted 1797, came to Cal. as alfiTcz of tiie Mont, comp., which position he hehl for 12 years, being habilitado most of tiie time. ii. 140, 200, 379-89. lie was made brevet licut In "18 for his services against Boueiiard, and lieut '24 for services in suppress- ing the Ind. revolt, ii. 225-33, 243-4, 247, 531-3, 530, 008; also habilitado ESTRADA-ESTUDILLO. 793 and sometimes acting com.; mcnt. in connection with various affairs, i. 170; ii. 451, 454, 401, 510; giantec of Bnenavista ranclios '22-3. ii. 015, G04; iii. G77; admin, gen. of provincial finances '24. ii. 513, 521; mention '25-9, quar- rel with Capt. Gonzalez, vocal in diputacion, IIcrrtTa trial, revenue alliiirs. ii. 012; iii. 25, .10-7, 39-40, 02-5, 150. He retired from the mil. service in '29; in '30 executor of Luis Argiiello'a estate, iii. 12; in '32-3 sub-comisario at Mont. iii. 370, 072; juez de campo '35. iii. 074; in '30 at Bnenavista, a wid- ower, child. Julian h. '10, and Francisco '20; nient. in the troubles at Mont. '30, also in "44. iii. 439; iv. 408. I have no record of him after '45. Don Mari- ano was one of the most respected and influential men in northern California. E. (Jose liaimundo), 1800, brother of Jos6 Maiiano, who was cadet of the Mont, conip. to 'IS. ii. 50, 88,379; in 1812 married the widow Joscfa Vallcjo de Alvarado. ii. 141; iii. 451 (where 'Ramon'should read 'Raimundo'); ment. perhaps in '24. ii. 537. In '24-30 Eaimundo Estrada was cadet in the S.F. comp. ii. 584, 009; and would seem to be the same man, though he appears as a soldier at S.F. in '23; thus there may have been another of the name. Estrada (Josi'; Ramon), son of Josd Mariano; in school at Mont. '15-20. ii. 429; hunting otter '32-4. iii. 374, .394; grantee of El Toro '35. iii. 079; in '38 alcalde at Mont. iii. 430, 439, 074; being at that time 25 years of age, wife Maria Castro; in '37 memb. of dip., in com. at Mont., and comisionado and admin, at Sta Clara, iii. 507, 511, 072, 728; iv. 47; vocal again '39. iii. 585, 590. In '41-3 Estrada was prefect of the 1st district, iv. 357, 052, 050; in '42 grantee of S. ISimeon. iv. 050; and in '42-5mendj. of the junta, iv. 295, 300- 1, 410, 521, 540. He seems to have died in '45. E. (.lulian), son of Jos6 Mariano, grantee of Sta Rosa rancho '41. iv. 050; still in S. Luis Ob. Co. '50- 00. E. (Xicwior), 1834, Mex. blacksmith and political exile with the H. & P. col., who had been a capt. in Mex., and whose rank was restored in '35; went to the L. Cal. frontier in '30 on the fall of (Gutierrez, iii. 203, 407; being at this time 30 years old, wife Ciuadalupe Diaz, child. Gumesind.a b. '31, Elena '34. In '37 ho aided Bandini and others in their preparations against Alvarado, and was perhaps sent as a comisionado to Mex. iii. 510, 520, 531 ; but came back with Micheltorena in '42, and vas capt. of the Mont. comp. in '43-4. iv. 290, 357, 052. I have no later r.ord of him. Estrada (Patricio), 1825, alfurezof the piijuete do Hidalgo who came with Echeandia, and in '30 was sent away with Gutierrez, iii. 13-15, 403, 407, 072. He was 29 years old and single in '30. E. (Pedro), owm'r of lot at S.F. '41 - 5, iv. 009; sub-lieut of militia; grantee of Asuncion in '45. iv. 055; still .it S. Luis Ob. '50-1. E. (Rafael), celador of Mont, custom-house '42-4. iv. 339, 377, 431; grantee of S. Lx'icas rancho '42, and alf. of aux. cavalry. 055, 052; in '40 regidor at Mont. v. 630; still in Mont. Co. '53. E. (Painuindo), cadet in S. F. comp. '24-30; prob. same as Jos(5 Raimundo, q.v. E. (Santi- ago), son of Jos6 Mariano, grantee with his brothers of Bnenavista rancho '22 - 3. 11. 015; iii. 077; made a trip to China on the Hover '24. ii. 520; sindico at Mont. '33. iii. 073; in '35-0 aux. alcalde and juez do camix). iii. 074-5; then living at Buevavista, age 27, wife Isidora Soto, child. Mariano, Francisco, Maria de los Angeles, and Juana. In '30-7 also named .as sub-comisario and comandante at Mont. iii. 513, 524, 072; iv. 90; in '38 courier and om. if prisoners' guard, iii. .552, .507; in '.39 partido elector, iii. .590; in '39-45 capt. of aux. comp. at Mont. iv. 75, 197-8, 407, 615, 052; in '40 juez of the valU y ranchos. v. 0.37; still in Mont. Co. '50-1. Estudillo (Jos6 Antonio), son of .Josd Maria, b. at Mont. 1805.; in '27 of tenia for treasurer, and grantee of S. Diego lot. ii. 540-7; iii. 03; in '28-.30, revenue collector and treasurer atS.D. ii. .543; iii. 137; in '29 grantee of Otay rancho. ii. 542, .547, 003; iii. 012. In '.33-5 he was a memb. of the dip. iii. 240, 249-50; in '.35 had a claim to the temporary governorship, iii. 2!»9-.'{0i., 414-15; grantee of Tem(?cula. iii. 012; in '30-8 alcalde and juez of S. I)ie,%'(). iii. 485, 010; in '30-8 took part against Alvarado's govt. iv. 491, 548-9, 557, 508, 578; elector '.39. treasurer '40, and justice of the sup. tribunal '40-2. iii. 005, 014, 010; iv. 290; admin, and maj. at 8. Luis Rey 40-3, also owner of land at S. Juan Cap. '41. iii. 023-4, 027; iv. 619, 623, 020; grantee of S. Ja- 704 riONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. cinto '42. iv. C21, Gift; claim against the govt '4,'). iv. uOl; in M'l-O jucz da pa/ at S. JJicj^o, iv. GIS-'JU, but was neutral in tlie tronijlcs witii the L".S. v. 3-'!); nicnt. '47. v. G'JO. In later years he served under tiic U.S. rule a.s town trea.surer and county as.sessor. Died in '52. Don JostJ Antonio \\ as a man nf excellent ciia meter, of g()oS. Diego bank; county treasurer from '03; state treasurer from '7j; still living ni .Southern Cal'. '85. EsCudillo (Jos(5 .Joaquin), son of Jos6 Maria, b. 1708, who entered the mil. service in '1.") as soldado distinguido of the Mont, eonip,, but was transferred to the S, F. conip. in '10 as cadet, which place he held until he left the service in '23, having accompanied Luis Argiicllo on the famous exped. to the f.ii' north in '21. ii. 370, 445, 584. Ment. atS.F. ii. 5'J2; 20-7. iii.33, 03; nninic. elector iii. 30-41; in '34-5 comisionado i:/, and .supl. member of dip to Hccidiuize H. F. mission, iii. .340, 354, 714-15; in '35 elector, in '36 alcalde atS.F. iii. 703-5; in '38 li\'ing at S. Leandro rancho, which in '42 was granted to iiim. iii. 713; iv. 073, 314. In a padron of the S. Jos6 dist. of '41 he is named, with wife .fuana Martinez, child. (Joncepeion b. '25, Ramon '27, Gertrudis '21), Antonio ','10, Maria de Jesus '31, Jo.S(5 Vicente '33, Jos6 Luis '.30, Maria Gua- dalupe '38. Don Joaipun was jucz do la contra costa in '43, also in '40-7, tak- ing but sliL;ht part in the war. iv. 085; v. 17, 121), 002. He died in '52. 1 have much of bin corresp. in dif. private archives; and also 2 \'o\s"l earn from a wl.ulcr with a bi^ken k-r i^^u , flf ' ?' an. ca.;renter, Iu.ul,.,l 8.F. '40 witJ, a family.gett nif'lot in '4- ' '. '*'^'' ?ttcr witl, D.ttnuinn '4.-,; at still at S.F. 79. E STSs47 W'v -Vi T^'""' ";''"'*' '™^ J'^vauowit/; K. J '84; a brother d-eo. at s! Jos." '78 E % I ?T847"a?s'F *f^'"?:'^ on the Jhnry. E. (Parlev I' ) IS47 „„f I,* n^' '^' ^'^ '^ ^- ^'■"'" Or. years; in 'o5 ^essengi; h' tL 'aise^ bl^' „rSac f /have' aTtto f''''"'. "^" •' Everett (C T ), 1840, n,r of a whaler at S. I'e.lro E (Flishal 1S4- lot., a c.,c. E.q„er (Ignaeio). 1833, Mex. clerk who cau^e by sea at the i^e ,f To BK Continued .vt tiii; Evd of Vol. III.