IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
I
1.0
I.I
1.25
^ us,
2:5
2.0
1.8
U II 1.6
V]
.^
e.
^l
V
*
/:
y
>^
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
.•\
iV
^^
\\
*%
.V
«>.
6^
<>
'<?)'■
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 8724503
^;
4
CIHM/iCMH
Microfiche
Series.
CiHIVI/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.
Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques
Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques
The Institute has attempted to obtain the best
original copy available for filming. Features of this
copy which may be bibliographically unique,
which may alter any of the images in the
reproduction, or which may significantly change
the usual method of filming, are checked below.
L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire
qu'il lui a iXh possible de se procurer. Les details
de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du
point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier
une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une
modification dans la methods normale de fiimage
sont indiqu6s ci-dessous.
V Coloured covers/
-J-1 Couverture de couleur
Coloured pages/
Pages de couleur
Covers damaged/
1 — 1 Couverture endommagde
Pages damaged/
Pages endommagdes
Covers restored and/or laminated/
Couverture restaur^e et/ou peliiculde
Pages restored and/or laminated/
Pages restaur6es et/ou peliicul^es
Cover title missing/
Le titre de couverture manque
Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/
Pages ddcoiordes, tachet6es ou piqu6es
Coloured maps/
Cartes gdographiques en couleur
s/
Pages detached/
Pages ddtachdes
Coloured inic (i.e. other than blue or black)/
L— J Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire)
A
Showthrough/
Transparence
Coloured plates and/cr illustrations/
Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur
Quality of print varies/
Quality in^gale de I'impression
Bound with other material/
...,- Reli6 avec d'autres documents
Includes supplementary material/
Comprend du materiel suppldmentaire
Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion
1 — 1 along interior margin/
La re liure serr6e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la
Only edition available/
Seule Edition disponible
D
D
distortion le long de la marge intdrieure
Blank leaves added during restoration may
appear within the text. Whenever possible, these
have been omitted from filming/
II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout6es
lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte,
mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont
pas h\h filmdes.
Additional comments:/
Commentaires suppl^mentaires;
D
Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata
slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to
ensure the best possible image/
Les pages totalement ou partiellement
obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure,
etc., ont 6t6 filmdes d nouveau de fapon d
obtenir la meilleure image possible.
This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/
Ce document est film6 au taux de reduction indiqud ci-dessous.
10X
14X
18X
22X
26X
30X
7
12X
16X
20X
24X
28X
32X
tiaire
18 details
ques du
it modifier
(iger une
le filmage
The copy filmed here hat been reproduced thanks
to the generosity of:
Thomai Fisher Rare Book Library,
University of Toronto Library
The images appearing here are the best quality
possible considering the condition and legibility
of the original copy and in keeping with the
filming contract specifications.
L'exemplaire filmd fut reproduit grSce A la
gAn6rosit6 de;
Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library,
University of Toronto Library
Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le
plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et
de la netteti de l'exemplaire filrn^, et en
conformity avec les conditions du contrat de
filmage.
i/
|u6es
Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the last page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, or the back cover whan appropriate. All
other original copies are filmed beginning on the
first psge with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, and ending on the last page with a printed
or illustrated impression.
Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en
papier est imprimie sont filmds en commencant
par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la
derniire page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second
plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires
originaux sont filmis en commencant par la
premiere page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par
la dernidra page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.
The last recorded frame on each microfiche
shall contain the symbol — »> (meaning "CON-
TINUED '), or the symbol V (meaning "END"),
whichever applies.
Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la
dernidre image de chaque microfiche, selon le
cas: le symbole — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le
symbole V signifie "FIN ".
aire
Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at
different reduction ratios. Those too lerge to be
entirely included in one exposure are filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right and top to bottom, as many frames as
required. The following diagrams illustrate the
method:
Las cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre
filmds A des taux de reduction diff^rents.
Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre
reproduit en un seul cliche, il est i\\m6 d partir
de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite,
et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre
d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants
iilustrent la m^thode.
by errata
led to
ent
jne pelure,
fapon d
1
2
3
32X
1
2
3
4
5
6
X
The
Gold Measures df Nova Scotia
and Deep Mining.
BY
E. R. FARIBAULT. B. Sc.
(GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.)
TOOCTHER WITH
Other Papers bearing uponINova Scotia Gold Mines,
filDITEO AND PUBLISHED BY
THE MINING SOCIETY OF NOVA SCOTIA.
ROOMS OF THE SOCIETY i
181 HALIFAX HOTEL,
HALIFAX, N. S.
HALIFAX PRINTINO CO., 181 MOI.IIS IT.
M35tO
^' ^: 4
Mining Machinery
AND
Mining Supplies
A quarter of a century at this business
inas given us a thorougii icnowledge of
the requirements of— ^-
COAL, GOLD, IRON
AND COPPER MINES.
WE ARE AGENTS FOR
The McBullock Manuf g Co.'s
DIAMOND DRILLS.
AND ALSO FOR
ENGINES, BOILERS, STEAM PUMPS, HOISTS,
PIJLSOMETEHS, AIR COMPRESSORS,
ROCMv CRUSHERS, c^-e.
AND HAVE A LARGE STOCK OF
lllOX ril»E, STEEL IMCKS, SHOVELS, HELTIXG, CACKLXU,
HOSE, HKATTK'E CLOTH, WlUE ROI'E, CHROME STEEL
SHOES AM) DIES, CYLINDER, EX(U\E, DYNAMO AND
KEROSENE OILS, WASTE, ETC.
ESTIMATES RNISHED.
AUSTEN BROS.
HALIFAX, N. S.
Acadia Powder Co.
LiniTED.
METROPOLE BUILDING.
191. 193 HOLLIS ST.
Telephone 251. HALIFAX. N. S.
'-:i
MANUFACTURERS OF
''Acadine" Flameless Explosive,
Blasting & Sporting Powder,
Dynamite, ^S*^ other grades of H igh Explosives.
The "Acadine" flameless explosive
is alj.solutely llani'.i'^s.s. II has been used in the iiiosl
gaseous coal inine.s in the I'ictou District continuously
for years and has never shown tlanie. This company
manufactures sev nil SPECIAL GRADES OF BLAS-
TING POWDER for use in coal mines, esj)ecially
fabricated for use with safety and to give the most
economic results under the coi.ditions existing where
used. These special grades are ])ut in pellets or cart-
ridges when recjuired.
This Company manufactures all grades of HIGH
EXPLOSIVES adapted t(j all purposes for which high
explosives are used. Ivich case of dynamite is guaran-
teed to contain the percentage of nilro-glycerine its
brands specifies.
MANUFACTURERS' AGENTS FOR
i<:li-:ctric b.vttivriks i>;lt'CTric I'l'/.i-is.
l.K.VDINt; WIRb:. CONXICCTINc; WIRlv
SAi'irrv I'l'Sb:. dktoxators.
KIvKCTRIC lU.ASTINC. AFPAKATTS.
All goods manufactured or sold by this Company
are fully guaranteed.
I.
:i
e,
es.
i
|V\ ining ]\|achinery
We will l)t' plcasnl t(i I'liniisli I'lill in'.nniiatiiMi ri';i'iir<liii^'
any ol' oiii' productions for tlic ('i|ui|iiiirnl of mines.
( )ur (It'sin^ns arc modern, workm.uisliip lirsl-class, an<l
cxpei'ienn' eo\ci's tile widest ranu'e ol' an\' manuraetni'in'''
fij'in in the Maritime j'roxiuees. We lia\f liem for over
tliirt)' years itrodneini^- mai liinery I'or the most snecess-
I'nl operators in ( 'anada.
OUR MANUFACriRES INCLUDE_=^£2'
Hoisting, Winding and Haulage Bngines,
Boilers of all 5tandard Types.
Coal Handling and Cleaning Machinery,
Stamp Mills, Cars, Cages, Buckets,
Rope Sheaves, Pumps,
and Special Machinery for all purposes.
\Vk .Mil: ALSO M.VKKKS (.!' TlIK " HLA N'i't )X " CAMS
\xi» (WM SHAFTS loit Si'AMi' Mii.i.s.
I. MATHESON & CO., Ltd.
ENGINEEffS, ETC.
NEUVr GLASGOW, NOVA SCOTIA.
Sullivan Rock Drills.
These art- suilahle for either steam or air, are
lij^littT, strt)njj;Lr, liave less parts, cost less for
repairs, and are capable o'' cpiicker adjust-
ment than any of their competitors. In de-
si^ri], ])arlicul,ir a.ttention has been given to
stren}.(ilienin,tf ])aits found to give trouble in
other makes, and also to the reduction of
the numlK-r of the working parts. The users
to 'lay include many of tlie largest users of
Rock D.-ills in the country, all of vvhomsend
us the mo.4 j^leasing reports.
SELLING AGENTS FOR NOVA SCOTIA,
NEW iHUNSWICK AND NEWFOUNDLAND,
1. MathesoD & Co., Ltd.
ENQINEERS, Etc.
New Glasgow, Nova 5cotia.
Steam Boilers
AND ACCESSORIES.
Over 3,000,000 Horse Power in actual use
at the present time
FOR
fT\\\)\r)<^, Smelti9(§, /T\etallur($ieal,
AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL PURPOSBS.
Large Book "STEAM" sent free upon application.
BABCOCK & WILCOX, Limited,
LONDON AND GLASGOW.
Head Office for Canada, 202 St. James St , MONTREAL.
Toronto Office, 114 King St., West.
(•(
I'.'
ill
el
St
1
RS
NTRODUCTORY.
lal use
^ieal,
)n.
nited,
St., West.
Nova Scotia Gold Fields.
lly l',. CIMMN, JK,, M.A., I,. I,. I)., I'.R.S.C, I'.TC, Inspector of Mines.
Tile ;^iil(l liclds of Nowi Scotiii ]>< aiiir Uiiowii ;il)i)ut the
year |S»i().
'I'iie eai'lirst <li.s('()\fi'y was I'Dllowcfl iiiieroUs otllcrs, UlUil
it was at first hclirvcd that it was all am i I'lToiis. (Jraduiillv
lidWi'Ncr, it hccaiiic cxidcnL that the workal)!"' di'jjosits of free
;;,()ld were coiifiiitjd to the Athintic half ol' tlif I'i'oviiicc. ln\fs-
ti;^ati()ii sliowcd that this district was oceiipicfl hy two divisions
of rock, ;4iaiiiti' and shvtcs, and (|Uart/,it('s or sandstones, c(jni-
pactcd liy a silicious cement, and locally known as " whin. '
( leolooists rel't rred the latter to the Lower ( 'andji'inn aj^'c, a
series ot" rocks known to he aurit'erons in other parts of the
world.
in Nova Scotia the}' are divided into tin- lower (M- i|Uart/,itc
e-ronp, and the u[)per or ferrneincjns and ii,raphitic slate e-roup
The lower e'l'oup, to which a thickness of (jver il.OOO feet is
assieiied hy Mr. Faribault, consists principally of (piart/ite, inter-
sti'atitied with numerous beds of slate varvinji' in colour and
texture, and with a few beds of compact coiio-ionicritic rock.
The u|)per ^roup, which is over 4,000 feet thick, is almost wh(jlly
composed cjf ])luish black soft slates.
By the labors of ^^r. Faribault, the ])ioneer of the CJoolo^i-
cal Survey in the mappine' of the ^^old fields, much detailed
information has been collected, and I am indel)tt!d to him I'or his
cleai' presentation of the most inter(,'stin<,^ facts relating to the
stratigraphy of the rocks under consideration.
Tlicsc inca.sm'cs, oi'li^iiinlly liori/oiitiil, liavc Itccii iiioNcd In* n
powcrtiil iiikI Miiirorm pri'SHJU'c IVoiii the soutli, cxcfttMl in a
lino ri)U<'"lilv piinillcl to tliiit of the roast, which has I'ujflcd thfiii
into a sciMcH ol" .sliaip parallel tuuliHatioiis or folds, Hy (IciiiKhi-
tion these folds have heen so worn down that in a generally le\fl
country tlii-y ha\c lieen extensively exposed in horizontal sec-
tions, showin^f within a few hundred yards tlit; reverse dij)s, to
th'' north and to the south. The rocks ^^enei'ally dip at an an;;le
of 75 to !l() , seldom lowei- than 45 . and ovei'tniMis are fre-
<|Uently note(|.
Followinjx the detinition of the extent of the <fold H(dds of
the province as ^i veil by the eai'ly writers, it W(ndd hi? put down
at about (J, 500 stpiare miles. Various <le(hR'tions haxc lieeii
made from tiiis on acctnmt of tlie j^ranite nui.ises which are fi'e-
(|Uently met. The ;;ranite is (jf an a;;*e, i-on^hly speaking".
<>eolo<ricallv referred to a iieriod latei- than tho Devonian.
(ienerally the estimates allow that about on*.' half of the
auriferou.s district is occupie(l by granite, making the extent of
the j^old fields about .S.OOO sipiare miles. 'I'he ;^n'anite is ])i'e-
Hontod in masses and dykes of Naryin;; shape and si/e. and
ai)))ears, broadly speakin<,^ to have melte(l tlirou^h the slates and
(lUartzites. The <;ranite is not nf(«nerally considered to be aui'if-
erous, althoun;h ^^ohl has been found in ipiartz \eins in it at
points far distant from the slates and ([Uartzitos.
The up])er oi' slate ^roup is not reco<^nized by mineis as
auriferous, althoueh (piartz veins occur in it, and sometimes
show oold. It may be found, however, on further I'xamination,
that at favorable localities extensive deposits of low ^rade ores
are presented in it.
Attenti(Mi has therefore been confined }»i'incipally to thf lowei-
or (juartzite j:;roup. Fi'om Mr l'\iril)ault's observations it appears
that the f^old belts occur at a distance below the base of the
upper or .slate <j;roup, varying' from 2,800 to 8,0()0 feet, ^ivin^- a
thickness of about 5,000 feet of aurifei'ous strata. N'eins occni'
at other points in the lower ^roup of rocks, but have not yet
been found to be pronouncedly rich in ^old.
IntrtMlitctni'}/.
J
It will, thcrct'orc, be seen timt wluawor this sirtioii of the
lower },n-()ii|) Ims hccii I'nlilrd, (Ifiiuflt'd and exposed, there the
hest Helds are opened for explonitiou .iiid work. KU'veii tiF
these auril'eronH aiiticlinals have been definefl l)etween Sheet
llaihoi- and Caledonia. Thei-e ni"e many others succeeding;
these, startinj; from the shore and passin;j; ohliipuly awa\' fj'om
it. The district to the eastward of Halifax has been carefully
mapped hy the (^leoloe^ical Survey, and the courses of these aurif-
erous antielinals laid down approximately between the points
where they are known exaetly by mining; operations. These
maps are on a .scahi of one mile to the inch, and ;;ive minute
t<Jp(j^i'aphi('al details, so that the localities where prospectin;;
can V)e most advantaj^eously carried on are readily observed. lu
oi'<ler that information may be available as to tht> district lyinj;
west of Halifax, J'l-ofe.s.sor Fwiiley has examined in less detail,
the counties of Lmienbui'^', (^lueens, Shell)urne and Yarmouth.
In these districts tlxjre are lar<^er (piantities of <;ranite, but the
same <;eneral structure is j)reserved. The maps and rep(jj'ts
relatin^j to the t^old fields are invaluable to ^foUl miners, and can
be obtaine(l by payment of nominal prices from tlu^ ottice of the
Canadian (Jeoloiiical Survey at Ottawa.
The ([uartz veins of Nova Scotia occu)- in these antielinals
intercalated between the layers of quartzite and slate as bi-ds
running ])arallel with the strata. They are seen to turn on their
course where the anticlinal axis has })ecome depi'essod, and uuder-
{^round opei'ations have shown them risinj^' up on one side and
di])pine; down a|;ain o|i the revei.se side, without a break in their
contiiuiity, or j^nvine- any surface indication of their existence.
They extend in many cases for thousands of feet, and have been
followed to depths of seven hundred feet in their vertical exten-
sion. In size they vary from an inch up to twelve or fifteen
feet, many of the most pi'oducti\'e are fi'om six to fifteen inch»>s
in thickness. They ])resent in spite of their bedded position,
many of the characteristics of typical veins. Their essential
ine-redient is ([uartz, varying; in texture and color : in many of
the more productive veins prt^sentiii";' a smooth surface and
Thr (;,>!,/ Fiehh of Xi>ni Scofia.
bluish shade. There Is always present a vavyhi^' percenta(>-(> of
ii'oii. t'oppe)', lead and zhic sulphides and ti'ace.s of otiier minerals.
('ri)ss UP fissure veins also occur at Rawdon, Caribou, Block-
house, ()ldliaiii, Ih'ookHeld, etc., and are rre(|uently jii'oductive.
The «;'old is pi'esent cluiractoristieally ni the free state ns iri'e-
^ular masses, \aryin;j,' from micro.scopic particles to irregular
patches, often sevei'al ounces in \V( i^-ht. It is also present in
tilms covered by the metallic accompaniments, and as invisible
particles in them. '^Fhere are also (|Uart/ veins almost free from
sulphide's, etc., yieldiii;;' ;4'old in workable amounts, althouj^,'!) it is
not \isil)l('. But little attention has yet been paid to this class
of \eins. unattackable bv the ordinary (luai'tz mills, althouu'h
adaj)ted for chemical treatment by the more modern systems.
In the \eins the ^old is siMiietimes distributed with comj^'H'ative
um'formity ovei* considerable ai'eas : usually, howevei-, it is moic
or less concentrated within cei'tain <letined limits, leavino- spaces
on each side comparatively bari'en. These eiu'iched zones are
known as pay streaks, ai'e repeated in some veins, and follow
Certain laws not vet clearly undtM'stood. Thev have hitherto
b;'(Mi the principal source of the o-old production.
( iold is also found sparingly in the (juart/itt> beds and more
abiuidantly in the slates. The lattei' when in contact with the
quartz freiiuently show it in thin platin<;s, and the small vein-
lets of (juai'tz seaming;' the slates often carry o'old. When one
or more (piartz \'eins occur in conni'ctioii with a slate bed, the
whole bed is fre(pjently rich enough to be worked as a low grade
ore. As will be .shown further on, practical experience has
taught the miner that ]M'otitable low gra<le oi'e means material
yielding in an ordinary stam[) mill from two dollai's to the ton
and upwai'ds. The continuity of the anticlinal axes are In'oken
at some points Ijy faults of great extent: .smaller faults are niet
ill the veins, but considering the age of the -strata, they are unii-
suallv uniform and free fr(jm disturbance.
The Gold Measures of Nova Scotia
and Deep Mining*
By Mk. Iv R. l-\\Kii!Ai:i.T, B.A.Sc, Geological vSurvey of Canada.
The oold nic'iism'os of Xovii Scotia becniiie known <'ib(jut the
\-ear ISdO. Tlie earliest discoverv was followed bv so many
others, that it was believed that the whole of the Province was
auriferous. (}radually, however, it became evident that the
workable deposits of free gold were confined to the metamorphic
rocks of the Atlantic coast, along which they form a continuous
belt, from one end of tiie province to the other, a distance of
some 2()0 miles, varviuii' in width from ten to seventv-Hve miles.
They cover about half the su])ertices of the province, exclu-
sive of Cape Breton Island, and their extent may be roughly
estimated at (S,500 scjuai-e miles. Of this area, probably -S.oOO
si|uare miles are occupied by granitic masses, l)arren of g(»ld,
leaving an area of about 5,000 sipiare miles of gold-measur<'s.
The (fi-anite intersects the stratified ij-old-bearino- rocks, in
many places, in larg(! masses or dykes, but foi' the most \r,\rt it
forms a prominent I'idge, almost inibroken, from one end of the
province to the other. Its nitrusion took placi' at the cidse of
the Sihn'ian ])eriod, probably about Oriskany, and was accom-
panied and followed by disturbances, faults and much local
metainori)hism of the stratitied rock.s. It occurred after the
folding of the gold-measures and the disposition of the iiuaitz
veins : for granite dykes and veins have been (observed to always
cut the interstratified quartz veins wherever they come in
contact with them. The granite has thus no relation to the
auriferous character of the veins, and need not again be
referred to.
The a old Fields of No CO Scotia.
Althouiili, no well di'tincd fossils hii\e so far been found in
the si'diiuentary rocks constituting' the j;'old-nie{isures, most
^eolo^ists agree to chissify them, provisionally, as Lower
Cambrian.
They certiiinly, in man}' respects, resemble the auriferous
Cambrian oi tin; Eastei'u Townships of Quebec, and knowledge
gained in the Nova Scotia gohl-fields may prove of the greatest
pi'actieal in»portauce in prospecting foi- veins below the alluvial
deposits of Quebec.
The iiold-measures of Nova Scotia fall naturally into two
well defined and distinct gr(nips. viz., a lower or " (luai'tzite
grouj) " and an uppei' or " slate group."
• The mapping of the eastern part of the province, by the
Geological Survey, places the thickness of the (piartzite grou]>.
as far as denu<lation has exposed thuse rocks to view, at about
threi' miles, and the thickness of the uppei* or slate group, at
about two miles, giving a total known thickness (jf strata of
ovei- ti\t' miles.
The lower division or <|uartzite group is mostly composed of
thick-bedded, bluish and greenish grey felspathic (piart/ite.
localh' named bv miners " whin." a tei'in used in Scotland for
an igneous rock or greenstone. Inlcistratitied with the (piaitzite
are numerou.s bands of slates, of ditlercnt vai'ieties anil colors-
from a fraction of a foot to se\-eral feet in thickness. The
upper division or slate grouj) is mostly com})osed, east of Halifax,
of bluish-black slate, often gi-aphitic and pyritous, rusty-weather-
ing, with occasional layers of llinty (juart/ose rock. The lower
part of this group is characterized by givenish, argillaceous and
chloi'itic, .soft slate, of but little thickness at the east end of the
province, but inci-easing to a gi-eater thickness at the west end.
A few layers of majTesian, siliceous limcslonf! have also been
noticcjd at different places, at the base of the group, ovei-lying
conformably the (luartzite of the lower division, The line of
division between tlu; two groups is thus well deHned by
characteristic bands, which form xaluablc data to work out tlu^
Intrudactory.
7
.s('(|uenco and Htructuro of these rocks, at any point, with
certainty..
The beds of (juartzite and shite, forniino- the gold-measures,
were orijjjinally deposited in the sea, and therefore horizontall}-.
These liorizontal beds were then subjected, during a long period
of time, to forces that have produced prodigious results. A
close study of the present structiire of these rocks shows that
they have been slowly moved by a. powerful and uniform
]iressnre, which has folded them into a series of huge sharp
undulations, roughly parallel with the sea coast. They have
indeed b;3on buckled, bent and folded to such a deirree that
they occupy only one-half of their former width, measured at
right angles to the strike.
Since these rocks were deposited and folded they have been
under the unceasiuijf influence that tend to level the hills and
(ill up the valleys, and, at more recent date, the greattjr part of
the surface was subject to glacial ei'osion. Extensive denuda-
tion has worn away the folded measui'es to the present level.
Some of till' shai'pest and highest folds have been truncated to
a dej)tli, as far as we know, of over eight mih-s, exposing at the
sui'face a section of p'old-measuresof over five miles in thickness.
The maj) (Fig. 2) is a }vduction of ma])-sheets published by
the Geological Survev on the scale of one mile to one inch. It
represents a portion of the gold-measnres, thirty-Hve miles wide
and sixty miles long, east of Halifax, between Mus(|Uodoboit
Ha)'bor and Sherbrooke. The black lines show the anticlinal
axt's of eleven folds, into which the nu^asm-es have been plicated ;
the nari'ow, dark shadded bands indicate reumants of the upper
slate group, left undenuded along the deepest troughs or synclinal
axes of the folds, the other areas indicate the granite masses.
A diagram (Fig. 3), gives a section of thirty-five miles in
K-ngth, drawn across the whole belt'of the gold-measures, along
the line of section A B in the plan (Fig. 2.)
Below (Fig. 'I) is given, for comparison, a diagrammatic
section of the Bendigo gold fields of Australia, on a scale ten
times as large as the one above, The heavy black lines indicate
8
The (loJil Flf-I,/s nf Xuni Srofld.
gold niiiiL's oil I'onr (lirt'cmit aiitifliiuils, workfil on the line of
section.
The finiplitude ol* the Folds, or the distuiice Ix-tween tlu'
different main antieliii.-il axes in these two o-old fields rf'spcet-
ivelv, varies considt'rablv. The Xova Seotiaseetion ol" thirtv-fivc
miles gives eleven antielinals. or an average <listanee of three
miles between each anticline, and a maxinunn distance ol' nearly
five miles : while in Hendigo gold district, it i-anges from -SOO to
1,.S00 feet. So that in Nova Scotia, the amjilitnde of the folds
is nearly twenty times greater than ia Bendigo.
The mapping of the gold-measures by the (Jeological Suivey
during the last fifteen vears. has been extended, under mv charge,
as far west as Lunenburg. The study of the structure of these
rocks, over thai region, has aftbrded an op])ortunity of ac([uiring
many important facts and data by means of which gold mining-
may be carried on with moi'e confidence, under more exact
conditions, and with greatei* economy.
The most important feature di.sclosed, is that all th(> rich
veins and the lai-ge bodies of low grade (|uart/ worked in Xova
Scotia, with few exci'ptions, follow the lines of stratification,
and occur at well defined ])oints along the anticlinal axes of the
folds.
It was during the |)rogre.ss of the slow folding of the
measures, that the rich (piai'lz veins and laig'e saddle-lodes of
(|ua?'tz were formed, at favorable places, along the planes of
bedding on the anticlinal domes of the folds.
Thus a thorough knowledge of the structure (jf the anticlinal
fold becomes necessajy, to locate the auriferous (piartz: deposits
on the surfact^, and to develop them in depth.
In f racing the axes of the folds at the surface, the dip of
the rocks is the chief guide. If the strata ai'e found to dip
towards each othei", it is cknir they form a synclinal axes ov
trough : while, if they dip in opposite directions they form an
anticlinal axis oi* ridge.
The rocks, on opposite sides of the anticlinal axes, generally
dip at angles varying between forty-five and ninety degrees
Till- (liilil Mt'dsii ri's oj Xni'ii Scdiiil (t 11(1 Ihiji MiiiiiKj. '.)
'T
or
an
IVoiii the li()i'i/,:)ii, seldom lower than t'nrt \-ti\c {leo'rees, ami
o\erUii'iK'(l <li])s are IViMjUeiit ly noted.
Tic deviation of any 1)( d I'roin the h.orixontal. alonjj,' the axia]
line, is its " ])it('li." A lon^'itudinal section, made east and west
alony,' the axis of an anticlinal I'old, will show the strata and the
I'old to ])itcli either to the east oi' west, at low angles, seldom
o\ci' thn(\- (h'o'i'ees Ironi the horizon
Owino- to the ])it('li the outcrop-ido't's ol" the IhmJs, on each
side of an anticline, are not ])ai'al!el to the axial line : it" they
converec towards the east, the anticlinal fold di]is east, and il" to
the west it dips to the west.
When the pitch inclines hoth ways from a central })oint,
that point is the centre of an elliptical '• dome," and niai'ks the
])Osition of <jne of the most favoi'ahk' points on the main
niiticlines U)V the occnrri'iict' of (ptart/ \eii;K.
The axcrau'e distance between one dome and the next, alonii"
tile same anticlinal axis, varies from ten to twenty-five miles.
It has been thouojit by some, that these d(Mnes were caused
by gentle noi'th and south uiuhilations. crossing; the sharp east
and \vest folds. Such does not, bowe\'er. appear to l)e the case,
Ifenerallv, as it can clearly be seen by lookinu' over the yeolooical
maps of the region, that the pitch at convsponchno' points on
the xai'ious main anticlines is often (juite ditteri'nt.
It will be seen tliat most, if not all, of the o'old minino'
centi'es operated are situated on tliese domes.
Moreove)', it has been observed tha.t most of the anticlinal
domes, upon wdiich mines are not in operation, show indications
of ^'old, and many will eventually prove to be important
auriferous centres, only a few of them bi'lno- without the
structure necessary for tlie formation of ([Uartz veins.
Of the twenty-one domes, in the reoion covered by this map
(Fijif. 2) fourteen have been woi-ked more or less, six have shown
auriferous (piartz in situ or in float, and the remaining one has
not yet been proved.
The gold districts operated to the east of Halifax are here
iriven, toii'etluM- with their horizon or the distance of their strata
10
The Gold Fif'lds of Nova Scotia.
below (niid in one ca.se above) tlio Imse ot* the upper slate <;roup.
Moose River about 3 '4 miles
Tangier " 2}{
Fifteen-mile vStream and Beaver Dam 2>< "
Ivawrencelowii 2 "
Goklenville, Harrigan Cove, Gold I<ake and Forrest
Hill lyi "
Waverley and Renfrew i '4 "
Mooseland, Killag, I,isconib Mill, Richardson, Lower
Isaac's Harbour, Wine Harbour and Montague. . 1 "
Kcum Secuni, Middle Isaac's Harbour, Cochran Hill,
Lake Catcha and Oldham 3^ "
Salmon River . yi "
Caribou at the base of the vSlate Group.
Stewiacke about '4 mile above the base of the Slate viroup.
Tliei'e is no doubt that c<.'rtrtin kinds oF slate ai'e more
favoi'able t(j the sei^-rej^vition ol" ijold than others, and that the
prevalence or absence of the forniei', at certain hoi'i/ons, will
nece.ssarilv yive zones of dittei'ent richness.
The Fact that important mines ha\e alrevuly been worked
at different hoi'izons. From the top of the series to the bottom, is
sufficient proof that strata favorable to the formation of aui'ifer-
ous veins are met with throu<i;'hout the whole thickness of the
lower (juartzite oi-oup, and ])erhaps also in the upper slate <>roup
thouo-h apparently les fre(|Uently. This is an important fact
wnth i'et>ai'd to deep minino- on tht; domes of aJiticlines.
The manner in which th(> strata are bent ovt'r the axial lines
is worthy of note. The strata in folding- do not b.^nd i-ound a
centre, to form circular cui'ves, but their curves are more like
parabolas, superimposed upon one another. This is due to tlu'
ihnnenise lateral pressure which has eompivssed these beds,
especially the slate bands, on either side of the fold, pr()ducin<;'
a thickeninir of the strata and openin<i^s bi'tween them on the
apex of the folds.
In a certain thickness of sheets of papei- or cloth, l)ent into
an anticlinal fold, a " sli])pin^ " of the sevei-al layers on each
othei' will take place : tlu' sides of the fold will l)e tightly
compressed, while, on top, openin;;s will be formed. In the
same manner in the foklini;' oT this oicat thickness of stivita, the
beds sepai'ated aloni^; the planes of sti'atiHcati(jn, and mo\ed alon*;'
The (t'uld Mcdsiircs of Kord Scotia aixj Deep Minim/. If
these planes, the upper bed slidiiin- upwiud on the lower iiielined
1)0(1.
This slippin^r i.s clearly proved by the striations and slieken-
sides that are to be seen in most mines on opposite bedding-
planes, and by a certain thickness ol" cinishcd black slates ov
^•onjje between the walls.
Such moviMuents naturally took place between strata, where
the cohesion was slij;htest, and thus, we tind (piart/ veins
t'ollowin<r layers of slate, especially when the slate is intercalated
between thick beds of hard (piartzite.
These slips may be considered as fault- tissui'es along bedding
planes, and it is along these fissures that the (juartz began to be
deposited, and, as usually, these movonients were very slow and
intermittent and extended over the whole period of folding, the
(|uart/ was also deposited very slowly, usually in thin coatings
accumulating one over the otlu'i", as the tis.sures widened, until
veins of ditt'erent thickness and extent were formed. The
([Uartz often holds minute scales of slate, peeled oft the walls, and
sul),se(|uently covered over by other layers <jf silica, giving a
banded structure to the veins ; wliile the gold also often occurs
in streaks parallel with the banded structure.
The large-scale [)lans niade during the last two sunnners by
the (Jeological Survey, including the most important districts to
the east of Halifax, have brought to light important facts bear-
ing on the relations of the structure of the anticlinal domes to
the thic'ness, extent and aui'iferous streaks of the (juartz veins.
in the case of sharp anticlinal domes, such as those of Salmon
River, Mooseland, the Richardson mine, Fifteen-mile Stream and
others, where the dip of both legs of the anticline forms an angle
of less than forty or forty-five degrees, large bodies of (piartz,
called " saddle reefs " in Victoria, are found to occur along the
anticlinal axes, and to bend comformably with the bedding.
On the course of the anticlinal axes, the saddle I'eefs gene-
i-ally keep their size for a great distance, pitching with the strata
both ways from the centre of the dome, and eventually pinch
IJ
Tin' (iohl Ficbis af Xnid Scufhl.
o'.it at a cci'tain limit, wliich iiia\- Ix' oalk'd tlic limit ol* the lor-
matioii ol" (|uai-t/ on the axial liiu'.
They also tMiivc sharply and tullow the sti'ata ou tin- iiDitli
ami south (lij)s. but tfcncrally thin out nn.ch more rapidly I'U tin"
Icjis than on the pitch. Manx- Ici-s hax'c hern mined in No\a
Scotia to the depth ol' several lnnwlred I'eet, and the (|uait/ has
still been Fouml of a fail' width. In IJendi^^o, where the folds
ai'e on an axcrau'e, twi'iitv times .smaller than in Xova Scotia, the
le<;s ol' (|uai't/> a)'e said to \t'yy seldom extend to e-i-oiter de]ith
than one hundred feet below the caj) of the saddle reid's : which
would correspond pi'oportionately to "2,000 feet in Xova Scotia-
These saddle reefs in l>endi<''o, ai'e not oidv ot "reat size •.nd
and of renuirkable persistence in len<;th, but are also notabli' \\)V
recurrint; in depth, one below the other.
At the Lazarus mine, Bendinc), there are from the surface to
the 2, '200 Foot level, no less than twenty-four of t) cse saddle
reefs, thirteen of which are auriferous to a payable o.-^ihm', ami
some of f^M'eat size.
At Bendi<;o, on the Slst Dec, l<Sf)7, six mines were woi-ked
ovei' 8,000 feet in de])th, and twehe yver 2,700 feet: the deep-
est, the Landell's, ISO mine, was down 8, 852 feet, and these were
all woi-ked on anticlinal folds.
No operation has yet been carried to any dej)th. through the
arch-core of the folds in No\a Scotia, but the important di'Ve-
lopments done alon^' the anticlinal axes at Salnxjn River, the
Richardson mine, Waverley, Oldham and Mooseland, should l)e
sufficient to convince th? most .sceptical, that quartz saddle-reefs
and leijjs nui}- be found underneath one anothei-, to even a y;reater
deptii than in Bendi>;o.
The Montreal-London (lold and Sil\er J)evelo])ment Co.
largely composed of Montreal capitalists, which ac((uired lately
the Dufferin mine at Salmon Rivr, is at present sinking; o\. the
dome of the anticlinal fold a vertical shaft, with cross-cuts and
levels, which has reached a depth (,i' over 800 feet. 1 am glad
to call the attention of the meeting to this development, wdn'ch
may bo considered the first important step in the introduction of
; X.
TIk: (roll! Mt'dsares of Norn Si'nfla and Dcij) Mi huh/. /•/
ii iH'W .systcin of miniiij;, and will, no doubt, l)i' tlic infUi;;nr;i(ioii
of u new (Til of cxtc'is'-.t' r.iul ixTinancnt deep niiiiiii;;' in Xo\ii
Scotiii.
Pi'W rciialilc diitii i-iin Ijr oUtaini'd rci>ardin<'' the rclatisc I'icli-
nrss of tlu' ditl'i'iTiit parts of tlir saddle ri'cfs and It'o's onasliarp
fold, Itut many Noins, worked ^m Khr ape\ of the fold, sneli as
tile Hic'liardson lead at Isaacs ilarixtr, the Dutt'erin lodes at
Salmon Hiver, and the IHsmiirck lead at iMouseland, show that
the vein is I'ichei- or can be worked with more profit on the sad-
dle than on tlu' le^s.
Ju till' ease of a broad fold, when the anti'le formed b\ tiie
dips on both sides of the antielini.' is over forty-tive dcoTees, the
veins do not acipiire any f^'ivat development alonji' the axial lines,
and the eidare'ements ai'e founil rather at a eertain distance
from the axis.
The thickness of the strata denuded, eliieflv since the foldine,
has already been shown t(j Ije very eTeat, reaching- on some anti-
clines ein'ht miles. This sui)ei'incundjent mass oi' I'ock exerted
a powerful piessure which has to ))e taken into account in tlu;
foldin^i,' process. It is evident, that in the sharp folds this ])res-
suie has been completely overcome by the latei'al pressure, but
it has had luuloubtedly uuich iuiluence on the shape of the broad
folds and the development of <|uart/.
This pressure accounts, no doubt, for the fact tliat lai-^'e veins
are seldom found between strata dipping at lower angles than
foi'tv or tiftv dejirees.
Moreover, (»n a broad fohb iit the siu'face, important veins are
found only at a cei'taiu distance from the anticlinal axis, and
within a limited /one of strata, AH var^'ing between 200 and
1,000 feet. That is to say, (piartz veins were formed on a pari
CI) of the fold, where the cond3ined forces of the lateral and of
the downward pressure ha\e detei-mined the greatest strain an<l
have produced most sliding and fissu}'es. The outer limit of the
/one A, corresponds generally to a point at which the strata
begin to dip at an angle which i-emaius constaut for sonu' dis-
tance.
I.'t
The (iuUi FicUh of Xovn Scotia.
Jjikt'wist', ill (h'ptli, (|uartz vciiiH were t'onncd on that part of
the fold whic'li was subjected to the same conditions, and is simi-
larly situated. As the structure of a fold will not chan;;e much
foi- some distance in depth, the extreme limits CD of the zone of
<|uai't/ veins will be found at alxjut the same distance's from the
anticlinal axis of the fold, that is to say, parallel with the axial
line EF,
If the fold ^ets sharper in dei)th, the zone of (juartz veins
will approach the axial lines KFdt)wnward, and if it <^ets broad-
er, the zone will recede from the axial line. The distance l^Fol"
tlie zone of cjuartz veins varies considerably in the diftei-ent dis-
tricts accordiu}.^ to the tlatnt'ss of the fold. The axial line EF
may also coincide witli Bl) in a sharper fold, and in a still sharper
fold ii may come h.alf way between A and B, and we have then
the t^'pical saddle-reef fold.
Aj^ain, at the surface, in the same district, as at Ooldenvillci
the fold may be sharper at one end and broader towards tlu;
other end, and in that case the zone of ([uartz veins will recede
fron» the anticlinal axis, towards the broader end.
The (luartz veins are sometimes very numerous on both sidt.'s
of the anticlinal domes. On the C»oldenville anticlinal dome,
where developments have, perhaps, been more extensive than on
nny otlier di.stricts in the province, some tifty-Hve different veins
have been worked or uncovered, in a width of strata of 1,'iOO
feet on the north side of the anticline, dijipin^ north at forty-
three degrees, and some fifty veins in a width of 500 feet on the
south vertical dip of the anticline.
They extend in many cases on the surface for thousands of
feet, and they have been mined to depths of 700 feet in tlu.'ir
vertical extension.
The thickness of the veins varies considerably. Thesatldle-
reef deposits are by far the heaviest bodies : those woi'ked at
Salmon River, Richardson and ^^ooseland mines attaining- fifteen
to twenty-five feet in thickness, and others not operated, at Fif-
teen-mile Stream, (Cameron dam, &c., are pi"obably larger.
Tlw (iold Medmu'i's ajWot'd Scolii mitl JJetp Mininy. /•>
Tim x'ciiiM uloii;;," tlic lens of the lol Is urc imicli simiUcr, nvcni;^-
iii;^ IVoiii four inchcH to nuv foot, but oFtcMi liir^^cr.
Miuiv (iiiart/ V(MMs aro also t'oiiiul cuttiiiir the stratiMcation
at various auiflos : souic arc ol' ^^rcat tliicku<'ss. many aiv aiu'if-
(M'ous, aud a few have hccu opci'atcil witli notable profits. They
arc of later origin ^ffucrally, tliati the iut(M'stratitit'(l veins, and
soine of tlieni may be I'ouf^dily cojiteniporaneous with the intru-
sion of iiranite. ThcMr richness is <fenerallv inlluenced by the
nature of the adjacent strata.
In the interstratitied veiuH the {jjold i.s sonietiuies distributed
uniformly over considei-able areas; usually, however, it is more
or less concentrated within cei'tain limits, leaving' spaces on each
side, comj)aratively bari'cMi. These enrichments are known ah
l)ay-streaks, and liavc; hitherto been the principal .sf)urce of the
jfold production.
^Fost pay-sti-t'aks ai'e well detined eiu'ichments of twenty to
sixty feet in breadth, often accompanied by enlarijjement in the
s\'/.o of the vein, 'i'heydipat low, constant anojles, parallel jjjene-
rally with the \vell-(leHne<l lines of schistosity of the rocks, and
often with striations and corrugations on the walls, ^ivin^ the
veins a crumpled structure, locally called " barrel-iiuartz."
The.se corrugations and crumplin<;s are more pronounced in
the slate and (piart/, and owe tlit^ir origin to the sliding- of thick
beds of ([Uartzite ovei* one another, between which tlie softer
bands curve an.^, buckle in a wond"»-ful mannei*. The pay-
streaks lie at rifi^htano'les to the sliding movement, that is to .say,
approximately parallel to the anticlinal axis.
Many of the pay-streaks have been proved very ricli and
some hav(> been traced from the surface alon<>' a <;'entle incline
tor as much as 1.800 feet, with extraordinary uniformitj'. In
many instances, two or three pay-streaks have been determined
in the samt; vein lyin^ parallel under one another for some dis-
tance. This mode of occurrence is nece.ssai'ily limited to the
poi'tion of that vein situated in the pay-zone.
The laws o-overnino; the position and extent of the pay-
j^round or pay-streaks are intimately connected with the struct-
i
Jfi
Til'' (I'lifil Firhls i>f' Xui'ii Si'iiflii,
re i»r till' Mhticliiial folds mid nw .similur t<» lli»»-.i' Mlrriid\"
laid
w
d<i\\ II I'nr tlir position Mild CXlcllt ul' tlir /oili's ol' (|lliirt/ \t'ilis.
Tlif data M»'«M's,sary to cxiilaiii tli(«ir iiiaiiy pctMiliaiilicy in tliftlil"-
t't'i't'iit ;>old districts an- ditlicult t(/ olitain with any dt';;i't'i' of
])iT('i-<i<)ii, as few |ilaiis oi' icc(»rdM liavc liccn Urpl or aic oldaiii-
al)it'. As a ;;i'iit'i'al rule, tlic best |)ay-y,rouii<l, in most districts,
is situated at about tlic middle of tlir /.one of t|iiait/ veins All
wlieve tissures with an;^idar-veins are most nnmei-iais. Tliesi'
small aniiular-veins oi- " aniiulai-s" wliicli i-im into the walls at
ditlereiit anules, and sometimes coinu'ct (aie \ein with the next,
play an important /art in the concent ration or se|^re;^ation of e;old
fi'om the adjacent aiu'ifenais rocks, and, caiisin;;" an enrichment
or impoverishment of the main scins, they are well callcMl locally
" feeders " or " robbers. "
In depth also, the /one of pay-;;i'ound (!( i should be situated
at about the middle of the /one of (piai't/. \eiii.s (1. j)aralle| with
the axial line E\'\
It will then be readily understood, that one indi\idual vein,
if it cannot hold ^'old in l>ayine; (piantity to a eri-ut dej)tli, iiiay^
iie\ertheless, be sulliciently rich to be work»;d with profit for a
g'reat length alone- certain lines ])arallel with the anticlinal axis :
that a \ein barrt-n at tlit> siu'facc 1> may bp rich in <le])th in the
pay /one, and that a vein which docs not come to the surface JJ
may also bo found payable (jii that pay /one CI.
The problem then consists of developin<^a/one of j)ay-;4rouni|
or portions of veins include<l within certain limits, alon^' a plaiie
0(1, parallel with the axis EF, and that to depths practically
unlimited.
Thi.s problem will. I am sure, prove inteivstin^ to minin;^'
eneiueers, and it only awaits their skill and knowledi^e to be put
in practical operation and place the Nova Scotia j:jold-lie!d^
amouj>; the most productive in the world.
'nii\y laiil
»t/ Veins,
ri the (lif-
■<• <il)t;iili-
• listrict.s,
• •ins A I J
1. Tlu-sn
walls lit
In- llt'Xf,
M <»r n'oM
•icIlllH'llt
(I locally
situated
lei Witll
al vein,
li, nia\-
t foi" a
al axi.s :
1 in the
rface 15
H'l'ound
a plane
ticall
.y
nnini'-
ho put
-tieldi
The Gold Measures of Nova Sco
PLATE I.
GOLD MEASURES
NOVA SCOTIA
es of Nova Scotia and Deep Mining.
PLATE I.
li
I
I I
I
PLATE II.
}H
H
PLATE 11.
Carlonilei'ous
I Ijm Slate Group \
^'-^^^^ Wold Mr '"yy
%""
^NOVASCOIIA GOLD-BEARING BELT s
~figdt^ced/h'm t/w (ieoh>f/Uy//-yiirrfi/ ;/u//)-s//f</s ■
^/ '
— EI.FAEIBMIT, EJ.Sc —
QiuiHyte Oroiip)
Gnwi/r
Jiiticlinal . iw^s
Srrth' of ■)'/(! fii/e . i files
«^ Dome of\dnticline
Q add Diirirls
I i
I
4
a.
■ ^ }
Sout h
The
t ' * * *
Scale
The Gold Measures of Nova Scotia and Deep Mining.
PLATE III.
Sout
^QShaed
.^•^^^^v .^ , . . . /
Section of Gold Measures in Nova Scot w.
Scale Q.
\n» Mine Mine Mine SurfaCC
Section of Bendigo Gold-Field, Australia.
North
Scale^
The
Section i
The Gold Measures of Nova Scotia and Deep"'iVlining.
PLATES IV and V.
Section on Broad Folo
Section on Sharp Fold
Dmgr/ims
/ /
///AO y^^r
/.
/
f/'
Zone o^QuffRTZ
Z0f^£ or QuffRTZ
The Gold Measures of Nova Sco
PLATE VI.
o
>
a:
1/5
o
</>
• 5
« Nl
<
es of Nova Scotia and Deep Mining,
PLATE VI.
f!
a
> s
I] i
■f
Extract
From Discussion at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian
Mining Institute, March i, 1899.
Mk. Andrews — J was (|uite inteivsted in Mr. Faribault's
cotnparison betwooii tlie leads in Heii(lio(> and the leads in Nova
Scotia, especially with regard to their development in depth, and
it was rather surprising- to lae to find that our leads compare so
favorably with them. My limited experience has principally
been in connection with some of the lartj;c bodies of ore in Nova
Scotia, and particularly with those cominj; in close proximity to
the anticlinal formation. I have watched Mr. Faribault explain
all these formations, and I tiiid that his conclusions coincide
almost exactly with my own experience For instance at the
Kichardson mine, at the time of the discovery of that reef, the
anticlinal formation was not much of an accepted theory. The
lead was first discovered on the south dip, and it was developed
by tunnelint;- eastward. The tunnel followino- the lead curved
^•radually northward, and then to the westward, forming a horse-
shoe, provinj.^ that tlie vein was on the eastern pitch of a dome.
One reason why at that place we wore enabled to obtain our
(|uartz so cheaply was on account of the location of our shaft
house, which was eventually located at the turn, there already
l)einj^ a shaft dipping to the south-east : and after some expen-
sive work, there were three shafts suidv on the turn of the anti-
clinal, all of which came to the sui'face at one big shaft house, so
that all the i-oek was handled at the one place. The proper way
to develop sucli a district, would be, xs Mr. Faribault suggests,
to sink a perpendicular shaft on the anticline through the lead
or belt and jarry it deeper to other saddle reefs lying one beneath
the other in the same fold. 1 know there are a great many peo-
i-v
Tlie (t'nhl Fields of Noca Scotia.
pic wlio ai'i' uiidt'i' th(^ iiiipivssioii tliat iiiiniii^' operations in Aus-
tralia are contiiied to (Mie lead, whereas, as a niattei" ol' fact, tln'
laro'cr mmes have extended then* operations m depth toannnibei-
of loads: but after all then, the laro-eand uuniercjus saildle-i-eefs
and veins, which have been worked to such great depths in Aus-
tralia, would not ')e as extcnsi\e by one-twentieth as those
likely to V met with in depth in tiie Nova Scotiji foi-niation.
This fact \n rey-ard to mil 'y;in Xova Scotia is a matter of nreat
i'licouragement. I, for one, thouoh not born a Nova Scoti.ui, but
one who has spent a {;"reat deal of time there, beliine that -Mr.
[■'"'aribault is deservinof of a _i;reat deal of thard<s for t!u' work he
has done in that Province.
Mr. FAHii!Ari;r — Mr. Andrews has just brouu'ht out a very
intcrestino- fact. In Bendio-o the saddle-reef veins seldom extend
mor,' than 50 or 100 feet below the cap, whi' ■ in Nova Scotia
veins have been worked 700 feet in depth, and theoretically they
should be about twenty times as extensive as in Hendino, yivin^'
an extreme limit of 1,000 or 2,000 feet. There has been a ten-
dency in Nova Scotia, on account of the njreat extent of the \-eins
to confine the developments to individual veins, while in I'cndi-
\fO the limited extent of the veins has led to develoinuent by
means of perpendicnl'ir shafts and cross-cuts, new saddle veins
bein<i^ thus opened up one under another to depths of over .'{.OOO
feet.
Mr. Dor(;LAs, President American Fnstitute ol' Minin^■
Eno'ineers — My knowled<;e of <;'old minin(>' in Nova Scotia is so
perfunctory that I cannot form a conclusion with re<^ard to it.
This paper of Mr. F^aribault's puts a new face upon tiie whole
<|Uestion. It will encoura(i|,-e those who ha\-e invested money in
Nova Scotia ami who have' been discouraged by the woik the\-
have done, to extend their operations, it has determined mi; to
point out to my friends the hio-h and bi'tter hopes they ouoht t(»
have, if they would only put back a little of the money they
have already taken out.
IIS ill Aus-
■ fact, tli<-
a iiuiiibcr
(Mlf-r('i.'r.s
lis ill Ans-
as those
'oniiatioii.
r of «;-ivat
■otian, but
that Mr.
' woi'k ht'
ut a very
)lll cxti'iul
Vi\ Scotia
'allvthev
n), ii'iviiin'
oil a tcii-
thc veins
ill I'-eiidi-
iiiu'iit by
lill(> V('iiis
Miiiiiiii'
:)tia is so
iv(\ to it.
iu> whole
iioiiey ill
1)1" Iv they
kmI iiii; to
ouo-ht to
lev the\-
Notes of the Mining of Low Grade Gold Ore in
Nova Scotia.
By Mr. C. !•. ANDRlvWS, Isaac's Harbour, X. S.
Rearl before tlic Canadian Mining Institute, Fcbiuary .Sril, 1S!17.
[ii view of the iiiteri'st which at pivsuut is bciui; awakened
ill tlio low f;'i'a(le o-old ores of Nova Scotia, some personal obser-
vatioiis ill this line may not come amiss : tiio purpose of this
paper is, therefore, to u'ive an outline of some personal expe-
riences while mauai;'er of the Kichardsou Mine at Isaac's Harbor,
in the Province of Nova Scotia.
'riu.' writ(!r does not for a moment claim that all the metlujds
adopted diirino- this experience hav(! been at all times as satis-
factory as he could have v/ished. Circumstances often compel
us, when we cannot obtain that which wo could desii'e, to accept
that which of thing's obtainable, comes the nearest to ineetin^f
our wishes.
The Richardson belt is composed of slate and (piart/C, between
ren'ular walls of whin. It is located in what is known as Stor-
mont (Jold District as the (}old Bi-ook Anti-clinal (also called the
Upper Si'al Harbor Anti-clinal) the cour.se of which is N. 62 W.
and S. (i'2 K. : and aloim- which auriferous belts, lodes and drift
have been discovered for a <listance of three miU^s.
Th(! Kichardsoii belt was first discovered and worked on its
south dip, where the avera^'e width was 1 \\ feet. \.\\ workin<;
west tlu> belt narrowed down considerably. Eastward the belt
turned in a northerly direction increased in width to 18 feet and
lay very flat, the dip chano-ino; from south to east: coutinuiii!^,
it swunj;- around and ran vvestwardly, assumiuj^' a, north dip and
^rovvin^ smaller a«;ain than on the t\n'n.
The mill for ci'ushint'' this ore is hjcated about three liundrtMl
il>
Th>: (ivld Fields of Xix-d ^rolia.
y.'irds t'roin tlu' niiiic on clu shore of ii lake, from which the water
supply is ol)tained. The ore is conveyed from the mine in car«
iumiiii};' over steel rails, laid the jjrreater part of the distance on
trestle work. These ears are hauled 1)\' means of a steel cable,
the power hein^ taken fi-om the mill. Tlu; total expense for
liaula<£e avei'a<;'es about three cents per ton, including renewals
of ears, ropes, wheels, axles, &c.
When first started the mill was furnished with but Hfteen
stamps: a few months later the number was inci'cased to twenty,
and later to forty.
The following- extracts fron\ a repoi-t of the dii'ectors in .Tunc,
1(S04. may be of interest, it Ixmuo- ri'iiiembei-ed that the mill then
consisted of twent\' stami)s with hand -breaking" an<l fijedino' : —
" At the mine three shafts have been sunk. The west sh"it is not
laore tii.in .50 feet deep and was put down mainly to test the length of
the beh, which is liere about seven feet wide.
"The middle shaft is (lown 100 feet, width of belt here from eight
to f(auteen feet. Tunnels iind stopes are driven west from here 72
feet or to a ])oint within eighteen feet of the west shaft."
The labor expen.ses here for drillin^jf and blasiinj;' amounted
to 2() cents per ton. The cost of dynamite per .ton of ore sent
to mill was 'U cents.
"Tunnels and stopes are also driven <'ast from heie to connect
with the east shaft, which is lOH feet deep. The southei'ly dij) of the
middle shaft is about o'J' from the horizontal, that of the east shaft
about I'-' . Kast of the east shaft a tunnel has been diiven on tlie
belt 89 feet, the belt at this point having a width of I7i feet. Here
a bend of 70 to the northward takes place in the course of the belt.
A tunnel has heen driven here on the belt for a distance of S.5 feet,
the dift being "i-'V in an rtisterly direction, the width IS feet."
The total cost foi' minino', transportine' to mill, and milling
at this time was S2.00 per ton, includine- an allowance for total
depreciation in value of plant in five years, and for taxes, insur-
ance and all chai'<res.
.a
Xofcs of lit!' Mtii'nni of Jjiiir (Irmlr tlnlil (h'l-.
.'/
water
II cars
ic'o on
cahlc,
sc for
ifuals
H I'tt 'on
ruty,
" 'I'Ik! holt for tlu! most part is comijosed of one large lode on the
hack-wall sido, vaiviiig in width fi-oni one to four feet, and a varying
mnnhcr of small lodes int(!rmi\cd with slate. At jdaces nearly the
entire helt is <|imrtz, and gold is sometimes found in the soft slat*-
Vietween the lodes. Not enough hlack or waste rock can he ohtained
below to load the scalfolds ; and the walls ha\e to 1)(> suppoited hy
leaving blocks or pillars of ore."
It may bf statcij \\vvr that the underhand method ol" .st(»|)iti;4
was employe*!. In an att(Mn[)t to use tlu' overhan<] nietliod it
was found that the slate between the veins of (|\iartz was uut
firm and solid »inou<j;li to h(jld the (juait/ in phiee overluiad. an<l
conse.'Hiently, lar^e masses of rock were fallin<if, niakin*^ it dan-
j.joroUH to the minors })eneath. I am of ojtinion tluit at jjjreater
depth the slate becomes more firm an<l solid, and overhand stop-
in^ may be resorted to.
At this time hoistin<£ was done from the east and niiddh;
sliafts by a sinjifle cylinder entwine, (reared to a single frieti(jn-
dnim. The <^ear was so located that the rope could be shifted
from one .shaft t(j tlu; other, as occasion recpiired. Wheelbarrows
were used below };TOU!id as a means of transjjorting the ore to
the shaft : and the ore was then lioisted in tubs to the surface,
where it was waslied, the waste rock thrown out, and the j^ood
ore shovelled nito cars to be hauled to the mill.
Since then the belt has been folhjwed farther west on the
soutli dip : the east .shaft, now the pump shaft sunk to a depth
of 200 feet, and the belt driven and stoped on around the turn
and followiid west on the north dip. At the tinie of writing the
belt produces more waste slate than in 1894.
The present plan consists of a hoistin^f, pmnp and breakine;
j^ear, located on the apex of the .semi-cone formed by the turn
of the belt. Two shafts are worked from here, one on ciie south
dip and one (3n the noi'th. The bottoms of these shafts are about
250 feet apart, as meastn'od on the belt around tlie turn : and as
they are sunk this distance is of course increasing. At the surface
they are 48 feet a})art and convergino- towards each other. Al
a height of twenty-si.x feet above tlu' sin-face the skip-tracks
Till' (t'lilil F'niils nf Xiii'tt Smlni.
tVoiii cacli nicit al)()\f tlu- saiiu' deck lirail : and sclf-duiiipiiij;'
skips t'liipty tlit'ii" loads ht-sidc the saiiic lock-bifakcr. '\'\\v
'•suiii|i' at (lie dcckdicad into which the skips (hiiiip their UjiuIh
is lined on thr hottoiii with opeii-saud cast iron plates ; inch
thick, laid in ^ inch til" cement. The ore is lieie thoi'onehly
washed, the waste I'oek thrown into trolleys and rnn ont on the
fjnnips, and the n()od nyr shovelled into a hopper which drops it
hetwceii the jaws of a !> \ \ ') IJIake breaker, I'roni whiwh it Tails
into a liin. ( 'ars are rini under the hins where the ore is allowed
to I'all into them. They are then I'un out on the main track
and hauled l»y the wire cable to the ndll, where they arednei|ie(|
into a hill of 500 tons ca])aeity. 'I'lieiice the ore runs throueh
sho(»ts into tile ;iutomatic feeders supplyiiij; tiie mortars, ('op-
)>er plates are used inside these mortars. The surface dimen-
sions of the outside jdates are \2 fl. (i in. \ 4 ft. Alt 'i' passino-
over the outside ])lates and through mercury traps, the sand is
di.scai'ded no attempt hein;^' made at concentration.
ill the i.'ine vM'vy attention has been paid to workini^' the
rock to the greatest ad\antaee. ( )m account of the dij) to tht^
Si'ains in the l»r]t, it has liceii found that two drills workiny;
toward tlie west accomplish as much as three drills workiuj;;
towards the cast, 'i'he works lielow ai'e no \ sii))|ilied with a
ree'ulai' svstem of tracks o\er which the ore is c(ai\-e\-ed in trol-
leys to the eleetric-lijihted loading' stau'es at the shafts. The
south shaft, heiiio' the main shaft, is supplie(l with two skip
tracks, one for the ''ast and one for the west ore. The pump
way is hetwceii the skip ti acks ami a little helow them, or nearer
the foot wall : thus heino' out of the way when ore is heiiio- loaded
into the skips or tiniher In-ine- unloaded from them. The ladder-
way is a compjirtnient In' itself cril)l)ed u)) under the foot-wall
cribbiiio'. w'here it pas.ses thioue'h the surface material, thus l)ein(^
out of the wav of nnvthinu' which could fall or injure a man.
The slope of the shaft is so ilat that no lad<ler is re(iuired to i;'et
at the j)uni|). The north shaft has a skip-way in the east end
aii<l a ladder-way in the west end. The stopes were started
iVom the east side of the south shaft and carried round to the
Xdf >< (if I he Mi.iiiiK/ iif I. (Ill' drrili' (liijil (>!'<'.
> >
imi'tli Hlial't this rock bi'iii;^' luiistcil I'lom tlu' scuitli slml't.
'I'lic stujx's firr then coiitiiMU'il Wist hcyoiul tlu' north shiil't
Mild t!ic oi'i' hoist('(l IVoiii the iKtrlh shal't. Thus whilf on-
hiis Ix'i'M hoisted tVoiii h)th shal'ts, tin' siiil\iiii;' and •\|)"iis('s
(•mil' -ti'd tlii'i' 'witli liuvc l)'i'ii (•(iiihiii'd to oii' shal't. The
iiiiiiilH-r of haiiil-drills I'lnpioycd In re to proihicc 2000 tons
of crushiiij;; ore per montli lias ncxcr exceeded nine — two men to
M ih'ili. The surface plant a( the mine consists of a (iO li.p. tulm-
iar holler set in l)rick, and a ")() h.p. coiupoiind eii;j,'iiie set (ai
ci.i;ei cte i'oiuidat ion. 1' loois of eiieine and hoiliT rooms are of
concrete. The lioisti"^' machine is a iloiihle drum one, hiiilt es])e-
cially hy the .leuckes Machine ( "o., and laid on a coiici-ete foun-
dation. The drums are siile hy side and of the usual con,' fric-
tion type: hut insteail ol' heine dri\en hy twosiiiiill cylinders
altaclied lo it , its di'ivine' shaft isdri\(ii 1)\- helt and i)ulle\' from
the comiiound eiieine : the same eiciiie sei'vine' to dri\'e tlu;
|)umpin;^' i^'ear ami the rock hicaker. The experiiuiee liore has
heeii that it is fai' more economical to drive everythiiie- from one
compound eiii;'iiii' than from a nuniher of smaller ones, particu-
larly where all machines are working' coutiiinally day an<] nie'ht.
The eiie'iiicer tires his own hniler, and no extra attendance is
re(|uired h)r the hoistine' maciiiiies. Thus, the deckman when
not eiieaucd in r)rini>in!i' uii or lowerine' skii)s, can wash and
assort ores.
The water from the mine pump is dischare-ed into a tank
under a hatch in the peak of the roof. A hose from tiiis ,ser\i's
for washing- (|uart/- or for tire pni'poses The buildino'is heated
h\' exhaust steam from the eneine, and like the mill, foi"o;e, work-
shop, stables, ofHce, nuuiao'crH house, etc., is lie-liteil hy electri-
city.
At the mill the plant consists of forty 850 lb. stamps, two
return tubular boilers, one Hi x 42 (Vn-liss en^'ine, one Wortli-
inu'ton duplex steam ])ump, 'M inch suction and .S" discharge, one
Northey pinnp of the same description, a dynamo for liohtine-
purposes, and the hauliniij ovar for brino'lnj;' the ore from the
mine, 'i'he forty stamps are ai'raneed in a row, and the ore bin
•'i
The (I'oh/ F'ulils nf X,,ni Sroiln.
('Xt«'ll<ls tlic I'ull lfll«rtli III' I lie hiltU'rit'S.
TIm' oi't' cars t'litrr t In- Iniihlin^ at rij^lit aii^lfs to tlw nif Mii,
urc tui'ii('(| on u t.'ihlc Mini I'UM mIom;^ tlir toj) ol' tiic hill to III'
dninped wliiTovcr the ore may he most rri|iii)-ct|. ( )iit' mortar
is rcst'ivt'd for tost jnirposcs, tiir hiii in front of it lia\in<;' a par-
tition to keep the tt'st ore scparati' from the ifunJnr ore.
TIh' stamjis tirop !M) times po' minutf, and tin* mortal's an-
arran^jt'fl for wvy tint- crusltin;;'. At tinifs tin' <;o|(| is so line as
to be imlisccrnihlc to tlir naki'd rye. An instance of tliis was
when 4, ()()() tons of ore were milled in \\lii('li not a colonr of
ndid was seen, hut which, when cleaned up,;^a\t' a fair |)iolit
With this ])lant np to tlu' lime when my connection with the
mnie ceased, tlie total cost for minin<; and millin;j, indudinj,'
all ch»ii"j;es, was 81. (i") per ton.
At the mill but one engineer was employed on each twelve
hour shift, it beinj; also his duty to attend to the dynamo and
li;;hts. It may be interesting to know that the electi'ic li^dit
plant installed here paid for itself in one year in the savinji; of
kerosene oil alone. When there is jiower to s|)are, as was the
ease here, and a lai'j^'e numbei' of liinhts recjuired, it cainiot b»' too
hij^hly recommended, paiticularly aromid the plates of a mill.
The Richai'dson belt is very heavily min(;rali/ed : and there
is threat cause for rejjret that only tlu' free ^old is saved. The
results of a careful and elaboiate series of tests of the tailings
from this mine made by M)-. K. H. Mason, are somewhat surpi'is-
in<^ to many who do not consifler the auriferous oies of No\ a
Scotia w^orth concentration. Hut facts speak loudly for them-
selves, and, much as we would like to have all of our ore free
milling, this desire does not altei' the refractory natuiv of some
of it.
Accordini; to these tests made when the ore l)ein<r crushed
was of an unusually low ^rade, the averui(e loss was 1 dwt. I <S
gr. per ton. A sample of tailin^^s from wdiich all the concen-
trates were not extracted o-five 1..S of concenti'ates, which hail
an assay value of I oz. 10 dwt. I j^i-. ])er ton, and still left
value of 1 dwt. per ton in the tailings. Another sample
• •
« «
• •
• * •
« «
r I
Richardson Gold Hining Company— Hoisting, F
;ompaiiy— Hoisting, Pumping, and Breaking Plant,
■ .. I ,^1
Plan Showing Richardson Belt east turn Gold B
Horizontal Di.stance A to
V^ertical Distaneo "
C. ]). E. F.:- Points in
Arrow head = Direction o
I ;
*?•
)n
Belt east turn Gold Brook Anti-clinal, also location of Shaft House.
Horizontal Difstance A to B, 80 ft. 8 inches
Vertical Distance " 45 ft. 2
C. 1). E. F.^ Points in Roof.
Arrow head ^ Direction of Dip.
■i
'I
i I
Nith'f of t/ir Miiinnj nf Linr drtii/c (iojd Off.
J-:
* «
• f
t •
plo of tailiuf^fs <fav<' <i..'i of saiifly couct'iitnitos, Imvin^ an assay
value of I o/. I (hvt. |:> ni-. \n'v ton of coiuHMitrates. In ncitlior
Maniple was ficr j^rold or iimal<;!nn (letcctiMl. The majority (jf tlui
arsenical ii'on pyrites is contained in the slate : some samples of
this slate assay \ cry hi<ih. A chance sam]>le ^ave the snrpris-
uv^ I'esult of "JN o/. S (jwt. of i^oM totheton of concentrates ami
yielded oO of its total weight in concentrates. Two more assays
of this slate ixavt^ eouerntrates valued resjiectively at 4 oz. 2 dwt.
8 jjrs. an<l 5 oz. »i dwt. 12 <;rs, per standard ton of concenti'ates.
As this slate contains ,so little free <;old hut a small portioji of it
is crnslu'd.*
An analysis of clear concentrates takr'U from the sluices of
the mill ^ave thi' following; composition :—
Silica 205
Iron :i5-(33
Sulphur KiSO
Arsenic 1 2 •25
(popper trace
Uisnuith "
Zinc "
Mercury nil
An as.say of these concentrates »;-a\c uold 2 oz. l-i dwt. 21 ».;r.
per ton. A chlorination test of these concentrates obtained an
extraction of !t7 _ of j;old contained.
BeiiiLT mys('lf present when Mr. Mason made a gi'cat many
of his tests and assavs, and knowintr the care that was taken
with tlu'm, i cannot help feeling; that it would be of ^en(M-al in-
terest to those inttM'ested in {jjold minin<j;' in Nova Scotia to<|note
from Mr. MasdiiV n-port as follows: —
" it will 1)1' seeti that vou are losinu' a considerable amount
of I'efractoi-y *i()ld in yom- tailings, you are dumping a consider-
* • ear tlic surfA^T the slntc is .soft and parti;\lly deoonipased. In this conlition it
yifltls coiisideriiblt' fr-'c fjfold wlieii uiillcd. A- tlie ile|)tl) iiicreusf's the slate liccinues
harder, itnMcasinp pci-.cptilily in Itnik and in tin (piantity and (jnulity of it.-- t-iMK-en-
tr»tes. Behiw a de))th of al)out l(l') feet it contains so little free gold that it is nil-
protitahle as a free mi lintf ore.
m
The (iiihl Fields of' Xi/rij Srotiil.
uhlt' (|U!Uitity of auriferous slate and Icaviu;;' a t'urllirr aud lar-
a'or (lunutitv in the iniiic, and Huall\- xou liasc a laiiic tailin<i'
dump, ])ai'ts of wliicli would pay liandsomdy tor woi'kin^' oxer.
] am satisH('(l tliat the ••■old vou are losiuii' in \oui' (ailiuii's is
jn'actically all in the lorm of eoneentiMtcs. in eliuniin^' up an
ore (often liea^ ily c'liai'i;'e(l witli mispi"kle) in llic hattei-y, you
must of nee.'ssity at times tloiu' a certain ipiantity (»f meirury :
added lO tnis, o\vin<;' to the (piantity of slate you are finely
Ci'UHJiinfi'.'^you lunc a \'ei-y slimy tailine's. eons(>(|iu'i)tly tlie tlour-
cd nieix'Ui-y lias little elianee of re-settliii;j,', and small (|uantities
are at times found to lie carried away with your tailine\s. * *
" With a \iew to sa\in<'' the i-efi'actoi'\' eold, I would stfoni-h-
ad\ise you to put it in h^'ue \anners, use a coarse nu'sh screen,
and cut down discharoc to one-lialf what it is at picsent. I
M'ould also increase the stam]»in;;,' ca]>acity hy inereasiii;^' the nuni-
l)er()f drops from ninet\', at which von are now runninji' \'our
mi!' to one Innidred drops a minute. In ad\ isino' you to do
this, 1 wisli to brine' the followine' ad\antaj>i's \-ou will j-'ain to
your notice :—
1. ■' \'ou will l)e able to crush the whole l)elt,for yoiu' slat<' cer-
tainl\- contains ivfractorv oold, and at times free millin;'' iioM.
Vour mine superintendent told un; that he e.stimati'd that not
more than one-third of the rock broken under^'round wasmille(l,
so at ilie nresent time von are i>a\'ine' for breakinii' rock (Ki of
which you ha\e not in the past milled, nor would 1 advise
you to mill it unless you put in concentrat(>rs, and ciush it oidy
coarsely, for it is hiehly ivfraetory, and if crushed Hnely, it will
Hour mercury, and in that way probably carry away more j^oid
than it would contribute to the ajual^am in the battery and on
the plates." ■ •
2. " You will deci'e.ise your mining' ex})enses by more than
one-half: the only extra expense will be in hauling pai't of the
slate, and in windinii' and haulino' the remainder, while vour out-
put will be nearly three times what it is at present."
:}. "Tain of opinion that the slate will pi-ovide euoutjjli fi'ee
Notes of the M'lviinl if Lutr (nunlr (iolil Orr.
J7
^•(»lil t»i pay For the iiiilliiin-, in wliicli case the coneciitratos will
he all dear proHt. "
4. " You will dispense with the cost of pickiiio' the ore. I
estimate that the cost of Krue vaiiners ereeted in Nova .''v-otia
will l)e al)out i^l 50.00 ])ei- stani]). To o(.t satisi'aetory concen-
tration it will also he necessary for you to ]>ut in mechanical
siz(rs. (the cost oi' which is small) and feed the coaj'se tailing's on
to one set of \anners and the tine on to another .set."
" Havino' obtained yoin- concentrates, chlorination is undoubt-
edly the method l)y which they should be treated. Th(> cost of
such treatment in Xova Seotia will, 1 estimate, be about ."^4.00
pi'r ton of C(jncentrates. It will also be a matter for considera-
tion whether the arsenic will be worth savinj;', for two reasons —
tii'stly, for its value, which isdoul)tful : and secondly, to prevent
its contaminating;' ]iasture lands, and consequently prevent claims
aii'ainst you for poisoning- cattle."
"The cost of an ei^'ht or ten ton chloi'inati(jn plant erected
in No\a Sc(;L.-i will be about i'*:i,000, exclusive of buildin*;-."
rp to the ])resent time this pi'operty has pi-oduced 4^^.000
tons of ore. wdiich o'oes to show that the minini!; of low «>')'ade
oi'es in Xova Scotia at a reasonable cost j)er ton, has ^ot beyond
the e.xpt limental stages and is a reality. The handlinn; of the
I'efractoi'y ores has yet to be experimented witli, and from the
appearance of near]}- all the ore 1 have seen alonn- the (Jold
(Jroup anti-clinal, I am of ()i)inion that matei'ial for the experi-
ment is not lackint''.
Additional Notes by the Author.
The cost per ton ^iven in this article as S1.C5, is based on an
estimate for dry ton. The actual weight of this ton, as it came
from the mine, was 2400 lbs., making the cost for producing a
twentv hundrecl weight ton of wet or natural ore !^1.87.l. I
would state also, that at this time the average width of belt that
was mined was about 12 feet. One iialf of this oi'e was sent to
>v
:js
Tlu' a oil I FirJils of Xui'ii /S»'0/t«.
tlic mill, constMiiu'iitly, the cost til' ^\:M\ for prodiicin;;' a ton i>\'
ore in its natui-dl Htatc, also covered the cost of |iro<luciii^' ano-
ther ton of ojv, wliich, on account of its refractory nature an-l
hick of proper nuichint'S for handling', was either thrown i>m thr
waste; <]nnip or put on the scattbjtls in tlie mine.
Ret^ai'dinL' tlie concentrates, suhseiMU'nt (h'vclopmcnts since
till- date of tliis paper liavc pi'ovcd that their value has been fully
up to what 1 had expected n\' them. The paper states that 4.S,-
000 tons of ore had been mined at that date. Since then, these
%ures have l)e<;n increased to about I 15.000 tons.
(.". V. A.
1,
^m*
Mining and Milling Costs at the Brookfield
Mine, Queens Co., N. S.
Hy W. I<. I.IHBIvV, President Mrookfieltl Mining Conivany.
Din-inn' six months, I'loiii May 1st to Xovcinbor 1st, 18!>7,
')()()() tons of ore \Vfi"t' sent to the mill, at iin uvora^c cost of
is2.."')4 jM'T ton. as follows, for oic landod :it the fock-hivaker : —
Fiahur (which iiu-huhjs lilaolvsiniths and deck men) .*! I,l7'i 99
Tiniherand Poles ;}9'J 40
Shov'ds :{5 20
Picks L'O GO
lilacksinith's Coal, tons. (« >!l0.iit; G3 Of*
Charcoal, ;?00 hiishcls, (« lac 4.') 00
Axes f) 00
lioistiiif^ I {opes (estimated) oO 00
Candles 'M'A 29
I. OSS of Steel 71 82
Fuel (Pumping Station and Mill) I,04G 00
Kxplosivcs 654 75
Iron (including Kails for Tracks) , 12G 70
Miscellaneous Expenses 125 00
Lumber 45 00
i?U,219 71
All of this work was done with hand drills and b\' undor-
hand stoi)iii*;.
\Vt' next trivc three months' work with air drills. The
three months takt'ii arc dunnavy, February and Mai'ch, 18i>8,
durino- which time 2,H40 tons of ore were sent to the mill at an
averao'e cost of $2.44 per ton, as follows, for ore landed at rock-
bn'aker : —
,Ut
Till' dolil Fwhln nf Xiti'il Si'itlln.
'),U7S
«).•)
IDS
SO
lu
00
I--'
1 7
00
'(7
1 (
• )•)
:»o
•2:>
00
171
00
11
•_'."»
717
00
:. 1 •_•
no
i;5
IT)
7"»
00
L'."»
00
liivhoi (which iticluih^s IMuckHmithH tuul ilcck men) !?■
'riiiihci' and Poles
SIiovcIh
Picks
IJIiicksniith's Coal, i}. tons, (r/ 6lO.(i<i
Charcoal, 1 'tO Mushds, C« 1 ")»;
Hoisting' Kopt'S
Candles
liOss in Sti'el
P'uel at Pumping Station and Mill
Explosives ,
Iron (includini,' Kails for Tracks)
Miscellaneous Kxpenses
Lumber
e«,!'.")0 iL'
The I'csult thus rur was aiiparcntiy to ])lac'f oio' oiv at tiii^
<leck head ten cents per ton cheaper with an all- [liaiit tliaii by
hand work. Wo were, JKjwever, doiiiif nioi'e than 2') iiioi'e of
siid<ino- and (h'ii'tinj;' with the air plant, in I'aet, it would he
ini})ossihle to ])lace n»en enou<;h in the mine to ecpial by hand
the work done })y power.
Tlioso tables cover all cost ol' development work.
Following;' is a tabic showing; the expenses of i-unninjf the 20-
stamp mill for six months, commencing- Sept. 1st, l'S!)7, anrl
endinn- Feb. 28th, ISDN. Dui-ino' this time 5,!) 10 tons of ore
were milled and concentrated at an nvera<>'e c(tst of O'i cents: —
Fuel .
LaVior
2 Firemen
S7(; 00
.{(iO 00
i»00 00
2 Concentrator Boys [20 00
1 Carpenter " 1'12 00
.'{ Amalgamatois
1 Engineer.
Miscellaneous Expenses, including Lubricants
Cost total for Shoes and Dies
^^M•cury lost, 79] lbs., (n GOc
.Screen Wire, 192 feet, (a 50c
■•500 00
75 00
:{97 53
47 55
96 00
Total $:^,714 73
I A~
Mill! Ill/ ili,il Mlirunj Insfs ill III, Hrxilliihl Miiir. .11
Wi- now niv,. II ivoofd |'(ji- two mniitlis of woiU <loiic with
Hand SliiMn.,,. Drills. TIk' clini-iictfr of our coiiiitrv rock iMin.'-
<|imrtzit(' ami ho toii;^!! iiikI Imiil that we proljaldy (-(miM not Hvc
with hand (h'ill.s at all.
Tlii' iiicrrasc of Jalior in ilrilliii;^' ami thr anaanit of i-xplo-
.sivoH not'i's.sary to use hciiiu' ninrknl as we ;^vi «l(.f|)cr, thrdcpdi
now hcino' jihont (!'>() feet.
Dlill.l. WoiiK IX»I! MnXTIlS Ol .l.\M AliV AND FKItKr \ U V, lilOO.
Days Drilled, l'TS','.
Ke«'t '• 7. "{IS.
Avonif^c feet per day per man, I'li.-Jll
Cost of Kxplosivtss til 7.")
Cost of Drills and Hclprrs S-Jii S|
SI 271 nn
Avorag(! cost per day % 11 Oi»
Total Cost of Labor and Ivxplosives for Foot J)rilled 17 •57 cents.
Measurements of ore displaced and the mill records of ore
crushed, shows that the \ein has avera'vcd neai'Iy two ami one-
half feet of crushiii!'' material.
I
/>■'
l^
L.
L I-
Extracts from Paper Entitled
Rapid Sinking: in a Nova Scotia Gold Mine.
By A. A. HAVVVARD.
Read befoi-c the Mining Society of Nova Scotia.
On the property owned by the Gcjlden Lode Mining Company
it was pretty well determined tliere existed a rich j^old strike,
but that such strike would be deep and consecjuently expensive
to reach. After a careful survey it was found that if this strike
was to be develope<l it would be necessary to sink a shaft 403
feet through hard country rock composed of (juartzito, and as
this lode was not acconipanied by a belt, as is usually the case in
mines of this Province, the shaft would have to be blasted out
of the .solid rock. When the depth to be sunk and the nature
of the rock, together witli many other disadvantages that were
found to exist, were fully considered, the outlook seemed discour-
aging. It was a new departure, to sink a shaft 403 feet through
hard barren rock to determine the continuity of a jiold strike,
and was something a little removed from the hitlierto gold min-
ing pi'actice in. this Province.
During the moutli of January, the necessar\' buildings were
erected in which were located the machinery necessary to per-
form the ref|uired work ; in the engine house was located a small
85 horse-power locomotive boiler, also a small high speed winding
eno-ine. Over the shaft, a distance of 125 feet from the enirinc
house, was erected a hoisting tower in vrliich was constructed a
ventilating tower 50 feet in height, which in reality was an ex-
tension of the eastern compartment of the shaft up through the
hoisting tower and 80 feet above it. As steam was employed as
a motive force used in operating two Rand No. 2 rock drills,
this ventilator was an absolute necessity', as it supplied cool
Rapid Sinking in a Nora Scotid Gold Mine.
li
Vline.
ompany
(] Ktrike,
xpensive
lis strike
lmt> 403
e, and as
le case in
-sted out
le nature
hat were
I discoiu'-
through
d strike,
fold miii-
ugs were
)• to f)er-
d a Hinall
winding
le engine
true ted a
is an ex-
Migli the
cloyed as
ck drills,
lied cool
ninl fresh air to the sliat't aiid ean-ied away the exhaust steam
from the <h'ills.
Th(! shaft was divided into two compartments, each being
4x4 inside, recpiiring rock dimensions of oi x 12 feet.
Before begiiniing opei-atioiis a model of the shaft was made,
and into this model was inserted pegs which represented the
position of each and every hole that was to be drilled and their
direction. The drill >nen were fully instructed as to the duty
each hole was expected to perform, and were also instructed to
put down the holes each day, as shown on the model, irrespective
of the seams or slips that might occur in the shafts.
The undei'ground work was divided into three shifts of eight
hours each. The first and drilling shift began at 7 a.m. and
consisted of a foreman, two drill men and two helpers. The
men in this shift were expected to drill all necessary holes, and
to have the work completed before thi'ee o'clock, which time they
rarel}'' exceeded, as most of the drilling operations were coni-
phited before one o'clock ; tlie drills, tools and piping wert^ then
hoisted to the surface, leaving the shaft ready for blasting. The
second shift, which began at thi-ec o'clock, consisted of two
muckers and a tiring boss, whose duty it was to measure the depth
of each and every hole, keep a record of the same, also keep a
record t)f tlie amount of explosive used in eacli and every hole.
This tiring boss remained on sixteen hours, and had charge of
both the second and third shifts, '^riie records kept by him of
the work performed in each shift were recorded in the office at
the end of eacIi shift in a book kept for that purpose. This
shift was expected to tire the four .sump lioles and to clean up
the .same during their eight hours.
The third and last shift, which consisted of but two nuickers,
were expected to tire all the ronaining holes, clean up the rock,
quarry any loose rock in the bottom of the shaft, put in new
slides and do any necessary timbering, and leave the shaft ready
for the drilling shift, which cam(> on again at seven.
On the surfac(> the shifts weiv divided into two 12 hours
'U
'flic ({old Fields of Novo. Scotia.
each. Tlie first shift consisoed ol' engineer, dock man, bhuik-
smith and carpenter, 'i'he second shift comprised buL two men,
the engineer and deck man. The deck man in each shift was
recjuired to tally the amount of water and rock hoisted in his
shift : the en<ijineer also recorded the amount of fuel used each
day, wdiich with the oth(!i' j'ccords were recorded in the office at
the end of each shift, so that from a perusal of the records it
was possible without j^joinj^ into the mine to approximately tell
how fast the shaft was bein<^ .sunk, and what cost pei- foot.
When the shaft reache(l a depth of fifty feet, sinkinijj was
suspended and timbering begun. The shifts were then divided
into two of 1 2 hours each.
The first shift cut three hitches in the rock, put in thriT
timber.s 12 x 12, and bolted down the heads. Tpon these
liitch timbers was constructed eight feet of ci'ib work, the
timber having previously been prepared by the cai'penter. The
timber used in this crib work was hewn from green logs, they
being found the most suitable to withstand the heavy blasting.
From the top of this crib to the timber above, stulls wci'e |)laet'd
in the shaft, and on these was spiked 2 inch ]>lnnk. which foi'ined
the dividing.
The duty of the second timbering shift was to bring down
new and permanent slides, new ladders, bring down the maiin
steam pipe and to place; a heavy platform over one-half of this
crib which was used as a station. This w^ork was exjx'cted tn
be completed in 24 houi's from the time of beginning. The
shaft was then i-eady for sinking again. Tin- hitches referred
to were always cut 12 feet from the bottom. As three feet was
found to be about the a\'erage sinking done jx'r day, the steam
pipe used below this station wa^* cut into seetii.iu^ of three fe^
each, one piece being added (\'ich day. Vty this iin'ans the steam
hose, W!Us always suspended in the shaft and not under foot.
Tiie drill men each day after coming out of the shaft, took
their m.achines apart, cleaned them thoi'oughly inside and out,
added new parts when i-etjuired, put in new packing, and ke|>t
L
.'.jijj^'jeJiijLuiMJ
Rapid Hinh-iiig hi a Nova Scotia (iold Mine.
Jo
them up to a .standard, so that no delays wcyq occasioned bv
drills being out of order.
During the month of April tlie work was performed with
but one machine only, which sunk 55 feet 6 inches.
During the entire operation the total number of days occu-
pied in drilling was 124, timbering 10, making in all 140 days
recjuired to sink and timber the shaft 403 feet. The average
sinking was found to be 3.02 per shift, although tive feet was
in several instances I'ecorded.
The following is a record of the work perfoi-med each
month : —
<<-i
:m
Month.
Drilling.
Timbering
o
c a,
134
Feet.
Explosive
Buckets o
Kock.
3
m
o
April
20
4
482
201
861
55.6
Mav
24
19
241
1S2
941
714
365
316
1,249
1,077
75.2
June
73.S
Julv
23
23
231
240
9S1
953
324
450
1,323
1,393
()',». 6
August
.S5.U
September ....
15
147
G57
236
949
!
44.2
,
124
IS
1,175
4,728
1,892
6,852
403.0
The average sinking, as will bo .seen, was 3.02 per day of
24 hours, while the amount of explosive used per foot is f(juiid
to be 4.0() pounds per foot of shaft-sinking, or 81.22 per foot,
which includes dotonat(jrs, connecting wire and so forth. N'lie
avei"au"e monthlv sinkinii; was 71 feet 6 inches. Duriui-- the
month of August <S5 feet was sunk, being the best work per-
formed during the operation.
30
The (iohl Fields of Nova Scotiu.
The total cost of tlu' shaft, vvhicli includes mauaycment,
office expenses, labor, fuel, timber, repairs of tools, and all
expenses chargeable to the shaft, was $4,647, or ^11. 0:^ per foot,
eoiiipieted and timbered njady for permanent occupancy.
Durinj; the summer of 1897 the shaft of tlu> (Jolden ({roup
Mine was sunk 100 feet l)elow the 240 foot level. The time
reijuircd to sink this shaft was 80 shifts, and had it not been
found necessary to save the small rich lode on the foot Wiill, this
100 feet would have been accomplished in 25 days.
1 am not at preseiit in a position to ^iva the exact cost ol'
this work : it was, howcNer, somewhat in excess of the cost ol"
sinkini;' the shaft of the (lolden Lode Mine. The same methods
were, however, employed, and the .same division of laboi', show-
ini; that what could be done in one place can be done a»iaiii
under the same conditions and manairement.
il'OU])
time
I, this
References.
The Heports of the Nova Scotia [n.spectois of Minos from IHtil.
The Kopoj-ts of the Department of PubHe Works and Mines to
<iate, with contempora)y papei's and references in the
Statistical and Annual Sunnnaries in the Reports of the
( Jeological Survey of C/anada.
List of Reports Several of the principal j^old districts of the
of thr (iold- Province have been studied minutely and
hcariiKj Roch'.s. reported upon by ditt'erent authorities, and
more especially by Dr. A. R. C. Selwyn, Dr.
T. Sterry Hunt, Di-. B. Silliman. Prof. H. Youle
Hind, and Messrs. John Campbell, Henry
Poole, A. Heathei'ington and H. S. Poole
The followino; list of reports and pamphlets relating to the
lower Cambrian Rocks and the ^'old districts, given in chrono-
logical order, may be of use to those interested in the study of
them : —
(rtwicn— Remarks on the Geology and Mineralogy of Nova Scotia,
1886 : The Industrial Resources of Nova Scotia, 1840 :
Gold Fields of Nova Scotia, 1862; Gold and its
Separation from (^ther Minerals. 1886, Trans, \. S.
Inst. Nat. Sc, Vol. 1, Part I, Page 54.
/A<<r.so/K - -Metamorphic ^nd Metalliferous Rocks of the Atlantic
Coast of Nova Scotia, 1850, in the Journal of the
(Jeological Society of London, Vol. VI., Pp. 347-864 :
On the Rect-nt Discoveries of Gold in Nova Scotia,
18()1, in the Canadian Naturalist, Vol. VI, Page 417 ;
M
The Gold Fields of Nova Scotia.
Acadian Geology, 1855, Second Edition, 18G8, and
Supplement, 1878.
Marsh. — The Gold of Nova Scotia, 18(jl, Anier, Journal of
Science and Arts, Vol. XXXII.
Honeyman. — Geology of the CJold Fields of Nova Scotia, 18(52,
Quarterly Jour. Geol. Soc, Vol. XVIII, Pago
842: Report on Gay's River Gold Fiekls, 1866,
Trans. N. S. Inst, of Nat. Sc , Vol. II, Part I, Page
76 ; Micro-Polariscopic Investigation of the Cr^'s-
taline Rocks of the Gold Bearing Series of Yar-
mouth, N. S., 1882, ditto, Vol VI., Pag^-' 7;
Geology of Halifax and Colchester Counties, 1883,
ditto, Page 52. Other Notes by the same author
are scattered through the Trans. N. S. Inst, of
Nat. Sc.
Annual Reports of the Department of Mines of Nova Scotia,
1862-1886.
Ponle. — Report on the Western Gold District of Nova Scotia,
1S61.
Campbell. — Nova Scotia (iold Fields, with section, 1868: Re-
port on the Chebucto (iold JVIining Co. of Waverly
Gold District, 1864; Report on the Indian Path
Gold Mine of Lunenburg Disti'ict, with plan, 1869.
Sillimaii. — A i-eport on the New York and Nova Scotia Gold
Mining Company of Tangier District, with plan ;
Report on the Atlantic (jlold Mining Co., also of Tan-
gier District, with ])lan : Repoi-t on the Oldham and
Boston (iold Mining Co. of Iddham District ; the
three printed se])arately in 18()4, with a general
introduction on the Gold Region of Xova Scotia:
Barrel Quartz of Ncna Scotia, 18(i4, Silliman's
Journal, Second Series, V^ol. XXX VIII, Page 104.
Rcfareiii'i's,
3D
and
111 of
:8()6,
Kc-
//»oy/.- (Jold ui Nova Scotia of IVt'-CarboniferonH aut', IS(j4,
Can. Nat., New Series, Vol. 1, Pa^rc 451).
Pri'leij.-~Vjo\*\ Mine.sand (iold Mininj-in Nova Scotia, 1865, Can.
Nat.. New Serie.s, Vol. II, I'nov |!)8.
lirlt. —The (Jiacial Period in North America, ((Jold in tlie Drift
of Nova Scotia), 18G(). Tran.s. N. S. Inst, of Nat. Science,
Vol. T, Part III, Pa},^e 91.
HdinUton.—'Vhe Auriferous Deposits of Nova Scotia, 1886,
Trans, of N. S. Jnst. Natural Sc, Vol. J, Page 48.
//<'/?/.- -({old lie<>;ion of Novu Scotia, 1868, Report of Geologi-
cal Siu'vey of C-anada : On the (ieology of Eastern New
England and N. S., 1870, Anier. Jour. Sc. (2), L, Pages
87 and \'Mi.
Jicll, lidrncn Report on tlu; Eur<'l<a (lold Mining Company,
(tad with a plan of the Wine Harbor (iold District,
Hcdf/ieringtoit. 1868.
Hiidl. — Report on the Waverly (Jold District, with Maps and
Secticais, 1869: Report on the Eureka Cold Mining
Co., of Wine Harbor, 1869 : Nova Scotia (Jold Districts,
18(59, Tran.^. N. S. Inst, of Nat. Sc, Vol. II, Part III,
Pago 102: Report on the Sherbrooke Gold District,
with Maps and Sections, together with Papers on the
(Jneis.ses of Nova Scotia, and on (Jold Mining in Nova
Scotia, printed in a pamphlet in 1870, and given in
abstracL in the Journal (Jeol. Soc. of London, Vol. XXVI,
Pages 468-479 : Preliminary Report on the Gneissic
Series Underlying the Gold-bearing Rocks of Nova
Scotia, 1870: Report on the Strawberry Hill, Burling-
ton an I Mooseland Mines of Tangier District, 1870;
(Jold Mining and its Prospects in Nova Scotia, embody-
ing results of (Jeological Surveys of the Districts of
40
The ({old Firlds of Nova Scotia.
Wav 11 1(1 Slioi-hrooko, l(S7(): Report on Mount l^ni-
acke, ( liaii mkI Kt'iit'rcvv Miiiinjjj DiHtricts, with IMaiis
and SeotiouH, L*^:'' : : Report on the Indian Path (Johl
Mine of Lunenburo- District, lH7'i.
-ffom— Report, 1801 : Miii('rah);>-y of Nova Scotia, 1800.
Selwijn. — Notes and Observations on the Uold Fields of (Quebec
aiid I*fova Scotia: Re[)ort (jf (}eolo*rical Sm'vey of
Canada, 1870 187 I, Paoe 252.
//eothrrimffon. — Practical (Jnide to the Gold Mines of Nova
Scotia, i8()f> : .Minin<;- Industries of Nova Sco-
tia, 1874.
Descriptive Catalogues of Economic Minerals of Canada, 187(i,
Pages 48, 44 : 1 880, Pajres 08 05.
Giljdi). — Mines and Mineral Lands of Nova Scotia, 1880: The
Gold Fields of Nova Scotia, with a Map, 1882, Trans.
North of Enp;lanfl Inst, of Minino- Enu'ineers : The
Nova Scotia (»old Mines, with a Map, 1880, Trans, of
the American Institute of Mining Engineer.s.
H. S. Poole. — Report of Department of Mines, X. S., 1872
1878; Jour, of Geology Soc. of London, Vol.
XXVr, Pages 807-818.
y '
)^>.S^M^M^^^P^.^P^^-6M^-^.&^y-±;$^!'^^^^^^^
I
MARITIME
EXPLOSIVES
CO., Ltd.
HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA.
M/VNUFACTURERS
AND DEALERS IN
"11^"'^^ POWDER
BLASTINfl rVTTLfUIV
I
I
Electric Blasting Apparatus,
Platinum, Fuses,
Blasting Machines,
Leading and Connecting Wire,
Detonators, &c.
H. H. FULLER & CO.
AGENTS.
i§^'?ifL^'??ri5^'^^fi^'??fi^^M^'^ri?^'??r^^^^^^^^^
11
f<4
)■'->')
ii.
m
?^'
s"^yi;
^'^y'\
?)^<>
Hi
{•■^yj!
H4.
PS)
GOLD
MINERS
The Brookfield Mining Co,
LIMITED.
North Brookfield, Queens Co , N. S.
ARE PREPARED TO TREAT
AT VERY LOW RATES...
(IN LARGE OR SM^LL LOTS)
BY THE
GHLORINATION PROCESS
U^" Concentrates bought on Assays.
Assays made for Gold and Silver.
CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED.
1
P}h
m
\M.
Wi
5^>r4
-#:
^^
M
j-*^^^^
4^'^^^^
(1/
(1/
(1/
e.EruM&cii.
1\
HALIFAX
MAKE A SPECIALTY OF
WE CARRY A FULL STOCK OF
BATTKRY SC^iKKNS.
BABBIT METALS,
(H)PPER PLATES,
FrSE. FILES,
(JOLl) PANS. HOSE.
LACE LEATHER,
BLASTIXC; BAT'IM^RIES,
BELTI\(}, BELLOWS,
TAXDLES, CRrCIBLES.
DRILL STEEL FORCJES,
H A M M ERS, LANTERNS,
H()LST1N(} ROPE,
NAILS, OILS, Pr.MPS, IRON PIPE, PACKING,
PIPE TOOLS. PICKS, SHOVELS, WASTE,
QCiCKSILVER, TAPS and DIES, ".
WRENCHES, WHEELBARROW^,! &c.
ALL ORDERS SHIPPED PROMPTLY.
1\
•igM//////////////////////////'P.0r/////////////////////////////////////-
\
WM. STAIRS, SON
& MORROW. Ltd.
LOWFR WATER STREET. HALIFAX, N. S. I
WHOLESALE D£ALEF?S
IN ALL KINDS OF
I
AND
MECHANICS' SOPPUE$
CAST .\NM) MALL.VHLK FITTINdS.
IRON PIPiv HKASS AND IRON VALVKS,
PA('KiN(Js, i!Ki;riX(;s, v\\\\\ brick,
MACJNOIJA .\.Ni) BABBIT .MKTALS,
PORTLAND CK.MKNT am. CLAY.
I
I
I
I
I
Allan Whytes Co. Steel Wire,
Haulage & Hoisting Ropes.
I
I SHELF AND HEAVY HARDWARE, I
I BOILER PLATES AND TUBES. |
■//////////////////////////^^^^
I
I
I
I
I
I
V
I
I
TANDEM COMPOUND
JENCKES-CORLISS ENUINE.
POWER
PLANTS
|)|-sI(;ni;i), i«rn;r,
,\NI» INSTAI,m:|» I'OK
Minin]!; & Manufacturing
PURPOSES.
Corliss, Variable Cut-off and Plain Slide Valve Engines,
Boilers, Feed Pumps, Heaters, Condensers, &c.
WRITE FOR PRICES.
Our New
1900 Edition
WatcrWIieel
Catalogue
is in press.
S(.".(l us yoiiv
iiiiiiic for 11
copy t(i )k'
scut you
wlicii issucil.
^SMm.
Water
Powers
examined
and
reported on.
i'liins iiiid
cslliniitcs
>UlllMitlC(l
fill' liot
ilc\('l<i|iiiicnt
1)1' water
imwci'
iivalhil>lc.
THE CROCKER IMPROVED TURBINE.
Sizes r.s to 60 inches— supjilied for Xerlical or Horizontal Settings.
Mining & Milling
Machinery.
. Complete Plants Supplied.
/ Modern desijjns, and fully in
acccord with latest improved
THE FRUE VANNER.
SPECIAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT BUILT TO ORDER.
nt, SEND FOR CIRCULARS AND PRICES.
The JENCKES MACHINE CO,
56 LANSDOWNE ST.,
SHERBROOKE, QUE.
BRANCH OFFICES :
Halifax, Montreal, Toronto,
Rat I'ortage, (^nt.
Nelson. Rossland,
and Greenwood, B. C.
flIR COMPRESSORS i^ ROCK DRILLS
MANUFACTURED BY
THE CANADIAN RAND DRILL CO.
SKERBROOKE, QUE. Halifax Office, 196 Hollis St.
TELEPHONE 1257.
Cross-Compound Corliss Compressor. Duplex (Meyer Valve) Compressor.
St»"aigfht-Lme Steam-Driven
Compressor.
Compound Bilt-Driven Compressor.
Little Giant Rock Drill, with Tripod.
Little Giant Ro:k Drill,
with Stoping: Bar*
RILLS
L CO.
ollis St.
compressor.
Compressor.
t
^
Drill,
Tnro Foundry I Macliiiie Co.
IRURO, N S.
U
OLD
Maclii&erf
with
Latesi
Improvements
Sjtcciiil
Mixture
SHOES & DIES
svitii Hm!
Kecoi'f!
ill the
wor'n
WUTTI-:
OR
CALL
ON L'S.
PULLEY SIZES up to 12 feet Diameter.
FRANCIS H. MASON. F. C. S.
WILLIAM n. ASK WITH, 11 Sr.
MASON & ASKWITH,
MINING AND
METALLURGICAL
ENGINEERS,
ASSAYERS, &c.
Report upon, and undertake the Management
of Nova Scotia Mines.
GOLD ORES AND CONCENTRATES TESTED BY
AMALQAIVIATION,
CHROLINATION
AND CYANIDE.
Metall urgical P rocesses Investigated
and Plants Designea .
Mines Surveyed and Plans kept up to date.
QUEEN BUILDINGS.
HALIFAX. NOVA SCOTIA.
I
nent
lY
ate.
riA.
6
hJ P
1
■*"^;*5.
■1