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English gialatioi urged u, a7id An Arthur *B!ia a ' Eaglaa —The VanBm John Q Pointei •y — Ml bourne'' Patron —Maei da^m port — i Havy I Engia: teaa— Appeal ble coi Offiaer Brigai an Ne phtmat OUbe Buffal r SBClftND KDITitoir. , , Mackenzie's Gazette, RocHEsrrsR, N. Y., April 18, 1840. WHO BEGAN THE FRONTIER TROlJBIiES] WHO BROKE THE TREATY? TO THE HON. MEMBERS OF THE SENATE AND HOUSE OF BEPRESENTATIVES, IN CONGRES& CONTENTS English Policy in the Cunadan — Montreal Maasacre — Canadian Le, gialation NitUfied — Papineau'8 DeclaratioA in France — Chvemur Head urged on the Revolt — He ownt the fact — Espionage — Intulta to America and Americaui—Head^s conduct upproved by the Queen—Sir George Arthur told to follow hie example — Lord Durham admit* that the Revolt was a Trap laid bi/ Government — Brougham^a Opinion— Stepa taken by England to goud the People to Jnaurrection — Lord Durham, on Canada — The Electiona — A Colonial Parliament — Melbourne'a Cabirut — Mr. VanBuren^s Praclaination of Neutrality — Arcjibiahitp Carrolfa Miaaiojt-~ John Quincy Adam^'a Oration — Slilas WrighVa franka — La Fayette — Mr. Poiniett — Secret Societiea^-The Preaeott Heroes — The PreaidenVa Poll- ay— 'Mr. Duane, on Neutrality with France — Engliah Juatice^^Mel. bourne's molivea for producing a Revolt — War with the United Statet— Patronage — Revolt invited, to poatpotie a Surrender — Head on Agitation ■ — Maekenxie^s movement — The Welsh Insurrection — Am/fricana in Cana. da — Mitvementa at Bi^ulo, <|-c. — Arfful uae made thereof — Garrovo*a Re- port — introduction to a Gua-^Excellent results of the encampment on Navy laland.9-Mee{ings in Rocheater — I'he Globe reusing the Frontiar^^ England Arms the United States!' Indiana— Inaulta t» the Frontier Citi<- tens — Governor Mirey— Aaron Vail-^Caleb Gushing, on Canada'— Ah Appeal to Mr. Cuthing — Shall our Treaties be mainta ned ? — ReprehenaU Ale conduct of N. S.Benton — Lnrd John RuaseU praiota the Military Officera and Government of the United States — Who are the Robbers and Brigands? — Marvelloua Impartiality of the rreeident ! — Judge Wilkins en Neutralltif — Late and its Twin Oracles I — And Cfansral Keim on Di. plomary— 'America alwaye prepared for W'JT'—Kind eomplitnenta, the Globe and the Engliah— The NptB-Hampskire Fatriot'^TDurhinn tmd Buffalo — Secret Despatch— Generol BurU*^t%t Firontisr Peopla — Con. slutunu 2J WHO BEGAN THE FRONTIER TROUBLES? t ' s^. r-f There is a people, mighty in ita youth, A land beyond the oceans of the west, Where, though with rudest rites, Freedom and Truth Are worshipped — Suillby. God of Justioe, where sleeps thy Thundsr? Caleb C us hi no. Gentlemen : \ >«#> The follo\vin£f narrative of the origin and progress of the C&nadinn revolt of 1837, shewing the nature and extent of my connexion with it, rests on facts so indisputable, and presents the Canadian question in so new and interesting a light, that much advantage raav be gain- ed even by the well informed from its careful perusal. I venture to assure you (hat a perusal of this addre-s will afford un- questionable evidence of the important fact, that the Canadians, in lS37j were goaded into premature revolt, in accordanee with the de- sign, the deliberate, settled purpose of Her Majesty's Government in England, and with as bad faith towards your country as could have characterized the acts of an open enemy. This was done-- 1. To affoid the Queen a pretext for suspending the constitutions of the Canadas and substituting the power of the foreign bayonet. 2. To increase the patronage of the Crown in the Colonies. 3. To give occasion for dissension with the United States, and if possible put thiscountry in tiie wrong. 4. To enable England, in time o( peace, to increase h^r land and naval forces on your northern frontiers, and'to test llie courage and lully ascertain the feelings and latent views of your border counties, your congress and national executive, so that she might correctly an- ticipate the extent of your resistance in the event of her provoking you (o a general cOotest. On the 2Jst of lVi\y, 1832, during an election, some of the citizens of Montreal were massacred in ihe public streets in the day time, by tlie British soldiery, under circumstances bearing a strong res"m- blance to the Boston massacre, six years before tiie revolution of 1776. Colonel Macintosh, their commander, returned to England, the king and his ministers received him with marks of special appro- bation, and his majesty invited him to dine at the royal board. In March, 1S37, both Houses of the English Parliament solemnly sanctioned the practice by the Colonial Governors of applying the ■Whole revenue of Canada without the consent of its legislature, and thus reduced its people to a state of political servitude under a foreign military despotism. Great excitement was produced in Canada by this virtual annihila- i\on of the functions of the local legislative power, and on the 6th of JN'ovember, the royalists injured Mr. Papineau's house, destroyed the .office of the Vindicatnr newspaper, conducted by one county mem- 'ber and owned by the brother of another, began to arrest the men who had most of the public confidence, beat, bruised, and insulted the na- tive population and goaded them into a premature revolt, for which the government had made every preparation, while the people had 4nade none. Fearing the result of a contest single handed with Britain, at peace Mrith all Europe, the Canadians had sullenly borne for many years her •oruel yoke. Mr. P«pineau, in his manifesto recently published in " — r frj " and _ . " herent " assem "MON " DIST ''THE " ALL< " Tion Agaii month, tha( I wl 'him to il purpose! that thel •Yonge Uppel LBV. I aa ?r WHO BROKE THE TREATY? fS France, says—" Now I defy the British Government to contradict me " when I affirm that none of us had prepa** i, desired or even foreseea " armed resistance. But that government had determined to rob the " province of its revenue and of its representative system. It had de- " termined to devote us, some to death, others to exile. It was with " that view that it proclaimed Martial Law and caused citizens to be ^' tried by Courts Martial for acts which, some weeks before, it had " admitted could not furnish a plea for any accusation. The neces- *' sity of creating Courts Martial is founded on the impossibility of ''obtaining sentences of death from civil tribunals! Thus again has "the Executive power put into opeiation against innocent men, in " support of ill understood metropolitan inteiests, inhuman tribunals " which it had itself acknowledged it had not the right to authorize." Messengers were sent from Lower Canada, to iutluential liberals at Toronto, to enquire whether the Anglo-Canadian race would assist the sister colony. 'I lough unarmed and uudisciplined, the utmost willingness was manif^-sted by reformers to embark in the cause. Sir Francis Bond Head was the;. Governor of Upper Canada, on behalf of the Q,ueen of England, and he has officially stated to the world that of this mission and our jtreparations for effectisg a change in the government of the country, he was particularly well informer!, and that he cuuld have prevented all disturbances, both on the fron- tier and the interior; instead of which he says he sent away the En- glish forces, out of the province, as an inducement to insurrecliou, and that he might be enabled to shed blood. The Upper Canada Gazette Extraordinary,, printed under " royal authority," "by Robert Stanton, Printer to the Glucen's Mo?t Excel- lent Majesty," on the 28th December, 1837, the day before his com- mander, McNab, had invaded New York» announces, tint on thai day, at Toronto, Governor Head " proceeded in state" to the Legis- lative Council Chamber, where being "seated on the Throne," lii; delivered a speech, containing the following avowals : ''Finding that against cool argument they [meaning the discon- " tented republicans] could advance nothing, they desperately deter- " mined to try an appeal to physical strength, the avowed object of •' which was to force Her Majesty's subjects from their allegiance, " and to subvert the British Constitution under the pretext of reform. tC^ " As soon as this Conspiracy became known to me, I cheerfully ?Ef=* •' approved of Her Majesty's Troops leaving the Province. — JEJ* " I allowed the Leader of the intended Insur- |E1= " rection a full opportunity to make his intended experiment " — I freely allowed him to write what he chose— say what he chose, " and do what he chose— I allowed him to assemble his deluded ad- . " herents for the purpose ot drill — I even allowed them unopposed to " assemble with loaded fire-arms; and IN SPITE OF THE RE- " MONSTRANCES WHICH, FROM ALMOST EVERY "DISTRICT IN THE PROVINCE, I RECEIVED FROM " THE PEACEABLE PORTION OF THE COMMUNITY, I "ALLOWED HIM TO MAKE DELIBERATE PREPARA- " TIONS FOR REVOLT." Again, m a despatch dated from Toronto, on the 19tb of earae month, he tells Lord Glenelg, that " he observed with eatiefaction,' that I was pursuing a lawless course ; "that I was freely permitted by ■him to make every preparation in my power " for revolt ;" that "he purposely dismissed fiom Upper Canada the whole of the troops ; and that the burning of private property afler the struggle, was begun on •Yonge Street in open day. by his especial orders." Upper Canada, ever since I have kaownit, has been subject to tbe 4] WHO BEGAN THE FRONTIER TKOUBLKS? most thorough system of espionns^e. Gait the nonlUt complained of it ill BtackwoodN Magazine— Capt. Matthews ot the British Army had his p 'nsion taki'n trum him un the report of a i>pv, and was or- dered to return to En:jfiand, for asking: the band of-an American com- 5 .any of strolling players, at Little Yo^k lo play '* Hail Culunibia." — n tnii way, Sir F. Head became, as he admits, aware of our every movement. In certain Po t Offices, letter opening is an item of duty for which there h a regular chars:i>, and after Sir George Arthur had extended the spy system to the United State-, he demanded a grant irom the legislature to pay the wretches he had secretly emiiloyed, and whose names he concealed. Sir George, in his '' speech from th4 throne," said : " 1 have likewise been obliged to expand considerable sums in pro- " curing accuratf tifoi-vtattnn oftht designs of the contpiratort in " the adjacent States, a? well as of their confederates within tht-Pro- " vince: and in supporting a frequent and rapid communication with " Ht r Majesty's Government at Hume, and Her Minister at Wash* " inzton. " In confidence of your sanction being most readily given to thest " necessarv disbursements, I have assumed (he responsibility of ad- •' vancing, FROM THE CROWN REVENUE, the amount of th« " most pressing demands under these heads of S rvio : and a state* " ment of tho.>p advances, shall iniau-diately be laid before you." Sir Francis Hend'a public conduct was so satisfactory to H( r Ma> esty, that Lord Glenel^ thanked him for the good sense, sl(iU and a- C itlty he had dis])lnyed as Gorernor. the Queen raised hiin from a knighthood of the Prussian order of Merit, to the l^gh rank cf a Bri* u^l Daronet, atid on his recommendation, knighted the hero oi Fort I clilo tember lOth, 1837, that 'the idle, the profligate ann the unprincipled, " see that DBMDCRACY in the United States is rapidly hurrying to •• ANARCHY and they well know that Anarchy, or. in oth« r words, " PLUNDER, is the shortest method of obtaining wealth." Again, he writes Lord Melborne, that *' republican principles .had created on " the continent qf America a vulgur mnbrtyranny under which neither " life nor prope-ty are Becure."r-)v Her Majesfv's'Gorerftfncrfft^ " I w!ts to raake ihis known on mv arrival in Upr-'t Canada, and ti^ " explain tiiat no c'han»e of m**asuros wa« inicniled hy the chattgp ot ■** Govrnorp. I was to pi.rso" tht* sam* lin»* ol policy a^ my prode^* **' cpssor, and to give mv cooufcnancp to that n( *' terests of the Province, 1 have banctioned and approved." You will thus perceive, thai the Queen of En^.aod and her Minis* tcrs not only approved of Sir Francis's conduct in inviting and urging on a revolt, but that they aUo directed Sir George to u&e the same means, pursue the same system, aid irust the same men. That the frontier tnubls of 1837-3 wer« invited, caused, and ear- •estly desired by '' h« r inaje-'ty'a authorities in North America," we iiave the above full and frank confessions, which His Excillenty the Earl of Duiham, L >rd High Commissioiter ol the Canadas^ to make special enquiry under auih >rity of an act of the three estates o/ tb« Bnglish real n, duly endors>-s. Lord Dirham's powers to enquire into the alTaifs of Canada were aor« CiiU aad ample than had ever bel'oie becu cuulvrred on aoy Bri- fn 4] W" .\ :\ :x-:\:::.2S7 1 ti«h subject in Americn. His Lortti families in the • north of -Enjiland. a, acting; to tempi >cum€'nts htlvesof Durham, ; ■'"■■""•T rp THE ED BY E MEN RAWN fLY IN THEM Z at th4s " a year self,with r, confis- itset, tho i did not So too, le, in the patrons by their heflitate iheblocd herto at> them to lada." ! under- it is the rigioates ir is said late offi- lurope !} ons." jnt, evi- e states, [steps of vf Lord jives us age 28, iblished een the senc&ot •~Wiio nil ^KE'^Tiii:" -riii: A . v> Xp -'•SiU effivjieiJt tfbntrol of the people over their rulers" — p.39 ;' that' ''oirt ♦ of the greatest oi'aliihe evils, arising iVofnthi* system of irresponia* ble government^ wai» the MYSTERY in which ihe motives riiid inc- ' tual purposes ot '.htir rulers were hid Croiai the colonists ihfinselves" —page GO; that a " rahiily comjioct,'* " a small body of men," retacifl "a monopoly of power and prohi"— p. 61 ; that even an Englishman* if he is not one of the fiiction '^is less an alien in a foreign country than in" Canadar-p. 62; that the disloyalty of American settlers had been increased by rendering their titles io their estates doubtiFlrl ■ ■— p. 03; thiit government by giving every seventh farm in the pro- vince, "und great lomporal power therewith, to one small denomina- tion of christians, had embittered the public mind— p. 05; that the Irish Catholics are r.nd ever have been wholly cxciudtd from a share in the i^uverimu-nt, though very numerous ; that Governor Head had j^anctioued and encouraged the establishment and spread of Orange Clubs; that parliamentary flections of the Attorney Ccneral and others, had been carried by means of the outrageous violence of these orange mobs — p. OG; that the administration of justice is impure, a very considerable part of the province without toads, schools, rnilltf. post-offices or churches, and most of the emigrants poorer than they " were tea years ago ; that valuable lands given to support schools have • been wilaheld from the people — p. 67 ; that tea and other articles are British monopolies, and the province without a port of entry— p; 66 ; that there is five millions ot dollars of public debt, the money wasted, and the people burthened with the payment of the 'interest — p. 69; that the people are powerless, tiio executive irresponsible, and good muni- cipal instituljons refused to be granted— p. 75; that the United States Irjnticr is a f)icture of prosperity, that of Canada poverty personified ; that the average tlilierence In the value of land between Ojiper Can- ada and New York and Michigan averaj^es several hundred percent. — p. 7G; that the colonists are leaving for the United States— p. 73 ; that incalculable injury is done to the settlers by granting of lands to favorites who do not iritend to settle on them, of which lands (p. 79) not a tenth is cultivated — p. 85 ; that these blocks of wild land " place tlie actual settler in an almost hopeless condition," and cause civiliz- ation to retrogade — p. 92; that British emigrants are ill-used at To- \ ronto, and retire to the United States in disgust— p. 94 ; that a large portion of the people look with envy at the institutions and prosperity of the United States.' to which Canada " presents a melancholy con- trast" — p. 95 ; that if thesystom of government is not changed^ an *' invader would soon find no resistance from the resident population"— t, p. HI; that a colonist feels that his link in the empire *'isoneofre- •: mote dependence," while "in its government he and his countrymen • have no voice" — p. 118 ;it;:\:;a.'V Tiii. i ■^KAIl BEV(iM> TIIOSR WHO HAD A(' I'UAU.Y BEEiM •*DKI<'AI'EL) AT THE POLL," '" ""»"". wuids •»'" majoruy ■w»*re 'XiispTilcd «n'' power of a niHJuity, whici), it was • oppose I counted *• on not l> iiijj i.b.i' in r»'(aiii it-i exi' teiict^ afier an*)lher app^'nl lo tlie ■♦* peO) liv" 'I hi-t was an act wliicli ha*, '" in Tu't prnlonetd the ex- istenrt i\f th' present Aanernbly from the period of a tingle year /• «»« offiiur." " Sucli (we are told by Lord Durham) are the lamenfable re«ult» ** of i!if p.Kiiical ani social e.'iU whic'i liav' '••olonc harassed rh • Ca- " nada-i ; and ac tlii^ nio neiit we are ohli.;id to adopt iuimediat* " nicasup s ajjiinu dancji-rs so ularniiiiQ as are rebi'llion.foreijjn inra- '' siiin, and dcpopiilaiion in consequence of the desertioir en maste of ** a pi'opli,' rt'diic<'(| t(i de-pair." In sudj a hor !!)!•' stat" ofthinfrs th^ wonder i^ no) that there waa an insurr rtion. but tl'.ar it wa^polons: k<'P' b^K"!*- I' will be seen lliat Sir KrRnci-i Head op 'nly tiiiniplel oi everv vrsiice of the people's Jib rtte<(,tlii'nbv to incite lev'ot. The eountrv haJ sent th^eeas^fnta to Enirl:in«l i I ISIO-?. no» omb of «hoin wa- nlliwi-d '• to darken the doors of llvf t"!ii|iMiiiil (iflice '" Ai d when Had'-s villainous conduct had produc d litter discontint, r voli and liloid>hed. Sir Gi'or?»* Ar- thur wa-t de-patchi'd rink ot r other aide, by the United States, whnne GOyERNMENT. as well as p' ople, w^re s-cretly us. ing their influence to exterminate from the continent of America Mo- narchical inatitutiona but I foinul mynelf exposed to and onposed by a republican House of Anaembly " ' That Afsembly repres-'nted the ■enae of the people, and it waa chanfred by Sir Fraucia in the manner described bv Lord Duviiam^ to invite revolt. To enable Sir G< o ar*' to harra^s Upper Canada and impoverish it more efT-'Ctualtv, the driti!»h Mini .try eagerly confirm- d ih" dishonest 'Colonitfl act by which a pretended popular body were enabled to vote themselves re|>rt3eittatives of the colonists for fburvear<« thou<{h flee- ted but for one sessi )n. And so ba''elaced wa< Lord M^bourne's eahinetf that in conieo' t of ih*'ir own Hi<;h Codimissioner's R> port^ •nd after it had been presHnted to PailMment bv the Q,ueen, and cir- culated far and wide th ouzhojt Europe and America, they railed to- gether a House of Asspmbly thus elected and continued in defiance of the country, and asainst whose conduct the peiple were • za-'pera- ted even to de-'pai'-^ and souc^ht it'« sanction to statutfH t< r the murder of Americau CilizenS| who, prompted by a generous aympttiiy tat ."f 'H>' «» ««« » "««.«r at * s . WHO BROKE THZ TREATY? [9 their oppressed brethren, had gallantly perilled their lives to break an ignoble bondage. Ala«! thutun American Secretary or State Khould have panned, or an American PieWde.it procliiinied froin the imniorial VVuih ngton*s time hotiortd !«eat, that ihi- brave youths who li>iened to the cry of their diMr Med I'riendfi, neiii^hbors and relatives, thus enfrnppm, and hattene I t»> their r.'lit'f, should " be left, rrproarhed by etery rirtu- »fui fellow rilixfm, iu be dealt with aciortling to the policy and iua- tice of*' the Canadian government ; and that ilicir conduct was *' NE> FARlOUS," •* and without the hhaduw of juiti.icatiun or excuse."— Who can t'ot^ci, that whil * muna chy r«m:iin8 on ihi^ continent, iht governm'nt of ihese State* i^ in danger? Reduce to gfi)« al practice the principle attempted to be establish- ed by this prunlHmaiiuii, and one man would b.* bound to see hit neighbour rubbtd and murdered without giving him nid. if the deed were done b.'yoiid the real or iniaijinary line of the jurisdiction under which he lived. The attempt wa* not mad^* until, on the authority of ih' High (.'0 nmi nies" had been superceded by "ooustituied anarchy.*' The United Staiei were colonies of England in 1775, when they sent Arclibi-^hop Carroll of Md , C. Carroll, and Dr. Franklin, to in- vite the Canidim subjects of England to revolt, iind the right icv- erfnd prelate and those who sent him, half a^s good an excuse aa Vua Shultze and hi^ nobleco itrades? la 1335, vijur then printer. Duff Green, published by your order, ^t the national e.xpense, 20,000 copies ef an oration, delivered by thfit eminent citizen, John Quiucy Adams, on the death anu character of General La Faye te^ ot which I was favored nt Toronto with two cu pies, one uf them franked by >* Silas Wiight, Jun., U. S. Senatf>,' one of your ablest statesmen^ to whom i atn a stranger. If ^t>. Wright h«d sent among the fine youn^ ui'^n of St. Lawrence u, j Jeiferson Counties, the same chaste and beautiful eulogy on a you: i of nineteen wh.) .eft the voluptuous and elegant court of Versailles, and bade adieu to his blooming bride, to act as a volunteer for tht lib -raiion of a'people of anoth r tongue and origin, 3,000 miles dis- tant, who knew not-hulfthe ^ri vancef the Canudiaus have groaned under, the La Fayettes who lought at Prescotl would hne tried ia Tain to reconcile theadniraiion there express d for the patrician of France, with Mr. Forsyth^ har^h censor s of conduct tqually just, fenerous and disintereted towards their brethren beyond the St. lawrence, as that which furiiied the theme of Mr. Adama'^ eloquent discourse. Mr. Joel Poin m-'r of recret societies in all Mexi- o,when there as an American minister^ ^nd am credibly iafonued, th^t it was his sue* 4caful e:!(arr}ple thai furnished the idea on these frontitra of eatalh **V i ' wmm [i \ 10] WJiO BEGAI* THE FRONTIER TROUBLES? lishing Huaters' Societies, some of the original planners of which^ were spies from tlie other side, whose teatimonv in Canada caused the viQl«i*nt deaths of some of the bravest of the American volunteers.. It is difficult, to believe that one who could uae the language chosen bjr M?. Poinsett, is other than a secret eneuiy of the equal rights and equal obligations system of honest democracy. "You may go to. banishment or the gallows," said Messrs. For- syth, Poinsett, Van Buren and Kendall, tothePre>cott heroes, though not in so many words, " reproached by every virtuous fellow citizen." That is to say, " the invawers of Texas, where there was no tyranny '' or revolt, were cheered on their way toconqu^-st; and the volun- " teers, who went to aid oppressed neighbors, in Canada, where there " is. tyranny and consequent revolt, are doomed lo the gibbet ! Gen- '• eral Jackson aroused a spirit unfavourable to unoffending Mexico: " Mr. Van Buren throws his whole influence against unfortunate Ca- " .nada ! Weak Mexico is b-reft of two of her Provinces, and mighty '• England is helped to keep hers in chains !" And ifi this the language of honest old Ainericin domociacy ? I« the spirit of the Cabinet at Washington, the spirit of Seventy-S'xl — Well may we say with the Historian of England, "mankind are, in all ages, caught by the same baits ; the same tricks, played over and over and over again, still trepan them. The heights of popularity and pa- triotism are still the beaten road to power, and tyranny and flattery to , treachery." Is it not truly surprising, that the sycophancy to England displayed by Mr. Poinsett, should have descended, as if oy inheritance, from one official to another during a period of half a century ! Messrs. .Telf'rson, Madison and Van Buren speak in glowing terms ol the be- ni'ii. rf):if'rred by France, yet Poinsett pants for a standing force w liLnvviUi 10 hold the children of France in slavery to England in Ca:i;idu. iS e how atjxious President Van Buren is to keep me in the closest ooaiiiK mont, that he may fulfil treaties and gain a smile from Lord Johu llussell, and political capital with the moneyed 'power ! AH this is in character when a friendless stranger is in his gripe, but was. it so in 1795? Then France and treaties were deserted, to pay ho- mage to England, and the Hon. W. .T. Uuane thus treats the matter in his excellent work on the law of nations: "Of the baseness and perfidy of those acts, there is no languase sufficiently strong to convey a just sense; they certainly alibrded full gruuiid to the French minister Adet, for Jeidarina: that '■ xtiuier the cloak of neutralily our government presented a daggfr to cut the throat of a faithful atly^ (indjxirlicipafed in the tyrannic ami cruel rage of England, lo plunge the French people in the horrors oj fa- mine.'' "Nor (continued Mr. Du..ne) was tlie expression of censure con- fined to the nation we had thus injured ; the British Annual Register noticing the conduct of our administration, expressed these emphatic sentiments : " Though little was to have been expected from natioral gratitude, it was supposed that na/w?/a/ /lortor would have prevented the A-. merican government from seizing the opportunity, whilst France was- atruggling for a political existence, to throw the United Slates into the anas of its most potent enemy." Something noble and chivalrous might be looked for fic .i young- nations as well as young individuals. Aa/l what was that government of Canada to whom Mr. Foisjrth* Mr. Woodbury, Mr. Psinsett and Mr. Van Buren left the heroet oC. * ■>■■ WHO BROKE THE TREATY? r.ii 'PrcBCott and Port Henry, whose babes and their mothers yet shed the bitter tear for fathers and husbai-ds tnariyredor btinished, and vbat was its justice 1 Its JUSTICE was military tribunals Aonlpo^ed of the members of the orange clubs sanctioned by Head, because convictions in the civil tribunaJs could not be obtained. Its government was "CON- STITUTED ANARCHY." Lord Durham writes to Lord Olfineig, from the CastltofSt. Lewis 9th August^ 1838.— [A aecret Despatchi] •' My sole purpose is to impress upon ybur>Lord!*hip my own con- *' viction, which has been Tornicd by p-rsonal experience, that even " the best, inlortnedL persons in England can hardly conceive the dis- " order or disorganization which, lo a caretul enquirer on the spot, is " manifest in all ihinjjs pertaining to government in THESE COL- '•' ONIES. Such words scarcely express the whole truth ; not sfov- " ernraenl merely, but SOCIETY ITSELF SEEMS TO BE DIS- SOLVED; the vessel of the state is not in great danger only, but " looks like a cotnplele wreck." The'same to i/ie'sd'WiF, 21th Sept. 1838. "Nor shall I regret that 1 ne course which I should think it imper- " alive on me to pursue in a land of fretdom and of law. proved to he *' the only one that I could adopt in a country which LONG MIS- " GOVERNMENT and sad diss vsion have brouirht to a condition ♦' that may fairly be described as one of CONSTITUTED ANAR^ ''(!:HY. Ihave, &:c., (Signed) ^13= DfRHAU." 1 have clearly shewn iliat it was the settled purpose of the English 'Government to fnr=.^e the people into open revolt — that England's rul- •^rs set the trap in Canada^as ihey had hvfcre done in the United Kingdom. Their object was throe-fuld— ^/iri'lt, by extending the pow- er of ministers to serve their political I'riends, by increasing very ma- terially the naval and military force in the;:e colonies, professedly to quell the Sturm themselves had raised, at a time when want of suffi- cient patruna'j;e to give away amt)ng younger sons and younger bro- thers, nephews and dependents ot'tlie men whose votes in parliament could turn the scale, pu. out the whigs and put in the lories. Well might the Times exclaim, " the Canada war is a godsend i» Lord Melbourne and dw whigs." > The next objec. of E.iglaud was to have a pretext for introd'ecinf in the rear of the United Stales* most flourishing settlemenvs, a large body of troops, "to keep them in fear of our power," as Lord* Dur- ham said of ihe Bjffalo folks. The Englisli government proposed la Mr, Papineau a plan for dismembering the republic, and Governor Craig, by Lord Casilereagh's orders, employed Mr. Henry to divide it. You confess your sense of the strength ot this argum^at, by shew- ing that a like game of blood is played against your nwn p "aee bv i!i • 12] WHO Bl^GAN ^THE FRONTIER TROUBLES 1 ume wicked powpr. The authority you have emphatic illj' selected •s your o»vn. the Washington Globe^ of February 8ih, -fays :■—*' The " recent excitemeai on b^r (England's) part concerning the Maine " Bi)ai)dary, is a portion of that sviitem which ha-t fur it4 end the " ccnmencmfnt of WAR WlfH THE UNITED STATES. " The moment nrtare provoked by h'-r in-iolenci* and b utality into "acts of aggression, that uioinput ourfla:^ in the s^eas of China will *' become the object of her attark, and she will s ek the vantage *' groimd by placjug her injuries to our trade to the account of the •* bo der war." A^ain :— No government, whij or torjr, ran goon in England with- out pO'Ses^ing an immense patronage, ci^ il. naval anJ military. 0'« Con'nell had beat the tones and render d Ireland cornp<)ia quil, insomuch that the wiiig^ had no p'etext fur contmuinq: 30,000 to 40,000 troops iheie. The old game of i{t tiiug up riot<>, disorder-: and insurrections, the irovermnent could play no longer, for O'Connell would not p-rmit it, and in rase the whi^s qnnnelled with him he could put tliem out of uffire, by joiiiiug the miiiorjiy with hi^ follow* ers. Tnen it was that they turn d their att mim to raising di^tiu- bances in Catiada, (hat by these means their patron ige miu:lit not iie lessened, but made efficient, to kill the tender germ of freedom in Cana. da, and nvolve in trouble and expense ' the friendly power" in whose gloomy btfstile I h.-ive so lon^ pined and wasted. Governor Head, in pai^e 4i0 of his Narnitivo, frankly almits that the English ministry had but two alteniativec, either to break down the power of the legiHlatiires of th CttnudHtu oi withdraw from this conti* aent. He siyti that if tho rctform Assembly of .836-7 had refused to meet him. as the Assembly of Lower Canada had refused to u.eet Lord Gitsf'oni, that the Knglish Goveri.ment, tlius emharnisBed in Canada, and by President Van Buren's demiiid-< respecmiig Maine, would ha\e been nnabie to persuade an KngliHh Hnuae of (yoiiiinoiis to go to the expense of resiPtmj America, seemini.'ly mvited — ' in short," says be, •♦the Canadtd would have ^eeri surrendered by us." The purposes of the tory l>>yali-it« i i Canada wiT'' also answered — they cru liy p d thos-wlnxn Eiii^i >n I had ''deliberately drawn into a trap," banished some and mas^atn d and iicarct rated others of their leading political opponents, and harrassed the great republican or reform party to a dt-grte which excited the de»'p rno atidum on Canadi aiTairs, which wn^ laid on the table of the House of Commons and printed. I have obtained an ol- icial copy. Sir Francis therein states, that many loyal persons in various parts fearins a rev dt b c lu-^e the soldier-i w^'re r>'m()V«'d, he assembled hia council, whose proceeding* I give in his own word-; : •' Will', a view to apiiease tl»e fears I have fl escribed, wr- unanimously a^eed that a volunieertnilitiacnrpB orobrtervafinn of -^0,000 men should iininediaiely be enrolled. and a militia general order to that effe''t vtraa nor only driiwn up in council, but ac-iu- ally primed tJiat day, and brought to tlie G'lvern-uent oiHce for circulation. How- tvcr, during this short interval, naving had time to give deeper conaideratiun to th* aubjent. I ajaln convened the council, and su'imirted to their serious conaideration — "That as the loyalty of the province of UppprCinadii had been tested and record- ed Bi the lr.te elections, we had notliing in reality to dread, but a broken down un- principled agitator, who, having sunk in pui)lin es:i nation exictly in proportion .i» he had been negle<-ted, had loni^ been making every possible eOiirtto force me to buoy hini up by aloverninent prosecution. " That, h'lwever. it might appeiise the fearg of the timid, nnthinp would in fact b« a greater benefit to this reptile than th". r D) threw down their weapons and ' fled in every directiim, making no re.si8tatice. and in a ff^w tn'nutes not a chartist was t» bo seen m Newport." Hud they obtained even ■ \ 14] , WHO ItOAN THE FRONTIER TROUBLES? momentary success^ the ball might have rolled and England been at thii •day once more .-^ republic. There are probably 150,000 natives of the United States in Canada, and the people of the two sides of its extended frontiers are in terras of friendship, through inter-marriages, traffic, reliaious connexions, &c. Who then can feel surprise at the conduct of the people ol Buf- falo, Watertown, Detroit, Rochester, and other places where Canadi- an sufferings were known ? Although the revolutionists at Toronto had been defeated, a party of them remained in arras— another party were up in arm^ near the Sliort Hills, Niagara District— and a third body of 700 to 800 men, under Dunconibe, in the west. Large bodies of the population of Lower Canada, were still fighting and unsubdued. " The contest,'* then, according to your minister in London's letter to Lord Palmer- ston, requesting redress for the loss of the Caroline, was "one, de facto, of war," civil war, and your judges, Messrs. Betts and Thomp- son had promulgated Irora the seat of justice at New York, that in such wars Americans might lawlully engage, or send aid in arms ainrnuniiii)n, and piovisiuns. WliJit did th -y do ? , . . , _ T pa-s over tl^ir nu'riing^ in other plaiii.vs, and come to those in whicii I am more iinmi'diutrly concerned, held at Bnfl'itlo» 1 am most sincerely of o[)inioii ihiU neither in Upper nor Lower Cinaca did any individual :unnecti'(l with ilie rev(diuionary move- ments, ask aid or a-;sisiiinre fmiu liiese Slates until it \vn^ iiroffered to them. Englanil inteniionally prodiiceil a state oi'civil war in both Canadiis. Tiie citiz -ns of Buliiilo nobly resolved t(j aid the weak aLrainst the strong — ihe jilundeied settler aifaiust his European ty- rant. An overIiowi;i!XnThe\v their Ciinadian neelin? of jf my arri- MU'ral Por- " ill health ;ial Adver- =lcth Haw- therland — anteers be- ast as I ar- arrival hf>- adilress the must do so induce Di'« iromiscd to ill thus see ) Euffilo. llinghast of ]e a speeisll Mr. Setli next ; then 5 appointed, s(ham, J. Q« iration can- . Macy, H WHO BROKE THE NEUTRALITY? [15. Seymour Jan., J. M. Bradford, L. A. Phelps,, and Abnzo Rayner, all „ of whom cheerfully consented to act, and did so. Mr. Sutherland's acts, in that theatre, or after the people w«nt a- '; way, I had nothmg to do with, neither did I advise them. The peo- ; pie that met at the door I did not see, nor their band, till they caaie neai Dr. Chapin's, (where 1 slept,) cheered and dispersed. '. A military expedition implies persons bound by some agreement to J act together for some military purpose. In that sense there was no expedition at Buffalo. Mr. Sutherland and others went to Black Rock, on their way to go into Canada as volunteers, vvhiiher they had been bound before 1 had crossed the frontier, and numbers had previously passed over into that country. I did not accompany them — I did not direct them — all I did was, on the I3th, in the course of the day, when I saw the shnriff about to take away the arms oi men . strangers to me, who said they were going into Canada was to ask ** if he would wait till I could tell the Committee at BulTalo, their situ- t ation. I I addressed a handbill from a place in Canada, to the people of Ca- ' nada, and not to the citizens of these States, aeilher did I disperse ' any bills in these States. And on this evidence, I have been entrapped for nearly a year into this wretched place, shut out from society, and injured in health and strength, while your own citizens, who did all that was done, and that openly too, are saved harmless. Read this extract — Prom Congress Papers, Document No. 74 of 25th Congress. ? Marshal Gaurow to N. S. Bexios, Distrk:t Attorney. RocEHSTKR 'Dec. 21, 1837. Dear Sir: I arrived here last night at ten o'clock; sent for General Gould and some others ofthis place. There is much exciien*iit liete; forty soldiers marching the streets of lloelieater toda.'v under drum and fife; two pieces of cannon went ort" tliis morning and THREE FOURTHS OF THE PEOFLE HERE I LEAKN ARE EMCOURAOljSrG AND PROMOTING THE THING, AND SEVEN- EIGHTH.S OF THE PEOPLE AT BUFFALO AND ALL ALONG THE LINES ARE TAKING STRONG INTEREST IN THE CAUSE OF THE PATRIOTS; MANY FURNISHING ARMS, AND LARGE QUANTITIES OF PROVLsIOxVS CONTRIBUTED AND FORWAHDED TO THEM, AND VOLUNTEERS CONTINUALLY GOING ON. I do believe tliat it is indfs pensible that you come on immediately to Builalo. Very little can he done wiih . procesess. I am your.i. • N. GARROW. i And this — [Extracts from Presidmit Van Huron's Message to Congress, Dec, 2, 1&39.1 The people id the United Slates feel, ois it i.s hoped the.v alwsiys v/ill, a warm. solicitude for the success of all wIm are sincerely eudtavouving to improve the politi- <;al condition of Munkiud. This generous feeling they cheribh towards the most distant nations ; an J it was naturiil, therefore, that it should be awakened with more than couiuion warinlh in behalf of liieir immediate neii;hbors. - - -Ou a review of the occurrcn on bot.i sides of the line, icis satisfactory to reflect, that in almost every complaint against our country, the otl'ence may be traced to emigrants from the Provinces who have sought refuge iiere. IN THE FEW INSTANCES in which they were aided by Citizens of the United .Slates, the aMs of these misguid- ed men were not only in direct contravention of the laws and well known wishes of their own go^ermnei.^, but met with the decided disapprobation of the people of tha V. States. I regret to state the appearance of a diflerent spirit among her iMajesty'g subjects in the Canadas. The seniiinenis of hostility to our people and institutions, which have been so frequently expressed there, and the disregard of our rights ■tfhich huvu been mnuifested on some occasions, have, I am sorry to say, been applau- ded and encouraged by the people, and even by some of the subordinate local au- tborites, of the Provinces. The following is a literal copy of one of many papers sent from places in the United States, to Navy Island in Upj)er Canada, ornit- ting natnes : " To the Officer on Navy Island, U. C, to whom this paper may be. presented. '" " /'^^A- - ■* f f K' 16] WHO BEGAN THE PftONTIER TROUBLES? '* Sympaihisini; with our rriends in ann?, in what we believe to Ve " a just Cctuse, with the advice and at the suggistinn of some cf our " friends, we have assisted Capt. ■ to convey the fiehl pit ce ia " po!iie!>sioii of the Artiitry Company in this town to your encamp* *' ment. If it sh uid prove acce/oiable, receive it with our best wish" " ei for your pro«poiity. We rccuiiuaend Capt. ' ■ to vou as ft *^ gentle nan and a patriot, and we vouch that no mean motive hat " iiidoced him to'ih*' pes nt step. Consider the piece as a I mn and " return it when no h)iiar r useful to vou." — Dated at " ^Decem- ber 30, l«37,'* and sijjntd by the OffecHn of Ariille.y and Infantry. Tne pkii of taki'*^ possession of Navy Island liy the insurgent* from the iV hitam Dirtirict and tho volu.iteers who joined them trom Buifulo RocUoster, &c., waa attended with one most important result. No 800 icr was Sir Francia Head ro-estabhshed in the vicn.regal dwallinir from which one revolt had driven him, and his family re-land- •d in Toronto from the SteamNoat in which they had sought shelter on Lake Ontario, than it was resolved between him and Chief Justice Robinson to ^et up a t^pccial commission forthwith and try, hang, ban* ish, transport, send to the peniientisry and confiscate wholesale. The papers were all made out appointing the ministers of this *' bed of jiis« tice,** and dreadful would have been the slaughter, undir cMnr of lawt but the news that the republicans were on Navy Island and that the blood of 76 vet circulated in the veins of the children of their great re* Tolutiot), struck inconceiviible terror into Head's councils at Toronto, euved many lives, and prevented much plunder and cnielty. Bven in London it ciinied a gr^'at con! Thf Democrat says it ** wa« the larsjest and mo t enthusiastic meet- " ing wnich had ever asse bled in Rochester upon any occasion." And wlio can wonder that your citizens desired to h ]p us! Arc they not t^js^ht from infanc/ to consider the Eoi^lish governrru-nt as a cru 1 and tyrannical sway ? Look at the Globn of the 29th of Feb* ru iry »n I 2nd of March last, and vou wi!l see liOgland officially re- presented by th»^ Pr sident of the United States, as cruel, perfidious, unrelenting, oppressive, insulting and unjust-^your countrvmen are reminded that the western wilds bad been whit ning with the bones of American women and chilJren, while their blood was trickling down the walh of their fonner homes, and that the Indian war-whoop and th ■ British drum had in unison saluted the ears, while the Indian tomahawk and the B.itish dagger were suspended over your citizens* heads. What have I said or done that will produce the one hundredth part t»f the excit'^ra mt. of such langu.ige from «uch r --'^'wc". at such a lime ? And if I hai^e not, why do you sacrifice my health and liber- ty to the dijflomacy of your government, without even a request for information ? We a|l know very well, that while I have beun selected by the Presir dent for conviction from among those against whom indictments had long lain over, for ennvict'on,Ui please England, simply because I spoke in tne Buif ilo th<>atre, and at Black Rock exprensed sorrow when I saw the ShefifTtake the muskets claimed by volunteers waiting to crois to Canada, yet ne one recollects that for ;jj je&rs, ever since th« close ot ist war, F ns, and a sed aguir le Ainerii lovej-nme horn thfi It is oi I ontier trc [e knows imrner o "SirJ.,hr who was I of New Y hscommj referfd la iinugalerx is n perfect Uiifortui fugefs ar eatinn — a >u from £ i-»e ! Do not v abhor Ei uelties ? nt and ir the mor of law, 1 that the r great rc- ; Toronto, Kven in lange, and ht to thre« Iressed by trie of the office by ;ate of Mi- 1 others.— ^^tic meet- casion." I U4 ! Arc ■nrritnt as a Jih of Feb- jffioially re- perfidious, itrvmea are b the bones its trickling war-whoop e the Indian our citizens* idredth part ', at such a th and liber- i request fof by the Presii ictments had ;aii8e I spuke V when I saw ig to cross to e the clo^e bT WHO BROliE THE KEUHXAUTT 7 tif ist war, Rngland kecpn in p-^y, great bodies ofthe U"ited States Indi» HP, and atintialjy Tiiriii8hP8ih«-ia wjiUthe weapons of dt^strut^tioii to be ikii against ttm citizeii»ot the United Hiatcs. " I tnust say. I think je Ainoricans h ve --eason for the je;ilousy they express at the British love/Hment interfe iiigj. I»y pngrliveiv arming their own Ixidians, with horn tboy nrentwar, with Kngltsh gunn powdt., and ball." Ii i? ol no use for thf Preside^ii lo d<^clare in his messaae*! that the ontier troufjlnsare the work of a fe^v miserable oxild republican!). — [e knows il i^ not so. Lord Duiham wrote Lor>l GleiitU in the inxner of t838»an(l I have an uilicial copy of his )i ttvr, as follows : " Sir John Cultiurne informn mc thni Governor Mnrcy stated to a gentleman, who was his inibrmant, that the feehnu along the whule fronrier oV the State of New York was an strong, that ii was b. vohd his control, by any meana at h 8 comniand. But then, it inu«t be reinembe''edj that the whole population referfd to are of the woisr clii!>s and description — aqtiaiters. refugees, and sinugiflerH; and that the Executive power of the Uniu^d States' Government is n perfect nullity." Unfortunate frontier people ! Durham sneeis at you as squatters, fugees and smugglers — Aaron Vail di elares you are the scum of eati(>n — and Joel Poinsett prays tor a Russian squadron to prevent )u from suecuring auffring buiuaaity. When shaU it be other* int and ind' fatigahle repre>eiiiative, the Hon. C. Cuihing, second the most impoitant of all your committees in times like ibes-, the nrei^n Affairs. On the 4lh of July last, you would have found m, fill' d with the spirit ol '76, at Sprinzfiield, Mass., near to the oudest scenes of hi-i country's dory, the orator of the day, rousing s iiitelli>;ent audilo y to d'-edj. of patriotic Teag-atice, and appeal- g to their reason, thi ii' i:iteresl, the r passions, a id their lears, for anada, for America, against the government of England. I give >u his word'^, but the soul-stirring eloquence o\ his voice and man- r, who can pourtray it ! He said : "But on ihe nor h"rn and east, rn frontiers of the Unit d States, overhansinz us from ^ea to sea like a lowering storm-cloud, are the ^Briii-h Provinces, sti'l dependent on Euiope. That, is the point f peril. Theie, is monarchy in its wor>t form, that of the forcible crupaiion, by a foreign prince, of a country whos- natural po ition nnd •iocial constitution, and contiguity to u«, impel il toward inde- lend 'nee and freedun and self government. Colony nd LibTty are ideas incompatible. " The C inadas have lar greater ratnes of cornpla^it than -we had when we belonced to Great Britain. They have een grossly, wickedly misgoverned. There is na doubt of this.— I is proclatiiied by themselves ; it is declared in the British Parlia- ment; it is admitted by each successive Colonial Secretary; it is spoken out in lansruage not to he mistaken, the language of insur- rection and civil war. It is monstrous for Amit^ricans to deny that :he Canadas have been misgoverned^ iris idle for any body to de- ny it. I engage to exhibit a parallel of every one of the specifica- tions of tyranny set forth in our Derlaratiou of Independence, by he same or greater acta of tyranny perpetrated by Great Britain in he Canadas. "At the present time, th^v are consigned to the tender mercies of nilitary despo'ism, mariiil law, and occupation of the country by irm7.te cannot be relieved, but on the mcffith on which Mackenzie was indicted, the late postmaster of Buffalo, was turned out of an office worth 4,800 dollars a year to make way for one of the men who was openly and notoriously among the foremost to invite Mackenzie .into Mr. Van Buren's patriot trap at Buffalo ! Had the President been guided by principle in his refusal to in. terfere with the sentence of a federal court in cases of breach of neutral- ity, would he not have abstained from doing so ? Coi. John Vreeland had a command on Navy Island, went up to Detroit, aided an expedition there, and was convicted in the United States Courts, ordered for 12 months imprisonment and fined a thousai d dollars. The confinement was little more than nominal, no refusal of fresh air and exercise, and the 81,000 fine the President remitted him. Vreeland was an Ameri- can citizen of Dutch descent — Mackenzie aoiavHted gn9»t of the peo- *►• ;*■ »> WAo aaakit ties prqxti^h itsoublest I! I il ,A pI»or Btiflulot whose close confinement cou'd be turned io pnlitictl a6» «ount with the tn]k> in London, through pmidini; negociations ! ! Ont> of the U. S. Judges, the Hon. Ross Wilkins of Dfiroi, in hit shiir^e lu » jury, n>minded them not Ion? since that neutrality laws which your government and ration were quitf wiliiiiflr tofurgi^t when you hail the weak power of Mexico to dfal with in ihe chap of Tex- as, had to he bru'ihrd up anew and set in motion when England be- came the antagonist. I forget hi« precise wo d^, but their import was moii humili'iiin^; to your national honor and iiitngriiy. Mr. Vin Buren, I'm told, referred the prayer of some 50^000 memo* riali9t«> for my release, lo thi& Mr. Benton of Little Fall-i, who^p dwel- ling is hi'i half-way iiou:>e, on his New York tuurH. And I learn that the District Attorn^'y reported stoutly agiin^t humoring the 50,< 000 Ci iz^ns by mv release. How these two la^vyers must have chuckled at the unique idea of prufec^sing so sp«'cial and particular a respt-ct for principle and the purity of the a(lmini^t^ali n of ju-itice, that th:- President would not dare so to iutiTf-re wiili il-i solemn de< eree-*, a^ to set free one whom Entil.ind had a^'^ured him she desired to punish, whi'ethey knew that of all the 10.000 or 100,000 oflendprs under the Anti-Texan face of thfiC'im li'on colored statute, lh<>y had penned uit only so'ue 30 or 40 in the indictment fold, from whom were previously selected tho>ethey had agreed not to forgit about. I may here copy a letter fiom one jf yourselves, in the name of three honorable members of Congress. How he had found out that an uptiliciiiion by me to Sir George Arth'-r for an American par' don wou d relieve th" question of mv e;ilargeiueiit froin enibir:ass- nient. I I tive it to th«> hon.)r of the Pre>id. nt to explain. Who but Mr. Van Buren cduM have told him that ! from the IlinorabU General Geore^e M. Keim, Mimher of Conerefs, to th$ S'^crttary i\f tke I*!iiladdph.ia D •inncralic Asaociatiim. ahewin sr the rvult qf a conference between three Mambcra of Cangreaa and the Preaidentqf the United States To Meaara. William Gifmore and Robert Chria'y. Sitcretariea of the Demth eratie Union Asaocatiion, Pliilatlelphia. Washinoton. December 28th, 1839. Gentlemen:— On behalf of a rasolution >ourts of justice, and tliereibre at present could no* decisively move incompliance with your wishes. Uvery possible means have been exerted to make the confinement of Mr. Mackenzie a nominal one, ami to gratify his every wish, save his re>ase. My own private views. are.thatif tlie friends of Mr. Mackenzie, would appeal tti the maenanimity of the president representative of the British provinces in North America, by hia requeaf. he would be released, and relieve the <)uuch weakn> ss i< the approbation i don, who made Canada what Mr. Cuihing de.scribis it to be in the «ration I hire cited. Mr. Van Buren has not borne the insulto of England thus thank- fully becatise the country was unprepared for war. On thecontiary, lb» first act of his official life was to declare in his inausural address March, lS37,that "the last war, far from impairing, gave new coufi* -■• # 'wm WHO BROKE THE NEUTRALITY? I« ** ttenee to ou' (government ; anH amiil reeent appreh>^n " lar conflict, wp »aw that the rnprsif" of our cnunt- »•-*»«. «^m.^,.v "•"■•<, ^ 4* 'I"— ■» f " (*-% «-.*« ..., >•.'■'.".' \i ?2] WHO BEGAN THE FRONTIER TROUBLES? M let! youth nnd aje '' Who took for their watchword "beauty and booty" on the er* of New Orlenni ? Lord Durham writes Lord Oleiielg, July 16, 1838. "Opposite to Fort Erie, is tha t, town of BiiO'iilo. the head-i|uurters of tlie Hobbers and Pirates who liave so long in- „ fosted this country. Its extent and appearance is surprising." And on the l9th be writes again from Tnruuto, that un the I7th Sir Joiin Colborne and himself had reriowad tlie tro()[)H, and given notice beforehand so as to get the American* near tlicse "hundqiiiirterii" t,o cume over; tliiit tiiey did so, and were tilled with awe wliicli wag llie uoIe object of tiie review. I nave shown liiut tlie revolt was produced by the English Government itself— that it sent oiT the iroops a little way to induce tlie people to rise, so tiiat American simplicity iniglit produce frontier trnubleii, and thuitaflbrd a pretext for tlie introduc- tion of adilitioiiul troops and on increiiHed naval (nrre, through pretended fears of tlie sympathizorB. •'Tilli EXECUTIVE HAS HEEN BOTH NEGLECTFUL, AND COltRLTPT," said Durham to Glenclg, in liia didpatch marked "SECKET," Stii August 18;IS, hiiK.-e printed in Papers H. N. A. p. l.")7. Yes, and by forcing the people into open insurrection, and exciting in the breat of the humnne citizens of tlieie states, fueling* of kindness and cuinpussion for their own flesh and blood, feel- ings honuruhle lu our coiiiinon nature, and which no free governnient could have smothered, even by the union of rit. George's bloody cross with American Stars, tliey trampled under foot their treaties of neutrality, and made their wanton in- vasion of the American soil at Sclilossor, a standing j')ke, an annual British festival. Having thus ejirui^'ed beyond humiin forbearance thu free sons of this free soil, Eng- land's Lords, the of successors that English Lord who hanged Colonel ITaynes, t.iuiil the s'atc and national authorities, abcnit their unruly citizens ! Aaron Vail lakes a trip to Canada toassure Cieorge Arthur that we of the frontiers are "the scum I'' and the renowned General Burt of BLitfalo follows to testify "that the coun- try near the lakes was overrun by an ungovernable mass of the lowest class of peo- ple!!" The U. S. Government respond to all this assuming that the republic is to blame, I get one little corner in a prosideiitial's message, another in Lord 4^^HuB- sell's opening speeeh, and a third in an Ainericart Bastile/ I appeal, Gentlemen, to your sense of justice, to your candor and love of country, whether the persecution to which I have been ho long and so cruelly subjected ought not to cease. Invited to your country by Jiisought promises of aid from your most distinguisiicd citizens, advantage has been taken of my ignorance of your laws to puuislx me for olfences, if such they were, cuimnitted by others, who go free because of their influence and standing in American society, I appeal to you as honorable men, I demand eiii|uiry, and fear i«ot your verdict in a " land where Freedom and Trutli arc worshipped." ' W. I- MACKENZIE. Monroe County Jail, April, 1840. With those feelings, in thfir hearts, the inhabitants of our North American colonies --------- have seen these de- magogues who had no real stake in tlieir country, one after ano- ther, encouraged or promoted by her Majesty's Government — and ■while this party, whose evident intention was to robanU .murder them was busily occupied in broad day light in making pikes, purchasing rifles asseml)ling for drill, forming themselves into unions and thus creating general apprehensions throughout our colonies they have seen the Ministers of the Crown, in spite of warning or remonstanoej resolutely insist on eL'vating over the heads of the loyai population, the ringleaders of the conspiracy — they have seen tke arch-agitator qf each of tke Canadas offered' to be rewarded ; - - - in short t.'iey have seen the Mirfisters of the Biitish Crown actually tan into aflame the embers of rebellion, which the representative of the Sov-. •;reign, but for the encouragement shown to agitators, would easily have extinguished.— Str l^rqnci%Jftad-s Preface to the 3rdE.dir tlan of his Narrative. , ' , -- ,- mei rep * f 4. ./*. WHO BROKE THE NEUTRALITY T fM be«v* , 11 th« ong ill- he l9th elf had i« uetr th awa OPINION OF DRS. WEBSTER AND SMYLES. The undersigned are of opinion that the cuntinement ot Williarri Lyon Mackenzie to jail, without being perniitted to exercise in the open air, has had a very injurious effect on his general health. The jail is built on a low swampy piece of ground, and for the most part of tlie year is nearly surruiinded with stagnant water. In consequence, Mr. Mackenzie has already suilVred from marsh fe*er ; and there can scarcely be a doubt, that when the warm months of summer return, he will again be subjected to thisdt'bilitatin<;diseas«'. The close confinement has also an injurious eflect on his highly susceptible nervous system. Under such circumstances, we the un- dersigned are decidedly of opinion that out-dour exercise is absolutely necessary to sustain his scnernl health. JAMES WEBSTER, M.D., Prof, of Anatomy, Oi-neva College, JOHN SMYLES, Physician and Surgeon. * MA It TIN VAN BUR EN AND RUFIS KING. In 1919, as "'ill be seen by reference to Holland's life of Van Ru- ren, Rufus King was sent to the United Slates Senate at Wa*hing- tou, as a fit repreS' nlalive of the democracy of New York State, chief- ly through the active and unwearied eflorls M. Van Bureo. Who Rufus King was and what were his politic?, may be ascertained frotu the following extract taken from a letter in the Albany Argus. — Irishmen, English, Scottish nnd French Democrats, read, and say whether you can believe Van Buren an honest, true hearted RepubjJ lican ? |From the Albany Argus. J TO RUFUS KING. ' When I bring to my recollection the name of Thomas Addis Emmet, it must crimsdh your cheeks; yea. sir, you have inflictci on that gr*^ntand good man the heaviest calamities. You have been the means of confining him n close prisoner in Fort Guorgo, in Scotland, for four loiiij and tedious years. You have, unwittingly I grant, been the means of the public and disgraceful executior* of his brother, the martyred Robert F.m met, for indiscreelely darinif to redress the wrongs of his injured nndo|)pre3sed countrymen. Vou have been the means of deprivmga son of the sad solace of closing the eyes his venerated parents, and abrolher tho.^eof a sister. In short, your conduct toward the unfortunate Irish patriots has been cold, unfeeling, and I presume to say and prove too, wholly un- w.iirantabld. The facts have been fully stated by Thomas Addis Emmelt. In the summer of 1798, Mr. Etnmet, Doct, M'iN'iven and ArfiiurO'C'onner, with manyuoro of the moat virtuous and esteemed men iu Ireland, during the suspension of ihe habcao corpus act. in that ill fated country, and upon meresusjMcion, were thrown into • prison; the government could not proceeil to try thtm, breanse it cuuW notdis- cover any proofs to implicate them cniiiinally. On the 29th of July, 1798, an arrangement was entered into by tiio government of Ireland, with thvae state prisoners, for ctTectitig an nmni-sty, and as an inducement, these un-forlnnate men olfered, amongoihor iliiuHS, to emigrate to such country as might be ngreeci on between them and the govrrnmuiit. Lord Casilereagli declared to them, that this government had no worse place in view than America. After the pri9»i:*rs had performed their part of the stipulation, they mad. their election to conio rt> this country. Mr. Emmet snya, to use his own words, "It (the governrn/'nt) was afraid of letting us go at large to develope and detect the misrepresentations and calumnies that were studiously setalloat, and had therefore, I am convinced, determined to violate its engagement, by l.eepiug us prisoners as long as pos.si. ble." "On the I6ih of September, Mr. Marsden, then under secretary came to inform us that Mr. King had remonstrated against our being permitted to «mi>- grate to America, and on beinn pressed to know what reason Mr. King could nave for preventing us, who were avowed republicans, from emigrating to A- merica, he significantly answered, O'P'rAaps Mr, King doe* not dtsir»t«lun» republieant in America." jpi 1 Mi WHO BSOAN THE f ttONTIEE TROUBLES T Mr Xmntit saya again, "the itep you (Mr.Kingr) took, waaunamhorixedly> Toar government— y wr agre«a>i>g' foi* It Eiii V it« a n-cebHdrv lo my p i,^ siortl, ait u> my mo- ral coii£t>tutior. I ani uiit-n tevei'iMli ; T take no exercse, niul (uU little rest. Ironke BO complaints, howevei*. for experienire has tanijlit lur' ilie iniittlwy of sodning." — /^.jt- Ur of General L'lfn/elte, addrr.sstd to the Princess d' Ilcnin, March i^th, 179a, fr0m the Au-itrian iiastUe. of Mjgdtboursr. (Extrnct of a letter from Solomon Soutliwick to \V. L. M ickenzie, .Sfp'., 2 ■ H;J».) Isha'.l nev4>r look wpon the cause of the Ganadiaii Patriot!*, in any utiiev lightthan as the «.uu»o of every true friend to the liberties of this inintry ana of Kiankind, Erery soiiud he.iiled and sound lieaneil American must deeply regret that Uritiiik induenee lias so far paralysed the moral and politieal eiiergies of his country, an lo cause se large a portion of her population, after a momentary Hash of hone«t feelinpn, to sit down nn calm spectators o\' a »trugt;lu in which the fate of our republican inuii-^ lutions in so deeply involved; I'oril' Ciinnda and tlie vast untiettled terntnry eonncc- led wi^h it, be rotained in the r:,Rsesiiion of the Gritisli Monarchy, and the Chanisii •fEnfjIand be defeated and suppressed our liberties ar • loat. Nod-'inonstrution of any matiiemntical problem ran be clearer than thin, I have not been merely eururi •ed ; I have been nstoninlied at the, apathy of *u many of uur citizens of all aecta and parties on tUeCaiiadiau ^ueaiiou. On dte first of May next will be issvied.on asheer as large astlie llonhe'^terWeek. ly Uepubliean. nnr/ t/l that foliqfonn tlie tirst numher of our third year. Itw'.i'. contain more rcadin|j matter than any e. Hi ion heretofore jiublUhe 1. VVe like the 2ui!.rto Bh:ipe, as beint; convenient for biudinr;. but very many of our reader* cry out jr alar»e paper, and tliey will get it. Mr. M ickenzie's family are re noved to the dwoHini^ in Exehaiij' .street, between Albert Smith's and Jii.-ton BasH^'tt's, opposite tlie Upper Badge, Tlie oiliceof the Oaxette is also reiimved thitUei'. The iinpre.Hsion diis week is only three reams, or 1400 copies, and there ore not •• Hi'iny Kubsrrihenr as 1400. Let us intreat the frietids of fr»-e.lorn and Canada to lend M« a hand in givinn tite third volume a fair start, by reoewiu^ Jieirfriendlj exertioit* Ml oUain subicritiKrs f;;;;^ The price of this nuatbtir ia six cents; ihorized ly into on the ember i i«> tondon, and yourintelli- M then, sir, rery exten- the mia- ;r« incalcu* son. As 19 including a ons of eyni- come purt- me— I liave iL'sof afath- >i and this I, an u> my mo- f rest. I makr dnine." — /yijt- rcA hth, 179a. p'., 2.H;w.) illier light than r. >)f KiRnkind, et that Briu'iik country, an to loneM fealinp*. epubiiuniiiiiHii-, nnlory coniiec- d the Chartist* •monstruiion of m«»rely eururi itf all accu aiii iMieiterW'eek. JPHf. It W'i'. We like the readers cry out Street, hetwern he oil'icc of the iherc nr« not •• Citiiad'i tolenti eadly exertiatt* M. '•■^