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CANADA
NATIONAL LIBRARY
BIBLIOTHte)UE NATIONALE
mog
oved
Eng.
ts.
)lleo.
r the
and
AnElc
aS
Fr<
Ibfa
A Juv
tioi
Fr<
En J
Juvenile French Course, first year. New and
revised edition. Price, 1 5o.
Juvenile French Course, second year. New
and revised edition. Price, 15o.
Lectures Choisies pour la Jeunesse ; Contonant
une foa)^ d' Anecdotes amusantea, d'Historiettes, de
Contes ot de Fables, etc., aveo an Diotionnaire des
mots Franyais, traduits en Anglais.
I
School Boohs Published hy Davoson Bros.
By dr. DAWSON, F.R.S., F.G.S., &o.
Principal of the University of McGiU College.
A Hand-Book of Zoology; With examples from
Cunudian Species, licceot and Fossil. Part 1, Inver-
tebrata. Price, SI. 25.
This Hand-Book is neatly printed, and profusely illustrated
Dy nearly 300 wood-engravings. Prepared by tho author for
use in his own clasnes, it is peculiarly adapted as a text book
for Canadian Schools, as the subjects selected for illustration
have been chosen from the animals found in the wocds and
waters of tho Country, or from the leading species of its fossil
remains. The advantage and importance of this will be recog-
iU2tid by all teachers who have taught this branch of science.
By henry H. miles, M.A., LL.D.,
Secretary ta-the Ikpartment of Public Instruction for tTie
Province of Quebec,
The School History of Canada; Prepared for
use in the Elementary and Model Schools, withinany Wood
Engravings, a Map of New France and New England, and
a Map of tho Operations at the siege of Quebec in 1 759, with
Appendices, giving an outline of the Constitution of the
Dominior^ of Canada, a Table of Chronology and Questioug
for Examination. Price, 60 cents.
The Child's History of Canada; Prepared for
the use of Elementary Schools, and of the Young Reader,
with Maps and Illustrations. Price, 30 cents.
Histoire du Canada pour les Enfants ; ^ Tusap^e
des Ecoles El^mentaires— Traduit do 1 Edition Anglaise,
par L. De-visme, B.A., de I'Univeislt^ de France. Price,
25 cents.
The History of Canada under the French Re-
gime, 1535 — 1763. This volume is recommended as a
Reading Book in the higher Academies. It is a volume of
635 pages, Ai. ) is illustrated by Many Maps and Plans. An
Appendix is given containing Notes and Documents cxplan«
atory of the Text. Price, $2.
This series of Histories has been approved by the Council of
Public Instruction for use in the English and French Schools.
m
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^^^u<r
<^'^
V.
^
7^/
A COMPLETE MANUAL
or
SPELLING
ON THE PRINCIPLES OF
CONTRAST AND COMPARISON
WITH
BY
J. D. MORELL, LL.D..
H.M. INSPECTOR OF SCHOOLS.
CANADIAN COPYRIGHT EDITION,
MONTREAL :
DAWSON BROTHERS.
1876.
Vk
I9G4
Entered aooordimr to Aot of Parliament of Chnada. in tlie ywv ISHL
by Oassill, Pmu k OALPor, in the Offloe of the lUni^S
Agrioultnie. - ^
J
PREFACE.
An examination of the English language, and a glance
at the lists of rejected candidates in the Civil Service
and other examinations, lead to several very important
conclusions.
It appears that, out of 1,972 failures in the Civil
Service examinations, 1,866 candidates were plucked for
spelling. That is, eighteen out of every nineteen who
failed, failed in spelling.
Again, it is certain that the ear is no guide in the
spelling of English, but rather the reverse ; and that it
is almost necessary to form a personal acquaintance with
each individual word. It would, in fact, require a study
of Latin, French, and Anglo-Saxon to enable a person
to spell with faultless accuracy. But this, in most cases,
is impossible. Much reading and a good deal of
writing, copying, or, better still, \vriting from dictation,
are the true means.
There are three main difficulties in spelling English :
(a) The writing down of the vowel sound is
utterly uncertain and arbitrary ;
{^) The number of anomalies— such as *' silent"
letters, &c. — is very great ; and
(<:) The terminations— such as anf and r^, ai&
and id/e, er and <7r— are a constant puzzle,
n the present Manual these difficulties have been.
hr
PMBFACM,
as far as possible, met The amount of practice givrn
to the pupil on these main difficulties is mucii greater
than can be found in any other book on the subject.
Special attention is called to Chapter XXI., in wl)ich,
for the first time, a classification has been attempted of
all those endings which, as their sounds are nearly the
same, most usually trip up the young writer.
Every other practical element necessary or usual in
such books is also to be found here ; and an honest
attempt has been made to produce a complete book oo
the suliiect
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
trap
strap
stamp
cramp
CHAPTER I.
A.
1. The short sound of A is generally represented by
A alone.
pant slack has thrash
plant sank mash flax
sad gang smash snatch
add as Alps scratch
KemarkabU cases : plAid ; bade.
2. The long sound of a is represented to the eye in
nine dificrent ways. Of these the most usual is an a in
the middle of the word, and an e at the end.
A — E
{tsr In these words tlic a has the sound of its name.)
ale snare sii.ave bathe case
flame ape fate age scarce
scale safe waste wage blaze
shame save fade strange glaze
Dictation Exercise. — i. Was he standing on the
sands when you met him ? 2. The ant ran up to the
plant. 3. The ape snatched at the thatch. 4. There
are no crabs in the lake. We went to bathe in the lake,
6. The babe is safe from the flame.
xiic uciuc la saic iruiii uic uuiiic.
3. Another very usual symbol for a long a (ft)
AI
is—
ail
hail
mail
fail
aim
maim
claim
pain
strain
air
AI
hair
aid
quaint
saint
tamt
faith
waist
raise
praise
baize
plaice
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPHi ISli.
4. Another symbol for long a (u) is ay ; and this is
generally found at the end of the word.
hay clay bray day
jay may tray tlray
lay ray stray gay
In a few words we have ey.
they ley whey
prey hey ! obey
5. There are a few others — such as ei (generally with
a silent gh), ea, and even au and ao !
gray
abiray
[obEisance]
EI
weigh
eight
weight
veil
vein
skein
their
reindeer
heir
rein
EA
great
break
steak
bear
AU
gauge
AO
gaol
Dictation Exercise 2. — i. The freight will be too
great a weight for the ship ; it may, perhaps, strain it. 2.
They praised the baize. 3. The Dane did not deign
to reign with the Turk for a neighbour. 4. His subjects
might need a tight rein, and perhaps a gaol. 5. Did
you hear the dray-horse neigh ? 6. The air on the high
plain is keen. 7. They lost their way, and had to break
through a hedge just where the railway with the narrow
jauge crosses the road.
6. The middle sound of a (as in path), sometimes
called the Italian sound, is represented either by —
A
AU
EA
E
harp
ass
aunt
heart
clerk
grasp
grass
haunt
hearth
Derby
calf
chance
laugli
Berkshire
half
dance
launch
(or Berks)
scarf
prance
haunch
Berkeley
carve
blanch
draught
UA
guard
sergeant
Serjeant
(The R has a stn
ang influence
n the precedinj
I vowel.)
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLWG. 7
Dictation Exercisb 3.— i. The guard heard the
dog bark as he sat on his haunches. 2 My aunt laughed
at the story ot the old Berkshire sergeant. 3. The clertc
kept his heart up; but it was dreary to think of his
empty hearth. 4. The call came from Derby.
7. The broad sound of a (as in call) is represented
by the symbols —
ow AW o OA and ouch,
mown caw Cbscrve I broad brought
i thought
fought
sought
nought
A
all
almost
also
fall
false
chalk
talk
walk
AU
caught
taught
daub
sauce
cause
pause
gauze
AW
caw
jaw
law
claw
squaw
brawl
yawl
Cbscrve ,
th«-iffect|
ot the r. ,
broth I
orphan!
tord I
s( orch
fork
stork
Remarkab! 'ases : awe, George.
Dictation Exercise 4. — i. The claw of the falcon
caught in the gauze. 2. They brought the poor orphan
some broth and a quart of beer. 3. We were all caught
in the storm. 4. The broad-built yawl sailed away at
the first streak of dawn. 5. George listened to the .storm
with awe, and thought that many a sail was caught m it
CHAPTER II.
E. ' ,
1. A SHORT E (^) is represented in our language by
eleven symbols. The two most usual are —
E
sent
leg
yes
scent
beg
else
went
egg
sense
shelve
bench
fence
twelve
trench
hence
bless
sketch
wreck
ledge
fledge
sledge
dredge
hedge
COMFLLTE MAS UAL OF SFELLINC,
EA
threat
dealt
■ reath
pleasant
sweat
cleanse
breadth
treasure
breast
meant
stealth
threat
dead
steady
wealth
threaten
lead
breaktast
health
heather
realm
deati
Dictation Exercise 5. — i. The dead eagle lay
on the deck. 2. Spread out the papers on the desk.
3. Is breakfast not yet ready? 4. He meant to have
the pleasure of crossing the heath with you ; but the
heather was very wet. 5. He dealt the fence a heavy
blow on the ledge. 6. She will be vexed if we do not
cleanse the shelf.
2. Other ways of writing a short e (g) are —
ET
IE
AI
EO
A
heifer
friend
said
leopard
any
leisure
befriend
saith
jeopardy
many
Remarkable cases : Ate ; MichAElrnas ; SAys ; bury. ••
Dictation I'^xercise 6. — i. A friend, he said, will
stand by me in jeopardy. 2. But there are not many
such. 3. Fetch in the heifer, if you have leisure.
4. The leopard jumped over the trench. 5. The seam-
stress works too hard ; her life is in jeopardy. 6. She
was buried last Miciiaelmas.
3. A long E (e) is represented to the eye in seven
ways. Of these the most usual are —
E— E
EE and by both.
mete
glebe
theme
supreme
secrete
complete
been
green
beer
breeze
freeze
sneeze
eve
here
cede
recede
heed
teeth
squeeze
wheeze
mere
precede
cheese
Dictation Exercise 7. — i. The beet planted in the
glebe will be given to the deer in the park. 2. It is
sweet to sit at eve by the side of a river. 3. Need he
cede the beer and cheese to the austere farmer? 4. Sweep
away the branches off the green. 5. It freezes hard, and
these workmen sneeze. 6. I do not heed a word he says.
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING. g
4. A long E (e) is also represented by the symbols —
£A
tea
ear
hear
leave
weave
heave
eat
meat
east
feast
lead
beard
sheath
wreath
heath
each
beaeh
peach
reach
EA — E
lease
cease
peace
please
tease
grease
leave
lea [rue
breathe
wreathe
IE
brief
chief
lief
thief
grief
priest
mien
field
shield
yield
pier
thieve
grieve
siege
EI
ceiling
seize
conceit
deceit
receipt
conceive
perceive
receive
deceive
either
neither
weird
Remarkable cases: (French) ravine, machine, marine,
pEople; (Greek) iCther, phcEnix; (English) key, quay.
Dictation Exercise 8. — i. The thief was in league
with other people. 2. The lease fell in last year. 3. I
am in receipt of a letter from your niece. 4. When will
war cease and peace come back ? 5. I lost my key on
the edge of the quay. 6. The marine handed the letter
to hi.- chief on the pier. 7. Hand him a piece, please.
8. The grief of the priest on leaving his house and glebe
was extreme. 9. He had to yield up his field also.
CHAPTER III.
1. There are in all twelve ways of writing a short I (().
Of these the most usual is —
I
pinch a^—
flinch pitch
zinc ditch
stitch
which switch
IS
his
miss
hiss
bliss
inch
Even I — e is found
live
give
restive
motive
Peculiar eases : rinsE, glimpsi.
ft
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
Dictation Exercise 9. — i. His aunt does not live
there. 2. The horse is very restive ; he pitched his rider
into the ditch. 3. What is his motive for buying so
much zinc ? 4. Ciive me that switcn.
2. Other methods of writing a short i (i) are —
EI
AI
UI
FV
surfeit
bargain
guilt
honey
forfeit
chaplain
bu.ld
money
counterfeit
captain
built
monkey
foreign
certain
guild
donkey
foreigner
mo.iiitain
biscuit
covey
fountain
roguish
alley
moautaineer
valley
abbey
A — E lA
cabbage
village suffrage cartilage
carriage
damage
usage beverage e — e
marriage
visage
courage personage sacrilege
miniature
tillage
umbrage parsona:
^e privilege
parliament
Peadiar cases : sieve; mischief; brEEches ; prEtty;
women (spelt by Chaucer, wimmen) ; busy ; business.
Dictation Exercise 10. — i. The captain made a
bad bargain with the foreigner. 2. Did you see the
parsonage in the valley ? 3. The marriage is broken off.
4. He sang on the guitar the song " Sally in our Alley."
5. We came on a covey of partridges not far from the
village. 6. The guild of masons had a hall built near
the abbey.
3. There are ten ways of representing a long i (i), of
which the most usual are —
I — E
IE and IGH
mile
pipe
try
die
high
stile
bribe
>vry
fie
nigh
time
tribe
cry
lie
sigh
crime
fife
fry
pie
thigh
blithe
knife
tie
tithe
wife
dye
vie
writhe
live
hie
dine
five
type
flies
wine
dive
style
•
whine
hive
lyre
mire
*
. , •
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
ft
Dictation Exercise ii. — i. It is high time to tie
up the horse and go and dine. 2. Let us try to play on
the lyre. 3. 1 want a better die for the seal ; file a little
off it. 4. He has with him five Hve fish. 5. The rye-
field is nearly a mile long. 6. Try and dye the cloth
a deep red.
4. The other ways of writing down a long i (i)
are —
UY
buy guy
ui and I alone,
guide disguise pint bind rind
guile beguile mild kind blind
guise child find grind
wild mind wind*
eye; aye; eider; height; aisle.
Dictation Exercise 12.— i. The miller did not grind
a pint of rye. 2. His eye lighted on the child in the
aisle. 3. The muff was of eider-down. 4. I will cross
the heath under his guidance. 5. The man in disguise
put us to flight. 6. Jt is a great delight to sit in sight of
the bright sparkling sea.
5. The words in ight seem to have a middle i, neither
long nor short :
bright knight delight
flight slight sprightly
fright Wright Brighton
misguide guidance
Peculiar cases
fight
tight
might
night
right
sight
light
blight
• The verb. But Dr. Johnson pronounced the noun also long, and
used to say : "I can ftnd it in my mind to call it wind ; but I cannot
find it my mind to call it wind."
i
X9
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING,
doU
wrong
notch
loll
dock
blotch
hot
knock
moss
odd
CHAPTER IV.
0.
t. The most usual and almost the only way of repre
senting a short o (6) is by
Sometimes there is
o alone a final e
dodge bronze
lodge copse
solve
2. The difficulty of combining the sound of the w or
qu with the sound of the a gives to the a a short o sound.
A.nd thus we have o represented by a : —
what wand wash swab
swan watch wasp squad
swamp was waltz squash
want war wad quarrel
Peculiar are: Uurel ; knowledge.
Dictation Exercise 13. — i. Was the watch not at
the lodge when you called? 2. The swan lodged in
the swamp. 3. There is no want of wadding. 4. The
gamekeeper knocked a pheasant over in the copse. 5.
The quarrel went on too long ; no one seemed able to
end it or to solve the problem. 6. A wasp in a waltz
were an odd sight.
3. There are nine ways of representing to the eye the
long o (0). The most usual are —
o — E and OA
globe
wove
coal
boat
oats
clothe
throve
moan
goad
cloak
grove
strove
soap
oath
soak
loaf
loathe
oaf
Dictation Exercise 14. — i. Bring the boat home
as fast as you can. 2. Pull it up on the shore out of
the foam. 3. I hope the man who stole the coal has
been caught. 4. The oats in the home-field throve and
brought a large crop. 5. The dog is moaning; give
him a bone. 6. Soak the oats before you give them to
tlie pony.
COMl'LETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
13
4. Other ways are-
ow
low
know
growth
show
bowl
own
grown
ou
moult
mould
soul
thou.^h
althouLih
dough
OE
doe
foe
hoe
roe
toe
woe
sloe
and even
o alone
most
post
ghost
folk
yolk
roll
stroll
owe
Peculiar cases are: sew, sEwn ; yeoman, yeomanry
hautboy ; beau, bureau, flanVjoau ; mauve.
Dictation Exercise 15. — i. I did not know the bowl
was broken. 2. The growth of the sloe-tree is very
slow. 3. Though you owe the old folk both the hoe and
the mould, you must wait till the quarrel is blown over.
4. " I fear no foe with thee at hand to bless ; ills have
no pain and tears no bitterness." 5. I was loth to lose
the gold.
CHAPTER
. V.
U.
I. A short u (G) is represented to the
fferent symbols. The most usual are —
eye by eleven
u
— e ou
and Eo
but
butt
us
fuss
buzz
brush
ton
son
won
front
month
monk
done
none
come
some
love
dove
rough
tough
touch
young
scourge
surgeon
sturgeon
bludgeon
dungeon
luncheon
truncheon
judge
nudge
drudge
nurse
00
blood
flood
glove
sponge
worse
once
pigeon
widgeon
purse
fiirze
a
tongue
ii
#4' COMPLETE MANUAL OF UPLLLISG.
Dictation Exercise i6. — Come ! be done with this
fuss. 2. The judge comes here once a month. 3. The
pigeon rose out of the furze. 4. The blood of the
French has run in floods ; and both French and Germans
have felt the scourge of war. 5. The young surgeon
came in to luncheon. 6. The monk stood in front of
the trough.
2. Short ii is also
represented by 10 in the endings
ION siON and
TION
lA in ciAN by ou in
billion
passion
ration
logician
the ending
million
version
nation
magician
ous
pillion
vision
station
physician
hideous
trillion
mission
action
optician
piteous
minion
profession
mention
musician
righteous
pinion
discussion
fiction
plenteous
incursion
junction
bounteous
pigeon
fashion
caution
courteous
Dictation Exercise 17. — i. His version of the
vision was a fiction. 2. The musician fell into a passion.
3. The discussion went on in a most courteous fashion.
4. The poor pensioner made no mention of the lotion
which the physician gave him. 5. Long ago, it was the
fashion for the lady to ride behind the gentleman on a
pillion. 6. The pigeon flew above the station and alighted
on the signal-post at the junction.
3. The disturbing force of the letter r gives e, i, o,
and ea the sound of short u (ii) ; and thus we have it
represented by i, e, ea, and even o.
I
E and BA
birth
shirt
earth
word
world
mirth
sir
berth
worm
worse
bird
stir
murder
work
worst
third
whirr
murderer
worth
sailor
girth
irk
invader
birch
chirp
gardener
traveller
Peculiar cases are: mvrrh; ocEAn; porpoise; tor-
toise ; doEs.
#:^
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING. 1$
IifCTATiON Exercise i8. — i. Does the sailor wish to
catch the tortoise? 2. The gardener worked hard to
turn up all the earth in that bed. 3. The traveller made
a great stir about the porpoise. 4. That is the third bird
I heard whirr through the wood. 5. I have lost all I am
worth in the world. 6. The robber said to the traveller:
"Stir not a step, sir ! or I'll murder you !"
4. The middle
different symbols :
sound of u is represented by five
u
full
put
puss
push
bush
00
good
stood
look
loose
goose
ou
would
could
should
UE
construe
and <>
wolf
Dictation Exercise 19. — i. Puss has got loose,
a:^d has run into the wood after the goose. 2. Would
you be so kind as to shoot the wolf? He is lying in that
bush. 3. Could he construe the tough passage in the third
book ? 4. He took the rook and pulled his neck.
5. The long sound of u (u) is represented to the eye
in nine different ways. Of these the most usual are —
u — E
rude
rule
brute
flute
00
coo
too
cool
school
moon
smooth
OU
you
youth
soup
uncouth
o — E
move
prove
approve
whose
lose
00 — E
groove
choose
soothe
and UE
blue
flue
glue
true
rue
Dictation Exercise 20. — i. Even the
at the sound of the flute, which soothed his
2. Sweep the school quite clean with the
3. The uncouth youth, whose soup was spilt
dress, swooned and became quite blue. 4.
him out into the cool air, and unloosened
5. Is it true that you took your flute with
brute melted
ruder mood,
new broom,
on the lady's
We brought
his neck- tie.
you on youi
B
'It COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
tour ? 6. The lawn is very smooth ; let us lose no time;
but move off the roller and begin the game.
6. The other ways ot representing a long u (u) are
not so common. They are —
KW
blew
flew
new
yew
view
ewe
UI
suit
fruit
recruit
OE
shoe
canoe
EC
galleon
do
to
two
and OUGU
tlirough
sluice
cruise
bruise
Dictation Exercise 21. — i. The two new recruit£
lost their shoes, 2. 'I'iie water rushed through the sluice.
3. The wind blew down ail the fruit. 4. Is the ewe still
in view near the yew? 5. Do you, too, see the galleon
through the glass ? 6. 'Fhe friendly Jew went a cruise
with us through the China seas.
Test Kxerolse on Ions A.
ALL SYMBOLS MIXED.
fpale ( they
(ail ( tray
/sway ( tale
(weigh \ tail
fswear ( feign
(whey \ fain
/faint i prey
(feint } pray
(steak { great
I stake (grate
/skein ( their
(heir } heinous
(obey
( obeisance
nay
neigh
\ break
brake
maid
made
reign
( veil
gaol
gau_,e
I
Dictation Exercise 22. — i. He feigned to faint
a. The skein was flung into the grate. 3. They lost the
yeil near the gaol. 4. Did the butcher weigh the beef-
steak? 5. The maid made the tray fall in the whej.
6. He looks pale ; does he not ?
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
Teat KzMroise on broad A.
ALL SYMBOLS MIXED.
false
gauze
chalk
quart
laurel
yawn
cord
war
falcon
broth
nought
stork
squaw
daub
sauce
brawl
fraud
fought
storm
fault
swarm
thwart
sought
orphan
Dictation Exe.'^cise 23. — i. The squaw fought for
the broth, but gave the sauce to the orphan. 2. The
stork was at war with the falcon. 3. The laurel was
torn up by the storm. 4. A swarm of bees alighted on
the quart pot. 5. He sought for a cord and a lump of
chalk. 6. It was not my fault that all your plans were
thwarted.
Test ExeroUe ou short K.
ALL SYMBOLS MIXED.
sent
seamstress
shelf
weather
scent
any
shelve
Michaelmas
thi-eat
ate
meadow
sketch
heifer
strength
befriend
waistcoat
friend
realm
saith
jeopardy
leopard
leisure
wreck
bury
Dictation Exercise 24. — i. My friend never has
any leisure to sketch. 2. The weather was very severe
at Michaelmas, and there were many wrecks along the
coast. 3. Let us bury all old differences, and go ta
work with new strength. 4. The heifer fed in the
meadow. 5. In all the realm is no such friend as he.
6. The seamstress said nothing, but put the scent on the-
shelf.
Test Exorcise on long &
ALL SYMBOLS MIXED.
glebe
eke
yield
impede
breeze
beet
receipt
yeast
extreme
beat
preach
key
ceiling
theme
adhere
quay
peace
squeeze
wheeze
breathe
beach
conceit
quay
sweep
niece
ravine
mere
austere
weird
league
either
aether
cede
precede
people
piece.
(I
i8
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
• Dictation Exercise 25. — i. The breeze beat upon
the beach, and came sweeping round the quay. 2. The
enemy yielded and peace was made. 3. We must cede
more than a league of land. 4. The preacher is ex-
tremely conceited and austere. 5. Either he or I must
proceed to write the theme. 6. He is wheezy and finds
it hard to breathe.
TMt XxerolM on abort I.
ALL SYMBOLS MIXED.
bliss
rinse mountaineer
surfeit .
which alley
carriage
counterfeit switch
honey
miniature conclusive
restive
busy courage
cabbage
business parliament
bargain
conclusive foreign
sieve
glimpse foreigner
zinc
covey pretty
mischief
chaplain commemorative?
monkey
visage biscuit
suggestion
breeches women
Dictation
Exercise 26. — i. The monkey stole the
biscuit out of the sieve. 2. The mountaineer came on a
covey of partridges. 3. She rode home in a pretty car-
riage. 4. Let
us have a glimpse of the mmiature.
5. The honey
was a great bargain at the price. 6. It
needed some courage to walk down the alley.
Test EkerclM on long I.
ALL SYMBOLS MIXED.
vile
buy whine quire
thigh
height tie vie
style
blithe guy blind
disguise
grind beguile guidance
pint
eye tribe aisle
guide
aye type nigh
Test EzorolM on tbo mlddlo I.
fight
knight might bright
Wright
night fright light
sight
delight sprightly Brighton
Dictation Exercise 27. — i. We heard the dog
whine in the aisle, a. Can you guide the blind man up
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING. |0
the height ? 3. I was sitting on the stile when my eye
lighted on the man in disguise ; he looked a terrible guy.
4. Buy me a quire of paper at Brighton. 5. I should
like to write a letter to-night to beguile the time. 6.
Aye aye, my lads," said the captain, blithely.
Teat Ezsrolse on short O.
ALL SYMBOLS MIXED.
4«
flog
dodge
watch
notch
swamp
squad
laurel
what
copse
waltz
prong
wad
knock
lodge
wrong
squash
gi-og
wasp
quarrel
bronze
solve
moss
swan
knowledge
Dictation Exercise 28. — i. We squatted down on
the moss in the copse. 2. He lost all the wadding in
the swamp not far from the lodge. 3. The quarrel was
all wrong. 4. The awkward squad had no knowledge of
drill. 5. The bronze fell and was squashed. 6. The
laurel grew hard by the lodge.
Test Exercise on long O.
ALL SYMBOLS MIXED.
joke
folk
drone
slow
growtn
yeoman
boast
dough
foe
yeomanry
bowl
soak
sew
owe
stroll
hautboy
stole
scroll
Shrewsbury
although
loaf
mould
sloe
beau
Dictation Exercise 29. — i. The thief boasted that
lie stole a loaf. 2. The dough was soaking in the bowl.
3. The growth of the sloe is very slow. 4. The yeoman
plays on the hautboy. 5. The beau strolled into Shrews-
bury, although he owes the folk there a great deal. 6.
His foes boast that the scroll could not be found.
Tzzt "Szzerciuo on short U.
ALL SYMBOLS MIXED.
butt
surgeon
front
billion
pigeon
ocean
missionary
worse
tongue
young
once
luncheon
minion
profession
tortoise
birch
myrrh
touch
courteous
junction
B 2
MM
COMPLSTB MANUAL OF SPELUNG.
TMt BxerelM on aliort U— conKniMA
ALL SYMBOLS MIXED.
berth
physician
murderer
dungeon
birth
bounteous
bury
covetous
drudge
porpoise
widgeon
docs
sponge
traveller
tough
musician
Dictation Exercise 30. — i. Does the surgeon warn
a sponge ? 2. The pigeon flew towards the ocean. 3.
The front part of his berth was knocked away. 4. I
could not touch even a slice of tongue at luncheon.
5. The little baby was buried soon after his birth. 6. The
young man is much worse since he ate the slice of widgeon.
Test Exerolse on middle
ALL SYMBOLS MIXED
puss'
should
woul
stood
rook
wolf
construe
pull
good
bush
hood
could
Test Ezerolse on long U.
ALL SYMBOLS MIXED.
brute
recruit
to
through
flue
swoon
two
canoe
youth
soothe
ewe
bruited
school
flute
smooth
Jew
pew
view
group
uncouth
galleon
shoe
lose
glue
Dictation Exercise 31. — i. Puss chased the goose
through he bush. 2. The recruit looked clumsy and
uncouth, as he tried to pull the two canoes on shore. 3.
The youth fired at a group of rooks, as he was returning
from school. 4. The two recruits sat in the pew. 5.
Should the wolf get loose, he will soon be out of view*
COMPLETE, MANUAL Ut SHELLING*
81
CHAPTER VI.
DIPHTHONGS.
1. A DIPHTHONG is a souiid made by the quick union of
two vowels. It is usually written down by the help of
two vowels , and, lik'.- the vowels, each dipluhong may be
written clown in several ways. Thus oi ai)pears as
OI
Ol — E
or OY (al
t the et
oil
void
hoist
noise
a
word)
broil
av j'd
rroist
poise
boy
cloy
coil
com
point
coy
Troy
soil
jom
voice
hoy
toil
JOUM
quoit
choice
rejc" "
joy
toy
buoy
Dictation Exercise 32. — i The noise of the ad-
vancing tiain maJ^i the boy hurry to the point. 2. The
Jioy was mocretl to the buoy. 3. The soil is hard with
frost ; It will take a good deal of toil to turn it over. 4.
He h.id his choice of the quoits. 5. Her voice was
buried among trees, yet to be come at by the breeze.
2. The diphthong eu may be written down in eleven
different ways. Tiie most common are —
UE
cue
due
hue
sue
ague
value
Tuesday
U — E
mule
plume
tune
tube
duke
use
ui
suit
suitor
lawsuit
nuisance
juice
juicy
and EU
feud
neuter
neutral
Europe
EW
dew
hew
chew
yew
ewer
sinew
view
ewe
Peculiar cases : beauty; beautiful; purlieu; you.
Dictation Exercise 33.— i. T saw the view last
Tuesday. 2 The mule is of no value ; he has the ague,
and cannot chew. 3. The ewe fed on the juicy grass
near the yew. 4. The tube was broken. 5. Half of
Europe was neutral in the feud. 6. The whole suit is a
nuisance ; let us have as few words as possible about iL
' i
•9
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
l!'
: i
III
3. The diphthongal sound of ou is written down
•either as —
ou
thou
pouch
vouch
cloud
wound*
•oust
sprout
drought
wind
ou — E
ounce
pounce
flounce
house
spouse
souse
or as ow
cow down
how gown
cowl town
owl
howl browse
Dictation Exercisb 34. — i. The mouse ran out of
the house, and fell souse into the pond. 2. Not an
ounce of thread is wound upon any of the reels. 3. The
clouds passed over the town, but came down in rain,
when they touched the hills. 4. The cows will browse
>n tlie tresr
low?
1 new-sproutmg
grass. 5. H
ow IS your
Test Exeroiao
on the Dlphtbongs.
broil
nuisance
purlieu
cow
cloy
dupe
plume
suitor
buoy
coin
feud
few
suit
voice
avoid
suitable
chew
juice
sinew
point
quoit
juicy
sailor
coy
rejoice
mouse
howl
due
beauty
ewer
vouch
stew
beautiful
duke
bounce
mule
pounce
ague
value
sue
gout
moist
wound
thou
browse
dew
gown
cowl
lure
drought
tube
rue
lawsuit
cloy
house
noise
ounce
Tuesday
cloud
joint
Dictation Exercise 35. — i. The voices of the
sailors rang through the house. 2. The ewer is very
beautiful ; but it is not suitable for this room. 3. If you
. persist in that lawsuit, you will rue it. 4, " Few, few shall
part where many meet ; the snow shall be their winding-
sheet." 5. The juice of that fruit is somewhat cloying.
6. He carried his point last Tuesday in the House of
Commons.
* Past tense of wtnd.
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
2y
CHAPTER VII.
THE VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS IN DISSYLLABLES.
The different ways of writing down the vowel soundr.
having been fully learned, it will be easy to get up the
following examples of the same phenomena in dissyllables.
They are mixed intentionally, so that the columns may.
also serve as test exercises.
Test Sxerciae on Words of Two or more Syllables Ib»
A souuda.
ALL SYMBOLS MIXED.
)'•
babble
wariness
hartshorn
cabbage
airing
acorn
wakeful
disdainful
breakers
lavish
knavish
caper
daisy
dauntless
paltry
lazy
pavement
awful
haughty
fairy
neighbour
palisade
hearthstone
bargain
falcon
grater
author
awning
scarlet
greater
baby
ungrateful
gaudy
causeway
ragged
razor
hearty
balsam
lamprey
walnut
basin
barrow
sabbath
awful
basket
daughter
dangc^rous
cargo
heinous
falsehood
majority
partridge
Dictation Exercise 36.— i. Her scarlet dress-
looked rather gaudy as she walked along the pavement^
2. My little baby daughter had a basket full of daisies
3. The causeway was choked with wheelbarrows. 4,
They were far from lazy, but danced and capered about
under the awning like fairies. 5. The sailors must be ia.
wariness when they catch sight of the breakers. 6. He-
looked haughty, but no doubt felt paltry.
Test XxerelM on Words of Two or more SylUUes Im
equal
greedy
steady
fieldfare-
belfry
briefly
nephew
cedar
cleanliness
even
beetle
ceiling
wealthy
r";ii
felon
peevish
»4
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
rest »yr«rta
B on Words of
Two or more
Syllables la
K ■oimds.
biscuit
fierceness
cleverly
vellum
wherry
secret
chemist
tenantry
zebra
breathless
nectarine
heifer
feebleness
venturesome
fatigue
leopard
grievance
eastward
pensively
leisure
dreariness
weapon
female
beaver
negress
leisure
many
juarine
yielding
senate
pheasant
restive
Dictation Exercise 37. — i. The ceiling is not very
clean ; the maid must have no leisure till it be rubbed
down. 2. His nephew was very feeble all last night.
3. The senate would not yield a point, on the question of
the steeplechase, to the wealthy peer. 4, A steady and
persevering endeavour will carry you on. 5. The
tenantry were forbidden to touch the pheasants. 6.
Breathless with fatigue, he threw down his weapon.
Test Xxeroiss on Words of Two or mors Syllables la
I sounds.
bygone
sprightly
skilful
cipher
villain
widow
image
by-path
symptom
riddance
mimicry
frightful
pretty
quibble
frigate
Guy Fawkes
«hingle
cygnet
dizziness
tincture
high birth
dyer
brick-kiln
stinginess
sightseeing
quietness
beguile
single
cypress
eyesore
cricket
iron
physic
knighthood
gizzard
irony
wicked
giant
England
eider-duck
syrup
trigger
diet
climate
piecrust
wilderness
ivy
briar
disguise
system
hyphen
spiteful
Dictation Exercise 38. — i. The knight was a man
of high birth. 2. Frightful images of Guy Fawkes are
carried through the streets every fifth of November.
3. There is no disguising the fact that the giant ate too
much piecrust 4. The ruined windmill is an eyesore in
the landscape. 5. When the boy got to the top of the
mainmast of the fi-igate, he felt very dizzy. 6. Eider-
ducks are seldom seen in tlus climate.
COMPLETE MANUAL OP SPELLING.
as
Test Exercise
on Words in
Two or more
Syllables in
O sounds.
blockhead
boulder
slothfulness
broadside
lauiel
yellowness
cobbler
costly
conqueror
office
column
pony
bondage
doleful
comicality
ponies
boa-constrictor
swallow
pompous
boulder
forecast
foeman
solemn
walrus
ghostly
poultice
flambeau
crocus
orchard
knowledge
foreign
orphan
frozen
quarry
sorrowful
noticeable
bloater
window
torrent
nobility
slothful
forehead
glory
orally
yeoman
coffee
poacher
moaning
Dictation Exercise 39. — i. The conqueror could
not have forecast such sorrowful knowledge. 2. II is motive
was glorv out he was slothful and pompous in his style
of commaiul. 3, The ponies picked their steps with
great care among the boulders. 4. Bureau is the French
word for office. 5. The glory of the temple was gone
with its broken columns. 6. The swallows flew about in
the orchard.
Test Exercise on Words
of Two or more
Syllables in
u
sounds.
blubber
brother
wolfish
bluebell
comfort
bugle
approve
birthday
bullet
nuisance
turban
certain
dewlap
sewer
serpent
curtain
plural
kernel
myrtle
canoe
motion
musician
cruiser
worship
irksome
courteous
recruited
pewter
whirring
porpoise
bulrush
moody
furnace
suet
murderer
student
smoothly
Europe
bosom
traveller
courage
cushion
skewer
clergy
fuel
tutor
firkin
ermine
learning
skirmisli
sturdiness
tulip
Dictation Exercise 40. — i. Our tutor was in a bad
humour ; he had risen too early in the morning. 2. The
bugle was a great nuisance on the cniise. 3. The firkin
was carried off on his shoulders by the sturdy porter.
4. Bring more fuel for th" furnace, or the myrtles and
40
COMPLETE MANUAL OP SPELLING.
tulips will wither. 5. The musician drank a pint of
stout from the pewter and felt his strength and courage
recruited. 6. My brother is no sloven, and, as a
student, he has won approval from his tutor.
"7est Sxerolse
on the Dlpbtbongal Sounds in Words of T'
or more
Syllables.
anoint
boisterous
voyage
toilsome
avouch
decoy
prowess
outlaw
feudal
surround
renounce
dowry
announce
rejoice
joyfully
royalist
employ-
trousers
espouse
despoil
dower
beauty
dismount
exploit
buoyant
fowler
destroyer
renown
useful
hueless
devout
moisture
surmount
ague
coinage
envoy
downward
viceroy
household
power
cloister
recoil
tower
announce
Dictation Exercise 41. — i. We walked together in
the cloisters, by the tower, till the bell announced the
hour of dinner. 2. The viceroy gained all the renown
of that exploit. 3. The weather was very boisterous
throughout the voyage. 4. The outlaw found refuge in
a devout and kindly household. 5. The hopes of the
royalists rose buoyant once more, as they caroused
together after their toilsome journey. 6. The envoy
Jliad now power to arrange about the princess's dowry.
CHAPTER VIII.
DOUBLE CONSONANTS.
There are several consonants which have a habit of
-doubling themselves, and these require special attention.
It will generally be found, but not always, that the
.accent strikes the doubled consonant.
BB. — babble, bubble.
DD. — add ; paddock ; haddock.
9F. — baffle, buft"; cuff; doff; fluff; gruff; huff; luflf;
muff; puff; ruff, riff-raff; stuff; tiff, tiffin.
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
»7
CO.— dagger, drugget \ haggard ; muggy ; nugget ; quagga;
stagger, swagger.
LL. — all, alley, allow, alloy ; ball, bell, bellow, bill, bull ;
call, cell, cull ; dally, dell, doll, dull ; ell ; fall, fell,
fill, follow, folly, full ; gall, galley, gill ; hall, hell,
hill, hollow, holly ; ill ; jelly, jolly ; kill, knell ; lull j
mellow, mill, mull ; pall, pill, pillow, pillage. Poll,
. pull; quell, quill; rally, rill; shall, shallow, shelly
tall, tallow, tally, tell, till, toll ; vellum ; will, willow,
wallow.
MM. — grammar ; hammer, hammock ; mummer ; simme^
summer.
NN. — announce, annual; banner; gannet; linnet; manner;^
minnow; winnow.
pp. — dapper; rapper; clapper; stepper; ripple; stipple j
topple.
RR. — arrow ; barrow, burrow ; carry ; err ; furrow ;
harrow, harry, hurry; lurry; marrow, marry,
merry; narrow; purr; quarrel, quarry; >\herry,
whirr.
SS. — assail, assay, assess ; bass, bliss, boss ; cess ; essay ;
foss, fuss ; glass, guess ; hiss ; Jessy ; kiss ; lass,
lasso, less, lesson, loss ; mass, massacre, mess,
message, miss, moss, mussel ; pass, pus3 ; tassel^
toss, tress, tussle; vassal, vessel; wassail; I.'\ssock.
TT. — better ; clatter, cottage ; ditty ; fetter ; gutter 5
letter, litter; matter, mutter; natty.
Dictation Exercise 42. — i. Stop babbling, and add
up the sums as quickly as possible. 2. 'i'he quagga is a
kind of African zebra. 3. They swaggered together down
the alley. 4. I learned grammar all last summer. 5.
The sailor left the hammer in his hammock. 6. We
followed the bull down the 'hill as far as the hollow.
Dictation Exercise 43. — i. The annual picnic was
announced to take place not far from the old quarry.
2. Whirr went the covey of partridges ; when the game-
keeper's gun made a massacre among them. 3. This
letter is for Jessy at the cottage. 4. He cannot carry
the simplest message exactly. 5. Tell Miss Jolly not to
be in a hurry to marry. 6. She wrote an essay about
the assaying of gold.
,
^M
28
COMPLETE MAS UAL OF SPELLING*
CHAPTER IX.
SILENT CONSONANTS.
The desire on the part of the English people to save
ihemselves trouble in pronouncing a word has led to>
their leaving out many letters, which we nevertheless use
in writing the word. The two most remarkable examples
of this are the ^z at the end and the kn at the beginning
of a word. The gh used to be sounded in the throat,
and still is in the North of England and in Scotland;
but it is difficult of pronunciation to ordinary English
people.
I. GH.
burgh
burgher
although
dough
high
nigh
neigh
sigh
thigh
inveigh
weigh
though
through
borough
furlou'^h
neighbour
thorough
plough
slough
straight
eight
height
weight
blight
bright
delight
fight
flight
fright
light
might
night
plight
right
sight
slight
tight
Wright
2. K.
knack
knapsack
knave
knavery
knavish
knead
knee
kneel
knew
knife
knight
knit
knives
knob
knock
aught
caught
fraught
naught
taught
ought
bought
brought
sought
fought
thought
wrought
knoll
knot
know
knowledge
knuckle
sounded in
troublesc
fi,
\K initial and gh were at one time always sounded,
and still are in some parts of Scotland. They were
>iroat— as gutturals — a difllicult and
Aliich is now quite given up.]
3. H.
heir ; • r hour ah
heiress iioiiourable humour Elijah
honest honorary humorous sirrah
honesty hostler humoursome Sarah .
cc
>MPLETE MAN
UAL Of SPELLING. af
3- H—
continued.
Micah
jinoceros
myrrh
isthmus
rhapsody
Rhine
dishabille
Thomas
rhetoric
rhomb
shepherd
Thames
rhetorical
rliubarb
diphthong
aghast
rheum
rhyme
trii)hthong
ghost
rheumatic
rhythm
asthma
gherkin
rheumatism
catarrh
naphtha
c^
wrap
4-
wrest
w.
Wright
wrong
wrought
wreck
wrist
MTUng
wreak
wretched
writ
wry
wreath
wring
write
answer
wrench
wrinkle
writer
sword
wren
wriggle
wrote
towards
wrestle
5
• B-
climb
limb
debt
doubtless
comb
numb
debtor
redoubt
crumb
thumb
indebted
redoulited
dumb
tomb
doubt
subtle
jamb
catacombs
doubtful
subtlety
lamb
hecatomb
6.
Gnostics
J
gnat
G.
sign
consignment
gnaw
deign
assign
design
gnash
feign
assignee
ensign
gnarl
reign
assignment
resign
gnome
foreign
consign
arraign
gnomon
sovereign
consignee
campaign
abscess
7-
scent ,
c.
scissors
victuals
abscind
sceptre
indict
victualler
scene
scimitar
indictment
8.
CH.
drachm
schedule
schism
yacht
9-
GH.
burgh
high
sigh
weigh
although
nigh
thigh
though
dough
neigh
inveigh
through.
t
%
30
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
borough
furlough
neighbour
thorough
plough
slough
straight
tight
height
could
would
should
chaldron
calf
half
halfpenny
behalf
autumn
column
psalm
psalmist
psalmody
psalter
pseudo
pshaw
Psyche
aisle
isle
guess
guest
guard \
guerdon
roguish
roguery
brogue
weight
blight
bright
delight
fight
flight
fright
light
halve
salve
balk
calk
chalk
stalk
walk
talk
condemn
cont-omn
9. GH-
-continued.
might
night
plight
right
si-lu
slight
Wright
aught
10. L.
folk
yolk
psalm
almond
auln
alms
balm
11. N.
hymn
limn
12. p.
corps
raspberry
redemption
impromptu
consumptive
consumption
assumption
island
demesne
14.
prorogue
guaranty
unguarded
guarantee
fugue
vague
plague
presumptive
presumption
presumptuous
contemptible
contemptuous
receipt
ptisan
13- s.
puisne
viscount
u and UE.
colleague
mosque
eclogue
prologue
dialogue
catalogue
epilogue
caught
fraught
naught
taught
ought
bought
brought
sought
calm
palm
palmer
palmy
qualm
salmon
malmsejT
solemn
Ptolemy-
prompt
tempt
empty
symptom
sumptuary-
sumptuous
viscountess
apologue
decalogue
pedagogue
demagogue
synagogue
harangue
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING,
Test EzerolM on Silent Letters.
3J
comb
wretched
catacombs
aghast
rescind
corps
schism
scene
gnome
column
colleague
scissors
subtle
almond
humour
rheumatism
honour
behalf
kneel
guarantee
knapsack
knavery
prorogue
dialogue
should
rhetoric
sovereign
sought
autumn
furlough
thorough
rhyme
psalmody
sceptre
mosque
towards
aisle
doubtless
salve
prompt
wrought
neighbour
answer
condemn
raspberry
resign
viscount
yacht
Dictation Exercise 44. — i. The wretched corps
threw away their knapsacks and took to their heels. 2.
She dropt the scissors in the aisle. 3. Should we take
a trip in the yacht this autumn? 4. The sovereign is
now very old, and will doubtless resign. 5. My roguish
neighbour knelt on the hassock in the middle of the
psalmody. 6. I called on you in behalf of my colleague.
f . !
CHAPTER X.
Almost every letter in the English alphabet has several
functions. The letters c and g have each two — one
hard and the other soft. The letter e is generally, but
not always, put after a c or a g to soften it.
lack
lace
glance
chance
rang
range
dig
dirge
bag
badge
jug
judge
pack
pace
prance
dunce
swing
swinge
fog
forge
bud
budge
leg
ledge
fact
face
uncle
once
spring
springe
lag
large
dog
dodge
rag
rage
rack
race
wick
twice
ting
tinge
bag
barge
log
lodge
stag
stage
recur
receive
trick
trice
lung
lunge
wag
wage
rig
ridge
hug
huge
Dictation Exercise 45. — i. The shooting was at a
very long range, and yet the rifleman rang the bell. 2.
,i !
1J«
COMPLETE MANUAL OP SPELLING
The Stag bounded across the stage. 3. The huge bear
gave the huntsman a fearful hug. 4. The blaze of the
forge looked dark red through the fog. 5. The badge
was taken out of the bag. 'I'hey sang a dirge, while the
gravediggers were digging the grave.
1 '•
■ '\
'i
i|i
I I
I';;
■li'
it
CHAP r i: R X r.
THE W AND R.
The two letters w and r seem to have a disturbing in-
fluence upon the vowels that go with them — the w on
the vowel that follows, and the R on the vowel that pre-
cedes it. The w often gives to an a the sound of o;
a.nd an r gives to an e the sound of a, and also makes
it very difficult to distinguish between the sounds of er,
IR, and UR, as in her, fir ^ fur. Special practice in words
which contain these letters is dierelore necessary.
was
war
what
wad
wan
wash
thwart
watch
So with QU
quaff
-quash
quirk
Turk )
shirk j
serf )
turf /
urge
dirge
merge
purge
serge
1
churl
whirl
twirl
chirp
curb
curve
nerve
serve
swerve
}
nera \ surge
third J verge
birth birch )
fir firth lurch j
fur girth perch
her mirth church
sir dirk j curl
t)urr jerk > furl
purr lurk j girl
murky hurl
Exceptions: war, wag, whack, quack.
Dictation Exercise 46. — i. The dry fern caught
.fire and burn^ rapidly. 2. We were the first that ever
}
burst
durst )
first j
thirst
urn
burn
fern )
chum j
turn
stern
firm
germ ,
term
s[)erm
word
work
world
worth
I
worse
dearth
hearth \
clerk >
Derby )
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING. JJ
burst into that silent sea. 3. He spoke to the girl in a
churlish manner. 4. He spurted the water out of his
squirt all over the serge robe. 5. He was firm in giving
notice for next term. 6. The bird hopped about among
the herd. 7. The fieldfare perched on the birch-tree.
8. The clerk brought word that there was a dearth of
provisions in Derbyshire. 9. He urged me to the very
verge of the foaming surge.
CHAPTER Xn.
Boles of Thumb for the Inorement of Worda.
RULE I. — ACCENT DOUBLES THE LAST CONSONANT.
This rule covers a great deal of ground ; and, if thoroughly
understood, will keep the learner straight in several thou-
sand words. Take tub and tube. In tub the accent
strikes the b; in tube it strikes the u. Therefore we
write tubbing with two b's ; but not so in tubing. So with
hop and hope. We write hopping and hoping. C<;mpare also
repelled and repealed ; smiting and stnitten. ('I'he learner
has thus only to notice the accent for himself.)
bar, barring
bear, bearing
bet, betting
beat, beating
brag, bragging
break, breaking
char, charring
chair, chairing
cram, cramming
cream, creaming
crop, cropping
creep, creeping
dip, dipper
deep, deeper
drop, dropping
droop, drooping
flit, flitting
fleet, fleeting
gad, gadding
goad, goading
get, getting
greet, greeting
hap, ha[)py
heap, heaping
hop, hopping
hope, hoping
hug, hugging
huge, hugely
jar, jarring
jeer, jeering
lap, lapping
leap, leaping
man, mannmg
mean, meaning
map, mapping
mope, moping
net, netting
neat neater
pin, pinning
pine, pining
pip, pippen
pipe, piping
plan, planning
plane, planing
pop, popping
peep, peeping
ram, ramming
roam, roaming
i
34
rid, ridding
ride, riding
rip, ripping
ripe, riper
rob, robbing
robe, robing
scar, scarred
scare, scared
scud, scudding
skate, skating
set, setting
seat, seating
sham, shamming
shame, shaming
ship, shipping
sheep, sheepish
shop, shopping
soap, soapy
shun, shunning
shine, shining
skin, skinning
screen, screening
slop, slopi)y
•lope, sloping
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
slip, slippery
sleep, sleepy
slit, slitting
slight, slighting
sop, sopping
soap, soaping
spar, sparring
spare, sparing
spin, spinning
spine, spiny
spit, spitting
spite, spiling
spur, spurring
spear, spearing
star, starry
stare, staring"
stem, stemming
steam, steaming
step, stepping
steep, steeping
stir, stirring
steer, steering
strip, stripped
stripe, striped
stun, stunning
stone, stoning
sun, sunny
soon, sooner
tan, tanning
iune, tuning
tar, tarred
tear, tearing
top, topping
tope, toping
wad, wadding
wade, wading
wag, wagging
wage, waging
war, warring
wear, wearing
wed, wedded
weed, weeded
wet, wetting
weep, weeping
whip, whipping
wipe, wiping
win, winning
whine, whining
Dictation- Exkrcise 47. — i. The birds were shun-
ning the shining glades. 2. The ship was steaming down
the river and stemmetl the foaming tide. 3. The viilors
were tearing the oakum and tarring the small boat, 4.
The little boy was hardlv treated : he got a whip[j!ng ibr
not wiping his slate. 5. He lost the wadding as he. was
wading in the stream. 6. The sooner the patient gets
into the sunny air, the better.
ACCENTED DISSYLLABLES.
abut, abutting
abuse, abusing
admit, admittance
admire, admiring
appal, appalling
appeal, appealing
bestir, bestirring
beseem, be?- eming
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING,
35
refit, refitting
fight, fighting
remit, remitting
remote, remoter
transmit, transmitting
transmute, transmuting
commit, committmg
commute, commuting
compel, compelling
compile, compiling
demur, demurring
demure, demurer
repel, repelling
repeal, repealing
Dictation Exercise 48. — i. The sight was ap-
palling and appealed very strongly to our feelings.
2. The committee intended commuting the punishment.
3. I am compiling all the details about the refitting of
the fleet. 4. She looked demurer than ever, when we
demurred to her statement. 5. There is not the re-
motest chance of his remitting the money in time.
6. We felt compelled to be an admiring, though hardly a
willing, audience.
Exception (</). — This rule does not apply to final l,
which is doubled whether the accent strikes it or not.
Thus in cudgeiy the accent strikes the u, and yet we write
cuiigdling.
WORDS ENDING IN / WHICH DOUBLE THE FINAL
CONSONANT.
apparel
duel
level
travel
bowel
embowel
libel
revel
cancel
enamel
marshal
rival
carol
equal
marvel
rowel
cavil
gambol
model
shovel
channel
gospel
panel
shrivel
chisel
gravel
parcel
snivel
counsel
grovel
pencil
tassel
cudgel
jewel
pistol
trammel
dial
kennel
pommel
unkennel
dishevel
label
quarrel
wool — woollen
drivel
laurel
ravel
Exception {b). — Some words ending in p and i
double the p or j, though the accent does not strike
them : worshipped, worshipping, worsnipper ; biassed, un-
biassed.
Exception (r). — Gas ought to double the s^ but does
not. We write gasts, gaseous.
C 2
i '!i
36 COMPLETE MANUAL OP SPELLING.
Dictation Exercise 49. — i. The woollen cloth
shrivelled up a great deal. 2. They kept on quarrelling
f . r a long time, and then fell to cudgelling each other.
3. That is my unbiassed opinion. 4. The worshippers
in the chapel had travelled a long way. 5. The sculptor
was chiselling the hand of the statue. 6. They revelled
in the new and unequalled gaseous combinations they
had discovered.
I
RULE II. — y WITH
NOUNS.
ally, allies
abbey, abbeys
jelly, jellies
pulley, pulleys
pony, ponies
money, moneys
gallery, galleries
galley, galleys
A CONSONANT
ADJECTIVES.
merry, merrier
gay, gayer
busy, busier
coy, coyer
giddy, giddier
grey, greyer
BEFORE IT BECOMES t
VERBS.
ally, allied
allay, allayed
pry, pried
pray, prayed
carry, carried
convey, conveyed
defy, defied
delay, delayed
Dictation Exercise 50. — i. The girl looks both
nerrier and gayer. 2. We were carried in a new kind
jf conveyance. 3. We were long delayed, though A/C
defied both weather and tide. 4. Her cries for the keys
were incessant. 5. Though I prayed her not to do so,
she pried into the whole business. 6. The royal family
is allied to the Germans.
Give the plurals
of the following
•
ally
eddy
penny
effigy
alley
kidney
pony
apology
army
fancy
joy
envoy
abbey
ferry
poppy
embassy
beauty
turkey
reply
atrocity
berry
money
toy
turnkey
chimney
fury
valley
necessity
body
gipsy
ruby
villany
donkey
jelly
study
propensity
copy
jury
convoy
magistracy
essay
monkey
attorney
incendiary
dairy
lady
comedy
tourney
journey
lily
gallery
seminary
daisy
pulley
galley
eccentricity
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
37
Dictation Exercise 51.— i. The attorney plucked
the dai-^'ei and brought them to her. 2. Hand me two
copies of these essays. 3. The gipsies stole the donkeys.
4. The armies had to make long journeys in the winter.
5. The turkeys gobbled up the berries. 6. The babies
played about in the valley.
Add er to the adjectives, and ing and ed to the verbs in :
busy
easy
giddy
happy
lovely
merry
greedy
speedy
tidy
rosy
lively
stately
shady
lucky
noisy
lofty
clumsy
ugly
worthy
ally
allay
carry
dry
defy
pray
decay
espy
fancy
fiy
defray
pity
convej
pry
obey
essay
annoy
tany
try
survey
descry
employ
delay
supply
stray
convoy
portray
enjoy
vary
amj)lify
multiply
occupy
prophesy
supplv
buy
buoy
typify
Dictation Exercise 52— i. They defied wind and
ram, and journeyed on till they descried the chimneys of
the old hall. 2. We were supplied with strawberries, and
enjoyed them very much. 3. The boys are lazier than
ever. 4. We were buoyed up by the hope of enjoying
the buying of the canoe. 5. We were annoyed by theii
staying. 6. We are supplied with provisions by the pur-
veyor for the royal family.
Exception (a).— But if two ii's would be the result,
keep the y.
The reason of this is plain ; it would be awkward to
wnte two ii's, as in tning. 7'hcrefore we write dryiriP
trying, babyish, copyist, and so on.
Exceptions (^).— Gaily, daily, drily, laid, paid, said,
unlaid, unpaid, unsaid.
Exercise. — Add ing, ish, or ist to —
curry
decay
sleepy
happy
occupy
weary
copy
magnify
easy
bury
envy
lazy
flurry
worry
hvirry
n
38 COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
Exception {b). — Proper names keep the y, as : The
Eight Henrys, the Miss Ponsonbys, the Maalys are
coming to dinner. But we ^v^ite "The Two Sicilies. "
Test Exercise (all cases mixed). — Add appropriate
suffixes* to the following — three to each : —
fancy
employ
busy
boy
convey
silly
supply
journey
penny
abbey
pony
money
sleepy
essay
speedy
buy
dry
envoy
worthy
pray
supply
employ
gallery
galley
RULE III. — DOUELE U LOSES ONE /, WHEN COMPOUNDED.
Thus we y{v\\.Qfu/i and /i//; but we also wnie fu/Ji/.
j wilt
) wilful
full
fulness
I bull
( bulrush
(bell
\ belfry
(^) Add///// to
youth will
use doubt
skill spoon
( all ( dwell r chill
\ although \ dwelt ( diilblain
I all I till ( (lull
( alone ( until ( duiness
Exercise. — Add sutlixcs to —
(a) all chill
dull bell
fuU ell
fill well
bell
Dictation Exf:r(Msk, 53. — i. The lad is extremely
wilful. 2. His dulncss is hcyoiul remedy. 3. Did he
fulfil all his promises? 4. lie dwelt under the belfry.
5. He was struck on the elbow. 6. If you are doubtful
about the medicine, give the patient another sj)oonful.
F^xcEPTiONS (a). — The exceptions to this rule are
numerous, as English [)raiti< e has never been carefullv
regulated on this point. Thus we write —
welfare welcome
and and
farewell unweil
And yet we always write —
downfall unwell
waterfall smalhiess
allspice illness
fiirewell shrillness
beliVy
befall
and
and
bellman
befal
stillness
undersell
stillborn
millstone
tnllness
millrace
downhill
Asufix is an addition to the end, ^prefix to the beginning of a word.
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
39
Dictation Exercise 54.— i. He was very unwell ;
but his welcome to me was as gracious as ever. a. The
bellman mounted to the belfry and tolled the bell. 3.
Farewell, I shall never be unmindful of your welfare.
4. He has not yet got over his illness. 5. The waterfall
is not far from the millrace. 6. We ran down hill as
hard as we could.
RULE IV. — FINAL 6 IS DROPPED BEFORE A VOWEL-
SUFFIX.
Tcure f sense f slave /rogue /arrive
( cur-able \ sens-ible ( slavish ( rogu-ish ( arrival
Exercise. — Add one or more vowel-suffixes to —
oblige plague glance cure
manage ice rogue judge
village ease sense fleece
Exceptions (<2).— The e which is used to keep rand ?
soft cannot be lost. Thus we write peaceable, sen'iceable,
changeable^ chargeable, noticeable, courageous, advantageous,
outrageous, singeing, swingeing.
Exceptions (/^).— The endings ie, yr, oe, and ee retain
the e. If they lost it, the word w oiild be very awkward,
looking. We write —
dyeing hieing shoeing seeing
eyeing vieing hoeing agreeing
Exceptions {c). — Final e is sometimes dropped even
before a consonant-suffix. Thus we write generally
paleness, senseless, and so on. Hut we also write —
duly abridgment awful wisdom
truly lodgment wholly width
judgment acknowledgment argument
Test Exercise.— Add one or more suffixes to—
shoe awe outrage lodge
change
due
dye
eye
wise
whole
true
singe
Dictation Exercfse 55.— i. His abridgment of the
case was not very sensible. 2. The horse was wholly
unmanageable. 3. I doubt the wisdom and judgment of
the decision. 4. The horse felt great imeasiness from
the new method of shoeing. 5. 'ilie luan's business is
El •
m"
40
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
dyeing. 6. The ball effected a lodgment in the hull of
the ship.
RULE V. — THE ENDING ic IS NOW USED INSTEAD OF
ICK, EXCEPT IN MONOSYLLABLES.
Thus we write —
angelic critic frolic logic relic
athletic cubic panic lyric tunic
Exception {a). — ^The k comes back in the present
participle and past tense of all verbs. Thus —
I" frolic
< frolicking
( frolicked ( mimicked
Exception {b). — The
proper names keep the k —
mimic
mimicking
r physic j" traffic
< physicking < trafficking
( physicked ( trafficked
dissyllables and
arrack
attack
barrack
ransack
Limerick
Dictation
pinchbeck
bullock
cassock
Warvv'ick
haddock
Kx;-.RcrsE
following
paddock
hemlock
hammock
Brunswick
hillock
shamrock
mattock
Frederick
Patrick
Berwick
;6.
1. It was a very critical
2. They trafficked in all
kinds of goods. 3. No boy likes being physicked. 4.
The sailor caught a haddock. 5. He is too fond of
athletic sports. 6. The girls are frolicking in the
meadows.
time for the attacking force.
conceit
ief
RULE VI. — ei 1 01, LOWS c; ig ahy other letter.
Thus we write —
( conceive i receive
( achieve ( reprieve
f deceive f perceive
( believe \ retrieve
Other cases are —
chief fief grief lief sieve
Exceptions (a). — There are many exceptions ; but by
far the most of tiiem have the long sound of a. Thus—
j CO
(be
( deceit
( mischief
f receipt
\ brief
j ceiling
1 thief
mischievous
oeign
eight
feig
n
feint
freight
heinous
heir
heiress
inveigh
rem
reindeer
skein
their
neigh
neighbour veil
reign
vein
weigh
weighty
sleight
nonpareil
^^m
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
41
The only words in « with the e or ^ sound are
EITHER, NEITHER, SEIZE, OBEISANCE j LEISURE, HEIFER.
The following have an i or i sound —
height
forfeit
foreign
sovereign.
Dictation Exercise 57. — i. We perceived the re-
triever making his way into the marsh. 2. I believe
that she never tried to deceive me. 3. The thieves
the ceiling. 4. The heiress signed a
money. 5. I had as lief go to sea in
with such a weidit of car^o. 6. The
broke through
receipt for the
a sieve as sail
foreigner did him a deal of mischief. 7. She seized the
veil and hid her grief 8. The sovereign claims the land
as a fief
of-hand.
9. Neither of the thieves showed much sleight-
RULE VII. — dis IS NOT diss ; AND mts IS NOT mt'ss.
This rule is stated with an intentional quaintness, to
meet a common error. Another way of putting it would
be : Caution ! Seg whether the word or root begins with
s or not, when you add Dis atid mis.
Words —
r appoint
( disappoint
r honest
( dishonest
f take
( mistake
/ satisfy
{ dissatisfy
( syllable
( dissyllable
f ai
Id
arm
isarm
r ease
( disease
f spend
( misspend
{
state
misstate
construe
misconstrue
r demeanour
( misdemeanour
Roots —
f — sect f — semble f — sent f — seminate
( dissect ( dissemble ( dissent ( disseminate
i — tinguish f — suade / — chievous
\ distinguish ( dissuade ( mischievous
Dictation Exercise 58. — i. None but a dishonest
man will dissemble or misstate a fact. 2. He felt both
disappointed and dissatisfied. 3. He misspent much of
his time in mischievous undertakings ; and now disease
has prostrated his strength. 4. He disobeyed me fre-
quendy; and his work fell into disorder. 5. He did
me a great disstrvice by dissuading me from accompanv-
42
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
ing him to the discussion. 6. Take care not to misspell
or to mistake such words as the above. 7. Misshape is
a dissyllable, and misconstrue is a trisyllable.
CHAPTER XIII.
INFLECTIONS.
When a word is changed for number, or for person, or
for tense, it either has the root-vowel altered, or some-
thing added. When any letters are added, the word
itself sometimes undergoes a change.
I . No u N s. — Nii rber
{a) Add jr for the plural. Boy, bo>s ; horse, horses.
{b) To s, sh^ chy X, z, and add es. Gas, gases ;
lash, lashes ; church, churches ; box, oxc. , lOpaz, to-
pazes ; cargo, cargoes.
Exceptions : cantos, quartos, grottos, mottos, solos.
{c) V turns into ves. (The reason is, the singular in
old English had a v) Loaf, loaves ; knife, knives.
Exceptions : (i) files, strifes; (2) roofs, puffs, turfs^
beliefs.
{(i) Some nouns take en or ren. Ox, oxen ; child,
children ; brother, brEthren.
(<r) Snme nouns change the root-vowel. Tooth,
teeth ; jse, geese ; mouse, mice ; foot, feet.
The following are foreign plurals :
i'
latin.
|i formula
}i tumulus
1 radius
formulae
tumuli
radii
appendix
genus
hiatus
appendices
genera
hiatus
animalculum
animalcula
series
series
radix
(never ae)
radices
species
superficies
species
superficies
1' _
GREEK.
phenomenon
phenomena
axis
axes
analysis
basis
analyses
bases
miasma
(bad air)
miasmata
COMPLETE MAXUAL OF SPELLING.
43
HKBREW.
Cherub, cherubim ; seraph, seraphim.
ITALIAN.
Bandit, banditti ; virtuoso, virtuosi
2. Nouxs. — Gender.
(a) If the masculine ends in or or in er, the tf oru
before the r is lost in the feminine :
actor
ambassador
benefactor
director
actress
ambassadress
benefactress
directress
founder
hunter
instructor
master
foundress
huntress
instructress
mistress
emperor
enchanter
executor
empress
enciiantress
exec'ttrix
protector
traitor
protectress
traitress
Exceptions : authoress,, prioress, tutoress, mayoress.
Dictation Exercise 59. — i. The empress ordered
them to dig into the tumuli. 2. She sang like an en-
chantress. 3. "Hie mayoress was astonished at these
phenomena. 4. The an'ibassndors' trunks were smashed
in the collision. 5. "J'he axes of tlie wheels were broken.
6. No water is without some animalcula.
3. Case.
Add 's for the possessive singular ; and ' alone for
possessive plural. John, Johns ; boys, boys' hats.
Exception. — If the plural do not end in .f, then add
an ' and an s. Men, men's hats.
4. Adjectives.
The only rule applicable to them is Rule I. on
P- 33-
5. Advkrhs.
The same remark applies to adverbs.
6. Verbs.
in
The only difficulty
found in what are called
fied list of these is therefore given here
the
Sjielling in verbs is to be
irre^ilar verbs." A classi-
m--
« i
^s PmLi
liiii
COMPLETE MANUAL OP SPELLING,
I. Verbs which change their vowel sound.
t^ . o (or a) o and n or nb
bear (carry) bore (bare^ borne
bear bore (bare) born
break, sweai, tear, wear.
A
oo
A and EN
forsake
forsook
shake, take.
forsaken
EE & fi
bleed bled bled
breed, feed, meet, speed, [readj.
m
(*)
(«;
«
(t)
(£)
W
drink, ring, shrink, sink, sling, spin, spring, stink, swim.
cling clung clung
dig, fling, stick, sting, strike, string, swing, wring.
[win, won (pronounce won as if wun).
0)
(*)
£A
beat
eat
£a or A
beat
ate
Ea and en
beaten
eaten
£A
cleave
A or
clove
and N or en
cloven
shear.
speak, steal, weave,
freeze.
£A or fe
get
forget
tread
A or 6
got
forgot
trod
o and en
got
forgotten
trodden
I
bite
i
bit
chide, hide, slide.
I and en
bitten
!
begin
X
began
begun
I
A
A
sit
sat
sat or seated
spit
spat
spat or spit
!
A
I and en
bid
bade
bidden
COMPLETE MANUAL OP SPELLING.
M
{0 I
or 6 or 6
abide
abode abode
shine
shone shone
(m) I or 1
A or 01 I and n or en
lie
lay lain
give
gave given
(«) I
! and n or en
drive
drove driven
ride, rise, arise,
smite, stride, strive, thrive, write.
(") I
ou ou
bind
bound bound
find, fight, grind, wind.
(P) ow
EW OWN
blow
blew blown
crow
crew [crowed]
know, throw, show, [flyj.
grow,
(ff) u (or o sounded
A or A u (or o sounded
like u)
like u)
run
ran run
come
came come
become
became become
(r) Unique Forms.
awake, awoke, awoke ; choose, chose, chosen j
draw, drew, drawn ; fall, fell, fallen; hang, hung,
hung; hold, held, held; see, saw, seen; seethe,
sod, sodden; shoot, shot, shot; slay, slew, slain j
stand, stood, stood.
2. Verbs which, besides changing the vowel sound, require
6. or t to be added as a suffix in the past tense and t/ie
past participle.
(a) EE or EA eA or E and d or t fe and d or T
bereave bereft bereft
creep crept crept
deal dealt dealt
dream, dreamt (dreamed), dreamt or dreamed j
feel, felt, felt ; flee, fled, fled ; hear, heard, heard ;
keep, kept, kept ; leave, left, left ; mean, meant,
meant; sleep, slept, slept; sweep, swept, swept;
weep, wept, wept
111!
46
w
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLfXG.
EE
beseech
seek
I teach
t
sell
tell
{d) o or OE
lose
shoe
w
(/)
ING
bring
[think
buy
can
catch
ou and t
besought
sought
ta.ught
o and D
sold
told
6 and d or t
lost
shod
OUGHT
brought
thought
ou and t
besought
sought
taughtj
6 and d
sold
told
6 and d or T
lost
shod
OUGHT
brought
thought]
Unique Forms.
bought bought
could
cauuht caught
clothe, clothed, clad or clothed; do, did, done;
may, miglit, ; owe, ought, ; say, said,
said ; shall, sliould, ; will, would, ;
work, wrought, wrought.
3. Verbs in which the put tense belongs to the 7veak and
the past participle to the strong conjuoation.
engrave engraved engraven or graven
hew hewed hewn or hewed
lade laded laden
load loaded laden
mow, rive, saw, shape, shave, shew or show, sow,
strew, swell, wash, wax.
4. Verbs in which the final consonant is modified, but mt
the vowel sound.
bend, bent, bent ; build, built, built ; gild, gilt,
glided or gilt ; gird, girt or girded, girt or girded ;
lend, lent, lent ; rend, rent, rent ; send, sent, sent;
spend, spent, spent; wend, went or wended*
wended.
• N.B. Wended is only used in the sense— he wended hiswaj*;
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLILG. 47
5. Vabs in which there is no change.
burst burst burst
cast; cost, cut, hit, hurt, knit, let, put, rid, set, shed,.
shut, sHt, spHt, spread, thrust.
6. Anomalous Verbs,
been
dared
gone
had
made
am was
dare durst or dared
go went*
have had (hav-e-d)
make made (mak-e-d)
Dictation Exercise 6o.— i. He read hard all last
winter. 2. She bade him go and work in the garden.
3. The sun shone brightly on the glittering spires. 4. He
wrote three letters to his uncle. 5. They slew thirty
thousand of the enemy. 6. He has not dealt fliirly with
me. 7. I did not know what he meant. 8. The gende-
man who taught you thought you a better scholar than
you really are. 9. He said nothing, but wrought on.
ic. The seed was carefully sown.
[Other e.xerciscs can easily be given.]
CHAPTER XIV.
PREFIXES.
I. English Prefixes.
A IS the form which at takes before a noun, as afield^
<zshore, aboard.
Be has various functions, as in
( head ( spread (hold
\ Mead ( <^^spread \ be\io\^ (to hold in the eye)
(wail (dim (fall
( ^<fwail } ^^dim \ Mall
Be in beside, &c., means by.
En, signifying to make, becomes em before b or/.
JE«able, to make able ; <wlarge, to put at large,
fbalm (bark T bitter
( tfwbalm ( ^wbark ( «wbitter
• This word is the past tense of to wend.
\ I
'I wv 1
{:
jfi COMPLRTR MANUAL OF SPELLING.
For, which means away, must not be confounded
with Fore, which means before : thus— y^/-bid is to bid
KOT to do a thing ; forrtfSitn is to warn beforehand.
\forgei (forXorn (forbear
[foresee [foremost [foreteW
Over unites with several words, as ^z/(frcharge, aver'
reach (with two r's).
Un is equal to not ; as «//speakable, «//willing, un-
approachable, ////natural (with two /I's).
With is equal to against. // ////stand, to stand against,
or oppose ; «^////hold (two //V), to hold against, or in
defiance of.
2. Latin Prefixes.
Prefixes. Force.
Ab, from, away
Ad, to, at, near
Ante, before
Bene, well
CiRCUM, around, about
Cis, on this side
Con, with, together
Contra, against
De, from, down <
Dis, away
E, out
Extra, beyond
In, in, into, not
Inter, between
Intro, within
Mis, wrongly
Male, badly
Ob, against
Per, through
Post, after
Pre, before
Preter, beyond
Pro, forth
Re, again, back
Retro, backwards
Se, aside, apart
Examples. Definitions,
y^Ascnt, away from.
Ail\xi\\.. to let to.
./^///^cedent, going before.
/i<'//<?factor, one who does well.
CVnv/wiluent, flowing around.
C/Vatlantic, on this side the At-
lantic.
CormeQX, to tie together.
Co)itra(X\cX^ to speak against
Z>^part, to part from.
Z><?scend, to go down.
Z^/jmiss, to send away,
^ject, to cast out.
/sA'/z-rtordinary, beyond ordinary.
Insert, to put in or into.
/n/erpose, to put between.
fn/rodnce, to bring in.
J//Vguide,to guide wrongly (one j).
J/dt/^factor, one who does badly.
Object, to throw or urge against
Perforate, to bore through.
Postscript, what is written after.
Prejudge, to judge beforehand.
Preternsiturz], beyond nature.
Produce, to bring forth.
Peview, to view again.
Pe/rograde, to go backwaixis.
Secede, to go apart
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING,
bid
I St,
in
It-
).
49
Semi, half
Sub, under, after
SuBTER, under
Super, over, above
Trans, across, over
Ultra, beyond
iSV-w/circle, a bilf circle.
6'//^scribe, to write under.
4S'///V«'nnarine, under the sea.
Supemdii\\x[x\, above the natural.
DanscQWiX, to climb or jxiss over,
£///wmontane, beyond the mouu«
tains.
3. — Greek Prefixes.
Prefixes. Force. Examples. Definitions,
A, not or without ^patliy, without feeling (pathos).
Amphi,^ about, on both ^/////;nheatre, a theatre with seats
rtw/'/f/bious, living in
sides
about
both land or water.
Ana, again, or back AtiaXyt, to resolve or loose (into
the component parts) again.
Anti, op])osite to, in .r^«/arctic, opposite to the Arctic
opposition to
Apo,
or away
Auto, self
Cata, down
DiA, through
(circle) ; (////agonist, one who
contends against another; anti-
dote, something given against.
Afostle (sent from), a missionary;
apostate, one who falls away
trom his party.
Aufograi)h, self-written (as "an.
autograph letter from the
Queen ") ; au/ohiogTa.phy, a
biography of oneself.
Ca farsict, a waterfall.
Diameter, a line passing through
the middle ; /T/.j-onal, a line
through a para'lelogram from.
one angle to the other.
^dectic, selected from.
-fwphasis, force or stress laid on
a word or words in pronun-
ciation.
Epi, upon, on, over, to Epidemic, upon the people or,.
very prevalent ; <^;stle, a writ-
ing sent to, a letter.
Hyper, above i^/^rcritical, over-critical.
Hypo, under Hypozx'xte, one who keeps under
or conceals his real sentiments*
Ek, from or out of
En )
Em/
m or on
!
!■'•
i!'
f ! ' 1
r '
I
J 'I
50
Prefixes. Force.
Meta, beyond
Para, beside, from
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
Examples. Definitions.
MefaTphoT, an applying a word
beyond its proper meaning.
Parallel, beside one another j,
parasol, keeping the sun from j
paradox, from or contrary to
the general opinion.
Peri, round about /W-/meter, the measure round.
Syn \
Sy / with or together .Sy«thesis, a placing together.
Syl t with
Sym)
Note. — In composition, syn becomes SY, as in jvstem ; syl, ai' in
syfiable ; ai^d SYM, as in jry>/^pathy (compassion).
Exercise id. — Write sentences wliich contain the
following words : —
eject autobiography paradox paragraph
interpose prejudge supernatural amphibious
diameter recede preternatural
CHAPTER XV.
I. English Suffixes.
Si fixes. Force.
en'} '""""'^
Ar ^
Ner ( ,
Ster r^^ ^h°
yer ;
Ess, a female
Ness, state of
Ern, relating to
FuL, full of
Less, without
Some} somewhat
Hood } *« ^^^^^ °^
Examples. Definitions.
\ Tevxmnafe, to make an end to.
\ Soft^//, to make soft.
I Beggrtr, one who begs.
\ Part//<r, one who has a part.
\ Teamster, one who drives a team.
( Lawjrr, one who is versed in law.
\Jiowess, a she-lion.
Rudew<?i-.'.', state of being rude.
Easir/7/, reiatinp; to the east.
Hope////, full of hope.
"Home/ess, without a home,
f Redd/>-^, somewhat red.
I Lonef^^w^", somewhat lonely.
( Hardj///)>, misfortune.
( QhxWiood, the state of being achild.
Su^xes. Force.
Fy, to make
Er I ,
Or \ °^^
Ity 1
Cy I
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELL I ST.. 5 1
Suffixes. Force. Examples. J)efinitions.
DoM, the jurisdiction of Popez/cv/, jurisdiction of the Pope.
Kin 1 rLam'i )/;///, a little Iamb.
Ling Gos/if/g, a little goose.
OcK [ little j IlilLv/-. a little hill.
Et Floweir/, a little flower.
Let J ( Ring/^/, a little ring
2. Latin Suffixks.
Examples. Definitions.
Ami)li/V, to make ample.
{ Pawr, one ".ho pays.
\ Act^v, one who acts.
fPul)lic//r, state of being public
Pri\a(^;v, quality of being private.
Ance I quality, or state | Vigihrw^, state of being vigilant.
Ency being Tcndr//tj, state of tending.
AA\\Kixe)ice, (luality of adhering.
LQuiet//^/?, state of being quiet
( WoxQ^mcnt, act of moving.
) Sei/.///r, act of seizing.
'Fate//, pertaining to fate.
Hero/^-, pertaining to a hero.
Africc?//, i)ertaining to Africa.
Serpcnt///<", i^Tiaining to a serpent
Infant/zV, pertaining to an infant
ConsiiL/r, relating to a consul.
Poet/Vvr/, relating to a poet
J DangcMW/j-, full of danger.
( Verbrvt', full of words,
f Tracc<j'/'/(f, that mav be traced.
F
Knck
Ude
Mk
U
^KNT )
Jrk j
the act of
pertaining or re-
Al
Ic
An
Ine
Ile
Ar
ICAL
Ous )
CSK ]
Able I that mayo- can
Ible ] be ; fit to be
Age, the act of
Ule
lating ic
full of
Cule
Cle
ICLE
little
fit to be eaten.
Cart<7,j,r, the act of carting.
' ^Wohule, a little globe.
AnimaLv//^, a little animal
Tubcn/^, a little tumour,
Part/c/<f, a little part
3. Greek Suffixes.
Suffixes. Force. Examples. Definitions,
IzE, to make Civil/2<', to make civil.
OiD, having the form Sphere?///, having the fonn of a
of sphere.
D a
i ;,
I'U
^0 COMPLETE MANUAL OP SPELLltfG.
4. French Suffixes.
Suffixes. Force. Example. Definition,
' Partijd!«, one who sides with a
party.
Citizenf one who dwells in a city.
San
-Zen
one who
CHAPTER XVI.
WORDS OF LIKE SOUND BUT DIFFERENT LETTERING.
Adds, does add.
Adze, a cooper's axe.
Air, the atmosphere.
Ayr, a town in Scotland.
Ere, before.
E'er, ever.
Heir, one that inherits.
All, every one.
Awl, a tool for boring.
Ant, an in';cct.
Aunt, a f a/ent's sister.
Arc, part of a circle.
Ark, a chest or vessel
Assent, to agree to.
Ascent, the act of ascend-
ing.
Bare, naked ; did bear.
Bear, a wild beast; to carry;
to suffer.
Barque, a small ship.
Bark, the rind of a tree ; to
peel.
Beech, a kind of tree.
Beach, the shore of the sea.
Been, participle of de.
Bean, a kind of vegetable.
He adds up the numbers.
He smoothed the log with
his adze.
Ere the heir went to Ayr,
the air was ne'er too
strong for his health.
All he used was an awL
An ant bit my aunt
He drew an arc on the side
of the ark.
They would not assent to
an ascent in the winter.
The bear made his way to
a bare rock.
The barque had a cargo of
Peruvian bark.
The beech stands alone on
the beach.
I have been weighing this
large bean.
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
Beet, a kind of vegetable.
Beat, to strike, to surpass.
Be, to exist.
Bee, an insect.
Beer, malt liquor.
Bier, a frame for carrying
the dead.
Berry, a small fruit
Bury, to inter.
-»erth, sleeping-place in a
ship.
Birth, coming into life.
Bow, to bend, to stoop.
Bough, a branch.
Borne, carried.
Bourn, a limit or boundary.
Brays, as an ass ; pounds in
a mortar.
Braze, to solder with brass.
Broach, to pierce.
Brooch, an ornamental pin.
Burrow, rabbit-holes.
Borough, a town.
Canon, a rule of the church ;
a clergyman of a cathe-
dral.
Cannon, a great gun.
Cast, to throw.
Caste, a class.
Casque, a helmet
Cask, a barrel.
Ceiling, of a room.
Sealing-wax.
Cession, a giving up.
Session, a sitting.
Chagrin, vexation.
Shagreen, the skin of a kind
offish.
53
Beet-root sugar does not
beat that made of sugar-
cane.
Be busy and happy like the
bee.
Give some beer to the men
who carried the bier.
We buried the berry in the
ground.
The sailor lay in his berth
on the queen's birth-day.
He had to bow under tne
bou'di.
He was borne by ten men
to his last bourn.
The ass brays ; the tin-
man will braze the tap.
Do nit think of broaching
l.ie cask with a brooch.
There is a large burrow not
far from Scarborough.
The canon did not like the
noise of the cannons.
He cast aside all regard to
caste.
The casque fell into the
wine-cask.
The sealing-wax is not the
colour of the ceiling.
A cession of the island was
made in the session of '7 1.
He felt much chagrin -"t
the loss of his shagreen
case.
• !
j
-■ V
\ M
fedi&ih^S^^I
S4
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
Check, to restrain.
Cheque, an order for money.
Char, to work by the day.
Chair, a movable seat.
Cereal, pertaining to corn.
Serial, pertaining to a series.
Choose, to select.
Chews, with the teeth.
Chord, a musical harmony.
Cord, a string.
Cite, to summon.
Site, situation.
Sight, the sense of seeing,
or the thing seen.
Clarke, a surname.
Clerk, a clergyman ; an ac-
countant.
Coarse, not fine.
Course, a running.
Compliment, an act or ex-
pression of civility.
Complement, the full num-
ber.
Core, the heart or inner
part.
Corps, a body of soldiers.
Coarser, more coarse.
Courser, a swift horse.
Colonel, in the army.
Kernel, in a nut.
Creak, to make a grating
noise.
Creek, a narrow inlet.
Crews, ships' companies.
Cruise, to sail up and down.
It was a check to his pros-
perity to lose the cheque
for ;^i,ooo.
The charwoman is dusting
the chairs.
Wheat is a cereal ; CasseWs
Magazine is a serial.
Choose the animal which
chews the cud.
Chords are made on the
])iano witli both hands.
Cite him before the court
to tell us about the site
of the house that is now
in sight.
Mr. Clarke is a clerk.
His mind is coarse ; and, of
course, so are his manners.
The admiral paid the cap-
tain a compliment on his
full complement of men.
Cut the core out of the
apple.
He belongs to a volunteer
corps.
This cob looks coarser than
the highbred courser.
The colonel threw away the
kernel instead of the
shell.
The ship's helm was heard
to creak as she sailed up
the creek.
The crews were tired of the
long cruise.
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
55
Dear, costly.
Deer, an animal.
Dane, a native of Denmark.
Deign, to condescend.
Dew, vapour that falls after
sunset.
Due, what is owing.
Die, to expire ; a small
stamp used in coining.
Dye, colour.
Doe, the female deer.
Dough, unbaked paste.
Dun, a dark yellow colour.
Done, performed.
Does, the plural of <foe.
Doze, to slumoer lightly.
Draught, a drawing, a drink.
Draft, a bill of exchange.
Dyeing, colouring.
Dying, expiring.
Fain, desirous.
Fane, a temple.
Feign, to pretend.
Faint, to swoon.
Feint, a pretence.
Fate, destiny.
Fete, a festival.
Fellow, a comj^anion.
Felloe, the rim of a wheel.
Fillip, a sharp blow.
Philip, a man's name.
Flew, did fly.
Flue, a pipe or chimney.
Fool, a foolish person.
Full, filled.
You paid too dear for the
deer's horns.
The Dane would not deign
to call upon him.
In due time the dew will
fall.
He will die if he does not
get rid of that poisonous
dye.
The doe snuffed at the
dough.
The dun cow has done all
the mischief in the gar-
den.
The does doze in the sha-
dow of the oak.
He took a draught of beer
before signing the draft
The colours used for dye-
ing were the cause of his
dying so soon.
He feigned to be fain to
enter the fane.
The attempt to faint was a .
mere feint.
His fate was sad ; he met his
death at the August fete.
The young fellow has
brought the felloe for the
wheel.
Philip gave James a smart
fillip on tlie ear.
The swallows flew down
the flue of the chimney.
He was a fool to fill the
glass so full
■ n
*"
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
56
Forth, abroad.
Fourth, the ordinal oifour.
Foul, dirty, unfair.
Fowl, a bird.
Frays, quarrels.
Phrase, an expression.
Fungous, spongy.
Fungus, a mushroom.
Furze, prickly shrubs.
Furs, skins with soft hair.
Gait, manner of walking.
Gate, an entrance.
Gilt adorned with gold.
Guilt, crime, wickedness.
Grate, for holding fire ; to
rub on a rough surface.
Great, large.
Grater, a rasp or rough file.
Greater, comparative of
Grease, melted fat.
Greece, a country.
Grisly, hideous, horrible.
Grizzly, getting gnzy.
Groan, to sigh deeply.
Grown, past participle of
grew.
Grosser, comparative of
gross.
Grocer, a dealer in tea, &c.
Groat, fourpence.
Grot, a grotto or cell.
Hale, strong, healthy.
Hail, frozen rain ; to salute.
Hair, of the head.
Hare, a wild animal.
Haul, to drag along.
Hall, a large room.
He went forth to meet hiro
on the fourth of July.
It was a foul shot that killed
so pretty a fowl.
Many a strong phrase was
used in these frays.
The fungous matter was far
from being a fungus.
The furze was prickly,
though we had furs on.
We noticed his odd gait, as
he went through the gate.
The picture-frame was gilt.
His guilt v"' J too plain.
The hot ashes in the grate.
Alexander the Great was a
great warrior.
Bring me a nutmeg-grater.
Milton is a greater poet than
Pope.
Candles are made of grease.
Greece is south of Turkey.
It was a grisly sight.
His hairis somewhat grizzly.
I heard a groan.
The lad is well-grown.
The butcher is a man of
grosser manners than the
grocer.
He gave a groat to see the
grot. .
The hale old man walked
six miles through the hail.
The hair on the hare's ears
is very fine.
We hauled the deer into
the halL
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
Hart, a kind of stag.
Heart, the centre of cir-
culation.
He'll, for he ivill.
Heel, a part of the foot
Heal, to cure.
Heard, did hear.
Herd, a collection of cattle.
Hew, to cut, to chop.
Hue, colour.
Hugh, a man's name.
Hie, to hasten.
High, lofty.
Him, objective case of ht.
Hymn, a sacred song.
Horde, a band.
Hoard, a secret store.
I, myself.
Eye, the organ of sight
Idle, lazy.
Idol, an image.
I'll, for7a//7/.
Aisle, wing of a church.
Isle, an island.
In, within.
Inn, a hotel.
Indict, to accuse.
Indite, to compose.
Jam, a conserve of fruit.
Jamb, a leg or supporter.
Joust, as in a tournament
Just, fair and right
Key, for a lock.
Quay, a wharf.
Kill, to deprive of life.
Kiln, a large stove.
%t
The hart was dead — shot
through the heart
He'll have to take care, if
he wants his heel to heal.
I heard of an enormous
herd of cattle at the fair.
Hugh's hair was of a lijht
hue. He used to hew
granite.
Hie thee to the high hill.
I heard him sing a hymn.
The horde of robbers found
out his lioard.
I was struck in the eye.
He is an idle fellow.
The idol Dagon fell to
pieces.
I'll walk up and down in
the aisle. The isle is full
of mines.
He took his ease in his inn.
They indicted the prisons.
He indited a letter.
The jam was spilt on the
chimney-jamb.
They will joust in the lists.
It is not just to Charles.
He lost his key on the
river-quay.
Tom was killed by falling
into the kiln.
:i.
M
M
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
S8
Lac, a kind of gum, a
100,000 rupees.
Lack, to want ; need.
Lacks, wants, needs.
Lax, loose ; vague.
Lain, participle of lie.
Lane, a narrow passage.
Leaf, of a tree, book, &c.
Lief, willingly.
Led, past of lead.
Lead, a metal.
Leak, to let in water.
Leek, a kind of onion.
Levee, a morning visit to a
prince or king.
Levy, to bring together.
Limb, a member.
Limn, to paint.
Loan, anything lent
Lone, alone.
Loch, a lake.
Lock, of a door.
Maid, girl.
Made, did make.
Mane, the hair on a horse,
&c.
Main, principal, chief.
Maize, Indian corn.
Maze, labyrinth.
Marshal, the highest rank
in thL' army.
Martial, warlike.
Mean, low ; a means, to
intend or purpose.
Mien, air, manner.
The merchant who has a
lac of rupees is in no lack
of money.
He lacks sense whose con-
duct is lax.
The weeds have lain too
long in that lane.
had
out.
as lief tear the leaf
He led me to the mouth of
the lead-mine.
The ship sprang a leak.
There is not a leek in the
garden.
I attended the last levee at
the Palace.
Gambetta will levy many
soldiers.
Captain Smith lost a limb.
The painter found it hard
to iinin her features.
I thanked him for the loan
of the book.
He lived in a lone cottage.
The locli is ten miles long.
The lock is out of order.
The little maid made a
purse for her mother.
The horse's mane wants
combing.
His main delight is to row.
Maize is much grown in the
United States.
He lost his way in the maze.
The marshal had a hifrli
opinion of the martial
band.
His mien is not frank and
brave ; it is rather mean.
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPKLLIXG.
$9
Mede, a native of Media.
Mead, a meadow.
Meed, reward.
Mete, to measure.
Meat, animal food.
Meet, to come together.
Mite, an insect in cheese.
Might, greatness (or
strength).
Moan, to lament.
Mown, mowed.
Mote, a very small particle.
Moat, a ditch or trench.
Mews, stables; a kind of
sea-birds.
Muse, to meditate.
Nay, no.
Neigh, as a horse.
Nave, the middle of a wheel.
Knave, a rogue.
Need, want.
Knead, to work dough.
New, novel, fresh.
Knew, did know.
Night, time of darkness.
Knight, a title of honour.
Not, a word of denial.
Knot, a tie ; a difficulty.
No, not any.
Know, to understand.
Oar, for rowing with.
O'er, over.
Ore, unrefined metal.
Palate, the roof of the
mouth.
Palette, a painter's board.
Pallet, a small bed
The Mede received a fertile
mead as the meed of his
courage.
Let him mete out the meat
to the company when it
has to meet.
This cheese is too mity.
Samson was a mighty man.
The wounded ox uttered a
moan as he lay on the
new-mown grass.
Heed not the mote in thy
brother's eye.
The moat is broad.
The sea-mews flew over the
mews.
It is sweet to muse by the
side of a river.
Nay : I did not hear the
horse neigh.
The knave stole the nave of
the wheel.
They need not knead the
dough so long.
He knew of nothing new
in the papers.
The knight lost his way in
the (lark night.
He could not untie the
knot.
No : I do not know him.
Let each take an oar and
row him o'er the lake.
They smelted the iron ore.
The dish was very pleasant
to tlie palate.
The painter's palette lay on.
the pallet,
Mil
!.l
6o
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
Pale, white, wan ; an en-
closure.
Pail, a wooden vessel.
Pane, a square of glass.
Pain, ache.
Pare, to cut oft the rind.
Pair, a couple.
Pear, a fruit.
Paws, feet of a beast
Pause, to stop.
Peace, quiet, rest
Piece, a portion.
Peak, a point ; the top.
Pique, a grudge or ill will ;
to pride one's self on.
Peer an equal.
Pier, a building of stones
projecting into the sea.
Place, locality.
Plaice, a flat fish.
Plane, a plain surface ; a
plane tree.
Plain, smooth ; a level
country.
Please, to give pleasure.
Pleas, pleadings.
Plum, a fruit ; ;^ 100,000.
Plumb, a leaden weight at
the end of a line.
Pole, a long staff.
Poll, to take votes at an
election.
Practise, to do habitually.
Practice, a custom.
Praise, applause.
Prays, does pray.
He looked quite pale when
she dropped the paiL
He cut his finger with the
broken pane ; and he
now feels great pain.
Pare off the skin of this
pear, and divide it be-
tween the pair of boys.
The marks of the bear's
paws made us pause.
There will be no peace till
he gets a piece.
He had a pique against
John, as he was the first
to get to the peak.
The peer had a pier built
at the fishing-place.
This is just the place where
we caught the large plaice.
The huge plane grew on
the wide plain.
Please to listen to all his
pleas.
Tom ate too many plums.
The mason has lost his
plumb-line.
The gamekeeper had a long
pole in his hand.
Mr. Goodheart stood at
the head of the poll.
Practise this a little longer;
it needs long practice.
She is too fond of praise.
He prays twice a day.
^MPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
6r
Pries, looks into officiously.
Prize, a reward.
, Quarts, plural of guart.
Quartz, a kind of mineral
Quire, 24 sheets of paper.
Choir, a band of singers.
Rain, water from the clouds.
Reign, to rule.
Rein, part of a bridle.
Raise, to lift up.
Rays, beams of light.
Raze, to level with the
ground.
Rap, to strike quickly.
Wrap, to fold in.
Rapt, enraptured.
Rapped, did rap.
Wrapped, did wrap.
Read, to read a book.
Reed, a stalk.
Read, did read.
Red, a colour.
Reck, to care.
Wreck, destruction ; to
shatter.
Rest, quiet.
Wrest, to wrench from.
Rhyme, similar sounds at
the end of verses.
Rime, hoar frost.
Ring, a round figure; to
sound a bell.
Wring, to twist
She pries too much into
my business.
Tom gained a prize.
Four quarts make one gal-
lon.
The quartz is crushed in
the mill.
The choir wanted ten quires
of paper.
The rain is heavy.
George III. had a long
reign.
The rein broke.
Raise the fallen and the
depressed.
The sun's rays shone on
the house.
He will raze the walls.
Rap at the door.
Wrap him up carefully.
The rapt poet, wrapped m
his warm dressinu, Ljown.
did not hear his servant
who rapped at the door.
Do not read that book.
He leans on a broken reed.
The book I read has red
covers.
The shi[j was a wreck ; be-
cause the sailors were-
very reckless.
Do nor disturb the master's.
rest
Wrest the stick from him.
The poet made a rhyme.
The ground is covered with
rime.
Ring the bell.
He cannot wring an answei
trom the man.
f
it
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
i
iu
Right, just.
Rite, a ceremony.
Wright, a workman.
Write, to express by letters.
Rode, did ride.
Road, a way.
Roe, the female of the hart ;
the eggs of a fish.
Row, a line ; to impel with
oars.
Rood, the fourth part of* an
acre.
Rude, rough.
Room, space ; an apart-
ment.
Rheum, catarrh.
Root, of a tree or plant
Route, way ; direction.
Rows, does row.
Roes, plural of roe.
Rose, a flower.
Rough, rui^i^ed.
Ruff, an article of dress.
Rung, did ring.
Wrung, did wring.
Rye, a kind of grain.
Wry, crooked.
Sail, of a ship.
Sale, the act of selling.
Satire, a poem censuring
vice and folly.
Satyr, a wood-god.
Seed, that which is sown.
Cede, to give up.
Seem, to appear.
Seam, the line formed by
sewing.
It is right for the child
to be present at the rite.
The wright cannot write.
We rode seven miles along
that road.
The roe took to the lake ;
and we had to row after
her.
The cottage has a rood of
ground in front of it.
It is rude to stare so.
He is confined to his room,
as he has a bad rheum.
We dug up the root of the
tree on our route.
He rows after the roes.
The ice was rough.
Mary lost her ruff.
John has not rung.
He wrung my hand hard.
Black bread is made of rye.
He made a wry face.
The boat's sail is for sale.
Dryden wrote several able
satires.
The Satyrs danced in tlie
wood.
We must not cede the bag
of seed to you.
The seam does not seero
very well sewn.
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLIXG.
61
Sees, beholds.
Seas, the plural of sea.
Seize, to take by force.
See, to perceive ; the dio-
cese of a bishop.
Sea, a part of the ocean.
Seen, beheld.
Scene, a view or prospect.
Sell, to give for money.
Cell, a cellar; a hermit's
hut.
Sent, did send.
Scent, a smell.
Cent., for centum, a hundred.
Shear, to clip.
Sheer, pure, unmixed.
Sign, a token, a symbol.
Sine, a line in trigonometry.
Signet, a small seal.
Cygnet, a young swan.
Skull, the head.
Scull, a small oar.
Sleight, a trick.
Slight, weak, small ; to
think little of.
Sloe, a v/ild plum.
Slow, n' t ''wift.
i^ thus.
^ow, to scp'*er seed.
Sew, to usl a needle.
Solr:, only; bottom of the
loot ; a flat fish.
Soul, the spirit.
Soar, to fly up.
Sore, painful part
What the pirau- sees on the
seas he thinks he may
seize on.
We cannot see so fiir on
the sea as on a hill.
We have all seen the beau-
tiful scene.
The grocer will not sell the
sugar.
He was locked up in the cell.
He sent nie some scent.
The money was lent at 5
per cent.
The shepherd will shear
the sheep.
That is sheer nonsense.
A rainbow in the morning
is a bad sign.
He cannot calculate the
sine.
She lost the signet.
The cygnet has left its nest.
The skull of the elephant
is thick.
I have broken the odd scull.
Sleight-of-hand is mere
trickery ; we should
slight it.
The sloe is a sour plum.
The old horse is very slow.
As Nvj sow, so shall we
rea}).
She is too learned to sew.
Tom caught a sole.
The soul never dies.
The eagle soared into the
air.
The sore is better.
M
f
m
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
64
Stake, a post.
Steak, a slice of beef for
broiling.
Stare, to gaze on.
Stair, steps for going up.
Steal, to take from.
Steel, iron hardened.
Step, a pace ; a proceeding.
Steppe, a vast plain.
Stile, steps over a fence.
Style, manner of writing.
Straight, direct.
Strait, narrow ; a narrow
passage ; a difficulty.
Some, a part.
Sum, the amount or whole.
Subtler, comparative of
subtle.
Sutler, one that sells pro-
visions to an army.
Suite, retinue ; set of rooms.
Sweet, pleasant to the palate.
Tax, a rate or impost.
Tacks, small nails.
Tail of a horse, &c.
Tale, a story.
Tier, a row.
Tear, water from the eyes.
Teas, plural of tecL,
Tease, to annoy.
The horse was tied to a
stake.
Get me a beefsteak for din-
ner.
Do not stare at any one.
She fell down-stairs.
Did the tluef steal thd steel
hammer.
I cannot walk another step.
A Russian division was lost
on a steppe one winter.
I crossed the stile.
The style of Macaulay is
very different from that
of Hallam.
We sailed straignt from the
strait
Some of the figures in the
sum are wrong.
The pleasure of music is a
subtler pleasure than that
derived from painting.
The sutler followed the
army of the north.
The lady has a ruite of
rooms in the palace.
The music was very sweet.
A tax has been laid on
tacks and other nails.
Do not pull the dog's tail.
The tale was very amusing.
We sat in the front tier;
and the play drew many
a tear from our eyes.
The new teas have just
come from China.
Do not tease the child.
I ;;. .ji'i
I
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
65
Team, a yoke of horses or Several teams passed up
oxen.
Teem, to be fuU of.
Tirae, the material of life.
Thyme, a plant
Their, belorging to them.
There, in that place.
Threw, did throw.
Through, from one end to
the other.
Throne, a seat of state.
Thrown, cast.
Throw, to cast
Throe, extreme pain.
To, towards.
Too, much ; also.
Two, twice one.
Toe, of the foot
Tow, coarse tlax; to pull
with a rope.
Tun, a large cask; 252
gallons.
Ton, 20 hundred (cwt)
Tray, a broad shallow
trough.
Trait, a characteristic or
feature.
Vain, empty, futile; con-
ceited.
Vane, a wi ithercock.
Vein, a bio jd- vessel; of
metal.
Vale, a valley.
"Veil, a cover to conceal
the face.
the road.
The field teems with insect
life.
Better waste money than
time.
Get me a sprig of thyme.
Their house stood there-
under the beech-trees.
He threw a stone through
the window.
The queen sat on her throne.
The man was thrown from'
his horse.
The attack of gout would
throw him into a throe
of pain.
Two to each seat is one too
many.
He wrapped up his big toe
in tow moistened.
A tun of wine costs more
than a ton of iron.
The servant brought in the
tray.
I do not admire that trait
in his character.
He is vain of his talents.
The vane points to the west
A vein was opened in his
arm.
The mist did not quite veil
the beauty of the vale.
66
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
Wait, to Stay.
Weight, heaviness.
Ware, goods.
Wear, to use.
Wave, of the sea.
Waive, to move the hand ;
to omit mentioning.
Way, a road ; manner.
Weigh, to try the weight of
a thing.
Weald, a wold or forest
Wield, govern.
Wait till I get rid of thw
enormous weight.
This kind of earthenware
is easily broken.
Your hat will soon wear out
The waves came tumbling
in on the beach.
The chairman waived the
usual ceremony.
That is not the way to
weigh butter.
The Sussex weald covers a
large district.
She cannot wield the sceptre
of so mighty a kingdom.
I'.
Weather, state of the cli-
mate.
Wether, a sheep.
Whether, which of two.
Weak, feeble, infirm.
Week, seven days.
Won, did win.
One, a number.
Would, past of ivill.
Wood, a forest ; timber.
Yoke, a frame for coupling
oxen.
Yolk, the yellow of an egg.
You, the plural of thou.
Yew, a kind of tree.
Ewe, a sheep.
I hardly know whether the
present state of the wea-
ther suits our wethers.
He was very weak for more
than a week.
Jonn won more than one
prize.
He would go through the
wood, and so lost his way.
He bought five yoke of
oxen.
The yolk of an egg is yellow.
Did you see the ewe near
the yew-tree ?
ANOTHER SET.
Abel, a man's name.
Able, with power to do.
Allowed, did allow.
Aloud« not whispering
Abel is hardly able to do
the task.
We were not allowed to
speak aloud.
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING
67
Alter, to change ; to vary.
Altar, in a church.
Augur, a soothsayer; to
predict by signs.
Auger, an instrument for
boring.
Bald, hairless.
Bawled, did bawl.
Bored, did bore.
Board, a plank.
Bold, brave.
Bowled, did bowl.
Boy, a male child.
Buoy, a mark in the sea.
Braid, to plait.
Brayed, did bray.
Brewed, did brew.
Brood, offspring.
Bridal, a wedding.
Bridle, for a horse.
Briton, a native of Britain.
Britain, Great Britain.
Calendar, an almanac.
Calender, a hot process for
giving a gloss to cloth.
Council, an assembly for
consultation.
Counsel, to advise ; a legal
adviser.
Councillor, member of a
council.
Counsellor, an adviser.
Find, to discover.
Fined, did fine.
He will alter the position of
the aiUr a little.
The augur took an auger
and bored a hole through
the door. •
The bald man bawled out
my name in the street.
He bored a hole in the
board.
The bold captain bowled
down his enemies like
nine-pins.
The boy caught sight of
the buoy and clung to it.
Braid her liair.
The ass brayed in the tleld.
Tom has brewed good ale.
The hen has a large brood
of chickens.
Her bridal ceremonies were
splendid.
The bridle is broken.
A Briton is a native of
Great Britain.
Spenser wrote " The Shep-
herd's Calendar "
Send the cloth to c^ calen-
dered.
The whole of the council
met to-day in tlic council
chamber.
A wise counsellor will give
you good counsel.
Councillor Jones proved a
good counsellor in all his
difficulties.
Did you find the key ?
John was fined for losing it.
£ 2
^ 4
68
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
ii:
^iii'.
if:
Flour, from meal.
Flower, a blossom.
Fir, a tree.
Fur, a soft-haired skin.
Higher, more high.
Hire, wages.
Hole, a hollow.
Whole, aU.
Holy, sacred.
Wholly, entirely.
Lesson, a school task.
Lessen, to make less.
Liar, one who tells lies.
Lyre, a musical instrument.
Lowed, did low.
Load, a burden.
Lore, learning.
Lower, more low; to let
down.
Manor, a domain.
Manner, method or way.
Mayor, a chief magistrate.
Mare, the female of a horse.
Miner, a worker in mines.
Minor, one under age.
Missed, did miss.
Mist, a fog.
Mower, one that mows.
More, comparative of much.
Ode, a lyric poem.
Owed, did owe.
The miller had a flower m
his button-hole when he
brought the flour.
The Scotch fir is a beauti-
ful tree.
The jacket is trimmed with
fur.
Wages get higher every day,
and it is difficult to hire
good servants.
There is a hole in the cloth.
The whole of the party
voted against him.
The Bible is a holy book.
The man was wholly given
up to indolence.
His lessons do not lessen
from week to week.
Every one distrusts a liar.
David played on a lyre.
The oxen lowed as they
drew the heavy load.
Dr. S. is a man of great lore.
Lower the blinds.
He saluted the lord of the
manor in a respectful
manner.
The mayor rode on a fine
bay mare.
The miner's son is still a
minor.
He missed his way in the
dense mist.
The mower wants more
beer.
The poet who wrote that
ode owed his tailor a
large sum.
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
Packed, did pack.
Pact, a contract
Plaintiff, in a lawsuit
Plaintive, mournful.
Principal, chief; money
placed out at interest
Principle, a maxim ; a rule
of action.
Profit, gain.
Prophet, one who prophe-
sies.
Roar, as a lion, &c.
Rower, one who rows.
Rode, did ride.
Rowed, did row.
Sighed, did sigh.
Side, the edge.
Sailor, a seaman.
Sailer, as a ship.
Soared, did soar.
Sword, a weapon.
Staid, steady.
Stayed, did stay.
Stationery, pens, paper, &c.
Stationary, remaining in
one place.
Sucker, a young shoot
Succour, help -, to help.
Symbol, a type.
Cymbal, a musical instru-
ment
Tacked, did tack.
Tact, readiness.
His portmanteau was care-
fully packed.
The pact was soon broken.
The plaintiff had a plaintive
way of speaking.
Dr. A. is principal of the
college, and will stead-
fastly adhere to these
principles.
Our profit is very small.
Isaiah was a prophet of
God.
We heard the lion roar.
The rower was very tired.
I rode six miles; but he
rowed eight in his boat.
He sighed as he sat by the
side of the stream.
The sailor thinks his ship
a very good sailer.
The eagle soared away
when the hunter drew
his sword.
The staid old lady stayed
with us three weeks.
The stationery-case should
always be in one place —
should be stationary.
The tree threw out suckers.
No succour reached Dr.
Livingstone.
The lost gun was a symbol
of defeat
One cymbal will not sound
without the other.
The ship tacked several
times in the straits.
He showed great tact in
the interview.
70 COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
Tide, the flow and ebb of The tide rose rapidly to
where the poor dog was
tied.
We tracked the bear over
a long tract of country.
He will support me in weal
or in woe.
The wheel came off the gig.
Weigh the silver carefully.
Whey, the serous part cf Give plenty of whey to the
pigs.
The grass is wet.
the sea.
Tied, did tie.
Tracked, did track.
Tract, a region; a pamphlet.
Weal, happiness.
Wheel, of a vehicle.
Weigh, to try the weight of
milk.
Wet, to moisten.
Whet, to sharpen.
Whigs, a ]Dolitical party.
Wigs, for the head.
Wight, a person.
White, a colour.
Wile, guile ; to beguile-
While, time.
Win, to gain.
Whin, gorse.
Whine, like a dog.
Wine, juice of the grape.
The whetstone is lost.
The old Whig gentieman
wore a wig.
No living wight has ever
seen that white stone in
the cave.
He wiled me to stay with
him for a while.
That boy did not win the
race. The whin hurt his
foot.
I cannot endure that dog's
whine.
The doctor prescribed wine.
CHAPTER XVH.
WORDS SOMETIMES CONFOUNDED
at-
Adherents, followers
tached to.
Adherence, attachment to,
Assistants, helpers.
Assistance, help.
His adherents showed a
s^'-ong adherence to his
ise.
The assistants came speedily
to his assistance.
COMPLETE MA/fUAI. OF SPELLlltG. ;t
* wllT""' "" "" °' *'"• I!?* «'endance was bad.
Attendants, persons who ^^^^''^"^^^ *«« aU
wait. J'
Baron, a lord.
Barren, not fruitful.
Currant, a small berry.
Current, of water
Descent, going down.
Dissent, difterence in
opinion.
Divers, several.
Diverse, diflferent.
Elicit, to draw out of.
Illicit, illegal.
Emerge, to rise out of
Immerge, to plunge into.
Emigrant, one who goes
out of a country.
Inimigrant, one who goes
into a country.
Eminent, distinguished.
Imminent, impending.
Fisher, one who fishes.
Fissure, a cleft, a crack.
Gambol, to frisk.
Gamble, to practise gaming.
Gristly, consisting of gristle.
Grizzly, somewhat gray.
Ingenuous, open, frank.
Ingenious, having inge-
nuity.
The baron ordered the bar
ren fields to be drained.
Currants are used in pud-
dings.
The Gulf Stream is an
enormous current.
The descent was safely
made.
I dissent from that view.
Divers persons came and
expressed very diverse
opinions.
We could not elicit any in-
formation about the illicit
distilling.
He was immerged in the
lake, but very soon
emerged.
A large number of emi-
grants left Ireland, and
entered America as im-
migrants.
The eminent statesman is
in imminent danger.
The fisher anchored his
boat near a fissure in the
rock.
Lambs gambol ; wicked
men gamble.
The beef is too gristly.
His hair is getting grizzly.
The lad is ingenuous, but
not at all ingenious.
'W.
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
Mil;
72
Lineament, a feature.
Liniment, an ointment
Missal, the mass book.
Missile, a weapon thrown
by the hand.
Ordinance, a decree.
Ordnance, cannon.
Patients, sick persons.
Patience, being patient.
Presents, gifts.
Presence, being present
Prophesy, to predict.
Prophecy, a prediction.
Rues, does rue.
Ruse, a trick, a stratagem.
Track, a vestige ; to trace.
Tract, a region, a treatise.
In every lineament he was '
like his father.
His arm was rubbed with
the liniment
The missal should not be
used as a missile.
The general issued an ordi-
nance about the ordnance
department
The patients showed great
patience.
The presents were delivered
in presence of the Queen.
Prophesy not smooth pro-
phecies.
He rues that old ruse by
this time.
He tracked the course of
the beast by the blood.
The clergyman gave me a
tract
DICTATION.
CAUTIONARY VERSES TO YOUTH OF BOTH SEXES.
My little dears wlio learn to read, pray early learn to shun
That very silly thing, indeed, which people call a pun ;
Read Entinck's rules, and 'twill be found how simple an
offence
It is to make the selfsame sound afford a double sense.
For instance, al^ may make you ail, your aunt an ant
may kill ;
You in a vak may buy a Teil, and BUI may pay the bill.
Or if to France your barque you steer, at Dover, it may be,
Kpeer appears upon the pier, who, blind, still goes to sea.
Thus one might say when to a treat good friends accept
our greeting.
'Tis meet that men who meet to eat, should eat their meat
when meeting.
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
73
Brawn on the boanTs no bore indeed, althou-h from boar
prepared ;
Nor can the Jozd on which we feed, foul fcedino be
declared.
Thus one ripe fruit may be a/mr, and yet be/^m/a-ain,
And still be one, which seemeth rare iint.l we do exp'lain
It therefore should be all your aim to speak with ample
care ; ^
For who, however fond of game, would choose to swallow
hair i
A fat man's gait may make us smile, who has no mte to
close ;
The former, sitting on his stile, no stxlish person knows
Perfumers men of scents must be; some ^V//A' men are
bright ;
A brown man oft deep read we see-a black, a wicked
7i.Ught.
Most wealthy men good manors have, however wealthy
they ; ^
And actors still the harder slave, the oftencr thev play
So poets can't the baize obiain, unless their tailors choose •
While grooms and coachmen, not in vain, each evening
seek the mews. °
The dyer who by ^)r///,^dives, a dire life maintains •
Ihe glazier. It is known, receives— his profits from his
/>anes.
By gardeners thyme is tied, 'tis true, when spring is in its
prime ; i o i-o
But time and tide won't wait for you, if you are tied for time.
Then now you see, my little dears, the way to make a pun :
A trick which you, through coming years, should sedu-
lously shun :
The fault admits of no defence ; for wheresoe'er 'tis found,
vou sacrifice the sound for sense— ih^ sense is new tv sound.
So let your words and actions tooone single meaning prove •
And, just in all you say or do, you'll gain esteem and love •
m mirth and play no harm you'll know, when duty's task
is done, ^
But parents ne'er should let you go un/««ished for s^pun.
94
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
CHAPTER XVIII.
LATIN PHRASES IN CONSTANT USE.
m
¥^'
A fortiori, with stronger
reason.
A posteriori, an argument
from the effect to the
cause.
A priori, from the cause to
the effect.
Ab initio, from the begin-
ning.
Ab urbe condita, from the
building of the city
(Rome).
Ad absurdum, bringing the
contrary opinion to an
absurdity.
Ad captan'dum vulgus, to
catch the rabble.
Ad eundem (e-un-dem\ to
the same ; to a like de-
gree (m.a., &c.).
Ad infinitum, to infinity.
Ad lib'itum, at pleasure.
Ad referendum, to be re-
ferred to or considered
again.
Ad valorem, in proportion
to the value.
Adden'dum, //. Addenda,
to be added ; additions
to a book.
Agenda, things to be done.
Alias, otherwise.
Alibi, elsewhere.
Alma mater, a kindly
mother; a term applied
to the university where
one was educated.
Anathema, Gr., curse.
Anglic^, in English.
Anno Domini (a.d.), in the
year of our Lord.
Anno mundi, in the year
of the world.
Ante meridiem (a.m.), be-
fore noon.
Anthropoph'^gi, Gr.^ man-
eaters.
Apex, //. Apices, the top
of anything.
Aqua {a'-hua), water.
Aqua vitoe, eau-de-vie, or
brandy.
Argumentum ad hom'inem,
an argument to the man
(a personal argument).
Argumentum baculinum,
the argument of the
cudgel.
Armiger, one bearing arms ;
a gentleman.
Audi alteram partem, hear
the other side.
Aut Csesar aut nullus, either
Caesar or nobody.
Bona fide, in good faith.
Cac6e"thes loquen'di, an
itch for speaking.
CacOe'thes scribendi, an
itch for writing.
Caetera desunt, the rest is
wanting.
Caeteris paribus, other cir-
cumstances being equal.
Camera obscura, an optical
instrument used in a
darkened chamber for the
purpose of exhibiting ob-
jects without
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
CapKas, a writ of execution ;
literally, take thou.
Caput mortuum, the worth-
less remains.
Caret, a word to denote
that something is want-
ing.
Caveat, a kind of process
in law to stop proceed-
ings ; a caution.
Cognomen,
a
a surname,
family name.
Com'pos men'tis, of sound
mind.
Con'tra, against ; contrary
to.
Cor'nucopia, the horn of
plenty.
Corrigen'da, things or words
to be corrected.
Cui bono ? for whose good ?
Cuique suum, to every
man his own.
Cum privilegio, with privi-
lege.
Curren'te calamo, with a
running pen ; right off.
Custos rotulo'rum, keeper
of the rolls or records.
Data, things granted.
De facto, in f.ict or reality.
De jure, in law or right.
De mor'tuis nil nisi bonum,
of the dead say nothing
but what is good.
De novo, anew ; over again.
Deficit, a want or defi-
ciency.
Dei gratia, by the grace of
God.
Dele (d), blot out or erase.
Delta, the Greek letter a ;
a triangular tract of land
at the mouth of a river.
75
I3eo volente (d.v.), God
willing or permitting.
Desideratum, //. Deside-
rata, a thing or things
desired or wanted.
Dexter, the right hand.
Dictum, a positive assertion.
Distringas, a writ for dis-
training.
Divide et impera, divide
and govern.
Dramatis persoUcne, the
cliaracters in a play.
Duodecimo (du-o-dess-e'-
mo), having twelve leaves
to the sheet.
E i)lurlbus unum, one out
of manv — motto of the
United States.
Ec'ce homo, behold
man.
Px'ce sii^num, behold
the
the
Ecjuilibrium, equality of
sign.
weight.
Ergo, therefore.
Erratum, pi P^iTata, a mis-
take, or mistakes.
Esto jjerpetua, may it last
for ever.
Et castera (<S:c.), and the
rest.
Ex cathedra, from the
chair.
Ex nihilo nihil fit, from
nothing nothing comes.
Ex officio, officially.
Ex parte, on one side only ;
partial.
Ex post facto, from some-
thing done afterwards —
as a law applied to a
crime committed before
the law was made.
Iff
ott :
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
I II
i..l^
76
Ex temi>or^, without pre-
meditalion ; oil-hand.
Excerpta, extracts from a
work.
Exemph gratia {e.g.)^ for
example.
Exeunt onmes, all go off.
Exit, he goes off; de-
parture.
Exuvine, cast skins of ani-
mals.
Fac simile', an exact copy.
Felo de se, Sp., a murderer
of one's self, self-murder.
Fieri facias (ft. fa.) {ft'-e-ri-
fa"-.she-ass), a writ to the
sheriff to levy debt or
damages.
Finem res[)ice, look to the
end.
Flagrante delicto, during the
commission of the crime.
Fortiter in re, ftrmly in
action.
Genera, the plural oii^cyius.
Habeas corpus, a writ di-
recting a gaoler to //dvc or
produce the i^Oi/y of a ])ri-
soner before the court.'
Haud passibus requis, not
with ecjual steps.
Hortus siccus (a dry gar-
den), a collection of spe-
cimens of dried plants.
Humanum est errare, it is
human to err.
Ibidem, in the same place.
Id est (i.e.), that is.
Idem, the same.
Ignis fatuus, will-o'-the-wisp ;
literally, a delusive fire.
.Imperium in imperio, a
government within a
government.
Imprimatur, let it be
printed.
Imprunis, in the first place.
Impromptu, without pre-
meditation ; off-hand.
In esse, in actual existence.
In forma pauperis, as a
pauper.
In foro conscientiae, before
the tribunal of con-
science.
In limine, at the outset.
In posse, in possible exist-
ence.
In propria persona, in per-
son.
In re, in the matter or
business of.
In terrorem, as a warning.
In toto, entirely.
In transitu, on the passage.
In vino Veritas, there is
truth in wine.
Index expurgatorius (a
purifying index), a list of
prohibited books.
Infra dignitatem, beneath
one's dignity.
Instanter, instantly.
Interim, in the meantime.
Interregnum, the period
between, two reigns.
Ipse dixit, mere assertion
(he himself has said).
Ipso facto, by the fact itself.
Item, also ; an article in a
bill or account.
Jure divino, by Divine right.
Jure humano, by human
law.
Jus gentium, the law of
nations.
Lapsus linguae, a slip of the
tongue.
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
be
Laus Deo, praise be to God.
Lex talionis, the law of
retaliation, an eye for an
eye, &c.
Libra, a balance ; a sign of
the zodiac.
Locum tencn.s, holding the
place of another; a iicu-
ienant or deputy.
Lit'6ra scripta manct, what
is written remains.
Litera'tim, letter by letter ;
literally.
Lusus naturae, a freak oi
natural.
Magna Charta (karta), the
great charter.
Malum in se, an evil in
itself.
Manda'mus, in law, a writ
from a superior court ;
literally, ivt^coniniatut
Miincs, dei)arted spirits.
Materia med'ica, substances
used in the preparation
of medicine.
Maximum, the greatest.
Memento mori, remember
death.
Memorabilia, things to be
remembered.
Mens conscia recti, a m.ind
conscious of right.
Mens Sana in corpore sano,
a sound mind in a sound
body.
Meum et tuum, mine and
thine.
Min'imum, the least.
Mit'timus (we send), a war-
rant for committal to
prison.
Modus operandi, the mode
or manner of operating.
77
Multum in parvo, much in
little.
Ne exeat regno, let him
not leave the kingdom.
Ne i)lus ultra, no farther,
the utmost point.
Ne (luiil nimis, too much
of one thing is good for
nothing.
Ne sutor ultra crepKdam,
the shoemaker should
not go beyond his last.
Nee tcmere nee timide,
neirhcrrashly nor timidly.
Necro'sis, Cr., mortification
or deadness.
Nem ine contrailiccntS
(ncm, con.), none oppos-
^ ing.
Nolens volens, " willy
nilly."
Noli me tangere, touch me
not.
Non compos mentis, not of
sane mind.
Non est inventus, he is not
found ; a return to a
writ.
Non obstante, notwith-
standing.
Nosce teipsum, know thy-
self.
N oifi bene (n.b,), mark well.
Nunc aut nunquam, now
or never.
Obiter dictum, a casual re-
mark.
Omnibus, for all.
Onus probandi, the burden
of proof.
Ore tenus, as far as the
mouth.
Otium cum dignitate, lei-
sure with dignity.
^ i.
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
I K
1 i
7«
Par nobile fratrum, a noble
pair of brothers (ironi-
cally).
Pari passu, with equal pace.
Passim, everywhere.
Pecca'vi, I have sinned.
Pendente lite, the suit
pending.
Per cent, (for centum)^ by
the hundred.
Per saltum, by a leap.
Per fas ct nefas, through
right and wrong.
Per se, by itself.
Pinxit, painted it.
Posse conuta'tus, the civil
force of the county.
Post nicridiem (p.m.), after
midday.
Postula'ta, things required.
Prima facie, at the first view.
Primi tiie (pri-mish'-e-e), first-
fruits.
Primuui mobile, the first
mover.
Princip'ia, first prniciples.
Principiis obsta, oppose
beginnings.
Pro aris et focis, for our
altars and hearths.
Pro re nata, according to
exigencies.
Pro bono publico, for the
public good.
Pro et con (contra), for
and against.
Pro forma, for form's sake.
Pro hac vice, for the occa-
sion.
Pro tempore, for this time.
Probdtum est, it has been
pioved.
^Quantum libet, as much as
pleases you.
Quantum sufficit, as much
as is sufiicient.
Quantum valeat, as much
as it may be worth.
Quid nunc? (what noAv?),
a newsmonger.
Quid pro quo, something
for something.
Quod erat demonstrandum
or Q.E.D., that which
was to be proved.
Quondam, formerly.
Re infecta, without accom-
plishing the matter.
Recipe (ress'-e -py), takethou,
the first V ord of a phy-
sician's prescription, and
hence the prescription
itself.
Rcquiescat in pa'ce, may
he rest in peace.
Respice fintm, look to the
end.
Resurgam, I shall rise again.
Scandalummagnatum, scan-
dal against high rank.
Scil'icet (sc), to wit, namely.
Sci're focias, cause it to be
known, or show cause.
Secundum artem, according
to art.
Semper idem, always the
same.
Seriatim, in regular order.
Sic passim, so everywhere.
Sine die, without fixing a
day.
Sine qua non, without
which not ; a necessary
condition.
Statu (juo, in the same state
in which it was.
Sua cuicjue voluptas, every
one has his o^vn pleasure.
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLfNG.
7^
Suaviter in modo, fortiter
in re, gently in manner,
firmly in acting.
Sub pcena, under a penalty.
Sub .silentio, in silence.
Sui generis, the only one of
the kind ; singular.
Summum bonum, the chief
or supreme goud.
Tabula rasa, a smooth tab-
let ; a mere blank.
Tsedium vitai, weariness of
life.
Te Deum, a hymn of
thanksgiving ; so called
Una voce, with one voice.
Utile dulci, the useful with-
the agreeable.
Vacuum, an empty space.
Vade mecum, come with
me ; a conipanion.
Vos victis ! woe to the van-
quished.
Verbatim, word for word.
■\^('r';Mq ( hT7(<-frrfif) against.
Veto {I forbid), a i)rohibi-
tion.
Vi et armis, by main force.
Via, by the way of.
Vice, in the stead or room
of.
from the two first words.
Tempora mutantur, times Vice versa, the opposite
change. Vide, see ; refer to.
Totidem verbis, in just so
many words.
Toties quoties, as often as.
Toto ccelo, by the whole
heavens ; as far as the
poles asunder
Vis inertias, the force of
resistance of inanimate
matter.
Viva voce, orally ; by word
of mouth.
Viz. (videlicet), to wit.
Tria juncta in mio, three Vox et pra^terea nihil, voice
joined in one.
Ultima ratio regum, ^hxt last
reason of kings ; that is,
war.
Ultimo (ult), the last month.
(or sound) and nothing
more.
VivAT Regina ! Long
LIVE THE Queen I
CHAPTER XIX.
phrases from other languages in frequent use.
Abattoir (a-bat-twar'), a pub- 1 la mode (ah-la-mode), in
lie slaughter-house. the fasliion.
Abb^ (ab-bey), an abbot. Alguazil (il'-ga-zeel), a
Aide-de-camp (aid'-d'-c5ng), Spanish policeman,
an officer attending a Alto relievo, //., high r<s
esneraL Uef (in sculpttire).
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING
HI
Amateur (ahm-at-ehr), a
iover of any art or science,
not a i)rofessor.
Amen lie (a-mongd'), a-
mends.
Andante, //., moderately
slow.
Antiijue (an-teek'), ancient.
Al>roi)os (a-pro-po'), to the
])urpose.
Assignat (as'-sin-ya), paper
money issued dunng the
Revolution.
Attache (at-ta-shd), one at-
tached to an ambassa-
dor.
Au fait (o fay), master of
the subject.
Auto da fe, Sp. (burning to
dcadi), an act of faith.
Avocat (av'-o-ca), a la\v)'er.
Badinage (bad"-e-nazh'),
light or playful discourse.
B.igatelle(l)a-ga-ter), a trifle.
Ballet (bal-16), an opera
dance.
Beau (bo), a gaily-dressed
person.
Beau -ideal (bo-ee-day'-al),
ideal excellence.
Beau monde (bo-mond),
the fashionable world.
Bella-donna, It., the deadly
nightshade ; literally,/rr/>
lady — so called because
its juice was used as a
cosmetic by Italian
ladies.
Belle (bell), a fashionably-
dressed lady.
Belles-lettres (bell-lettr),
literature.
Bijou (bee-zhoo), a jewel or
trinket.
Billet-doux (bil-le-doo'), a
love-ktter.
Bivouac (biv'-oo-ack), to
pass the night under
arms.
Bizarre (be-zdr), odd, fan-
tastic.
Blanc mange (bla-mon'je),
a white jelly.
Bon jour (bohn-zhur), good
day.
Bon-mot (bong mo), a witty
saying.
Bonne-bouche (. ■ "tn-boosh),
a delicious morsel \ a
titbit.
B .>. vi vant(bohn-veev'-ahn),
a high liver.
Boudoir (boo-dwar), a lady's
room.
Bougie (boo-zhe), a wax
tai)er.
Bouillon (boor-y6ng),a kind
of broth.
Bouquet (bookay), a nose-
Bourgeois (boor'-zhwaw), a
burgess or citizen ; citi-
zen-like.
Bravura (bra-voo'-ra), a song
of difficult execution.
Bulletin (bool'e-teen), a
short official piece of
news.
Bureau (bu-ro), an office.
Cabriolet (cab'-re-o-lay"), a
cab.
Cachet (kah-shay), a seal.
Ca ira (sa-ee-ra), (it shall
go on, that is, the Revo-
lution), the refrain of a
revolutionary song.
Caicjue (ca-eek'), the skiflf
of a galley.
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
8i
Calibre (ca-lec'br), capacity Ccnge d'c'Iire (con-jay-de-
or power. leer), ])erni sion to elect.
Cap-a-pie (cap-ah-pee), from Connoisseur (con-a-sehr), a
head to foot. skilful judge.
Capuchin (cap'-u-sheen"), a Contour (con-t(Kjr'), the out-
hooded friar. line of a figure.
Carte blanche (cart- Corps diploniaticiue (core-
blongsh), (white jxiper), dip-lo-nia-tejk'), the body
permission to name our
own terms.
Chamixl'tre (sluim-paytr'),
rural.
Chai)eau (shap'-po), a hat.
Chai)eron (sha])-er-ong), a
of ambassadors.
Coup d'etat (coo-deh-tah),
a sudden measure on the
l)art of the state.
Coup (le grace (coo-de-
grass'), the finishing blow.
gentleman who attends Coup de main (coo-deh-
upon or protects a lady mehng), a sudden or bold
in a public assembly.
Charge d'aftaires (shar'-jay-
daf-fair), a i)erson left in
charge in the ai'-jnce of
an ambassador
Charivari (shar-e-va-ree), a
mock serenade of dis-
cordant music.
Charlatan (shar'-la-tan), a
quack.
Chateau (shah-to'), a castle.
Chef-d'oeuvre (shay-doovr),
a masterpiece.
Chevaux de frise (shev'-o-
de-freeze), a kind of
si)iked fence.
Ci-devnnt (sce-de-vang),
formerly, fv-'mier.
Clicjue (cleek), a party or
Cognac ^cune-yack), a kind
of brandy brou ;Iu from
the town (near Bordeaux)
so called.
Comme il faut (com-ee-fo'),
as it should be.
Con amoff^. //., with love;
with all one's heart.
enteriJiise.
Coup d'leil (coo-deuhr), a
glance of the eye.
CoLite (jue coute (coot-ke-
coot), cost what it will.
Cuisine (kwe-zeen'), the
kitchen, the cooking de-
pan ment.
Cul de sac (literally, the
bottom of a sack or bag),
a street closed at one end.
Da cajjo, //., repeat from
the beginning.
Deljris (de-b;ee). broken
remains ; ruins.
De'jeuner a la fourchette
(( le - z heu - ne-ah- lah -foor-
shayt), a breakfast with
meat.
Denouement (de - noo-
mong'), the v/inding-up.
Dei)6t (deh-p6), a store.
Dernier ressort (dairn-yair-
ressor), the last shift or
resource.
Dieu et mon droit (dieu-ai-
mon-drvvau), God and my
right.
82
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
i; t\
i: w
Dilettan'te (//. Dilettanti),
one who delights in pro-
moting the fine arts.
Dolce (dol'-che),//., sweetly
and softly.
Doloro'so, /A, in music, soft
and pathetic.
Domicile (dom-e-seel), an
abode.
^claircissement (ec-lair'-cis-
mong), a clearing up or
explanation of an affair.
Eclat (e-clah'), splendour.
!^lfeve (ai-lave), one brought
up by another ; a pupil.
En passant (on pas'song), in
passing, by the way.
En route (ang-roof), on the
road.
Encore (ahn-core), again.
Ennui (inn-wee), weari-
someness.
Entre nous (6ng'-tr-noo), be-
tween ourselves.
Entree (ong-tray), entrance.
Entrepot (6ng-tr-po'), a
warehouse.
iifcquivoque (a-ke-voke"), an
equivocation.
Esprit de corps (es-pree-de-
core), the spirit of the
body or party.
Exposd (ecks-po'-zy), an ex-
position or formal state-
ment.
Famille (fa-meel'), family ;
"en famille," in the
family.
Fantoccinni (fan'-to-tche"-
ne), //., puppets.
Faux pas (fo-pah), a false
step.
Femme couverte (fam-coo-
vairt), a married woman.
Femme sole, a single wo-
man.
Fete (fate), a feast or fes-
tival.
Feu de joie (feii-de-zhwaw),
a discharge of fire-arms,
Fiacre (fe-ah'kr), a hackney
coach.
Fille-de-chambre (feel-de-
sham-br), a chamber-
maid.
Finale (fee-nah'-ly), /A, the
end ; the close.
Fleur-de-lis (flelir-deh-lee),
the flower of die lily.
Fracas (fra-ca), a noisy
quarrel.
Friseur (fre-zur'), a hair-
dresser.
Gaucherie (gosh-re), left-
handedness ; awkward-
ness.
Gendarmes (jang-darm;,
police.
Gout (goo), taste.
Gusto, It., the relish of any-
thing ;
liking.
Harico (har'-c-co) a kind
of ragout.
Honi soit qui mal y pense
(ho - ne - swaw-koe-mahl-e-
pahns), evil be to him
that evil thinks.
Hors de combat (hor-de-
cohm-bah), disabled.
Hotel Dieu (o-tel'-dyeuh),
an hospital.
Ich dien, I serve.
In petto, in the breast or
mind ; in reserve.
Incognito (incog.), in dis-
guise ; unknown.
Je ne sais quoi (je-ne-say-
l:\vnw'), I know not what.
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
Jet d'eau (zhai-do'), an or-
namental water-spout.
Jeu d'esprit (zheu-des-prde),
play of wit ; a witticism.
Jeu de mots (zheu-de-mo'),
play upon words.
Juste milieu (zhust-mil-yii),
the just mean.
Levee (lev-ay), a morning
visit.
Liqueur (lee-quehr), a cor-
dial.
Mademoiselle (mad'-em-ma-
zel"), a young lady ; miss.
Maitre d'hotel (maytr-do-
tel'), an hotel-keeper or
manager.
Mai a propos (mal-ap-ro-
po'), out of time \ un-
seasonable.
Malaria, //., noxious va-
pours.
Mauvaise honte (mo-vais-
ont), false modesty.
Melee (may-la\'), a con-
fused (i!j;ht ; a scuffle.
Menage (men-azh'), a me-
nagerie.
Messieurs (mess-yeu), gen-
tlemen ; the plural of Mr.
Monsieur (mo'-syeu), sir,
Mr., a gentleman.
Naivete (nah-eev-tay), in-
genuousness ; simplicity.
Niaiscrie (nee-ais-ree), silli-
ness.
Nonvde-guerre (nong-de-
gair'^, an assumed name.
Nonchalance (nohn-shah-
lahnce), coolness.
On dit (ohn-dee), a flying
report.
Outre (oo-tray), extraor-
dinary.
pre-
pro-
83
Parole (par-ole), a word of
honour.
Pas (pah), a step ;
ccdence.
Patois (pat-waw),
vincialism.
Penchant (pang-shahn), a
leaning or inclination
towards.
Protiige (protege'e, fem)^
(pro-tay-jay), one that
is patronized.
Qui va Ih.? (kee-vah-la),
who goes there ?
Qui vive ? (kee-veev'), v/tto
goes there? on the alert.
Ragoiit (rah-goo), a highly-
seasoned dish.
Rencontre (rahn-contr), an
unexpected meeting ; an
encounter.
Restaurateur (re-stor-ah-
teur), a tavern-keeper.
Rouge (rooge), red paint
Sang froid (sahn-frwaw),
coolness ; literally, cold
blood.
Sans (sang), without.
Sans-culottes (sang-cu-lot'),
the rabble.
Savant (sav'-ang), a learned
man.
Sobriquet (so-bre-kay), a
nickname.
Soi-disant (swaw-de'e-zang),
self-styled ; pretended.
Soiree (swaw'ra), an even-
ing party.
Souvenir (soov-neer), re-
membrance.
Table d'hote (tabl-dote), an
ordinary at which the
master of the hotel pro-
sides.
F 3
1
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
'
84
Tete-k-tete (tait-ah-tait),
head to head ; a private
conversation between
two persons.
Tirade (tee-rad'), a long in-
vective speech.
Ton (tong), the full fashion.
Torso, //., the trunk of a
statue.
Tour (toor), a journey.
Tout ensemble (too-tahn-
salinbl), the whole taken
together.
Valet de chamb'-e (val-e-
deh-shambr), a footman.
Vetturino (vet-too-ree'n-o),
//., the owner or driver
of an Italian travelling
carriage.
Vis-h.-vis (veez-ah-vee), face
to face ; a small carriage
for two persons, with
seats opposite.
Vive la bagatelle (veev-la-
bag-a-tel') success to
trifles.
Vive le roi (veev-ler-waw),
long live the king.
CHAPTER XX.
TITLES AND OTHER ABBREVIATIONS IN USE.
A.B.
Artium pjaccalaureus
Bachelor of Arts.
A.M.
Artium Magister
Master of Arts.
A.M.
Anno Alundi
In the year of the
world.
A.U.C.
Ab urbe condita
From the building of
the city (Rome).
B.D.
Baccalaureus Divinitatis
Bachelor of Divinity.
B.M.
Baccalaureus Medicinal
Bachelor of Medi-
cine.
B. Sc.
Baccalaureus Scientiarum
Bachelor of Sciences.
C. Cent.
Centum
A hundred.
Clk.
Clericus
Clergyman.
C.R.
Custos Rotulorum
Keeper of the Rolls.
D.D.
Doctor Divinitatis
Doctor of Divinity.
D.C.L.
Doctor Civilis Legis
Doctor of Civil Law.
D.V.
Deo volente
God willing.
e- g.
Exempli gratia
For example.
Ibid.
Ibidem
In the same place.
i. e.
Id est
That is.
Incog.
Incognito
Unknown ; con-
cealed.
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
85
I.H.S.
LL.D.
L.S.
Jesus Hominum Salvator Jesus the Saviour of
men.
Le;]rum Doctor
Locus Siuilli
L.S.D. Libras, Solidi, Denarii
M.D.
M.S.
N.B.
Nem con.
Per rent.
S.C.
S.T.P.
P.M.
pp.
Prox.
P.S.
Q.E.D.
Sc.
Ult.
V.R.
Vid.
Viz.
&c.
Et seqq.
Abp.
Acct.
Admis.
Anon.
A.R.A.
Doctor of Laws.*
The place of tho
Seal.
Pounds, Shillings
Pence.
Doctor of Medicine.
Sacred to the Me-
mory.
Note well (or North
Britain),
No one opposing it
By the hundred.
A decree of the
Senate.
Sancta^TheologioeProfessorDoctor of Divinity.
Medicina; Doctor
Menioriai Sacrum
Nota bene
Nemine contradicente
Per centum
Senatus Consultum
Post meridiem
Pagince
Proximo
Post scriptum
Quod erat demonstran-
dum
Scilicet
Ultimo
Victoria Regina
Vide
Videlicet
Et cc'etera
Et sequentia
After midday.
Pages ; %^ ?iot p.p.
Next (month).
Postscript (written
after).
^Vhich was to be
proved.
To wit.
In the last (month).
Queen Victoria.
See
To wit.
And the rest.
And those which
follow.
B.A.
Bart.
Bp.
Archbishop.
Account.
Administrators.
Anonvmous.
Associate of the
Royal Aca-
demv.
Bachelor of Arts.
Baronet.
Bishop.
• Caution
Capt. Captain.
C.B. Companion of tlie
Bath.
C.P. Common Pleas.
Ch. Chapter.
Co. County or Company.
Col. Colonel.
Com'- Commissioner.
Cr. Creditor.
Cwt. Hundredweight
—not L L.D.
k%
^6
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
«
Do.
Ditto ; the same.
Lieut.
Lieutenant
Dr.
Debtor or Doctor
M.A.
Master of Arts.
E.
East.
Messrs.
Gentlemen.
E.L.
F.ast Longitude.
M.P.
Member of Par-
Exch.
Exchequer.
liament.
Esq.
Esfiuire.
Mr.
Mister.
F.G.S.
Fellow of Geolo-
Mrs.
Mistress.
gical Society.
MS.
Manuscript.
F.R.A.S.
Fellow of the
MSS.
Manuscripts.*
Royal Astro-
N.S.
NewStyle(i752).
nomicalSoc'ty.
No.
Number.
F.L.S.
Fellow of the Lin-
N.L.
North Latitude.
noean Society.
N.T.
New Testament
F.R.S.
Fellow of the
N.
North.
Royal Society.
O.S.
Old Style.
F.R.G.S.
Fellow of the
8vo
Octavo.
Royal Geogra-
4to
Quarto.
l)hical Society.
O.T.
Old Testament
F.S.A.
Fellow of the So-
oz.
Ounce.
ciety of Anti-
Prof
Professor.
quarians.
P.S.
Postscript
Gen.
General.
Q.
Question.
Gent.
Gentleman.
Qy-
Query.
Hhd.
T logshead.
Q.B.
Queen's Bench.
H.M.
lie, or His Ma-
Q.C.
Queen's Counsel
jesty.
Rev.
Reverend.
Inst.
Instant; present
Rt. Rev.
Right Reverend.
month.
Rt. Hon.
Right Hon'rable,
J.P.
Justice of Peace.
R.A.
Royal Academy.
Knt.
Knight.
R.H.A.
Royal Horse Ar-
K.G.
Knight of the
tillery.
Garter.
R.E.
Royal Engineers.
K.C.B.
Knight Com-
R.M.
Royal Marines.
mander of the
R.N.
Royal Navy.
Bath.
S.
South.
K.G.C.B
Knight G^and
Sec.
Secretary.
Cross of the
S.L.
South Latitude.
Bath.
St.
Saint
K.P.
Knight of St.
U.S.
United States.
Patrick.
w.
West
K.T.
Knight of the
W.L.
West Longitude.
Thistle.
Xmas.
Christmas.
• Caution — not M.S.S.
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING,
«r
CHAPTER XXI.
IMPORTANT CAUTIONS.
There is a class of words in which it is difficult to
remember what vowel or diphthong must be used, and
these require much and careful practice. Sometimes the
eye misleads ; and sometimes the ear. In the following
lists the words have been classified according to their end-
ings, and those most alike contrasted with each other.
I. AU
and AW
AU an
id AW
author
hawthorn
sausage
lawsuit
laurel
lawful
paucity
mawkish
gaudy
tawdry
saucer
sawyer
pauper
lawyer
faulty
awning
auburn
strawberry
plaudit
tawny
auction
awkward
august
awful
[^^ Note that au is generally found in words which we
get from Latin, while aw is an English symbol.]
Dictation Exercise 6i. — i. Her clothes are both
gaudy and tawdry. 2. The pauper went to the lawyer
for advice. 3. The auctioneer was very awkward about
his work. 4. The awful presence of the august emperor
caused a hush to fall uj)on the princes in. the hall. 5.
The sawyer drank his tea from the saucer. 6. The
awning is not new — it is torn and faulty in some places.
2.
EA long ai
id EA short
reason
weasel
pheasant
zealous
heathen
weasand
feather
weather
season
beacon
pleasant
breakfast
beaten
beadle
threaten
ready
wheaten
weaver
leather
endeavour
meagre
meadow
DrcTATioN Exercise 62. — i. The ox will have but
meagre feeding in that meadow. 2. The beadle was
re ly to receive the clergyman and his guests ; and the
breakfast was laid with a neatness highly laudable. 3.
Treason wiil use any kind of weapon. 4.* The. weaver
endeavoured to conceal the object of his search. 5. He
threatened to have me beaten.
«8
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
3. OU AND OW WITH THE SAME SOUND.
\ i
OU
and
OW
county
flounder
powder
fowler
bounty
foundling
dowry
trowel
cloudy
confound
drowsy
empower
counter
boundless
flower
clownisli
shower, lower, coward, vowel.
Note that on is in general a Latin or French, while
OW is an English symbol.]
Dictation Exercise 63. — i. The general won bound-
less renown. 2. He is the greatest ( oward in the county.
3. The meadow was covered with countless cowslips,
4. The close and cloudy weather makes me feel drowsy.
5. We were surrounded with flowers on e\ery side. ,
AIR
impair
rep:iir
affair )
unfair j
despair
corsair
mohair
ARE
prepare
compare
welfare
EAR
forbear
|)car
tear
forswear
wear
swear
[I
msnare
beware
aware
declare
air is a French, are a Latin, and car an English
endmg.]
Dictation Exercise 64. — i. The corsair must be-
ware how his pilot wears ship as he works into the
harbour. 2. I declare his conduct throughout has been
most unfair, 3. He would tear down the partition ; and
we cannot repair it. 4. The cook has prepared a lot of
pears for us.
5, {a) EED and ede
succeed
secede
proceed
precede
exceed
recede
concede, intercede, supersede.
{b) EME EAM EEM
supreme ream 1 esteem
extreme dream 1 redeem
[erne is a Latin, eem a French, and mm an English ending.]
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
89
r
1
ucr
Lsh
while
oiind-
311 nty.
.•slips,
owsy.
glish
be-
the
peen
and
)t of
{c) EEN
EAN
ENE
INE
careen
bean
serene
marine
between
clean
convene
fascine
unseen
dean
obscene
magazine
moreen
lean
intervene
tontine
tureen
mean
contravene
tambourine
wean.
[em and ean are English endings, ene is Latin, and ine
French.]
{d) ETE
complete
replete
concrete
EAT
defeat
retreat
entreat
EET
greet
fleet
discreet
\ete is a Latin and cet an English ending.]
Dictation Exercise 65. — i. They succeeded in
superseding the governor. 2. Nothing can redeem the
extreme folly of his attempting to tell his dream. 3. We
agreed to convene in some place where we could not
be seen, if nothing should intervene. 4. We greeted the
troops as they returned after their complete defeat. 5.
I entreat you to be more discreet, and not to come
between tie marine and his magazine of powder. 6. If
we secede, 'ley will not succeed in their plans.
6. EER
lER
ERE
EAR
gazetteer
brigadier
interfere
endear
volunteer
grenadier
persevere
drear
engineer
buccanier
cohere
hear
mountaineer
chandelier
cassimere
clear
auctioneer
cavalier
adhere
near
privateer
gondolier
sincere
appear
mutineer
financier
hemisphere
arrear
domineer
cuirassier
atmosphere
besmear
«•]
\eer and ier are French endings ; ere Latin, and ear
English.]
Dictation Exercise 66. — i. The young engineer
was endeared to us all by the manly way in which he
volunteered to assist the brigadier in the capture of the
privateer. 2. The grenadier was reading the gazetteer
when I entered. 3. The youthful cavalier appeared to
interfere with the proceedings of the mutineer. 4. I
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,\
'^^
^>
■1?
r\^
M
o
1^ ^
w
ci^
[
I
90
COMPLRTS MANUAL OP SPELLING.
\i
adhere to this opinion sincerely ; in spite of all I heai
about the financier.
7. URSE
(a) •curse
nurse
purse
disburse
ERSE
reverse
converse
disperse
immerse
ERCE
amerce
coerce
commerce
w
UR
£R
demur
concur
incur
recur
occur
defer
confer
infer
refer
deter
Dictation Exercise 67. — i. The reverse of the
purse does not look nice. 2. He disbursed the sum in
which his nephew was amerced. 3. Commerce will dis-
perse our productions all over the globe. 4. They
inferred from our being there that we conci..Ted with
them. 5. Whatever may occur, nothing will deter me.
6. I will refer to that again, nor allow you to recur to it
<8. ACE ana ase ace and ase
{a) deface debase 1 disgrace abase
efface erase unlace encase
misplace, retrace.
ucE and use
traduce recluse
reduce obtuse
conduce abstruse
I. Nothing will erase it
(b) UCE and use
adduce abuse (noun)
induce excuse (noun)
deduce refuse (noun)
Dictation Exercise 68.
from my memory or efface it from his. 2. Pray unlace
the case in which it is wrapped up. 3. He felt his dis-
grace so deeply that it much abased him. 4. Nothing
can induce me to make such an excuse. 5. The recluse
life he leads can hardly conduce to his health. 6. He
cannot adduce even one example of such an abuse.
AIN
IN
INE
chieftam
firkin
pristine
chaplain
muslin
masculine
captain
pumpkin
destine
bargain
margm
sangume
certain
resm
• See page 3a.
rapme
COMPLETE MANUAL OJt SPELLING,
9»
Fie
AIN IN INE
curtain vermin doctrine
murrain origin feminine
mountain urchin engine
fountain basin medicine
villain raisin ermine
plantain rosin
[ain and ine are French endings ; in is English.]
Dictation Exercise 69. — i. The captain bought
some muslin and ermine and presented it to the chap-
Ifliin's wife. 2. We do not know the origin of the mur-
rain. 3. You are too sanguine about the bargain. 4.
The muslin curtain was put up by feminine hands. 5.
The medicine did no good to the poor chieftain. 6. The
villain urged on the urchin to the rapine.
10. AR
ER
OR
RE
tartar
matter
traitor
centre
grammar
manner
mayor
ombre
mortar
hinder
doctor
sceptre
dollar
buyer
sailor
sabre
collar
danger
author
sombre
beggar
ledger
mirror
men^^e
cellar
paper
spectator
spectre
cedar
leader
translator
concentre
nectar
manger
suitor
lustre
pillar
temper
tutor
lu( re
sugar
auger
ancestor
maiigre
vulgar
stagger
aggressor
reconnoitre
jocular
preacher
auditor
ochre
popular
prayer
counsellor
massacre
regular
beaver
ancestor
saltpetre
scimitar
heifer
conductor
theatre
singular
waiter
emperor
sepulchre
vinegar
eager
instructor
manoeuvre
muscular
brier
aggressor
amphitheatrt
\ar and er are generally English endings ; or is Latin ;
and re French,]
Dictation Exercise 70. — i. The waiter gave the
sailor twenty dollars. 2. There is a great deal of paper
in the cellar. 3. The doctor tried to hinder the tutor
reaching the pillar, and lost his temper. 4. The manner
of the lord of the manor showed that he had been the
aggressor. 5. He was a very popular leader. 6. The
m
i:ir
93 COMPLETE MANUAL OP SPELLING.
waiter brought the vinegar to the councillor. 7. The
emperor was painted with a sabre or a scimitar in his
hand. 8. Maugre all he could say, the popular opinion
prevailed. 9. The attention of the preacher was riveted
on the beggar.
XI. ABLE and IBLE
laudable
probable
desirable
capable
tenable
mutable
suitable
liable
eatable
Dictation
audible
terrible
horrible
credible
flexible
combustible
sensible
legible
edible
Exercise
71.
ABLE and
portable
venerable
renewable
respectable
remarkable
laughable
affable
syllable
preferable
— I. His
IBLE
possible
discernible
responsible
eligible
plausible
fusible
forcible
visible
frangible
action in the
matter was not laudable, but reprehensible. 2. The
forcible abstraction of the property was very culpable.
3. It is hardly credible : is he capable of such a thing ?
4. This trunk is not portable ; it is impossible to carry
it 5. He is a sensible man, and very suitable for the
post. 6. It is probable that he perished in the terrible
railway accident
12. ANCE ENCE
deference
preference
reference
prudence
difference
pretence
negligence
residence
reverence
eminence
cadence
presence
offence
evidence
vehemence
eloquence
presence
science
nee is found mostly in words that have come to us
through French ; me in words directly from Latin.]
ANCE
alliance
fragrance
clearance
grievance
entrance
distance
nuisance
elegance
circumstance
temperance
maintenance
ignorance
utterance
conveyance
obeisance
appearance
repentance
alliance
ENSE
recompense
nonsense
dispense
condense
incense
intense
dense
suspense
immense
expense
sense
license
intense
dispense
tense
immense
recompense
sense
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
9S
Dictation Exercise 72. — i. It was his ignorance of
the lady's presence that made him talk such nonsense.
2. What you call his immense eloquence is a trouble
and a nuisance. 3. I can make no pretence to see
things at such a distance. 4. His alliance with that
house was made in deference to the wishes of his uncle,
who wished to recompense iiim for his intense labour.
5. I was kept some lime in suspense at his residence.
6. The elegance of his eloquence sometimes tempts him.
to dispense with sense.
13. ATE and ET
ATE anr
ET
violate
palate
legate
prelate
violet
pallet*
scarlet
jacket
passionate
fortunate
moderate
delicate
plummet
liavonet
*
goblet
coverlet
senate
camlet
des])erate
gauntlet
curate
comet
duplicate
musket
accurate
certificate
magnet
secret
ultimate
incarnate
trumpet
bayonet
[<•/ is an
English ending
; ate entirely Latin.'
Dictation Exercise 73. — i. 1 could not anticipate
his secret. 2. Becoming desperate, he threw down the
gauntlet to the president of the senate. 3. The colour
of the coverlet is very delicate. 4. The fort was carried
by a desperate attack with the bayonet. 5. 'i'he curate
brought in the basket, which contained a scarlet jacket
and a delicate slice of turkey. 6. It is fortunate that-
the crystal goblet was not broken.
14.
cv
SY
spicy
m^y
saucy
daisy
legacy
heresy
privacy
apostasy
delicacy
courtesy
tendency
embassy
policy
rosy
spicy
tipsy
zv
dizzy
lazy
crazy
hazy
mazy
frenzy
dozy
us
• For palette, see page 59*
94
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING,
CY
SY
CY
SY
mercy
controversy
fluency
clumsy
fleecy
uneasy
celibacy
hypocrisy
icy
noisy
intimacy
massy
secrecy
leprosy
vagrancy
minstrelsy
decency
quinsy
vacancy
glossy
grassy, dropsy, jealousy, epilepsy, dyspepsy, posy, prosy,
busy.
Dictation Exercise 74. — i. The saucy gipsy is lazy
when he is sober, and noisy when he is drunk. 2. The
delicacy of that lady's courtesy is far from being hypo-
crisy. 3. It was icy cold that night; and he caught a
bad quinsy. 4. There is no vacancy in the staff of the
embassy at present 5. His address on that controversy
was marked by great fluency. 6. His uncle showed
great jealousy of that intimacy.
1 5-
. IT ai
id ITE
IT and ITE
habit
unit
respite
infinite
culprit
demerit
hypocrite
favourite
limit
pulpit
spirit
summit
opposite
perquisite
preterite
requisite
inherit
exhibit
solicit
elicit
exquisite-
definite
composite
opposite
Dictation Exercise 75. — i. The merit of the fa-
vourite was canvassed far beyond the limits of his
acquaintance. 2. He showed just the opposite spirit to
what I expected. 3. The culprit is a thorough hypo-
crite. 4. He will exhibit an excellent collection of
roses. 5. The favourite reached the summit of his
ambition. 6. Both in and out of the pulpit, he preached
the infinite goodness of God.
16. IZE
aggrandize*
humanize
scrutinize
patronize
colonize
pulverize
sympathize
scandalize
temporize
harmonize
ISE
exercise
merchandise
compromise
criticise
enterprise
advertise
supervise
compromise
exorcise
chastise
YZE
analyze*
paralyze
* All these words
ending in ite and
yu may be spelt
with an s instead
of a s.
solemnize, economize, evangelize, recognize, authorize.
!Y
[tisy
locrisy
ssy
istrelsy
ssy
r, prosy,
y is lazy
2. The
ig hypo-
:aught a
Of of the
itroversy
showed
ITE
pocrite
'ourite
quisite-
finite
mposite
iposite
f the fa-
i of his
spirit to
;h hypo-
iction of
of his
treached
:e
lyze*
llyze
lese words
ite and
be spelt
s instead
lonze.
COMPLETE MAirUAL OF SPELLING.
95
Dictation Exercise 76. — i. The enterprise which
was undertaken to colonize British Guiana failed miser-
ably. 2. The merchandise was carefully scrutinized by
the Custom-house officers. 3 He advci'tised in the
newspapers that he was prepared to analyze any metal
4. His attempt to patronize us quite paralyzed our
action. 5. He criticised their offer to sympathize with
the insurgents very severely. 6. The boy was chastised
for pulverizing the agate.
17. UM
nostrum
rostrum
stratum
y vellum
medium
premium
decorum
vacuum
momentum
emporium
[^^ f/m is always a Latin ending;
4m^ sometimes Greek.
Dictation Exercise 77. — i. It is seldom one hears
such fulsome flattery, 2. I doubt the wisdom of his
mounting the rostrum to deliver so wearisome a discourse.
3. I cannot accustom myself to such cumbersome de-
conim. 4. His symptoms will not yield to such a
nostrum as the handsome doctor prescribed. 5. The
premium was a most welcome addition to his income.
6. I spent a most wearisome hour in that emporium,
selecting vellum.
CM
OME
phantom
welcome
wisdom
income
freedom
gladsome
seldom
fulsome
idiom
handsome '
symptom
frolicsome
accustom
cumbersome
martyrdom
wearisome
kingdom
lonesome
blossom
blithesome
^w^, always English;
18. SI and CI
SI and CI
generosity
ferocity
university
tenacity
animosity
atrocity
scrupulosity
recii)rocity
necessity
veracity
propel sity
capacity
immensity
loquacity
curiosity
duplicity
intensity
rapacity
perversity
elasticity
diversity
sagacity
Dictation Exercise 78. — i. He is a man of great
sagacity, and he took high honours at the university.
i. The ferocity of the attack excited great animosity.
3. His propensity to loquacity ought to be checked.
1.1
11
96 COMPLETE AfANUAL OF SPELLING.
4. There is no necessity for a reciprocity of that kind.
5. He felt much curiosity to ascc^rtain tiie i)reci.se degree
of elasticity possessed by the spring. 6. His generosity
is not equal to his tenacity of character.
19.
Y a
nd EY
Y ar
id EY
happy
alley
scarcity
turkey
daily
valley
remedy
pulley
body
galley
doi)Uty
chimney
copy
barley
tyranny
hackney
poverty
parley
viiijny
journey
revelry
honey
company
attorney
Dictation Exercise 79. — i. Do you know the right
remedy for a smoky (himney? 2. We had very pleasant
company on the journey — a jolly attorney, and a happy
little body, who turned out to be the lady who lives in
the valley, not far from our house. 3. There was great
scarcity of corn in Turkey. 4. The poverty of the people
was very deplorable : at last even barley began to fail.
5. He makes a daily journey to town. 6. The deputy
insisted on a parley with the enemy.
20. EOUS
duteous
piteous
ligneous
hideous
aqueous
cutaneous
Dictation
and lous
dubious
tedious
serious
imi)ious
previous
studious
P^XERCISE 80. — I
EOUS and
erroneous i
spontaneous j
calcareous !
extraneous j
plenteous 1
lous
notorious
haniKMiious
impervious
industrious
illustrious
He is notorious for his
hasty and erroneous judgments. 2. He is as studious
and industrious as he is tluteous to his parents. 3. The
calcareous rock is impervious to wet. 4. His previous
knowledge of ligneous and atiueous compounds fitted
him specially for the work. 5. 1 am very dubious as to
whether it is a cutaneous (skin) disease. 6. He must
not allow his liking for extraneous pursuits to interfere
with his serious studies.
a I. AGE £G£ lAGE IDGE lOB
village college marriage | porridge I vestige
courage privilege carriage cartridge
suflfrage sacrilege partridge
savage allege
damage, adage, manage, homage, presage, salvage, usag^
umbrage, mortgage, haemorrhage.
t kind.
degree
lerosity
;ey .
ley
nney
kney
rney
)rney
lie right
)leasant
L happy
Hves in
IS great
; people
to fail.
deputy
rious
onions
vious
trious
ious
for his
studious
3. The
)revious
fitted
IS as to
must
iterfere
IGE
:stige
usages
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING. 97
Dictation Exercise 8i. — i. A box of cartridges took
fire ; the village was burnt down, and not a vestige of it
remained. 2. The suffrage is a privilege as well as a
I'he horse could not manage to draw so uzuyy
4. He alleged that the mortgage had been
He was noted at college for his courage and
6. He ate only a little partridge at the mar-
right 3.
a carriage,
paid. 5.
strength,
riage breakfast.
33. ETY and
variety
sobriety
nicety
society
notoriety
ITY
severity
gratuity
necessity
serenity
annuity
ETY
anxiety
propriety
piety
satiety
impiety
and
ITY
eternity
debility
ability
civility
divinity
[ety is generally French ; ity, directly from Latin.]
Dictation Exercise 82. — i. He is a man of greater
piety than ability. 2. The act was a breach, not only of
propriety, but of common civility. 3. There was a total
absence of severity, and a pleasant air of sorenity, in
their society. 4. His prospects for etemii; "illed him
with the deepest anxiety. 5. There is no necessity for
so much nicety.
^3.
CLE
KLE
CAL
particle
sickle
vertical
article
prickle
criticAl
obstacle
freckle
dropsical
cuticle
buckle
typical
canticle
twinkle
technical
ventricle
sprinkle
mystical
pinnacle
shackle
practical
vesicle
speckle
clerical
vehicle
tinkle
whimsical
\cU and cai are always Latin endings; kU always
English.]
Dictation Exercise 83. — i. The obstacle to his
going was a very practical one. 2. The rickety state of
the family vehicle was typical of the condition of his
fortunes. 3. Our clerical friend was unshackled in his
new position. 4. There is not a particle of technical
accuracy in these articles of agreement 5. The stars
twinkled mystically in the deep blue vault of heaven,
while the music of the canticle rolled far down the valley.
o
98
84. ANT
vacant
arrogant
elegant
radiant
petulant
consonant
brilliant
dormant
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
and ENT
{ complacent
( magnificent
I negligent
( indigent
i contingent
effulgent
ancient
patient
( opulent
( violent
\ eminent
( permanent
f indolent
( insolent
{inclement
indulgent
infant
ANT and
stagnant
fragrant
pleasant
reluctant
observant
triumphant
abundant
recreant
{ excellent
( affluent
{
ENT
imminent
prominent
i apparent
( different
I adjacent
( innocent
f penitent
( patient
{ consequent
( subsequent
f recumbent
( concurrent
I diffident
( confident
f sufficient
\ present
Dictation Exercise 84. — i. He was most reluctant
to leave the patient so soon. 2. A pleasant drive led to
the adjacent estate. 3. He was both arrogant and inso-
lent 4. In spite of his abundant resources, he felt very
diffident about the result. 5. A petulant or violent
manner will stand very much in your way.
^5. PER and
persuade
persist
perform
perfume
perfect
perplex
PUR
pursue
}
> purloin
> purport
PER
perjure
person
permit
pertain
and
PUR
}
}
purpose
purchase
[per is directly from Latin ; pur comes to us through
French.]
Compare — nourish purchase
flourish purpose
Dictation Exercise 85. — i. He persisted in pur-
cuing the robber, though I did all I could to persuade
him against it 2. He was much perplexed at the pur-
port of the letter. 3. I cannot permit the child to
purchase sweetmeats. 4. He was a person lentirely
without purpose.
COMPLBTE MANUAL OP SPELUNG,
99
linent
minent
arent
srent
acent
ocent
litent
ient
isequent
(Sequent
umbent
icurrent
fident
ifident
Ticient
:sent
reluctant
ve led to
md inso-
felt very
violent
PUR
pose
chase
.through
in pur-
Ipersuade
Ithe pur-
I child to
'entirely
CHAPTER XXII.
A LIST or COMMON WORDS RELATING TO TIME.
(a) Days of the Week.
Sunday Tuesday Thursday Saturday
Monday Wednesday Friday
Easter-Sunday Shrove-Tuesday Holy Thursday
Whit-Monday Ash-Wednesday Good Friday
{b) Months and Seasons of the Year.
January April July October
February May August November
March June September December
There are four seasons of the year : —
Spring Summer Autumn Winter
The Spring months are — March, April, May
„ Summer „ June, July, August
„ Autumn „ September, October, November
„ Winter „ December, January, Februar)'
There are four days in the year specially appointeu
for the paying or receiving of money. These days arc
called "Quarter Days." It is at these times that people
generally pay or receive their rents, and that clerks and
others receive their salaries, they are —
Lady Day
Midsummer Day
Michaelmas Day
Christmas Day
Quarter Days
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
•
25 th Mardi
24th June
29th September
25 th December
{c) The
Chief
Divisions of
Time are —
Seconds
of which
60 make i minute
Minutes
n
60
„ I hour
Hours
Days
Weeks
»
24
7 .
4 .
„ I day
, I week
, I lunar month
LAinar months
Calendar months
n
n
13 .
12 1
, 1 year
, I year
Yean
w
»oo ,
, I century
s
1 1
lOO COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPKLLISC
List of Christian Names.
{a) Men's Nanus,
Aaron
Dennis
Hugh
Norman
Abel
Donald
Hugo
Octavius
Abraham
Edgar
Isaac
Oliver
Adam
Edmund
Isaiah
Patrick
Adolphus
Edward
Jacob
Paul
Albert
Edwin
James
Peter
Alexander
Elisha
Jasper
Philip
Alfred
Emanuel
John
Ralph
Algernon
Enoch
J eremiah
Reginald
Allan
Ernest
Jesse
Reuben
Ambrose
Eugene
Jonathan
Richard
Andrew
Eustace
Joseph
Robert
Anthony
Ferdinand
Josiah
Roderick
Archibald
Francis
J oshiia
Roqer
Arnold
Frederic
Julius
Roilo
Arthur
Gabriel
I -auncelot
Rowland
Augustine
Geoffrey
l^iwrence
Rupert
Austin
George
Leonard
SaMuiel
Basil
Gerald
Leopold
Sel)istian
Benjamin
Gerard
Lewis
Simeon
Bernard
Gilbert
Lionel
Simon
B;.'rtram
Gregory
I ,uke
Stei)hen
Charles
(iustavus
Malcolm
Theodore
Christian
Guy
Mark
Theophilus
Christopher
Harold
Martin
Thomas
Claude
Hector
Matthew
Timothy
Clement
Henry
Maurice
Victor
Cornelius
Herbert
Max
Vincent
Cuthbert
Humi)hrey
Michael
Walter
Daniel
Horace
Nathaniel
William
David
Horatio
Nicholas
{b) WotnOi
r'j Names.
Ada
Amy
Blanche
Clara
Adela
Anne
Bridget
Clementina
Adelaide
Arabella
Caroline
Constance
Adelina
Augusta
Catherine
Deborah
Agnes
Barbara
Cecilia
Dorothea
Alice
Beatrice
Charlotte
Edith
Amelia
Bertha
Christina
Eleanor
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELL JXG
lOX
Eliza
Elizabeth
Ellen
Emily
Emma
Esther
Ethel
Eugenie
Eunice
Eva
Eve
Evelyn
Fanny
Felicia
Flora
Florence
•^ranees
Georgina
Gertrude
Hannah
Harriet
Helen
Helena
Henrietta
Jda
Isabella
Jane
Janet
Jessie
Josephine
Julia
Juliet
Katharine
Laura
Lavinia
Leonora
LUy
Lilian
Louisa
Lucy
Lyd ia
Mabel
Madeline
Margaret
Maria
Marian
Martha
Mary
Matilda
Maude
Minna
Oc • ia
(Mi via
Ottilia
Philippe
Phcebe
Priscilla
Rachel
Rebecca
1\0«C
Rosamond
Ruth
Sarah
Selina
Sophia
Sylvia
Susan
Susannah
Theodora
Tr -.-odosia
rheresa
Victoria
Wilhelmina
entina
tance
irah
Ithea
lor
CHAPIER XXin.
8AX0N ROOTS.
Aec, an oak — acorn ( = Aec-com). Aeg, an <gF — eyry
(«>., eggery). Bakan, to ^<7^^— bakster (Baxter), batch.
Beatan, to bfai — bat, battery, battle, beetle [combat,
debate, from cognate, French word battre\. Beran, to
bear — bairn, barrow, berry, bird, brood, breed, brat, berth,
birth, bier, burden, forbear. Betan, to make better — best
( = betest). Beorgan, to protect or bring under cover.
Burgh, a city — borough, burgess, burrow, bury burglar,
harbour, harbinger (one who provides a harbour).
Biddan, to bid or /ray— bidding, bead, beadsman,
beadle, bode, forbode, forbid. Bigan or Bugan, to
bo7u or bend — bow, bower (anchor), bow-sprit, bow-
window, bight, bough, booth, a bay, buxom (bough-
some, easily bent, lively), elbow. Bindan, to bind —
bind-weed, hop-bine, bonds, bands, bound, bundle, hus-
band. BiTAN, to bite — bit, bite, bitter, embitter, bait (a
hook), bait (a horse). Blawian, to blow — blow, bloom,
blossom, blade, blast, blister, bluster, bloat, blush.
Brecan, to break — breakers, brake, bracken, breach,
J03
COMPLETE MANUAL OP SPELLING.
broach, bray, brink, brow, brick. Buan, to dwells to
tin — boor, neighbour, bower. Byrnan or Br en nan, to
J^um — bum, burnish, brown, brunt, bronze, brimstone,
brand-new, brand (a mark), brindled, auburn, brandy.
Ceap, to turn, exchange^ or seil — cheap (formerly meant a
market), chapman, Cheapside, Chipping (Norton, Ongar),
chop (and change), coup (Scotch), recoup (to pay back).
Ceorl, a churl — churlish, carle, girl (orig. of either
sex, kirla). Clufian, to cleave or split — cleaver, cleft,
cliff, clove, clover (cloven leaves), Cunnan, to know, to
te able — can, con, cunning, ken, canny (Scotch), Cun-
ningham, Coningsby. Cvn, related — kin, king, kindred,
akin, kind, kindly, mankind, kindness. Daeg, day — day-
spring, dawn, daisy (day's eye). Uragan, to draw —
drag, draggle, draw, drawl, dray, dredge, drudge, drain,
draft, draught. Drincan, to drink — drink, drench, drown,
drunkard. Fleooan, to flee— io tly, Hight, flighty, fledged,
flicker, flit, fleet ("wift), (hitter, fluster. Flowan, to flo7v.
Fleotan, to float — a floe (of ice), float, flood, :ieet (ot
ships), flotilla, flush, flotsam (in the ..xpression flotsam
and jetsam, goods found lloatin;^, and therefore considered
as belonging to the sovoieign). Gan, to i^o—^ip ( -
agone), gang, undergo, gait, gangway, gate. CiEA'^i), an
tnclosun. Gvrdan, to ^inl — yaid, orcha; ' ( = ivorl-yant,
a garden for vegetables,) garden, kirile, imgird, girth.
God, good — God, gosi)ol (/.<'., Godspel), gossip ( - Godsiby
related in God). Grafan, to grave or dig — grave, en-
grave, groove, graft, gruj, grove!. Grapian, Gkipan,
Gropan, to grapple — grip, gripe, grai)plc, groi)e, group,
grapnel. Haelan, to heal. Hael, irliole — hale, hail (to
wish healthy), holy (wliole morally), holy-rood (the ground
on which the cross was erected), hallow, whole (formerly
hwole). Healdan, to hold — a holding, behold ( ~ to hold
with the eyes), upholsterer, halt, halter, hilt, holster.
Heban, Hefan, to //<f^z7'<f— heaven, heavy, head (formerly
heafod), headland, behead. Laf.dan, to lead—X^dAoXy
ladder, mislead, load {i.e., lode) stone. Liegan, Lf.egan,
to lie — lie, lay, lair, layer, outlay, rela)', law ( ^ laid down),
lea, ley, ledge, ledger, low, lower, lowlands. Magan, to
be able or strong— may, main, might, mighty, dismay, ter-
magant, mainmast, " might and main." Pican, to pick.
Pic, a point— picket, peak, beak, pike. Sceadan, to
shade — a shade, shadow, shed. Sceotan, to shoot— 2k
shoot; shot^ shout, shut, shutter, shuttle, sheet, scud.
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
103
well^ to
NAN, to
mstone,
brandy.
meant a
Ongark
yj back).
: either
;r, cleft,
know, to
1), Cun-
kindred,
ry— day-
dtaw —
e, drain,
I, drown,
fledged,
, to ftcnv.
:ieet (ot
n flotsam
msidered
-a:^o (-
KA'ii), an
lort-varii,
1, girth.
■ Godsiby
rave, en-
Gkipan,
group,
hail (to
e ground
(formerly
" to hold
holster,
(formerly
—leader,
Lf.egan,
|id down),
jlAGAN, to
may, ter-
, to pick.
A DAN, to
shoot —a
et, scud.
SciRAN, to cut or separate — scar, scarf, score, share, shard,
sharp, shroud, shears, sheer, (separated, clear), shire,
shore, short, shreds (all those in sh were formerly spelt
sch, as school) skirt. Scylan, to separate^ distinguish —
scale, scales, shell, skill, skull, scalp, scallop (a shell).
Stician, to stick, or stitch — stick, stitch, sting, stake,
stickler, stock, stockade, stocks, stockstill, overstock.
TwA, tivo. Twinian, to tivine — two, twain twin, twine,
twice, between, entwine, twelve ( = two + lufan, to leave
out,) twenty ( = twain tig, i.e., two tens.) Wald, a wood —
weald (of Kent), wold (of Yorkshire), Waltham. Waer,
wary. Warian, to beware — aware, ward, warder, warden,
wardrobe, warn, weir, warrant, warren [guard, guardian,
French forms, with gu for w\ Weg, away. Waggian,
to wag. Wegen, to move — wayfarer, wayward, waggle,
waggon (or wain), weigh (anchor). Wissan, Witan, to
know — wise, wisdom, wizard, wit, witness, witch, wistful,
Witena-gemote ( = the meeting or mote of the wise).
Wrecan, to punish — wreak, wreck, wretched, wretch.
Wringan, to wring — wrench, wrong, wrangle, wrangler.
CHAPTER XXIV.
latin roots.
Ago, I do act (stem, act). Often, in compounds, ago
becomes igo).
agent, one who acts for
another.
agile, active in body.
agitate, to move to action.
action, the process of act-
ing.
active, full of aciion.
actual, at present in action.
enact, to order action,
exact, to force from by
action,
navigate, to act on, ot
steer a ship,
react, to act on again,
transaction, a piece of
business action.
cogent, forcing to action.
Amo, I love (stem, am).
or
amiable, loving
friendly.
amateur (Fr.), a lover of
a fine art
amity, friendship,
enmity, hatred.
enemy, one who hates.
Inimical, hostile.
I04
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
Annus, a ring or year (stem, arm). In compounds, rwi.
annals, events that hap-
pen in a year. [day.
anniversary, an annual
annual, appearing once a
year. [yearly.
annuity, money paid
Audio, I hear (stem, and).
audible, that can be i auditor, an examiner of
biennial, every two years.
perennial, every year.
superannuate, to dis-
miss as above the right
age in years.
heard.
audience, people hear-
ing.
audit, an examination.
accounts. [do.
obey (Fr.), to hear and to
obedient, hearing and
doing.
Capio, I take, in compounds, cipio (stem, cap, cip). Ad
compounded with capio is ac; ob becomes oc; sub
becomes sus.
accopt, to take to oneself.
anticipate, to take into
the mind bcrurcluuid.
acceptable, worth taking.
captive, a person taken
in war.
capture, the act of taking.
capable, with the power
of takiir^ into the mind,
capacious, able to take
on a large scale.
except, taking or leaving
out.
conceive (Fr.), to take
into the mind.
deceive (Fr.), to take ad-
vantage of.
occupy, to take posses-
sion of.
receive (Fr.), to take when
olVered.
receipt, an acknowledg-
ment of having taken.
recipe, take.
recipient, the person who
takes.
Caput, the head (stem, cap\ In compounds, dp; in
French, chef.
capital, the head city.
capitation, by head,
capitulate, to submit the
head or life.
decapitate, to take off
the head.
precipice, a place over
which one may go head
foremost. [head.
occiput, the back of the
recapitulate, to state the
heads of a subject over
again.
[captain (Fr.), the head
officer in a ship,
[chief, chieftain (Fr.),
the head of a clan,
[chapter (Fr.), the head
of a new part of the
subject
mds, <w».
wo years.
^ year.
to dis-
thc right
iminer of
[do.
sar and to
ring and
cip). Ad
3 oc; sub
, to take
D take ad-
e posses-
take when
cnowledg-
taken.
:rson who
\, dp; in
I state the
Lject over
Ithe head
[in (Fr.),
Ian.
e head
of the
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
Cedo, I yield, go away (stem, ced^ cess).
'05
cede, to yield,
cession, a yielding.
accede, to yield or agree
to.
access, going into.
concede, to yield to.
decease, a going away
from life.
exceed, to go over.
intercede, to go between.
precede, to go before.
predecessor, a person
who goes before,
proceed, to go on.
procedure, going on.
procession, a number of
persons who go on.
recede, to go back,
secede, to go from.
succession,
success
sive, a following.
Cerno, I sift, judge or decide (stems, cref, cert, cern).
certainty, something
sifted.
certify, to affirm that a
thing has been sifted.
certificate, an affirma-
tion that a thing has been
sifted.
discern, to sift and sepa-
rate.
discretion, the habit of
sifting.
secrete, to separate.
secret, something sepa-
rated.
Corpus, a body (stem, corp).
corporal, a soldier who
commands a small body
of men.
corporate, corpora-
tion, a number of men
in one body.
corps, a bod / of troops,
corpse, a dead body.
corpuscle, a particle of
the body.
incorporate, to enrol
mto a body.
Credo, I believe (stem, cred).
creed, what one believes.
credible, worthy of beUef.
credit, trust.
creditable, worthy of
trust.
creditor, a person who
has trusted another.
credulous, too trusting.
incredulity, absence of
trusting.
cure, a care of souls ; or
the result of care,
procure, to get by care,
curiopis, full of care or
wish to know.
proxy (procuracy),
care for another.
CuRA, care (stem, cur).
secure, free from care.
sinecure, an oiTice with-
out care or work.
curate, one who has a
cure or care of souls.
curative, that can cure.
accurate, very careful
106 COMPLETE MANUAL OP SPELLING,
CuRRO, I run (stem, cur).
current, water that runs,
currency, money that
runs.
curricle, a vehicle that
runs,
cursory, a running glance.
courier (Fr.), a man that
runs.
course (Fr.), a place for
running.
concur, to run or agree
with.
discursive, running in
different directions.
incur, to run against
precursor, one who runs
before.
recur, to happen again.
[concourse (Fr.), running
together.
[succour (Fr.), to run and
help.
[excursion (Fr.), a run-
ning tour.
[discourse (Fr.), running
over a subject.
[intercourse (Fr.), run-
ning and talking among.
Dico, DicARE, DiCAVi, DiCATUM, I appoint (stcm, dicat).
abdicate, to resign an
appointment.
dedicate, to give up to.
predicate, to assert of.
indicative, asserting.
Indication, apointingout
Dice, DicERE, Dixi, DICTUM, I Say (stem, diet).
diction, style of saying.
dictionary, a book which
contains forms of diction.
dictate, to say to or order.
dictator, a person who
has absolute power,
benediction, saying a
blessing on.
contradiction, saying
against.
edict, an order.
interdict, to come be-
tween a person and his
will.
predict, to say beforehand.
verdict, a true saying.
contradict, to sayagainst.
N.B, — Care must be taken to distinguish between
words derived from dico, dicare, and those from dico,
dicere. It will be seen that the derivatives of dicare
have the stem dicat, whilst the derivatives of dico^ dicere^
have diet as their stem.
Duco, I lead (stem, due).
duke (Fr. due), a leader,
ductile, that can be led
or drawn out
conduct, way of leading
or guiding oneself.
corfduce, to lead up to.
deduce, to lead or draw
from.
educate, to lead out of
the mind.
COMPLETE MANUAL OP SPELLING.
107
linst
who nms
1 again.
), running
,0 run and .
.), a run-
), running
Fr.), nin-
ng among.
em, dicat).
Lssert of.
lerting.
Dinting out
diet).
saying
come be-
n and his
eforehand.
saying.
I between
rem dicOf
of dicare
dicOf diure^
d up to.
d or draw
id out of
educe, to lead out o£
induce, to lead to.
induction, the process of
leading up to a principle.
introduce, to lead among.
produce, to lead from.
productive, producing.
reduce, to lead or take
down.
reduction, a taking down,
aqueduct, a water-leader
(a bridge for water),
viaduct, a way-leader (a
bridge for a railway),
[ducat (Fr.), a coin with a
duke's head on it.
[doge (It), the duke of
Venice.
Facio, I do or make (stem, fac).
fact, something done.
faction, a party.
factory, a place where
things are made.
faculty, power to do.
fashion (Fr.), way in which
a thing is done.
affect, to influence.
artifice, something done
by act or trick.
artificer, a person who
makes things.
difficult, hard to do.
effect, the result of doing.
effective, effectual, ef-
ficacious, what brings
about such a result
manufacture, making by
hand. .
office, a place where busi-
ness is done.
perfect (t/^.), thoroughly
done,
[facile, easy to do.
[counterfeit, made in
imitation of
[feat, something (great)
done,
[defeat, something im-
done.
[forfeit, something paid
for not doing,
[sacrifice, a sacred rite
done,
[surfeit, an overdoing.
All French.]
Fero, I bear or carry (pres. stem,y^).
fertile, land that bears
much.
confer, to carry on busi-
ness together.
defer, to carry on till a
future time.
differ, to bear away from
or disagree with.
offer, to canY to.
prefer, to carry before or
regard as better.
preferment, a post to
which one has been pre-
ferred.
proffer, to offer.
odoriferous, carrying
odours.
:l!i
108 COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
(Sup. Stem, ht).
collate, to compare.
dilate, to enlarge upon,
dilatory, putting off.
elate, puffed up.
legislate, to cany or
make laws.
legislator, one who makes
laws.
prelate, a bishop,
relate, to carry on a story,
relative, a person related,
superlative, carried
above all others,
translate, to carry from
one language to another.
Finis, an end, limit (stem, fin).
define, to draw limits,
deflnite, clearly defined,
definition, a drawing the
limits of.
dnal, at an end.
finish, to bring to an end.
finite, that has an end.
infinite, that has no end.
Fluo, I flow (stem,y?«).
flux, a flowing.
fluent, flowing.
fluency, a power of flow-
ing in words.
fluctuate, to flow back
and forward.
confluence, a flowing to-
gether.
confluent, flowing to
gether.
influx, a flowing into.
For, I speak (decree, y^/z/J', decreed).
fate, what has been spoken
and cannot be recalled.
fatal, mortal.
ineffable, unspeakable.
infant, that cannot speak.
nefarious, so bad as not
fit to be spoken of.
preface, something said
before a book.
Forma, form, beauty (stem,y&rOT).
form, shape, beauty.
formal, according to form,
formula, key for forming.
conform, to form with or
according to.
deform, to put out of form,
inform, to form the mind,
information, knowledge
given.
informality, want of ac-
cordance with form.
multiform, ofmany forms.
perform, to form or do
thoroughly.
reform, to form again.
transform, to change in
form.
uniform, with one forai
or make.
1 a story.
1 related.
carried
rry from
another.
mits.
iefined.
wing the
wing to-
eing to
into.
I as not
Df.
ng said
t of ac-
m.
y forms,
or do
ain.
mge in
e form
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
ZO9
Jacio, I throw, or cast (usually found only in the com-
pounds 3isjici0y sX^m^jec).
object, to cast against,
project, to throw before,
projectile, something
thrown.
projection, thrown out in
front.
reject, to throw back,
subject, to throw under
or subdue.
abject, so mean as to
throw himself away.
adjective, a word added
to a noun,
dejection, the state of
being cast down,
e^ect, to throw out.
interjection, a sound
thrown between.
Lego, Legare, I send away (supine stem, legat).
legate, a person sent to
represent another.
legacy, money or property
left.
Lego, LegIire, to choose, read (pres. stem ; ieg; in com-
pounds, liii).
legible, readable by the
eye.
eligible, fit to be chosen.
legion, a body of men
chosen.
intelligence, power of
choosing.
negligence, carelessness
about choosing.
(Supine stem, Itxi).
collect, to bring together.
elect, to choose.
intellect, the power of
choosing.
neglect, to omit,
predilection, a preference
for.
select, to choose.
N.B. — The derivatives of kgo, legare may be dis-
tinguished from those of lego, legere, by noticing the fact
that words derived from the former verb all retain a
long a.
MiTTO, I send, or let go (pres. stem, miti).
admit, to let in.
commit, to do.
emit, to send out.
Intermit, to let go.
omit, to leave out
permit, to let.
remit, to send back,
submit, to yield.
transmit, to send to.
XIO COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
(Supine, stem, miss.)
admission, letting in.
demise, yielding up life.
dismiss, to send away.
emissary, a person sent,
omission, a leaving out.
permission, allowing.
remission, a sending
back,
submissive, yielding,
transmission, sending to.
[message (Fr.), sometiiing
sent.
Nosco, I Icnow (supine stem, not ; in compounds, nif).
note, to mark so that it
may be known.
notice, a making known.
notation, a way of mark-
ing.
denote, to mark.
Incognito, unknown.
noble (originally) know-
able.
nobility, the body of
nobles.
ennoble, to make noble,
ignorance, absence of
knowledge.
[reconnoitre (Fr.), to
know by the help of an
exc-ursion of troops.
Pars, a share or part (stem, part).
part, a share,
particle, a little part.
particular, attentive to
little parts.
partition, a division into
parts.
partner, one who has part.
parse, to give the parts of.
apart, by itself.
impartial, not leaning to
one part more than ano-
ther.
apartment, a room
apart.
compartment, a part of
a carriage.
department, a part of an
office.
Pes, a foot (stem, ped).
pedal, sonr.jthing (in a
piano) for the foot.
pedestal {pes-sto), a place
to put the feet of a statue
on.
pedestrian, a traveller
on foot.
biped, two-footed.
Xiuadruped, four-footed.
impediment, something
in the way of the feet.
expedite, to set free the
feet.
expedition, haste.
expedient, something
that gives expedition.
centipede, hundred-
footed.
sending
ding,
nding to.
ometiiing
Is, «//).
body of
; noble.
;nce of
Fr.), to
p of an
ps.
mmg to
an ano-
room
part of
rtof an
lething
feet,
ee the
lething
on.
idred-
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
Puco, I fold (stems, ///r and ///V^).
ut
corriDlicate, to fold so as
to entangle.
duplicate, to fold double.
explicit, taken out of
fold.
implicit, folded up with.
inexplicable, not to be
explained.
multiple, manifold.
simple {sine plica), with-
out fold.
triple, three-fold.
Pong, I put, place (pres. stem,/^«).
postpone, to put after or off.
(Supine stem, posit, through Fr.)
conpose, to put together.
depose, to put down,
dispose, to place so as to
be ready for.
expose, to place out.
expcsitor, one who ex-
plahs.
impose, to put on.
Interpose, to place be-
twe»n.
oppose, to put (oneself)
against
opposite, placed over
against.
propose, to put before,
proposal, some plan put
before.
repose, to put down (or
rest).
suppose, to put under (or
fancy),
transpose, to misplace,
position, placing.
post, a place.
posture, an attitude.
PORTO, I carry (stem, port).
porter, a carrier.
portable, that can be
carried.
export, to cany out of (a
country).
Import, to carry into (a
country).
opportune, carrying in
favour of
opportunity, a time m
favour of
report, to carry to.
support, to help.
transport, to carry over,
portmanteau, a box to
carry clothes.
Rex ( = regs) a ruler or king.
Rego, I rule (pres. stem, re^.
regal, belonging to a king.
regalia, the regal instru-
ments (crown, sceptre,
&C.)
regent, one who rules for,
regulate, to guide by'
rules.
royal (Fr.), regal
zia
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING-
rector, a ruler.
recti tude, conduct ac
cording to rule.
(Supine stem, red).
correct, to put right,
direct, to guide by rule.
(From the noun regnum).
interregnum, an interval
between two rules.
[reign (Fr.), a ruling.
regnant, actually ruuig.
sovereign (Fr.), ruliig
above others.
ScRiBO, I write (pres. stem, scrib).
scribe, a writer. | prescribe, to write for.
ascribe, to write or give to.
describe, to paint by
writing.
inscribe, to write upon.
transcribe, to write orer
or copy,
[escritoire (Fr.), a piace
to put writings.
(Supine stem, script).
script, print like writing.
scripture, sacred writings.
inscription, writing or
engraving on.
subscription, a wnting
under or sij^^ning.
manuscript, writing by
hand. i
Sentio, I feel, think.
sentence, what a judge
thinks.
sentiment, feeling (of the
mind).
consent, to agree to.
dissent, to disagree with,
sensation, feeling (cf the
body).
sensitive, too full of feel-
ing.
SiGNUM, a sign or mark.
sign (v.), to make one's
mark; now^ to write one's
name.
signify, to mean.
insignificant, without
mark or note.
assign, to hand over to.
consign, to send to.
designate, to mark out
ensign, one who carries
the marks or colours oi
a regiment.
signal, a clear mark,
signature, one's mark oi
name.
similar, like,
similitude, likeness,
[resemble, to be like.
SiMiLis, like.
[dissemble, to hide a like-
ness.
feel-
k 01
ike-
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
SoLiDus, solid (also a piece of money).
IIS
solidify, to make solid.
solder, to join so as to
make solid.
soldier (Fr.), a man hired
to fight.
consolidate, to join to-
gether.
consols ( = consolidateds),
funds joined together.
Sto, I stand (pres. stem, sta).
Stagnant, a standing
(pool).
stable, standing steadily.
Stall, a place where cattle
stand,
instant, a moment of
time.
obstacle, something stand-
ing in the way.
establish, to set up.
solstice, the standing still
of the sun.
armistice, a standing still
of arms.
(Supine stem, stat).
Station, where a train, I stature, the height a per-
&c., stands still. | son stands.
Teneo, I hold. Ill compounds, tinco (pres. stem, tene)..
tenant, a holder (of a contain, to hold,
house, &c.)
tenement, a house held
by a tenant.
tenet, an opinion held.
tenacious, holding fast to.
pertinacious, holding
very fast to.
abstain, to hold back
from,
attain, to get to so as to
hold.
continue, to hold on.
detain, to hold back.
maintain, to uphold.
pertain, to belong to.
parti nent, belonging to.
impertinent, not belong,
ing to (and therefore irre-
levant).
retain, to hold back.
sustain, to uphold.
(From the supine stem, tmt).
content, satisfied.
detention, holding in.
[sustenance (Fr.), food
that upholds.
[maintenance (Fr.),
money to uphold.
[countenance (Fr.), the
features that hold the ex-
pression.
[lieutenant, an officer
who holds the place of
the captain.
I
! i
COMtPLBTB MANJAL OF SPELLING,
Venio, I come (pres. stem, vent).
intervene, to come be-
tween.
supervene, to come
upon, or happen.
"4
convene, to come toge
thcr.
convenient, suitable to.
(Supine stem, vent).
advent, a coming.
adventure, what one
comes on.
event, what happens.
Invent, to come on and
find out.
prevent, to come be-
fore.
[avenue, the way to come
to a house.
[revenue, the money that
comes in (the income of
a state).
Vkrto, I turn (pres. stem, vert).
advert, to turn, or refer to.
avert, to turn away from.
convert, to turn to.
controvert, to turn
against.
divert, to turn away.
invert, to turn upside
down.
pervert, to turn wrongly.
revert, to turn back to. ' '
subvert, to overturn.
animadvert, to turn the
mind to.
inadvertent, not no-
ticing.
(Supine stem, vers).
verse, a Ime that turns
back,
version, a turning into
other words,
versatile, apt to turn.
aversion, turning away
from.
adverse, turned against.
diversion, a turning from
serious studies.
turned from
perverse,
(wrongly).
reverse, the opposite.
transverse, turning
across.
traverse, to cross,
universe (the world), that
all turns together.
anniversary, the day
that returns once a year.
Video, I see (pres. stem, vide).
evident, easily seen.
provide, to foresee and
get foEi
prudence (Fr.), careful
foresight.
prudent, provident
from
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
(Supine stem, vis).
"5
vision, the power of sight.
visible, tiut can be seen.
Visit, a going to see.
revision, looking over
again.
revise, a seeing again.
supervise, to oversee,
[vievi^ (It.), sometliing
seen.
[visage, the face,
visor, the part of a
helmet one sees through.
Vis-a-vis (I'r), " seen-to-
seen," riglit opposite,
[survey (Fr.), to ioofc
over.
vocation, a calling.
\dvocate, a person called
to the bar.
convoke, to call toge-
ther.
Voce, I call (stem, voct).
evoke, to call forth,
invoke, to call upon,
revoke, to recall,
irrevocable, that cannot
be recalled.
From noun vox (stem, voc) we get-
vocal, relating to the , vociferate, to caU out
^'O'V^'- i loudly.
vocabulary, a list of i [voice (Fr)
words. ^ ■'
Volvo, I roll (pres. stem, volo)
evolve, to roll out.
involve, to roll into.
revolve, to roll round.
volume, a roll (now a
part of a book).
voluminous, larger in
volume.
(Supine stem, volut).
Circumvolution, a roll- I evolution, rolling out
mg round. I revolutioii, overfu^
•I
! I
,
Il6 COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING,
CHAPTER XXV.
GREEK DERIVATIVES.
Arch£, a beginning, a government (stem, arch).
archaism, an old-
fashioned expression.
archaeology, the know-
ledge of antiquities.
archipelago, the chief
sea (now an islanded
sea).
archbishop, a chief
bishop.
archduke, a chief duke.
archdeacon, a chief
deacon.
archives, places where
old writings lie.
archon, a ruler (in Sparta).
anarchy, without govern-
ment.
heptarchy, seven govern-
ments.
monarch, one who rules
alone.
oligarchy, the rule of a
few.
patriarch, a chief father.
Aster, astron, a star (stem, aster).
disaster, an event against
one's " stars."*
astrology, the false sci-
er.ce of the stars.
astronomy, the true sci-
ence of the stars.
aster, a flower like a star.
asterisk, a little star.
Chronos, time (stem, chron)
disastrous, relating to a
disaster.
asteroid, like a star.
chronicle, an account of
events in time,
chronology, the time or
date of events.
chronometer, an exact
measure of time.
anachronism, something
out of due time.
Ge, the earth (stem, ge),
geography, a v^escription i geometry.
the science
of the earth.
geology, a description of
the rocks of the earth.
GoNiA, an angle (stem, gori).
which measures the earth.
trigonometry, the sci-
ence of angles.
hexagon, a six-angled
figure.
heptagon, a seven-angled
figure.
octagon, an eight-angled
figure.
• Compare : " Thank my stars I"
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING. II7
Gramma, a letter, something written (stem, gramm).
epigram, something writ-
ten on a person.
monogram,
writing.
a single
telegram, a message from
a distance.
[programme (Fr.), a de-
scription of what is to
be done.
Graphein, to write (stem, graph).
graphic, descriptive.
autograph, signature.
biography, an account of
one's life.
geography, a writing
about the earth.
telegraph (tele, afar),
writing from a distance.
lithography, a writing on
stone.
orthography, correct
writing.
photograph, writing by
light.
topographical, written
about places.
Logos, a word, science (stem, log).
logic, the science of thought
as conveyed in words.
analogy, a likeness.
apology, words in ex-
planation.
catalogue, a list.
conchology, the science
of shells.
decalogue, the ten com-
mandments.
dialogue, words between
two.
entomology, the science
of insects.
etymology ( = a true ac-
count), the science of
roots.
eulogy, words in favour
of.
monologue, words
spoken by one person.
tautology, the same thing
in different words.
theology, the science of
divine things.
meteorology, the science
of atmospheric pheno-
mena.
Metron, a measure, metre (stem, metr).
barometer, the measure
of weight (of air).
diameter, a measure
through.
gasometer, an instrument
for measuring the con-
sumption of gas.
hydrometer, a measure
of water.
perimeter, measure round
(= circumference).
symmetry, proportion,
thermometer, a measure
of heat
! '
Il8 COMPLETE MANUAL OP SPELLING.
NoMOS, a law (stem, nom).
anomaly, a case beyond
law.
astronomy, the laws of
the stars.
Deuteronomy, the
second law.
economy, the law of a
house.
Onoma, a name (stem, onomat).
anonymous, without a
name.
patronymic, a father's
name.
false
pseudonyms , j
name,
synonyme, another word
for the same thing.
Pathos, a feeling, disease (stem, path).
pathetic, full of feeling.
pathos, feeling.
pathology, the science of
disease.
apathy, want of feeling.
sympathy, feeling - -'th.
antipathy,
against.
Phileo, I love (stem, phil).
philanthropic, full of
love for man.
philology, the love of
words ( = the science of
language).
PoLis, a city (stem, pol).
•ing
love of
philosophy,
wisdom.
Theophilus, a lover of
God.
police, tlic men who guard
a city.
politic, conducive to good
government.
acropolis, the citadel of
a city.
Constantinople, the city
of Constantine.
metropolis, the mother
city.
necropolis, the city of
the dead.
Skopeo, I see, I behold (stem, skop).
scope', general view.
bishop ( = episcop), an
overseer of the church.
microscope, an instru-
ment for seeing small
things.
Topos, a place (stem, top)
episcopacy, the govern-
ment by bishops.
telescope, an instrument
for seeing at a distance.
topic, a point or place in
a discussion.
topography, the part of
geography which relates
to places.
Utopia, a happy place.
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
Tupos, a type (stem, tup).
119
type, a pattern,
antitype, corresponding
type.
typography, the art of
printing with types.
electrotype, printing by
electro process.
Stereotype, printing by
solid blocks.
ZooN, an animal (stem, zo)
zoologyj the science of
animals.
zodiac, the path of the
sun through the stars
(which are connected by
the outlines of animals).
CHAPTER XXVI.
CHANGES IN FUNCTION.
1. A CHANGE in a letter often indicates a change ia-
function — from a noun to a verb, (Sic. &c
VERB
NOUN
jom
jomt
feign
feint
wane
want
drive
drift
give
gift
bend
bent
sieve
sift
gild
gilt
weigh
weight
fray
fright
have
haft
rive
rift
may
might
wave
waif
bay (or embay)
bight
deserve
desert
smite
smith
VERB
NOUN
cleave
cleft
hold
hilt
flow
flood
flow
float
thieve
theft
thrive
thrift
cool
cold
heal
health
bear
birth
steal
stealth
breathe
breath
gird
girth
grow
growth
die
death
trow
troth
brew
broth
moon N.
month
'i
120
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
ADJECTIVE NOUN
deep depth
wide width
long
strong
broad
length
strength
breadth
ADJECTIVE
slow
young
warm
merry
dear
NOUN
sloth*
youth
warmth
mirth
dearth
2. Many words are formed by interchanging kindred
letters.
VERB
bake
wake
nick
hack
make
drink
break
crook
speak
NOUN (or verb)
batch
watch
notch
hatch
match
drench
breach
crouch
speech
verb
mark
seek
poke (pock-et)
milk
dig
stick
lurk
NOUN (OR VERB)
march
beseech
pouch
poach (eggs)
milch
ditch
stitch
lurch
3. A long vowel sound in a monosyllable or simple word
is very often shortened in compounds and derivatives,
and yet the spelling is not altered.
ciive
fteal
weal
breathe
valp
shade
insane
dear
please
nature
zeal
rare
deep
c3,vity
ste2.1th
wea,lth
breath
valley
shadow
insanity
dearth
pleasant
niltural
zealous
rarity
depth
clean
heal
crime
line
vine
fore
hind
wise
south
chaste
serene
divine
conspire
cle2.nly
health
criminal
lineal
vineyard
forehead
hinder
wisdom
southerly
ch3,stity
serenity
divinity
conspiracy
I
grain
v£un
explain
villain
maintain
grinary
vanity
explanation
vilkny
maintenance
holy
goose
wise
boor
sour
h61iday
gosling
wizard
bGrly
siirly
* In this word the w has disappeared ; but, though gone, it has StQI
as. influence on the and makes it long.
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING. 121
^ 4. Words pronounced alike, except that one of each pair
IS aspirated. (It seems unnecessary to give meanings.)
ail, hail; air, hair; aft, haft; ale, hale; all, hall ; aloe,
hallow; alter, halter; am, ham; arbour, harbour;
and, hand ; arm, harm; arras, harass; arrow, harrow ;
art, hart; as, has; ash, hash; asp, hasp; at, hat;
ate, hate ; auk, hawk ; awe, haw ; awl, haul ; axe,
hacks ; ear, hear ; eat, heat ; eaves, heaves ; eddy,
heady; edge, hedge; eel, heel; elm, helm; ere,
hare; err, her; erring, herring; ewer, hewer; eye,
high; ill, hill; ire, hire; is, his; islands. Highlands ;
It, hit; oaks, hoax; oar, hoar, old, hold; ope, hope;
osier, hosier; otter, hotter; owe, hoe; owes, hose:
owl, howl ; own, hone.
Those cases in which the accent difters, as the func-
tion of the word differs (as in a'bsent the adjective and
abs ent the verb) need not be given as the spelling of
the word never varies.
CHAPTER XXVII.
COLLECTION OF THE MOST DIFFICULT MONOSYLLABLES
IN THE LANGUAGE.
I. The long sound of a, as in mate.
ache feign ne'er reign sleigh
bear
e'er
eight
eighth
ere
freight
gaol
gauge
great
lair
neer
neigh
pear
plague
rail
rain
rein there
scarce their
scare they
scrape trait
skein vein
2. The middle sound of a, as in father.
alms calf daunt haunt laugh
are calm gaunt heart launch
aunt chart guard hearth palm
.barque clerk half jaunt psalm
3. The short sound of a, as in fat.
bade drachm lamb scalp
chasm gnat quaff thatch
wear
whey
where
weigh
weight
yea
salve
scarf
taunt
thrash
wrap
■'■iM-
.122 COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
4. The broad sound of a, as in ball, water.
awe baulk daub gnaw qualm thwart
awl caulk fraught lawn shawl yawn
5. The long sound of e, as in me.
bier eel key mien quay suite
breathe fiend liege pier scene yield
chief grieve
6. The short e, as in met.
deaf etch guest realm wretch
dearth guess phlegm wreck
7. The long sound of i, as in pine.
aisle die isle sleight vie writhe
buy guide lyre type wight wry
by hie
8. The short sound of i, as in pin.
built guilt sieve wrist
gist quilt twitch
9. The long sound of o, as in note.
beau dough hoar sew though vogue
bourn folk pour soul throe yolk
doe
10. The sound of in prove.
chew fruit lose true youth
do groove soot woo
11. The o in not.
-cough knot squad quash doll
mosque wad what
1 2. The long sound of u, as in tube.
crew due juice sure
cue feud puce view
13. The short u, as in put
blood dove rough worse
come none ton young
14. The middle u, as in full.
* bush could wolf would
COMPLETE MANUAL OP SPELLING. \t*
15. The diphthongal sound of ou in count,
bough doubt howl thou vow
cowl gout slough vouch
IMfflonlti OlMSrllMblM (seleoted firom ClvU Servloe Paperal.
abyss
access
accrue
achieve
acre
address
adjourn
aggrieve
ague
almond
ancient
answer
antique
anxious
armour
arraign
array
assign
assuage
asthma
autumn
awkward
bargain
befall
besiege
biscuit
borough
bosom
builder
burgher
busy
breakfast
campaign
canoe
caprice
captain
career
carnage
cashier
centre
champagne
chemist
chieftain
chorus
christen
circuit
cocoa
coerce
colour
column
colleague
conceit
conceive
condemn
conduit
constme
contempt
contour
country
couple
cousin
creature
crescent
crevice
crystal
cupboard
cushion
cypher
cypress
daughter
deceive
diphthong
disguise
docile
double
doughty
echo
empty
endue
enough
epoch
exhaust
falcon
famine
fatigue
feudal
flourish
foliage
foreign
gesture
ghastly
grandeur
guinea
guitar
halfpence
harangue
heifer
heinous
hostler
impugn
indict
mtrigue
inveigh
island
issue
knowledge
labour
language
languor
leather
leisure
leopard
lettuce
linguist
liquor
luncheon
lustre
lyric
machine
malign
marine
meadow
measles
minute
mischief
money
mortgage
muscle
neighbour"
nephew
neuter
nourish
nuisance
oblique
ocean
opaque
pageant
peasant
people
perceive
persuade
pheasant
physic
pigeon
pleasure
poignant
poultry
precede
proceed
profile
prorogue
qualmish
quarrel
recede
receive
recruit
I
124
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
reprieve
scissors succeed
treasure
resign
seamstress succour
uncouth
resume
sergeant sugar
unique
retrieve
shepherd sulphur
vaunting
rhubarb
shoulder summon
victuals
rougish
shovel surfeit
villain
routine
sinew surgeon
viscount
salmon
slaughter survey
wainscot
sanguine
sojourn syntax
weapon.
saucer
soldier syringe
whistle
sceptic
solemn thorough
I wrestle
sceptre
spectre tissue
yeoman
schedule
subtle tortoise
zealous
Aonlt Polysyllables (selected nrom Civil Servioe Papei
abeyance
analogy
assimilate
academy
analyze
association
accelerate
ancestor
astronomical
accessary
annihilation
asthmatic
accession
anniversary
attorney
accommodation annular
atrocious
accompany
anomaly
audacity
accomplice
anonymous
audible
accoutrement
antecedent
authorize
accumulate
antediluvian
auxiliary
acknowledge
antipodes
barricade
acquiesce
anxiety
barrister
acquisition
apology
baronet
admiral
apostasy
battalion
adequate
apostrophe
bayonet
adulterate
appetite
belligerent
advertisement appreciate
benefice
aerial
aqueduct
beneficially
aeronaut
aqueous
business
affable
arable
capitulate
affluent
archangel
catalogue
agreeable
architect
catastrophe
algebraical
arithmetician
catechism
allegiance
artifice
cathedral
allusive
ascendant
celebrate
alluvial
ascendency
celerity
almanac
ascertain
ceremonious
amiable
ascetic
ceremony
amphibious
assiduous
certificate
1
f
!
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
chalybeate coronet
chameleon corpulent
characteristically correspondence
laS
chargeable
chimerical
Christianity
chronological
circular
circumstance
circumstantial
citadel
citizen
coalesce
cognizance
coincidence
colloquial
colloquy
colonnade
colossal
commemorate
commiserate
committee
companion
compensate
complacent
complaisance
conciliatory
concurrence
condescend
confederate
confident
connoisseur
conqueror
consanguinity
conscientious
consummate
contiguous
contrariety
contumely
contumelious
convalescence
conversant
co-operation
coquetry
corroborate
councillor
counsellor
counteract
counterfeit
courageous
courteous
creditor
criticism
decalogue
decipher
decisive
deficiency
degenerate
deleterious
deliberative
delicacy
delineate
delirious
demagogue
demeanour
denizen
depreciate
deteriorate
develop
dialogue
dilemma
diocese
diocesan
disappointment
discernible
disciple
discipline
discourage
dishevel
dishonourable
dissatisfaction
dissimilar
dissuasive
dissyllable
domestic
domicile
dubiety
dynasty
eccentric
ecclesiastical
edible
edifice
editor
effeminate
effervesce
efficacy
egiegious
electricity-
eligible
eloquence
emaciate
emancipate
emergency
emetic
emphasis
emphatic
enamour
encouragement-
encyclopaedia
endeavour
endorsement
energetic
enfranchise
enlargement
enrolment
enthralment
envelop
episcopacy-
epitaph
epithet
equestrian
equipage
equivalent
erroneous
esculent
escutcheott
especial
ethereal
etiquett
136
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
etymology
illegible
lineament
eulogium
illusion
liniment
evanescent
imbecile
longevity
evangelical
impossible
ludicrous
exaggerate
inaccessible
lugubrious
exchequer
incendiary
machination
excogitate
incessantly
machinery
excrescence
incidence
magisterial
execrable
incipient
magnificently
exhibit
incor[:)oreal
mahogany
exhilarate
incorrigible
maintenance
expatiate
indefatigable
manager
explicit
indefinite
manoeuvre
exquisite
indelible
marauder
extempore
indissoluble
mariner
extraordinary
indivisibility
martyrdom
extravagance
indolence
masquerade
facetious
inefficacious
massacre
feasible
inexorable
mathematician
federal
ingratiate
mechanic
felicitous
initiate
mechanism
functionary
iniquitous
medicinal
gazetteer
inscrutable
medicine
genealogy
insolence
melancholy
generally
instalment
menial
generosity
insufficiency
mendicant
genial
intelligible
metaphorical
geographical
interruption
metaphysical
geography
interstice
metrical
globular
inveigle
militant
gorgeous
irascible
minaret
government
irrelevant
mineral
gradient
irreproachable
miracle
guarantee
irretrievable
microscope
gymnastic
jealousy
miniature
halcyon
jeopardy
miscellaneous
hemisphere
judicious
miscellany
homicide
lecturer
mischievous
honorary
legible
misdemeanour
hydraulics
legislator
monastery
hypocrisy
legislature
monopoly
hypocrite
licentiate
municipal
hypothesis
lieutenant
munificent
hysterics.
lineal
muscular
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
myriad
mystery
mythology
nauseous
necessarily
necessitate
negligence
negotiate
nitrogen
notoriety
obediently
obeisance
obloquy
obsequious
obsticie
omniscient
omnivorous
- onerous
opulence
orient
outrageously
oxygen
panegyrist
parallel
paralleled
parallelogram
paralytic
parliamentary
parochial
particle .
patriarch
penitence
perusal
petulance
philosophical
phlegmatic
phraseology
physician
physiognomy
picturesque
placable
plausible
plebeian
political
l%1
pomegranate
porcelain
portmanteau
possession
poulterer
precipice
precocious
predecessor
preference
prescience
prevalent
primeval
principality
privilege
prodigal
proficiency
propnetic
proselyte
protuberance
pusillanimity
putrefaction
putrefy
pyramid
quiescent
quintessence
radiance
radical
raillery
reciprocal
reconcile
register
rehearsal
reiterate
remediable
reminiscence
rendezvous
repartee
reservoir
residence
retinue
reverberate
reverence
rhapsody
rhetoric
rheumatism
rivulet
sacrifice
sacrilege
sagacious
satellite
satiety
schismatic
scholastic
scientific
secular
sensual
sententious
separate
septennial
sepulchre
sequestrate
seraphic
seraglio
signalize
similar
simultaneous
sinecure
society
solicitude
soliloquy
sovereign
specimen
spectacle
spheiical
spontaneous
stationer
stomachic
subaltern
subterranean
successively
superannuated
supercilious
supernumerary
suppliant
surreptitious
susceptible
sycamore
syllogism
laS
COMPLETE MANUAL OF SPELLING.
synonymous
synopsis
systematical
tangible
tantalize
telescope
terrestrial
terrier
theatre
timorous
titular
topographical
tournament
tragedian
tranquillity
transcendent
traveller
trivial
tropical
turbulence
typographical
tyrannically
ubi(juity
unanimous
valiant
vehemence
vehemently
vehicle
venial
venomous
ventriloquism
vestibule
veteran
vicinity
vicissitude
villanous
vinegar
virulence
visible
visitor
voc iferous
voluble
zoology
zoological
li,:
i;
THE END.
▲, ▲. SnyKNSON, PBUTTKB, IfOMTBlAb
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5. North America.
13.
6. South America.
14.
7. England and Wales.
15.
8. Scotland.
16.
The Spencerian Series of Copy Books ; A System
of Penmanship adopted in nine-tenths of all the Normal
Schools in the United States, and very extensively iii
the Dominion of Canada. The Series comprised twelve
Numbers, and divided into four distinct Series, viz : —
Nos. 1, 39 3> 4 dE 5 Common Scbool Series,
Nos, 6 Sc 7.....* Bualness Series,
UTos. 8 ic 9 fjAdles* Scries.
Nos. 10, 11 Jc 12 Exorcise Series,
These Copy Books are engraved in the best style, printed
on good paper, and ruled so as to assist the Pupil. Each
book contains 24 pages, with full directions printed on the
wrappers.
Lennie's English Grammar
Carpenter's Spelling
Alphabet Card
Card of Tables; Multiplication, &c