^^/ *? oM ^1 /A IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 iiililM 12.5 I.I 4.0 1.25 IM III 2,2 2.0 .8 R I! 6 Photographic Sciences Coiporation V M' :/ < -w. 7. ^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symboi V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un Jas symboles suivants apparaTtra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — h^ signifie "A SUIVRE", lo symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent etre filmds d des taux de reduction differents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour §tre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmd d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 srs- \ ^.STOS 'ENCE, i3' USES 4, DA ASBESTOS ITS PROPERTIES, OCCURRENCE, AND USES ^^ / / / " Of steely colour and of wondrous might Arcadia's hiUs produce th' asbeston bright ; For kindled once it no extinction knows, But with eternal flame unceasing glows ; Hence, with good cause, the Greeks asbeston name ^^ Because, once kindled, naught can quench the flame. " LAPmAETOM." d-;s- ASBESTOS ITS PROPERTIES, OCCURRENCE, & USES WITH SOI*IE ACCOUNT OF THE MINES OF ITALY AND CANADA Br EOBEET H. JOKES I I mux tight ©clbtfitre $H,t.. «ni. mtx iUtt.t,«tio„. CJ.M.M. LIBRARY LONDON CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SOIf 1, STATIONEES' HALL COURT, LUDGATE HILL 1890 230166 >. PKEFACE. Some tliree years ago the writer of the following pages issued, in pamphlet form, a short account of the Canadian Asbestos Mines, appending thereto a few pages descriptive of the more important uses to which asbestos was found applicable. Taking a keen interest in the subject, and believing tliat, in the near future, there would be few branches of practical mechanics, of art or of industry, in whicli asbestos would not find a place, he has carefully noted the new uses which are continually suggested, and the processes of manufacture which are from time to time devised for its further utilisation. He trusts that in endeavouring to weave the contents of a somewhat voluminous note-book into a connected and readable form he has been in some degree successful ; his object being to give a synopsis of all that is known on the subject generally, so that those who, like himself, are in- terested in this singular mineral, may find all the details ready to hand without the labour and time he has had to expend in looking them up. Much of the most important of these are buried in blue books, pamphlets, and articles in magazines and scientific journals, published in England, America, and on the Continent of Europe, a considerable part of which are not at all times readily accessible to the general reader. He hopes by this means to stimulate a . Yl PREFACE. spirit of enquiry which will load to a search for the mineral in other lands, and tend to develop the uses of some of those varieties which now are assumed to possess but little commercial value. A very large amount of information is derived from the Geological Reports from time to time issued by the Dominion Government, and from the writings of the members of the Geological Survey of Canada, especially those of Dr. Ells, a very high authority on all that relates to Canadian asbestos. In every case the writer has sought the highest and best authorities for the statements made, which, wherever ])ossible, he has given in the writer's own words, indicating at *he same time the sources from which his information luis been derived, so that Ihe reader may better appreciate its authenticity and value than if it were given as his own. In preparing the following pages for the press he is glad to have an opportunity of expressing his grateful acknowledgments to Mr. E. W. H. Eady, of Southampton, Avhose scientific acquirements and practical skill m photo- graphy and photo-micrography have been freely placed at his disposal, and have thus enabled him by pictorial de- lineation more clearly to indicate many points which would have been somewhat difficult of elucidation without such generous assistance. R. II. J. London, ls< September, 1890. rl n , CONTENTS. INTRODUCTORY. aibbon-Amiaiithus-Pctstone mLl '^ C^s al- Lamps- PAOE CHAPTER I. '^^^^^^^^^^ ^^rn QirALITII.s OF ASBESTOS ''^TZ^^£:^--^--^V^-^-^r^^r and PiW. General Use ^ ^'"'^'"""''^ - ^^^-J^^^^^e Spinning- • • . . .13 CHAPTER II. PitESENT SO URGES OF SUPPL Y. . 32 T^ • • • Vlll CONTKXl'S. CHAPTER III ITALIAN ASBESTOS AND THE ITALIAN MINES. rAiiR Itxman Okk a BiSTrNCT VAniETY — Essential nmrnc' iHtios — Mr. J. BoviFm Papor— Italian Exliihition- Quantitafiv AnalyHiw — Thn Mines— VurictioH of Ore The United AnheHtoH Company and its Operations — The Industry as carried on iu Franco — ^The Huw Asbestos Company 45 G i^ CHAPTER IV. CANADIAN ASBESTOS fChrysoiile, Schilleriider AahestJ. FiBST Appeaeance UNPnEPOSSESsiNO— Hydrous Character — Colour — Description— Amianthus— Foliated and Fibrous Serpentines — Sources of Supply— Eastern Townships— Minerals found there — Tosition and Climate— Great Geological Fault —Serpentine Belt — Decomposed Serpentine — Dykes -— Shi(!kshock IMountains — Veins Irregular— Surface Influences— Trial Borings- Clajjses of Ore — Local Conditions— Prospecting — Chromic Iron — Impurities —Discolouration— Marketable Value— Ornamental Serpentines , Tl Ea ft8 CHAPTER V. THE CANADIAN MINES OR QUARRIES. The Thetfobd Ghoitp— Discovery— The Johnson Mine— The Boston Packing Compai v— Bell's Asbestos Company— Ward's Mine- King's— Quality of Thetford Ore — "Western Limit Theoiy ex- ploded — The Coleeaike aud Black Lake Geoup — Anglo- Canadian Company— The Scottish Canadian Asbestos Company — Frechette's Mine— The United Asbestos Company— Bell's — Wertheim's - - Megantic Mine ~ Wliite's Asbestos Company — Broughton — Danville — South Ham — Antimony — "Wolf estown — Profitable Nature of Asbestos Mining , . , . CHAPTER VI. OUTPUT, COST OF PRODUCTION, WAGES, ETC. Rapid Advance op the Industry — Upward Tendency of Prices — Progressive Output — America the Largest Consimier — Commis- sioner's Report for 1889 — Percentage of Output — Old Methods of "Work discontinued — Cost of Cobbing ^ — French Canadian Labour — Drink — Points for Consideration — Causes of Failure . Bio 84 114 Cold ] 3 I d I P CONTENTS. IX CHAPTER VII. NIWIOVNBIAN]) AND NORiVAY. PAOR 6bot!Kal Resfmbt,ance of Stiiata to (tarpS — Gmnito, Pcrpcntino, AsteHtw, mid Picrolito— rM(nul()-(^iry»otilo— Crocidolite — Coarse Asbestos — IMintTiils foxuid iu Norway 127 CHAPTER VIII. THE USES OF ASBESTOS: APPLirATION TO ENGINEERING PURPOSES. P^AicLT ExPERniENTS — CnnHos of Failai-e — Engineering- Purposes — Packing^} — Boiler C(nering8 — Fire -felt— Firo-folt with Superator Covering — Cement — Asbesto -Sponge — Joint« of Hot-air Pipes . 132 CHAPTER IX. APPLICATIONS OF ASBESTOS TO MILITARY AND FIRE PREVENTIVE PURPOSES. Bio Guns — Miners' Safety Lamps — Torpedoes — Time Fnses — Dynamite Shells — Ironclads — Military Aeronautics — Safes and Deed Boxes — Carriage of Explosives— Lint — Building Opera- tions — Baches — Theatrical Curtains — Protection Shields — Fires in Theatres — Captain Shaw's Book— A Yankee Yam — Fire Kings — Firemen's Clothing — Appareil Aldini — Bam urn's Show . . 144 CHAPTER X. MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS OF ASBESTOS. Cou) Stoeaoe — Retention and Exclusion of Hear — Deck Cabins — FUtration — Filter Papers— Water Filters — Filtration of Sewage — Pipe Joints — Furnace and Kiln Linings — Crucibles — Gas Stoves — Open Fires — Fletcher's Stoves — The Leeds Stove — Plastic Stove Lining — Asbestos Paint — Insulation — Paper for Battery Plates — Gloves — Aprons — Stove Piping — Rope — Lad- ders — Rods in Dye-Houses — Lamp Wicks — Gas Shades— Wall Papers — Writing Paper — Cigarette Papers — Tobacco Paper — Pulp-Boards — Onk Soles — IVIoulds for Type — Silversmiths' and Jewellers' Moulds— Covering for Woodwork — Fu-eside Eiigs . 163 : I t! 1 ^^SBSSS m^ X CONTENTS. CHAPTER XL SUBSTITUTES AND SIMILARITIES. PACK Slag Wool— Origin of Pele's Hair— Properties of Slag Wool- Defects— Rock Wool— Patent Fire and Sound Proof Plastering — Infu8orial-eart.h or Fossil-meal — Woodite— Whaleite— Wood Wool 184 CHAPTER XH. FIBRE SPINNING. Organic and Inoeganic Fibres- Powers Employed— Wool— Cotton — Silk — Spider's Web — Spun Glass — Quartz — Chrysotile — Italian Asbestos— Delicacy and Strength of some Mineral Fibres 211 As: Ita Ita Ita Cm PiC] Sue Moi Sket Sket( ASBEJ PAN Roun; Roum The ' The ' FlEE-l Paten: Paten] FiEa-F i LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. '%\ PLATES. ■Frontispiece • To face page 13 „ 45 ,» 63 • • M 59 • • , 83 • • • . »> 93 * • • • „ 129 Asbestos Mimai Italian Geey Italian Flossy Italian Silky Chrysotile PiCEOLITE SuEFACE Veins Mountain Wood ENGRAVINGS. . ®^^"^« ^^ showing Position of Eastern Tow. ^-^STEEN Townships op Quebec Sketch Map of the Lake Nicolet Estate ^"^'"^ Round Rope . Rouin) CoEB . The "Dueiflex" The "Manhattan" Fiee-Felt (Chai^hs-Spenc; Com-any Patent Roll Fiee-Felt (Do.) Patent Removable Coveeino (Do.) FiEii-FBLT WITH Canvas Flap PAGE 63 108 133 135 136 135 136 137 138 139 139 xu LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Fiek-Felt with Supebatob Jacket Sheet Fiee-Felt WITH SuPEBATOu Jacket Oement, with Aie Space left ..•••• * Filter Asbestos Cloth Filtee Suspended 1:::::: mi'rrsoLDEB.. block (chai^es-sJence-co.: Pate'^'* Rma-BLOCK eoe Soldeeino Stone-set Rings (Do.) ^ . Spectacle Block (Do.) . • • • • " Slao Wool imDEK THE MicEOscoPE.- English Make . • • Ameeican Make Siud'TE Cc^ton'otdbb thb"mioe08cope (Pi.ebee.ok Joses & Co., M«rrJ~E ^ m^^^^ •(WE^E.KX.EE^ woo: Company, Cleveland, Ohio) ' ' ' '^ ^TTTP).TE COTTAGE RESIDENCE, HAVING WaLLS, ETC., .EOTECTED BT SiLICATE Cotton (Feedeeick Jones & Co.) . • • • POETABLE AnTI-THEEMAL AND AnTI-SEPTIC HuT (DO.) . • • FiBEE OF Sheep's Wool, magnified 600 diametees . • - Filaments of Raw Cotton . • FiBEES of Raw Silk Radial Theead of Gaeden Spider Spun Glass QUAETZ FiBEE . . ■ • Asbestos Fibee undee the Miceoscope, >> >> >» »> >> >» »» PAGK 140 141 142 165 166, 176 181 182 183 194 195 196 197 200 202 212 213 214 216 217 217 219 220 221 Italian "Silky" FiBBE 222 Italian "Flossy" . 223 Italian "Geey" • 224 COESICAN FiBEE . • 225 , Thetfoed Oeb »> >> ASBESTOS. INTRODUCTORY. Nature and Propertiks of Asbestos— Essential Characteristics — Cbarle- ma<^e's Tablecloth — Cremation "Wrappinjrs — Difficulty of Weavinpr — Napkins— The Sudarium— Marco Polo - Indian Dresses — Cere-clotli — Sacred Fires — Rock Crystal— Lamps— Gibbon— Amianthus— Pot - stone — Madame Perpenti — Dr. Bruckmann — Aldini — Canadian Asbestos. Asbestos is one of the many marvellous productions of inor- ganic nature. It is found in a singular variety of forms, and in some shape or other in almost every part of the world. Some fev.% only, of the many varieties known, are at present found useful, but those few are applicable to a surprising number of very dissimilar uses. In itself asbestos is a physical j)aradox, a mineralogical vegetable,* both fibrous and crystal- line, elastic yet brittle, a floating stone, but as capable of being carded, spun, and woven as flax, cotton, or silk. Occupying the position of a connecting link between the animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms, it possesses some of the characteristics of all three. Whilst in a})pearance as light, buoyant, and feathery as thistledown, it is, in its crude state, as dense and heavy as the solid rock in which it is found ; osten- sil)ly as perishable as grass, it is yet older than any order of * " All stones, metals, and minerals are real vegetables, that is, gi-ow ortfauically from proper seeds, as well as plants." — Locke's " PZlem. Nat. Hist.," c. viii. " Whenever a unit, an individual, develops in nature, groM'th is the firs), coudition. This is equally true of iuorganio as of organic bodiej. . . . B ASBESTOS. ^^MP animal or vegetable life on earth. So little, indeed, is it affected by the dissolving influences of time that the action of unnumbered centuries, by which the hardest rocks known to geologists are worn away, has had no perceptible effect on the asbestos found embedded in them. AVhilst the greater portion of its bulk is composed of the roughest and most gritty mate- rials known, it is really as smooth to the touch as soap or oil. Apparently as combustible as tow, the fiercest heat cannot consume it, and no combination of acids will affect the appear- ance and strength of its fibre, even after days of exposure to its action.* Its peculiar properties thus endow it with practical inde- structibility, and eii ble it to resist decay and destruction under almost every condition of heat and moisture, even pre- serving it from undergoing any deleterious change when brought into contact with superheated steam or grease ; nor is it even worn away or rendered useless by the severe treat- ment it undergoes in connection with marine, hydraulic, or other engines. So little influence of a chemical nature does it exert over any metal with which it is brought in contact that, if a joint be broken, the surfaces will be found entirely free from corrosion. Its incombustible nature and slow conduction of heat render it also a complete protection from flames. In its crude state, therefore, it is keenly sought for, whilst, as a manufactured article, it must necessarily command a high price until more extensive sources of su])pl3' than those at present available are discovered. The most important characteristic of asbestos is its fireproof quality, which was well-known to and appreciated by the ancients. In our own time it is also known as a useful non- Growth, the addition of homogeneous body substance, is absolutely nni verbal. The inorganic ciystal grows by absorbing homogeneous ■ matter from the stirrounding fluid medium, which then passes from a fluid into a solid condition. The only difference between the growth of a crystal and that of the simplest organic individual, the cell, is that the former adds the new substance extenially, while the latter absorbs it internally." — Hajckel's " Evohxtion of Man," i., lo6. * Simiaonds on " Waste Products and Undeveloped Substances." INTRODLXTORY. a conductor of heat und electricity, as well as for its important prv»pcrty of practical insolubility in acids. Some varieties are said to have resisted a temperature as high as 5,000° Fahr. ; but, although it is absolutely infusible, except at very high temperatures, in the hydrous varieties its fibres lose their flexibility and become brittle a*; a temperature sufficiently high to effect, even partially, its dehydration. In former days, cloth made of asbestos was cleansed by passing it through fire,''' by which, of course, a charcoal fire is understood. It is related of Charlemagne (or, according to some writers, Charles V.) that having one of these cloths in his possession he, to the astonishment of his guests, occasion- ally amused himself by th'-owing it on the fire and afterwards withdrawing it, cleansed but unconsumed.f Its fire-resisting properties were, however, known long before Charlemagne's day, altliough the dilFerence between the man- ners and customs of ancient and modern times has caused it, like many other things, to be somewhat differently appreciated by us. The Romans, who drew their supplies from the Italian Alj)s and from the Ural, believed it to be of vegetable origin, the * "Amiantus aluminisimilis nihil ignideperdet."- -Pliny, 36. "Quod ignis adeo non inquinet ip.-sius splendorein, ut etiamsi in euni conjioitiu' sordidus, nihil deperdens, nitidus et splendensextrahatur."— Agricola, 609. t As a modem pendant to this well-known legend, the following is current in Quebec. A laboui-ing man, who had left the old country to seek a better fortune in the Dominion, found employment at once on arrival in one of the many lumber yards on the St. Lawrence, where his energy and activity, supplemented by groat bodily strength, soon secured for him a good position. It so happened, however, that one evening, on returning from their daily toil to their common apartment, some of his fellow-workmen saw him deliberately throw himself into a seat, kick oft his boots, and then puU oft' his socks, and, having opened the door of the stove, coolly fling them in on to the mass of burning wood. Possibly no particular notice would have been taken of this, judged as a mere act of folly and waste on the part of the new-comer ; but when, almost imme- diately afterwards, they saw lum again open the stove door, take out the apparently blazing socks, and, after giving them a sliake, pioceed just as deliberately to draw them on to his feet again, that was a trifle too much ! Human nature could not stand that. Consequently the horrified spec- ASBESTOS. fT \li' silky appearance and unctuous feel of tlie fibre contributing to the idea that it was an organic substance; silk itself, according to Herodotus (3, 106), being a kind of wool which grew on trees. According to him, they made a kind of cremation cloth of asbestos, in which to enwrap the bodies to be consumed on the funeral })yre, so that the ashes and unconsumed particles of bone might bo kept separate from the remains of the fuel, for preservation in vases or in the family urn. In this wraj)ping, apertures were of necessity left to allow of a free j)assage for the fianies. It would not appear, however, that such a cloth as this could very frequently have been so used on account of its expensiveness. Pliny specially mentions it i.-! a rare and costly cloth, the funeral dress of kings. ''^ Assum- ing its veg .stable origin, he calls it linum vivum,f the difficulty tutors, havinfy for a moment looked on aghast, fled precipitately from the room. To them the facts were clear enough. This, they said, was no human being like themselves ; such hellish practices could have but rsonnages." — Jagnaux, " Traite de Min." "Die Gewiinder, doron man mehrere wieder abgefunden hat, waren aber so kostbar als Perlen.'' — (iuonstedt, t ' ' Plinius handelte ihn als linum vivum bei den Pflanzen ab ; — ' nascitur in desertis adustisquo sole Indiue, ubi non cadunt imbros, inter diras sorpeiiti •<, assuecitque vivcreardendo.' '' — Quenstedt, "Handb. der Min." ,'/ Laua montana." — Agrioola. , INTRODUCTORY. of weaving which, he says, was very great on account of thti shortness of the fibre, which is a somewhat singular reason to give, seeing that he was not speaking of chrysotile, to which that remark might have applied, but to the Italian mineral, amianthus. Judging, however, from modern experience it would seem that shortness of fibre could not have been the only, or indeed the main cause of the difficulty, and it would bo singularly interesting to know how the difficulty, whatever it was, was in those days surmounted. It is supposed that the weaving process was achieved by mingling organic fibres of some kind, probably flax, with the asbestos, and then, aided by a liberal supply of oil, weaving both fibres together, the oil and flax being afterwards got rid of by exposing the cloth to a red heat ; which, in point of fact, was the mode actually adopted in modern times, until, after long-continued experiment, means were found of overcoming the refractory nature of the fibre.* In one of the asbestos cloths shown at the Vatican Museum, Mr. Boyd could plainly distinguish the vegetable matter woven in with the mineral fibre. Varro and others also make men- tion of these cloths, but give us no information on the point of manufacture. "Most kinds of asbestos," Mr. Simmonds says, "cannot be spun or woven without the intermixture of cotton or linen fibre, as the asbestos fibres are not quite long enough. The intermixture of longer fibre makes the operation * '* There is nothing more wonderful in the intellectual history of man- kind than the skilful management (by the ancients) of many processes in the arts, the true nature of which was not understood till ages and ages afterwards. Thus, although zinc was scarcely known as a distinct mefcil until almost a century since, and almost within the same period, one of its commonest ores, calamine, was held in so little estimation in Groat Britain, that it was frequently used as ballast for shipping, yet that sanm ore was used before the time of Aristotle for the purpose of making brass, and to that purpose it is principally applied at the present day." — Second Bridgewater Treatise. In regard to which it may be remarked that Pliny noticed that if copper was placed in close proximity to calamii)(>, it, on being exposed to heat, increased in weight by absorption of the calamine, thus anticipating the conversion of copper into brass by cementation. rv 6 ASBESTOS. •luite easy, and when the fabric is entireh' ready it is simply [)laccd in the fjre, when tlie combustible linen or cotton is burned out and the incombustible texture remains." Such cloths as these, after all, must have been very wretched-looking skeletons of what was intended, and perhai)s were objects rather of curiosity than of any practical utility. In regard to the so-called napkins, which are often men- tioned, there can be no doubt that these, as well as some articles of dress, were, in ancient days, when wood was the principal fuel used, occasionally made of asbestos, and cleansed in the manner described. Pliny, referring to this practice (19, 1), avers that thereby "such things were returned far fairer and whiter than they could possil)ly be rendered by the air or water." Some of these napkins, supposed to have been used by the Emperors, are still to be seen in the Vatican library, and in the Museums at Naples ; in the latter case having been found at Pompeii, and in the former there is a shroud of con- siderable length which was found perfectly intact in a sar- cophagus in the Via PraMicstina, in 1702. Some of the cloth of which these are made is so identical in appearance with that manufactured at the present day that only an experienced eye could detect the difference. The Pope is said to have a cloth of the kind in his possession, in which he keeps the Sudarium of Our Lord, the cloth having been sent to one of his prede- cessors as a costly gift by the Great Khan. That asbestos cloth was really manufactured in the country of that potentate is corroborated by Marco Polo, who tells us that when (about A.D. 1200) he was traversing the region then known as the Great Empire of Tartary, but which now forms part of Russian Siberia, where, as we know, the mineral exists in abundance, he was shown some cloth which withstood the action of fire, and which the people told him was made from the skin of the salamander. But Marco was far too old a traveller to be caught by any fable about a woolly lizard, so he very carefully examined the material, which he then found to be made of "a fibrous mineral called amianto." Followinir up his enquiries, he elicited the infoimation that when the ore. INTRODUCTORY. / from the fibres of which the cloth was made, was first dug out from the mountain and broken uj), it strung together, and formed a thread simihir to wool ; this was then dried and pounded in a mortar, when, after washing out the impurities, the clear thread remained behind. This thread was afterwards woven into cloth, which, at first, had a somewhat dingy appear- ance, but, after being subjected to the action of fire, became "white as snow, and without a stain." When the mode adopted, at the present time, of extracting the mineral from the rock, and prejjaring it for use, comes to be considered, we shall see with what singular accuracy the process has been thus described. It is mattar of regret, therefore, that the painstaking traveller did not push his enquiry still further, or find an opportunity of witnessing the manufacture, so that he might have told us, in the same lucid manner, how the weaving of the fibre was accomplished. The dinginess of colour he refers to is easily accounted for by the handling. Under the Pharaohs a coarse kind of cloth was specially made as a cere-cloth, to cover the relics of humanity, and so help to preserve them from the ravages of time, the body having been first embalmed, by the undertaker, with aloes and subtle essences, in order to prevent the survivors from suffering from the pestilential exhalations, which would otherwise have emanated from them. The religious care with which the ancients guarded from extinction the Sacred Fires, in the Temples of the Gods, caused them to use asbestos as an auxiliary, the flame having been first started by means of a crystal sphere. * The lamps, also, * Rock crystal, a pellucid quartz, pure silica. From KpvoQ, ice, KpvaraWoc;, pure ice. This latter term was first applied to crystals of quartz only, which, by reason of its transparency, freedom from colour, and frequent enclosures, was thought to be water congealed by intense cold.— Pliny, 27, 9 ; Sen., " Nat. Quoest.," 3, 25. That it has once been liquid is proved by its enclosures. Boyle, however, showed it to be heavier than an equal bulk of water, by more than two to one, ice being bulk for bulk lighter than water. Pliny says that ' ' the best cautery for the human body is a ball of crystal acted on by the sun " (37, 10) ; but ■^^ ill O ASBKSTOS. whicli wero used by the Vestal Virgins are stated to have been furnished with asbestos wicks, the fine fibres of wliich would well seive to draw n\) and feed the flame with oil, * whilst tliemselvos remaining unconsumcd. Stra])o f and I'lutiirch | both speak of these lamps, calling them u(r/3ctrTa (perpetual). Pausanias§ also mentions them, specially alluding to one made of gold, for Minerva, by Callimachus, an Athenian artist, lespecting which he says that, although it was kept ever burning, both l)y day and night, it was only supi)lieut these do not seem to have been followed up, until long after- wards. In tho last century, for instance, I'lofessor Bruckmann, of Brunswick, was successful in the manufacture of asbestos paper, on which ho caused to bo printed a natural history of the mineral, some copies Oi which book are said to be still preserved in the museum at Wolfenbuttel. And early in tho present century Madame l'cr})cnti, of Cone, successfully em- j)loyed asbestos, not only in the manufacture of paper, but of cloth also, as well as of a kind of coarse lace, with many other articles of a useful character. And it is worthy of note, that in her make of cloth, she made no use of any other fibrous ingredient as an admixture ; her process simply consisting of softening the asbestos in water, beating and rubbing it, and finally separating the fibres by means of a comb furnished with fine steel points. Apart, howe\ er, from these and other isolated cases, which no doubt pointed out the way for later experimenters, the important industrial capabilities of asbestos were neglected until quite recently, and not seriously taken in hand until 1H50, when the Chevalier Aldini and others conducted a series of experiments, in which they were to a great degree successful, with the object of turning its fire-resisting properties to account for the protection of firemen. And soon after this a Florentine priest, one Giuseppe della Corona, brought to a successful issue his experiments for the manufacture of asbestos millboard. When, however, we turn to Canada we find that, although the valuable variety of asbestos which occurs in the Dominion was well known to geologists for many years prior to 1877, yet, for all practical purposes, its tiue economic importance which he describes as being of a whitish colour, somewhat resembling pumice and not attracting iion. A pmer form of magnesia was no doubt meant by Hippocrates (riji; fiayvijann; XiOop) which he mentions as being prescribed as a cathartic, possibly native carbonate of magnesia. I 12 ASBESTOS. remained unrecognised until that date ; and even so recently as 1882 its value may be said to have been generally unknown. In Rand and Macnally's Great Atlas of the World, we do not find asl)estos even mentioned, in the copious dissertation to be found there on the trade and manufactures of the Province of Quebec : iron and copper alone being named as the chief mineral productions of that part of the Dominion. And when, in 1886, a little book was prepared, with great care and at con- siderable expense, for gratuitous distribution in the Canadian section of the Colonial and Indian exhibition of that year, in order to enlighten the world on the capabilities, productions, and mineral resources of Canada, no mention w%as made of asbestos among the mineral productions of the country, although some good specimens were to be seen there, notably an exhibit by the Johnson Company of Thetford. From the foregoing it would seem that, even at so recent a date as 1886, no very great importance was attached to this mineral in the country of its production. Now, however, all this is changed : land on the serpentine belt <^where the mineral is alone found) is daily increasing in value, and new mines are being sought for and opened ; whilst, as the demand for the raw material increases, fresh capital is being furnished, and improved machinery invented and brought into use, for increas- ing the production, greater care being at the same time used in the cobbing and preparation for market of the raw material. The uses of asbestos, in the arts and manufactures, are now of so important and varied a character that the main features of these must be treated of in a separate chapter, as even a mere enumeiution of the principal among them would run to a considerable length. Indeed, now that it has been demon- strated that a fairly abundant supply of the raw material can, with tolerable certainty, be relied on, at a fairly reasonable cost, there would seem to be no limit to the growing demand, especially as new uses for the mineral are being daily Tound. This demand will, of course, still more rapidly increase, as the value and almost universal utility of the fibre becomes, by its more extended use, more clearly and widely known. L I mmmmm^f^i m IH ■1%- '.' 1 ITALIAN ASBESTOS. "The Grey.- CHAPTER I. VARIETIES AND QUALITIES OF ASBESTOS. Derivation — Name — Varieties — Description — Granular and Fibroun Structure — Variations — Occurrence — Chrysotile Spinning — General % Use. Deeiv. : d, Priv., and Dc Lapperent, in alluding to this form, saj's : "Masses souvent a.sbestiformes composces de fibres paralleles tres fines, faciles a '1 VARIETIES AND QUALITIES OF ASBESTOS. 17 soparer, paraissent etre a I'Arfvedsonite ce que I'asbeste est h I'actiiiote. Les fibres sont tendres, elastiques et flexibles. Bleu indigo ou bleu-gris ; poussiere bleu lavande. Les fibres tres d^lit^es fondent k la flamme d'une bougie en devenaiit rouges ; au chalumeau clles fondent facilement en globule noir magn6tique : dans le raatras degage de I'eau. Se dissout facilement dans le borax en donnant un verre vertc olive. Dans le scl de phosphore laisse un squclette de silice. N'est pas sensiblemcnt attaquee par les acides. On pout la onsiderer comme un Arfvedsonite dont la chaux aurait disparu."* His analysis does not differ in essential particulars from that given above : — Silice . Oxide ferreux Oxide manganeui Magnesia . Chaux Soude . Eau 51-22 3408 O-IO 2-48 003 7-07 4-50 99-48 Crocidolite occurs in both its forms in Grecidand in associa- tion with sodalite, t and at Stavorn, in Norway. The fibrous seams or masses of this variety, make an angle of 106° with the opposite surfaces of the seam, according to Haussmann, J who states that a cylinder of it xo o of an inch in diameter supported ninety-one Hanoverian pounds without breaking, whereas one of asbestos i ,1 o of an inch in diameter broke with a weight of 6 oz. This mar- vellous tensile strength, which is attributable to the large amount of iron in its composition, is neutralised (for present purposes) by a corresponding deficiency of fireproofness, occasioned by the want of lime or magnesia. It is difficult, therefore, to see how this variety is to be usefully employed, in competition with the light-coloured, elastic, but less tenacious, varieties, which usually contain, with a small proportion of iron, a correspondingly larger amount of lime and magnesia. * " Cours de Min.," 84. t Dana. + "Handb.," 1847, 743. j epiiMiinwii w nawiBaaBiiBuii mmmmmmm mm I I i II 18 ASBESTOS. Breislakite is a woolly-lookitig variety of fibrous pyroxene, iiamcil after Breislak, an Italian mineralogist. This is some- times called cyclopeite, and is found at Vesuvius and Capo di Bove. The fibres are flexible and the colour reddish brown : it contains silica and alumina, but docs not appear to possess any economic value. Byssolite (from Byssus) is an old name for asbestos, now seldom used. Des Cloizeau saj's : " On avait donn6 autrefois le nom de Byssolite a une asbeste gris-jaunatre qui accompagne suiivent les crystsiux d'albite du Dauphine."-' And Bauer, s})eii.king of it, says : " Byssolit gleicht graue und blondfarbigen ]\Ienschen himren, aber trotz deiser Feinhcit bleibt er glasig sprode, weil er auf Feldspathgcsteine mit Adular und Berg- crystals in den Hochalpen citdjricht,"t It is of an oli\'e-green colour, coarse and stilfly fibrous. It occm*s associated with a black oxide of manganese. A dark green coloured asbestiform mineral, found near the Cow Flat Copper Mines in New South Wales, | was shown to have the following composition, and is consequently unwork- able : — Hygroscopic Avater 1'084 Combined water by difference . . . 1"941 Silica 49-447 Alumina 9G88 Iron sesquioxide 16-330 ,, protoxide 5- 151 Manganese protoxide . . . . 4-389 Magnesia ....... traces Lime 11970 100-000 Another mineral of a more valuable character is picrolite.>$ This occurs in many places, amongst others at Boltoh, in the Eastern Townships of Quebec. || Its ore is separable into long, * " Manuel de Min.," 80. t " Lchrbuch," 425. ■+ Liversedge's " Min. of New South Wales," 1888, 181. § From TTticoof, bitter ; " ou qui a une savour desagreable, " in allusion to the magnesia or Bittererde present. II Dr. Sterry Hunt, " Physiology and Physiography of Minerals," 334. VARIETIES AND QUALITIES OF ASBESTOS. 19 rigid, somewhat clastic fibres ; it has a specific gi'avity of 2*607, and the following composition : — 10 S> on . 43-70 . 40-G8 . 3-51 . traces . 12-45 100 oi Silica May asbestos in various localities and in different regions ; langing from the silky flexibility of amianthus to the density of mountain-wood and the extreme tenacity of crocidolitc. But, in whatever part of the world it may be found, it will be seen that too much attention cannot be paid to its composi- tion, or to its immediate surroundings, so much depending on this for its usefulness in the arts and manufactures. w. 9P VARIETIES AND QUALITIES OF ASUESTOS. 21 Both pyroxene ''' and horiiblenclc f are soiiictimos called asbestos, the latter most frecjuently, the former more rarely assuming an asbestiform character. The name, moreover, is friM|iieiitly used with especial reference to certain amphibolic minerals, such as actinolite, tremolite,J and marmolite,^^ in I « K Pyroxene is one of the moat common minenils. It is a conHtitiient in almost all basic eruptive rocks, and is princupiilly confined to crystalline and volcanic rocks. In different localities it is asHociated with f^ranite, graiiular limestone, .serpentine, greenstone, basalt, or lavas. The name is derived from wp, fire, and Ktvog, stranger, Haiiy's idea being that this mineral * was a stranger in the domain of fire,' whereas in fact it is, next to the feldspars, the most imiversal constituent of igneous rocks." —Dana, " Min. et Lith.," ed. 1879. t " Hornblende is generally dark green, browTi, or black in colour, and often occurs in stout or more slender prisms, or in irregular- shaped granules or patches. It is an essential constituent of syenite or diorite, and is met with likcAvise as an accessory mineral in many other igneous rocks. Its cleavage is more perfect than that of augite, and often gives it a platy-liko stinicturo, the angles between the cleavage planes being 124° 30" and 5G° 30"."— Geikie, "Geol.," 146. "Pyroxene and hornblende have the same formula, and under this there is but one difference of any importance, viz., that lime is a pro- minent ingredient in all the varieties of pjrroxene, while it is wanting, or nearly so, in some of those of hornblende. It is difficult to distinguish homblendic asbestos from the pjToxcnic, except by noting its association with known varieties of one or the other minerals." — Dana. " La hornblende ne differe de I'actinote que par une proportion plus forte de I'oxyde de fer ; a mesure que le fer augmente, la couleur vcrte de I'actinote devient de plus en plus foncee, passe au noir par degres insen- sibles de telle sorte qu'il est impossible d'etablir une ligne de demarcation bien nette entre ces deux substances." — Jagnaux, .')o4. J " So called from the name of the place, Tremola, Mont St. Gothard, where it was found. It commonly occurs in dolomite or granular lime- stone. Actinolite is found in the greatest perfection in talcose rocks. Tremolite and the pale varieties of hornblende, containing no iron, fuse readily to a glass, nearly transparent to a milk-white ; the lighter coloured varieties, containing iron, fuse to a dark yellowish glass." — Dana. " La tremolite lorsqu'elle s'altere et devient hydratee manifesto une tendance marquee a se deviser en fibres flexibles, a eclat soyeux, capable de former par leur enchevetrement de veritables tissus mineraux." — De Lapparcnt, 376. ^ A thin foliated variety, so called before it was known to be serpen- tine ; it contains a good deal of water. ^^^^f^ m 22 ASBESTOS. which long capillary crystals occur, foniiiiij^ a compact fibrous mass, tho individual crystals generally lyinj^ side by side, ill parallel lines, at rij^ht angles to the walls of the vein, j"., to tho cooling surfaces. But it must bo understood that these conditions will bo found in very varying degrees in different varieties of tho mineral. In amianthus,'' for instance, tho fibres of which aro of a singularly delicate character and beautifully arranged, the crystals are very flexible and are easily separated by tho fingers ; whereas, in the commoner varieties, the crystals aro of a much coarser character, are more difficult to sepai'ate, are fre(]uently in- terlaced or irregularly disposed, and possess but little flexi- bility. Many of those last aro of such a brittle siliceous t(!xture as to bo of little or no economic value : thoy usually exhibit a dull green colour, are somewhat unctuous, and oc- casionally, but only rarely, display a pearly lustre. Sp. gr. usually about 27. One of tho most valuable properties of asbestos is its infu- siliility. Under tho blowpipe a single fibre will fuse into a white enamelled glass or opaque globule, but in tho mass some varieties have boon Icnown to resist tho most intense heat without any visible effect. Chrysotile, however, if ex- jioscd for some time to long continued heat will lose somewhat of its tenacity and silkincss, and become rough and brittle.! When of a light colour, or some light shade, it is usually found to be treniolite or actinolite. The ore found in tho i'elel)rated scam at East Broughton was, like the serpentine in which it was enclosed, of a singularly light (yellowish green) shade, but this was fully equal, if not superior, to any that has since been found in the darker rock, which usually carries the finest quality. Tremolito, tho magnesia-lime variety, is especially corcmon in limestones, particularly magnesian or dolomitic ; the com- pact tremolito, called nephrite, is found in talcose rocks or schists ; actinolite, the magnesia-lime-iron variety, in steatitic rocks ; * cLfiiavToc Xi0oc, Diosoor., v. 155. t See post, p. 94. tmm VAUIETIES AND QUALITIES OF ASHESTOS. 23 anil brown, (Lirk green, and l)liic'k lioi-nbltMido, in chloritic schists, mica schist, gneiss, iiiid in various <»t!ier rocks. Asbestos commonly occurs in crystalline rocks of nieta- morphic ori > o > z n X >< in O H r m o a > ;o < * U j il i^ I Hi PUKSENT SOURCES OF SLTPLY. 83 n n where the quality is good, the quantity available is not sufficiently abundant to pay for •working. The seams vary very greatly in diH'erent regions, not only in length of fibi'c, colour, and general appearance ; but whilst they have, almost universally, the same dip and inclination, they difler very greatly in composition. The intermediate varieties, the produce of different lands, arc many of them not only singular, but, in some cases, singularly beautiful. The asbestos of diflfcrent countries is as varied as the characteristic foliac^e. What, for in- stance, can be more strange than the bluish aspect of the Austrjdian trees, compared with the soft, delicious greens of the English foliage, when luxuriating in the moist, but clear, atmosphere of early summer 1 And how difl'erent this from the gorgeous hues of the Canadian maple, which can be likened to nothing but a succession of gigantic bouquets of tropical flowers, often thrown })i'ominontly into relief, by a deep background of pine — a never-ending source of delight to the traveller! Then contrast the smooth and white, rock-like, form of asl)estos from the Pyrenees with the harsh and brittle tremolite of Servia, vuipleasant to handle, its fine needle points insidiously penetrating the skin, just like the partic les of slag wool ; and compare this with the long, soft silkincss of the Corsican variety, the hanks of which look like skeins newly wound from a cocoon, the resemljlance being all the more perfect from some of these being a silvery white, whilst others are of a pale gold colour ; then turn, again, to the singular Scandinavian forms, which are rough and rugged as the country from Avhich they come. That asbestos of good quality is not found in the United States, in workable quantities, is shown l)y the fact that, whilst America is by far the largest consumer of the mineral, her supplies of crude ore arc almost entirely der'ived from Canada. Out of a total export from the Dominion of 3,936 tons in 1888, no less than 3,612 tons were taken by America. It may certainly be that some portion of this large quantity was bought by dealers in New York, who afterwards exported D 1 rrar: 34 ASHESTOS. it tit enhanced prices ; but of this wc have no data. In 18S9, under the stimulus of the high piicos then ruling, the exporta- tion from Canada was much larger ; but for that year the ])rop()rtion of the amount exj)orted Avill work out very dilleiently, as four of the mines have ])een purchased, and are now worked, l)y English and CJerman manr' ♦^urers, who r(M(uire the whole jn'oduce for their own e .1 use ; the output of these mines, therefore, is practically withdrawn from the market. But even if it could be sjiid that the quality of the ore found in America was good, the deficiency in quantity is shown by the official returns. According to these, the total produc- tion of asbestos in the United States for 1888 * is stated Ut h;ive been ITiO tons ordy, the value of which is put at about £0 per ton, which sufficiently indicates the quality. Moreover, the figures for recent years show a contimial falling oflF in j)roduction in precise accord with the rise in price of Canadian, which can only l)e attributed to the growing appreciation of the merits of Canadian ore for manufacturing ' )0ses. In 1882 the produce was returned at 1,200 tons, Talued au ,, j,000:=.£7,422 ., 1883 ,, ,, 1,000 „ ,, 30,000 6,185 ,. 1884 „ ,, 1,000 ,, ,, 30,000 6,185 ,, 1885 it fell to 300 „ ,, 9,000 1,855 ,. 1886 ,, 200 „ ,, 6,000 1,237 ,, 1887 „ 100 „ ,. 4,000 824 whilst, as we have already seen, in 1888 it was 150 tons, valued, like the foregoing, at little over £6 per ton. This shows clearly enough that American manufacturers do not rely on home production, and as they make no use of Italian ore, their dependence at present is necessarily on that of Canada to meet their rapidly increasing requirements. Probably the official retiu'us refer to amianthus alone, under the head of asbestos, because it is Avell known that large quantities of a coarsely fibrous mineral (talc or tremolite) are used in New York, for instance, and also exported thence to England, and of course * " Mineral Resources of the United States for 1888." PRESENT SOURCES OF SUPPLY. 35 un tons weight of diamonds, a thousand tons of ostrich feathers, + with gold, and other produce, in equally fabidous quantity, it must be admitted that her samples are of rather a portentous character. And even now, whilst her wealth of gold and gems is being distributed in such lavish abundance, news is flashed * " Pictiores of the Chinese Paiutocl by ThomsolvoH." t " English Folk Lore," hy the Rev. F. T. ThisoUon Dyor. + "TheLaudof Gold, Diamonds, and Ivory," by J F. Ingram, F.R.G.S. 40 ASJ)ESTOS. A / home that she again "has something new to show," ashcstos having been discovered, according to report, of a quality and in such a})un(hince, as has never l^efore been seen. Crocidolite (blue asbestos) has long been knoAvn to exist in the neighbourhood of the Great Orange Eiver ; ^ Mth crocidolite and soapstone were among the mineralogical spi , mens brought home, from the Kalahari Desert, by Mr. Farini ; and a special variety of asbestos, of a highly aluminous character, occurs in Natal.*- This last is imported into England for use in the potteries as a refractory material for hning furnaces and kilns, and for the making of crucibles, for which it seems to be well adapted, alumina being both insoluble and infusible.! Asl^estos is also found in abundance in the Somali fields, about a hundred miles beyond Kimberley ; and yet another discovery "was announced in September, 1889, of a "gigantic asbestos farm," (whatever such an expression may be taken to mean), on the ])roperty of the Griqualand West Copper and Mineral Syndicate. The find here was, with the usual exultation, aiuiounccd to be amianthus of the finest quality, beautifully white in colour, and many feet in length. The first samples sent over, however, by no means bore out this description, being comparatively short and brittle. The produce of deej)er workings soon followed ; some of these in my possession are very beautiful in appearance, in fineness of colour and length of fibre not to be surpassed by the Ijcst Italian, but, at the same time, they are so deficient in tensile strength as to be jiractically useless for any present purpose. But although for * Alum is often foiiiicl efflorescent or in feathery masses ; and in many parts of Africa, notably at Lagoa Bay, it occurs in fine crystallisations like asbestos with a silky lustre ; in a cave near the Bosjesmans River it is said to cover the floor to a depth of six inches. Sapphire is pure alumina (srystallised ; but the sapi)hire of tho ancients was lapis lazuli, as appears from Isidorus : " Sappliirus cceruleus est cum purpura, ha bens pulveres aureos sparsos," particles of iron pyrites disseminated tlu'ough it and looking like g^old. t "The magnesian silicates are only fusible at very high temperatures, but the silicates of alumina are probably quite infusible." — Pickett'a " Useful Metals and theii- Alloys," G-24. Vide jwst, 169. i r PRESENT SOURCES OF SITFLY. 41 > this particular kind there is no demand now, it must not bo forgotten, that every year brings to light new mineral combina- tions, or new varieties of thos3 with which we arc already acquainted, and usually the practical application of them soon follows. When these African discoveries were first announced, simultaneously with those in Russia, and those anticipated, with less proba1)ility of realisation, from Servia, fears were ex[)ressed lest the markets would l)e glutted and prices so reduced, as to make it scarcely worth Avhile to work the mines, but it must not be forgotten that *' Le globe est un vaisseau frete pour I'avonir Et richement charge ....," and that as new scientific discoveries are made, so the great mineral reserves which, year after year, are brought to light, readily find their place, without much disturbance, in the great economical relations of the world. The important question of transport, from these distant regions, will be one of the first dithculties to present itself ; but granted a practical acquaintance with the mineral, no great difficulty need be apprehended on this head. Bearing in mind the great luimber of places, in the neighbour- hood of the gold mines, where both asbestos and crocidolite abound, it would not appear at all unlikely that, in the near future, a good quality of asbestos will be discovered, and that Africa may become one of the main sources of supply. The elevation of Griqualand West is about 4,000 feet above the sea level, a not unimportant factor in the case. In addition to the African localities already indicated as the whereabouts of the mineral, travellers seem to have l)een fre(piently on the verge of discovery. Anderson * found in the Kuruman range, at Blaaw Klip, a soft stone, which the natives dug out from the hillside and formed into pipes, plates, &c., no douljt a kind of ollitc, or potstone, which would seem to indicate a promising locality for asbestos. And * "Twenty-five Years iu a Wag-on," vol. 1. 42 ASBESTOS. Dr. J. W. Matthews, ''■ who spent a considerable time in that region, rejjorts that the calcite, which runs through the blue ground in all directions in the diamond district, was covered with a coating of a " greyish-white substance, very soapy to the touch, and resembling steatite." The importance of the subject, in view of the probability of the South African asbestos mines coming prominently to the front at an early date, will perhaps justify the insertion here of an extract from Dr. Schenk's report on the formation at Barberton. The Doctor, an eminent geologist, who has paid several visits to the goldfields, says that the formation there consists of very old, and, in most instances, highly meta- morphosed rocks, composed of slate and sandstone, with interposed eruptive rocks of greenstone (diorite, serpentine, ^:c.). These rocks are highly erected, dipping invariabl}' at great angles, often perpendicular, and run from east to west. It is in this formation that the gold-bearing reefs are situated, and these, with few exceptions, run in the same direction, nearly always accompanying the eruptive rocks. The gold, in his opinion, came with the eruptive rocks from the interior of the earth to the surface, and there became concentrated in reefs, which consist of quartz, and often contain iron with the gold. There is no young formation overlying these rocks at Barberton but, in the Drakensburg and Witwatcrsrand, a younger forma- tion lies unconformably over the older rocks, which he con- cludes to be of Devonian age. The younger formation has subsequently been folded in the same way as the Barberton rocks, though it is not so highly erected, f In a country where the hitherto usually recognised features of the mineral seem to be so diversified in colour, texture, and component parts, we should not, perhaps, be surprised at any further distinctive feature ; yet it seems somewhat strange to be told of an "asbestos farm" ; and, again, to find it stated, on the authority of " an eminent engineer, late Surveyor of Lands to the German Government," that on part of the ground 4 ♦ "IngTvadiYami," 148. t " Ingwadi Yami," Appendix. I i PRESENT SOURCES OF SUPl'LY. 43 where some of the new discoveries have been made he traced four distinct ^' ashi'stos reefs, three feet wide, and running parallel to each other at regular distances for many miles," * a description calculated to make an asbestos expert open his eyes in wonderment. Crocidolito in its earthy form occurs abundantly in the same region, varying in colour according to the mineral oxide which may happen to be present. Much of it is of the kind called " Tiger-eye," from its tawny-coloured, streaky brilliancy. It is of a densely compact nature, from its exceeding hardness diflficult to work, but susceptible of high polish. The grain is very fine, and, even in the rough state, the fibres are singularly distinct. Some other minerals possess this peculiar shining lustre, though none in so fine a degree. Cat's-eyc (Katzenaugc), for instance, a chalcedonic quartz, Avhcn cut en cabochon, exhibits a like opalescence, or glaring internal reflection, like the pupil of a cat's eye, which is caused by the fibres of asbestos running through it. The same peculiarity, but in a lesser degree, is sometimes found in satin spar, when cut in the same way. Chrysotile has been found on the Stewart River, British Columbia, where the occurrence of large masses of serpentine tends to justify the expectation that workable deposits will presently be found, t In the district of Lake Temagami, to the north of Lake Nipissing, asbestos has been found from half an inch to nine inches long. One of the veins here shows about a foot wide, running in trap in the same direction as the quartz. | Although the statement with which this chapter opened that asbestos, in one form or another, is found in most parts of the world, has now been substantiated, Italy and Canada,, which at present constitute the chief sources of supply, remain to be Sop- * The Diamond Fields Advertiser, quoted in the Weekly Bulletin tember 7th, 1889. t Report on the Yukon District. N.W.T., by G. M. Dawson, 1888. X Report of the Royal Commission on the Mineral Resources of Ontario, 1890, p. 57. / M^w>«av««iam*" 44 ASUESTOS. I/I considered ; but so distinct and so important arc the produc- tions of these two countries that they need to be separately dealt with. As to the more immediate outlook, it must be remembered that although, for their own sj)ecial productions, these two countries are, for the present, the undoubted masters of the held, it is scarcely probable, in view of what is now taking place in many other parts of the world, that they will per- manently remain so. So far as Italian produce is concerned, the c npany, which practically monopolises this, requires all the asbestos it can get for its own use, and in order to supple- ment the produce of its Italian mines, has recently bought a mine in Canada, and there also it will, in future, be a producer as well as a consumer. Indeed, the large consumers of the Canadian mineral, feeling the pinch of contiiuially increasing prices (in consequence of supply not keeping pace with demand), are gradually buying up all the present best-knoAvn mines and turning miners themselves, the natural effect of which is that the produce of the mines so bought is withdrawn from the general market. It therefore becomes increasingly difficult for those consumers Avho are not also mine owners to obtain the supplies they want. A natural consequence of this state of things is further increased price and greater exertions to find fresh sources of supply. It is only, therefore, to be expected that new discoveries will continue to be made, and it may turn out that Italy and Canada will presently find both Russia and Africa formidable competitors. Dealings with the former country may, from many causes, remain somewhat difficult for the present, but with Africa the case is different. Given the requisite quality, the question of transport will soon be over- come, and it is only fair to assume, from what we have seen, that the right quality will presently be found there, and when that is the case, if the mines are only intelligently handled, methods, which almost indicate themselves, will speedily be adopted to settle the transport question. I » ■! Ill I *" i ■■:»; ITALIAN ASBESTOS. "The Flossy." tii.w. • ;• : . ••^ / ^•-^ ■ ^- CHArXER III. / ITALTAX ASBESTOS AND THE ITALIAX MIXES. Italian Oue a DiHtiuct Variety — Essential Cluiractcristics — Mr. J. Boyd's Paper — Italian Exhibition — Quantitative Analysis — The Mines — Vancties of On- — The United Asbestos Coinjt.'iny and its OjKTutions — The Industry as curried on in Franco — The Nuw Asbestos Company. In the modern use of asl)CRtos in pra^ticiil ineclianics and tlie industrial arts, Italy raid» •51 •31 lon-;^r) Canadian. 33-21 5-77 6-69 40-90 12-20 •69 indicios >> •22 indicios 99-68 *p^p r «Si-umM^^m^Skm 48 ASBESTOS. In regard to these the analyst remarks: "Although the Canadian sample shows a less percentage of magnesia, the difference is fully compensated for by the larger quantity of protoxide of iron and alumina." The comparativ^e analyses of the two ores which follow recently ajjpeared in one of the American scientific journals, and were stated to have been made by Professor Durst, who has made a special study of the subject ; and the concluding analysis of Canadian ore is one made by Mr. Donald, Professor of Chemistry at the McGill College, Montreal : Italian. Canadian. Canndian Silica . . 40-2.5 40-92 39-0.) Magnesia . . 40-18 33-21 40-07 Water of hjalration . 14-02 12-22 14-48 Ahimina . 2-82 G-()9 3-G9 Protoxide of i m 0-7o 5-77 (oxide) 2-41 Soda . . 1-37 •G8 — rotash, Sec. ■lr> •22 — Sulphuric acid . •31 traces — UudetoiTnined -30 99-8) 09-71 100-00 Professor Durst expresses his opinion of the result of his work in this Avay : " Thus, Avhile the Italian possesses a larger percentage of magnesia, it is poorer in alumina, and holds more water than Canadian. The Italiaii, obtained in long fibres, sometimes reaching 3 feet, cannot be Avorked with the same ease and evenness as the Canadian. The product likewise is not so uniform, Avhile its greater density and weight renders it less desirable and more expensive for general use." It seems clear, however, that, making all due allowance for difference of locality and surroundings in the samples analysed, the analyses are for all practical trade purposes in sufficient accord, whilst the balance of evidence is against Dr. Barff, both in precision of statement and in agreement with general commercial opinion. The o. jment of Professor Durst, as to the superior ease with which Canadian fibre can be worked, seems to be cor- ITALIAN ASBESTOS AND THE ITALIAN WINES. 49 roborated by the follovdiig extract from a Canadian technical journal. Few people have had more practical experience, oi' can speak witli greater authority than Mr. Boyd. " Mr. James Boyd, managing director of the British Asbestos Company, writes to the London papers respecting the New Asbestos Company wliich has l)een formed to develop certain French and Italian properties as follows : ' I have recently heard that a Canadian asbestos property has been acquired by the Company holding the greater part of the Italian properties, or by parties interested in it. They could raise hundreds of tons from their Italian properties ; and if they do not do so there must be a reason for it, and I believe the reason may be sought for in the fact tliat, whilst Canadian asbestos fibre can easily be spun into thread fit for manufacturing into rope or cloth, Italian can only be so spun on a commercial scale by the admixture of cotton, or some other material, owing to the want of cohesion amongst its fibres. Owing to the increasing steam pressures used in connection with triple expansion engines, a great increase has taken place in the consumption of packings made of asbestos cloth, and I believe it is practically impossible to make this of pure Italian asbestos. The English Admiralty have, I believe, persistentl}' refused to put Italian asbestos packing on their list, for the reasons above stated. . . . The protective tariff's, so called, in France are not so high as to prevent both Italian and also English manufacturers of Canadian asbestos goods from selling their manufactures there ; and as a matter of fact, the })rices in France are lower than in England.'"* The statements in the foregoing extract are singularly cor- roborated by the fact that the company first named, the " Impresa Minerai'ia Italiana," are now almost exclusively devoting their attention to the manufacture of various grades of asbestos cloth, which they make from the Canadian mineral alone. Theie are three principal varieties of asliestos found in Italy, the grey, the tiossy, and the silky. There is also an- * The Canadian Mining lieiinv, March, 1890. E »■*«' t a aMt ; W >"«»• > ■ II I iiiiii j i 50 ASBESTOS. other of a powdery character, of which a good deal is used, but to which not so much importance is attached. The Grey variety, of which an illustration is given, is a rough-looking saponaceous fibre, of great tenacity and of considerable length. This is often found high up in the rocky face of the mountain, but occasionally on a lower level in the Alpine valleys. Sometimes it occurs in such difficult positions that, in the first stages of the work, the men have to be let down by ro})es from a])ovo to bore the holes for making a working platform. The high table-land of Ac(iua Ncra, 6,000 feet above the level of the sea, has its whole western face composed of rocks rich in asbestos, the seams of which run in a nearly vertical direction. The Flossy form is dry, with a smooth silky fibre. This occurs generally in thick horizontal scams, which have a rajnd dip when once the rock is opened. A large quantity of pow- dery material is found with it, in the centre of which lumps of quartz, and substances apparently of vegetable origin, are occasionally found. The Silky variety is much like the flossy, but has a smoother texture, is longer in the fibre, and of greater tenacity. This is the kind mostly in use for gas-stove work. The Powdery is foiuid in the same range of mountains as the flossy, but generally at a much lower level. Like much of the mineral found in various parts of the world, it exhibits ii pasty appearance when first o})encd uj), but it rapidly diies and pulverises on exposure to the atmosphere. The Society Francaise des Amiantes claims that this powdery material is of great value to agriculturists as a manure, and to viticul- turists for application to the vine stocks as a preventive of mildew and a destroyer of the phylloxera. It has been tried in England, with a similar o])ject in view, in the hop gardens of Kent, bu vitli no marked success; indeed, it is somewhat difficult to understand what there is in its composition to give it any efficacy for either of the piuposes named. Italian asbestos is rarely found at a lower level than .5,000 feet, ranging from this upwards to 12,000 ; in fact, uj) to the ITALIAN ASBESTOS AND THE ITALIAN MINES. .01 I line of perpetual snow. It is usually got by running drift- ways into the face of the rock, when the seams, on being followed up, often abruptly end in pockets, which sometimes contain as much as a ton or a ton and a half of asbestos. When first taken out from the rock the ore is in lumps, forming hard, closely compacted, bundles of fibres, varying in colour from light grey to a dingy brown. With a little care threads of many feet in length may be drawn out from these bundles, the filjre closely resembling flax, but in appearance only, the difference being quickly perceptible to the touch. In searching for asbestos on the Italian hills, the prospector is not guided by the same ndes as those which guide the ex- plorer in Canada ; he looks in the perpendicular face of the rock for cracks, which may be filled with a white powdery substance Avhich, when the surface is broken awny, soon iis- sumes a leathery appearance, and then, when further entry is made, the true asbestos is found. Mining for asbestos in Italy is, as a rule, carried on with greater difficulty than in Canada, and the supply of the mineral, if more al)undunt, is much more uncertain. Mine owners in Italy, desirous of effecting a speedy sale of their property are, it is to be presumed, no better or worse than others in the same position elsewhere, in being apparently not averse to the practice of ** salting." In Italy this salting process seems to consist in driving fine asbestos fibre into the crevices of the rock, and tlien, so far as possible, giving it the appear- ance of the real formation. Mr. Boyd tells us that in one instance of the kind which came under his notice, a sum of about £200 was actually paid for the right of extracting as- bestos fi'om the barren rock which had been so treated. Here, at any rate, the asbestos did not follow the usual course l)y running into a pocket, whatever might have been the case with the money. Mr. Boyd, in the paper previously referred to, malccs a state- ment of a very suggestive character as the result of long observation in Italy, which is worth recording. He says that *' if asbestos be found on the surface of a rock exposed •WMMa MP } 0'^ ASBESTOS. either to the south or south-west, the product is generally fairly alnuulant and of good quality. If exposed to the east there is fine quality, but very small quantity ; whilst if exposed to the north the quantity is plentifid, Imt dry and hartl, and on entering the rock all traces of it are lost." Whether this l)e at all consistent with Canadian experience I cannot say. The lie of the ground and the course of the veins being so different, it is quite possible the theory may have no applicability at all to Canadian mining, but it is cer- tainly worth the consideration of asbestos miners in other parts of the world, as well as in Canada. Asbestos, as already explained, wherever it occurs, whether in Italy or any other part of the Avorld, is found associated with other minerals, but occasionally, in the Italian deposits, minute crystals of a green-coloured garnet are found with the asl)estos, which the miners call asbestos seeds (semenze deir amianto). It is now nearly twent}' years ago since asbestos first began to be talked about in England, and attempts were very soon afterwards made to turn its peculiar properties to useful ac- count. The time was getting ripe for such a business. Steam ])ressures had, for some time, been gradually rising. Although ;{0 lbs. to the s([uare inch at sea, and 50 lbs. on land had hitherto been the average, these pressures were then beginning to be doubled, and consequently the old forms of packing for joints and glands were, under these new conditions, found to be in- capable of withstanding the strain put upon them. Gasket rings and hemp gland packings had both to be superseded by more durable appliances, yet these were so far from being perfect that it was felt to be certain trouble would occur with them when exposed to the higher temperatures which were evidently coming.* Just about the same time asbestos mill- board was being successfully made in Florence, and a good piston packing was made in America. Directly afterwards, a " I'atent Aslxistos Manufacturing Company" was established in Glasgow, for making piston packings after this American * Enginetriiig, March, 1885. ITALIAN FIBRE. "The Silky." ITALIAN ASBESTOS AND TIIK ITALIAN MINES. 53 invention, and milllioard after the Italian method. The pecu- liarity of the packing introduced hy this Scotch company consisted in its ])eing formed of a core of ashestos fibre, con- solidated hy machinery, and hraided over with cotton to keep it together ; and although this first attempt was somewhat crude, some Avonrought from one of the company's mines in the Valtellina Valley. *■' This is a natural curiosity, and probably the finest piece of Italian asbestos yet seen. When turned out of the bags the crude asbestos is, first of all, opened out by special machinery, constructed for the purpose, with the doul)le ol)ject of loosening the fibres, and freeing these from the material by which the}' are compactly bound together. This is an operation which has no counter- part in the method of dealing with Canadian ore ; nor for the * A fine quality of alabaster (gj'jisum) is also found in tliis vaUcy, so delicate as almost to resemble white wax. mmm r)4 ASMKSTOS. t:\ Itiilian ore would any such opcniii<5 macliinc as is in use in the shoddy or cotton waste trades do, as no tearing or cutting iiction can be permitted. Throe machines, of griwhially riMhiced sizes, are emph)yed to open the Jusl)estos, and then those portions which contain the longest fibres are t.dvcn to the boiling tanks, where they are rendered soft by heat and moisture. Those taidpai-ed for the beating engines, whore the binding material is added, and the whole thoroughly incorporated, after which it is drawn off into a receiving-tank, [)laced in the millboard machine-room. From this tardc it is conveyed to the milll)oard machine, to which agitators are attached, to keep the fibre from settling. The water is drawn oil" through a fine wire gauze on a revolving cylinder, leaving a thin coating of the asl)estos pulp on the cylinder. This is tlion taken off by an endless band, and transferred to a second solid rotating cylinder, where it steadily accunuilates until the desired thickness has been reached. It is finally cut across, and removed in the form of a square sheet of millboard or paper. This is much the same method as that adopted in France. Describing the mode of preparing millboard and paper there, .bignaux says : — " Quant aux fils les plus courts, et ceux qui i"(>st en pelotes on en fait de la bourre. C'est cette bourre qui, iigglomeri e an moyen dun coUe vegetalc, sert a la fabrication du papier et du carton d'amiante." When the sheets leave the machine they contain a good deal of water, which is got rid of partly by pressure and in pai't by drying. They are then put between zinc plates and subjected to a powerful hydraulic press, Avhich expels most of the remaining water, after which they are hung up, by spring clips in a steam-heated room, to complete the drying process, when, once more, the sheets are subjected to pressure, to Vliji ■■■ TTAT-IAN ASHESTOS AM) TIIK ITALIAN MINES. 55 llattcn thorn out and improve the surfuco, after which the cil^cs are ti'inimed and the manufacture is compk;te. When trimmed, the; sheets usually measure 40i!i. X 40, their thick- ness varyin<^ by thirty-seconds from -;/oin. to j. The hoard is then cut up into shapes and sizes suitable for the special purpose for which it is intended. It is mostly used for making' joints not exposed to the action of moisture, such as dry steam, air, or gas. The step from millboard viin. thick to paper is so small, that many attempts have been made to produce an asl)estos writing jiaper, which, from its indestructibility, would be invaluable in case of fire, for preserving charters, ))olicies, agreements, and other important documents. Such a paper is made, but generally it is too uneven in texture, and too much akin to blotting paper to permit of its use as a writing paper. The other great division of the manufacture, consists of sucii articles as recpiire the production of yarns. To the initial (lifHculty of this manufacture we have already alluded. When varn is M'anted, the raw material is discharired from the l)oiling tanks into hydro-extractors, where most of the water is thrown out, the drying process being afterwards completed bj' steam heat. The fibre is then passed through a shaking machine, which separates the long fibre from the sliort, the latter being sent to the millboard department, whilst the former is reserved for the carding-room, where it has to pass through several processes before the manufacture is com])lete. Asbestos cloth is woven in a loom exactly like calico, except that the reeds and healds are much coarser. The narrow cloth or tape is woven in a small ware loom. Both the sheeting and the tape are used for making joints, and the former is sometimes rubber-proofed to render it water-tight. The asbestos and india-rubber woven tape is so constructed that it can be bent round a coi'ner without puckering, and thus is particularly useful in making joints in manhole and nuxdhole doors. If the cloth or tape be rubbed with plumbago or powdered asbestos before it is used, the joint may be brok(!ii and re-made many times with the same packing. The cloth is 56 ASBESTOS. also worl\0(l up into squaro glaiul pivckin;?, hy being cut into strips and built into a H(|uai'o rope, vvitli a backiii;^ of ])ure rubber to j^ivo additional elasticity. The cdj^i's of tbe strips lie in contact with the rod, and lus the gland is screwed home, iho compression of the rubber feeils the a.sbestos forv/ard, so that a large pro{)ortion of the whole bulk can be Jictually worn away by the continual friction, before new packing is re- •juired. It would carry this part of tho subject to far too great a length, if even a summaiy account were given of the wiiole of tho United Company's special machinery and manufactures ; hut it is evident that no one who luus had an opportunity of considering the ra[)id advances made in the niunerous and varied applications of this valuable material, will hcsitjitc to admit that the jjcrsevering energy and j)racticul skill exhibited l)y this Company have paved the way for other maruifacturers, and that it can, consequentl}', claim to be the ])ioneer of most of the improvements which have been made in the machinery now in use for the manufacture of asbestos goods. Before pissing on to the consideration of Canadian asbestos possibly a few words may not bo out of place here on the subject of the industry, as it is carried on in France, seeing that it is mostly Italian ore that is there used. Attempts have more than once been made to establish the industry in France, at Mantes, Paris, and elsewhere, but, luitil recently, with no considerable amount of success. In the autumn of 1889, however, a more ambitious enterprise was set on foot by the establishment of the Societe FrarKjaisc des Amiantes at Tarascon sur Ehone as a Society Anonyme. The business having been commenced on a scientific kisis, was so far successful, that in order to obtain further capital, the under- taking Wits launched as iin English Limited Lial)ility Com})any in Jaiuiary, 1890, under the title of the "New Asbestos Com- l)any. Limited," capital £120,000. The asbestos deposits in the hands of this Company are 62 in Italy, covering an area of 700 acres, and 8 in France, extending over about eight acres. It has an establishment at Tarascon, for the manufacture of the TTAI.TAN ASBESTOS AND TlIK ITM.IAN MINFS. r>7 s gonoral nui of ashcstos goods, and another at CJadagno on the Sauiic for tlio making of inilll)oard and papor. The Italian mines are situate in the Valleys of the Saone and d'Aosta. The (lep(>sits in this district are (jssentially |)0(!k(^ty, some of the pockets occurring on the level ; most of the woi-ks, however, are on the slopes of the mo\uitain. ext(Mid- ing up to 700 or 800 feet of altitude. A rather j)riniitive tiK^thoil of work is carried on here at present ; this is a species of isolated task v/ork, each workman, at the close of his day's work, conveying to the store the (piantity of mineral lie has himself (wtracted from the mine. When ])i'ouglit in by the men, it is haggc^d uj), and at once triins])()rted to the works at Tarascon, where the hiigs are emptied and tiie ore dealt with in much the same fashion as that alrcnidy described, with the ol)ject of loosening the lilires and separating them from the very large (juantity of powdery admixture which is found in this Comjjany's mines. After this initial process the crude asbestos is separated into tlu'eo divisions, each destined for its special j)ui'i)ose : — 1. The long fibred quality is set aside for spiiniing and weavnig. 2. The shorter fibred material is sent to Gadagnc for mill- board and paj)er. 3. The powdery material, part of which is converted into cement, paint, &c., and a considerable (piantity sold to agri- culturists for manui'c, and to viticulturists for use in the manner described in another chapter, as a protection against noxious insects infecting the vines. In regard to which M. Ville, a l*arisian professor of chemistry, states that ho has discovered a new chemical manure, intense and almost miracu- lous in its eflfects. This is a mixture of phosphate of lime, carbonate of potash, and sulphate of lime, which if placed round v!ne growths will enable them to defy the onslaughts of phylloxera. 4 w. CHAPTER IV. CANADIAN ASBESTOS {Crirysotile, Schiller n der ashesf). First Appearances Unprepossessing. — Hydrous Character — Colu,»r — Description — Amianthus — FoUatod and Fibrous Serpen ti-.:es — Sources of Supply — Eastern Townships— Minerals found there — Position and Climate — ^ Great Gcolofj^ical Favilt - Serpentine Belt — Decomposed Serjientine — Dykes — Shickslux-k Mountains — Veins Irrcfji^lar — Surface Influences — Trial Bt)rings — Classes of Ore — Local Conditions — Prospectiiif? — Chromi(j Iron — Iinpimties— Discoloui'atita — Market- able value — Ornamental Sei-pentines. Deeiv- : ^^puffof, gold, and riXoc, fine hair. Just about tlie time of the establishment of the London Company refeiTed to in the preceding chapter, Canadian asbestos was begimiing to attract attention, and it is iiot diffi- cult to understand, how it came about that a (.^ompany which h id not only practically originated the trade, but, by securing a large proportion of al' the then known Itali.m mines, had, as they supposed, become possessed of a practical monopoly of the business, should, at the outset, have viewed the claims of a } junger rival with jealousy, not unmingled witli some degree of contempt. Nor was this hist entirely unjustified, as first app^earances were decidedly against the new comer. The Canadian ore was not only of an entirely dift'erent ' character from their own, and such as required altogether different treat- ment, but the stai)le was ludicrously short in comparison, much of it was uoarse, and the rough and careless manner in which some of the crude ore waw prepared for maiket, might a im itmmi'v^mt ■iMMMMUtfMMMMM^kMi^X b k w h O en PC X o i I CANADIAN ASBESTOS. 69 w 1—1 H O en >^ PC X O renrlily induce anyone to believe it to be a decidedly inferior article. All that, however, is now matter of history, and Canadian asl)e.stos, since then, has taken liigh rank among the economic minerals of the Avorld ; its most strenuous opjmnents have not only adopted its use, but urged by the necessities of their trade, have socured a mine in Canada, and have thus ))ecome ])roducers as well as consumers of Canadian ore. Chrysotile, to give the Canadian mineral its technical desig- nation, is usually said to be afil)rous form of serpentine,"' one of several minerals which, under certain conditions, have a tendenc}' to assume that peculiar structural form. According to local surroundings, chrysotile varies in colour from a greenish white or olive green to a yellow or brownish shade. For reasons already explained its analyses will not always agree, but the ditterences are not great, and for all practical purposes its composition may be takim to be : — Silica Miifjrnt'sia. Oxide of Irou Aluiiiiua . "Water 43-50 40-00 '2 OS •40 13-80 Sp. gr., 2*219. Optically it is bi-axial under polarized light. Professor Dana says, it was first b'^ought from Keichenstein, but, although it is found there, and in several other places, it is none the less the fact, that at the present time, it is not found of good (piality, or in any considerable quantity, elsc- wluM'e than in Canada, and there oidy at present in one particulnr district. A good popular description of the mineral was thus given in Le Genie Civil for September, 188;^: "La cJH'ysotilo du Canada n'est pas comme I'amiante ordinai''e formee d'un paquet de fils d'un l)lanc verdiltre et remplissant dcs * "Fibrous .sei-pentiiie with a silky lustre is called clnyHotile."— Dana, '• Min. et Lith.," 1S78. "On apjiellc clirysotil une serpontitio en til)res Kdveuses, d'un vert tirant sur la jaune d'or, qui se distinf>ue de I'asljeste par si\ aolubilite duns les acides et sa tcueur eu eau." — De Lappareut, 408. 60 ASBESTOS. in cavitt^s irr^guliires : c'est une v«^.ritable pierrc, d'urie density comprise entre 2 et 3, qui se trouve en couches de 3 h 10 centimetres depaisseur. Cette pierro possede la propri6t6 de se reduire en fibres, perpendiculairement k sa longueur, sous un effort tres faiblo. Ses fibres transversales sont plus re- sistantes et beaucoup plus facile a filer, a tisser, ct a feutrer que I'amiante ordinaire." This is as good a description of chrysotile as can be found anywhere. The finer and more silky varieties of asbestos are distin- guished by tlie name of amiantlms, which name is also fre- quentl}'^ given to chrysotile, on account of the delicate appear- ance of its silky fibre." When describing asbestos, Dana says amianthus includes the fine silky varieties. Much so called is serpentine, which is hydrous, and therefore easily distinguished.! Dr. Sterry Hunt says : — " Chr3Sotile constitutes the common amianthus, and has hitheito been regarded as a variety of serpentine, Avith which it agrees in centesimal composition. It is, however, distinguished from it by a lower specific gravity, and by its fibrous character, which, like that of amianthoide amphibole, indicates a prismatic crystallisation. "J As a rule also, chrysotile contains a higlier percentage of water. Pro- fessor Donald found the average quantity of water in five samples of Canadian serpentine, chosen at random from places in the asbestos district, to be 13-49 per cent, whilst in four samples of chrysotile, it was 14-25. Fibrous and foliated varieties of serpentine are common in the ophiolites of the Silurian series, constituting the varieties described under the names of baltimorite, picrolite, marmolite, and chrysotile ;§ true asl)e8tos being a fibrous variety of tremolite 1| or hornblende, both of which are essentially dis- tinguished from chrj'&otile by their anhydrous character. * " L'amiantc, que Ton cmploiodans I'iadustrie, provient geueralemout du Canada; il est libi-eux, blanc et tres refractaire. ' — Jagnaux, 1885, 5.31. t J. S. Dana, 1878, 250, 308. J "Mineral Physiology and Physiography," 1886. § Sir W. Logan, " Geol. of Canada." \\ "La tremolite lorsqu'elle s'altere et devient hydratee, manifeste une CANADIAN ASBESTOS. 61 Bultimorite and picrolite arc coarse, fibrous kinds of aslics- tos ; the foi-mer ranking in tlie British Museum Catalogue as a variety of serpentine. It has all the exterior characteristics of asbestos, but in composition is somewhat analogous to antigorite. When free from admixture with iron its composi- tion is — Silica . Miigncsia Water . Another variety gives— Silica Magnesia Iron oxide Water . 42-97 44-14 12-89 100-00 35-10 42-20 io-r)0 12-20 100-00 Marmolite (from jiapfxnipfa, to shine) is a foliated variety, usually occurring in thin, brittle folia. It is found at Hobo- kcn, New Jersey, U.S.A., and was to called before it was known to be serpentine. In a handbook, published in 1882 by the authority of the Dominion Parliament, it is remarked that what is connner- cially known as asbestos is really a term used " to denote a peculiar fibrous form assumed by several distinct minerals, rather than to designate any particular species. Tremolite, actinolite, and other forms of hornblende and serpentine, j[)assing into librous varieties, assume the name of asbestos, and the HJeoIogy of Canada 'does not give the mineral as a distinct one, but recognises it under these different headings. As yet comparatively little asbestos has been found in Canada." The stratified rocks with which ecrpentine is mostly asso- tendence marquee a se deviser en fibres flexibles, a I'eclat soyeux, capables de former par icur enclievetremout de veritable^ tissus niineraux." — De Lapparent, ' ' Oom-a deMiu.,"37G. tMMM 62 ASBESTOS. f t- I ciated are black, green, grey, and purple slates, with, occa- sionally, conglomerates and sometimes beds of hard quartzose sandstone. The diorites, with which it is also associated, frequently form great mountain masses, as at Orford, Ham, Thetford, &c., and in texture are both massive and concre- tionary, while in colour they range from difierent shades of green to brown.* The main sources, from which the present supply of chry- sotile is derived, lie within the pi'ovince of Quebec, mainly within the counties of Wolfe, Megantic, and Beauce ; the most productive of the mines, yet discovered, being situate in that part of the province which is known collectively as "The Eastern Townships of Quebec." Here the areas of serpentine; are very extensive and prominent, but those portions on which the mineral al)ounds are comparatively rare, and are practically limited to two small sections lying about four miles apart. Other promising sections are being carefully ex- plored, but these are as yet mostly covered with soil and forest, which obstruct investigation. The district comprising the Eastern Townships, like the more southern part of the province of Ontario, which lies on the opposite side of the river, (notwitlistanding that the rock formations of .iC two districts differ materially), is singularly rich in deposits of minerals, not only of vast extent, but of a very diversified character. In the Laurentian Strata of On- tario, as well as in the Ottawa district of the Que])ec province, the rocks arc mostly pjroxenic, and abound, the latter espe- cially, in apatite,! whilst those of the crystalline and sub- crystalline formations which traverse the Eastern Townships and run through the Gasjx' peninsula, aie mostly of a hydrous character, magnesian and chromiferous ; and it is chicHy among these last that the serpentine, which forms the asbestos matrix, occurs. As]>estos is found in the serpentine limestones of tlie Ijaurentian series also, but little has yet been done there in * Dr. Ells, "The Ottawa Nuturalist," vol. iii., no. 2. t " Apatite o(H;uris, without exct'])tioii, in association with pyroxenic or horublcudic rocks." — Pcm-oso on " Apatites," 2-5. 5:, k Position of THE Eastern Townships OF QUEBEC, CAJ^ADA, [R. H. Jones on ** Asbestos." To face pa^e G3.] [ hi i CANADIAN ASHKSTOS. 63 the way of productive niiniuj^, although discoveries are likely to follow scientific pi-ospc^ctitig. Dr. Klls reiiiiuks that the areas of serpentine are very ex- tensive in the two great geological formations of Canada : in the Laurentian, which stretches from the coast of Labrador to M'estward of the (Jreat Lakes, covering an area of ahout 200,000 square miles, and the (,)vi('l)ec (5 roup, which occupies a large portion of that province lying southward (»f the St. Law- rence^ and between that river and the United States boundary. What may be termed the asbestos district in the J'^astern Townships is a vast area of about 200 miles in length, by (J or S miles wide,* the as))ostos found herediU'criiig in many respects from tliat found in the Laurentian district. That part of the country, which goes by the name of the Eastern Townships, includes the greatei' part of the province of C^uebcc, which lies on the S()Utlu!rn side of the St, Lawrence. Its relative position as regards the cities of Montreal and Quebec and the river, will be seen from the sketch-map of part of the province amiexed. It forms a narrow zone of metalliferous rocks, within which is comprised the greater part of the mineral wealth of the province. The deposits which occur in this part of the contituiation of the Appalachian region, stmio of which are of great e.Ktent, comprise gold, silver, copper, galena, asbestos, antimony, nickel sulphide, pyrites, magnetic, chromic, and titanic iron ores, bog ore, steatite, and rooting slate ; whilst many of the crystalline dolo- mites are internnxed with serpentine in such a way as to form bhick and gold, green and chocolate-coloured serpentine marbles, some of them of great beauty. A general view of the miiuu-al industry of the province is shown by the following table, which gives the production and value of the minerals for the year ending 30th June, 1889.t * Dr. Selwyn. Canadian Jfininff Errinr, no. 6. t " Rjipport du C()uuni.s.s;iiro dos Terres do lu Conroimc de Ui I'luviuce du Quebec pour Ics douze mois expii-es le 30 Juiu 1839." IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET {MT-3) 1.0 [.I Hi §21 >^ m '" m M IIIIIM [[ 20 ill 1.8 1-25 1.4 1.6 .1 — — .« 6" ► % » • >» Graphite . . 4,'50 . 23,500 Mica .... . »i ' >» Feldspath . . 250 . 1,750 Soapstone . . 150 . 1,200 Ardoises . . 20,300 square . 90,000 Gn-nit . 30,000 pds. cub. . 12,000 Calcaire a batir . • 200,000 VTg. cub. . 200,000 Chaux , 400,000 inin As . 70.000 Briquea * 30,000 millos. . 200.000 12.266,660 M. Mcrclcr sums up the matter by stating that this mineral region contains about 1,000,000 acres of iron-bearing lands, 00,000 of apatite ground, 100,000 asbestos, 50,000 copper, 100,000 auriferous, and 10,000 oil bearing; forming a total of mineral wealth covering 2,000,000 acres of land, mostly in workable deposits.* The metalliferous zone covers the whole district, extending thence to the extreme east of the Gaspe peninsula. This latter region, on account of the dense forests v/hich cover the greater part of it, the want of roads and other obstacles, has not yet been sufficiently explored to bring its mineral treasures to light. The Minister of the Interior, in 1882, reported to the Dominion Parliament, " We can affirm that this vast country constitutes the principal zone minicre of the Eastern Townships. The zone extends from the frontier of the United States to the north-east of Quebec. Until now (owing to the difficulty of exploration) we have not found anything more than serpentine rocks and chromic iron in the region of Shickshock ; l)ut as these minei'als are generally found with cotton-stone, brass, lead, antimony, and iron, also * "Gonnral Sketch of the Province of Quebec," by the Hon. W. Mer- cier, Premier of the Province. t CANADIAN ASBESTOS. 65 n with gold and silver, it is not unlikely that we may find those minerals in the unexplored region of Gaspe," The foregoing statement is corroborated by Professor Hunt, who, in 18G5, wrote : — "The Eastern Townships are included in the rising zone, situated to the south of the St. Lawrence, as well as the more south-eastern region extending along the frontier, and forming a succession of valleys, which continues from the sources of the river Connecticut to the north-east of the Bale des Chalours. The Eastern Townships do not include this prolongation towards the north-east, but, as it geologically and geographically belongs to them, we may include it under the same name." Since the above was written further progress has been made in the ex])loration of Gaspe, and it may be said that all the minerals found in the Eastern Townships abound there also, with rock oil in addition. The volcanic range, which at the extremity of Gaspe is lost in the sea, practically i)asses under it, and rises again on the shores of Newfoundland, where the formation is the same, and where asbestos, gold, and many of the other minerals named, are also found. Until the comparatively recent discovery of the chrysotile mines at Thetford, the district comprised within the Eastern Townships was but sparsely occupied, being, in fact, in much the same condition as Gasp6 is to day ; but the discovery of asbestos, with the pecuniary success resultijig from the working of the mines, has had the natural effect of attracting thither large numbers of the mining and trading classes, iind" continued success has so rapidly increased the population, during the last few years, that this district now promises to speedily become a populous, thriving, and most important part of the Dondnion. And this result is likely to bo a good deal facilitated, as well by the comparative mildness of the climate, as by the fertility of the soil, in this part of the province. It is un juestionybly true, that the cold hcie is more rigorous than any exj)ericnced in England, the snow is deep and lasting, and the broad St. Lawrence is regularly fro/en over. It is true, also, that no F 66 ASBESTOS. climate in the world can exceed that of England, in its pure ba'my, delicious atmosphere during, perhaps, a few da) sin early summer and autumn ; but when it is considered how lamentably few those days are, it may be that the balance of enjoyment might be awarded to this part of Canada ; for, not- withstanding the. rigour of winter, the air there is so dry and exhilarating, as to render the cold far less disagreeable and hard to bear than what we have to endure in England, where a warmer temperature prevails, accompanied by humid and foggy atmospheric conditions. As a rule, people suffer much less from cold in Canada, than they do in England, "'^ and pulmonary and bronchial aficctions are not so prevalent. An unfortunate association of ideas, rather than actu.al fact, by which Canada is not the only sufferer, has caused the words Canadian, Siberian, and hyperborean to be deemed inter- changeable terms in popular estimation denoting the utmost sevex'ity of cold, f In regard to fertility, we have the authority of Dr. Ells for stating, that much of the Eastern Townships district is under- laid by a broad banti of slaty rock, with which a considerable development of limestone is associated, the decay of which produces a soil of great value to the husbandman. ;{: The hard rocks of the Laurentides also are intersected in all directions by bands of crystalline limestone, of a soft and decomposing nature, which render the ground, especially in the valleys, very fertile. Considered in relation to the mineralogy of this district, a matter of great importance is that nearly the whole of it is crossed, near the central line, by the great mountain range which forms, on the south of the St. Lawrence, a continuation of the Appalachian chain of the United States (of which the AUeghanies are an ofishoot), and which, where it traverses ♦ Mn/j'ii the same may be said of the cold in Russia. Barry remarks : " I never suffered from the climate in Russia, even in the severest weather, so much as I do in Enj^land." — " Ivan at Home," p. 119. f "Canada," 1880. p. 1. J "Notes on the Economic Minerals of Eastern Quebec." t* CANADIAN ASBESTOS. distance varying fr„™ jo to lo m f , '°','"""" '^0'<^^ »' a ■■> 'ho high tableland of Ga „/ at^t '"""''> ""'^ 'orminating ''■■<»"»««• It consist, of seve ' 1 1 n ™ '"™""''^ <" ""^ mountainous country showin!°I ^"''''^ P^'-U-'i "nes of foet of altitude (the 0^^ *^- f' """ P°'«^ "' ""r'y fooo '.500 feet), which i! If ^^ '" ""' «-P'^ l«..i-ula aZ^ "-3 flo.; it i, ,1;^:^ L'adel' '7" "■r«'' '^'"■»''° e rocks, nelnding talcose a,Td ch m-iti "■"J*''""'^ ""'S"^^--™ terpentine, i„ phees associated w^^ ■ '''""' "'"^ ""ds of ■o*and other crystalline^ll-rV'r""'" "'' S""--.'- strata have here been thrown un^', f '"" ''"'^^ ^nd other apparently higher than lo ilonT ^'I'W''''' '^ P'-^'^'O'' touches the boundary of the prowW ''. ^'^'- T*"' fa'''t ""les from Lake Champh.n p ' T "^'^ =" "onple of gently curving li„e to 0,!h' , ■"■" ""« '' P™eeeds m ' ^Y'-- Thence .; i?tr ^: „tr^^"n ""-^^ »' ""« Orleans, leaving a narrow ma, Wn on tt ' f *^ ^^'»''d «' .i^'ver and Utica fonnations. Cm n. t"'"' °' ""' Hudson -and .t keeps under the wat s of" ^L ^"^ "' "'" ,' """ **0 ""ies of the extremitv of f . Lawrence to leaves a strip of the Hudson 1 iii nr"*^-, ^'"' '' "««" "oast.* ^"«' or Utica formation on the Resulting from ««„„ ■ ■ '•"delible tr'IcesTeh d it^L^^ '™""™"- "''ich has left tn.verscd by the mouuL n .a " ^ ''' I""" '"" '"""' '- to enormous pressure, ei.h r f ;■' f!"''"""^,'''™ ™''J™tod ^»- )^ 68 ASBESTOS. thu fault, has been greatly disturbed and broken up, and more or less altered by metamorphic agencies. Crystalline, gneissoid and niagnesian rocks appear in part to underlie thcni anil paitly to be mixed up with them in intricate foldings, by which their stratigraphic relations become greatly obscured. In many places, also, they are broken through by trachytic and granitic masses. Whilst to the west and north of the great fault the strata are particularly undisturbed, those which lie directly east and south of it have been greatly tilted and uplifted, and generally reversed in dip. To^vards the more central parts of the district, many of the beds have been altered and rendered crystalline by metamorphic agencies, and these have been folded up with one another and with an older system of crystalline ro*"ks, forming the axes of the higher elevations in such a way as to produce grea,t complications of structure. In its physical fcatufes the district is more or less of a mountainous character throughout, and in parts, as already stated, of considerable fertility. In this latter respect it differs remaikably from the mountainous Laurentian region of the northern part of the province. * The general features of the country, therefore, are very singular, liaving a rolling appearance, and, when viewed from any altitude, looking like an upheaval of mighty waves suddenly stilled and changed into stone. In his description of the mineral region east of the Kockies, Professor Goikie describes its peculiar uplifted formation, which is much similar to the region described above ; there the ancient granitic and crystalline rockp [ have been driven up like a huge wedge through the younger strata of the prairies, and now form the axis of the Colorado Moun- tains, respecting Avhich the Professor remarks that, had it not been for this wedge, the " Centennial State " would have been * Chapman on the " Gcolog'y of Ontario and Quebec," part 5. t The author of "Los Schistes Crystallines" maintains that the desig- nation of " crystalline rocks" is defective, inasmuch as we find associated with masses haviny a riglit to this title, and geologically confounded with them, other rocks, such as seriDcntine, obsidian, perlite, &c., which are notcrystallire in character, but colloidal or porodic. *<^ LMg g J. |i UHUBaK» m CA^AD1AN ASBESTOS. 69 rolling */ a quiet pastoral or agricultural territory, like the region to the eastward. The rise of the granite axis, however, has brought up with it that incredible mineral wealth which, in a few years, has converted the loneliest mountain solitudes into busy hives of industry. * It is through the crystalline formations of the district bounded by the great fault that the belt of serpentine runs, in which the chrysotile is found. The serpentine itself is one of the altered igneous rocks of metamorphic origin, arising from the tr.'tnsmutation of magnesian limestone or some closely related strata. By the earlier geologists serpentine was called "a mysterious rock." In alluding to pikrite,t a bitter fibrous variety of serDcntine, Colo says that perhaps among all the rocks of igneous origin, there are none vdiicli so much puzzle the petrologist in his attempts at a rational classification as the small group which seem to pass into serpentine. Comparatively few such rocks have yet been discovered, but whenever the stratigraphical details have been worked out, in conjunction with their mineralogical characters, they seem to establish the igneous origin of serpentine. J De Lajjparent calls it a colloid mineral, which, he says, holds in suspension the fine fibres of the minerals at the expense of which it has been formed,§ these fibres beiiig distinctly seen in the compact rock under polarized light. || Gages formed it artificially in a transparent amorphous mass by placing a solution of gelatinous silicate of magnesia in a dilute solution of potash, the serpentine being deposited after eome months' standing. If The rocks from which serpentine is maiidy derived by an acjueous process are called peridotites, though there are several varieties which receive distinctive names. They are all * Gcikie's " Geological Sketches," 216. t Or picrlte, from iriKpoQ, bitter, from the quantity of magnesia or bittererdo present. I *' Studies in Micro. Science," art. " Pikrite." § "Coursde Min.," 408. II " Im polari/irten Licht bemerkt man aber, dass aneh das diehte Mineral ans hiWihst fein faserigen Tlioilchcn bostoht." — Tschermak., 494. H " 11 jport British Assoc, 18G3," 203. I 70 ASHESTOS. ^''^ii^ rrr -'r ■"■•-- --"o- o. »"rfaco, one rea..„„ bcL! VL T""""'^ '™"<1 <"' the earti"! -Wch readily absorbs « Lr f„d ""' " ■"■ -"""« "..no -Po-"y. as to oxIn^itTdiv! ' "'o/'T't' "'"' "'-^^ -on f vo ,t a mottled or .spotted 1 ^ "''''' ""-^ "o'™-'* "'Weh ancif«,ro,,embl.„„e todaXtT"™' "^"'"^ ' — ' this reason Agrieola named i w„ °f ™ " ""■?•""'= """n- For -"ed ophiolite, and the e mr«o" s""; ^'/"'--metim s bemg derived from „-0„, a snar %b rf r'"'"' ''°"' "'""<'» !"ore froglike, and there orelmt r, u ''""'^ '"* "P™ 't as •\>; a hydrated silicate ornate ' - M'"«™logically "-.th more water and less liSu' '""'"""''g 1*0 talc, but '- a dull, splintery fra tu a'nd rso"""'"" ^"f'™" «-■«' occurs generally i„ cmn-.f , "^ ""ctuous feel It found disseminated tlZg ";; f."'^ — - and when -J-- clouded green Vo-t;:Cr ^dei;;:dtr;:s;bTdt^^^ '^/r- ^-.. ^o he rfecomposing, with a iarge nroDor L "'""""^ ?"'■'«> i" ' onts alkalies. In addition toXf r"' '""°"^'''' »'"' '""st this change sets f.ee carbonate of „"" °^ ""'"'""^ clays, are deposited in veins trZZ° tV-T^""" ^"'«''' '"^ch P'-oved experimentally that dl ! f ''"^ ""''• ^^chofr decomposing the siheato "f ma.^^ ?""■ '^ »PaWe of ;f ;t off in the form of carSr"' "",',"' ""-^'"S ^"■'•^ 'hat digestion in simple waterTor tl, ^^"^""''^ ''"^ ^hown .trr'''r''"^"^^~-"-^^-'-"e is found ■ii\ CANADIAN ASBESTOS. 71 A.\ arc closely associated with masses of diorite or doleritic rocks, of certain varieties of which, rich in oHvino or some allit^l mineral, the serpentine is in many cases an altered product ;* and the asbestos, which is found in this serpentine, a still later- product of alteration. These rocks are frequently associated with masses and dykes of whitish-loo lf scr- [ioiitos on a ic Sta- mine isider- 'hese her of Inc of dis- that ly, as [Inch mess le in leins of many other minerals besides asbestos. This ffrannlitc, in- tei'stratified in a pocuhiir manner, is to bo distinctly seen in some of the mines at Thetford as well as at Coleiaine. In the latter place, it is found in all the mines on tiie ■western side of the serpentine ridge, and there the asbestos is abundant and good ; ' ut, directly the ridge is crossed, the gnimditc dis- appears, and the serpentine is found to be bairen of fibre. This remarkable fact cannot at pi-esent be accounted for, nor is it known whv the granulite exercises this intluencr over the serpentine. It is clear, however, that these intrusive rocks are newer than the serpentine which they traverse, as their intrusion is marked by the alteration and shattering of the mass traversed along the contact with these dykes. The ■white masses of these granulitic rocks, which arc such an important feature in the serpentine areas of Coleraine and Thetford, form hills between Black Lake and Thetford, and are very conspi- cuous as seen from the railway.* Crossing into the adjoining townships of Ireland and Cole- raine, the serpentine forms part of a harsh, rugged-looking country to the west of the Quebec Central Railway, the boldly outlined peaks and ridges to the south-west of Black Lake forming also very prominent features in the landscape. These * This semi-granito is tho nnmo of an elvanic or finc-grainod rock con- taining- in itself alkali, in tho form of potash and soda, sufficient to melt tho silica of which it is principally composed. It has been used for some time in the manufacture of jrlass, which, being: tho product of silica, a most refractory mineral, requires alkali and other fluxes to secure its fusion, whereas granulite requires no such flux to melt it beyond lime. The fine feldspathic granulite at Moldon, Dartmoor, is even finer thau that found in Saxony ; assays of this show — Sihca 69-34 Mixed oxide of iron and aluminiimi . . . .3-56 Lime 1-34 Magnesia .1-00 Alkalies 23-30 Calcination loss 1-40 i^ 100-00 J 74 ASHKSTOS. r^kos take their rise a shor^ v/' -^-'-. I.ol.n,, and V^ ,;;;-- n-tl. of the bonn,Ury 'I" vn,h,p ,^ ^,,,^.^^ CZV- '•''""^'"•^' ^''«"^e into he t:;^'^ thf. point a!: T cX7^;' ''^^^ '-^^ ^^^ ^ mn,xeontine ar^. « Trir^; ^l"-'-t-ite; but tt r I ' ^"■''^'"■^'^ «^'^te, with ] ,' ''^"'"^ ot t>t. Anne cles Monts, the mZ I P'''^ ^^ ^^^«pe, in rear pore, byMr.Obabki rti,e ,t ""'"'' "^ Partially ox that Moiinf Q« ■ " ''"c summer of JMvto , . -^ ^^' level r . ''^''"^'"«' ^^''"'cJi rises ] aL\ ' """^ ^« states :V'^' '' "«<^' ^« its name would S ' ^''^ ^^°^« the sea thcTr'"^' '"^ «^ hornbll jr ;;"; f;-i^i-e, compos: •-'le existence of a hm,! r ^' however P«f.,iJ,- u i men from this ,ii„,,v '" "">'"■< "f chrysotik A e»ion. Ti.e serpentine hero is i^.n . , "' ^''^ '"ilinown '■' ^-rounded by strata oIdZ^T''^ "''"' ""'"■'tone aid «^at ™ass„f Mount Alberf;::'^;^ '?'" ""»' "- ' - '>aids for some niilos. In, ie-, „ J '"'s° ^^^-'e-cis west ■nost points throughout th rni "^'"^'"^ "^'^ '"""d at a' present discovered K,„ formation ; but so f-,>. „ localities „ame,l ,:'; ^ . ""'"r' '^ ™°«' "1""., am ' 1" -I'y it should not t;,:^ :;«''."-■» -certain,;'; :, „': ^■Y'ia"yas it is no„.!^^:,;"„S"f'r:''''^"' "'her pott? dykes of p.a„„|fe ,,„,j^" 2" '.ed that the mass s and W,° r''''''"'- favourably affect the unleirafetfdtythTS""!-'" ''■'■''="''ar veins the fi, "^ ""^ J'^'ocations of the containing tcf-' I 'boundary 3 into the e 8tation, is largely 'ovvii this i"'ovinco. 1'Jiotford schistose J slates, e Shick- . in rear : Mount 'oni its ■^b' ex- ' states he sea nposed ilished ere, in speci- listin- is the nown , and s the ^vest. d at as is the Lson tits, md the re, or CAXADfAN ASUKSTOS the surface, al,„, the vci.H tl ' ■ """'" "<'l'"rUk.. Kca- mSc'^ the infiltration';; X:':™:"^. """-"". '<> -n^ metallic oxMlcs, the a»l,e,to., l,ci„7 1 , ' ""l"-''.':""te,l with ™l"o .hn,inisl,o,l. This Z ? *" •" 'f"''^ 'li»coloure.l a„,l i ^ me,,t,„„„ 1, ,,„^ ^;,^ ;;. ct ^^.^^^ ^^^ ^of ; oocasmnally cut off comnlef„|v . , '" "^ ■'"'lex, which these cases, the slickenXl '^ '■"'""'''" "'«'■'"■"« 4e J,, « very marked, an.lTht 'o r'°' "' "'° '-» »' t ef„^" f„ ""' "' '''""ture. The veins h u " / °"= "'"" "long the t ue segrcKatio,, voi„. and Z '"l". ''''^''"""tly the aspect of Phces, a difTerent aspect r a .;?'"""« "'^'"^ ''"ve, in man v Mroh:;:'kr?;'"^ '"^''''■^'--'"»«»incht„«-^ :-.^^ -.0" t:~ «^^^^^^^ Of Montreal r^ln ° - eX'l nir'"'"'- - ™-"t Block K "1 '."""'^ "<" "^""od i„ ! ""'"'^ "'e I„,li„„ rf t:4eror5;::t;:;7v ?"----: :::i 'v'-aiittieashestt- t:;;;;Tt\r'V"''»^"^ '^»^ ^^ w 76 ASKKSTOS. Good vOpecimcns have likewise been obtained at the Chau- di(ire Kivor, and a small quantity from the river Desplantes, one of its tributaries. Some years a<^o a few tons were taken out of the Laurentian rocks in tlie Papinoau Scignory ; buc, for some reason or other, the discoveries there made were not followed up. On Lots 10 and 11, Kange 8 of Templeton, there are two contiguous workingo, from which a sample ton was sent to Ottawa in 1879, realizing 100 dols., a good price at that time. A sample sent mo fi'om Lot 8, Kange 10 of Templeton, is of a striking character. Like all that found in the Laurentian strata, it is essentially different from the Thetford or Black Lake ores, being of a singularly light colour and of such special brilliancy as almost to appear semi-transparent. The company formed to work the deposits at ijrompton Lake are now turning out some good material. The fibre, though com{)aratively short, is of good quality, and remarkably free from iron. Traces, also, are to be met with at Chelsea, and on Meech's Lake, as well as in the hills running northward of Ottawa city. The indications thereabouts are so good that geologists are disposed to think that mining for asbestos in the Ottawa Valley will presently assume some importance. Fibrous hornblende is ])lentiful at Cape Breton ; but no true asbestos has jet been found there. Gesner *' states that samples of asbestos were found in Clare Township, N.S., Avith fibres radiatin<2; from a common centre. These were found in veins penetrating a rock compounded of slate, quartz, and felds{)ar, and were probably radiated actinolite. In its pure state, chrysotile is as heavy as the rock in wliich it is enclosed, so compactly are its fine crystalline fibres com- pressed together ; but when once it has been disintegrated, it is quite impossible to pack or knit ihe fibres together again, in such a way that they caiuiot be easily separated by the fingers. The veins nowhere present themselves in uniform abundance, although rich veins are sometimes opened up which have a * Gjsucr's " Geology and Mineralogy of Nova Scotia," 1836. 1 . CANADIAN ASBESTOS. 77 certain continuity. As a general rule the quality of the ore improves, and the quantity incicases, as the workings are prosecuted to greater depth ; nor is i,. difficult to compre- hend why this should be so. Moreover, as has been before remarked with reference to Italian asbestos, the better qualities are usually procured from deposits at considerable altitudes ; these, however, are not so great in Canada as in the Italian Alps, the altitudes in Colerainc and Thetford ranging from 700 to 800 feet, although some cf the unworked parts of Coleraine are higher even than this. The probaljilities also point to a continuation of the deposits to some considerable depth, though that important matter cannot at ])resent be proved in the absence of deep workings. No trial borings have as yet been made anywhere, except on a limited scale, by Mr. Sheridan, at Thetford ; but in one mine there a depth of about 200 feet has been reached without any indication of a cessation, or any diminution of the quality of the ore. The desirability cf testing the lower portions of the serpentine have often been advocated in the Keports of the Geological Survey, but, as has. been already observed, up to the present very little in this way has been atteni})ted. As a general rule the harder and darker-coloured scrpentnics are the most productive, the light-green rock being usually either sterile, or yielding only a brittle quality of ore, to which but little value is attached. An exception to this rule occurs at Broughton, where a pale rock is found accom})anied by splendid fibre. Admixtures of hard and soft seipentine occasionally occur ; but when this happens successful mining is always doubtful, whatever may be the nature of the surface indications. Should the seri)entine be crossed by qu.irtzose gneiss or transverse dykes of granulite, the pros()ects are much better, esj)ecially at the junction with diurite, the contact with granite being by no means so favourable. The ?hrysotib found in the Eastern Townships may bo roughly divided into three classes : — a. A coarse, brittle, compact variety, plentifid, but of com- paratively little value. it* Hi 78 ASBESTOS. b. Ore possessing well-defined fibres, of a yellowish-brown colour, fragile, and containing much foreign body ; and c. A pure, white, silky, fibrous quality, easily separable by the fingers, and much of it adapted to the manufacture of textile goods. The last-named variety is that chiefly sought after, and this is graded at the mines into three classes, known commercially as Nos. 1, 2, and 3, according to quality of fibre; No. 1 commanding the highest price, as being considerably superior to the other two. This, when of a pure white colour, and free from silicic acid or metallic oxide, is rendered specially valuable by its native lubricating qualities, which last property is also possessed by one, at least, of the Italian varieties, and is owing to the presence of the large amount of magnesia in its com- position. It is also said to constitute the chief value of a particular kind which occurs in parts of the United States. Veins of six inches or more in width are often spoken of; but samples of such a width as that, when found, are usually preserved as s})ecimens, being by no means of frequent occurrence, even at Thetford, where, as a rule, a narrower fibre prevails, A width of one and a half or two inches is as good as any that can be had. Some specimens of Thetford ore now befor'j me are by no means wide, but are of singular beauty, and are certainly both broad enough and good enough for any purpose to which the fibre could possibly be put. On this point extraordinary ideas occasionally prevail among persons whose knowledge of the subject is limited, probably engendered by confounding Italian asbestos with Canadian chrysotile. An instance of this came to my knowledge quite recently, A gentleman who was commissioned to inquire for a good Canadian mine, for some pailies in London, called upon me for my assistance in procuring one likely to suit the pro- posed buyer. Upon talking the matter over, he told me that unless the average of the fibre was about 12 or 14 inches it would not suit, and then passed on to the question of pries. To his great surprise, I stopped him, by saying that it was useless to go into the question of price because, as a matter of 1 Ste for )n |-o- lat lit CANADIAN ASBESTOS. 79 1 fact, such a mine as he was desirous of purcliusing had no exist- ence in Canada, or, as far as I knew, anywhere else. It must, however, be borne in mind, when discussing the width of veins, that the same rule holds good with many other things which is observed in the vegetable world, namely, that the largest specimens are not necessarily the best. Large crystals, for instance, seldom have the perfection and trans- parency of those of smaller size ; the finest qualities of wool are comparatively short in staple ; '■' the largest varieties of fruit are seldom the most succulent;! and so it is with asbestos. The broadest veins do not, as a rule, yield fibre of so fine a quality as those of a medium, or even of a comparatively small size. Moreover, the length of fibre cannot be determined with any certainty from the thickness of the vein. On the contrary, the broader veins are not seldom found to be sepa- rated at right angles to the length of fibre by minute baiids of serpentine, chrome, or magnetite, sometimes even by a separa- tion, without any perceptible layer of rock, the only indication of this being an irregular, scarcely visible line, readily detected by the expert. In many j)laces the serpentine contains mag- netic ii'on, disseminated in fine j)articles, the associated asbestos showing the same iron, not disseminated, but usually con- centrated towards the middle of the vein. It seems evident, Mr. Donald remarks, that both the serpentine and iron oxide have been dissolved by percolating water, and redeposited in the crevices of the rock ; the less solu])le silicate first, and lastly, in the middle of the vein, the more soluble iron. :|: Under the hammer the big veins, in which the separation exists, are at once divided into two, or it may be into tl" je, lengths of fibre ; but if the cotton be pure and clear, this is no * "Wool is divided into two classes, known as short or carding wool, which seldom exceeds 3 or 4 inches in length, and long or combing wool, varying in length from 4 to 8 inches."— Dr. Bowman on " Wool Fibres." t " The Russians are probably the possessors oi Cu^ largest grown peach in the world; it is called the 'Venus,' and is of a magnihcent colour. I have picked three poaches weighing 2.|lbs. They are better, however, to look at than to cat." — Barry's " Ivan at Home.'' X '' Canadian lt( cord of ScuHir,'''' Ain'U, 1890. 80 ASBESTOS. m very great detriment. Veins of an inch, or an inch and a half, extracted from compact rock, seldom have these intersections. The veins, moreover, are extremely irregular in character, a small vein at the surface frequently developing into one of con- siderable size lower down, or breaking oft" altogether. This is the special characteristic of the veins in the Coleraine district — notably at Black Lake — at the mines of the Anglo- Canadian Comj)any, and at Danville. At Thetford, on the other hand, where the ground is of a more uniform character, fine veins are frequently met rvith just below the surface, which continue Avith very little change (unless crossed by bands of granulite, when the course is interrupted), for a con- siderable distance. Ano.uer special point to be noted is that the probabilities of successful mining are much increased if the indications aie found on the hill side, among the rugged rocks, where the surface is but sparsely cluthed with soil. The serpentine, it is true, frequently underlies cultivated ground, but in such cases the rock, when reached, is generally found to be com- paratively sterile. The harsh and rugged-looking Coleraine moimtains, which the forest fires have denuded of trees, and on which littlc or no good land is found, oiler every induce ment to the exploiter ; while, on the other hand, a district like Danville, where good land abounds, cainiot be nearly so pro- fitably worked. In Thetford, again, where the land about the mines is somewhat flat, the best workings have been found on the hill or knoll where there was but little superincumbent soil, the colouring matter from which could, by capillary flow, or through the planes of cleavage, penetrate the loose or shattered and decomposing rock, and deteriorate the value of the fibre by discolouring it. One of the mines there could of course be cited to show that this rule is not of universal application ; thi'ee out of the four were opened on the Icnoll, but in the case of the fourth, al)out 30 feet of overlying clay and gravel had to be removeil before the rock was reached. When this was opened, however, veins of fine qual- ity were disclosed which have since been successfully worked, .sj^m CANADIAN ASBESTOS. 81 bilities ms are ;rc the tine, it n such 36 com- jleraine OS, aiul induce ict Uke so pio- out the found imhcnt y flow, ose or due of could versal l;noll, erlying k was c qual- orked, although the lower level at which they occur causes difficulty with water. Certain peculiar conditions, as already mentioned, possibly connected with the intrusive bands of granulite, appear to have prevailed in Thetford and the more northern part of Coleraine, which have led to the formation of asbestos in spe- cial abundance, the veins being found interlacing the rock in all directions. This rock, except at Thetford, is usually so split up and seamed, in every direction, by the veins and stringers of asbestos that, excepting at Broughton, where the formation is peculiar, tunnelling, as carried on in Italy, cannot be adopted. Possibly when greater depth is reached, and the rock becomes more solid, means may be found to advance the work in this way ; but at present open quarry working is the rule, the main dis- advantage of which is that the work necessarily suffers in bad weather, and is of course considerably interrupted by heavy falls of snow in winter. Chrome iron and magnetite, always found in association with the asbestos-bearing rocks, are frequently found, as at Thetford and Lake Nicolet, in large deposits close by the mines, and it has already been explained how the fine, thread- like veins of these metallic ores cut and destroy the continuity of the fibre. It is a curious thing that the asbestos seems to deal with these ores, in precisely the same way, for on ex- amining the specimens of iron ores, brought by me from the neighbourhood of the asbestos mines, the stringers of asbestos, although very minute, are found intersecting them in a pre- cisely similar manner. The various distinguishing characteristics of the ore of the different mines are of so marked a nature that an expert can often determine the locality of the mine from which a sample has been taken, and occasionally name the mine itself from an inspection of the ore. This fact is worth noting, as it should effectually prevent the fraudulent substitution of one ore for another, which has been sometimes successfully practised. The rock also varies considerably, and requires careful ex- G 82 ASBESTOS. jiinination. In some places it is apparently still in the transi- tion stage betM'een the original rock, from which it is derived, and a true serpentine having almost the hardness of feldspar, while it yet retains the general aspect and colour of the ser- pentine in which it is found. At nearly all the mines large quantities of so-called bastard asbestos (picrolite) are found. This is a woody, brittle vanety of, apparently, as yet unformed mineral, for which at present no use seems to have been found ; but, judging from its com- position and the new applications of the mineral now being introduced, there can be little doubt that this inferior article will presently command its price in the market, a use being found for it in some of the many purposes for which coarse pulverised asbestos is applicable. Occasionally very singular types of ore are also to be seen. Some of the pieces, of the nature of mountain wood, as they lie on the ground, after blasting, have so much the appearance of a wood-cutter's choppings (being in the coarse and peculiar grain of the fibre so like chips of wood) that, if placed side l)y side with actual chippings from rough timber exposed to the weather in the woods, the one could not be distinguished from the other, except by handling, when the weight and stony feeling of the asbestos would make the difference at once perceptible. The characteristic colour of the ore largely depends upon the locality of the mine, and the nature of the rocky gangue. At Thetford it is of a greenish hue, being there found in the darker coloured serpentine ; whilst at Broughton the ore is of a pearly yellowish green, the surrounding rock being mostly of a grey or pale green colour. This difference of colour in the ore, however, in no way affects the value of the mineral, a.s, when crushed out, the fibre is mostly of a uniform Avhiteness. When treating of asbestos, serpentine must necessarily always be present in the mind, and whatever relates to that rock must consequently be interesting and worthy of note. It may, therefore, not be altogether out of place here to men- tion that serpentines of an ornamental character are abundant ' y ^ i C T Jt r -W W W Wgg T B- W ■^ f 3 being i ! II >|l PICROLITE, "Bastard Asbestos." - , ' ^ :^ ' -I . CANADIAN ASHESTOS, 83 ^^ in Canada Some very beautiful specimens were shown in London, at the hite Colonial and Indian Exhibition at South Kensington. Many of these contain small quantities of chro- mium and nickel, and are associated with soapstone, potstone dolomite, and magnesite. A band of limestone also occurs at Temi)leton containing masses of a light-coloured translucent ser- pentine. These ornamental serpentines are exploited Avith some success by the Canadian Ctanite Company of Ottawa, and are used by them for monnments, mantelpieces, vases, and such like. One would certainly think that their importation into P]nghind would meet with success, seeing that there is always a demand here for fine marbles and stones for architectural and other- purposes. Variegated serpentine marbles of great beauty are found at Gasp6 also, especially about Mount Albert, where the mass of serpentine is about 1,000 feet thick, and is mixed with chloritic and epidotic gravel, covering a space exceeding 10 square miles. In this region, and in the Eastern Townships, whole mountains are formed of serpentine marbles, of which abundant use could be made both for ornamental and building purposes ; but although, on account of their richness and varied colouring and their capability of taking a high polish, few stones surpass some of the varieties of serpcntiii for de- corative })urp(Hcs, yet they arc more fitted for indoor than for outdoor decoration because, being easily acted on by hydro- chloric and sulphuric acids, they ai'e liable to decay and to speedily become tarnished superficially ; consequently the}' are not to be recommended for outdoor use in the smoky gaseous atmosphere of cities. Sir William Logan says : " Les serpentines, dans toute r^tendue de leur gisement, fournissent de tW's beaux marbres vert de-mcr souvent ressemblant au vert anti()ue." Jaspers of very brilliant colours, yellow, red and green, called Gaspo pebbles, arc found in the Gaspe limestones. T w CHAPTER V. THE CANADIAN MINUS OR QUARRIES. Tub Thetpoed Ghottp — Discovery — The Johnson Mine— Boston Packing Company — Bell's Asbestos Company — Ward's Mine — King's — Quality of Thetford Ore— Western Limit Theory Exploded- Thk CoLEEAiNE AND B1JV.CK Lake Geoup — Anglo-Canadian Company — Scottish Canadian Asbestos Company— Frechette's Mine, now the United Asbestos Company's — Bell's — Wertheim's — Mogaiitic Mine — White's Asbestos Company — Broughton— Soapstone — Danville — South Ham — Antimony — Wolfestown — Profitable Nature of Asbestos Mining The Thetford Group. — Notwithstanding that the existence of asbestos in Canada, especially in the province of Quebec, had been known to scientists long before 1877, it was not until the autumn of that year that a mine of any importance was opened. The building of the line of the Quebec Central Rail- way, across the serpentine bel' at Thetford and Coleraine, was the approximate cause of the discovery. It fell to the lot of an agriculturist, named Fecteau, to light upon the mineral which has since had such an important influence on the welfare of the district. The accidental knocking off" of a fragment of rock, and the consequent exposure of a vein of chrysotile, would be sufficient to strike any man with Avonderment, and set him on inquiry. When exhibited, experts at once pro- nounced the quality to be good, and their statement, that asbestos of so fine a quality had never yet been found any- where in the country, "was abundantly justified on further examination ; and, true to its early reputation thus gained, Thetford has continued to be the headquarters of the industry i V :istence uebec, t until ce was .1 Rail- e, was of an which 'are of nt of sotile, it, and |e pro- that any- irther ained, lustry * THE CANADIAN MINES OR QUAKRIES. 85 and the main source of supply ever since. But if her reputa- tion is to continue much longer, a better and more careful system of mining must soon bo inaugurated, and means nuist bo found of getting rid of the enormous piles of refuse now mounting up about the min(>s to dangerous heights. Following on Fecteau's discovery, the first mine was opened here, by Messrs. Johnson & Ward. The demand for its pro- duce was, at first, so limited that some difhculty was expei'i- enced in finding a market for tiie first year's output, which only amounted to 50 tons. The demand, however, rapidly in- creased, and the value of the mineral being soon recognisc w o < CO », IW t l WUlWtWWl*- ' .!**'* *^^^''*** ^m ■jij. - ^^s^,. — i-JTZ-^xi:: THE CANADIAN MINES OR QUARRIES. 93 CO o z I— I Oh Oh O D^ O H O Q < en Z w > w u <: Uh en ground, for which there was less excuse witli the Thetford experience to guide them, will inevitably cause trouble in the near future at Black Lake, even to a more serious extent. The parties who first opened up the ground there evidently knew what they were about, but their immediate successors, being destitute of all jjractical mining knowledge, have, by their neglect of professional assistance, committed errors of judgment such as will presently occasion very serious ex})cnse. At one of the main pics many thousands of tons of waste rock have been dumped on to some of the richest of the ground, and this must be again moved boiore that ground can be worked. From the peculiarity of the work, there probably exists no class of mining which so absolutely necessitates the services of a practical mining engineer, to mai'k out the land in the first instance for mining and dumping, as that for asbestos does. During the visit of the American Institute of Mining Engi- neers, in the autumn of 1880, these defects caused considerable remark, and many suggestions were made as to the desirability of putting matters on a different footing for the future work- ing of the mines. The cost of extraction of the ore varies in different localities, depending mainly on the mass of barren rock to be removed, which, owing to the action of faults, is greater ill some places than in others. At Thetford it may be put at from $20 to $25 per ton, the latter being probably nearer the average, except at the Boston Mine, where the machinery employed reduces the cost to about $15. The Coleraine and Black Lakk Group. The mines grouped about this district are next in importance to those last described ; but, although the distance from Thet- ford is only four miles, there is a very perceptible change observable in the face of the country. The rock formation alters as the station is approached, and when Black Lake is reached you arc at once face to face with the grim and rugged- 94 ASHESTOS. looking hills which rise somewhat precipitously, from the shore of the Lake, to a height of 600 or 700 feet, and form the beginning of the bare and cheerless-lookinji; district of Cole- raine. Tiicre is but little soil here to cover the rocks, and often, as is quite ai)parent, after the first growth of timber which covered these hills when in a state of nature, had l)een cut, the undergrowth was destroyed by forest fires, and then the comparatively thin layer of soil having been washed away by the .rains, the bare and sterile rocks are left exposed to view. This is a far more likely-looking country for the pros- pector than that about Thetford ; but, although good ore is abundant throughout the district, it does not, as a rule, come up to the standard of the latter place. The quality of the ore is found to have perceptibly changed, becoming, especially in the upper veins, coarser and more brittle ; in places also there is more depth of soil, and the rock is a good deal shattered and occasionally decomposed by weathering, offering more facility for the infiltration of surface water, which, being a good deal impregnated with metallic oxides, detrimentally affects the value of the fibre by discolouring it. Owing to the destruction of the forest over the knolls of serpentine by bush fires, to the action of the weather, or to the intrusion of masses of granulite, the fibre here is frequently harsh and brittle, especially near the surface, changing, how- ever, to greater silkiness as the veins are opened out deeper in the solid rock. This peculiarity has given rise to a good deal of speculation, and various causes have been surmised to account for it : difference of level, for instance, the forest fires, or the granulite, which is here abundant, and the heat from which on its eruption would have a tendency to dissipate a certain proportion of the contained water in the chrysotile, in the same way as the forest fires, though on a more extended scale. Mr. Donald has shown that harsh and brittle kinds of chrysotile contain less water than the softer kind? ; in very flexible fibre he found 14'0.5 per cent., whilst in a harsh-fibred sample there was only 12 "62. The same effect can be produced by placing a piece of the ore on a sufficiently Iieatcd surface, 1/ THE CANADIAN MINES OR QUARRIES. 95 when the fibre will he found in a very short time to have lost its softness and flexibility, and to have become harsh and brittle,* and in this state it may often be crumbled between the fingers. The writer has frequently seen boxes of ore brought into the cobbing-slied after a wet night, when the men would at once set to work to pile it up round about the stove, so as to dry it somewhat l)efore cobbing, when that M'hich was placed nearest to the stove, or possibly kept there too long, would gradually become changed, and present the harsh and rough features mentioned. If the aqueous origni of asbestos be admitted, it seems reasonable to suppose that all the fibre, when f^rst deposited, Avas soft and flexible, containing a maxinnim amount of water, and that movements of the rocks, producing heat, have driven oflT a portion of the water of the contained asbestos an» 20 >i 379| tonH. <\ © The Southwark Mine is opened on the northern halves of lOts 27 and 28 on Range A, part of what was formerly known ^8 the " Reed k Hayden " property ; it comprises 100 acres 0)f lantiG and formed part of the purchase of the Bell's Asbestos tiC^l^y, Limited, as previously mentioned. Until (]uite ►^eje©nt3> it was under the charge of Mr, Calvin C trter, late of ^'•pelhiiwi. The output of this mine to 30th Juiu 1889, is ^"^tejijriifld as 198 tons, but the comparative grade* «.ie not y^ .The Wertheim (American Asbestos Company's) Mine cipoeupies the southern halves of the two lots last mentioned, ^rtd^ was bought at the beginning of 1889 from Dr. Reed ^y M;j\ Wertheim, asbestos manufacturer, of Frankfort-on- ^he-Maine, and transferred by him to a company formed in O^ermany, called The American Asbestos Company. A ^ood steam plant was at once put in, and the work has been parried on with such energy and success, that this mine bids fair to turn out the best in the district. It is situate on part of the high ridge south-cast of the Black Lake Station, and is at present the most elevated in the district, being about 600 . feet above the level of Black Lake. A good many houses have been put up for the workmen, and many Belgian miners and their families have been taken over and located there. The machinery was ready to run at the end of July, and not- withstanding that work was impeded by an epidemic which soon after broke out among the workpeople, the output for the year ending 30th November last reached the satisfactory total of 530 tons, sufficient to pay a good dividend on the H * '— ~v i ICO ASBESTOS. capital employed. All the arrangements for working were good, the plant judiciously selected, and in the result fine veins of very soft and silky fibre were opened. A new departure has been taken here ; in order to facilitate the development of the mine, a tunnel was run in from below under the No. 2 and 3 pits, whence a shaft was cut for 100 feet to reach No. 2. This tunnel is 6 feet by 6, and both the tunnel and shaft run the whole distance through asbestos-bearing rock, all jmmping being thus obviated, and a splendid working face formed. During the first six months of the year hand labour only was employed, after which steam plant was put in operation. The mining figures for the first year are worth recording ; these were : — No. 1 . „ 2 . „ 3 . . Hornblende 79i tons. 357J „ 12 „ 6;^0| tons. Reed's Mine. — On the north side of the Poudrier road, on Lots 27, 28, and 29, Kangc A, work has been commenced by Dr. Keed, by clearing the ground and opening up, so as to show the quality of the ore : some good veins have been dis- closed and are now open to view. In the spring of 1890 active work was commenced here by the ownr- about thirty men l)eing employed on contract, with highly satisfactory results. Between these properties and Cariboo Lake the serpentine cxtentls in a continuous ridge, and shows at intervals very good indications of asbestos. This area, however, has not yet been sufficiently explored for much to be said, fi nn actual observation, of its value as asbestos land, though it seems reasonable enough to suppose that this portion of the serpen- tine belt will presently be found equally valuable with ♦:hat of the adjoining section. Mr. Obalski, who has examined the ground, states that the t\ THE CANADIAN MINES OR QUARRIES. 101 whole mountain is formed of rich asbestos rock, a careful inspection of the summit of the mountain, as well as its base below the road, giving the same indications, the asbestos everywhere showing at the surface in veins sometimes 2h inches broad. Megantic Mine. — On again entering the train and pro- gressing towards Coleraine, serpentine is found to occur near the station, but the main ridge of the rock, extending soutli- west, keeps to the north-west for about a mile and a half, where it forms a conspicuous hill feature. An opening matle on this south-west extremity some time ago, by Mr. Kennedy, disclosed a number of asbestos veins, one of which had ;i width of nearly four inches. In 1888 preparatory work only was carried on, but the result was sufficiently satisfactory to justify active operations. Dr. P^lls reports for 1889 as follows : — " The rock here is very much shattered near the surface and the fibre is consequently discoloured. Veins up to one inch and a half are found and in the more solid portions the quality improves. The output from this place has been necessarily small, owing to the time spent in opening the mine, and the delays from bad weather, the quantity rained in four months, to October 1st, being 39 tons, of which one third may be classed as No. 2, the rest as No. 3. An average num- ber of twelve men was employed." In the immediate neighbourhood of this last mine, operations have been commenced by Messrs. Lambley & Co., of Inver- ness, some good veins being met with at the top of the hill. Mining in this locality was commenced in 1886, when the four-inch vein was found not to be persistent for any depth, the rock being greatly shattered near the surface and for about 15 feet down, and though a great many veins were found, some of them in the solid rock, much of the fibre was di.s- coloured. A peculiar feature here, which has not been ob- served in any other of the mines of this district, is the presence of irregular veins of mica, in scales of an inch or more in dia- meter, in a paste of decomposed serpentine or soapstone.''' * Dr. Elk, Second Report, 1888. ":^ I / ■ m m >■ ^^ 102 ASBESTOS. There is also a singular fcrri of serpentine which occurs here in narrow seams, so soft that it may be compressed between thumb and finger, and varying in colour through white, blue, green, and yellow ; when exposed to the air it becomes hard and assumes a waxy lustre.* On the same ridge, but on the extreme west limits of Lots 24 and 25, Range 3, Ireland, Messrs. King Brothers have started two openings. The elevation of these by aneroid above the level of Black Lake is 500 feet. The asbestos found here is principally met with in two knolls lying about a quarter of a mile apart. Many of the veins show a selvage of white weathering serpentine, separated by a vein of asbestos from a quarter to three quarters of an inch in width. The general aspect of the rock and veins strongly resembles those found at Belmina, but the quality of the ore is much better and suc- cessful mining far more likely. White's Asbestos Company. — In the spring of 1889, a company was formed in London, under this title, for working two lots of land in Coleraine and two others in Garthby, con- taining in the whole 372 acres. It is much to be feared that the ground was not judiciously selected and that no beneficial result will ensue. The Commissioner for Crown Lands reports, for the past year, that the company has done some prospecting work without obtaining any appreciable result. These are the only mines at present being worked in the district, but from indications on other properties lying on the same line, there can be little doubt that others will pre- sently be opened up in this locality. Capital is all that is want- ijig at present ; but, as the demand for the mineral increases, the necessary capital for producing it in larger quantities will no doubt be forthcoming. The cost of mining, for the reasons already given, must of necessity be greater at Black Lake than at Thetford, and can- not be put at less than $28 a ton. After removal of the sur- face earth and rock, the proportion of refuse rock is about 25 tons to one of asbestos. * J. T. Donald, Esq., M.A. THE CANADIAN MINES OR QUARRIES. 103 ^ The following very interesting comparative analyses of some of the ores of this part of the country have been furnished by Professor Donald, of M'Gill College, Montreal, who is making a special study of the mineral : — No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 Asbestos Asbestos Asbestos Asbestos Serpentine Piorolite Silica . . 39-22 41-90 41-84 42-64 40-34 43-70 Magnesia . . 40-27 42-50 41-99 39-54 43-32 40-6H Alumina . 3-64 •89 — — 1-32 — Ferrous oxide . 2-26 •69 2-23 3-66 1-23 3-51 Water . U-37 14^05 14-28 14-31 14-17 12-45 No. 1 is from the Southwark Mine, at Coleraine, the sample being classed as fair No. 1. No. 2. Very fair quality ore from the Scottish Canadian Company's mine at Broughton. Nos. 3 and 4. Asbestos from Mr. Jeffrey's mine, at Dan- ville ; analysis by Professor Smith, of Beloit College. No. 5. Serpentine from Brorapton Lake. No. 6. Picrolite from Bolton ; analysis by Dr. T. Sterry Hunt. The special point to be noted here is the variation in alu- mina, ranging from 3.64 per cent, at Black Lake to none at all in Danville. East Broughton. The Frazer Mine. — In order to visit this mine it is now necessary again to take the train and return through Cole- raine, Black Lake, and Thetford, after which the East Brough- ton station is soon reached, whence it is only a short drive to the mine, the road passing through a much more cheerful- looking country than that previously traversed. Broughton, which marks the extreme eastward limit of the asbestos region, so far as yet opened up, is in Beauce County, just outside the boundary of the Eastern Townships, and here the land is of a more pastoral character, with pleasing stretches of woodland scenery. The Frazer Mine was first opened and worked by Dr. Reed ft' \ lit 104 ASBESTOS. some few years ago. The discovery here made a great stir at the time, as no mine in Canada had then, or indeed has since, produced asbestos of quite the same quality; but, to all appear- ance, the big vein (there was only one) was soon worked out, the ore exhausted, and work in consequence discontinued. When first worked the vein was nearly a foot thick, and remarkable for the silky softness of the fibre. It was found at the contact of the serpentine with blackish slates, which in places have a greyish or purple shade, containing bands of hard bluish-grey quartzite of the Cambrian series, thickly veined with quartz. It is overlaid in places with soapstone of good quality, from 10 to 14 inches thick, with which the asbestos seems to be intimately associated. The vein had the general aspect of a well-defined vein with, in some places, a hang- ing wall of soapstone, and was worked for a distance of several hundred yards to a depth of about 70 feet. In the lower Avorkings it was found rapidly to decrease in size, and ultimately it split up into minute strings which rendered it worthless.* Although at some little distance from the station, the mine lies close to the rail. It is now the property of the Scottish Canadian Asbestos Company, and comprises 116 acres of free- hold land, supplemented by mining rights extending over about 2,000 acres more. Large sirnis have been expended in laying out this property, perhaps too lavishly, and in buildings, fac- tories, machinery of all kinds, tram lines, &;c., the extravagant outlay being, doubtless, the cause of the company going into liquidation, which was a great misfortune for the district. When I visited the mine, in the autumn of 1886, 1 went all over the ground with the late Mr. Frazer, but we were quite unable to trace any part of the big vein. i' search, how- ever, was a good deal impeded by the depth of water in the cut, which prevented our making so complete an investigation as I could have wished. The vein here was from 8 to 10 inches thick near the sur- * Dr. Ella, on the "Mining Industries of Eastern Quebec," Second Report, 1888. THE CANADIAN MINES OR QUARRIES. 105 I 7 face, but decreased at the bottom of the workings, some 62 feet down, to two or three inches, and then it became irregular, splitting at times into many fine strings disseminated through the serpentine, at others presenting a continuous fibre. Three shafts were sunk to a depth of 61, 62, and 75 feet, which followed generally the slope of the bed or vein at an angle of about 75°, the rock dipping S. 40" E. to true meridian. The mass of serpentine, which lies to the west, was carefully ex- amined at several points, but only in one place, about 150 feet in rear of the openings, were small strings of asbestos, of one- fourth to half an inch, seen. Much of the fibre in the north slope appeared to be stiff and harsh, while other portions were beautifully silky. The serpentine resembles in character that near St. Sylvester and along the Chaudi^re.* The belt just here is very narrow, contracting in places to not more than 15 feet in width, the veins of asbestos being found closely compressed together. This imparts a certain regularity to the deposit, which up to this time has been observed no- where else. Schists, talc, and serpentine are interstratified to a depth of from 8 to 10 feet, and the asbestos veins in the serpentine connect with and join each other, forming distinct leads, from 14 to 16 inches wide, occurring as congeries of divided or partitioned-ofF seams. There is less waste here than usual, but the breaking out of the rock is more difficult. The Broughton ore has a pale yellowish green hue, as distinguished from the darker greenish metallic lustre which distinguishes the finer samples from Thetf ord, which is another peculiarity of this ore, the light-coloured serpentines being almost always barren everywhere else. The colour of the ore, however, in no way affects the clear whiteness of the fibre when crushed out, although it affords a means of identifying the locality of production. There are, in fact, as I have already mentioned, certain peculiarities, even of colour, attaching to the ore of each locality of so marked a character that an expert can at once tell, on inspection, from whence it was obtained. The cost pf extraction is put by Mr. Obalski at $35 per * Second Keport, 1888. I 106 ASBESTOS. ton, which is causerl by the peculiarity of stratification and the greater than usual difficulty of mining, and he is of opinion that the output will be certainly limited. Operations were going on here and also at Coleraine, pre- vious to the stoppage, for the utilisation of waste ; the narrow veins of only a few lines in thickness usually passing as such, and being thrown on the dumps. There is certainly no reason why this should be so, because, if properly treated, these thin veins would pay for the trouble bestowed on their separation. Thousands of tons are annually wasted, much of which is as much due to careless work as to inefficient machinery ; but this will no doubt be presently remedied as the mineral becomes more valuable and improved machinery is employed in its preparation for market. There is great abundance of soapstone at Broughton, much of it of good quality, some remarkably pure, and some of it curious. I brought away with me a fine specimen, having all the grain and fibrous markings of asbestos, but pure and un- mistakeable steatite. No use is made of this at present, all attention being devoted to the production of the higher-priced chrysotile. Danville. At Shipton, about four miles from the village of Danville, there is another mine, lying contiguous to the Grand Trunk Railway, which has been worked, for some years, by Mr. Jeffrey. Time did not permit of a visit to this mine, conse- quently I can give no details of my own knowledge. The property covers about 75 acres, the output of serpen- tine forming a knoll of somewhat limited extent, with steep sides all round it. Numerous veins of asbestos are found here, mostly of small size, seldom reaching two inches, but of good quality. Faults are numerous, which considerably affect the value of the mine ; good veins of two inches being sometimes cut off completely at a distance of 50 feet from the surface. The output has, however, been considerable. For the year ^SE V, I conse- MMI ' \ •mimdSi ■\ TOWNSniF OP aAHTHBY UJ h < I- Ul H ul O U Ul < X H o a. < X bJ ■■■■ I UJ < I- (0 LU I- u o u UJ < X K O a. < X o I- bJ THK CANADIAN MINES OR QUARRIES. 109 ending 28th August, 1886, it was 455 tons ; though, from some cause not explained, the output has since been less, the mine not being worked to its full capacity. The proportion of No, 1 grade here, according to Dr. Ells, is at present (1889) about 20 per cent., and of No. 2, 60 per cent., the remainder, of course, being No. 3 and waste, thus approximating closely to the output of the mines at Black Lake.* Mr. Jeffrey has also found asbestos at Cleveland, where the mineral occurs in good massive serpentine, apparently forming a wide band, but not showing much on the surface. South Ham. The mines here, of which a rough sketch is shown, are situate on land known as the Nicolet Estate, in the township of South Ham, about 7^ miles from the Garthby Station of the Quebec Central Railway. It was on a brilliant morning in the latter part of October, 1886, that I started from Black Lake, where I was then resid- ing, to visit Nicolet, on the invitation of the owner. There had been a sharp frost in the night, forerunner, as it proved, of an early and severe winter; but when the sun rose the air was delightfully crisp and invigorating. A quick run on the rails took us to Garthby, a characteristic Canadian settlement, pleasantly situated on the shores of Lake Weedon. The view over the lake, with its background of timber-clad hills, bathed in brilliant sunshine, was very charming ; but as that was not what we had come out to see, we had to mount our buggy and start off" at once, for a drive over a rough mountain road, in order to reach our destination before evening set in. On arrival, we went straight on to examine the owner's antimony mines, to which he was then devoting his whole attention, he being satisfied with knowing that asbestos existed in abundance on the property, leaving its exploration for a * Dr. Ells, "The Miuing Industries of Eastern Quebec," October, 1889. no ASBESTOS. 'i ^ 1 f future day ; but as it is that mineral only with which we are now concerned, we will reverse the openition. The asbestos deposit here was first discovered on what is called Big Island, being the largest of seven islands ornamenting the sheet of water called Lake Nicolet. The serpentine rock which forms Big Island, rises very abruptly out of the water to the height of 70 feet, forming, on the western side precipitous cliffs, the whole of which is seamed with asbestos ; recent exploration, however, has shown that the main body of the mineral, passing under the lake, occurs on the hillside, and is of such extent as altogether to eclipse that proved to exist on the island, which was at first thought to be the chief source of supply. The mine on the island is not being worked, but has been fully proved by numerous openings which have been made at the most promising points, revealing in every case veins of asbestos of remarkably good quality and in great abundance. These pass under the lake, and can be seen cro])ping out in many places, off the shore and on the hillside. The mineral as seen on the island presents many points of difference from that at Thetford and Coleraine ; and in the Geological Survey of Canada, written many years ago, it is stated to consist of four varieties, viz. : — 1st. Small veins, rarely exceeding half an inch in width, the fibres not easily separable. This, however, does not detract from its commercial value. 2nd. Apparently occupying a position at right angles to the veins above noticed, is a coarse fibrous mineral, resembling rope, and evidently derived from the associated picrolite. The extreme length which these fibres may attain could not be de- termined, but judging from exposed portions, it cannot be less than three feet. 3rd. Veins somewhat resembling the latter in aspect, but much finer in texture. The fibre can be separated with great facility, though firmly attached at one end to the parent rock. 4th. A steatitic asbestos rock, resembling "Mountain lea- I THE CANADIAN MINES OR QUARRIES. Ill t:§ ther," forming important masses, which enclose small concre- tionary pellets of asbestos, the centres of which contain a nucleus of serpentine. Very little (the report says) has yet been done on the island to develop these asbestos veins, perhaps owing to the difficulty of transport across the lake. This, however, looiild pruhahhj he more than counterbalanced by the magnificent returns which this locality promises to affoi'd.* There could, however, be no practical difficulty in arranging this question of transport ; but when mining for asbestos is undertaken here, there will be but little temptation to com- mence operations on the island, as the deposits on the main- land (which were not known to exist, at the date of Mr. Willimott's visit) will furnish abundant scope for energetic work for many years to come. The temptation to describe the scenery round the lake is very great, but as that does not fall within the scope of the present work, it must be sufficient to say that it is of a very charming character. The estate itself might very justly be termed unique for mineral riches, for, comprised within its 2,000 acres, are found not only rich veins of antimony and asbestos, but enormous deposits of steatite, magnetic iron, chromic iron and bog-ore, as well, as copper and sulphur, and it is believed both nickel and cobalt. Silver to the value of $4 a ton is found with the antimony, and reefs of auriferous quartz run through the entire property, a sample from which, on assay, gave 2 1 oz. gold to the ton.f The Commissioner of Crown Lands in his report for 1889, says that the antimony mines have not recently been worked, except in the way of exploration, which has led to the discovery of many new veins. Since then a considerable amount of work has been done, an adit, from the bottom of the * Willimott's Report (1882) on some of the mines in the province of Quebec, t Report of the Committee appointed by the Dominion Government to investigate the Gold Fields of Canada. " II . WII'i lt tgg jtlWMlH 112 ASnKSTOS. i • hill, effectually drains the mines and some very fine veins have been disclosed, including much native antimony. Some fine ci-ystals of Sonarmontite* have also been found here. It is also vi^orthy of note that Professor Dana, in his "Descriptive Mineralogy " (1877), instances these mines amongst the few places in the world where yn^^9. of antimony occur. Some singularly fine specimens of i j antimony, kermesite, stib- nite, and valentinitcf from those mines, shown at the late Colonial and Indian Exhibition, for which a medal and dij)loma were awarded, are now in the charge of the Canadian authori- ties in London, having been presented by Dr. Heed to the Imperial Institute. These will be found specified in Dr. Selwyn's " Descriptive Catalogue of the Economic Minerals of Canada, 1886." Everything necessary for the working of these valuable deposits already exists on the ground — unlimited water supply, and timber for building and mining purposes, as well as for charcoal for any furnaces that may presently be erected ; suflfi- cient, if judiciously managed r rding to the rules of forestry as practised in Germany, Au and Russia, to last until a new growth matures. In rega i to transport, the roads are good, and a line of rail connecting the Grand Trunk with the Intercolonial will presently touch the property, and will, it is expected, have a station there just below the antimony mine. In regard to steatite, the quantity here is so enormous that an expert, lately sent to report on this property, speaking of the st6atite, says, " All I can say is, there are mountains of it." WOLFESTOWN. The description of the asbestos area of Wolfestown is given by Dr. Ells. It is situate on the north-east extremity of a serpentine ridge which extends south-westerly, with many * The isomorphous sesquioxido of antimony. t Valentinite, with the same chemical composition as Senannontite, differs from the latter in crystallisation. TFIE CANADIAN MINKS OR QUARUIES. ll:i intcrriiptiona, from tho road leadiiig from Coloraiiie Station to Wolfostown, in tho vicinity of Lako Nicolet. Tiio IJclniina Estate, distant about four miles from the rail- way station at Colcrainc, c(»mprisc3 about 700 acres, and as al- ready stated, was formerly the property of Mr. John Bell, and by him transferred to the Rell's Asbestos Company, on its formation in London, in 1H88, for the sum of i;8,.'{94. The surface indications here are said not to be equal to those at "l^iack Lake, but at several points numl)ers of veins are shown, some of which are from one and a half to two inches thick. A very fair showing of workable veins has been exposeil on the upper part of a deep cut, which it is proposed to intersect at a considerably lower level. Should the same rule of increase which holds good at Thetford and Coleraine ap[)ly here, there should be good paying ground exposed when the lower level is driven in past the cap of l)arren rock, provided the veins already disclosed are not cut off by faults, whose presence is noted here as at other points. Late in the autumn of 1889, operations were announced iis about to l»e conimcnced by some capitalists of Montreal on property acquired b}' them near Brompton Lake, whei'e deposits nf asbestos exist ; a very fine sample of which has just ••ached lae. The foregoing comprise all the Canadian mines now in work. There can be no doubt, however, that new mines will present! v be opened. At this moment, suj)ply by no means keeps pace with demand ; manufacturers are consequently unable to obtain the ore they are perfectly willing to pay high prices for, the prices charged now closely approaching the prohibitive ; active steps are therefore being taken all over the serpentine belt for the discovery of fresh mines, but until these are dis- covered and get to work it is abundantly clear there will be no drop in prices. Long before this state of things had occurred it v)as conclusively proved that mining for asbestos, properly conducted, shows a more steady return for the money invested, with less elements of risk, than mining for any other known mineral. li / PI i*-,. CHAPTER VI. OUTPUT, COST OF TRODUCTION, WAGES, FTC. Rapid Advance op the Industry — Upward Tendency of Prices — Pro- gressive Output — America the Largest Consumer — CoramissionerV Report for 1889 — Percentage of Output — Old Methods of Work discontinued — Cost of Cobbing— French Canadian Labour — Drink — Points for Consideration — Causes of Failure. The exploitation of asbestos in Canada has been making rapid strides from the date of the discovery of the Thetford deposits in 1877 ; but even now, more than twelve years later, viewed in the light of its possibilities, the manufacturing industry in England is but in its infancy. For the first ten years after the discovery, that is, down to 1887, the price of the crude ore had been gradually increasing in correspondence with tlie de- mand, with some, but by no means a proportionate, augmen- tation of the supply. In that year, however, several new quarries were opened, many buildings were erected, including two factories for the manipulation of the crude ore on the spot, and one of the companies built a branch line of railway to connect their works with the main line ; the general result of the year's progress being such as to make it clear, that the industry was assuming such proportions that in the near future it would be the most important, as it already was the most remunerative, in the Provmce. Satisfactor}^ to the producers as was the result of 1887, still greater progress was made in 1888, nud from the returns for 1889, just issued, it is seen that a yet greater leap forward has been taken. The extraordinary rise in prices which took place OUTPUT, COST OF PRODUCT [ON, WAGES, ETC. 115 rc. 'rices— Pro- omissioncr" t* 8 of Work lOur — Drink king rapid [•d deposits ,er, viewed ndustry in years after ; crude ore ,th ttie de- e, augmen- everal new , including ore on the of railway he general ce it clear, ihat in the ilicady was f 1887, still returns foi' orward has took place in the autumn of last year, and which still goes on, is a natural consequence of the fact that, notwithstanding everj' effort, the mine-owners find themselves unable to fulfil contracts; the supply for the past year, although considerably in excess of any previous output, not sufficing to keep pace with the ever- increasing demand. Until, therefore, fresh mines are opened, or other discove- ries made, it is clear that this upward tendency of prices inust continue to go on ; probably, this will not so much affect the manufacture of the higher class of spun goods, as it will mate- rially limit that of such materials as felts, sheathings, and carpet or partition linings, &c. One unexpected result of the unusually high prices has, however, been to drive all the more important maiuifacturers into the market to buy mines for themselves, and so to turn producers as well as consumers, in order that, by employing more scientific methods of wor-k and improved machinery, they may raise for themselves such sup- plies of ore as day by day it becomes more difficult for them to obtain through the ordinary trade channels. This, again, has the efl'ect of driving prices up still higher, because the ])roduce of the mines so purchased is practically withdrawn from the general market, the ncAv mine-owrpi's requiring for their own factories all the ore they can raise. Unusual efforts are, conse- quently, noAv being made over the whole of the productive areas to find and open up new mines, fresh capital is being con- tinually brought in, whilst new developments of the industry are as constantly ])rcparing the way for continued success. The following may be taken as an autiiontic record of the progressive output of the mines, with the local value of the ore, since the commencement of the industry in Canada in 1878. It would have been moi-c satisfactory to have been able to show the relative increase in price per ton in each year, but that could not bo done without a knowledge of the proportions of the annual output, ranking as Nos. 1, 2, and 3. So far as possible, I have endeavoured to show this for 1889, and doubtless the i'.nportance of the industry will lead to greater particularization in future official returns. The advisability of t-l tl i 4 i ' ! 116 ASBESTOS. this is practically recognised in Mr, Brumell's last Ecport (1889), which is a model of detailed accuracy : — Tone. Value at the Mines. 1879 300 $19,500 £4,020 1880 380 24,700 5,093 1881 540 35,100 7,237 1882 810 52,650 10,856 1883 955 68,750 14,175 1884 . 1,141 75,079 15,480 1885 . 2,440 142,441 29,369 1886 . 3,458 206,251 42,526 1887 . 4,619 226,976 45,562 1888 . 4,404 255,007 52,578 1889 . 6,919* — — The official Report for 1888 states that the price of first- class asbestos was then firm at an increase over previous j'cars, the quality of the mineral shipped being correspondingly higher. During 1889, especially towards the close of the year, the prices of asbestos lands were considerably augmented, and the prices of crude ore advanced by " leajjs and bounds." It is not possible to give tabulated statements of production and prices, because this is the first year in which production and value has been authentically given for the full year. For the year 1888 a new system of returns was inaugurated by t*^e Government officers, and from that time forward authentic figures will be tabulated. Keturns for this year (1888) were sent in by all the pro- ducers (11 mines, of which 9 only were productive), showing an output for the year of 4,401| tons of all grades, valued at the mines at $255,007 (£52,578), an increase of 185 tons in (piantity and |34,031 (£7,0 IG) in value over the figures of the previous year. The out[)ut from Ontario (actinolite returned as asbestos) for the previous year was 400 tons, value .$G,000 (£1,2.37) ; * This figure is that given by the Commissioner of Crown Lands for the year ending 30th Juno, and is consequently not the con-ect figure for comparison with those up to 1888, whieh are for the year ending 31st December, the official returns not being yet published. ^t^-m^^ b Report .nes. :,020 ),093 uni 4,175 5,480 ;9,369 i2,526 15,562 52,578 ice of first- vious years, ngly higlier. e year, the .ed, and the production production 1 year. For iigurated by Lvd authentic all the pro- ive), showing es, valued at 185 tons in .-•ures of the as ashestos) 100 (£1,237) ; r „ No. 3 . 399 „ M $198,210 £40,868 9^ 26,495 5,262 5,462 17 8i 1,084 18 11-'- 1,337 tons. $56,597 £11,710 14 4 Totals- -No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 2, 123 tons, valued at ftl82,080 1,120 ,, „ 56,235 1,161 ,, „ 16,692 £37,542 5 4^ 11,594 16 10| 3,441 12 11| 4,404 tons. $255,007 £52,678 15 3 The quantity exported in the same year (1888) was as follows : — No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 3,625 tons, valued at §262, 552 110 ,, „ 5,306 201 ,, „ 9,884 £54,134 8 8 1,094 5 2,037 18 9 3,936 tons. $277,742 £57,266 7 10 Out of this total export no less than 3,G12 tons, as already stated, was taken by the TTnited States, the insignificant re- mainder being dividcid between Great Britain, France, Ger- many, Belgium, and Newfoundland.-'' The figures for 1889 * Bnimoll's Report on the Mining and Mineral Statistics of Canada for the year 1888. 1 p y Si i1; Ml f I ASBESTOS. and following years will show very different results, as the whole of the produce of three of the mines will now be sent to England direct, and of one other to Germany. The Report of the Commissioner of Crown Lands for the Province of Quebec for 188' "" gives important information as to the further working of uie mines, but it is, unfortunately, useless for purposes of comparison, as, instead of dealing, like the former, with the whole year 1889, the Keport makes the year end with the 30th of June, in the very height of the season, when facts and figures would be more difficult to arrive at accurately. For this reason, apparently, the figures are given as approximate only, and without any indication of classes or value. This question of date-discrepancy must be borne in mind, or the figures will be difficult to reconcile with known facts, especially in the general scale of prices, which are now much higher all round. According to this last Report the output from the several mines for the twelve months ending 30th June, 1889, was as follows : — Thetford Mines. Bell's Asbestos Company . . 1,800 tons King Brothorb . 700 „ Johnson Company . 900 ,, Ross and Ward . 360 „ Thetford Asbestos Mining Company . 80 ,, Lucke and Mitchell (prospect) . 10 „ 3,8.50 tons Black Lake. Anglo-Canadian Asbestos Company . .618 tons. United Asbestos Company (Frechette and Douville) 330 ,, American Asbestos Company (Wertheim) . 380 ,, Bell's Asbestos Company . . . 198 ,, Scottish Canadian Asbestos Company . . 34 ,, l./JGO tons. * Rapport du Commissaire dea Torres do la Couronne de la Province do Quebec pour Ics douze mois expires le 30 Juiu 1889. « '* OUTPUT, COST OF PRODUCTION, WAGES, ETC. 119 3, as the le sent to Is for the [nation as •tunately, iling, like [lakes the ht of the i to arrive are given classes or borne in ith known ;h are now bhe several 89, was as ms, » i« u l> >> >n8. ona. )» »> )' >> inis. Province do COLERAINE. Megantic Mining Company Lambley & Co. King Brothers (Ireland) 100 tons. 25 „ 50 „ 175 tons. Danville and Bboughton. W. H. Jeffrey 328 tons. Scottish Canadian Company . . . 6 „ 334 tons. Totals. Thotford 3,850 tons. Black Lake 1,560 ,, Coleraine 175 ,, DanvUIe and Broughton .... 334 „ 6,919 tons. In reference to which the Commissioner states that the Scot- tish Canadian Company and the Montreal Asbestos Company, of Black Lake, did no work during the year to which his report relates ; and that the White's Asbestos Company, of Coleraine and Garthby, prospected only without any appre- ciable result. " En resume (the Commissioner concludes), I'industrie des mines d'amiantes est en pleine prosperite. Durant cette annee, le prix a augmente de 25 per cent., et la production 50 per cent. La demande continue d'etre tres grande, et les terrains miniers sont tres recherches." The result of the twelve months' working ending 31st De- cember, 1889, accordingto other (official) returns, are given as — 'on 1 Coleraine . j» Black Lake >» Thetford . >» Broughton »» Levis 124 tons. 1,725 »» , 4,083 >> 8 »> 16 >> 5,956 tons. ASUESTOS. During 1889 the consumption of asbestos, in America espe- cially, increased so rapidly that the demand was again greatly in excess of the supply. It is therefore manifest that, unless the production can be largely augmented, prices must still continue to rise. During the autumn, when the season was closing, none of the producers would venture to make contracts on any terms. Contracts for the previous season's delivery had in many cases to be deferred, and as a consequence of that it was found impossible to fix a price for the raw material even for a month in advance ; nor was it practicable to obtain a guarantee for the delivery of the quantity which had been contracted for in the previous year. The contracts entered into, at the close of 1888, were at prices unheard of before, and as the whole of the produce of 1889 was bespoken, although not contracted for, there appears but little prospect at present of a reaction. Owners confi- dently anticipated an advance of 40 or 50 per cent, upon the then current rates, refusing to bind themselves even at that ; and subsequent experience has shown that their anticipations have been more than realized. It is quite clear, therefore, that no reduction in price is to be anticipated at present. To give a general idea of the increased prices obtained it maybe mentioned that, during the years 1881, 1882, and 1883, the prices of No. 1 crude were respectively $50, $60, and $70, rising by $10 each year; whilst in the autumn of 1889 they had risen to the following : No. 1, $125 to $130 ; No. 2, $75 to $80 ; No. 3, $35 to $40, and "waste," which had hitherto been unsaleable, $15 per ton, the ton being the short Canadian ton of 2,000 lbs. only ; and the prices named being those obtainable at the mines. In the early part of 1890, $150 per ton was given for No. 1, and in the second week of April a parcel of 20 tons was bought in London at the rate of £43, or $208 per ton. In June, 1890, the latest price received from New York was X53, with every prospect of its going still higher. It must not, however, be foi'gotten that in the quoted prices there is a considerable variation, which is due to the fact that OUTI'UT, COST OF PRODUCTION, WAGES, ETC. 121 no uniform system of grading is adopted at the various mines. Thus, while at one mine No. 2 will be quoted at $75 per ton, at another the price of No. 1 will be very little more. Extra quality of No. 1, again, naturally commands a higher figui'c than the ordinary run of that grade. It follows, therefore, that, when estimating the value of an asbestos j)roj)erty, the question of the relative percentage of output should be carefully considered ; since, M'hile the num- ber of tons produced by any two mines might beapi)roximately espial, and to the uninitiated, therefore, the propctties about equal in value, the one, from the large amount of No. 1 grade, would be ca2)able of paying handsome divitlends, wdiile the other would require great economy of management and still yield far less satisfactory returns.* Again, if a nn'ne be worked on the hillside it is obvious that it will be comparatively free from water, and the removal of the ore and waste r'ock a sini})le })rocess, whilst if it be on the level ground, and the mine be worked by sinking, the water troulde becomes gi'cater every day, and powerful pumping machinery and steam apparatus for raising ore and waste rock must add greatly to the work- ing cost, and consequent!}^ to cost per ton of ore got out. Wages run from $1 to 61.75 a day, according to the nature of the work performed, for men, and from 50 to 75 cents for lads and cobbers. These rates do not much diFer from those paid in tlie adjoining })rovince of Ontario. There, surface men employed at the Bruce copper mines were paid about $1 a day, though of course some could get more. At Sault Ste. Marie ordinary labourers at the mines get from $1.25 to $1.50 a day. On this important question of wages we see by the Report of the lioyal Commission just published, I that in the Sudbury dis- trict, outside men can get $1.40, and miners $1.75, but it is somewhat difficult to get labour at Sudbury on account of the ♦ Dr. Ells, Second Report for 1889. t Report of the Royal Coiiuuinsion on the Mineral Resources of Ontario and the Measures for theii' Developiuent, 1890: p. 4UG. '^Maanwik i'riti«'Hi «i- I 122 ASHESTOS. 2.10 [)er day 1.75 ).60 2.00 1.75 2.00 Machinist . . . $2.25 per day Pumpman . . . 2.00 ,, Fitter 2.00 „ Fii-cman .... 1.50 „ Blacksmitli . . . 2.50 „ Asstnt. Blacksmith 1.75 „ isolated position of the mines. The following is the rate paid there in cash : — Drill runners . Miners . . . Labourers . . Foreman . . . Watcliman . . Engineer . . . As to the mode of extraction of the ore, the method of work in all the chrysotile mines of Canada is simi)ly open quarry work, except at Broughton, where the peculiar formation necessitates a mode more in the nature of regular mining ; and at Mr. Wertheim's mine, at Coleraine, where a new departure has been taken, by driving a somewhat extensive tunnel from the foot of the hill, and then a shaft through the rock to reach the pits above; though, in this last case, the operation is simply performed to open out a fine working face. All the old rule-of-thumb methods of opening and working are now being rapidly discontinued, these being found to be quite impracticable with large pits and constantly increasing I)roduction. Air compressors, steam derricks, and all the most improved labour-saving appliances are being everywhere intro- duced, and a rich reward aAvaits the inventor who shall enable the mine-owners to dispense with the tedious and costly pro- cess of cobbing, more especially of the lower grades, and at the same time help him to get rid of some of the enormous masses of piled-up waste rock, much of which contains short veins of fibre, which under the present system will not pay for extract- ing, but every particle of which will be turned to good account when some economical process is devised for extracting it. Whether the drills are worked by compressed air, or by hand, in the old-fashioned way, the effect is the same. When a sufficient number of holes of the proper depth are drilled and duly charged with dynamite or powder, they are linked together, and ffred by a battery in such a way that the face of rock shall be thrown outward, on to the floor of the pit. The asbestos is then picked out, the adhering rock roughly broken OUTPUT, COST OF rRODUCTION, WAGES, ETC. 123 off. and the ore piled into boxes or tubs, which are loaded on to trolleys, and run off on tram-lines to the cobbing-sheds. The refuse rock, of which there is always an enormous quan- tity, (as much as twenty or twenty-five tons of rock to one of asbestos), is loaded into cars, run ofi and shot over on to the dumping-ground. Boys are employed in the cobbing sheds to chip, or cob, the rock cleanly from the ore, an operation which is much more troublesome with thin veins than with those of the better sort, to which the waste rock is less firmly adherent. This cobbing is a very troublesome and exj)ensive pro- cess, costing about $5 a ton. After cobbing. great care IS required in sorting the ore into the respective grades of Nos. 1, 2, and 3. It is then put up in bags of 100 or IGO lbs. each, marked, and stacked away in the bins ready for shipment. All this is done in a very rough-and-ready style, and the Avaste is simply enormous ; there is no doubt, however, that as the ore increases in value more scientific appliances will be adopted, and greater care used in the prevention of waste. At present thousands of tons of rock containing only thin veins of asbestos are dumped on the refuse heaps as waste which would all be crushed if a proper machine were at hand, and the valuable material consequently saved. The sorting, or grading, of the ore is done by the colibcrs simultaneously with the cobbing ; the lads, whilst striking off the adhering rock, dividing the lumps of ore into Nos. 1, 2, or 3 class, and throwing them into their separate heaps, being guided in so doing by the colour and purity of the fibre, with a due regard to length. An investigation into the method and cost of this work, carried out by Mr. Obalski, showed that fourteen young lads in one day separated 4,000 lbs., or two Canadian tons, into graded and marketable material, their wages, at 70 cents each, reaching $9 '08, or nearly $5 per ton ; and he considered this below the general average cost of the work, which is probably nearer |6, bringing up the cost of production and preparation for market to about |25 per ton. This coincides pretty accurately with my personal txperi- tmmms<. u r s'imoitma.imimwxt 124 ASBESTOS. ]'! ence. Taking, therefore, the prices at the mines at $125 only for No. 1, .$75 for No. 2, and .|;35 for No. 3, and comparing these with the cost of production, it is evident there is a very largo amount of profit in asl)ostos mining, and a con- siderahle inducement for the emi)loyment of capital therein. And when it is stated tliat these calculations were made upon the old system of work by hand-labour, machinery being now the rule, whereby the cost of production is reduced to $15, and at old prices, it will be seen that the profit is very much larger than is shown above. There is no scarcity of labour, a sufficient number of hands, mostly French-Canadians, being always forthcoming ; but at those mines wlicre there is an insufficiency of houses for married men, acconmiodation has to be found in a barrack- like building for single men : the married men, who cannot be accommodated, residing frequently at a long distance from their work, which causes them to be of a migratory disposition, and gives considerable additional trouble to the management. This remark, however, does not apply to Thetford, to Wer- theim's, or, indeed, to any mine started on a business-like basis, as in such cases proper regard is paid to the welfare of the men by providing them with suitable accommodation. A disadvantage in the employment of French-Canadian labour lies in the great number of festivals incident to their religion, with consequent loss of work at the mines, but a])parently there is no remedy for this at present. The greatest curse of the place, however, is drink. The hip pockets in the men's pants foi-m very convenient receptacles for bottles, and these are always pretty well filled after pay days and holidays. The licjuor most in favour is a vile compound called gin. It is supplied in the regular square Dutch bottles from the familiar green-painted boxes in which " Hollands " is exported, and which are labelled " De Kuyper " ; but the vile stuff is not much credit to that gentleman's manufacture if it be so, which is much to be doubted. Although the district is under the Scott Act, and the sale of liquor consequently prohibited, like every other place where OUTPUT, COST OF TRODICTION, W'AOES, ETC. 125 being the sale is interdicted there is no difficulty, if you know how to go about it, and sometimes even if you don't,* in getting as much liquor as you please. At any rate I never yet was in any such place wliero I did not find it to be so, the only practical difference being that, in the absence of competition, the s])irits obtainable are the vilest compounds imaginable. According to my ex])erience, no sooner is the sale of sjnrits interdicted anywhere than a craving for drink sets in like an epidemic, coupled with a determination to get it, and that unmitigated curse to any community, secret drinking, becomes rife. Practical experience soon taught me the comparative uselessness of alcohol when travelling in cold regions ; the Kussian fashion of tea-drinking is far and awa}' the best. A tumbler of hot tea, flavoured with a slice of lemon, is not only palatable and comforting, but will carry a man twice as far as any concoction of alcohol. In concluding this part of the subject, it may be well to point out that prior to the purchase of an unexplored asbestos property, it would be well to learn something of the surface indications, as well as the geological formation and surrouna- ings of the property ; and if the ground be opened, the * Here is an instance : On one occasion I had been out driving in the pouring rain for .several hours, had got drenched to the skin, and was bitterly cold. I pulled up, therefore, at a likely-looking house, w(>nt in and called for some brandy, but to my disgust was told that no liquors could be supplied, as it was against the law. As I turned to go out again, in no very cheerful mood, the man, seeing the state I was in, evidently took compassion on me, and said, " Better try soiae bitters" ; so calling to mind the saying that all bitters are warm, bamng a bitter cold day, which only proves the rule, I assented. He then pusht^l over a tumbler and a black bottle, when I at once poured out and SAvallowed a pretty strong dose, feeling when I had done so as if I had swallowed a streak of forked lightning. As soon as I had recovered my breath I muttered my thanks and paid up. "Have another - " says he. with a twinkle in his eye. " No, thanks," I replied. " Gut ss you'll remember our bitters," he then laughingly .slid, prefixing the name of the place, whi(!h I afterwards found was in a district where prohibition was very strictly enforced, and which I therefore purposelj' omit, his bri'adi of the law having no doubt saved me from the dangerous effects of a chUl. ii I i I i: U- 126 ASBESTOS. I i '' \\ direction and dip of the veins, the presence or absence of chromic iron ore, pyrites, or other minerals in association with the asbestos ore, the (piantity and quality of the ore piuxhiciblo from the adjoining mines, and its analysis. Special regard mnst also be had to its tenacity, Inbricity, flexibility, and in- fnsibility. The most snitable mcthoil of extraction, the best arrangeinents for dumping, with the important ((Uestions of transport, cost and suj)ply of labour, (fee, and last, but not least (if the mine be at work), the relative proportions of grades producible, are important matters for consideration. Upon this last point deception may easily be practised on the unwary ; figuies of prospective output and coiTcspond- ing profit arc sometimes put forward, which, if accepted with- out proper advice, are certain to lead to trouble, and perhaps to disaster. In one case of a mine put on the English market, it was boldly stated that the output for the first year might be taken at about G7 per cent, of No. 1, whereas the first year's production showed 67 per cent, and upwards of No. 3, which did not pay for woi'king, some small amount of No. 2, and an almost infinii:esimal amount of No. 1. In another case there had been no reliable expert's opinion obtained as to the quality of the land before purchase, and when work was commenced the ground bought proved to be barren. In both cases the money had better have been thrown into the Thames, as well in the interest of the shareholders as for the credit of Canadian enterprise. When failures occur, they may almost certainly be traced to want of practical advice in the first instance, to incom- petency or extravagance in the management, or to over- capitalisation ; but with due c.''' conomy, and honest and capable management, there ^' m' - things which will pay better or with more • ~ linty thun mining for asbestos. CHAPTER VII. NEWFOUNDLAND AND NORWAY. General Rbsemulance of Strata to Gaspk— Grauito, Serpcntinf^, Asbentos, and Piorolito — Pweudo-Chrysotilo — Crocidolito — Coarse Asbestos — Minerals found in Norway. So great a rcsembl-mcc exists lietAveen some parts of the geological formation of NcwfouiidlaTKl and that of the Gaspe Peninsula, with parts of the Eastern Townships of Quebec, of which the former is doubtless a continuation, that it is natur- ally to be expected the same minerals would be found there, including asbestos. The Quebec group, a continuation of the Appalachian chain, is part of the great metalliferous for- mation of North America. In this group, as we have already seen, are found gold, silver, cojjpcr, asbestos, magnetic and chromic iron, cobalt, nickel, and some other minerals. These are associated with the ophiolites and other magnesian rocks, whilst they are apparently wanting in those of the same age in the Laurentian series. This fact wr.s recognised by Dr. Sterry Hunt in 1881.=^' And Mr. Alexander Murray, then geo- logist of Newfoundland, when treating of the Lower Cambrian Kocks of Nova Scotia, compares them with the auriferous strata of his Intermediate series of Newfoundland. The resemblance in general character of the strata, with their included auriferous quartz veins, in Newfoundland to those of Nova Scotia, will occur to any one who has visited the two countries, and studied ♦ American Journal of Science, May, 1881. I 128 ASBESTOS. M «' i I their geological features, and I venture to say that the des- cription given of the latter country might, in many respects, equally apply to the former ; although the auriferous countiy of Nova Scotia is supposed to be of Lower Silurian age ; whilst that of Newfoundland is undoubtedly unconformably below the Primordial.* Gold has been found in many parts of this series, and asbestos also in the serpentine rocks of Newfoundland. The distribution of these latter is a matter of great importance to those interested in the discovery of metalliferous ores as well as of asbestos ; the formation of which they are a part is largely developed in various parts of the island, and there is good reason to believe that, in course of time, the latter wiU become a great field of mining industry. One day a friend of mine, while out shooting on the island, had to cross a mountain stream near the shore, and in passing over, saw a long- fibred white substance swaging about in the water, which he took for some kind of vegetation, but on })ulling it out it proved to be asbestos. And on the banks of the stream he found it filling all the crevices in the rocks, which there and foi- some miles along the coast are .Jl magnesian. Some s})ecimens of the asbestos he gathered, and br night home with him to Eng. land. They were long, and Oi i fine white colour, in ap- pearance exactly resembling that found in the Pyrenees, but brittle, and consequently of little value. From the description of the place where it Avas found there would aj)pear to be little doubt that a seam of asbestos exists in the locality which ■woidd i)ay for working. There are lai'ge developments of seipcntine on other parts of the island, asbestos also being found in many places, notably on the north side of Hare Bay and between that place and Pistolet Bay. Some considerable extent of asbestos-bearing serpentine also occurs on the west side of the island ; likewise at York Harbour, in the Bay of Islands, and running from the north arm of that bay tc Bonne Bay. * " Geological Sm-V'jy of Newfoundland, 1880." ^rS& y that the cles- many respects, iferous country Sihirian age ; unconformably lib series, and undland. The importance to LIS oi'es as well arc a part is I, and there is the latter wid joting on the tlic shore, and tance swaying ome kind of o be asbestos. und it filling and foi" some specimens of 1 him to Kng. colour, in ap- Pyrenees, but :he description ear to be little locality which »n other parts [)laces, notably hat place and bestos-boaring and ; likewise running from iO." 'l MOUNTAIN WOOD, Helgeland, Norway. NEVVFOUNDT,AND AND NORWAY. 129 *^r h f %/. ')> At Tilt Cove great masses of serpentine and steatite occur, the magnesian rocks in that district being permeated through- out by magnetic and chromic iron in grains and crystals. In front of this, and overlying the mineralized lands, are masses of a hard, grey diorite, containing epidote in strings and patches. This is succeeded on the north-we^t by the great body of ser- pentine of the Castle Kock depression. A very soft and shaly serpentine containing asbestos is found here, the veins aver- aging at the surface a quarter of an inch in width. On the Avest side of Tickle Harbour, north of Long Eeach, is a group of altered rocks consisting of purple and variegated slates associated with serpentine and steatite, the veins of asbestos being intersected with layers of yellowish quartzite. There is also a large development of picrolite towards the top of Sitdown Hill, Avhich runs through the rocks and breaks out in long fibrous crystals, the surfaces of which are some- times oi)a]escent. Seams of asbestos are also frequent here ; indeed it is manifest that there is abundance on the island, which is ripe for exploration. Norway. ♦i Norway is one of the oldest regions of Europe. A great part of it bears evidence of having been raised above the ocean level at a very remote period. Comparatively speaking, no other country exhibits such extensive areas of those primary or palneozoic rocks which form so large a part of the oldest crust of the earth. The physical features of the whole of the Scandinavian peninsula are of a striking character. A chain of mountains runs from north to south nearly its entire length, Avhich in a considerable part of its course forms the divide between Sweden and Norway. ?sine-tenths oi this latter country are of a bold, mountainous character, the v illeys being mere rents i)r chasms, sometim(!s not more than a hundred feet wide, at the bottom of which runs a fjord, or a river winds its )RWAY. 130 ASBESTOS. tortuous course as it rushes down to the sea, the enclosing mountains rising up in grim and bare sterility to an occasional height of about 4,000 feet. So strange, indeed, is the con- formation of the country that Victor Hugo could only liken it to the skeleton of a great fish. Such a country as this is specially favourable for deposits of the economic minerals. Granite, which is not generally favourable to asbestos, occurs everywhere ; serpentine, nevertheless, abounds there as well as throughout the whole of Scandinavia. It occurs in massive form at Fahlun in Sweden, and crystallized massive at Snarura and many other parts of Norway, especially in the south. Precious serpentine occurs at Fahlun and Gulsjo, as well as a soft earthy variety, somewhat like meerschaum, with consider- able quantities of picrolite. Amphibole is an essential constituent of such rocks as syenite, diorite, and greenstone, and asbestos is frequently found associated with the greenish apatite rocks of South Norway, at Arendal, Snarum, and other places, where rutile, actinolite, chlorite, and epidote also occur. It is also found at Sundmoer, and a pseudo-chrysotile also occurs which has the following composition : — Silica 42-92 Alumina ....... "87 FiuTic oxide ...... 2-28 Magnesia ....... 41 '66 Water 12-02 99-75 There can be no doubt of the valuable character of this mineral ; but, as a rule, most of the asbestos hitherto brought from Norway is coarse and hard, resembling mountain wood, mountain cork, and leather ; in the limestone especially it partakes of the latter character. The whole of Norway has the appearance of a mighty upheaval of the primitive rocks, granite, gneiss, and syenite especially, varied, particularly on the coast line and along the fjords, by patches, in some cases miles in length, of serpentine and hornblende. NEWFOUNDLAND AND NORWAY. lai the enclosing an occasional 3d, is the con- mid only liken ntry as this is 3 minerals, isbestos, occurs there as well as virs in massive sive at Snarum in the south, ijo, as well as a , with consider- such rocks as s is frequently rocks of South !S, where rutile, is also found at •s which has the , 42 •92 •87 2-28 . 41-66 . 12-02 99-7rj character of this hitherto brought mountain wood, :one especially it 6 of Norway has 1 primitive rocks, d, particularly on les, in some cases B. A variety of crocidolite is found at Stavern, which bears some resemblance to the African species. At Hclgeland, on one of the fjords, further to the north- west, beyond Trondheim, the serpentine, varied by masses of hornblende, runs for something like three miles in a heaped- up mammillated form, until suddenly cut off" by a great up- heaval of granite. Here, as might be expected, there is ybun- dance of asbestos. That lying near the surface is of the usual Norske character — coarse and woody. Eight or ten small openings have been made between the boulders of serpentine and a few tons got out, which was sent to London and con- verted into cement, paint, and used up for other purposes to which pulverised asbestos is adapted. This was got out, shipped and delivered in London at something less than £Q per ton, at which price any quantity could oe sold ; the cost of extraction, transport, and delivery being about £3 10s. A better quality, but still also partaking of the nature of mountain cork, occurs here and in the limestone region on the opposite side of the fjord. Still, with the fact before us of asbestos of fine quality occurring in this neighbourhood, we are fully warranted in expecting that when the time comes for exploration, the coarse, woody variety, supposed to be charac- teristic of the country, will be found to be merely the surface deposits, and that richer stores are to be had for searching, whilst even these inferior ones would well pay for working. In the Report of the Royal Commission on the Mineral Resources of Ontario (1890) it is mentioned that Mr. Willimott has enumerated 61 species of minerals as distributed in the Upper Laurentian rocks of that Province ; and these, almost without exception, are to be found in rocks of a similar char- acter in Norway. Among these granite is everywhere con- spicuous, in association with syenite, which abounds in zircon : pegmatite or graphic granite occurring in veins. In the north gabbro, greenstone, and granite are found among the eruptive rocks, whilst in central Norway the formation is mostly ov(m- laid with clay slates and quartz. I 14\ I m ^ ! I ill CHAPTER VIII. THE USES OF ASBESTOS: APPLICATION TO ENGIXEERiyO PURPOSES. Early Experiments — Causes of Failure — Packing-s — Boiler Coverings — Fire-folt— Firo-folt Avith Supcrator Covering — Cemenv — Asbesto- Sponge — Joints of Hot-air Pipes. At.though many of tlie valuable properties of asbestos have been known, as we have already seen, for thousands of years, we are only now concerned with it in its modern adaptation to the industrial arts and practical mechanics. Its use, in this respect, dates from but a few years ago ; nor can the first at- temi)ts to render it available be even then looked upon other- wise than as experiments, which were most ly of an unsuccess- ful character. One of the main causes of this failure was that the varied and dissimilar peculiarities of the different varieties were not, at that time, properly appreciated ; nor was the requi- site attention given to diH'erences of composition. Even now, the economic value of the greater nund)er of species is so far unknown that no use can be made of them ; but as we know that there is nothing, in or under the earth, which cannot be made available for man's use, we may confidently expect that the rich deposits known to exist in various parts of the woild, in America, in Africa and Sei'via especially', will presently be utilized. At this moment scaicely any but the fine silky and tenacious fibres of Italy and Canada find practical application ; and as the value of these, for an infinite variety of purposes, day by day becomes more perceptible, the demand for them as rai)idly increases, to a degree, so far as Canada is concerned, I THE USES OF ASBESTOS. 133 GIXEEliI2fG T Covering's — 111 — Asbesto- bestos have is of years, laptation to use, in this the first at- upon othcr- i unsuccess- re was tliat nt varieties s the requi- Even now, 3s is so far s we know I cannot be Jxpect that the world, ^esently be ! silky and )pIication ; purposes, or them as concerned, v. certainly far beyond the rate of supply. We can, therefore, only anticipate that these special varieties will become more and more valuable, until cither fresh mines are discovered or means are found for bringing some of the, at present, unused varieties into competition with them for some at least of the commoner purposes to which they are applied. The earliest modern a|)plication of the fibre to engineering purposes was the manufacture of an improved packing. This, at first, was mostly in the shape of millboard, but the various modifications of this special manufacture now in demand are so many that it would be useless to attempt to enumerate them here. It may be, however, that a general mention of some few of those Asbestos Wick and Braided Packings. Chalmers- Spence Company, New York. now in use in steam, hydraulic and electrical machinery may not be considered out of place. The utility of asbestos for such purposes as these, like that of every other material so used, depends a great deal upon its freedom from impurity. When the manufacture was first commenced, it was frequently found that the fibres were more or less charged with minute particles of pyrites, of magnetite, or other metallic impurity, Avhich caused the piston-rods to be scored by the packing, and the damage thus occasioned was at first erroneously attributed to the action of the asbestos itself rather than to the impurities contained in it. As soon, however, as the real cause of this was properly appreciated, it became necessary, in order to pre- vent it, not only to select the most suitable kind of asbestos I 'ill; i 2' 134 ASBESTOS. for this special purpose, but also to thoroughly cleanse it from all gritty matter before 8])inning ; and in order ett'ectually to accomplish this object, special machinery bad to be devised, but as soon as this was done the yarn produced was pure and capable of being woven into any kind of fal)ric. Whatever the material may be which is used for this j)ur- pose, it is a matter of the first necessity that, under the action of steam or heat, it shall not become hard in the gland ; and its nature must be such that it shall remain unaltered, however high the pressure, or fast the steam, to which it maybe subjected. The native qualities of asbestos admirably adapt it for such purposes as these, its inherent lubricity rendering it additionally valuable ; and by its use a perfectly j)ure i)acking can now be produced, through which the rod slides with a minimum of friction. Another great jtoint is that it does not recjuire fre- quent renewing ; regulai'ity in the motion of the piston is preserved and all the machinery connected with it runs with perfect smoothness, its elastic nature keeping the joints tight, longer than any other kind manufactured. Sometimes, it is true, more is claimed for these packings than they can accomplish, it being occasionally asserted that their self-lubricating qualities enable them to be used without oil. This is not so; they re((uire a plentiful supply of oil and very careful attention as well : but these being given, they will last from five to ten times longer than any packing now in use. They possess many advantages over rubber, their weight is less, they last longer, and one half the thickness will generally suffice. The various i)ackings, in all the ordinary forms, made by the United Asbestos Company, of London, are too well known to need description here, and their Victor metallic packings are used wherever such goods are required. As a special method of utilizing asbestos for ^jacking, "East- man's Asbestallicon " may be mentioned ; and the combined asbestos and metallic packing of Messrs. Witty & Wyatt is also well spoken of. In this, soft metallic rings, of two forms are made, in two or three segments, with an asbestos ring attached i 1 ioanse it from eflectually to ^ l>o devised, >v'as ])Tiie and for this j)ur- er the action gland; and red, however )o sul)jected. t it fur such additionally ; ciin now be minimum of reijuire fre- lie piston is t runs with joints tight, 36 packings 5serted that ed without ' of oil and n, they will 'ig now in leir weight kness will made by 'ell known ckings are 'g, "East- tiombined att is also orms are attached THE USES OF ASHESTOS. 135 to the segments, this last being only severed in one place. The segments are thus held together, and are put in place so as to break joint; the metal and asbestos press together, and are sufficiently free to follow any irregularity in the form of the piston-rod, and still remain quite steam-tight. Dick's self-lubricating steam and hydraulic packing is made of native jute, which nearly approaches the texture of silk ; each yarn, in the process of manufacture, being passed through Round Rope. Round Core. The "Duriflex." an asbestos compound, whereby a good all-round packing is formed. Cresswell's "Special Marine Asbestos Packing" is manu- factured for use in ocean-going steamers, fitted with triple- expansion engines, running at great and continuous speed. The " DuriHex," of Messrs. Moscley t'fe Sons, Manchester, is constructed of wire gauze and asbestos, so contrived as to combine the durability of a metallic with the flexibility of a l i If l-l, "^ai L ■^( 136 ASBESTOS. fibrous packing, and this either with or without an in(liurul)hcr core, as shown on the previous page. The wire gauze is pro- pared, bcfoi'e insertion, by cutting or corrugating it diagonally, and then placing it between the layers of fibrous material with the corrugations diagonally arranged. By this means tlio rigidity of the wire gauze is entirely destroyed, and the ])ack- ing has practically as great flexibility as one made entirely of fibrous material. The "Manhattan," of the Manhattan Packing Company, New York, is a j)lumbago packing designed to prevent groov- ing and cutting. It is formed of a braided strip, eitlicT with or without a rubber centre, filled with fine floated })lunibago, and with an oil of very high fire test, which cannot char or ignite, and is free from acids. It is sj)e- cially useful in steam hammers, where it is desirable to avoid a leakage of steam or water, or on rotary bleach boilers. As a j)acking for steam cocks, the use of asbestos is well-nigh universal for high-pressure fit- tings, the great heat of the steam speedily destioying any packing made from hemp ; but as the joint in this case is made between a metal surface and one of asbestos, sutHcient room is retpiired to be left between the plug and the shell to allow for expan- sion. Dewrancc's asbestos-packed cocks are too well known to engineers to need more than reference. A durable joint can be made between rough cast-iron sur- faces by the use of asbestos mixed with sufficient white lead to make a stiff putty. The various coverings designed for the protection of boilers and pipes, for the preservation of the contained heat, and for the economy of fuel are S})ecially numerous. Asbestos j)rac- tically contains in itself every requisite for a perfect non- The " Manhiittan." tA 1 THE USES OF ASBESTOS. 137 conducting covering, and consequently the most satisfactory results are obtained by using it in this way, in its ])Uic and fibrous form, without any admixture of foreign material. One of the largest and most enterprising firms of asbestos maiui- facturers in the United States, the Chalmers-Spence Company of New York, has given to this department of manufacture considerable attention, and has designed a material for the purj)ose which they tci'm Fire-Felt. In their construction of this covering, the mineral fibres are formed into cylinders, l)locks, and sheets, according to the shape and size of the sur- faces to be covered ; and these being light in weight (1 lb. to the square foot, 1 inch thick), flexible, and easily handled, can Fire-Felt. The Chiilmers-Spenee Company. be readily adajited to a surface of any shape ; whilst, being strong and tough on the exterior, and s})ongy and felt-like on the inner layei', they form a highly non-conducting material. When tested with any of the various com])osition covei'ings produced, the su])eriority of the pure and fibrous asbestos, in this form, is quickly seen. It gives better non-conducting results, and possesses a guarantee of durability impossible to be otherwise obtained, inasmuch as it cannot char or burn out, ])ecause there are no organic or })erisha1)le materials included in its make-up. Another form of this material is shown in the same firm's " Patent Roll Fire-Felt," which is made in rolls of about :\ feet in width, and of any required thickness. This is specially 1 I I 1 ill r 138 ASHESTOS. useful as a non-conducting fireproof lining niulcr other cover- ings, or as a covering by itself, where great thickness is not desired, as in most kinds of steam-pipe woik. In length each roll contains about 300 squaie feet. Higli jtressui-e being now the rule, seldom less than 80 or 90 lbs. which means a body of heat of 300'^ Fahr., or over, contained in one (piarter-inch thickness of iron, and lapidly conducting through the iron, it is of primary importance to i)revent this heat from escaping, Patout Roll Fire-Felt. The Chalmers -Spence Comjiauy. not only when tlie covering is first ap})lie(l, but also during a term of years, and this recjuires a material of high non-con- ducting powers and great durability. Fire-felt possesses these qualities in an eminent degree, as it is free from any ingredients that will cause it to disintegrate under heat or deteriorate through use. Its mode of applica- tion to house furnace pipes is shown in the diagiam above. A special boiler covering, manufactured by the same firm. THE rSES OF ASni:ST()S. 1 .'{0 iiiid supplied by them uiidei' contract for several of the ('iiitfd States (Joveiiiment warships, is in the form of a (|uiltin<;. These quiltings weigh about 2 lbs, j)er s(|uare foot, and can be removed without ditticulty when re(|uired. The same firm also manufacture removable pipe coverings; some of these arc made exclusively of pure asbestos fibre, and others of asbestos I'litfut ivcmoviilJc Covering-. combined with other materials, according to whether high or low pressure steam is used, or whether it be for the preserva- tion of cold-water pij)es from freezing. These coverings are made in sections of three-foot lengths, of the exact size of the pipe to be covered, the asbestos fibres in the covering being so interlaced that the sections, whilst l» Mi non-con- Fire-Felt with Cauvas Flap. combining strength with flexibility, afford so large a number of air-cells as to give this covering a very high non-conducting ([uality, whilst it is not liable to char or be otherwise injured by the most intense heat. It is occasionally found advisable to provide a heavy inner layer of asbestos fibre, with an outer layer of hair felt ; but if a layer of asbestos fibre be substituted f ! \ ■ .r^ i i tl \ 140 ASBESTOS. for the hair felt, greater durability is ensured. In which- ever way the fibre is used, it is enclosed in a strong case or wrapper of non-porous sheathing, the inner section of which has a lining of asbestos to kccj) it from direct contact with the iron. This patent Firc-fclt is also furnished with a canvas flap cover, and when the ])ipes are to be used in wet places, out of doors, or in nines, a special class of "Superator" jacket is provided, thus : Fire-Felt witli Sui)eratc»r Jacket. ■V ' mi I; I, I' The material wliich the patentee calls " Superator " is another s})eciality of the same house. This is a tiexibh! sheet of asbestos, sti'engthened by an insertion of wire -netting. It is made of mineral substances only (mainly asbestos), with an admixture of some insoluble chemical ingredients, the asbestos rendering the jacket fireproof, and the wire netting giving it the necessary strength. The material of which the Superator is made is waterproofed by a patent process, and will conse(]uently resist any degree of moisture, thus forming a substantial protection to the covering. Superator is also tised for roofing purposes, sheathing wooden structures exposed to the weather or to sparks, ti'c. Asbestos cement is also very largely used for covering boilers, steam-pijjes, h(>t-l)last furnaces, and stills. This is made of pulverized asbestos, for which the inferior ([ualities will answer sufficiently well, it is worked up to about the con- sistency of mortar, and s{)read over the surfaces to be covered in precisely the same manner, with a trowel. In place of this cement, the ('luUmcrs-Sj)ence Company propose a substitution of sheet Fire-felt with Superator jacket, thus : fi j ! THE USES OF ASBESTOS. I 141 Sheet Fiv(3-Felt with Superator Jacket. Where the cement is preferred, in the preparation of it certain chemical ingredients have to be added which, while not injurious to the metal, cause the asbestos to adhere firmly to the i)lates, so that when dry it becomes quite hard and can be walked over without being injured. With a boiler carrying say 80 lbs. steam pressure, the a]>[ilication of from 1^ to 2 inches of this composition so vrell retains the heat in the boiler that a thermometer with the bull> held close to the outer sur- face of the covering will not indicate more than 80° to 85° Fahr., and wiien the boilers, steam-pipes, &c., are covered in this manner, a large saving of fuel is effected, as it is said, eqnivalent to 33 per cent. The non-conducting power of asbestos is twice as great as that of hair felt, which is believed to come noxt to it in value, but is soon destroyed l>y heat. When the steam pressure is not unusually high, one inch in thickness of the cement is sufficient ; but the additional cost of an extra half-inch is amply compensated for by the larger pro- portionate saving of tuol and })ower efliected by its use. The cement, M-hich is :nade from a cheap ((uality of asbestos, is now in common use in Canada and the States, where, as already shown, it is found to operate with a twofold effect, viz., by lowering the tcnperature of the boiler-house, to the great comfort of the engineers and firemen, and also, in a very marked degree, economising the expenditure for fuel. Unpro- tected pipes require a greater sui)[)ly of fuel, and mean more wear and tear on grate bars, boilers, &c. ; while in order to ii I ' y Wa\ 142 ASBESTOS. convey steam any distance through unprotected pipes requires a much larger pipe to furnish the requisite power. It seems strange that the use of asbestos in this country, in this way, has as yet made so little headway. In one of the palatial buildings recently erected in Lt)ndon, where engines are required to be in constant work for pumping water for working the lifts and for general purposes, as well as for the dynamos, the heat from the boilers forms so great a nuisance, and occasions so much loss in other ways, that very consider- able expense was lately about to be incurred with a view to lowering the temperature. When conversing with an expeit, who had been sent for to devise a remedy for this, I asked whether the use of asbestos would not effect the desired object. Certainly it would, he replied, but it is too expensive. In apj)lying the cement the best results are obtained when it is puc on with an air spa(^e left, as shown thus : (Juiiieut, vvilli Aii'-,spafi,' lii'L. This is another patent of the Chalmers-Spence Company. A network of lathing or wire cloth is formed round the boiler or pipes, at a distance therefrom of about an inch. On this framework the cement is ap])lied, the material keying through the meshes of the wire, and thus obtaining a greater hold and consequently greater durability than if it were nplied direct to the iron. An asl)estos cement felting is also manufactured in New York, for use in the same way as the ordinary asbestos cement. This is composed ot fibrous asbestos, an.l a cementing com pound forming a light porous covering, which is applied ir; much the same way. THE USES OF ASBESTOS. 143 mpany. l)oilor ni this It oiigh >l(l and direct g com ilied V.I Another material is a substance called asbesto-sponge. Re- cognising that in all non-conductors the manufacturer's endea- vour is to provide as large a number of air cells in a given space as possible, the patentee considers that sponge, Avhich is composed of fine, flexible, tenacious fibres, interwoven in the form of cells and meshes, constitutes the ideal structure of a perfect non-conductor. The tintack-like barbs of the sponge are so interwoven, in asbesto-sponge, with the fine, silky fil)res of asbestos as to form an elastic, highly porous material, of so light a character that a barrelful in the form of filling will barely weigh HO lbs., and this with so small a percentage of sponge that the material is practically fireproof. In making the joints of hot-air j)ipes for blast furnaces, which are necessarily exposed to an exceedingly high tempera- ture, asbestos in the form of a cord has been found very serviceable ; the jointing piece consisting of an iron ling, wrapped round with cord, which is simply j)ut in place and nipped between the two flanges. Previously to the manufac- ture of asbestos cord these rings were wra])pcd round with yarn, which gave incessant trouble. A new material of a composite nature which tlie patentee calls " Randalite," is prepared and sold by Messrs. S. Minns & Co., of Trafalgar Road, Dalston, as an improved Millboard for washers, packing, &c. This is waterproof, incorrodible, and unaffected by heat, cold, or grease. It is sold in sheets at 8d. per lb. It is by no means to be said that all the varied applications of asbestos to engineering purposes have here been noted, but merely a selection of some of the most prominent. Indeed, it would be difficult to say for what special engineering purpose asbestos cannot be made availalde ; an enlargement on this head wouhl probably be con idered of too technical a character to be of general interest, and enough has doubtless been said to show the great impoitance of the mineral in an engineering point of view. * 'T^^' :-1 ::::.:ail^.il!-'J^";'W.'ffS,''jfaBg^ l<^ '!! I CHAPTER IX. ArrUCATIOKS OF ASBESTOS TO MILITARY AXD FIRE I'REVEXTIVE FUIiFOSES. Bio Guns — Miners' Safety Lamps — Torpedoes — Time Fuse? — Dynamite Shells — Ironclads — Military Aeronautics — Safes and Deed Boxes — Carriage of Explosives— Lint —Building Operations- — Baches — Theatrical Curtains — Protection Shields — Fires in Theatres — Captain Shaw's Book— A Yankee Yarn — Fire Kings — Firemen's Clothing — Appareil Aldiui — Bamum's Show. The bearings of asbestos on matters connected with the art of scientific warfare are numerous and important. W* have the authority of Sir Frederick Abel for stating that asbestos is as effectual Avhcn used for closing the breeches of big guns so as to prevent the passage of gas, as it is for ensuring safety (in a more peaceful application) in the same way for miners' lamps. In these last it was for a long time found very difficult to get a good joint between the metallic and the glass parts of the safety -lamp, and a great many difi'erent materials were tried for filling these joints in such a way that air should not be able to pass through. In many cases the air was contaminated with a certain amount of gaseous material which would be likely to render the whole explosive, and if this got through the joint between the glass and the metal, there would be very serious risk of explosion. A great number of substances were tried but found unsatisfactory, and after some hundreds of experiments had been made by Sir Frederick Abel and Sir Warington Smyth, with asbestos washers, these were ultimately found to maintain their condition most admirably. With regard to closing the breeches of big guns, we are -JlltWiEfBiMiX' ilM -mt of the re tried not be [iiiiuited )idd be 'irough ould be )stances mdrcds Lind Sir imutely we are ArPLlCATlON TO MILITAIIY AND OTllKR TUUPOSES. 145 informed, also on the authority of Sir Frederick Abel, that the only contrivance which could be called an approach to a perfect ai'rangcnient, was one devised by a French artillery officer, M. iJubange, which consisted of a kind of pad of asbestos fibre attached to the breechdoading arrangement. This, from its mineral nature, was ncarl}"^ indestructible, and conso(|uently lasted without material deterioration for a great length of time, notwithstanding that it was subjecteil to the enormous })ressures which are now developed in the bores of very heavy guns. In connection with Whitehead torpedoes, we learn, from the same authority, that in these and other similar receptacles, within which chargcis of wet gun-cotton are enclosed, the use of asbestos is found to overcome a great difficulty. The vessels containing the damp cotton have to be soldered, in order to keep them perfectly air-tight, and thus prevent the water from escaping; and in order to do this with anything approaching safety the space between the gun-cotton and the metal sur- faces Avhich have to be soldered were formerly iilled with damp felt wads or discs. This seemed to answer the jnupose, but it was found after they had been stored for some time that the etlect of the moistur-e on the felt was to cause it to undergo a kind of decay oi termentation, resulting in the formation of gas to such an extent that the vessels were distended, and threateneil to burst, and sometimes actually did burst with considerable violence. Asbestos millboard was substituted foi' the felt, and the difHculty and danger were then removed ; gas was no longer evolved, whilst the operation of soldering could be performed with safety, the material remaining perfectly unaltered. In the manufacture of time-fuzes, again, asbestos washers are found most valuable. Washers of indiarubber and wash- leather ^^ere formei'ly used, but these in time l)ecanio hanl, and acted oji the metal surfaces with which they came in con- tact in such a manne?' as to cement them together, instead of keeping them mobile, and it was not until the introduction of asbestos washers that ditHculties, in connection with the proper III I 146 ASBESTOS. action of these ingenious contrivances for the explosion of shells in a given time after their discharge, were removed.'"' Experiments recently made with dynamite shells have re- vealed certain defects in their construction which have been overcome by the use of asbestos, and this terrible engine of warfare has been thereby in a great measure perfected. One of the uses to which asbestos has been proposed to be applied in connection with warfare is as a coating for iron- clads. It was alleged by the inventor of the process that if asbestos were packed between the armour-plates it would arrest, or certainly minimise, the inflow of water after the penetration of a ship's side below the water-line. This has already been tried by the Admiralty, and an interesting account of the trial may be found in the Arnnj and Navy Gazette Supplement (August, 1887). Although this first trial was decided to have been very successful, it docs not seem to have been followed up ; but should further experiments in this direction confirm its success, it is obvious that confidence would be raised in our fighting slii])s, by practically insuring them from becoming waterlogged in action. Some of the uses to which asbestos is proposed to be applied are suihcientl}^ astonishing. Wlio, for instance, could have imagined that a substance of such specific gravity as crude asbestos could have been manufactiu-ed into a cloth, available for aeronautical purposes, in which absence of weight is of such primary importance '\ Yet here it appears to be the one thing wanting to give success to that despair of aeronauts, military ballooning. Many years have nov/ passed since scientific mili- tary men first turned their attention to aeronautics, and it is long since the War Department of the Government first authorized experiments to be made, with the view of utilising balloons in wai-fare ; 3et, notwithstanding all the time and money which has been expended, the result in the way of practical success has been actually nil. No use of balloons was made even in the late Egyptian campaign, which is sufti- H * Jour, Soc.Arts., No. 1743. ■t 1 [ ArPLICATIOX TO MILITARY AND OTHER PURPOSES. 1 17 lismg iind ly of loOIls suffi- cient to show that, so recently as tliat, English military men }iad no great faith in thei: availability. The (litiiculties to be encountered in this direction are doubt- less sufficiently formidable. Gas, it is clear, could not be carried into a hostile country or into remote and nearly in- accessible districts. Even if i)rocurable at all, near the battle- field, it could oidy be obtained by a long and difHcult process of generation, at the very time when speed and sinifjlicity would be the main factors of success. Gas, therefore, being practically out of the (picstion, it seems to have occurred to Mr. Spencer, the well-known balloon manufacturer, that it would be better to revert to the original conception of Mont- gollier. The old-fashioned fire-ball, which accpiired its power of ascension from rarefied air, produced by burning straw or something similar, was of course of far too dangerous a char- acter, and had been ]:)roductive of too many fatal accidents. It was necessary, therefore, to construct a balloon of some uninflammable material, and with the assistance of his friend, Mr. Fisher, the General Manager and Secretary of the United Asbestos Comi)any of London, Mr. Spencer ultimately suc- ceeded in so doing. A balloon was constructed, the wliole of the lower part of which was formed of tine asbestos cloth, the remainder being of canvas, covered with a fire- proof solution. A trial took place in the grounds of the Welsh Harp, at Hendon, which was afterwards rej)eated at Chatham, under the inspection of the Koyal Engineers' Com- mittee, aiul on both occasions with success. The experi- mental balloon, about 30 feet high, was susj)endcd between two ui)rights, from Aviiich it hung down like a limp rag. It was of a cylindrical shape, having a deep zone at the equator, and a containing capacity of about 30,000 feet. A copper s])irit lam]) was attached to the neck, aiid no sooner was a light put to the spirit than the inflation commenced, the balloon being fully distended in a space of about five minutes. These trials have since been successfully continued in India, and the Russian Government has adopted the balloons for use in their army. 'I 1 14S ASMESTOS. The immense advantiige gained, by this method of inflation, over the tedious and diliicult process of inflation by gas is sut- ficiently obvious, whilst it is at the same time apparent that the quantity of spirit requisite for an endless number of ascents could be carried about with the greatest facility. Another advantage is that, whilst the large volume of gas required for an ordinary balloon is in itself both deleterious and a source of danger, the rarefied air in the new fireproof balloon is perfectly innocuous. The balloon can be raised or lowered at will simply by turning the lamp a little up or down. In further continuance of this part of the subject, that is, the api)lication of asbestos to matters connected W'ith warfare, the particulars of a very interesting experiment, which may have an important bearing on the carriage of exi)losive mate- rial in time of Avar, was given by Mr. Boyd, *"he late Manager of the United Asbestos Company's works at Harefield, in the paper"**" before i-eferrcd to. He was alluding to the value of asbestos millboard as a lining for fireproof cases and deed- boxes, so as to convert them into portable fireproof safes. The matter, he said, was put to a })ractical test thus : two iron rails were supported on brickwork at a height of about eighteen inches from the ground, and underneath them a strong fire of wood shavings and chips was made, and when this had well burnt up, a deed-box filled with })apers was pushed along the rails to the centre of the fire, where it was completely enveloped in the flames, remaining there for a sj)ace of twenty minutes. On the box being withdrawn it unlocked easily, and the j)apers were found in perfect preservation, being neither charred nor discoloured. On seeing this rcstdt, one of the gentlemen present asked if the boxes could not be used for transj)orting gunpowder, or other explosive substances. A (piarter of a })ound of powder was then put in a small bag, and placed inside another box, which was pushed along the rails into the centre of the fire, to which fresh fuel had been added ; and after the box had been exposed to the fire for twenty minutes the question natu- * Jour. Soc. Alls, No. 1743. m n IS, ill the lue of tleed- Tho rails itcen fire of well J the iped lutes. APPLICATION TO MILITARY AND OTIIKR rURPOSKS. 119 rally arose how was it to he got off again 1 Mr. Boyd himself j)erforined tiiat operation, by means of a long iron rod and hook, after which tlie box was again opened and the [)owder found intact. The ipiestion was then asked by some one pre- sent who M^as not yet satisfied, " Why have the powder in a bag ? Let it be laid on the bottom of tlie box loose." This was done, and the fire ordeal repeated, again with the same result. The Socitite Frauraise des Amiantes, availing themselves of Mr. Boyd's idea, recently announced as one of their speciali- ties, the manufacture of baches, or awnings for military wag- gons. And the Chalmers-Spence Comi)any have also secured a large contract for the supply of mail-l)ags made of asbestos cloth. As yet another instance of its applicaliility to purposes con- nected with M'arfare, it may be interesting to mention that I have lately seen it stated that the til)re would be of great value for use as lint in hospitals and on the b:)<^*le-field. Of the intrinsic value of asbestos in this form I am unable to speak, having no knowledge of the mode in which its non-absorbent cliaracter is proposed to be overcome ; but if it be a fact that it can be so used, in favourable comparison with the best lint, as stated, it is certain that its imperishable qualit}' would be of great advantage, seeing; that it could be used oAcr and over again, only needing purification by fire after each time of using. Although, as has been recently remarked by the editor of the " Eiujlneer" Ave may never reach the time when our under- garments shall be purified by fire, instead of by the laundress's art; yet, short of this, many uses now fulfilled by materials, the thorough cleansing of which cannot be secured without their destruction, may possibly be better served by asbestos. If we now turn from matters connected with warfare, to tiiose relating to man's })erpetual battle with fire, we shall find that here also asbestos stands him in c:ood stead. Chemists are constantly bringing iorward incombustible preparations of the various alkaline salts and other chemical combinations, cal- culated to render textile fabrics and other materials fireproof ; ''II 'I 150 ASUESTOS. i Imt most of these salts evaporate, and frequently damage the materials they are intended to preserve. It has, conse(|Ucntly, heen imperative to find a material capable of oj)j)()sing a no-^a- tive action to the persistently devouring element, and up to the |)iesent time no substance has been found so efficacious in this respect as asbestos. Probably its earliest use, for this purpose, in building opera- tions was in regard to roofing. The utilization in Canada of the non-fibrous variety of asbestos has already been noticed ; and we are informed by a New York manufacturer that the daily make at his works of a special fireproof coating for a roofing material exceeds two miles in length. In America, where asbestos is used far more largely thnn it is here, it is brought into use in a variety of ways for binlding purposes. In the building laws of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and other cities, special insistence is placed on its use, and very material and expensive alterations are sometimes required, by the authorities, to be made in the fittings of pul)lic buildings, in regard to its more extended use for the ])rotec- tion of the public. This is in many ways rendered compulsory on every one desirous of obtaining a licence, for the erection of a theatre, concert hall, library, or indeed any ])ublic build- ing of a similar character. So carefully framed are these laws in the city of New York that, in regard to such places as these it is enacted that " all the shelving and cuj)boards in each and every dressing-room, [)roperty-room, and other storage-rooms, shall be constructed of metal, slate, or some fireproof material. All stage scenery, curtains, and decorations, n\ad#. "cr-l e. (TI "% %'V •Pj / v'^ w^^ i->.. / o / Photographic Sciences Corporation 4^ V %< :\'^" \ <^ »\ 6^ ;^^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^5?- J£ ■■i 152 ASBESTOS. ' the clothj rendering the passage of smoke absolutely im- possible. Asbestos fireproof curtains are also in use in most of the theatres in America, and are there made a speciality of by the Chalmers-Spence Company, who furnish the curtains all ready to hang, made from the best quality of cloth and yarn, both manufactured from pure asbestos fibre. As further illustrating the great importance attached to the extended use of asbestos in New York, for the purpose of pre- venting the spread of conflagrations, a company was some time ago established there, with the object of extending the use cf asbestos in the shape of protection shields, either to be kept permanently fixed, or hung in such a way as to be capable of being promptly applied on sudden emergency. One of these shields was exhibited at a firemen's convention held at Rochester, New York. It consisted of a sheet of jnire asbestos cloth about 20 feet square, supported on an iron frame ; and for the purpose of testing it, a pile of pinewood, saturated with petroleum and tar, was built up on its windward side, and then fi.ed. The heat from this fire was so intense that spectators could not approach within 50 feet of it, on the exposed side ; on the side protected by the shield, the heat was so little felt that a construction of wood and glass placed close beside it suffered no injury at all. In France many of these shield curtains are now in use, and they are found to be as effectual in preventing asphyxiation, from the passage of the clouds of smoke, as in staying the spread of panic l)y a sight of the flames, which are not inter- cepted by the old-fashioned iron arrangements. The terrible calamity which happened some time ago at the Opera Comique in Paris, followed by that at Exeter, set men's minds running in the direction of providing greater security from fire in theatres. Several kinds of curtain, all involving the use of asbestos, wei'e then contrived, the motive power being so arranged as to fully guard against the destructive force of a too rapid or unexpected fall, such as happened at Toulon. It till ; ArPMcvnox to military and other purposes. 153 The curtain made for Terry's Theatre by the United Asbes- tos Company is similar to that made by them for the Queen's Theatre in Manchester, its special qualifications being light- ness, strength, and ease of manipulation. A special method of preventing the iron frame from " bulging " or altering its shape in case of fire, or sudden variations of temperature, is employed. By using weights not quite sufficient to counter- poise the curtain, the work of raising and lowering is very light. Combustible ropes may be employed, which, on being released by the action of fire or otherwise, Avill allow the cur- tain to descend of itself. Pockets ore provided to catch the counterbalance weight in case of the breakage of the chain, so as to pievent personal injury, and friction rollers are put on the balance weights to ensure their free action. Similar rollers are also fitted on the curtain frame, to give freedom of action in raising and lowering. The hmging of the lower pai't of the frame, so as to admit of its being raised to the top of the proscenium opening when there is not sufficient room for a curtain of the ordinary make to be raised above the proscenium opening, is a valuable addition. The asbestos clrtth is specially strengthened by a fine wire running through each asbestos strand, and is stretched across the whole of the framework, and fastened thereto by means of hoop iron and bolts. A double thickness of asbestos cloth may be used, if thought necessary, one thickness on each side of the framework, with an air space between. This was accepted on all hands as far superior to the old-fashioned iron portcullis, which was an absolute nuisance from the harsh grating sound it made Avhen wound slowly up or down. Queen's Theatre burned August, 1890. Mr. Henry Irving, in bringing to the notice of the public his proposals for a "New Safety Theatre," laid speciid stress on the necessity of shutting off the stage from the auditorium by means of an as'Dcstos curtain, so that in the event of fire, which generally originates on the stage, its perils should bo confined to itself ; with the further necessity of providing an outlet for the smoke, which is sometimes even more disastrous in its effects than the fli-raes. p \' m fii I 1. 1 ;'! 1 i H 11 sf ill li's H^ r$ ' iH ■ 1 : 1 ; 154 ASlJESrOS. Experiments were also about this time publicly made bj' Captain Heath to prove the fire-resisting qualities of a new curtain invented by him, the proceedings taking place within a specially-built hoarding, in Oxford Street, within which was erected a large model of the Drury Lane proscenium. The curtain in this case was made of asbestos and canvas, and was rolled on a block of wood placed underneath the front part of the stage. The sides of the model were made of iron plates and the front of wood. When certain catches wore released counterbalancing weights came into action, and the curtain was run rapidly up from below. On i-eaching the top, it pressed tightly and automatically against the back of the proscenium, turning on at the same time a supply of water from a perforated pipe, which ran along the whole length of the top of the curtain, so as to keep it constantly wet. The arrangement of the switch, for communicating action to the curtain, was such as to turn on the water and close tho curtain at the sides ab will. A very severe fire test was employed which was pronounced to be highly successful, the universal opinion of those present being that, in its construction, the curtain was as simple as it was effectual for the purpose intended. Another novelty in this line was shown to the public on the opening night of the " Jodrell Theatre." In order to show their desire of doing everything possible for the safety of the audience, the lessees exhibited, after the evening's perform- ance, a new " Niagara " or safety water curtain. On the droj) being raised, an illuminated sheet of water was seen to be descending from the flies, in such a way as completely to shut off the stage from the audience. Since then the Baquet Theatre in Oporto has come to the apparently natural end of all such structures, namely, by a fiery death. The calamity was caused by the wings catching fire from a gas jet, whereby the whole of tlie stage scenery was almost immediately afterwards enveloped in flames, the furious progress of which it was found impossil)lo to arrest. Hero, then, was a striking instance of a holocaust being caused by APPLICATION TO MILITARY AND OTHER PURPOSES. 155 the want of such a curtain as has been described ; for, had such a thing been available, the stage would have been at once shut off from the auditorium, and even if it had not been found possible to save the structure, the fire, at any rate, would have been localised for a sufficient length of ti:nc to have enabled the authorities to clear the building, and so have prevented the panic and horror which ensued. And again, the Communal Theatre at Amsterdam has also succumbed to the devouring element. Here, notwithstanding that, as is reported, the major portion of the scenery " ^vas painted with asbestos," everything was destroyed, including the costumes of the actors, and a library of 8,000 vciumes. It is worth while, perhaps, recording the foregoing, because there can be very little doul)t that something of this kind wdl presently be made compulsory even in England, for use in theatres and music-halls generally. From the course matters are now taking in the United States, there is little doubt that the use of asbestos, in some form or other, will be made compul- sory there for the shelvings and doors of public libraries and places for the custody of records, for shoathings between wooden floorings and below carpets, for hearthstones, for the linings of doors of elevators or lifts, for elevator shafts or stair- ways, and for the innumerable other places exposed to danger from flame or intense heat. The ease with which it can be applied, and the fact that it is absolutely impossible for flame to pass through it, makes it invaluable for purposes of this description. Where houses are constructed of wood, its rion- conducting properties are found very useful, as it makes the house cooler in summer and warmer in winter than any other kind of sheathing. In case of fire, in an adjoining house, it is quite possible the flames might destroy the outer covering ; but, even then, the frame and interior would be as safe as if built of stone. Before concluding this part of the subject, which is of such vital interest, it may 1)e mentioned, as showing the extreme importance of the su1)ject, that in Captain Shaw's book on " Fires in Theatres," a list is given of 112 theatres which had f. i' %i tl 156 ASHESTOS. been mber oth, 1887 188 Grand Theatre, Islington January, 1888 — Bolton Theatre .... January, 1888 — Varieties, Miulrid .... Januiiry, 1888 Tlieatre Royal, Blyth February, 1888 — Union Square Theatre, New York . February, 1888 — Music Hall, Leith .... March, 1888 Oporto Theatre .... March, 1888 160 Total • • • • 2,216 ,a.it iAti Arri-ICATION TO MILITARY AND OTHER PURrOSES. 157 It is calculated that tluring the past eleven years 2,0r)G per- sons, or a yearly average of 184, have perished through fires in theatres, without taking into account the number of lives lost through panics.* An extraordinary, or rather extreme, case of the use of as- bestos as a protection from flames, has been recently reported from Canada, an account of which appeared in the London AV/6' York Herald, 25th August, 1889, wliich I give as minuted, being in no way responsible for the statements made. It ap- pears that a gas well, at JIuthvan, having taken fire, the cap over the top of the pipe was so fixed that the escaping gas rushed out directly towards the ground, so as to make approach imi)ossible, and consecpiently also the removal of the cap. All around the well the ground became so baked and heated that when cooling was attempted by a stream from a fire-engine, the water Avent up in a cloud of steam before it touched the grovuul. In this emergency the owners of the well oflered a reward of $1,000 to any one who would remove the caj). A mining expert, named Miirvin, undertook the job, and after many attempts to reacli the well, made for himself a suit of asbestos clothing. In his first attempt, he had worn a heavy pair of cowhide boots, covered with wet cloths ; but, before he got to the flames, the cloth had dried and burned away, and his boots were half burned off. So great was his hurry to escape that he dropped his cutting contrivance, and was dis- m.ayed to see it get red hot before his eyes. For his next trial he wore a pair of rubber boots, and inside these thrust his feet wound round with wet rags. Over these he put a heavj' covering of asbestos. His asbestos coat was cone-shaped ; his arms, sticking out through two holes in the cone, were wound round with several thicknesses of wet cloth, covered with a heavy coating of asbestos. His contrivance for cutting the pipe consisted of a very long and sharp chisel, fastened at right angles to an iron stafl'. His assistant, robed like himself, carried o long iron bar, on which was fastened a small farrier's hammer. His first stroke missed the chisel, and after two * Jour. Soc. Arid, January, 1888, P \h 158 ASIJESTOS. ^J ! more unRUCcef3sful attempts he had to get out for air. Two hours afterwards, when he had recovered, lie made another attempt, and this time the roar of the well, which could be heard three miles oft', changed to a shrill Avhistle, and the cap blew oft' 100 feet into the air. Marvin, the narrator adds, was much scorched, but not injured so seriously as his assistant. He afterwards succeeded in fixing on another cap so as to shut oft' the flow of gas. Notwithstanding the Munchausen-like way in which this story is told, there seems to have been a substratum of truth in it. Similar feats have already been performed, to the astonishment of the multitude, by so-called fire-kings or human salamanders. M. Pouchet,* Director of the Museum of Natural History at Rouen, mentions a case which he witnessed himself at Cremorne Gardens, where the man walked for several minutes in a long tunnel of fire, which looked, he says, like the most formidable flaming furnace one could imagine. In this case the tunnel of fire was arranged in the form of a cross, with an opening at the end of each of its arms. This tunnel, formed of a solid trellis-work of iron, the rcof of which rose a little above the head of the performer, was covered with a heap of resinous wood. The man began his promenade beneath th''s at the time when the whole aff'air was a complete fur- nace, the flames of which rose to a considerable height, and the heat from which compelled the spectators to keep ao a con siderable distance from it. The garments of this incombustible being, M. Pouchet says, seemed to be of coarse cloth, and at the time when he entered the furnace they showed a ver- milion red, but when he came out for the first time, to the surprise of every one, they had become as white as snow. The head of the experimenter was protected by a thick helmet fur- nished with glass eyes, and he seemed to carry in the folds of his dress an apparatus for yielding fresh air, by means of which he breathed in the midst of a combustion so intense that one entirely lost sight of him. Surprising as this exhibition then was, we should have little doubt now in what way the per- * "The Universe," 3rd ed., p. 33. i APPLICATION TO MIMTATIY AND OTHER PURPOSES. LjO former was protected by liis skilfully made garments, from the lieat to which he was exposed in appearance only, and by which the cliange of colour is fully ex{)lained. The American Watch-Case Company, of Toronto, have their flooring })rotccted by an aslicstos covering, which recently saved their yjremises from destruction by fire. In connection with this part of the subject it may be added that various attempts have been made for the introduction of asbestos into the manufacture of lace curtains, dresses, &c., but I believe that the principal obstacle in the way of success, in this line, lies in the fact that in its present state, in the shape of curtains, for instance, it is found to be an obstinate holder of (hist. This objection will, no doubt, be presently got rid of ; and soon we may hope to have heard the last of those fearfid sceiies which have at times occurred from the firing of ladies' dresses at the footlights in theatres. In regard to accidents from the footlights by reason of the dancers' dresses coming into contact Avith gas, it might be sup- posed that, l)y the substitution of the electric light, this danger would be obviated ; but even the electric light, protected as the incandescence is, has its own especial source of danger, not the least singular of which may be noted in the following instance. At the Berlin Opera-House, mc of the dancers, having inadvertently a])i)roached too near to a switch-board, her dress touched some metal j)arts between which a differ- ence of potential existed. In the fabric of her dress metal threads had been interwoven which, bridging these metal parts, formed a short circuit and were heated by the current to such an extent as to set fire to the dress, whereby the dancer was much injured.* The Chevalier Aldini's idea has been revived in Paris, the firemen there having been furnished with asbestos clothes. Immediately after this was done, it was reported in the papers that, on a conflagration occurring in the basement of a buildinir there, the firemen ari'ived clad in their asbestos suits, and were thereby enabled to descend at once into the basement, * ''Industries,'" 2nd August, 1889. |: :i! IGO ASHESTOS. whoro they extinguished the fii-o in a very short time, and so f)rcvcnto(l what niiglit have })cen a great calamity. Tlio same course is now al)out to 1)0 taken in Knghind, and the London firemen are to })0 protected in a simihir manner ; and there can be little doubt that this course will presently bo universally adopted for the protection of the men engaged in saving life and property from destruction by fire. Nothing has yet been discovered that will equal asbestos for this pui'poso, as iv will neither burn nor smoiddcr, and is as imj)ervious to fir-e as well- made mackintosh is to water. In a recent num])er of the Canadinn Minhif/ licinew we arc informed that, in the museum attached to the offices of that journal, there is to be seen a complete suit of clothing from helmet to shoes, such as is used by the firemen of Paris, dressed in which a man can walk into the hottest flame with compara- tive impunity. This suit was made and presented to the museum by Mr. Edward Weitheim, of the American Asbestos Company, Black Lake, and of rrankfort-on-the-Maine,(lei'many. The following very interesting description of the '* Appareil Aldini " is taken, by his kind permission, from Cai)t. Eyre M. Shaw's recent work on "Fire Protection," in which he gives it as his opinion that it is rather a matter of scientific interest than of practical usefulness. " In certain cases,'' Capt. Shaw says, *' it may be imlispensable to traverse the flames in order to reach some particular spot, and it was for the purpose of preserving persons who find themselves in such circumstances that the Chevalier Aldini, an Italian physician, thought of the appaiatus which bears his name. " This preservative apparatus consists of two vestments, one composed of a thick tissue of asbestos (amianthus), or woollen stuff, made incombustible by means of a saline solution, the other of a metallic cloth of iron wire, covering the first gar- ment, and mounted with a helmet on the ujipcr pa/t. " A person enveloped in these two garments can withstand the action of flames for some minutes without experiencing any dangerous effects, for on the one hand the externid metallic tissue cools the flames, and on the other hand the internal ArPLICATION TO MILITARY AND OTIIKR PUKPOSES. IGl tissue transmits the heat very slowly, on account of the want of conductibility in the substances of which it is composed. " Aldini's apparatus dates at least from the year 1825, but notwithstanding the good results whioh it has shown in the numerous experiments to which it has been submitted, it has never been adopted to any considerable extent, either because the circumstances in which it could bo really of service are much too rare in compai . )n with the expense of its manufac- ture and maintenance, or because — as happens with a number of inventions — it ]»resented, in serious practice, considerable inconveniences, sucii as rarely occur in ex{)eriments for mere show, where everything is generally arranged for the success of the operation. " The following is an account of one of the experiments made in Paris in 1829, by some supenrs pompiers, or firemen, with Aldini's clothing on : — Two piles were erected of thin wood, covered with straw, ten yards long, two yards liigh, and distant from each other about a yard and a half ; two lateral 0})enings allowed the firemen to go out from the flames, if they were compelled to do so, and in other ways facilitated the experiment, which consisted in traversing half the length of the burning heap, going out by one of the lateral openings, and entering again by the opposite end, and then repeating the same experiment from the other side of thc^ heap. The four firemen who were to make this trial were clothed in tin; new garment of metallic tissue ; two carried besides a clothing of asbestos (amianthus) over a cloth garment, rendered incombus- tible by borax, alum, and phosphate of ammonia; the two others had a double clothing of prepared cloth ; each man had boots of asbestos, and under the foot a piece of cardboard of that substance ; and one of them carried on his back a child, ten years of age, whose head was enveloped in a helmet of asbestos. The firemen penetrated together into the interior of the double pile of flames, and, walking slowly, traversed it several times. At the end of sixty seconds the child enclosed in the basket cried out, so that the man who was carrying him was forced to retreat precipitately. They made haste to take M Ii i1. -' i;'1 162 ASBESTOS. out tho child, wlio had in no way suffered ; his sl\in was fresh, and his pulse, which beat 84 before tho experiment, was only 96 after it. He could, without any doubt, have remained much longer in this wrapping were it not for tho fear which seized him, and which was caused by one of t^ straps support- ing tho basket having slipped a little on the ^ihoulder of the tii'eman who carried it. The child, at the sight of the flames which roared below them, thought he had been thrown into them. A few minutes after he was as merry as usual, and felt vo uncomfortable sensation. The fireman who carried the child had before the experiment 92 pulsations a minute, and after it 116. The three others remained in the fiames two minutes and forty-four seconds, and came out without having experienced anything except a sharp heat. The pulsations were before 88, 84, and 72 a minute; and after, 153, 138, and 124 a minute. The flame was continually fed with straw thrown upon that which was burning. There was very soon formed an enclosure of fire, in which the firemen were shut up, and as a portion of the straw scattered on the ground threw up a flame which at times enveloped their legs, it was certain that the bodies of tho men were exposed to the direct action of the flames. At a distance of more than six yards from the focus of the fire, the heat was so intense that none of the numerous assembly could remain there. In other experiments the firemen were furnished with large shields, which they made use of to keep back the flames. It is obvious that such an apparatus as this could be of very little use for general work." In concluding this part of the subject it may be worth remarking that in Barnum's recent Exhibition in London of the destruction of Rome by fire, surprise was constantly expressed at the wonderfully realistic way in which such apparently substantial buildings, as those erected in the repre- sentation of the Eternal City, were nightly destroyed in tho conflagration. Here the whole secret lay in a liberal use of asbestos combined with skilful combination of chemical effects. u CHAPTER X. MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS OF ASBESTOS. i Cold Storage— Retention and Exclusion of Heat — Deck Cabins — Filtra- tion — Filter Papers— Water Filters— Filtration of Sewajjfo — Pipe Joints — Furnace and Kiln Linings — Crucibles — Gas Stoves— Open Fires — Fletcher's Stoves — The Leeds Stove — Plastic Stove Lining — Asbestos Paint — Insulation-Paper for Battery Plates — Gloves — Aprons — Stove Piping — Rope— Ladders — Rods in Dye-Houses — Lamp Wicks— Gas Shades — Wall Papers— Writing Paper — Cigarette Papers — Tobacco Paper — Pulp — Boards— Cork Soles — Moidds for Type — Silversmiths' and Jewellers' Moulds — Covering for Woodwork — Fireside Rugs. For cold storage buildings and refrigerating chambers, the non-conducting properties of asbestos render it simply invalu- able. For the preservation of meat, and all kinds of provisions brought from distant lands, specially-constructed ships con- taining the necessary refrigerating apparatus and chambers are in universal use ; and buildings of considerable size are in existence in all populous places. These are mostly under- ground in London, but in New York and elsewhere many buildings are specially erected for the purpose, and these mostly have double walls surrounding the cold chambers with some kind of non-conducting material between, by way of lining, for which asbestos is largely used. In order to show its value in the exclusion of heat, Mr. Boyd cites the case of a Channel steamer, the owners of which wished to have the boiler covered with asbestos composition. The engineer s berth, being quite close to the boiler, was un- pleasantly v/arm even in winter ; but, after the boiler had been p M Hi i I 1 1,' 164 ASBESTOS. covered in with an application of the composition, two inches thick, that functionary had a different talc to tell, the heat beinj:; so effectually confined to the boiler that the change made his l)erth unpleasantly cold. Again, in the case of the re- Iniilding of a seamen's floating chapel at Genoa, the old chapel, having been erected on the deck of a hulk, was found to be too expensive on account of the reparations frequently rendered necessary by the extremely high summer tempera- ture. It was desired that the new chapel should be built of iron ; but fears were expressed that, when exposed to the sum- mer's sun, the roof and sides would get so hot as to make the temperature inside unbearable. Mr. Boyd, therefore, sug- gested that the space between the outer skin and the inner boarding should be filled with pulverized asbestos. Accor- dingly, this sjoace, of about IJ inches, up the sides and over the ceiling, was tightly rammed with asbestos powder ; and the result was that, while the outside temperature stood at 100°, the insiile temperature, the doors and windows being kept shut, did not reach 70°, and was, therefore, in comparison, deliciously cool. Mr. Boyd consequently suggests that the deck cabins of steamers, passing through the Suez Canal, or navigating the Ked Sea, should, by similar means, be made more comfortable for the passengers. Probably this o])ject could be as easily attained by the use of " Su])erator," de- scribed in a previous chapter. In the beetroot sugar refineries of France, Germany, and Austria, fine asbestos cloth is in universal use for filterinu' the saccharine juices. It is used also in chemical laboratories for straining and filtering acids and alkalies, which Avould quickly destroy any ordinary filtering paper; and it is specially useful when the liquid to be filtered is of a caustic or strongly acid nature, or where it may be desirable that the filter, with residue, should be ignited without consuming the filter, or where the residuum is to be dissolved off the filter by acids or otiiei' solvents. Asbestos filter bags are better fitted for this purpose than those made of any other material, tliey last longer, retain the heat better, and are more easily purified. sug- MISCEM.ANEOUS APrLlCATIONS OF ASKESTOS. 165 In many cases a very finely-divided asbestos is desirable. This is accomplished by a process recently patented in Germany by Fr. Breyer, of Vienna. The asbestos is first coarsely ground, and then mixed with some granular crystalline carbon- ate, which must be soluble in acids. The carbonaK should possess a hardness between 3 and 4, 5, according to the minera- logical scale. The mixture is ultimately ground togctlier in a mill, and then the mass is treated with an acid until the carbonate has been dissolved out. The escaping carbonic gas causes the asbestos fibres to be loosened and disintegrated from each other, so as to make the mass porous. It must be thoroughly washed with water before being used. For filtration purposes generally, asbestos has proved to be so eminently adapted, by reason of its peculiar properties enabling it to resist the action of alkalies and acids, that, either in the form of c^.oth or finely carded fibre, which, when fouled, can be easily cleaned by hot water or steam, it forms a material adjunct to the filtering media in all the more importiint filters now used. All filters are modifications of the simple principle here shown, the ob- ject being the purification, by separation, of liquids from the substances held in suspen- sion in them through the pores of the media used, which must l>e suflRciently fine to re- tain or keep back the solid matter. The filtering medium may be any substance of a sufi[iciently spongy or porous nature to allow of the free percolation of the li([uid, the pores at the same time being sufticiently small to render it limpid or transparent. If a largo quantity of liquid has to be filtered, or if the sub- stance is too viscid, or for acids or alkalies, a funnel of asbestos cl ith suspended by a hook is found useful. In other forms, raj)idity of filtration is the point aimed nt. To seciu'e this, regard must l)e had to tlie porosity of the filtering medium, the extent of the filtering surface, the relative viscidity or mobility of the filtering licpiid, the pressure or force by which the liquid is impelled through the Filter. I M: 'I' 11 --1 '.f^SMP ^ r 166 ASBESTOS. Asbestos Cloth Filter Suspended. pores of the filter, and the porosity and fineness of the sub- stances it holds in suspension. The various filtering media now commonly used, with the mode of applying the asbestos, will be sufiiciently seen from the following ex- amples : In M. Maignen's "Filtre Kapide," the apparatus consists of a hollow perforated cone of earthenware over which a specially woven asbestos cloth is stretched. Canvas or felt an inch thick was at first used for this purpose, but it was found that with soft rain water, containing ammonia, this felt be- came as rotten as wet blotting paper. As- bestos was accordingly suggested, but it was at first supposed that this would be too ex- pensive, and it was some considerable time before a pure asbestos cloth could be made, of exactly the right porosity, to arrest the fine filtering medium which is used in this apparatus to purify the water chemically ; but so successfully has this at length been accomplished, that Mr. Maignen anticij)ates that presently asbestos cloth will take the place of sand in the purification of the water supply of London. In this filter a layer of finely- powdered carbo-calcis is automatically deposited on the outside of the asbestos cloth (which is stretched over an earthenware cone), by being mixed with the water first put in ; and to cleanse the filter all that is required is to deposit a fresh supply on the asbestos cloth. In Judson's filter, the medium employed is said to give off minute particles of oxide of iron, which necessitates the use of a straining apparatus. To effect the required object, porous blocks or slabs of carbon, or silicates of various kinds, are used ; but as these sooner or later get clogged, they have to be cleaned by brushing or scraping, or by replacing the block by a fresh one, in doing which it is ditticult to prevent particles from passing round the joint. This difiiculty is surmounted and K MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS OF ASBESTOS. 167 perfect meclianical straining effected by substituting a layer of carded asbestos fibre for the block. In Creswell's asbestos carbon filter (Parker's patent Niagara) the inside is quite plain, except for three or four projections, which are rounded below but shouldered on the top. These projections su])port a perforated stoneware tray, which carries the filter bed and unfiltered water ; and any number of these trays may be used by placing them one above the other. The edges of the trays and the sides of the cistern are rendered waterproof by a flexible closely-fitting ring, so as to prevent the water, running between, carrying with it small particles of the filtering material. Whilst the upper bed detains the rougher particles of dirt and any organic matter, the water is efieotually purified by the asbestos tray and the lower bed. In Cheavin's " New Patent Removable Plater Filter," the con- struction is of so simple a character that the whole can be taken to pieces and the purifying medium renewed within a few minutes, whilst nothing comes in contact with the water but the stone- ware, the "idiocathartes," and the asbestos cloth. The shape of this filter enables a large amount of the purifying medium to be used, over which is s})read a screen of asbestos cloth, which arrests all the impurities before they are brought into contact with the idiocathartes. Lipscombe's filter is noticeable for the simplicity with which the filtering material can be renewed. The construction is very simple, being one perforated earthenware cylinder within another, each covered with the United Asbestos Company's special asbestos cloth, with the filtering material in the inter- vening space. In the filtration of sewage, and in the purification of foul gas in connection with sewei traps, and for ventilating and deodorizing manholes for cesspools and sewers, the asbestos fibre is saturated with deodorizing liquids Mhich render the escaping gases harmless. The system of deodorizing sewej' gas, formerly ado[)ted, was to cause the gas to rise through charcoal, but the impurities soon clogged this up and prevented the passage of the gas. Messrs. Adams & Co., of York, sug- '4\ • '■■> 1 1'.\ ^ 1G8 ASBESTOS. I'' I gested a new mode, hy placing over the opening rising from the sewer a hood of galvanized wire interlaced with asbestos yarn, spun in such a way as to have good capillary action, the ends of tlie yarn being dipped into a liquid disinfectant. When the fibres are saturated, a disinfecting screen is formed, through tlic meshes of which the gases rise, and in their pas- sage through they become purified and rendered innocuous. For forming the joints of pipes exposed to the action of moisture, and for man and m.udhole doors requiring frequent removal, asbestos woven cloth is very largely in demand. In these cases asbestos millboard, which is the cheapest form of jointing material, is comparatively worthless, if, indeed, it is not absolutely objectionable, from its permeability to water, which soaks through and attacks the iron of the bolts, and it was, therefore, necessary to devise a combination which would effectually resist the heat and damp. This is provided in what is known as Asbestos and India-rubber woven sheeting, which is made in any thickness, and is supplied either in sheets cut to the required shaj)e, or in a tape 1 in. to 2 in. wide, which can be cut to length and bent to circle or oval without pucker- ing. When all other materials have failed to give satisfaction, this has answered admirably, and in the case of manhole and mudhole doors and feed-water pipes the joint can be broken twenty times without requiring renewal of the strip. The United Asbestos Co. supply " United asbestos rubber woven sheeting," which is now being superseded, for high pressures, by their asbestos-metallic " Victor " woven sheeting, in which a fine Avire runs through the centre of each asbestos threod. Great durability is insured by the use of asbestos cloth, the requisite elasticity being imparted by a coating of india-rubber which fills the pores of the cloth and renders it waterproof. The " United asbestos rubber woven tape " is composed of the same materials, and being easily bent into position, without puckering, a joint can be quickly made withrut waste, and steam can be turned on as soon as the joint is screwed up. For manhole and mudhole doors, which have to be frequently opened, it is simply invaluable. MTSCELLANEOIIS APPLTCATIOXS OF ASBESTOS. 169 Being one of the most refrcictory substances known, asljcstos is used in a variety of ways for the h'ning of furnaces. When t!ie metal and fire are together, as in the cupola, or blast furnace, it constitutes a most enduring and heat-confining lining, and is particularly adapted for use where the metals or ores contain sulphides, as sulpnides have no effect on asbestos. As linings for furnaces and kilns, and for use in the manufacture of crucibles, a patent has been j^ranted for an improved refractory material composed of a mixture of the aluminous asbestos from Natal with fire clay, in the pro})ortion of one part of asbestos to four of fire clay. Both are finely pulverized and formed into the desired shapes, while in a plastic state. The patentee states that if a material of greater fire-resisting properties is recjuired, the worn out " saggers " are pulverised, and a fresh supply of fire clay equal to double the amount of pov/dcred "sagger" is added. When this material is exposed to extraordinary heat it does not crack ; but, on the other hand, it tends to fuse and bind its particles closer together. Another convenient property of the material is that it is capable of resisting the attacks of atmospheric and chemical substances, such as damp, sewage, &c. This special form of asbestos is stated to be additionally valuable both on account of its cheapness and the convenient form in which it is imported. Perhaps the most popular conception of the use of asbestos is that where it figures in gas stoves ; but there are so many varieties of these, and generally they are so well known, that little need be here said about them. From an Englishman's point of view, engendered by long habit and the damp and chilly climate in which he lives, there is nothing to which he attaches so much im{)ortance as tlio luxury of a visil^le fire. The stoves and warming apjiaratus mostly in vogue elsewhere, excellent as they are in their way, are simply nothing to him in comparison with the comfort and cheerful appearance of his open fire, even when, as is only too frecpiently the case, the unscientific construction of his fire- place causes nine-tenths ot the heat from the fuel to be lost in Ill ■: I m ASIIESTOS. the chimnoy. AVhen living in Canada, in rooms comfortably warmed by the stoves in use there, on re-entering from the keen air outside, I always felt an irresistible desire to kick open the stove door and revel in the cheerful blaze, and enjoy the sight of the flames rippling over the logs. It is only by very slow degrees that a more scientific manner of warming houses or rooms in England can make its way, such is the obstinate conservation of the people and their disinclination to move out of the old-fashioned ways of their fathers. For sometime past, however, practical men have been drawing attention to this subject, with the praiseworthy object of showing how to obtain the maximum of heat from a mini num of fuel, reserv- ing at the same time the luxury of the visible fire. There is more than fancy in this, because heat, radiating directly from glowing coals, passes through the air without modifying its temperature in any important degree ; consequently, coming in contact with the person it imparts warmth to the body, whilst leaving the air comparatively cool. For public rooms, or places Avhich people simply pass through, warm air stoves are both economical and satisfactory, but for places where people remain seated for any length of time, the comparatively low temperature of the floor and walls, which always occurs when warm air alone is used, combined with the effect of the warm air on the lungs, causes an unpleasant feeling, which is not felt when moving about. Unless, therefore, the difference between radiant heat and warm air l)e taken into consideration it is not possible properly to appreciate the comparative value of the different systems. Kegistration by thermometer is no guide to comfort, and is useless in estimating the value of radiant heat. Acting on these principles Messrs. Fletcher, of AVarrington, have produced an asbestos gas-fire respecting which the committee of the Gas Institute state, in a report issued by them, that in regard to floor temperature the highest recorded at the floor level, which may be taken as synonymous with comfort of body and warm feet, was obtained by it. Gas used in this way costs less than coal for making a room com- foiLubly warm. I U / MISCRLI.ANEOUS APPLICATIONS OF ASBESTOS. 171 Another good stove is the "Leeds," which was shown at the Brussels Exhibition. Here the tlame is made to impinge on an asbestos block, which it brings to a white heat, insuring complete combustion and the total absence of noxious vapours. In this case the heat is thrown, by direct radiation, on to the floor, which is undoubtedly the most hygienic way of heating rooms. '* Plastic stove lining " is composed of asbestos or other fireproof material pre])ared in the form of a cement, so that it can be used for the lining of cooking and heating stoves, as well as the fire doors of boiler furnaces, &c. In regard to the fibre used in gas fires, the best long silky fibre is worth 10s. per lb. ; 2nd quality, 3s. 6d. ; and the asbestos fuel 6d. per lb., or 32s. 6d. per cwt. The demand for asbestos paint is continually increasing. It is used largely in the Houses of Parliament and other public buildings, as it was at the several Exhibitions at South Ken« siu'^ton. The whole of the buildings at the " Hoaltheries " were coated with asbestos paint supplied by the United Asbestos Company ; and, in his presidential address to the Institute of Civil Engineers, Sir Frederick Bramwell stated that these buildings owed their escape, during an outbreak of fire, to the fact that their walls were covered with asbestos paint. And at the " Fisheries " in 1883, the Prince of Wales, as Chairman of the general committee, announced that, owing to the use of asbestos paint, they had been enabled to insure the buildings and contents at fifty per cent, less than usual. "30 lbs. weight of asbestos paint is sufficient to coat about one hundred square yards of wrought timber primed in the usual way : for unwrought timber the quantity must be in- creased according to the condition of the wood. On rough wood one coat will off'er great resistance to flame. The woodwork in buildings constitutes, of course, the greatest danger from fire. Every one knows the difficulty of lighting a fire without wood; neither paper nor shavings are of any use, as these will only blaze up brightly and then burn out without firing the coal, though they will readily light up the wood which t j i i UI 172 ASBESTOS. 1 p: will iiiHarac the coal. When, therefore, the woodwork of a build- ing catches fire there is great danger, because the tiame emitted is a clear Hame of great penetrative power, which is the cause of the rapid spread of the lire from the starting point to stair- cases and passages attbrding communication from room to room. If all wooden fittings could be replaced by iron, many a fire would burn itself out, and ample time would be aftbrded for the en! SUBSTITUTES AND SIMILARITIES. 191 ton necefi- e, inde(3(l, lent to its sns. The )peration, 3U8 forms iitions of the same feet; the ty of air !ubic foot and after ntly con- ^rade has tly much en in the tiape and 5ts essen- mass of >nductor ; ovement, bion, that the same iccording I tlie air- b will be sntage of develops ive been Y, which le to the and was 50W, and ting pro- No. 1. Relative heat-conducting power of various materials used as boiler coverings : — Mineral wool 100 Hairfolt II7 Cotton wool 122 Sheep's wool 13Q InfuHorial earth 13G Charcoal . . . . . . , . .140 SawduHt 163 GuHworkH breeze 230 Wood and air upaoe 280 No. 2. Non-conducting property of various materials at even thickness : — Black slate Sandstone ..... Fire brick Asphaltum and soft chalk Oak, pine, and wood and plaster Sulphate of lime and saud Sawdust and tan bark Asbestos cemented .... Fine asbestos in thread Extra mineral wool, ordinary mineral wool, raw silk Ice 100 71 -or, Gl-70 45-i)6 25-66 18-70 17-20 18-20 13-1,5 8-13 Among the many comparative tests that have been from time to time made with the view of determining the most efficient covering for boilers, steam pipes, &c., the following may be instanced as authentic and suggestive : — At the Paris Exhibition, 1878, some experiments were made to determine the relative value of different kinds of pipe- covering materials. The experiments Avere made by MM. Geneste, Herscher & Co., Avith tAvelve vertical steam pipes, all of the same dimensions, and charged simultaneously from one boiler, so that the action of the steam was precisely the same in each case. Some of the tubes were bare, and the others were covered with different non-conducting materials. The following are some of the results arrived at, as published in the " Moniteur des Fils et Tissus " .• — iV I I 192 ASBESTOS. Pres- Tempera- Quantity Description of the coverings, or the state of the surface of the pipes. Thickness of covering. sure of steam abso- ture of the air around ot water condensed per hour lute, lbs. the pipes. per sq. It. Inches. lbs. Pipe of polished brass (bare) . — 54 77-9 0-50 Pipe of galvauisod iron (bare) . — CA 78-2 0-81 Covoi'cd with plaited straw 2-00 rA 7G-7 0-37 Composition A . . . i-r)8 54 77-0 0-41 Composition B . . . 1-58 54 77-3 0-41 Composition . . . l-SS 54 77-3 0-54 Asbestos ..... 1-38 54 70-0 0-37 Asbestos Sir) 54 77-9 0-31 Silicate cotton .... 2'36 54 76-7 0-27 Wood 0-71 54 76-7 0-35 Felt 2 thick- nesses 54 76-8 0-37 The materials, A, B, and C, representing three approved boiler cement or non-conducting compositions, ranked last, showing a result very little better tha^ that of a bare tube, polished. Taking into consideration its incombustible and indestructible properties, the silicate cotton proved to be by far the most preferable substance as a non-conductor; whilst its cost is much less than asbestos."'' A wrought-iron tank 6 feet in diameter and 12 feet high, con- taining steam under 35 lbs. pressure, condensed 146 lbs. of steam per hour. Now 14G lbs. of steam represent, at t^ie rate of 7 J lbs. to 1 lb. of coal, the combustion of Id'i lbs. of coal per hour, or 4G0 lbs. per day of twenty-four hours. Allowing $3.00 per ton for coal 4G0 -=- 2000 x 300 = 69, which is the loss in cents per day from condensation ; in a year ol ..09 days the loss would be 1213.21 ; the exposed surface of the tank was 225 square feet. Figuring from this data, together with the known value of mineral wool, it may be stated that at a cost of 15 cents per square foot, or |33.75 for the whole job, lais tank can l^e so protected by a covering of mineral wool that the loss will only be 10 per cent, of the above, or, say, |21.32 per year, f * The Engineer, March 12th, 1880. t The American Emjincer, November 19th, 1885. a-' Quantity f I ot water p I condensed i i per hour 39. per Bq. It. 5 approved mkcd last, bare tube, istible and I to be by tor; whilst t high, con- 146 lbs. of at tJie rate of coal per Allowing 1 is the loss )d days the e tank was er with the b at a cost lie job, tais I wool that say, $21.32 SUBSTITUTES AND SIMILARITIES. 193 For ordinary fireproofing purposes the slag wool is enclosed between two thicknesses of galvanized wire netting, which netting is kept at proper distance apart by loops of wire passing from front to back, and the layer of slag wool of a suitable thickness (an inch has been found sufficient for any purpose) is compactly felted between these two sheets of netting. Pre- pared in this way, very tough, light, and flexible sheets of " silicate cotton wire-net felting " are obtained. It has been found that in the thickness of an inch one ton of slag wool will cover 1,800 square feet, say 1| lb. to the square foot. It is employed, therefore, in this form under joists, instead of pugging, as a lining for corrugated iron buildings, sheds, &c., and for many other structural purposes. As a non-radiator of heat and cold, it appears to be well adapted as a lining for temporary buildings either in extremely hot or very cold climates. It can also be advantageously em- ployed as a lining for refrigerating chambers. In 1885 Mr. T. B. Lightfoot, C.E., tested it thus : — Two blocks of ice, weighing 30 lbs. each, were placed in separate boxes, one of them being surrounded by two inches of slag wool and the other with six inches of cliarcoal. Three days afterwards these boxes were opened and the unmeltod ice weighed : the ice block in the box surrounded bv slag wool was then found to weion as the and, even altogether unlike the soft silkiness and unctuosity of asbestos. The cause of this is at once apparent even on examination with the naked eye, but, when placed under the lens, its sharp, acicular fibres, studded with minute metallic grains or pellicles, are brought out into strong relief, these last being globules or pear-shaped drops of basic glass, precisely such as are seen in Pele's hair, being the ,;oints first blown off" from the liquid slag. In the two first diagrams these pellicles are exaggerated in size, by manipulation of the fibre, so as to bring out clearly their peculiar form. !!; r lUt gradually, am and water mainly relies, ive cheapness, ct of its being ty be, its most nt of elasticity pared it has a jen the fingers, American make, ^-inch objective. From the peculiar formation of the material as it comes from the factory, it is very ditlicult to obtain a satisfactory micio- photograph of it ; the fibres are so crushed and closely com- pacted that it is not practicable to draw out a clear fibre, as can be done with some amount of care with asbestos : but the two following diagrams will give a general idea of the construction. In regard to these, Mr. Eady, who kindly furnished the photos, says, as to No. 1, "the brittle, glassy filaments in this are exceedingly fine, and the bulbs are both small in size and i it li 1 1 1 i 1 1 11, !' ^ , ' 196 ASBESTOS. few in number. Owing to the transparency of the filaments this was difficult to photograph ; its extreme fineness can be best judged by comparing this with the equally magnified sample of American make"; respecting which last he says, " the irregular character of the glassy filjre shows the artificial nature of the wool ; the filaments are much coarser and the bulbous ends larger." It is quite possible, however, that an injustice has been inadvertently done to the American make by difference of sample, that of No. 1 being a fine, picked No. 1. — Silicate Cotton. Manufactured by Frederick Jones & Co., Kentish Town. specimen, and No. 2 being the ordinary first quality sample, sent over from the works at Cleveland. Another very important property of slag wool is its power of absorption, which makes it capable of holding water to the extent of its own volume. Thus, when water is pumped into a burning building, instead of running through into the street and being wasted, as in the case of an ordinary iron and con- SUBSTITUTFS AND STMILAIUTIES. lo: filaments 33 can be nagnified he says, 1 artificial and the ;•, that an lan make e, picked Crete construction, the water is held by the slag wool, as in a vast sponge, and will, owing to the surrounding heat, evolve sufficient steam to extinguish the flames, or at any rate to powerfully assist in so doing. Being vermin-proof it is additionally valuable as a lining for wainscots, passages, pantries, dining-rooms, and ceilings ; its glass-like fibres causing great irritation to rats and other ver- min, as well as insect pests coming in contact with it. It is also said to be an antiseptic, and this property, taken in conjunction with its great porosity, adapts it to some medical ill ' .i li LC8 & Co., No. 2. — Mineral Wool. Manufactured by the "Western Mineral Wool Company, Cleveland, Ohio. ty sample, 5 its power ater to the Limped into ) the street >n and con- purposes ; for cholera belts, for use in hot climates, chest protectors, &c. Moreover, these antiseptic quiilities can be specially utilized in the construction of hospitals, in- firmaries, &c. „:_ Tliere are many other uses which might l)e enumerated, all tending to show the value of slag wool for certain purposes, and the many points in which it can compete with asbestos. ft ^ai 198 ASBESTOS. Its main feature is, of course, its comparative cheapness ; but it is to be remarked that there is scarcely one point of vahie cited which does not carry with it a corresponding disadvan- tage. For instance, when its vermin-proof character is men- tioned, the warnings of Percy and Bloxam at once occur to the mind. The former* specially cautions his readers that these slag fibres have to be handled with care, because the fine short threads, being very brittle, easily penetrate the skin and cause irritation ; and Bloxam says, the fine filaments, being so ex- ceedingly brittle, and the material itself so light, the needle- like particles arc liable to become difi'used in the air of a room, and pass into the lungs and eyes, and so become the source of sei'ious mischief. t Again, its power of absorbing water is doubtless a valuable quality in case of fire, but it has one coiTesponding disadvan- tage, as a boiler and pipe coverer, inasmuch as if a leak should occur, or exterior damp penetrate it, it at once becomes the cause of corrosion. Although water is the primary cause of rusting, the percentage of sulphur contained in the slag be- comes dissolved in the water, and, in the form of sul})huric acid, will attack the surfaces, unless they are kept dry by radi- ated heat. This defect, however, is now in some measure overcome by entirely manufacturing the article from non- sulphur-bearing rocks, so as to render it absolutely free from sulphur and its compounds. It is then called rock icool, and although more costly than slag wool, the diff'erence in weight reduces the cost of transport in favour of the former. Practically the main objections to its use are its glass-like texture and the giittiness caused by the minute pellicles, which cannot be entirely eliminated, together with its liability to pulverise under vibration, and its water retention. In its noimal condition a cubic foot weighs 12 lbs., and its cost, as applied to steam-pipes, is 2d. per square foot for each inch in thickness. The Patent Fire and Sound Proof Plasterings (Mr. W. * Percy on " Mctalhirfrj- " ; art., "Slags." f Bloxam on "Metals." •ness; but t of value disadvan- iv is men- cur to the hat these fine short ind cause ng so ex- le needle- f a room, source of vahiable lisadvan- k should omes the cause of slag be- ulphuric by radi- measure )m non- ce from ''ool, and I weight lass-like s, which bility to and its ■or each ylv. W. I if* li' f t Cottage Residence Designed by Messrs. Frederick Jones & Co., of Kentish Town, showing walls, ceilings, roof, and flooring protected by Silicate Cotton. SUBSTITUTES AND SIMILARITIES. 201 Hitchins' patents), recently purchased by Messrs. F. Jones & Co., made in many ingenious ways with a backinG; of silicate cotton, have proved their value repeatedly. The same manu- facturers furnish a variety of fibrous wire netting, and fibre- ligneous slabs and compounds, which arc rapidly making their way in the estimation of architects and builders, and all others who are desirous (as who are not ?) of ensuring perfect immu- nity in their habitations from damp, for preventing the trans- mission of sound, and the spread of fire in the case of confla- gration. In this plastering, no lathing, lime or hair is requiied ; there is no annoyance from dirt or rubbish, and the walls and ceilings can be painted or decorated the same day that they are put up. Cornices and enrichments, prepared in long lengths, are fixed dry, and buildings thus treated are rendered fit for habitation or decoration at once. The same firm's Salamander compound is composed of silicate cotton and prepared plaster, and when set this is not only a fire-proof non-conductor, but it possesses sufficient elasticity to prevent cracking under even extreme heat. The illustration on opposite page represents a cottage resi- dence specially designed by Messrs. Frederick Jones & Co., to illustrate their method of isolating such a structure, with a view to rendering it at the same time fire, frost, sound, and vermin proof, perfectly cool in summer and comparatively warm in winter. The ceilings and walls can be fitted with Hitchins' patent fire- and sound-proof plaister slabs, which have a lining of slag wool between the plaister and the wall or ceiling. These slabs are made specially to suit the building ; they can be of any size and ornamented in any way desired, either by moulding, painting, or gilding ; they can be fitted with the greatest ease and simplicity and without dirt or mess of any kind. The cut on next page shows one of the same firm's patent portable anti-thermal and anti-septic huts, which they claim to be impervious to external climatic influences and to be so constructed that it can be readily put together or taken to pieces by any ordinary workman in a couple of it; 202 ASHKSTf S. !; I ' i i\ hours. As these huts are not only fire, heat, frost, and sound proof, but give absohite freedom from insect pests, they are undoubtedly a great step in aflvanco. Sohliers' huts, gentlemen's fishing boxes, and other Imildings of a similar or temporary character can be fitted in a precisely similar way if constructed of wood or any other material. Apparently this would be a great boon to troops in camp, who, in such huts as these, would enjoy complete immunity from the annoyances caused by the all too friendly disposition of the insect inhabi- tants of the present huts, whilst they could at the same time depend on a tolerably ecpiable temperature, cooler in summer Portable Anti-thermal and Anti-septic Hut. (Frederick Jones & Co.) and warmer in winter than that offered by any other system at present devised for ordinary camp-dwellings. In the wooden houses of Canada and Norway it is a common practice to ram in sawdust between the outer timbers and the match- board lining ; and although this makes the house undoubtedly warm, it forms a delightful harbourage and breeding ground for all insect pests. In Russia, where things in this respect are much worse, but much less regarded, it is almost needless to say that the Government has at once adopted the idea, and it is anticipated that a large order will be at once given for these portable huts for housing the troops in camp. sunsTiTtriES and similautties. 203 Soapstone. — This soft magncsian mineral frciiuontl}' occurs in association with serpentine, and possesses many of the vaki- able properties of asbestos. Mainly composed of two of the most durable substances known for exposure to fire or atmo- spheric inlluences, it is often used in competition wilh asbestos, or enlisted as a valuable auxiliary, in certain forms of mami- facture. Technically called Steatite (Ocr., Speckstein), it is also occasionally termed Synophite, as being an associate of ophite. The word Steatitis is used by Pliny as the name of a stone resembling fat. Like asbestos, soa})stone is a hydrated silicate of magnesia, a more or less pure and compact talc, generally of a grey or greyish-green colour ; it occurs in massive form, crystalline, granular, or impalpable, and is very greasy to th^ touch. Sometimes it is found in a fine granular, or crypto- crystalline form, of a milk-white colour and pcai'ly lustre, soft enough to be used as chalk (craie de Briancon) ; it is then called Venetian or French chalk, and is the substance used by tailors and others for marking cloth and removing gicase and other stains. Analyses of two samples give the following : — Silica Mag^nesiti .... Water 62-8 63-49 33-5 31-75 3-7 4-76 "i 100-00 100.00 A little iron is occasionally found replacing magnesia. Some- times it appears as a pseudomorph, taking the form of apatite at St. Just, Cornwall ; or of arragonite in Bohemia. Lapis ollaris (potstone, Ger., Topfstein) is an impure steatite of a greyish-green colour and slaty structure. Soapstone occurs abundantly in many parts of the world. In the United States and in Canada it can be had in large quantities, and sometimes of remarkably pure quality. Large deposits have been found in several districts in California. In Arkansas a fine quality occurs in Saline County, where it is 204 ASBESTOS. ( * worked by the Arkansas Soapstone Manufacturing Company. Tlio deposits hero are mixed up in an unusual way with slates and serpentine, but arc very pure, averaging G2 per cent, of silica and 34 magnesia. In the Eastern Townships of Quebec it is abundant: the quality is not always good, but a good deal can bo had in a comparatively pure state. Deposits ' "■ at East Broughton, Lake Nicolet, Ilatley, Potton, and \\ jstown. At the last- named place it is found in a bed from one to two feet thick in black and grey talcoso schist ; this is mostly pure and occasion- ally translucent. Excepting at Wolfestown, where a factory has been established for working it, and whore slabs of a fine quality can be had, not nnich use is made of it in Canada. Possibly the high prices now realized for asbestos will cause greater attention to bo given to the valuable properties of this refractory mineral. In England, a company, operating at Newcastlo-on-Tyne, imports it in bulk from China, mostly for use in the manufac- ture of pigments ; the peculiarity '^f the Chinese soapstone consisting in the large proportion of ish it contains, amount- ing occasionally to as much as 60 ; .it. The following are some of its mo&fc important properties, which serve to explain the estimation in which it is held for manufacturing purposes. It is not liable to corrosion, is with- out expansion or contraction, and is unaffected by moisture, atmospheric influences, or chemical fumes. It will not discolour with age, and is a better radiator than any metal. AVhen pure, and of a hard nature, it may be sawn into slabs, or made into knife-edged bricks, and, being a non-absorbent, may be washed without injurious effect. It can be used for almost any ornamental purpose, offering a fine surface for painting with oil or water colours ; will take the richest tint, and when retaining its own, exhi])iting a pure transparent white. Its refractory nature adapts it for use as firestones, and as a lining for furnaces and fireplaces, especially those desijjned for anthra- cite, as well as for the manufacture of crucibles. When highly heated it loses the small proportion of contained water, and : li SUnSTITUTKS AND SIMIL ARITIKS. 206 Company, tvith slates er cent, of idiint: the [) had in a Broughton, Lt the last- jet thick in 1(1 occasion- •e a factory hs of a fine in Canada. s will cause rties of this ^tle-on-Tync, the manufac- se soapstone ains, amount- it properties, it is held for 3sion, is with- by moisture, I not discolour iiotal. When slabs, or made rbent, may be ,cd for almost B for painting tint, and when 3nt white. Its and as a lining ned for anthra- Whcn highly ined water, and then, becoming much harder, assumes a dark green colour, and is susceptible of a fine ixjlish ; in this state it in used by the Chinese for the manufacture of images, especially of Ihoir houscliold gods: hence ,ts name of figure-stone. The minerals pagodito and lardite * also are simply soapstone. Possessing unusual powers of withstanding atmospheiic and chemical inlluences, it has long been used, in China and dapan, as a preserving medium for woodwork, atul buildings or monu- ments erected with any stone liable to disintegration. In the manufacture of ])igm(Mits it is simply invaluable. When it is remembei ed that one of the main causes affecting the durability of iron bridges, and metallic structures generally, is the tcnilency to oxidation, arising from the hun\idity of the atmosplicre, it will be at once undinstood that if j)roper precau- tions were not taken to obviate this element of danger, by finding some means of lessening the corrosion constantly taking j)lace, very serious i-esults might ensue. And this liauility to corro- sion is still mo'c persistent in ships both of iron and steel, in the latter csijcciall}', because <>f the difficult}' of finding some kind of pigment capabh'! of taking a firm hold of the fine fibres of the steel plates. Many modes of overcoming this difficulty, su'h as rough-rolling the steel, have from time to time been trie ' and experiments are constantly being made in this direction, ^ t these have mostly been without successful result. Some time ago, Mr. Goorl(l comes B this pre- 'elopment ; has nearly le spiral is ivn in the 3 of cotton h. There om 300 to from the nstruction ■ a perfect 3r twisted f the silk- spinning vtih some II reality, isolidated 'ng tubes the silk- irance of s. Each d of two ores, and he secre- lality of irence of iisclosed iructural ice to a 'ceptible ^0 some- by the le two- The enormous comparative tensile strength possessed by silk fibre was shown by Mr. C. V. Boys, in a paper read by him at the Koyal Institution in June, 1889,* in which ho states that, when the two filaments had been separated and washed they were each capable of sustaining a weight of 00 grains before breaking, and each could be safely loaded with 15 grains; the carrying power, therefore, being equivalent to from 10 to 20 tons per s(piare inch. Spider's Web. — Now, if we turn to the somewhat analo- gous case of the delicate radial thread of the common garden spider, which is of so fine a quality as frequently to be invisible to the naked eye until washed with dew or exposed by a shower, we shall be better able to understand how this great tensile strength is obtained. The filamentary secretions exist in the spider's body in a semi-fluid state, and are secreted by glands which end in four or six teat-like organs called spinnerets, minute conical projections situated near the aljdomen of the insect, towards the posterior end, where, when at rest, they present a bluntl}^ conical appearance. Each of these is composed of a multitude of fine hair-like tubes opening at the top of the spinneret, which thus forms the spinning apparatus. The narrow space which intervenes between the basis of the anterior spinnerets is filled by a tongue- like process. The silky matter, or secretion, so long as it remains in the spider's bodj'-, is in a senii-tiuid state, and issues thence by a sieve-like apparatus ; each sieve, according to Bonnet, containing more than 1,000 punctured holes. When the filaments are projected from these holes they agglutinate together in such a manner that each thread is composed of from 4,000 to 6,000 fibres, but yet it is of so slender a charac- ter that, according to Leuwenhoek, it would take 4,000,000 of them to make a thread as thick as a hair from a man's beard ; the thread holes being so fine and so crowded together that 1,000 of them would be covered by the point of a needle ; but after the thread is woven, Meckel could not recognise it as consisting of more than 8 to 10 strands. When this silky fluid * '< Quartz Fibres," by Mr. C. V. Boys, F.R.S. t: .,• I '• 216 ASHESTOS. is exposed to the air it congeals rapidly, becoming of a tena- cious consistence, and is then capable of being drawn out into a fine thread. This will be better understood by thrusting a piece of stick into a glue -pot and drawing it out again, when it will be seen that the adhering glue, so long as it retains sufficient heat, will remain fluid, but no sooner does it cool than it will harden, and then it can be drawn out into a fine hair-like thread, precisely as in the case of the sealing wax referred to in the pre- vious chaj)ter. The single threads, therefore, with which the spinning is accom})lished are in reality, each of them, composed of a multitude of strands issuing from the spinnerets and con- solidated into a single fibre ; so that actually the fine gossamer thread, which has become typical of the utmost tenuity, is composed of a vast number of different threads invisil)le to the naked eye, and even when magnified, as we see it in Fig. 4 representing only a single line.* Enormous strength in the fibre is neces- sary, as not only must the orb web be able to sustain the weight of the evening dews but also of summer showers, which occasionally fall heavily, and are also sometimes driven before a strong wind. An interesting example of the use of the p- ' ^ spider web by scientists is the following : — Pro- Radial Thread of fessor Mitchell, wanting a clock to record its Garden Spider, beat telegraphically as well as to perform in a perfect manner its work as a time-keeper, found the required makes and breaks in the battery could be effected by means of a cross of delicate wire and a mercury cup, the diflSculty arising of procuring a fibre sufl^iciently minute and elastic to constitute the physical union between the top stem of the cross and the clock pendulum. A fine human hair was found to be too coarse and stiff, and, after many fruitless * C. V. Boys, ubi supra. Wilson's " Science Jottings." FIimE SriNNIXO. 217 g of a tcna- -'n out into y thrusting out again, s it retains It cool tlian -Irawn out as in the n the pre- thercfore, hed are in multitude s and con- t actually s become nposed of ivisible to nified, as a single I is neces- >e able to but also ally fall before a of the P— Pro- cord its rm in a f, found effected Jiip, the ite and )p stem m hair mitless attempts, the assistance of a spider was invoked and his web, perfectly elastic and pliable, proved to bo exactly what was required.* Now, if wc turn to inorganic fibres, it is well known that physicists, in their endeavour to find a really delicate torsion thread, have usually turned their attention to spun P"''1(i m i';' M'l k.jh Fig. 5. Spun Glass. Fig. 6. Quartz Fibre. glass, which is about the thousandth part of an inch in dia- meter, and would appear to be an ideal torsion thread, its great strength enabling it to carry heavier loads than would be expected of it; but Mr. Boys confesses that he used it only to be disappointed, aV hough apparently possessing every good quality, it is deficient in the important one of elasticity. So great had been his difficulty in finding a fine torsion thread that * Popular Science Monthly, May, 1890 ., I ■if- ,— srT 218 ASBESTOS. n I .. the attempt had practically boon given np, and in all the more exact instiunicnts ho had boon conipollod to use silk. The torsion of silk, however, though exceedingly small, he found to be quite sufficient to upset the working of any delicate instrument, for the simple reason that it is never constant ; at one time the fibre twists in one way and at another in another, this evil effect being only capable of mitigation by using largo api)aratus in which strong forces arc developed, the result usually being that the smallness, the length of period, and therefore 220 ASlJESTOS. like nature of it is distinctly seen ; but, in the coarseness of wood engraving the beauty of the fibre is entirely lost, though the practical idea is conveyed. No. 1 shows tiie formation distinctly. In Nos. 2 and 3, although the objective is some- what crov/ded and the fibre not so clearly drawn out, its com- posite character, and the constant rounding off, or "silking out," of still more minute filaments from what appears to the naked eye to be but a single line, is very plainly shown. Some of the fibres, on examination, seem to show long cylindrical i. i ; ^1 No. 2.— Thetford Ore. .i..ii I ' r cavities, but on closer inspection these seeming cavities are found to be merely the interstices between the minute longi- tudinal filaments, as will be better seen in the fibre of the Italian varieties which follow. These fibres are of great beauty ; when drawn out as finely as it is possible to do with the fingers, their extreme tenuity can be best realised by com[)aring them with some of the co;); 1 V ■■ li No. 3. Thctfurd Ore. i^ities are powers arc used. So beautifully clear and fine are these lines when carefully drawn out that, at the suggestion of Professor Wallace, Mr. Troughton successfully emplo}'ed them for micro- metrical purposes, fibres of -3 oVo of an inch in diameter giving an even line, and being considerably opaque. The single fibre would not appear to possess any great degree of strength; but, in its natural form of a combination of fibres, its comparative tensile strength is in reality, like that of silk, very great indeed, and the cause of this is easily under- stood. But in whatever manner the fibre is examined, its rod- W 222 ASBESTOS. 't;'^ ii: I N: like smoothness of surface, and total absence of imbrications, iri'egularities, or twistinji^, at once explains the difficulty first experienced in spinning it, without the accompaniment of some foreign substance, such as a fine thread of flax, to give it the necessary clinging power. Under polarized light there would seem to be some slight approach to knots or irregularities, but it is quite clear that, even if these in any way detract from its Italian " Silky " Fibre. smoothness, they in reality add little, if anything at all, to its spinning qualifications. The Italian "Grey" variety, as seen on page 224, is a coarser and altogether dittercnt fibre from any of the pre- ceding. This, doubtless, was the kind selected by Madame Perpenti for her manufacturing experiments. The fibres of the fine quality of Corsican asbestos, magnified like the foregoing, have a far more rod-like structure oven uhan chrysotile, and look much like spun glass, which, in fact, FIBRE SPINNING 223 they nearly resemble in appearance ; consequently they are but little adapted for spinning, but are excellently fitted for inter- lacement so as to lead up the flame in gas-stove fires. The colour is of a soft, delicate brown, shading off" to a i)early white. The coarser quality is of a greenish white colour, and consists of bundles of shortish twists of fibres, which have a soft and greasy feel and a fair amount of tenacity. The South African ■variety, from Gri(pialand "West, although Italian " FlosHy." very beautiful to the eye, and not at all unlike the Italian "Flossy," exhibits a very coarse and irregular appearance under the lens. The ultimate fibres in this also arc of extreme tenuity. In the neighbourhood of Queenstown, South Africa, a wild plant grows in profusion, the seed vessels of which are surrounded by a profusion of fibre of extreme delicacy, beauti- fully soft and silky, and of some tenacity. The name of the plant I am unacquainted with, but it is strange enough and suggestive enougli. to form another of Africa's " surprises." «' ASBESTOS. Before leaving this interesting subject it may be worth while to note an extreme illustration of the delicacy to which mineral fibres can be drawn out, which was shown by Mr. C. V. Boys, in the paper referred to. Making mention of some quartz fibres which he had drawn out to the millionth part of an inch in diameter, he says, these were of course invisible to the naked eye, but he had in actual use for some time a fibre of the ten thousandth part of an inch in diameter, and in this he found the torsion to be 10,000 times less than that of Italian " Grey." spun glass. These fibres, moreover, were wonderfully uniform in diameter, so uniform, indeed, that the spectrum from end to end consisted of parallel bands, whilst a spider line is so irregular that these bands are hardly observable. And in regard to strength it appears that as the fibres be- c • ne finer their relative strength proportionately increases, and acv-aally surpasses that of bar steel, reaching in engineering language as high a figure as 80 tons to the inch, fibres («f ordinary size having this strength. FIBRE SPINNING. 225 be worth ' to which by Mr. C. ti of some ith part of rivisible to me a fibre Liul in this m that of And as the figures «■ f length given can only be realized with difficulty, Mr. Boys illustrates his meaning by saying that a piece of quartz an inch long and an inch in diameter, if drawn out to the degree of fineness alluded to above would be suffi- cient to go all round the world 658 times, while a grain of sand just visible — say the hundredth part of an inch long aud Corsioiiu Fibre. y uniform om end to ) irregular fibres be- eases, and igineering fibres or an hundredth in diameter- such a thread."^' -would make a thousand miles of Having now drawn to a close the description of the very curious and valuable mineral with which the foregoing pages have been concerned, while scientists will have found l)ut little in these pages wliich is new to them, the writer may say that his own experience has been that, generally speaking, but * Juur. .SW. Ar/s, Juuo. 1889. n 226 ASBESTOS. very little is known on the subject of asbestos outside the domains of Science. He trusts, therefore, that his endeavour in this little work to give a clear and popular explanation of the mineral, and the uses to which it is applied, will tend to make it better known, and its many useful qualities more widely appreciated in accordance with its merits. outside the endeavour ilanation of vill tend to lities more INDEX. ABSORPTION of water by slag wool, 196, 198 Accident from contact with electric Ught, 159 Accident from contact with foot- lights, 169 Actinolite, 19, 21 radiated, 19, 76 Adamas, signification of, 10 Adams & Co.'s sewage filtration, 168 Aeronautics, military, 146 African asbestos, 16, 36, 40 Agricola quoted, 3, 4, 70 Air cells, 14, 190, 194 Alaska, asbestos in, 38 Aldini's experiments, 11, 31, 159 Alum, efflorescent, 40 Aluminous asbestos, 40 American asbestos, 33 Company'smine, 99 American Engineer, 192 ' Institute Mining Engi- neers' visit to Canada, 93 American Journal of Science, 127 Amianthus, 6, 9, 10, 13, 60 Amphibole, 35, 130 Analyses, 47, 48, 59, 61, 73, 92, 103, 185, 186, 203 Anderson & Co.'s slag wool, 188 Anecdotes, o. 30, 124 Anglo-Canadian Asbestos Co., 96 Ansted, Prof., quoted, 10 Anti-thermal huts, 202 Apatite, 62, 130 Appareil Aldini, Capt. Shaw's ac- count of , 160 Aprons for stokers and firemen, 174 Aqueous origin of asbestos, 95 Arkansas Soapstono Company, 204 Armour plates, protection of, 146 Asbestallicon, 134 Asbestine, 13 Asbestonit, 209 Asbesto-sponge, 143 Asbestos, African, 16, 30, 39, 46 American, 33 Australian, 38 blue, 16 • British Columbian, 43 Broughton, 22, 28, 77, 103 Califomian, 35 Canadian, 43, 58 Cape Breton, 76 carding of, 26, 30 cement, 140, 141 • Chinese, 39 cigarette papers, 177 cloth, 3, 6, 55 Corsican, 10, 33 difficulty in weaving. 4, 211 I i I' • 228 INDEX. 1 (I Asbestos, esscutialitics of, 30 etymology, 13, 59, 70, 212 fibres, 218 fire-felt, 137, 141 general use of, 12, 31 immature, 90 Italian, 45 moulds, 180 Newfoundland, 126 New South Wales, 38 non-fibrous, 19 Norwegian, 32, 33, 129 packing, varieties of, 133 paint, 171 paper, 55, 173, 177 roofing, 20, 150 rope, 175 rugs, 183 seeds, 52 Scandinavian, 33 Servian, 33, 41 shields, 152 Siberian, 33, 37, 52 tapestry, 182 tobacco, 178 true, 14 vegetable origin of, 3 Australian foliage, 33 asbestos, 38 "nACHES for military wagons, 149 Baltimorite, 60, 61 Bacjuet Theatre, fire at, 154 Barberton, rock fonnation at, 42 Barlf, Prof., analyses, 47 Bamum's Exhibition, 162 Barry's "Ivan at Home," 66, 79 Bastard asbestos, 19, 82, 90 Bauer, Prof., quoted, 18 Beetroot sugar refineries, 164 Bell's Asbestos Company, 86 Belmina, 113 Belt, gi-eat volcanic, 71 Berlin Opera House, accident at, 159 Big gims, breeches of, 144 — Ham moimtain, 72 — Island, 110 Bischoff's experiments, 70 Black Lake mines, 93 Bloxam on slag wool, 198 Blue asbestos, 16 Boiler coverings, 136, 138, 194 Booth & Fisher's asbestos curtains, 151 Bonanza mine, 98 Bonnet on spider webs, 215 Boots, lining for, 1 79 Borings, trial, 77, 87 Boston Packing Company's mine, 86 BoAvman's lectures on wool fibres, 79, 211 Boyd, James, quoted, 5, 163 paper on Italian as- bestos, 28, 46, 49, 51 experiments with powder, 148 Boys, C. v., on quartz and other fibres, 215,216, 224 Boyle quoted, 7 Bi-ecches of big guns, 144 Breyer, Mr., process, 105 Bi'eislakite, 18 " Bridgewater Treatise," 5 British Columbia, 43 Brompton Lake mine, 76 Broughton asbestos, 22, 28, 77, 103 Bruckmann, Prof.'s book, 11, 177 Brumell's Report, 1889, 116, 117 Building laws of America, 1 50 Byssolite, 18 QALAMINE, 5 Califomian asbestos, 35 Canada, cold in, 66 Canadian goldfields. 111 maple, 33 accident at, 144 2 !, 70 198 138, 194 8to8 curtains, i, 215 iny'8mine,86 I wool fibres, 5, 163 1 Italian aa- i, 28, 46, 49, ments with 'tz and other 144 165 e," 5 76 2, 28, 77, 103 >ok, 11, 177 9, 116, 117 rica, 150 INDEX. 229 tos, 35 11 amdian Mimng Review, 63, 160, 193 — ■ Record of Science, 79 Cape Breton, 76 Captain ShaAV on " Fires in Thea- tres," 155 "Fire Protection," 160 Cardboard, 179 Carding, 25, 30 Cariboo Lake, 100 Caron's experiments with magne- sia, 8 Cai-j)asiaii linen, 8 Carriage of explosives, 148 Carystian stone, 8 Cat's eye, 43 Cement, 140, 141 Cerecloth, 7 Chalmers -Spence Company, 137, 177, 180, 182 Chapman, Prof., quoted, 68 Charlemagne's tablecloth, 3 Cheavin's filter, 107 Chinese asbestos, 39 medical practice, 39 Cholera belts of slag wool, 197 Chrome iron, 81, 90, 92 Chrysotile, 16, 58, 59 Tasmanian, 38 " British Columbian, 43 — ~ called amianthus, 23 60 Cigarette papers, 177 Closing dowTi for winter, 91 Cloth, asbestos, 3, 0, 55 Clothing for firemen, 11, 31, 160 Coating for ironclads, 146 Cobbing, cost of, 122, 123 Cobbold quoted, 39 Cold in Canada, 65, 170 ■ • Eussia, (SQ — storage, 163 Coleman's, J. J., paper on non- conductors, 190 Cole's " Micro. Studies," 69 Colour of ore, 82, 105 Coleraino mines, 93 niountains, 80, 94 Colonial and Indian Exhibition, 12 Colorado mountains, 68 Commissioner of CrowTi Lands' Re- port, 63, 89, 111, 116, 118 Communal Theatre, Amsterdam, bm-nt, 155 Comparative analyses, 46, 103 non - conducting powers, 191 Composition mouldings, 174 Copper, 72 and asbestos, 174 Cork, mountain, 14, 15 Corona, Giusejipe della, 11 Corsica, 10, 33 Cottage protected, 201 Cotton fibres, 212 Cost of extraction of ore, 93, 102, 105, 122 Cow Flat copper mines, 18 Cremation cloth, 4 Cremome Gardens, fire -kings at. 158 Cresswell's filters, 167 ■ special marine ing, 135 Crocidolite, 16, 40, 43, 131 Crystal, rock, 7 sphere of, 7 Crystals, gi-owth of, 2 Curtains, theatrical: 151 Booth & Fisher's, 157 Capt. Heath's, 154 Chalmers-Spencc Companv's. 152 ^ Henry Irving's, 153 Jodrell Theatre, 154 Marius' patent, 151 Terry's Theatre, 152 United Asbestos Company's, 151 pack- L 230 INDEX. J)ANA, Prof., quoted, 10, 14, 17, 19, 21, '24, 26,59,60,110, 112, 185, 186 Danville mine, 106 Davies on " Earthy Minerala," 28 Deck cabins of Bteaniers, 164 Decomposed serpentine, 70, 101 Deep borings, 77, 87 Dehydration, 96 De Lapparent quoted, 16, 21, 59, 60, 69, 205 Destruction of theatres by fire, 156 Des Cloizeau quoted, 18 Devonshire everlasting candle, 176 Dewrance steam cocks, 1 36 Diamond Fields Adirrtixer, 43 Dick's self -lubricating packing, 135 Difference in fibre, 92 Difficulty in weaving, 5, 211 Diorite, 62, 72, 129 Discolouration, 94, 75, 101 Distinguishing characteristics of ore, 81 Dolomieu, 10 Donald, Prof., quoted, 19, 48, 60, 79, 92, 95, 103 Drink, 124 Drying ore, 95 Dumping, 87, 92 Diu-able joint, 136 Duriflex packing, 135 Durst, Prof., analyses, 48 Dyeing clothes, cords for, 1 75 Dykes, effect of, 72, 95, 96 Dynamite shells, 146 J^ADY, Mr., vi., 195, 218 Early experiments, 132 Eastern Townships of Quebec, 62, 64, 71 East Broughton, 22, 28, 77, 103 Eastman's asbestallicon packing, 134 Ehrenbcrg, 208 Electric wires, non • conducting tubes for, 174 Ells, Dr., quoted, 23. 63, 66, 71, 95, 96, 101, 104, 105, 109, 112, 121 Emperors' napkins, 6 Emilie mine, 96 Engineer quoted, 149, 192 Enffoieerint/ quoted, 31, 52 Engineering uses of asbestos, 1 32 Erichsen's protective composition, 172 EiTors in opening up mines, 87, 92 Eureka mine, 96 Exclusion of heat, 163 Explosives, carriage of, 148 T^AILURE, causes of, in mining, 126 Fault, course of the great, 67 Fecteau's discovery of chrysotile, 84 Fibre for stoves, 50, 171 spinning, 211 Fibres, asbestos, 218 cotton, 212 difference in, 92, 94 quartz, 218 silk, 214 slag, 194 spider's web, 215 spun glass, 209, 217 wool, 211 Fiberizing machines, 106, 122, 123 Fibrous actinolite, 20, 26 hornblende, 21, 26, 76 serpentine, 24 tremolite, 20 Filters, construction of, 165 Filters : Cheavin's, 167 Cresswell's, 167 Judson's, 166 Lipscombe's, 167 Maigncn's, 166 INDEX. 1U . conducting 63, 66, 71, 5, 109, 112* 192 L, 62 tibcstos, 132 composition, mines, 87, 92 3 of, U8 of, in mining, great, 67 of clirysotile, 171 , 92, 94 !b, 216 , 209, 217 ,e8, 106, 122, 123 20, 26 le, 21, 26, 76 e, 24 ,20 ion of, 165 's, 167 U's, 167 8, 166 ibc's, 167 n's, 106 Filter papers, 164 Filtration pnrpoHes, 1 66 of acids, 16o • sewage, 167 Filtre rapido, 166 Firemen, clothing for, 11, 31, 160 Firemen's and btokers' aprons, 174 Fire at a gas- well, 157 — felt, 139, 140 — fountains of Hawaii, 184 — kings, 158 Fireproof curtains, 150 " Fire Protection," Captain Shaw, 160 Fireside ruga, 183 " Fires in Theatres," Captain Shaw, 155 list of, 156 Flax, mountain, 16 Fletcher's gas stoves, 170 Flossy asbestos, 50 Forest fii-es, 80, 94 Fossil flax, 16 meal, 207 Frazer mine, 103 Frechette-Douville mine, 98 French chalk, 203 Canadian labour, 124 Furnace linings, 169 Fuses and incandescent circuits, 174 , time, 145 Fusibility, 2, 9, 22 QAG-ES' artificial serpentine, 69 Gas shades, 176 Gas stoves, 10, 169 Gaspe, peninsula of, 65, 67, 127 Gas- well on fire, 157 Geikie's "Geology," 21, 23, 69, 184 Geneste, Herscher & Co.'s experi- ments, 191 Gesner's " Nova Scotia," 76 Gibbon quoted, 8 Gloves, 173 Gold in Eastern Townships, 63 Newfoundland, 128 Goldfiolds of Canada, 111 Goodall, Mr., on soapstono, 205 Gordon Ciunming, Miss, 184 Gosselet, M., quoted, 26 Gnidos of ore, 89 Grading, 121, 123 Granite, effect of, on asbestos, 77 Grant, Baron, 93 Granular structure of rocks, 24 Granulite at Dartmoor, 73 effect of, on asbestos, 72, 74, 81, 94, 95 Great volcanic belt, 7 1 Green garnets, 52 Grey asbestos, 50 Griqualand, 40 Gypsum, 9, 26 TJiECKEL'S "Evolution of Man," 2 Hampden mine, S8 Hanging rods in dye-houacs, 175 Harsh fibre, 94 Haussmann, Prof., 17 Heat, conducting powers, 191 retaining and excluding, 163 Heath, Captain, curtain, 154 Heddle, Prof. , on mountain cork, 15 Helgoland, 131 Herodotus quoted, 4 High prices of asbestos, 34 Hill of silk (Russia), 37 Hippocrates, 11, 39 Hitchins' fireproof plasterings, 198 Hornblende, 14, 21, 60 Housing workmen, 1 24 Hunt, Dr. J. Sterry, quoted, 60, 65, 127 Hyatt's experiments, 172 TLFRACOMBE (Tasmania) as- bestos, 38 i ' < h li Imperfect nshentds, 7'), 82, 90 ImprcHa Minerariii Italianii, 4.5, 49 Inoandescent circuits, 1 74 IndoHtructiblo wiiikw, 170 Indian dresses of asbestos, 10 Industry, asbestos, in France, 50 Infusibility, 2, 9, 22 Infusorial earth, 207 *' lufjfwadi Yanii," 42 Insulation purposes, 173 Inteiinediatc viirieties of ore, 158 Ironclads, coating for, 146 Iron and steel manufacture, 17 1 Irving'fl new safety theatre, M'y'.i Isolating dwellings, 201 Italian asbestos, 45, 47, 4H, 4!) " Ivan at Home," GO, 79 JAGNAUX quoted. 4. H. 21. :i5, 38, 54, 01, 170. 17!> James, Mr., actiuolitc works, 20 Jaspers, 83 Jewellers' blocks, 180 Jodrcll Theatre, 154 Johnson Asbestos Company, 12, 85, 219 Joints for hot-air pipes, 143 Jones, Fred., & Co.'s slag wool. 188 Judson's filter, 160 ■g'ENNEDY'S discovery, Megan- tic Mine, 101 Kermesite, 112 Kings, bjirial dress of, 4 King's mine, 88, 102 Kieselguhr mines, 208 J^ADDERS, asbestos, 175 Ladewig's process, 179, 209 Lambley & Co.'s mine. 10] Lamps, 8. 10 Lamp wicks, 10, 176 "Lapidarium" quoted, li , 8 Lapis ollaris. 203 Ijapp shoe-grass, 179 La Societe Fran(,'aise des Amiantes, 31, 56 " La Vie Sout^^rraine," 28 Leather, mountain. 14, 15 Leeds gas stove, 1 7 1 Leuwenhock quoted, 215 Levy ([uoted, 23 Lightfoot, T. B., experiments, 193 Linings of fuiTiaccs, 169 Lint, 149 Lipscombe's filter, 167 Liversodge's " Mineralogy of New South Wales," 18, 38 Locke's "Elementary Natural His- tory" (luoted. 1 Logan, Sir W., (juoted, 61 Loss of life by fires in theatres, 156 Lucke & Mitchell's mine, 89 Lyell quoted. 23 ■MACHINE, fiberizing, 106, 102, 123 MacMahou, Major-Gen., quoted, 70 Magnesia, 8, 23, 48 Magnesite, 83 Magnetite. 81. 90 Maignen's filtre rapide, 166 Mail-bags, 149 Manhattan packing, 136 Manufacturers buying mines, 1 1 5 Marbles, ornamental, 83 Marco Polo, 6, 10 Mark Twain, 185 Marmolito, 21, 60, 61 Martin mine, 97 Matthews, Dr., in Africa, 42 Meckel quoted, 215 Megantic Mine, 92, 101, 102 Mercier, Hon. W., quoted, 64 Metamorpliism, 23 Mica. 10 1 INDEX. 2;j3 d, ii . ^ lies Amiantos. 3," 28 14, 15 ,21ft tpcrimciitH, lO'.i I, 169 167 icralogy oi Now 18. ;w ■iry Natural His- xiotcd, 61 ,s in theatres, I ')6 L'sniiuc, 80 boviz-ins, 106, 102. jor-Gcn., quoted, 70 j,48 90 •c rapide, 166 I eking, 136 slmyingmi«eN li" mental, 83 5,10 185 1, 60, 61 ,97 )r., in Africa, 42 ed, 21.') ix,c, 92, 101, 102 m. W., quott.'^^' 64 ism, 23 Mica, Wack, 71 Microscopic studios, Colo's, 09 Millboard, HCy Military balloons, 140 Mineral fibres, delicacy of, 224 wool, 187 Minerals of Eastern ToAvnships. 04 New South Wales, 38 Ontario and Quebec, 02 Minors' lamps, 144 Minns & Co.'s packing?, 143 Mistakes in ojx'uing' up mines, 87 Mitchell, Trof., 216 Mode of extraction of ore, 121 Mimtreal Asbestos Comjiany, 119 Mooro's "Ancient Mineralogy," 9 Mosoley, Mr., 27 Moulds for type, 180 jewellers, 180 Mountain cork, 14, 15 flax, 10 leather, 14, 15 papor, 14, 15 Avood, 14, 82 Mountford's p;iints, 173 Mummy cloths, 213 Mui^ihy's mine, 89 MuiTay, Mr. ^Vlexander, 127 ^APKINS of the emperors, 6 Natal asbestos, 40, 109 Native antimony, 1 1 2 Asbestos Company, 39 New Asbestos Company, 50 Ntnvfoundland, 127 New South Wales asbestos, 38 Nicolet estate, 199 Non-conductors, 191 Non-conducting tubes for electric wi"os, 174 Non-fibrous asbestos, 19 Norway. 17, 19. 129 "Notes by a Natui-alist" [ChaUen- yer), 27 QBATiSKI quoted, 75, IdO. 10'.. 123 Olivino, 70 Omte, 10, 41, 203 Open fires, 109 OiH>ra Comicjue, fire at, 152 Ophite and oi)hiolite, 00, 70 Origin of asbestos, 23 Ottawa valley, 70 Outlook for the trade, 43 Output, cost, &c., 114. 117. 119 pACTvINGS, 133 Packings for steam cocks. i:i(i Packings, Eastwood's uabostalictPii. 134 Witty & Wyatt's, 134 Paint, 171, 205 Paper, 55, 173, 177 wall and ornamental. 170 Paris Exhibition, tests at, 191 Pasty ore, 50, 101 Patent Asbestos Manufacturing Company, 52 fire and sound proof plastti-- ing, 198 ring block, 182 Pausanias quoted, 8 Pccidiiir properties of asbestos. 2 Pele'shair, 184 Penrose on ' ' Ajiatite, ' ' 62 Percy, Prof., quoted, 186, 198 Peridoto, 09 Peqienti, Madame, 11 Petrified wood, 82 Pickett's " Useful Metals" quoted. 40, 187 Picrolito, 18, 38, 60, 61, 75, 82, 129. 130 Pigments, 201 Pikrite, 69 PiloUte, 15 Pipe coverings, 136, 194 joints, 136, 143, 168 R ."J-IU . "IJI 2-14: INDEX. rinitedyams, 133 Plastic stovo-liuing, 171 Pliny quoted, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Plutaroli quoted, 8 Points for consideration before pui'- lihasing, 125 J'/ipular Science MovthUj, 21?, 217 Potstoae, 10, 41, 203 Poucliet, M., quoted, 158 Powdery asbestos, 50 Pre.itwich, Prof., quoted, 23 Price lists printed on asbestos paper, 177 Prices, high, 120 Printing typo, 179 Procopius quoted, 159 Profitable nature of asbestos min- ing, 110, 113, 12-i Protection shields, 152 P.nstedt quoted, 4, 15 ]|ADI ANT heat, 170 " Rambles in Search of Mine- rals" (Ai'sted's), 10 R;indalite, 143 Rand i: Macnally's Atlas, 12 Raunoochia, 70 Ritusome's experiments, 172 Redgrave's, Z^lr. Gilbert, paper on "Slag Wool," 187, 189 Reed, Di., mine at Coleraino, 100 Thetford, 90 Reed & Hayden properties, 87 Refuse rock, 123 Removable boiler and pipe cover- ings, 138 Retm-nsfor 1888, 116 1889, llfi Report of Geological Congress, 26 on Yukon District, 43 Mineral Resources of Ontario, 43, 121, 131 Retaining and excluding heat, 163 Ring Strasse Theatre, fire at, 151 Rock crystal, 7 wool, 198 Rods in dye-houses, 175 Rogers' experiments, 70 Roll fire-felt, 137 Roman thealres, curtains for, 151 Rope, 175 Roofing slate, 63, 64 Rugs, 183 Russian asbestos, 36, 37 peaches, 79 Rusting, cause of, in ships, 203 Rutiie in Noru-ay, 130 GACRED fires, 7 Safes, 148 Safety lamps, 1 14 St. LaAvreuce River, 63, 65, 08 Salting mines in Italy, 51 Sraudinavia, physical features of, 129 Schenk s. Dr., Report, 42 Scolecite, 95 Scoria, volcanic, 186 Scott Act, 121 Scottish Caui.dian Asbestos Com- pany, 97, 104, 119 Selwyu, Dr., quoted, 63, 112 Scmeuze dell' Amiauto, 52 Senarmontite, 112 Seneca ([uoted, 7 Serpentine, :?9. 60, 69, 70, 83 rties, 87 pipe cover- onsrress, 26 ict, 43 .'Sources of L heat, 163 fire at, 1 ol 5 ■0 ins for, 151 37 ships, 203 63, 65, 68 il features of, t, 42 Ishestos Com- , 63, 112 ito, r)'l 9, 70, 83 INDEX. 235 Serpentine, belt, 71 decf)niposed, 70 impure, 75 marbles, 82 Newfoundland, 129 Norwegian, 129 ornamental, 82 soft or pasty, 24, 28, 92, 102, 130 Shaw, Captain, on ' ' Fires in The- atres," loo "Fire Protec- tion," 160 Shefiford, asbestos at, 75 Sheet fire-felt, 141 with superator jacket, 141 Sheridan, Mr. Tliomas, 77, 86, 87 Shickshock Mountains, 04, 67, 74 Shield curtains, 152 Shoe-grass in Laphiud, 179 Siberian asbestos, 36, 37, 87, 52 cold, 6G Silicate cotton, 188 Silk fibres, 214 Silky asbestos, 50 Silver at Lake Nicolet, 111 in Eastern T(jwnships, 63 Silversmiths' blocks, 180 Simmonds on "Waste Products," 2, 5, 25, 36 Siraonin, M., quoted, 28 Singular fact as to Italian asbestos, 51 Slag Avool, 187, 193 Sliito formation at Broughton, 104 Soapstone, 72, 101, 104, 106, 112, 199, 203 Societe Francaise des Amiautes, 56, 149 Soft serpentine, 1, 24, 92, 102 Sources of supply, 32 Soulb Ham mines, 109 Southwark mine, 99 Specimens, fraudulent use of, 81 Speckstcin. 199 Spencer, Mr., the aeronaut, 147 Spider's web, 215 Spinning, difficulty of , 30, 211 Spim glass, 209, 217 Steatite, 106, 111, 112, 199, 200 from China, 201 Steam pressiu'e, 52 Steny Hunt, Dr., quoted, 18, 60, 65,"l.>7 Stewart River, 43 Stibnite, 112 Stokers' and firemen's aprons, 174 Stove piping. 174 Strabo quoted, 8 Substiti'ies and similarities, 184 Sub-varieties, 14 Successful mining, 80 Sudarimn, '> Sug-ar refineries, 1 60 Superator, 140, 104 Sui'faco influences, 75, 94 rpABLES published by Vv'esteni Mineral Wool Company, I'JO Talc, 34 Tapestry, asbestos, 182 Tenia garni Lake, 43 Tompleton, asbestos at, 76 Terry's Theatre, 153 Theatrical curtains, 150 Theophrastus, 9 Theories of formation, 27 Thetford mines, 84 — river. 1)1 Thompson on ' ' Mummy Cloths, " 213 Tiger-eye ero(!idoiite, 43 Time fuses, 145 Tobacco paper, 178 Torp'xloes, 145 Trade of the province of Quebec, 64 Trausjjnrt question, 41 Iremolite, 20, 21, 60 236 INDEX. i i I il I Trial borings, 77, 87 True asbestos, 14 Tsclierniak quoted, G9 Tubes for electric wires, 174 " Tweuty-five Years iu a Wagon," 41 TimnoUiug, 81 Tyndall, Prof., quoted, 19, 25, 181 Typo founding, 179 "[JNITED Asbestos Company, 53, 134, 151, 168 United States asbestos, 33, 35 — — — Geological Exploring Expedition, 185 Ural, the, 36 Us3s of asbestos, 12, 144 ' Utilization of waste, 106 yALENTINITE, 112 Varieties of asbestos, 13 Varro, 5 Vatican Museum, 5 Vegetable 'n-igin, 1 , 3 Veins, irregular, 80 largest not the best, 79 Vestal virgins' lamps, 8 Victor Hugo, 130 metallic packings. iri4 woven «heotiug and tape, 1B8 ViUe. M., 57 Volcanic! belt, course of, 71 rocks 23, 65, 74 WAGES, 121 Wallace, Prof., 221 Wall and ornamental papers, 170 Ward and Ross mine, 88 Warfare, uses of asbestos in, 144 Wai-m air stoves, 170 " Waste Products," 2, 5, 25, 36 Waste, utilization of, 100 Watch-case blocks, 180 Weaving, difficulty of, 4, 211 Weight of dag, 190 Wcrthoim's mine, 99, 160 Western Mineral Wool Company, 188 Wlialeite, 210 Wliite's Asbestos Company, 102, 119 Wliitehoad's toi-pedces, 145 Wicks, lamp, 176 Willimott' s Report, 111, 131 Wilson's " Science Jottings," 216 Winter work, 91 Witty & Wyatt's packing, 134 Wolfestown, 112 Woodite, 209 Wood, Mr. Charles, 187, 189 Wood wool, 210 ^Woodwork in buildings, 171 Wool fibres, 79, 211 Writinfi- paper, 177 Wyoming asbestos, 35 V-'^I^^' 'i^w made, 55 Yarn, a Yankee, 157 rilTNTKUBV J. S. 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"The author treats every subject from the point of view of one who has co'l-^cted workshop notes for application in workshop practice, rather than from the theoretical or literary aspect. 1 he volume contains a great deal oftliat kind of information which is gained only by practical experi- ence, and is seldom written in books.''— Ui.^'^ineer. "The volume is an exceedlnj;ly useful one, brimful with engineers' notes, memoranda, and rules, and well worthy of being on every mechanical engineer's bookshelf." — Mecha)ii(al IVorld. " The information is jjrecisely that likely to be required in practice. . . . The work forms a desir.-ible addition to the library not only of the works ..lanager, but of anyone connected witl> general engineering." — .UiiiOii,' yonriml. "A formidable mass of facts and figures, readily accessible through an elaborate ind ■]! .... Such a volume will be found absolutely necessary as a book of reference in all sorts of 'works' connected with the metal trades." — Ryland's Iron Trades Circular. " Urimful of useful information, stated in a concise form, Mr. Hutton's books have met a pres;:. Ing want among engineers. The book nmst prove extremely useful to every practical man possessing a co^y."— Practical Eitaineer, J*ractic€il Treatise on 3Io(lern Steam-So tiers. STEAM-BOILER CONSTRUCTION. A Practical Handbook for Engineers, Boiler-Makers, and Steam Users, Containing a large Col- lection of Rules and Data relating to the Design, Construction, and Working of Modern Stationary, Locomotive, and Marine Steam-Boilers. By Walter S. HuTioN, C.E., Author of "The Works' Manager's Handbook," &r. With upwards of 300 Illustrations. Medium 8vo, i8s. cloth. [Just published. "Every detail, both in boiler design and management, is clearly laid before the reader. The volume shows that boiler construction has been reduced to the condition of one of the most exa:t sciences ; and such a book is of the utmost value to the yi)i dc Steele lingincer and Works" Manager. '■ — Marine I-iii^iiiecr, " There has long been room for a modern handbook on steam boilers ; there is not that room now, because Mr. Hutton lins filled it. It is a thoroughly practical book for those who are occu- piijd in the construction, design, se'ection, or use of boilers." — Engineer. *^The Modernised Tetnpleton." THE PRACTICAL MECHANIC'S WORKSHOP COM- PA NION, Comprising a great variety 01 the most useful Rules and Formula} in Mechanical Science, with numerous Tables of Practical Data and Calcu- lated Results for Facilitating Mechanical Operations. By William Temple- ton, Author of "The Engineer's Practical Assistant," &c. &c. Sixteenth Edition, Revised, Modernised, and considerably Enlarged by Walter S. Hutton, C.E., Author of ""The Works' Manager's Handbook," "The Practical Engineer's Handbook," &c. Fcap. 8vo, nearly 500 pp., with Eight Plates and upwards of 250 Illustrative Diagrams, 6s,, strongly bound for workshop or pocket wear and tear. [Ji's' published. *»* Opinions of the Prkss. "In Its modernised form Mutton's ' Temnlcton ' should have a wide rale, for It contains much valuat>le information which the mechanic will often find of use, and not a few tables and notes which he might look for in vain in other woiks. This modernised edition will be appreciated by aJl who have learned to value the original editions of ' Tcmpleton.' " — Jinglisk Mechanic. " It has met with great success in tie engineering «orkshoi>, as we can tescify ; and there are a great many men who, in a great measure, owe their rise in life to this little hook."~Huilding Neius. " This familiar text-book— well known to all nicchanics and engineers— is of essential service to the every-d.ay requirements of engineers, millwrights, and the various trades connected with engineermg and building. The new modernised edition is worth its weight in ^o\d."— Building Nevis. (Second Notice.) " This well-known and largely used book contains information, brought up to date, of the sort so useful to the foreman anreciated by aU who •fn'tesflry, and there are s_i5 of csscntwl service to ,.; trades connected with eitlht in ijold."- />"'"«>"£' ouRht i«P to date, of the ^tion has been introduced e office and workshop. — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, etc. Stone-ivorking Machinery, STONE-WORKING MACHINERY, and the Rapid and Economi. cat Conversion of Stone. With Hints on the Arrangement and Management of Stone Works. By M. Powis Bale, M.I.M.E. With lUusts. Crown bvo, os. "Should be in the hands of every mason or student of stone-work."— Co/^i*rv Guardian. " A capital handbook lor all who manipulate stone for building or ornamental purposes.' Mtdiinery Market. I*innji Construction and Management. PUMPS AND PUMPING : A Handbook foy Pump Users. Being Notes on Selection, Construction and Management. By M. Powis Bale, M.I.M.E., Author of " Woodworking Machinery," &c. Crown 8vo, 2S. 6d. "Tlic matter is set forth as concisely as possible. In fact, condensation rather than diffuseiuss has been the author's aim throughout ; yet he docs not seem to have omitted anything likely to be of use."— journal q/ Gas /.ij^/Uing. Milling Machines, etc. MILLING : A Treatise on Machines, Appliances, and Processes em- ployed in the Shaping of Metals by Rotary Cutters, including Information on Making and Grinding the Cutters. By Paul N. Hasluck, Autlior of" Lathe- work." With upwards of 300 Engravings. Large crown 8vo, 12s. 6d. clotli. Turning. ^J"'* published. LATHE-WORK : A Practical Treatise on the Tools, Appliances, and Processes employed in the Art of Turning. By Paul N. Hasluck. Fourth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Cr. 8vo, 5s, cloth. " Written by a man who knows, not only how work ought to be done, but who also knows how to do it, and how to convey his knowledge to others. To all turners this book would be valuable. " —/sHX'iiu'eriitj^. " We can safely recommend the work to young engineers. To the amateur It will simply te invaluable. To the student it will convey a great deal of useful information. " — Bitstitctr. IScreiv-Ciitting. SCREW THREADS : And Methods of Producing Them. With Numerous Tables, and complete directions for using Screw-Cutting Lathes. By Paul In. Hasluck, Author of " Lathe- Work," &c. With Fifty Illustra- tions. Third Edition, Enlarged. Waistcoat-pocket size, is. 6d. cloth. " Full of useful information, hints and practical criticism. Taps, dies and screwing-tools gene- rallyare i'.ustrated and their action described."— ;1/irr/m«ir(3/ IVorhi. " It IS a complete compendimn of all the details of the screw cutting lathe ; in fact a miilium- in-/'a>~fo on all tlio subjects it treats upon.'' — Carpenter aitii KuiUier, Smith's Tables for Merho.nics, etc, TABLES MEMORANDA, AND CALCULATED RESULTS, FOR MECHANICS, ENGINEl^RS, ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, etc. Selected and Arranged by Francis Smith. Fifth Edition, thoroughly Revised. and Enlarged, with a New Section of Electrical Tables, Formul.t;, and Memoranda. Waistcoat-pocket size, is. Ci/. limp leather. [Just published. " It would, perhaps, be as difficult to make a small pocket-book selection of notes and fc inuloe to suit all engineers as it would be to make a univcrs,il medicine; but Mr. Smith's waistcoat- pocket collection may be looked upon as a successful attempt. " — liiifineer. "The best example we have ever seen of 250 pages of useful niatt t packed into the dimen- sions of a card-case." — Building i\'e7us, "A veritable pocket treasury of knowledge." — Iron, Engineer's and Machinist's Assistant. THE ENGINEER'S, MILLWRIGHT'S, and MACHINIST'S PRACTICAL ASSISTANT. A collection of Useful Tables, Rules and Data. By William Thmpleton. 7th Edition, with Additions. i8mo, 2S. 6d. clotb. "Occupii... a foremost place among hooks of this kind. A more suitable present to an appren- tice to any A the mechanical trades could not possibly be made." — Building Neivs. "A deservedly popular, work, it should be in the 'drawer' of every mechanic."— £Hf/ij/i Mechanic. Iron and Steel, " IRON AND STEEL " : A Work for the Forge, Foundry, Factory, and Office, Containing ready, useful, and trustworthy Information for Iron- masters; Managers of Bar, Rail, Plate, and Sheet Rolling Mills; Iron and Metal Founders ; Iron Ship and Brioge Builders ; Mecnanical, Mining, and Consulting Engineers ; Contractors, Builders, (S:c. By Charles Hoare. Eighth Edition, P.evised and considerably Enlarged. 321110, 6s. leather. "One of the best of the pocket books." — Eng'.ish Mechanic " We cordially recommend this book to those engaged in considering the details of all kinds nf Iron and steel works.' — Naval Science. #• CROSBY LOCKWOOD &• SON'S CATALOGUE. ■I I > Engineering Constrtiction* J-'ATTERN-MAKING : A Practical Treatise, emhracmgtheMain Types of Engineering Construction, and including Gearing, both Hand and Machine made. Engine Work, Sheaves and Pulleys, Pipes and Columns, Screws, Machine Paris, Pumps and Cocks, the Moulding of Patterns in Loam and Greensand, &c., together with the methods of Estimating the weight of Castings; to which is added an Appendix of Tables for Workshop Relerence. By a Foreman Patters Maker, With upwards of Ibree Hundred and Seventy Illustrations. Crown 8vo, ys. 6d. cloth. "A well written technical guide, evidently written by a man who underst.inds and h.is prac- tised what he has written about. . . . We cordially reconnneiid it to enKineerinn students, yi ui'g Joumeynien. and others desirous of being initiated into the mysteries of pattern making." — Buildtr, " We can confidently recommend this comprehensive treatise.' — Jlidliiiiiir Arus. " Ukely to prove a welcome ^uide to many workmen, especially to drau>;htsmen who have licked a trainin); in the shops, pupils pursuing their practical studies in our factories, and to em- ployers and managers in engineering works. —Hardiuart Trade yourtial, "More than 370 illustrations help to explain the text, which is, however, always clear and ex- plicit, thus reiidcring the work an excellent vadt mtcutn for tile apprentice who desires to become master of his XxiA^.—litiglish AUchanic, Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering Terms. LOCKWOOD' S DICTIONARY OF TERMS USED IN THE PRACTICE OF MECHANICAL FNGINEEKING, emhTacin^thosecuTTent in the Drawing Office, Pattern Shop, Foundry, Fitting, Turning, Smith's and Boiler Shops, &c. &c. Comprising upwards of 6,000 Definitions. Edited by A Foreman Pattern-Maker, Author of " Pattern Making." Crown 8vo, 7s. 61/. cloth. "Just the sort of handy dictionary required by the various trades engaged in mechanical en- gineering. The practical engineering pupil will find the book of great value in his studies, and every foreman engineer and mechanic should have a copy." — Huiidiiit; Aeiis. "Alter a carelul examination of the book, and trying all manner of words, we think that the engineer will here find all he is likely to lequire. Jt will be largely used." — Practical iiii^iiiicr. "One of the most useful books which can be presented to a iiiechaiiic or student." — liitgli^h Miclianic, " Not merely a dictionary, but, to a certain extent, also a most valuable guide. It strikrs us as a haf py itlca to combine with a dclinition ol' the phra.'C U:>eful infonuatioa on the sul ject of whiih it treats." — AtaihitieryMaiAtt. "Ntword having coniieciion with any branch of constructive engineering seems to bo oii.iilcd. No more comprehensive work h.(S been, so far, issued. '—K'now.'edi^e. •• We strongly commend this useful and reliable adviser to our friends in the workshop, and to students everywhere."— Ci'//»'« iUtr. \r Aru-S- jjlitsmen who have :tories, and to em- Iways clear and ex- o desires lo become Terms, ED IN THE ng those current ing, Smith's and ions. Edited by J." Crown 8vo, ■d in mechanical en- • in his studies, and is. we think that the ractiial Htieiiico: c student."— /:"ir^«->" lide. It strikes us as the sulject of wlii^ h ecring seems to bo tlie workshop, and to Strength, Con- E. Fifth Edition. inter. ily recommend all em- rade Circular. Y Draught-Power ors. By Robert lers,'" &.C. Second ctical in treatment. — ER &- ASSIST. ilating, for the Use ed by D. K. Clark, 8vo, 7S, half-bound. 'raJe Circular, The tables are clearly lity, so that it caimot be ■ youmal. lation and Siig- 3 and Horticultural own 8vo, 2S. cloth, to secure a coj^y of this MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, etc. Steam Engine. TEXT-BOOK ON THE STEAM ENGINE. With a Sup- plement on Gas Engines, and Part H. on Heat Engines. By T. M. GooDEVE, M.A., Barrister-at-Law, Professor ot Mechanics at the Normal . School of Science and the Royal School of Mines; Author of "The Princi- ples of Mechanics," "The Elements ot Mechanism," &c. Eleventh Edition, Enlarged. With numerous Illustrations, Crown 8vo, 6s, cloth. "Professor Goodeve has gfiven us a treatise on the steam enjrine which will bear comparison with anything written by Huxley or Maxwell, and we can award it mi higher praise."— /!«r«««»-. " Mr. Goodeve's text-book is a work of which every young engineer should possess himself." — Mining- yournal. Gas Engines, ON GAS-ENGINES. Being a Reprint, with some Additions, of the Supplement to the Text-booh on the Steam Engine, by T. M. Goodeve, M.A. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6rf. cloth, " Like all Mr. Goodeve's writings, the present Is no exception In point of general excellence. It is a valuable little volume."— iVfi-Aa;i«-a/ H'orld. Steam, THE SAFE USE OF STEAM. Containing Rules for Un- professional Steam-users, By an Engineer. Sixth Edition. Sewed, 6d. " If steam-users would but learn this little book by heart boiler explosions would become sensations by their rarity."— A^^/tjA Mechanic. Jteference Book for Mechanical Engineers, THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S REFERENCE BOOK, for Machine and Boiler Construction. In Two Parts. Part I. Genf.ral Engineering Data. Part II. Boiler Construction. With 51 Plates and numerous Illustrations. By Nelson Foley, M.I.N. A. Folio, £5 55. half- bound, [Just published. Coal and Speed Tables. A POCKET BOOK OF COAL AND SPEED TABLES, for Engineers and Steam-users. By Nelson Foley, Author of "Boiler Con- struction." Pocket-size, 3s. 6d. cloth ; 4s. leather. "These tables are designed to meet the requirements of every-day use ; and maybe com- mended to en^jineers and users of steam. '— /ron. " This pocket-book well merits the attention of the practical engineer. Mr. Foley has com- piled a very useful set of tables, the information contained in which is frequently required by engineers, coal consumers and users of steam." — Iro>i and Coal Trades Review, Fire Engineering, FIRES, Fire-engines, and fire-brigades, with a History of Fire-Engines, their Construction, Use, and Management ; Re- marks on Fire-Proof Buildings, and the Preservation of Life from Fire ; Foreign Fire Systems, &c. By C. F, T, Young, C E. With numerous Illustrations, 544 pp., demy 8vo, £ i 4s. cloth. " To such of our readers as are interested in the subject of fires and fire apparatus, we can most heartily commend this book."— Enx'tneerinj^. "It displays much evidence of careful research; and Mr. Young has put his facts neatly together. It is evident enough thiit his acquaintance with the practical details of the construction of steam fire engines is accurate and full,"— £»ii'-«««r. Estimating for Engineering Worlc, dc. ENGINEERING ESTIMATES, msTS AND ACCOUNTS: A Guide to Commercial Engineering, W ith numerous Examples of Esti- mates and Costs of Millwright VVork, Miscellaneous Productions, Steam Engines and Steam Boilers ; and a Section on the Preparation of Costs Accounts. By A General Manager, Demy 8vo, 12s. cloth. " This is an excellent and very useful book, covering subject in Iter in constant requisition in every factory and workshop. . . . The book is invaluiible, not only to the young engineer, but also to the estimate department of every works."— fiuilder. "We accord the work unqualified prsise. The information is given in a plain, straightforward manner, and bears throughout e\ idence of tho intimate practical acquaintance of the author with every phrase of commercial engineering." — .Mechanical World, Eletnentarg Mech 'in ics. CONDENSED MECH A NrCS, A Selection of Formulrr, Rules, Tables, and Data fjr the Use of Erij^'ineering Students, Science Classes, &c. In Accordance with the Requirements of the Science and Art Department By W. G. Crawford Hughes, A.M.I.C.Ii. ("rown 8vo, 2S. 61. clo'h. IJust published. m CROSBY LOCK WOOD &• SON'S CATALOGUE. Ui m '' I I THE POPULAR WORKS OF MICHAEL REYNOLDS (" The Enoinb Driver's Friend "). Locomotive-Engine Driving, LOCOMOTIVE.ENGINE DRIVING : A Practical Manual for Engineers in charge of Locomotive Engines, By Michael Reynolds, Member of the Societyof Engineers, formerly Locomotive Inspector L. B.and S.C. R. Eighth Edition. Including a Key to the Locomotive Engine. With Illus- trations and Portrait of Author. Crown 8vo. 4s. 6cl. cloth. "Mr. Reynolds has. supplied a want, and has supplied it well. We can confidently recommend the t>ook, not only to the practical driver, but to everyone who takes an interest in the perforiuauce of locomotive enpines." — T/ie F.nainttr. " Mr. Reynolds lias opened a new chapter In the literature of the day. This admirable practical treatise, of the practical utility of which we have to speak in terms of warm commendation."— Athtnaiitn, " Hvidently the work of one who knows his subject thoroughly."- Rail-way Service Gazette. " Were the cautions and rules given in the book to become part of the every-day working o( Oil engine-drivers, we might have fewer distressing accidents to atfXon."— Scotsman. Stationar^f Engine Driving, STATIONARY ENGINE DRIVING : A Practical Manual foy Engineers in charge of Stationary Engines. By Michael Reynolds. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. With Plates and Woodcuts. Crown 8vo, 4s. 6d. cloth. "The author is thoroughly acquainted with his subjects, and his advice on the various points treated is clear and practical. . . . He has produced a manual which is an exceedingly useful one for the class for whom it is specially intended." — Ennincerint;. "Our author leaves no stone unturned. He is determined that his readers shall not only know something about the stationary engine, but all about \i."—Kngineer. "An engineman who has mastered the contents of Mr.Reynolds'sbookwIll require but little actual experience with boilers and engines before he can be trusted to look after \.)\K.va."—EnglishMechanic, The Engineer, Fireman^ and Engine-Boy. THE MODEL LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEER, FIREMAN, and ENGINE-BOY. Comprising a Historical Notice of the Pioneer Locomotive Engines and their Inventors. By Michael Reynolds. With numerous Illus- trations and a fine Portrait of George Stephenson. Crown 8vo, 4s. 6rf. cloth. " From the technical knowledge of the author it will appeal to the railway man of to-day more forcibly than anything written by Ur. Smiles. . . . The volume contains information of a tech- nical kind, and facts that every driver should be familiar with." — h'lijrttsh Mechanic. "We should be glad to see this book in the possession of everyone in the kingdom who has ever lai-', or is to lay, hands on a locomotive engine." — Iron. Continuous Railivay Brakes. CONTINUOUS RAILWAY BRAKES : A Practical Treatise on the several Systems in Use in the United Kingdom ; their Construction and Performance. With copious Illustrations and numerous Tables. By Michael Reynolds, Large crown 8vo, gs. cloth. " A popular explanation of the different brakes. It will be of great assistance in forming public opinion, and will be studied with benefit by those who take an mterest in the brake." — English Mechanic. "Written with sufficient technical detail to enable the principle and relative connection oi tha various parti of each particular brake to be readily grasped." — Mechanical IVorld. Engine-Driving Life, ENGINE-DRIVING LIFE : Stirring Adventures and Incidents in the Lives of Locomotive-Engine Drivers. By Michael Reynolds. Second Edition, with Additional Chapters. Crown 8vo. 2S. cloth. "From first to last perfectly fascinating. Wilkie Collins's most thrilling conceptions are thrown Into the shade by true incidents, endless in their variety, related in every page."— AVrrt British Mail. "Anyone who wishes to get a real insight into railway life cannot do better than read ' Eneine- Dtlving Life' for himself ; and if he once take it up he will find that the author's enthusiasm antlreal love of the engine-driving profession will carry him on till he has read every page." — Saturday Review. Pocket Cotnpanion for Enginemen, THE ENGINEMAN'S POCKET COMPANION AND PRAC TICAL EDUCATOR FOR ENGINEMEN, BOILER ATTENDANTS, AND MECHANICS. By Michael Reynolds. With Forty-five Illustra- tions and numerous Diagrams. Second Edition, Revised. Royal i8mo, 3s. 6ti., strongly bound for pocket wear. "T.iis admirable work is well suited to accomplish Its object, being the honest workmanship of a competent engineer." — Glasg07u Heralct. " A most meritorious work, giving in a succinct and practical form all the Information an engine- minder desirqui of mastering the scientific principles of his daily calling would require." — Miller " A boon to those who are striving to become efficient mechanics."— Z>a>(v Chronicle. \Ianml for ,DS, Member , and S.C. R- With lllus- itly recommend he performance nlrable practical iiimendation. — rvict Gazttte. -day working ot Manual for )LDS. Fourth s. 6d. cloth, he various point* nceedingly useful all not only know Ire but little actual inelisHMtchanic. EM AN, and er Locomotive mmerouslllus- o, 4S. 6d. cloth. lan of to-day more irniation of a tecU- tiic. t V • ! kingdom who nas al Treatise on onstrttdion and 3S. By MiCHAEI. ■e in forming public B brake."— £«£'"* e connection ot th« rid. and Incidents ^NOLDS. Second nceptlons are thrown -Aorth British Mail. t than read ' Enpine- 5 entliusiasm and real "Saturday Rtvuw. AND PR AC ATTENDANTS, orty-five Ulustra- oyal i8mo, 3s. 6 pension liridge, Avon (3 plates); Underground Railway (3 plates). Victoria Station and Roof, I,. B. & S. C. R. (8 plates) ; Southport I'ier (1 plates) ; Victoria Station anil Root, I.. C. & I), and G. W. K. (6 plates); Roof of Crcniorne Music Hall; Bridge over G. N. Railway ; Roof of Station, Dutch Rhenish Rail (a plates) ; Bridge over the " Handsomely lithographed and printed. It will find favour with many who desire to preserve In a permanent form copies of the plans and specifications prepared for the guidance of the coO' tractors for many important engineering works.' —JSn^iuetr. HUMBERTS RECORD OF MODERN ENGINEERING. Second Series. Imp. 410, with 36 Double Plates, Photographic Portrait of Robert Stephenson, C.E., M.P., F.R.S., &c., and copious debcriptive Letterpress^ Specifications, &c., £3 3s. half-morocco. List 0/ the Plates and Diagrams, Birkenhead Docks, Low Water Basin (ij plates); Charing Cross Station Roof, C. C R.'Uway (j plates); IJigswell Viaduct. Great Northern R.-iilway ; Robliery Wood VLiduct, Great Northern Railway; Iron Permanent Way; Clydach Viaduct. Merthyr, Tredegar, and Abergavenny Railway; Ebbw Viaduct. Merthyr, Tredegar, and Abergavenny Rail- way ; College Wood Viaduct, Cornwall Rail- way ; Dublin Wi.iier Palace I); Milroy's Patent Excavator; Metro- politan District Kailway (6 plates); Harbours, Ports, and Breakwaters (3 plates). f , ;- i : ' I UB. EERINQ. rocco. Each ENGINEER- rine, Hydraulic, LLIAM HUMBER, to a large scale, :c„ and copious :co. (tension Railway (5 Suspension BriiiKei Vllen linKine; Siis- Hes); UudererouncJ o desire to preserve [uidanco of the con- WG. Second )rtrait of Robert live Letterpress^ ly; Ebbw Viaduct. Abergavenny Rail- duct, Cornwall Rail- ice Roof (3 plates) j L. C. & D. Railway , Greenock (4 plates), ollection of examples lie's yournnl. ■ING. Third Portrait of J. R. stterpress, Speci- let (4 plates) ; Outfali ons of^ Sewers (North K«i'- A'rw J. Water Storage, Conveyance and Utilisation. WATER ENGINEERING : A Piactic.il Treatise on the Measure- ment, Storage, Conveyance and Utilisation of Water for the Supply of Towns, for Mill Power, and for other Purposes. By Charlks Slagg, Water and Drainage Engineer, A.M.lnst.C.E., Author of " Sanitary Work in the Smaller Towns, and in Villages," &c. With numerous I Musts. Cr. Bvo, 7s. 6rf. cloth, " As a small practical tre.itise on the water supply of towns, and on some applications of water-power, the work is in many respects excellent.' —F.ng'iiieerini^. " 'rhe author has collated the results deduced frcmi tlie experiments of the most eminent authorities, and has presented them in a compact and practical form, accompanied bv very clear and detailed explanations. . . . The apphcation of water as a motive power is treated very carefully and exhaustively." — Bui/tier. "I'or anyone who desires to begin the study of hydraulics with a consideration of the practical applications of thr science there is no better guide."— ..-//-f/n/aA # IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I i.i 1.25 ■■' IIIIU ■' m IIM 2.2 2.0 1.4 1.6 6" ■7 <^ /i '^1 '% c-; c*l y^ # '^i °m- Photographic Sciences Corporation \ \ % V o .1> 6^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) 872-4503 'iF* %^ %^ \\''.l. I'i ! -I CROSBY LOCKWOOD 6- SON'S CATALOGUE. Statics, Graphic and Analytic, GRAPHIC AND ANAi^YTIC STATICS, in their Practical Appli. cation to the Treatment of Stresses in Roofs, S«lid Girders, Lattice, Bowstring and Suspension Bt idges. Braced Iron A rches and Piers, and other Frameworks. By R. Hudson Graham, C.E. Containing Diagrams and Plates to Scale. With numerous Examples, many taken from existing Structures. Specially arranged for Class-work in Colleges and Universities. Second Edition, Re> vised and Enlarged. 8vo, t6s. cloth. "Mr. Grahim's book will find a place wherever graphic and analytic statics are used or st.idled." " The work is excellent from a practical point of view, and has evidently been prepared with much care. The directions for worlcing are ample, and are illustr<-ited by an abundance of well- selected examples. It is an excellent text-book for the practical draughtsman."— y: commend- ing it, feeling assured that it will more than repay a careful study." — Mechanical ll'orld. "A most useful and well arranged book for the aid of a student. We can strongly recommend it as a carefully-written and valuable text-book. It enjoys a well-deserved repute among surveyors." —Builder. " This volume cannot fail to prove of the utmost practical utility. It may be safely recommended to all students who aspire to becv^me clean and expert surveyors."— i1/>»>»^ yournal. Tunnelling. PRACTICAL TUNNELLING. Explaining in detail the Setting- out of the works, Shaft-sinkingand Headitig-driving, Ranging the Lines and Levelling underground, Sub-Excavating, Timbering, and the Construction of the Brickwork oi Tunnels, with the amount of Labour required for, and the Cost of, the various portions of the work. By Frederick W. Simms, F.G.S., M.Inst.C.E. Third Edition, Revised and Extended by D. Kinnear Clark, M.Inst. C.E. Imperial 8vr<, with ai Folding Plates and numerous Wood Engravings, 30s. cloth. " The estimation in which Mr. Slmms's book on tunnelling has been held for over thirty years cannot be more truly expressed than in the word^ of the late Prof. Rankine : — ' The best source of in- formation on the subject of tunnels is Mr.F.W.Simms'swork on Practical Tunnelling.' "—^ rrAtV^f A " It has been regarded from the first as a text book of the subject. . . . Mr. Clarke has added immensely to the value of the book."— En^neer, li! UE. ractical Appli' ittice. Bowstring her Frameworks. Plates to Scale, ures. Specially nd Edition, Re- ue used or st.idied." been prepared with abundance of well- \a."—Athtnaum. Students pre- ies. By George Abater Supply of Is of 330 Ulustra^ , uses and modes of as the author, in his d which tlie student no hesitation in say- lecessors . • ■ • ., ds of a pupil of Civil s would find it well to ite and not too con- y Land and Sea. 5 D'A. Jackson, Metrology," &c. 1. We can recommend mpUshed surveyor"— es, and study well the :al experience wWch, o,"—Buii(Ur, ence to the Pre- rs, Towns' Water Use of Surveying and Viaduct Con- arge or. 8vo, 91. cl, tation in r. comraenii- itiiai U'orU. n strongly recommend lute among surveyors." 5 safely recommended yournal. tail the Setting- ging the Lines and 1 the Construction equiredfor, andthe W. SIMMS, F.G.S., ). Kin NEAR Clark, numerous Wood lid for over thirty yean -' The best source of in- inneUiny.' "— /< rchiUct. , Mr. Clarke has added CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, etc. zx Levelling, A TREATISE ON THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OP LEVELLING, Showing its Application to purposes of Railway and Civil Engineering, in the Construction of Roads : with Mr. Telford's Rules for the same. ByFREOERicK W. Simms,F.G.S., ^I.Inst.C.E. Seventh Edition, with the addition of Law's Practical Examples for Setting-out Railway Curves, and Trautwink's Field Practice of Laying-out Circular Curves. With 7 Plates and numerous Woodcuts, 8vo, Bs, 6d. cloth. *«* Trautwine on Curves may be had separate, 55. " The text-book on levelling In most of our engineering schools and colleges." — Bnginitr, " The publishers have rendered a substantial service to the profession, especially to the younger members, by bringing out the present edition of Mr. Simms's useful v/oik."—SHgineeriH^, Heat, Expansion by, EXPANSION OF STRUCTURES BY HEAT. By John Keily, C.E., late of the Indian Public Works and Victorian Railway Depart- ments. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. Summary of Contents. Mechanical Force op Heat. Work of Expansion and Contraction. Suspension Bridges. Section VL Section VIL Section VIH. Section IX. Masonry Structures. Section I. Formulas and D\ta. Section II. Metal Bars. Section III. Simple Frames. Section IV. Complex Frames and Plates. Section V. Thermal Conductivity. " The aim the author has set before him, viz., to show the effects of heat upon metallic and other structures, is a laudable one, for this is a branch of physics upon which the engineer or archi- tect can find but little reliable nnd comprehensive data in books."— BiiiMe-. " Whoevei is concerned t , know the effect of changes of temperature on such structures as suspension bridges and the lii.e, could not do better than consult Mr. Kelly's valuable and handy exposition of the geometrical principles involved in these changes."— 5nan. JPractical Mathematics, MATHEMATICS FOR PRACTICAL MEN: Being a Common- place Book of Pure and Mixed Mathematics. Designed chiefly for the use of Civil Engineers, Architects and Surveyors. By Olinthus Gregory, LL.D., F.R.A.S., Enlarged by Henry Law, C.£. 4th Edition, carefully Revised bv J. R.Young, formerly Professor of Mathematics, Belfast College. With 13 Plates, 8vo, £1 is. cloth. " The engineer or architect will here find ready to his hand rules for solving nearly every mathe- matical difficulty that may arise in his practice The ruies are in aU cases explained by fieans of examples, in which every step of the process is clearly worked out."— BuMer. " Ona of the most serviceable books for practical mechanics. . . It is an instructive book for the student, and a text-book for hiin who, having once mastered the subjects it treats of, needs occasionally to refresh his memory upon them." — Buiiding News. jU.'9j{Z'i*aulic Tables HYDRAULIC TABLES, CO-EFFICIENTS, and FORMULAE for finding the Discharge of Water from Orifices, Notches, Weirs, PiP'^, «♦•<* Rivers. With New Formulae, Tables, and General Information on Rainfall, Catchment-Basins, Drainage, Sewerage, Water Supply for Towns and Mill Power. By John Neville, Civil Engineer, M.R.I. A. Third Ed„ carefully Revised, with considerable Additions. Numerous Illusts. Cr. 8vo, 14s. cloth. " Alike v.iluable to students and engineers in practice ; Its study will prevent the annoyance of avoidable failures, and assist them to select the readiest means of successfully carrying out any ^iven work connected with hydraulic engineering."— J/^i>i««^ youriial. "It is, of all English books on the subject, the one nearest to completeness. . . . From the good arrangement of the matter, the clear explanations, and abundance of formulx, the carefully calculated tables, and, above all, the thorough acquaintance with both theory and constructiooi which is displayed from first to last, the book will be found to b« an acquisition. -..^rcAiite^. Hydraulics, HYDRA ULIC MANUAL. Consisting of Working Tables and Explanatory Text. Intended as a Guide in Hydraulic Calculations and Field Operations. By Lowis D'A. Jackson, Author of "Aid to Survey Practice," " Modern Metrology,'' &c. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. Large cr. 8vo, i6j. cl. " The author has had a wide experience in hydraulic engiaeering and has been a careful ob- server of the facts which have come under his notice, and fruiu the great mass of material at his command he has constructed a manual which may be accepted as a trustworthy guide to this branch of the engineer's profession. VVe can heartily recommend this volume to all who desire to be acquainted with the latest development of this important i\ih]ect."— Engineering. " The standard-work in this department of mechnnics.' —Scotsman. " The most useful feature of this work is its freedom from what is superannuated, and Its thorough adoption o{ recent experiments ; th* text is, in fact, in great part a short account of th« Kieat modem ezp«rim«nts."— AaAifV. I ;; 13 CROSBY LOCKWOOD <*« SON'S CATALOGUE. Drainage, ON THE DRAINAGE OF LANDS, TOWNS AND BUILD- INGS. By G. D. Dempsey, C.E., Author of " The Practical Railway En- fineer," &c. Revised, with large Additions on Recent Practice in )rainagb Engineering, by D. Kinnear Clark, M.IiiSt.C.B. Author of " Trariiways : Their Construction and Working," " A Manual of Rules, Tables, and Data for Mechanical Engineers," &c. &c. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. cloth. " The new matter added to Mr. Dempsey s excellent work is characterised by the comprehen- sive G:ras|) and accuracy ol detail for which the name of Mr. U. K. Clatk is a sufficient roucher."— " As a woric on recent practice in drainrge engHneerin?, the book is to be commended to ali who are makini; that branch of engineering science their special study." — /ran. " A comprehensive manual on drainage engineering, and a useful introduction to the student." SuitiiiHg News, Tramways and their Working, TRAMWAYS: THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING. Embracing a Comprehensive History of the System ; with an exhaustive Analysis of the various Modes of Truction, including Horse-Power, Steam, Heated Water, and Compressed Air ; a Description of the Varieties of Rolling Stock; and amp)e found."— Buildiftf^ News, " The best form of rallr, the best mode of construction, and the best mechanical appliances are so fairly indicated in the work under review, that any engineer about to construct a tramway will be enabled at once to obtain the practic: 1 information which will be of most service to him."— AtheHtTum, Oblique Arches. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE CONSTRUCTION OP OBLIQUE ARCHES. By John Hart. Third Edition, with Plates. Im- ' perial 8vo, 8s. cloth. Curves, Tables for Setting-out, TABLES OF TANGENTIAL ANGLES AND MULTIPLES for Setttng-out Curves from 5 to i», Tunnel Shafts. THE CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE TUNNEL SHAFTS: A Practical and Theoretical Essay, By J. H. Watson Buck, M.Inst.C.E., Resident Engineer, London and North-Western Railway. Illustrated with Folding Plates, royal 8vo, 12s. cloth. " Many of the methods given are of extreme practical value to the mason ; and the observations on the form of arch, the rules for ordering the stone, and the construction of the templates will be found of considerable use. We commend the book to the engineering profession." — BuUdinf News, " Will be regarded by civil engineers as of the utmost value, and calculated to save much tim« and obviate many mistakes."— Co//>Vr>' Guardian, Girders, Strength of. GRAPHIC TABLE FOR FACILITATING THE COMPUTA. TION OF THE WEIGHTS OF WROUGHT IRON AND STEEL GIRDERS, etc., for Parliamentary and other Estimate?, By J. H. Watson Buck, M.Inst.C.E. On a Sheet, zs.Gd, . \GUE. IND BUILD- tical Railway En- ■e found.' — mechanical appliances to construct a tramway most service to him. — TRUCTION OP with Plates. Im- MULTIPLES ANDE* SEAZELEY, iold in a cloth box, tdollte, leaves the hands ty of work."— /?«*«'««''• iro of these cards, which ntents in Cubic ihs up to an average ,MPiN,C.E. Crown cross section into three mtum. SHAFTS: A Buck, M.lnst.C.E., Illustrated with jn ; and the observations )f the templates will bo ssion."— *««W««F /^rwt. ilated to save much time IE COMPUTA- N AND STEEL By J. H. Watsoh CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, etc. X3 River Engineering. RIVER BARS: The Causes of their Formation, and their Treat- ment by " Induced Tidal Scour; " with a Description of the Successful Re- duction by this Method of '.he Bar at Dublin. By I. J. Mann, Assist. Eng. to the Dublin Port and Docks Board. Royal 8vo, 7s. 6d. cloth. "We rc-ommend all i'itere«ted in harbour works— and, indeed, those concerned in the im- Crovements of rivers generally— to read Mr. Mann's interesting work on Ute treatuieut of river ars." — Httginttr, Trusses, TRUSSES OF WOOD AND IRON. Practical Applications of Sciencein Determining the Stresses, Breaking Weights, Safe Loads, Scantlings, and Details of Construction, with Complete Working Drawings. By William Griffiths, Surveyor, Assistant Master, Tranmere School of Science and Art. Oblong 8vo, 4J. 6d. cloth. " This handy little book enters so minutely Into every dr'.'.il connected with the construction cf roof trusses, that no student need be ignorant of these matters." — Practical Bnsinttr, Jtailway Working. SAFE RAILWAY WORKIKG. A Treatise on Railway Acci- dents: Theit Cause and Prevention ; with a Description of Modern Appliances and Systems. By Clement E. Stretton, C.E., 'Vice-President and Con- sulting Engineer, Amalgamated Society of Raiiway Servants. With Illus- trations and Coloured Plates. Second Edition, Enlarged, Crown 8vo, 3s. f>d. cloth. [Just published. " A book for the engineer, the directors, the managers ; and, in short, all who wish for informa- tion on railvay matters will find a perfect ciicyclopxaia in ' Safe Railway Working.' "— Railway Revie^v. "We commend the remarks on railway signalling to all railway managers, especially where a uniform code and practice is advocated."— //*r(r/a/«'j Rail-way yournat. "The author maybe congratulated on havimj collected, in a very convcnier* form, much valuable information on the principal questions atlecting the safe working of railways." — Rail- 7f ay lin^ineer. Field'Boolc for Engineers, THE ENGINEER'S, MINING SURVEYOR'S, AND CON- TRACTOR'S FIELD-BOOK. Consistingof a Series of Tables, with Rules, Explanations of Systems, and use of Theodolite for Traverse Surveying and Plotting the Work with minute accuracy by means of Straight Edge and Set Square only ; Levelling with the Theodolite, Casting-out and Reducing Levels to Datum, and Plotting Sections in the ordinary manner; setting-out Curves with the Theodolite by Tangential Angles and Multiples, with Right and Left-hand Readings of the Instrument: Setting-oui Curves without Theodolite, on the System of Tangential Angles by sets of Tangents and Off- sets ; and Earthwork Tables to 80 feet deep, calculated for every 6 inches in deiith. By W. Davis Haskoll, C.E. With numerous Woodcuts. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. Ciown 8vo, 12s. cloth. "The book is very handy ; the separate tables of sines anr' tangents to every minute will make it useful for many oUier purposes, the genuine traverse tablts existuig all the same." — AtJienizum. ery person engaged in engin work and the amount of valuable tune which will be saved by reference to a set of reliable tables 'Ever • person engaged in engineering held operations will estunate the unpurtance of such a le amount of valuable tune which will be saved by reference to a set of relir' ' "' ' " prepared with the accuracy and fulness of those given in tliis Mobxiae,"— Railway News. Earthwork^ Measurement of. A MANUAL ON EARTHWORK. By Alex. J. S. Graham, C.E. With numerous Diagrams. Second Edition. iSmo, as. td. cloth. "A great amount of practical infonnation, very admirably arranged, and available for rough estimates, as well as for the more exact calculations required iu the engineer's and contractor s offices. "—.,< r/i»a»«, Strains in Ironwork, THE STRAINS ON STRUCTURES OF IRONWORK; with Practical Remarks on Iron Construction. By F. W. Sheilds, M.lnst.C.E, Second Edition, with 5 Plates. Royal Svo, 51. cloth. "The student cannot find a better little book on this subject."— /:«i^i'««»". Casl Iron and other Metals, Strength of. A PRACTICAL ESSAY ON THE STRENGTH OF CAST IRON AND OTHER METALS. By Thomas Tredoold, C.E. Fifth Edition, including Hodgkinbom's Experimental Researches. 8vo, lu. cloth. I liii! 1 1 1 I M CROSBY LOCKWOOD /i)> ning Advertiser JDesigning, Measurinfff and Valuing, THE STUDENTS GUIDE to the PRACTICE of MEASUR- ING AND VALUING ARTIFICERS' WORKS. Containing Directions for taking Dimensions, Abstracting the same, and bringing the Quantities into Bill, with Tables of Constants for Valuation of Labour, and for the Calcula- tion of Areas and Solidities. Originally edited by Edward Dodson, Architect. With Additions on Mensuration and Construction, and a New Chapter on Dilapidations, Repairs, and Contract?, by E. Wyndham Tarn, M.A. Sixth Edition, including a Complete Form of a Bill of Quantities. With 8 Plates and 63 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo, ys. 6d. cloth. " Well fulfils the promise of its title-page, and we can thoroughly recommend it to the class for whose use it has been compiled, Mr. Tarn's additions and revisions have much increased the usefulness of the work, and have especially augmented its value to students." — liiigiuetring . "This edition will be found the most complete treatise on the principles of measuring and valuing artificers' work that has yet been published." — Btiildttts; Netus, Pocket Estimator and Technical Guide. THE POCKET TECHNICAL GUIDE, MEASURER AND ESTIMATOR FOR BUILDERS AND SURVEYORS. Containing Tech- nical Directions for Mea iuring Work in all the Building Trades, Complete Specifications for Houses, Roads, and Drains, and an easy Method of Estimat- ing the parts of a Building collectively. By A. C. Beaton, Author of "Quantities and Measurements,' &c. Fifth Ed^ioti. With 53 Woodcuts, waistcoat-po-jket size, is. 6d, gilt ei.,,.> s. " No builder, arciiuect, surveyor, or valuer should be without his ' Peaton.' ' —Building News. " Contains an extraordinary amount of information in daily requisition in measuring and estimating. Its presence in the pocket will save viJuable time and trouble."— i;«xV/f IVarid. Donaldson on Specifications, THE HANDBOOK OF SPECIFICATIONS ; or, Practical Guide to the Architect, Engineer, Surveyor, and Builder, in drawing up Specifications and Contracts for Works and Constructions. Illustrated by Precedents of Buildings actually executed by eminent Architects and En- gineers. By Professor T. L. Donaldson, P.R.I.B.A., &c. New Edition, in One large Vol., Svo, with upwards of 1,000 pages of Text, c.nd 33 Plates, £1 iis.6d. cloth. " In this work forty-four specifications of executed works are given, Including the speclfica- tlons for parts of the new Houses of Parliament, by Sir Charles Barry, and for the new Royal Exchange, by Mr. Tite, M.P. The latter, in narticulai, is a very complete and remarkable document. It embodies, to a great extent, as Mr. Donaldson mentions, 'the bill of quantities with the description of the works.' ... It is valuable as a record, and more valuable still as a book of precedents. , . . Suffice it to say that Donaldson's 'Handbook of Specifications' must be bought by all a.tc\\hacts."—Bui{der. Bartholomeiv and Rogers' Specifications, SPECIFICATIONS FOR PRACTICAL ARCHITECTURE. A Guide to the Architect, Engineer, Survejjor, and Builder. With an Essay on the Structure and Science of Modern Buildings. Upon the Basis of the Work by Alfred Bartholomew, thoroughly Revised, Corrected, and greatly added to by Frederick Rogers, Architect. Second Edition, Revised, with Additions, With numerous Illustrations, medium Svo, 15s. cloth. " The collection of specifications prepared by Mr. Rogers on the basis of Bartholomew's work is too well known to need any recommendation from us. It is one of the books with which every young architect must be equipped ; for time has shown that the specificatiois cannot be set aside through any defect in them."— A rchi/ect. i6 CROSBY LOCK WOOD «• SON'S CATALOGUE. Building ; Civil and Ecclesiastical, A BOOK ON BUILDING, Civil and Ecclesiastical, including Church Restoration ; with the Theory of Domes and the Great Pyramid, &c. By Sir Edmund Beckett, Bart., LL.D., F.R. A. S., Author of "Clocks and Watches, and Bells," &c. Second Edition, Enlarged. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. cloth. " A book which is always amusing^ and nearly always Instructive. The style throughout is in the highest degree condensed and epigrammatic."— 7'»»i«. Ventilation of ^iuildinys. VENTILATIOi\. A Text Booh io the Practice of the Art oj Ventilating buildings. With a Chapjter upon Air Testing. By W. P. Buchan, R.P,, Sanitary and Ventilating Engineer, Author of " Plumbing," &c. With 170 Illustrations, izmo, 45. cloth boards. [Just published. The Art of numbing. PLUMBING. A Text Booh to the Practice of the Art or Craft of the Plumber, with Supplementary Chapters on House Drainage, embodying the lat'.st Improvements. By William Paton Buchan, R.P., Sanitary Engineer and Practical Plumber. Fifth Edition, Enlarged to 370 pages, and 380 Illustrations. i2mo, 4s. cloth boards. " A text book wliich m.iy be safely put in the hands of every voung plumber, and which will also be found useful by architects and m~"lic.il professors." — Biiildtr, " A valuable text book, .ind the only treatise which can hi ri gar Jed as a really reliable manual of the plumber's axl.'—Jiuildinff AVtt'jr. Geometry for the Architect, Engineer, etc, PRACTICAL GEOMETRY, for the Architect, Engineer and Mechanic. Giving Rules for the Delineation and Application of variors Geometrical Lines, Figures and Curves. By E. W. Tarn, M. A., Architect, Author of "The Science of Building," &c. Second Edition. With 172 Illus- trations, demy 8vo, 9s. cloth. " No book with the same objects in view hais ever been published Ir which the clearness of the rill 5S laid down and the illustrative diagrams have been so satisfactory." — Scotsman, The Science of Geometry, THE GEOMETRY OF COMPASSES: or. Problems Resolve'' by the mere Description of Circles, and the use of Coloured Diagrams and Symbols. Bv Ox^iver Byrne. Coloured Plates. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. " The treatise is a good one, and remarkable — like all Mr. Byrne's contributions to the science of geometry— for the lucid character of its teaching," — Buildinjr News. DECO RATIVE ART S, etc. Woods and Marbles (Imitation of), SCHOOL OF PAINTING FOR THE IMITATION OF WOODS AND MARBLES, as Taught and Practised by A. R. Van der Burg and P. Van der Burg, Directors of the Rotterdam Painting Institution, Royal folio, i3i by i2i in., Illustrated with 24 full-size Coloured Plates; also la plain Plates, comprising 154 Figures. Second and Cheaper Edition. Price jfi iis,6d. List of Plates. I. Various Tools required for Wood Painting — a, 3. Walnut: Preliminary Stages of Graining and Finished Specimen — 4. Tools used for Marble Painting and Method of Manipulation — £,6. St. Kenii Marble: Earlier Operations and finished Specimen— 7. Methods of Sketching diflerent Gr.nns, Knots, Ac. — 8, 9. Ash: Pre- liminary .S*a^;» and Finished Specimen — 10. Methods o' Sk...tching Marble drains— n, 11. Breche Marble : Preliminary Stag.is of Working and Finished Specimen — 13. Maple : Methods of Producing the different Grains — 14, 15. Bird's- eye Maple: Preliminary Stages and Finished Specimen — 16. Methods of Sketching the dif- ferent Species of White Marble — 17, 18. White Marble: Preliminary Stages of Process and Finished Specimen — 19. Mahogany: Specimens of various Grains and Methods of Manipulation — 20, ai. Mahogany: Earlier Stages and Finished Specimen — 22,23,24. Sienna Marble: Varieties of Grain, Preliminary Stages and Finished Specimen — 25, 26, 27. juniper Wood: Methods of producing Grain, &c. : Preliminary Stages and Finished Specimen — 28, 29, 30. Vert de Mer Marb'e : Varieties of Grain and Methods of Working Unfinished and Finished Speci. mens— 31. 32. 33. Oak: Varieties of Grain, "rools Employed, and Methods of Manipulation, Pre- liminary Stages and Finished Specimen — 34, 35, 36. Waulsort Marble: Varieties of Grain, Un- finished and Finished Specimens. ♦,• Opinions of the Press. " Thole who desire to attain skill in the ait of painting woods and marbles vrill find advantage in consulting this book. . . . Some of the Wurkmg Men's Clubs should give their young men tke opportunity to study it." — BuiliUr, " A comprehensive guide to the art. The explanations of the processes, the manipulation and management of the colours, and the beautifully executed plates will not be the least valuable to the Student who aim* at making his work a faithful transcript of rta.\\ite."—BuUUi>-s A mt. OGUE. itical, including Jreat Pyramid, &c. r ot " Clocks and cap. 8vo, ss- cloth, style throughout Is in e of the Art oj BvW. P.BUCHAN, mbW." &C-, With IJuit published. e Art or Craft of naze, embodying the , Sanitary Engineer J70 pages, and 380 .lumber, and which will s a really reliable manual r, etc, ct, Engineer and plication of variovs Irn, M.A., Architect, ition. With 172 ll'^s- which the clearness of the -Scotsman. Problems Resolve'^ loured Diagrams and n 8vo, 3s. 6rl. cloth, jntributions to the science ,0. nON OF WOODS ^AN DER Burg and ?■ ititution. Royal lolio, Plates; also la plam lition. Price;fiiis.od. Lig. Mahograny : Specimens 1 Methods of Manipulation Earlier Stages ami Hmished fsienna Marble: Varieties trv Stages and Fmtshecl ■^ luniper Wood : Methods ■ S:c.: Preliminary Stages |mtn-«8, =.9. 30. Vert de lies of Clrain and Methods Ihed and Finished Specj. \- Varieiiesof (-.rain. Tools hods of Manipulation, Pre- ""inished Specimen— 34. 3S. ; Varieties of Gram, Un- I Specimens, ■narbles will find advantage luld give tJieir young men Isses. the manipulation and Ketlie least valuable to the DECORATIVE ARTS, etc. 17 House Decoration, ELEMENTARY DECORATION. A Guide to the Simpler Forms of Everyday Art, as applied to the Interior and Exterior Decoration of Dwelling Houses, &c. By Jamks W. Facky, Jun. With 68 Cuts. i2mo, 2s. cloth limp. PRACTICAL HOUSE DECORATION : A Guide to the Art of Ornamental Painting, the Arrangement of Colours in Apartments, and the principles of Decorative Design. With some Remarks upon the Nature and Properties of Pigments. By James William Facey, Author of " Elementary Decoration,'' &c. With numerous Illustrations. i2mo, 2s. 6d. cloth limp. N.'i. — The above Two Works together in One Vol., strongly half-bound, 55. Colour, A GRAMMAR OF COLOURING. Applied to Decorative Painting and the Arts. By George Field. New Edition, Revised, Enlarged, and adapted to the use of the Ornamental Painter and Designer. By Ellis A. Davidson. With New Coloured Diagrams and Engravings. i2mo, 3s. 6d. cloth boards. "The bool: is a most useful resume of the properties of pigments."— fMi^«i'/'rfi'«fA>7i'r. " We recommend the work to all who, whether for pleasure or profit, require a guide to decora^ tion." — Plumber and Decorator, Bloyr Smith on I iterior Decoration. ORNAMENTAL INTERIORS, ANCIENT AND MODERN. By J. MoYR Smith. Super-royal 8vo, with 32 full-page Plates and numerous smaller Illustrations, handsomely bound in cloth, pilt top, price i8s. " The book is well illustrated and handsomely got up, and contains some true criticism and a good many good examples of decorative treatment.' — T/ie Builder. " This is the most elaborate and beautiful work on the artistic decoration of Interiors that we have seen. . . . The scrolls, panels and other designs from the author's own pen are very beautiful and chaste ; but he takes care that the designs of other men shall figure even more than his own." — Liverpool Albion. " To all who take an interest ih elaborate domestic ornament this handsome volume will be welcome." — Graphic. British and Foreign Marhles, MARBLE DECORATION and the Termmolofy of British and Foreign Marbles, A Handbook for Students. By George H. Blagrove, Author of " Shoring and its Application," &c. With 28 Illustrations. Crowa &V0, 3s. 6d. cloth. " This most useful and much wanted handbook should be in the hands of every architect and builder." — Building- H'orld, " It is an excellent manual for students, and interesting to artistic readers generally."— 5a/Mrrfa> Xevie7v, " A carefully and usefully written treatise ; the work is essetitially practical."— 5tv/j-waH. Marble Working, etc. MARBLE AND MARBLE WORKERS: A Handbook for Architects, Artists, Masons and Students. By Arthur Lee, Author of " A Visit to Carrara," " The Working of Marble,'' &c. Small crown 8vo, 2s. cloth. " A really valuable addition to the technical literature of archi ects and masons."— Building Neuis. i II 1 ! i8 CROSBY LOCK WOOD &> SON'S CATALOGUE. DELAMOTTE'S WORKS ON ILLUMINATION AND ALPHABETS. A PRIMER OF THE ART OF ILLUMINATION, for the Use of Beginners : with a Rudimentary Treatise on the Art. Practical Directions for its exercise, and Examples taken from Illuminated MS'^., printed in Gold and Colours. By F. Delamottb. New and Cheaper Edition. Small 4to, 6s. orna* mental boards. "The examples of ancient MSS. recomn-s per Lineal Foot to any given Price per Pe* )urB Standard Hundred ; ilie Price per Cube Foot of Square Timber to a. Riven Price per Load of 50 Feet; the proportionate Value of Deals and B..ttens by the Standard, to Square Timber by the Load of 50 Feet; the readiest mode of ascertaining the Price of Scantling per Lineal Foot of any size, to any given Figure per Cifbe Foot, &c. &c. By William Dowsing. Fourth Edition, Revised and Corrected. Cr. 8vo, 3s, cf. " We are kU\<1 to see i-i fourth riliiinn of these adiiiirnlile tallies, which for correctness and simplicity of arranKCMicnt leave inlhinu to lie desired." — Timber Irailes yourital. "An exceedingly wcll-arran|;i'd, clear, and concise manual of tables for tlie !isa of all who buy ER'S COM- iced Weight and , to a Thousand leal Foot to any per Cube Foot of [le proportionate nber by the Load of Scanthng per oot.&c.&c. By •d. Cr.8vo.3S-cl- i, for correctness ami [uet/saofaUwhobuy Being a Guide s. &c„ ccmprisniR er Trade, Marks of Growth of Timber, e of timber mcrchantf, nufacture of tUnbtr. — LLER'S, AND ade? By WiLUA« 311 " Sfekds of bAW no, 3S.6d.cl. boards l,e timber trade Were, nerchants. and as suppiy- umber of Snper- square and "Pwa'^^f/ 'iblong 4to, 3S- 6«t- cl- [rficial mea- in length, by i t o i o9 ; Engineers, Tiniber lird Edition. Fcap., t.< The exact area of any f,Vned ThebookwUlbe make"calculations in super- Led to afford In- frees for Ornament or [Woodlands. ByF.B. iCH ANTS AND [ Grandy. Compns- bnTwtth Comparative Knked Cost on Baltic MARINE ENGINEERING, NAVIGATION, etc. vi MARINE ENQINE£RING, NAVIGATION, etc. Vhatn Cables, CHAIN CABLES AND CHAINS. Comprising Sizes and Curves of Links, Studs, &c.. Iron for Cables and Chains, Chain Cable and Chain Making, Forming and Welding Links, Strength of Cables ^nd Chains, Certificates for Cables, Marking Cables, Prices of Chain Cables and Chains, Historical Notes, Acts of Parliament. Statutory Tests, Charges for Testing, List of Manufacturers of Cables, &c. &c. By Thomas VV. Traill, F.E.R.N.. M. Inst, C.E., Engineer Surveyor in Chiet, Board of Trade, Inspector of Chain Cable and Anchor Proving Establishments, and General Superin- tendent, Lloyd's Coinmitlec on Proving Establishments. With numerous Tables, Illustrations and Lithographic Drawings. Folio, £t 2S. cloth, bevelleJ boaids. "It contains a vast anioimt of vali- ible Information. Nothing: seems to be wanting to make it * complete and standard work of reference on tae subject."— i\'ai<een in the past, as, fur its si/u, il contains more useful infoim^ition than any similar tie.itise."- Iiiiiiislries. The infornntiou Kivon Is both smmd anil sensible, and well quali'icd tj direct young sea- troing hands on tlie straight road to the extra chiefs c.-rtificate. Most useful to survejors, inspectors, draughtsmen, and all young engineers who take jn interest in their profession."— Glasgow Herald, "An indispensable manual for the student of marine cngineeiing." — Liverpool Mercury, Pocket-Book for Naval Architects and Shipbuilders, THE NAVAL ARCHITECT'S AND SHIPBUILDER'S FOCKET-IiOOK of Fonnula.Rules.andTabUs.and MARINE ENGINEER'S AND SURVEYOR'S Handy Book of Reference. By Clement Mackrow, Member of the Institution of Naval Architects, Naval Draughtsman. Fourtl; Edition, Revised. With numerous Diagrams, &c. Fcap., las. 6^. stron):;ly bound in leather. " A'lll oe found to contain the most useful tables and formul.-e required by shipbuilders, carefully ■collecird from the l)est authorities, and put together in a popular and simple form."— /iHAi>(«r. "The professional shipbuilder has now, m a convenient and accessible form, reliable data for solving many of the numerous problems that present themselves in the course of his work." — Iron. "There is scarcely a subject on which a naval architect or shipbuilder can reipiire to refreslj tiis memory which will not be found within the covers of Mr. Mackrow's tKjok."— iVi^/ixA Mechanic, Pocket-Book for 3Iarine Engineers, A POCKET-BOOK OF USEFUL TABLES AND FOF- MULM FOR MARINE ENGINEERS. By Frank Proctor, A.I.N.A. Third Edition. Royal 32mo, leather, gilt edges, with strap, 4s. "We recommend it to our re.iders as going far to supply a long-felt want."— .Vavai Scienct. "A most useful companion to all marine ergineers." — United Service ijauette. Introduction to Marine Engineering, ELEMENTARY ENGINEERING: A Manual for Youn^ Marine Engineers and Apprentices. In the Form of Questions and Answers on Metals, Alloys, Strength of Materials, Construction and Management of Marine Engines and B jilcrs, Geometry, &c. &c. With an Appendix of Useful Tables. By John Sherren Brewer, Government Marine Surveyor, Hong- kong. Small crown 8vo, zs. cloth. " Contains much valuable information for the class for \vh<tui:>itu desire anil resolve to atiai.i a thorough knowledge, Mr. Brewer olfers decidedly useful help.' — Athenauin. N'avigation, PRACTICAL NAVIGATION. Consisting of The Sailor's Sea-Book. by James Gkeenwood and W. H. Rosser : together with the jequisite Mathemaiical ani Nautical Tables for the Working of the Problems, 'by Henry Law, C.E. , and Professor J. R, Young. Illustrated. liiuo, 71. ctro.igly hali-bound. I 22 CROSBY LOCKWOOD &- SON'S CATALOGUE. MINING AND METALLURGY. MetaUiferous Mining in the United Kingdom. BRITISH MINING : A Treatise on the History, Discovery. Practical Development, and Futvre Prospects of Metalliferous Mines it the United King- dom, By Robert Hunt, F.R.S., Keeper of Mining Records; Editor of " Ure's Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines," &c. Upwards of 950 pp., with 230 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised. Super-royal 8vo, £2 25. cloth. "Oneof the most valuable works of reference of modem times. Mr. Hunt, as keeper of mining records of the United Kingdom, has had opportunities for such a task not enjoyed by anyone else, and has evidently made the most of them. . . . The language and style adopted ate good, and the treatment ofthe various subjects laborious, conscientious, and scientific. ""-cx^iM^n^i^. "The boo' Is, in fact, a treasure-house of statistical inforniaticn on minintr subjects, and we know of no other work embodying so great a mass of matter of this kind. Were this the only merit of Mt. Hunt s volume, it would be sufficient to render it indispensable ih this library of everyone interested in the development of the mining and metallurgical mdustries of this country." — Atheua^tm. "A mass of information not elsewhere available, and of tlie greatest value to those who may iJe interested in our great minoral industries."— £«^'i««r. "A sound, business-hke collection of interesting facts. . . . The amount of Inform.ition Mr. l^unt has brought together is enormous. . . . The volume appears likely to convey more Instruction upon the subject than any work hitherto published." — Milling yournal. Colliery Management, THE COLLIERY MANAGER'S HANDBOOK: A Compre- hensive Treatise or> the Laying-out and Working of Collieries, Designed as a Book of Reference for Colliery Managers, ant' for the Use of Coal-Mining Students preparing for First-class Certificates. IJy Caled Pamely, Mining Engineer and Surveyor; Member of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers; and Member of the South Walts Insti- tute of Mining Engineers. With nearly 500 Plans, Diagrams, and other Illustrations. Medium 8vo, about Coo pages. Price £1 js. strongly bound, [Jui>t published. Coal and Iron* THE COAL AND IRON INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. Comprising a Description of the Coal Fields, and of the Principal Seams of Coal, with Returns of their Produce and its Distribu- tion, and Analyses of Special Varieties. Also an Account of the occurrence of Iron Ores in Veins or Seams ; Analyses ol each Variety ; and a H istory ot the Rise and Progress of Pig Iron Manufacture. By Richard Meade, Assistant Keeper of Mining Records. With Maps. 8vo, £1 8^. cloth. " The book Is one which must find a place on the shelves of all Interested In coal and Iron production, and in the iron, steel, and otiier metallurgical industries." — Engineer. "Of this book we may unreservedly say that it is the best of its class which we have ever met. . , A book of reference which no one engaged in the iron or coal trades should omit from lib library." — Iron anti CM Trades Review. Prospecting for Gold and other Metals, THE PROSPECTOR'S HANDBOOK: A Guide for the Pro- spector and Traveller in Search of Metal-Bearingorother Valuable Minerals. By J. W. Anderson, M.A. (Catnb.), F.R.G.S., Author of "Fiji and New Caledonia." Fifth Edition, thoroughly Revised and Enlarged. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d, cloth. "Will supply a much felt want, especially amonjjf Colonists, In whose way are so often thrown many mineralogical specimens the value of which it is dilVicult to determine.' — Jingineir. " How to find comnierciai minerals, and how to idomify them when they are found, are the leading points to which attention is directed. The author has managed to pack as muchpractical aetail Into his pages as would supply material for a book three times its iize."— Mining Journal, Mining Notes and Formiilce, NOTES AND FORMULA FOR MINING STUDENTS. By ioHN Herman Merivale, M.A., Certificated Colliery Manager, Professor of lining in the Durham College of Science, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Small crown 8vo, 2s. 6d, cloih. " Invaluable to anyone who is working up for an examination on mining subjects."— Coi>/ and Iron Trades Review, " The author has done his work In an exceedingly creditable manner, and has produced a book that will be of service to students, and those aIio are practically engaged in mining operations.' — £nginetr. '• A vast amount of technical matter of the utmost value to mining engineers, and of considet • able interest to students. " — Sthcolinaiter. GUE. I. ftlom. . . covery.Practtcat the United King- cords; Editor ol Upwards of 950 Super-royal 8vo, t. as keeper of >"'"["* Joyed by anyone else. adopted are good, and •^Engineering. nine subjects, and we Were this the only ible Ih this library ol jstriesof this country. Jue to those who may amount of 'nfotmation \ikely to convey mote Journal. K : A Compre- lieries. Designed as Use of Coal-Mining SB Pamely, Mining neland Institute of South Walts Insti- iiagi^ms. and other .s. stroigly bound. [Juit pnbhsliea. THE UNITED I Fields, and of the ce and its Distnbu- it of the occurrence ty; and a History ot ■rd Meade, Assistant IVi crested In coal and Iron '^lictTwe have ever met. ^des should omit from Uki \ide for the Pro- tr Valuable Minerals. ir of " Fiji and New Enlarged. SmaU I way are so often thrown Ifhey are found, are the lo paJk as much practical XTUDEl^rS. By %nager, Profe-'Sor of e-upon-Tyne. Tbud RlBSubjecls."-C<'a/««^ land has produced a book \ in mining operations. — Lsnetrs,andof conside*. MINING AND METALLURGY. 23 Explosives, A HANDBOOK ON MODERN EXPLOSIVES. Being a Practical Treatise on the Manufacture and Application of Dynamite, Gun- Cotton, Nitro-Glycerine and other Explosive Compounds. Inclufiing the Manufacture of Collodion-Cotton. Bv M. Eissler, Mining Engineer and Metallurgical Chemist, Author of " Tl e Metallurgy of Gold," &c. With about 100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, los. 6d. cloth. " Useful not only to the miner, but also to officer' of both services to whom blasting and the use of explosives generally may at any time become a necessary auxiliary."— A'a/«r<. "A veritable mine of information on the subject of exnlosives employed for military, mining ano blasting purposes."— W>-»y and Navy Gazelle. " The book is clearly written. Taken as a whole, we consider it an excellent little book and one that should be found of great service to miners and otbeis who are engaged in work requiruiif the use of explosives."— ^/A<«>-v Ciiardi ti. " We couns"! our readers to {let tliis exceedingly interestin(j work for themselves; they will find in it much that is suggestive, and a great deal that is urimiiiedidtc and practical usefulness." — Jiiiilder, " A valuable addition to the architect's and engineer's WbiAry."— Building News. Underground Pumping Machinei^j, MINE DRAINAGE. Being a Complete and Practical Treatise on Direct-Acting Underground Steam Pumping Machinery, with a Descrip- tion of a large number of the best known Engines, their General Utility and the Special Sphere of their Action, the Mode of their Application, and their merits compared with other f.^rmsof Pumping Machinery. By Stephen MicHELL. 8vo, 15s. cloth. "Will be highly esteemed by colliery owners and lessees, mining engineers, and students generally who ren an. " An interesting work, which will be deservedly esteemed."— Ctf//«»-j' Guardian. " An exceedingly interesting and valuable monograph on a subject which has hitherto received unaccountably little attention in the shape of systemaiii. littrary treaimci.t."— ^Vc/Zi-cA Leader. CUE. COMPLETE •g and the Vahm- , Wm. Lintern, lis on " Magnetic s of Needle Dis- tio, 4S. cloth. if.."— iron and Coat jroprietors and mana- With some "h. Jones. With o, I2S. eJ. cloth. themselves ; they will [iractical usefulness. — ■actical Treatise :ry, with a Descrip- 3eneral Utility and ir Application, and inery. By Stephen sngineers, and students e Jiaiiiage of nuues. H 1 puniping madunery. — worthy of an extensive ■ 'Journal, le Use of Mine Lecturer on Prac cloth limp, above, contain- |o, 4S. 6J. cloth. Is and viewers may gam I '—Colliery Guardian. ng Uterature."— A/»««"^ Treatise on. By liief Inspector of the Id Enlarged. With Lntries, as well as of the Le number of readers. — ^ry and Practical ly Thomas Fenwick, Imo, 3S. cloth boards. JSTRIES. By ge de Gdologie, Lec- [&c. V.'ith lUustra- 1 in the granite Industry." ly Guardian. lich has hitherto received Vi."—Scolliih LtaJtr. ELECTRI CITY, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, etc. 25 ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, etc. Electrical Engineering. THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER'S POCKET-BOOK OF MODERN RULES, FORMUL/E, TABLES AND DATA. By H. R. Kempe, M.Inst.E.E., A.M.Inst C.E., Technical ODBcer Postal Telegraphs, Author of "A Handbook of Electrical Testing," &c. With numerous Illus- trations, royal 32mo, oblong, 5s. leather. LJ*'"' published, " There is very little in the shape of formul;e or data which the electrician is likely to want in a huiry which cannot be found in its pa^cs."— Practical iint^inter. "A very useful book of reference for daily use in practical electrical engineering and its vaiious applications to the industries of the present day." — Jroti. " It is the best book of its kind." — F.Uclrical ii>it.'iueer. "The Hlectrical Engineer's Pocket- Hook is a gontl one."— lilecirician. " Strongly recommended to those engaged in Uie various electrical iudustnes."—El*ctrical Keview, Electric Lighting. ELECTRIC LIGHT FITTING: ^ Handbook for Working Electrical Engineers, embodying Practical Notes on Installation Manage- ment. By John W. Urquhaut, Electiician, Author of "Electric Light," &c. With numerous Illustrations, crown 8vo, 5s. cloth. IJ*'^^ publisheJ. " This volume deals with what may be termed the mechanics of electric lighting, and is addressed to m-n who are already engaged in the work or are training for it. The work traverses a great deal of grou-id, and may be read as a sequel to the same author's useful work on ' Electric Light.' " — Electrician. " This is an attempt to state in the simplest language tlie precautions which should be adopted in instating the electric light, and to give information, for the guidance of these who have to run the plant when installed. The book is well worth the perusal of the workmen for whom it is ynt\lX^n."—lilectricalReinru>. " Eminently practical and useful. . . . Ought to be in the hands of everyone in charge of an electric light plant." — Electrical Engineer. " A really capital book, which we have no hesitation in reconiraending to the notice of working electricians and electrical engineers,"— .l/a/itf«iw/ //'yr/i^. Electric Light, ELECTRIC LIGHT : Its Production and Use. Embodying Plain Directions for the Treatment of Dynamo-Electric Machines, Batteries, Accumulators, and Ebctric Lamps. By J. W. Urquhart, C.E., Author of " Electric Light Fitting," e«.c. Fourth Edition, Revised, with Large Additions and 145 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6i. cloth. [Ji'sf published, " The book is by far the best that we have yet met with on the suhiect."—Aihenaum. "It is the only work at present available which gives, in language intelllgit)le for the most part to the ordinary reader, a general but concise history of the means wliich have been adopted up to the present time in producing the electric light." — Afetrofolitan. The book contains a general account of the means adopted in producing the electric light, not only as obtained from voltaic or galvanic batteries, but treats at length of the dynauio-electric machine in several of its forms." — Colliery Guardian. Construction of Dynamos. DYNAMO CONSTRUCTION : A Practical Handbook for the Use of Engineer Constructors and Electricians in Charge. With Examples of leading English, Ametican and Continental Dynamos and Motirs. By J. W. Urquhart, Author of " Electric Lifjht," &c. Crown 8vo, 7s. Gii. cloth. ust published. " The author has produced a bonk {^t which a deinan'l has long existed. The subject is t'cated in a thci. dily practical manner. '—.l/tr/irr;/iV(j/ World. JJgnaniic Electricity and Magnetism, THE ELEMENTS OF DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. By Philip Atkinso.n, A.M., Ph.D. Crown 8vo. 400 pp. With 120 Illustrations. los. 61/. cloth. \_ just publish, d. Text Book of Electricity. THE STUDENT'S TEXT-BOOK OF ELECTRICITY. By Henry M. Noad, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S. New Edition, carefully Revised. With an Introduc'.ion and Additional Chapters, by W. H. Pre^ce, M.I.C.E., Vice-President of the Society of Telegraph Engineers, &c. Wi.h 470 Illustra- tions. Crown 8vo, i2x. 6d. cloth. " We can recommend Dr. Noad's book for clear style, great range of subject, a good index, Uid a plethora of woodcuts. Such collections as the present are indispensable. ' — AtMenaum. " An admirable text book fur every student — beginner or advanced — of electricity."— Efginttring. 26 CROSBY LOCK WOOD &> SON'S CATALOGUE. - ^ I i Electric lAgMtng, 1 HE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC LICHT. ING. By Alan A. Campbell Swinton, Associate I.E.E. Second Ejition, Enlargecl and Revised. With i6 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, is. 6(1. cloth. "Anyone who desires a short and thoroughly clear exposition of the elementary principles o( electric-lighting cannot do better than read this little vroik. —Briiti/i>rtl Observer, Electricity, A MANUAL OF ELECTRICITY : Including Galvanism, Mag. netism, Dia-Magnetifm, Electro-Dynamics, Magno-EUctricity, and the Electric Telegraph. By Henry M. Noad, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S. Fourth Edition. With 500 Woodcuts. 8vo, £1 4s. cloth. "It is worthy of a place in the librar> of every public institution,"— Af/Mfw^- journal. Dynamo Construction. HO W TO MA KE A D YNA MO : A Practical Treatise for A mateurs. Containing numerous Illustrations and Detailed Instructions for Construct- ing a Small Dynamo, to Produce the Electric Light. By Alfred Crofts. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo 2S. cloth. "The instructions given in this unpretcntio'is little book are sufficiently clear and explicit to enable ai./ amateur mechanic possess<;d of average skill and the usual tools to be found in an amateur's workshop, to build a practical dynamo machine."— £/«r/ricuira. NATU RAL SCIENCE , etc. Fneuinatics and Acoustics, PNEUMATICS : including Acoustics and the Phenomena of Wind Currents, for the Use of Beginners. By Charles Tomlinson, F.R.S. F.C.S. , &c. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. i2mo, is. 6d. cloth. " Beginners in thestudy of this Important application of science could not have a better manual." '^Scotsman, " A valuable and suitable text-book for students of Acoustics and the Pheno- mena of Wind Cuiieiits." —Schooimaslir. Conchology, A MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSC A : Being a Treatise on Recent and Fossil Shells. By S. P. Woodward, A.L.S., F.G.S., late Assistant Palaeontologist in the British Maseum. With an Appendix on Recent and Fossil Conchological Discoveries, by Ralph Tate, A.L.S., F.G.S. Illustrated by A. N. Waterhouse and [oseph Wilson Lowry. With 23 Plates and upwards of 300 Woodcuts. Reprint of Fourth Ed., 1880. Cr. 8vo, 7s. 6d. cl. " A most valuable storehouse of conchological and geological information." — Science Gossip. Geology, RUDIMENTARY TREATISE ON GEOLOGY, PHYSICAL AND HISTORICAL, Consisting of "Physical Geology," which sets forth the leading Principles of the Science ; and " Historical Geology," which treats of the Mineral and Organic Conditions of the Earth at each successive epoch, especial reference being made to the British Series of Rocks. By Ralph Tate, A.L.S.. F.G.S., &c. With 250 Illustrations. lamo, ss cloth. " The fulness of the matter has elevated the book Into a manual. Its information Is exhaustive and well arranged." — School Board Chronicle. Geology and Genesis, THE TWIN RECORDS OF CREATION ; or. Geology and Genesis : their Perfect Harmony and Wonderful Concord, By George W. Victor le Vaux. Numerous Illustrations. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. cloth. " A valuable contribution to the evidences of Revelation, and disposes very conclusively of the arguments of those who would set God's Works against God's Word,"— 77!< Kock, The Constellations, STAR GROUPS: A Student's Guide to the Constellations. By J. Ellard Gore, F.R.A.S., M.R.I. A., &c., Author of "The Scenery of the Heavens." With 30 Maps. Small 4to, 5$. cloth, silvered. [?«s< published. Astronomy. ASTRONOMY. By the late Rev. Robert Main, M..V., F.R.S. , formerly Radcliffe Observer at Oxford. Third Edition, Revised and Cor- rected to the present time, by W. T. Lynn, B.A., F.R.A.S. i2mo, 2S. cloth. " A sound and simple treatise, very carefully edited, and a capital book for beginners."^ Kncyjuledg:. [tional Times. "Accurately brought down to the requirements of the present time by Mr. Lynn."— ft/xra. J! )GUE. TRIC LICHT. Second E-iition, I. IS. 6d. cloth, smentary principles ol rvtr. Galvanism, Mag- V. and the EUctne Fourth Edition. ninz Jottmat. Hse for Amateurs. ons for Construct- ) Alfred Crofts. % clear and explicit to tools to be found in an tenomena of Wind roMLINSON, F.R.S. not have a better manual." wuittcs and the Pheno- Treatise on Recent G S., late Assistant endix on Rfcent and F G S. Illustrated ' With 23 Plates and o. Cr. 8vo,7S. 6i.cl. ation."-5«''^»s««fl. MN.M.iV-.F.R.S.. in, Revised and Cor- S. i2mo> 25. clotli. '■ I book for b*K'nn"^,7 [lional Ttmts. , by Mr. Lynn.-£<"«^<" NATURAL SCIENCE, etc. 27 DR. LARDNER'S COURSE OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. THE HANDBOOK OF MECHANICS. Enlarged and almost re. written by Benjamin Loewy, F.R.A.S. With 378 Illustrations. Post 8vo, 65. cloth. " The perspicuity of the original has been retained, a.id chapters which had become obsolete have been replaced by others of more modern character. The expl.inations throughout are studiously popular, a. i care has been taken to show the application of t)ie various branches of physics to tne industrial arts, and to the practical business of hie." — Mining yournal. " Mr. Loewy has carefully revised the book, and brought it up to modem requirements."— d 'ature. "Naiural philosophy has had few exponents more able or better skilled In the art of popu- larising the su{>ject tlian Ur. I ;;rdner ; an^' Mr. Loewy is doing good service in fitting this treatise, and the others of the series, for use at the present time." — Scotsman. THE HANDBOOK OF HYDROSTATICS AND PNEUMATICS. New Edition, Revised and Enlarged, by Benjamin Loewy, F.R.A.S. With 336 Illustrations. Post Svo, 55. cloth. " For those ' who desire to attain an accurate knowledge of physical science without the pro- found methods of mathematical investigation,' this work is not mer-ily intended, but well adapted." —Chemical News. "Thft volume before us has been carefully edited, augmented to nearly twice the bulk of the former edition, and all the most recent matter has been added. . . . It is a valuable text-book," — Nature. "Candidates for pass examinations will find it, we think, specially suited to their requirements." English Mechanic. THE HANDBOOK OF HEAT. Edited and almost entirely re- written by Benjamin Loewy, F.R.A.S., &c. 117 Illustrations. Post Svo, 6s. cloth. "The style Is always clear and precise, and conveys instruction without leaving any cloudiness or lurking doubts behind." — Enginterine. " A most exhaustive book on the subject on which it treats, and Is so arranged that It can be understood by all who desire to attain pn accurate knowledfje of physical science Mr. Loewy has included all the latest discoveries in the varied laws and effects of heat." — Standard. " A complete and handy text-book for the Uke of students and general readers." — English Mechanic. THE HANDBOOK OF OPTICS. ByDiONYSius Lardner.D.C.L., formerly Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in University College, London. New Edition. Edited byT. Olver Hardiijg, B.A. Lond., o'i University College, London. With 298 Illustrations. Small Svo, 44S pages, ss. cloth. "Written by one of the ablest English scientific writers, beautifully and elaborately illustrated." Mechanic's Magazine. THE HANDBOOK OF ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM, AND ACOUSTICS. By Dr. Lardher. Ninth Thousand. Edit, by George Carey Foster, B.A., F.C.S. With 400 Illustrations. Small Svo, 5s. cloth. " The book could not have been entrusted to anyone better calculated to preserve the terse and lucid style of Lardner, while correcting his errors and bringing up his work to the present state of scientific knowledge." — Popular Science Revieiu. THE HANDBOOK OF ASTRONOMY. Forming a Companion to the " Handbook of Natural Philosophy.'' By Dionysius Lardner, D.C.L., formerly Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in University College, London. Fourth Edition. Revised and Edited by Edwin Dunkin, F.R.A.S., Royal Observatory, Greenwich. With 38 Plates and upwards of 100 Woodcuts. In One Vol., small Svo, 550 pages, gs. 6d. cloth. " Probably no other*>ook contains the same amount of information in so compendious and well- arranged a form— certainly none at the price at which this is offered to the public." — At/uturum. "We can do no other than pronounce this work a most valuable manual of astronomy, and we strongly recommend it to all who wish to acquire a general— but at the same time correct — acquaint- ance with this sublime science." — Quarterly Journal qf Science, "One of the most deservedly popular books on the subject . . . We would recommend not onlv the student of the elementary principles of the science, but he who aims at mastering the higner and mathematical branches of astronomy, not to be without this work t>eside him."— ytat-^i- lal Magatint, Dr, JLardner's Electric Telegraph, THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH. By Dr. Lardnbr. Re- vised and Re-written by E. B. Bright, F.R.A.S. 140 Illustrations. Small Svo, 2s. 6d. cloth. " One of the most readable books extant on the Electric Telegraph."— £n^/if A Mechanic. 23 CROSBY LOCK WOOD &• SON'S CATALOGUE. DR. LARDNER'S MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART. I ' >i THE MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART. Edited by DiONYSius Lardner, D.C.L., formerly Professor ol Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in University College, London. With upwards of 1,200 Engrav- ings on Wood. In 6 Double Volumes, £1 is., in a new and elegant cloth bind- ing ; or handsomely bound in half-morocco, 315. 6ci. *^,* Opinions of the Press. "This series, besides affording popular but sound instruction on scientific subjects, with which the humblest man in tlie country oiiRht to be acquainted, also undertakes that teaching; of ' Com- mon Things ' which every well-wisher of his kind is anxious to promote. Many thousand copies of this serviceable publication have been printed, in the belief and hope that the desire for mstruction and improvement widely prevails ; and we have no fear ttiat such enlightened faith will meet with disappointment." — Times. " A cheap and interestingf publication, alike Informing and attractive. The papers combine subjects of nnportance and );reat scientific knowledge, considerable inductive powers, and a popular style of txeaimawt."— spectator. "The ' Museum of Science and Art' is the most valuable contribution that h.is ever been made to the Scientific Instruction of every class of society."— Sir DAVID Brbwster, in the North British Jieview. "Whether we consider the liberality and beauty of the illustrations, the charm of the writing, or the durable interest of the matter, we must express our belief that there is hardly to be found among the new books one that would be welcomed by people of so many ages and classes as a valuable present." '" -Jsxaminer. *»* Separate books formed from the above, suitable for Workmen's Libraries, Science Classes, etc. Common Things Explained. Containing Air, Earth, Fire, Water, Time, Man, the Eye, Locomotion, Colour, Clocks and Watches, &c. 333 Illus- trations, cloth gilt, 5s. The Microscope. Containing Optical Images, Magnifying Glasses, Origin and Description of the Microscope, Microscopic Objects, the Solar Micro- scope, Microscopic Drawing and Engraving, &c. 147 Illustrations, cloth gilt, w. Fopular Oeology, Containing Earthquakes and Volcanoes, the Crust of the Earth, &c. 201 Illustrations, cloth gilt, 2S. 6d. l*opular Vhysics. ContaininR Magnitude and Minuteness, the Atmo- sphere, Meteoric Stones, Popular Fallacies, Weather Prognostics, the 1 hermometer, the Barometer, Sound, &c. 85 Illustrations, cloth gilt, 2s. 6d. Steatn and its Uses. Including the Steam Engine, the Locomotive, and Steam Navigation. 89 Illustrations, cloth gilt, 2S. Pojiular Astronomy. Containing How to observe the Heavens — The Earth, Sun, Moon, Planets, Light, Comets, Eclipses, Astronomical Influ- ences, &c. 182 Illustrations, 4s. 6d. The Bee and White Ants : Their Manners and Habits. With Illustra- tions of Animal Instinct and Intelligence. 135 Illustrations, cloth gilt, 2$. The Electric Telegraph Popularized. To render intelligible to all who can Read, irrespective of any previous Scientific Acquirements, the various forms of Telegraphy in Actual Operation. 100 Illuitrations, cloth gilt, is,6d, J>r. Lardner's School Handbooks, NATURAL PHILOSOPHY FOR SCHOOLS. By Dr. Lardnbr. 328 Illustrations. Sixth Edition. One Vol., 3s. 6d. cloth. " A very convenient class-book for junior students in private schools. It is Intended to conTey, in cleai and precise terms, geueral notions of all the pruicipal divisions of Physical Science."— Jiritish Quarterly Revietu, ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOR SCHOOLS. By Dr. Lardnbr. With 190 Illustrations. Second Edition. One Vol., 3s. 6d. cloth. " Clearly written, well arranged, and excellently ill\atr3ited."—Gardtntr't Chrenidt. ^^\\ rm. ?T. Edited by ura'l Philosophy and irds of 1.200 Engrav- id elegant cloth bind- intWc subjects, with wWcli 2S that teaching of Coin Manv thousand copies ot itthe^lesire for instruction luened faith wiU meet with tlve. The papers comWne J inductive powers, and a butlon that has ever been lAViL) Brewster, In the ■ the charm of the writing, "the?e is tordly to be found ^;;^e?and classes as a Vorkmen'z Libraries arth, Fire. Water, Time, Vatches, &c. 233 "I'^s- lenifying Glasses, Origin fb"ects, the Solar Micro- ' 147 Illustrations, cloth Volcanoes, the Crust of Minuteness, the Atmo- leather Prognostics, the frations, cloth gilt, 2S.6ii. le, the Locomotive, and srve the Heavens-The bses, Astronomical Influ- 1 Habits. With Illustra- jistrations, cloth gilt, 2S. fder intelligible to all who IcQuirements, the various illustrations, cloth giU, S. By Dr. Lardnbr. fcloth. lools. It is Intended to conTey, |u°0M of Physical Science. - IS. By Dr. Lardner. , 3s. 6d. cloth. ardtner's C/tronicU. COUNTING-HOUSE WORK, TABLES, CALCULATORS, etc. 29 COUNTING-HOUSE WORK, TABLES, etc. Introduction to Jiusincss, LESSONS IN COMMERCE. By Professor R. Gambaro. of the Royal High Commercial School at Genoa. Eilited and Revised by James Gault, Professor of Conimeice and Commercial Law in King's College, London. Crown 8vo, price about 3s. 6d, llii the press. Accounts for Manufacturers. FACTORY ACCOUNTS: Their Principles and Practice. A Handbook for Accountants and Manufacturers, with Appendices on the No- menclature of Machine Details; the Income Tax Acts; the Rating of Fac- tories; Fire and Boiler Insurance; the Factory and Workshop Acts, &c., including also a Glossary of Terms and a large number of Specimen Rulings. Bj; Emile Garcke and J. M. Fells. Third Edition. Demy 8vo, 250 pages, price 6s. strongly bound. " A very interesting description of the requirements of Factorj' Accounts. . . . tlic princip.e of assimilating the Hiictory Accounts to the general commercial books is one wliich we tlioroughly agree with."— ^aroitnfants' youriial. " There are few owners of Factories who would not derive great benefit from the perusal of this most admirable work." — Local GovernrmnI ChronitU. Foreign Commercial Correspondence, THE FOREIGN COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENT : Being Aids to Commercial Correspondence in Five Languages — English, Frencli, German, Italian and Spanish. By Conrad £. Baker. Second Edition, Revised, Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. *' Whoever wishes to correspond in all the Kinijuages mentioned by Mr. Baker cannot do better than study this work, the materials of which are excellent and conveniently arranged." — Athenautn. " A careful examina i )n has convinced us that it Is unusually complete, well arr.uigud and reliable. The book is a thoroughly good one,"— ScAoo/t/iasler, Intuitive Calculations. THE COMPENDIOUS CALCULATOR; or, Easy and Con- cise Methods of Performing the various Arithmetical Operations required in Commercial and Business Transactions, together with Useful Tables. By D. O'GoRMAN. Corrected by Professor J. R. Young. Twenty-seventh Ed., Revised by C. Norris. Fcap. 8vo, 2s, 6d. cloth ; or, 3s. 6<'. half-bound. " It would be difficult to exaggerate the usefulness of a book like this to everyrne engaged in commerce or manufacturing industry."— A.'ninv/e,/i,'f- " Supplies special and rapid methods for all kinds of calculations. Of great r iility to persons engaged in any Kind of commercial transactions." — Scotsman. Modern Metrical Units and Systems, MODERN METROLOGY : A Manual of the Jiletrical Units and Systems of the Present Century. With an Appendix cont ining a proposed English System. By Lowis D'A. Jackson, A.M. Inst. C.E., Author of "Aid to Survey Practice," &c. Large crown 8vo, 12s. 6i. cloth. "The author has brought together much valuable and interesting information, . . , Wo cannot but recommend the work." — Nature. "For exhaustive tables of equivalent weights and mcisures of all sorts, and for clear demonstra - tions of the etfects of the various systems tnat have been proposed or adopted, Mr. Jackson s treatise is without a rival." — Academy, The Metric System and the British Standard.^. A SERIES OF METRIC TABLES, in xi'Itich the British Stand- ard Measures and Weights are compared with those of the Metric System at preset, t in Use on the Continent. By C. H. Dowling, C.E. 8vo, ios. 6rf. strongly bound. " Their accuracy has been certified by Professor Airy, the Astronomer-Royal."— /?KiV(/?r. "Mr. Powling's Tables are well put together as a ready -reckoner for the conversion of one system into the other." — Athtnaum. Iron and Metal Trades^ Calculator, THE IRON AND METAL TRADES' COMPANION. For expeditiously ascertaining the Value ol any Goods bought or sold by Weight, from IS. per cwt. to 112s. per cwt., and from one farthing per pound tc one shilling per pound. Each Table extends from one pound to 100 tons. To which are appended Rules on Decimals, Square and Cube Root, Mensuration ot Superticies and Solids, &c. ; also Tables of Weights of Materials, and other Useful Memoranda. By Thos. Downie. Strongly bound in leather, 396 pp., gs. " A most useful set of tables. . . . Nothing like them before existed."— tf«iViiiKA>- A «i/j. " Although specially adapted to the iron and metal trades, the tables will be tound useful in •very other business In which merchandise Is bouglit uid sold by weight."— Aai^«>o' News. i 1 30 CROSBY LOCKWOOD «- SON'S CATALOGUE. Calculator for Numbers and Weights Combined. THE NUMBER, WEIGHT AND FRACTIONAL CALCU- LATOR. Containing upwards of 250,000 Separate Calculations, showing at a glance the value at 422 diflerent rates, ranging from T^'H^h of a Penny to 205. each, or per cwt., and £20 per ton, of any number of articles consecu- tively, from I to 470.— Any number of cwts., qrs., and lbs., from 1 cwt. to 470 cwts. — Any number of tons, cwts., qrs., and Ibp., from i to 1,000 tons. By William Chadwick, Public Accountant. Third Edition, Revised and Im- proved. 8vo, price i8s., strongly bound for Office wear and tear. ♦»* This work is specially adapted for the Apportionment of Mileage Charges for Railway Traffic. l-:iar This comprehensive and entirely unique and original Calculator is adapted for the use of A ccountants and A uditors, Railway Companies, Canal Companies, Shippers, Shipping Agents, General Carri rs, etc, tronfounders, Brassfounders, Metal Merchants, Iron Manufacturersjronmongers, Engineers, Machinists, Boiler Makers, Millwrights, Roofing, Bridge and Girder Makers, Colliery Proprietors, etc. Timber Merchants, Builders, Contractors, Architects, Surveyors, Auctioneers Valuers, Brokers, Mill Owners and Manufacturers, Mill Furnishers, Merchants and General Wholesale Tradesmen. Opinions of the Press. "The book contains the answers to questions, and not simply a set of Ineenlous puzzle methods of arriving at results. It is as easy of reference for any answer or any nunii)er of answers as a dictionary, and the references are even more quickly made. For making up accounts or esti- mates, the book must prove invaluable to all who have any considerable quantity of calculations involving price and measure in any combination to do." — Engiiteer, " The most perfect work of the kind yet prepared." — Glasgow Herald. Comprehensive Weight Calculator, THE WEIGHT CALCULATOR. Being a Series of Tables upon a New and Comprehensive Plan, extji biting at One Reference the exact Value of any Weight from i lb, to 15 tons, at 300 Progressive Rates, from id. to i68s. per cwt., and containing 186,000 Direct Answers, which, with their Combinations, consisting of a smgle addition (mostly to be performed at sight), will afiord an aggregate of 10,266,000 Answers ; the whole being calcu- lated and designed to ensure correctness and promote despatch. By Henrv Harden, Accountant. Fourth Edition, carefully Corrected. Royal 8vo, strongly half-bound, £1 5s. " A practical and useful work of reference for men of business generally ; it is the best of the kind wo nave seen.' —Jroiniionjs^er. "Of priceless value to business men. It is a necessary book in all mercantile ofllces." — Sluf- field Inatptndent. Comprehensive Discount Guide, THE DISCOUNT GUIDE. Comprising several Series of Tables for the use of Merchants, Manufacturers, Ironmongers, and others, by which may be ascertained the exact Profit arising from any mode of using Discounts, either in the Purchase or Sale of Goods, and the method of either Altering a Rate of Discount or Advancing a Price, so as to produce, by one operation, a sum that will realise any required profit after allowing one or more Discounts : to which are added Tables of Profit or Advance from i J to QO per cent., Tables of Discount from li to 98J per cent., and Tables of Com- mission, &c.. from I to 10 per cent. By Henry Harben, Accountant, Author of " The Weight Calculator." New Edition, carefully Revised and Corrected. Demy 8vo, 544 pp. half-bound, £t 5s. " A book such as this can only be apj>reciated by business men, to whom the savins; of time means saving of money. We have the high authority of Professor J. R. Young that the tables throughout the work are constructed upon strictly accurate principles. The work is a mode of typographical clearness, and must prove of great value to merchants manufacturers, and general traders." — British Trade yournal. Iron Shipbuilders' and Merchants' Weight Tables. IRON -PLATE WEIGHT TABLES: For Iron Shipbuilders, Engineers and Iron Merchants, Containing the Calculated Weights of up- wards of 150,000 difierent sizes of Iron Plates, from 1 foot by 6 in. by J in. to 10 feet by 5 feet by 1 in. Worked out on the basis oi \o lbs. to the square foot of Iron of i mch in thickness. Caretully compilec ind thoroughly Re- vised by H. Burlinson and W. H. Simpson, Oblong 410. 25s. half-bound. "This work will be found of great utility. The authors have had much -iractical experience of what is wanting in making estimates; and the use of the book uill save n:>.'ch time iu makinff elaborate csX^mUiSovs,"— English Mtchanic, INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. 3J )GUE. JAL CALCV. tions, showing at -th of a Penny to articles consecu- ,f;-omicwt.to470 'to 1. 000 tons. By Revised and im- of 'Mileage Chargei alculator is adapted "canal Companies, durersjronmwgers , Bridge and Gtrdtr •rvevors, Auctioneers S^Merchantsand set of >n^<="'°f ^""'"s Id. , Series of Tables SwlSct with their V to be performed at Set Royal 8V0. . ^,eraUy;ltUthebestofthe „ercantUeoSices."-5W- I several Series of Lmongers, and others, from any mode of using Id the method of eitner as to produce, by one [Revised and corrected. 1 to .hom the »vlng of ttme pants^manufacturers. and eiaht Tables. ^r Iron Shipbuilders Pculated Weights o^up- l^^°'lb's'to-thlUua« ?leu. nd thoroughly Re- hg4t«^«s. half-bound. liU save n:-cn uroc»» INDUSTRIAL A ND USEF UL ARTS. Soap'tnaking, THE ART OF SOAP-MAKING : A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, etc. Including many New Processes, and a Chapter on the Recovery of Glycerine from Waste Leys. By Alexander Watt, Author ot " Electro-Metallurgy Practically Treated," &c. With numerous Illustrations, Fourth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, ys. 6d. cloth, "The work will prove very useful, not merely to the technological student, but to the practical ssap-boijer who wishes to understand the theory of his Atl."—Cfitmical iVews. "Mr. Watt's book is a thoroughly practical treatise on an art which has almost no literature la our language. We congratulate tae author on the success of his endeavour to fill a void in Engli^ll technical literature." — Nature. Paper Makingr THE ART OF PAPER MAKING : A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Paper from Rags, Esparto, Straw and other Fibrous Materials, Including the Manufacture of Pulp Irom Wood Fibre, with a Desi iption of the Machinery and Appliances used. To which are added Details of Processes for Recovering Soda from Waste Liquors. By Alexander Watt. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. cloth. "This book is succinct, lucid, thoroughly practical, and includes everything of interest to the modern paprr maker. It Is the latest, most practical and most complete work on the pai)er-making an before tlic British \>uh\ic,"— Paper /ic-/ii Priutinz Trades youriial. "Admirably adapted for general as well as ordinary technical reference, and as a h.indbook for students in technical education may be warmly commended."— /"//e /'a/tz-.l/aXv/V .l/i>«/A/y yournal. Leather Manufacture. THE ART OF LEATHER MANUFACTURE. Being a Practical Handbook, in which the Operations of Tanning, Currying, and Leather Dressing are fully Described, the Principles of Tanning Explained and many Recent Processes introduced. By Alexander Watt, Author of " Soap-Making," &c. With numerous Illustrations. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, gs. cloth. "A sound, comprehensive treatise on tanning and Its accessories. This book is an eminently valuable production, which redounds to the credit oi both author and publishers," — Chemical Review. "This volume is technical without being tedious, comprehensive and c^ plete without being prosy, and it bears on every page the impress of a master hand. We havi lever come across a better trade -reatise, nor one that so thoroughly supplied an absolute want. — Shoe and Leather Trades' Cht nicle. Boot and Shoe Making, THE ART OF BOOT AND SHOE-MAKING. A Practical Handbook, including Measurement, Last-Fitting, Cutting-Out, Closing and Making, with a Description of the most approved Machinery employed. By John B. Lend, late Editor of St. Crispin, and The Boot and Shoe-Maker. With numerous Illustrations. Third Edition. lamo, 2s. cloth limp. "This excellent treatise Is by far the best work ever written on the subject. A new woiV, embracing all modern improvements, was much wanted. This want is now satistied. The chapter on clicking, wliich sliows now waste may be prevented, will save ftfty times the price of the book." — Scottish Leather Trader, MECHANICAL DENTISTRY : A Practical Treatise on the Construction of the various kinds of Artificial Dentures. Comprising also Use- ful FormulcB, Tables and Receipts for Gold Plate, Clasps, Solders, &c. &c. By Charles Hunter. Third Edition, Revised, With upwards of 100 Wood Engravings. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth, " The work is very pt!icilcaX."—MoHthty Review of Dental Surg-ery. " We can strongly recommend Mr. Hunter's treatise to all students preparing for the profession of dentistry, as well as to every mechanical dentist. ' — Dublin yournal oy Medical Science. Wood Engraving, WOOD ENGRA VING : A Practical and Easy Introduction to the Study of the Art. By William Norman Brown. Second Edition. With numerous Illustrations, izmo, is. 6d. cloth limp, " The book is clear and complete, and will be useful to anyone wanting to understand the first elements of the beautiful art of wood engraving."— CP>-aMtV. 3a CROSBY LOCK WOOD &> SON'S CATALOGUE. t ' '» 'lit HANDYBOOKS FOR HANDICRAFTS. By PAUL N. HA8LUCK. Metal Turning. THE MET A L TURNER'S HA ND YBOOK. A Practical Manual for Worken at the Fool-Lathe: Embracing Information on the TooiSi Appliances and Processes employed in Metal Turning. By Paul N. Has- LUCK, Author of " Lathe-Work." With upwards of One Hundred Illustra- tions. Second Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 2S. cloth. " Clearly and concisely written, excellent in every via.y."— Mechanical ll'orlJ, Wood Turning, THE WOOD TURNER'S HANDY BOOK. A Practical Manual for Workers at the Lathe: Embracintj Information on the Tools, Appliances and Processes Employed in Wood Turning. By Paul N. Hasluck, With upwards of One Hundred Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 2S. cloth, "We recommend the liook to younK tumors and amateurs. A multitude of workmen havr hitherto sought in vain for a manual of this special industry." — Mechanical H'orld, WOOD AND METAL TURNING. By P. N. Hasluck. (Being the Two preceding Vols, bound together.) 300 pp , with upwards of 200 Illustrations, crown 8vo, 3s. td. cloth. Watch Hepairing. THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on Cleaning, Repairing and Adjusting. Embracing Information on the Tools, Materials, Appliances and Processes Employed in Watchwork. By Paul N. Hasluck, With upwards of One Hundred Illustrations, Cr. 8vo, 2s, cloth, "All youn^ persons connected with the trade should acijuire and study this excellent, and at the same time, inexpensive ■woik."—Clericmvell Cnroiicle. Clock Hepairing. THE CLOCK JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK : A Practical Manual on Cleaning, Repairing and A djusting. Embracing Information on the Tools, Materials, Appliances and Processes Employed in Clockwork. By Paul N. Hasluck. With upwards of 100 Illustrations. Cr. Svo, 2S. cloth, "Of inestimable service to those cominencinjj the ir.i(\e."—Co-ve>i/ry S/aiitiani, WATCH AND CLOCK JOBBING. By P. N. Hasluck. (Being the Two preceding Vols, bound together.) 320 pp., with upwards of 200 Illustrations, crown Svo, 3s. 6d. cloth. Pattern Maldng, THE PATTERN MAKER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual, embracing Information on the Tools, Materials and Appliances em- ployed in Constructing Patterns for Founders. By Paul N. Hasluck. With One Hundred Illustrations. Crown Svo, 2S. cloth. "This handy volume .untains sound information of considerable valtie to Students and artificers." — Hardware Trades yournal. Mechanical Manipulation, THE MECHANICS WORKSHOP HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on Mechanical Manipulation. Embracing Information on various Handicraft Processes, with Useful Notes and Miscellaneous Memoranda. By Paul N. Hasluck. Crown Svo, as. cloth. " It is a book which sTiould be found in every workshop, as It is one which will be continu.ally referred to for a very jjreat amount of standard information."— 5a/«rrfa> Jieview, Model Engineering. THE MODEL ENGINEER'S HANDYBOOK : A Practical Manual on Model Steam Engines. Embracing Information on the Tools, Materials and Processes Employed in their Construction. By Paul N. Hasluck. With upwards of 100 Illustrations. Crown Svo, zs. cloth. " By carefully going through the work, amateurs may pick up an excellent notion Of the con- struction of full-sized steam eneme\i."—'J'elejrra/Mc yournal. Cabinet Making, THE CABINET WORKER'S HANDYBOOK : A Practical Manual, embracing Information on the Tools, Materials, Appliances and Processes employed in Cabinet Work. By Paul N. Hasluck, Author of " Lathe Work," &c. With upwards of 100 Illustrations. Crown Svo, zs. cloth. [Glasgow Herald. '■ Thoroughly practical throughout. The amateur worker In w-od will find it nioM useful."— OGUE. . HASLUCK. Practical Manual Dti on the Tools, By Paul N. Has- Hundred lUuslra- Practical Manual i Tools, Appliances si. Hasluck. With Dth. titude of workmen Uavf li'orld. N. Hasluck. ip , with upwards of I Practical Manual nation on the Tools, iwork. By Haul N. . Cr. 8vo, 2S. cloth, udy this excellent, and at ! Practical Manual niation on the Tools, kwork. By Paul N. .cloth. Slaiidard. P. N. Hasluck. p., with upwards oi ,.. A Practical , and Appliances em- |Paul N. Hasluck. value to students and )0K. A Practical jrmation on various laneous Memoranda. Iwhich will be continually Jievitw. ^K : A Practical lation on the Tools, Ition. By Paul N. Bvo, IS. cloth. kllent notion of the coa- ,, . A Practical pis, Appliances and ttASLUCK, Author of hs. Crown 8vo, 2S. [Glasg-oiv Htrald. 1 find it mow useful."— INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. 33 Electrolysis of Gold, Silver, Copper, etc, ELECTRO-DEPOSITION : A Practical Treatise on the Electrolysis of Gold, Silver, Copper, Nickel, and other Metals and Alloys. With descrip- tions of Voltaic Batteries, Magneto and Dynaino-Electric Machines, Ther- mopiles, and of the Materials and Processes used in every Department of the Art, and several Chapters on Electro- Metallurgy. By Alexander Watt. Third Edition, Revised and Corrected. Crown 8'. o, gs. cloth. "Eminently a boolc for the practical worlcer in electro-deposition. It contains practical deccriptio.is of methods, processes and materials as actually pursued and used in the workshop." — Enifinetr. Electro-Metallurgy, ELECTRO-METALLURGY : Practically Treated. By Alexander Watt, Author of " Electro-Deposition," &c. Ninth Edition, Enlarged and Revised, with Additional Illustrations, and including the most recent Processes, lamo, 4s. cloth boards. "From this hook both amateur and artisan may leam everything necessary for the successful prosecution of eiectropl.-itiiig."— /»-o«. Electropluthig, ELECTROPLATING : A Practical Handbook on the Deposi- tion of Copper, Silver, Nickel, Gold, Aluminium, Brass, Platinum, &c. &c. Witli Descriptions of the Chemicals, Materials, Batteries and Dynamo Machines used in the Art. By J. VV. Urqu"*.rt, C.F.. Second Edition, with Additions. Numerous Illuslrations. Crown 8vo 5s. cloth. ■' An cxcellunt practical manual." — i.itgiiieeriiifr, '• An excellent work, giviiii; tlie newest informaitlon."— ■//c'/'i'/i'i''* u/ youynal. Electrotyping, ELECT ROTYPING : The Reproduction and Multiplication of Print- ing Surfaces and Works of Art by the Electro-deposition of Metals. ByJ. W. Urquhart, C.E. Crown 8vo, 5s. cloth. 'The book is thorouijhly practic.il. The reader is, therefore, conducted through the Ie- SON'S CATALOGUE. Bread and Biscuit Baking. THE BREAD AND BISCUIT BAKER'S AND SUGAR- BOILER'S ASSISTANT. Including a large variety of Modern Reci^)e8. With Remarks on the Art of liread-making. By Robert Wklls, Practical Baker. Second Edition, with Additional Recipes. Crown 8vo, 2S, cloth. " A largo number of wrinkles for the ordinary cook, .is well as the bakot.'Saturitay Keview Confectionery. THE PASTRYCOOK AND CONFECTIONER'S GUIDE. For Hotels, Restaurants and the Trade in general, adapted also for Family Use. By Robert Wells, Author of " The Bread and Biscuit baker's and Sugar Boiler's Assistant." Crown 8vo, 2s, cloth. " We cannot speak too lilfrhly of this really excellent work. In these days of keen competition our readers cannot do better tlian purchase this book,"— Haters' Times. Or nam ental Confectionery. ORNAMENTAL CONFECTIONERY : A Guide for Bakers, Confectioners and Pastrycooks; including a variety of Modern Recipes, and Remarks on Decorative and Coloured Work. With 129 Original Designs. By Robert Wells. Crown 8vo, 55. cloth. "A valuable work, iiul should be in the hands of uvciy baker and confectioner. The illus trativo designs are alonr worth treble the amount charj,'ed for tlio whole v/ork.'—Jiaiers' Times. Flour Confectionery. THE MODERN FLOUR CONFECTIONER. Wholesale and Retail. Containing a large Collection of Recipes for Cheap Cakes, Biscuits, &c. With Remarks on the Ingredients used in their Manufacture, &c. By R. Wells, Autlior of "Ornamental Confectionery," "The Bread and Biscuit Baker," "The Pastrycook's Guide," &c. Crown 8vo, 2s. cloth. Laundry Work, LA UN DRY MANAGEMENT. A Handbook for Use in Private and Public Laundries, Including Descriptive Accounts ol Modern Machinery and Appliances for Laundry Work. By the Editor of " The Laundry Journal. ' With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 2s, Cd. cloth* CHEMICAL MA NUFACT URES & COMMERCE. Neuf Manual of Enffineering Chemistry. ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY: A Practical Treatise for the Use of Analytical Chemists, Engineers, Iron Masters, Iron Founders, Students, and others. Comprising Methods of Analysis and Valuation of the Principal Materials used in Engineering Work, with numerous Analyses, Examples, and Suggestions. By H, Joshua Phillips, F.I.C, F.C.S., Analytical and Consulting Chemist to the Great Eastern Railway. Crown 8vo, 320 pp., with Illustrations, los. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " In this work tlie author has rendered no small service to a numerous body of practical men. .... The analytical methods may be pronounced most satisfactory, being us accurate as the despatch required of engineeiiiig chemists permits."— C'AcwiVu/AVrcj'. Analysis and Valuation of Fuels. FUELS: SOLID, LIQUID AND G^S£OC/S, Their Analysis and Valuation. For the Use of Chemists and Engineers. By H. J. Phillips, F.C.S., Analytical and Consulting Chemist to the Great Eastern Railway. Crown 8vo, 3s, Cid. cloth. " Ought to have its place in the laboratory of every metallurgical establishment, and whcre\ er fuel is used on a large scale."— CVt<;«»Vaif Ne^vs. " Cannot fail to be of wide interest, especially at the present xXvae."— Railway News. Alkali Trade, Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, etc, A MANUAL OF THE ALKALI TRADE, including the Manufacture oi Suliihuric Acid, Sulphate of Soda, and Bleaching Powder. By John Lomas. 390 pages. With 232 Illustrations and Working Drawings. Second Edition. Royal 8vo, £1 loi. cloth, "This book is written by a manufacturer for manufacturers. The working details of the most approved forms of apparatus are given, and these are acconiijanied by no less than aia wood en- gravings, all of which may be used for the purposes of construction."— Athenaum. A LOG US. > AND SUGAR- of Modern Recii^es. ERT Wklls, Practical •own 8vo, 2*. cloth. )!iket."— Saturday Review NER'S GUIDE. iapted also for Family 1 Biscuit Baker's and ie days of keen competition Guide for Bakers, ' Modern Recipes, and 129 Original Designs. lul confectioner. The illus e work."— yy7i'^(t^."— Millers' Gazette. S^nall Farming. SYSTEMATIC SMALL FARMING; or, The Lessons 0/ my Farm. Being an Introduction to Modern Farm Practice for Small Farmers in the Culture of Crops; The FeediuK of Cattle; The Management of the Dairy, Poultry and Pigs, &c. &c. By Robert Scott Burn, Author of " Out- lines of Landed Estates' Management." Numerous lUusts., cr. Svo, 65. cloth. "This is the completest book of its cl.-iss we have seen, and one which every amateur farmer will read with pleasure and accept as a guide." — Field. 'The volume contains a vast amount of useful information. No branch of farming is left untouched, from the labour to be done to the results achieved, ll may be safely reconnnended to all who think they will be in paradise when they buy or rent a three-acre farm."— GYa.rv<)7« Herald. Modern Farming, OUTLINES OF MODERN FARMING. By R. Scott Burn. Soils, Manures, and Crops— Farming and Farming Economy— Cattle, Sheep, and Horses — Management of Dairy, Pigs and Poultry — Utilisation of Town-Sewage, Irrigation, &c. Sixth Edition. In One Vol., 1,250 pp., half- bound, profusely Illustrated, 12s. "The aim of the author has been to m.ike his work at once comprehensive and trustworthy, and in this aim he has succeeded to a degree which entitles him to much credit." — Morning Advertiser. " No farmer should be without this hook."— fiaitiury Guardian. Agricultural Engineering, FARM ENGINEERING, THE COMPLETE TEXT -BOOK OF. Comprising Draining and Embanking; Irrigation and Water Supply; Farm Roads, Fences, and Gates ; Farm Buildings, their Arrangement and Con- struction, with Plans and Estimates; Barn luiplements and Machines ; Field Implements and Machines; Agricultural Surveying, Levelling, &c. By Prof. John Scott, Editor of the " Farmers' Gazette," late Professor of Agriculture and Rural Economy at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, &c, &c. In One Vol., 1,150 pages, half-bound, with over 600 Illustrations, 12s. "Written with great care, as well as with knowledge and ability. The author has done his work well ; we have found him a very trustworthy guide wlierever we have tested his statements. The volume will be of great value to agricultural students,"— jl/ar/t Lane Express. " For a young agriculturist we know of [no handy volume likely to be more usefully studied, —Bell's Weekly Messenger. English Agriculture, THE FIELDS OF GREAT BRITAIN : A Text-Book of Agriculture, adapted to the Syllabus of the Science and Art Department. For Elementary and Advanced Students. By Hugh Clements (Board of Trade). Second Ed., Revised,with Additions. i8mo, 2s. 6rf. cl. "A most comprehensive volume, giving a mass of information."— ^/j,'r»o«//«r(»//;".i)«<»«ij-;. "It is a long time since we have seen a book which 1ms pleased us more, or which contains such a vast and useful fund of knowledge."— AVxira/ifi'ja/ limes. Tables for Farmers, etc, TABLES, MEMORANDA, AND CALCULATED RESULTS for Farmcn, Graziers, Agricultural Stmhiits, Surveyors, Land Af^eiits Auc- tioneers, etc. With a New System of Farm Book-keeping. Selected and Arranged by Sidney Francis. Second Edition, Revised. 272 pp., waist- coat-pocket size, IS. 6ii. limp leather. " Weighing less than i oz., and occupying no more space than a match box, it contains a mass of facts ami calculations which has never before, in such handy form, been obtainable. Every operation on the farm is dealt with. The work may be taken as thoroughly accurate, the whole of the tables having been revised by Dr. Fream. We cordially recommend iV—lielfs fVeetly AfesseiKer. •• A marvellous little book. . . . The agriculturist who possesses himself of it >vill not be disappointed witli his investment."— //(^ Farm. .OGUE. Milling Science ;srath, Professor of ytechnic Institute, ivised Edition with 400 pp. Illustrateo ;s. cloth. science of niiUing. . . )ii, so to speak, of a sue- lich he can proceed to modern miUnigingood, lilUr. ine, and British millers ' Gaxette. ic Lessons of my for Small Farmers rianagement of the jN, Author of " Out- ts.,cr. 8vo, 6s. cloth, h every amateur farmer ■anch of farn\inK is left safely reconnnended to xm,"—0/asfow Herald. R. Scott Burn. my— Cattle, Sheep, try — Utilisation of /ol., 1,850 pp., half- ensive and trustworthy, luch aeiW.."— Morning rdian. EXT-BOOK OF. ater Supply ; Farm ngement and Con- d Machines ; Field ing, &c. By Prof. cssor of Agriculture irencester, &c. &c. tions, 125. e author has done his tested his statements. ;p>'ess. more usefully studied. Text-Book of Art Department. Iements (Beard of jcl. Xiltural /Stottomt'si. pre, or which contains ID RESULTS ^aiui Af;tiits Auc- pg. Selected and 272 pp., waist- , it contains a mass obtainable. . Every laccuratc, the whole of Id it."— Jieirs IVeefly biself of it will not be AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, etc. 37 Farm and Estate Book-keeping, BOOK-KEEPING FOR FARMERS & ESTATE OWNERS. A Practical Treatise, presenting, in Three Plans, a System adapted for all Classes of Farms. By Johnson M. Woodman, Chartered Accountant. Second Edition, Revised. Or. 8vo, 3s. 6(f. cl. bds. ; or 2S. 6rf. cl. limp. "The volume is a capital study of a most important swhiecV—AgyicuUnyal Gazette. "Will be found of great assistance by those who intend to commence a system of book-keep- ing, the author's examples being clear and explicit, and his explanations, while full and accurate, bemg to a large extent free from technicalities."— /^t'l/^ Slocik yournal. Farm Account Book. WOODMAN'S YEARLY FARM ACCOUNT BOOK. Giving a Weekly Labour Account and Diary, and sho,;ing the Income and Expen- diture under each Department of Crops, Live Stock, Dairy, &c. &c. With Valuation, Profit and Loss Account, and Balance Sheet at the end of the Year, and an Appendix of Forms. Ruled and Headed for Entering a Com- plete Record of the Farming Operations. By Johnson M. Woodman, Chartered Accountant. Folio, ys, 6rf. half bound! \_cttiture. "Contains every requisite form for keeping farm accounts readily and accurately. " — Ag^ri Early Fruits, Flowers and Vegetables, THE FORCING GARDEN ; or, How to Grow Early Fruits, Flowers, and Vegetables. With Plans and Estimates for Building Glass- houses, Pits and Frames. By Sawuel Wood. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. " A good book, and fairly fills a place that was in some ilegree vacant. The book is written with great care, and contains a great deaf of valual)le teacliing."— Carnfe;^;^^' Magazine, " Mr. Wood's book is an original and exhaustive answer to the question ' How to Grow Early Fruits, Flowers and Vegetables ? ' "—Land and IValer. Good Gardening, A PLAIN GUIDE TO GOOD GARDENING ; or, How to Grow Vegetables, Fruits, and Flowers. With Practical Notes on Soils, Manures, Seeds, Planting, Laying-out of Gardens and Grounds, &c. By S. Wood. Fourth Edition, with numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6rf. cloth. "A very good book, and one to be highly recommended as a practical guide. The practical directions are excellent." — Athencnntn. <■ " May be recommended to young gardeners, cottagers, and specially to amateurs, for the plain. siiii|ile. and trustworthy information it gives on common matters too often neglected."— Gardeners' Chronicle. Gainful Gardening, MULTUM-IN-PAKVO GARDENING', or, How to make One Acre of Land produce £620 a-year by the Cultivation of Fruits and Vegetables ; also. How to Grow Flowers in Three Glass Houses, so as to realise £176 per anniun clear Profit. By S. Wood. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo, is. sewed. "We are bound to recommend it as not only suited to the case of the amateur and gentlemin's gardener, but to the market grower." — Gardeners' Magazine. Gardening for Ladies, THE LADIES' MULTUM-IN-PARVO FLOWER GARDEN, and Amateurs' Complete Guide. By S. Wood. With Illusts. Cr, 8vo, 3s. 6rf. cl. " This volume contains a good de,i! of sound, common sense instruction." — Florist. " Full of shrewd hints and useful instructions, based on a lifetime of experience." — Scotsman, Receipts for Gardeners, GARDEN RECEIPTS. By C. W. QuiN. i2mo, is, 6d, cloth. "A useful and handy book, containing a good deal of valuable information," — Athenaum. Market Gardening, MARKET AND KITCHEN GARDENING. By Contributors to "The Garden." Compiled by C. W. Shaw, late Editor of "Gardening Illustrated." i2mo, 3s. 6d. cloth boards. " The most valuable compendium of kitchen and market-garden work published." — Fanner. Cottage Gardening. COTTAGE GARDENING; or, Flowers, Fruits, and Vegetables for Small Gardens. By E. Hobday. i2mo, is. 6d. cloth limp, Potato Culture, POTATOES : Hoiv to Grow and Show Tham. A Practical Guide to the Cultivation and General Treatment of the Potato. By James Pink. Second Edition, Crown 8vo, 25. cloth. >' V 38 CROSBY LOCK WOOD S' SON'S CATALOGUE. LAND AND ESTATE MANAGEMENT, LAW, etc. I ;l ' Hudson's Land Valuer's Pocket-Boole. THE LAND VALUER'S BEST ASSISTANT: Being Tables on a very much Improved Plan, for Calculating the Value of Estates. With Tables lor reducing Scotch, Irish, and Provincial Customary Acres to Statute Measure, &c. By R. Hudson, C.E. New Edition. Royal 32mo, leather, elastic band, 4s. "This new edition includes tables for ascertaining the value of leases for any term of years ; and for showing how to lay out plots of ground of certain acres in forms, square, round, &c., with valuable rules for ascertauiing the probable worth of s'anding timber to any amount ; and is of incalculable value to the country gentleman and professional man." — Farmers yournal. EwarVs Land Improver's Pocket-Book, THE LAND IMPROVER'S POCKET-BOOK OF FORMULM, TABLES and MEMORANDA reqiiired in any Computation relating to the Permanent Improvement of Landed Property. By John Ewart, Land Surveyor and Agricultural Engineer. Second Edition, Revised. Royal 32mo, oblong, leather, gilt edges, with elastic band, 4s. " A compendious and handy little volume." — Spectator, Complete Agricultural Surveyor's Pocket-Book, THE LAND VALUER'S AND LAND IMPROVER'S COM- PLETE POCKET-BOOK. Consisting of the above Two Works bound to- gether. Leather, gilt edges, with strap, 7s. 6d. "Hudson's book is the best ready-reckoner on matters relatiig to the valuation of land and crops, and its combination with Mr. Ewart 's work greatly enhances tlie value and usefulness of the latter-mentioned. . . . It is most useful as a manual for reference."— A'f'r/A «f//'j fVeekly Afessengcr, " To valuers, foresters and agents it will be a welcome a\i.\."—A'ort/i British AgrtcMltttrist, "Well calculated to assist the valuer in the discharge of his lUities, and of uiuloubted interest and use both to surveyors and auctioneers in preparing valuations of all kinds.' —A'«;(< Herald. mmmmfm ,, j;, 40 CROSBY LOCKWOOD dr* SON'S CATALOGUE. A Complete Epitome of the Laws of this Country, EVERY MAN'S OWN LAWYER: A Handy-Book of the Principles of Law and Equity, By A Barrister. Twenty-eighth Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Including the Legislation of 1890, and including careful digests of The Bankruptcy Act, 1890; the Directors' Liability Act, 1890; the Partnership Act, 1890; the Intestates' Estates Act, 1890; the Settled Land Act, 1890; the Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1850; the Infectious Disease (Prevention) Act, i8go; the Allotments Act, 1890; the Tenants' Com- pensation Act, 1890; and the Trustees' Appointment Act, i8go; while other new Acts have been duly noted. Crown 8vo, 688 pp., price 6s. 8rf. (saved at every consultation ! ), strongly bound in cloth, tjust published. \* THE BOOK WILL BE FOUND TO COMPRISE (AMONGST OTHER MATTER)— The Rights and Wrongs of individuals— Landlord and Tenant— Vendors AND ruKCHAsEKs— Partners and agents— Companies and Associations— Masters, SERVANTS and WORKMEN— LEASES AND MORTGAGES— CHURCH AND CLERGY, RITUAL —Libel and Slander— Con iracts and agreements— Bonds and dills of sale- Cheques, Bills and Notes-Railway and Shipping Law— Bankruptcy and In- surance—Borrowers, Lenders and Sureties— Criminal Law— parliamentary Elections— County Councils— Municipal Corporations— parish Law, Church- wardens, ETC.— insanitary Dwellings and Areas— Public Health and Nuisances— Friendly and building societies— Copyright and Paienis— Trade Marks and Designs— Husband and Wife, uuorce, eic— Trustees and Execu- tors—Guardian and Ward, Infants, etc.— Game Laws and sporting-Horses, Horse-dealing and dogs— innkeepers, licensing, etc.— Forms of Wills, Agreejients, etc. etc. Note. — The object of this work is to enable those who consult it to help them- selves to the law; and thereby to dispense, as far as possible, with professional assistance and advice. There are many wrongs and grievances which persons sub- mit to from time to time through not knowing how or where to apply for redress ; and many persons have as great a dreed of a lawyer's office as of a lion's den. With this book at hand it is believed that many a Six-and-Eightpence may be saved ; many a wrong redressed ; many a right reclaimed ; many a law suit avoided ; and many an evil abated. The work has established itself as the standard legal adviser of all classes, and also made a reputation for itself as a useful book of reference for lawyers residing at a distance from law libraries, who are glad to have at hand a work em- bodying recent decisions and enactments. %* Opinions of the Press. " It is a complete code of English Law, written in plain language, which all can understand. . . . Should be in the hands of every business man, and all who wish to abolish lawyers' bills.'' — /(•cei-ly Times. " A useful and concise epitome of the law, compiled with considerable care." — Lam Magaxine, "A complete digest of the most useful facts which constitute English \v.\\.'— Globe. "This excellent handbook. . . , Admirably done, adniitably arranged, .and admirably cheap." — Leeds Meratry. ' A concise, cheap and complete epitome of the English law. So plainly written that he who runs may read, and he who reads may understand." — Figaro. " A dictionary of legal facts well put together. The book is a very useful owe."— Spectator. " A work which has long been wanted, which is thoroughly well done, and which we most cordially recimmend.' — Sunday Times. "Tlielat t edition of this popular book ought to be in every business establishment, and on every library \.;AAa." —SheJ/icld Post. Private Bill Legislation and Provisional Orders. HANDBOOK FOR THE USE OP SOLICITORS AND EN- GINEERS Engaged in Promoting Private Acts of Parliament and Provi- sional Orders, for the Authorization of Railways, Tramways, Works for the Supply of Gas and Water, and other undertakings of a like character. By L. Livingston Macassev, of the Middle Temple, Barrister-at-Law, and Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers; Author of " Hints on Water Supply.'' Demy 8vo, 950 pp., price 25s. cloth. " The volume is a desideratum on a suljject which can bo only acquired by practical experi- ence, and the order of procedure in Private Bill Legislation and Provisional Orilors is followed. The author's suggestions and notes will be found of great value to engineers and others profession- ally engaged in this class of practice." — Building i\eTvs. " The author's double experience as an engineer and barrister has eminently qualified him for the tasic, and enabled him to approach the subject aUke from an engineering and legal point of view. The volume will be found a great help both to engineers and lawyers engaged in promoting EMvate Acts of Parliament and Provisional Orders."— Ltca/ Government Chronicle. OQDEN, SMALE AND CO. LIMITED, PRINTERS, GREAT SAFFRON HILL, B.C. LOGUE. his Country. ndy-Book of the enty-eighth Edition. 1890, and including xton' Liability Act, ct, 1890: the Settled , i8eo; the Infectious ); the Tenants' Com- t, i8go; while other rice 6s. 8rf. (saved at {just published, RISE (AMONGST SID TENANT-VKNDOSS 50CIAT10NS-M ASTERS, 1 AND CLERGY. RITUAL AND HILLS OF SALE.— BANKRUPTCY AND IN- I *W- PARLIAMENTARY 'ARISH LAW, CUURCll- JBLIC HEALTH AND AND PAlUNrS-rRAlJE RUSTEES AND EXhCU- MD SPORTING-HORSES :.— Forms of Wills, consitU it to help them- iible, with professional ces which persons sub- J apply for redress ; and a lion's den. With this E may be saved ; many it avoided ; and many .rd legal adviser of all of reference for lawyers we at hand a ivork em- , which all can understind. [ to abolish lawyers' bills. — ^le c3.re"—La-w Magazine. ish hwv.'-GMf. arriin«eil. and admirably plainly written that he who useful one."-S/>eaatO): done, and which we most Iness establishment, and on [onal Orders. \TORS AND EN- Parliament and Provi- aways, Works for the a like character. By 3arrister-at-Law, and : of "Hints on Water Iduired by practical experi- lisional Orders is followed, leers and others profession- Imincntly qualified him for Ineering and legal pomt of T,ers engaged m promoting ( Chrotiicie. Ufroh hill, k.c. WimWe ^tetttWrnentarj) Serte^. LONDON, 1862. THE PRIZE MEDAL Was awarded to the Publishers of "WEALE'S SERIES." A NEW LIST OF WEALE'S SERIES RUDIMENTARY SCIENTIFIGjEDUCATIONAL, AND CLASSICAL. Comprising nearly Thrri> Hundred and Fifty distinct works in almost every department of Science, A rf, and Education, recommended to the notice o f Engineers, Architects, Builders, Artisans, and Students generally, as well as to those interested in Workmen's Libraries^Ltt^^^^in^SneruTncTnsfitufipns, Colleges, Schools, Science Classes, dye, &c7^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ rS" " WEALE'S SERIES includes Text-Books on almost every branch of Science and Industry, comprising such subjects as Agriculture, Architecture and Building, Civil Engineering, Fine Arts, Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering, Physical and Chemical Science, and many miscellaneous Treatises. The whole are constantly undergoing revision, and new editions, brought up to the latest discoveries in scientific research, are constantly issued. The prices at which they are sold are as low as their excellence is assured." — American Literary Gazette. " Amongst the literature of technical education, Weale's Series has ever enjoyed a high reputation, and the additions being made by Messrs. Crosby LocKWOOD & Son render the series more complete, and bring the informa- tion upon the several subjects down to the present time." — Mining Journal. " It is not too much to say that no books have ever proved more popular with, or more useful to, young engineers and others than the excellent treatises comprised in Weale's Series." — Engineer. " The excellence of Weale's Series is now so well appreciated, that it would be wasting our space to enlarge upon their general usefulness and value." — Builder. "The volumes of Weale's Series form one of the best collections of elementary technical books in any language." — Architect. " WEALE'S SERIES has become a standard as well as an unrivalled collection of treatises in all branches of art and science." — Public Opinion. PHILADELPHIA, 1876. THE PRIZE MEDAL Was awarded to the Publishers for Books : Rudimentary, Scientific, "WEALE'S SERIES," ETC. CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON, STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON, E.G. mi weale's rudimentary series. I i I! 't WEALE'S EUDIMENTABY SCIENTIFIC SEEIES. m \* The volumes of this Series are freely Illustrated with Woodcuts, or otherwise, where requisite. Throughout the fol- lowing List it must be understood that the books are bound in limp cloth, unless otherwise stated ; 6ut the volumes marked with a t may also be had strongly bound in cloth boards for M. extra, N.B. — In ordering from this List it is recommended, as a means of facilitating business and obviating error, to guote^ the numbers affixed to the volumes, as well as the titles and prices. CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, ETC. No. 31. WELLS AND WELL-SINKING. By John Geo. Swindell, A.R.I.B.A., and G. R. Burnbll, C.E. Revised Edition. With a New Appendix on the Qualities of Water. Illustrated. 2s. l^i, THE BLASTING AND QUARRYING OF STONE, for Building and other Purposes. By Gen. Sir J. Burgovnb, Bart. is. 6d. 43. TUBULAR, AND OTHER IRON GIRDER BRIDGES,^&t- ticularly describing the Britannia and Conway Tubular Bridges. By G. Drysdalb Dempsby, C.E. Fourth Edition. 2s. 44. FOUNDATIONS AND CONCRETE WORKS, with Practical Remarks) on Footings, Sand, Concrete, B6ton, Pile-drivinj, Caissons, and Cofferdams, 8cc. By E. Dobson. Fifth Edition, is. 6d. 60. LAND AND ENGINEERING SURVEYING. By T. Baker, C.E. Fourteenth Edition, revised by Professor J. R. Young. 2s.t 8o». EMBANKING LANDS FROM THE SEA. With examples and Particulars of actual Embankments, 8tc. By J. Wiggins, F.G.S. as. 81. WATER WORKS, for the Supply of Cities and Towns. With a Description of the Principal Geological Formations of England as in- fluencing Supplies of Water, &c. By S. Hughes, C.E. New Edition. 43.) 118. CIVIL ENGINEERING IN NORTH AMERICA, a Sketch of. By David Stbvenson, F.R.S.E., 8cc. Plates and Diagrams. 3s. 167. IRON BRIDGES, GIRDERS, ROOFS, AND OTHER WORKS. By Francis Campin, C.E. 2s. 6d.t 197. ROADS AND STREETS. By H. Law, C.E., revised and enlarged by D. K. Clark, C.E., including pavements of Stone, Wood, Asphalte, &c. 4S. 6d.t 203. SANI2ARY WORK IN THE SMALLER TOWNS AND IN VILLAGES. By C. Slago, A.M.T.C.E. Revised Edition. 3S.t 2 1 2. GAS- WO RKS, THEIR CONSTR UCTIONAND ARRANGE- MENT', and the Manufacture amd Distribution of Coal Gas. Originally written by Samuel Hughes, C.E. Re-written and enlarg< d by William Richards, C.E. Seventh Edition, with important additions, ss. 6d.t 213. PIONEER ENGINEERING. A Treatise on the Engineering Operations connected with the Settlement of Waste Lands in New Coun- tries. By Edward Dobson, Assoc. Inst. C.E. 4s. 6d.t ilb. MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION ; A Theoretical and Practical Treatise on the Strains, Designing, ind Erection of Works of Con- struction.' By Francis Campin, C.E. Secund Edition, revised. 3s. | 219. 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