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32X

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inoriM tectiitio
BY OLIVER & BOYD, ED

The history of SCOTLAND, hem the lloman In.
varion tm the teppceMloB of the lUbdlioD In niS ; with CzaldMt ;
for the Ute of Sehoola, or of Private Studcntt. 9y the Beir. Aftix.
AMDBK arcwAiTt io ooe thkk vduine lituo, 5«. bound.

» A HiHory ol Scotland* by the lUir. Akx. Stnrait, lianfxiMe putk,
and r nwiHM much hjgher dalmi to Uw fliTonr of the puMIe ten hiatwkal
works of flur loMorpntenakMu. It b neither an ataU^pMant nor • ooumAU-
tio^ batacaKfUandexGeOentdlgcttofScotttahiMrr, hi which ddarila-
deote wlQ And modi 9aHtt oAffiaiOaty, and rmarch ^ and yoonier coet a
•bn^klty and penpicuity of ntyleadmlnblr fitted to their yean. Queethme
on eadh chapter an appended to eadu"— 'New ifot^^klif Mag»Kim$

"WMrStewaitwe had eanee to speak hi very AwoonMetcnM i» his
editkin of Nepoe; and we now owe him a higher o t ii%atlen to tUa wdl-
wiUten history, than which tone more eligible oooM not be pot into the hands
of youth.— 'Mr Stewart has merited the thanks of both old and young by the
able manner in which he has perfbnned his weUineant task*"— Li Or ery Oof-

<*Thf arrangement is, in our opinion, altogether adminUe; indeed we
have rarely met with a w«fc so oonpletdy fitted alter for te sdioolHroeB or
te private student."— Lllenwy ChronMe.

" This Is a work of great labour and'mtrit, and wdl deeervei flwpatron-
age of all enlightened insimetors of te riring generatkin.*— JBse w igw H oa l Mp>
gazku.

«<lir Stewards Contfnuadon of Ooldsmltl^s llistoi)r«rEni^and»andte
woriK nowbefbreus,anievidentiy tlwreaaltef leading at onoecntsarfve and
careftaL*— JBtNn&unrfc meologloat Magazliu.

««We certabily tUnk that Mr Stewart has aeqnltled hlaM4f vcqr ttly hi
his task, and produced a Hbtory of SooCiandtetnuqr be tfknrcd to stand be-
dde ourG«ddsniith's Mslory of England. IV voiame comprists nearly as
mudi leading as Dr Robertson's two octavo vohunc^, iriildi adl fhr tov Umes
the price.**— Barficwlor paptitt Magmgbte.

"This is a very able, imparthd, and wen-digested narrative. The author
has had recourse to the most authentk: sources of information, and luu dis-
played much Judgment in njecti>ig what is obscure and uncertain, in giving
a rapid sketch of unhnportant occurrences, and hi laying before his leaders an
ample detail of all important and intcrestbg events"— JErfHcciftonaf Btvitw,

■

.i««i.

I IW(P

WOBKS HECEHTLY FUBLISUEJ}.

STORIES ftom the HISTORY of SCOTLAND, in the
manner of Storiei selected flrom the History of England. By the Rev.
AlBX. Stbwabt, author of " Tub History of Scotland," &c. 18mo.

*< Thb little bodt is adndnbly adapted to impress on the minds of children
the leading and most interesUng events and characters of Scottish history.
The Stories are toU with that clearness and simpUdty which are peculiarly
valuable in woriuof this'nature."— London Weekly RmHew, 14th July, 1827.

« This Is a nloe little book, neatly finished without, and richly furnished
witl4n.— Esch tale is introduced In a pleasing manner. The Author has con-
trived to render his language at once sbnple and interesting, calculated to ar^
rest the attention, and to impress the memory. The volume has also another
excellence ;— its lUes are short ; and Mr Stewart • has acqaissd an art which
many writers of cdebrity have yet to learn, to end his stoiy where the nana<
tive tenninates."— ImiwHa/ Jfognsine, Nov. 18St7«

'<' This is a very amusing and instructive little book for a juvenile present.
The stories In it are weU diosen, and abridged with care. It deserves to be
pietened to scores of oilier works intended to awaken a tove of reading in the
young spholar, and furnish him with materials for thinking. We recmnmend
it to persons engaged in tuition, as a very useful little voltime."— TAe Affun-
aum, 2»th April, 182S.

"The volumes which bear the title of ' Tales of a Grandfather,' it is al-
most unnecessary to infoim our readen, are by Sir Walter ScoCt ; but though
from respect to theh* iUttstrious author we have placed them first, they did
not wppeu tin six months after the publication of the interesting little vo-
lunie by the Rev. Mr Stewart. The hunters for ' curious coincidences', (a
pestilent dass) would find one in the almost simultaneous an>earance of two
Avorks so sttttHar in design and in the mode of execution ; and were not the
name of Sir Walter Scott sufBdent warrant against such a siupidon, those
who love to impute plagiarism to all eminent persons would And that l^r
Walter Scott had taken not only the idea but the plan from -Mr Stewart. Mr
S. makes his personages unfold thdr own characters in their own language,
as far as chronicles and tradiwlm allowed him; and he has thus given an
air at once dramatic and real to his portraits, which must be very attractive to
juvenile readers, and in this Sir Walter Scott hai followed him. However
amusing £Br Walter's Itmger tales may be to readers of a more advanced age,
we think Mr Stewart's better calculated, from their conciseness, to amuse
younger students, who are uninfluenced by the magic of a name. Mr Stewart
has lejected every thing in the Scottish annals that holds a doubtful place be-
twixt history and fable, and by judkdously avoiding long details, <as in the
case of QUden.kkry, whose stwy occupies far too much space in Sir Walter's
book,) He has succeeded in bringing his interesting performance within the
IH&its of one Volume, forming an admirable companion to Mr Croker's
< Storks from the Hbtory of England.' "—New Monthly Magazine, June 1,
1828.

BY THE REV. ALEX. STEWAI^T.

An Abridgment of the H18TOKY of tNOLAND, (torn

the InvtfioD of JuUiu CaMar to the Death of George II. ; Ifjr Dr

Govomrmi with a CONTINUATION to the (;oii|menoement of

the Reign of Oeorge IV. } to which aretubjoined Copious Exerciaet.

u TaiBD Itomoii ; in one thieli vokume 12mo, 5s. iwund. ., j ^^.',

"S* In' 4teli edition of Om HiMorr of England, di« Pul>114i«n ^ve en-

deavoundtaooublneaU the advantage* of which A.wwlt on so limited a

scab ii nuoqitibln

The Namtive of the Rdgn of Geoife IIL Ihu been written exj^rcsdy for
this edition, frbm the nuMt authentic aoiircet of information- Thoiq^ ne-
cewarily oondie, it will be fbond, it k hoped, to be free from the meagtawn
of a mere atarldgment. No event of importance bat been omitted; and the
aathor,notooiiflnbighhnidf toadry detail of £w:U, l^u delivered Andy hii
own lentimentt oonoemlng the interesting tranaactioni and oceanepoei
which he had to reoonL These scnthnents will be found uniformly consistent
with sound numlity, and with the prindfdee of our adndrable constitatUm ;
so (hat no work of a shnilar nature can be pUoed with more salMy or propriety
in the hands of youth. Itt utility, however, will not be confined to the Ju-
venile reader alone. Tliey who have attended to many of the events of the
late reign, while ooeuiring, or who have studied its history in more ample de-
tails, \dll find this work valuable as a book of reminiscence ; wUIe to persons
who are commencing the study of tUs eventfiil period, it will, without super-
seding mora vohiminoua puldioations, prove a very useful introduction and guide.
Tb render it more convenient as a book of histruction. Questions are sub-
joined, by whkh the pupil may be examined on any portion of the htstory*
These questions are so predse, that no difficulty can pesdbly occur in fln^Ung
a distinct and proper answer. The whole has been carefUly stereotyped, and
is printed on excellent paper— thus combining correctness with elegance of
emcution.

— — " It was the Publishen^ good fortune to have the Cimtfpuat^n, ivhlch
brings do>vn the narrative to the end of the rdgn of our late sover^n,' written
by agentleman, wlioie own peiformanoe evinces his ability to estimate, if not
to (SBuIate, the ekcalleneies of his pgjde c essor. Tq thit EdttUm w« do not
scruple to atcribe a degree of merit which entitles it to its proud position.
It ie evidenOy the remit qf extensive reading nnd cartful r^ection^—New
Biinburgh Rt9iew.

" Dr Goldsmith's History of England is allowed, u far as it goes, to be the
best hi use fbr schools. The Ck>ntinuatton of it by Mr Stewart to the present
tbne is accurately and hnpardally written ; *nd the val(w of the worif^ as it
now stands, is greatly hxnieased for all the purposes of education, by Uie co-
pious Tables of Exercises, in the form of questions, on the events of each leign,
which he has added at the end of the volume."— New Monthly Mt^/azine.

WOmKS SDITED BY THE AEV. ALEX. STEWART.

CORNELIUS NEPOS, with Marginal Notes, Intended to
espUn IntricaciM ctf Conitniction, PeculiaritlM of Phrafe« and Ob-
■oMvitict of AUution j a Chrondogleal Table in EngUih, comprtoing
the prindpal Eraitf idated in the lives ; a Roman Calendar, with
an explanation of the Method of reclconing Datea bj Calenda. Nonet,

• and Idea ; a Vocabulaiy, containing all the worda that ooour in the
work, ffUh their Tsrioua dgnlficationa, and an aceuiate refSnrenoe to
the paangea In which any peculiarity of I ranalatlon if required; and
an IndB of Proper Namea, calculated tothrow much light on the
tMct, by ae HiitoriOBl» Geographloal, and Mythological Infinmatton
wUchiteonttfoi. FirrR Eornow } In (me thick volume 18mo, 9i.bd.

** What hat attneted our attenUon, and dcHrvcd our praiw, in thli neat
Uttlc palOicatkn, 1* the plan on which it it conitracted. Maiglnal notee are
added to the t«art>adniinbly calculated to bdp the tyro to the full under-
standingof Uatadcs and a Chronological Table oomidetce thie portfani of
ueeftil infSonnatlon. Ilicre are also an Index of Proper Nanue, andlnatruc.
ttve TM», which explain and apply the Roman method of reckoning by
Calepde, Nonee, and Idea ; but the gnat and peculiar recommendation to ut
i« one of atypical kind, namdy, the printingof the accents vciy aocumtdy
onrtfietexti— Wehaveonlyto repeat our perfect ^nntbatkm of this ediUon,
Ite Us ample intdUgence, cwrectness, and faaaJ'—IAtmrary Qazettt.

*'An enlaiged edition of Cornelius Nepos, by the Rev. Alex. Stewart,
merits^ on several accounts, a decided pttiftnrenee over any fnrmer one. It
contains maiglnal notes, ex^alning any dUBculties of phraseology which may
OQCur, and also the ntaiks of the long and short syllables placed over most of
thewonla. AttheconclurionoftheUvesiaphuxda Chromlo^iieai Table of
Events»and the mode of computing time by Olymj^ade, together with a com- .
plete Roman Calendar "—JfonfA/y Magatine.

" Besides the Lives of eminent Commanders by Comelius Nepos, with
notes, tUs Uttle volume contains a duonologyi calendar, vacabulaiy,^ and in-
dex of ttaBisa.>— The text la throughout accented, to denote the quantity of the
SyUaUes, and t!ie wmk is, on the whole, wxnrttiy of general enoonnig!anent.''->-
New MoiMfy Ibgazhte.

The POEMSof OSSIAN, translated by James Maccher-
BOW, Ehq. t with the TransUtor's Diawrtations on the Era and Poems
of Osslan ; Dr BUdr's Critical Dissertation ; and an Inquiry into the
Genuineness of these Poems, written expreuty Jbr this edUionj
8s. boards.

*' A new portable Bditkm has appeared of the Poems of Ossian, translated,
by Macpherson ; subjohied to whkh ii an excellent DisssrUtion by the Rev.
Alex. Stewart, which must satisfy the most incredulous sceptic that these.
suUime Poems are really the production of the Son of Flngal."'— MonM/y
Magazine,

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COMPENDIUM

MODERN GEOGRAPHY;

WITH

REMARKS

OM THK

rilTSICAL PECULIARITIES, PRODUCTIONS, COMMERCE, AND
GOVERNMENT OF THE VARIOUS COUNTRIES;

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION

AT THE END OF EACH DIVISION ;
AND

DESCRIPTIVE TABLES,

IN WHICH ARR GIVEN

THE PRONUNCIATION, AND A CONCISE ACCOUNT OF ALL
THE PLACES THAT OCCUR IN THE WORK.

y HlwAvaUtf bg Nine iWajw.,
BY THE REV. ALEX. STEWART,

Author of <* The HUtory of Seotland," dtc.

EDINBURGH :

PUBU8HBD BY

OLIVER & BOYD, TWEEDDALE-COURT.
1828.

[Price Three Shillings and Sixpence bound.]

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BNTERBD IN STATI0NBB8* HALb.

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PREFACE.

Y'rt'T^Uf

J.I , r 1

The immense number of elementary works with
which the press incessantly teems, aflfbrds a most ap-
palling illustration of Solomon's remark, that " of the
making of books there is no end." In no department
of education is there a greater variety of these works,
than in geography ; and, in adding one to the number,
we may be expected to state, by what peculiar advan-
tages of plan or execution ours comes recomAiended. -)■

The first and most obvious of these advantages con-
sists in the quantity of information which it contains
within so small a space. Modest and unpretending as
it is in form, it is made, by a judicious typography, to
comprise at least double the quantity of matter, that
will be found in any ge(^aphical work of equal size.

Another advantage, to which we are disposed to at-
tach some importance, is the annexing of a table to
each country, containing a short description of its most
important places, with the proper pronunciation of
their names. This is an advantage which every

PREFACE.

teacher must appreciate ; for in no branch of orthoepy
are even the most skilful teachers more frequently at
a loss. At first we- intended to make these tables
merely pronouncing vocabularies ; but, on more ma-
ture consideration, we availed ourselves of the oppor-
tunity which they afforded us, to convey such infor-
mation concerning the places enumerated in the body
of the work, as might store the mind of the student
with ideas, instead of mere names. We have thus
been enabled to combine, in same d^ee, the advan-
tages of a gazetteer and a gei^grapfaical grammar.

Information still more important, and conveyed in
a more pleasing f&rm, will be found in the remarks on
the physical and niational peculiarities of each country.
These remarks are adapted, as tnucii as possible, to the
comprehension and the curiosity of the youthfUl stu-
dent i and will lead him on, with pleasure, in a study,
which is too generally rendered peculiarly dry and re-
pulsive, i si'" '*i ^•' «»' 'i 'U^tiM. ; '. - ■fS'ti'^'i^Y a^iV'^^Vij^!?^
« Proceeding on the principle, that nothing should
be contained in an elementary book, which it is hot
useful to remeviber, we have append^ copious exer-
cises to every section, adapted not only to the enume-
ration of places contained in the geographical outline,
but to the information conveyed in the general re-
marks. While our compendium is thus calculated to
facilitate the labours of the teacher, more than any
similar work, it will be found, we trust, to render the

PREFACE.

ma-

A I

acquisition of geographical knowledge easy and plea-
sant to the private student.

Might we presume to offer a suggestion concerning
the manner of teaching by this compendium, we should
advise that the learner be made to read over the
descriptive tables, in such portions as the teacher may
find convenient, before committing to memory the
ge<^raphical detail of the countries to which they re-
spectively refer. He will thus acquire the correct
pronunciation of the names of the places in the text ;
and the ideas associated with these names will facili-
tate the task of learning them, rfo-ii mir uait/..!j»^u>; .«

Where the pronunciation of words diflfers materially
from the orthography, we have adapted the q^Uing to
the proper mode of pronouncing. Where a proper ac-
centuation is sufficient, the accented syllable is cor-
rectly marked. When the letter g has the hard
sound before the vowels e, i, or y, it is printed in tlie
Italic form thus, g, ,'V/,,*i

The maps are executed in a style of elegance and
accuracy not often found in works of this description.

Douglas Manse,
July 1,182a

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'1.

.; CONTENTS. ''''^'^.^i^'Zs^

.; ' ,• -, . . . . - ' i^''^';. -^ :"'--^;^

'■ '■•_...,>., . . . ..,....., - >\ii.i, ■ ;■> -^rS-vIK . •■,

Page
Of the Figure and Revolutions of the Earth, 9

Of the Solar System, 10

Geographical Terms, «. 12

Divisions of the Earth's Surface, 15

Europe, 16

British Empire— England and Wales, 19

Scotland, 33

Ireland, 45

Norway, 53

Sweden, 54

Denmark^ Gl

Kingdom of the Netherlands^ ()5

France^ 76

Spain,. 87

Portugal, 94

Switzerland, 97

Italy, 103

Turkey in Europe, Ill

Russia in Europe, 122

Prussia, 136

Germany, 143

Austrian Empire^ 154

Asia...... 161

Turkey in Asia, 164

Arabia, 166

Persia, » 168

Ilindostan, 171

Eastern Peninsula, 176

China, 178

8 ' CONTENTS.

Page

Tibet, 181

Eastern, or Chinese Tartary, 183

Western, or Independent Tartary, .184

Siberia, or Russian Tartary, ....186

Asiatic Islands, , ...188

Descriptive Table of Asia, 189

Africa, 211

States of Barbary, 214

Western Africa, 216

Southern Africa, 218

Eastern Coast of Africa, 219

Countries on the Red Sea, 220

Central Africa, 224

Descriptive Table of Africa, 226

North America, 233

British Possessions, 236

United States,.. 240

New Spain, or Mexico and Guatimala, 253

West India Islands, , 258

Independent Countries, 264

Descriptive Table of North America^ 268

South America, ....274

Colombia, 277

Peru, ib.

Chili, 278

La Plata, ib.

Paraguay, 279

Brazil, ib.

Guiana, 280

Patagonia, ib.

Descriptive Table of South America, 283

Problems on the Terrestrial Globe, « 285

Celestial Globe, 292

Problems on l»e Celestial Globe, 293

236

^....240
253
,258
,264
...268

...274

...277
. ib.

....278
. ib.

....279

..... ib.

....280
.. ib.

....283

....285
....292
....293

Uf:

INTRODUCTION.

CHAPTER I. " '•^- ^^^-^ *M^-^'{

The earth which we inhabit, is not, as was long
supposed, a vast extended plain ; it is a ball or
globe, nearly round, but a little flatter at two
points, called the Poles, than in any other part of
its circumference.

If you imagine a straight line to pass through
the centre of the earth, and to terminate at two
opposite points of its circumference, such a line is
called the Axis or Diameter of the earth ; and
the points where it terminates are called Poles.
One of these is called the Arctic or North Pole ;
and the other the Antarctic or South Polb.

The diameter of the earth is about 7912 English
miles; and its circumference 24,856* miles. Our
world, although it appears to stand still, is in con-
stant and rapid motion. It is only one of a num-
ber of globes or planets, which revolre round the
sun, at different aistances, and in different periods.
The circle which a planet describes, in revolving
round the sun, is called its Orbit ; and the time
in which it completes this revolution varies ac-

INTRODUCTION.

cording to its distance. The earth, which is
95,000,000 miles from the sun, performs its revo-
lution round it in 36*5 days, 5 hours, and 49
minutes ; and its progress in this revolution, and
its various positions in relation to the sun, occasion
the variety of the seasons, and the difference in the
respective lengths of the day and night. Besides
this motion, it is perpetually whirling round, or
revolving on its axis, and performs a complete re-
volution of this kind in twenty-four hours. Dur-
ing this whirl, or revolution, part of it is towards
the sun, and part of it turned from it, — and this is
what causes day and night.

The Sun, with the planets which revolve round
it, constitute the Solar System. These planets
are either primary or secondary. The primary
planets revolve round the sun only : the secondary
planets revolve round other planets, as the moon
round the earth ; and, by the motion of their pri-
mary planets, are carried round the sun also.
There are eleven primary planets. Mercury,
Venus, the Earth, Mars, Vesta, Juno,
Ceres, Pallas, Jupiter, Saturn, and the
Georgium Sidus, called also Uranus. There
are eighteen secondary planets, called also moons or
satellites, of which the Earth has one ; Jupiter,
four ; Saturn, seven ; and the Georgium Sidus,
six. Saturn is surrounded, besides, with a lumi-
nous belt or ring.

Comets are luminous bodies which move round
the sun in a very eccentric manner — the length of
their orbit very greatly exceeding its breadth.
The sun himself is an immense globe placed near

»(

INTRODl^

the centre uf this systcu
heat to the planets that
is one million three hun^
than the earth.

But the solar system toMos oNva veixji9fi|^1J^art
of the universe. Almost alKlbe ^^||f|\|in(^vhidi
the heavens are adorned, arcSllQg^j^ggfimr which
planets revolve. Of these, about a thousand are
visible to the unaided eye. But, with the aid of
telescopes, they are found to be innumerable ; ex-
tending through the immensity of space, and, as
the agents of the Infinite Creator, imparting light
and life to the inhabitants of an inconceivable num-
ber of worlds.

EXERCISES.

Of what figure is the earth ? What is the axis or diameter
of the earth ? What are the poles ? By what names are
the poles distinguished P Of what extent is the earth's
diameter ? What is the extent of its circumference ? Is
the earth at rest, or in motion ? Does the earth alone revolve
round the sun ? What is the orbit of a planet ? What is
the distance of the earth from the sun P In what time does
the earth complete her orbit ? What occasions the variety of
the seasons, and the difference in the respective lengths of
the day and night P Has the earth any other motion ? What
effect does this motion produce P

What constitutes the solar system P What is the differ-
ence between primary and secondary planets P How many
primary planets are there ? Name them. How many se-
condary planets are there P To what primary planets do
they belong ; and how many to each ? What are comets ?
What is tne sun P How many times is he larger than the
earth ?

What arc almost all the stars which adorn the heavens ?
How many of them are visible to the unaided eye ?

INTRODUCTION.

CHAPTKU II.

th(

OBOGRAPHIGAL TERMS.

Oeoorapby is a description of the surface of the
earth, as divided into Land and Water.

That the position of places might be more con«
veniently and accurately determined, it has been
found expedient to suppose a number of circles or
lines traced on the surface of the globe. These
circles are great or small. A great circle divides
the globe into two equal parts ; a small circle into
two unequal parts. Every circle is divided into
360 equal parts, called degrees ° ; and these de-
grees vary in extent, according to the magnitude of
the circles. On the great circles, a degree, being
the 36'Oth part of the earth's circumference, is equal
to 69^ English miles, or 60 geographical miles.

Of the great circles, the most remarkable are
the Equator 3 the Ecliptic, the Meridian, and the
Horizon,

The equator is equally distant in all its parts
from the poles, and divides the globe into the nor-
thern and southern hemispheres.

The ecliptic cuts the equator obliquely at two
opposite points, and represents the sun's path in the
heavens.

A meridian is a great circle passing through the
poles, and every place on the earth has its meri-
dian. Thus a circle drawn through Edinburgh,
and passing through the poles, is the meridian of

INTRODUCTION.

face of the

more con*
it has been

circles or
be. These
cle divides
circle into
vided into

these de-
ignitude of
?ree, being
cc, is equal
[ miles.

■kable are
n, and the

I its parts
> the nor-

ly at tvro
)ath in the

rough the

its mcri-

dinbuFgb,

eridiaa of

Edinburgh ; a circle drawn through LondoUj or
Paris, or Madrid, and passing tlirough the poles, is
the meridian of London, of Paris, or Madrid.

The horizon is either Ratiotial or Sensible, If,
placed at the centre of the globe, we could take
within our view one half of the heavenly sphere,
a large circle would appear to cut the globe into
two equal parts, and that circle would be the Ra-
tional horizon. The Sensible horizon is the circle
that bounds our view, where the earth and sky ap-
pear to meet.

The meridian from which we calculate the dis-
tance of places cast or west, is called the ^rst me-
ridian ; and that distance is the longitude of a
place. The latitude of a place is its distance north
or south from the equator.

Parallels of latitude are small circles parallel to
the equator, and diminishing in size as they ap-
proach the poles. Of these parallels, the most re-
markable are the Arctic and Antarctic Circles, the
Tropic of Cancer, and the Tropic of Capricorn.

The Arctic Circle is 23^ degrees from the north
pole; the Antarctic circle is 23^ degrees from the
south pole; the Tropic of Cancer is 23^ degrees
north of the equator ; the Tropic of Capricorn is
23^ degrees south of the equator.

The earth is represented either by a globe or
sphere, which corresponds very nearly to its real
figure ; or by maps, whi(^h exhibit the whole, or
some part of its surface, delineated on a plane. On
the globe are traced the equator, the ecliptic, the
tropics, the polar circles, and generally other
parallels of latitude, at regular distances.

INTRODUCTION.

Meridians are likewise traced at the distance of
fifteen degrees from each other. But, as every place
has its meridian, and as it would be impossible to
represent them all on the artificial globe, it is sur-
rounded by a brazen circle, divided into degrees,
from the equator to each pole. This circle is
called the brazen meridian. If we bring any place
to the edge of this circle, the degree marked over
it indicates its latitude; and at the point where
this circle cuts the equator, we find its longitude.

On maps, latitude is expressed by figures at their
sides; and longitude, by figures at the top and
bottom. The top of a map is north ; the bottom,
south ; on the right hand is the east ; and on the
left haod^ the west.

EXERCISES.

What is geography ? For ^vhat ptipose do geographers
suppose a number of circles or lines traced on the surface of
the globe ? Of what kinds are those circles ? Into how
many degrees are those circles divided ? What occasions a
difference in the extent of degrees ? What is the extent of a
degree on one of the great circles ? What are the most re.
markable of the great circles. Describe the equator. Dc«
scrV e the ecliptic. What is a meridian ? What is the me>
rid.'an of £dinbun;h, London, Paris, or Madrid ? What is
the horizon P Wnat is the rational horizon i What is the
sensible horizon ?

What is meant by the first meridian ? What is loii^i-
tude ? What is latitude ? What uie parallels of latit''.l< ?
What are the most remarkable of those parallels ? Hi
rre the arctic and antarctic circles distant from the north and
south poles? How far are the tropics distant from the
equator ?

By what; means is the earth represented? What circles
are traced ^n tiie globe ? What is the use of the brazen
meridian? \^ow arr latitude and longitude expressed on
maps ? Wh ' » p"? . j>f a mj ^ Is north ? which south ? which
east? wh'-h.v/c:t 'i

:aiice of
ry place
Bible to

is sur-
Jegrees,
nrcle is
ly place
ed over
; where
itude.
at their
:op and
bottom,

on the

ographerg
surface of
Into how
;casions a
ctent of a

most re.
tor. De-
is the me-

What is
lat is the

is lOu^ii

latitTuif ?

Hi "v f}>}

north and

from the

bat circles
lie brazen
resscd on
h ? which

INTRODUCTION.

CHAPTER III.

The ijrf»«« ot the earth presents the two grand
divisions o*-' Land and Water. The Land is divided
into Comments, Islands, and Peninsulas; the
VV'i ler, into Oceans, Seas, Lakes, and Rivers.

A continent is a very extensive tract of land.
An island is land surrounded by water. A penin-
sula is land aliiiort surrounded by water. An
isthmus is a neck cf land joining two portions of
laud together. A cap^ or promontory is a portion
of land stretching into the sea, and appearing to
terminate in a ])oint. A coast or shore is that
portion of land which borders upon the sea.

An ocean is a very large portion of salt water.
A sea is a smaller portion of salt water. A strait
is a narrow passage of vi'ater uniting two seas. A
hay is a portion of sea running into the land.
A gulf is a body of water almost surrounded by
land. A lake is a body of water wholly surrounded
by land. V . »

The great continents of the globe are Europe,
Asia, Africa, North America, and South America.
I. oceans arc the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific
Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Northern Ocean,
the Southern Ocean.

The surface of tlie globe contains about I96 mil-
lions of square miles ; and more than two-thirds of
it is occupied with water. The habitable parts of
the earth are calculated at 49 millions of square
miles; of M'hich Europe contains 3 millionij; 500

EUROPE.

thousand ; Africa^ 1 1 millions, 500 thousand ; Asia,
20 millions; and America, 14 millions. The po-
pulation of Europe is rather abore ipO millions;
that of Africa has been rated by Pinkerton, pro^ably
too low, at 30 millions ; Asia has perhaps not much
]ess than 500 millions; North America may con-
tain 24 millions j South America 11 millions.

EXERCISES.

What fiprand divisions does the surface of the earth present ?
How is tne land divided ? How is the water divided ? What
is a continent ? What is an island ? What is a peninsula ?
What is an isthmus ? What is a cape or promontory ?
What is a coast or shore ? Point out on the map, a conti-
nent, an island, a peninsula, &c.

What is an ocean ? What is a sea ? What is a strait ?
What is a bay ? What is a gulf? What is a lake ? Point
out on the map, an ocean, a sea, a strait, &c.

Name the great continents of the globe. Name its oceans.
What number of square miles does the surface of the globe
contain ? What proportion of it is occupied with water ?
At how many square miles are the habitable parts of the
earth calculated ? What proportions do the diiFerent divi-
sions of the globe contain ? What is the population of Eu-
rope ? Of Africa ? Of Asia ? Of North Amciica ? Of
South America ?

EUROPE

Is bounded on the North by the Northern Ocean ;
West, by the Atlantic Ocean ; South, by the Me-
diterranean; East, by Asia, the Black Sea, the
Sea of Marmora, and (he Archipelago.

It extends from 36" 30' to 71^ N. Lat.; and

land ; Asia,
. Thepo-

millions;
n, prol ably
8 not much

1 may con-
llions.

arth present ?
ided? What
i peninsula ?
promontory ?
lap, a conti-

b is a strait ?
lake? Point

ne its oceans,
of the globe
with Mrater ?
parts of the
ifFerent divi-
ation of Eu-
merica ? Of

rn Ocean ;
y the Me-

i Sea, the

Lat. ; and

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}

EUROPK. 17

from lO** W. to 59" E. Long. Its length, from
Cape Matapan in Greece to North Cape in Lap-
land, is 2400 miles; and its breadth, from the west
of France to the river Don in Russia, is nearly
2200 miles.

Its countries are, the British Empire, (con-
taining England^ Scotland, and Ireland,) Nor-
way, Sweden, Denmark, Russia, Prussia,
Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Nether-
lands, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy,
Turkey.

Seas and Gulps. — Mediterranean Sea, Gulfs of
Lyons, Genoa, and Venice ; Archipelago, Black
Sea, Sea of Marmora, Sea of Asoph, Bay of Biscay,
English Channel, German Ocean or North Sea,
St George's Channel, Irish Sea, North Channel,
Baltic Sea, Gulfs of Bothnia, Finland, and Riga or
Livonia ; Skager Rack, Cattegat, and White Sea.
Straits. — The Straits of Waigatz, the Sound,
the Great Belt, the Little Belt, the Straits of
Dover, the Straits of Gibraltar, Straits of Boni-
facio, Straits of Messina, the Hellespont or Straits
of the Dardanelles, Straits of Constantinople,
Straits of Caffa or Yenicul.

Islands — Great Britain and Ireland; Nova
Zembla, Spitzbergen, Iceland, Zealand, Funen,
Laland ; Candia, Sicily, Malta, Corsica, Sardinia,
Majorca, Minorca, Ivica.

PENiNsuLAs.-«-JutIand in Denmark, Morea in
the south of Greece, Crimea, or Taurida, south of
Russia.

Capes.— North Cape, in Lapland ; Naze, S. of
Norway ; Skaw, N. of Denmark ; Duncansbay-

EUROPE.

'^'^'^'^^^^^^^ S. of Wand .

^•W. of Fmnce rJ ^;?^^"^' Cape Ja HoJue

Cape St Virc n /s'^W^?^^^^^^^

Jjnto, S. of Italy aLr^n^Tiy^'- ^ape Sparti-

Morea. ^^ ^""^ ^ape JViatapan/s. of the

Fountain.*? /^/^ o

many and France 51^ '^P.^^'^ting Italy from Ger-

^orn,e!iJ' ZZSn^'T? '"'•»■'« and Spat
S>rede#; UralMZZl„^'r^l Norway %„"d

P». Wfi-b^"'! :^^«"'-^ «"'-. Rhone, Elbe,

fd by far the n.-^HmLu'T"''.!'' RoP^'ation,

ndu8try, and in(ellig"C„>!,r'"."'u'>S«"»"y.

their progress in learning • '"''aWtants, and

tuate within the temn£'». ""*'"''' ""^ a«8. Si-

part of Norway anHSr-r' ^^'^f' " *"'» '

«v%hrhbS'»?ta;rz?

Europe, exe prxufc P;;?'"'' '" e^'T part of
of its inhabitants aJe &s,"anr" """•«' <!"o-''alf

EXERCISES. ^

♦»'nat is Its extent

'SI

of Ireland ;
>e Ja Hogue,
^ of Spain ;
Cape Spaiti-
n. S. of the

y fi-oin Ger-
K; Hcemus,
1 the north
and Spain ;
)rvray and
►rth-east of

^one, Elbe,

grand di-
opulation,
ngenuity,
ants, and
irts. Si.
>t a small
Js more
alth and
ny other

' part of
one-half

t defrrcets
ts extent

'. >'3**^:- . t y-fCA: '^..'^^ii^ J,,. • - ;h,. .%,^iA* ^i^:^^, , t,^,, .^tyws^ib

Thrmmy SSn^rayeii ifv V^ JAr^i^ SAj

l':M/sAn/ 7)1/ OXJTXX. it-»fm>£ddi

vmm^ ^SJf^rayn/^ 4y ^ JAifJfi^ Siimiur^A

7txAn/ ht/ OXSVEB. (t'KOTlt SelotiuiyA^

ENGLAND AND WALES.

in length and breadth ? What countries docs it contain ?
Name its seas and ^ulfs. Point them out on the map.
Name its straits. Point them out. Name its principal
islands. Point them out. Name and point out its penin-
sulas. Name its capes, and point out their situation. De-
scribe the situation of its principal mountains. Name its
principal rivers, and trace them on the map.

What proportion does Europe bear, in extent and popula-
tion, to tne other grand divisions of the globe ? In what re-
spects is it the most important ? What advantage does it
possess in point of climate ? What is the only country of
Europe where the Christian religion does not prevail ?

THE BRITISH EMPIRE.

ENGLAND AND WALES.

Boundaries. — N. Scotland; E. British or Oer-
man Ocean ; S. the English Channel ; W. Irish
Sea, and St George's Channel.

Extent. — From the 50° to the 56° N. Lat.,
and from 2° E. to 6=* W. Long. In length, from
Berwick to the Isle of Wight, 360 ; and in breadth,
from the North Foreland in Kent to the Land's
End in Cornwall, 300 miles.

Counties. — I.Northumberland; 2. Durham;
3. York ; 4. Cumberland ; 5. Westmoreland ; 6.
Lancashire ; 7. Cheshire ; 8. Shropshire, or Salop ;
9. Hereford; 10. Monmouthshire; 11. Lincoln-
shire; 12. Norfolk; 13. Suffolk; U.Essex; 15.
Derbyshire; 16. Nottingham; 17- Staffordshire;
18. Leicestershire; 19* Rutland; 20. Worcester;
21. Warwick; 22. Northampton; 23. Hunting-
don; 24. Cambridge; 25. Gloucester; 26. Ox*

2()

ENGLAND AND WALES.

ford ; 27* Buckingham ; 28. Bedfordsliiro ; 29-
Hertfordshire; SO. Middlesex; 31. Kent; 32.
Surrey; 33. Sussex; 34. Berkshire, or Berks;
35. Hampshire, or Hants; 36. Wiltshire; 37.
Dorsetshire; 38. Somersetshire; 39. Devonshire;
40. Cornwall.

Counties in Wales. — 1. Flintshire ; 2. Den-
bighshire ; 3. Caernarvonshire ; 4. Anglesea ; 5.
Merionethshire ; 6. Montgomeryshire ; 7. Rad-
norshire; 8. Cardiganshire; 9* Pembrokeshire;
10. Caermartheushire ; 11. Brecknockshire; 12.
Glamorganshire.

Towns in England.—-!. Newcastle, Berwick,
Morpeth, Alnwick, North Shields; 2. Durham,
Sunderland, Stockton, South Shields; 3. York,
Leeds, Hf»lifax, Huddersiicid, Wakefield, Doncas-
ter, Sheffield, Hull, Scarborough, Whitby ; 4. Car-
lisle, Penrith, Workington, Whitehaveu; 5. Apple-
by, Kendal; 6. Lancaster, Preston, Blackburn,
Liverpool, Manchester, Bolton ; 7. Chester, Mac-
clesfield, Stockport ; 8. Shrewsbury, Bridgenorth,
Wellington ; 9' Hereford, Leominster, Pembridge;
10. Monmouth, Chepstow ; 11. Lincoln, Boston;
12. Norwich, Yarmouth, Lynn Regis; 13. Ipswich,
Bury St Edmunds, Orford ; 14. Chelmsford, Col-
chester, Harwich; 15. Derby, Buxton, Chesterfield;
16. Nottingham, Newark; 17. Stafford, Litchfield,
Wolverhampton, Newcastle-under-Line ; 18. Lei-
cester, Harborougb, Bos worth ; 19* Oakham,
Uppingham ; 20. Worcester, Kidderminster, Dud-
ley; 21. Warwick, Stratford, Coventry, Birming-
ham ; 22. Northampton, Peterborough ; 23. Hun-
tingdon, St Neots, St Ives, Stilton, Ramsey ; 24.

KNOLANIJ AND WALES.

Cambridge, Newmarket,

Elv : 25.

Gloucester,

; 24.

Tewkesbury, Clioltcnham ; 20. Oxford, Banbury,
Woodstock ; 27- Buckingham, Eton ; 28. Bed-
ford, Dunstable, Woburn ; 29. Hertford, Ware ;
30. London, Westminster, Brentford ; 31. Maid-
stone, Canterbury, Chatham, Rochester, Green-
wich, Woolwich, Dover, Deal, Tunbridge ; 32.
Guildford, Croydon, Southwark ; 33. Chichester,
Brighton, Lewes, Hastings; 34. Reading, Wind-
sor ; 35. Winchester, Southampton, Portsmouth ;
36*. SalisbiUT, Wilton; 37. Dorchester, Weymouth,
Poole; 38. 'Bath, Bristol, Wells, Taunton; 39.
Exeter, Plymouth, Dartmouth ; 40. Launceston,
Truro, Falmouth, Penzance.

Towns in Wales. — 1. Flint, Holywell, St
Asaph ; 2. Denbigh, Wrexham ; 3. Caernarvon,
Bangor, Conway ; 4. Beaumaris, Holyhead, New-
bury ; 5. Dolgelly, Harleigh, Bala ; 6. Montgo-
mery, Welchpool ; 7. New Radnor, Presteign,
Knighton ; 8. Cardigan, Aberystwith ; 9* Pt'm-
broke, St David's, Haverfordwest ; 10. Caermar-
then, Llanelly, Kidwelly; 11. Brecknock or
Brecon, Builth, Hay ; 12. Card'^ff, Landaff, Mer-
thyr Tydvil, Swansea.

Islands. — Man, in which f.re the towns of
Douglas and Castleton ; Anglesea ; Scilly Isles,
principal of which is St Mary ; Isle of Wight, in
which are Newport and Cowes ; Alderney, Guern-
sey, Jersey, (near the coast of France,) in whicli
are Sark, St Pierre, St Helicr ; Sheppey ; Thanet ;
Coquet; Holy Island or Lindisfarne.

Bays. — P»idlington Bay, Humber Mouth, the
Wash, Yarmouth Roads, the Downs, Spithead,

ENGLAND AND WALKS.

Torbay, Mounts Bay, Bristol Channel, Caermar-
then Bay, Milford Haven, St Bride's Bay, Cardi-
gan Bay, Menai Frith, Caernarvon Bay, More-
cam be Bay, Sol way Frith.

Sand Banks. — Dogger Bank, in the German
Ocean, between Yorkshire and Jutland ; Goodwin
Sands, on the east of Kent.

Capes. — Flamborough Head, Spurn Head,
North Foreland, South Foreland, Dungeness,
Beachy Head, Needles, St Alban's Head, Port-
land Race, Start Point, Lizard Point, Land's End,
Wormshead, Gowen's Point, St David's Head,
Strumble Head, Great Ormes Head.

Mountains. — Cheviot Hills, between Nor-
thumberland and Scotland ; Skiddaw and Scafell,
in Cumberland; Helvellyn, between Cumberland
and Westmoreland ; Whernside and Ingleborough,
in the N.W. of Yorkshire ; Snowden, in Caer-
narvonshire; Arran Fowddy, Cader Idris, in
Merionethshire ; Plinlimmon, in the S.W. of
Montgomery ; Vann, or Brecknock Beacon ; Peak,
in Derbyshire.

Lakes.*— -Derwent Water or Keswick Lake,
Ul Is water, Windermere.

Rivers. — The Tyne, the Wear, the Tees, the
Eden, the Yorkshire Ouse, the Dee, the Severn,
the Trent, the Witham, the Great Ouse, the
Thames, the Medway, the Itchen, the Test, the
Avon, the Ex, the Lower Avon.

iZemarits. —AlUiough England cannot be considered as a
mountainous country, its aspect is sufficiently varied to ex-
hibit almost every feature that is requisite to beauty in land-

°>

KNOLAND AND WALES.

scape. The tendency to moisture in the climate clothes the
plains in almost perpetual verdure ; luxuriant plantations,
and rich corn-fields, give to the cultivated districts an air of
comfort and opulence ; while mountains and rugged rocks,
narrow dells and roaring torrents, exhibit in other districts
a resemblance to the rude grandeur of our Highland scenery.
In Wales, indeed, which may be regarded as the High-
lands of South Britain, mountain scenery of the most pic-
turesque description everywhere occurs; while the lakes of
Cumberland and Westmoreland vie in beauty, if not in
magnificence, with the enchanting lakes which give so ro-
mantic a character to some districts in Scotland.

The climate of England, owing to its insular situation,
is extremely variable. The western counties are exposed
to heavy and frequent rains from the Atlantic j the eastern
counties enjoy a drier atmosphere, but suffer, on the other
hand, from cold and ungenial cast winds. Inconsequence
of Uiis difference of climate, pasturage is more attended to
in the west, and tillage in the east.

In every part of England the effect of industrious and
skilful culture is apparent ; and there are few countries
where so small a portion of the soil is allowed to lie waste
and unproductive. In general, the soil is either naturally
good, or has been improved into fertility ; although there
are some extensive moors, particularly in the northern
counties, which seem to bid defiance to the power of cul-
tivation.

The industry which has thus enriched and adorned the
country, has produced still more astonishing effects in
manufactures and commerce. By the invention of machi-
nery, every species of manufacture has been increased to
an extent, which enables England to supply every quarter
of the globe with articles of commerce and luxury ; while
tlie produce of every foreign clime is wafted to her ports
in return. In consequence of this extended commerce,
England has attained such a degree of maritime greatness,
that her navy rides triumphant in every sea, and consti-
tutes the great bulwark of the nation. This maritime
Seatness .has enabled her to establish colonies, and acquire
rge possessions in the remotest regions of the earth ; and

ENGLAND AND WALES.

although, in the extent of her home-territory, and the amount
of her population, England ranks but as a small European
state, her foreign dominions, and the population over
which her power extends, place her very high in the scale
of nations; while in the magnitude of her resources, the
intelligence, activity, and valour of her inhabitants, she
holds almost the first place.

Many of these advantages result from her unrivalled
constitution, which is a mixed or limited monarchy — com-
bining all the advantages of the regal, aristocratical, and
republican forms of government, without the defects of
any of them. The king is the head of the state, the foun-
tain of dignity and power. All laws and deeds are pub-
lished in his name ; but his authority is restrained by par-
liament, consisting of the House of Lords, which repre-
sents the nobility or aristocracy, and the House of Com-
mons, which represents the people.

The established religion of England is the Lutheran, or
Protestant Episcopacy — but all other forms of religious
worship are tolerated. There are two archbishops, those
of Canterbury and York, and twenty- five bishops. The
archbishop of Canterbury is the Primate of all England.

In their manners, the English are frank and sincere,
more disposed to gravity than gaiety. Their favourite
amusements are horse-racing, the chase, and the theatre.
In their dealings they are fair and honourable, and the
character of an English merchant is held in universal
respect for integrity, liberality, and intelligence. All the
arts, that are conducive to the comfort and elegance of life,
are here cultivated with the greatest success. In every
department of science and literature, England can boast
of the most illustrious names. To her Newton, her
Bacon, her Milton, her Shakspeare, few equals, and no
superiors, can be found in ancient or in modern times.

EXERCISES ON THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
ENGLAND ANU WALES.

\Vhal arc the boundaries of England and Wales ? Be-
wccn what degrees of latitude and longitude are they situate ?

ENGLAND AND WALES.

amount
Liropean
jn over
he scale
ces, the
nts, she

nivalled
jr — corn-
eal, and
jfects of
;he foun-
are pub-
i by par-
;h repre-
of Com-
ber an, or
religious
ps, those
bs. The
[i gland.
[ sincere,
'avourite
theatre,
and the
universal
All the
ce of life,
In every
can boast
^ton, her
and no
inies.

lies ? Bc-
y situate ?

'^>

? In Denbigh*

What is the extent in length and breadth ? Name the coun*
ties in England. Name the counties in Wales. What are
the principal towns of Northumberland ? Of Cumberland ?
Of Durham, &c. ? Where is North Shields, Workington,
Yarmouth, Chepstow, Shrewsbury, Brentford, Blackburn,
Stockport, Liverpool, Stockton, Brighton, Bridgenorth,
Whitehaven, Chicliester, Chelmsford, Eton, Bristol, Bux-
ton, lioston, Leeds, Manchester, Harwich, Launccston,
Morpeth, Portsmouth, Leominster, Linn Regis, Kidder-
minster, Maidstone, Truro, St Neots, Wellington, London,
Tewkesbury, Ware, Ipswich, Exeter, South Shields, Has-
tings, Chatham, Plymouth, I)over, &c. ?

What are the principal towns in Flintshire
shire ? In Caernarvonshire, &c. ?

Where is Wclchpool, Bala, Builth, Holywell, Presteign,
Hay, Wrexham, St David's, Bangor, Kidwelly, St Asaph,
Haverfordwest, Landaff, Aberystwith, Dolgelly, Swansea^
&c.?

What are the principal islands ? What are the towns of
Man ? Where is St Pierre ? Where is Cowes ? Where is
Stllelier? Where is Newport? Point out the islands on
the map. Name the bays, and their situation. Point them
out on the map. Name the sand-banks, and their situation.
Name the capes. Point them out. Wliat are the principal
mountains, and where are they situated ? What are the

Srincipal lakes ? What are the principal rivers ? Where is
lilford Haven ? Where is Flamborough Head ? What is
the course of the Tyne ? Of the Thames ? Of the Great
Ouse ? Of the Medway ? Of the Severn ? Of the Trent ?
Where is Plinlimmon, Scafell, Start Point, Spurn Head.
Gowen's Point, Land's End, Whernside, Cader Idris, Ar-
ran Fowddy, Portland Race, &c. P

DESCRIPTIVE TABLE.

Abergavenny, jpr. Abergai'ny), a
small but ancient town in Mon-
mouthshire, at the confluence of
the Gavenny witli the Usk.

Alwrystwith, (pr. Ab-er-isf-ith),
a seaport town in Cardiganshire,
at the mouth of the Ystwith.

Ab'-ing-don, a borough town in
Bcrkshird, situate at the con-
fluence of the Ouse and the
Thames.

Aldborough, (pr. Ald'-bur-ro), a
small borough town in the West
Hiding of Yorkshire, situate on
the Ouse. A seaport town in
Suffolk, on the Aid.

Al'domcy, an island belonging to
England, seven miles from the
coast of Normandy, in France.

Alnwick, (pr. An'-nik), a consi-
drr-ible town in North umber-
Lind, near which is Alnwick

ii2

It"

ENGLAND AND WALES.

Castle, the magnificent scat of
the Duke of Northuniberland.

Am'bleside, a township of West-
moreland, on a branch of Lake
Windermere.

Ames'bury, (or. Aims'-ber-re), a
town in Wiltshire, on the Avon,
remarkable as the birth-place of
Addison.

An'-dover, a borough town in
Hampshire, on the rivulet Ande.

An'glesea, an island and county of
Wales.

Appleby, the county town of
Westmoreland.

Ar'undel, a borough town, on the
Arun, in Sussex.

As'-aph, (St) a borough town and
bishop's see, in Flintshire.

Ash'-burton, a borough town in
Devonshire.

Ash'by-de-la-Zouoh, (Zooch), a
market town in Leicester, near
the confines of De:byshire.

Ath'-el-ney, an islet in Somerset-
shire, formed by the Thone and
Parret.

A'-von, a river in Hampshire,
which flows into the Lnglish
Channel— a river in N. Wales,
which flows into the Irish sea—
another in S. Wales, which flow"
into the Bristol Channel.

Aylesbury, (pr. Ails'-ber-re), a
borough town in Buckingham.

Banbury, (pr. Ban'-ber-re), a
borough town in Oxfordshire.

Ban'gor, a village in Flintshire,
situate on the Dee— « town and
bishop's see in Caernarvon.

Barn'staple, a borough town in De-
vonshire, on the Taw.

Bath, a large and beautiful city in
Somersetshire, celebrated for its
medicinal waters.

Beach'y-hep''.j a promontory on
the coast ot Sussex — the highest
land on the south coast of Bri.
tain.

Beaumaris, (pr. Bo-ma'-ris), a
borough and scaiK)rt in Anglc-
sca, situate on the Mcnai strait.

Bedford, a borough town in Bed-
fordshire.

Berks, or Berkshire, separated by
the Thames ttom Oxford and
Buckingham.

Bev'erly, a considerable town in
Yorkshire, near the Hull.

Birmingham, (pr. Bir'-ming-gam),
a large town in Warwickshire,
celebrated for its manufactures
of hardware.

Black'burn, a considerable manu-
facturing town in Lancashire.

Bol'ton, a considerable manufac-
turing town, N. from Manches-
ter, in Lancashire.

Bos'worth, a market town in Lei-
cestershire. On Bosworth-field,
about three miles from this
town, was fought a memorable
battle between Richard III. and
the Earl of Richmond, atler-
ward Henry VII., in which
Richard fell.

Brcnt'ford, a town in Middlesex,
situate on the Thames.

Bridge'-water, a borough town, on
the Parret, in Somersetshire.

Bright'-helmstone, or Brighton,
(pr. Bri'-ton), a considerable
seaport in Sussex — a favourite
residence of his majesty, King
George IV.

Bristol, a large seaport on the
Lower Avon, partly in Somer-
setshire, and piartly in Glouces-
tersliire.

Buck'-ing-ham, the county town
of Buckinghamshire, situate on
the Great Ou.^e.

Burton, an ancient borough town
in Staftbrdshire, situate on the
Trent— famous for its ale.

But-ter-mere', a lake in Cumber-
land.

Bux'ton, a market-town in Derby-
shire, celebrated for its mineral
springs.

Ca'-der-i'-dris, a mountain in Me-
rionethshire, 3550 feet above the
level of the sea.

Cacrmarthen, (pr. Car'-marthcn),

ENGLAND AND WALES.

'II in Bed-

parated by
•xford and

e town in

luU.

ning-gam),

rwickshire,

inufactures

able manu-

ncashire.
manufac-
Manches-

iwn in Lei-
worth-field,
from this
memorable
ird III. and
ond, atter-
in which

Middlesex,
es.
gh town, on

setshire.

Brighton,
considerable
•a favourite
ijesty. King

[)ort on the
r in Somer-
in Glouces-

;ounty town
', situate on

trough town
uate un the
ts ale.
in Cumber-

vn in Derby-
r its mineral

ntain in Mc-
!et above the

r'-marthcn),

1 ;

the county town of Caermarthen-
shire.

Caernarvon, (pr. Car' nar-von), the
county town of Caernarvon-
shire.

Cambridge, (pr. Caim'-bridge), a
city in Cambridgeshire, on the
Cam or Granta, the seat of a
celebrated university.

Car'diff, the county town of Gla-
morganshire, on the Severn. In
the castle of Cardiff, Robert,
Duke of Normandy, was im-
prisoned by his younger brothers.

Carlisle, (pr. Car-lile' or Car'-lile),
the county town of Cumberland,
on the Eden.

Chatham, (pr. Cliat'-tam), a town
on the Medway, in Kent, one of
the principal naval stations in
England.

Chelmsford, (pr. Chems'-ford), the
county town of Essex, on the
Chelmer.

Chel'-sea, a village on the Thamer,
near London, where is a grand
national asylum, called Chelsea
Hospital, for decayed and wound-
ed soldiers.

Cheltenham, (pr. Chel'-tnam), a
town in Gloucestershire, much
frequented for its mineral
sprmgs. -

Chepstow, (pr. Chep'-sto), a mar-
ket-town in Monmouthshire, si-
tuate on the Wye.

Chesh'-irc, a county bordering on
Wales, celebrated for its cheese.

Ches'-ter, the county town of
Chesliire, situate on the Dee.

Ches'ter-field, a town in Derby-
shire, situate on the Rother.

Cheviot, (pr. Choe'-vot), a range of
hills between Scotland and Nor-
thumberland.

Chichester, (pr. Chee'chestcr), the
county town of Sussex, and a
bishop's see.

Chil'tern-hills, a ridge of chalky
hills in the counties of Bucking-
ham, Hertford, and Oxford.

Cirencester, (pr. Circn'ster or
Cesctcr), a borough and market-

town in Gloucestershire, on the
Churn.

Col'-chester, a considerable Iw-
rough in Essex, on th» river
Colne.

Corn'wall, a county occupying the
south-western extremity of Bri-
tain.

Coquet (pr. Cok'-et), an islet off the
coast of Northumberland— like-
wise a river in the same county.

Cov'-entry, an ancient city of War-
wick, celebrated for its manu-
factures of watches and ribbons.

Cowes, (pr. Couz), a seaport town
on the north coast of the Isle of
Wight, beautifully situate on
the Medina,

Cum'-ber-land, one of the northern
counties, W. of Northumber-
land.

Dart'ford, a town in Kent, where
the first |)aper-mill in England
was erected by Sir John Spilman,
in the reign of Queen Elizabeth.

Dart'mouth, a seaport town in Dc-
vonshire, near the mouth of the
Dart.

Deal, a town on the east coast of
Kent, where Julius Caisar first
landed.

Denbigh, <pr. Den'-bi), the county
town of Denbighshire.

Deptford, (pr. Dep'ford), a consi-
derable town in Kent, at the
confluence of the Ravensboumc
with the Thames. It has a royal
dock-yard, with fine wet docks. .

Der^y, the county town of Derby-
shire, on the river Derwcnt.
Here the first English silk-mill
was erected in 1734, and its ma-
nufacture of silk is still consi-
derable'.

Der'went- Water, a lake in Cum-
berland.

Don'caster, ^r. Dong'-caster), a
town in \orkshire, celebrated
for its horseraces.

Dor'-chestcr, the coup'cy town of
Dorsetshire, and a royal bo-
rough.

BNGLAND AND WALES.

Dor'setshire, a county in the S. W.
of England.

Do'-ver, a seaport and borough in
Kent, atraut 22 miles distant
firom Calais, in France, to which a
number of paclcets regularly ply.

Downs, a famous roadstead be-
tween the Goodwin Sands and
Deal, in Kent

Droit'wich, a borough town in
Worcester, famous for its brine
springs, from which is manufac-
tured a fine white salt.

Dunge-ness', a promontory on the
coast of Kent, in the English
Channel.

Duns'tablc, a town of Bedford,
noted for its manufactures of
straw.

Durham, (pr. Dur'-ram), a city
and bishop's see in the county
of Durliam, with an ancient ca-
ttiedral, beautiAiUy situate on
the Wear.

Ed'dystone, a reef of rocks in the
English Channel, 14 miles S.W.
from Plymouth, on the highest if
which is a famous light-house.

E'-den, a river which rises in
Westmoreland, and flows thro'
Cumberland to the Solway Frith,

Edge'-hill, a village in Warwici:,
near which the first battle in the
civil wars between Charles I.
and the Parliament was fought,
in the year 1642.

Ep'som, a town iii ^5urrey, noted for
its mineral springs.

Es'sex, a county on the east coast.

E'-ton, a town in Buckingham,
where is a celebrated chartered
seminary called Eton College.

Ev'esham, an ancient borough
town in Worcestershire, situate
on the Avon. Here a great bat-
tle was fought, in the year 1265,
between the famous Simon de
Montfort, Earl of Leicester, and
Prince Edward, afterwards King
Edward 1.

Ex'eter, a city and bisl.op's sec in
Devonshire, situate on the Exc.

Fal'-mouth, a seaport in Cornwall,
whence packets sail for America
and the west Indies.

Flambovough, (pr. Fla'm.burro), a
cape, with a lighthouse, on the
coast of Yorkshire.

Flint, the county town of Flint-
shire, on the estuary of the Dee.

Flod'den-field, five miles north of
Wooler, in Northumberland.
Here a great battle was fought
between the English and Scots,
in 1513, in which James IV. and
a great number of his nobility
were slain.

Folkstone, (pr. Foke'-stone), a sea.
port town in Kent, the birth-
place of the celebrated Dr Har>
vey, who discovered the circula-
tion of the blood.

Fore'-land, North and South, two
promontories on the east coast of
Kent.

Glam-or'-gan, a county in the
south of Wales.

Gloucester, (pr. Glos'ter),acityand
bishop's see,— the county towD
of Gloucestershire.

Good'win Sands, a large sand-bank
off the cast coast of Kent.

Gram'i)ound, a borough town of
Cornwall, on the Fal, deprived
of its privileges as a borough for
bribery, in 1820.

Graves'-cnd, a market and seaport
town in Kent, near the mouth
of the Thames, 20 miles from
London.

Greenwich, (pr. Green'-ich), atown
in Kent, on the Thames, about
five and a half miles below Lon-
don, famous for its Royal Obser>
vatory, and its noble hospital for
superannuated seamen.

Hal'-i-fax, a large and thriving
town in the west of Yorkshire,
noted for its woollen manufac*
tures.

Hampshire, called likewise Hants,
a county in the sou^h of Eng.
land.

y^i

KNGLANU AND WALES.

in the

Har'rowgatc, a village in York-
shire, 21 miles N.W. from
York, famous for its medicinal
waters.

Har'wich, (pr. Har'rich),a seaport
and borough town in Essex, the
seat of a navy- yard.

Has'tings, an ancient borough in
Kent, where the great battle
was fought, in which Harold
was defeated by William the
Conqueror.

Ha'verfordwest, a market-town in
Pembrokeshire, situate on the
Dougledy, near its entrance into
Milford Haven.

Her'-eford, a city and bishop's see
in Herefordshire, of which it is
the county town.

Hertford, (pr. Hartford,) the coun-
ty town of Hertfordshire, situate
on the Lea.

Holy Island, an island on the
coast of Northumberland, about
nine miles in circumference. It
belongs to the county of Dur-
ham.

Holyhead, a seaport town in Angle-
sea, from which the Irish packets
sail.

Hud'dersfield, a market-town in
the West-Riding of Yorkshire,
where the woollen manufacture
is carried on to a considerable
extent.

Hull, a large and thriving seaport
town in the east of Yorkshire,
situate on the Humber, at the
mouth of the Hull.

Humber, a river, or rather an
estuary, formed by the junction
of the Ouse, the Aire, and the
Trent, and separating Yorkshire
from Lincolnshire.

Huntingdon, the county iown of
Huntingdonshire, on the Ousc.

Il'chester, a borough town in So-
mersetshire, the birth-place of
the celebrated Roger Bacon.

Ingle'boroufih, (burro), a lofty
mountain in Yorkshire, 23()1 feet
above the level of the sea.

Ipswich, (pr, Ip'sicli,) a borough

in Suftulk, of which it is the
county town, the birth-place of
Cardinal Wolscy.
Is'lington, in Middlesex, formerly
a pleasant country town, but now
united to London by a continued
range of buildings.

Ken'nilworth, a market-town in
Warwickshire, about five miles
north from Warwick, celebrated
for its magnificent castle, where
Dudley, Earl of Leicester, en-
tertained Queen Elizabeth for
seventeen days.

Kent, a county in the S.E. of
England, famous for the culture
of hops.

KeswicK, (pr. Kes'-sick), a lake in
Cumberland, famous for its beau-
tiful scenery.

Kiddermin'ster, a town in Wor-
cestershire, on the Stour, noted
for its manufactures, particular-
ly of carpets.

Lan'cashire, a county on the N.W.
coast of England.

Lan'caster, the county town of
Lancashire, famous for its ca-
binet-making.

Land's End, a point in Cornwall,
the south-western extremity of
England.

Ijaun'ceston, the county town of
Cornwall, situate on the Attery.

I^eeds, a large town in the West-
Riding of Yorkshire, famous for
its woollen manufactures.

Leicester, (pr. Leester), the coun-
ty town of Leicestershire, noted
for its manufacture of worsted
stockmgs.

Lincoln, (pr. Ling-con), the coun-
ty town of Lincolnshire, situate
on the Witham. It has a fine
Gothic cathedral, in which is the
largest bell in England, called
Tom o' Lincoln, weighing three
tons, and twenty-three feet in
circumference.

Litch'field, an ancient city in Staf-
fordshire, the birtli-place of l)r
Samuel Johnson and Garrick.

BNGLAND AND WALES.

Liv'erpool, a very large borough
and seaport in Lancashire, si-
tuate on the Mersey. It is next
to London in commercial im-
portance,

London, (pr. Lun'don), the capital
ofBritani, situate on theTliames,
the largest, the most wealthy,
and, perhaps, the most i)opulous
city ui the world.

Mac'clcsfield, a considerable ma>
nufacturing town in Chcsaire.

Maid'stone, the county town of
Kent, situate on the river Med.
way,

Mal'vern, a village in Worcester-
shire. The Malvern hills arc a
range in the S.W. of Worces-
tershire, and in the county of
Hereford.

Man, an island in the Irish Sea,
nearly equidistant fVom Eng-
land, Scotland, and Ireland.

Med'way, a river which rises in
Sussex, and, flowing through
Kent, falls into the mouth of the
Thames at Shecrness.

Men'dip- hills, a noted mineral
range in the N.E. of Somerset.

Mer'sey, a river Which flows be-
tween Cheshire and Lancashire
to the Irish sea.

Mid'dlesex, one of the smallest
.ounties in the kingdom, but by
.ar the most important in wealth
and population.

Mil'ford-naverj, a deep inlet of the
sea in the south of Pembroke-
shire, the safest and most capa-
cious harbour in Britain.

Monmouth, (pr. Munmuth), the
county town of Monmouthshire,
a county on the borders of
Wales, the birth-place of Henry
V,

Montgomery, (pr. Mont-gumry),
a county in Wales.

New River, a largo aqueduct from
Hertfordshire to Islington, by
which a great i>art of London is
supplied with water.

Ncwcas'tle-upon-Tyne, the prin-

cipal town of Northumberland,
situate about ten miles trom the
mouth of the Tyne. It is a
place of great trade, particularly
in coals.

Ncwcas'tlo-undcr-Linc, a market-
town in Staffordshire, situate on
the eastern bank of the Line.

Newmar'ket, a tov.n in the coun-
ties of Cambridge and Suflblk,
celebrated for its horseraces.

Ncw'port, a market-town near tlic
centre of the Isle of Wight.

Norfolk, (i)r. Nor'foke), a county
on the eastern coast.

Northamp'-ton, the principal town
of Northamptonshire, an inland
county,

Northum'berland, a county in the
north of England.

Norwich, (pr. Nor'rich), the county
town of Norfolk, a city and
bishop's see, long noted for its
trade and manufactures.

Not'tin^/ia»«, (gam) , the principal
town of the county of Notting-
ham ; the chief seat of the stock-
ing manufacture.

Onk/iam, (am), the county town of
Rutland.

Ol'ney, a town in Buckingham,
shire, near which the poet
Cowper long resided.

Ot'ter-burn, a village in Northum-
berland, famous as the scene of
a battle between Hotspur Percy
and Douglas.

Ouse, the name of four rivers : the
principal of which are the York-
shire Ouse, fonmed of the junc-
tion of the Swale and the Ure,
and uniting with the Trent to
form the Humber; and the
Great Ouse, which rises in Nor-
thamptonshire, flows through
the counties of Buckingham,
Bedford, avr\ Cambridgc,^dividcs
the latter f. om Norfolk, and falls
into the sea at Lynn Regis.
The Little Ouse divides Norfolk
from Suflblk, and falls into the
Great Ouse. The other river of
this name is in Sussex.

BNOLAND AND WALES.

mbcrlacul,

3 tVom the

It is a

irticularly

a market-
situate on
c Line,
the coun-
d Suffolk,
eraces.
n near the
Vight.
, a county

icipal town
, an inland

inty in the

the county
city and
ted fur its
ea.

le principal
»f Netting.
[■ the stock-

ity town of

ckingham>
the poet

Northum-
sccne of
ipur Percy

ivers : the
the York-

the junc-

the Ure,
i Trent to

and the
es in Nor-
through
:kingham,
KC^divides

, and falls
in Regis.
js Norfolk
s into the
cr river of

Ox'ford, the princiiwl town of Ox-
fordshire, a bishop's see, and the
seat of a very celebrated uni-
versity, containing twenty col-
leges, and five halls.

Pem'brokc, the county town of
Pembrokeshire.

Pen'nygent, a hill in Yorkshire.

Pen'rith, a town in Cumberland,
pleasantly situate in the vale of
Inglewocxi Forest.

P&terborough, (burro), a city and
bishop's see in Northampton-
shire, situate on the river Nen.

Plinlim'mon, a mountain on the
borders of Montgomery and Car-
digan.

Plymouth, (Plim'muth), a large
seaport town in the south-wes.
tern extremity of Devonshire,
the second naval station in the
kingdom, situate at the head of
Plymouth Sound, a large capa«
cious haven, formed by the
riven Plym and Tamar.

Portland, a peninsula in Dorset^
shirr, famous for its freestone
quarries.

Ports'mouth, a noted seaport town
in Hampshire, the most impor-
tant naval station in the king-
dom.

Fres'ton, a borough and manufac-
turing town in Lancashire, si-
tuate on the Ribble.

Radnor, a mountainous county in
Wales.

Rams'gate, a seaport town, on the
eastern coast of the isle of Tha-
net, noted for its excellent ar-
tificial harbour.

Reading, (pr. Reed'ing), the prin-
cipal town of Berkshire, situate
at the junction of the Kennet
with the Thames.

Ro'chester, a very ancient city of
Kent, situate on an angle of
land formed by a bend of the
river Medway.

Rye, a borough and seaport town
in the county of Sussex, at the

mouth of the Rother.
of the Cinque Ports.

It is one

Sad'dlcback, a mounbiin in Cum-
berland, 2787 feet above the level
of tlie sea.

Salisbury, (pr. Salz'-lmr-re), an
ancient city and bishojj's see in
Wiltshire, noted for its cathe-
dral, which is one of the finest
eccle.siasticalbuildings in Europe.

Sea-fell', (nr. Scawfell'), a lofty
hill in Cumberland, with two
peaks, the lowest of which is
3092 feet, and the highest 3166
feet, above the level of the sea.

Scai'borougk, (burro), a seaport
town in Yorkshire, of consider,
able trade, and much admired
for the beauty of its situation.

Sev'ern, a large river in Wales
and England, second only to the
Thames in importance. It has
its source in Flinlimmon ; and
passing, by a very circuitous
course, through the counties of
Montgomery, Shropshire, Wor-
cester, and Gloucester, faUs into
the Bristol Channel.

Sheerness', a seaport town in Kent,
at the mouth of the Medway,
noted for its strong and com.
manding fortress.

Sheffield, a large and populous
town in the West Riding of
Yorkshire, famous for its manu.
factures of cutlery and plated
goods.

Shep'pey, an island at the mouth
of the Thames and Medway,
separated f^om the mainland of
Kent by an arm of the sea called
the Swale.
Shields, (pr. Sheels), North Shields
in Northumberland, and South
Shields in Durham, two towns
on the opposite banks of the
Tyne, both places of consider,
able trade.
Shrews'^wry, (burry), the county
town of Shropshire, beautifully
situate on the Severn. It is a
place of considerable trade.

"'li't'^ib.^ZrSL" '" Cumber.
Channel. ^ °" *^'e Bristol

Soilth-amD'.f'nn

I^ndon. ofthi?^ t'"'"'''^^ "^'t''

earthe.1 ware "!,«"f«'''tures ^f

situate o'n the Sow J^ *"'""♦ '«
X^of^Ze^«t^3;Plain.a
upright, and olhers r«r '• '"'"^
them, supposed oTe'/pP°"
Suffolk, (pr SuP.fok t^mp'e.
on theeastco^i ci^'' ^ county

Norfolk by thTriVe«T>*.1^ A'"""
and Waveney ^"'*"^Ouse

on the Wear nvpr''^'?-' l""ate
famous iron bSe 'h^,'"'' '« «
arch of 2^ feet gnan ^'"^ ^"
iOOjeet abofeSW-"? -i-d

'EShThS^^'°""^^-t''e
oftheBrisforbhaS.""^'^^

KNOLAND AND WALES.

TcS^a^iF-Son^^'-^^
on t/^e coast !.,mT"'°'''«"8 bay

river Tone, ^""^^^'^re, on the
Thames, (pr. Tems» fu^
portant river K'riV? ""«* '«-
Gloucestershire tnlt"!' ""^^^ in
shire from oSj ffih^« ^e"-*^-

tyofBuckingK.X*r1ra-

War'wick, (War'rik> »k
pal town of ?hP rl'n*"'? P'"'"ci-
of Warwit^tshiro ^*'"*' county
river A^o^ Us 'casS"."-^ °" *"«
the noblest in the fcii^i' °"« of

West'mingtpr = „•* ?""«dom.

adjoin ngto I^n^'" Middlesex,

Whem'side » ^.^ F'P'ace.
N.W of v^ i?"?Hntain in the

Wilt'shire, or Wii<o . *

Sussex ' * through towi in

public schoS! ' ^^'"°"* ^0' "s

! I

comiTiodious bay

UevoDshire, the

zvous of the Bri.

,^f^ .rises in the
^>rd8j.,re, flows
"tiesofstaffbrd.
'"am, and Lin.
^^ih the Vork.
""'ng the Hum.

^ in Kent, with,
ce of which are
>a series of vil.
rom their cele.
springs,

between Cum-
tmoreland.

^), the princi.
central county

situate on the
astle is one of

*»ngdom.
, in Middlesex,
^n. of which
M as forming

.possesses dig.

'Alleges.

"gh and sea-

®> much ft-e.

"g-place,

™^in in the

e. 2384 feet

fie sea.

ab^e seaport

e andthrlv.
-umberland.
'orough and
* in Lanca.

an inland
Jhames,
fh town in

Id bishop's
nous for its

I -1

y^/wn </• ft'r^jnn-fj /•«< /< ' i/urf^u

Fuh7hs7ted 6t/ ciT.TVKa fc b on> ^<^

\imm.^ Ji'Hi/mytiJ Ht It' Uutf^u t'l/m/'utyh

yiexi At/ <»i,T\rEa fc boyu Hdiniia^A

, . > ■- -

•■ ■-''■'■

''->

' '" '

■:~, '■ ■■

. /

''l

'■:^

•A- 1

. ^.»..„-. -;;t^-,

*'ap»s»i

VS:

|RL JS{iK^.r

JBtM^a^

-V

■g.ysin^i

^^M^

^-^^

i
n

M ^

*^^ ^'^

K ,

V -^t

y^-^-j^'^

W^l^

I ^^

''^ .AovvH

^P «w

^^Slj

Pj^Jl^

^^t

ir^«*

Jp«r

~ *l

jrffiA- 2

■ ,8 : -7* ■

■-

■ "f "

SCOTLAND.

Win'dennerc, the largest lake in
England, between Westmore-
land and Lancashire.

Windsor, (pr. Win'zur), a borough
town in Berkshire, situate on
the Thames, 22 miles flrom Lon-
don, celebrated for its castle, a
favourite residence of the kings
of England.

Wool'wicA, (ich), a town in Kent,
on the Thames, 8 miles below
■ London. It is fkmous for its ar-
senal, dock-yard, and military
academy.

Worcester, (pr. Woos'ter or Wus'-

ter). the countv town of Worces-
tershire, near the centre of the
kingdom, noted for its porcelain
manufactories. Here Cromwell
defeated the army of Charles II.
A.D. 1651.

Yar'mouth, a seaport and boroagh
town of the county of Norfolk,
at the mouth of the Yare.

York, the principal town of York,
sliire, the largest county in Eng-
land. It is the see of an arch-
bishop, and is celebrated for its
magnificent cathedral.

': m-,: ■;^1'-

SCOTLAND, OR NORTH BRITAIN,

Is bounded on the South by England and the Irish
sea ; on the West, by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the
North, by the North Sea ; and on the East, by the
German Ocean. Exclusive of the Shetland and.
Orkney Islands, it extends frpm the 54<° to the 59^
of north latitude, and from the 1° to the 6° of west
longitude, exclusive of the Western Isles. Its ex-
treme length is about 244 miles, and its greatest
breadth 147 miles.

It contains thirty- three counties : 1. Orkney and
Shetland ; 2. Caithness ; 3. Sutherland ; 4. Ross.
shire; 5. Inverness; 6. Argylc; 7« Cromarty;
S.Nairn; g. Moray or Elgin; 10. Banff; I'l.
Aberdeen; 12. Kincardine or Mcarns; 13. Angus
or Forfar ; 14. Fife; 15. Kinross; 16. Clack man*
17. Perth ; 18. Dumbarton or Lennox ; I9.

nan

Stirling; 20. Linlithgow or West Lothian; 21.
Edinburgh or Mid-Lothian ; 22. Haddington or

:4" .■■J.*:.\-*- •■'

SCOTLAND.

I •

East Lothian ; 23. Berwick or Merse ; 24. Ros:-
burgh ; 25. Dumfries; 26. Kirkcudbright; 27>
Wigtou ; 28. Ayr ; 29. Renfrew ; 30. Lanark ;
SL Peebles; 32. Selkirk; 33. Bute and Arran.

The principal towns are^ 1. Kirkwall, Lerwick;
2. Wick, Thurso ; 3. Dornoch ; 4. Tain, Ding-
wall, Fortrose; 5. Inverness, Fort George, Fort
Augustus, Fort William ; 6. Inverary, Campbel-
ton ; 7. Cromarty ; 8. Nairn ; 9* Elgin, Forres ;
10. Banff, Cullen; 11. New Aberdeen, Old
Aberdeen, Peterhead, Frazer burgh; 12. Bervie,
Stonehaven; 13. Forfar, Dundee, Montrose; 14.
Cupar, St Andrews, Falkland, Kirkcaldy, King-
horn, Dunfermline ; 15. Kinross; 16. Clackmannan,
Alloa; 17. Perth, Dumblane, Crief, Dunkeld;
18. Dumbarton ; I9. Stirling, Falkirk ; 20.
Linlithgow, Borrowstounness, Queensferry ; 21.
Edinburgh, Leith, Musselburgh, Dalkeith ;
22. Haddington, Dunbar, North Berwick ; 23.
Greenlaw, Dunse, Lauder ; 24. Jedburgh, Kelso,
Hawick ; 25. Dumfries, Annan, Moffat, Sanqu-
har ; 26. Kirkcudbright, New Galloway ; 27*
Wigton, Whitehorn, Stranraer, Port-Patrick ; 28.
Ayr, Irvine, Kilmarnock; 29- Renfrew, Paisley,
Greenock, Port-Glasgow ; 30. Lanark, Hamilton,
Glasgow; 31. Peebles; 32. Selkirk, Galashiels;
38. Kothsay in Bute ; Brodwick in Arran.

IsLAND8.->-Shetland Isles, the principal of which
are. Mainland and Yell ; Orkney Isles, the princi-
pal of which are. Mainland or Pomona, and Hoy;
the Western Isles, or Hebrides, the principal of
which are, Lewis, Sky, Mull, Jura, and Isla ; Bute,
Arran.

8COTLA140.

L RoX'
It; 27.
lanark ;
rran.
erwick ;
Ding<>
e. Fort
impbel-
Forres ;
N, Old
Bervie,
)se; 14.
, King-
nannaiij
unkeld ;
k ; 20.
y; 21.
ilkeith ;
k; 23.
Kelso,
Sanqu-

y; 27.
ck; 28.
Paisley,
imilton,
ashiels ;

•f which
princi-

d Hoy;

cipal of
; Bute,

Friths, Bays, and Lochs.*— Pentland Frith,
Dornoch Frith, Cromarty Frith, Moray Frith,
Frith of Tay, Frith of Forth, Solway Frith, Frith
of Clyde ; Wigton Bay, Glenluce Bay ; Loch Ry-
an, Loch Long, Loch Fyne, Loch Etivc, Loch
Linnhe^ Loch Broom.

Capes.— St Abb's Head, Fifeness, Kinnaird's
Head, Tarbctness, Duncansbay Head, Dunnet
Head, Cape Wrath, Butt of Lewis, Point of Ard-
namurchan. Mull of Cantyre, Fairland Point,
Burrow Head, Paturnness.

Lakes. — LoJ* 'nond ; Awe; Tay, Ran-
Moch Erroch, ^ Mtjrin, Erne; Ness, Lochy;
Maree.

Mountains.— Ben Wyvis, Cairngorm, Ben
Nevis, the loftiest mountain in Great Britain; the
Grampians, of which the most remarkable are Mount
Battack, Schihallion, Ben Lawers, Ben More, Ben
Ledi, and Ben Lomond; The Ochils; Pentland
hills; Lammermuir hills ; Tintock; Lowthers.

Rivers. — Spey; Don, Dee; Tay; Forth;
Clyde, Tweed, Tei'iot ; Nith, Annan.

Remarks.— Scotltitid may be regarded in general as a
mountainous country; although it has some extensive level
districts of great fertility. It is divided into the Highlands
and Lowlands ; the former chiefly occupied with lofty and
rugged mountains, and inhabited by a race of Celts, who
still continue to speak the Celtic or Gaelic language ; the
latter more diversified with hilly and level districts, and in-
habited by people of the same Saxon origin as the English,
and who speak dialects of the same language. But the na-

• By Lochs arc meant arms of the sea.

SCOTLAND.

tural geography of the country suggests a more distinct di-
vision of it into three portions, North ern, Middli, and
Southern. The Northern division extends from the Pent-
land Frith to that great chain of lakes which cross the
country from the coast of Argylc to the Frith of Moray, in
the line of the Caledonian Canal. It is in general moun-
tainous and bleak, with some fertile spots on the eastern
coast The Middle Division exteuJa southward to the Friths
of Forth and Clyde, and the Great Canal by which they are
united. Of this division, likewise, the aspect is chiefly
mountainous, although on the eastern coast there are ex-
tensive tracts of great fertility and in high cultivation. The
Southern Division^ stretching to the English border, bears
in soil and appearance a greater resemblance to England.
Although it contains several extensive ranges of hills, and
wide tracts of moor, its more general aspect is that of ver-
dant plains, watered by beautiful streams, and enlivened by
herds of cattle ; ample valleys or gently swelling eminen-
ces of the greatest fertility, waving with corn, or clothed
with wood.

Scotland abounds iti minerals, the most valuable of which
are lead, iron, and coal.

Its climate, although variable, is, upon the whole, mild
i^nd salubrious. The western counties are exposed to fre-
quent and heavy rains from the Atlantic Ocean ; the east-
ern counties, although less frequently deluged with rains,
suffer more from piercing east winds, accompanied with
chilling fogs from the German Ocean. There is no coun-
try in the world where agriculture is better understood than
in Scotland ; and the consequent improvements which have
taken place in its soil and productions, within the last thirty

{rears, are astonishing. Manufactures of various kinds are
ikevt'isc carried on to a great extent. Glasgow and Paisley
are the principal seats of the cotton manufactures; Dun-
dee, and the other towns in Forfarshire, are noted for the
manufacture of coarse linens ; and Dunfermline for da-
masks and fine linens. At Carron, near Falkirk, is the
largest manufactory of iron in Europe. Of the commercial
prosperity of Britain, Scotland enjoys her due share.

istinct di-
)DLiy and
the Pent-
cross the
Moray, in
•al moun-
he eastern
the Friths
:h they are

is chiefly
re are ex-
ition. The
rder, bears
I England.

hills, and
liat ofver-
nlivened by
ig eminen-
or clothed

>le of which

phole, mild
ised to fre-
the east-
with rains,
anied with
is no coun-
rstood than
which have
last thirty
s kinds are
,nd Paisley
ires; Dun-
tted for the
ne for da-
irk, is the
commercial
are.

SCOTLAND. 37

Since the accession of James VI. to the throne of £ng.
land, the v bale of Britain has been under the dominion of
one sovereign ; and since the union of England and Scot-
land in the reign of Queen Anne, A.D. 1707, the laws and
governraei t of the two kingdoms have been nearly the same^
The Presbyt'^rian form of church government is coeval with
tlie Reformation in Scotland. After many struggles with
James the Sixth and his successors, who patronized episco-
pacy, the Scots succeeded in having Presbyterianism estab-
lished as the national religion, at the revolution A.D. )688.

The Scots may be characterized as industrious, frugal,
prudent, hardy, and brave. Owing to the excellent insti.
tution of parish-schools, the advantages of education are en-
joyed even by tlie lowest classes of the people. They are
fond of learning ; and can boast of some of the brightest
names inliterature and science.

What are the boundaries of Scotland ? Between what de-
grees of latitude and longitude is it situate ? What is its ex-
tent in length and breadth ? How many counties does it con-
tain ? Name them. What are the principal towns of Orkney
and Shetland? Of Caithness ? Of Sutherland ? Of Ross?
&.C. What are its principal islands ? PoinI them out on the
map. Name its prmciral Friths^ Bays, and Lochs. Point
them out on the map. Name its capes. Point them out on
the map. What are its principal lakes ? Point them out.
Name its principal mountains. Name its rivers.

Where is Falkland, Kirkwall, Kelso, Whitehorn, Camp,
belton, Dornoch, Stranraer^ Irvine, New Galloway, Dalkeith,
Kilmarnock, Dunkeld, Valkirk, Dingwall, Stonehaven,
Montrose, Fortrose, Fort George, Port Patrick, Dunbar,
Dur.ibarton, Dunse, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Greenock,
North Berv;ick, Annan, Dunfermline, Alloa, Lerwick,
Brodwick, Inverary, Inverness, Han ilton, Leith, M ssel-
burgh, Bo'ness, Forres, Bervie, Peterhead ? &c.

Where is Pomona, Yell, Mainland, Mull, Skye, Lewis,
Hoy, Bute, &c. ? Where is Solway Frith, Glenluce Bay,
Pentland Frith, Frith of Tay, Wigton Bay, Frith of Forth,
Cromarty Frith, Moray Frith, Loch Fyne, lioch Broom,
Loch Lon^, Frith of Clyde, Loch Etive, Loch Lin he?

Where is Cape Wrath, Tarbatness, St Abb's Head, Sa-

c 2

Iff

SCOTLAND.

tumness, Kir .rd*~ Head, Fairland Point, Cuncansbay
Head, Point af ^.rdnamurchan, &c. ?

Where is Loch Ness, Loch Awe, Loch Lomond, Loch
Maree, Loch Ketterin, Loch Erroch, &c. ?

Where are the Lammermuir hills, the Pentland hills, the
Grampians, Ben Ledi, Ben Lawers, Ben Nevis, Tintock,
Lowtliers, &c. ? Which is the highest hill in Great Britain ?
Describe the course of the Tweed, of the Nith, the Clyde,
the Tay, the Forth, the Don, the Spey, the Dee, the Teviot,
the Annan ? What is the general appearance of Scotland ?
How is it divided ' Wnat is the aspect of the High-
lands ? By "'hat ace of people is it inhabited ? What
is the appearance of the Lowlands ? Of what origin
are its inhabitants ? What other division does the natural
geography of the country sug^gest ? What is the extent and
situation of the Northern Division ? What is the aspect of
the country? How far does the Middle Division extend
southward ? What is its general aspect ? How far does the
Southern Division extend ? What is the general aspect of
this division ? What are the most valuable minerals of Scot-
land ? What is the nature of its climate ? What varieties
of weather prevail in the Western and Eastern counties ?
What is the state of agriculture in Scotland ? Are its manu-
factures extensive ? w hat towns are the principal seats of
the cotton manufactures ? For what manufacture is Dundee
noted ? What are the chief manufactures of Dunfermline ?
For what manufactory is Carron celebrated ? Is Scotland a
commercial country ?

At what time was Scotland united with England in govern-
ment and laws ? What form of church government is estab-
lished in Scotland ? How long has this been the national re-
ligion ? To what institution do they owe the general diffu-
sion of education ? Have the Scots made a figure in literature
and science ?

DESCillFTIVE TABLE.

Aberdeen'shire.— Aberdeen', a
large seaport town, county town
of Aberdeenshire.

Ab-cr-neth'.y, a small town in
Perthshire.

Ail'sa, a rocky islet betwixt Ayr-

shire and Cantyre, two miles in
circumference.

Air'drie, a town in Lanarkshire,
parish of East Monkland.

Al'-lo-a, a town in Clackmannan-
shire, situate on the Forth.

SCOTLAND.

)uiicansbay

lond, Loch

id hills, the
s, Tintock,
:at Britain ?
the Clyde,
the Teviot,
■ Scotland ?
the High-
ed ? What
vhat origin
the natural
e extent and
le aspect of
ision extend
far does the
al aspect of
rals of Scot-
[lat varieties
n counties ?
reitsmanu-
ipal seats of
"e is Dundee
anfermline ?
s Scotland a

id in govem-
ent is estab-
national re-
ineral diffu-
in literature

, two miles in

Lanarkshire,
ikland.

Clackmannan-
ic Forth.

Angii«, (pr. Ang'-gU8), or Forfar-
shire, a county north of the Tay.

An'>nan, a royal borough in iJum-
iVies-shire, situate on the river
Annan.

Anstruther, {commonly pr. An'-
ster). East and West, a small vil-
lage and borough on the east
coast of Fife.

Ar-broath', a considerable borough
and seaport in Forfarshire.

Argyle', . Highland county on the
wst coast.

Ar' ran, an island in the Frith of
Clyde.

Awe (Loch), a large and beautiful
lake in Argyleshire, about 30
miles in length, and trom 1 to 2
iu breadth.

Ayrshire.— Ayr, the county town
of Ayrshire, situate at the mouth
of the river Ayr.

Banff*, (pr. Bamf ), a county and
borough on the Moray Frith.

Bass, a steep and almost inaccessi-
ble islet at the mouth of the
Frith of Forth, formerly employ-
ed as a place of confinement for
state prisoners.

Bath'-gate, a village and parish in
the county of Lmlithgow.

Beauley, (pr. Bu'la), a river in In-
veCTies8>shire, on which is situate
a village of the same name.

Berwick, (pr. Ber'rik), a royal bo-
rough at the mouth of the
Tweed, on the borders of Eng-
land and Scotland, having dis-
tinct privileges and immunities
of its ov/n.

Berwickshire, or Merse, a county
on the south-east of the king-
dom.

Blackness', an ancient castle on the
Forth, in the parish of Cariden,
Linlithgowshire.

Bor-row-stoun-ness, or Bo-ness', a
large seaport town on the Forth,
Linlithgowshire.

Brechin, (pr. Bre'-kin), aroyalbo.
rough in the county of Angus.

Brodwick, (pr. Brodick), a village
on the cast coast of the isle of

Arran, on a bay of the same

name.
Buchanness, (pr. Buc'^can-ncss'),

a promontory in Aberdeenshire,

the eastmost point in Scotland.
Burntisland, (pr. P'lrnt-iMand), a

seaport town in F ife, opposite to

Leith.
Bute, a large and beautiful island

in the Frith of Clyde.

Caim-gorm', a lofty mountain be-
tween the counties of Banff* and
Moray, famous for its beautiful
rock-crystals.

Caith'.ness, a county in the north-
ern extremity of Scotland.

Campbeltown, (pr. Cara'-mel-ton),
a borough and seaport in Can-
tyre.

Can-tyre', a peninsula lorming the
southernmost district of Argyle
shire.

Car'-ron, a village in Stirlingshire,
famous for its iron-works, situate
on the river Carron.

Clack.man'-nan,a town and county
on the north side of the Forth.

Clyde, a large river which rises in
Clydeslaw, a hill in the parish
of Crawford, Lanarkshire, and
runs westward to the Atlantic.

Coldstream, (pr. Cole'-stream), a
town in Berwickshire, situate on
the north bank of the Tweed.

Coll, one of the Hebrides, or West-
ern Isles, belonging to Argyle-
shire — it is alM)ut 14 miles in
length, and varies from half a
mile to 3i miles in breadth.

Crail, a royal burgh and seaport in
Fife, at the north entrance of
the 7rith of Forth.

Crief, a town in Perthshire on the
north of the Erne.

Crom'-arty, a county in the north-
east of Scotland, formed of seve-
ral detached portions within the
county of Ross — the principal
town of the county, situate on
the peninsula between the Friths
of Cromarty and Moray.

Culross, (commonly pr. Coo'-ros),
a borough and seaport town in a

ft t

SCOTLAND.

detached portion of Perthshire,
situate on the Frith of Forth.

Cupar,(pr. Coo'-i)ar>,aroyal burgh,
situate oh the Eden, in Fife, of
which it is the county town.

Cupar- Angus, (Coo'par, &&), a
town in Forfarshire, situate on
the Isla, on the borders of Perth-
shire.

Dal'-keith, a considerable town in
Mid>Lothian, situate on a nar-
row stripe of land between the
North and South Esk, about six
miles south from Edinburgh.

Dec, a river in Aberdeenshire,
having its source on the north
side of the mountain Caimtoul,
and falling into the German
Ocean after a course of 90 miles.
A river. Issuing from Loch Dee
on the borders of Ayrshire, and
flowing through the county of
Kirckudbright to the Solway
Frith.

Dev'-on, a hver in Perthshire, ris-
ing in the Ochil Hills, and flow-
ing to the Frith of Forth by a
very circuitous course. It is re-
markable for the picturesque
scenery on its banks.

Don, a river in Aberdeenshire,
rising in the north-west of the
county, and falling into the Ger-
man Ocean, north of Old Aber-
deen, after a winding course of
62 miles.

Doon, a river in Ayrshire, issuing
from a lake of the same name,
and falling into the sea after a
circuitous course of 15 miles.
This river is rendered classical
by the strains of Burns.

Dor-noch, (pr. Dor'-nok), a town
in Sutherland, on the north coast
of the Dornoch Frith.
Dumbar'ton, the county town of
Dumbartonshire, situate near
the confluence of the Leven with
the Clyde. Here is a consider-
able manufacture of crown glass.

Dum-blane', a town in Perthshire,
situate on the Allan. It is now

a place of considerable resort on
account of its mineral waters, re-
cently discovered.

Dumfries, (pr. Dum-frees'), the
county town of Dumfries-shire,
situate on the Nith, about nine
miles from the Solway Frith.

Dunliar, (pr. Dum-bai'), a seaport
and borough town in East Lo-
thian, at : he mouth of the Frith
of Forth. Its castle was, in an-
cient times, a place of great
strength.

Dun'cansbay-head, a promontory
in Caithness, the north-eastern
extremity of Great Britain.

Dundee', a large seaport town in
Forfarshire, on the Frith of Tay.
It is a place of considerable trade, .
and has extensive manufactures,
chiefly of Osnaburghs and other
coarse linens.

Dunferm'line, a considerable bo.
rough and manufacturing town
in the west of Fife. The manu-
facture of table-linen is carried
on here in greater extent and
perfection than in any other
part of the kingdom. The an-
cient abbey of Dunfermline, now
in ruins, was celebrated as being
one of the burial-places of the
kings of Scotland. In February,
1818, the tomb and skeleton of
Robert Bruce were discovered
here.

Dunkeld'a a town in Perthshire,
situate amidst the most beauti-
ful and romantic scenery, on the
north t)ank of the Tay.

Dun'net-head, a promontory in
Caithness, the most northern
point of Great Britain.

Dunse, a considerable town in Ber-
wickshire, between the Black-
adder and the Whiteadder.
Dy'sart, (pr. Dy'-zart), a tx>rough
and seaport town in Fifc.

EoiNBuncn, (pr. Ed'-in-bur-ro).
the metroi^ons of Scotland, and
the scat ot a celebrated universi-
ty, situate in the county of Mid-

SCOTLAND.

e was, in an>
ace of great

Lothian, or Edinburgh. Its po.
pulation, with that of Leith,
amounts to 140,000.

Ednam, a village below Kelso, si.
tuate on the Tweed, the birth,
place of Thomson the {x>ct.

El'gin, the principal town of the
county of Elgin or Moray. Here
<ire the ruins of a magnificent
cathedral.

Erne or Earn, (pr. Aim), a river
in Perthshire, issuing from a
lake of the same name, and fall,
ing into the Tay.

Erroch (pr. Er'rak), a lake in
Perthshire, twenty.four miles in
length, but scarcely a mile in
breadth.

Esk, the name of several rivers in
Scotland. One rises in the north
of DumfVies-shire, and flows to
the Solway Frith. In Mid.Lo.
thian, the South Esk unites with
the North Esk below Dalkeith ;
and the united streams ftU into
the Frith of Forth at Mus.
selburgh. In Forfarshire, the
North Esk rises among the
Grampian mountains, and falls
into tne sea three miles north of
Montrose. The South rises
among the same mountains, and
falls into the sea at Montrose.

Etive, (pr. Et'.iv), an inlet of the
sea (called Lo'.h Etive) in Ar.
gyleshire, about twenty miles in
length, and of unequal breadtli.

Falkirk, (pr. FaLkirk'), a consi-
derable town in Stirlingshire, 24
miles west of Edinburgh, noted
for its large cattle-marxets.
Here Sir William Wallace was
defeated by Edward I. in the
year 1298; and here the Pre-
tender's army defeated the Roy.
alists in 1746.

Falkland, (pr. Fauk'.land), a small
town of Fife, where the kings of
Scotland had a royal palace.

Fife, a large i>opulous maritime
county on the north of the
Frith of Forth.

Fot'-far, the coijnty town of An-

gus or Forfarshire, situate in the
valley of Strathmore.

For'.res, a small borough town in
the county of Moray.

Forth, the principal river of Scot,
lan^ rises on tne north side of
Beu x^mond, and expands into
a large tVith, before uniting with
the German Ocean.

Fyers, a small river in Inverness,
shire, which falls into Lochness.
It is chiefly remarkable for its
stuuendous falls, the upper of
vhich is 70 feet, and the lower
207 feet in perpendicular height.

Galashiels, (pr. Gal.e.sheel8')t a
town in Selkirkshire, on the
Gala Water, long noted for its
manufacture of woollen cloth.

Galloway, a large district in the
south of Scotland, including the
counties of Wigton and Kirk-
cudbright.

Glasgow, (pr. Glas'.go, or Glas'-
co), the principal manufacturing
and commercial city in Scotland,
situate on the Clyde in Lanark-
shire.

Gramp'-ian Mountains, a chain of
mountains extending fVom the
shore of the Atlantic, in Argyle-
sbire, to that of the German
Ocean, in Aberdeenshire.

Green-law, (pr. Gren'-law),a small
borough of barony, and the
county town of Berwickshire,
near the source of the Blackad-
der.

Green'-ock, the principal seaport
town in Scotland, at the mouth
of the Clyde,— the emporium of
American and West Indian
trade.

Gret'na-Green', a village in Dum-
ft'ies.shire, on the English bor-
der, noted for irregular marria-
ges.

Had'-ding.ton, the county town of
Haddingtonshire, or East Lo.
thian. The weekly market for
grain, held in Haddington, is
the greatest in Scotland.

Ham'-il-tun, a considerable town in

SCOTLAND.

Lanarkshire, 10| miles S, trom
Glasgow, situate near the con-
fluence of the Avon and Clyde.

Haw'-ick, a considerable town in
Roxburghshire, situate at the
confluence of the Teviot and
Slitrig.

Hcb'-ri-des, or Western Isles, a
range of islands scattered along
tb'* western coast of Scotland.

I-o'.na, or I'-colm-kill', a small
island of the Hebrides, S. W. of
Mull, famous as being the re-
treat of learning and religion
during the dark ages; and the
ancient burial-place of the Sco-
tish kings.

Jedburgh, (pr. Jed'-bur-ro), a roy-
al borough, and the county towo
of Roxburghshire, pleasantly si-
tuate on the Jed. Here are the
ruins of an ancient cathedral,
part of which is fitted up as the
parish-church.

Inch-colm, (pr. Inch-corn'), a
small island near the north coast
of the Frith of Foxth, opposite
Aberdour.

Inch-keith', a small island, with
an elegant lighthouse and re-
volving light, in the Frith of
Forth, opposite Leith.

Inver-a'-ray, a royal burgh in
Argyleshire, of which it is the
county town, beautifully situate
on Loch Fyne.

Inver-keithing, (pr. In-ver-keeth'-
in), a royal burgh and seaport
town in Fife, at the head of a
fine bay in the Frith of Forth.

In-ver-ness', a royal burgh in In-
verness-shire, of which it is the
county town, pleasantly situate
at the entrance of the Ness into
the Moray Frith.

Ir'-vinc, (pr. Ir'vin), a royal burgh
in Ayrshire, on the Irvine, which
falls into the Frith of Clyde a
short distance ttova the town.

Islay, (pr. I'-la), one of the Western
Isles, S. W. of Jura^it is about

Si miles in length, and 24 in
breadth.
Ju'ra, one of the Western Isles,
separated from Islay, by the
sound of Islay, and from Scarba
by the gulf of Corrybhreacain,
(Corryvreckin). It is 27 miles
long, and, on an average,? miles
broad.

Kel'so, a considerable town in
Roxburghshire, beautifully situ-
ate on the north bank of the
Tweed, opposite its junction
with the Teviot.

Ket'terin (Loch), a lake in Perth-
shire, about ten miles in length,
and a mile and a half in breadth,
remarkable for its sublime and
picturesque scenery.

Kil'da (St), the most remote of the
Hebrides,— about 60 miles dis-
tant from Harris, the nearest
land to it.

Kil-mar'-nock, a considerable ma-
nufacturing town in Ayrshire,
situate on the Kilmarnock wa-
ter, a tributary of the Irvine.

Kin-car'-dine-shire,or Meams, (pr.
Mairns), a maritime county in
the east of Scotland.

Kin-car'-dine, a seaport town in
Perthshire, on the Forth.

Kinghorne, (pr. King-gorn') an an
cient royal burgh in Fife, op^x)-
site Leith.

Kin-ross', a town in the county of
Kinross, finely situate at the
west end of Loch Leven.

Kirkcaldy, (pr. Kirk-caw'-de), a
royal burgh and seaport in Fife
of considerable trade.

Kirkcudbright, (pr. Kirk-coo'-bre),
a maritime county on the Sol.
way Frith. The county town, a
royal burgh, situate on the
Dee.

Kirk-wall, a royal burgh, and
the chief town of the Stewartry
of Orkney, situate in the island
Pomona.

Jiammcrmuir, (pr Lam'>mcr

SCOTLAND.

h, and 24 in

moor), a range of hills between
East IiOthinn and Berwickshire.

Latn-lush, an excellent Inrlmur on
tlic south-east side of the isle of
Arran.

Lu'nark, an arxiont royal burgh,
the county town of Lanarksliirc.

Ijonarkshire, one of the most ex-
tenhivc, important, and impulous
counties in Scotland. It is di.
vided into three districts, called
the Upper, Middle, and Lower
Wards.

Lau'-der, a royal uurgh in Ber.
wickshire, situate on the river
Lauder, or Leader.

Leadhills', a town in Lanarkshire,
occupied by lead-miners, the
highest inhabited place in the
south of Scotland, being about
2000 feet above the level of the
sea.

Leith, (pr. Leeth), a large seaport
town in Mid Lothian, on the
Frith of Forth, about a mile and
a half from Edinburgh, of which
it may be considered the port.

Ler'wick, the chief town of Shet-
land, situate on the east of
Mainland.

Le'ven, (pr. Lee'-ven), Loch, a
lake in Kinross, which contains
four islands, on one of which is
the castle in which Queen Mary
was imprisoned.

Lew'is, one of the largest of the
Hebrides, 82 miles in length,
and from 10 to 23 in breadth.
Its southern peninsula is called
Harris.

Lin-lith'-gow, the principal town
of Linlithgowshire, or West Lo-
thian.

Lochma'ben, an ancient borough
town in Dumfries-shire.

Lo'chy, ^Loch), a lake in Inver-
ness-shire, in the line of the Ca-
ledonian canal, 14 miles long.

Lo'mond, (Loch)^ a large and
beautiful lake m Dumbarton-
shire, about 30 miles in length,
and in some places 9 in breadth.
Ita bosom is studded with about

30 islands ; und its scenery is
peculiarly picturesque.

Loch Broom, an oxti-nsivc ann ol'
the sea, in Uoss.shire, h.iving
some excellent harbours.

Loch E'tive, or Etic, an inlet of the
sea in Argylcshire, nearly twen-
ty miles in length, but of very
une(|ual breadth. Its water?,
about seven miles from the sea,
are much contracted by a ridge
of rugged rocks, and make a
noise louder than any cataract.

Loch Fyne, an arm of the sea, in
Argyleshire, about 32 miles in
length, and varying from twelve
to three miles in breadth. It is
noted for the superior quality of
its herrings.

Loch Li'nnhe, a large arm of the
sea, which separates Argyle firom
Inverness-shire. It extends tVom
the Sound of Mull as far as Fort
William, when it assumes the
name of Lochiel.

Loch Long, an arm of the sea,
striking off fYom the Frith of
Clyde, and separating Argyle
fVom Dumbartonshire.

Loch Ry'an, an inlet of the sea, in
Wigtonshire, extending about
ten miles in length, and flrom
two to four in breadth.

Lothian, a large district on the
south of the Forth, divided into
three counties, Linlithgow, or
West Lothian, Edinburgh, or
Mid Lothian, and Haddington,
or East Lothian.

Mel'-rose. (ros), a town in Rox-
burghs^hire. Its Abbey, founded
by David I. 1 136, was peculiarly
magnilicent; and its ruins are
still the most entire and beauti-
ful in the kingdom.

Moffat, a town in Dumflries-shire,
noted for its mineral waters.

Mont.rose', a considerable seaport
town in Forfarshire, at the
mouth of the South Esk.

Mull, one of the largest of the He.
brides, 25 miles in length, and

SCOTLAND.

I ,

in some places of nearly equal
breadth, separated flrom the
mainland by the Sound of Mull.
Moray, (pr. Mur'-ray), a county In
the north-east, bounded on the
north by the Moray Frith, to
which it gives name.

Nairn, a seaport in Nairnshire, of
which it is the county town.

Ne&s, (Loch), a beautiful lake
in Inverncss-shire, 22 miles in
length.

Nevis (Ben) in Inverness-shire, the
loftiest mountain in Great Bri-
tain, being 4370 feet above the
level of the sea.

New Galloway, a small borough
town in Kirkcudbright.

Ork'neys, a group of islands, alraut
30 in number, separated ttom
the mainland of Scotland by the
Pentland Frith.

Pais'ley, a large manufacturing
town in Renfrewshire, noted for
its cotton and silk manufactures.

Peeb'les, the county town of
Feebleshire, or Tweeddale, si-
tuate on the Tweed.

Fenf-land hills, a range of hills
in Mid Lothian.

Perth, the county town of Perth,
shire, delightfully situate on the
Tay. It is a large and thriving
town.

Peterhead', a considerable seaport
town in Aberdeenshire.

Pit-caith'ly,a village in Strathearn,
(Perthshire), noted for its mi-
neral waters.

Port-Pa'trick, a seaport town in
Wigtonshire, with one of the
finest quays in Britain. It is
nearly opposite to Donaghadce,
in Ireland, distant 21 miles.

Preston-pans', a small town on the
coast of Haddingtonshire.

Queens-fer'ry, (South), a borough
and seai>ort town in Linlithgow-
shire, situate on the Frith of
Forth. It received its name
from Margaret, queen of MaU

colm Canmorc, who landed here
on her voyage from England.

Ren'frew, the coimty town of
Renfrewshire, situate on the
Cart.

Renfrewshire, a county that
stretches west trom Lanarkshire
along the Clyde.

Ross, an extensive county in the
north of Scotland.

Roth'say, the principal town in
Bute, a place of considerable
trade.

Rox'burgh, (burro), a county in
the south-east, on the borders of
England.

Rum, one of the Western isles,
about 8 miles long, and nearly
as broad. It belongs to Argyle-
shire.

Ru'therglen, (commonly pr. Rug'-
len), a royal burgh in Lanark-
shire, about two miles and a half
from Glasgow.

San'day , one of the Orkney Islands,
about 12 miles long, and {torn 1
to 3 broad.

Scoon, a village in Perthshire,
noted for its palace, where the
kings of Scotland used to be
crowned.

Shet'-Iand Isles, a group of islands,
about 86 in number, about 15
leagues north of the Orkneys.
Only about 40 oT them are inha-
bited.

Skyc, (pr. Ski), the largest of the
Western Isles, about 50 miles
in length, iuid 40 in breadth.

Sol'way, an arm of the sea which
forms the boundary between
England and Scotland, for up-
wards of 50 miles.

Spey, a rapid river in Inverness-
shire, wnich, after a course of
120 miles, falls into the Moray
Frifh.

Staf'fa, a small isle of the Hebrides,
noted for its caverns and [ae&l-
tic pillars.

Stinchar, (pr. Stin'-shar), a river
which falls into thp sea at Bal-

lantrae.

who landed here
nrom England.

county town of
situate on the

I county that
"torn Lanarkshire
J.

.ve county in tlie
nd.

rincipal town in
of considerable

ro), a county in
on the borders of

e Western isles,
long, and nearly
lelongs to Argyle*

mmonly pr. Rug'>
)urgh in Lanark.
o miles and a half

le Orkney Islands,
long, and troxa I

e in Perthshire,
lalace, where the
bnd used to be

a group of islands,

lumber, about 15

of the Orkneys.

oT them are inha-

the largest of the
;, about 50 miles
40 in breadth,
of the sea which
jundary between
Scotland, for up<
iles.

iver in Inverness-
after a course of
9 into the Moray

le of the Hebrides,
ayems and ^lasiih

tin'-shar), a river
to thp sea at Bal-

•v>vu\«iii lo Aixrr'tTmcK

X^roMn & l^T^/rasfed, hy W. MurpTiif SdxTvhui

Ttthlisheii bif OIJVXA fc BOTD £ctinhut^

n & Ji7^/rap&ci fry W, MujpA// ^^xrl'Tu^Tt

^angf. W, {rf Gremtrus*

htAi bif OXIVXH fc Ban> J13mhur^k

IRELAND.

Stirling, the county, town of Stir-
lingshire, situate on the river
Forth.

Stone>ha'ven, or Stone>hive', a
seaport town in Kincardine-
shire.

Stromness, <pr. Strum-nesa'), a con.
siderablc town in the island of
Pomona, Orkney.

Suth'-er.land, a county in the
north of Scotland.

Tain, the county town of Boss.
shire, on the south shore of the
Frith of Dornoch.

Tay, the principal river in the
kingiom, Tiaes in Breadalbane,
passes through the beautiful
lake, called Loch Tay, and,

' swelled by several fine streams,
flows by Dunkeld and Perth, a
few miles below the latter of
which it expands into a Frith,
and at last mingles with the
German Ocean ; pouring into
the sea a greater body of water

than any other river in Great

Britain.
Teviot, (pr. Teev-y'ot), a beauti-

fill stream, which rises on the

English border, and joins the

Tweed near Kelso.
Thui'so, a seaport town in Caith.

ness, situate on the estuary of

the river Thurso
Tranenf, a town in East Lothian,

on the great east road flrom

Edinburgh.

Uist, (or. Wist), North and South,
two islands of the Hebrides be.
longing to Inveri;iess.shirc.

Unst, the most northern of the
Shetland Isles.

Wick, a royal burgli, and the
county town of Caitluicbs, si-
tuate at the mouth of a small
river of the same n.ime.

Wig'ton, an ancient royal burgh,
and the county town of Wigton-
shire,

IRELAND

Is bounded on the East by the Irish sea and St
George's Channel ; on the North, West, and
South, by the Atlantic Ocean. It lies between 51"
23', and 55° 10' north latitude, and between 5°
20', and 10° 20' west longitude. Its length, on a
meridian line, from Bloody Farland Point in Do-
negal to the Stags of Cork harbour, is 235^ miles;
and its breadth, measured nearly on a parallel of
latitude, from Howth Head in Dublin to Slyne
Head in Galway, is 170 miles. But if wc measure
obliquely from Fairhead in Antrim to Mizzen Head
in Cork, the length is 306 miles; and from Emlah-
rash in Mayo to Carnsore Point in Wexford, the
breadth is 207 miles.

IPJ^LAND.

Ireland is divided v.do four provinces, — Ulster,
Leinsteb, Munstfh, Jonnaught; — which con-
tain 32 counties, viz.

In Ulster — I.Donegal; 2. Londonderry; 3.
Antrim ; 4. Tyrone ; 5. Down ; 6. Armagh ; 7.
Monaghan ; 8. Fermanagh ; p. Cavan.

In Leinster — I.Longford; 2. West Meath;

3. King's County; 4. Queen's County; 5. Kil-
kenny; 6. East Meath; 7- Kildare; 8. Carlow;

9. Louth; 10. Dublin; 11. Wicklow; 12. Wex-
ford.

In MuNSTER — I.Clare; 2. Kerry; 3. Cork;

4. Waterford ; 5. Tipperary ; 6. Limerick.

In CoNNAUGHT — 1. LcitHm ; 2. SUgo ; 3.
Mayo ; 4. Galvray ; 5. Roscommon.

Their principal towns are, in Ulster — 1. Do-
negal, Ballyshannon, LifFord; 2. Londonderry,
Coleraine ; 3. Antrim, Belfast, Carrickfergus ; 4.
Dungannon, Strabane; 5. Down- Patrick, Newry,
Donaghadee ; 6. Armagh ; 7. Monaghan ; 8. En-
niskillcn ; 9- Cavan, Kilmore.

Leinster. — 1. Longford, Laucsborough ; 2.
Mullingar, Athlone; 3. Philipstown, Birr; 4.
Maryborough, Portarlington ; 5. Kilkenny ; 6.
Trim, Navan ; 7. Kildare, Athy, Mtynooth ;
8. Carlow ; 9* Drogheda, Dundalk, Carlingford ;

10. Dublin, Swords, Newcastle; 11. Wicklow,
Arklow; 12. Wexford. ■'

Munster. — 1. Clare, Ennis; 2. Tralee, Din-
gle ; 3. Cork, Kinsale, Youghal ; 4c Waterford ;

5. Tipperary, Cashell, Clonmel ; 6. Limerick.
CoNNAUGHT. — 1. Lcitrim, Carrick-on- Shannon;

2. Sligo; 3. Castlebar ; 4. Galway, Tuam ; 5.
Roscommon, Boyle, Tulsk. *

Islands. — Rathlin Isle, Nortli Isles of Arran,

—Ulster,
•which con-

n()erry; 3.
rmagh ; 7.

est Meath;

y; 5. Kil-

8. Carlow;

12. Wex-

; 3. Cork;
•ick.
Sligo; 3.

ER — 1. DO-

ondonderry,
kfergus ; 4.
ick, Newry,
an ; 8. En-

orough ; 2.
Birr ; 4.

kenny ; 6.

Mcynooth ;
Uarlingford ;
1. Wick low,

'ralep, Dino
Waterford ;

merick.

)n- Shannon;
Tuam ; 5.

es of Arran,

IRELAND. 47

Achil, Clare Island, South Isles of Arrau, Valcn-
tia. Cape Clear Island.

Bays. — Carrickfergus Bay, or Belfast Lough,
Strangford Bay, Carlingford, Dundalk, Dunma-
nus, Bantry, Keumare River, Dingle, Galway,
Clew, Shgo, Donegal, Lough Swilly, Lough
Foyle.

Capes. — ^Malin Head, Fair He:\d, Howth Head,
Carnsore Point, Cape Clear, Mizzen Head, Loop
Head, Slyne Head, Urris Head.

Lakes. — Neagh, Erne, Allen, Conn, Mask,
Corrib, Ree, Derg, Killarney.

Rivers. — Shannon, Barrcw, Boyne, Liffey,
Slaney, Blackwater, Lee, Bandon, Bann, Lagan
Water, Mourne.

Mountains. — Mourne, Sliebh Bloom, Wicklow
Mountains, Macgillic \ddy's Reeks, Mangerton,
Mount Nephiii, Croagh Patrick.

iZemaris.— Situate between Britain and the Atlantic
Ocean, Ireland has a still more humid atmosphere, but at
the same time a .nilder temperature, than the sister island.
Its verdure, accordingly, is fresher and deeper ; and en-
titles it to the distinction of the Green, or the Emerald
Isle. Ireland has comparatively few mountains; and
none of them can vie in height with the loftiest eminences
in Scotland or England. Although the country appears to
have been, at some remote period, much covered with wood,
scarcely the vestige of a forest now remains. The quanti-
ties of wood that are occasionally dug out of the bogs, prove
that these occupy the place of the ancient forests ; and they
constitute a striking and uncomfortable peculiarity in the
aspect of the country.

In gp ^eral the soil of Ireland is amazingly fertile, but
the moae of farming is bad. The land is, in the first in-
stance, rented from the proprietor i by persons called Mid-
dlemen, who let it to inferior farmers, and these again par-
cel it out in small quantities to a lower set of tenantry.

^m^..-

IRK LAND.

Each of these classL^ -.j oppresses and grinds itn inferiv';/:'^ ^
and the ground is occupied |jy men without capital to im-
prove it, whose necessities compel them to forc<a from h
whatever it will yield for a miserable siibsl.tence, and the
payment of their rack-rents.

Since the year 1 800, Ireland has been united with Grsat
Britain ; and made subject to the same laws. Bru the pfiO«
pie, long oppressed, and restricted in their comirerce and
raaiiiufactuyes by sftvero and injudicious laws, are siJil in-
clined to twr!-<uience and discontent. Religious prejudice
is another p liu'ipRl cause of this unquiet disposition. The
established forr.> oC ■ vligjon Is that of the church of Eng-
land ; but the ^;^i'i majority of the people are Roman Ca-
tholics; and, ijlittoi ;5b they enjoy complete toleration in the
exercise of their own religion, they contribute, with extreme
reluctance, to tJie support of a church which they dialike.
In Ireland there are four archbishops, and eighteen bishops.
The archbishop of Armagh is primate.

Liuon is the staple manufacture of Ireland, and is car-
ried on to a considerable extent, particularly in the provini-e
of Ulster. Of late years the manufacture of cotton has
been introduced, and is flourishing. The Irish are a
sprightly, warm-hearted, and ingenious people. In the vi-
vacity of their disposition, and the gaiety of their manner,
they resemble the French nation more than either the Eng-
lish or Scotch. Hardy, temperate, and heedless of danger,
they may be ranked among the finest soldiers in the world.
In science and literature many of th^m have attained great
eminence. They excel particularly in eloquent declamation.

EXERCISES.

How is Ireland bounded ? What are its latitude and its
longitude ? What is its extent ?

Into how many provinces is it divided ? How many coun-
ties do they contain ? What are the counties in Ulster ? In
Leinster ? In Munster ? In Connaught ? Name the prin-
cipal towns in Donesal, in Londonderry, in Antrim, &c.

Name the principal islands of Ireland. Name its bays.
Name its capes. Name the principal lakes. Name the prin-
cipal rivers. Name the principal mountains. Where is
Dingle, Coleraine, Down-Patrick, Sligo, Navan, Swords, En-
niskulen, Ennis, Voughal, Tuam, Tralec, Maryborough,
Mullingar, Athy, Dundalk, &c. ?

is inferior" j
pital to iuX'
arc*?, from j'f

ice, cn^ the

i with Great

Bm thcpao-
mirerce and
, are siiil in-
lus prejudice
ssiticn. The
irch of Eng-
i Roman Ca-
eratiou in the
with extreme
they dfjlike.
iteen bist>opa.

[, and iscar-
n the province
of cotton has
J Irish are a
e. In the vi-
heir manner,
ther the Eng-
ess of danger,
in the world,
attuned great
t declamation.

titude and its

w many coun-
1 Ulster? In
ame the prin-
ntrim, &c.
ame its bays,
ame the pnn-
. Where is
gi. Swords, En-
Viaryborough,

I HE LAND.

>Vh i'eisSlyne Head, Killarney Lake, Lough Swilly, Ur-
rii i; iid, Malin Head, Lough Allen, Lough Derg, &c. ?

VV'liat is the nature of the climate of Ireland ? What ef-
fect has this on its appearance ? Is Ireluntl a mountainous
country ? Does Ireland appear to have been ever covered
with 'Wood ? By what is the place of its ancient forests now
< jcup ed ? Of what description is the soil of Ireland ? What
is faulty in the mode of farming ?

When was Ireland united in government with Great Bri-
tain ? Why are the people in general discontented ? What
is another cause of their unquiet disposition ? What is
the established religion ? Of what religious persuasion are
the majority of the people ? What is tne number of arch-
bishops ana bishops ? Who is the primate ? What is the
staple manufacture of Ireland? What other manufacture
has been introduced of late years ?

What is the national character of the Irish ? What nation
do they resemble in disposition and manners ? Are they

{[ood soldiers ? Have they made any figure in science and
iterature ? In what do they particularly excel ?

DESCRIPTIVE TABLE.

Achil', an island 30 miles in cir-
cuit, belonging to the county of
Mayo, from wliich it is separated
by a narrow channel.

Ark'low, a seaport town in Wick-
low, situate on the Avcca.

Al'len, (Lough), an expanse of the
Shannon in the county of Lei-
trim.

An'trim, a maritime county in the
province of Ulster.

Antrim, the county town of the
above county, situate at the
north end of Lough Ncagh.

Armagh, (pr. Armaw'), an inland
county of Ulster,— A city in that
county, the seat of the Arch-
bishop of Armagh, primate of
all Ireland.

Ar'ran, North Isles of, a group of
islands on the west coast of Do-
negal.

Arran, South Isles of, a group of
islands off the coast of Clare.

Athlone', a market town in West
Mcath, situate on the Shannon.

A'thy, a town in Kildare county,
intersected by the B.irro\v.

Ballinrobc', a town in Mayo, where
the assizes arc occasionally held.

Ballyshan'non, a seaport town in
Donegal, situate on a bay at the
mouth of an outlet of Lough
Erne.

Ban'don, a river which rises among
the (jarberry mountains in Cork,
and flows to Kinsale harbour.— ^
A considerable town, situate on
the river.

Bann, a river which rises about
eight miles east of Newry, passes
through Lough Neagh, and falls
into the North Sea.

Ban'try Bay, a fine bay in the coun-
ty of Cork, twenty-five miles
long, and f\'om six to eight
broad.

Bar'row, a river in Leinster, which
rises in King's county, sejiarates
King's county, Queen's county,
and Kilkenny, on the West,
from Kildare, Carlow, and Wex-
ford, on the East ; and after re-
ceiving the Noir and Suir, falls
into the sea at Waterford Ha-
ven.

Belfast', a large and flourishing
scajwrt town, on Carrickfergus
Bay, in Antrim, It has extcn-
sivc manufactures of linen and
cotton, and considerable trade.

IIIELANU.

Birr, a considerable town in King's
county, situate on a tributary of
the Shannon.

BlacJcwater River, rises on the
borders of Kerry, flows east-
ward through Cork county, and,
■oon after entering Waterford,
proceeds by a southern course
to Youghal Harbour.

Boyle, or Abbey-Boyle, a town of
Roscommon, situate on a stream
of the same name.

Boyne, a river in Leinster, rises
in King's county, and, flowing
through Kildarc and East Meath,
falls into the sea about two miles
below Drogheda. This river is
fiur.^Vrf for the decisive battle in
which William the Third de-
feated the troops of James the
Second of England, A.D. 1690.

Cape Clear, a promontory &t the
south of Clare Island, to theS.W.
of Cork.

Carlingford, a town in Lowth, si-
tuate on Carlingford Bay.

Carlow, a county in Leinster, se-
parated from Wexford by a fron-
tier of mountains. — The county
town of Carlow, beautifully si-
tuate on the east of the Barrow.

Camsore Point, the south-eastern
point of Ireland, in the county
of Wexford.

Carrickfer'gus, a seaport town on
Carrickfcrgus Bay, in Antrim.
It is a place of great antiquity,
and has a strong castle, boldly
situate on a rock projecting into
the sea.

Car'rick-on-Shan'non, a town in
Leitrim.

Car'rick-on-Suir, a town in Tip-
perary, which carries on exten-
sive woollen manufactures.

Cash'ell, a city in Tipperary, the
see of an arcnbishop

Castlebat', a town in Mayo, of
considerable trade, particuiiirly
in linens.

Cavan', an inland county in Ul-
ster.— The county town of Ca-
van, situate on a small stream of
the same name.

Clare, a countv in the north of the
province of TVIunster. — A decay-
ed village in the above county.

Clew Bay. a large bay in the coun>
ty of Mayo, twelve miles long,
and seven broad.

Clogher, (pr. Clo'her), an ancicLt
city in Tyrone, see of a bishop,
suffragan of Annagh, — now re-
duced to a straggling village.

Clonmell, a considerable town in
Tipperary, pleasantly situate on
the Suir.

Cloyne, a small town in Cork, a
bishop's see.

Colerain, a considerable town in
Londonderry, situate on the
Bann, about four miles f)rom the
sea.

Conn, a lake of considerable ex-
tent in the county of Mayo.

Con'naught, (pr. Con'-nawt), a pro-
vince in the west of Ireland. It
continued a distinct kingdom
till the reign of Henry IV. of
England.

Cork, a county in Munster, the
most important in Ireland in ex-
tent and population. — The coun-
ty town of Cork, a city of great
trade and population, situate at
the mouth of the Lee.

Corrib, a large lake in Galway,
twenty miles long, and about
four miles in its medium breadth,
although at the upper end it is a
very broad expanse.

Cro'agh Pa'trick, (pr. Cro'aw), a
mountain in Mayo, on the south-
east of Cldw bay, 2G60 feet above
the level of the sea.

Derg, (Lough), a lake formed by
the expanse of the Shannon, se-
parating the counties of Gal-
way and Clare fVom Tipperary.
It is 18 miles long, and four
broad.

Dingle, a town in Kerry, situate
on the north coast of Dingle bay.
It is the most western town in
Ireland.

Donaghadee', (pr. Donahadee'), a
seaport town in Down, on the
coast of the Irish channel.
Packets ply regularly between
this town and Port-Patrick in
Scotland ; the channel beirg here
twenty miles broad.

Donegal', a maritime county in
the west ot c<ster.— The county

IRELAND.

lay in the coun-
Ive miles long,

er), an ancleut
ICC of a bishop,
nagh, — now re-
ling village,
lerable town in
intly situate on

)wn in Cork, a

erable town in

ituate on the

miles flrom the

onsiderable ex-
y of Mayo.
)n'.nawt),apro-
: of Ireland. It
itinct kingdom
f Henry IV. of

1 Munster, the
n Ireland in ex-
lon. — The coun-
a city of great
ition, situate at
Lee.

ke in Galway,
ng, and about
tedium breadth,
ipper end it is a
se.

(pr. CrCaw), a
0,011 the south-
'2()60 feet above

ake formed by
le Shannon, se.
inties of Gal-
:om Tipperary.
sng, and four

Kerry, situate
t of Dingle bay.
estern town in

Donahadee'), a
Down, on the
Irish channel,
ilarly betwocn
'ort-Patrirk in
nnelbeiiighcre
id.

me county in
r— The county

town, now in i> decayed state,
situate on Donegal bay, at the
mouth of the Esk.

Down, a maritime county in the
south-east of Down.

Down-Patrick, the county town of
Down, celebrated as the place of
St Patrick's interment.

Drogheda, (pr. Dro'heda), a con-
siderable seaport town in Louth,
intersected by the Boyne.

DvB'Litf, the capital of Ireland, in
Dublin county, province of Lcin-
ster, situate on the Liffey. Its
situation is peculiarly beautiful :
it is remarkable for its general
elegance, and the magnificence
of its public buildings ; and in
extent, population, and commer-
cial importance, it is the second
city in the British empire.

Dundalk', a considerable seaj ort
town, situate on Dundalk bay.
Here is a considerable manufac
ture of cambric, the only one in
Ireland.

Dundalk Bay, in Louth, on the
Irish channel. At high water
t is a considerable harbour, but
at low water it is almost dry.

Dungan'non, the cKief town of Ty-
rone, the ancient residence of
the kings of Ulster.

Dungar'van, a town in Waterford,
situate on Dungarvan bay, much
resorted to for sea-bathing.

Dunman'us Bay, a spacious and
safe haven, south of Bantry bay,
in Cork.

Enniscor'thy, a town in Wexford,
situate on the Slaney.

Enniskil'lcn, the county town of
Fermanagh, situate on an island
in Lough Erne.

Erne, (Lough), in Fermanagh, the
most extensive lake in Ireland.
It consists of two basins, one of
which is twenty miles, and the
other fifteen, in length. Its
greatest breadth is about twelve
miles.

Erne, River, rises in Longford,
crosses the county of Cavan,
passes through Lough Erne, and
flows into Donegal liay.

Fairliead, a lofty promontory in

Antrim, five hundred feet aoovc
the level of the sea. It is com-
posed of gigantic basaltic pillars,
some of tnem exceeding 200 feet
in height, the largest that have
yet been discoveiicd in any part
of the world.

Fermanagh, (pr. Fermanaw'), an
inland county in Ulster.

Foyle, (Lough), a large bay in the
north of Londonderry, of an oval
form, eighteen miles long, and
eight broad.

Galway, an extensive maritime
county in Connaught.— The
county town, situate on the
broad stream by which the wa-
ters of Lough Corrib discharge
themselves into Galway bay.

Gal'way Bayj a large bay between
the counties of Galway and
Clare.

Giant's Causeway, a promontory
on the north coast of Antrim,
composed of lofty basaltic co-
lumns, which run out a great
way into the sea.

Howth-Head, a promontory termi-
nating the peninsula of Howth,
on the north of Dublin Haven.

Ken'mare River, an inlet of the
sea in the south-west of Kerry,
about 30 miles in length, afford-
ing a safe though little-firequent-
ed harbour.

Kildare', an inland county in
Leinster.— The county town,—
noted for the curragh or com-
mon in its neighbourhood, the
finest race-ground in Europe.

Kilken'ny, an inland county of
Leinster.— The county town, a
city of considerable importance,
beautifully situate on the Noir.
In its vicinity are fine marble-
quarries.

Killar'ney, a neat and thriving
town in Kerry, much frequent-
ed on accountof Killarney Lake,
remarkable for its picturesque
beauty.

Lag'an Water, a river in Down,
which falls into Carrickfcrgus
bay.

IRELAND.

Lanes'borough, (pr. Lancs'-burro),
a town in Lonffford, pleasantly
situate on the Shannon.

Lee, River, issues Arom a lake in
Cork, and flowing eastward,
passes the city of Cork, and falls
into the harbour.

Lei'trim, (pr. Lee'trim), a county
in the north-east of Connaught.
—A small town in the above
county, situate on the Shannon.

Lif'fey, a river which rises among
the wicklow mountains, and
flows titrough Kildarc and Dub-
lin, into Dublin harbour. So
numerous are its windings, that
although the distance from its
source to its mouth docs not ex-
ceed 10 miles, its cou^^ti is 71
miles.

Liflbrd, a borough town in Done-
gal, situate on the Foyle, on the
borders of Londonderry.

Iion'dondcrry, a maritime county
in the north of Ulster.— The
county town, a city of great an-
tiquity, and of considerable im-
portance, pleasantly situate on
tlie Foyle. It sustained a me-
morable siege from the whole
Irish forces under King James
the Second, from December
1683 to August 1689.

Lopg'ford, a county in the north-
west of Leinster.— The county
town, situate on ^he Camlin.

Loop-Head, a promontory in the
south-west of Clare.

Lowth. a maritime county in the
north-east of Leinster.

MacgilUcuddy's Recks, mountain
in Kerry, the highest point of
which is 3404 feet above the le-
vel of the sea.

Mal'in-Head, a cape in Donegal,
the most northern point of land
in Ireland.

Man'gerton, a hill in Kerry, near
Kilumey Lake, 2693 feet above
the level of the sea.

Ma'ryborough, the principal town
of Queen's county.

Mask, a lake of considerable ex-
tent in Mayo, on the borders of
Galway.

May'nooth, a town in Kildarc,
where a college for the educa-

cation of the Roman Catholic
clergy was established by the
Irish parliament, A.I). 1795.

Ma'yo, a maritime county in Con-
naught.

Meath, East, a maritime county
in leinster.

Meath, West, an inland county in
Leinster.

Miz'zcn-Head, a cape in Cork, the
extreme point in the south-west
of Irelf,nd.

Monaghan, (pr. Mona'gan,) a coun-
ty in the south of Ulster. — The
principal town of the above
county.

Moume, a river in Ulster, which
joins the Foyle at Lifthrd.

Mul'lingar, a populous and thriv-
ing town in West Meath.

Mun'ster, a province occupying tlic
the south-west of Ireland.

Na'as, a town of great antiquity
in Kildare, situate on the grand
canal.

Navan, a populous and thriving
town in East Meath, situate on
the Boyne.

Neagh, (Lough, pr. Nee), a large
lake in Ulster, surrounded by
the counties of Antrim, Down,
Armagh, Tyrone, and I/ondon-
derry. It is flfteen miles in
length, seven in breadth, and
covers an extent of 58,200 acres.

Nep'hin, a mountain in Mayo, 2630
feet above the level of the sea.

Newcastle, a town in the county of
Dublin.

New'ry, a considerable town in the
county of Down, situate on the
Newry river.

Phi'lipstown, the chief town of
King's county, named in honour
of Philip, the husband of Mary,
queen of England.

Portar''ington, a town in Queen's
couii i y, situate on the Barrow.

Queen's county, an inland county
in Leinster, so called in honour
of Mary, queen of Enfluid.

Rath'lin, (Isle), an island on the
north of Antrim, six miles long,
and scarcely a mile broad.

. I,

1 11 K LAND.

'•'J

man Catholic
islied by the
^.D. 1795.
QUDty in Con.

itimc county

and county in

c in Cork, the
tic south-west

ii'gan,) a coun-

Ulster The

•f the above

Ulster, which
Liftbrd.
JUS and thriv-
Meath.

occupying the
Ireland.

•eat antiquity
: on the grand

and thriving
;h, situate on

Nee), a large
urrounded by
itrini, Down,

and London.
ecn miles in
breadth, and
f 58,200 acres,
in Mayo, 2630
il of the sea.

the county of

le town in the
situate on the

hief town of
ncd in honour
land of Mary,

vn in Queen's
the Barrow.

inland county
lied in honour
England.

island on the
i X miles long,
broad.

Roscom'mon, a county in the cast
of Connaught.— The principal
town of the above county, a place
of great antiquity.

Shan'non, the principal river of
Ireland, takes its riseflrom l><)ugh
Clean in Lcitrim, passes through
Loughs Allen, Baftbn, Ilee, and
Derg ; separates Roscommon
firom Lei trim, Longford, West
Meath and King's county. Gal-
way flrom Tipperary, and Clare
flrom Tipperary, Limerick, and
Kerry, and falls into the At-
lantic ocean, after a course of
200 miles.

Sk'ney, or Slane, a river which
rises in Wicklow, and falls into
Wexford harbour.

Sliebh-bloom, (pr. Sleeve-bloom'),
a ridge of mountains in King's
county and Queen's county.

SliVo, a county in Connaught.—
iTie county town, situate on Sli-
go bay.

Slyne-Head, a cape on the west of
Galway.

Strabane', a populous town in Ty-
rone, on the Foyle.

Strang'ford, a large bay in Down,
about 17 miles long.

Swil'ly, (Lough), a bay in Done-
gal, affording one of the noblest
harbours in Europe, S20 miles
long, and nearly two broad.

Swords, a town in the county of
Dublin.

1 ippera'ry, a county in the east of
Munster.— The county town.

Tralee', a borough town in Kerry,
near the hcail of Tralee bay.

Trim, the county town of East
Meath, on the Boyne.

Tu'am, a large and iMipulous town
in Galway, the see of an Arch-
bishop.

Tulsk, once a place of impor-
tance, now a mere hamlet, in
Roscommon.

Valen'tia, an island off the coast of
Kerry, 5 miles long, and 2
broad.

Ur'ris Heath a cape on the north
coast of Mayo.

Wa'terford, a county in the south-
east of Munster.— The county
town, a large and populous sea-
port, an episco^^al see. Its trade
is considerable, its public build-
ings elegant, and its quay one of
the most beautiful in Europe.

Wex'ford, a county in the south,
west of Leinster.— The county
town, at the mouth of the Sla-
ney.

Wexford Harbour, a large and
beautiful harbour in St George's
ChanneL

Wick'low, a maritime county in
Leinster.— A seaport, the county
town.

Youghal, (pr. Yoo'hal), a seaport
town in Cork, situate at the
mouth of the Blackwater.

NORWAY

Is bounded N. and W. by the Northern Ocean, S.
by the Skager Rack, and E. bv Sweden. It extends
from 5T to 71" N. Lat., and from 5° 20' to 18° 20^
£. Long. Its length from the Naze to the North
Cape, is 950 miles ; its breadth varies from 250 to
60 miles. Population 930,000.

54 NORWAY.

Divisions. — This country is divided into North-
ern Norway, and Southern Norway, or Norway
Proper. Northern Norway contain'^ Norland and
Finmark. Southern Norway, or Norway Proper,
is divided into four governments — 1. Aggerhus or
Christiana ; 2. Christiansand ; 3. Bergen ; 4.
Drontheim.

Towns. — 1. Christiana, Frederickstadt, Fre-
derickshall, Kongsberg j 2. Christiansand ; 3. Ber-
gen ; 4. Drontheim. In Norland and Finmark^
Wardhus, Waranger.

Islands. — Hitteren, LofToden Isles, Var or
Woeroe.

Bays — Christiana, Drontheim, West Fiord Bays.

Capes. — Lindesnes, or the Naze, North Cape.

Mountains. — Dofrafiall, Laugfiall, Kolen.

Lakes. — Mioss, Rands- Sion, Tyri, Foemund.

KiVEBs. — Glomme, Dramme, Louven, Tana.

SWEDEN

Is bounded on the North by the Northern Ocean ;
W. by Norway ; S. by the Baltic and the Cattegat ;
£. by the Gulf of Bothnia and Russia. It stretches
from 55° 20' to 69" N. L. (exclusive of Swedish
Lapland), and from 11° 10' to 23° 20' E. Long.,
being about 1000 miles in length, and between 200
and 300 miles in breadth. Population 2,425,700.

Divisions. — 1. Gothland ; 2. Sweden Proper ;
3. West Bothnia and Swedish Lapland. Finland
and East Bothnia are now annexed to Russia.

Towns. — 1. Gottenburg, Carlscroon, Calmar;
2. Stockholm, Upsal, (icfle, Fahluu, Danuc-
mora, Nykoping ; 3. Tornea, Umea.

NORWAY AND SW£OB^f.

to Nortli-
N or way
land and
y Proper,
;gerhu8 or
rgen ; 4.

dt, Fre-
[; 3. Ber-
Finniark,

Var or

^iord Bays,
th Cape.
Lolen.
Demund.
K Tana.

rn Ocean ;
Cattegat ;
t stretches
)f Swedish
E. Long.,
tween 200
2,425,700.
n Proper ;
Finland
lussia.
, Calraar;
u, Danuc-

IsLANDS. — Gothland, (Eland.
Lakes. — Wencr, Wetter, Maelcr.
Rivers. — Gotha, Motala, Dahl, Tornca.

!'^.ii-'

Remarks,^The aspect of Norway is rude, but pictur-
esque, and in many places sublime. Mountains separated
by deep valleys, forests, rocks, precipices, and cr.taract8, are
the striking features in the landscape. The vast range of
mountains that separates this country from Sweden is of
various elevation. The Dofrafiall, or central mountains,
are the loftiest, rising in some places to the height of 8000
feet above the level of the sea. They gradually decrease
in elevation as they approach the Arctic Ocean. The riv-
ers of Norway are numerous, but in general so rocky and
impetuous as to be innavigable. When swollen by the
sudden melting of the snow, they overflow their banks with
great fury, often sweeping com, cattle, and cottages in one
common ruin. The cavities between the mountains are of-
ten occupied with immense lakes. The coast is broken in-
to numberless bays and creeks, and is lined, throughout
almost the whole of its extent, with a succession of islands,
varying in magnitude and fertility. Among the Lofoden
isles, roars the dangerous whirpool called Maelstrom.

So rude and barren is the soil of Norway in general, and
so imperfectly is agriculture understood and practised, that
not more than the hundredth part of the country is under
tillage ; and although the inhabitants, particularly in the
interior, eke out their scanty stores by mixing pine-bark
with their bread, it is necessary to import upwards of two
hundred thousand quarters of grain for their support. In
some parts of the country, however, particularly in the pro-
vince of Bergen, there are tracts of considerable fertility.
The crops are barley and oats, flax and hemp. Our com-
mon fruits are cultivated with success, but gardening is very
imperfectly understood.

In the interior of Norway, and towards the eastern
mountains, the cold of winter is intense ; but the air is
pure and serene, and extremely conducive to health and
longevity. On the coast the temperature is milder, being
softened by the breezes from the Atlantic ; but the atmo>

i '

i U

NORWAY AND SWEDEN.

sphere is often loaded with clouds and fogs, which are
equally unpleasant and insalubrious. The shortness of the
wann season in summer is compensated by the length of
the day : for the sun is scarcely five hours below the hori-
zon, even in the southern provinces ; while, in the higher
latitudes of Norland and Finmark, he remains above the ho-
rizon for several weeks. Vegetation is accordingly extremely
rapid ; and, within three months, the corn is sown, ripen-
ed, and reaped. In the winter se.'\son, agrJn, the day is
proportionally short,— and in the northern regions there is
a night of several weeks duration, relieved only by moon-
light brightly reflected from the snow, and by the aurora bo-
realis, which, in those high latitudes, is peculiarly brilliant.

Most of the animals common to the other countries of
Europe are to be found in Norway. The horses and
:horned cattle are small ; but the former are hardy, and the
latter easily fattened. Goats are even more numerous
than sheep. The rein-deer cr nstitutes the chief wealth of
the Norwegian Laplanders. Game of various kinds
abounds throughout the country. Among its wild animals
■are the bear, lynx, wolf, and leming, a species of rat,
which, proceeding in immense swarms from the Kolen
mountains towards the coast, devours, in its f ^.Tess, every
production of the soil. The coasts abound vth shell-fish,
especially the lobster.

The lead and silver-mines of Kongsberg, the copper-
mines of Drontheim, and the iron-mines of Arendal and
other places, are rich and productive. These, with its forests,
constitute the principal wealth of the country. Metals,
timber, hides, and fish are the chief exports of Norway.

The Norwegians are simple, hospitable, frank, and
brave. They are not deficient in ingenuity ; but educa-
tion is in a very backward state. Norway was governed
by its native monarchs till the year 1387, when it was
annexed to Denmark by the famous Union of Qalmar.
From that time it continued to be governed by a sovereign
council commissioned by the king of Denmark. It was
- ceded to Sweden in 1814, and is now governed by a vice-
roy of the Swedish monarch. It still continues, however,
to enjoy its own constitution and laws.

Swerfen.— Much of the description that has been given
of the aspect of Norway is equally applicable to Sweden.

which are
less of the

length of
V the hori-
the higher
ave the ho-
' extremely
wn, ripen-
the day is
>ns there is
by moon-
I aurora bo-
y brilliant,
ountries of
horses and
dy, and the

numerous
f wealth of
ious kinds
'ild animals
cies of rat,
the Kolen
;,ress, every
1 shell-fish,

;he copper-
rendal and
1 its forests,
Metals,
Jorway.
rank, and
but educa-
IS governed
len it was
of QiUmar.
a sovereign
rk. It was
I by a vice-
s, however,

been given
to Sweden.

NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 67

With the exception of the ridges on the west and north,
it is not, indeed, a mountainous country ; but it is diver-
sified by lakes, forests, rocks, cataracts, and green valleys.
Its lakes form the most striking feature in its landscape.
They are, in general, vast sheets of pure transparent wa>
ter, and are so numerous as to occupy about 9200 square
miles.

The climate, though very cold in winter, is less severe
than might be expected in so high a latitude ; and the
steady equable weather, without violent winds or frequent
thaws, renders even winter a pleasant season. In summer
the heat is great, and vegetation rapid. The trees and
plants of Sweden are nearly similar to those of Great
Britain, with the exception of the furze, broom, and the
walnut tree, which cannot withstand the long and severe
cold of a Swedish winter. Wheat can be raised in the
southern provinces only ; where our common fruit-trees
likewise grow, although languidly. Oats, rye, and ban^
ley are pretty generally raised. Berries of different kinds
grow spontaneously and luxuriantly.

Agriculture and manufactures are here very imperfectly
understood^ The chief manufactures are those of the me-
tals. Sweden has long been noted for its mineral trea-
sures. The copper-mines of Dakcarlia are particularly
famous, and the iron oi Danmora is not to be surpassed.
The exports of Sweden are timber, iron, steel, copper,
pitch and tar, alum, potash, and cured herrings.

The government of Sweden is a limited monarchy, the
power of the-king being considerably circumscribed by the
privileges of the nobility and people. In manners the
Swedes bear a very striking resemblance to the Norwegians.

EXERCISES.

How is Norway bounded ? Between what degrees of lati-
tude and longitude does it lie ? What are its length and
breadth ? What population does it contain ?

What are the grand divisions of Norway ? What districts
does Northern Norway contain ? Into what governments is
Southern Norwa}^ divided ? Name the principal towns of Ag-
gerhus, i\ Christiana. Name the towns of Norland and Fin-
mark. W hat are the principal islands of Norway ? Name
its principal bays. Name its capes. What are the great

NORWAY AND SWEDEN.

;

iridges of mountains ? What are its chief lakes ? What are
its principal rivers ?

How is Sweden bounded ? Between what degrees of lati-
tude and loneitude is it situate ? What are its lene^th and
breadth? Wnat is the amount of its population ? Name its
divisions. To what country are Finland and East Bothnia
now annexed ? Name the towns of Gothland ; of Sweden Pro-
per ; of West Bothnia and Swedish Lapland. Where is Dan-
nemora, Christiana, Tyri, Stockholm, Upsal, Wardhus,
Waranger, Fahlun, Tornea, Lofoden Isles, Dofrafiall, Dahl,
Glomme, Tornea, Kolen, Nykoping, Hitteren, Oeland,&c.?

Describe the general as])ect of Norway. What are the
•loftiest mountains of Norway ? To what height do they
rise ? What is the character of the rivers ? How are the
cavities between the mountains often occupied ? What is the
appearance of the coast ? W^here is the whirlpool Maelstrom ?
In what state are the soil and agriculture of Norway ? How
do the inhabitants eke out their scanty stores ? How much
grain is annually imported ? Are there any tracts of great
fertility ? What are the principal crops ? Describe the cli-
mate of Norway. How is the shortness of the warm season
compensated ? Within what space of time is the com sown,
■matured, and reaped ? Describe the winter of the northern
regions. What is remarkable about the horses and horned
cattle of Norway ? What animal constitutes the principal
wealth of the Norwegian Laplanders ? What wild animals
are found in Norway ? Which of them is peculiarly destruc-
-dve ? What mines in Norway are particularly productive ?
What constitutes the chief wealth of the country ? What
are its principal exports ?

What is the national character of the Norwegians ? Till
what |)eriod did Norway continue under the government of
its native monarchs ? To what country was it then annexed ?
When was it ceded to Sweden ? How is it now governed ?

Is Sweden a mountainous country ? How is it diversified ?
M^hat is the principal feature in the landscape ? What ex-
tent do the lakes occupy ? Describe the climate of Sweden.
What renders even the winters pleasant there ? What coun-
try does Sweden resemble in its trees and plants ? With what
exceptions ? In what provinces is wheat raised ? What
odier crops are more general ? What fruits grow spontane-
ously ?

In what state are agriculture and manufactures P For what
has Sweden long been noted ? Which of itE mines are parti-
cularly famous ? What are its chief exports ?

NORWAY AND SWEDEN.

Vhat are

s of lati-
igth and
Name its

Bothnia
iden Pro-
e is Uan-
V^ardhus,
01, Dahl,
Lnd,&c. ?
t are the
t do they
r are the
hat is the
alstrom ?
/? How
ow much
s of great
)e thecli-
rm season
om sown,
! northern
id horned

principal

. animals
y destruc-
oductive ?

? What

18? Till
rnment of
annexed ?
governed ?

versified ?

What ex-

* Sweden,
hat coun-

Vith what
? What
spontane-

For what
are parti<

What is the nature of its government ? What people do
the Swedes resemble in manners ? What is the population
of the country ?

DESCRIPTIVE TABLE.

Ag'gerhus, a province in Norway
Proiier, the largest and most im-
portant in the liingdom.

Ber'gen, a province in Norway
Proper. Its capital, of the same
name, is one of the most flourish-
ing commercial towns in the
kingdom.

Both'nia, an extensive province on
twth Bides of the Gulf of Both-
nia. East Bothnia now belongs
to Russia, West Bothnia is still
annexed to Sweden.

Bothnia, Gulf of, a branch of the
Baltic, which separates Sweden
from Finland.

Cal'mar, a town in Gothland, si-
tuate on the Sound. It derives
celebrity from the treaty of 1397,
by which Margaret of Walde.
mar imited the kingdoms of
Norway, Sweden, and Denmark,
under one sovereign.

Carlscroon, a seaport town in
Gothland, the principal depot of
the Swedish navy.

CuRiSTiA'NA, or Christia'nia, the
capital of Norway, in the pro-
vince of Aggerhus. It is si-
tuate at the bottom of Christia-
na bay, which penetrates above
50 miles into the interior.

Chris'tiansand', a province in Nor-
way, with a town of the same
name, situate on the south coast,
in front of the Flekkeron isl-
ands.

Dahl, [pr. Dal), a river in Sweden
which rises among the Norwe-
gian mountains, and falls into
the Gulf of Bothnia, 90 milec
north from St«>ckholm.

Dannemo'ra, or Danmo'ra, a town,
or rather a coIie<:tion of villagcB,
In Sweden Proi)er, celebrated for
Its iroii-mines.

Dofratiall, the loftiest part of that
ridge o} moimtaiMS which sepa-
rates Norway from Sweden.

Drammo, (Dram,) a river in the

south of Norway, which falb
into the west side of the bay of
Christiana.
Drontheim, (Trun'-yem.) the ca-
pital of the province of the same
name, is the most northern city
in Europe, except Tomea. It
was once the capital of Norway,
and i6 beautifully situate on a
fine bav. In its neighbourhood
is a rich copper-mine.

Fse'raund, (Fe'mund), a lake in
Norway Proper, on the borders
of Sweden.

Fahlun, (Faloon), or Coppcrberg,
a town in Sweden Proper, in the
neighbourhood of which are rich
co{.per-mine8, though less pro-
ductive now than formerly.

Finland, a large district to the
east of Sweden, to which it for-
merly belonged. It is now an-
nexed to Russia. Its extent is
equal to that of England.

Finmark, an extensive province In
Northern Norway, called liLe-
wise Norwegian Lapland.

f rederickshall, a considerable town
in Aggerhus, in besieging which,
Charles XII. of Sweden was kill,
ed, 1 1th December, 1718.

Fredorickstadt, (Fre'aerickstad'),u
small but fortified town in the
province of Aggerhus, at the
moutiM of tlie Glomme.

Ge^flc, a town of considerable trade
I in Sweden Proper, situate on the
Gulf of Bothnia.

Glomme, (Glom), the largest ri-
ver of Norway, issues from the
lake Stor Scargcn, in Aggerhus,
and falls into the Cattegat at
Frederickstadt.

Go'tha. a large river in Sweden,
which rises in the NorwM^ian
mountains, flows through Lake
Wener, and falls into the Cat-
tegat.

Gnth'land, a considerable island in
the Baltic, near the south-east
coast of Sweden. It forms, with

NOKWAV AND SWEDEN.

some neighbouring islands, the
province uf Gotliland.

Hit'tercn, a conriderable utland on
the coast of Drontheiao, with
^700 inliabitants.

K'^''v3n, the northern part of the
' . >at chain of mountains that
8< ,;)arates Norway from Sweden.

Kci,g;/borgj a consiaerable town in
Agger bus, situated on both sides
^f the river Lowe.

I.ang'fiall, the southern part of the
great Norwegian chain of moun-
tains, from the Naze to the north
of Bergen.

Lapland, the most northern coun.
try of Europe. It is of great ex-
tent, and is divided into Swedish,
Norwegian, and Russian Lap-
land. Swedish Lapland contains
about 53,000 square railes, with
a population of 13,000 ; Norwe-
gian Lapland has an extent of
27,0U0 square miles, and nearly
one inhabitant to a square mile.
Russian Lapland is more exten-
sive, but more dreary than the
other two divisions, and contains
a population of about 20,000.

Lindesnes. (See Naze.)

Lofo'den, (Isles), a group of islands
on the west coast of Norland, con-
sisting of five large and several
smaller islands, and containing
nearly 4000 inhabitants.

Maeler, (Mailer), a large lake on
the south-east of Sweden Proper.

Mioss', an extensive lake in Ag-
gerhus, 60 miles long, and near-
ly li) wide.

Mota'la, a considerable river in
Sweden, issuing fVom .Lake
Wetter, and falling into a deep
creek of the Baltic, at Norkiop-
ing.

Naze, a promontory forming the
southern extremity of Norway.

Nor'land, a province of Norway,
between Drontheim and Fin-
mark

North Cape, the most northern
point of the island Mageroe, in
Norway, and of all Euro()C, ex-
cepting the northern extremity
of Nova Zembla.

Nykop'ing, amaritlmetownin Swe>
den Proper, rematkidijly neat and
wrll built.

Ocland, (Cland), a long and nar-
row island on the aouth-east coast
of Sweden, containing a popula-
tion of 22,000.

Rand'sion, a lake in the province
of Aggerhus.

Stockholm, the capital of Sv/eden,
most beautifully situate at the
junction of Lake Mseler with
the Baltic. It is built upon three
islands, and contains a iwpula-
tion of nearly 80,000.

Ta'na, a large river in LapUud,
which, for 150 miles, fonus the
boundary between Ri.issia and
Sweden, and falls into the Nor-
thern Ocean.

Tor'nea, a r.'ver of Sweden, which
issues from Lape Kipis, and falls
into the Gulf of Bothnia, form-
ing the boundary between Swe-
dish and Russian Lapland.— A
town, formerly belonging to
Sweden, but ceded to Russia in
1809. It is situate on a small
island in the river Tomea.
Here the philosophers Mauper-
tuis and Celsius, in 1736-37,
made observations to ascertain
the exact figure of the earth.

Torrisdals', a river in Norway,
flowing through the government
of Christiansand.

Tyri, (Teree), alakein Christiana,
15 miles long, surrounded by
fine meadows and corn-fields.

Upsal, an ancient city in Sweden
Proper, the see of an archbishop,
and the seat of a university.
It was long the residence of the
Swedish monarchs.

We'ner, a large lake in Sweden,
bounded by the provinces of
Wsrmeland, Dalccarlia, and
West Gothland. It is upwards
of 70 miles long, and 25 broad.

VVet'ter, a large lake in Sweden,
between East and West Goth-
land, about 66 miles long, and
10 broad.

ownin Swe-
3ly neat and

ig and naf'
;h-ea8t coast
Ig a popula-

le province

I of Sweden,
uate at the
VIsler with
t upon three
iS a popula-

in Lapland,
), foims the
Russia and
ito the Nor-

;den, which
pia, and falls
^hnia, fonn-
itween Swe-
japland,— A
ilonging to
o Russia in
on a small
er Tomea.
Ts Mauper>
in 1736-37,
;o abcertain
lie earth,
in Norway,
government

Christiana,
ounded by
rn-fields.

in Sweden
archbishop,

university,
lence of the

n Sweden,
■ovinces of
arlia, and
is upwards
25 broad,
in Sweden,
Vest Goth,
i long, and

DENAIAUK.

DENMARK

f)l

Is partly a continental^ and partly an insular king-
dom. Its continental territory, consisting of Jut-
land, Sleswick, Holstein, and Lauenburg, is bound-
ed on the N. and W. by the German Ocean ; E.
by the Cattegat ; and S. by the Elbe, which sepa-
rates it from Germany. Its insular territory com-
prehends Zealand, Funen, Langeland, Falster,
Laaland, fiornholm, and a number of smaller
islands in the Baltic. It is situate, exclusive of
some of the smaller islands, between 53° 25' and
57" 46' N. Lat., and between 8° and la'^ 38' E.
Long. Its length, from the Elbe to the Skaw, is
300 miles ; and its breadth, from Copenhagen to
the German Ocean, is 175 miles. Population
1,800,000.

Divisions. — 1. Jutland Proper, or North Jut-
land ; 2. Sleswick, or S. Jutland ; 3. Holstein ;
4. Lauenburg ; 5. Funen ; 6. Zealand ; 7. Laa-
land, Bornholm, and several small islands in the
Baltic.

Towns. — 1. Aalborg, Viborg ; 2. Sleswick,
Flensburg; 3. Kiel, Altona, Gluckstadt ; 4. Lauen-
burg; 5. Odensee; S.Copenhagen, Elsinore.

Straits and Gulfs.— ^The Sound the Great
Belt, the Little Belt, Lymetiord.

River. — The Eyder.

Islands subject to Denmark. — Iceland, the
Ferro Isles, West Greenland.

AemarXrs.— Continental Denmark is a vast continued
plain, scarcely interrupted even by gentle swells. It has

E re

DENMARK.

':i I

I J

no river of magnitude ; but its lakes are numerous, and
some of them extensive ; and it is watered by many rivu-
lets, or brooks. The coast is indented by several creeks
and bays. Zealand and Funen are fertile and pleasant
i.slikiids. The climate of Denmark is humid, but tempe-
rate ; although its winters are sometimes so severe, tliat
iivpn the seas are covered witli ice.

In the south of continental Denmark the soil is fertile,
and well cultivated ; in the north, agriculture is less skil-
fully conducted, and the country presents the dreary as-
pect of moors and bru'^hwood, and wastes of red sand total-
ly l-?titute of vegetation. On the coasts the aspect is
;not'e cheering. The eastern coast is varied by a number
of fertile elevations ; and on the west are to be seen rich
pasturages of the most beautiful verdure.

The productions of the soil are chiefly oats, barley, beans,
peas, and potatoes— wheat is but partially cultivated— mad-
der, and even tobacco, are raised in considerable quantity,
and of good quality. The horses, particularly in Holstein,
are remarkable for their strength and agility; and the
homed cattle are likewise of a superior description. Gar-
dens are very rare, except in the island of Amak, from
which Copenhagen is almost entirely supplied with vege-
tables.

The fisheries in the bays and creeks constitute the princi~
pal occupation of the Danes. Th;iir manufactures are
neither numerous nor important; but their commerce is
very considerable.

Previous to the year 1660 the Danish monarchy was
elective ; after the memorable revolution of that year, it be-
came hereditary and absolute. The establishc-' religion is
the Lutheran ; but all others are now tolerated, although the
penal statutes against dissenters were formerly very severe.
In their manners and customs the higher orders of Danes
differ little from persons of the same rank in other Euro-
pean countries. In general tliey are fond of show and
pomp, and inclined to excess at their convivial entertain-
ments. They are courteous and humane, yet warlike and
brave. Of their literature little can be said ; although, in
history, they can boast of Sueno and Saxo Granimaticus ;
aniil, in astronomy, of the celebrated Tycho Brahc.

DENMARK.

lerous, and
nany rivu-
eral creeks
id pleasant
but tempe-
levere, »l;at

il is fertile,
3 less skil.
dreary as-
sand total.
B aspect is
a number
seen rich

rley, beans,
ited — mad.
e quantity,
1 Holstein,
; and the
on. Gar-
nak, from
ivith vege-

the princi~
iCtures are
Timerce is

archy was
y^ear, it be-
celigion is
;hoxigh the
2ry severe,
of Danes
ler Euro-
show and
entertain-
irlike and
lough, in
iinaticus;

EXERCISES.

Of what description is the kingdom of Denmark ? Of
what districts does its continental territory consist ? How is
it bounded ? What islands does its insular territory compre-
hend ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is it
situate ? What are its length, breadth, and population ?
What are the divisions of Denmark ? Name tiie towns in
each of those divisions. Where is Gluckstadt, Odensee, Co-
penhagen, Flensburg, Elsinore, Altona, Viborg, Kiel,
Aalborg, &c. ?

Where the Little Belt, the Sound, the Great Belt, Lyme-
flord Bay ? Namu and describe the river of Denmark.
W^hat islands are subject to Denmark ?

What is the general appearance of continental Denmark ?
Has it any rivers or lakes of importance ? What is remark-
able about the coasts ? What kind of islands are Zealand
and Funen ? Describe the climate of Denmark. What is
the state of the soil in the south of continental Denmark ?
How does the north diiFer from it ? What is the aspect of
the coasts ? What are the productions of the soil ? For
what are tlie horses and horned cattle of Denmark remark-
able ? From what island is Copenhagen supi)lied with vege-
tables ? What constitutes the principal occupation of the
Danes ? Are their manufactures numerous or important ?
Is their commerce considerable ? What, is the nature of the
Danish government ? What is the established religion ?
Are other religions tolerated ? Is there any thing peculiar
in the manners and customs of the Danes ? Wliat is their
national character ? Of what distinguished names in litera-
ture and science can they boast?

DESCRIPTIVE TABLE.

Aal'-borg, a city in a diocese of
the same name, in North Jut-
land. It is situate on the south
shore of the Lymeflord, and is
the third city of Denmark in
jmi>ortancc.

Alto^na, a large city in Holstein,
on the Elbe, about 2 miles west
of Hamburg It is a place of
ctmsiderahle commerce. Popu-
lauon 30,000.

Belt, Great, a strait butwccn the
islands of Zealand and Funen,

abort 20 miles at its greatest
breadth.

Belt, Little, a strait between
Funen and Jutland, varying
from one to ten miles in width.

Born'holm, an island in the BaU
tic, about 30 miles in length,
and 20 in breadth, containing
about 100 villages. It is rich in
corn and cattle, and has a valu-
able salmon-fishery.

CoPENiiA'aEN, the capital of the
kinj^om, and one of the most

DENMARK.

ill

elegant cities in the north of
Europe, stands on the cast coast
of Zealand, oi' a low tract of
. ground, surrounded with small
lakes, and partly intersected by
Inlets of the sea. It is of an ob-
long form, its walls extending
nearly five English miles, and
surrounded by a chain of bas-
tions and a broad ditch. But
these defences proved insuffi-
cient against the assault of the
British in 1807, when .its cathe-
dral and university, and above
300 houses were demolished, and
the city was compelled to sur-
render. Population 105,000.

Elsinore', a town in Zealand, 20
miles north of Copenhagen.
Here, vessels passing through
the Sound are obliged to pay
toll to the King of Denmark.
The Sound is here less than four
miles wide.

Eyder, (pr. I'-der), the only river
of importance in Denmark, sepa-
rates Holstein from Sleswick,
and falls Into the German Ocean,
after a course of 100 miles. By
means of the canal of Kiel, it
completes the communication be-
tween that ocean and the Baltic.

Fai'&ter, a fertile and pleasant
island in the Baltic, so produc-
tive, especially of fhiit, as to be
styled the orchard of Denmark.
Population 16,500.

Fer'ro, or Fa'roe Islands, a group
of islands between Iceland a.id
Shetland, scattered from 61" 15*
to 62" 2(y N. Lat. They are 25
in number, and 17 are inhabited.
In general they are naked rocks,
and the chief wealth of the in-
habitants arises from fishing,
sheep, and the feathers of birds.
Population 3209.

Flens'burg, a seaport in Sleswick,
with an excellent harbour, which
admits of the largest vessels be-
ing unloaded at the quay, and is
completely screened f^oni every
wina.

Fu'nen, a large and fertile island,
ec|)aratcH from Jutland by the

Little Belt. It is 33 miles long,
and 30 broad, and has a popula-
tion of 130,000.

Gluck'stadt, a town in Holstein,
near the mouth of the Elbe, at
its junction with the Rhu. It
is the seat of the chief magis-
trates of Holstein, ind of the
provincial courts of justice. Po-
pulation 5200.

Holstein, (pr. hu^stine'), an ex-
tensive duchy in ti:e northern
extremity of Germany, forming
an integral part of thf. kingdom
of Denmark. Its s'lpe ri1««'ai ex-
tent is about 3250 square mileSj
and its population 360,000.

Ice'land, a large island in the At-
lantic Ocean, between 63° and
67<» N. Lat,., and between 12<»
and 25'' W. Long. Its length is
280 miles, and its breadth 210.
Its surface is rugged and moun-
tainous, its soil barren, and its
climate severe. Volcanic erup.
tions are frequent in many parts
of the island. Of Hecla, its
principal burning mountain, six-
teen eruptions are known, the
last of which took place so late
as October, 1818. Springs of
hot water are numerous in Ice-
land, of all degrees of tempera-
ture, up to a state of violent
ebullition. The most remark-
able of these springs, called
Geyser, throws into the air great
jets of boiling water, to the height
of 90, 100, and sometimes even
200 feet, accompaniel with a
noise like the explosio n of can-
non, and occasioning i tremor
of the adjacent ground. Iceland
is very thinly peopled, having
only about 30,000 inhabitants.

Jutland, a large province of Den-
mark, which formerly comprised
the whole peninsula called by
the ancients Cimbrica Chcrso-
ncsus. But the name of Jutland
is now confined to the northern
division of the peninsula, ex-
tending from 53» to 58" N. Lat.,

DENMARK.

' tnllcs long,
as a popula-

n Holstcin,
he Elbe, at
le Rhu. It
hicf magi8>
md of the
ustjce. Po-

e'), an er-
:e northern
iy, forming
H kingdom
pc-il^lui ex-
uare miles,
iO.OOO.

J in the At-
«n 63" and
etween 12<»
;ts length is
readth 210.
and moun.
en, and its
canic erup>
many parts
Hecla, its
jntain,six-
nown, the
ace so late
Springs of
>us in Ice-
tempera-
of violent
remark-
t called
air great
the height
imes even
with a
1 of can-
tremor
Iceland
having
itants.

of Den-
ompriscd
;alled by

Vhcrso.

Jutland

orthern
ula, ox-

N. Lat.,

in length 130 miles, and In
breadth from 70 to 95 miles.
Population 440,000.

Kiel, (pr. Keel), a city in Hoi-
stein, the seat of a university,
in which there arc not fewer
than 19 regular and 10 extraor.
dinary profcvssors, while the
number of students seldom ex-
ceeds 150. The town is well
built, its harbour is good, but
its trade limited. Population
7000.

Laaland, an island at the entrance
of the Baltic, 60 miles long, and
14 broad. It is the most fer-
tile tract in the Danish domi-
nions. Population 34,000.

Lange'land, an island situate be-
tween Zealand, Laland, and
Funen, 35 miles long, and from
3 to 5 broad. Population
11,200.

Lauen'burg, a duchy in Germany,
adjacent to Hamburg, on the
right bank of the Elbe. It was
a separate duchy till 1689, when,
on tne extinction of the ducal
family, it passed to the House
of Hanover. In 1815, it was
ceded to Prussia, but soon after
madfc over to Denmark, in ex-
change for Rugen and Pomcra-
nia. — The capital of the duchy.
It draws a considerable revenue
tram a toll on the Elbe. Popu-
lation 2200.

Lyme'flord, a long narrow gulf
in Jutland, which runs west-
ward Arom the Cattegat across
the peninsula, and is prevented

only by a narrow slip of land
fVoiik communicating with the
German Ocean.

Odensee', the principal town of
Funcn, situate on a river, about
a mile from the sea. It carries
on considerable manufactures of
woollen cloths, leather, and soap.
It is the residence of a bishop,
and of the chief magistrate of
Funen. Population 6000.

Sles'wick, a duchy forming the
southern division of the penin-
sula, formerly comprised under
the name of .lutlana. Its length
is 72 miles ; its breadth varies
from 30 to 56 miles. — The capi-
tal of the above duchy is plea-
santly situate on the small river
Sley. Population 7000.

Sound, a strait between Sweden
and Zealand, about 4 miles across.
See Elsinore.

Vi'borg, (or Wilwrg), an ancient
town, situate on a small lake,
nearly in the centre of Jutland.
Population 2400.

Zea'land, a large island between
the Cattegat and the Baltic. It
has an area of 2600 square miles,
and contains 31 0,000 inhabitants.
Its aspect is finely varied with
gentle eminences, cultivated
fields, and canals ; its ^soil is
fertile, and its numerous bavs
and creeks abound with fish.
Here are concentrated most of
the manufactures and the trade
of Denmark.

KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS.

In the united kingdom of the Netherlands are
comprehended the seven united provinces of Hol-
land, and the two provinces of Belgium, or the
Netherlands, properly so called.

NETHERLANDS.

i '

It is bounded on the North and West by the
German Opean ; on the South, by France ; and
on the East, by Germany. It is situate between
4.9° 30' and 5S^ 30' N. Lat., and between 2° S5'
and 7° 12' £. Long. It extends in length, from
the north of Friesland to the south of Luxembourg,
270 miles; and in breadth, 150 miles. Popula«
tion 5,230,000.

Holland contains the provinces of — 1. Zea-
land; 2. Holland Proper ; 3. Utrecht; 4. Gelder-
land ; 5. Overyssel ; 6. Friesland ; 7. Groningcn,
with Drenthe.

In Belgium, or the Netherlands, are— 1.
West Flanders ; 2. East Flanders ; 3. Hainault ;
4. South Brabant; 5. Antwerp; 6. Namur; 7*
Luxembourg; 8. Lkgc; 9* Lin^bourg; 10. North
Brabant.

Towns, Hoi-ual.— 1. Middleburg, Flushing,
Campvere; 2. AmcT^hldxh, Haerlem, Alkmaer,
Hoorn, Helder, Leyden, the Hague, Delft, Rot-
terdam, Briel, Helvoetsluys, Dort; 3. Utrecht;
4. Arnheim, Nimeguen, Zutphen ; 5. Devcnter ;
6. Leewarden ; 7. Groningen.

Netherlands. — 1. Bmges, Ostend, Courtray,
Ypres; 2. Ghent, Oudenarde, Dendermonde; 3.
Mons, Tournay; 4. Brussels, Xvouvain, Mech-
lin; 5. Antwerp; 6. Namur: 7. Luxembourg;
S.Liege; 9* Maestricht; 10. Breda^ Bergen-op-
Zoom, Bois-le-Duc.

Islands. — Walcheren, North Beveland, South
Beveland, Tholen, Schowen, in the province of
Zealand ; Over Flakkee, Voorn, Isselmonde, Tex-
el, Vlieland, Schelling, Ameland.

Seas and Bays. — Zuyder Zee, Hacrleni Meer,
LiiUM er Zee, Dollart Bay.

NETHERLANDS.

>t by the
ince ; and
; between
len 2° 35'
^•th, from
:enibourg,
Popula-

-1. Zea-
k Gelder-
roningcn^

I, are— 1.
lainault ;
amur; 7.
10. North

Flushing,
Alkmaer,
1ft, Rot-
Utrecht ;
eventer ;

Jourtray,
inde; 3.
„ Mech-
ibourg ;
'gen-op-

I, South
rince of
|e, Tex-

n Meer,

' Rivers. — '^lic Scheldt, with its tributaries
Lys, the Haine, the Dender, and the Dyle •
Maese or Meuse, with its tributary the Sa'
the Mozelie; the Riiine, M'ith its branches,
Waal, Yssel, and I eck.

«7

thr

I he

Remarks.— 'To the lover of the picturesque, the aspect
of the northern provinces of this kingdom is very tame and
uninteresting. The country is one vast plain, diversified
neither by mountain, hill, nor knoll. Viewed from the top
of a tower or steeple, it appears like an extensive marsh,
intersected by numberless ditches and canals. Yet even
the dull monotony of this prospect is relieved by some fea-
tures of greater interest ;— meadows of wide extent, and of
the most beautiful verdure, covered with large herds of well-
fed cattle ; sheets of water flowing or still, clusters of trees,
and, in the vicinity of large towns, elegant villas surround-
ed with gardens and parks, decorated with statues and
busts. The southern provinces present a more varied as-
pect. Gentle eminences and undulating plains, woods,
meadows, and rich corn-iields, form here an agreeable con-
trast to the tiresome uniformity of the north.

>'o country can display more interesting proofs, than
Holland and the Netherlands, of the energies which man
can exert in overcoming the physical evils or difficulties of
his situation. Placed below the level of the sea at high
water, many parts of this country have been exposed to the
most dreadful inundations. The Zuyder Zee now occupies
the tract of an ancient lake, and of a country through
which a river, issuing from the lake, pursued a course of
fifty miles to the sea. The islands that skirt the north-
western shores are the evident remains of an old tract of
continent, over which the sea has established his dominion.
In the tenth century, the mouths of the Scheldt spread ir<-
to broad estuaries, leaving the islands of Beveland, Wal-
cheren, and Schowen, as vestiges of the country which they
overwhelmed ; and in the fifteenth century (A. D. 1446)
the salt lake near Dort was formed by a sudden inunda-
tion, which absorbed 72 thriving villages, and destroyed
about 100,000 of the inhabitants. To protect themselves
from the recurrence of such calamities, the Dutch erected

(MAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (Mr-3)

1.0

1.1

11.25

IJO ^^

lit

lit
u ,

14.0

2.0

Photographic

Sciences

Corporation

23 WIST MAIN STRUT

WnSTn,N.Y. 14SM

( 71* ) •72-4503

,.«■

\5^

NETHERLANDS.

along their coasts, dikes, or mounds of Mrth, whidi have
effectually repelled the endroachlnents of the sea. These
mounds slope on each nde, and are in some places so broacl
as to admit of two carriages going abreast. Similar dikes
are built along the banks of (he great river, with sluices at
intervals, by means of which the country can be laid undei-
water on the approach of an eiiomy.

To the agriculturist and the merchant, this' country is
particularly interesting. The soil in the NetheHands is, ii|
general, a rich loam ; it is in the highest state <^ cultiva-
tion; and yields, accordingly, the most luxuriant crops.
In Holland the soil, near the coasts, is chiefly sand, mixed
with turf; but it is cultivated with great care. In other
parts of the country it is, like that of the Netherlands, a
de^ loam. Owing to the humidity of the climate, a great
jHurt «f the country is kc|>t in grass; and the pastures are
of unrivalled luxuriance. The principal crops cultivated
ore wheat, madder, tobacco, flax, and hemp. But the rural
wealth of Holland consists cfaiefl.y of its cattle, and the
produce of the dairy. The climate of the Netheslands re*
sembles that of the southern counties of England. All
kinds of grain and vegetables are raised in great abun-
dance; flax and hops are among the most noted of the
crops.

In manfactures the same industry is displayed as in hus-
bandry. They are various and extensive; but among
those of the Netherlands may be particularly mentioned
broad cloth and lace— among those of Holland, linens, lea-
ther, and that species of potteiy called Delft war^ from the
place where it is manufactured.

From the 12th to the 16th century, the Netherlands was
ihe most commercial country in Europe. Holland, after
throwing off the Spanish yoke, became distinguished by the
superior efibrts and success in trade, which are the natural
fruits of independence. For centuries the carrying trade
of almost all Europe was in their hands ; their fisheries,
particularly of herriqgs, were most extensive and valuable;
and their colonies in the East and West Indies were the
sources of a very active and lucrative traffic. Successive
wars hampered the manufactures, and clogged the com-
merce of this eountry,— pand the tyranny of Buonaparte
brought it to the verge of ruin. By the arrangements of

NETHERLANDS.

vU(^ have
la. These
es so broad
nilar dikes
sluices at
laid undei-

country is
lands is, ii|
oi cultiva>
iant crops,
and, mixed
In other
herlands, a
tate,agreat
lastures are
I cultivated
Lit the rural
le, and the
teslands re*
Und. AU
great abun-
oted of the

I as in hus-
but among
mentioned
linens, lea-
re, from the

erlands was
tlland, after
ished by the
the natural
Tying trade
m fisheriett
nd valuabk;
)8 were the
Suocessive
d the con)-
Buonaparte
ngements of

the great European powers, which reunited Holland And
the Netherlands in one kingdom in 1814, it is placed in a
fair way of recovering its commercial prosperity.

Throughout this kingdom the advantactes of education
are, enjoyed in an eminent degree. Schods are establii^ed
in every parish of Holland, and almost every village of the
Netherlands. The universities of Leyden, Utrecht, and
Groningen have long been celebrated ; and three new uni-
versities have recently been estaUiahed at Ghent, Liege,
and Louvaii . In the latter, indeed, there was formeriy a
university, which is now revived.

In the fine arts, too, these countries have long been ce-
lebrated. While the Dutch can boast of the literary and
scientific names of Erasmus and Grotius, Boerhaave and
Leeuwenhoeck, the Flemings can glory in their Vandyke,
Rubens, Teniers, and other eminent artists, who, from
their peculiar style of painting, have given rise to what ia
called the Flanuh SchooL

The inhabitants of the northern and southern pmvinoes
differ considerably in manners and character. The Dutch
are a laborious, plodding, calculating, grave, bold, but up-
right people. The Flemings, towards me north, are scarce-
ly to be distinguished from their Dutch neighbours,— to-
wards the south, they have adopted the manners, dress, and
customs of the French. In religion they are more diasi-
milar. The Flemings are Roman Catholics—the Dutch
are Protestant Calvinists.

After the Dutch had thrown off the yoke of Spain, the
provinces of Holland, called the Seven United Provinces,
were so many federal republics, whose deputies met at the
Hague, and whose chief magistrate was named the St&dt-
holder. The office of Stadtholder was declared hereditary
in the time of William III. 1672. The Netherlands, after
many internal struggles and conflicts with foreign states,
remained annexed to the dominions of Austria, 4ill they
were seized by the French revolutionists in 1798. AUber
the overthrow of the French powter in 1815, the Nether-
lands and the provinces of Holland were united into one
kingdom, with a constitutional government, which bears a
very dose resemblance to that of Great Britain. Popula-
tion 5„226,000.

NETHRRI.ANDS.
EXBRCfSEJS.

What provinces are comprehended in the united kingdom
of the Netherlands ? How is this kingdom bounded ? Be-
tween what degrees of latitude and longitude is it situate ?
.What are its length and breadth ?

' What provmces are contained in Holland ? What provin-
ces are contained in Belgium, or the Netherlands ? What
are the principal towns in Zealand, Holland Proper,
Utrecht, &c. ? What are the principal towns in West Flan-
deirs, East Flanders, Haipault, &c. ? Where is Dendec-
monde, Bruges, Rotterdam, Arnheim, Briel, Brussels, Cour-
tray, Louvam, Amsterdam, Breda, Tournay, Nimeguen,
Bergen-op-Zoom» Oudenarde, Deventer, Zutphen, &c« ?
What are the principal rivers ? Name the seas and J^ays.
Name the islands. Where is Haerlem Meer ? What are
the tributaries of the Scheldt ? What are the branches of
the Rhine in Holland? Where is Schelling, l>ol}art Bay,
Walcheren, Ameland, South Beveland, Lauwer Zee, Vlie^
land, &c. ?

What is the general aspect of the Northern provinces ?
By what is the dull uniformity of the prospect relieved ?
What is the general aspect of the southern provinces ?
'' From what cause have many parts of this country been er
' ed to dreadful inundations ? What tract is now occupied b
Zuyder Zee ? Of what are the islands on the northern shv/ics
the evident remains ? In what century did the moudis of 'he
- Scheldt expand into broad estuaries ? How and when was
the Salt lake near Dort formed ? What devastation did that
inundation commit ? By what means did th' Dutch protect
themselves from the recurrence of such dreadful ctdamities?
What security do the embankments on the rivers afford
against the invasion of a foreign enemy ? What kind of soil
is that of the Netherlands ? In what state of cultivation is
it ? Why is a ^at part of Holland kept in grass ? What
are the crops chiefly cultivated ? In what does the principal
rural wealth o( Holland consist ? What country do the Ne-
therlands resemble in climate ? What are the most noted of
the crops ?

For what manufactures are Holland and the Netherlands re-
specdvely famous ? At what period were the Netherlands the
most commercial country in Europe ? When did Holland
become distinguished by its efforts and success in trade?
What were the chief branches of its commerce? By what
was it brought to the verge of ruin ? How has it beeil placed
in a fair way of recovering its commercial prosperity ?

ited kingdom
mded ? Be-
s it situate ?

^V^hat provin-
nds ? What
And Proper,
1 West Flan-
e is Dendeb>
russels, Cour-
y Nimeguen,
tphen, &c« ?
as and Jl>ays.
P What are
I branches of
L>oUart Bay,
ir Zee, Vlie^

•n provinces ?
ect relieved?
inces ?
ybeeney
:cupied b
)rtnern shv/i<;A
nouths of 'he
id when was

ion did that
>utch protect

calamities?
rivers afford
t kind of soil
cultivation is
ass? What
the principal
y do the Ne-
nost noted of

therlands re-
therlands the
did Holland
18 in trade?
I ? By what
t heeil placed
Tity ?

. NKTHEJILANDS,: 71.

f in what state is education in tliis countiy ? Are schools
common? What universities have lone been celebrated?
What new ones have recently been established ? Of what
literary and scientific names can Holland boast ? What cde-~
brated arUsts have the Netherlands produced ? To what
school of paintine have they given rise ? How do the Dutdi
and Flemmffs differ in manners and character ? How do they
differ in religion ?

What was the nature of the Dutch government after thejr-
had thrown off the Spanish yoke ? To what power were the
Netherlands annexed ? How were they disyomed from it in
1792? When were they united into one kinsdom? To
what constitution does that of the Netherlands hear a dose
resemblance.

DESCRIPTIVE TABLE.

AUcmaer, (pr. Alkmire'), a lar^c,
welUbuilt, and fortified town in
HoUand Proper, situate on the
canal which unites the Zuyder-
see with the North Sea.

Ame'land, an island to the north
of Friesland.

iM'nEKDAM, the capital of the
kingdoan, situate on the river
Amstel, is next to London the
most commercial city in Europe.
Population 200,000.

Ant'werp, a large city on the
Scheldt, once one of the most
flourishing cities in Europe. It
is likewise famous as the birth-
place of Rubens the painter.

Amheim, (Ameem'), the chief
town of Gelderland, on the
Rhina

9ergen-opuZoom« an important
town and fortress in North Bra-
bant, communicating with the
Easter Scheldt by a canal. It
has stood several memorable
sieges; and, in 1814, was ex-
posed to a formidable, but un-
•uccessAil assault, by a British
army under the command of Sir
Thomas Graham, now Lonl
Lynedoch.

3eve'-land, (North), an island in
the province of Zealand, about
six miles in length, and three in

' b^'eadth. Bv the dreadful inun-
iiation of 1532, it was so com-

plctdy overwhelmed, that for
many years nothing but the tops
of steeples was to be seen above
water.

Beveland, <South), an island in;
Zealand, separated flrom North
Beveland by the island of Wol«
fersdyke. It is 24 miles loiu[> and
ftom 5 to 8 broad, and is the
most agreeable of all the Zea-
land Isles.

Bois-le-Duc, (Bcaw'-le-Duc), a
large and strongly-fortified town
in North Brabant, at the con-
fluence of the Dommel and Aa.

BraVant, (Nortli), formerlv called
Dutch Brabant, a province to
the south of Gelderland. Al-
though a great part of it is
covered with moss, heath, and
wood, it is very productive in
com, hops, and flax.

Brabfant, (South), an important
province to the south of (he for.
mer. fh>m which 'it was distin..'
guished by the name of Austrian
Brabant. Before beb:<; seised by
the French revolutionists, this
province enjoyed man)' valuable
privileges.

Breda', a large town i;i North
Brabant, situate on the Merck.
It is considered one of the
strongest places in the Nether-
lands.

Briel', (pr. Bril), a town on the
north coast of Voorn, having a

NETHERLANDS.

Uurg* and commodious harbour.
Here the confederates laid the
fbundatiodof therepublic in ISJ2.

BtvfgeB, a large and flourishing
town in IfVest Flanders. It is
•ituate idmut 41 miles ftrom the
sea, and is intersected bv a
number of canals, of which it
Is the central point. Population
45,00a

Bbuc'bbls, formerly the capital of
the Netherlands, and soil the
second city in the kingdom, is
situate in South Bratiant, partly
in a plain, and partly on the slope
of a hill, at the foot of which
flows the river Senne. In the
modem part of the town the
private buildings are elegant,
and the public edifices magnifl.
cent. Its public w^s, particu.
larly the Oree» AUey^ and the
Parkt are among the finest in
Europe. F<vulation 80,000.

Cami/vere', a town on the north
side of the island of Walcheren.
It sends a member to the Oe-
neral Assembly of the Church
of Scotland.

Cour'trajs (Coor'trav), a town in
West Flanders, situate on the
Lys, celebrated for its manufac-
tures of lace and linen. Popu<
lation 14,000.

Ddft, a town in Holland Proper,
between Rotterdam and Leyden,
noted for its manufitcture of
earthen ware: and still more
celebrated as tlie birth-place of
the learned Grotius.

Den'der, a small river of the Ne-
therlands, rises in Hainault, and
Joins the Scheldt near Dender-
monde.

Dendermonde^, (or Termonde), a
fortified town, with a strong
castle, in East Flanders, situate
at the conflux of the Dender

. and Scheldt,

De'venter, the chief town of Over,
yssel, pleasantly situate on the
right bank of the Yssel.

Donart Bay, a large arm of the
North Sea, between Groningen
and East Friesland. It is said
to have been formed by an in-

undation of the sea, towards the
close of the 13th century.

0ort, a town of considerable cele-
brity in Holland Ftroper. It
was the residence of the andent
counts of Holland,-4t ranked
first in the States general on the
foundation of the Dutch rmub-
lic,— it was the birth-place or the
fiunous brothers De \Vitt,'->«nd
here was held, in 1618-19, the
celebrated Synod of Dort, by
which the tenets of Arminius
were condemned.

Dyle, (Deel), a smaU but naviga*
Die river in South Bnbant, rises
near Marbais, passes by Lou<
vain, and after uniting with the
Demera little below Mechlin,
soon Joins the Scheldt.

Flan'ders, a very interesting por-
tion of the Netherlands, divided
Into the provinces of East and
West Flanders. The computed
extent of East Flanders is 106O
square miles; its population,
600,000 ; its chief town is Ghent.
The extent of West Flanders is
1600 square miles; its popula-
tion 520,000; its chief town
Bruges.

Flushing, a seaport town in the
Island of Walcheren, at the
mouth of the Scheldt. Within
the town are two basins, one of
which is large enough to con-
tain a fleet of line-of-battle ships.

Friesland, (Freetland), a piDvinoe
in the north of Holland, having
the Zuydei-zee on the west, and
the German Ocean on the north.
It contains nearly 1200 square
miles, and 176,500 inhabitants.

Crel'derland, a large province in
Holland, to the south-east bf the
Zuyder-iee, containing 2020
square miles, and a population
of 243,000. It is watered by the
Rhine, the Waal, the Yssel, the
Leek, and the Maese ; but the
soil, in some places heavy and
turfy, in others light and sandy,
is not generally fertile.

Ghent, TOaung), a large city ih
East Flanders, situate oa the

METUERLANOS.

BftowaidsUie
entury.
sidenble cele-
I Ftoper. It
oftheandent
id,-4t ranked
general on the
Dutch repub-
rth.placeofthe
De \Vitt,'«nd
1 1618-19, the
, of Dort, by
t of Arminius

lall but naviga-
I Brabant, rises
lasses by Lou.
Diting with the
lelow Mechlin,
heldt.

nteretting por-
irlands,divided
lei of East and
The computed
landers is 1060
its population,
ftown 18 Ghent.
Vest Flanders is
As; its popula-
its chier town

>rt town in the

sheren, at the

sheldt. Vrithin

9 basins, one of

•nough to con-

sof-battlediips.

nd), a province

loliand, having

in the west, and

an on the north.

1200 square

I inhabitants.

ge province in

outh-eastbfthe

ntaining 80S0

d a population

wateroibythe

.theYssel, the

[aese; but the

ces heavy and

ight and sandy*

iertile.

a large city ih
situate on the

Scheldt, at its junction with the
Lys. By these rivers, and a
numlier of navigable canals, the
. town is divided into twenty-six
islands, which communicate by
SfiO wooden bridges. It is l)eau-
tifUlly situate on a plain, and its
area is atwut fifteen miles in cir-
cuit, great part of it being occu-
Sied with gardens, orchards, and
elds. Here is still to he seen
the castle whore Charles V.
was bom. Ghent !c uie seat
of a university, and a bishop's

BCC*

Gn/ningen, a province in the
north-eastern extremity of the
kingdom, having about 770
square miles of superficial ex-
tent, and a population of 146,000.
Level and low, it is protected by
dykes against the sea, and inter-
sected by numberless ditches and
canab, for carrying off the wa-
ter. Its pastures are extremely
rich. Groningen, its capital, is
a large town, the seat of an
ancient and respectable univcr-

- sity. United with Groningen is
the small province of Drcnthe,
(Drent), containing about 46,500
inhabitants.

Haerleim, (Harlime'), a consider-
« able town in Holland Proper, on
\ ihe river Spaaren and the Haer-
it. leira Meer. In its principal
church is an organ, supposed to
n< be the largest in the world, con-
- sistingof a thousand pipes, and
combining the sound of many
instruments.
Haerleim Meer, an extensive lake,
Iving t)etween Amsterdam, Ley-
den, and Haerleim, and commu-
nicating with the Zuyder-zee,
., through the river Y. Itisnear-
•» ly 14 miles square, and is navig-
able throughout.
Hague, (Haig), a large and ele-
gant town in Holland Proper,
about 30 miles S.W. firom Am-
n< sterdam. About a mile to the
>.; north of the town is the rural
palace of the royal family, em-
bosomed amidst an extensive
and noble wood. There are, be-
sides, the old palace within the

.town, and the ncwjuilace begun
by William III. l<u)e villas and
beautiful ptomenades adorn the
vicinity of this magnificent place.
Population 42,000.

Hainault, (Hi'-noult'), an exten-
sive province in the Nether-
lands, to the north of the French
frontier. Its superficial extent
is 1700 square miles: its popula-
lation 4/73,000. Diflbrcnt places
in this province have been the
scenes of some of the must cele-
brated wars recorded in the his-
tory of Europe.

Haine, a small river which falls
into the Scheldt at Condi.

Hcl'der, a small town in Holland
Proper, having a strong fortress,
which guards the entrance to
the Zuyder-zee.

Hel voetsluy 8, ( Hcl vKtslois) , a small
but fortified town on the south
side of the island Voorn, in
Holland Proper, having an ex-
cellent harbour, which could
contain the whole Dutch navy.

Hol'land, in its most extensive
application, comprehends the
Seven United Provinces, which
formerly composed the Dutch
republic. Its situation is indicat-
ed by its name, which signifies
the low or hollow land.

Holland Proper, a province north
of Zealanu, remarkable for the
density of its population, the
number of its towns and villages,
and th9 triumphs of persevering
industry over the most appalling
cUlIiculties. Itssuperficialextent
does not much exceed 2000 square
miles ; yet its population was at
one time 900,000 ; and by a cen-
sus taken in 1817, it amounted,
notwithstanding all the evils of
the French war, and the dis-
couraging restrictions on its
commerce, to 748,000.

Hoorn, a considerable seaport
town on the Zuyder-zee, having
the best harbours on the coast of
that sea.

Isselmon^e, a small island in Hol-
land Proper, formed by the
Maese, the Merwe, and the
Issel.

F 2

NETHERLANDS.

Lau'wer-iec, an ami of the sea in
the north of Groningen.

Led(, a river which bramAiet off
firom the Rhine in Utrecht, and
fells into the Maese above Rot-
terdam.

tcewax'den, the chief town of
Frieslandt situate en the river
Ee. It is intf rsected with ca>
nals, whose banks and walls are
•haded with trees, so as to form
ddightAil promenades.

ijefdea, one of the principal cities
of the kingdom, is situate on a
small branch of the Rhine, in
Holland Proper. It is intersect-
ed by a number of canals, form-
ing upwards of fifty small islands,
which are connected together

a more than 100 bridges,
e principal street, in which
the Stadthouse is situate, is ac-
counted the finest in Europe.
Leyden is the seat of a celebrated
university, and has produced
many eminent men.
liege, iLeeaishO, a kurge and po-

fiulous province in the S.R of
hekingd<Hn, having a superfi-
cial extent of 2900 souare miles,
and a population or 354,000.—
The capital of the above pro-
vince, is situate in a pleasant
valley on the Maese, surround-
ed with cultivated hills. It is a
flourishing town, and has exten-
sive nuuiuftctures, particularly
in the different branches of iron-
wark. and clock-work. Popula-
lation 50,00a

Limburg, (Limtioorg), a province
to the east of Liege, having a
swperflciid extent of 1500 square
mues, and 892,000 inhabitants.

Louvain, (Loovung), a large town
in South Braban^ situate on the
Dyie. Its walls are nearly seven
miles in circuit ; but the space
which they enclose is chiefly
occupied by gardens and vine-

Jrards, Its univerrity, oncece-
ebrated, has been latdy re-
vived.
Luxembourg, (boorg), a large pro.
vince to the south of Liege, nav-
ingan extentof SMOsquaremiles,
and containing 226,000 inhabi-
tants. Luxembourg, its caiHtal,

is, both by nature and art, one
of the strongest places in Eu-
rope. Here are many Interest-
ing remains of Roman antiqui-
ty.

Maese, or Meuse. (Maiz. or M«k),
a lane river which rises in the
south of Lorraine, in France,
flaws through Namur, Liege,
Limburg, and North Brabant;
sAet being Joined by the Waal,
the united river takes the name
of Merwe, and fklls into the
German Ocean below Rotter-
dam.

Msestricht, (Mise'striht), the
principal town of the province
of lamburg, situate on the
Maese, near its conflu«)ce with
the Jaer. It is one of the
strongest places in the Nether-
lands. Its ramparts form agree-
able promenades. Population
18,500.

Malines, (Maleen), or Mechlin,
(MeAlin), a large town in South
Bralunt, situate on the Doyle,
noted for its manufactures of
flne lace and linens. Population
20,000.

Mid'dleburg, the principal town
of the province of Zealand, si-
tuate near the centre of the
island of Walcheren. It is a
place of great antiquity, and of
considerable trade. Population
15,000.

Mans, (Muns), » large town in
Hainautt, on the small river
Fouille. It is strongly fortified,
and is one of the principal bar-
rier towns against France. Po.
pulation 20,000.

Moselle, (Mozel'), a large river
which takes its rise among the
Vosges mountains, and, after
quitting the French territory,
forms the 8.E. boundary of
Luxemburg, and falls into the
Rhine at Coblentz.

Namur', (Namoor'), a province
south of Brabant, having a su-
perficial extent of 020 square
miles, and a population of
115,000. — Namur, the chief
town, is situate l)Gtween two

NETHERLANDS.

i and art, one

places in Eu-

many Intercst-

ioman antiquU

Midx, or Mm),
ch ruM In the
le, in I^rance,
ifamur, Liege,
Forth Brabant}
I by the Waal,
takes the name
fells into the
below Rotter-

e'striht), the
)f the province
ituate on the
nonfluence with
is one of the
in the Nether,
irts form agree-
IS. Population

), or Mechlin,
e town in South
! on the Doyle,^
oanufacvures of
ens. Population

principal town

of Zealand, si.

centre of the

heren. It is a

ntiquity, and of

de. Population

large town in
he small river
trongly fortified,
le principal bar.
St France. Po-

a large river
rise among the
ins, and, after
rench territory,
L boundary of
d falb into the
itz. '

r'), a province
It, having a su.
of 920 square
population of
Lir, the chief
c between two

- rising grounds at the confluence
oftheMaeseand Sambre. The
mines and iron.worlu give em-
ployment to a great number of
the inhabitants. Population
16,000.

Nime^en, (Neem'guen), a town
in Oeldetland, on the left bank
of the WaaL Population lS,aoa

Ostend, a nespatt town in West
flanders, from which packets
regularly sail to Dover, Rams,
gate, Colchester, and London.
Ostend is famous in history for
the obstinate defence which it
made against a siege of the
Spaniards for upwards of three
years, A.D. 1601-1604.

Oudenarde', a small town in East
Flanders, situate on the Scheldt
Here the Duke of Marlborough
and Prince Eugene gained a
memorable battle over the
French, AD. 1708.

Overflak'kee, an island at the em-
bouchure of the Maese into the
German Ocean.

Overys'sel, an extensive province
in the east of Holland, having a
population of 147,000.

Rhine. Sec France.

Rotterdam', a large and important
commercial city in Holland Pro.
per, situate on the Maese, and
traversed by the Rotte. The
largest vcssela are here brought
close to the doors of the mer.
chants' warehouses. This was
the birth-place of the famous
Erasmus, to whose memory his
follow-citizens have erected a
bronze statue. Population 56,000.

Som'bre, a river in Flanders,
which falls into the Maese at
Namur.

Scheldt, (Sheld), a large river
which rises in Picardy, winds
through East Flanders, and falls
into the German Ocean by two
branches, called the East and
West Scheldt, after a course of
200 miles.

Schelling, (Shel'ling), an island
about nine miles from the coast

ofFrietland. It is 15 miles long,
and S broad, and containa SOOO
inhabitants.
Schowen, (Sho'en), an Island at
the mouth of the Schddt, 15
miles long, and 5 broad.

Tex'd. an island at the entrance
of the Zuyder.iee, separated
flrom the continent bv the nar-
row channel of Mats-diep. It is
about 18 miles in lengtfi, and 6
miles in breadth. Kear this
island Admiral Blake defeated
the Dutch fleet under Van
Trompe, A.D. 165a

Tholen, a fertile and well-^nilti-
vated island at the mouth of the
Scheldt, about IS miles long,
and 6 miles broad.

Tour'nay, (Toor'nay), the chief
town of the province of Hai-
nault, situate on the Scheldt.
Population 22,000.

Vlieland, (Viee'land), a small
island at the mouth of the Zuy-
der-iee, 8 miles in length, and 3
in breadth.

Voorn, an island formed by two
mouths of the Maese, about 25
miles in length, and 5 in breadth.

Utrecht, (Ootreht), a province to
the east of Holland, and south
of the Zuyder-zee. Its superfi.
cial extent is 490 square miles,
and its population about 110,000.
—Utrecht, its principal town, is
the seat of a celebrated univer-
sity. Here were conduded two
memorable treaties,— the one in
*579, uniting the Seven Provin.
ces against the Spaniards,— the
other, in 1713, terminating the
wars of the Succession.

Waal, a large branch of the Rhine,
flowing westward, joins tlie

Walcherien, (Wal'sheren), the
most populous and best cultivat-
ed of the islands that compose
the province of Zealand. iJn.
fortunately it is very unhealthy.
It is 12 miles in length, and 8
in breadth. Besides three con-

7fl

FRANCB.

■iderabte towns. Middleburg,
' fliuhtng, and Vere, It contains

• number of villagea.
YypiM, (Eeraay'), a fbrtifled town

in West Fiancees, situate on a

■mall river. Po|iulation 15,500.

Zealand, a province composed
chiefly of islands, via. Schowen,
DuievelandjTholen, Walcheren,
North and South Beveland, and
Wolfersdyck, and a strip of land
on the continent along the
bank of the West Scheldt. Its

superficial area is about 970
square miles, and its popuUtion
111.000.

Zut'pnen, a town in Gelderland,
on the right bank of the Yssel.
It Is fortified, and strong horn
its situation amidst drainra fens.
Here the l>rave Sir Philip Syd-
ney fell in 1586.

2uyder-zee, ( Zolder'.zee) , a branch
or gulf of the German Ocean,
about 80 miles in length flrom
north to south, and varying ftom
15 to 30 in breadth.

FRANCE

Is bounded on the North by the Netherlands and
the English Channel ; on the West, by the Bay of
Biscay ; on the South, by the Pyrenees and the
Mediterranean ; and on the East, by Italy, Switz*
erland, and Germany. It lies between 42° 20', and
51° of North Lat. ; and between 5° West, and 8°
East Long. Its length, from North to South, is
660 miles ; and its breadth, from East to West, is
590 miles. It contains a population of thirty-one
millions.

Its Provinces are — 1. Picardy ; 2. Normandy ;
3. Bretagne ; 4. Poitou; 5. Suintongcand Augou-
mois; 6. Guienne; ?• Gascogne; 8. Languedoc ;
9. Provence ; 10. Dauphine ; 11. Franche
Compte; 12. Burgundy; 13. Alsace; 14. Lor-
raine; 15. Champagne; I6. Isle of France; I7.
Maine, Anjou, and Touraine ; 18. Orleanois and
Nivernois ; 19. Berri and Bourbonnois; 20. La
Marche and Limousin ; 21. Auvergne; 22. Lyon-
23. Bcarn; 24. Rousillou ; 25. Com tat d'

nois

Avignon ; 26. Artois ; 27. French Flanders.

FRANCE. 77

At the Revolution^ these provinces were di-
vided into the following departments :-»l. Picardy,
Into the department of the Somme; 2. Normandy,
• into the Loner Seine, Eure, Ome, Calvados, the
Channel; S. Bretajifnej into Ille and Vilaine, Ne-
ther Loire, North Coast, Morbihan, Finisterre;
4. Poitou, into VendSe, Two Sevres, Vknne; 5,
\ Saintonge and Angoumois, into the Charente, and
Lower Charente; 6. Ouienne, into the Gironde,
Dordogne, Lot, Aveiron, part of Lot and Garonne ;
7* Oascogne, into Landes Gers, Upper Pyrenees,
part of Lot and Garonne, and part of Upper Ga*
ronne; 8. Languedoc, into Upper Loire, Ardeche,
Lozere, Gard, Herault, Tarn, Aude, Ariege; 9*
Provence, into Far, Mouths of the Rhone, Lower
Alps; 10. Dauphin^, into tipper Alps, Drome,
Isere; 11. Franche Compt^, into Upper Saone,
Douhs, Jura; IS. Burgunoy, into Saone and Ijoire,
C6te d'Or, Ain ; 13. Alsace, into Upper Rhine,
Lower Rhine; 14. Lorraine, into the Meuse, Mo»
zelle, Meurthe, Vosges; 15. Champagne, intOi^r-
dennes, Mame, Aube, Yonne, Upp^iMarne; 16.
Isle of France, into the Seine, Siineand Oise, Oise,
Seine and Mame, Aisne; 17. Maine, into Mavennc,
Sarte; Aojou, mtx) Maine and Loire ; Touraine,
into Indre and Loire; 18. Orleanois, into the
Loiret, Eure and Loire, the Loire and Cher ; Ni-
vernois, into the Nievre; 19* Berri, into Indre,
Cher; Bourbonnois, into the Allier ; 20. La
Marchc, into the Creuse, the Upper Vienne; Li-
mousin, into Correze; 21. Auvergne, into Dome,
Cantal; 22. Lyonnois, into Rhone and Loire ; 23.
Beam, Lower Pyrenees; 24. Bousillon, Eastern
Pyrenees; 25. Avignon, or Venaissin, the Vau*

78 FRANCE.

cluse; 26. Artois, Calais Sirailt; 27. Frehch
Flanders, the North,

Of these ProriDoes, the principal Towns are—
1. Amiens, Abbeville, Boulogne, Calais; 2. Rouen,
Havre de Grace, Dieppe, Caen, Cherbourg; 5.
Rennes, Brest, L'Orient, Nantes; 4. Poictiers,
Rochelle, Rochfort; 5. Saintes, Angouleme; 6.
Bourdeaux, Agen, Montauban ; 7* Bayonne, Auch ;
8. Toulouse, Narbonne, Montpelier, Nisnies; 9*
Aix, Marseilles, Toulon ; 10. Grenoble, Valence,
Vienne; 11. Be8an9on; 12. Dijon, Autun, Ma-
con; 13. Strasbourg, Colmar; 14. Thionville,
Metz, Nanci, Epinal; 15. Rheims, Chalons,
Troyes; l6. Paris, Versailles, St Germain; 17*
Mans, Angers, Tours; 18. Orleans, Blois, Ne-
vers; 19. Bourges, Chateauroux, Moulins; 20.
Gueret, Limoges, Tulle; 21. Clermont, Aurillac;
22. Lyons, Roanne ; 23. Pau, Oleron ; 24. Per-
pignan ; 25. Avignon ; 26. St Omer, Arras ; 27.
Lille, Dunkirk, Douay, Cambray.

Islands^ — Ushant, Belleisle, Noirmoutier, Rhe,
Hieres, Corsica.
. Capbs. — ^La Hogue, Barfleur.

Mountains. — Pyrenees, part of the Alps, Ce-
vcnnes, Cantal, Puy de Dome, Mount Jura, Vos-
ge«.

. RiVBBS.— Seine, Loire, Garonne, Rhone, Rhine,
Moselle, Meuse, Escault or Scheldt, Somme, Orne,
Vilaine, Sevre and Vendue, Charente, Adour. i

J2emarJ(«.— Although in a country of such extent much
variety of aspect may be expected, the general appearance
Of France is level. In the hillv districts, and in the val-
leys through which its rivers cude, particularly the Seine
and Loire, the scenery is often^ighly picturesque and beau-

27. Frehch

WfiB

; 2. Rouen,
rbourg; 3.
. Poictien,
mleme ; 6.
one, Auch ;
Nisnies; 9-
}, Valence,
utun, Ma-
Thionville,
f Chalons,
rmain; 17*
Blois, Ne-
Dulins; 20.
b, Aurillac ;
; 24. Per-
irras; 27.

itier, Rhe,

I Alps, Ce-
[ura, Vos-

Ine, Rhine,

]me, Orne,

lour. >

ttent much
I appearance
in the val.
the Seine
! and beau-

FRANCE. 79

tiful ; but the country may be regarded te in general tame
and uninteresting. The English traveller has to proceed 400
miles south from Calais, before he reaches the mountains of
Auyergne, which are connected with those of Dauphin^
Languedoc, and Provence. This enormous assemblage of
rocks, chiefly basaltic, covers an extent of 120 miles. The
other ridges are the Vosges mountains on the eastern fron.
tier ; a chain of the Alps, which penetrates into Dauphin^
and Provence, and then stretching northwards, separates
France from Italy and Switxerland ; and the Pyrenees, the
bold frontier between France and Spain.

Placed in the middle of the temperate sone, France en-
joys a peculiarly fine climate. It varies, indeed, consider-
ably in the various resions of the country. In the north it
resembles considerably the climate of the south-west of
England ; although in summer it is rather hotter, as well
as more humid ; and in winter the cold is sometimes more
severe. In the central region, particularly in the provinces
of Touraine and Limousin, the temperature is delightful,
.and the air pure, light, and elastic. But in this region
violent storms of rain and hail occasionally destroy the vint-
age and corn ; and frosts occur later in spring, and earlier
in autumn, than in the south of England. The heat in
the southern region is excessive during the months of June,
July, August, and part of September. October and No-
vember are here the pleasantest months of the year. In
the mountainous tracts of this region storms often rage with
dreadful violence ; and the swarms of flies and other insects
are equally annoying and destructive.

The soil is various,— but the greater part of it is fertile,
and produces admirable crops. Grain of all kinds is raised
in the northern districts, which are not very favourable to
the growth of the vine. In the middle district, vines, and
every species of grain, grow luxuriantly,— while, in the
soutiiem district, olives, maize, and even the orange, are
cultivated with advanti^. Although coal is found in va-
rious parts of France, and is wrought for the use of manu«
factories, yet, as it is little employed for domestic fuel, great
plantations are raised in almost every part of the country,
both for firewood, and for covert to the animals of the
chase. Among the wild animals of France may be men-
tioned the wolf and the bear,— .of which latter there are two

PRANCE.

spedes, the cnrnivorous, and the vegetable->cttter9. Pro-
vence, Languedoc, and Dauphin^ maintain large flocks of
sheep, which annually migrate from the mountainous to the
plain country, and back, again. They travel in flocks of
from 10,000 lo 40,000 under the care of shepherds, and
are from SO to 30 days on the journey, liie most exten-
sive and fertile pastures for cattle are in NcHinandy.

The minerals of France are of considerable impwtance.
Lead abounds in Bretagiie. Antimony is found in various
places in such quantities as would supply the whole of Eu-
rope. Gold, silver, copper, cobalt, manganese, zinc, and
mercury, may be enumerated among the otlier productions
of its mines. Jet h found in great quantities in the de-
partment of the Aube ; and turquoises, little inferior to
those of the East, are procured among the mountains of the
Rouergue. Quarries of excellent freestone occur in many
parts of the kingdom, especially in the neighbourhood of
Paris— quarries of jasper in Franche Compt^, and of
beautiful marble in the Pyrenees. At Salins, in Franche
Compt6, are salt springs. The principal mineral waters are
at Aix, Bagneres, and Bareges. The hot springs of Ba-
reges are well known.

Among the natural curiosities of France, the most re-
markable is the plain of La Crau, on the east side of the
Rhone. It covers an area of about 20 square leagues, fill-
ed with gravel of quartE,— some of which are as large as a
man's head,— -and the whole plain is as destitute of v^eta-
tion as the shingle of the sco-shore.

France abounds in antiquities. At Nismcs <iiere are more
numerous and interesting monuments of Roman art, than
in any other city, perhaps, in Europe, with the exception
of Rome itself. Of these the most remarkable are the
Maison Quarrel, an edifice of beautiful architecture, and
almost as entire us when built, in the reign of Augustus ;«—
a beautiful fountain, with the remains of baths, statues,
and other decorations ;— a building «upposed to have been
a pantheon ;— and the walls of an amphitheatre, nearly as
spacious as the Coliseum of Rome, and in a better state of
preservation. Druidic circles and other monuments are
found in Picardy. And on the coast of Vannes, in Bre-
tagne, there is a Druidic monument far surpassing that of
Stonehenge. In tlie cathedral church of Bayeux, in Nor.

Btttew. Vto-
rge flocks of
tainous to the
i ia flocks of
lepherds, and
most exten-
nandy.

e impcM'taiice.
und m various
I whole of Eu-
ese, ainc, and
er productions
ties in the de-
ttle inferior to
lountainsofthe
occur in many
ighbourhood of
onipt6, and of
ns, in Franche
neral waters are
, springs of Ba-

5, the most re-
east side of the
are leagues, fifl-
re as large as a
;itut« of vegeia-

68<4ierearemore
loman art, than
I the exception
arkable are the
rchitectufPf and
of Augustus ;—
r baths, statues,
ed to have been
■eatre, nearly as
a better state of
monuments are
Vannes, in Bre-
irpassing that of
Bayeux, in Nor-

FRANCE.

mandy, is preserved a suite of tapestry, said to be the work
of Matilda, wife of William the Conqueror, representing
the progress and tcrminatioa of the grand contest between
her husband and Harold.

In political importance, France is one of the first coun-
tries in the world. The compactness of her territory gives
her the ready command of her dense population ; her re-
sources are ample ; and her subjects, active, Hrave, and
fond of military glory, rush eagerly, at the slig'tt'^st call, to
compose or re-enforce her armies. Her recent history,
under Napoleon, proves what she is able to achieve in war.
In 1812, her army amounted to 600,000 men. Since the
peace of 1815, it has been reduced to 240,000. Were the
navy of France equal to her army, she would be the most
formidable power in Europe. In that important species of
force she is very far inferior to Great Britain. In 1820,
she possessed only 48 ships of the line, of which few are in
commission, and 29 frigates. Her revenue is about
£37,000,000.

Great as her resources are, France must yield tiie palm,
both in manufactures and commerce, to Great Britain.
Her silks and woollen cloths are, indeed, remarkable for
the fineness and durability of their texture ; her laces and
linens, her plate-(_^ iss and porcelains, are in great demand ;
and her wines and bcandies are extensively exported ; but
the want of capital, and the consequent shortness of credit,
hamper and circumscribe her trade.

The manners of the French are extremely agreeable.
They are lively, good-humoured, polite, and attentive to
strangers ; and their morals, except in large cities, are at
least as pure as those of their neighbours. In literature
and science the French have long held a distinguished
place ; but they are more to be admired for graceful ele-
gance, than for sublimity of imagination, or profound reach
of thought.

After the agitation of the revolution had subsided, France
gradually returned from the anarchy of republicanism to
the more settled state of monarchy. Under Buonaparts
the monarchy was military and absolute. On the restora-
tion of the Bourbon family, it was modified into a resem-
blance of that of Britain.

li :S

It ■• H

I' *

FRANCE.

EXERCISES.

What are the boundaries of France ? In what latitude
and longitude is it situate ? What is its extent in length
and breadth? What population does it contain? What
are its provinces? Into what departments have those pro-
vinces been divided ? What are the principal towns of
Picardy ? Of Normandy, &c. ? Name the chief islands
of France — its capes — ^its mountains — ^its rivers. Where is
Pau, Paris, Caen, Marseilles, Versailles, Narbonne, Dun-
kirk, Calais, Kochelle, Agen, &c. ? Where are the Cevennes
Mountains, La Hogue, the Seine, Noirmoutier, the Somme,
Ome, Loire, Belleiue, Barfleur, Vosges, Puy de Dome, &c. ?

What is the general appearance of France ? T^ what parts
of the country does picturesque and beautiful scenery occur ?
At what distance from Calais does the traveller meet with
mountains ? What extent is occupied by this enormous as-
semblage of rocks ? What are the other principal ridges of
mountains in France ?

What description of climate does France enjojr ? What
country does the northern region resemble in climate, and
widi what difference ? Describe the climate of the central
region. During what months does excessive heat pre-
vail in the southern region? What are the pleasantest
months of the year there ? To what evils is this part of the
country exposed ?

What is the general description of the soil ? What are
the prevailing productions in the several districts ? For what
purposes are great plantations raised in every part of the
country ? By what species of wild animals is France infest-
ed? What is remarkable about the sheep in the southern
provinces ? In what provinces are the most extensive pas-
tures for cattl?

Are the minerals of France important? Enumerate its
principal metals. Where does jet abound ? Where are tur-
quoises procured ? Where do quarries of freestone, of jasper,
and of oeautiful marbles occur ? Where are salt-springs
found ? Where are the principal mineral springs ? What
is the most remarkable natural curiosity in France ? Does
France abound in antiquities ? At what place are the most
remarkable monuments of Roman art ? Mention the priaci-

gal of them. In what provinces are Druidic monuments to
e seen ? What relic of antiquity is preserved in the cathe-
dral church of Bayeux ?

What rank does France hold in political importance ?
What circumstances contribute to her military strength ?

FRANCE.

,^ 'i

what latitude
eat in length
itain ? What
ive those pro-
ipal towns of
! chief islands
irs. Where is
trbonne, Dun-
re the Cevennes
r, the Somme,
le Dome, &c. ?
It* what parts
scenery occur ?
;ller meet with
is enormous as-
acipal ridges of

enjojr

? What

n climate, and
of the central
jive heat pre-
the pleasantest
this part of the

1? What are
cts ? For what
sry part of the
3 France infest-
in the southern
extensive pas-
Enumerate its
Where are tur-
stone, of jasper,
ire salt-springs
irings? What
France ? Does
ue are the most
[tion the priBci-
monuments to
in the cathe-

ll importance ?
[tary strength ?

How has she recently proved what she is able to achieve in
war ? What is the present amount of her army ? What
was its amount in 1812 ? What is the amount oi her navy ?
What is her annual revenue ?

Is France equal to Great Britain in commerce and manu-
factures ? Mention some of her principid manufactures. By
what circumstances is her trade hampered and circumscribed ?

What are the characteristic manners of the French ? Are
their morals particularly corrupt ? What place do they hold
in literature and science ? For what literary quality are they
chiefly to be admired ? Through what changes has the go-
vernment of France passed since the Revolution ?

DESCRIPTIVE TABLE.

Abbeville, <pr. Ablievil), a town
in Picardy, on the Somme.

Adour, (Adoor'), a river which
rises in the Pyrenees, and flows
through Gascony to the Bay of
Biscay.

Agen, (AzAang'), a town in
Guienne, situate on the Lot.

Agincourt, (AzAengcooi/), a vil-
lage in Artois, famous for the
great victory gained by Henry
V. of England over a very 8U>
perior French army, 25th Octo-
ber, 1415.

Aix, (Aiz), an ancient city in
Provence, founded by the Ro-
man general, Calvinus, 120 years
before the Christian era.

Alsace, (Alsauce'), a province in
the east of France.

Amiens, (Amyang'), a town of Pi-
cardy, pleasantly situate on the
Somme. Here a treaty of peace
was concluded between the Bri-
tish and French, on the 25th
March, 1802.

Angers, (AngssAer), a city in An-
jou, near the junction of the
Mayenne and Loire.

Angouleme, (Angoolame'), a town
in Angoumois, which gives the
title of Duke to a member of
the royal family.

Angoumois, (Angoomay), a pro-
vince in the west of France.

Anjou, (AngzAoo), a province
south-east of Bretagne.

Ar'ras, a large and strong town in
French Flanders, situate on the

Scarpe. It is famous for its ta-
pestry.
Artois, (Artwau), a province in

the north of France.
Auch, (Osh), the capital of Gas-

cogne, situate on the Gers.
AurillaC| (Oreelyac), a flourishing

town m Auvergne, situate on

the Jordane.
Autun, (Otung), an ancient city

in Burgundy.
Auvergne, (Ovaim'), a province

in the interior of France.
Avignon, ( Avinyong'), a large and

beautiful city in the county of

the same name, situate on the

Rhone.

Barfltfur, a promontory, and small
town, on the coast of Norman-
dy.

Bayonne, (Bayon'), a flourishing
commercial town in Gascony,
at the confluence of the Nive
and Adour, two miles flrom the
Bay of Biscay.

Beam', in the south-west of
France.

Belleisle, (Belleel'), an island off
the south coast of Bretagne,
fifteen miles in length, and from
5 to 12 in breadth.

Ber'ri, a province in the interior
of France, ttovn which one of
the royal princes takes the title
of Duke.

Bcsancon, (Besangsong'), the prin-
cipal tojvn of Franchc Compte',
situate on the river Doubs. It

FRANCE.

is a large, ancient, and well-for-
tified city.

Blois, (Bloau'), an ancient city in
Orleanois, situate on the Loire.

Boulogne, (Boolo'ne), an ancient
seaport town on the coast of
Picardy.

Bourbonnois, (Bo'orbonay), a (iro-
vince and dutchy in the interior.

Bourdeaux, (BoordoO, one of the
largest and most opulent cities
in France, and the capital of
Guienne, on the Garonne. It
contains 133,000 inhabitants.
The poet Ausonius, Montaigne,
and Montesquieu, were natives
of this place.

Bourges, (Boorzhe), a consider,
able town in Berri, at the con-
flux of the Evre and Auron,
Louis XI. was born here.

Brest, a large seaport in Bretagne,
the chief station of the French
navy, with one of the best har>
bours in Europe.

Bretagne, (Bretan'), one of the
largest provinces of France, oc>
cupying its south-west comer.

Bur'gundy, a province in the east
of the kingdom.

Caen, (Cang), a large and popu-
lous town in Normandy, the seat
of university. Here William
the Conqueror was interred.

Calais, (Calay', or Cal'lis), a sea-
port town in Picardy, nearly op-
posite to Dover. After a me-
morable siege, it surrendered to
Edward III. of England, and
remained in the possession of
the English till the year 1558,
when it was retaken by the
Duke of Guise.

Cambray, a large and well-forti-
fied town in French Flanders.
The fine linen texture, called
cambric, derives its name from
this town.

Cantal', a chain of mountains in
Auvergne ; of which the point,
called Plomb de Cantal, is 6200
feet, and the Puy de Sauci, 6300
feet alxtve the level of the sea.

Cevennes, (Ceven'), a chain of
mountains in the north-east of
Languedoc, remarkable as the
retreat of the persecuted Protes-

tants towards the end of the
17th century.

Chalons, (Slialong), a town in
Champagne, on the Marnc.

Champagne, (Shampan^, a pro^
vince in the north-east of France,
celebrated for the wine to which
it gives name.

Charente, (Sharangf), a river
which rises in Poictou, and flows
through Santonge and Angou-
mois to the sea.

Chateauroux, (ShatorooO, a town
in Berri, on the Indre.

Cherbourg, (Sherboorg), an im.
portant seaport town on the coast
of Normandy, between capes La
Hogae and Barfleur.

Clermont, (Clairmong), an an.
cient city in Auvergne, the
seat of a college.

Colmar', a town in Alsace, situate
in a very fertile plain.

Cor'sica, a large island to the
north of Sardinia. It is about
1 10 miles in length, abounding
in mountains and forests. In its
capital, Ajaccio, Napoleon Buo-
naparte was born, 1769.

Dauphine, (Do'finayJ, a province
in the south-east of France.

Dieppe, (Dee'ep), a large seaport
town in Normandy.

Dijon, (DeezAong), the principal
city of Burgundy, the seat of a
famous university. Bossuet and
Crebillon were natives of this
place.

Douay, (Dooa'), a large fortified
town in French Flanders. It is
the seat of a luiivcrsity, and has
a college for the education of
British and Irish Roman Catho.
lies.

Dunkirk, (Dongkerk'), alargeand
strong seaport town in French
Flanders.

Epinal', a town in Lorraine, on the
Moselle.

Tranche Compte, (Frangsh Cong'.
ty), a province on the borders of
Switzerland.

Garonne, (Garon'), a river which
rises in the Pyrenees, flows north*
west through Gascogne and Uui^

le end of the

;), a town in
;he Mame.
mpan'h a P'*
^-east of France,
e wine to which

ingtO, a river
Dictou, and flows
ge and Angou-

atoiooO, a town
Indre.

rboorg), an im-
town on the coast
letween capes La
fleur.
rmong), an an-

Auvergne,

the

in Alsace, situate
e plain.

■e island to the
inia. It is about
engtb, abounding
ind forests. In its
io. Napoleon Buo-
3rn, 1769.

inay), a provinee
ast of France.

, a large seaport
andy. , . ,

ig), the principal
idy, the seat of a

(ity. Bossuet and
natives of this

I a large fortified

h Flanders. It is

niversity, and has

the education of

ish Roman Catho-

kerk'),alargeand
town in French

m Lorraine, on the

;, (Frangsh Cong',
on the borders of

in'), a river which
renees, flows north.
Gascogne and Oub

FRANCE.

enne, and, before falling into

the Bay of Biscay, assumes the

name of the Gironde.
Gascogne, (Gascon'), a province

in the south-west of France.
Germain, St (Seng ZAermengO.
Grenoble, a large town in Dau-

phine, on the Isere.
Gueret, (Ga'ry), a nnall town in

La Marche.
Guienne', (Gi'en'), a province in

the 80uth>west, separated f^om

Gascony by the Garonne.

Havre>de-Grace, (Ha-ver-de*

Gras'), a seaport town in Nor.

mandy, at the mouth of the

Seine.
Hieres, (HeairO, a cluster of

islets south of Jrrovence.
Hogue, La, (Hog'), a cape in the

north.west of Normandy.

Jura', Mount, a great chidn of
mountains between France and
Switzerland.

La Marche, (Law Marsh'), an in.
terior province of France.

Languedoc, (Lang.^e.doc'), a pro.
vince in the south.

Limoges, (LeemozA'), a consi.
derable town in Limousin, the
birth-place of Marmontel.

Limousm, (Lemooseng), an in-
terior province.

Lisle, (Leel), a large city on the
Deule, in French Flanders, one
of the strongest fortified places
in Europe.

Loire, (Loaur'), a large river,
which rises m the Cevennes,
and, flowing through Lyonnois,
Burgundy, Nivemois, Orleanois,
Touralne, Anjou, and Bretagne,
falls into the Bay of Biscay after
a course of 500 miles.

L'Orient, (L'Orian^), a consider,
able seaport town m Bretagne.

Lorraine', a province in the north,
east.

Lyonnois, (Lconnay'), a province
in the south-east.

Lyons, (Leong'), a large and
flourishing city in Lyonnois, si-
tuate on a tongue of land formed
by the Rhone and Saone. It is fa-
mous for the manufacture of silk.

a •

Ma^on, (Masong'), a considerable
town in Burgundy, on the Saone.

Maine, a province in the west

Mans, (Mang), or Le Mans, a
considerable town in Maine.

Marseilles, (Marsail'), a targe
commercial citv of Provence,
on the Gulf of Lyons. It is of
great antiquitv, having been
founded by th^ Fhoceans of
Ionia, 550 years before the
Christian era.

Metz, a large fortified town in
Lorraine, at the confluence of
the Seille and Moselle.

Meuse, a large river which has its
rise in Lorraine, and flows north,
ward to the Netherlands.

Montauban, (Mongtobang*), a
large city in Guienne, in which
there is a protestant university.
From its elevated public walk,
called the Falaise, tne view ex.
tends thirty leagues.

Montpelier, (Mongpelyai'), a large
and ancient town in Languedoc,
the seat of a celebrated universi.
ty. The air in its vicinity is pe.
culiarly mild and pure.

Mos'elle, (Mozel'), a large river
which rises in the Vosges moun.
tains, and, flowing southwards,
falls mto the Rhine at Coblentz,
after a course of 300 miles.

Moulins, (Mooleng'), a consider-
able town in Bourbonnois, situ-
ate on the Allier^— the birth,
place of Marshal Villars, and the
Duke of Berwick.

Nanci, (Nang^see), a city in Lor.

raine, beautifully situate on the

Meurthe.
Nantes, (Nangt), a large commer.

cial city of Bretagne, finely si.

tuate on the Loire. One of its

chief exports is brandy.
Narbonne, (Narbon'), an ancient,

but now inconsiderable town in

Languedoc.
Nevers, (Nevair'), the principal

town of Nivemois, beautifully

situate at the Junction of the

Nievre and Loire.
Nismes, (Neem), an ancient and

large city in Languedoc, abound.

ing in interesting monuments of

antiquity.

G 2

I^llANCC.

Nivemoia, (Neevemay')i a pro-
irince in the interior.

Noirmoutier, (Nioarmo</tyai,) an
island on ttie coast of Bretagne,
opposite the mouth of the Loire.
Its extent ia about 70 square
miles, and its population nearly
6000.

Oleron, (Olrong^, atown in Beam,
on the Gave.

Omer, St, (Sangt Omer'), a consi-
siderable town in Artois, the
seat of a college, and a seminary
for British and Irish Catholics.

Orleanois, (OrleanayO* a province
in the interior.

Orleans, (OrleangO, a large town
in Orleanois, beautiAiUy situate
on the Loire. It is famous for
the memorable siege which its
inhabitants, animated by Joan
of Arc, sustained against the
English, in 1428.

Ome, a river in Normandy, which
fidls into the British Channel.

Far'-is, in the Isle of France, the
capital of the kingdom. It is si.
tuate on the Seine, and is one
of the finest cities in the world.
It is 260 miles distant ftom Lon.
don. Population 714,000.

Pau, (Po), a considerable town in
Beam, on the Gave.

Perpignan, (Perpinyang'), a forti-
fied city in Rousillon.

Picar'dy, a province in the north
of France.

Foictiers, (Pwaty&V), the principal
town of Poictou, of great extent,
but comparatively small popula.
tion.

Poictou, (Pwatoo'), a maritime
province in the west of France.

Puy de Dome, (Pwee de Dome'),
a lofty mountain in Auvergne,
6200 feet above the level of the

Pyrenees', an extensive and lofty
range of mountains, which form
the boundary between France
and Spain.

Rennes, (Ren), the principal town
of Bretagne, situate on the Vi-
laine, at Its confluence with the
lUe.

Rhe', (Ray), an island on th« w£st
coast, opposite to Rochelle, 18
miles long, and S broad. Popu>
lation 17,000.

Rheims, ^Reems), a large and an-
cient city in Champagne, the
seat of a royal college, and the
see of the primate ot France.

Rhine, (Rine), the largest river
in Europe next to the Danube
and Volga. It takes its rise in'
Mont St Gothard, in Switzer-
land, and forms, in a great part
of its course, the boundary be-
tween France and Germany. It
then passes into the Nether-
lands, and dividing into two
branches, the largest of which
is called the Waal, it unites
with the German Ocean, after a
course of 700 miles.

Rhone, (Rone), a large and ra[Hd
river, rises in the centre of
Switzerland, five miles from the
source of the Rhine. After
flowing through the lake of Ge-
neva, it takes a southern direc-
tion, and forms the boundary
between France and Savoy.
Then, passing to the west and
north, it separates Burgundy
from Dauphine. Its course is
then due south, separating Lyon-
nois and Languedoc flrom Dau-
phine and Provence ; and after
a course of 500 miles, it falls,
by three mouths, into the Medi-
terranean.

Roanne', (jRoanO, a considerable
town in JLyonnois, on the Loire.

Rochelle, (Roshel'), a strongly-
fortified town in Poitou. Here
the Protestants, in the 16th
century, took reAjge, and sus-
tained many sieges, till the
town was at length reduced by
Louis XIII. in 1^.

Rochefort, (Ro'bh'fort), a town in
Poictou, on the Charente. Its
harbour is one of the principal
naval stations of France.

Rouen, (Rooeng'), a large and
populous city in Normandy, on
the Seine. Its cathedral, one
of the finest in France, was
built by William the Conqueror.

Rousillon, (Roosilyong^), a small
province in the south.

s.»,

\ !

FRANCE.

Bland on th6 wfist
i to Rochelle, 18
i 3 broad. Popu-

I), a large and an>
Champagne, the
1 college, and the
nate of France,
the largest river
xt to the Danube,^
t takes its rise in"
hard, in Switzer-
ns, in a great part
the boundary be-
and Germany. It
into the Nether-
lividing into two
I largest of which

Waal, it unites
man Ocean, after a
miles.

, a large and rapid
in the centre of
five miles flrom the
le Rhine. After
igh the lake of Ge-
s a southern direc-
rms the boundary
ance and Savoy,
ig to the west and
^parates Burgundy
ne. Its course is
h, separating lyyon-
iguedoc flrom Dau-
rovence; and after

500 miles, it falls,
iths, into the Medi-

nO, a considerable
mois, on the Loire,
ishel'), a strongly-

in Poitou. Here
ints, in the 16th
refVige, and sus-
f sieges, till the

length reduced by

in lean.

fth'fort), a town in
the Charente. Its
ne of the principal

of France,
ng'), a large and
in Normandy, on
Its cathedral, one
t in France, was
liam the Conqueror,
osilyong'), a small
_he soutn.

Saintcs, (Sengt), the chief town
of Saintonge, a place of great
antiquity, on the Charente.

Saintonge, (SengtonzA), a pro-
vince in the west.

Scheld, (Skeld), a river in French
Flanders. See Netherlands.

Seine, (Sen), a river which rises
in Burgundy, and, flowing
through Champagne, the Isle
of France, and Normandy, falls
into the English Channel.

Sevres, (Sev're), ariver in Poictou,
which, after receiving the Ven-
dee, falls into the sea.

Somme, (Some), a river which
rises in Picardy, and flows west-
ward to the English Channel.

Stras'bourg, a large city in Alsace.
Its cathedral is one of the finest
specimens of Gothic architecture
in the world, with a tower 470
feet in height.

Thionville, (TeongvilO, a small

, but fortified town in Lorraine,
on the Moselle.

Toulon, (Too-long'), a large seaport
town on the Mediterranean, in
Provence, and one of the most
important naval stations in
France.

Toulouse, (Toolo'ose), the capital
of Languedoc, on the Garonne,
a large and important city, of
great antiquity.

Touraine', an inland province of

France.
Tours, (Toors), the chief town of

Touraine, finely situate on the

Loire.
Troyes, (Tro'au), a large and an-
cient town in Champagne, on

the Seine.
Tulle, (T»l), a city in Limousin,

at the confluence of the Correze

and Solane.

Valence, (Valangs), a town in
Dauphine, on the Rhone.

Vendee, (Vangday'), a river in
Poictou. See Sbvre.

Versailles, (Versaii'), a town in
the Isle of France, with a mag-
nificent royal palace, 12 miles
flrom Paris, west by south.

Vicnne, (Vien'), a considerable
town in Dauphine, on the
Rhone.

Vilaine, (Velane'), a considerable
river in Bretagne. Uniting
with the Ille, it falls into the
Atlantic, after a course of 140
miles.

Vosges, (Vozh), a great chain of
mountains in the east of France,
extending, in a line, nearly pa-
rallel to the Rhine, from Basle
to Spire.

Ushant', (OoshangO, a small isl.
and off the coast of Bretagne.

SPAIN

Is bounded on the North by the Bay of Biscay, and
the Pyrenees which separate it from France ; on
the East and South, by the Mediterranean ; and
on the West, by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean.
It extends from 36" to 43" 46' N. Lat., and
from 9° 13' W. to 3° 15' E. Long., being 650
miles in length from East to West, and 550 miles
in breadth from North to South. Including the

SPAIN.

islands in the Mediterranean, its population may
be computed at eleven millions.

Its Provinces are, 1. Gallicia; 2. Asturias;
3. Biscay ; 4. Navarre ; 5. Arragon ; 6. Catalo-
nia; 7> Valencia; 8. Murcia; 9* Granada; 10.
Andalusia; 11. Estremadura; 12. Leon; 13. Old
Castile; 14. New Castile.

The principal Towns are, 1. St Jago de Com-
postella, Corunna, Vigo, Ferrol ; 2. Oviedo, San-
tillana; 3. Bilboa, St Sebastian, Vittoria; 4. Pam-
peluna, Estella ; 5. Saragossa ; 6. Barcelona, Tor-
tosa, Tarragona ; 7« Valencia, Alicant ; 8. Murcia,
Carthagena; 9* Granada, Malaga; 10. Seville,
Cadiz, Gibraltar; 11. Badajos, Merida, Alcan-
tara; 12. Leon, Astorga, Salamanca; 13. Burgos,
Valladolid; 14. Madrid, Toledo, Talavera.

Islands. — ^Majorca, Minorca, Ivica, Formen-
tera.

Capes. — Finisterre, Ortegal, Europa Point, De
Gata, Palos.

Mountains.— Pyrenees, Mountains of Asturias,
Mountains of Castile, Mountains of Toledo, Sierra
Morena, Sierra Nevada, Montserrat.

Rivers. — Minho, Douro, Tagus, Guadiana,
Guadalquiver, Ebro, Xucar, Segura.

Remarks.— ~Wi^ the exception of Switzerland, Spain is
the most mountainous country in Europe ; and it abounds
in those wild, magnificent, and beautiful scenes, which
might be expected in such a country under so fine a cli-
mate. The lofty range of the Pyrenees, forming its north-
eastern barrier, is continued through the north of Spain,
where it receives the name of the Cantabrian chain, run-
ning parallel to the Bay of Biscay, and terminating in
Cape Finisterre. A secondary chain, called the Iberian
chain, stretches from the middle of this range, in a long
irregular line, southwards to Cape de Gata in Granada.

lation may

. Asturias ;
: 6. Catalo-
anada; 10.
in; 13. Old

p de Com-
viedo, San-
a; 4. Pam-
celona, Tor-
; 8. Murcia,
10. Seville,
•ida, Alcan-
13. Burgos,
avera.
Ml, Formen-

)a Point, De

of Asturias,
)ledo. Sierra

Guadiana,

[and, Spain is
id it abounds

Iscenes, which
so fine a cli-
ing its north-

|rth of Spain,
chain, run-
erminating in

i the Iberian

Ige, in a long
in Granada.

SPAIN.

From this range four other chains extend from east to
west till they reach the Atlantic : these are the mountains
of Castile, moimtains of Toledo, Sierra Morena, and
Sierra Nevada. Through each of the extensive plains
which those mountain ranges enclose, flows a great river
which receives the smaller streams that issue from the
heights parallel to its course. The central part of Spain,
comprising part of Old and New Castile, is an elevated
tableland, containing several towns at a great height above
the level of the sea. Madrid is 2200 feet, and St Ildefonsa
3800 feet above that level ; being the most elevated royal
residence in Europe.

In a country so mountainous as Spain, the climate is ne-
cessarily various. In the valleys and low grounds, the heat,
during the summer months, is excessive ; and the low dis-
tricts of Andalusia, Murcia, and part of Valencia, arc vi-
sited by a scorching wind from Africa, called the SolanOf
similar in its effects to the Sirocco .of Italy and Greece.
On the elevated grounds the temperature is cooler ; and the
interior is subject to piercing winds, which prevent the pro-
duction of many fruits that thrive in the more northern la-
titudes of Italy.

The soil of Spain is, in general, fertile ; especially where
irrigation can be employed. Besides wheat, maize, rice,
hemp and flax of the finest quality, oats, and barley, the
usual products of southern latitudes, viz. olives, figs, vines,
oranges, lemons, and sugar-cane, are found in Spain in
great abundance. The vales on the eastern coast are par-
ticularly remarkable for their fertility and perpetual suc-
cession of crops.

Agriculture is in a great measure neglected in many
parts of Spain for the rearing of flocks of Merino sheep,
the wool of which is particularly valuable. These sheep are
privileged to travel from one province to another, as the
season and pasture require. The number which the country
maintains is computed at 5,000,000. The horses, especially of
Andalusia, have long been famous ; and the mules are like-
wise superior to those of other countries. The bulls are
remarkable for their fierceness ; and bull-feasts, or combats
between bulls and men, arc the favourite and most magni-
ficent spectacles of the Spaniards. Wolves are the princi-
pal beasts of prey. .,,::.;'; "ii it',

SPAIN.

The minerals of Spain are extremely valuable ; but since
the discovery of the richer mines of America, they have been
almost entirely neglected. A silver-mine is still wrought
at Guadalcanal, in the province of Estremadura; iron
abounds in many parts of the country— the iron-works of
Arragon, Asturias, and particularly Biscay, have long been
famous. Copper, tin, lead, and quicksilver, may be men-
tioned among the other products of its mines.

The manufactures and commerce of Spain are in a very
languishing state ; and they must continue to languish,
while the country is oppressed by such a wretched govern-
ment. Although it abounds with the finest wool, part of
its broad-cloth and other woollen stuffs is imported from
Britain. Although its mines of iron are as inexhaustible as
the quality is superior, it is indebted to Britain for great
part of its hardware. The silks and cottons of Catalonia,
leather and mats, baskets and shoes, are its principal manu-
factures. The commerce of Spain, always ill-conducted,
is now nearly annihilated by the loss of her Americlin do«
minions.

The Roman Catholic religion, in its worst form, is esta-
blished in Spain. The numerous and overgrown priest-
hood exercise an almost unlimited sway over the minds of
the people ; and, from the throne to the cottage, the most
bigoted, intolerant, and debasing superstition prevails.

The government is monarchical— >but the power of the so-
vereign is in some degree controlled by that of the church ;
so that the people groan under civil and ecclesiastical des-
potism. The Inquisition, which used to reign here in all
its terrors, was abolished in 1820.

The Spaniards are grave, stately, and formal in their
manners. Indolence may be considered as the national
vice ; but it is happily unaccompanied by i;itemperance.
Spain once reckoned 24 universities. They are now re-
duced to eleven ; and of these few are well attended. Some
very respectable names adorn its literary annals. That of
Cervantes, the author of Don Quixote, stands pre-emi-
nent, ^i.^ . . , V

EXERCISES.

What are the boundaries of Spain ? In what latitude and
longitude is it situate ? What is its extent in length and
breadth ? What is the amount of its population ?

SPAIN.

le; but since
ley have been
jtill wrought
tadura ; iron
ron-works of
ave long been
may be men-
are in a very
to languish,
tched govern-
wcol, part of
mported from
lexhaustible as
itain for great
of Catalonia,
rincipal manu-
ill-conductcd,
American do-

t form, is esta-
rgrown priest-
r the minds of
tage, the most
n prevails.
>ower of the so-
, of the church ;
clesiastical des-
ign here in all

formal in their
as the national
r intemperance,
ley are now re-
attended. Some
mals. That of
stands pre-emi-

what latitude and
it in length and
ation ?

Name its provinces. What are the principal towns in Oalli-
cia, in Astunas^in Biscay, in Navarre, &c. ? Where is Cartha-
eena, Vigo, Seville, Barcelona, Badaios, Valladolid, Astorga,
Talavera, St Sebastian, Saragossa, Cadiz, Bilboa, &c. ?

Name its islands, and their situation. Name its capes, and
their situation. Name its mountains, and trace their direc-
tion. Name its rivers, and trace their course. Where is
Ivica, Europa Point, Montserrat, Minorca, the Tagus, Sierra
Morena, the Ebro, Cape de Oata, the Guadalquiver, Major-
ca, Formentera, the Douro, &c. ?

Where does the Douro rise, and in what direction does it
flow ? What is the name of the cape in the north of Galli-
cia ? Whai cape forms the southern extremity of Spain ?
Name the promontory in the east of Murcia. What moun-
tains separate New Castile from Andalusia, &c. ?

What is the general aspect of Spain ? Describe the branch
of the Pyrenees called the Cantabrian chain. Describe the
Iberian chain. What mountain ranges stretch westward from
this chain till they reach the Atlantic ? What is remarkable
about the valleys which those mountains enclose ? What
is remarkable ttbout the central part of Spain ?

What varieties of climate occur in Spain ? Of what na-
ture is its soil ? What are its productions ? For what are
the vales on the eastern coast remarkable ? From what cause
is apiculture much neglected in many parts of Spain ? What

Srivilege is given to tnese sheep ? What number of them
oes the country maintain ? For what other domestic ani-
mals is Spain famous ? What are the favourite spectacles
of the Spaniards ?

Since what time have the mineral treasures of Spain been
almost entirely neglected ? Where is a silver-mine still
wrought ? What are its most famous iron-works ? What
are the other products of its mines ?

In what state are its commerce and manufactures ? Does
Spain reap the full advantage of its abundance in wool and
iron ? What are its princi])al manufactures ? By what cir-
cumstance has its commerce been nearly annihilated ?

What is the established religion of Spain ? What is the
form of its government ? By whom is the power of the sove-
reign in some degree controlled ? When was the Inquisition
abolished ?

What (]iualities characterize the national manners ? What
is the national vice of the Spaniards ?

What is the present number of the Spanish universities ?
Can Spain boast of any eminent literary characters ?

SPAIN.

DEBCRIFTIVK TABLE.

Alcanta'ra, a town and district in
Estremadura.

Alicant', a maritime town on the
Mediterranean, in Valencia.

Andalu'sia, a large province in tiie
south.

Ar'ragon, a province in the north-
east.

Astor'ga, a city of great antiquity,
in Leon.

Astu'rias, a province in the north-
west

Badajos', (Vad'ahos), the capital
of Estremadura, beautifully si-
tuate on the Guadiana. It was
the Pax Aiigusta of the Ro-
mans.

Barcelona, (Var-thelo'na), the ca-
pital of Catalonia, one of the
strongest and most important

. cities of Spain. It stands on the
Mediterranean, and carries on
an extensive commerce.

Bilboa, (Vilvoa'), the capital of
Biscay, situate on a navigable
river, about six miles from the
sea. Its commerce is extensive,
particularly in wooL

Bis'cay, a province in the north.

Burgos, the capital of Old Castile,
formerly the residence of the
kings of Castile.

Cadiz, (Cadith'), a seaport of great
imptortance in Andalusia. It is
said to have been founded by
the Phoenicians, who gave it the
name of Gadir.

Carthage'na, the Nova Carthago of
the Romans, a seaport and for-
tified town in Murcia, having
one of the best harbours in Eu-
rope. It was founded by the
t'-urthaginlan general, Asdru-
ba>.

CastLe, Old, (CasteeF), ui inland
pio; 'nr«».

Castiij, ;^few, an tnlaud province,
south T Old \8tile.

Cataloi.ia, tile Tiurih-east province
CI ;.)fa!a.

Co:!Wooat(E-l1i, St Jago de, (San-ha'-
gc de Ccvaposta'lya), the capital
oi Gallicia, the see of an arch-

bishop, and the seat of the or<
dcr of the Knights of St James.
It was the Brigantlum of the
ancients.
Corunna, a seaport in Gallicia,
where the gallant Sir John
Moore fell, after repulsing a su-
perior French army.

Douro, (Dooro), a large river,
which rises on the borders of
Arragon, and flows westward to
the Atlantic, traversing more
than half the width of Spain,
and the whole width of Portu-
gal.

El/ro, a large river which rises on
the borders of Asturias; and
flows south-east through Old
Castile, south of Biscay, Na-
/arre, Arragnn, and Catalonia,
to the Mediterranean.

Estella, a small town in Navarre.

E'ilremadu'ra, a province on the
IVontier of Portugal.

Euro'pa Point, the southern ex-
tremity of Spain, in Andalusia.

Ferrol', an important seaport iu
Gallicia, with an excellent har-
bour, strongly fortified.

Finister're, Cape, the north-wes-
terly point of Spain, on the coast
of Gallicia.

Formente'ra, one of the Pithyusse
islands, to the east of Valencia.

Galli'cia, a province ui die i.orth-
west.

Ga'ta, Cape de, in .lUt.-ia, ^'. ,
south-western e:.i reality of
Spain.

Gibraltar, an important and im-
pregnable fortress in the south
of Andalusia. Since 1704, it
has been in possession of the
English, and sustained a memor-
able siege against the Spaniards,
from 1779 to 1781'.

Granada, a maritime province in
the south. The capital of the
province, and the residence of
the ancient Moorish kings.

Guadalqui'ver, a large river whiph

SPAIN.

e seat of the or-
ffhts of St Jamw.
rigantium of the

port m Oamcia,
gallant Sir John
ter repulsing a »u-
army.

), a large river,
m the borders of
flows westward to
. traversing more
e width of Spain,
le width of Portu-

river which rises on
of Asturlas: and
.cast through Old
ith of Biscay, Na-
gon, and Catalonia,
terranean.
,11 town In Navarre.

a province on tno
Portugal.

t. the southern ex-
Spaln, in Andalusia.

mportant seaport »u
ith an excellent har-
ily fortified. ^
;ape, the north-wes.
ofsl)aln,onthecoa8t

oneof thePithyusas
the east of Valencia.

rovince ui u^e ..jrth-

em e.. . "-y *>^

h important and im-
Portr^s in the south
[sla. Since ^''^''l
[in possession of tnf
Ld sustained a memor.
Igainst the Spaniards,

to 178"'

^a^itime P'O^'IfAhe
I The capital of the
Lnd the residence of
E Moorish kings,
fer, a large river which

rises between the Sierra Morena
andNev;Nli, 'd flows through
Andal'ii \ .< co 'he Atlantic.
Guadi:.i. , ' "ei lows through
K .V I <i. ':ilt> V iremadura, and
A)'.)tei.i, sepaittes Andalusia
tti^m r. '. arve, and fiUU into the
AiianlJii-.

' vica, the chief of the Pithyusee
islands to the east of Valencia.
It con^-iiiiS about 190 square
miles, und 15,800 inhabitanU.
Its soil is fertile, and its climate
delightAil.

Leon, a province on thv« borders
of Portugal.— The capital of the
province, the Lcgio of the tic
mans, once a place of great con>
sequence, but now decaying.

Madbid. the capital of the king,
dom, in New (Jastile. Theplain
on which it stonds is SitOO feet
above the level of the sea, so
that Madrid i!> the most elevated
capital in Europe. It is upon the
whole a well-built town : its po.
pulation is nearly 800.000.

Muor'ca, a considerable island in
the Mediterranean, about 100
miles east flrom Valencia. It is
the chief of the Baleares, 40
miles long, and nearly as broad.

Ma'laga, a large citv in Granada,
on the coast of the Mediterra.
nean. It is noted for its sweet
wines and i^ruits.

Me'rida, a town in Estremadura,
en the Ouadiana. It was the
Augusta Emereta of the Ko-
.nans.

Minho', a river which rises In the
north of Gallicia, near Men.
donedo, flows south through
Gallicia, forms the boundary
between that province and Por-
tugal, and falls into the Atlan-
tic

Minor'ca, in the Mediterranean,
the second of the Balearic isl-
ands, alwut 37 miles east ftom
Majorca.

Montserrat', a large and lofty
mountain in Catalonia, remark-
able for its hermitages, and a
monastery of Benedictines.

Murcia, a province in the touth.
east.— The capital of the pro.
vincc, beautifully situate on the
Segura.

Navarre, a province in the north.

Or'tegal, (Cane), on the north
coast of Gallicia.

Ovie'do, the principal town of
Asturlas, the seat of a universi-
ty, and a bishop's see.

Palofl, (Cape), a promontory in the
east of Murcia.

Pampelu'na, or Pamplo'na, the
principal town of Navarre, on
the Arga. Its castle, garrison-
ed by the French, was reduced
by the British army, Slst Octo-
ber, 18ia

Salaman'ca, a city in Leon, the
seat of a celebrated university.

Santllla'na, a town in Asturias.

Saragossa, the principal city of
Arragon, on the Ebro, celebrat-
ed for the heroism of its citizens,
in sustaining the sieges of the
French, 1808-9.

Seliastian, St, a considerable sea-
port town in Biscay, strongly
fortified. It was wrested fVom
the French by Lord Lynedoch,
Slst August, 1813.

Segu'ra, River, traverses Murcia,
and falls into the Mediterra-
nean.

Se'ville, the capital of Andalusia,
and the second town of Spain, is
situate on the Guadalquiver. It
is the birth-place of Cervantes.

Sierra More'na, or Brown Moun*
tains, separate New Castile from
Andalusia.

Sierra Neva'da, or Snowy Moun-
tains, in Granada. Their lof-
tiest summit is 11,600 feet above
the level of the sea.

Ta'gus, the largest river in Spain,
issues from the mountains be-
tween Castile and Arragon, flows
through New Castile and the
Estremaduras, to the Atlantic
Ocean.

Taiave'ra, a town in New Castile,
on the Tagus. Here the French
were defeated by the British, in

PORTUGAL.

the

a fianguinary conflict, on

27th and 28th July, 1809.
Tarragc/na, p. seaport town in Ca>

talonia, the seat of a university,

and a bishop's see.
Tole'do, a city in New Castile, on

the Tagus, long famous for the

manufacture of sword-blades.
Torto'sa, a town in Catalonia, on

the Ebro,^ bishop's see.

Valladolid', a city in Leon, the
scat of a university and courts
of justice, and a bishop's see.

Valencia, a maritime province in
the east. The capital of the
province, a large and important
city on the Guadalaviar. It is
the seat of a university, and a
bishop's see. It is a pl_je of
great antiquity.

Vigo, (Vee'Ro), a small seaport
town in Gullicia, with an ex-
cellent harbour.

Vitto'ria, a town in Biscav, where
the French general, Jourdan,
was defeated by Wellington in a
great battle, 2l8t June, 18ia

PORTUGAL

Is bounded on the North and East by Spain ; on
the South and West, by the Atlantic. It lies be-
tween 6° 30', and 9° 30' West Longitude, and be-
tween 37* and 4>2° North Latitude. Its exlrcme
length is 350 miles; and its greatest breadth 150
miles. Population three millions and a half.

It is divided into six provinces — 1. Entre Douro
e Minho ; 2. Tras-os-Montes ; 3. Beira ; 4. Estre-
madura ; 5. Alcntejo ; 6. Algarva.

Its principal towns are, 1. Braga, Oporto; 2.
Braganza, Miranda; 3. Coimbra; 4. Lisbon, St
Ubes, or Setuval ; 5. Evora, Elvas ; 6. Lagos,
Tavira.

Capes. — Rock of Lisbon, Cape Espichel, Cape
St Vincent.

Mountains. — Sierra de Estrella.

Rivers. — Minho, Douro, Mondego, Tagus,
Guadiana, Cadaou.

JRewiarJts.— Traversed by several mountain ranges from
Spain, and by some peculiar to itself, Portugal bears a con-
siderable resemblance to that country in its general aspect.

PORTUGAL.

mo province^ln
capital of tbe
I and important
dalaviar. It is
niversity, and a
t is a v—^e of

I small seaport
a, with an ex-

n Biscay, where
neral, Jourdan,
Wellington in a
t June, 1813.

r Spain ; on
. It lies be-
tude, and be-
lts extreme
1 breadth 150
half.
Intre Douro
4. Estre-

Oporto; 2.
Lisbon, St
6. Lagos,

pichel, Cape

jgo, Tagus,

ranges from
|al bears a con-
jeneral aspect.

Its soil is in general light, and ill adapted for tillage ; but
it is peculiarly favourable to the growth of the vine, and
other fine fruits. In the high grounds are raised the usual
corn crops of more northern latitudes ; vines and maize in
those of warmer temperature ; and rice in the low grounds.
The cork-tree, the orange, lemon, and olive trees are fre-
quent in this country ; as well as the finest fruits of the
south of Europe. Its climate is delightful, especially on
the coast, and in the high grounds. In the valleys the heat,
during summer, is excessive.

The mineral treasures of this country, like those of Spain,
have been neglected since the discovery of the richer mines
of America. Its manufactures and agriculture are in a state
of backwardness almost incredible. Wine is the staple ma-
nufacture of the country, and is exported in great quanti-
ties, chiefly to Great Britain. The other exports are oil,
fruits, and cork, of home-growth ; and metals, sugar, cot-
ton, tobacco, and drugs, the productions of Brazil. In re-
turn for these exports. Great Britain, to which the com-
merce of Portugal is almost wholly confined, sends woollen
cloths, linen, cotton, hardware, and various other articles,
for the use both of the parent country and Brazil.

The Portuguese are no less superstitious and bigoted
than the Spaniards in their attachment to the Roman Ca-
tholic religion. Their ecclesiastics form an enormous pro-
portion of the population ; and occupy an undue share of
the land and opulence of the country.

The government, till lately, was an absolute monarchy ;
and although a more limited form of royalty has been in-
troduced by the prevailing party of the state, supported by
the power of Britain, the people seem in general attached
to their ancient form of government, which, in all probabi-
lity, will be soon re-established.

The manners of the Portuguese in the northern and south-
ern provinces are almost as different as if they were distinct
nations. In the north they are industrious and blunt ; in
the south, polite, but indolent. A want of regard to clean-
liness is general. The ladies still ply the distaff in spin-
ning ; and in many places retain the oriental fashion of sit-
ting upon cushions on the floor.

Education is now much neglected in Portugal ; although
Boroe efTorts have lately been made by government for its

FORTUOAL.

improvement. It has two universities, that of Coimbra,
founded in 1308, and pretty numerously attended; and
that of Evora, on a smalK r scale, founded in 1533.

Camoens, author of a celebrated epic poem called tlie
Lusiad, is the brightest star of Portuguese literature.

' EXERCISES. ' -- ■

What are the boundaries of Portugal ? Between what de-
grees of latitude and longitude is it situate ? What is its ex-
tent in length and breadth ? What population does it con-
tain ? Into how many provinces is it divided ? Name them.
What are its principid towns ? Name its capes ; its moun-
tains ; its rivers.

Where is Evora, Oporto, Miranda, Braganza, Lisbon,
&c. ? Where is Cape ±}pischel. Cape St Vincent, the Ca-
daon, Mondego, &c. ?

What country does Portugal resemble in its general as-
pect ? What is the nature of its soil ? What crops are
raised in its different regions ? What fruit-trees are common
in this country ? What kind of climate does it enjoy ? Is
much attention paid to the mineral treasures of this country ?
In what state are its agriculture and manufactures ? Wnat
is the staple manufacture of the country? What are its
other exports ? What articles does Great Britain send in
return ?

What is the established religion of the Portuguese ? What
was, dll lately, the form of government ? Do the people seem
attached to the new constitution ? Are the manners of all the
Portuguese alike ? What are their respective peculiarities ?
What defect is general among them ? What is the occu-
pation of the ladies ? What »shion is still retained in many
places ?

In what state is education in Portugal ? What universi-
ties has it ? What author is the brightest ornament of Por-
tuguese literature ? . ,. ,;..|, . ,

DESCRIPTIVE TABLE.

Alente'Jo, (Alenta'ho), a province

south of the Tagus.
Algar'va, a province in the

southern extremity.

Beira, (Ba-ee'ra), a province N.

of Estremadura and Alentcjo.
Braga, the capital of Entre Douro e

Mtnno, and the sec of the arch.

bishop, primate of the kingdom.

Braganza, (Vragan'ha), a small,
but ancient town in Tras-os-
Montes. From John^ Duke of
Braganza, who was raised to the
throne in 1640, the present royal
ftoiily is descended.

Ca'daon, a river which rises in the
south of Alentcjo, and (aUa into
the harbour of Setuval.

of Coimbra,

tended; and

1533.

in called tlie

srature. .

ween what de-
Vhat is its ex-
1 does it con-
Name them,
es; its moun-

anza, Lisbon,
[icent, the Ca-
ts general as-
l^hat crops are
;es are common
I it enjoy ? Is
f this country?
itures ? What
What are its
Britain send in

iguese? What
the people seem
[nners of all the
peculiarities ?
it is the occu-
[tainedinmany

7hat universi-
lament of Por-

lan'ha), a Bmall,
Iwn in Tras-os-
i John. Duke of
[was raised to the
Ithc present royal
Ided.

[hich rises in the
])o, and foils Into
etuval.

PORTUGAL.

Ccimbra, (Coim'vra), the capital
of Beira, and a bishop's see.

Douro. See Spain.

Elvas, (Ailvas), a strong frontier
town in Alentejo, one of the
most important strongholds in
the kingdom.

Entre Douro c Minho, a province
in the north-east, situate, as the
name imports,between the rivers
Douro and Minho.

Espichel, Cape, a promontory on
the coast of Estremadura.

Estremadu'ra, an important mari-
time province in the west.

Estrella', Sierra dc, a lotty range
of mountains in Beira. At the
bottom are caverns and subter-
raneous streams, and at the sum-
mit a lake, which, towards the
middle, appears to boil, the wa-
ter rising m the air to a consi-
derable height.

Evora', the capital of Alentejo, a
large fortified town, the see of
an archbishop, and formerly of
a university.

Guadiana. See Spain.

Lagos, the hacobriga of the an-
cients, a seaport town in Algar-
va, with an excellent harbour.

Lisbon, the capital of the king-
dom, situate on the Tagus, in
Estremadura, seven miles from
the sea. It was nearly destroy-
ed by an earthquake, in 1755.
Population 230,000.

Min'ho. See Spain. "

Miranda, a town in Tras-os-Mon-

tes, on the Douro.
Monde'go, a river which rises in
the Sierra de Estrella, and flows
through Beira to the Atlantic.

Oporto, the second city in the
Kingdom, in the province of
Entre Douro e Minho. It is
situate on the Douro, about two
miles from its mouth, and is
noted for the exportation of that
khid of wine which has received
ftom it the name of Port.

Setuval', or St Ubes, a consider-
able town in Estremadura, at the
mouth of the Lado, or Cadaon.

St Vincent, Cape, a promontory
on the west coast of Algarva.

Tagus. See Spaiv.

Tavi'ra, or Tavi la, a fortified sea-
port in Algarva.

Tras-os- Montes, a province in the
north-east, separated from Spain
by the Douro.

; SWITZERLAND

Is bounded on the North and East by Germany,
South by Italy, and West by France. It is situ-
ate between 46° and 48° N. Lat., and between 6*»
5' and 10"* 35' East Long. Its length, from Mount
Jura to the Tyrol, is 205 miles; its breadth, from
Como to the Rhine, 125 miles. Population
1,720,000.

Cantons. — This country was formerly divided
into thirteen cantons; but, since the year 1815, it

SWITZERLAND.

has been divided into twenty-two, viz. — I.Gene-
va ; 2. Pays de Vaud ; 3. Neufchatel ; 4. Basle ;
5. Argovia, or Argau ; 6. Zurich ; 7. Schaffhausen ;
8. Thurgovia; 9. St Gall; 10. Appenzel ; 11.
Fribourg; 12. Berne ; 13. Solothurn, or Soleure;
14. Lucerne; 15. Underwalden; 16. Uri ; I7.
Zug; 18. Schweitz; I9. Claris; 20. Valais; 21.
Grisons; 22. Ticiuo. , ,1

Towns. — 1. Geneva; 2. Lausanne; 3. Neuf-
chatel ; 4. Bale ; 5. Aarau ; 6. Zurich ; 7. Schaff-
hausen ; 8. Frauenfield ; 9. St Gall ; 10. Appen-
zel; 11. Fribourg; 12. Berne; 13. Soleure; 14.
Lucerne; 15. Stantz; 16. Altorf ; 17. Zug; 18.
Schweitz; 19. Claris; 20. Sion ; 21. Coire; 22.
Lugano.

Mountains.— Rhaetian Alps; Helvetian Alps,
including Schrekhorn, Mont Blanc, Mont St Goth-
ard, and Great St Bernard ; Mount Jura.

Lakes.— Lake of Geneva, Brientz, Thun,
Neufchatel, Bienne, Lucerne, Zug, Zurich, Wal-
lenstadt, Constance, Maggiore, Lugano.

Rivers. — Rhine, Rhone, Aar, Reuss, Limmat,
Ticino, Inn.

Remarks— Sv/itzeiland is the most mountainous country
in Europe. The Alps form not only its southern and east,
ern frontier, but penetrate the chief part of its interior.
These mountains, towering in some instances to the stu-
pendous height of 15,000 feet, and generally to an eleva*
tion unknown in other mountain -regions of the same con-
tinent, present to the admirer of the picturesque innumera-
ble scenes of unrivalled sublimity, as well as of the greatest
beauty. In many respects, indeed, Switzerland is one of
the most interesting countries which the traveller can visit,
or the philosopher contemplate. Here nature wears every
variety of aspect, from the most awful grandeur to the most
enchanting sweetness. The perpetual snows, the glaciers

SWITZERLAND.

— 1. Gene-
4. Basle;

laifhausen ;

enzel; II.

)r Soleure ;
Uri; 17.

iTalais; 21.

; 3. Neuf-
; 7. Schaff-
10. Appen-
oleure; 14.
. Zug; 18.
Coire; 22.

retian Alps^

>Dt St Goth-

ura.

itz, Thun,

irich, Wal-

•

ss; Limmat,

inous country
lern and east,
its interior.

to the stu.
to an eleva-
he same con-
ue innumera.
if the greatest
nd is one of
ler can visit,

wears every
ir to the most

the glaciers

or ice-fields of the loftiest regions, tlie avalanches, or masses
of snow, falling like mountains loosened from their foun-
dations, the bold craggy precipice, the dashing cataract,
and the roaring torrent, form a rude, but striking contrast
to the more peaceful scenes below.— the varied woodland,
the vineyard and the corn-field, the verdant plain, with its
smiling cottages and crystal streams. The lakes of Switz-
erland form a grand and interesting feature in its landscape ;
and some of the noblest rivers in Europe issue from its
mountains, and wind along its vales.

The soil is as various as the surface is diversified. In
the mountainous tracts it is shallow and stony ; in the plains
and valleys often boggy. But industry here triumphs over
every difficulty ; and the traveller sees, with wonder, rocks
clothed with vineyards, where the slightest herbage could
not be expected to grow, and grounds which appear inacces-
sible, except to the ibex or goat, subdued by the plough.
Besides the common kinds of grain, Switzerland produces
abundance of fine fruits. But it is on their cattle that the
Swiss chiefly depend.

Almost every variety of temperature is known in Switz-
erland, from the cold of Lapland or Iceland to tlic exces-
sive heat of Italy or Spain. The weather, too, is subject to
sudden and violent changes.

Among the animals that frequent the Alps may be men-
tioned the ibex, or rock-goat, which will mount at three
springs a perpendicular rock fifteen feet high— bounding
like an elastic ball when struck against a wall ; the cha-
mois, a species of antelope ; and the marmot, which is often
found in a torpid state during winter.

Metals are less abundant than might be expected in so
mountainous a country. The chief mines are of iron ; but
silver, copper, and lead, are also to be found. The chief
manufacture is linen : watchmaking is carried on exten-
sively in the districts of Neufchatel and Geneva ; and there
are likewise manufactures of cottons, woollens, and silks.
Internal trade is carried on to some extent witli Germany
and the Netherlands by means of the Aar, the Reuss, and
the Rhine ; and with France by means of the Rhone.

Since the Swiss, instigated by the brave and patriotic
Tell, threw off the Austrian yoke in 1315, the form of their
government has been a federal republic. £ach canton was

100

SWITZERLAND.

regulated by its own laws and magistrates, but all were tnu«
tually bound to assist and protect each other in case of
need. For a time this government was set aside, when the
country fell under the dominion of the French ; but it ha»
since been restored. In case of foreign aggression, each
canton is bound to send a certain number of men to the
field. An army of i33,000 men can thus be raised almost
instantaneously; although the whole revenue of the repub-
lic hardly exceeds £400,000. In eight of the cantons the
Roman Catholic religion is established ; in seven, the Pro-
testant. In the remaining seven both these forms of reli-
gion e:cist together ; but, of the whole population of Switz-
erland, at least three-fifths are Protestants.

Simplicity, frugality, honesty, bravery, and a strong at-
tachment to home, are the characteristic qualities of this in-
teresting people. In the Protestant cantons the advantages
of education are almost as generally diffused as in Scotland.
Switzerland has produced many characters of distinguished
eminence in literature and science, as Zuinglius the re-
former, Gesner, Haller, Rousseau, Necker, &c.

EXERCISES.

What are the boundaries of Switzerland ? Between what
degrees of latitude and lonsitude is it situate ? What is its
extent in length and breadth ? What population does it con-
tain ? Into now many cantons is it divided ? Name them.
What are their principal towns ? Name its mountains ; its
lakes; its rivers. Where is Frauenfield, Stantz, Lu&rano,
Altorf, Coire, &c. ? Where does the Rhine rise ? Trace
its course. Where is lake Brientz ? Where is Mont St
Gothard, Great St Bernard, Mount Jura, I^ake Constance,
Lake Wallenstadt, Mount Schrekhorn, &c. ?

What is the general appearance of Switzerland ? What
part of it is occu]iied by tne Alps ? W^hat character do their
mountains give to the landscape ? Mention some of the most
interesting features in the scenery of Switzerland.

What is the nature of the soil ? With what effects of cul-
tivation is the traveller astonished there ? What are the pro-
ducts of Switzerland ? On what part of their rural wealth do
the Swiss chiefly depend ? What varieties of cliniate are ex-
perienced in Switzerland ? Mention some of th j remarkable
animals that frequent the Alps.

Does Switzerland abound in metals ? What are its prin-
cipal manufactures ? With what countries and by what riv-
ers does Switzerland carry on internal trade ?

,11 were mu«
in case of
,e, when the
; but it has
ession, each
men to the
used almost
f the repub-
cantons the
en, the Pro-
rms of reli-
on of Switz-

l a strong at-
ies of this in-
le advantages
i in Scotland,
distinguished
glius the re-

LC.

etween what
What is its
n does it con-
Name them,
ountains ; its
ntz, Lugano,
rise ? Trace
I is Mont St
e CJonstance,

ind? What
Iracter do their
ke of the most

jffects of cul-
U are the pro-
fral wealth do
liiTiate are ex-
remarkable

[are its prin-
by what riv-

SWITZERLAND.

10]

What i;i the form of government in Switzerland ? When
was it for some time set aside ? How is an army raised in
case of foreign aggression ? What force can thus be brought
almost in iiantaneously to the field ? What is the religion of
Switzerland? What are the characteristic qualities of the
Swiss ? Ill what state is education among them ? Mention
some of the scientific and literary characters which Switzer-
land has produced.

DESCRIPTIVE TABLE.

A'ar, a river which rises in the
south-east cf Berne, and flows
through the lalces of Brientz and
Thun,and ttie cantons of Benie,
Soleure, and Argau, to the
Rhine.

Aarau', a town in Argau, on the
Aar.

Alps, an extensive and stupen-
dous range of mountains, two
principal chai^ns of which are the
Ilhaetian Alpti, in the Grisons,
and the Helvetian Alps, in the
Valais, and on the northern
boundary of Italy.

Altorf, the capitil of Uri, famous
for the noble resistance of Wil-
liam Tell to the tyrant Geisler,
which laid the foundation of the
independence of Switzerland.

Appenzell', a canton in the north-
east—The principal town of the
canton, situate on the Sitter, a
tributary of the Rhine.

Argau, a canton in the north,
which derives its name flrom
the Aar.

Bale, Basle, or Ba'sil, a canton in
the north-west.— The capital of
the canton, situatt; on the Rhine,
the largest town ia Switzerland,
the seat of a university, and the
birth-place of se^'eral eminent
men.

Bernard, Great St, one of the Alps,
in the south of Valais, towering
to the height of 11,))06 feet above
the level of the sea.

Berne, a canton in the interior.—
The capital of the canton, a large
and elegant town on the Aar,
the seat of a college, and the

birth-place
Halter.

of the celebrated

Bienne', Lake of, between iLtoleure

and Neufchatel.
Brientz', Lake of, in Berne, not

far {torn the source of the Aar.

Coi're, the principal town of the
Grisons.

Constance', Lake of, or Bodensee',
in the north-east, between Swit-
zerland and Germany. It iq,
thirty-five miles long, and twelve
broad. The Rhine flows through
it.

Frau'enfield, a small town in
Thurgovia, of which it is the
capitjfl.

Fribourg, (Freeboorg'), a canton
west of Berne. — The capital of
the canton, most romantically
situate on the Sane.

Gall, St, a canton south of Lake
Constance.— The capital of the
canton, a place of considerable
trade.

Gene'va, a small canton in the
south-west.

Gene'va, Lake of, the largest in
Switzerland, being 50 miles in
length, and 10 in breadth. Its
scenery is peculiarly beautiful
and magnificent.

Gene'va, the capital of the canton,
beautiAilly situate at the outlet
of the Rhone from the lake. In
its moral character it is one of
the most important cities in Eu-
rope. It was here that Calvin
resided while he laboured in es-
tablishing the Reformation. It

102

SWITZERLAND.

is the birth-place of Rousseau,
Bonnet, Saussure, Madame de
Stael, and many other eminent
literary characters, and the seat
of a Protestant university.

Claris, a small canton in the in-
terior. — The capital of the can-
ton, a small but well-built town
on the Linth.

Gothard, Mont St, between Uri
and Ticino, 9075 feet above the
level of the sea.

Grisons, a large canton in the east.

Inn, a large river which rises in
the Grisons, and flows by a
north-east course into Germany.

Jura, Mount. See France.

Lausanne', the capital of the Fays
de Vaud, about a mile north
firom the Lake of Geneva. Here
Gibbon resided, while composing
his history.

Limmat, a river which rises in the
south of Glaris, where it is call-
ed the Linth. On joining the
Mat, near the lake of Wallen-
stadt, it takes the name of Lim-
mat, and afterwards falls into
the Aar.

Lucerne, a canton in the interior.
—A lake, 25 miles long, in Uri,
Underwalden, and Lucerne.—
The capital of the canton, beau-
tifUlly situate on the Reuss.

Lugano, a lake in Ticino, 25 miles
long, and f^om three to six broad.

Maggiore. See Italy.

Neufchatel, a canton in the west.
—A considerable lake between
this canton and Friburg, 20 miles
in length, and 4 in breadth, and
1320 feet above the level of the
sea. — The capital of the canton,
a well-built town, beautifully
situate amidst vineyards and
gardens.

Pays de Vaud, a canton in the
west.

Reuss, a large river which issues
from a lake in Mont St Go-
thard, flows through Uri, the

the
le ca-

lake of Lucerne, and Argau, and

joins the Aar.
Rhine. See France.
Rhone. See France.

Schaffhausen, (Shafhou'sen),
most northern canton. — The ._
pital of the canton, situate on
the north bank of the Rhine, a
place of considerable trade.

Scnrekhorn, (Shrek-horn), one of
the Alps, in Berne, risking to the
stupendous height of 13,218 feet
above the level of the sea.

Schweitz, (Shvitz), a canton in
the interior, from which the
whole country takes its name.—
The capital of the canton.

Sion, or Sitten, (Seeon'), the chief
town of the Valais, situate on
the Rhone.

Soleure', a canton in the north-
west—The capital of the can-.
ton, on the Aar.

Stantz, (Stanz), the capital of Un-
derwalden.

Thun, (Tun), a lake in Berne,
united with the lake of Brientz
by the Aar. It is 12 miles long,
and 3 broad.

Thurgovia, (Turgo'via), a canton
in the north-east.

Tici'no, a canton in the south,
deriving its name from the river
Tici'no, which flows through it
into lake Maggiore.

Valais. (ValayO, a canton in the
south.

Underwal'den, a canton in the in-

terior.
Uri, a canton in the interior.

Wallenstadt, alakebetween St Gall
and Glaris, connected with the
lake of Zurich by the LimYnat.

Zag, a small canton in the interior.
— The lake of Zug is about 10
miles long, and 2 broad.

Zurich, a canton in the north.—
The capital of the canton, situate
on the Limmat — a fortified town,
the seat of a college, and of
about twenty scminariee of va-
rious descriptions,

ITALY.

103

ud Argau, and

rhou'sen), the
iton. — 'Ine ca-
)n, situate on
the Rhine, a
bie trade,
-horn), one of
e, rising to the
t of 13,218 feet
' the sea.
, a canton in
im which the
tes its name. —
} canton,
eon'), the chief
iais, situate on

in the north,
al of the can-

B capital of Un-

lake in Berne,
lake of Brientz
s 12 miles long,

/via), a canton

in the south,
from the river

lows through it

)re.

I canton in the

mton in the in-

e interior.

between St Gall
ected with the
the LimYnat.

in the interior,
ag is about 10

broad.

n the north.—

canton, situate

fortified town,
ollege, and of

linariea of va»

' ITALY

Is bounded on the North by the Alps, which se-
parate it from Germany, Switzerland, and France ;
on the West, by France and the Mediterranean ;
on the South', by the Mediterranean ; and on the
East, by the Adriatic, or Gulf of Venice. It stretches
from ST** 46' to 46° 40' N. Lat., and from -5° 40'
19° East Long-. Its extreme length, from Mount
Blanc to Cape Leuca, is 700 miles; its breadth,
from the Adriatic to the Alps of Savoy, is 320
mile'o, but its general breadth is not much above
100 miles. Its population is 19 millions.

In this extensive country there are several states—
1. The Kingdom of Sardinia, comprehending
Savoy, Piedmont, the Dutch y of Montferrat, part
of the Dutchy of Milan, Genoa, and the Island of
Sardinia; 2. Austrian Italy, comprehending
the States of Venice, with the Valteline, Bormio,
and Chiavenna, part of the Dutchy of Milan, and
the Dutchy of Mantua ; 3. Parma ; 4. Modena ;
5. Lucca ; 6. Tuscany ; 7. The States of the
Church ; 8. The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, com-
prehending the Kingdom of Naples, and the
Island of Sicily.

Islands. — Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Isles of
Lipari, or JEoWslu Isles, Malta, Capri, Ischia,
Elba.

Towns. — 1. ChamV>crry, Turin, Casal, Nice ;
Genoa, Savona ; Cagliari in Sardinia ; 2. Venice,
Padua, Verona, Vicenza; Milan, Lodi, Pavia,
"Cremona, Mantua ; 3. Parma, Piacenza ; 4. Mo-
dena; 5. Lucca, Massa, Carrara; 6. Florence,

104

ITALY.

Pisa, Leghorn, Sienna ; 7. Rome, Civita Vecchia,
Perugia, Ancona, Loretto, Ravenna^ Bologna, Fer-
rara; 8. Naples, Gaeta, Benevento, Saleruo,
Ainalfi, Reggio, Taranto; in Sicily, Palermo,
Messina, Catania, Agrigento, Trebano. In Malta^
Valetta.

Straits. — Bonifacio, Messina.

Gulfs. — Genoa, Gaeta, Naples, Salerno, Poli-
castro, Squillace, Tarento, Manfredonia, Gulf of
Venice, or Adriatic Gulf.

Capes. — Spartivento, Colonna, Lucca.

Mountains. — Mont Blanc, Great St Bernard,
Cennis, the Appenines, Vesuvius, Etna.

Lakes. — iMaggiore, Lugano, Como ; Iseo, Guar-
da; Perugia.

Rivers. — Po, Adig6, Fiumesino, Arno> Tiber,
Volturno.

Remarks.— Italy^ in its long range, from Mount Cennis
to Cape Lucca, presents every variety of beauty of which
landscape is susceptible. It may be regarded as a moun-
tainous country ; and all the diversity of elevation, form,
and aspect, which mountains can assume, is here to be
found. Its valleys are delightful, and even its plains are
enlivened with gentle undulations, rivers, and woods. Its
winding coast is indented by a number of fine bays ; and
the clear unclouded sky that o'ercanopies all, exhibits every
object in a charm of colouring and distinctness of outline,
unknown in countries where the atmosphere is more ob>
scured by fogs and clouds. In climate it is equally fa-
voured ; the air being mild and genial in almost' every
part. Some of its districts, however, are unhealthy in the
summer and autumnal months ; particularly the tract
called Maremma, stretching from Leghorn to the Nea-
politan frontier, a distance of 200 miles, and having at the
Campagna di Roma a breadth of 40 miles. In the Nea-
politan territory the heat, during summer, is excessive ;
and its effect is occasionally renaered peculiarly oppres-

ITALY.

105

vita Vecchia,
5ologna, Fer-
ito, Salerno,
, Palbrmo,
). In Malta,

alerno, Poli-
)nia. Gulf of

icca. '"' ■
St Bernard,
na.
> ; Iseo, Guar-

, Arno, Tiber,

I Mount Cenni's
leauty of which
ded as a moun.
evation, form,
is here to be
n its plains are
md woods. Its
fine bays; and
, exhibits every
ness of outline,
ire is more ob-
is equally fa-
n almost' every
jnhealthy in the
ilarly the tract
m to the Nea-
d having at the
In the Nea-
r, is excessive ;
:uliarly oppres-

'.1

V-

sive by a sultry wind, called the Sirocco, which blows from
the hot and arid regions of Africa.

From the confines of France to Calabria, the soil is a
deep alluvial mould — farther south, it becomes light and
sandy. Corn, pulse, and other vegetables, maize, rye,
cotton, silk, vines, olives, and delicious fruits, are among
the productions of this fertile country. In Lombardy
agriculture is well conducted, particularly in the neigh-
bourhood of the Fo, where the system of irrigation is car-
ried to great perfection ; but in the other parts of the
country it is very imperfectly understood.

Among the domestic animals of Italy, the horses and
sheep of Naples are famous ; and even the buffalo thrives
here.

Although in such a mountainous coimtry mineral trea-
sures may be supposed to abound, its mines are entirely
neglected. Marbles of uncommon beauty are found in the
north, and in the neighbourhood of Florence and Sienna.
Alabaster, jasper, agate, rock-crystal, chalcedony, lapis
lazuli, crysolite, with other precious stones, are found In
the Appenines.

Italy has few manufactures in proportion to its extent
and resources. Silk is the staple article. Velvet is ma-
nufactured to a considerable extent in Genoa ; and glass in
Venice. There are likewise some manufactories of linen
and wool.

Venice and Genoa once held the first rank among the
commercial cities of Europe ; but they have been far out-
stripped by England and Holland. Their trade with the
Levant, however, is still considerable. The chief exports
from Italy are wine, oil, fruits, and silk.

Italy has long been distinguished as the chief seat of the
fine arts. Painting, music, and sculpture, have here been
carried to great perfection. Architecture has been most
successfully cultivated in Tuscany, and especially in Flo-
rence. The remains of antiquity still afford the finest mo-
dels to the student of the fine arts, and the most interest-
ing objects to the research of the traveller and the scholar.

In all the states of Italy the Roman Catholic religion is
established. Home, indeed, is the seat of the Pope, the
head of the Roman Catholic church. But all other reli-
gions are tolerated— provided the national worship be duly

I'f

106

ITALY.

respected. Among the lower orders education is almost
neglected,^and learning may be considered in a backward
state compared with the advances which it has made in other
countries. Yet few countries have produced so great a
number of men distinguished in literature and science. The
principal universities of Italy are those of Rome, Bologna,
Padua, Parma, Pisa, Pavia, Naples, and Palermo.

As the different states of Italy have each its distinct
form of government, they cannot well be comprehended
under a general description.

Imagination, taste and enthusiasm in the fine arts, viva-
city, sobriety, and courtesy to strangers, are the agreeable
qualities by which the Italians are in general characterized.
Indolence is their prevailing vice ; and robbery and assas-
sination are crimes by which they arc too generally dis-
graced.

EXERCISES.

What are the boundaries of Italy ? Between what degrees
of longitude and latitude is it situate ? What are its extreme
length and breadth ? What is its general breadth ? VV^hat
population does it contain ?

Into what states is this country divided ? What are its
principal islands ?' What are the chief towns of the kingdom
of Sardinia ? Of Austrian Italy ? Of Parma ? Of Modena ?
Of Lucca ? Of Tuscany ? Of the States of the Church ?
Of the Two Sicilies ? Of Malta ? Where is Rome, Padua,
Turin, Leghorn, Palermo, Sienna, Savona, Nice, Catania,
Loretto, Benevento, Pisa, Piacenza, Pavia, Cremona, Cag-
liari, Amalfi, Agrigento, Genoa, &c. ?

Name the straits of Italy. Name its gulfs. Name its
capes. What are its principal mountains ? M'hat are its
lakes ? Name its rivers, and trace their courses. Where is
Mount Cennis, Cape Colonna, Gulf of Gaeta, Lake Como,
Straits of Messina, Gulf of Salerno, Lake Perugia, the Fiu-
mesino, the Appenines, Mont Blanc, Mount Vesuvius,
Cape Lucca, &c. ?

What is the general appearance of Italy ? What variety
do its mountains present ? M'^hat is the character of its val-
leys and plains ? What is the appearance of its coast ?
What is the effect of its fine sky upon the landscape ? What
is the nature of its climate ? Are all its districts ec[ually
healthy ? In what tract is the air particularly insalubrious ?
By what circumstance is the heat occasionally rendered pe-

ition is almost
, in a backward
IS made in other
ced so great a
nd science. The
lome, Bologna,
»alermo.

lach its distinct
; comprehended

e fine arts, viva-
re the agreeable
ral characterized,
jbery and assas-
(O generally dis-

ween what degrees

hat are its extreme

breadth ? What

? What are its
nsof the kingdom
na? Of Modena?

of the Church ?

is Rome, Padua,
la, Nice, Catania,

, Cremona, Cag-

giilfs. Name its
s ? What are its
ourses. Where is
leta, Lake Como,

Perugia, the Fiu-
Mount Vesuvius,

y ? What variety
Tiaracter of its val-
[ance of its coast ?
Ilandscape? What
Is districts ec(ually
^arly insalubrious ?
lally rendered pe-

ITALY. 107

culiarly oppressive in the Neapolitan territory ? What di-
versities of soil prevail in Italy ? Enumerate some of the
productions of this country. In what part of Italy is agricuU
ture well conducted ? In what state is it elsewhere ? Which
of the domestic animals of Italy are worthy of notice ? Is
Italy remarkable for its mineral wealth ? Where are beau-
tiful marbles found ? What precious minerals are found in
the Ajjpenines ?

Does Italy flourish in manufactures ? What are its prin-
cipal articles of manufacture ? What Italian cities once
possessed great commercial importance ? By what countries
nave they been long outstripped ? What branch of ♦heir
trade is still considerable ? W nat are the chief exports from
Italy?

For what has Italy long been distinguished ? Where has
architecture been cultivated with particular success ? What
does the student of the fine arts and the learned traveller find
particularly interesting in this country ?

What religion prevails throughout Italy ? Are other reli-
gions tolerated? In what state is education? Has Italy
produced many learned men ? What are its principal uni-
versities ? W hy cannot the governments of Italy be com-
prehended under a general description ? What are the
agreeable qualities by which the Italians are characterized ?
What is their prevailing vice ? By what crimes are they too
generally disgraced ?

DESCRIPTIVE TABLE.

Adige', River, rises on the bor-
dersof the Grisons, flows through
the Tyrol and Venice, and fall •>
into the Gulf of Venice, north
ftom the mouth of the Po.

Agrigento, the ancient Agrigen.
turn, a town on the west coast
of Sicily.

Amalfl, a small town on the west
coast of Naples.

Anco'na, a seaport on the Gulf of
Venice, States of the Church,
with a good harbour.

Appenines, a chain of mountains,
extending, in a curve line, from
the Alps, near Nice, througli
the whole length of Italy, and
terminating at the Straits of
Messina.

Arno, River, rises among the Ap-

fienineii in Tuscany, and
intc the M'^diterrancan.

foils

Benevento, t city in Naples, but
the capital of a dutchy belonging
to the States of the Church.

Bernard, Great St. See Switzbh-

LAND.

Blanc, Mont, on the eastern bor-
der of Savoy, the highest moun>
tain in Europe, 15,6 16 feet above
the level of the sea.

Bologna, (Bolo'nya), the ancient
Bononla, the second city in the
States of the Church, situate in
a fertile plain, at the foot of the
Appenines, between the rivers
Savena and Reno.

Bonifacio (Bonifachio) Straits, be-
tween Corsica and Sardinia.

108

ITALY.

Bonnio, a district in Austrian
Italy, formerly belonging to
Switzerland.

Cagliari, (Calyare'), the capital of
»urdinia, on the south coast.

Capri, (Ca'pre), a small island,
about 5 miles long, and 2 broad,
at the mouth of the Gulf of
Naples. It was anciently called
C^res, and was the favourite
retreat of the emperors Angus*
tus and Tiberius.

Carra'ra, a small town in the
dutchy of Massa, noted for its
marble-quarries.

Casal', a considerable town in
Piedmont, on the Fo.

Cata'nia, a large and elegant city
in Sicily, at the foot of Mount
Etna, by the lava of which it
has bieen three times destroyed.
It was likewise wholly thrown
down by an earthquake in 1693,
and partially by a shock in 1783.

Cen'nis, a lofty mountain of the
Alps, upwards of 9000 feet high,
across which there is a passage
firom Chamberry to Turin.

Chamberry, (Camber'ry), the capi-
tal of Savoy, on the borders of
Dauphine.

Chiavenna, (Keaven'na), a dis.
trict in Lombardy, or Austrian
Italy, formerly belonging to
Switzerland.

Civita Vecchia, (Che'vita Vokkia),
a seaport on the Mediterranean,
in the States of the Church.

Colon'na, Cape, on the east coast
of Calabria, Xaples.

Co'mo, Lake, between Milan and
Chiavenna, 36 miles long, and
flrom 1 to 4 broad.

Corsica. See France.

Cremc'na, a city of Milan, of great
antiquity, noted for its manufac-
ture of superior violins.

Elln, an island opposite Tuscany,
sixty miles in circuit, the limit-
ed empire assigned to Buona-
parte, when he was compelled
to abdicate the French throne,
in 1814.

Et'na, a very wide and lofty moun-
tain in Sicily, the most celebrat-

ed volcano in the world. Height
10,963 feet.

Ferra'ra, a city in the north of the
States of the Church, on a
branch of the Fo.

Fiumesi'no, a small river in the
north of the States of the
Church, the ancient Rubicon.

Florence, the capital of Tuscany,
one of the finest cities in the
world. It is beautifully situate
on the Amo, and is equally re-
markable for its architectural
elegance, and for its splendid
works of art The collection of
paintings and statues in the Me-
dicean Gallery is the noblest in
existence. This city can boast
of the illustrious names of Dante,
Galileo, Michael Angelo, and
those of many other eminent
men.

Gae'ta, a strongly .fortified seaport
in Naples, on the Gulf of the
same name.

Ge'noa, a province of Austrian
Italy, once the territory of a
celebrated republic. — Genoa, the
capital, is one of the most im-
portant cities in Italy. During
the 14th and 15th centuries it
was the rival of Venice in trade,
and still carries on an extensive
commerce. It is situate on the
declivity of a hill, on the Gulf of
Genoa, and rises in a semicircu-
lar form, strongly defended by
a double range of fortifications.

Guarda, or Garda, Lake of, in Ve-
nice, 35 miles in length, and I'k
in breadth.

Ischia, (Is'kia), a small but fertile
island about six miles from the
coast of Naples.

Iseo, a lake on the Oglio, in Ve-
nice.

Leghorn', or Livomo, a large and

flourishing seaport town in the

north-west of Tuscany.
Leu'ca, Cape, on the east coast of

Naples.
Lipari Isles, (lA'paree)', a cluster

of islands on the north of Sicily,

ITALY.

109

;he world. Height

n the north of the
J Church, on a

mall river in the
e States of the
incient Rubicon.
capital of Tuscany,
inest cities in the
beautifully situate
and is equally re-
r its architecture
d for its splendid
The collection oi
I statues in the Me-
ry is the noblest in
rhis city can boast
ous names of Dante,
chael Angelo,. and
iiiy other eminent

iKly-fortified seaport
on the Gulf of the

ovince of Austrian
the territory of a
ipublic— Genoa, the
,ne of the most im-
!s in Italy. During
id 15th centuries it
dl of Venice in trade.
Fries on an extensive
It is situate on the
* hill, on the Gulf of
rises in a semicircu-
[rongly defended by
iffe of fortifications.
arda,Lakcof,inVe-
^8 in length, and 1 i

L a small but fertile
six miles from the

[)lC8

m the Oglio, in Ve-

Livomo, a large and
J seaport town in the
lof Tuscany.
1 on the east coast of

J(I.i'l>aree)', a cluster
lii the north of Sicily,

the most remarkable of which
are Lipari and Stromboli, in the
latter of which is tlie only vol-
cano known whose eruptions arc
constant and unremitting.

Lodi, a town in Milan, on the Ad-
da. In its neighbourhood is
made Parmesan cneese.

Loretto, a town on the west coast
ofthe State < of the Church, fa-
mous for the Santa Casa, or
Holy Cottage, superstitiously
imagined to have been inhabited
by the Virgin Mary, and convey-
ed by Angels from Galilee to
Dalmatia, and afterwards into
Italy.

Lucca, (Look'ka), a small dutchy
between Genoa and Tuscany. —
Lucca, the capital, a consider-
able city, the seat of a universi-
ty, and an archbishop's see.

Luga'no, Lake. See Switzer-
land.

Maggiore, (Magyore'), a large and
beautiful lake at the foot of the
Alps, on the Ticino. Its Bor-
romei islands excite general ad-
miration.

Malta, an island in the Mediter-
ranean, 50 miles south flrom Si-
cily. It is only about 20 miles
long, and 12 broad : but contains
a population of 75,000, being one
of the most populous spots on
the globe. It belongs to Great
Britain.

Manfredo'nia, Gulf, on the east
coast of Naples.

Mantua, a province of Austrian
Italy. Its capital, Mantua, is
a large city, situate on some
islands at the mouth of the Min-
cio ; and is, both by nature and
art, one of the strongest places
in Europe.

Massa. a considerable town in a
small dutchy of the same name,
belonging to the territory of
Lucca.

Messi'na, (Messee'na), a large city
in the north-east of Sicily; si-
tuate on the Strait. Its situation
is beautiful, and its streets and
buildings peculiarly elegant.

Milan, (Meelan), a considerable

dutchy in Austrian Italy.— Its
capital, the chief city of Austrian
Italy. Its cathedral is the finest
specimen of Gothic architecture
extant, and its other public
buildings are magnificent.
Mode'na; a dutchy in the north,
between the Po and the Appen.
ines. — Its capital, a consider-
able city, on a beautiful plain,
between the rivers Panaro and
Secchia.

Naples, an extensive kingdom, oc-
cupying the south of Italy.— Its
capital, delightfully situate on
the beautiful bay to which it
gives name, is the largest city
in Italy, containing a population
of 330,000.

Nice, (Neess), a considerable town
in Piedmont, on the Mediter-
ranean.

Padua, a city in Venice, the seat
of an ancient university, and fa-
mous as the birth-place of the
Roman historian, Livy.

Palermo, the capital of Sicily, on
the north coast. It is a large
and beautiful city, and its situa-
tion is enchanting. Population
130,000.

Parma, a dutchy in the north. — Its
capital, Parma, is beautifully si-
tuate on a small river of the same
name, the seat of a university.

Pavia, a town on the Ticino, in
Milan, the ancient capital of
Lombardy, a large but decaying
city. It IS the seat of a univer-
sity.

Peru'gia, Lake, the Lacus Thra-
simenus of the Romans, in the
States of the Church.

Perugia, a city in the States of the
Church, most delightfully si-
tuate on the Tiber.

Fiacenza, or Placentia, (Pyachen'-
za), a town in Parma, near the
confluence of theTrebia and Po,
the seat of a university.

Piedmont, the largest and most
important of the continental
provinces of the king of Sardi-
nia.

Pisa, a city in Tuscany, on the

I 2

■

I 1

110

ITALY.

Amo, the seat of a celebrated
university, and a place of great
antiquity.

Po, a large river which issues A-om
Mount Viso, and, traversing the
north of Italy from east to west,
discharges itself into the Adria-
tic by a number of mouths, after
a course of upwards of 500 miles.

Policastro, a gulf on the east coast
of Naples.

Ravenna, an ancient town, near
the mouth of the Montone, in
the east of the States of the
Church. Though once a sea-
port, yet, by the accumulation of
mud, it is now between three
and four miles distant from the
sea.

Reggio, (Red'jio), a considerable
town near the southern extre-
mity of Naples.

Rome, the capital of the States of
the Church, and once the mis.
tress of the world, situate on the
Tiber. It abounds in noble
monuments of antiquity ; and
among its modern structures
may bementioned St Peter's, the
most magnificent church in the
world, the palace of the Vatican,
and the castle of St Angelo.
Population 136,000. . ,^

Salerno, a city on the west coast
of Naples, the see of an arch-
bishop, and the seat of a uni-
versity.

Sardinia, a large island in the Me-
diterranean, south of Corsica,
162 miles in length, and from 60
to 70 miles in breadth. Its soil
is in general fertile, and its cli-
mate salubrious. Population
520,000.

Savo'na, a seaport town in Genoa,
the birth-place of Columbus, the
discoverer of America.

Savoy, adutchy in the kin^- of Sar.
dinia's dominions, the north-
western corner of Italy.

Sicily, the largest island of tlie
Mediterranean, separated from
Italy by the Straits of Messina.
Its extreme length is 180 miles,
and its greatest breadth 130

miles. The soil is rich, and the
climate delightful. Population
1,660,000.

Sienna, a city in Tuscany, the seat
of a university, and several
learned institutions. Here the
Italian language is spoken in its
greatest purity.

Spartivento, Cape, the most
southern point of Italy.

Squillace, (Squill'ache), a gulf in
the south of Naples.

Taran'to, Gulf of, a spacious bay,
formed by the south-west and
south-eastern extremities of
Italy.

Taranto, the ancient Tarentum,
a considerable town on a small
island in a gulf of the same
name.

Tiber, the classical river on which
Rome stands, rises in the Appen-
ines, flows through the States
of the Church, and falls into the
Mediterranean.

Ti'voli, ancient Tibur, a consider-
able town in the States of the
Church, most picturesquely si-
tuate on the Teverone.

Tre'bano, or Trapani, an ancient
and important seaport town in
the west of Sicily.

Turin, a large city in Piedmont,
the capital of the Sardinian mo-
narchy. It is a noble town, de-
lightfully situate on the Po. Po-
pulation 90,000.

Tuscany, a grand dutchy in the
central part of the Italian penin-
sula.

Valetta, the capital of Malta, a
beautiflil and well-built city on
the east side of the island.

Ve'nice, States of, a government
and territory now mcluded in
Austrian Italy, but for some
centuries, particularly f^om the
12th to the 15th, the richest
commercial state in Europe.—
Vbmicb, the capital, is built on
a number of small islands, sepa-
rated from each other by shal-
lows. It is a magnificent city ;
and presents, at a distance, the
singular appearance of domes and

TURKEY IN EUROPE.

Ill

oil is rich, and the
htful. Population

I Tuscany, the seat
sity, and several
utions. Here the
ige is spoken in its
y.

;ape, the most
It of Italy,
ill'ache), a gulf in
l^aples.

of, a spacious bay,
south-west and
extremities of

indent Tarentum.
le town on a small
gulf of the same

iical river on which
, rises in the Appen-
h rough the States
h, and falls into the

t Tibur, a consider-
i the States of the
Bt picturesquely si-
Teverone.
'rapani, an ancient
it seaport town in
icily.

city in Piedmont,
the Sardinian mo.
Ls a noble town, de-
late on the Fo. Po-
00.

ind dutchy in the
)f the Italian penin-

lapital of Malta, a
1 well-built city on
of the island.
i of, a government
7 now mcluded in
tly, but for some
rticnlarly {torn the
15th, the richest
state in Europe-
capital, is built on
small islands, sepa-
sach other by shal-
i magnificent city ;
, at a distance, the
arance of domes and

■«

spires, churches and palaces,
floating on the waves. Popula-
tion 120,000.

Verona, a large city on the Adige,
in the territory of Venice. Here
is a fine Roman amphitheatre,
the most magnificent remain of
Roman architecture that now
exists.

Vesuvius, a burning mountain,
about eight miles S.S-K from
the city of Naples. In a great
eruption, A.D. 79, it overwhelm-
cd the cities of Herculaneum and

Pompeii; and thirty great and
destructive eruptions have since
that time occurred.

Vicenza, ( Vechen'za), a large town
in the Venetian territory, si-
tuate between two mountains,
at the confluence of two streams.
This town exhibits many fine
specimens of the architectural
skill of Palladio, who was a na-
tive of the place.

Volturno, a river of Naples, which
rises in the Appenines, and falls
into the Gulf of Gaeta.

TURKEY IN EUROPE.

The Turkish Empire comprehends extensive ter-
ritories in the south-east of Europe^ and in the
contiguous parts of Asia and Africa. Turkey in
Europe is bounded on the north by Austria and
Russia; west^ by the Mediterranean, and the
Adriatic or Gulf of Venice ; south, by the Medi-
terranean ; east. Archipelago, Dardanelles, Sea of
Marmora, the Straits rf Constantinople, and the
Black Sea. It extends from 16" to 50° E. Long.,
and from 29° to 48° N. Lat. Its length, from
Cape Matapan to the Danube, is 570 miles ; and
its breadth, from Constantinople to the Adriatic,
460 miles. Population, about 8,000,000.

Divisions*—!. Part of Moldavia;* 2. Wala-
chia ; 3. Bulgaria ; 4. Servia ; 5. Bosnia ; 6. Rome-
lia, (including Romania, Macedonia, Thessaly,
Livadia, and Epirus) ; ?• Morea ; 8. Albania ;
9. Part of Croatia.

Towns — 1. Jassy, near the Pruth; 2. Bucha-

* Part of this province, and the whole of Bessarabia, have
lately been ceded to Russia. • ,. ,

112

TURKEY IN SUROPE.

SI :

rest, Tergovist; 3. Sophia, Ciumla, or Shumla,
Varna, Widdin, Nicopoli, Rutsdiuk, Silistria; 4.
Belgrade, Semendria, Nfssa ; 5. Bosna-Scraio,
Mostar, Novi ; 6. Constantinople, Adrianople,
Philippopoli, Trajanopoli, Gallipoli, Philippi, Con-
tessa. Seres, Salonica, Larissa, Pharsalia, Athens,
Arta, Salona, Castri, Lepanto, Missolonghi, Negro-
pont ; 7- Corinth, Argos, Napoli, Misitra, Mo-
don, Navarino, Patras, Tripolizza, Napoli di Mal-
vasia, Janina ; 8. Durazzo, Scutari ; Q, Bihaez.

Gulfs. — Gulf of Arta, Lepanto, Coron, Colo-
kythia, Napoli, Egina, Salonica, Cassandra, Monte
Santo, Contessa, Saros.

Straits.— The Dardanelles, Straits of Constan-
tinople. * .

Capes.' — Matapan, Malio, or St Angelo, Sky-
leo, Colonni.

Islands. — Lemnos, Lesbos or Mitylene, Scio,
Camos, Stanco, Rhodes^, Scarpanto ; Milo, Paros,
Antiparos, Naxia, Negropont, Skyro ; the seven
Ionian Islands, now belonging to Britain, viz.
Corfu, Paxo, Santa Maura, Teaki, Cefalonia,
Zante; to which are annexed Cerigo, Candia.

Mountains. — Hsemus, or Balken, Rhodope,
Olympus, Ossa, Pelion, Pindus, Athos, Parnassus,
Helicon.

Rivers.— Danube, Save, Marizza, Vardari,
Salampria.

Ecmarft*.— Turkey may be considered a mountainous
country, although its mountains cannot vie with the stu-
pendous ranges cf the Alps or Carpathians. A great
chain peryades thu country from east to west, the eastern
part of which is the ancient Paemus, now called Balken.
This extensive range communicates with the Carpathian
mountains by a chain which separates Scrviii from Bu\-

TURKEY IN EUROPE.

113

or Sljumla,
Silistria; 4.
[)8na-Scraio,
Adrianople,
lilippi, Con-
lia, Athens,
ighi, Negro-
[isitra, Mo-
poli di Mal-
). Bihaez.
loron, Colo-
adra, Monte

i of Constan-

.ngelo, Sky-

ylene, Sclo,
~ilo, Paros,

the seven
li'itain, viz.

Cefalonia,
)andia.

Rhodope,
\, Parnassus,

Vardari,

mountainous
[with the stu-
ins. A great
the eastern
balled Balken.
ic Carpathian
lia from Bul-

garia,
from

The Thracian mountains of Hhodope are a branch
the Haimus. Two other chains diverge from the
great range ; one of which traverses Albania, while the
other extends through the whole of Greece, even to the
extremity of the Morea. In the latter of those chains are
the classic mountains of Ossa, Pelion, Olympus, Parnas-
sus, Oeta, Helicon, Pindus, and Taygetus. Scenery of
unrivalled beauty occurs in these mountainous regions,
which the lively imaginations of the ancient Greeks fancied
to be the favourite haunts of the gods. In Moldavia, and
in the large tract of country watered by the Marissa and
its tributaries, are extensive and beautiful plains.

Turkey is peculiarly favoured in soil and climate. The
soil is generally a rich mould. The climate is alike de-
lightful in temperature, and genial to vegetation. The
want of industry, which is the usual effect of a stern des-
potism, prevents the inhabitants from availing themselves,
to any considerable extent, of those advantages. Agri.
culture, manufactures, and commerce, are here in a very
neglected and backward state. In the northern provinces,
wheat, barley, chesnuts, apples, pears, and other fruits,
are produced. Maize, rice, tobacco, and even the sugar-
cane, oranges, olives, almonds, and figs, are among the
productions of the southern provinces.

The horses of Turkey, particularly in Thessaly, have
long been celebrated ; and the sheep of Wallachia are re-
markable for their elegant spiral horns.

The government of Turkey is a despotic monarchy of
the worst kind. The sovereign, called the Sultan, or
Grand Seignior, has unlimited power o 'er the lives and
property of his subjects,— >a power which is too often
exercised in the most tyrannical manner. This power is de-
legated to the Grand Vizier, or Prime Minister, and to the
Pachas, or governors of provinces, who employ it for the
purposes of extortion, that they may be able to gratify the
Sultan's cupidity.

The established religion of Turkey is the Mahometan ;
and bigoted superstition characterizes their religious feel-
ings. Hence the Greeks, who profess the Christian reli-
gion, have, ever since the establishment of the Ottoman
ascendency, been held under the most grievous oppression.
Degenerated from the brave and independent spirit of

1]4

TUHKEY IN EUROPE.

their ancestors, they bore this oppression for centuries
with tame submission. At length they caught a portion of
that ardour for liberty which has been spreading through
Europe, and were Rred with an emulation of the heroic
deeds and the free condition of their ancestors. For some
years they have been engaged in an arduous but unequal
contest with their Turkish oppressors. The issue of the
contest is still doubtful ; but the recent disasters of the
Greeks have reduced them to a very low state of exhaus-
tion. Unless their freedom be accomplished through
foreign aid, (and there is now a powerful combination in
their favour,) their chains, it is to be feared, will only be
rivetted by their struggle to throw them off.

The personal appearance of the Turks is prepossessing ;
and their dress, forming a medium between the flowing
drapery of Asia and the tight clothing of Europe, is
peculiarly becoming. They are hospitable and brave ;
and, notwithstanding the cruel despotism that oppresses
them, they are prone to insurrection. The lower ranks
are almost wholly uneducated ; law and theology consti-
tute the learning of the higher classes.

EXERCISES.

What territories are comprehended in the Turkish Em-
pire ? Whit are the boundaries of Turkey in Europe ? Be-
tween what degrees of longitude and latitude is it situate ?
What are its length and breadth ? What population does it
contain ?

Name the divisions of Turkey. .What is the chief town of
Moldavia ? A¥hat are the principal towns of Walachia ?
Of Bulgaria? Of Servia ? Of Bosnia? Of Romelia ?
Of the Morca ? Of Albania ? Of Croatia ? What dis-
tricts are included in Romelia ? Where is Varna, Tergo-
vist, Ciumla, Trajanopoli, Contessa, Rutschuk, Jassy,
Nissa, Corinth, Cataro, Bihaez, Athens, Napoli di Mal-
vasia, Larissa, Semendria, Mostar, Durazzo, &c. ?

Where is the (iulf of Arta, the Dardanelles. Cape Sky-
leo, the island of Faros, Mount Hsemus, Straits of Constan-
tinople, Olympus, Antiparos, Gulf of Monte Santo, Lem-
nos, Samcs, Haemus, Farnassus, the Vardari, the Salampria,
island of Negropont, Cefalonia, Scarpanto, Gulf of Cas-
sandra, the Marissa, Mount Oeta, Ossa, Farnassus, &c. ?

What is the general appearance of Turkey? In what

TURKEY IN EUROPE.

115

ror centuries
t A portion of
iing through
of the heroic
■g. For some
but unequal
e issue of the
isasters of the
ate of exhaus-
Lshed through
:ombination in
I, will only be

prepossessing ;
len the flowing
of Europe, is
le and brave;
that oppresses
he lower ranks
theology consti-

Turkish Em-
i. Europe ? Be-
[e is it situate?
jpulation does it

Ihe chief town of
of Walachia ?
, Of Romelia?
ta? What dis-
] Varna, Tergo-
Uschuk, J assy,
kapoli di Mal-

llles. Cape Sky-
faits of Constan-
lie Santo, Lem-
I, the Salampria,
■' Gulf of Cas-
rfnassus, &c. ?
Ikey? In what

direction does a great chain of mountains pervade the coun-
try ? What name is given to the eastern part of this chain ?
How does this range communicate with the Carpathians ?
Of what chain is Rhodope a branch ? What other chains di-
verge from the great range ? What classic mountains occur
in the latter of those chains ? What kind of scenery occurs
among those mountains ? In what part of the country do
extensive and beautiful plains occur P

What is the nature of the soil in Turkey ? What kind
of climate does it enjoy ? By what cause are the inha-
bitants prevented from reaping the full benefit of those ad-
vantages ? In what state are agriculture, manufactures, and
commerce? What are the respective productions of the
northern and southern provinces ? What domestic animals
of Turkey are famous ?

What is the nature of the Turkish government ? What
power does the Sultan possess ? To whom does he delegate
this dangerous power ? For what purposes do they employ
it ? What is the religion of Turkey ? By what religious
spirit are they characterized ? In what state are the Greek
Christians held ? Did they tamely submit to this bondage ?
With what spirit were they at length animated ? Have tney
at present a fair prospect of success ?

What is remarkable about the personal appearance and
dress of the Turks ? What is theii national character ? Are
they in general well educated ? • .

DESCRIPTIVE TABLE.

A'driano'ple, a large city in Ro-
mania, situate in a bea\itifiil but
unliealthy plain, on the Marissa.
It was the principal residence of
the Sultans, previous to the
taking of Constantinople by Ma-
iiomet II., and it still ranks nexi
to the capital in importance.
Population 80,000.

Adria'tic, or Gulf of Venice, a
branch of the Mediterranean,
extending from S.E. to N.W.,
between Italy and Illyria, from
40° to 45° y N. Lat. It is in
general nearly 140 miles broad.

Alba'nia, a large province south
of Dalmatia and Servia, north
of Livadia, ea.st of the Adriatic,
and west of Macedonia and
Thessaly; 135 miles in length,
and flrom 70 to 90 miles broad.
Its inhabitants, called by the

Turks Arnauts, are the de.
scendants of the ancient Illy-
rians.

Antipa'ros, a small island in the
Archipelago, between Faros and
Siphanto. It is celebrated for its
cavern of crystallized marble,
which presents, when lighted
up, a most brilliant appear-
ance.

Archipelago, ( Ar-she-pel'-ago) , call-
ed by the ancients the ^gean
Sea, is that part of the Medi.
terranean between Asia Minor
and Greece. The Tiirks call it
Adalat Denhisi, or " the sea of
islands."

Argos, a town in ths Morea, si-
tuate on the river > acho.

Ar'ta, a town in Epirus, seated on
a river of the same name.

Ar'ta, Gulf of, in Albania, ex-

116

TURKEY IN EUROPE.

I' I

tends a considerable way into the
land ; but Arom its rocks and
sand-banks it is very dangerous
to navigators.

A'thens, anciently the capital of
Attica, and the most renowned
city in antiquity, for the genius
of its inhabitants, and their emi<
nence in literature, philosophy,
oratory, poetry, and the fine
arts, is now a town in Livadia,
rescued from obscurity only by
the interesting remains of its
ancient grandeur. It is situate
on the small and scanty, but far-
famed streams, Ilissus and Ce-
phissus.

A'thos, Mount, r.ow called Monte
Santo, a lof> y mountain in Ma-
cedonia, occupying a peninsula
formed by the Gulfs of Contessa
and Monte Santo, and nearly
due west of the island of Lem-
nos. It has received the name
of Monte Santo, or the Holy
Mount, from its numerous mo-
nasteries, in which nearly 6000
monks lead a life of seclusion
and indolence.

Balken, or Hsemus, mountain. See
Remarks.

Belgrade, a strongly-fortified town
in Servia, at the conflux of the
Danube and Save.

Bihaez, (pr. Behaiz'), a town in
Turkish Croatia, on the Unna.

Bos'na-Seraio', the chief town of
Bosnia, on the small stream
Ali^aaka. Manufactures of
lances, daggers, and other arms,
are here carried on to a consi.
derablc extent.

Bosnia, a provincv- havine the
Save on the north, which se-
parates it from Sclavonia: the
Drino on the east, which se.
Pl^rate8 it from Servia : Dalma-
tla on the south, and Cfroatia on
the west. Its ancient name was
Pannonia Inferior.

Bucharest, (pr. Boo'harest), the
chief town of Walachia, situate
on the Dembrowitza, a tribu-
tary of the Danube. It is about
three English miles in lengtli,
and two :n breadth ; and con-
tains 00,000 inhabitants.

Bulgaria, a province separated by
the Danube from Bessarabia,
Moldavia, and Servia, on the
north. This province was call-
ed by the Romans MoDsia Infe-
rior.

Candia, a large island in the south
of the Archipelago, 180 miles in
length, and from 20 to 30 in
breadth. To the classical scho-
lar, Crete, the ancient name of
the island, is familiar; as are
likewise its Mount Ida, and its
celebrated labyrinth. It con-
tains about 280,000 inhabitants,
of whom 130,000 are Greeks,
and the rest are Turks. Its soil
is fertile, and produces oil, wine,
saffron, and a variety of fine
fruitJ.— Candia, the capital of
the above-mentioned island, is
situate in an elevated plain on
the north coast. It sustained a
siege of 24 years against the
Turks, from 1645 to 1669.

Cassandra, Gulf of, in the N.W.
of the Archipelago, east of the
Gulfof Saloniki.

Castri. See Salona.

Castri, the ancient Delphi, a small
town in Livadia, on the south
side of Mount Parnassus.

Cefalonia', (pr. Kaephalone'ea), the
largest ot the Ionian islands ;
40 miles in length, from 10 to
20 in breadth, and nearly ] 50 in
circumference, and containing
a population of about 60,000.
It is remarkably fertile; and
the climate is so fine, that the
fhiit-trees produce fruit twice in
the year. Its raisins, of which
it produces from 2000 to 3000 tons
annually, are of a very superior
r^uality.

C<!rigo, (pr. Kere'go), the ancient
Cythe'ra, one of the Ionian
islands, to the S. of the Morea',
from which it is separated by a
narrow strait. It is 17 miles long,
10 broad, and contains about
10,000 inhabitants. It is moun-
tainous and rocky.

Ciumla, (pr. Shum'la), a large town
in Silistria, on the great road
leading from Constantinople to
Wallachirw It carries on a con-

TURKEY IN EUROPE.

117

ce separated by
am Bessarabia,
Servia, on tne
ovince was cal.-
ins Mtesia Infe-

land in the south

ao. 180 miles in

Ifm20to30 in

he classical scho-

ancient name of

produces oil, wine,

'a variety o>. f"^
,a, the capital of
ntioned island, 18

elevated pla»" ""

St It «u«t^^r^ne

years against vhe

1645 to 1669.
Llf of. in th« N.VJ^
ipelago, east of tne
niki.

iSTt Delphi, a sn'S
£. on the south

^hWnlan islands ;

tkably fertile; and

if io fine, that the

rKeWtJvU:«m

teoVUtons
PS a very superior

ere'eo), the ancient
.eregiJ/, Ionian

'°h"p^S of thi Morea'.

fufs separated by a

il It is IT miles long.

and contains about

^ffints. Itisxnoun.

\huS&,alargetown

*^ on the great road

in Constantinople to

It carries on a con-

sidcrablc trade in wine, hard-
ware, and ready>made clothes
for Constantinople. Population
30 000
Coloky'thea, (Colokee'thia). Gulf

of. in the south of the Morea.
Colon'nl, Cape, a promontory on

the south-east of Livadia.
Constantinople, the capital of
Romelia, and of the Turkish
empire. Its tncient name was
Byzantium, and it is now called
by the Turks htumbol, or Statu,
boul. Constantine the Great re-
built the city in the year 330,
and gave it the name of Con-
ttantinopolis, or Conttantine'i
city. From that period it con-
tinued the seat of the eastern or
Greek empire, till the year
1453, when it was taken by the
Turks under Mahomet II., who
rendered it the metropolis of the
Turkish dominions. Its situa-
tion, at the junction of the
Bosphorus with the Black Sea,
is peculiarly advantageous ; and
the view of the city ft-om the
harbour cannot be surpassed.
It is so strongly fortified on the
side next the sea, at to be al-
most impregnable. Population
300 000.
Constantinople, Straits of, called
likewise the Bosphqrus, the
narrow sea which forms the
communication between the Sea
of Marmora and the Black Sea.
It is about 20 miles long, and
1^ mile broad.
Contessa, a seaport in Macedonia,
situate on a small island at the
bottom of the gulf.
Contessa, Gulf of, in the north-
west of the Archipelago, between
the peninsula of Mount Athos,
and the coast of Macedonia and
Romania.
Corfu', (pr. Corfoo'). the ancient
Corc/ra, one of the Ionian isl-
ands, at the entrance of the
Adriatic, separated flrom the
coast of Alljania by a channel,
which varies firom 2 to 6 miles
in width. The island is about
45 miles in length, 25 miles in
breadth, and about 112 in cir-
cnmference. Its population near

60,000. It ii of considerable po-
litical importance, ai the key of
the Adriatic ; and is the first in
rank, though only the second in
sise, of the islands composing
the Ionian republic.

Co'rinth, once one of the most
distinguished cities of Greece,
now little more than a village,
is advantageously situate near
the isthmus of Corinth. Here
the fine arts were cultivated
with the greatest success ; and
the splendid style of its public
buildings gave rise to the most
elaborate of the four orders of
Grecian architecture. From
the date of its capture by the
Roman consul Mummiui, it
rapidly declined in importance.

Co'ron, Gulf of, anciently called
the gulf of Messene, in the
south-west of the Morea. On a
small peninsula in this gulf is the
fortified seaport town of Coron.

Danube, River. See German '
States.

Dardanel'le8,(Dar.da-nels'), Straits
of, or Straits of Gallipoli, called
anciently the Hellespont, form
the communication between the
sea of Marmora and the Archi-
pelago. On the Eurq;>ean shore
IS the castle of Romania or Set-
tot} and on the Asiatic shore,
the castle of Natolia or Abydot.
These castles are propeily called
the Dardanelles, and ttoia them
the Str-^its receive their name.

Durazzo, (pr. Doorad'zo), a sea-
port on the coast of Albania in
the Adriatic. It was here that
Pompey was besieged by C«esar.

Egi'na, Gulf of, in the north-east
of the Morea. it takes its name
from an island at its entrance.

Epi'rus, an extensive district in
Romelia, stretching along the
coast of the Adriatic, from the
Acroceraunian mountains to the
Gulf of Arta. It is celebrated in
ancient history as the kingdom
of Pyrrhus.

Galli'poli, a large commercial city
in Romania, on the north shore

118

TURKEY IN EUROrE.

of the Dardanelles. It is a
well-built town, has two good
harbours, and is tiie residence
of a Turkish governor. Popu-
lation 17,000.

He'licon, now called Sagara, a
mountain in Romclia, north
flrom the Gulf of Lepanto, cele-
brated in ancient mythology as
a favourite haunt of the Muses.

Jani'na, or Joanni'na, the chief
town of Albania, is a large and
flourishing city. It is most
beautiflilly situate on the side
of I lake, having before it a
plain ftora 13 to 14. miles in
length, covered with groves and
gardens. Population 40,000.

Jassy, the principal town of Mol-
davia, and the see of the Greek
archbishop of the province. It
is said (o have once contained
80,000 nhabitants; but their
numbers have been reduced by
a series of disasters to little
more than 15,000. In 1753 it
was almost completely consum-
ed by fire ; and it has very re-
cently experienced a similar ca-
lamity.

Laris'sa, the principal town of
Thessaly, in Romclia, beauti-
fully situate on the right bank
of the Salampra. Population
20,000.

Lemnos, called likewise Stalyme'-
ne or Linige, an island in the
Archipelago, between Monte
Santo and the Dardanelles. It
is 15 miles long, and 1 1 broad.
Greek population 8000.

Lepan'to, the ancient Naupactus,
a small seaport in Livadia, si-
tuate at the entrance of the
gulf of the same name.

Lepanto, Gulf of, anciently the
Gulf of Corinth, an inlet of the
Ionian Sea, about 70 mites in
length. It separates the south
coast of Romania firom the
Morea.

Lesbos, or Mytilcne, a large isl-
and, near the eastern shore of
the Archipelago, celebrated in
antiquity as the birth-place of

Sappho, Alcaeus,and Theophras.
tus ; and, in modern times, of
Barbarossa, so distinguished in
the early maritime nistory of
Europe. It was noted for the
voluptuousness of its inhabit,
ants. Population 40,000.
Livadia, an extensive province in
Romelia, containing the most
interesting portion of ancient
Greece. It extends about 180
miles in length, and 40 in
breadth ; and, in this compara-
tively small space, comprehends
the ancient territories of Acar.
nanin, Etolia, Locris, Phocis,
Boeotia, Megara, and Attica.
It abounds, as might be expect-
ed, in interesting remains of an-
tiquity.

Macedonia, an extensive district
or province in Romelia, sur-
rounded by Thrace, Bulgaria,
Servia, Thessaly, and the Ar- .
chipelago. A barrier of lofty
mountains encloses it in the form
of a bow, whose cord is the Ar-
chipelago. The coast, in a
straight line, would be about
150 miles long; but, measuring
its different windings, bays, and
promontories, it extends to
nearly twice that length. The
soil is in general fertile ; the cli-
mate pure and delightful.

Ma'lio, or St An'gelo, Cape, the
south-east es^tremity of the
Morea,

Maris'sa, or Ma'.it'za, the ancient
Hebrus, issues n-om Mount
Haemus, and falls into the
^gean sea, west of tlie gulf of
Saros.

Matapan', Cape, the most southern
point of the Morea, and of the
continent of Europe.- This was
the Tasnareum Promontoreum
of the ancients.

Milo, the ancient Melos, a small
island in the Archipelago. Its
soil is volcanic, and extremely
fertile.

Mi'sitra, (pr. Mi'stra), near the
site of the ancient Sparta, a
town in the Morea, most beau-
tifully situate at the foot of
Mount Taygetus. It was once a

TUllKEV IN EUROPK.

119

s.andTheophras-
modern times, of •
, distinguished in
ritime nistory ot
ras noted for the
13 of ita inliabit-
tion 40,000.
ensive province in
talning the most
ortion of ancient
'Xtends about 180
igth, and 40 in
1, in this compara-
pace, comprehends
erritorics of Acar-
1, Ix)cri8, Phocis,
lara, and Atticji.
asmightbeexpect-
iting remains of an-

extensivc district
in Romelia, sur-
Thrace, Bulgann,
ssaly, and the Ar-
A barrier of lofty
nclosesitintheform
hose cord is the Ar-
The coast, in a
B, would be about
ng ; but, measuring
windings, bays, and
,a, it extends to
e that length. The
leral fertile ; the cli-
id delightful.
An'gelo, Cape, the
e:^tremity of the

[a' it'za, the ancient
saes from Mount
fnd falls into the
I west of the gulf of

It, the most southern
flVlorea, and of the
I Europe.- This was
lum Promontoreum

lits. ,,

lient Melos, a small
, Archipelago. Its
iiic, and extremely

JMi'stra), near the
ancient Sparta, a
J Morea, most beau-
Ite at the foot of
letu!. It was once a

considerable city, but is now ra*
i)i(lly dec.iying. '

Missofon'ghi, a fortifie<l town of
the Greeks, north of the gulf of
Lcpanto, and opposite the isle
of Cephalunia. It has recently
derived a melancholy interest as
the place where our prcat poet,
I^rd Hyron, died, while promot-
ing, with {;cnerou8 enthusiasm,
the cause of Grecian liberty, 19th
April, 1824.

Modon', or Motho'ne, tlie ancient
Methone', a seaport in the south-
west of the Morea, situate at the
foot of a mountain, on a small
)H)int of land projecting into the
sea. It is the residence of a
bey, and the see of a Greek
bishop.

Moldavia, an extensive pro-, ince
in the south-east of IHirkey, ^00
miles in length, and 12U in
breadth. Since the cession of
its eastern (lart to Russia, in
1812, its superficial area does
not exceed 17,000 square miles.
Its population is thinly scatter-
ed, not exceeding 300,0()0. It
is peculiarly unfortunate in its
situation, between Austria,
Russia, and Turkey ; for when
a war breaks out between those
powers, it necessarily becomes
the scene of hostile operations.

Monte Santo, Gulf of, in the
Archipelago. See Mount A-
thos.

Morea, the ancient Peloponnesus,
is an extensive peninsula south
of the mainl.ind of Greece,
with which it is connected by a
narrow nerk of land, called the
Isthmus of Corinth. It ex-
tends about 130 miles in length,
and 12') in breadth ; and con-
tains a superficial area of about
8500 square miles, or one-third of
the extent of Scotland. It is not
surpassed in beauty of scenery
and in classical interest by any
uart of the classical regions of
Turkey ; nor does it yield in
climate and fertility to the most
favoured portions of Europe.

Mos'tar, a considerable town in
Bosnia, un the Marenta, or Ma-

rentovo. Here is a celebrated
manufactory of arms.

Na'poli, distinguished by the
name of Napoli di Romania,
the ancient Ifauplia, and the
port of Argos, is a well-built
and fortified town on the gulf
of Nai)oli, in the east of the
Morea. Population (5000.

Napoli di Malvasia, called likewise
Monembasia, or Mengesche, a
town in the south-east of the
Morea, built on the site of the
ancient Epidaurus.

Navari'noj (pr. Na-var-ee'no), a
seaport in the sou.h-west of the
Morea, north of Modon. Its
harbour, the largest in the Mo-
rea, is capable of containing
2000 sail. In this harbour, on
the 20th of October, 1827, the
combined Turkish and Egyptian
fleets were destroyed by the unit-
ed squadrons of Great Britain,
France, snd Russia.

Naxia, an island in the Archipe-
lago, south of Mycone, having
a superficial extent ot about 170
square miles, and a population
of 10,000. Although hilly, it is
by no means unproductive.-*
Naxia, its chief town, is the
scat of a Greek and a Catholic
archbishop.

Ne'gropont, or Eg'rilx)s, the an-
cient Euboea, a long and narrow
island along the coast of Liva-
dia, troxn which it is separated

. by the narrow channel called
Euripus. This island is about
100 miles long and 15 broad, and
is connected with liivadia by a
bridge over the Euripus, which
is here only about 'iOO feet wide.
The Euripus is remarkable for
the irregularity of its tides.—
Negropont, the principal town
of the above-mentioned island,
is a fortified town of consider-
able size, situate on the west
coast. On the soutli side is a
port, corrcsi)onding to the an-
cient Aulis, capable of contain-
ing several hundred vessels in
perfect safety. Population
16,000.

120

TURKEY IN EUROPE.

Nicopoli, a large town in Bulga.
ria. on the left tNUik of the Da-
nube. It U the tee of a Greek
archbiihop, the residence of a
Turkish sangiac, and a place of
ooniiderable trade. Population
S0,000.

Nissa, a large and strongly forti-
fied town on the Nissawa, in
Servia. It is noted for its warm
baths.

No'vi, a town in Bosnia, at the
conflux of the Sanna and Unna.

Ko'vi-Baiar', a considerable town
in Servia, near the Oresco.

Olympus, a celebrated mountain
in Thessaly, separated ttom Os-
•a by the vale of Tetnpe. Dur-
ing a ^at part of the year its
summit is covered with pnow.
The Greeks fancied it to sup-
port the heavens, and to be the
residence of the gods. Yet its
height does not much exceed
6000 feet.

Os'sa, a mountain in Thessaly, to
thesouth-east of Olympus, f^om
which it is separated by the vale
ofTempe.

Parnassus, a celebrated mountain
of Livadia, north-west of Mount
Helicon. Besides its two prin-
cipal summits, Hyampeia and
Phitonla, it has eight peaks,
and is the highest mountain in
Greece. According to the poe-
tical fiction of the ancients, it
was the seat of Apollo and the
nine muses. Delphi, now Cas.
tri, stands on its southern ac-
clivity, near which still flows the
Castalian spring.

Pa'ros, an island of about 40 miles
circumference, near the centre
of the Archipelago, noted for
its quarries of beautiful white
marble. From this island the
fiamous Arundelian marbles were
brought to England in 1627.

Patras', a considerable seaport in
the north-west of the Morea,
beautiAilly situate on an emi-
nence at the entrance of the
gulfof Lepanto.

Faxo, a small island about 15 miles
in circuit, near the entrance of

the Adriatic. It is one of the
seven islands of the Ionian re-
public.

Prlion, a celebrated mountain in
Thessaly, south of Ossa.

Pharsalia, a town in Thessalv,
famous for the battle fought in
its neighbourhood between Cse-
sar and Pompey.

Philippi, a town in Macedonia.
The adjacent plains are famous
in ancient history as the scene of
a battle between the Roman
generals Cassius and Brutus on
the one side, and Augustus and
Mark Anthony on the other.

Philippo'poli, a large town in Ma-
cedonia, founded by Philip, the
father of Alexander the Great.
It w>i<* almost destroyed by an
earthquake in 1818.

PinMus, now Meixovo, a long
lofty chain of mountains ex-
tending f^om east to west, and
separating Thessaly flrom Alba-
nia. In some places it rises to
the height of 6000 or 7000 feet.

Rhodes, a large island, near the
Asiatic coast, at the entrance of
the Archipelago. In ancient
times. It was one of the most
celebrated states of Greece, for
wealth, commercial importance,
and naval power ; and in mo-
dem I.istory is fomous for its ob-
stinate, though finally unsuc-
cessftil resistance to the Sultan
Solyman the Great, A.D. 1533.
It is now reduced to compara-
tive insignificance. Population
20,000.

Rhodope', Mount. See Remarks.

Romania, often confounded with
Romelia, of which it is only a
province, is bounded north by
the Balken mountains, whicn
separate it flrom Bulgaria ; east
by the Black Sea, and Straits of
Constantinople; south by the
sea of Marmora, the Darda-
nelles, and Archipelago j and
west by Macedonia.

Ro'melia, Rumelia, or Rum-ill,
an extensive portion of Euro-
pean Turkey, comprising Thrace,
Macedonia, Thessaly, Epirus,
and Livadia.

TL'RKEY IN EUltOPK.

J21

It U one of the
of the Ionian re-

]rated mountain In
th of 08»a.
own In Theisalv,
le battle fought In
•hood between Cae-

jey. . .

wn in Macedonia.
: plains are famoui
story as the scene of
tween the Roman
slus and Brutus on
, and Augustus and
)ny on the other,
a large town in Ma-
inded by Philip, the
lexander the Great.
ost destroyed by an
in 1818.

r Mexxovo, a long
, of mountains ex-
m east to west, and
rhessalyflrom Alba-
me places it rises to
ofeOOOorTOOOfeet.

rge island, near the

St, at the entrance of

lelago. In ancient

ras one of the most

itates of Greece, for

nmercial importance,

power ; and in mo-

y is famous for its ob-

Dugh finally unsuc

stance to the Sultan

e Great, A.D. 1522.

tcduced to compara-

ificance. Population

ount. See Remarks.

en confounded with

which it is only a

bounded north by

mountahts, which

flrom Bulgaria ; east

;k Sea, and Straits of

ople; south by the

nnora, the Darda-

Archipelago J and

cedonia.

umelia, or Rum-ili,
ve portion of Euro-
y, comprising Thrace,
Thessaly, Epinis,

Uustcliuck, or Ilutuk, a large
and flourishing town in liulgu-
rin, Hituatc on tlic Danube. It
is a |>lacc of considcrublc trade
and commerce.

Salam'pria, or Salcmbria, the nn-
cient Pencua, a river in Thessa-
ly, issuing from Mount Pindus,
and flowing through the beaut i.
ful vale of Tempe, to the gulf of
Salonica.
Salona, supposed to occupy the
site of the ancient Ampnissa, a
town in liivadia, on the south
side of Mount Parnassus. It is
a place of considerable trade,
and the sec of a Urei'k bishop.
Salonica, the ancient 'I'liessaloni-
ca, a large and imnortant city
of Macedonia, at tlic nortiicm
extremity of the gulf that bears
its name. It i!< beautit\illy si-
tuate on the acclivity of a hill,
and presents a most imi><)sing
appearance from the sea. It is
strongly fortified ; the circum-
ference of its walls is about li ve
miles, and its population is com-
puted at 7().0(K).
Salonica, Uulf of, a spacious bay

in tiie south of Siacedoiiia.
Samos, a considerable islanil in
the Archipelago, separ.itivl frmn
the coast of Asia by a nam w
strait. It is U4 miles in leiigdi,
12 in breadth J and about 7»> iii
circumference. It still retains
its ancient celebrity for beauty,
fertility, and the exoellenco of
iU firuifs. Population (iO.OOO.
Santa Maura, the Leucadia of the
ancients, an island in the Ionian
sea, on the west coast of Greece,
from which it is separated by a
channel, in some places not 100
paces wide. It is about 50 miles
m circumference. Its surface is
mountainous and riig(;ed ; but
its climate is mild, and it pro-
duces fine fruits in abuiulance.
Population 20,000.
Saros, Gulf of, in the north-east

of the Archipelago.
Save, a large river which ti.es in
Illyria, flows through Styria and
Croatia, separates Sdavonia from

Turkey, and falls into tlic Da-
nube between Semlia and Bel-
grade.
Scarpanto, the ancient ( .iriiathus.
a small island in the Mediter-
ranean, between Candia and
Rhodes.
Scio, (pr. Skc'o), the ancient
Chios, a considerable island in
the Archipelago, near the Asia>
tic coast. Though rugged and
mountainous, the industry of
the inhabitants has rendered
it very productive ; and around
the capital, Scio, there is a very
extensive plain, celebrated for
its beauty and fertility. The
mastic shrub is almost peculiar
to this i.dand. The Chian wine
was celebrated among the an-
cients.
Scuta'ri, a large fortified town in
Albania, situate on the Bogane',
at the south-east extremity of
the lake Seutnri. The adjacent
plain is t'lie >•{' the richest in
Allmiil I. Population 12,000.
Semeiidria, a fortified town in Ser-
\i<, (11 the south side of the
i.),i ulic.
N.''resv or .Sirus, a larj^e town in
M K-oiloiiia, to the east of the
river Strymon. It has exten-
Mve mauufactcirics of towels,
strong linen, and cotton cloth.
roj)Ulation .SO.OOO.
Servia, an extensive province in
the north of Turkey, the Mocsia
Superior of the Romans.
Silis'tria, a large fortified town in
I>ul{; ria, on the south liank of
tiie I >anube, at its junction with
the Missovo. Population 20,000.
Sky'leo, (pr. Skeeleo), Cape, a
promontory in the west of the
Morea.
Sky'ios, (pr. Skee'ros), a rugged
and barren island in the Archi-
pelago, east of Negropoiit.
Sophia, the capital of Bulgaria,
a large and populous city, si-
tuate on the river Bogana.
Though an inland town, its
trade is considerable. Popula-
tion 50,0lj0.
Stan'co, the ancient Cos, a small
if'landin the Archipelago, near

K 2

122

TUBKBY IN EUROPB.

the Asiatic coMt. It it cele.
brated «• the birth>place of Hip.
pocrates and Apelles.

Teald, the ancient Ithaca, one of
the seven Ionian Islands, to the
aouth of C^halonia. It is about
18 miles, long, and 5 broad, and
contains a population of 8000.
It is peculiarly rugged and bar.
ren; its inhabitants depending
for their sulwistence chiefly
on fishing and navigation. Ho.
mer gives it celebrity as the
kingdom of Ulysses.

Tergovist', a town in Wallachia,
situate on the river Jalomiza.

Thes'saly, an extensive province in
Romeua, to the north of Liva.
dia. It is one of the most fer.
tile provinces in Turkey ; its fine
plains being watered by streams
mm the mountains on their
course to the Archipelago. Po-
pulation 300,000.

TraJano'poli, a considerable town
in Romania, situate on the
right bank of the Marizza. It
was greatly improved by Tra.
Jan, firom whom it takes its
name. Population 15,000.

Tripolizza, (pr. Tripolitza), the
principal town of the Morea,
situate in a narrow vale at the
foot of Mount Mtenalus. Popu.
lation 12,000.

Varda'ri, (pr. Var-dai'.ee), the

Axius of antlqultv, rises near
the northern frontier of Mace,
donia, and flows southward to
the gulf of Salonica.
Vai^na, or Wama, the ancient
Odessus, a large fortified town
in Bulgaria, at the mouth of the
river Varna. Its trade is con.
siderable, its harbour large
and commodious. Population
16,000.

Wala'chia, an extensive province
separated by a range of moun-
tains on the north, from Tran.
sylvania and Moldavia ; and
by the Danube on the south,
Arom Bulgaria. It is about
250 miles in length, and alwut
160 in its medium breadth. Po.
pulation 800,000.

Wid'din, or Vidin, a large and
well.fortified town in Bulgaria,
situate on the right bank of the
Danube, the residence of a
Turkish pacha, and of a Greek
archbishop. Population 20,000.

Zante, the ancient Zacynthus,
one of the Ionian islands, about
15 miles in length, 8 in breadth,
and 30 in circumference. In
beauty and fertility it is one of
the most interesting of these
islands. Its currants have long
been well known in the markets
of England and Holland. Po-
pulation 40,000.

RUSSIA IN EUROPE.

Thb Russian Empire is the most extensive in the
world, occupying a large portion of Europe, and
all the northern part of Asia. It stretches from the
Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, from 18" to 192°
E. Longitude,— a space of more than 90OO miles.

European Russia is bounded N. by the Nor-
thern Ocean ; £. by Asiatic Russia, from which it

Ity, rises near
ntier of Mace-
I southward to
lica.

1, the ancient
fortified town
le mouth of the
8 trade is con-
harbour large
8. Population

tensive province
range of moun-
rth, flrom Tran-
Edoldavia ; and
! on the south.
It is about
nath, and about
mbreadth. Po-

in, a large and
wn in Bulgaria,
ight bank of the
residence of a
and of a Greek
)pulatioD 20,000.

lent Zacynthus,
tn islands, about
;h, 8 in breadth,
fumference. In
ility it is one of
'esting of these
rants have long
in the markets
Holland. Po-

Igive in the
lurope, and
Ties from the
Is" to 192"
1)00 miles.

the Nor-
Im which it

RUSSIA IN EUROPE.

123

is separated by the Oural mountains and the river
Don ; S. by Turkey, the Sea of Azoph, and the
Black Sea ; W. by Sweden, the Baltic, Prussia,
and Austria. It extends from 44° 30' to 70° N.
Lat., and from 21° to 60° E. Long. From the
southern extremity of the Crimea to the Arctic
Ocean, its length is 1700 miles; and its breadth,
along the parallel of 56°, is 1500 miles. The po-
pulation is computed at 44,000,000.

Divisions. — In the Russian Empire there are
fifty-one governments or provinces, forty-one of which
are entirely in Europe, and four partly in Europe,
partly in Asia. In the north are, 1. Archangel ;
2. Vologda ; 3. Olohetz ; 4. Finland ; 5. Viborg
or Carelia. In the north-west, 6. Novgorod ; 7.
Petersburg or Ingria ; 8. Revel or Esthonia ; 9>
Riga or Livonia; 10. Pskov; 11. Vitepsk ; 12.
Courland; 13. Wilna. In the west, 14. Moghilev;
15. Minsk; 16. Grodno; 17> Volhynia. In the
centre, 18. Moscow; I9. Tver; 20. Vladimir; 21.
Jaroslav; 22. Kostroma; 23. Nisnei- Novgorod ;
24. Tambov ; 25. Riazan ; 26. Tula ; 27- Kalu-
ga ; 28. Smolensk ; 29. Orel ; 30. Tchernigov ;
31. Kursk ; 32. Voronetz. In the east, 33. Perme ;
34. Viatka ; 35. Kasan ; 36. Simbirsk ; 37. Pen-
za ; 38. Saratov. In the south, 39- Podolia ; 40.
Bessarabia and part of Moldavia; 41. Kiev; 42.
Poltava; 43. Slobodsk-Ukraine or Charcov; 44.
Ekaterlnoslav ; 45. Cherson ; 46. Taurida, includ-
ing the Crimea ; 47. Country of the Don Cossacks.

The Don Cossacks, Perme, Saratov, and Sim-
birsk, are partly in Asia. Finland was acquired
from Sweden in I8O9; Bessarabia and part of Mol-
davia from Turkey in 1812. The country to the
west of the rivers Dwina and Dnieper, including

124

RUSSIA IN EUROPE.

Courlaiul^ Wilna, Grodno, Minsk, Mogliilcv, Vol-
Iiynia, Kiev, and Podolia, formerly belonged to
Poland. The principal towns are generally of the
same name as the provinces. The exceptions are,
5. Abo, Tornea; ?• Petersburg, Cronstadt; 12.
Mittau ; 17. Zytomiers; 18. Moscoiv, Borodino;
19- Kaminiec, Choczim ; 40. Bender, Ismail ; 45.
Cherson, Odessa ; 4?. Tscherkask.

Islands. — Aland, Dago, Oezel, in the Baltic.
In the Arctic Ocean, Kalguev, Vaigatz, Nova
Zembla, Spitzbergen. - ,

Mountains. — Oural Mountains, Valdai.

Lakes. — Onega, Ladoga, Peipus, Ihnen.

Rivers. — Dniester, Bog, Dnieper, Don, Vol-
ga, Oka, Kama, Dwina, Neva, Northern Dwiua,
Petchora.

Remarks.'— European Russia is almost throughout its
vast extent a level country. On its eastern frontier, indeed,
a vast chain of hills stretches, under various denominations,
from Nova Zembla to the Caspian ; rising in some places
to the height of 8000 feet. In Lapland and in the Crimea
there arc mountains uf considerable magnitude ; and the
Valdai hills form an extensive table-land to the east and
south of Petersburg. From these latter hills the principal
rivers of Russia take their rise ; and so flat is the country
through which they flow, that their course towards the sea
is extremely tranquil. The distinguishing feature in the
natural aspect of Russia is its steppes, which are vast plains
formed chiefly of sand, and destitute of wood, except, here
and there, a stunted birch.

The climate of Russia is much colder than that of other
European countries in the same parallel of latitude ; and
the farther we proceed eastward, we find it still the colder.
For this peculiarity in the Russian climate various causes
have been assigned,— its distance from the ocean,— the vast
tract of land traversed by the north and easterly winds,-
and the dreary uncultivated surface of the country, a great

RUSSIA IN EUROPE.

125

lev, Vol-
ongecl to
ly of the
ions are,
iadt; 12.
Jorodino ;
nail ; 45.

le Baltic,
tz, Nova

Jai. i
len.

Don, Vol-
n Dwiua,

oughout its
tier, indeed,
lominations,
some places

the Crimea
de ; and the
the east and
the principal

the country
ards the sea
>ature in the
re vast plains

except, here

that of other
latitude; and
lithe colder,
arious causes
-an,— the vast
L'rly winds, —
untry, a great

proportion of which ia occupied with forests, lakes, and
marshes. Beyond the latitude of 69° the ground is cover,
ed with snow and ice ; corn crops cannot be depended on
above GO** ; and do not become of consequence till we de-
scend to 57^. The fruits of temperate climates cannot be
raised with advantage above 50°. The summer heat in
llussia, however, is in general greater than in other coun-
tries under the same parallels of latitude.

Barley, oats, and rye are the principal grains of the nor-
thern provinces ; in the middle and southern provinces
wheat h raised in great abundance. The meadows on the
WolgL , I .'ion, and some of the other rivers, are luxuri-
ant in r >r ' -grasses. Hemp and flax are cultivated on
the stroiig soils ; tobacco and maize in the south, chiefly in
the Crimea. The fruits vary with the varieties of latitude
and climate. Apples, plums, and cherries are common in
the central provinces ; peaches and melons in the southern ;
and in Taurida and the Crimea, vines, figs, almonds, and
pomegranates. In the centre of Russia are extensive for-
ests of all kinds of trees ; pine, fir, and birch trees abound
in the northern regions.

The domestic animals common in other parts of Europe
are found in Russia ; and, as a proof of the extent of its
territory^ it may be mentioned, that the camel and the rein,
deer, animals of opposite climates, are both domesticated
within Its limits. Among the wild animals of this country
may be enumerated the bear, the wolf, the lynx, the cha.
mois, the antelope, the elk, the beaver, the ermine, the
marten, the musk-deer, and the musk-rat.

The most extensive mines of Russia are in the Oural
mountains. In Perm are valuable mines of copper and
iron ; and of the latter metal there are also considerable
mines in the neighbourhood of Moscow. Salt abounds in
several provinces; and springs of naphtha occur in the
district of Perecop and the isle of Taman in Taurida<

Manufactures and agriculture are still in a very back,
ward state in Russia, although the government has of late
been making laudable efforts to improve them. The prin-
cipal branches of manufacture are linen, wooll'^n, hard-
ware, leather, soap, oil, potash, and mats. From its small
extent of coast Russia must ever be limited in its foreign
commerce ; but its rivers and canals afford great facilities
for internal trade. By means of the canal of Vishnei Vo-

126

IIUSSIA IN EUKOPK.

I !

loskok, which unites the Tversta, a tributary of the Volga,
with the Shiina, which communicates, by means of other
rivers, with lake Ladoga, and thence with the Neva, goods
may be conveyed without landing from the Caspian to the
Baltic. The principal articles of export are hemp, flax,
leather, tallow, potash, .. ax, soap, timber, pitch, tar, skins,
furs. The imports are sugar, coffee, cotton, and other co-
1 >nial goods ; woollen and cotton cloths, silks, dye-stuffs,
wins, and brandy. The annual value of the exports ii
about £15,000,000,— of the imports, nearly the same.

The mode of Christianity established in Russia is that of
the Greek church ; but Christians of all other denominations,
and even Mahometans, have full toleration. The ecclesiastics
are extremely numerous, and enjoy important immunities
and privileges. Their religious ceremonies, particularly on
festival days, are splendid and imposing. The government is
an absolute monarchy^the only restraint on the will of the
emperor, or autocrat, being the respect due to the nobility
and clergy, and the dread of assassination, by which an un..
popular sovereign is sometimes removed, and from which
even the best is not altogether secure. The people are still
kept in a very degrading state of vas&:alage ; the peasants,
or boors, are the slaves of those proprietors on whose lands
they are born ; but government has been making attempts
to ameliorate their condition, and some nobles have declar-
ed their peasantry free. The resources of Russia, were
they less scattered and better managed, would be very
great. Its revenue, however, does not exceed £13,000,000 ;
and the expenses of the war with Buonaparte threw it into
considerable embarrassment. The numerical amount of the
Russian army, exclusive of irregulars, was, in 1819,
778,000 men. As soldiers the Russians possess in an emi-
nent degree the virtues of obedience and fortitude. Under
good officers they would be almost invincible ; and their
discipline has, of late y.'ars, been greatly improved.

Education is miserably neglected throughout the empire.
But to this, as to other points on which the national im-
provement depends, the attention of government has re-
cently been directed. By an imperial ukase issued in 1 S02,
a plan of education was prescribed somewhat resembling
our parochial estiiblishments in Scotland ; but it has not yet
been rendered properly effective. Little can be said in fa-

IIUSSIA IN EUROPE.

127

lie Volga,
i of other
2va, goods
ian to the
emp, flaXf
tar, skins,
i other co-
dye-stuffs,
exports is
same.

La is that of
ominations,
ecclesiastics
immunities
ticularly on
(vernment is
e will of the
the nobility
vhich an un-
from which
ople are still
;he peasants,
whose lands
ng attempts
i.ave declar-
lussia, were
uld be very
n 3,000,000 ;
threw it into
imount of the
as, in 1819,
!ss in an emi-
tude. Under
and their
oved.

ut the empire.

national im-

iment has re -

isued in 1 802,

resembling

tithasnotyet

be said in fa-

\'Our of the national character of the Russians. Of clean-
liness the lower classes have no idea, nor is it much attend-
ed to even among their superiors. Drinking and gaming
i.re prevalent vices ; and chastity is scarcely esteemed a vir-
tu' . The nobility live in great style ; but there is still a
rudeness in their magniBcence characteristic of a half-bar->
barous state. They are a social and hospitable people.

EXERCISES.

Is the Russian empire confined to Europe ? What is its
extent ? How is European Russia bounded ? Between what
degrees of latitude and longitude is it situate P What are its
length and breadth ? What is the amount of its population ?
How many governments or provinces does it contain ? How
many of them are entirely in Europe ? Name the govern-
ments in the north. Name those in the north-west. Name
those in the west. Name those in the centre. Name those
in the east. Name those in the south. Which of those go-
vernments are partly in. Asia ? From what country ana at
what time was Finland acquired ? When and from what
country were Bessarabia and part of Moldavia acquired ?
What part of J? assia formerly belonged to Poland ? What
are the towns wnich have not the same names as the govern-
ments ? What islands belong to Russia ? What are its
mountains ? What are its principal lakes ? What are its
chief rivers ?

Where is Tornea, Kaminiec, Odessa, Borodino, Ismail,
Choczim, Cronstadt, Bender, Zytomiers, &c. ? Where is
lake Ladoga, Peipus, the Oural mountains, laki, Ilmen ?
Trace the Volga, tne Dnieper, the Oka, the Petchora, the
Kama, the Dwiua, &c.

What is the general aspect of Russia ? In what part of it
do chains of hills occur ? From which of those chains do the
priacipal rivers of Russia take their rise ? What is the dis-
tinguishing feature in the general aspect of E ssia ?

What is peculiar in the climate of Russia ? What causes
have been assigned for this peculiarity ? What are the vari-
ous effects of the climate on the earth, and its productions,
in the various latitudes down to 60" ? Is the summer-heat
great in Russia ? What are the principal crops in the north-
ern, middle, and southern provinces ? W ^lere do luxuriant
meadows occur? Where are hemp and flax, tobacco and
maize, respectively cultivated ? What varieties of fruits are
found in the different regions ? What trees abound in the
centre, and in the north ? What domestic animals in oppo-
site parts of Russia afford a proof of its vast extent of terri-

128

RUSSIA IN EUROPE.

i i

torv ? Mention some of the wild animals of this country.
Where do the most extensive mines of Russia occur ? In
what provinces are mines of copjier and iron wrought ? Is
salt common in any part of Russia ? Where do springs of
naphtha occur ?

In what state are the manufactures of Russia ? What are
the principal articles of manufacture ? Why is Russia ill-
adapted for foreign commerce ? What facilitates its internal
trade ? How is a communication formed between the Baltic
and the Ct pian ? What are the principal articles of export ?
Whi i are the imports ? What is their annual value respec-
tively ? What is the established religion of Russia ? Are
other religions tolerated ? What is the state of ecclesiastics
in Russia ? What is remarkable about their religious cere-
monies ? What is the nature of the government ? Wbtt are
the only restraints on the will of the sovereign ? In what state
are the people ? Have any attempts been made to ameliorate
their condition ? What is the state of the resources of this
empire ? What is the amount of its revenue ? What is the
numerical amount of its army ? What are the characteristic
qualities of Russian soldiers ?

In what state is education in Russia ? What was the plan
prescribed for its improvement by the imperial ulcaseof lo02 ?
what are the prevalent defects in the national character ? In
what style do the nobility live ? For what social virtue are
the Russians remarkable.

DESCRIPTIVE TABLE.

Abo, the capital of Finland, si-
tuate on the Aura-jocki, at
the extremity of the promon-
tory formed by the gulfs of
Bothn a and Finland. It car-
ries on a considerable trade, and
is the seat of a bishop, a pro-
vincial governor, a court of
justice, and a university. Fo-

Eulation 11,500.
md, an island at the entrance
of the gulf of Bothnia, 40 miles
long, 30 broad, and containing
11,260 inhabitants.
Archan'gel, (pr. Arkan'gel),an ex-
tensive government in the north,
including Nova Zembla, and con-
taining 356,400 square miles. So
bleak and sterile is this vast re-
gion , that it contains only 1 1 5,000
inhabitants. The wealth of the

country consists chiefly in the
fisheries, which extend along
the whole coast.
Archan'gel, or St Michael, the ca-
pital of the above government,
situate at the mouth of the
Northern Dwina. It'derives its
name {torn a monastery dedicat-
ed to the archangel Michael.
About 100 trading vessels. A-om
foreign nations, chiefly ffnglish
and Dutch, visit this city annual.
ly, sailing round by the North
Cape in Juneor July, and depart,
ingin October or September, Its
population, once amounting to
30,000, does not now exceed 7000.

Ben'der, a small but strongly.for.
tifled town in Bessarabia, situate
on the Dniester.

U8 country,
occur ? In
ought ? Is
) springs of

What are
Russia ill-
s its internal
en the Baltic
es of export?
iralue respec-
.ussia ? Aire
F ecclesiastics
jligious cere-
t? Wt-itare
In what state
! to ameliorate
ources of this
What is the
I characteristic

It was the pUn
akaseof lo02r
character? In
)cial virtue are

ts chiefly in the
ch extend along

t' Michael, the ca-
lOve government,
e mouth of the
na. Itderives its
nonasterydedicat-
changel MichaeU
ling vessels, from
,8, chiefly English
iitthiscityannual-
_ind by the North
jrJuly.and depart,
■or September. Its
nee amounting to
)t now exceed 7000.

,11 but strongly-for-
Bessarabia, situate
Hter.

RUSSIA IN EUROPE

]29

Bessarabia, a sm..!! province be-
tween the Danube and the
Dniester, east of Moldavia, ced-
ed to Russia by Turkey, in 1812.
xt contains 8800 square miles,
and is a level and fertile tract of
country.

Bog, a river which issues from a
lake on the northern frontier of
Podolia, flows through that go.
vernment and Cherson, and falls

. into the Dnieper near Oczalcov.

Borodi'no, (pr. Borodcc'no), a
village in the government of
Moscow, near the river Moskwa,
famous for a great battle fought
there, 7th September, 1812, be-
tween the Russians and French,
when about 30,000 fell en each
side.

Carelia. See Vilrorg.

Charkov', or Khar'kof, a govern-
ment south of Kursk, and north
of Ekaterinoslav, containing
13,000 square miles, and nearly
800,000 inhabitants.

Charkov', the principal town of
the above government, situate
on the small rivers Charkov
and Lapan. Its monastic col-
lege, was, in 1803, erected into
a university.

Cher'son, or Kher'son, an exten.
sive government south-west of
Ekaterinoslav, containing 26,532
square miles, and 400,000 inha-
bitants.

Cherson, the capital of the above
government, is situate on an ex-
tensive plain, on the right bank
of the Dnieper, about GO milts
from its mouth. Catherine,
who wished to render it the
Petersburg of the south, en-
dowed it with great commercial
privileges ; but its unfavourable
situation, owing to the difficulty
of navigating the Dnieper, and
the unhealthiness of the climate,
has completely frustrated her in-
tention. Here the philanthro-
pic Howard died ; he is burie<l
about eight miles from the
town, wnere a monument is
erected to his memory.

Choc'zim, a town in Podolia, on
the right bank of the Dniester.

It belonged formerly to the Tur.
kish province of Moldavia, but
was ceded to the Russians in
18 1^. It is r place of great
strength, and has been the scene
of several great battles and
sieges.

Courland, (Koor^and), a govern,
ment of Russian Poland, sepa.
rated from Livonia by the
Dwina. It is a fertile, but ill.
cultivated district, containing
11,200 square miles, and 450,000
inhabitants.

Crimea, or Crim Tartary, the
Chersonesus Taurica of the an.
cientSj a ne'^insula in the south
of Ta formed by the

Black Seit on the west and
south ; the Straits of CafiU, and
the Sea of Asoph on the east ;
and the isthmus of Perccop on
the north. It is about ilOS miles
in length, and 124 in breadth.
It is divided by the river Salgir
into two parts, the northern of
which is a vast undulating plain,
composed of heaths or steppes,
without a single tree, and fit
only for pasture. The southern
is one of the most delightful
spots on the face of the globe ;
its mountains enclosing valleys
of the greatest fertility, rich in
all the productions of the south.

Cronstadt, a eeaport and strong
fortress in the government of
Petersburg, at the south-east
extremity of the island of Rctu.
sari, in the gulf of Finland, S
miles from the coast of Peters,
burg, and 8 from that of Vi.
borg. It protects the passage
to Petersburg, and is the prin-
cip' 1 depot for the Russian navy.
It was built by Peter the Great,
who employed 300,000 men in
the work. Population 40,000.

Da'go, or Da'gen, an island at the
entrance of the gulf of Finland,
40 miles long, and varying from
26 to 36 in breadth. The dan.
gerous shallows and sand-banks
on its coasts have rendered it
necessary to erect a lighthouse
at Dagerost, its principal vil-
lage.

130

RUSSIA IN EUROPE.

Dnieper, (pr. Nee'per), the an-
cient Borysthenes, a large river
which rises in Smolensk, and,
after a winding course of 800
miles, falls into the Black Sea
between Oczakov and Kinbum.

Dniester, (pr. Neester). the an.
cicnt Tyras, a large river which
issues from a lake among the
Carpathian mountains in Aus.
trian Oallicia, enters Russia at
Choczim in Podolia, forms the
boundary between these govern,
ments, and falls into the Black
Sea at Belgorod, after a course
of 600 miles.

Don, the Tanais of the ancients,
a very large river, which rises
in the government of Tula,
and, after a winding course of
1100 miles, empties itself
through three channels into the
Sea of Azoph.

Don Cossacks, or Donski Cos-
sacks, a. tribe whose territory
extends along the lower part of
the Don. It contains 87,000
square miles, and 350,000 in ha.
bitants. The greater part of the
male inhabitants are soldiers,
possessing their lands as the
price of their service ; and in
war they serve always on horse,
back.

Dwi'na, a large river which is.
sues flrom a lake of the same
name on the borders of Pskov
and Tver ; and, after a course of
500 miles, falls into the gulf of
Riga. It is navigable through
nearly the whole of its course,
and communicates with the lake
of Ladoga, and with Petersburg
by means of a canal.

Dwina', Northern, a large river,
formed by the junction of the
Juchona and Jug, in the go-
vernment of Vologdo, and fall-
ing through two channels into
the White Sea, near Archangel,
after a course of about 500
miles.

Eka'terinoslav', or Ca'tharinoslav',
a government north of Taurida,
containing about 35,000 square
miles, and 560,000 inhabitants.
The soil in general is light and

sandy ; the climate uncommonly
mild.— The chief town of the
same name is a small place, re.
markable only for its woollen
manufactures, which are ac-
counted the finest in Russia.
Esthonia, or Revel, a government
ex *^^end>ng along the south side
of the gulf of Finland. It con.
tains 10,000 square miles, and
about 240,000 inhabitants.

Finland, an extensive country
east of Sweden, to which it be.
longed till the year 1808, when
it was taken possession of by the
Russians. In superficial extent
it is equal to England, and con.
tains about 1,100,000 inhabi-
tants.

Grod'no, an extensive govern,
ment in Russian Poland, con.
taining about 11,000 square
miles, and 620,000 inhabitants.
—Grodno, the principal town, is
situate on the right bank of the
Niemen or Memel. Here Sta-
nislaus, king of Poland, sought
his last retreat, and here he
finally abdicated his crown, A.D.
1795.

Il'men, a large lake in the govern,
ment of Novgorod, about 48
miles in length, and ft'om 12 to
18 in width. It communicates
with lake Ladoga by the river
Volchov and a canal.

Ingria. See Petersburg.

Ismail, (pr. Ismile'), a large and
strongly-fortified town in Bessa.
rabia, situate on the north side
of the principal arm of the Da.
nube, about 33 miles from the
Black Sea. The capture of this
town, after a very brave and ob.
stinate resistance by the Turks,
was one of the most memorable
exploits of the Russian general,
Suwarrow.

Jaroslav, (pr. Yaroslav'), an ex.
tensive government on the Wol-
ga, surrounded by Vologda,
Kostroma, Vladimir, Tver, ana
Novgorod. It contains about
14,000 square miles, and S'JO.OOO

incommonly
;own of the
all place, re-
its woollen
ich are ac-
n Russia.
I government
le south side
ind. It con-
e miles, ana
bitants.

Aive country
which it be-
r 1808, when
ision of by the
erticial extent
and, and con-
D.OOO inhabi-

islve govem-
Poland, con.
11,000 square
DO inhabitants.
Incipal town, is
ht bank of the
lel. Here Sta-
Poland, sought
I and here he
lis crown, A.D.

in the govem-
rod, about 48
and flrom 12 to
_, communicates
;a by the river
inal.
sburg.

'), a large and
town in Bessa-
the north side
firm of the Da-
miles from the
capture of this
y brave and ob-
by the Turks,
^ost memorable
lussian general,

roslav'), an ex.

ent on the Wol-
by Vologda.

imir, Tver, and
contains about
leB,anda'JO,000

RUSSIA IN EUROPE.

131

inhabitants.— Jaroslav, the prin-
cipal town, situate on the Vol.
ga, is a place of considerable
importance. It is the see ol .
bisnop, the seat of an academy,
high-school, and theological col-
lege. It has extensive manu.
fkctures of silk, linen, and Rus-
sian leather; besides smaller
ones of other articles, and has a
noted bell-foundrv. Population
19,000.

ICalguev, (pr. Kalgwev'), an ex.
tensive but dreary island in the
Froien ocean. It is about 70
miles in diameter, but is inhabit-
ed by only a few scattered fami-
lies.

Kaluga, (pr. Kaloosa), a govern-
ment bounded by Moscow, Smo-
lensk, Tula, and Orel. It con-
tains 8500 square miles, and
nearly 1,000,000 inhabitants.
It contains iron-mines and im-
portant manufactures ; nearly a
million sterling being employed
in trade.— The principal town
situate on the Oka. It contains
a population of 17,000, most of
whom are employed in manu-
factures of woollen and cotton
cloths, canvass, paper, leather,
and hats.

Kama, a large river which rises
in Viatka, traverses Perme
flrom north to south, and falls
into the Volga 24 miles below
Kasan.

Kami'niec, the chief town of 7/odo-
lia, to the north of the Dniester.
Population 5600>

Kasan', an extensive government
to the south of Viatka, having
22,000 miles of superficial ex-
tent, and about 850,000 inhabi-
tants, chiefly of Tartar origin. —
The chief town is situate on the
Kasanka. It is a bishop's see,
the seat of a small university,
and some other seminaries, and
has large soa^vworks and tan-
neries, besides woollen, cotton,
and lace manufactures. In its
vicinity is a new naval establish-
ment.

Kiev, (pr. Kioo). an extensive go-
vernment on tne Dnieper, con.

taining 81,000 square miles, and
about 1,000,000 inhabitants. lU
soil is fertile ; but great part of
the province is occupicn with
{usturage. — The principal town
IS of great extent, situate on a
rising ground on the right bank
of the Dnieper. In a monas-
tery here are subterraneous
vaults, divided into apartments
and chapels, in which are kept
a numtier of dead bodies in an
undecayed state, believed by
the Russians to be the relics of
saints and martyrs. Population
20,000.

Kostro'ma, one of the largest go.
vernments in European Russia,
containing 38,400 square miles,
and about 1,150,000 inhabitants.
It is surrounded by the govern,
ments of Vologda, Viatka, Nis-
nei-Novgorod, Vladimir, and
Jaroslav.— The principal town
is situate on the Volga, near its
junction with the Kostroma. Po-
pulation 9000.

Kursk, (pr. Koorsk), an extensive
government surrounded by those
of Orel, Voronetz, Slobodsk-
Ukraine, and Tchernigov. It
contains 15,000 square miles,
and about 1,200,000 inhabitants.
— The chief town is one of tlie
most ancient in the empire, si-
tuate on the river Tuskara. Po-
pulation 16,000.

Lado'ga, Lake, a large expanse
of water, surrounded by the go.
vernments of Petersburg, Vi-
borg, and Olonetz. It is the
largest lake in Europe, being 130
milesin length,and75 in breadth.
It abounds in fish, particularly
salmon. It communicates by
canals with lake Ilmen and th
Volga ; and thus forms a line
of communication between the
Baltic and the Caspian.

Livo'nia, or Riga, a maritime pro-
vince of great extent in the north-
west, having Esthonia on the
north, and Courland on the
south. It contains 2 1 ,000 square
miles, and 6UO,()00 inhabitants.
It exports a considerable quan-
tity of com.

132

RUSSIA IN EUROPE.

ill

Minsk, a very large government,
extending fVom the Dwina on
the north, to Volhynia on the
•outh. Its ariea is about 37,000
square miles, containing a popu-
lation of about 930,000. It is
a level and fertile district.— The
principal town is a small place,
with a population of 2000.
. .ttau, (Mittou')i the principal
town in the government of Cour-
land, on the river Aa. Popula-
tion 12,000.

Moghilev, (pr. Mo'hileO, an ex-
tensive government to the east
of Minsk, containing 18,5(N)
square miles, and about 800,000
inhabitants. It abounds in fo-
rests and marshes, but the rest
of the soil is fertile.— The prin-
cipal town, situate on the Dnie-
per, is a place of some impor-
tance, containing a population
of 12,500. Here are both a
Greek and a Latin archbishop.

Moldavia, an extensive province
in the north-east of Turkey, the
part of which, north of the
Pruth, was ceded to Russia in
1812.

Moscow, a central government,
which is among the least ex-
tensive and the most populous
provinces in the empire. Its su-
perficial area is only 10,000
square miles, its population
1,126,000. Its trade and manu-
factures are very considerable.
The number of manufacturing
establishments in 1808 was 400,
and the capital employed in
commerce nearly L. 3,000,000. —

Moscow, the principal town of
the above province, and long the
seat of government, is a large
city, through which the river
Moskwa flows. Owing to the
width of the streets, and the
number of spacious areas, courts,
and gardens, it covers a space of
20 square miles, which is equal
to the circuit of London, West-
minster, and Southwark to-
gether, although its population
does not amount to one-third of
that of the British metropolis.
A great part of this splendid
city was reduced to ashes by a

voluntary act of its spirited in.
habitants, when it was occupied
by Buonaparte and his invading
army in 1812; but it has since
risen fVom its ashes in renewed
splendour. The most remark,
able part of the city is the Krem.
lin, containing the ancient pa.
lace of the Czars. Population
300,000.

Ne'va, a river which issues from
lake Ladoga, and, after a course
of 35 miles, empties itself into
the gulf of Finland, below Pe-
tersburg, by three mouths. It
is navigable through its whole
course for vessels of considerable
size.

Nis'nei-Nov'gorod, a large central
government, east of \1adimir,
having an area of 20,400 square
miles, with nearly a million
of inhabitants. — ^Tbe principal
town, situate at the confluence
of the Oka and Volga. From
its favourable situation, it is a
place of great internal trade,
and is called the inland harbour
of Russia.

No'va-Zem'bla, a large island in
the Arctic Ocean, separated
from the government of^ Arch-
angel by the Waigatz Straits.
Its length is computed at 540
miles, and its breadth at 240 ; —
extending from 69° to 76" N.
Lat. It is almost uninhabitable
for cold; but the south and
west coasts are visited by fisher-
men and hunters.

Nov'gorod, an extensive govern-
ment to the east of Petersburg,
having a superficial extent of
55,000 square miles, with about
780,000 inhabitants.— The chief
town, situate in -a beautiful
i3lain at the north extremity of
lake Ilmen, and divided by the
Yolchov, a broad and deep
stream, is one of the most an-
cient cities in the empire. Po-
pulation 8000.

Odes'sa, a flourishing seaport in
the government of Cherson, on
a small bay of the Black Sea,
between the mouths of the

RUSSIA IN EUROPE.

133

Dniester and Dnieper. Though
founded so recently as 1792, by
Catherine II., it now contains a
population of nearlv 4o,00O.

Oe'zel, an Island at the mouth of
thejfulfof Riga, 70 miles long,
and varying firom 2 to 5() miles
\i\ breadth. Population 35,000.

Oka, a considerable river which
rises in the government of Orel,
flows north-east, and after re.
ceiving the Moskwa, falls into
the Vo^Ra atNisnei-Novgorod.

Olonctz, a very extensive govern-
ment, south of Archangel, hav-
ing a superficial extent of 87,500
square miles, but only 282,000
inhabitants.— Its chief town, si-
tuate on the Olonza, near lake
Ladoga, is remarkable as the
place where Peter the Great
erected his first dock-yard. Po-
pulation 2800.

One'ga, a lake in the government
of Olonetz, 130 miles long, and
firom 70 to 80 broad. It is con.
nected by the river Swir with
lake Ladoga.

One'ga, a large river rising in the
south-east of Olonetz. and flow-
ing northward to the White
Sea.

O'rel, a government in the inte-
rior, south of Tula and Kaluga,
havmg 16,000 square miles, and
upwards of a million of inhabi-
tants. It is one of the best corn
countries in Russia.

Oural, or Ural (pr. Oo'ral), moun-
tains, a lofty and extensive
range, which, through ih? great-
er part of its extent, forms the
boundary between European and
Asiatic Russia.

Peipus, Lake, surrounded by the

fovernments of Petersburg,
avonia, Esthonia, and Pskov.
It is 50 miles lon^, and 35
broad, and communicates with
the gulf of Finland by the river
Narova.
Penza, a government in the cast,
having Nisnei-Novgorod on the
north, and Saratov on the south.
It contains 16,500 square miles,
and nearly 800.000 inbabitanU.

—The chief town. Is situate at
the confluence of the Penza and
Sura. Population 10,000.

Pcrme, an extensive government,
partly in Europe, partly in Asia,
containing about 1 16,000 square
miles, and about ],100,(K)0 inha-
bitants. — Its chief town is a
small place, situate on the river
Kama. Population 38UU.

Petschora, (pr. Petsho'ra), a large
river which issues firom the
Oural mountains, flows north,
wards through the governments
of Perme and Archangel, and
falls into the Northern Ocean,
after a course of 600 miles.

Pe'tcrsburg, or Ingria, a govern-
ment at the eastern extremity
of the gulf of Finland, contain,
ing about 18,000 square miles,
and 700,000 inhabitants.

Pe'ters'buro, in the above go-
vernment, the capital of the
Russian empire, is situate at the
mouth of the river Neva, at the
eastern extremity of the gulf of
Finland. It was founded by
Peter the Great in 1703; and
t}efore his death, in 1725, was
a large city. Catherine II. made
it the permanent residence of the
courts, and it is now one of the
largest and most elegant cities in
Europe. It is divided into two
parts oy the Neva, which is hero
broader than the Thames at
London, deep, rapid, and clear.
Its form is nearly circular, and
it is about four miles in diame-
ter. Population i!85,000.

Podo'lia, an extensive government
in Russian Poland, containing
20,400 square miles, and about
1,330,000 inhabitants.

Polto'va, a large and fertile go.
vemment between Cherson and
Charkov, having an area of
16,000 squaiemiles, and 1,500,000
inhabitants.

Pskov, or Ples'kov, an extensive
government in the north-west,
between Livonia and Smolensk.
Its suiierficial area is about
22,000 square miles, and its po-
pulation 700,000.— Its principal
town, situate at the confluence

134

RUSSIA IN EUROPE.

' I

of the Velikaja and Pskov, ia
the see of a Greek archbishop.
Population 7000.

Revel, government of. See Es-
thonia.

Re'vel, or Ko'lyvan, the chief
town in the above government,
is situate on a small bay of the
gulf of Finland. It is a place
of considerable trade ; and has a
spacious, safe, and well-protect'
ed harbour. Population 13,000.

Riazan, a central government east
of Moscow, having an area of
15,000 square miles, and con-
taining 1,000,000 inhabitants.—
Its principal town, situate on the
Oka, is tne see of a Greek bi.
shop, and is remarkable fur its
unusual number of churches.
Population 5000,

Riga, government of. See Livo-
nia.^Riga, the chief town, is
situate in a large plain on the
Dwina, about nine miles {torn
the sea. It is a place of great
trade, its exports amounting in
value to about a million ster-
ling. Its harbour is capacious
and well defended. Population
36,000.

Saratov, a very extensive govern-
ment in the south-east, situate
partly in Europe, partly in Asia.
Great part of its soil is so im-
pregnated with salt as to be un-
fit for vegetation ; in conse-
quence of which, although its
superficial extent is 91,000 square
miles, its population is only
1,000,000, It nas a number of
salt lakes. — ^The chief town, is
situate on the Volga, and has an
active trade, chiefly with Mos-
cow and Astracan. Population
5000.

Sim'birsk, a government on the
borders of Asia, traversed by
the Volga. With an area of
30,000 square miles, it contains
a population of 850,000.— Its
chief town is a considerable
place, beautifully situate, part-
ly on a plain, partly on a hill,
at the confluence of the Sviaga

and Volga. Population nearly
12 000.

Slobodsk'-Ukraine, (pr. Ookraine).
See Charcov.

Smolensk', or Smolensko, a cen-
tral government west of Moscow,
having an area of 21,400 s(juare
miles, and about l,05(t,U0O mha.
bitants.— Its chief town, a place
of some importance, and consi-
derable strength, stands on two
hills and a valley watered by the
Dnieper, which is here a navi-
gable stream. It was here that
the Russians, in 1813, made
their first important stand
against the French, by whom
the town was then set on fire,
and again on their disastrous
retreat. Its trade and manu-
factures are considerable. Po-
pulation 12,600.

Spitzber'gen, or East Greenland,
a group of desolate islands in
the Arctic Ocean, extending
from 77° to 8F N. Lat. The
surrounding sea abounds in
whales, and is the common re-
sort of whale-fishers from dif.
ferent countries.

Tambov, a government west of
Penza and Saratov, having an
area of 21,000 square miles, and
a population of 1,136,0(0.- Its
principal town, situate on tlie
river Zna, is the see of a Greek
bishop; it has some manufac-
tures, and considerable trade.
Population 10,700.

Taurida, a government in the
south, comprehending the Cri.
mea, the island of Taman, and
a considerable tract north and
east of the Crimea. Its super,
ficial extent 35,000 square miles.
Population 260,000.

Tchemigov, or Czarnitzov, (pr.
Cher'negov), agovernment north
of Kiev, containing 741,850 in-
habitants. Its soil is very fer-
tile. — Its princ'pal town, on the
Desna, is the see of a Greek
archbishop. Population 5000.

Tschergask, or Tscherkask, (jt.
Cher'gask), the capital of the
Don Cossacks, situate on the Ak-

RUt^SIA IN EUROPE.

135

ia>, a branch of the Don, and
surrounded by water and
inarshes. It consista of two
towns. Old and New, and con-
tains a population of 15,000.

Tor'nea. !see Sweden.

Tver, (pr. Twer), a central go-
vemment between those of Mos-
cow and Novgorod, h:iving an
area of 24,100 square miles, with
about l,00(),0()O inhabitants.— Its
chief town, having been nearly
consumed by tire in 1763, was
rebuilt, on a regular plan, by
order of the Empress Catha-
rine, and is now the most re-
gular city in the empire. It
stands on the great road from
Petersburg to Moscow, at the
confluence of the Tvertza, the
Volga, and the Tmaka. Popu-
lation 20,000.

Tula, (pr. TooTa), a government
south of Moscow, having an
area of 1 2,G00 square miles, with
a population of 950,000.— Its
principal town, situate at the
confluence of the Tulpa and Upa,
is called the Sheffield of Russia.
Ilcsides a cannon-foundry, and
forges for muskets, bayonets,
swords, &c. for government,
there are about RUO workshops
for the manufacture of flrc-arms
and cutlery for private use. Po-
pulation 40,000.

Vaigatz, (pr. Waigatz), a strait
between Archangel and the isl-
and of Vaigatz.

Vai'gatz, an island, or rather a
grou^ of islands, between the
continent of Russia and Nova
^erabla. The land is bleak and
uninhabited, visited only by hun-
ters of bears and other animals.

Valdai mountains, an elevated
tract of country in the centre
of Russia, never rising, how-
ever,, alwve the height of 1200
feet. See Remarks.

Viat'ka, an extensive government
in the east, having an area of
47,000 square miles, with a po-
pulation of 1,000,(M)0.— Its chief
town, situate at the confluence
of the Viatka and Chlinooka, is
the sec of a Greek bishop, and

has some trade. Population
8500.

Vi'borg, or Wylwrg, a govern-
ment north of the gulf of Fin-
land, having lfl,0OU square miles
of superflcial extent, with
186,000 inhabitants.— Its chief
town, situate on the gulf of Fin-
land, is a fortified place, and has
considerable trade. Population
3500.

Vitepsk, a government in the
south-west, to the cast of Cour-
land, having an area of 20,000
square miles, and 750,000 inha-
bitants.^Its chief town, situate
at the confluence of the Dwina
and Viteba, contains a popula-
tion of 13,000.

Vladimir', a government to the
east of Moscow, having an area
of 19,500 square miles, with
nearly a million of inhabitants.
— Its chief town, on the Klias-
ma, is a Greek bishop's see. Po-
pulation 3000.

Volga, or Wolga, river, issues
from lake Seliger, among the
Valdai mountains, in the north
of Tver, and flows in an east-
ward course, though with many
windings, till it reaches Kasan ;
it then takes a southward direc-
tion, forming the boundary be^
tween £uro()C and Asia for e^
veral hundred miles, after which
it flows directly eaiitward, ai.
falls into the Caspian, after a
course of 2700 miles, through
almost the whole of which it is
navigable. It has a 'lUger
course than any river iti Eu-
rope ; and, with the exception
of the Danube, pourb a greater
volume of water into the sea.

Volog'da, a very extensive, but
thinly -iieopled government,
south of Archangel, having a
superficial extent of > 49,000
square miles, with about 654,000
inhabitants.— Its chief town, si-
tuate on the river Vologda, is a
place of considerable importance,
having an active trade, and a
number of manufactures. Po-
pulation 11,000.

Volhy'nia, an extensive govern-
ment in Polish Russia, between

r^^-

136

PRUSSIA.

the governments of Orodno and
Podolia, having a luperflcial ex-
tent of 89i000 square miles, with
1,800,000 inhabitants.
Varonetz, an extensive govern-
ment west of the Don Cossacks,
having an area of 31,000 square
miles, with a population of
800,00a— Its chief town, situate
on the river Voronetz, is the see
of an archbishop, and a place
of some trade. Population
14,500.

Wil'na, an extensive government
in the north of Lithuania, hav-
ing an area of 23,000 square

miles, and a population of
1,000,000.— Its diief town, occu-
pying several eminences near
the Vilna, is a place of consider-
able trade. It is the see of a
Greelc and a Roman Catholic
bishop, the seat of a university,
and other seminaries. Popula-
Uon 30,000.

Zyto'miers, the chief town of Vol-
hynia, situate on the river Te-
tereo. It is the see of a Greek
and a Catholic bishop, and a
place of some traffic. Popula-
tion 5500.

PRUSSIA

Is bounded N. by the Baltic ; E. by Russia ; S.
by Austria; and W. by Germany. It occupies
the north of Poland, and a great part of the north
of Germany. It extends from 49° 8' to 55° 50' N.
Lat, and from 6° to 23° E. Long. In its form it
is long and irregular ; being in its greatest length
760 miles, and varying in breadth from 70 to 340
miles. Population 11,400,000,

Divisions. — 1. Dutchy of the Lower Rhine ;
2. Dutchy of Cleves and Berg; 3. Westphalia;
4. Dutchy of Saxony ; 5. Br&ndenburg, with Up-
per and Lower Lusatia; 6. Pomerania; 7> Sile-
sia; 8. Posen; 9. West Prussia; 10. East Prus-
sia.

Towns. — 1. Cologne, Coblentz, Aix-la-Chapelle,
Bonn, Treves, Juliers ; 2. Cleves, Guelders, Dussel-
dorf ; 3. Munster, Minden, Paderborn ; 4. Magde-
burg, Wittenberg, Halberstadt, Halle, Erfurt ; 5.
Berlin, Potsdam, Brandenbui'g, Frankfort on the
Oder, Custrin, Bautzen, Lubben, Gorlitz; 6.

PRUSSIA.

137

pulation of
' town, occu-
lences near
of consider-
the see of a
an Catholic
I university,
ies. Popula-

town of Vol-
he river Te-
'. of a Greek
ishop, and a
Re. Popula-

lussia; S.
; occupies
[the north
55° 50' N.
form it
st length
to 340

Rhine ;
estphalia ;
ivith Up-

7. Sile-
ast Prus-

Chapelle,
, Dussel-
. Magde-
rfurt ; 5.
brt on the
rlitz ; 6.

Stralsund, Stettin, Bergen, Colbcrg ; 7. Breslaw,
Glogaw, Ratibor ; 8. Posen or Posua, Gnesna ; 9.
Dantzic, Elbing, Thorn, Cuhn, JMarienwerder ;
10. Konigsberg, Fillau, Tilsit, Meniol, Friedland,
Eylau.

Rivers. — Rhine, Einbs, Elbe, Vistula, Oder,
Bog, Niemen or Meniel, Pregel.

Lakes. — Spirdingaee, GrasshafF, Frische-hafF,
Curische-hafF.

Remarks. -—To the widely-scattered provinces of Prussia,
no general description of aspect will apply j but the greater
part of the country presents a level surface. The rivers by
which it is traversed are slow in their current, having but a
slight declination towards the sea. Its mountain-tracts are
the Hartz in Silesia, the Reisengeberg in Saxony, the West-
erwald in Westphalia, and the Hundsruck in the Lower
Rhine ; but these are rather on the outskirts, than in the
interior of the Prussian territories. These mountain-tracts
abound in wood, probably the remains of the Hercynian
forest.

In general the soil is poor, being sandy and covered with
heath. Silesia, Cleves, and Berg, are the most fertile and
populous districts. In the western states the climate is
warmer than that of England in the same latitudes,^in the
eastern it is cold.

Tiie agricultural products of Prussia are nearly the same
as in Britain ; but cultivation is in a much more backward
state. Silesia and Weslphalia have long been noted for
their linens,— the weaving of which is the chief employ-
ment of the lower orders in these provinces, and to a consi-
derable extent likewise in Pomerania. Woollen stuffs are
also manufactured in every town and village ; but cotton
cloths and hardware are the only manufactures carried on
in collective establishments,^the woollens and linens being
MTought by individuals in their cottages.

Prussia is not rich in minerals ; but in the mountainous
district of the Hartz are found iron, copper, lead, vitriol,
alum, saltpetre, and small quantities of silver. Brine-
springs abound in Prussian Saxony. Amber is found in

138

PRUSSIA.

considerable quantities in several parts of Prussia Pro-
pers—particularly near Pillau, on a neck of land formed by
the Frische-haff.

In its rivers and canals Prussia enjoys great advantages
for internal trade; and in its seaports on the Baltic foreign
commerce is carried on with considerable activity. The
chief exports are corn, wool, timber, pitch, potash, linseed,
tobacco, wax, and linen^ts principal imports are the colo-
nial produce and the manufactures of Great Britain.

The form of government in Prussia is absolute and he-
reditary monarchy. The established religion is Calvinist
and Lutheran Protestantism ; but the professors of other re-
ligions not only enjoy free toleration, but are admissible to
all offices in the state.

Since the time of Frederic the Great, much attention has
been paid to military tactics and discipline in Prussia ; and
her troops now rank among the bravest and most efficient
in Europe. At present the Prussian array amounts to
170,000. The manners of the Prussians resemble those of
the Germans ; but they are in general of a graver cast than
their Saxon neighbours.

With the exception of Britain and France, there is no
country in Europe where education is more attended to
than in Prussia. Besides the four universities of Berlin,
Halle, Breslaw, and Konigsberg, there are in most of the
great towns academics of sciences and respectable semina-
ries. The literary annals of this country are adorned with
the names of Cluverius, Copernicus, Frederic the Great,
Ramler, Nicolai, Busching, Spalding, &c. .

EXERCISES.

What are the boundaries of Prussia ? Between what de-
grees of latitude and longitude is it situate? What are its
length and breadth P What is the amount of its popula-
tion ?

What are the divisions of Prussia ? What are the princi-
pal towns in the Lower Rhine ? In the dutchy of Cleves
and Berg? In Westphalia ? In the dutchy of Saxony ? In
Brandenburg ? In Pomerania ? In Silesia ? In Posen ? In
West Prussia ? In East Prussia ? Where is Elbing, Pots-
dam, Bergen, Stettin, Colberg, Halbcrstadt^ Ratibor, Dussel-
dorf, Pillau, Coblentz, &.c. ?

i i

PRUSSIA.

139

russia Pro-
d formed by

advantages
altic foreign
tivity. The
ash, linseed,
ire the colo-
ritain.

lute and he-
is Calvinist
s of other re-
idmissible to

attention has
Prussia; and
nost efficient
r amounts to
mble those of
jiver cast than

, there is no
attended to

es of Berlin,
most of the

»ble sevnina-

Bidorned with
the Great,

een what de-
What are its
its popula-

mxe. the princi-
;hy of Cleves
■"Saxony? In
Posen ? In
Ibing, Pots-
tibor, jDuBsel-

Name the rivers of Prussia. Name its lakes. Trace the
course of the Elbe, the Oder, the Pregel, the Vistula, &c.
Where is the GrasshafF, Spirdingsee, Curische-hafF, Frische-
haff?

What appearance does the greater part of Prussia present ?
What is remarkable about its rivers ? What are its moun-
tain-tracts ? In what do those mountain-tracts abound ?
What is the general quality of the soil ? What are the most
fertile districts in Prussia? What kind of climate does
Prussia enjoy ? In what state is a^culture there ? For
what manufactures have Silesia and Westphalia long been
famous ? What are the only manufactures carried on in col-
lective establishments ?

What metals are found amon^* the Hartz mountains ?
What kind of springs occur in Prussian Saxony ? Where
does amber particularly abound ? What advantages does
Prussia enjoy for internal trade ? Has it much foreign com-
merce ? What are its principal exports and imports ?

What is the form of government in Prussia ? What is the
established religion ? What indulgence is extended to the

frofessors of other religions ? What is the character of the
'russian soldiery ? What is the present amount of the army ?
What people do the Prussians resemble in manners ? In
what do they differ from their Saxon neighbours ? Is educa-
tion much attended to in Prussia ? What literary institutions
does it possess ? Mention some of the distinguished names
that adorn its literary annals.

DESCRIPTIVE TABLE.

Aix-1a-ChapcIIe, (Ai-la-Shapel'),
an ancient city in the dutcny of
Lower Rhine, celebrated for its
baths. It was long the favourite
residence of Charlemagne, and
here it was customary, till the
middle of the sixteenth century,
to crown the emperors of Ger.
many.

Bautzen, or Budessin, a fortified
town in Saxony, on the Spree,
noted for its cloth and stock,
ing manufactories. Population
11.400.

Berg, a dutchy in the circle of
Westphalia, S. of the dutchy of
Cleves, with which it is now
united.

Hcr>,'en, a small town in the island
of llugen, in Pomnrania.

Bkrlin, the capital of the Prus-

sian dominions, situate on the
Spree, in Brandenburg, is one of
the most beautifUl cities in Eu-
rope. Population 160,000.

Bog, or Bu^, a river in Prussian
Poland, rises in Gallicia, and
falls into the Vistula to the N.
W. of Warsaw.

Bonn, a neat town in Lower Rhine,
pleasantly situate on the left
bank of the river.

Bran'denburg, Marquisate of, the
most important of the Prussian
states, and the foundation of the
monarchy.

Breslaw, the chief town of Silesia,
situate on the Oder, and inter,
sected by its tributary, the Ohlau.
Population 60,000.

Cleves, a dutchy in the circle of
Westphalia, now united with

140

PRUSSIA.

Berg. It contains 880 square
miles, and 12,>,000 inhabitant.
Cleves, its capital, is one of the
neatest towns in Germany. Po-
pulation 5000.

Coblentz', the chief towr- of the
dutchy of the Lower Rhine, is
delightfully situate at the con .
fluence of the Rhine and Mo-
selle, opposite the fortress of
Ehrenbreitstein. Its situation is
peculiarly favourable for internal
trade.

ColTberg, a seaport in Pomerania,
situate on the Persante, about
half a mile from its mouth.

Cologne, (pr. Colon'), the Colonia
Agrippina of the Romans, an an-
cient and t;elebrated town in
Lower Rhine, on the left bank of
the river Rhine. Its university,
founded in 1388, was supplanted
by a Lyceum erected by the.
French. It is the supposed birth-
place of Rubens ; and in the
church of the Cordeliers is the
tomb of Duns Scotus. Cologne
was one of the four principal
Hanse towns.

Culm, a considerable town of
West Prussia, having a Catholic
academy and other seminaries.

Curische-haflf", (Koorish-haf ), i. c.
the bay of Courland, a lake or
arm of the sea in East Prussia,
about 70 miles in length, but of
very unequal breadth.

Custrm, (Coostreen'), a small but
fortified town in Brandenburg,
at. the confluence of the Wartha
and Oder.
•

Dant'zic, a large and wealthy town
in West Prussia, situate on the
Vistula, about five miles from its
mouth. Its exports, of which
corn is the pnncipal article,
amount in annual value to
L. 1,500,000 Sterling. Population
45,000.

Dusseldorf, a town in the dutchy
of Berg, situate on the Rhine at
its junction with the Dussel. It
is a well-built town, and has a
considerable traffic. Population
19,000.

Elbe, the Albis of the Romans, a

iarge river which springs from
the Reisengeberge mountains be-
tween Silesia and Bohemia. On
its course, through Upper Sax-
ony, Brandenburg, and Lower
Saxony, it f eceives miti.y impor-
tant tributaries, and falls into
the German Ocean about 70
miles below Hamburgh.

Elbing, a considerable trading
town, situate on a river of the
same name in West Prussia.
Population 16,800.

Embs, a river in "Westphalia,
which discharges itself by two
channels into the bay of Dollart,
a little below Embden.

Er'furt, a considerable town in the
dutchy of S..xony, on the river
Gera. Population 18,000.

Eylau, (How'), a town in East
Prussia, situate on the lake of
Arschen. Here a great but in-
decisive battle was fought be
tween the French and Russians,
8th February, 1807-

Frankfort on the Oder, a consider-
able town in Brandenburg,— the
seat of a university,— and a place
of considerable trade. Popula-
lation 12,000.

Fried'land, (Freed'land), a small
town in East Prussia, on the
AUe, famous ibr a great battle in
which Buonaparte defeated the
Russians and Prussians, 14th
June, 1807.

Friesche-haff, (Freesh'-haf),an ex-
tensive bay, or lak' , in East
Prussia, 63 miles long, and 13
broad. It communicates with
the sea near Pillau.

Glogaw', (Glug-ow'), a well-built
and strongly-fortified town in
Silesia. Population 9000.

Gnesna, (Nes'na), a town- in Pcsen,
the see of an archbishop, who was
once the primate of Poland. Po-
pulation 3500.

Gor'litz, a town in Upper Lusatia,
on the Neisse,— long noted for
its woollen and linen manufac-
tures. Population 8500.

Grasi>..haf, an extensive bay in Po-
mcrania, at the mouth of the
Oder, in length about 36 miles.

f^i^^^

PRUSSIA.

141

springs from
nountainsbe-
lohemia. On
1 Upper Sax-
, and Lower
niiii.y impor-
md falls into
an about 70
»urgh.

rable trading
I river of the
West Prussia.

i' Westphalia,
itself by two
bay of DoUart,
-•den. . ^.
ble town in the
r, on the river
n 18,009.
town in East
on the lake of
a great but in-
was fought be
Hand Russians,

107.

)der, a consider,
mdenburg,— the
ity,— and a place
trade. Popula-

i'land), a small
Prussia, on the
a great battle in
rte defeated the
Prussians, 14th

eesh'-han.anex-

lak' , in East

les long, an«.l^
timunicates with

llau.

3w'), a well-built

brtified town m

ationQOOO.

, a town-in Pcsen,

chbishop,whowas

ite of Poland. Po-

in Upper Lusa*^'
i — long noted tor
id linen manufac-
itionSSOO. .
ttensivebayin Po-
he mouth of tne
:h about 36 miles.

and varying in brcndtli from 1 to
9 miles.
Guel'ders, a small town in the
dutchy of Cleves, on the Niers.

Halberstadt', a town in the dutchy
of Saxony, sir ate on the HoU
zennue, or the great road from
Brunswic to Leipzig. It is a very
ancient town, built chiefly in the
Gothic style. Population 13,000.

Halle, (Hal'-lai), a large town in
the dutchy of Saxony, situate on
both sides of the Saale. Here is
a celebrated university, with a
number of scientiflc institutions
belonging to it. Population
25,000.

Ju'liers, r. small but strongly-forti-
fled town in the dutchy of the
Lower Rhine.

Konigsberg, (Kun'iksberg) a larre
town in East Prussia, formerly
the capital of the kingdom, sitv
ate on the Pregel, about 4 miles
from its influx into the Frische-
haflF*. It stands partly on an
island, but chiefly on the north
bank of the river. It has a uni-
versity and a number of excel-
lent schools. Population 55,000.

Lower Rhine.— See Rhine.

Luiyben, a small town in Lower
Lusatia, situate on an island
formed by the Spree and the
Birste. Population 3100.

Magdeburg', (boorg), a large and
strongly-fortified city in the
dutchy of Saxony, beautifully si-
tuate on both sides of the Elbe.
In the citadel are the cells where
Baron Trenck and La Fayette
were confined. Population
30,2.50.

Ma'rienwer'der, a neat town in
West Prussia, situate on the
Nogat. 'opulation 5100.

Me'mel, a strongly-fortified sea-
port town in East Prussia, on
the small river Dangc, to the
N. of the Curische-haft', which
here unites with the Baltic by a
narrow strait. It is a place of

great trade, particularly in tim-
ber, which IS floated down the
river Memel or Niemcn. Pop?i-
lation 6000.
Min'den, a town in Westphalia,

Pleasantly situate on the Weser.
lere the French were defeated
by the British and their allies,
in a great battle fought on the
1st of August, 1759.
Mun'ster, fMoon'ster), a city in
Westphalia, situate on the small
river Aa. An insurrection of the
Anabaptists under John Bockels
of Leyden, and the conclusion of
the treaty which terminated the
thirty-years war, in 1648, have
given this place considerable
historical celebrity. Population
13.000.

Niemtn, (Nce'men), or Memel, a
large river, which rises a few
miles S. of Minsk in Russian
Poland, receives the Wilna at
Kowno, then flows through East
Prussia, where it receives the
name of Memel, and falls into
the Curische-fiaflf, by several
branches, about seven miles be^
low Tilsit.

G'dor, a large and important river
which rises in Moravia, flows
through Silesia, Brandenburg,
and i'omerania, expands into the
Grass-haf, and communicatei
with the Baltic by three branch,
es, which form the large islands
Usedom and Wollen. Connect-
ed by canals with the Elbe and
the V istula, thi^ river is of great
importance to trade.

Pa'derborn, a small but ancient
town in Westphalia, in which
Charlemagne is siid to have re-
sided while prosecuting the war
against the Saxons.

Pillau, (Peel.low'), a seaport town
in East P)ussia, at the extremity
of the long peninsula between the
Baltic and the Frische-hafl! It
has a considerable but shallow
harl our.

Pomera'nia, an extensive province,
stretching along the south coaitt

142

PRUSSIA.

I I

of the Baltic. It is about 200
miles in length, and varies in
breadth (torn 30 to 80 miles.

Po'sen, Grand Dutchy ,f, comprises
thm, part of Poland which was
restored to Prussia by the treaty
of Vienna, 1815. It contains an
area of 12,000 square miles, and
a population of about 900,000.
Posen, its chief tr-wn, is situate
at the poiifluenci? o( the Wartha
and Proszna. *t is a place of
great antiquity. FiTouIation
20,000.

Pots'dam, a town in .lTa.rirleribnrK,
situate on the Havi\ M: is a rt'-
gular and (.'Ic'^aut tovii, and am
occasiurial iflyidence ni iiis Pru^.
sian majesty ard court. Popu-
lation 24,000.

Pre'gel, a considerable river in
East Prussia, which falls into the
Frisclie >affbelow Konigsberg.

Prussia, Last or Ducal, an exten-
sive province in the N. R of the
kingdom, taretcliing along the
Baltic. Its area is 15,000 square
miles, and its population 856,000.

Prussia, West, a province to the
W. of East Prussia, containing
10,000 square miles, and 560,000
inhabitants.

Ra'tibor, a town in Silesia, on the
Oder, which here becomes navi-
gable. Population 3500.

Rhine, river. — See France.

Rhine, Lower, Dutchy of, a pro-
vince to the S. of Cleves and
Berg, composed of provinces tak-
en ft-om France and the grand
dutchy of Berg in 1814, and as-
signed to Prussia by the congress
of Vienna, 1815. Its superficial
extent is 5700 square miles, and
its population 950,000.

Saxony, Dutchy of, a large pro-
vince W. of Brandenburg, and
N. of the kingdom of Saxony.
It contains an area of 9830 square
miles, with upwards of a million
of inhabitants.

Silesia, an extensive province to
the N. E. of Bohemia, the most
beautiful, fertile, and important
part of the Prussian dominions.

It containo an area cf 15,000
square miles, und mojrs than
2,000,000 of iniuibitants. lis ma.
nijt)::;tures o<'lia<n, woollen, ^'^d
othtr articles, -re estimated at
three millions sterling annually.

opir'ding.see', a large lake in l^ast
Prussif, about 6'. mii'.->; in i:i/.
cumtenence.

Stettin, the capital of Po-menaia,
ciliiate on the Oder, about 60
miles from the Baltic. It iti a
place of considerable strength.
Population 21,000.

btral'sund, a seaport in Pomerania,
situate on the strait which sipa-
rates the island of Rugen from
the mainland. Its harbour is
capacious and safe; its trade
considerable, chiefly in corn j
and its population 11,000.

Thorn, a town in West PrussLi,
pleasantly situate on the Vistula,
about 90 miles from its mouth,
Copernicus, the famous astrono-
mer, was a native of this town.
Population 8500.

Til'sit, a considerable town in East
Prussia, situate on the Niemen
and the Tilse. Here a peace was
concluded, in 1807, between
Buonaparte and the Emperor
Alexander of Russia. Popula-
tion 9000.

Treves, in the Lower Rhine, the
most ancient city in Germany.
It is beautifully situate on the
Moselle. It was the Avgusta
Trevirorum of the Romans, and
is rich in Roman antiquities. Its
university is now called a gym-
nasium. Population 13,500.

Vis'tula, a large river which issues
{torn the foot of the Carpathian
mountains, flows through Li-
thuania and West Prussia, and,
after a course of several hundred
miles, sends two branches, the
Nogat and Old Vistula, to the
Frische-hafT,— while the main
stream, turning westward, falls
into the Baltic at Dantzic. This
noble river is navigable for seve-
ral hundred miles, and is the
great channel for the conveyance

GERMANY.

143

rea of 15,000 j

id mors than
jitents. li^ma-
a, wooUeiJ, i"'<l
e estimated at
rling annually.
ge lake in ¥-&»*■
iO miiv'i in ov-

of Pomewaia,
)der, a%)OUt 60
Baltic. It s<',a
etable strengtu.

)0.

irt in Pomerama,

rait which sipa-

of Rugeri from

Ita harbour is

safe; its trade

hiefly in corn;

on 11,000.

n West Prussia,
tte on the Vistula,
from its moutli.
B famous astrono-
tive of this town.

)0. . „ *

rable town m East
e on the Niemen

Here a peace was
I 1807, between
nd the Emperor

Russia. Popula-

Lower Rhine, the
city in Germany,
lly situate on the
was the Avgusta
f the Romans, and
jan antiquities. Its
low called a gym-
ulation 13,500.

. river which issues
; of the Carpathian
Sows through Li-
West Prussia, and,
» of several hundred
two branches, the
)ld Vistula, to the
-while the mam
ling westward, falls
icItDantzic. This
J navigable for. seve-

[ miles, and is the
.1 for the conveyance

of ct'! !i and other articles ftom
the interior of Poland.

Westpha'ia, a province forming
part of tiie extensive district of
Wostp ■\lia in Germany. It has
t .e Nefiierlands on the W., and
Hunover and Hesse Cassel on
tha lu Its area contains 8300
square miles, and its population
amo'iats to nearly a million of
inhabitants. Along with this

province Is now united the dutchy
of Westphalia, In extent 1700
square nulc3, and containing
MU.UOO inhabitants.
Wit'tcnberg, a town in the dutchy
of Saxony, situate on the Elbe.
From the university of this town,
Luther first declaimed against
the corruptions of the church of
Rome, and propagated the doc
trincs of the Reformation. Po-
pulation 5000.

GERMANY

Is bounded on the N. by the German Occan^ Den-
mark; and the Baltic ; lE. by Prussia^ Poland, and
Hungary ; S. by Switzerland and Italy ; and W.
by the Kingdom of the Netherlands and France.

It extends from 45° to 55° N. Lat., and from 6*
to 19° £2* Long; being about 600 miles in length
from N. to S., and 500 miles in breadth from £.
to W. Po[)ulation 30,500,000.

The territory of Germany is divided among
thirty-eight different states, and comprised in nine
Circles: — 1. Upper Saxony ; 2. Lower Saxony ;
3. Westphalia ; 4. Lower Biiine ; 5. Upper Rhine ;
6. Franconia ; 7. Suabia ; 8. Bavaria ; 9- Aus-
tria.

The most important of the German states, next
to Austria, Prussia, and Denmark, whose German
dominions are described under their respective
names, are, — 1. The Grand Dutchy of Baden ; 2.
The Kingdom of Wirtemberg ; 3. The Kingdom
of Bavaria ; 4. The Kingdom of Saxony ; 5. The
Saxe Principalities, viz., Saxc- Weimar, Saxe-Go-
tha, Saxe-Cobourg, Saxe-Meinungen, and Saxe-
Hildburghausen ; 6. Hesse-Cassel ; 7> Hesse-Darm-

>. Nassau
Oldenburg ;

GERMANY.

9. The Kingdom of Hanover j
11. Brunswick: 12. Mecklen-

144

stadt

10.

burg.

Towns.— 1. Carlsruhe, Heidelberg, Manheim,
Constance ; 2. Stutgard, Tubingen, Ulm ; 3. Mu-
nich, Hohenlinden, Land&hut, Ingolstadt, Augs-
burg, Blenheim, Ratisbon, Passau, Amberg, Nu-
remberg, Anspach, Bayreuth, Bamberg, Wurtz-
burg. Spire. Landau^ and Deux Ponts ; 4. Dres-
den, t i-eyberg, Chemnitz, Lcipsic ; 5. Weimar,
Jena, Gotha, Cobourg, Meinungen, Hildburghau-
sen; 6. Cassel, Hanau; 7. Darmstadt, Worms,
Mentz ; 8. Nassau, Idstein, Wisbaden, Dietz ; 9«
Hanover, Hildesheim, Gottingen, Zell, Lune-
burg, Osnaburg, Embden ; 10. Oldenburg; 11.
Brunswick, Wolfenbuttle ; 12. Schwerin, Strelitz,
Rostock.

The free towns of Germany are Hamburg, Lu-
beck, Frankfort on the Maine, Bremen.

Mountains — The Hartz Mountains^ Erzge-
berg.

Lakes. — Plau, Schwerin, Muritz, Diepholtz,
Bodensee or Lake of Constance, Chiemsee.

Rivers. — Rhine, Maine, Elbe, Oder, Weser,
Embs, Danube.

Remarks.'^The Sudetic chain of mountains, beginning
with the Wester wald in Westphalia, traversing Hesse- Cas-
sel, the south of Saxony, and terminating in the Carpathian
range, divides Germany into two great portions, the north-
ern and southern. The former is almost entirely level,—
the latter is more diversified, presenting great ranges of
mountains, and in some places extensive plains. The vast
tracts of low sandy soil in the north-east, and the swamps
and marshes in the north-west, render it prob<ible that this
part of Germany was once under the sea. In this division

GERMANY.

145

lanover ;
ilecklen-

fanlieim,

3. Mu-

t, Augs-

lerg, Nu-

Wurtz-

I. Dres-
Weiniar,
burghau-
, Worms,
Dietz; 9-

II, Lune-
mrg; H.
I, Strelitz,

jurg, Lu-
9, Erzge-

Dieplioltz,

r, Weser,

5, beginning
Hessc-Cas-
2 Carpatlrian
s, the north-
rely level,—
It ranges of
The vast
the swamps
)le that this
this division

the soil, except in Saxony, is in general poor, but not unsus-
ceptible of improvement. In the southern division the
soil is superior, and in many places extremely fertile. Of
the forests vtrith which Germany was in ancient times co-
vered, there are still detached remains, of which the Black
Forest is the most extensive. Thuringia and the Hartz
mountains are likewise thickly-wooded,— and considerable
forests occur in the central and southern districts. In agri-
cultural productions, although not in cultivation, northern
Germany bears a considerable resemblance to Britain. The
wine country commences about the junction of the Neckar
arid Rhine, and stretches towards their rise. The Rhenish
wines have long been celebrated, and next to them in qua-
lity are those of the banks of the Moselle, and some of the
Austrian provinces.

Germany is rich in minerals. In the Hartz and Erzge-
berg mountains, are lead, iron, copper, tin, silver, cobalt,
and bismuth ; and in Idria are rich mines of quicksilver.
Bavaria is noted for its extensive and curious mines of
rock-salt ; from which the bishopric of Salzburg derives its
name.

The domestic animals of Germany do not differ materi-
ally from those of neighbouring countries. Hanover has long
been famous for a breed of strong horses for cavalry or the
draught. The Merino breed of sheep has been introduced
into Saxony, where the wool is not inferior to that of Spain.
Among the wild animals may be enumerated the wolf,
the lynx, the glutton, and the wild boar, which is here of
superior size.

The industrious and enterprising spirit of the Germans
has urged them forward, notwithstanding numerous disad-
vantages, to considerable progress in manufactures. For
linen, Silesia, Saxony, and Westphalia have long been ce-^
lebrated ; and manufactories of cotton have recently been
established in emulation of those of Britain. In this com.
petition, however, their inferior machinery, and the scarci-
ty of fuel, will oblige them to follow, for some time, at a
very unequal pace. The broad-cloth of Saxony, however,
its thread, lace, linen, paper, and porcelain, are of a very
superior quality.

Commerce is comparatively limited in Germany, owing
partly to the feudal pride of the aristocracy, who think the

M 2

146

GERMANY.

occupation of a merchant degrading to a person of rank ;
but chiefly to the small extent of sea-coast. Several towns,
however, on the shores and the principal rivers enjoy a
very flourishing trade.

One great obstacle to the commercii>land manufacturing
prosperity of Germany, is the subdivision of its territory
among so many separate states ; which prevents the neces-
sary unity of effort and combination of its resources. This
subdivision imparts, likewise, a very anomalous character
to the government of Germany. While all the states are
united under the name of the German Empire, each is go-
verned by its own prince, who has absolute power to im-
pose taxes, levy troops, and even form alliances, provided
he do not interfere with the general interest. From the
time of Charlemagne, in whose extensive conquests this fe-
derative constitution originated, A. D. 800, the office of
emperor, or head of the confederation, was elective, and
was possessed at different periods by distinct lines of so-
vereign princes. But since the year 1438, the predomi-
nant power of Austria has secured the imperial dignity in
hereditary succession to its sovereign princes. In 1806
the emperor renounced the title and aut'iority of emperor
of Germany, and assumed that of emperor of Austria. The
convocation of princes, and of the deputies of the four free
cities, assembled to deliberate on the affairs of the empire,
is called the Diet. The states have one or more votes ac-
cording to their importance,— and the total number of votes
is 69. The military force maintained by the confederate
states is 120,000, — in war it is increased to 301,000, sup-
plied by the several states in proportion to their population.
The fortresses of Mentz, Luxemburg, Landau, Germer-
sheim, Hamburg, and Ulm, are declared to belong to the
confederation ; and are to be maintained, repaired, or for-
tified at the general expense.

The established forms of religion in Germany are the
Roman Catholic, the Calvinistic, and the Lutheran. Tol-
eration, and a praise-worthy liberality of sentiment towards
each other, characterize the professors of these various
creeds.

The Germans are generally tall and well-formed; and
many of the women are extremely beautiful. Industry and
perseverance, fidelity and sincerity, frank and disinterested

I of rank }
eral towns,
;rs enjoy a

lufacturing
its territory
the neces-
irces. This
s character
! states are

each is go-
wer to itn-
s, provided
From the
jests this fe-
he office of
slective, and
lines of so-
lie prcdomi-
il dignity in
s. In 1806

of emperor
Austria. The
the four free

the empire,
)re votes ac-
nber of votes
• confederate
01,000, sup-
r population,
au, Germer-
>elong to the
sdred, or for-

nany are the
;heran. Tol-
ment towards
these various

-formed; and

Industry and

, disinterested

OKUMANY.

147

hospitality, are the valuable traits in the national character
of the Germans. But they are apt to be misled, both in
religion and science, by a tendency to enthusiasm. Form-
ality, and aristocratical pride of family, may be reckoned
among their failings.

In literature and science the Germans display equal in-
genuity and patience of investigation. Metaphysics is their
favourite study ; but they have attained celebrity in almost
every department of philosophy and polite literature. Of
the fine arts, music is the department in which they parti-
cularly excel.

EXERCISES.

What are the boundaries of Germany ? Between what de-

{;rees of latitude and lonL'itude is it situate ? What are its
ength and breadth ? What is the amount of its popula-
tion ?

Among how many different states is Germany divided ?
In how many and what circles is it comprised ? What are
the most important of the German states next to Austria,
Prussia, and Denmark ? What are the prircipal towns in
Baden ? In Wirtemberg ? In Bavaria ? In Saxony, &c. ?
Name the free towns of Germany. What are its nrincipal
mountains ? Name its lakes. What are its principal rivers ?

Where is Dresden, Hamburg, Gottingen, Embden, Mu-
nich, 3Ianheim, Aup;sburg, Hildesheim, Hildburghausen,
Ingoldsladt, Leipsic, Anspach, Stutgard, Wolfenbuttle, &c.?
Trace the course of the Weser, die Maine, the Danube, the
Oder, &c. Where is lake Chiemsee, Bodensee, Muritz,
&c. ?

By what chain of mountains is Germany divided into two
great portions ? ^\'hat are their respective aspects ? What
circumstances render it probable that the northern part was
once under the sea ? AV^hat kind of soil prevails in this di-
vision ? What is the nature of the soil in the southern divi-
sion ? W^hat is tlie most remarkable remain of the ancient
forests of Germany ? What other districts abound in wood ?
What country does northern Germany resemble in agricultu-
ral productions ? Where does the wine country commence ?
What are the most noted wines of Germany ? What metals
are found in the Ilartz and Erzgeberg mountains? What
district contains mines of quicksilver ? For what mines is
Bavaria noted? For what domestic animals has Hanover
long been famous ? Into what part of Germany has the Me-
rino breed of sheep been successfully introduced ? Mention

1413

GERMANY.

some of the w'ld aninmls of Germany. For what inanufac
tures have Silesia, Saxony, and Westphalia long been famous ?
What manufactures have been established in emulation of
those of Britain ? What circumstances will imi de them in
this competition ? What articles are manufactured in Saxony
of superior quality ? From what causes is commerce compa-
ratively limited in Germany ? What is another great obsta-
cle to the commerce and manufacturing prosperitjr of Ger-
many ? What effect has this subdivision oi territory had
upon the government ? Under what name are all the states
united? >Vhat power does each prince possess in his own
state ? How long did the office of emperor continue to be
possessed electively by different lines of princes ? In what
family has it since been hereditary ? When did the emperor
renounce the title and authority of emperor of Germany ?
What title did he then assume ? What is denominated the
Diet ? What is the number of votes ? What is the military
force of the confederated states on the peace and war establish-
ments ? What fortresses belong to the confederation ?

What are the established forms ofl religion in Germany ?
\Vhat sentiment towards each other characterizes the profes-
sors of those creeds ? What is the personal appearance of the
Germans ? What are the valuable traits of their national cha-
racter ? By what are they apt to be misled ? By what are
they distinguished in literature and science ? What is their
favourite study ? In which of the fine arts do they particu-
larly excel ?

DESCRIPTIVE TABLE.

Axafhetg, a town in Bavaria, form,
erly the capital of the Upper
Palatinate, situate on the river
Vils. Population 9000.

Anspach', (Andpah'), atown in Ba-
varia, and capital of a principal,
ity of the same name, on the
Lower Rezat.

Augsburg, (Ouhsboorg'), a large
and ancient city in Bavaria, at
the confluence of the Lech and
Wertach. There are in this town
considerable manufactories of sil.
ver-work, fine cotton, v ..e, and
mirrors ; and, through its agents
and bankers, Augsburg is the
medium of commercial transac-
tions between other countries.
It was here that the protestants,
in the year 1630, presented their
celebrated Confeation to the em-
peror Charles V.

Austria. — See Empire of Aus

TRIA.

Baden, (Bad'.en), a grand dutchy
in the circle of Suabia, extending
along the east bank of the Khine.
It was formerly a Margraviate,
and was erected into a grand
dutchy. It is a fruitful and po-
pulous province, containing 5632
square miles, and upwards of
924,000 inhabitants. The grand
duke of Baden has three votes in
the Diet.

Bad'en, a town in the grand dutchy,
celebrated for its mineral baths.
It is situate on the Oelbach, in a
beau tiful vine country. Popula-
tion .'000.

Bam'berg, the capital of an ancient
principality of the same name, in
Bavana, utuatc on the Regniti,

GEllMANY.

149

inanufac*
I famous ?
ulation of
! them in
in Saxony
cc com pa-
eat ubsta-
Y of Ger-
■itory had
the states
in his own
nue to be
In what
le emperor
jermany ?
inated the
he military
r establish-
.n?

Germany ?
;he profes-
rance of the
itional cha-
y what are
lat is their
y particu-

lE OF Aus

grand dutchy
)ia, extending
of the Rhine.
Margraviate,
into a grand
litful and po-
inteining 5632
upwards of
8. The grand
three votes in

grand dutchy,
nineral baths.

Oelbach, in a
ntry. Popula-

d of an ancient
same name, in
nthe Regnits,

near its iunctioa with the Maine.
Population •.'(),{KK). In the lib-
rary of the Carmelite monastery
here arc many curious manu-
scripts.

lia'varia, Kingdom of, one of the
most considerable of the second-
ary states of Europe, to the west
of Austria Proper and Bohemia.
It includes the circles of Bavaria
and I'Yanconia, with a small part
of the Lower Rhine. Its suiicr-
ficial extent is about 13,000
8(|uare miles, and its population
■l.JOO.OOO inhabitants. Its re-
v.'uue is estimated at L.'?,600,000
Sterling ; and its army amounts
to nearly 50,000.

Bayreuth', or Bareith, (Ri'-roif), a
principality in Bavaria. Its
chief city, situate between the
Red Maine and two rivulets, is
a regular and well-built town,
containing about 10,000 inhabit-
ants.

Blenheim, a village in Bavaria, on
the Danube, famous for the great
victory gainetl here by the Duke
of Marlborough and Prince Eu.
gene over the French and Ba-
varians, 13th August, 1704.

Bo'densee, Lake, or Lake of Con-
stance, a large expanse of water
between Switzerland and Suabia,
35 miles long, and about 1!^
broad.

Bre'men, one of the free cities of
Germany, situate in the Hano-
verian dutchy of Bremen, ui>on
the Weser. It is governed by
four burgo-masters, and a coun-
cil of 26 senators. Its trade is
considerable, although only boats
can approach the town. Popu-
lation 40,000.

Bruns'wick, Dutchy of, is composed
of several scattered territories in
Upper and Lower Saxony, and
Westphalia. It contains about
1600 square miles, and 210,000
inhabitants. The royal family
of Great Britain is a branch of
the illustrious house of Bruns.
wick.

Bruns'wick, capital of the dutchy,
is a large and fortifie<l city on the
river Ocker. Its trade is consi-

derable i and it« fairs rank next
to those of Loipsic and Frank,
fort. Population 30,000.

Carlsruhe, (Carls-roo'.hav), the ca.
pital of the grand dutchy of Ba.
den. Population nearly 1 '2,000.

I'us'scl, the capital of He'sse Cas'.
sel, situate on the Fulda. Po-
pulation 'J 1,000.

Chemnitz, (Kem'nits), a fortified
town in the kingdom of Saxony,
on a small river of the same
name. Population 10,000.

Chiemsee, (Ki'cmzee), a lake in
Bavaria, about 1 2 miles in length,
and 8 in breadth.

Coburg', capital of the princii)ality
of Suxe-Coburg, in the circle of
Franconia. It is pleasantly si-
tuate on the Itz. Population
7000. 'i'hc principality contains
an area of 4*)2 square miles, and
72,000 inhabitants.

Constance', Lake of. See Bodensee.

Constance, a town in the grand
dutchy of Baden, situate on the
lake. It is famous for the Ec-
clesiastical Council which assem-
bled between 1414 and 1418, con-
demned the tenets of Wickliffe,
and sentenced John Huss and
Jerome of Prague to the flames.
Population 4400.

Danube, the most considerable
river in Europe, rises from three
springs at Oonau Eschingen, in
the grand dutchy of Baden. Pur-
suing a N. E. course, it becomes
navigable at Ulm, receiving the
important tributaries,Iller,Leck,
Iser, and Inn. Near Presburg, it
is augmented by the junction of
the large river Morava, and in its
course eastward and southward is
swelled by many streams from the
mountains of Hungary and Tur-
key. Flowing long eastward, it
turns to the north, — and,atter a
course of 1800 miles, it discharg-
es its waters into the Hlack Sea
by five mouths. Its volume of
water is greater than that of any
other river in Europe. For a
great way from its mouth it is
from 2 to 3 miles in breadth.

150

GERMANY.

Darmstadt, (DarmstatOt the capi-
tal of Hesse Darmstadt, on ttie
Darm. Population 13,000.

Deux Fonts, (Du pong), a town in
the Bavarian states, situate on
the Little Erlbach. It is noted
for its valuable editions of the
Classics. Population 5000.

Diepholtz, (Deepholz'J, a small
town in Hanover, situate in a
county of the same name.

Dietz', a small town in Nassau, on
the lake.

Dres'den, capital of the kingdom
of Saxony, and one of the finest
cities in Europe, is situate on the
Elbe, at the influx of the Weis-
seritz. It is built on both sides
of the river ; and its magnificent
bridge, its spacious, straight,
well-paved streets, its superb pa-
lace, and other public !■ aildings,
excite the admiration of every
traveller,— while the admirer of
the fine arts finds an exquisite
treat in its rich museum of curio-
sities, and its splendid gallery of
pictures. Among its numerous
manufactures, its beautiful por-
celain deserves particular notice.
Population 45,000.

Elbe.— See Prussia.

EmI/den, a considerable seaport

in Hanover, situate near the

mouth of the Embs, Population

11,000.
Embs. — See PRUssiJt,
Eizge^Tg, mountains, a chain of

mountains between Bohemia and

Saxony, which meet the Rei.

sengeberg chain on the frontiers

of Silesia.

Franco'nia, one of the circles into
which Germany was formerly
divided. It bordered on Suabia
and Bavaria on the south ; Bo-
hemia and the Upper Palatinate
on the east; Hesse Cassel and
Thuriugia on the north ; the
Lower Palatinate and Upper
Hhineon the west.

Frank'fort on the Maine, one of
the free towns of Germany, si-
tuate, as its name imports, on the
river Maine, about 20 miles flrom

its junction with the Rhine. It
is a place of great commercial
importance, and the seat of the
Germanic diets. Population
41,000.
Frejfberg, (Free'berg), a celebrated
mining town in Saxony, situate
on the Erzgeberg mountains at
the height of 1200 feet above the
level of the sea.

Go'tha, (Go'ta), capital of the pr in-
cipality of Saxe-Gotha, situate
on the Leinc. In the castle are
a valuable library and museum.
Population nearly 12,000.

Got'tingen, a province in the south
of Hanover.— The capital of the
province, the seat of a celebrat-
ed university, founded by George
II. in 173-1. The library con-
nected with this university is
perhaps the most valuable col-
lection of modern books in the
world.

Hamljurg, one of the free towns,
and the most important commer-
cial '" in Germany, is situate
on th; Elbe, about 70 miles from
its H' <uth. The river is here from
3 to () miles broad ; and the city
is intersected by canals from the
Elbe and the Alster, which give
it all the appearance and advan-
tages of a Dutch city. Popula-
tion 115,000. The government
of this city is conducted by a se-
nate of twenty-eight members ;
and by representatives of the
burgesses or citizens— by a com-
mission of 15, called the council
of elders; the council of 60; and
an assembly of 180.

Hanau, (Hanou'), a considerable
town iu Hesse Cassel, situate on
the Kenzig, near its junction
with the Maine. Population
12,000.

Hanover, Kingdom of, a country
in the west of Germany, belong,
ing to his majesty the king of
Great Britain. It is about half
the extent of Scotland,— 1 50
miles in length, 100 in bre.-tdth ;
—having a superficial area of
14,000 equare miles, with a po-

(
]
8
f
t
c
it

8(
W

Hei
dt
th
ur
Hes!
pri
m;
th(
He
Its
squ
545
Hessf'
of,
nes
ten
lati
Hild'
in
squ
tan
on
Hil'd
rfa
Hoht
20 1
acq

thi
the
whi
Thi
tair
thel
bellT

IdsteiL

Nai

Ingoll

GERMANY.

151

Rhine. }\
commercial

seat of the
population

a celebrated
Lony, situate
nountains at
eet above the

aloftheprin-
totha, situattJ
the castle are
and museum.

I'i.OOO. _
:e in the south
.capital of the
of a celebrat-
idcdby George
e library con-
I university f
t valuable col-
n books in the

the free towns,
K)rtant commer-
nany, is situate
Jt 70 miles ftom
Kver is herefrom
d; and the city
canals from the
ster, which give
wee and advan-
•hcity. Popula.
The Bovernment
.nductedbyase-
.eight members ,
entatives of t^e
tizens— by a com-
alled the council
council of 60; and

>]^\ considerable
'(tassel, situate on
near its junction
S population

dom of, a country
Germany, belong-

aiesty the king ot
,"^U^s about lialt
of Scotlaml,-150
th, 100 in breadth,
superficial area ot

e miles, with a po-

pulation of 1,300,000. Its reve-
nue is about a million sterling,
and its military force about
20,000 men.

Hartz, a mountain.tract chiefly in
the south of Hanover, 70 miles
in length and "iO in breadth.
This tract abounds in natural
curiosities, of which the most
remarkable are the caverns of
Scharzfeld and Baumann, — the
former noted for its fossil bones,
the latter for its great extent,
consisting of fourteen vaults, —
its stalactites, and its harmonic
column, which emits a pleasant
sound when struck by drops of
water from the roof.

Hei'delberg, an ancient and consi-
derable city in Baden, situate on
the Neckar. It is the seat of a
university. Population 10,000.

Hessc-CasscI, (Hes'say-Cas'sel), a
principality in the west of Ger-
many, surrounded by Hanover,
the Prussian States, Franconia,
Hesse-Darmstadt, and Nassau.
Its superficial extent is 4350
square miles, and its population
545,000.

Hesse'-Darmstadt', Grand Dutchy
of, an extensive territory situate
near the Rhine. Superficial ex-
tent 5000 square miles. Popu-
lation 600,000.

Hild'burghausen, Saxe, a dutchy
in the interior, containing ^17
square miles, and 32,000 inhabi-
tants. Its capital is a small town
on the '^Verra. Population 2500.

Hil'desheim, a city in the south of
Hanover. Population 11,000.

Hoheniin'den, a village of Bavaria,
20 miles E. from Munich. It has
acquired historical celebrity from
a great battle fought there on
the 3d December, 1800, between
the French and Bavarians, in
which the latter were defeated.
This memorable battle has ob-
taintd still greater celebrity from
the sublime verses of Mr Camp,
bell.

■|

Idstei.., a tow.i in the dutchy of
if Nassau. Population 2000.

Ingoldstadt, (IngulstatO^ afortificvl

town in Bavaria, on the Danube.
Population 5000.

Jena, a small town on the Saale,
in the dutchy of Saxe- Weimar,
and the seat of a celebrated uni-
versity, attended by about 600
students. It has a good library
and philosophical apparatus, and
an excellent anatomical theatre.
Here Buonaparte defeated the
Prussians on the 14th October,
1806, in a decisive battle, which
laid prostrate the Prussian mo.
narcny.

Landau', (Landou'), a strongly-for-
tified town in Havaria, which,
since 1814, has been garrisoned
by troops of the German confe-
deration.

Landshut, (Landshoof), a town in
Bavaria, on the Iser. It is the
seat of a university. The church
of St Martin's has a spire 456
feet in perpendicular height

Leipsic, or Leipzig, (Lipe'-sik), a
large and flourishing town in
Saxony, situate on the Pleisse.
It is the seat of a well-frequented
university. It is a place of great
trade ; and its fairs are the most
important in Germany. At these
fairs bookselling is carried on to
a great extent. Leipsic has late-
ly obtained great historical no-
toriety from the decisive defeat
which Buonaparte sustained in
its neighbourhood, on the 18th
October, 1813.

Lu'beck, one of the fVee cities of
Germany adjacent to Holstein.
It stands on the Trave, about 8
miles above its junction with the
Baltic. In the church of St
Mary's are the famous allegori-
cal paintings of the Dance of
Death. Its trade, though very
inferior to that of Hamburg, is
considerable. Population 40,000.

Luneburg, (Loo'-ne-burg), a town
in Hanover, in a district of the
same name, on the Ihnenau.
Population 10,000.

Maine, a large and important ^.ri.
butary of the B hine. It is form.

asm

152

GERMANY.

ed b^ the union of the Red and
>Vhite Maine ttom the moan-
tains of Franconia } and joins
the Rhine opposite to Mentz.
It is navigable as far as Uam.
berg.

Man'heim, (Ma'necm), a city in
the grand dutchy of Baden, at
the confluence of the Neckar and
Rhine. It is of an oval form,
surrounded with ramparts ; and
is perhaps the finest town in
Germany. Population 18,200.

Mecklenburg, a grand dutchy in
the north of Germany, W. of
Pomerauia. Its superficial ex-
tent is 5450 miles j and its popu-
lation 870,000.

Mei'nungen, Saxe, a dutchy in
Saxony, having an area of 448
square miles, and 56,000 mhabi-
tants. The ducal residence, si-
tuate on the Werra. Popula-
tion 4200.

Mentz, Mainz, or Mayence, a large
city in Hesse-Darmstadt, situHte
on the Rhine, immediately be-
low the influx of the Miaine.
It is the stoongcst fortress in
Germany, requiring a garrison
of 30,000 men. Mentz was an
important station of the Romans
in the German wars ; and its
museum of Roman monuments
is said to be the most complete
out of Italy. Population, exclu-
sive of the garrison, 25,000.

Munden, a town in Hanover, at the
confluence of the Werra and
Fulda, whose united streams here
take the name of Weser. Po-
pulation 4500.

Munich, (Moo'nik), the capital of
Bavaria, on the Iser. Though
old, it is a well-built town, and
contains many splendid public
edifices. Here are several im-
portant literary establishments.
The environs are beautil\il. Po-
pulation 47,000.

Muritz, (Moo'ritz), a small lake in
Mecklenburg.

Nassau', a dutchy surrounded by
the Prussian territory on the
Lower Rhine, and the different
states of Hesse. Superficial ex-

tent 2186 miles. Population
305,000. A small town in the
above dutchy on the Lohn. Po-
pulation 1500.
Nu'remberg, a larpe and ancient
town in the Bavarian dominions,
situate on the Pegnitz. Its pub.
lie library is rich in manuscripts
and early editions of printed
books. This town has, for cen-
turies back, been noted for its
manufactures in metals, and par-
ticularly for ingenious toys. Po-
pulation 27,000.

Oder.— See Prussia.

Ol'denburg, a grand dutchy con-
sisting of several scattered terri-
tories, the principal of which is
between the north of Hanover
and the German Ocean. The
superficial extent of the whole
is 2620 square miles.^nd the
population 218,000. The capi-
tal is a fortified town on the
Honta. Population 5000.

Osnaburg, or Osnabruck, a pro.
vince of Hanover, between Ol-
denburg and Prussian West-
phalia. Superficial extent 920
square miles, population 126,000.
Its chief town is situate on the
Hase, a branch of the Embs.
Here and in the province are
manufactured, in great quanti-
ties, those coarse linens, known
by the name of Osnaburgs. Po-
pulation 9300.

Passau', a- considerable fortified
town in Bavaria at tlie confluence
of the Inn and Danube. It is
romantically situate on a penin-
sula between the two rivers,
which are here of nearly equal
width. Population 10,000.

Plan, a lake in MecHlenburg.

Ra'tisbon, an ancient town in Ba-
varia, on the south bank of the
Danul)e, — long noted as theplace
where the diet of the empire
used to assemble. It is a place
of considerable trade, pnd a bisli-
op's see. Population, 22,000.

Rhine, River.—See France.

Rhine, Lower, one of the circles

I
(
(
]
I

Sa)

Sax
h

Sch

3/.
Sch

P
Spi]

tS
E

GERMANY.

153

Population
own in tlio
Lohn. po-
ind ancient
I dominions,
tz. Itspub-
manuscifipts
of printed
las, for cen-
loted for its
tale, and par-
lustoys. Po-

dutcliy con-
lattered tern-
il of which 18
1 of Hanover
Ocean. The
of the whole
iles,— and the
0. The capi-

town on tne
on 5000.
bruck, a pro-
r, between Ol-
russian West-
ial extent 9'20
ilation 126,000.

situate on the

of the Embs.
■; province are
1 great quanti-

linens, known
)8naburgs. Po-

erable fortified
It the confluence

Danube. It is
late on a penin-
he two rivers,

of nearly equal
ion 10,000.

cHlenburg.

enttown in Ba-
ith bank of the
lotedastheplace
■ of the empire
e It is a place
trade.pndabisli-
lation, 22,000.
DC France.
no of the circle!^

into which Gennany was divid.
ed previously to 180S. It was
intersected by the circle of the
Upper Rhine,and both were very
irregular in their form. They
are now parcelled out among
the states of Baden, Bavaria,
Hesse-Darmstadt, Hesse-Cassel,
Nassau, Prussia, Hanover, &c.
Ros'tock, the principal town of
Mecklenburg, situate on the
Wamow. It is a place of some
trade, and is the seat of a small
university. Population 13,000.

Saxony, Lower, one of the former
circles of Germany, having West -
phalia and the Rhine to the
west, and Sleswick, with the
Baltic, to the north. Its super-
ficial extent was 26,000 square
miles, comprehending the elec-
torate of Hanover, the dutchies
of Mecklenburg, Brunswic, and
Holstein ; the fVee towns of
Hamburg, Bremen, and Lubeck,
with their territories, and a num-
ber of small states.

Saxony, Upper, a more extensive
circle to the east of the former,
to the west of Poland, Silesia,
and Lusatia, and north of Bo-
hemia and Franconia. Its area
was about 43,000 square mile^ ;
and it comprised the electorates
of Saxony and Brandenburg, the
dutchy of Pomerania, and a num-
ber of small principalities.

Saxony, Kingdom ot, between Bo-
hemia on the south, and the

, Prussian states on the north. It
contains 7188 square miles, and
1,237,000 inhabitants.

Schwerin, (Shwe'rin), Lake, in
Mecklenburg.

Schwerin, the capital of Mecklen-
burg-Schwerin, pleasantly situ-
ate on the west side of the lake.
Population 8500.

Spire, a town situate a* the conflu-
ence of the Spirebach and the
Rhine, and belonging partly to
Bavaria, partly to Baden. At a
meeting of the German Diet in
Spire, the reformers, A. D. 1529,
entered that celebrated protest
against the proceedings of the
Emperor which procured them

the name of Protestants. Po.
pulation 5000.

StreQita, the capital of Mecklen-
burg-Strelitz, composed of Old
and New Strelitz, a mile distant
from each other. Population
7000.

Stutt'gard, the capital of Wirtem-
berg, situate on the Nisselbach,
about two miles from the Neck-
ar. In the royal library, consist-
ing of upwards of 100,000 vo-
lumes, is a unique collection of
bibles, comprising editions of
every age and country. Popula-
tion 22,000.

Sualiia, one of the former circles
of Germany, separated from
France and Switzerland by the
Rhine. This circle is now occu-
pied by part of the Bavarian do-
minions, the kingdom of Wir-
temberg, and the grand dutchy
of Baden.

TuTbingen, a city in Wirtemberg,
situate on the Ncckar at its
junction with the Ammer. It is
the seat of a university. Popu-
lation 6000.

Ulm, a considerable town in Wir-
tembcrg, on the banks of the
Danube, where it receives the
Blau, which flows through the
town. Being a place of great
importance for the defer < of
the empire, the Germanic cuiiie-
deration have voted L. 800,000
sterling for the purpose of ren-
dering its fortifications complete.
Population 15,000.

Weimar', (Vimar',) Saxe, a grand
dutchy in the interior, compris-
ing several districts, w^hose unit-
ed extent is about 1450 square
miles, with more than 200,000
inhabitants. The capital is pleas-
antly situate on the banks of the
Ilm. Literature is much patron-
ized by the ducal family, whose
library is peculiarly valuable,
and whose court is frequented .
by the first literary characters in
Gennany.

Weser, a large river fbrmed by the
Junction ofthc Werraand Fulda

154

AUSTRIAN EMPIRE.

at Munden,ancl flowing through i
the territories of Hanover,
Brunswick, Pritssia, &c. to the
German Ocean.
Westphalia, one of the former
circles of Germany in the north-
v/cst, having about t,'7,()0() square
r^.iles of superficial extent. — See

PRlJSStA.

Wir'temberg, a kingdor^. in the
south-west, about 8000 square
miles in extent, and having a
population of 1,400,000.

AVisba'dcn, a small town in Nassau,
much frequented for its hot
springs. Population .loOO.

Wolfenbuttle, a city in Bavaria,
in a district of the same name,
pleasantly situate on the Oker.
Population 6700.

Worms, a small but ancient city
in Hesse-Darmstadt, situate on
the Rhine. Population 5700.

WurtzTiurg, a city in Bavaria, de-
lightfully situate on the Maine.
It is the sfdt of a university. Po-
pulation 20,000.

Zell, a city in Hanover, at the con-
fluence of the Fuhse and AlU r.
Population 8200.

AUSTRIAN EMPIRE

Is bounded on the North by Bavaria, Saxony,
and Prussia j E. by Russia and Turkey; S. by
Turkey, the Adriatic, and the Po ; and W. by
Bavaria, Switzerland, and the Sardinian States.

It extends, exclusive of Dalmatia, from 44° 45'
to 51° 5' N. Lat., and from 8° SV to 25° 50' E.
Long. Its length, from E. to W., is 8'20 miles ;
and its breadth, from N. to S., 430 miles. Popu-
lation 30,000,000.

This extensive empire contains, 1. The Circle
OF Austria, comprehending the Tyrol, Saltzburg,
Carinthia, Carniola, Stiria, and the Archdutchy
of Austria; 2. Bohemia ; 3. Moravia ; .4. Atts-
TRiAN Poland, or Galicia ; 5. Hungary, com-
prehending Hungary-Proper, Transylvania, Banat,
or Temeswar, Schivonia, and Croatia; 6. Austrian
Italy. — See Italy ; 7. Austrian Dalmatia.

Towns. — 1. Vienna, Lintz, Gratz, Clagenfurt,
Laybach, Aspcrn, Trieste, Inspruck, Brixen, Trent,

AUSTRIAN EMPIRE.

155

1 Bavaria,
me name,
the Oker.

icicnt city
situate on
on 5700.
avaria, Ae-
the Maine,
rcrsity. Po-

,atthecon-
and AlUr-

Capo d'lstria ; 2. Prague, Egra, Koningsgratz ; 3.
Olimitz, Brunn, Austerlitz ; 4. Cracow, Lemberg,
Sandomir, Lublin ; 5. Pest, Buda, Presburg,
Cremnitz, Scliemnitz, Tokay, Debretzin, Kets-
kemet, Szegediu, Tenieswar, Carlstadt, Essek,
Clausenburg-, Hermanstadt, Cionstadt ; 6. See
Italy ; ?• Ragusa, Zara, Spalatro.

Mountains. — Carpathian, Sudetic Mountains,
Rhaetian or Tyrolese Alps, Erzgeberg Mountains.

Lakes. — Cirknitz, Neusidler See, Platten See.

Rivers. — Danube, with its tributaries the
JJrave, Muhr, Save, Morava, Theis, Maross, Elbe,
and Moldau, San, Dniester ; Adige, Brenta, Piave,
Livenza^ Tagliameuto.

Saxony,
y ; S. by
»d W. by
States.

44° 45'
5° 50' E.
•20 miles ;
Popu-

Circle
Saltzburg,
j-chdutcby

.4. Atts-
ARY, coir-
nia, Banat,
Austrian

natia.

Clagenfurt,
xen, Trent,

Remarks.— The Austrian dominions, enlarged by the
successive acquisitions of centuries, embrace countries as
various in their natural properties, as their inhabitants are
different in language, manners, and national character.
The German portion of these dominions presents almost
every where a mountainous aspect, especially in Stiria,
Carinthia, and Carniola ; with much of that sublime and
picturesque scenery in which mountainous regions gener-
ally abound. The aspect of Hungary is level, except to-
wards the Carpathian mountains ; and Galicia, with the
same exception, is a great plain covered with wood, uncul-
tivated, and of course but thinly peopled.

In Hungary the climate resembles that of the southern
countries of Europe ; only, the summer is hotter, and the
winter more severe. The soil in the south is amazingly
fertile, and, notwiths'^anding the backward state of agricul-
ture, produces corn sufficient for the maintenance not only
of its own inhabitants, but for those of the north, where the
soil is in many places occupied with vast heaths and sandy
plains. That part of Hungary which is sheltered by the
Carpathian mountains is peculiarly favourable to the growth
of the vine ; and produces the celebrated wine called
Tokay„

In Bohemia, Moravia, and Austria Proper, the climate,

156

AUSTRIAN EMPIRE.

except in the elevated regions, is mild and salubrious ;
and these countries are rich in corn, vines, and other ve-
getable productions.

Few countries can vie with Austria in mineral wealth. At
Cremnitz and Schemnitz, in Hungary, are valuable mines of
gold and silver; the surrounding country abounds in copper,
antimony, coal, salt, and alum ; and Hungary is tho only
country in which the true opal has been found. Austrian
Germany is likewise rich in mineral productions. The
iron of Carinthia and Stiria is of peculiarly excellent qua-
lity ; and the quicksilver mines of Idria, in Carniola^ are
more productive than any other in Europe. The tract of
Galicia which borders upon the Carpathian mountains,
yields copper, iron, and lead ; and near Cracow are exten-
sive and celebrated mines of rock-salt.

In agriculture and_ commerce Austria has not kept pace
with some other countries of Europe. The land is negli-
gently and unskilfully cultivated; the manufactures are
neither numerous nor extensive, considering the resources
of the country ; the commerce is necessarily limited, owing
to the small extent of coast. In Vienna are manufactures
of silk, gold and silver lace, silver plate, cloths, stuffs, lie <
ens, mirrors, and porcelain ; Bohemia is noted for beautiful
glass, linen, and paper. The exports of Austria amount
to about £3,000,000 sterling annually.

The government of Austria is a hereditary monarchy ;
but ahnost every country, that forms a component part of
the empire, enjoys its own code of laws. In Hungary the
power of the emperor is limited by the power of the aristo-
cracy, who have a Diet or Parliament composed of two
chambers, and regulate all matters rel-^ ting to taxes and the
internal government of the country. The military force of
■Austria, during peace, is computed at 264,000 men ; its
maritime force is insignificant; its revenue amounts to
L. 15,000,000 sterling.

The prevailing religion in Austria is the Roman Ca-
tholic ; but all other sects of Christians are tolerated.

The manners of the Austrians diflfer little from those of
their German neighbours. Till lately their nobles were
ignorant, and, consequently, proud and haughty. A cold
civility characterizes their deportment to strangers. The
Hungarians are an indolent but higL snirited people, and

wha
whs

the

ractl

litexf

AUSTRIAN £&;PIR£.

157

ubrious ;
jther ve-

ealth. At
e mines of
in copper,
, the only

Austrian
jns. The
llent qua-
rniola, are
le tract of
mountains,

are exten-

t kept pace
d is negli-
ractures aie
le resources
lited, owing
lanufactures
, stuffs, lir--
for beautiful
tria amount

monarchy ;
nent part of
Hungary the
of the aristo-
osed of two
taxes and the
itary force of
00 men ; its

amounts to

Boman Ca-
lerated.
Vom those of
nobles were
rhty. A cold
angers. The
d people, and

affect to look down upon their Austrian masters. Educa-
tion is still in a very backward state in Austria ; and few
names of celebrity adorn its literary annals.

EXERCISES.

What are the boundaries of the Austrian empire ? Bctvecn
what degrees of latitude and longitude is it situate? What
is its extent in length and breadth ? What countries does it
contain ? What are the chief towns in the circle of Austria ?
In Bohemia ? In Moravia ? In Galicia ? In Hungary ? In
Austrian Italy ? In Austrian Dalmatia ? Naihe the nioun-
tains, — the lakes, — the rivers.

Where is Essek, Olmutz, Trent, Gratz, Inspruck, Aus-
terlitz, Cronstadt, Lemberg, Sandomir, Tokay, Prague,
Vienna, Pest, Presburg, &c. ?- Trace the course of the
MorasSj— of the Save, — of the Muhr, — of the IMorava, —
of the Theis, &c. Where is Platten See, &c. ?

What is the general aspect of the German porti-jn of the
Austrian empire ? What is the general aspect of Hungary
and Galicia r What is remarkable in the climate of Hun-
gary ? What is the nature of the soil? With what is the
soil occupied in many parts of the north ? ^^'^hat part of
Hungary is favourable to the growth of the vine ? What
celebrated wine does it produce ? What kind of climate pre-
vails in Bohemia, 3Ioravia, and Austria Proper ? In what
productions are those countries rich ? Is Austria rich in
mineral wealth ? Where are valuable mines of gold and sil,
ver found? What other iiiCtals and minerals does tiie circum-
jacent country afford ? What precious mineral is found in
Hungary also ? For what metal are Carintliia and Stiria
particularly noted ? What is remarkable about the (|uick-
silver mines of Idria ? What metals are found in Galicia ?
What remarkable mines are wrought near Cracow ?
. What Is the st^te of agriculture, manufactures, and com-
merce ill Austria ? What are the principal manufactures of
Vienna ? For what manufacture is Bohemia noted ? To
what value do the exports of Austria amount annually ?

What is remarkable about the government of Austria ?
How is the power of the emperor limited in Hun^jary ? At
what number is the military force of Austria computed ? To
what sum does its revenue amount ? What is the prevailing
religion in Austria ? By what peculiarities are the manners of
the Austrians characterized ? What is peculiar in the cha-
racter of the Hungarians ? In what state are education and
literature in the Austrian empire ?

N 2

158

AUSTRIAN EMFIR£.

DESCRIPTIVE TABLE

Adlge'.— See Italy.

Aspern', a small town in Austria
Proper, situate on a small branch
of tlie Danube, below Vienna.
Here a great battle was fought
between Buonaparte and the
Austrians, 21st and 22d May,
1809.

Aue'terlitz, a small town in Mora-
via, where Buonaparte gained
one of his most celebrated vic-
tories over the united forces of
Austria and Russia, headed by
their respective sovereigns, 2d
December, 1805.

Aus'tria, the largest of the circles
into which Germany was divided,
in the south-east corner of the
empire. It contained 49,940
square miles, and 4,472,700 in-
habitants.

Aus'tria, Archdutchy, the here-
ditary dominions of the impe-
rial family, has Bohemia and
Moravia on the N., Hungary on
the E., Stiria on the S., and
Saltzburg and Bavaria on the VV.
It containo 12,892 square miles,
and a population of 1,729,945.

Bohe'mia, a kingdom situated near.
ly in the heart of Germany, and
surrounded by mountains. Its
area is 20,000 square miles ; and
its population 3,137,495. It is
one of the most fertile and popu-
lous parts of the Austrian domi-
nions.

Brenta, a river in Austrian Italy,
which rises about seven miles E.
of Trent, and falls into the Ad-
riatic a little to the S. of Venice.

Brix'en, a town in Tyrol, near
mount Brenner, at the conflu-
ence of the Rienz and Eisach.
It is noted for its red wines.

Brunn, the capital of Moravia, is a
large fortified town. Its manu-
factures are extensive, and its
trade considerable. Population
2.1,000.

Bu'da, ort of the principal cities
in Hungary, ^situate on the Da-
nube. It is famous for its baths,

and the environs produce excel-
lent wines. Here is a palace of
the Esterhazy family. Popula-
tion 30,000.

Ca'po d'ls'tria, a seaport situate
on a '■Tfiail island in the gulf of
Triesto,i.nd communicating with
the mainland by a drawbridge.
Population 5000.

Carin'thia, a niovince to the W.
of Tyrol, rontiln' .^ 4400 square
miles, and 283,000 inhabitants.
It is a mountainous district, ce-
lebrated for its mines. Its lead
in particular is the purest in Eu-
rope.

Carls'stadt, the chief town of Cro-
atia, near the confluence of the
Dobra and Kulpo, on the borders
of Carniola.

Carni'ola, a province to the south
of Carinthia, having an area of
4700 square miles, and 409,600
inhabitants.

Carpa'thian Mountains, a range of
mountains which reaches from
the Black Sea to the borders of
Saxony, separating Walachia
from Moldavia, Transylvania
and Hungary from the Bucko,
vine and G^cia, and Moravia
from Silesia.

Cirk'nitz, a lake in Carniola.

Cla'genfurt, the chief town of Ca-
rinthia, on the river Glan. Po-
pulation 10,000.

Clau'senburg, (Clou'senboorg), the
capital of Transylvania, beauti-
fully situate on the river Little
Szamos. Population 14,522.

Cracow', a fi ee city in Galicia, at
the conflu mce of the Vistula and
Rudowa. Here the kings of Po-
land used to be crowned ; and
the cathedral contains their
tombs. Population 25,7.56.

Cremnitz, the oldest of the mining
towns in Hungary, celebrated
for its mines of gold and silver.

Croa'tia, a province extending from
the river Drave to the Adriatic,
containing 9421 square miles,
and SOO.OOO inhabitants.

AUSTRIAN EMPIRE.

159

iroduce excel-
18 a palace of
lily. Popula-

eaport situate
in the gulf of
unicatingwith
a drawbridge.

ice to the W.

.g 4400 square
)0 inhabitants,
us district, ce-
lines. Its lead
le purest in Eu-

sf town of Cro-
nfluence of the
»,on the borders

ce to the south
kfing an area of
;s, and 409,600

;ain8, a range of
h reaches from
) the borders of
ting Walachia
, Transylvania
om the Bucko,
and Moravia

1 Carniola.

lief town of Ca-

:iver Glan. Po-

)u'senboorg), the

iylvania, beauti-
the river Little

lation 14,522.

ty in Galicia, at

if the Vistula and

the kings of Po-

; crowned; and

contains their

tion 25,736.

est of the mining

gary, celebrated
gold and silver.

;e extending from
to the Adriatic,

1 square miles,

labitauts.

Cronstadt', a large trading town
in Transylvania, on the river Fa-
reas. Population '23,000.

Dalmatia, Venetian, a province ex-
tending along the east side of the
Adriatic, containing about 6700
8(]uare miles, and 343,000 inha-
bitants.

Danube. — See Germany.

Debretzin, a large town in Hun-
gary, between Tokay and Wa-
radein, having various manufac-
tures and considerable trade. It
is the seat of a celebrated acade-
my. Population 38,902.

Dniester.— See Russia.

Drave, a large river which rises in
Tyrol, flows through Carinthia
and Stiria, separates Croatia and
Sclavonia from Hungary, and
joins the Danube below Es-
sek.

Elbe. — See Prussia.

Essek, a fortified town on the
Drave, in Sclavonia. Popula-
tion 9000.

Galicia, or Galitzia, that part of
Poland which is now annexed
to Austria, N. of Moldavia,
Transylvania, and Hungary. It
contains 32,521 square miles,
and 3,750,000 inhabitants. Its
soil is in general fertile, and its
climate fine. Its hills abound in
mineral salt, nearly 200,000 tons
of which is dug out annually.

Gratz, an ancient and considerable
town in Stiria, situate on the
Muhr.

Hermannstadt', a large town in
Transylvania, beautifully situ-
ate on the Szeben. Population
16,000.

Hungary, an ancient and import-
ant kingdom, now forming part
of the Austrian dominions. It is
about 370 miles in length, 300 in
breadth, and" contains 84,500
square miles, with a population
of 7,300,000.— See Remarks.

Inns'pruck, the capital of the Ty-
rol, at the confluence of the
Sill and the Inn. Population

10,000. The valley in which it
stands is one of the largest and
most beautiflil formed by the
Northern Alps.

Ketskcmet, a large town in the
interior of Hungary. Popula-
tion 23,000.

Ko'nings^ratz, a fortified town in
Bohemia, on the Elbe. Popula-
tion 5700.

Laybach, a town in the circle of
Austria, on a river of the same
name, a place of considerable
trade. Population 1 1 ,000.

Lemlierg, a city in Galicia, situate
on the Pelten, a branch of tlie
Danube. It is the seat of a uni.
versity and other seminaries,
and is a place of great trade. Po.
pulation 44,000.

Lintz, a considerable town in the
archdutchy of Austria, at the in-
flux of the Traun into the Da-
nube. A large woollen manu-
factory, established here by go-
vernment, gives employment to
nearly 30,000 persons in town
and country. Population 17,000.

Liven'za, a river in Austrian Italy,
flows into the Adriatic by two
navigable mouths.

Lublin, a town in Galicia, on the
Bistruza. Population 7 100.

Maross', a large river which rises
among the Cariiathian moun-
tains, crosses Transylvania, en-
ters Hungary, and forms the
boundary of the Bannat till it
falls into the Danube.

Moldau', a large and rapid river
which issues from the moun-
tains that separate Bohemia fVom
Bavaria, and joins the Elbe a
little above Melnik.

Mora'va, or the March, a large
river which springs from the
lofly Schneeberge, at the junc-
tion of Bohemia and Moravia,
flows through Moravia, separates
Austria from Hungary, and falls
into the Danube above Pres-
burg.

Mora'via, one of the most impor-
tant provinces of the empire, to
the W. of Hungary, contains

100

AUSTRIAN EMPIRE.

10.700 8quareinile8,and 1,681,000
inhabitants. In this province are
large and flourishing manufacto.
ries of wool, linen, and cotton.
Muhr, (Mur), a river which issues
ttova a lake in Saltzburg, flows
through Stiria, and joins the
Drave in Hungary.

Neusidler-See, a lake in the west
of Hungary, SO miles in length,
and about 10 at its greatest
breadth.

Ol'mutz, a considerable town in
Moravia, almost surrounded by
the river Morava. It is strong-
ly fortified,— and is the see of an
archbishop. Population 11,000.

Pest, or Pesth, the present capi-
tal of Hungary, situate on the
Danube, opposite to iSmla, with
which it is connects u I v -i bridge
of boats f of a ! liU. i;i iengtn.
It has a univfi xy lii/ly en.
dowed and w.) icfciuleu. Po-
pulation 42,U0o.

Piave', (Peeau'vay), & riv er in the
East of Austrian Italy, flows
through the Venetian territory
from N. to S. and, dividing into
two branches, falls into the Ad-
riatic to the N. E. 'jf Venice.

Plat'ten-See, or Balaton, a consi-
dcrable lake in Hungary, 40
miles long, and tVom 1 to 4
broad. It contains some pecu-
liar species of fishes, and is fre-
auented by some singular water-
fowls.

Prague, the capital of Bohemia,
on the Muldau. It is a large, for-
tified, and well-built town, con-
taining a great number of ele-
gant public edifices. It is the see
of a Catholic archbishop, and
the seat of a celebrated univer-
sity, the oldest in Germany,
and famous as the residence of
the enlightened but unfortunate
reformers John Huss, and Je-
rome of Prague. This city suf-
fered much in the thirty years'
war ; and underwent a siege and
heavy bombardment from the
Prussians in 17o7. Population
B5,000.

PrcsTjurg, once tiic cajMtal of H uii .
gary, and still the place where
the kings are crowned, stands on
the Danube. Its {Kisition, on a
hill overlooking a vast plain wa-
tered by the Danube, is pictur-
esque and commiuiding. Popu-
lation 30,000.

Ragu'sa, a considerable town in
Austrian Dalmatia, situate on a
peninsula in the Adriatic. It is
strong by nature, and its two
liarbours are protected by forti-
fications. Poj)ulation 10,000. lla-
i'Msa is the birth-place of Bosco-
vich.

San, a river of Austrian Poland,
springs from the Carpathian
mountains on the borders of
Hungary, and falls into the Vis-
tula near Sandomir.

Sandomir', a town in Galicia, on
the Vistula, opposite the influx
of till' Save. It was once the re-
sidence of the court of Poland,
but is now little more than a
village. Population £100.

Save, a large river which rises
about six miles S. of Villacli,
through Stiria and Croatia, se-
parates Sclavonia from Turkey,
and lulls into the Danube l)e-
twecn Semlin and Belgrade.

Schemnitz, (Shenuiitz), or .Sel-
mecz Baiija, a large mining-town
in the north-west of Hungary,fa.
mous for its mines of gohi, silver,
and lead, combined witli coi)i)er
and •ithcnic. Here is a celebrat-
ed : aining-school. Popidation
2,3,000.

Sclavo'nia, a southern province
watered by the Drave, the Da-
nube, and the Save. Extent
6600 square miles. Population
550,000,

Spala'tro, a fortified seaport in
Austrian Dalmatia, on tne Adri-
atic, — the see of an archbishop.
Its trade is considerable. Po-
pulation 7500.

Sude'tic Mountains, a great chain
of mountains which separates the
Austrian States from those of
Saxony and Prussia ; and is dis-
tinguisheil by the names of the

AUSTRIAN EMPIRE.

161

111 of Hun.

ice where
stands on

tion, on a
j)lain wa-
18 pictur-

g. Popu-

e town ni
tiiatc on a
itic. It is
id its two
I by forti-
10,001). Ua-
i of Bosco-

an Poland,
Carpathian
borders of
ito the Vis-

Galicia, on

the influx
once the re-

of Poland,
lore tlian a
2100.

vhich rises
of Villacli,
Croatia, sc-
)in Turkey,
Danube be-

Igrade.

), or Sel-
iiining-town

Iuiigary,fa-
gold, silver,
with coi)per

a cclebrat-

Popi'lation

province
e, the Da-
V. Extent
Population

seaport in
on the Adri-

archbishop.
jrable. Po-

great chain
separates the
im those of
; and is dis-
ames of the

Erzgeber^and the Ricscngeberg,
the Mining and the Giant's
mountains.
Szegedin, a largo town in Hun.
gary, opposite the confluence of
the Thciss and Marosh. It is a
place ot considerable manufac-
turing importance, and of some
commerce. Popul.i'ion 2fi,()00.

Ta^liamento,(Talyamcn'to),a con-
siderable river in Austrian Italy,
which issues from Mount Mau-
ro, in the south of Tyrol, and
flows southward to the Adria.
tic.

Te'meswar or Banat', a province
in the south of Hungary, bound-
ed by Transylvania, and by the
rivers Marosh, Theiss, and Da-
nube. It contains 9450 square
miles, and more than 700,000
inhabitants. If well cultivated,
this would be one of the finest
countries in Europe. Temeswar,
its principal town, is a strongly,
fortified place at the confluence
of the Temes and Rega. Popu-
lation 11,000.

Theis, (Teess), a large river in
Hungary, formed by two streams
called the Black and the White
Theis. Afler a course of 500
miles, it flows into the Danube
at Salankemen, and is navigable
almost to its source.

Tokay', a town in Hungary, at the
confluence of the Theis and
Bodrog. It is celebrated for its
wine, one of the finest and most
costly in Europe. Population
4200.

Transylva'nia, a large province
between Hungary and Turkey,

containing about 2.7,700 square
m:lcs, and 1,600,000 inhabitants.

Trent, a city in Tyrol, sUuai oo
the Adigc, near the bo if

Italy. It is the Trii
the Romans J and i- :
its council of Cathoi
fVom all parts of Eui
here in 1545, and eighti
after, for thepurpose of si , . i ^a-
ing the Reformation. Population
10,000.

Trieste, (Tre'cstai), a province
bordering on the Adriatic, Croa-
tia, and the government of Lay-
bach. Extent 5020 square miles,
population 540,000. Its chief
town, a large and thriving sea-
port, near the no< th.western ex-
tremity of the Adriatic. It is a
place of gi eat trade. Population
40,000.

Tyrol', a large mountainous pro-
vince bounded by Bavaria, Ca-
rinthia, Italy, and Switzerland.
Extent 11,000 square miles i po.
pulation 720,000.

Vienna, the capital of the empire,
is situate in a rich and pictur.
esque country on the right bank
of the Danube, and is intersect-
ed by two small but rapid
streams, the Wien and Alser.
It cannot boast of much ele.
gance, though some of its pub-
lic edifices are magnificent. Po-
pulation l'70,()00.

Zara, the capital of Austrian Dal-
matia, situate on the Adriatic.
It is strongly fortified, and has
an excellent harbour. Popula.
tion 8000.

ASIA

Is bounded on the N. by the Northern Ocean ; E.
by the Pacific Ocean ; S. Indian Ocean ; W. by

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162

ASIA.

Europe, Black Sea, Archipelago, Levant, Isthmus
of Suez, and Red Sea.

It extends from 1® 30' to TS*' N. Lat., and it
has 164« of Long, from 26" ^ E. to 170<» W. Its
breadtli, from the S. of Malacca to the North
Cape in Siberia, is 5300 miles; and iis length,
from the mouth of the Dardanelles to the gulf of
Corea, 5400 miles. Its population is estimated at
500 millions.

The countries which it contains are, I. Turkey
in Asia; 2. Arabia; 3. Persia; 4. Hindostan;
5. Eastern Peninsula ; 6. China ; 7. Tibet ; 8.
Eastern or Chinese Tartary ; 9. Western or Inde-
pendent Tartary; 10. Russian Tartary or Sibe-
ria.

.Chief Towns. — I.Aleppo; 2. Mecca; S.Te-
heran ; 4. Delhi ; 5. Siam ; 6. Pekin ; 7. Lassa ;
8. Sagalien Oula Hotun ; 9* Samarcand ; 10. As-
tracan.

Islands.— Cyprus, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java,
Borneo, Celebes, Philippine Islands, Japan Isles,
New Guinea, New Holland.

Mountains. — Ouralian, Altaian Mountains,
Caucasus, Ararat, Taurus, Lebanon, Himmaleh ;
Sinai, and Horeb.

Seas and Gulfs. — Red Sea, Arabian Sea,
Bay of Bengal, Gulfs of Siam and Tonquin, Bay
of riankin, Whanghay or Yellow Sea, Gulf of
Corea, Sea of Ochotsk, Sea of Kamschatka, Cas-
pian Sea, Sea of Aral, Persian Gulf.

Straits. — Babelmandel, Ormus, Malacca,
Sunda, Behring.

Rivers. — Ob or Oby, Yenisei, Hoang-ho,
Kian-ku, Ganges, Indus, Euphrates, Tigris.

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ASIA.

J63

Remarks.^' Asia is the largest of the great divisions of
the earth. Including its islands, it extends almost from
pole to pole; and from 54" E. to 109^ 25' W. Long.

Every variety of climate and of soil occurs in this vast
extent. Many of its regions are watered by magnificent
rivers ; and it is intersected by vast chains of mountains,
of which the Himalaya chain is the loftiest in the world.

In many respects Asia is the most interesting division of
the globe. It is the nursery of the human race ; for here
man was created, and hence proceeded the tide of popula-
tion, which spread, in time, over the rest of the world. It
was the scene of all those grand dispensations by which
God prepared the world for the advent of the Messiah ; it
was the scene of those labours and sufferings by which the
Messiah accomplished the salvation of mankind. Of the
great empires which flourished in Asia at very remote pe-
riods of antiquity, and which are frequently mentioned in
the historical and prophetic books of Scripture, most have
passed completely away, leaving no trace of their existence
but the records of history, or a few architectural ruins. Its
present empires and kingdoms will be described under the
countries which they respectively occupy.

EXERCISES.

What are the boundaries of Asia ? Between what degrees
of latitude and longitude does it extend ? What are its length
and breadth ? What is the amount of its population ?
. Name the principal countries which it contains. What
are their chiei towns ? Name the principal islands of Asia,
and point them out on the map. Name its principal moun-
tainsc, and trace them on the map. Name and point out its
seas and gulfs. What are its principal straits ? Point them
out. Wnat are its principal rivers ? Trace their course.
Where is the Eastern Peninsula, Independent Tartary,
China, Siberia, Tibet, &c. ? What is the capital of Hin-
dostan ? Of Chinese Tartary ? Of Persia ? Oi China, &c. ?

Where is Ceylon, Borneo, Cyprus, New Guinea, Sumatra,
Java, the Japan Isles, &c. ? Where is Mount Caucasus,
Lebanon, Taurus, Horeb, Ararat, the Altaian Mountains,
Sinai, &c. ? Where is the Bay of Nankin, Sea of Ochotsk,
Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, Whanghay or Yellow Sea, Cas-
pian Sea, &c. ?

Where is the Strait of Ormus, of Behring, of Malacca,
Babelmandel, &c. ? Trace the course of the Hoang-ho, the

164

ASIA.

Oanges, the Oby, the Tigris, the Yenissei, the Euphrates,
the Indus, the Kiang-ku.

What proportion does Asia bear to the other great divi-
sions of tne globe ? What is its extent, including its islands ?
Can it boast of magnificent rivers and mountains ? In what
respect is Asia the most interesting portion of the globe ?
What is remarkable about the great empires that once flour-
ished in Asia ?

TURKEY IN ASIA

Is bounded on the N. by the Black Sea and Rus-
sia ; E. Persia ; S. Arabia and Levant ; W. the
Levant and Archipelago. It extends from 30° to
42° 10' N. Lat., and from 26° to 48° 30' E. Long.
Its lengthy from Cape Baba on the Archipelago to
Mount Ararat on the borders of Persia, is QSO
miles ; and its breadth, from the southern frontier
of Syria to the Black Sea, 730 miles. Its popula-
tion is estimated at 10 millions.

Divisions. — Asia Minor, comprehending Ana-
tolia, Caramania, and Roum ; 2. Syria, including
Palestine or the Holy Land ; 3. Diarbeck or Alge-
zira, the ancient Mesopotamia ; 4. Irak Arabi, the
ancient Chaldea; 5. Kurdistan; 6. Armenia or
Turcomania ; 7* Georgia ; 8. Imeritia, Mingrelia,
Circassia, — rather subject, however, to Russia than
to Turkey.

Towns. — 1. Smyrna, Aiosaluc, Magiiisa, Bur-
sa, Angora, Tocat, Amasia, Satalia ; 2. Aleppo,
Antioch, Palmyra or Tadmor, Balbec, Damascus,
Jerusalem, Alexandretta or Scanderoon, Tripoli or
Tarabolus, Sidon or Seyde, Tyre or Sur, Acre or
Ptolemais, Jaffa, Jericho; 3. Diarbeker, Mosul,
near the site of the ancient Nineveh ; 4. Bagdad,

ASIA.

165

Bassora, Hillali, near the ruins of Babylon ; 5.
Van, Betlis or Bcdiis ; 6. Erzeroum, Trebisonde ;
7. Teflis ; 8. Cuta'w.

Island. — Cyprus.

Mountains. — Caucasus, Taurus, Olympus, Ida,
Lebanon, Ararat.

Lakes. — Van, Asphaltites or the Dead Sea.

Rivers. — Kisil-Irmak, Saccaria, Sarabat, Min-
der, Orontes, Jordan, Euphrates, Tigris, Aras or
Araxes. i

Remarh.'—This extensive country may be regarded as
in general mountainous, although it presents many exten-
sive plains of great beauty and fertility. The climate is de-
lightful; and the soil, particularly in the valleys, extremely
fertile. Fruits of the finest kinds grow spontaneously, or
are produced abundantly by cultivation in this charming
country : but tillage is only partially attended to, by far
the greater part of Asiatic Turkey being occupied by shep-
herds and their flocks. The mountains are clothed with
woods, and the shores of the Black Sea present the appear-
ance of continued forests. Of the domestic animals, the
most remarkable are the sheep, and the goats of Angrr;;,
from the hair of which the finest camlets are made. It:-
deed it is a remarkable peculiarity in the animals of this dis-
trict, that they all have fine long hair. Of the wild animals
of Turkey we may enumerate the lion, (which never ap-
pears farther west than the Euphrates), the hyena and jack-
all ; the ibex and the antelope. With the exception of the
copper-mines of Tocat, the mineral treasures of this country
are unknown. . i.t Bursa, near the foot of Mount Olym-
pus, there are hot medicinal springs. Asiatic Turkey is
inhabited by different tribes, whose employments and ha«
bits are equally various. The prevailing religion is the
Mahometan ; and the Turks of Asia are peculiarly bigoted.
The Christians in this country are kept in a state of the
most humiliating subjection. A few of the wandering tribes
still retain their Pagan superstitions.

166

ASIA.

• ' ■' EXERCISES.

What are the boundaries of Turkey in Asia ? Between
what degrees of latitude and loneitude is it situate ? What
are its length and breadth ? What is the estimated amount
of its population ?

Name its divisions. What are the principal towns of
Asia Minor? Of Syria? OfDiarbeck? Of Lak Arabia?
Of Kurdistan? Of Armenia? Of Georgia? Oflmeritia?
Name its principal island and mountains. Name its lakes.
Name its principal rivers.

Where is Aiosaluc, Jerusalem, Tyre, Smyrna, Hillah,,
Mount Caucasus, Asphaltites or the Dead Sea, Jaffa, Acre,
Palmyra, Mosul, the Minder, the Jordan, Angora, Sidon,
tlie Euphrates, &c. ?

What is the general aspect of Turkey in Asia ? What is
the nature of its climate and soil ? Does it abound in fruits ?
By what is the greater part of this country occupied ? What
places are clothed with woods and forests ? What are the
most remarkable of the domestic animals in Turkey ? By
what remarkable peculiarity are the animals of this district
distinguished ? Mention some of its wild animals. Are the
mineral treasures of this country well known ? Where are
hot medicinal springs found ? How is Asiatic Turkey in-
habited ? In what state are the Christians kept in Asiatic
Turkey ? What superstitions are still retained by some of
the wandering tribes ?

ARABIA

Is bounded N. by the Mediterranean and Turkey ;
£. by the Persian Gulf; S. by the Indian Ocean;
W. by the Red Sea and the Isthmus of Suez. It
extends from 12° SO' to 34° 30' N. Lat., and from
32" 30' to 59^ E. Long. From the Straits of Ba-
belmandel to the Euphrates, its length is 1450
miles ; and from its eastern extremity to the Red
Sea, its breadth 1240 miles.

ASIA. 167

Divisions. — 1. Hedjaz; 2. Yemen j 3. Had-
ramaut ; 4. Oman ; 5. Lahsa ; 6. Nedjed.

Towns. — 1 . Mecca, Medina, Jidda ; 2. Sana,
MocliOj Aden, Mareb ; 3. Muscat^ Rostak, Seer ;
5. Lahsa.

Islands. — Socotora, Bahrin.

Mountains. — Sinai, Horeb.

Remarfcs.— 'The most remarkable feature in the aspect of
Arabia, is the vast extent of sandy deserts which occupies
almost the whole of the interior,— diversified only by a few
spots of fertility called oases or islands. Over these dreary
wastes travellers pass in large companies called caravans,
exposed, at almost every step, to the imminent peril of
their lives. Their sufferings from the excessive heat and
want of water are extreme ; and the ocean, in its most vio-
lent agitation, presents not so appalling a scene as the
Arabian desert in a storm, when the sand, lifted from its
bed, overwhelms every thing in its way, and often buries
whole companies, with their camels and horses, in one com-
mon grave. The, districts on the coast, watered by rains
from the sea, are fertile and beautiful, producing many
valuable trees and shrubs, as the tamarind, the Indian fig,
the date palm, the cotton shrub, the pomegranate and or-
ange trees, the coffee shrub, and the amyris cpobalsamum,
which yields the celebrated, balm of Mecca. The most
noted of the domestic animals of Arabia are the horse and
camel ; of its wild animals, the antelope, the wild ass, the
wolf, fox, jackall, hyena, panther, and jerboa or rat of Pha-
raoh, chiefly deserve notice.

The interior of Arabia is chiefly inhabited by wandering
tribes called Bedouins, who subsist by their flocks, and by
the plunder of passing caravans : the Arabians on the coast
live in more regular society, and enjoy the benefit of com-
merce and the arts.

The religion of Mahomet, who was bom at Mecca, A. D.
570, is professed throughout Arabia ; although the Wahha-
bees, a new sect that sprang up in the middle of last century,
are said to be gaining many converts. Their peculiar tenet
is, that God alone should be adored ; and that any reverence

168

ASIA.

paid to Mahomet, or any human being, is a species of ido-
latry.

EXERCISES.

What arc the boundaries of Arabia ? Between what de-
grees of latitude and lonmtude is it situate ? What are its
length and breadth ? Name its divisions. What are the

?rincipal towns of Iledjaz ? Of Vemen ? Of Hadramaut ?
>f Oman ? Of Jiahsa ? Of Nedjed ? Name the islands
and mountains of Arabia. Where is Mocha, Mecca, Rostak,
Sana, Mareb, &c. ?

What is the most remarkable feature in the aspect of Ara-
bia ? How do travellers pass over those dreary wastes ? To
what sufTerings and dangers are they exposed ? What is the
appearance of the districts on the coast ? What valuable trees
and shrubs do they produce ? What are the most noted do-
mestic animals of Arabia ? Which of its wild animals chiefly
deserve notice ? By what people is the interior of Arabia
chiefly inhabited ? How do they subsist ? In what manner
do the Arabs on the coast live ? What religion is professed
in Arabia ? What new sect sprung up there about the mid-
dle of last century ? What is the peculiar tenet of this sect ?

I :

PERSIA

Is bounded N. by Georgia, the Caspian Sea, and
Tartary ; E. by Hindustan ; S. the Indian Ocean ;
W. by Turkey. It extends from 25° 30' to 40°
35' N. Lat., and from 43° SO' to 62" 30' E. Long.
Its length, from the south of Laristan to the Per-
sian Gulf, is about 720 miles j and its breadth, from
the mouth of the Euphrates to the borders of Beloo-
chistan, 620 miles. Population about 1 millions.
Provinces. — 1. Erivan ; 2. Azcrbijan ; 3.
Ghilan ; 4. Mazenderau ; 5- Western part of Kho-
rasan ; 6. Irak Agemi ; 7. Chosistan ; 8. Ears or
Farbistan, the ancient Per sis ; 9* Laristan ,* 10.
Kerman ; 11. Seistan, Georgia, Daghistan, and

ar
ti^

ASIA.

169

18 of ido-

what de-
at are its
t are the
Iramaut ?
le islands
I, Rostak,

3t of Ara-
stes? To
'hat is the
uable trees
; noted do-
lals chiefly
of Aiabia
at manner
} professed
It the mid-
this sect ?

Sea, and
in Ocean ;
)' to 40°

E. Long.

the Per-
adth, from
sof Beloo-
millions.
Mian ; 3.
irt of Kho-
8. Fars or

istaii ; 10.

istan, and

Sliirvan, usually assigned to Persia, are now sub-
ject to Russia.

Towns. — l.Erivan; 2. Tabreez or Tauris; 5.
Susa; 6. Teheran, Casbin, Ispahan, Rama-
dan ; 7* Sliiras ; 8. Bushire ; 9* Gombroom, Or-
mus. Of Shirvan, the chief town is Baku ; of
Daghistan, Derbcnd.

Beloochistan is a large country, having Kcr-
man and Seistan on th*^ west, and Hindostan on
the east. Gres^t part of this country is occupied
by a vast sandy desert, 300 miles long and 200
broad ; and by ranges of lofty mountains, particu-
larly in the east, supposed to be a branch of the
Hindoo-kohs. Its capital is Kelat.

Jtemarks.— Tenia, is in general mountainous. From the
south of the Caspian to Indostan, a continued chain of de-
serts extends ; and in all the southern provinces, the plains
as well as the mountains are sterile and bare. The north-
ern districts, on the contrary, are remarkable for their
beauty and fertility. The rivers of Persia are few and
smallj-iAnd, instead of falling into the sea, most of them
flow into lakes in the interior. Wheat, rice, barley, and
millet, are the common crops in Persia. Among its forest-
productions are the cedar, the cypress, and other species of
pine, and the sumach, so useful in dying and tanning. The
fruits of this country are among the finest in the world.
The fig, pomegranate, almond, peach, and apricot, are na>
tives of this climate ; and the vine and orange tree grow
here luxuriantly. The mulberry, cotton shrub, and sugar-
cane, are common articles of culture. The horses of Per-
sia, if inferior to those of Arabia in speed, surpass them in
elegance. The sheep are remarkable for their length of
tail, which sometimes weighs more than SO pounds. Among
the wild animals of this country are the lion, the leopard,
the panther, the bear, and wild-boar.

Manufactures, once in a very flourishing state in Persia,
are now almost annihilated,— owing chiefly to the destruc-
tive wars with which, for nearly a century, it has been al-

O 2

170 ASIA.

most incessantly ravaged. Their carpets, silks, brocade6y
and velvets, woollen and cotton cloths, and camlets of goats'
and camels' hair are still of superior texture. Politeness,
hospitality, and gaiety, characterize the Perfiian manners.
The established religion is the Mahometan ; but there are
still same who adhere to the ancient worship of fire. The
government is despotic,.— and the country is now separated
into two independent sovereignties. The eastern monarchy,
including the provinces of Hindostan, west of the Indus,
is called the kingdom of Candahar.

EXERCISES.

What are the boundaries of Persia ? Between what de-
grees of latitude pnd longitude is it situate ? What is its ex-
tent in length and breadth ? What is the amount of its popu-
lation ? Into what provinces is it divided ? Name their prin-
cipal towns. What countries lie to the east and west of
Beloochistan ? By what is a great part of that country occu-

?ied ? What is its capital ? Where is Hamadan, Ispahan,
!'eheran, Susa, Gombroon, Ormus, Bushire, Casbin, Ba-
ku, &c. ?

What is the general aspect of Persia ? In what direction
does a continued chain ot deserts extend ? What is the ap-
pearance of the mountains and plains in the south ? For
what are the northern districts remarkable ? What are the
common crops of Persia ? 31ention some of its forest trees.
What is remarkable in the fruits of Persia ? Mention some
of the fruit trees common here. What other plants and
shrubs are cultivated ? For what qualities are the horses and
sheep of Persia remarkable ? Mention some of its wild ani-
mals.

In what state are the manufactures of Persia ? What ma-
nufactures of superior texture does it still retain ? By what
qualities are the manners of the Persians characterized?
What is the established religion in Persia ? To what wor-
ship do some of the Persians still adher^ P Of what kind is
the government of Persia ? What name is given to the east-
ern monarchy ? What Indian provinces does it compre-
hend ? ,^ \

ASIA.

171

HINDOSTAN,

INDIA WITHIN THE GANGES,

Is bounded on the N. by Tibet ; E. the Eastern
Peninsula and t'i? Bay of Bengal ; S. the Indian
Ocean ; W. the Arabian Sea and Persia. It ex-
tends from 8^ to 36° 30' N. Lat., and from 67° to
92° 30' E. Long. Its greatest length, from Cape
Comorin to the Indian Caucasus, is 1890 miles;
its greatest breadth, from the borders of Beloochistan
to the east of Bengal, l600 miles. Its population
is computed at 101,000,000.

Divisions. — 1. Gangetic Hindostan, compre-
hending Bengal, Bahar, Allahabad, Oude, Agra,
part of Delhi, Ajimere, and Malwa ; 2. Sindetic
Hindostan, comprising Kuttorc, Cashmere, Cabul,
Candahar, Lahore, Moultan, and Sindy ; 3. Cenr-
tral Hindostan, including Guzerat, Candcish, Be-
rar, Orissa, the Sircars, North part of Golconda,
Visiapour, Dowlatabad, Concan ; 4. Southern Hin-
dostan, containing the southern part of Golconda,
Mysore, the Carnatic, Madura, and some princi-
palities on the Malabar coast.

Towns. — 1. Calcutta, Moorshcdabad, Patna,
Dacca, Allahabad, Lucknow, Agra, Delhi, Aji-
mere, Oojain, Benares, Catamandoo ; 2. Kuttorc,
Cashmere, Cabul, Candahar, Lahore, Moultan,
Tatta; 3. Amedabad, Cambay, Surat, Burliam-
pore, Nagpore, Cuttack, Visagapatam, Juggernaut,
Masulipatam, Bombay, Aurungabad, Hyderabad,
Poonah, Visiapore, Goa ; 4. Arcot, Madras, Pon-
dicherry, Tranquebar, Tanjore, Tritchiuopoly, Se-

172 ASIA.

ringapatam, Mangalore^ Calicut, Tellicherry, Co-
chin, Trivandcram.

Islands. — Ceylon, in which are the towns
Candi, Colombo, and Trincomalee ; the Maldives
and Laccadives; the Nicobar and Andaman
Islands.

Gulfs. — Gulfs of Cutch, Cambay, Manara ;
Bay of Bengal.

Mountains. — Hindoo-koh, Himmaleh or Him-
malaya Mountains, Eastern and Western Gauts.

Rivers. — Indus or Sinde, Ganges, Burrampoo-
ter or Sanpoo, Nerbuddah, Taptee, Godavery,
Bain-Gonga, Kistna, or Krishna, Cavery.

Remarks.'-^ln a country so extensive as Hindostan,
there is, of course, a great variety of aspect. On the north,
the mountains of Tibet present a very bold and stupendous
frontier. The Gauts, on the east and west, form a long
and lofty barrier parallel to each coast ; while the central
chains of the Vendhias follow the course of the Nerbuddah
on the north and south. A series of rocky mountains
reaches from the confines of Mooltan to Tatta; and of
sandy hills from Ootch to Guzerat. In the province of
Sinde, there are likewise deserts of sand, which, raised by
the burning south wind, often buries houses and cultivated
fields ; and in Delhi, between Rooderpoor and Almora,
there is a sandy desert twenty miles long, covered with
briers and resinous shrubs. Numerous savannahs occur
in the northern provinces. At the mouths of the rivers, as
well as along a great part of their banks in the interior, the
soil is marshy. But, in its more general aspect, Hindos-
tan presents beautiful meadows, rich pastures, fields adorn,
ed with luxuriant harvests, which are gathered twice in the
year, and valleys smiling in all the beauty and variety of
vegetation.

£xcept in Cashmere, Sirinagur, Gorkhah, and Nepaul,
where the seasons occur in their more agreeable vicissitudes,
the climate of Hindostan is diversified only by the dry and
rainy seasons. The changes are produced by the south-

ASIA.

173

y, Co-
towns
[aldives
idaman

!anara ;

r Him-
auts.
'ampoo-
davery.

indostan,

he north,

ipendous

1 a long

: central

>rbuddah

lountains

; and of

ivince of

aised by

ultivated

Almora,

red with

IS occur

rivers, as

irior, the

Hindos-

sadom-

ce in the

iriety of

Ncpaul,

ssitudes,

dry and

south-

west and north-west monsoons ; and it is remarkable, that
they happen regularly at different periods of the year on the
opposite coasts of Coromandel and Malabar. In Bengal
the hot or dry season continues from March to the end of
May ; the rainy season from June to September. By the
latter end of July all the lower parts of the country, adja-^
cent to the Ganges and Burhampooter, are overflowed,'
forming an expanse of water more than 100 miles wide.
By these regular inundations extreme fertility is imparted
to the soil. In many places, indeed, it requires no such
fertilizing aid, consisting of rich vegetable mould to the
depth of six feet. The luxuriance of vegetation is scarce-
ly equalled in any other region of the globe. Forests of
liie most stately growth, and fruit trees of the finest kinds,
occur in this country. Of its forest trees, one of the most
valuable is the teak, which rivals the oak in firmness and
durability, and is accordingly an excellent substitute for it
in ship-building. Of its fruit-trees, the most noted are
the various species of palms. Rice is the chief food of
liie Hiadoos, and consequently the principal article of cul-
tivation. In the husk it is called nellut and, when shell-
ed, arissi. Wheat, barley, millet, and maize, are also cul-
tivated ; besides the sugar-cane, the mulberry-tree, cotton,
indigo, and a variety of other vegetables.

Among the domestic animals of Hindostan may be men-
tioned the buffalo, camel, and elephant. The cattle are
distinguished by a bunch on the shoulders ; and the sheep
have hair instead of wool. Among the wild animals are
the leopard, often employed in hunting; the lion, seen
only among the northern mountains ; the Bengal or royal
tiger ; and the rhinoceros.

Hindostan is peculiarly rich in mineral treasures— of
which the most valuable is the diamond, found in the pro-
vinces of Bengal, Bundelkund, Allahabad, Orissa, Berar,
Visiapour, Golconda, and the Carnatic. The diamonds of
Golconda and Orissa are the most celebrated.

The Hindoos have carried some manufactures to conji-
derable perfection. The shawls of Cashmere, manufactur-
ed of the hair of the shawl-goat, are highly prized; and till
the late improvements in the cotton manufactures of Bri-
tain, the Indian muslins were the finest in the world. In
delicate works in ivory and metals the Hindoos are still al-

174

ASIA.

most unrivalled. Diamonds, nitre, spices, drugs, rice, su-
gar, raw silk, and muslins, are the chief exports from this
country.

The territory of Hindostan is now divided among five
principal powers or states.-.^!. The Seiks possess Lahort ,
the principal part of Moultan, and the western portion of
Delhi. Their capital is Lahore. 2. The Berar or Eastern
Mahrattas, possess Berar and Orissa. Their capital is Nag-
pour. 3. The Poonah or Western Mahrattas, possess Malwa,
Candeish, Visiapour, most of Ajimere, and Guzerat. Their
capital is Foonah. 4. The Soubah of the Deccan, is sove-
reign of Golconda, the principal part of Dowlatabad, and the
west of Berar. Hyderabad is his capital. 5. The British
possess Bengal, Bahar, part of Allahabad and Orissa, the
Northern Sircars, a Jaghire in the Carnatic, countries north
and south of Calicut on the Malabar coast, Bombay, the
isle of Salsette, Ceylon, &c. Their allies are the Rajahs
of Mysore, Tanjore, Tritchinopoly, Madura, Travancore ;
the Nabobs of Oude and Arcot; and the territory of
Cochin. Sixty millions of the inhabitants of Hindostan
are subjects of the British or their allies ; and their annual
revenue is seventeen millions sterling. The British have
distinct establishments or presidencies in Bengal, Madras,
and Bombay. Bengal, of which the capital is Calcutta,
the seat of government and of the principal court of jus-
tice, takes, in every matter, the precedence and the lead.

The most remarkable circumstance in the civic economy
of the Hindoos is their division into castes^ of which there
are four— Brahmins, soldiers, labourers, and mechanics.
Each of these castes follows invariably the same profession
from generation to generation, and never intermarry. They
who have been degraded from their castes, which is ac-
counted the greatest of all misfortunes, are called PariarSf
a term of superlative reproach, and are Jcept in the most
humiliating, servitude. In their manners the Hindoos are
mild and inoffensive, peculiarly formed for the quietude
and the comfort of domestic life. Although their religion
permits polygamy, they seldom have more than one wife ;
the horrid custom of burning widows alive on the funeral
piles of their husbands is still retained.

The Hindoos worship a number of gods ; and believe
that Vishnou, a principal deity, has already been incarnate

ASIA.

175

lanics.

Tartars,
most
bos are
liietude
L>ligion
wife ;
tuneral

jelieve
Parnate

nine times, and is still to be incarnate a tenth and last time.
They believe that, after their death, their souls will animate
other bodies either of men or inferior animals. Hence
their extreme tenderness in the treatment of all living crea-
tures, even to the meanest insect. In general they abstain
from animal food, subsisting on rice, butter, milk, and ve- .
getables.

EXERCISES.

Name the boundaries of Hindostan. Between what de-
grees of longitude and latitude is it situate ? What is its ex-
tent in length and breadth ? What is the estimated amount
of its population ?

Into what great divisions is it portioned ? What provinces
are contained in Gangetic Hindostan ? What provinces does
Sindetic Hindostan contain ? What are the provinces of
Central Hindostan? What provinces does Southern Hin-
dostan comprehend ?

What are the principal towns of the first division ? Of the
second ? Of the third ? Of the fourth ? Where is Bhurt-
pore, Allahabad, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Bombay, Calcut-
ta, Bernares, Visiapour, Moorshedabad, (ioa, Poonah, Tri-
tchinopoly, Tellicnerry, Trivanderam, Pondicherry^ &c. ?
Where is Ceylon, Salsette, the Maldives, the Nicobar isles.
Where is the gulf of Cutch, of Cambay, the bay of Bengal ?
What are the principal mountains of Hindostan ? Name its
principal rivers. Trace their course.

What mountains form the northern frontier of Hindostan ?
What mountains run parallel to its eastern and western
coasts ? What is the direction of the central chaini ? Where
do series of rocky mountains and of sandy hills, occur ? In
what places are deserts of sand ? Where do numerous sa-
vannahs occur ? Where is the soil marshy ? What is the
more general aspect of Hindostan ? In what provinces do the
seasons occur in their most agreeable vicissitudes ? How is the
climate of Hindostan in general diversified ? By what are
those varieties caused ? What is temarkable about the cli-
mate on the coasts of Malabar and Coromandel ? What are
the periods of the dry and rainy seasons respectively in Ben-

§al ? What is the extent of the inundation on the course of
le Ganges and Burhampooter ? What is the quality of the
soil ? Mention one of the most valuable forest trees. What
are the most noted of the fruit trees ? What is the principal
article of cultivation ? What names are given to it in the
husk, and when shelled ? What are the oUier articles of cul-
tivation ?

176

ASIA.

Mention some of the domestic animals of Hindostan.
What are its most remarkable beasts of prey ? What is its
most valuable mineral ? Where is it found ; and in what
provinces is it most valuable ? In what manufactures have
the Hindoos attained considerable dexterity ? . In what kind
of works are they almost unrivalled ? What are the chief
exports from this country ? Among how many states is the ter-
ritory of Hindostan divided ? Name the possessions and the
capital of the Seiks ; of the Berar or Eastern Mahrattas ; of
the Poonah or Western Mahrattas ; of the Soubah of the
Deccan; of the British. What states are in alliance with
the Britisii ? What number of the inhabitants are subject to
the British, and their allies ? What is their annual revenue ?
What are the establishments or presidencies of the British ?
Which of them takes the lead ?

What is the most remarkable circumstance in the civic his-
tory of the Hindoos? What is the characteristic quality of
their manners ? Are they addicted to polygamy ? What
horrid custom do they still retain ? Mention some of their
religious opinions. Whence arises their extreme tenderness
in the treatment of living creatures ? On what do they in ge-
neral subsist ?

! V

EASTERN PENINSULA,

INDIA BEYOND THE GANGES,

Is bounded N. by Tibet and China ; W. by Hin-
dostan and the Bay of Bengal ; S. by tbe Gulf of
Siam and the Straits of Malacca ; and E. by the
Gulf of Tonquin and the Chinese Sea. It extends
from r 30' to 26° N. Lat., and from 92° to 108°
E. Long.j being in length 1700 miles, and in
breadth 96() miles.

Divisions. — I. Assam; 2. The Birman Em-
pire, comprehending Ava, Pegu, and Aracan ; 3.

for

parts
fount
in gr
It

indostan.
hat is its
I in what
ures have
what kind
. the chief
sistheter-
,n« and the
irattas ; ot
bah of the
liance with
:e subject to
al revenue ?
tie British?

he civic his-
c quality of

ny ? yj»'

)tne of their
le tenderness
o they in ge-

LA,

ST. by Hin-

the Gulf of

E. by the

It extends

92° to 108°

les, and in

Jirman Em-
Aracan ; 3.

ASIA. 177

Malacca ; 4. Siam ; 5. Laos ; 6. Cambodia ; 7-
Siampa ; 8. Cochin-Cliina ; 9* Tonquin.

Towns. 1. Ghergong; 2. Ummerapoora,

Prome, Rangoon, Ava, Pegu, Aracan ; 3. Malac-
ca, Sincaporc ; 4. Siam or Yuthia, Louvok, Cam- *
bouri; 5. Mohan-laung; 6. Cambodia; 7. Siam-
pa ; 8. Hue-fo, Turon ; 9* Kesho.

Gulfs. — Gulfs of Siam and Tonquin.

Rivers. — The Irrawady and Thaluan ; the
Meinam ; the Maykaung.

Remarks.— In its external aspect, this portion of Asia is
remarkably distinguished by its long parallel chains of
mountains, enclosing distinct valleys, each watered by a
considerable river. Those places in which rain does not
fall abundantly, or remain long, exhibit a light powder
barren as sand, or a crust as hard as rock ; while the mar-
gins of the rivers and the sides of the mountains are cloth-
ed in perpetual verdure, and with trees, in comparison of
whose gigantic height and expanse of foliage, our loftiest
trees dwindle to the stature of dwarfs. Among the most
noted of its forest-productions are the eagle-wood, the white
sandal- wood, the teak tree, the iron tree, the true ebony,
which is here indigenous, the sycamore, the Indian fig, the
banana, the bignonias, and the fan palms. The forests are
the haunts of various species of monkeys, tigers, and ele-
phants. The elephants of Siam are particularly admired
for their beauty and sagacity. Fine fruits, aromatic and
medicinal plants, the sago, the cocoa, the banana, and other
nutritious plants, grow in abundance. Laos produces the
benzoin and gum lac ; and gamboge seems to be peculiar to
Cambodia. Rice, sugar, cotton, and indigo, are cultivated
to a great extent.

The Eastern Peninsula is rich in minerals. Besides
gold and silver, its mines produce tin, iron, lead, antimony,
and zinc. The sapphire and amethyst are found in various
parts of the Birman empire ; rubies of peculiar beauty are
found in Pegu ; and amber of uncommon purity is dug up
in great quantities near th<:> river Irrawady.

It docs not appear that this peninsula was ever united

ASIA.

under one sovereign. The government of its different
countries, the manners and religion of their inhabitants,
will be found under their respective names in the descrip-
tive table.

EXERCISES.

By what cireumstance is the Eastern Peninsula remarkably
distinguished in its external aspect ? What contrast is pre-
senteabetween those places where rain is not abundant, and
the margins of the rivers and sides of the mountains ? What
are the most noted of its forest productions ? Of what wild
animals are those forests the haunts ? For what are the ele-
phants of Siam remarkable ? What productions grow here
in great abundance ? What crops are cultivated to a great
extent ? What metals do the mines of this country produce ?
In what places are the sapphire and amethyst, rubies and am-
ber, respectively found ?

CHINA

Is bounded on the N. by Chinese Tartary; W.
by Tibet and Tartary ; S. by the Chinese Sea and
the Eastern Peninsula; E. by the Chinese Sea.
It extends from 20« to 42° N. Lat., and from 97°
to 124° E. hong., being about 1300 miles in its
greatest length and breadth. Its population is es-
timated at 200 millions.

Divisions. — 1. Pe-che-lee; 2. Shan-see; 3.
Shen-see; 4. Shantung; 5. Honan; 6'. Kiang-
nan ; 7. Tche-kiang ; 8. Fokien ; p. Quan-tung ;
10. Quang-see; 11. Yunan ; 12. Setchuan; 13.
Hou-quang; 14. Kiang-see; 15. Koei-tcheou;
16. Cnen-yang; 17. The Peninsula of Corea.

Principal Towns. — Pekin, Nankin^ Canton^
Singan ; Ty wan-fu in Formosa.

Islands. — Hainan, Formosa, Loo-Choo or Leoo-
keoo Isles ; Macao.

po^

par

catf

the!

trei

ChJ

car

, different
ihabitants,
le descrip-

remarkably
ra8t is Pe-
ndant, and
as ? ^hat
what wild
are the ele-
grow here
to a great
:y produce ?
jiesandam-

rtary; W.
se Sea and
linese Sea.
i from 97°
I'lles in its
ition is es-

in-see ; S.
6. Kiang-
luan-tung ;
huan; 13.
oei-tcheou ;
Corea.
in, Canton,

100 or Leoo-

A6IA. 179

Lakes. — Tong-ting-hou, Poyaug-hou, Tai-hou,
Hong-tse-hou.

Rivers. — Hoang-ho, or Yellow River ; Kian-
ku, or Blue River ; and the Ta.

Remarks.— China may be regarded, in general, as a flat
and fertile country ; although, in some places, its aspect is
varied by chains of mountains of considerable magnitude.
One of the most remarkable features in the natural appear-
ance of the country, is the number and magnitude of its
rivers, which have contributed in a great degree to its early
civilization. In a country so extensive, the climate is ne-
cessarily various. In the southern provinces the heat is
greater than in Bengal ; in the northern the rigour of an
European winter is experienced. In no country in the
east has agriculture attained greater perfection than in
China. The cultivation of every spot is requisite for
the support of its excessive population ; and the greatest
ingenuity has accordingly been displayed in forming even
tlie sides of lofly mountains into terraces, to which water is
conveyed by buckets, or by conduits from reservoirs in
which the rain is collected at the top. Where the raising of
food for man is an object of such importance, the rearing
of domestic animals is rather discouraged, except in so far
as they are employed in subserviency to that primary pur-
pose. The principal article of culture for food is rice,
which is raised chiefly in the southern parts of the empire.
The ingenuity and industry of the Chinese have discover-
ed a method of cultivating even the beds of their lakes,
ponds, and rivulets, where the pe^siy or water-chesnut, in
particular, is planted, and produces a wholesome and deli-
cate fruit. This fruit is contained in a cover formed by
the root. Besides the orange, tamarind, and mulberry
trees, (of which there are two species, of the bark of one
of which paper is made), the tallow tree is peculiar to
China, yielding a green wax, which is manufactured into
candles. But of the native productions of China the most
remarkable is the tea plant, which grows chiefly in the
hilly part of the country. It is about five feet high ; its
leaves are narrow, and indented on the edges ; and it blos-
soris from October to January. All the varieties of teas

180

ASIA.

are prepared from tlie same plant, but gathered at difie-
rent times, and prepared in different ways.

In a country so densely peopled as China, there are but
few forests or jungles to harbour wild beasts. Such as are
occasionally seen, difler not from those of other neighbour-
ing countries.

Among the minerals of China may be mentioned a na-
tural composition of iron and zinc, called tutenag^ a spe-
cies of white copper coWqA. petong^ and the tine clays and
earths, kaolin and petuntse, from which porcelain is manu-
factured. The country around Pekin abounds in coal,
which is usually pounded, and baked with water into cakes,
before burning.

Among this industrious people almost every kind of
manufacture is found; those of porcelain, silk, cotton,
and paper are the most noted. Like the Hindoos, they
excel in delicate works in ivory and metal. Their chief
exports are silk, porcelain, and especially tea,^for which
alone they draw from Great Britain an annual return of
three millions Sterling. Of their national works, the most
remarkable are the Grand Canals by which the inland na-
vigation is continued from Pekin to Canton, a distance of
upwards of 14CX) miles, with the interruption of only one
day's journey ; and the great wall on the northern frontier,
said to be 1500 miles in length.

The government of China is the patriarchal, or the mild-
est species of despotism ; and its present monarchs are of
Tartar origin. The character of the Chinese is placid and
affable ; but the indolence of the upper classes, and the
nastiness of the lower, are striking defects in their man«
ners. The exposing of infants is frightfully common.
Their notions of female beauty are peculiar ; and their ad-
miration of small feet exposes their ladies to much pain
and inconvenience to obtain this indispensable charm.
Their religion bears some resemblance to that of Hindos-
tan, their idol Fo being supposed to be the Boodh of the
Hindoos. ^

EXERCISES.

What is the ceneral aspect of China ? Mention some of
the most remarkable features in the natural appearance of the
country. What are the varieties of its climate ? What in-
genuity do the Chinese display in agriculture ? Is the rear-

ABIA.

181

,d at diffc-

jre are but
Such as are
neighbour-

ioncd a na-
jnag, a spe-
le clays and
lin is manu-
ids in coal,
;r into cakes,

ery kind of
silk, cotton,
indoos, they
Their chief

^^ for which

ual return of
)rks, the most
le inland na-
,a distance of
of only one
tiern frontier,

/, or the mild-
narchs are of
i is placid and
sses, and the
tn their man-
lUy common.

_ and their ad-
to much pwn
isable charm.

Mt of Hindos-
Boodh of the

mtion some of
pearance of the
te ? What in-
Is the rear-

ing of domestic animals much encouraged in China ? What
is the principal article of cultivation for food ? How do they
cultivate even the beds of the rivers and lakes ? Mention
some of the fruit trees of China. What is the most remark-
able of its native productions ? Describe it. Does the same
plant produce all the varieties of tea ? Are there many wild
animals in China ? Mention some of its most important mi-
nerals. In what part of the country does coal abound ? How
is it used ? What are the most noted manufactures of the
Chinese ? In what works do they particularly excel ? What
are their chief exports ? What are the most remarkable of
their national works ? What is the form of government in
China ? What is peculiar in their character and manners ?
What practice is frightfully common ? What peculiar notion
of female beauty exposes their ladies to much pain and incon-
venience ? What religion does that of China resemble ?

TIBET

Is bounded N. by Eastern Tartary ; W. by Hin-
dostan ; S. by Hindostan and the Eastern Penin-
sula ; E. by China.

The geographical limits of this country cannot
be fixed with precision. Its length is said to be
about 1500 miles ; its breadth about 500 miles.
Population small, but not accurately ascertained.

Divisions. — 1. Tibet Proper; 2. Bootan; 3.
Nepaul ; 4. Sirinagur ; 5. Little Tibet.

ToA\Ns.^ — 1. Lassa; 2. Tassaudon ; 3. Catman-
du ; 4. Sirinagur ; 5. Shekerden.

Lakes. — Terkiri, Jamdro or Palte.

Rivers. — From the high table-land of Tibet
the most important rivers of Hindostan and the
Eastern Peninsula take their rise ; as the Oxus,
Indus^ Ganges, Burrampooter, Thaluan, Yang-
tse-kiang.

r 2

182

ASIA.

Re marks. '—hovf rocky hills and extensive arid plains arc
the ungainly features in the aspect of Tibet Proper. The
mountains of Bootan are clothed in perpetual verdure, or
crowned with lofty forests : their declivities and the vnU
leys are rich in corn-fields and orchards. Nepaul is a i ul«
tivated plain.

The climate of Tibet may be compared to th ir n£ the
Alps in Switzerland for the severity of its wintc .; ^'. A
country so mountainous may be expected to abou.d in mi-
nerals. Though those of Tibet are not wrought to any
great extent, cinnabar ores, rich in quicksilver, rock-salt,
and tincal, or crude borax, have been fuund in considera-
ble quantities. The musk-deer, resembling the hug in
shape, with hair not unlike the quills of a porcupine ; the
grunting ox, whose flowing and glossy tail is employed by
the luxurious orientals for driving away flies and other in-
sects ; and the goat, whose fine hair is manufactured into
shawls, ma^' be mentioned among the animals of Tibet.

The n-iigion of Tibut is peculiar. The grand lama, or
high priest, who is likewise the temporal sovereign, is an
object of their adoration. He is supposed never to die,
and his soul is sometimes fancied to be found in the body
of a child. The natives are mild and gentle in their dis.
position. By a singular peculiarity in their manners, all
the brothers of a family have the same wife, whom the eld-
est brother has the privilege of selecting.

EXERCISES.

What are the boundaries of Tibet ? In what latitude and
longitude is it situate ? Whr: ': is Us extent in length and
breadth ? Into what divisio.^ •■ v a v^i^tioned ? Name ity
principal towns. Whatimpfia '-r, have i'"'"' sources

m Tibet ? What are the p • ; ' i'. arcs in tiiO aspect of
Tibet Proper ? What is the appearance of the mountains of
Bootan ? What parts of the country are cultivated and pro-
ductive ? What IS the nature of the climate ? What mine-
rals have been found in Tibet in considerable quantities ?
Which of the animals of this country deserve to be particu-
larly mentioned ? What idea do the people entertain of their
;,rand lama 9 By what disposition are they characterized ?
What singular peculiarity prevails in their manners ?

AblA.

183

EASTERN OR CHINESE TARTAKY

la bounded N. by Siberia ; W. by Indop^endciit
Tartary ; S. by Cfiina and Tibet; and E. by the
Pacific Ocean. This immense tract of country
extends over 70 degrees of longitude^ and ^ de-
grees of latitude.

Divisions. — 1. Mandshuria ; 2. Mon^oli." with
Little Bucharia, Turfan, and Hami or Chauiil.

Towns. — Saoalien Oula Hotun, Mer^'uen,
Nimgouta ; 2. Cashgar, Yarkand, Kotun^ K iria,
Turfan^ Hami or Chamil.

Lakes. — Balkash or Tengis, Zaizan, KokoNor
or the Blue Lake.

Rivers.— Amur or Sagalien, Yarkand^ Hi.

Remarks.— Chinese Tartary is chiefly occupied by a vast
elevated plain, or table-land, whose stupendous pillars are
the mountains of Tibet, the Altaian and Belur Tag moun-
tains, and the hill boundary of the Kalkas. This plain,
the most elevated region of the same extent in the world,
is intersected by some chains of mountains, and by the de-
sert of Gobi or Shamo. Cold is the predominating charac-
ter of the climate.

The western portion of this vast country is occupied by
the Mongul Tartars, who are sul>divided into three great
tribes, the Kalmucs, Eluths, and Kalkas. These are a
wandering race, subsisting almost entirely upon the pro-
ducts of their flocks and herds. Mandshuria is inhabited
by a more cultivated people, who live in flxed dwellings.
The inhabitants of Little Bucharia, entirely distinct from
the Tarta rs, are a civilized race. Tlie language and reli..
gion uf these nations are as distinct as their origin. The
religion uf the Monguls is an idolatry, founded on the no<>
tion of good and evil spirits. The Mandshurs have nei-
ther temples nor idols, but are f .1 to worship a Supreme

184

ASIA.

Being, whom they style the Emperor of Heaven. The in-
habitants of Little Bucharia are Mahometans.

EXERCISES.

What are the boundaries of Eastern Tartary ? What is
its extent in length and breadth ? What are its divisions ?
Name its principal towns. What lakes does it contain ?
Trace its rivers. By what is Chinese Tartary chiefly occu-
pied ? How is this vast plain intersected ? What is the
character of the climate ? fiy what people is the western por-
tion occupied ? Into what tribes are they subdivided ? How
do they chiefly subsist ? How do the inhabitants of Mand-
shuria and Little Bucharia difler from them ? Have these
different nations the same language and religion ? Describe
the varieties of their religious worship.

m !

WESTERN OR INDEPENDENT TARTARY

Is bounded N. by Siberia ; W. by the Caspian
Sea and Persia ; S. by Persia and Hindostan ; E.
by Chinese Tartary.

Divisions. — 1. Western Turkistan ; 2. Kha-
rizm ; 3. Great Bucharia.

Towns. — 1. Taraz, or Turkistan ; 2. Khiva,
Urghenz ; 3. Samargand, Bokhara, Balk.

Mountains. — The Gaur and Belur Tag Moun-
tains.

HiVERS. — Gihon or Amu, Sirr or Sihon.

Remarks.^^O( this extensive country at least one half
is -occupied with immense steppes, or desert plains. These
are chiefly inhabited by the Kirguis or Kirguses ; Kharism
is completely surrounded with deserts ; there are deserts to
the north and west of Bucharia ; and the eastern shores of
the Caspian present a long and gloomy chain of arid downs
and rocks. Of the Kirguis, who now occupy Western Tur-
kistan the original residence of the Turks^ there are three

ASIA.

185

The in-

What is
livisions ?

contain ?
efly occu-
lat is the
;stern por-
ed ? How
of Mand-
lave these
Describe

RTARY

Caspian
>staii; E.

2. Klia-

I. Khiva,

ag Moun-

ist one half
ins. These
; Kharism
•e deserts to
•n shores of
arid downs
estern Tur-
ire are three

tribes, each governed by its own khan, or prince. The
smallest of these tribes occupies the country between the river
Yaik, the sea of Aral, and the environs of Orenburg. The
middle horde wanders along the north side of the Aral as
far as the river Saras on the south-east. The great horde
extends to the south-east of the Aral lake, over the country
watered by the Sarasos and the Syr. Almost the whole of
this country is a dreary waste of sand, interspersed here and
there with hills of clay soil. During winter the cold is ex-
treme. Along the rivers, however, the valleys or low
grounds afford rich pasture, which feed numbers of horses,
camels, black cattle, sheep, and goats. Among these tribes,
horse-flesh is esteemed a great delicacy ; and their favour-
ite drink is koumiss^ or fermented mare's milk. Kharism is
a more fertile country, and its climate is temperate. In the
twelfth century it was the seat of a powerful empire ; but
it is now reduced to a province, whose extent is vaguely es-
timated, by saying that a man on horseback could ride over
it in three days. The deserts which encompass it seem to
be increasing. ( For an account of Great Bucharia.— See
DsscaiFiivE Tablb.)

EXERCISES.

What are the boundaries of Western Tartary ? What are
its supposed length and breadth ? What are its divisions ?
Name the principal towns of those divisions respectively.
What mountains does Western Tartary contain ? Trace its
rivers.

By what is at least one-half of the country occupied ? By
whom are the steppes chiefly inhabited P By what is Khar,
ism surrounded ? On what sides of Great Bucharia do de-
serts occur ? What appearance do the eastern shores of the
Caspian present ? How many tribes are there of the Kir-
guis ? How are they governed ? What countries are occu-
pied by these hordes respectively ? What is the general as-
pect 01 their country ? What is the nature of the climate ?
Where do rich pastures appear? What animals do they
maintain ? What is esteemed a great delicacy among these
tribes ? What is their favourite drink ? In what does Khar-
ism differ from this country ? At what time was it the seat
of a powerful empire ? How is its extent now vaguely esti-
mated ? What is remarkable about the encompassing de-
serts ? From what circumstance do the limits of Great Bu-
charia constantly vary ? What provinces does it contain ?

186

ASIA.

What is the general quality of the soil ? Of what empire
was Bucharia the chief seat ? By what people, and at what
time was the last of the sultans expelled ? Where did he then
found a new empire ?

SIBERIA,

OE ♦

RUSSIAN TARTARY,

Is bounded N. by the Northern Ocean ; W. by
Russia in Europe; S. by Eastern and Western
Tartary ; E. by the Pacific Ocean. This vast re-
gion extends from 38° to 78° N. Lat., and from
36° 30' E. to 190° E., or 170° W. Long., being,
in length, from the Black Sea to the southern ex-
tremity of Kamschatka, 4880 miles; and in breadth,
from north to south, 1800 miles. Population com-
puted at 8,500,000.

Divisions or Governments. — 1. Caucasus;
2. Oufa, or Orenburg ; 3. Tobolsk ; 4. Kolivan ;
5. Irkutsk.

Towns. — 1. Astracan, Asoph; 2. Oufa, Or-
enburg ; 3. Tobolsk ; 4. Kolivan ; 5. Irkutsk.

Islands. — Aleutian Islands ; Kurile Isles.

Mountains. — Caucasus, Oural, Altaian Moun-
tains.

Rivers. — Volga, Ob or Obi, Yenisei, Lena,
Oural, Irtish.

Bemarks.— 'In a country of such immense extent as Sibe-
ria, tliere is necessarily a considerable variety of aspect.
The northern and eastern parts present marshy plains of
vast extent, covered with almost perpetual snow, and inter-
sected by large rivers, which pursue their dreary course un

its len
ed ?
are the
its prii
'-ern an(

f what empire
e, and at what
lere did he then

ASIA.

187

cean; W. by
and Western

This vast re-
at., and from
Long., being,

southern cx-
ind in breadth,
)pulation com-

-1 . Caucasus ;
4. Kolivan ;

2. Oufa, Or-
5. Irkutsk,
rile Isles.
Mtaian Moun-

Venisei, Lena,

jse extent as Sibe-

variety of aspect.

marshy plains of

I snow, and inter-

dreary course un

dcr surfaces of ice towards the Arctic ocean. Even in the
central parts vegetation is in a great measure checked by the
severity of the cold ; while in the south there are vast forests
and luxuriant crops. The rude sublimity of the shores of
the Baikal contrasts finely with the cultivated fields and
gardens around. A feature almost peculiar to the Asiatic
landscape in this quarter are the steppes or vast plains
without a tree or a shrub, but covered in many places with
luxuriant herbage.

The climate of Siberia, although necessarily varying with
the latitude, is in general extremely severe. The greater
part of it is totally incapable of agriculture ; but in the
southern and western regions the soil is fertile, and the
crops luxuriant. In the northern wastes the rein-deer sup-
plies the part of the cow and the horse ; and wild horses
and asses roam over the deserts in the south. Lasha stags,
the musk animal, and the wild boar, haunt the environs of
lake Baikal; the formidable urus, or bison, and the ibex,
are seen among the mountains of Caucasus ; the beaver
frequents the banks of the Yenisei ; the argali, or wild sheep,
is still an object of chase ; and the sable, a species of weas-
el, is much prized for its fur. The rivers of Siberia abound
with fish from the neighbouring seas, especially salmon and
sturgeon. In various parts of Siberia valuable minerals
are found.

This vast tract of country is inhabited by various distinct
tribes. The south is occupied by tribes of Tartarian origin.
Samoieds, Ostiaks, Koriaks, and Tchutski, are the uncouth
names of the northern occupants.

EXERCISES.

What are the boundaries of Russian Tartary ? What are
I its length and breadth ? Into what governments is it divid-
ed? What are their principal towns respectively? What
|are the principal chains of mountains in Sioeria ? M^hat are
|it8 principal rivers ? What is the appearance of the north.
Brn and eastern parts ? What is the state of vegetation in the
central parts ? What is the aspect of the southern districts ?
I What 18 the character of the scenery around lake Baikal ?
* What feature is almost peculiar to the Asiatic landscape in
Ithis Quarter ? What is the nature of the Siberian climate ?
lln what parts is the soil fertile and the crops luxuriant ?
iMention some of the animals of Siberia. With what kinds

188

ASIA.

of fish do the rivers abound ? Does Siberia possess much
mineral wealth ? M'^hat people occupy the various districts
of Siberia ?

ASIATIC ISLANDS.

Besides the islands already mentioned, the most
remarkable are Sumatra, in which are the
towns Acheen and Bencoolen. Banca. Java,
containing the towns of Bantam, Batavia, and Sa-
marang ; and having to the eastward the small
islands Bally, Sumbawa, Floris, and Timor.
Borneo. Celebes, of which the chief town is
Macassar. Moluccas or Spice Islands, the
principal of which are Gilolo, Bouro, and Ceram ;
Ternate and Tidor ; Amboyna and the Banda
Isles. Philippine Islands, the principal of
which are Luzon and Mindanao. Japan Islands,
of which the principal is Niphon. Jesso, Sagha-
lien, and Loo Choo Isles.

The islands in the Pacific Ocean have been
classed by geographers under the two great divi-
sions of Australasia and Polynesia. Austral-
asia comprehends the immense island of New
Holland; Van Dieman's Land; Papua or
New Guinea ; Nrw Ireland ; New Britain ;
Solomon's Islands ; Louisiade and Queen
Charlotte's Islands ; New Hebrides, New
Caledonia, Norfolk Island ; New Zealand.
In Polynesia are included the Pelew Islands ;
the Carolinas ; the Ladrones ; the Friendly
Islands ; the Society Islands, Otaheite, the
Marquesas, the Sandwich Islands. — See De-
scriptive Table.

ASIA.

189

DESCKIPTIVE TABLE.

A'cre, an ancient city of Palestine,
situate on a fine bay. Though
now much reduced, it is popu-
lous and well fortified . and is
celebrated in history as a prin-
cipal scene of the crusades ; and
more recently for its memora-
ble and successful resistance to
the French army under Buona-
parte, who, after besieging it
for two months, was compelled
to retreat from it with disgrace,
May 20, 1799.

A'den, a seaport town in the S. W.
extremity of Arabia.

Afghanis'tan, or Eastern Persia, a
considerable kingdom between
Hindostan and Persia, extending
from the mountains of Tartary
to the Arabian Sea, and frorn
the Indus to Western Persia. It
is sometimes called the kingdom
of Cabul, from the name of its
capital.

A'gra, a province in Hindostan,
S. of Delhi, about 250 miles in
length and 180 in breadth ; wa-
tered by the Ganges, the Jum-
na, and the Chumbul. South
of the Chumbul it belongs to the
Mahrattas; the rest of it is sub-
ject to the British or their allies.

A'gra, its capital, called by the
Mahometans Akbarahad, is si-
tuate on the S. W. bank of the
Jumna. Its mausoleum, per-
haps the most superb in the
world, is about three miles far-
ther down the river. It is con-
structed of white marble inlaid
with precious stones. This city
was, from 1566 to 1647, the ca-
pital of the Great Mogul.

Ajmere, a province in Hindostan,
W. of Agra, and S. of Delhi, 350
miles long and 220 broad, wa-
tered by the Chumbul and Ba-
nass. Its principal town, situate
at the foot of a range of hills, be-
longs to the British government.

Alep'po, the capital of Syria, in
Turkey in Asia, supposed to
contain 250,000 inhabitants. It
is surrounded by a ditch, and by
a strong wall having nine gates.

Its castle is deemetl by the
I'urks impregnable. It is a well-
built town, the streets being
paved, with a good footpath on
each side. The inhabitants are
considered the most polished in
the Turkish dominions.

Alexandretta, or Scanderoon, a
small seaport of Syria, on the
Levant.

Allahabad', a province in Hindos.
tan, S. of Uudc and Agra, wa-
tered by the Ganges, Jumna,
and some inferior streams. It
now belongs entirely to the Bri-
tish government.

A'llahabad', the capital of the pro-
vince, derives celebrity from its
fortress, situate al about two
miles distance, at the junction
of the Ganges and Jumna.
Crowds of pilgrims tVom all parts
of India encamp, for about two
months each summer, between
the two rivers, for the purpose of
performing their purifications
and other religious ceremonies.

Altaian Mountains, a vast chain,
forming the southr n boundary
of Siberia, and extending, under
various names, about 5000 miles.

Ama'«ia, a town in Anatolia, Asia-
tic Turkey, situate on the Ki.
sile-Irmak. Its population a-
mounts to upwards of 60,000,
chiefly Christians. This town
is said to be the birth-place of
Strabo, the ancient geographer.

Ame'dabad, or Ahme'dabad, the
Mahometan capital of Guzerat,
situate on the river Sabermaty,
which falls into the gulf of Cam-
bay.

Amur. (pr. Amoor'), a large river
in Chinese Tartary, rising in 49®
N. Lat.,and 109° £. Long., and
falling into the sea of Ochotsk,
about 53»>f. Lat.

Anato'lia, or Natolia, .a province
in Turkey, occupying the west-
ern and chief i>ortion of Asia
Minor. It is crossed in the
south by a chain of mountains
called the Taurus ;— is watered
by some fine streams; and is

190

ASIA.

1 I

rich in fhiit, corn, tobacco, cot-
ton, and silk.

Ango'ra, the ancient Anc^rra, a
lar^e city in Anatolia, situate
amidst very picturesque and
striking scenery on the stream
Tabana. Population 40,000.
The shawls, fabricated firom the
hair of the Angora goat, rival
those of Cashmere.

Antioch, (pr. An'tiok,) a city of S^-
ria, on the Orontes, celebrated m
antiquity as one of the principal
cities in the East. It is likewise
famous in the history of the Cru>
sades. Population about 18,000.

A'racan, a country in the Eastern
Peninsula, formerly an inde.
pendent kingdom, but reduced,
in 1783, to be a province of the
Birm^n empire. It is situate S.
E. of Bengal : about 500 miles
in length, ana varying much in
breadth. It is a fertile country ;
and its coast is studded by a num-
ber of fruitful islands. Its capi-
tal is situate on a fine river, and
has a harbour capable of contain-
ing a large fleet.

AraF, a lake or inland sea in
Western Tartary, about 150
. milesin length and 60 in breadth.
Its water is salt, and it is sur-
rounded by sandy deserts.

A'rarat, a lofty mountain in Ar-
menia, terminating in two peaks,
one of which is covered with
perx>etual snow. This moun-
tain is held in great veneration,
flrom a belief that Noah's ark
rested on it. Height 9500 f^et.

Aras, or Arax'es, a considerable
river whiqh rises in Armenia,
and, after a long course, joins
the Kur in Persia.

Ar'cot, the capital of the Camatic
in I^indostan, situate on the
souUi bank of the Palar.

Arme'nia, a large province sub-
ject to the Turks, Persians, and
Kurds, S. of Georgia and Miii-
grelia. It is in general moun-
tainous, and is watered by the
Hgris, Euphrates, aiidothisrim,.
portant streams. Its expensive
and numerous valleys are rich
and beautiAil.
Asia Minor, the most western por-

tion of Asia, E. of the Mediter-
ranean, and-S. of the Black Sea.
It includes Anatolia, Caraman,
and Roum; extending about
1000 miles in length, and ttom
400 to 500 in breadth. Its cli-
mate is fine, and, in general, sa-
lubrious; but it is occasionally
visited by the plague. It is one
of the most celebrated countries
in ancient story, and contains
many famous cities.

As'oph, or Azof, the Palus Maeo-
tis of the ancients, an inland sea
in Asiatic Russia, communicat .
ing with the Black Soj, by the
Straits of YenicuL It is about
350 miles in its extreme length,
and 180 miles at its greatest
breadth.

Asphalti'tes, or Dead Sea, a lake
of Palestine, about 180 miles in
circumference. On the east it
is bounded by lofty hills, pre-
senting rugged and frightful pre-
cipices : on the north is the
plain of Jericho, through which
it receives the river Jordan. Its
waters, heavier, Salter, and
more bitter than any hitherto
discovered, are fatal to animal
life, and no vegetables grow on
its shores. Great quantities of
asphaltum, or mineral pitch,
float upon its surface.

As'sara, a country to the N. of the
Eastern Peninsula, between Ben-
gal and Tibet, 700 miles in
length, and about 70 in breadth.
It is watered by the Burhampoo-
ter and several other rivers ; and
is a very fertile country.

Astracan', a province in the go-
vernment or Caucasus in Asia-
tic Russia. Except on the banks
of the Volga, the Oural, and
their tributaries, the soil is very
barren. It contains a number of
salt lakes. The capital is situate
on an island in the Volga, abqut
52 miles from its mouth. Its po-
pulation, estimated at 70,000,
consists of Russians, Armenians,
Greeks, Tartars, Persians, In-
dians, Jews, English.and French.
Its trade and manufactures are
considerable.
Aurungabad', a considerable pro-

iiL

ASIA.

191

of the Mediter-
r the Black Sea.
tolia, Caraman,
^tending about
ngth, and ttom
readth. Its cli.
, in general, sa-
ls occasionally
igue. It is one
>rated countries
f, and contains
ies.

he Palus Mseo-
ts, an inland sea
la, communicat
ack Sojl by the
uL It is about
extreme iength,
at its greatest

ead Sea, a lake
)Ut 180 miles in
On the east it
lofty hills, pre-
indfirightfUlpre.
! north is the
, through which
iver Jordan. Its
r, Salter, and
tn any hitherto
fatal to animal
etables grow on
at quantities of
mineral pitch,
rface.

to the N. of the
, between Ben.
700 miles in
70 in breadth,
he Burhampoo*
her rivers ; and
ountry.

nee in the go-
icasus in Asia-
pt on the banks
18 Oural, and
the soil is very,
ins a number of
apital is situate
le Volga, about
mouth. Itspo-
ted at 70,000,
ns, Armenians,
Persians, In.
sh, and French,
nufactures are

isiderablc pro-

vince in the Deccan Proper, in
Hindoatan, situate partly on the
western coast. Most of It is in
possession of the Mahrattas. Its
capital was the favourite resi-
dence of Aurungzebe,from whom
it derived its name.

A'va, an extensive' district, or
kingdom, now forming part of
the Birman empire.

Azerbijan, a province of Persia,
separated from Armenia by the
Araxes.

Babelman'del, Straits, a channel
forming the entrance of the Red
Sea iVom the Indian Ocean— up-
wards of 20 miles in breadth.

Bag'dad, a large city in Irak. Ara-
bi, situate on the Tigris. It is
a place of considerable trade, be-
ing the emporium for the pro-

' ducts of Arabia, Persia, and In-
dia. Population about 60,000.

Bahar'^ an extensive and valuable
provmce in Hindostan, S. of Ne-
paul. It contains about 26,000
square miles, and is one of the
richest and best cultivated pro-
vinces in India.

Bahrin, a cluster of islands on the
south-west side of the Persian
Gulf. The pearl-fishery among
these islands is the most valuable
in the world.

Ba'ikal, a large lake or inland sea
in the government of Irkutsk
in Siberia, about 366 miles in
length, and varying in breadth
from 20 to 30 miles. The Rus-
sians regard it with veneration,
and call it the Holy Sea.

Bain-Gonga, or Bhai-gonga, a tri-
butary of the Goda very in Hin-
dostan.— 'See GODAVERY.
I Ba'ku, or Badlcu, a town in the
province of Shirvan, in Persia,
situate on a peninsula in the
Caspian Sea. Its port is spa-
cious and commodious; and it
is a place of some trade. Since
1801 it has been in possession of
the Russians.
I Balbec', anciently Heliopolis, both
of which words signify the " City
of the Sun," a town of Syria, si-
tuate in a fertile valley at the
foot of Antilibanus. Here are

the magnificent ruins of a " tem-
ple of the Sun," supposed to have
been built by the direction of
the Emperor Antoninus Pius.

Balk, or Balkh, a province in
Great Bucharia, formerly be.
longing to Persia, but now to
the Afghans. It is supposed to
stretch about 250 miles flrom W.
to E., and upwards of 100 miles
ftom N. to S. It is inhabited by
Usbeck Tartars and Arabs, who
dwell partly in towns and partly
in tents. Its capital is situate on
the river Dehasf, and is water,
ed by eighteen canals, issuing
from a large reservoir in the
neighbouring mountains. This
was the Bactria of the Greeks,
supposed to have been the resi-
dence of Cyrus, and is regarded
by the Asiatics as the oldest city
in the world.

Balkash.— See Tenqis.

Basso'ra, Bussora, or Basrah, a
large city in Irak-Arabi, on the
W. bank of the Shalut Arab. It
is encompassed by a broad and
deep ditcii, and by a wall seven
miles in circuit, firom 20 to 25
feet thick, and mounted with a
great number of cannon. It is a
place of great trade. Peculation
about 60,000.

Bed'lis, or Betlis, an ancient city
in Armenia, said to have been
founded by Alexander the Great.
Population 26,000.

Behnng, Straits of, a narrow sea
between the W. coast of N. A-
merica and the E. coast of Asia,
so named from their discoverer,
Behriug, a Russian navigator.
Where narrowest j they are 13
leagues, or 39 miles wide.

Belur-tag, the ancient Imaus, a
mountain in Western Tartary,
which it separates from Little
Bucharia.

Bena'res, a valuable district of
Hindostan on both sides of the
Ganges, between the 23d and
27th degrees N. Lat. It con.
tains 1200 square miles of fertile
soi}. Its capital, called also
Cashy, situate on the north bank
of the Ganges, is the seat of the
most celebrated university of

192

ASIA.

' ' I

■ii

\:>

. Hindoo learning. It is four
miles long and two broad, anil
contains about 600,000 inhabi-
tants. The Hindoos believe that
a person dying at Benares is sure
ot paradise.

Bcncoo'len, a district and city in
Sumatra, the only British settle-
ment on the island. Pepper and
spices are the staple articles of
culture; but the expenses of tlie
settlement outweigh the profit.
The town is inconsiderable.

Bengal', an extensive and valuable
province of Hindostan, extend-
ing 400 miles in length, and 300
in breadth j from 21" to 27° N.
Lat., and from 86« to 92« E.
Long. Its soil is peculiarly fer-

'. tile, yielding great abundance of
the necessaries and luxuries of
life. This province has been
called the most valuable jewel
in the British crown.

Be'rar, a province in central Hin-
dostan, N. of Aurungabad, of a
triangular shape. Though in
many places naturally fertile, it is
thinly peopled, and ill cultivated.

Birman Empire, an extensive em-
pire in the Eastern Peninsula,
comprehending the kingdoms of
Ava and Pegu, with some other
territories. Its extent is about
1200 miles in length, and 200 in
breadth. The Birmans are a
fierce and warlike people ; and,
having seldom come into con-
tact with Europeans, accounted
themselves invincible. Tlieir
war with the British govern,
ment, which broke out in 1824,
gave them a humbling lesson to
the contrary. After a contest «f
two years, the Birman emperor
was compelled to sue for peace.;
which he obtained on the humi-
liating conditions of ceding Ara-
can, Cheduba, Tavoy, Mergui,
with allthe sea-coast of his domi-
iiions, except that which bounds
the Delta of the Irrawady, and
. paying a million sterling towards
deflraying the expenses of the
war.

Bokha'ra, Bukha'ria, or Bogar, a
city of Great Bucharia, situate
on the Spgd, about 50 miles

from its junction witli theOxus.
It si mds on the side of a hill, in
the form of an amphitheatre ; it
contains numerous colleges,
where the Mahometan youth
studv law; its inh.abitants arc
much engaged in manufactures ;
its trade is considerable. Popu-
lation 100,000.

Bombay, an island on the W. coast
of Hindostan and the seat of a
British i^residcncy. It is about
64 miles long from N. to S., and
about 1 mile broad. Along with
the neighbouring islands of Co-
labah, Salsette, Butcher's Island,
Elophanta, and Cararjah»it forms
a commodious and sheltered har-
bour. It is separated from the
mainland by a narrow strait, and
connected with Salsette by a
causeway. The city of Bo nnbay
is about a mile in length, i,nd a
({uartcr of a mile in breadtli. It
is surrounded by fortifications ;
and presents a front of bold de.
fiance towards the sea ; but is
poorly defended towards the
land. It commands an exten>
sive commerce with the coun.
tries on the Persian and Arabian
Gulf, with the western and east-
ern coasts of India, with China,
and the islands in the eastern
ocean. The territories belong-
ing to the Presidency of Bombay
are calculated to include 100,000
square miles, and its jurisdiction
extends over 2,500,000 inhabit-
ants.

Boo'tan, an extensive province in
Hindostan, between Bengal and
Tibet, supiwsed to be 2()0 miles
in length, and 90 in breadth.
The rajali is tributary to the
grand lama of Tibet.

Bor'neo, next to New Holland, the
largest islMid in the world, ex-
tends from 4<> N. to?" 25' S. Lat.,
and from 109" to 1)9° E. Long.,
in length nearly 800 miles, and
in breadth about 700. The
coast, for 10 or 15 miles inland,
is marshy and unhealthy. In the
centre is a mountainous ridge
called the Crystal Mountains,
from the number of fine crystals
found there. Diamonds, gold,

ASIA.

193

n witli the Oxus.
; side of a hill, in
imphithcatre ; it
leroiis colleges,
ahometan youth
i inhabitants are
in manufactures ;
siderable. Popu-

d on the W. coast
md the seat of a
incy. It is about
rom N. to S., and
road. Along with
ng islands of Co-
, Butcher's Island,
iCararjah^t forms
and sheltered har-
parated from the
narrow strait, and
h Salsette by a
le city of Bo anbay
J in length, i.nd a
ile in breadth. It
by fortifications;
front of bold de-
s the sea; but is
cled towards the
nmands an exten-
e with the coun-
jrsian and Arabian
! western and east-

ndia, with China,
ds in the eastern
territories belong-
■sidency of Bombay

to include 100,000
and its jurisdiction
^i,300,000 inhabit-

ensive province in
'tween Bengal and
jd to be 200 milea
id 90 in breadth.

tributary to the

Tibet.

, New Holland, the
in the world, ex-
N. to?" 25' S. Lat.,
>to 119° E. Long.,
_rly 800 miles, and
ibout TOO. The
ir 15 miles inland,

unhealthy. In the
nountainous ridge

rystal Mountains,

ber of fine crystals
Diamonds, gold,

and other valuable minerals are
found in various parts of the
island. It is fk-uitful in spiceries,
and its camphor is the best
known in commerce. Its inha-
bitants are a fierce and savage
race, subject to various kings.
Borneo, its principal town, is situ-
ate on a river about ten miles
distant from the N. W. coast.
The houses arc built on posts,
and the chief communication is
by means of boats in froit of the
houses. 'I'he market is kept
sometimes on one part of the
river, sometimes on another,
and resembles a fleet of wherries
laden with provisions, and float-
ing, with the numerous purchas-
ers. The chief trade of Borneo
is with China.
Bucha'ria, an extensive district of
Western Tartary, whose limits,
vaiying with the dominion of
the Usbeck Tartars to whom it
belongs, cannot be fixed with
precision. It contains the pro-
vinces of Sogd, Samarcand, and
Balk, — great part of which is ex-
ceedingly fertile. This n-as the
Sogdiana of antiquity, and the
Maweralnar of Arabian and Tar.
tar history. It was the chief
seat of the Mongols, till theclo^e
of the fifteenth century, when
the Sultan Bauber, expelled by
the Usbeck Tartars, penetrated
into Hindostan, where he found-
ed the Mogul enH)ire.
Bucharia, Little, an extensive dis-
trict of Chinese Tartary, having
Great Bucharia on the W. and
Cashmere and Little Tibet on
the 8. This country is but little
known to Europeans. Its cli-
mate is fine; its plains in gene-
ral fertile; but a great part of
it is occupied with chains of
mountains.
Burhampoo'ter, or Brahmapootra,
the largest of the Indian rivers,
rises in Tibet, near the sources
of the Indus and Setledge. It
flows eastward till it approaches
within 220 miles of the Chinese
province of Yunan, then turning
suddenly to the S. it reaches As-
sam; it then flows nearly due

west till it enters Bengal, when
It takes a southern direction,
and falls into the Bay of Bengal
after a course of 1S5U miles.

Burhampore', the principal city of
Candeish in Hindostan, situate
on the Taptec. It is of great ex.
tent, and carries on a consider-
able trade.

Bur'sa, a considerable city in the
Turkish province of Anatolia,
situate in a plain at the foot of
Mount Olympus. It is noted for
its mineral springs, both hot and
cold, over which are built cle.
gant and commodious baths. I'o.
pulation 60,000.

Bushire', (pr. Busheer'), a town
situate on the Persian Gulf, in
the province of Fars in Persia.
Thet!:nplish East India Company
have a factory here. Population
5000.

Cabur, an extensive province of
Afghanistan, which is some-
times called, in general, the
kingdom of Cabul. It is situate
I to the W. of Cashmere and La-
hore, in the N. W. of Hindos-
tan. It is a mountainous coun-
try ; and many of its mountains
are covered with snow during
the greater part of the year. Ca.
bul, its capital, was long consi.
dered as tne gate of Hindostan
towards Tartary. It is a place
of considerable traflic.

Calcutta, the capital of Bengal,
and of British India, is situate
on the east bank of the Hoogley,
or western branch of the Gan-
ges. 7t extends above six miles
along the river ; and, on being
approached from the sea, the
spires of its churches, temples,
and mosques, the strong and re-
gular citadel of Fort William,
its splendid edifices, and elegant
villas and gardens, present an ap.
pearance of magnificence which
seems to warrant its proud ap-
pellation of the " City of Pala-
ces." Population upwards of
500,000.
Ca'licut, a town on the Malabar
coast, Hindostan, once a splcn.
did city, from which the first

^mtfmmmmmm

194

ASIA.

"I I

European Tense) wa« freighted
with Indian commndities by
Vaseo de Gama. This ancient
city is now covered by the sea.
The present town ia mean in ap-
pearance, but populous ; and
carries on considerable trade.

Cam'bay. a seaport town in (ju-
zerat, Hindostan, at the top of
the gulf to which it gives name.

Camtx/dia, Camboge, or Camboya,
a country in the Eastern Penin-
sula, occupying the eastern shore
of the gulf of Siam, about 400

. miles long, and 150 broad. Its
soil is remarkably fertile. A-
mong its productions is the yel-
low pigment called gamboge.
Cambodia, the capital, consists
of a single street.

Candahar', an extensive province
of Afghanistan, situate between
SI* and 34" N. Lat., and between
64° and 68" E. Long. Its capi-
tal is a large and flourishing
city, on the great road between
Persia and India.

Candeish, a province of Hindostan,
S. of the river Nerbuddah, about
200 miles in length, and 100 in
breadth, — watered by the Tap-
tee,— fertile, but ill cultivated.

Candi, a kingdom in the island of
Ceylon, occupying its central re-
gions, and extending outward so
as to leave a narrow ring around

. the coast. This kingdom was in
the possession of a native prince

. till the year 1816, when it was
annexed to the British domi-
nions. The natives, called Cin-
galese, are, like the Hindoos, di-

. vided into castes ; and the high-
er ranks have attained some
degree of civilization. Candi,
the capital, consists of one street
two miles in length, from which
a number of lanes branch otf on
both sides at right angles.

Canton', the capital of the province
of Quang-ton^', in China, is situ-
ate on the river Peking. This
river is navigable three hundred
miles farther up, and is crowded
with vessels for four or five
miles, containing whole families
that have no other residence.
This is the only city in China

where £uro])eans are i)ermitt(>d
to reside and to traltic ; and it
is a place of very great trade.

Caiama'nia, an extensive province
of Asia Minor, E. of Anatolia.

Carna'tic, a province extending
along the eastern coast of Hin-
dostan, about .500 miles in length,
and from 50 to 100 in breadth, —
comprehending what Litely form-
ed the dominions of the Nabob
of Arcot. Almost the whole of
it now belonri^ to the Hritish.

CasTjin, a citv of Persia, in the
province W Irak. Population
90,000.

Cash'gar, a province and town in
Little Buchar:a, Chinese Tar-
tary. The province is extensive
and fertile, — and the town large
and populous.

Cashmere', a province of Hindos>
tan, but now forming a part of
the kingdom of Afghanistan. It
is noted for its shawls, manu.
factured of the inner hair or
wool of goats. The chief city,
called likewise Sirinagur, is si-
tuate on the river Chelum, and
extends three miles along each
bank.

Caspian Sea, a large inland sea or
lake, bounded by the govern-
ment of Astracan on the North,
by Tartary on the East, by Per-
sia on the South, by Caucasus,
the principalities of Derbend,
Baku, and Circassia, with part
of the government of Astracan,
on the West. It is the largest
lake known, being 646 miles in
lengtl), and '2(So miles in its
greatest breadth, and covering
an extent of lt.'0,000 square
miles. Its water, besides being
as salt as that of the ocean, has
a peculiarly bitter taste.

Catamandoo', the capital of Ne-
paul in Hindostan, situate in a
most romantic valley on the
river Bhagmutty, about 40 miles
S. of the Himmalch mountains.
Population 50,000.

Cattack, or Cuttack, a district in
the province of Orissa, Hindos.
tan, belonging, since 1803, to the
British government. The prin-
cipal town is situate on an isluiul

ASIA.

195

k, a district in
Urissa, Hindos-
nce 1803, to the
cut. The prin-
lateonanisliuul

formed by the Mahanuddy river,
and 18 now the residence of the
gentlemcii M' the civil establish-
ment.

Cau'casua^ an extensive chain of
mountains commencing at the
source of the river Cuban, and
runiiinK first south, then cast-
ward through Mingrclia towards
the source of the Kuma ; then
turning again to the south, it
enters Georgia near the source
of tlie Kur ; it next bends to the
cast, and runs along the western
shores of the Caspian Sea.

Caucasus, a government of Russia,
west of the Caspian Sea, compre-
hending the provinces of Cauca-
sus and Astracan.

Cavery, (pr. Caiv'-ry), a river in
Hindostan, which rises among
the mountains of Coorg, and
Hows through the Mysore and
Carnatic to the Bay of Bengal.

Celebes, (pr. Cel'-e-bes), a large
island E. of Borneo in tne Indian
Ocean. Its form is very irregu-
lar, being formed by immense
bays into three peninsulas. Its
extreme length may be about
500 miles ; and its population is
estimated at 3,000,000. Great
quantities of pure gold are found
in the beds of the mountain-tor.
rents, and likewise dug from
pits. The soil is fertile, yielding
abundance of rice, sugar-cane,
sago, and cotton : tlie coasts
abound in turtle, and the island
swarms with poultry. The na-
tives are warlike and tierce.

Ceylon, (pr. Sai-lon',) a large island
in tlie Indian Ocean, separated
from the Coromandcl coast by
the Strait of Manaar. The na-
tives call it Cingala. It is about
300 miles long, and 140 broad.
It is traversed in all directions
by ranges of mountains, and wa-
tered by numerous rivers and
lakes. The climate, particularly
in the wooded regions, is ex-
tremely pernicious to European
constitutions. It abounds in va-
luable minerals, particularly pre-
cious stones in great variety ;
and the most Qxtensive and va-

luable pearUtishery in the world
is carried on in the Strait of Ma-
naar. The soil priMluccs vckc-
tables and fine fruits in groat
variety and profusion ; but the
most valuable of its plants is
the cinnamon-tree, of which the
natives enumerate ten species,
only five of whicli, however, arc-
fit for use. 'Ihe sn.ike called
the boa constrictor is fonril in ro
of the enormous len;,'ih of 50
feet, — iind alligators IS Icvt lonfr-
The elephants of Ceylon are
ill great estimation for their
strength and sagacity. Popula-
tion 1,500,000.

Charail, or Hamil, a town of Lit-
tle Hucharia, in Chinese Tartary,
east from Lok Nor.

Chen'si, an extensive province of
China, separated by the Ho-
ang from Chansi on the west.
Poi)ulation 30,000,000.

Chen-yang', a district of Chinese
Tartary, with a city of the same
name, bounded on the south by
the great wall of China.

Circas'sia, a province of Asiatic
Russia, occupying a great por-
tion of the country between the
Black and Caspian Seas. It is
inhabited by a number of war-
like tribes, who, although they
acknowledge a kind of vassal-
age to Russia, continue almost
independent of it, neither payu^i;
tribute nor performing military
service. The governMent is a
feudal aristocracy, each state
having its own prince, whose
nobles, though almost indepen-
dent in peace, are bound to at-
tend him on his warlike or pre-
datory expeditions. The class
next to the nobles are freed men,
and the rest of the people arc
bondmen or slaves. 'I'he Circas-
sians are remarkable for their
elegance of person, — the beauty
of the females has long been ce-
lebrated.

Cochin, (pr. Coshe'en), a small pro-
vince of Hindostan, between Ca-
licut and Travancore. Its Ra-
jah is in alliance with the British,
of whom he may be considered

196

ASIA.

!ili!i

u • vaiul. lU principal town,
on the ihore, !■ a place of conii-
deruble trade,

Co'chin-China, a country in the
Eastern Peninsula, the seat of a
considerable empire, compre-
hending the countries of Ton-
quin, Cambodia, and Siampa, bc>
sides Cochin-Ciiina Proper. The
latter extends about 4()U miles
along the shore of the Chinese
Sea i and its soil is of the most
exuberant fertility. Its trade is
chiefly with China.

ColomlM, the Uritish capital of
Ceylon, is a regular, well-built,
and (lopulous town, containing
50,000 inhabitants.

Concan, an extensive district of
Southern Hindostan, between
the Western Gauts and the sea.

Core'a, a country N, £. of China,
consisting of a peninsula, form-
ed by the Yellow Sea on the one
side, and the sea of Japan on the
other. Its length is computed
at 400 miles, and its breadth at
150. Its king is tributary to the
emperor of China.

Cutch, an extensive district of
Hindostan, to, the south of the
province of AJmere, possessed by
various independent chiefb.

Cy'prus, a large islitnd of Asiatic
1 urkey, in the Levant, about 140
miles in length,and75 in breadth.
It is nearly traversed flrom east
to west by two lofty chains of
mountains, which, during win.
ter, are covered with snow. The
shelter which they aflbrd renders
the summer heat intense and op-
pressive. This island was cele-
brated, in ancient times for its
fertility and beauty, for its dense
population, and for the gaiety
and licentiousness of its inhabi-
tants. Its fruits, particularly
grupes, still preserve their pre-
eminence : its com is of a supe-
rior quality ; but the oppressive
dominion of the Turks represses
industry, and has converted much
of the island into a desert Two -
thirds of the inhabitants are
Christians. Their women arc
as beautiful, and nearly as volup-

tuous, as the votaries of Venus in
this island of old.

Dac'ca, the richest and largest dis.
trict in UeiiKal, with an import,
ant city of tlie same name, on
the Boor Gunga. or old Ganges,
lUO miles (Vom the sea.
Da'ghistan, a country on the W. of
the Caspian Sea, which has for
many years been a debatcablo
land between the Persians and
Russians.
Damas'cus, a very ancient and im-
portant city, in a (Mchalic or go.
vernment ot the same name, in
Asiatic Turkey. It i» said to
containfiOO houses, entitled, from
their internal splendour, to the
name of palaces. It is unrivalled
in the number of its fountains
and canals. Population 200,000.
Damascus was long celebrated
for the manufacture of sabres.
Dec'can, or country of the South,
a region of Hindostan, stretch,
ing across the Peninsula, bound,
ed by the Nerbuddah on the
north, and the Krishna on the
south. It constituted in former
times the kingdom of the rajah
of Telingaiia. — It is riow divided
into the provinces of Candeish,
Ahmednagur, Beeder, Golconda,
Bejapore, and Berar.
Del'hi, a province of Hindostan,
extending Arom 28*' to 31° N.
Lat., having the Ganges on the
E.a range of mountains on theN.,
Moultan on the W.,and Ajmerc
on the S. Want of water ren.
ders a great portion of it sterile :
the most fertile and best cuiti-
vated part of it is on the bar.ks of
the Caggar river. The territory
around the capital, and to the
eastward of the Jumna, belongs
to the British;. the rest is pos-
sessed by native chiefs, who are
engaged in perpetual hostility
with one another. The capital
city, on the Jumna, was long the
capital of Hindostan, and is said
to have covered, in the time of
its splendour, an extent of twen.
t)r miles in length ; and its mag-
nificence was equal to its extent.

ill

ASIA.

197

riea of Venus in

Tho citadel it occupicil by the
Mogul, who is entirely Hupport-
ed by the BritiHh,— the town is
occupie<l by the Kngliah rc:«ident,
and other gentlemen; the trnups
have a distinct cantonment.

Dcrlicnd, a town of Persia.'on the
('aspian Sea, in the province of
Shirvan. It i« a place of consi.
derable strength ; but it surren-
dered to the Russians in 17<J().

Diarbe'kir, a pachalic of Asiatic
Turkey, in Armenia, between
the Tigris and Kuphrates. Its
capital, of the same name, stands
in a fine plain on the west bank
of the Tigris. Population
40,000.

Dowlatabad', a city and fortress of
Hindostan, in the province of Au-
rungabad. Its fortress stands on
the summit of a mountain, sur.
rounded by several stone-walls,
the lowest of which encloses the
city.

E'rivan, a considerable province of
Persia, on the north of the
Araxes. Its capital, of the same
name, is situated on the Tergui,
about three leagues from its junc-
tion with the Araxes.

Erzerum', (pr. Er-ze-room'), the
chief city of Armenia, containing
a population of 130,000. It is si.
tuate on a rising ground at the
base of a chain of mountains ; the
air is pure and healthy, but the
winter is lon^ and severe.

Euphra'tc^i one cf the li rgest riv-
ers in A^ria, rises froiT) two prin-
cipal 8ouic<:8 in the mountains
of Armenia. About 1400 miles
from its sources it isceives the
Tigris, when the united streams
flow towards the gulf of Persia,
into which they fall about 130
miles from their junction. The
course of the Euphrates is thus
upwards of 1550 miles.

Fars, or Farsistan, a province of
Persia, E. of Kurdistan, and N.
of the Persian gulf.

Fo'chen, or Fokien, an extensive
pro\ince of China, on the coast
of the Chinese sea. Its capital,
Foutcheou, is a commercial city.

and celebrated for its learned
men. Population of the pro.
vince 1.5,000,000,
Formo'sa, a Lirge, beautiful, and
fertile island op|M)site the Chi-
nese province of Kokien, in
which it is politically compre-
hended.

Ganges, a large and celebrated riv-
er of Hindostan. It issues in a
small stream from beneath a
mass of perpetual snow on the
southern side of the Himmalch
mountains. It is called the Dha-
ghirathe till it is joined by the
Alcananda, when the united
streams form the Ganges. Its
confluence with the Jumna at
Allahabad is venerated by the
Hindoos as the most sacred place
of ablution. In its course S. £.
it is swelled by the acceision of
five large tributaries, with man^
smaller ones. At Sootv it di-
vides into several branches, the
two western of which resume
the name of Bhaghirathe, or
the Hooglcy, which, after pass-
ing Calcutta, falls into the
Bay of Bengal at Sagor.— The
eastern branch assumes the
name of Puddah, and receives
the mighty Brahmapootra, be-
fore pouring its immense flood
into the ocean. At both its
mouths, the sudden influx of the
tide, its conflict with the [rawer-
ful current of the streams, and
the number of sand-banks, ren-
der navigation extremely ditfi.
cult and dangerous. So sacred
is the Ganges held by the Hin-
doos, that dead bodies are thrown
into it, and many drown them-
selves in its flood, as the surest
passage to paradise. The length
of its course is computed at 1500
miles; and, during the rainy
season, it is i miles broad, and
60 feet deep at the distance of
500 miles from its mouth.

Gaur', or Gaoor', a range of moun-
tains which 8ut)aratcs Hindostan
from Tartary.

Gauts, two extensive chains of
mountains in the south of Hin-
dostan, the eastern of whif;h ex.

198

ASIA.

1'f^

tends 70 miles beyond Madras,
forming the boundary of the
Camatic ; the western chain ex-
tends as far on the opposite
coast

Georgia, an extensive country N.
of Armenia, between the Caspian
and the Black Sea. Although
assigned in geographical works
to Turkey, the greater part of it
belongs to Persia, ana has, for
many years, been a debateable
ground between that kingdom
and Russia. The provinces of
Ouriol, Mingrelia, and Imeri.
tia have lately been detached
flrom it, and arc now subject to
Russia. Georgia, in dlimate and
productions, is one of the finest
countries in the world. The men
are tall and elegant,and the beau>
ty of the women, like that of the
Circassian females, is proverbial
over the east.

Ghergong', Shce the capital of As.
sam. Eastern Peninsula, and a
city of great extent and import-
ance ; now fallen into decay.

Ghilan, (6e%n), a province of
Persia, extending upwards of
200 miles along the S. W. shore
of the Caspian.

Gihon, Jihon, or Oxus, a large
river issuing firom the high table-
land that forms the boundarv be-
tween Tibet and Great Bucha-
ria. After a course of 1200 miles,
chiefly through Bucharia, it falls
into the sea of AraL

Go^a, 8 district on the western
coast of Hindostan, belonging to
the Portuguese. Its capital, of
the same name, is situate on an
island, 34 miles in circumfer-
ence, at the mouth of the river
Mandova. Manv of its edifices,
particularly its churches, are re-
markable for their magnificence.

Ooda'veiry, a large river of Hindos.
tan, which rises on the eastern
side of the Oauts mountains, and
flows in a south-eastern direction
through nearly thewhole breadth
of the peninsula. After a course
of 800 miles, it falls, through
two channels, into the Bay of
Bengal.

Golcon'da, or Hyderabad, a pro-

vince partly in Central and part,
ly in Southern Hindostan, cele-
brated for its diamond-mines. It
forms piurt of the dominions of
the Nizam. Golconda, formerly
the capital, is now merely the ci-
tadel of Hyderabad, and the re-
pository of the Nizam's wealth.
It is strongly fortified both by
nature and art.
Crombroon', a seaport of Laristan,
in Persia, formerly a place of

freat trade,- but now much re-
uced. It stands on a bay of the
GulfofOrmus.

Guinea, New, or Papua.— See New
Guinea.

Gu'zerat, or Gu'jerat, a large pro-
vince of Hindostan, to the south
of Ajmere, computed to be 320
miles long, and 180 broad. It is
intersected by the Paddar, the
Mynie, the Nerbudda, the Tap-
tee, and other rivers.

Hadramaut', a province of Arabia,
occupying the southern coast of
the Ihdian Ocean flrom Yemen to
Ommon.

Hai'nan, an island belonging to
the province of Quan-tung, in
China, said to contain 14,000
square miles.

Hamadan'. a city of Irak in Persia,
supposed to be bUilt on the site
of the ancient Ecbatana. Popu-
lation 40,000.

Hami.— See Chamil.

Hed'jaz, a province of Arabia, ex-
tending along the Red Sea ftom
Mount Sinai to the frontier of
Yemen.

Hillah, a town of Irak Arabi, in
Asiatic Turkey, on the western
bank of the Euphrates. This
town is I}uilt on part of the site
of ancient Babylon, some ruins
of which are still to be seen in
the vicinity.

Himmaleh, or Himmalaya, a stu-
pendous range of mountains,
which separate Hindostan ftrom
Tibet and Tartary. They ex-
ceed even the Andes in ele-
vation ; the Dwawalagiri, or
White Mountain, being estimat-
ed at 26,862 feet above the level
of the sea.

ASIA.

199

ralagirl, or

Hindoo Koh, or Koosh, a lofty
range of mountains, forming the
N. W. boundary of the district of
Cabul.

Hoang.ho, or Yellow River, a very
large river of China^ issuing from
the mountains of Tiliet, and pur-
suing a circuitous course of 1800
miles through some of the finest
provinces of China, till it falls
into the Chinese Sea.

Holland, New. See New Holland.

Ho'nan, a central province of
China, S. of the Hoang.ho. It
is so fertile as to be called the
" Garden of China." Population
27,000,000.

Hong-tse-hou', an extensive lake
N. {torn Nanking, in China.

Hoogley, a branch of the Ganges.
See Ganges and Calcutta.

Horeb, a mountain in Arabia, ce-
lebrated in sacred history as con-
taining the rock from which,
when struck by Moses, wator is.
sued to relieve the thirst of tlie
Israelites. It is due west trom
Mount Sinai.

Hou-quhang', a very extensive pro-
vince in the centre of China, wa-
tered by theriver Yang-tse-kiang.
It is considered the granary of
the empire.

Hue'fo, tne principal town of Co.
chin China, said to contain a po.
pulation of 30,000.

Hyderabad, or Hy'drabad, the ca-
pital of Golconda, in Hindostan,
situate on the south bank of the
river Musa. It is about 7 miles
in circumference, surrounded
by a stone.wall.— See Golconda.

I'da, a mountain in Asia Minor,
opposite to the Hellespont.

Ill, a river of Chinese Tartary,
which falls into lake Balkash, or
Falcate.

Imeritia, a country to the north
of Persia, nominally subject to
Russia.'

Indus, called also Nilah and Sinde,
a very large river in Hindostan,
which seems to issue fVom the
northern dechvity of a branch of
the Himmalch mountains, in
31° 30' N. Lat., and 80*' 30' E.
Long. Its stream is in many

places r .pid and deep, through a
country comparatively barren
and uninterestmg. After a course
estimated at 1350 miles, it dis-
charges itself by a number of
mouths into the Indian Ocean.
For 760 geographical miles Srom
the sea, it is navigable for ships
of 200 tons burden.

Irak- Ago'mi. or Irak, the most ex-
tensive and imp<Hrtant province
of Persia, occupying the great-
er i)art of ancient Media.

Irdk-A'rabi, a province or govern.
ment of Asiatic Turkey, known
likewise by the name of the pa-
chalik of Bagdad. It is watered
by the Euphrates and Tigris, and
is one of the most important go-
vernments in the Ottoman em-
pire. Its computed extent is
840 miles in length, and 636 in
breadth.

Irkutsk, (pr. Irkootsk'), an exten-
sive government, comprising all
the eastern part of Siberia, and
containing 126,460 geographical
square miles.

Irkutsk', a circle in the above go-
vernment, in many places very
fertile.— The chief city of the
government, situate in a fine
plain on tlie Angara. It is a
place of considerable commerce.
Population 11,292.

Ir'tisn, or Irtysch, a large river
which issues from McAmt Bog-
do, in Western Tartary, passes
through lake Nor Saisan, and,
after a course of 200 miles, en-
ters Siberia. Then passing the
government of Tobouk, it joins
the Obi at Samara. It is navi-
gable as high as lake Nor Sai-
san.

Ispahan, or Spahawn', in the pco-
vince of Iraik, formerly the capi-
tal of Persia, and one of the most
splendid cities of the East.
Though now fallen much into
decay, it is still a magnificent
city, but is no longer the resi-
dence of the court Population
200»000.

Jaffa, anciently Joppa, a town of
Palestine in Svria, was the only
port which tne Jews possessed

200

ASIA.

on the Mediterranean, and its
trade was extensive. It is built
on a conical eminence, and the
houoes appear rising above one
another in the form of an am-
phitheatre. Here Buonaparte
Barbarously massacred near four
thousand of his prisoners.
Japan', an extensive empire in the
eastern extremity of Asia, con-
sisting of three large islands, Ni-

■ phon, Sikokf, and Kiusiu, with
a number of smaller isles. Ni-

Jihon is said to be 1600 miles
ong, and in the centre about

- 160 miles broad ; Kiusiu, about
S20 miles in its greatest length,
and 1.30 miles in breadth ; and

' Sikokf, about 100 miles long by
55 in breadth. « The superficial
extent of the empire is estimated
at 122,7'.'0 square miles. Its po-
pulation is vaguely computed at
from 13 to liO millions. The
, cautious policy of the Japanese
excludes Europeans almost whol-

■ ly fVom their dominions, — yet
few places can be more interest-

- ing to European curiosity. The
country is intersected by many
chains of mountains, several of
which are volcanic, and some of
them so lofty as to be covered

■ with perpetual snow. Some of
the valleys are fertile, although
the soil is not (;enerally so ; but
the extraordinary ingenuity and
industry of the inhabitants have

. rendered even the most barren
' spots productive. Here, as in
China, high and steep hills are
i cut into successive terraces, sup-
ported by retaining walls of
stone, and bearine crops even to
their summits. Rice, the prin.

- cipal article of food, is of course
^ the favourite crop,— wheat, bar-
• ley, and other grains are like-

■ wise cultivated, but in smaller
quantities. This country is pe-
culiarly rich in vegetables ; the
Japanese having imported all

' that were useful or ornamental
in other countries with which

they had intercourse. It abounds
likewise in mineral wealth, —
gold, silver, and copper being
found in abundance : iron is
more rare; and hence their nails,
bolts, &c. are iVequently made of
copper.

In this interesting country, art
and even science has made con-
siderable progress. In the ma-
nufacture of sword-blades, por-
celain, and lacquered ware, the
Japanese are unrivalled : their
silk and cotton cloths arc supe-
rior to those of China; their
mode of varnishing is inimita.
bje. For their superiority in
this art, they are indebted to the
juice of a tree called rhus ver.
nix. They are an intelligent and
inquisitive people. They have
a kind of printmg, executed by
fixed wooden blocks. History,
poetry, music, painting, geogra-
phy, and astronomy, are among
their favourite branches of edu-
cation. They can predict eclip-
ses, measure the altitude of the
heavenly bodies, and calculate
latitude.

Their government is pure despot-
ism ; but, with this peculiarity,
that they acknowledge two so-
vereigns, — a spiritual sovereign
named Oairi, whose capital is
Miaco, and a temporal monarch
n„...ed C'lbo, whose capital is
Jeddo. The latter, although he
pa][s formal homage to the Dairi,
IS in possession of all the real
power of the empire.

There are two systems of religion
in Japan. The one, called Sinto,
resembles t'le mythology of an-
cient Greece and Rome; con-
sisting in the belief of one Su-
preme 'Being, with a number of
inferior deities : the other Buds-
do, imported from Malabar, is
nearly the same with that of
Boodh, or Buddha ;— metempsy-
chosis, or the transmigration of
souls, being its leading tenet.
The Portuguese, the first Euro-

* STaltc-nrun's Gengrnphy.

ASIA.

201

. It abounds
1 wealth, —
oppcr being
ce: iron i»
e their nails,
ntly made of

country, art
s made con-
In the ma-
-blades, por-
aA ware, the
called: their
hs are supe-
:hina; their
ig is inimita.
uperiority in
Kiebted to the
led rhus ver-
ntelligcnt and
They have
, executed by
:k^. History,
iting, geogra-
y, are among
mches of edu-
1 predict eclip-
iltitude of the
and calculate

IS pure despot-
is peculiarity,
■ledge two so-
tual sovereign
lose capital is
^)oral monarch
lose capital is
r, although he
je to the Dairi,
)f aU the real

re.

ms of religion
le, called Sinto,
thology of an.
I Rome; con-
ief of one Su-
h a number of
;he other Buds-
m Malabar, is

with that of
a ;— metempsy-
nsmigration of

leading tenet,
the first Euro-

peans who discovered thii coun.
try, converted many of the na-
tives to the Christian faith. But
the nefarious conduct of these
settlerd excited at length so
strong a prejudice against their
religion, that a massacre took
place in 1590, in which 20,000
Christians are said to luive pe-
rished ; and in a subsequent
massacre, in 1638, they were
nearly exterminated. Since that
time, Christianity has been held
in supreme detestation.

Java, a large island S. E. of Su-
matra, f^om which it is separat-
ed by the Straits of Sunda. It is
642 miles in length, and 128 in
its greatest breadth. Its popu-
lation is estimated at 5,000,000.
The north coast is low and
swampy ; the south coast, bold,
rocky, and almost inaccessible.
A chain of mountains, running
from east to west, divides the
island longitudinally into two
parts. The ciimate, esi)ecially
on the const, is peculiarly perni-
cious to Europeans. The soil is
amazingly fertile. Java is colo-
nized by the Dutch. It was
wrested firom them in 18 11 by a
British army under Sir Samuel
Achmuty ; and restored to the
king of the Netherlands in 1814.
The Inhabitants, besides the Eu-
ropean settlers, are native Ja-
vanese, Malays, Chinese, and
slaves.

Jc'richo, an ancient city of Judea,
in Palestine, situate in a fine
pastoral plain on the river Jor-
dan. It is now a mean village.

Jerusalem, the celebrated capital
of Judea, is situate in the go-
vernment of Damascus in Syria.
It stands on the declivity of a
hill, at the extremity of an ex-
tensive plain, surrounded by a
number of hills, whose undulat-
ing surfiices resemble the waves
of the bi&. The splendour of its
first and second temple, its de-
struction by Titus, and the final
demolition of the city, and dis-
persion of the Jews by Adrian,
are events known to every read-
er of history. The recovery of

Jerusalem and the Holy Land
from the Saracens, was tbegcvat
object of the crusaders. It was
taken in 1099 by Godfrey de
Bouillon, who was created king
of Jerusalem, and retaken by Sa-
ladin about sixty years after. It
is now a respectable city, con-
taining from S0,000 to 30,000 in-
habitant , two-thirds of whom
are Christians.
Jes'so, an island N. o\. 'he Jai^anese
islands, about 150 miles in
len^h and 80 in breadth. It is
subject to Japan. High moun-
tains, forests, rocks, and raving,
render the interior almost inac>
cessiblc.
Jid'da, or Judda, a seaport town in
Arabia Felix, or Yemen, on the
coast of the Red Sea. It is a
place of some trade, and is consi-
dered the port of Mecca, though
40 miles distant.
Jor'dan, a celebrated river in Pa-
lestine, or ancient Judea, issuing
tYom Mount Hermon, forming,
with some other streams, the
small lake Merom, passing after-
wards through the great lake
called the Sea of Tiberias, and
then flowing through an exten-
sive plain to the Dead Sea.
Juggernaut', or more properly Ja-
gatna'tha,the Lord of the World,
a celebrated temple on the coast
of Orissa. The idol is a Aright-
fUl figure of wood, representing
one of the incarnations of Vish-
nu. On particular occasions it
is placed, superbly dressed, on an
immense cnariot, or moving
tower, before the wheels of which
some of the devotees throw
themsiplves, and are crushed to
pieces.
Jum'na, a river of Hindostan,
which issues trova the Himma-
leh mountains, flows through
Delhi, and, after a course of 780
miles, fklls into the Ganges at
Allahabad.

Kamtschat'ka, a large peninsula
in the N. E. of Asia, forming
part of the government of Ir-
kutsk. Though placed within
the temperate lone, the «;old of

202

ASIA.

this country is as severe as in
the arctic regions. This cold is
occasioned by fogs IVom the
neighbouring seas, by winds
which blow uninterrupted from
the Fvozen Ocean, and by the
elevation of a range of moun>
tains, extending the whole
length of the peninsula.

Ker'man, a province of Persia,
north of the Persian Gulf. Its
chief city, of the same name, was
once a place of great importance ;
but having beentakenby Aga Ma-
homed Khan in 1794, it has never
recovered its former splendour.
Population 20,000.

Kc'sho, ur Bac-kin, the capital of
Tonquin, is situate oh the river
Sang-koi. Population 40,000.

Kha'rism, a province in Indepen-
dent Tartary, to the south of the
sea of Aral, traversed by the
river Gihon or Amu.

Khi'va, (pr. Keeva), the chief city
of the above province, is situate
on a canal of the Gihon. Popu>
lation 10,000.

Kianku', more generally called
Yang-tse-kiang, or the Blue Riv-
er, in China, the largest river in
Asia, is supposed to nave its rise
in the nortn of Tibet, near the
des«>rt of Gobi. It flows at first
along the boirders of China, and,
on entering the empire, traverses
the provinces of Setchuen, Hou-
quang, and Kiang-nan, and falls
into the Chinebe Sea about 120
miles E. of Nankin.

Kiang-nan, one of the most fertile
and commercial provinces of
China, having withm its bounds
the mouths of the two great
rivers Hoang-ho and Yaug-tse-
kiang.

Kiang-sec', a fine province of
China, between Kiang-nan and
Quan-tong.

Kisil-lrmak, the ancient Halys, a
river of Asia-Minor, issues from
Mount Taurus, and pursues a
northern course to the Black
Sea.

Kistna, or Krishna, an important
river of Hindostan, issues flrom
the Western Gauts in the pro-
vince of Bejapore, and receiving.

on its way across the peninsula,
several important tributaries,
falls into the Bay of Bengal to
the south-west of Masulipatam,
after a winding course of 650
miles.

Koci-tchoo, a rugged and moun-
tainous province near the south-
western extremity of China.

Koko-nor, or Hohonor, the Blue
lake, a large expanse of water in
Chinese Tartary, on the bor-
ders of China.

Kolivan', a government of Siberia,
with a town of the same name,
situate in the upper part of the
course of the Olji. It has exten-
sive and valuable copper-mines.

Kora'san, an extensive province in
tlie north of Persia, on the bor-
ders of Western 'J'artary.

Kur'distan, or Koordistan, the
country of the Koords, a district
of Asiatic Turkey S. of Arme-
nia, about 300 miles in Icngtli,
and less than 150 in breadth.

Kurile Isles, a long range of small
islands in the eastern extremity
of Asia, extending ftrom the
southempointof Kamtschatkato
the isle of JessO. They are 22
in number. Three in the south
belong to Japan ; the rest to
Russia.

Kuttore*, a district of Sindetic
Hindcstan, occupying a great
part of the mountain range, call,
ed Hindoo Koh. Its fortress, of
the same name, situate on the
summit of aperi)endicular moun.
tain, is famous for the strength
of its position.

Laccadi'ves, a range of low isletg
off the coast of Malabar.

lahore', an extensive province in
the north of Hindostan, 320
miles "in length, and 220 in
breadth. It is divided into the
mountainous tract in the north,
and the flat country known by
the name of Panjab. It is wa.
tered by the Sutledge, the Be-
yah, the Ravey, the Chunab,thc
Behut, and the Indus; and, if
properly cultivated, would be the

garden of India. It Is governed
y a number of petty Seik wid

ASIA.

203

lie peninsula,
tributaries,
of Bengal to
Vlasulipatam,
ourse of 650

i and moun-
(ar the south-
of China,
lor, the Blue
se of water in
on the bor-

snt of Siberia,
; game name,
;r part of the
It has exten-
lopper-mines.
ive province in
la, on the bor-
'artary.

ordistan, the
ords, a district
y S. of Arme-
iles in length,
in breadth,
range of small
tern extremity
ing ftom the
Kamtschatkato
They are 22
ee in the south
the rest to

ct of Sindetic
pying a great
tain range, call-
Its fortress, of
situate on the
ndicular moun-
jr the strength

ge of low islets
lalabar.

give province in
Hindostan, 320
1, and 220 in
iivided into the
ct in the north,
mtry known by
injab. It is wa-
itledge, the Be-
the Chunab, the
> Indus; and, if
ted, would be the
It is governed
petty Seik and

I
I

other chiefs. Lahore, its capital,
is situate on the Ilavey, on the
great road from Delhi to Cabul.
The fortified palace of the Moguls
in thi:j city was celebrated as the
most magnificent in the world.

Lah'sa, a district in Arabia, lying
along the western shore of the
Persian Gulf. Its chief city, of
the same name, is situate on the
river Astan.

La'os, a kingdom in the Eastern
Peninsula, W. of Tonquin and
Cochin.China, poorly cultivated,
and thinly peopled. The climate
is very unhealthy.

Laristan, a small province in the
south of Persia, extending along
the coast of the Persian Gulf.
It is the poorest province in the
empire.

Lassa, the capital of Tibet, and
the residence of the Dalai Lama,
or great head of the Shaman re-
ligion.

Le'banon, or Libanus, a lofty
mountain in Syria, celebrated in
Scripture. It extends from the vi-
cinity of Tripoli to the borders of
Palestine. Near Damascus there
are immense caverns. The lofty
summit of Lebanon is covered
with snow a great part of the
year. A few specimens of its
magnificent cedars yet remain.

Le'na, a large river of Siberia,
which rises in the mountains N.
W. of Lake Baikal, and flows,
in a course of 2000 miles, to the
Frozen Ocean.

Loo-Choo', or Leoo-Keoo, an in-
teresting group of islands, be.
tween 400 and 500 miles E. of
China. Their number is 36 ;
but only one is of considerable
dimensions, being about 50 miles
long, and from 12 to 15 broad.
The soil is fertile— the general
appearance beautiful— the cli-
mate tempered by a constant
sea-breeze. The inhabitants are
civilized— and the accounts given
of them by Captain Basil Hall,
and Mr M'Leod, outvie the poe-
tical descriptions of the golden
age. Captani Beechey, who vi-
sited them more recently, has
reduced them, in his de«>cription,

to the level of ordinary mor-
tals.
Luck'nowy 'he capital of the pro-
vince ot Uude, in Hindostan, si-
tuate on the Goomtv a tribu.
tary of the Ganges. Population
300,000.

Macao', an island, with a town of
the same name, in the Bay of
Canton in China, belonging to
tlie Portuguese.

Macas'sar, a kingdom in the S. W.
of the island of Celebes, with a
town of the same name, belong-
ing to the Dutch.

Madras', an extensive province be.
longing to the British in the S.
E., comprehending nearly the
whole of the Carnatic— Madras',
the capital of this province, and
the seat of the second British
Presidency, is very unfavourably
situate on a flat shore, on which
the surf runs with extreme vio-
lence. It is very extensive;
and, so far back as 1794, the po.
pulation was 300,000.

Madu'ra, an extensive district in
the south of the Carnatic. Since
1801 it has been in the posses,
sion of the Britislu Its capital
bears the same name.

Magni'sa, anciently Magnesia, a
town in Anatolia (Turkey), once
the capital of the Greek empire.
It is still a large and populous
town.

Malabar', an extensive province
in the S, £. of Hindostan, bound,
ed by Canara on the north, and
Cochin on the south, This was
the first part of Hindostan visit,
ed by European navigators.

Malac'ca, a country in the S. W. of
the Eastern Peninsula, cottsist.
ing of a large peninsula connect-
ed with Siam ny the isthmus of
Kraw. It is about 775 miles
long, and 125 in its medium
breadth. The natives, Malays,
are a ferocious and vindictive
race ; yet their language is the
smoothest and softest in the
East.

Maldives', a cluster of small coral
islands in the Indian Ocean, S.
from Cape Comorin. Cocoa-

204

ASIA.

nuts, and cowrie-shells, used by
the Hindoos as money, are their

_l>rincipiil produce.

Malwa, an extensive province of
Hindostan, to the south of Aj-
mereand Agra. Its soil is ex.
tremely fertile, and produces two
crops in th6 year. It is divided
among a numlier of Mahratta
chieft. Length 250 miles;
breadth 150.

Mandshu'ria, or the country of the
Mandshurs, an extensive pro>
vince in Esustem Tartary, diver-
sified by all the grand features
of nature.

Mangalore', a considerable seaport
town in the province of Canara,
on the western coast of Hindos-
tan. It has belonged to the Bri-
tish since 1799.

Marque'sas, a cluster of islands,
five in number, in the South Pa-
cific Ocean, extending trova 138o
4y to 140" 30» W. Long., and
from 8" 10' to lO" 10' S. Lat
Their general aspect is beautiful,
and their soil fertile. The na-
tives are a strong, tall, and well-
fbrmed race,— resembling the
Otaheitans in their religious ce-
remonies, and some of their cus-
toms.

Mas'cat, a considerable and strong-
ly-fortified seaport in the pro-
vince of Oman, in Arabia. It is
a place of great trade.

Masu'lipatam', a considerable sea-
port in the province of the
Northern Circars in Hindostan.
It is noted for the manufacture
of fine chintz. It belongs to the
British.

Maykaung', or Maykong, a river
in Cambodia and Laos, concern-
ing the source of which, and the
length of its course, geographers
are not agreed.

Ma'zendran, a province of Persia,
stretching along th': southern
shore of the Caspian.

Mec'ca, a large city of Arabia, a*-d
capital of the province of Hedjaz,
celebrated as the birth-place of
Mahomet, and therefore vene-
rated by the Mussulmans as the
Holy City. It has now lost

much of its fottner prosperity.
Population 18,000.

Medrna, a city in the province of
Hedjas, Arabia, sacred as con-
taining the tomb of Mahomet.
Over the tomb has been erected
a stately mosque, supported bv
400 pillars, and fUmisned with
300 silver lamps, kept continu-
ally burning.

Meinam, a large river in the king-
dom of Siam, which is supposed
to have its source among the
mountains of Tibet. It faUs in.
to the Gulf of Siam.

Mer'guen, a town of Mandshuria,
in Chinese Tartary, on the great
road from Pekin.

Minder, the ancient Meander, a
river of Asia Minor, which flows
westward to the Archipelago.

Mocha, a large city of Yemen, in
Arabia, and the principal port on
the Red Sea. It is noted for its
coflfee, produced in the vicinity.

Mohan-la'ung, the principal town
of the kingdom of Laos, in the
Eastern Peninsula.

Mongolia, an extensive region in
Chinese Tartary, the native
country of the Mongols, or Mo.
guls.

Moorshedabad', a citv in Bengal,
and long its capital. It is still
the residence of the Nabob of
Bengal, who is wholly dependent
upon the British.

Moultan, or Mooltan, an extensive
province in Hindostan, S. of La-
nore and CabuL Its northern
and eastern districts are extreme,
ly fertile, the remainder is more
barren. Its capital, of the same
name, is situate about 4 miles
S. E. of the river Chenab,— sur-
rounded bya wall forty feethigh,
and about 4 miles in circumfer.
ence.

Mysore', an extensive province in
the south of Hindostan, consist-
ing of a high tableland, 3000
feet above the level of the sea,
from which arise a number of
lofty hills, containing the sources
of many important rivers. In
consequence of this elevated si.
tuation, the climate of the My-

prospertty.

province of
red as con-
f Mahomet.
«en erected
upported by
mshed wUn
ept continu-

In the Idng-

i is supposed

among the

. It foil* Wi-

Mandshuria,
, on the great

Meander, a
•, which flows
chipelago. ,
jf Yemen, m
ncipal port on
s noted for its
I the Ticinity.
principal town
f Laos, in the

'give region in
I the native
DDgols, or Mo-

in Bengal,
_ It is still
the Nabob of
loUy dependent

n, an extensive
Mtan, S. of La-
Its northern
its are extreme-
lainder is more
al, of the same
about 4 miles
Chenab,— sur-
forty feet high,
in circumfer-

ive province in
iostan, consist-
ablc-land, 3000
vei of the sea,
e a number of
ning the sources
ant rivers, in
his elevated Sl-
ate of the My-

ASIA.

205

Kore is unusually temperate and
healthy, considering its tropical
latitude. This country is in pus-
session of the liritish, except a
portion of it around the capital,
which, after the defeat of Tip-
poo Sultan in 1799, they assign-
ed to the son of the late rajah.

Napwre*, a large city in the pro-
vmce of Herar, Hindostan, and
capital of the Mahratta territo-
ries. Population 80,000.

Nankin', (Nankeen'), a large city
of China, on the Yang-tse-kiang,
in the provuice of Kiang-nan,
formerly the capital of the em-

■ pire, and still accounted the ca-
pital of the South. The space
enclosed within its walls is so ex.
tensive, that the Chinese boast,
that two horsemen, setting out
ftom the same gate in the morn-
ing, to ride round the walls in
opposite directions, would not
meet till the evening. A space
of about six miles, however,
within this wall, is occupied
with gardens and bamboo-groves.
Its principal ornaments are the
lofty and splendid gateways,—
and its porcelain tower, a temple
or pagoda of nine stories, ascend-
ed by 884 steps, and surmounted
by r pine-apple of gold. The
porcelain tiles are so well joined,
that they appear to be of one
piece.

Ned'jed, an extensive province of
Arabia, including nearly all its
central parts. It is composed
chiefly of vast mountains and de-
serts.

Nepaul', a long but narrow king,
dom in the north of Hindostan,
between the Himmaleh moun-
tains and the provinces ol Bahar,
Oude, and Delhi. It is under the
despotic government of a rajah.

Nerbud'da, a large river of Hin-
dostan, which issues from the
high table-land of Amerkoon-
took, and, flowing westward
through the provinces of Gund-
waneh,Candei8h,Malwa,and Gu-
zcrat, falls into the Gulf of Cam.
bay, after a course of ,50 miles.

New Guinea, or Papua, a large

island in the Eastern Seas, ex-
tending from the south of Gilolo,
and the north of Coram, in a
south-west direction, about 1200
miles. Of this island little is
known beyond the coasts. It
seems t" rise into hills of consi-
derable height ; and the forests
of palm and other lofty trees af-
ford a proof of the fertility of the
soil, 'i'lie natives, oriental ne-
groes, are a very savage race.

New Holland, the largest island
in the world, and the principal
of that important group which
hus been called Australasia, or
Southern Asia, stretches from E.
to W. about 2600 miles, and
from N. to 8. about 2000 miles.
<Jn the eastern coast, called New
South Wales, the British have es-
tablished settlements which are
rapidly spreading. Since 1788,
criminalssentencedtobanishment
have been transported to Botany
Bay and Port-Jackson in this
part of the island. The capital
of the British colony is New
Sydney. Although some parts
of the coast are sandy and bar.
ren, the soil is more generally
fertile, and the interior, so far
as explored, presents luxuriant
pastures, and other indications
of a rich soil. The climate tc-
wards the S. is agreeab'.e and sa-
lubrious. The nativt'P are in the
lowest state of barbarism.

Nicobar* Islands, a ^^roup in the
Bay of Bengal, cor listing of seven
large and twelve small islands.
They are inhabited by a quiet
and inoffensive set of people.
They are all covered with wood,
and seem fertile ; but their cli-
mate is very pernicious to Euro-
pean constitutions.

Ningouta, (pr. Ningoo'ta), a town
in Mandshu'ria, Chinese Tar.
tary, and the capital of a mili.
tary government.

Ob, or Obi, a large river in Sibe-
ria, which flows through the go.
verninent of Tobolsk, and, artcr
a course of 2000 miles, expands
into a wide gulf before failing
into the Northern Ocean.

11 2

206

ASIA.

Oman, or Oromon, an extensive
district of Arabia, extending
firom the eastern extremity of
the coast to the entrance of the
Persian Gulf.

Oma'in, a city in the province of
Malwa, in Gangetic Hindostan,

. situate on the banks of the Sip>
perah river. It was known to
the Greeks by the name of
Ozene.

CKrenburg, the westernmost go-
vernment of Silieria. Though
mountainous, it is fruitful in
grain, and maintains great flocks
and herds. Its capital, of the
same name,, is situate on the
Oural river. It is regularly for.
tilled, and its streets are straight
and well built.

Ori'ssa, an extensive province of
Hindostan, having Bengal and
the sea on the east, and Gund-
waneh on the west The dis.
trictswestof Bengal, are inha-
bited by a savage race of Hin.
doos called Oureas.

O'rmus, an island in the Persian
Gulf, on which stood a city, once
the most splendid and celebrat-
ed of all Asia, as the emporium
of the trade between India and
Persia,— but now so much decay-
ed, as to contain not more than
500 inhabitants.

Oro'ntes, a river of Syria, which
issues from Mount Lebanon, N.
of Damascus, and pursues a
northern course, till, near An-
tioch, it bends to the west and
south, and falls into the Levant.

Otahei'te', the principal of the So.
ciety Islands, consists of two pe-
ninsulas, connected by a marshy
isthmus, about three miles a-
cross. The jircumference of
the whole ii'and is 108 miles.
The soil on the low grounds is
amazingly fertile ; and even the
hills are covered to their sum.
mits with magnificent forests,
or with the deepest verdure.
Of the valuable bread-fVuit tree,
there are eight varieties, and
fifteen of the banana. The heat,
tempered by breezas from the
surrounding ocean, is by no
means insupportable. The Ota-

heitans are idolaters, and hu.
man victims are occasionally sa.
crificed to their deities. Even
their religious tenets, however,
as the belief of a Trinity, and of
a i\iture state of retribution,
seemed to prepare them for the
reception of Christianity,— and
no where have the labours of
Christian missionaries been at.
tended with greater success.
The royal family are among the
converts; the missionaries are
universally respected ; and there
is the fairest prospect of the uni.
verbal conversion of the nation.
Population 16,000.

Oude, (pr.Ood), a province of Hin.
dostan, E. of Delhiand Agra; '250
milesin length, by 100 in breadth.
It has the Ganges for its western
boundary ; is watered by the
Goompty and Gogra, biesides
other streams and lakes ; and it£i
surface is flat and fertile. It is
governed bv a nabob, in strict
alliance with the British govern,
ment.

Oufa, (Oo'fa,) capital of thegovem.
ment of Orenburg, in Siberia, si-
tuateon the banks of the Beiaia,
near its junction with the river
Oufa. Population 2500.

Oural, (pr. Oo'ral), or Yaik, a large
river of Siberia, which issues
from the Oural mountains, and
flows first in a western, and then
in a southern direction, to the
Caspian

O'xus, a large river which issues
ttom a high table.Iand N. of
Hindooh Koh, and, flowing
through Great Bucharia, falls in-
to the sea of Aral) after a course
of 1200 miles.

Palestine, or the Holy Land,, the
ancient country of the Israelites,
and the scene of the great events
of the Mosaic and Christian dis-
pensations, is situate to the south
of Syria. Around and to the
east of Jerusalem, the moun.
tainous districts are barren ; but
the coimtry in general displays
a luxuriant fertility correspond,
ing to the descriptions of " the
promised land." Judca, Sama-

ASIA.

207

rs, and hu-

tasionaUy sa-
Bities. Even
ta, however,
inity, and of
retribution,
them for the
tianity, — and
e labours of
ries been at-
iter success,
re among the
sionaries are
ed; and there
K:t of the uni.
>f the nation.

DvinceofHin.
and Agra; 250
lOO in breadth,
br its western
tered by the
ogra, besides
lakes ; and ita
fertile. It is
ibob, in strict
3ritish govem-

lofthegovem.
, in Siberia, si-
s of the Beiaia,
with the river
1 2500.

>r Yaik, a large
which issues
lountains, and
9tem, and then
rection, to the

r which issues
tie-land N. of
and, flowing
charia, falls in>
f after a course

:olv Land,, the
f the Israelites,
he great events
. Christian dis-
ate to the south
ind and to the
n, the moun>
ire barren; iHit
;cneral displays
ity correspond-
,)tion8 of " the
Judca, Sama-

ria, and Galilee, were its three
principal divisions under the
Roman government. The first,
including all the country be-
tween the Dead Sea and the
Mediterranean, was possessed by
the tribes of Judah, Benjamin,
Dan, and Simeon ; the second,
comprehending the region to the
north between Jordan and the
sea, was occupied by the tribes
of Ephraim, Issachar, and part
of \Ianasseh ; Galilee, the fine
inland territory on the sea of
Tiberias, was mhabited by the
tribes of Zabulun, Asser, and
Naphtali ; the re^on to the east
of Jordan was divided into six
smaller districts.

Palmv'ra, an ancient city in the
middle of the desert of Syria, the
splendour of which is still at-
tested by its magnificent ruins.

Palte', or Jamdro, a lake in Tibet,
to the south of Lassa, presenting
the extraordinary appearance of
a canal, five miles broad, sur-
rounding an island about 100
miles in diameter.

Pat'na, a large and ancient city of
Hindostan, in the province of
Bahar, situate on the south
bank of the Ganges. It has been
under the sway of the British go-
vernment since 1763.

Pe'chelee, an important province
of China, to the S. of the Tartar
frontier. In this province is si.
tuate the capital,

Pekin, (pr. Pe'keen), whose princi-
pal streets, crossing each other,
are four miles long, and 120 feet
wide. Malte-Brun estimates its
p^ipulation at 700,000. Its walls
are fifty cubits high ; and it con-
sists of two towns, the Tartar and
the Chinese, forming, together,
an irregular circumference of 17
miles. The gardens around the
imperial palaces are extremely
magnificent.

Pegu', or Begu', an ancient king-
dom iu (.he Eastern Peninsula,
now a province of the Birman
empire. Ibt soil is very fertile,
but great part of it uncultivated.

It is watered by t)>e large rivers
Irawaddy and Sitang.

Pelew' Islands, a grouji of eighteen
islands in the western Pacific
Ocean, bewecn the Philippine
and the Caroline islands, View-
ed fVora the sea, they exhibit
high rugged land covered with
wood. The valleys are remark-
ably fertile. The natives arc
hospitable and humane.

Philip'pine Islands, an important
arcnipelago to the south-east of
the continent of Asia, consisting
of a number of islands, extend,
ing fVom the 13th or 14th to the
19th or 20th degree of K. Lat.
Of these islands the most im-
portant are, Luzon, about 400
miles in length, and from 90 to
VJO in jreadth ; Magindanao, or
Mindanao, 300 miles lung, and
105 broad ; Mindoro, 110 miles
long, and ^5 bro.:id; Panay, HO
miles in length, by 38 in breadth;
Negros, 145 miles long, by 25
broad ; Marendique, Masbate,
Zebu, i?ohol, &c. These islands
were taken possession uf bv the
Spaniards in 1565, and still be-
long to them, though many of
the natives rennain independent
of their authority. These im-
portant islands are in general
extremely fertile, and clothed in
perpetual verdure ; but they are
subject to most of the evils of
tropical climates, storms, hurri-
canes, and earthquakes. Manil.
la, in Luzon, the capital of the
Philippine Islands, contains a
p<^ulation of 3S,000, and the to-
tal population of the islands is
vaguely estimated by La Perousc
at 3,000,000. Gold is found here
in considerable abundance. Lu-
zon produces the finest cotton
known ; and the true cinnamon-
tree is a native of Mindanao.

Pondicherry, (pr. Pondesher'ry),
a city in the Carnatic, the capi-
tal of the French settlements in
Hindostan.

Foo'nah, a city in the province of
Beiapore, Hindostan, and capi-
tal of a Mahratta chief) who is

20B

ASIA.

now under the control of the
British.

Poyang-hoo', a lake in the Chi-
nese province of Kiang-seo, near-
ly 100 miles in circumference.

Prome, a city of Ava, in the Bir-
man empire, situate on the Ira-
waddy.

Quan-tung, ('Whang-tong),alarge
and populous province in the S.
of China, washed on the east
and south by the ocean. — See
Canton.

Quang-sec, (Whang-see), a pro-
vince in the S. W. frontier of
China, bordering on Tonquin. It
has very productive gold-mines.

Rangoon', a city of Pegu, and the
prmcipal port of the Birman
empire, is situate on the north
bank of the eastern branch of
Irawaddy, about 30 miles from
the sea. Population 30.000.

Red Sea, an extensive gulf of the
Indian Ocean, between Africa
and .\rabia. It extends in a N.
N. W. direction from the Straits
of Babelmandel to the isthmus
of Suez, where it is only 60 miles
from the Mediterranean. Its
length is about HOO miles, and
its breadth seldom more than
200. Reefs and rocks of coral
obstruct its navigation, so as to
render it ditiicult and danger-
ous.

Ros'tak, a cityofOmmon, in Ara-
bia, the residence of the Iman^.

Sacca'ria, Sakaria, or Sikaria, a
river in Asiatic Turkey, which
rises in thecentre of Caramania ;
and, pursuing first a N. \V. and
then a N. E. course, falls into
the Gulf of Erekle, in the Black
Sea.

Saghalien, an extensive peninsula
or island (for it is still uncertain
which) at the north-eastern ex-
tremity of Asia, directly north of
the island of Jesso.

Saghalien Oula Ilo'tun, the prin-
cipal town of Mandshuria, in
Eastern Tartary, situate on the
river Amur or Saghalien.

Samarcand',in Great Bucharia, tho
capital of Independent Tartary,
and formerly the favourite resi-
dence of Timour, was a place of
great importance, and is still a
respectable town. It is finely
situate in a fertile plain, and its
climate is delightful.

Sa'na, the principal city of Yemen,
in Arabia.

Sand'wich Islands, a group in the
N. Pacific Ocean, discovered by
Captains Cook and King, in 1778.
They are eleven in number ; ex-
tending from 18" .54', to 22" ly
N. Lat., and from 199" 36' to
205" 6' E. Ix)ng. Although in
the same latitude with the West
Indies, their climate is more
temperate ; and they are exempt
from the dreadful hurricanes
which occasionally desolate those
islands. They are in general
fertile, and abound with the
trees and other productions of
tropical climes. Owhyhee, the
largest, is about 8.5 miles long,
and 72 broad. On this island,
through an unhappy misunder-
standing with the natives. Cap.
tain Cook was killed ; yet they
are in general of a mild and
friendly disposition. The whole
population of these islands is es-
timated by Captain King at
400,000.

Sanpoo.— See Buhhampooteb.

Sara'bat, a river of Asia Minor,
which falls into the Gulf of
Smyrna.

Sata'lia, a city of Caramania, in
Asiatic Turkey, beautifully si-
tuate round a small harbour on
the gulf to which it gives name.
Population 8000.

Scanderoon.— -See ALEXANnREXTA.

Seer, a town in the province of
Ommon, Arabia, on the coast of
the Persian Gulf.

Setchu'an, a mountainous but fcr.
tile province on the western fron-
tier of China.

Shan'see, a small province in the
N. VV. of China, separated from
Mongolia by the great wall.

Shen'see, the largest province of
China, W. of Shansee.

ASIA.

209

haria, the
: Tartary,
urite real-
a place of
1 is still a
; is fliicly
lin, and its

of Yemen,

■oup in the
covered by
ig, in 1778.
mber; ex-
to 22" ly
99" 36' to
although in
h the West
;e is more
are exempt

hurricanes
isolate those
in general
, with the
ductions of
^hyhec, the
miles long,
this island,
y misunder-
itivcs. Cap.
i ; yet they
1 mild and

The whole
stands is es-
1 King at

POOTER.

isia Minor,
lie Gulf of

ramania, in
utifully 8i-
liarbour on
ives name.

CANnRETTA.

province of
[the coast of

3us but fer-
lestern flron-

lince in the
irated from
it wall.
Iprovince of

Shangtung', a province of China,
south of the Gulf of Pcchelee.

She'kerden, or Eskcrden, a town
in Little Tibet.

Shi'raa, the capiul of Fan, in Per.
sia, most beautifully situate a.
mid magnificent gardens, and
the birtn.place of Hafli. the
Persian Anacreon. Population
40,000.

Shir'van, a province in the north of
Persia, now mostly subject to
Russia.

Siam', an extenrive kingdom in
the centre of the Eastern Penin-
aula. It consists chiefly of a
fine and fertile plain, between
two ranges of mountains, water,
ed by the Meinam. The tnxiU
of this country are peculiarly de.
licious.

Siampa, or Tsiompa, a kingdom of
the Eastern Peninsula, " more
the abode of tigers and elephants
than of man."

Si'don, or Seide, an ancient town
celebrated in sacred and profane
history, situate on the coast
of Syria, is the principal port of
Damascus. Population 8000.

Si'nai, a mountain of Arabia, near
the head of the Red Sea, the ce-
lebrated spot where the Law
was given to Moses.

Sinde, an extensive province of
Hindostan, situate on both sides
of the river Indus, governed by
Mahometan chiefs.

Sin'gan, a large city of China, in
the province of Shansee.

Sir'cars, or Circars, an extensive
province of Hindostan, to the
north of the Carnatic, the super,
ficial area of which is calculated
at 17,000 square miles.

Sirinagiur', a town in the province
of Allahabad, Hindostan.

Sirr, or Sihon, the ancient Jaxar.
tes, a large river which issues
from the mountains that sepa.
rate Western trom Eastern Tar-
tary, and, after a long course,
chiefly N. W., falls into the sea
of Aral.

Smjrrna, a large and ancient city
of Asia Minor, situate at the
head of a long and winding gulf
of tlie Grecian Archipelago. It

is a place of great trade; and
claims the honour of being the
birth.place of Homer. Popula.
tion 100,000.
Soco'tra, or Socotora, an island in
the Indian Ocean, fortv leagues
east from Cape Guardami. It is

governed by a king, who is tri.
utary to Arabia.
Suma'tra, a large island, separated
flrom the Eastern Peninsula by
the Straits of Malacca, and trom
Java by the Straits of Sunda.
It is divided obliquely by the
equator into almost eoual parts,
extending in a direction north-
west and 8outh.east. Its length
is estimated at 1050 miles, and
its average breadth is 165 miles.
In the interior are mountains,
one of which. Mount Ophir,
rises to the height of 13,842
above the level of the sea.
Amidst these mountains are ex-
tensivo, beautif\il, and fertile
plains, pretty well cleared of
wood, which overspreads other
parts of the island. The heat is
less intense in Sumatra than
might be expected (Tom its lati.
tude— the thermometer general,
ly fluctuating between 62" and
85^ in the shade. On the west,
ern coast the ground Is very
swampy ; but fertility is the ge.
neral quality of the soil. The
usual products of a tropical cli.
mate are here found indigenous,
or are easily raised by culture.
Pepper is the principal object of
cultivation with the British set.
tiers. Among its animals may
be mentioned tigers of unusual
size and ferocity: and the Su-
matran or^rgus pheasant of un.
rivalled beauty of plumage. This
large island is politically divided
into the empire of Menaneabow
and the Malays ; the kingdom of
Acheen : the Battas, the Re.
jangsj tne people of Larapong.
The British settlement is at Ben.
coolen, a peculiarly unhealthy
situation.

Sunda, Straits of, an arm of the
sea about 90 miles long, which
separates Sumatra f^om Java.

Sur, or Sour, the ancient Tyre, a

210

ASIA.

seaport of Syria, and of old the
moot celebrated commercial city
in the world. Sacred and mo-
fane writers give etjually splen-
did descriptions of the magnifi-
cence of this " Queen of the
Sea." Now it is little more than
a miserable village.

Surat', a large and populous city
of Hindostan, in the province of
Guzerat, situate on the south
bank of the Taptee, about "20

. miles flrom its mouth. Popula-
tion 70,000.

Su'sa, a town of Kor.isan, in Persia.

Syria, a tine province of Asiatic
Turkey, situate along the coast
of the Levant, and particularly
celebrated in ancient history.

Ta, a river of China, which falls
into the Eastern seas in lat. S6°

Tabreez, or Tauris, supposed by
some to be the ancient Ecbata-
nOf a large city in the province
of Azerbijan, in Persia. It is si-
tuate in an immense plain, on the
banks of a small river. Though
still extensive, it has suffered so
much by earthquakes, that its
present population does not ex-
ceed 30,000.

Tadmor. — See Palmvba.

Taihou', a town in the Chinese
province of Kiangsee.

Tanjo're, a city in the Camatic,
capital of a district of the same
name.

Taptee', a lar^e river of Hindos.
tan, which rises in the province
of Candeish, and falls into the
sea about VJ miles below Surat.

TaralMlo, or Tripoli, a seaport in
Syria, capital of a pachalik of
the same name.

Taras, or Turkistan, an extensive
country in Western Tartary,
the original seat of the great Tar.
tar race called Turks.

Tassaudon, or Tassisudon, capital
of the province of Bootan, in Ti-
bet, situate in a fine cultivated
valley. It is of considerable ex-
tent, and very populous.

Taf ta, an ancient and celebrated
city of Hindostan, in the pro-
vince of Sinde* situate near the

bank of the Indus, about 130
miles from the sea. Population
15,000.

Taurus, a Infly chain of moun-
tains in the eastern part of Asia
Minor.

Tche-kiang, a province on the
eastern coast of China.

Teflis, the capital of Georgia, ce-
lebratcd for its baths. It Is situ-
ate on the banks of the Kur.
Population 1.5,()00,

Teheraun', or Tehraun, the capi-
tal of Irak-Ajemi, and the fa-
vourite residence of the Perxian
monarch. Population 60,000.

Tellicher'ry, a seaport town in the
province of Malabar, Hindostan.

Tcngis, or Balkash, a large lake in
Eastern Tartary.

Teckiri, a lake in Tibet, 70 miles
long and 25 broad.

Thalwan', a river in the Eastern
Peninsula, flowing through the
great valley between the moun-
tains of Aracan and Siam.

Tigris, a lar^e and celebrated riv.
er of Asiatic Turkey, issues from
the mountains of Armenia, about
15 miles east of the source of the
Euphrates, and, after flowing for
a great length of course parallel to
that river, joins it at Koma,when
the united streams take the
name of Shat-al-Arab, or the
river of Arabia. The name Ti-
gris is derived from the word
Tigr, an arrow,— «xpres8ive of
the rapidity of its course.

Tobolsk, the western government
of Siberia, separated by the Ou-
ral mountains from European
Russia. Tooohk, iU capital, is
situate on the Irtish, near its
junction with the Tobol. Popu-
lation 16,269.

Tocaf, a large commercial city in
Asia Minor, on the banks of tha
Jekil-Irmak, the ancient Iris.
Population 60.000.

Tonquin, (pr. Tonkeen'), a large
kingdom of the Eastern Penin-
sula, bordering on China.

Tranquebar', a seaport town of
Tanjore, in the Carnatic, situate
at one of the mouths of the Ca-
very. Population 20,000.

Trebisondi the ancient I'rapezus,

about 130
I'opulatlon

of moun-
art of Alia

ice on the
a.

icorgia, ce-
. It 18 bUu-
)f the Kur.

in, the capi-
and the U-

the Persian
ion 60,000.

town in the
r, HindoBtan.
large lake in

bet, 70 miles

ithe Eastern
through the
•n the moun-
d Siam.
elebrated riv-
ey, issues flrom
rmcnia, about
e source of the
tier flowing for
(urse parallel to
at Koma,when
ms take the
Arab, or the
The nameli-
roin the word
-expressive ot

course.

rn government
ited by the Ou-
from European
t, iis capital, is
Irtish, near its
jTobol. Popu-

imercial city in
he banks of tha
e ancient Iris.
)0.

nkeen'), a large
Eastern Penin-
)n China,
caport town of
Carnatic, situate
ouths of the Ca.
m 20,000.
icient rrapezus.

^^F'^t^f'llfk''*

.•.;.!>!i^.-c*:V**r'.4^>'

, fr.

. l"

■,f'i. (ii "iii>, -^

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I. .nil f ,<n

'lai. ;.- , ^Ojfiii I"

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•..1 1 -jfl ■!> Jffl'Oj

■> . !"»>X ,

I t

; 1 'tj/Hiij

'y.ii.

\'.r.,b'-.

^U.

v.:

,,-T.

r.iai J'

! ?

,Tj'/}'m. ,jii3i

• (){■;'' J«(-/:'>n,. lift ,<^

J>mtny JkZriffraitdb ^ W.JEap^ SJait

'■ X ji.X]

c.Sf^

Wi^^la^

tf^r

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"ihiifi •Si^

JbrnuK . ■*-*.-4P* ■• ■ itnthit '■ ,■■■■. ....

ZVw.'t^.Tw)

'Wik

CU aioAmX.

JfJiCJlCO}^

WfoAx

JFVik

X \ M i\*

V n f

fuAmeh,

JR ifrit«ptA^

J^Aiisheiol^'^ ofuvsB. ikiiani

fA^iy COJVEB. fcBfiXD Utimbtayli'

Is
the)
thel
Wr

ASIA. 211

L->*'.--?^ ^(^iW-T,

■i

a city of Asia Minor, on the

coast of the Black Sea. It is a
- place of considerable trade. Po-

pulation 15,000.
Trichino^li, a city in the Car.

natic, capital of a district of

the same name. It stands on the

south bank of the Cavery.
Trin'comalee', a town and fortress,

with an excellent harbour, on

the north-east side of Ceylon.
Trivandersn, or Trivandapatan, a

city in Travancore, the residence

of the rajah.
Turfan, a district and town in

Chinese T >rtary.
Turon, a *ir in Cochin-Chi-

na, on w^ ' inds a town of

thesam <
Tywanfu', t^^e principal town of

the Chinese island of Formosa.

Van, a lake in Armenia, on which
stands a large fortitied city of
the same name. Population
50,000.

Van Diemen's Land, a large and
fine island to the south of New
Holland, from which it is sepa-
rated by Bass's Straits. The soil
is good ; the climate temperate,
and congenial to European con-
stitutions; and as the great
tracts of land clear of forests af-
ford great. encouragement to new
settlers, it is a favourite place of
emigration with persons of mo*
derate capital.

Visagapatan', a district and town

of Hinnostan, in the province of
the Northern Sircars.

Ummerapoo'ra, the capital of the
Birraan empire, situate on the
margin of a beautiful lake, at a
short distance from the river
Irawaddy. Population 150,000.

Urghenz, a town of Western Tar-
tary, in the province of Khar.
ism.

Whang-hay, or Yellow Sea, an ex-
tensive gulf between China and
the peninsula of the Corea.

Yang-tse-kiang. — See Kian-ku.

Yarkand, a large commercial city
of Little Ducharia, in Chinese
Tartary, situate on a river of the
same name.

Yemen, the Arabia Felix of anti.
quity, a province of Arabia, on
the Red Sea and the Indian
Ocean.

Yenisei, a large river in Siberia,
formed by the junction of two
streams that issue fTom the
mountains to the south-west of
lake Baikal, and flows north to
the Arctic Ocean.

Yunan, a province in the south,
west frontier of China. Yunan,
its capital, is situate at the ex.
tremity of a large lake, and !•
the residence of the governor.

Zaizan, a large lake in Chinese
Tartar y, near the frontiers of Si.
beria.

AFRICA

Is bounded on the North by the Mediterranean ; oa
the East by the Isthmus of Suez, the Red Sea, and
the Indian Ocean ; South, by the Southern Ocean ;
West, by the Atlantic. It extends from 37° N.

212

AFRICA.

to 35° S. Lat., and from 17° SO' W. to dV SCV E.
Long. Its length, from the Cape of Good Hope
to the Mediterranean, in a line due north, is 4620
miles; and its greatest breadth, from Cape Roxo
to Cape Guardafui, nearly the same. Its popula-
tion is computed at 30,000,000.

The countries which it contains are, Barbary,
including Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and
Barca ; Zaara, or the Great Desert ; Negroland,
Upper Guinea, Lower Guinea, Caffraria, Zangue-
b:ir, Ajan, Nubia, Abyssinia, Egypt. On sailing
round the coasts of Africa from the Straits of Gib-
raltar, we come to the following Capes : — Bon,
Spartel, Geer, Bojador, Blanc, Verd, Roxo, Me-
surada, Palmas, Three Points, Formosa, Negro,
Las Voltas, and the Cape of Good Hope. After
doubling this southernmost promontory, and pro-
ceeding north wanl along the east coast, we come
to Needle Cape, St Mary, Corientes, Delgado, Bax-
as, and Guardafui.

In the same circuit, we find these Gulfs and
Bays, — The Gulf of Guinea; Saldanha, Table,
False^ and Algoa Bays ; the Gulf of Sofala, the
Channel of Mozambique, and the Red Sea. Along
the coast of the Mediterranean occur the Gulfs of
Sydra and Cabes.

The only Straits are the Straits of Gibraltar
and Babelmandel.

The Islands in the surrounding ocean are.
The Azores, Madeiras, Canaries, Cape Verd
Islands, S^: Thomas, St Matthew, Ascension, St
Helena, Aladagascar, Bourbon, Isle of France, or
Mauritius.

Of the extensile ranges of mountains which tra-
verse this continent, the most remarkable are At-

AFRICA.

213

30' "E-
I Hope
18 4620
e Boxo
popula-

Jarbary,
oli, and
grolandj
Zangue-
1 sailing
i of Gib-
: — Bon,
xo, Me-
, Negro,
;. After
and pro-
we come
ido, Bax-

las, Kong, Jebel Kumrah or Mountains of the
Moon, Mountains of Lupata, the Crystal, and the
Abyssinian Mountains.

The principal rivers are the Nile, Niger, Sene-
gal, Gambia, Zaire or Congo. ■ ^ *■.

llemarks.^ln size, Africa holds the third rank among
the four greardivisions of the globe ; but is the lowest in
political and moral importance. The knowledge of this
continent possessed by the ancients was extremely limited,
scarcely extending beyond the northern states ; and its in-
terior remains still a great blank in the map of the world,
which the curiosity and enterprise of modern times have
not been able to till up. A burning climate,, extensive
deserts, and a want of great rivers, are the unhappy pecu-
liarities in the interior of this continent, which will ever
remain almost insuperable barriers to its progress in civi.
lization and in importance. Some countries on its margin,
hownver, are more happily situate. Ethiopia, Egypt, and
the northern states, attained in ancient times a considerable
degree of civilization. The coasts are very favourably si-
tuate for commerce ; and many of the kingdoms in thr
line of the great rivers possess the elements of agricult- ;al
and commercial greatness.

Various distinct races of men pt^^.le this continent.
The inhabitants of Egypt seem to be of Hindoo origin,
and t'le Abyssinians to have passed over from Arabia ; thp
Carthaginians migrated from Tyre to establish a colony of
rival prosperity, and other regions of the north were peo-
pled by Medes, Persians, and Armenians. The central
and the western regions fVom Senegal to Cape Negro are
occupied by the negroes, apparently a distinct and indigen-
ous race. The cast coast, and part of the interior, are oc«
cupied by the Caifres, whose features are in general less
flat than those of the negroes, but who resemble them in
their thick lips, their curled 'md v/oolly hair, and their
. complexion, varying fvom a yellow brown to a shining
black. The Berbers and the Shellus among the moun.
tains of Barbary, and on the frontiers of Morocco, are of n
fairer complexion, and a lighter frame, than the Moors of

214

AFRICA.

the plains ; and in their sentiments, morals, and manners
are decidedly superior. The Hottentots in the south ap-
pear to be a distinct race from both Negroes and CaiTres.
Some of their external qualities, as well as their language,
seem to indicate their affinity with the Mongolian and
Kalmuck Tartars. • \'- - '■'■■' . • sf?!-^? ^i; -^ji

EXERCISES. .,

What rank does Africa hold among the great divisio J of
the globe ? Plow far did the knowledge of this continent,
possessed by the ancients, extend ? Is its interior now well
known ? What are the unhappy peculiarities of the inte-
rior of Africa ? What parts of it are more happily situate ?
JFrom what origin do the Egyptians, Ethiopians, Carthagi-
nians, and other inhabitants of the north appear to have
sprung ? By what people are the central and western re-
gions of Africa occupied ? What part of the continent is
occupied hy the Caffres ? In what features do they resemble
and differ from the negroes ? In what respects do the Ber-
bers and the Shellu differ from the Moors ? With what peo-
ple do the language and some external qualities of the Hot-
tentots seem to indicate an affinity ? _. , , .....

THE STATES OF BARBARY

Include, 1. Morocco and Fez, which contain
the towns, Morocco, Mogadore, Fez, Mequinez,
Tetuan, Ceuta, Tangier, Sallee; 2. Algiers, of.
which the towns are Algiers, Oran, Bona, Con«
£tantina or Cusantin ; 3. Tunis, 'of which the
towns are Tunis, Susa, Cabes, Porto Farino; 4.
Tripoli, having the towns Tripoli, Mesurata ;
5. Barca, containing Derna, Tabarca. South
from Barbary are the states of Darah, Tatilet, Se-
jelmissa, Biledulgerid, and Fezzan ; in which are
the towns Tatta, Tafilct, Sejelmissa, Guerguela,
Mourzouk, Tcmissa, Zuela. > »

AFRICA.

215

lo Tunis is the river Megarda, and the lake,
called by the ancients, Tritonia Palu».

Remarks.-^In Barbary, or, as some geographers term it,
the region of Mount Atlas, that extensive range of moun-
tains is the most remarkable feature. The low land, be-
tween this range and the see, varying fr<}m 50 to 200 miles
in breadth, is watered by many streams from the moun>
tains, and displays in general exuberant fertility. Its agri-
cultural products are nearly the same as in Europe ; its
fruits are superior.

Of the domestic animals, *^ nule and the ass are chief-
ly employed in labour. Thi. Aiarbary horse is famed for
its lightness and speed. The fleeces of the sheep are in
general coarse and hairy, except those of Moroc'*o, some
breeds of which produce very fine wool : there is one spe.
cies, whose large tail,- composed of solid fat, is esteemed
a great delicacy.

Among the wild animals are the lion, here remarkable
for his strength and ferocity, the panther, the hyena, the
jackall, the antelope or gazelle, in imitation of whose fine
eyes, the ladies paint their eyes black,— thie jerboa and jird,
about the size of a rat, are harmless animals which burf ow
in the ground.

Serpents, scorpions, and locusts, are scourges with which
Barbary is peculiarly afflicted.

The Atlas range yields silver, copper, lead, and anti-
mony in considerable abundance. The plains are remark-
able for the prevalence of saline substances. The lakes arc
nearly as salt as Cie sea. Salt springs are more numerous
than fresh ; and there are hills composed entirely of salt.
Nitre is found in many places mixed with the soil. Hot,
springs and streams occur in various places; and near
Constantina, the heat of the water is so great as to calcine
tiie rocks over which it passes.

This part of Africa was distinguished in ancient history^
Carthage, the first commercial state of antiquity, long dis-
puted with Rome the empire of the world. After its fall,
the northern provinces of Africa became the granary of
Rome. Under the Saracen princes who afterwards occu-
pied it, Barbary, especially Fez, acquired unusual lustre.

'' ill

I !l

216

AFBICA.

Its different states have declined greatly in importance ;
and their maritime strength has, for ages, been exerted only
in piratical excursions. Mahometanism is the established
religion of these states.

EXERCISES.

What is the most remarkable feature in Barbary ? What
Ib the general extent of the low land between Moiint Atlas
and the sea P What is the quality of the soil ? What are
its products ? What domestic animals are chiefly employed
in labour ? For what is the Barbary horse famed ? Is there
any thing remarkable about the sheep of Barbary ? What
are the principal wild animals in these states ? With what
scourges is Barbary peculiarly afflicted ? What metals does
the Atlas range of mountains yield ? For what mineral qua-
lity are the plains remarkable ? What substance is some-
times found mixed with the soil ? What remarkable efibct
does the heat of the water near Constantina produce ? Was
Barbary distinguished in ancient history ? What state dis-
puted with Rome the empire of the world ? What advantage
did Rome afterwards denve from these African provinces ?
Under what princes did Barbary acauire unusu^ lustre ? In
what has the maritime strength of the Barbary states been,
for ages, exerted ? What is the established religion of Bar-
bary ?

WESTERN AFRICA

CoHPBEHENDSj 1. Zaara or the Great Desert. 2.
SenegambiEj containing the countries of the Man-
dingoesj Foulahs^ and Yaloffs. S. Upper Guinea,
containing Sierra Leone, the Grain Coast, the
Ivory Coast, the Gold Coast, Dahomey, and Be-
nin. The Towns of Upper Guinea are Sierra
Leone ; Sanquin ; Druin ; Cape Coast Castle ;
Praya; Abomey, Whidah, Ardrah ; Benin, Cala-
bar. 4. Lower Guinea, containing, 1. Loango;
2. Congo ; 3. Angola ; 4. Ben^ucla ; 5. Mata-

nega
do.
the
rinds
of tin
these
temp
famili
Til
abunc
Tilt
|utripe(
lerou
riie b

nportancc ;

xerted only

established

iry? Wh»»
ioiint AtlM
> What are
fly employed
ed? Is there
«y ? What
VV^ith what
it metals does
; mineral qua-
^nce is v^^
larkable eflfect
oduce ? w as
hat state dis-
rhat advantage
;an provmces?
ual lustre? In
,ry states b^n,
teliglonofBar-

AFRICA. 217

hian. The towns are Loango ; St Salvador ; St
Paul de Loando ; New Benguela, Old Benguela.

It Desert. 2.

of the Man-

pper Guinea,

|J Coast, the
(ley, and Be-
ea are Sierra
:;oa8t Castle;
Benin, Cala-
1. Loango;
la ; 5. Mata-

Jtemarks.^ZaaxtL, with its members,— the smaller de-
serts of Bornou, Bilma, Barca, and some others,^may be
considered as a vast ocean of sand, branching into gulfs
and bays, and containing oases or islands, whose luxuriant
soil and dense population afford an agreeable relief to the
traveller from its general solitude and sterility. It stretches
from the Atlantic to the confines of Egypt, about 2900
miles in length, and about 920 in breadth. In its western
division, the oases are few and small ; in the eastern, they
are more numerous and larger. Of these, the principal are,
Fezzan, Agadez, Angela, Bordoo. This immense expanse
of sand is traversed by caravans, which vary their direction
according to the position of the different oases, where man
and animals obtain rest and refreshment. And sometimes
whole caravans, consisting of thousands of persons and ca-
mels, are buried beneath waves of sand, or perish of thirst.
Ostriches and gazelles roam over these desolate regions ;
the horrors of which are aggravated by lions, panthers, and
serpents. A plant, resembling thyme, acacias and other
thorny shrubs, nettles and brambles, constitute the scanty
vegetation of the desert.

From the southern border of the desert, to the frontier
of Guinea, the country is in general fertile, and watered by
some important rivers. Of these the principal are, the Se-
negal, the Gambia, the Rio Grande, and the Rio Mesura^.
do. Along these rivers the vegetation is luxuriant ; and
i the forests of cocoa-trees, mangos, palms, bananas, tama-
I rinds, citrons, oranges, and pomegranates, afford evidence
of the depth of the soil. But the most colossal tree of'
i these regions is the baobab^ whose hollow trunk serves as a
itemple to the natives, or a habitation for sevtial of their
I families.

I The alimentary plants of these countries are various and
abundant ; and their flora is equally magnificent and rich.

The elephant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, lion, panther,
!}triped hyena, jackall, giraffe, zebra, antelope, deer, and nu-
lerous species of monkeys, are found in these regions.
The boa constrictor, and various other species of serpents,

s a

218

AFRICA.

lurk amid the rank vegetation; venomous insects and
clouds of locusts infest the air. Birds of the most splendid
plumage, as the aigrette, and various species of paroquets,
swarm in the woods.

The diflerent tribes of inhabitants will be noticed in the
descriptive table.

V 'l

EXERCISES.

In what view may the Zaara, with its members, be consi-
dered ? What is its extent in length and breadtn ? What
are its principal oases ? How is this vast expanse of sand
traversed ? What calamities sometimes befal the caravans ?
What animals are found in these desolate regions ? What
plants constitute the vegetation ? What is the nature of the
country between the Desert and Guinea ? By what rivers is
it watered ? What species of trees abound here ? Which is
the most colossal tree of those regions ? Are the alimentary
plants numerous ? Is the flora rich ? What wild animals
are found in this country ? By what reptiles and insects is
it infested ? What is remarkable about the birds ?

v''i3

SOUTHERN AFRICA, OR CAFFRARIA,

Includes Caffraria Proper, and the couDtry of
the Hottentots. In the latter is Cape Town. The
rivers are Orange and Elephant. > , '

\i'

l{fmar(«.— The interior of Caffraria has been as little
explored as any part of Africa. This extensive tract of
country is peopled by the Cafires, and ,Vy various tribes of
Hottentots. Indolence and disregard of cleanliness are
the disgusting characteristics of the latter ; the Boshmans
and the Jackall Hottentots are wild and ferocious in their
disposition. The territory of the Cape of Good Hope is
very productive. The corn and fruits are excellent ; the
vineyards produce the famous Constantia wine ; and the
flowers are unrivalled in brilliancy and fragrance. Among
the wild animals of the country are the zebra, the elephant,

5.
Sal

\^gp

Afr

^ ffert

pea
moi

IVOI

Ilea

AFRICA.

219

nsects and
ost splendid
■ paroquets,

)ticed in the

dth!

be consi-
. ? What
anse of sand
he caravans ?
ions? What

nature of the
what rivers is
,? Which is
le alimentary

wild animals
and insects is
rds?

FFRARIA,

e country of
• Town. The

5 been as little
tensive tract of
various tribes of
' cleanliness are
■ the Boshmans
irocious in their
f Good Hope IS
B excellent; the
, wine; and the
tgrance. Among
[,ra, the elephant,

•''6.

■<Ji

hippopotamus, giraffe, the porcupine, and many poisonous
snakes. This country was colonised by the Dutch ; but
since 1806 it has been in the possession of the English. -»
See Cape Town in Descriptive Table.

EXEHCISES.

By what tribes is CuiFraria peopled ? What are the cha-
racteristic qualities of the Hottentots ? What tribes of them
are peculiarly wild and ferocious ? Is the Cape territory

Sroductive ? Which of its productions are most noted ?
lention some of the wild animals of this country. By what
European people was it first colonized ? In whose posses-
sion is it now?

THE EASTERN COAST OF AFRICA

Contains, 1. The kingdom of Add, in which is
the town Zeila; 2. The coast of Ajau, having
the Mahometan settlements of Brava and Magada-
sho ; 3. Zanguebar, in which are the towns Me-
linda^ Mombaza, and Quiloa ; 4. Mozambique ;
5. Mocaranga, with its dependencies Sofala and
Sabia ; 5. Delagoa ; 6. The coast of Natal.

Rivers. — In Adel is the Hawash ; in Moca-
ranga^ the Zambezi or Cuama ; the Mafuma fallg
into Delagoa bay ; and near the middle of the coast
of Natal are a river and bay of the same name.

JRemar^s.— Almost the whole of the eastern coast of
Africa, south from Cape Guardafui, presents an aspect of
fertility. The coast of Ajan, viewed from the sea, ap-
pears a desolate mass of rocks and sand ; but the interior is
more fertile, and carries on a considerable trade in gold,
ivory, and ambergris. Zanguebar is low, marshy, and un-
Iiealthy ; and its extensive forests are said to abound in

220

AFRICA.

elephants. The soil of Mozambique is particularly luxU'
riant ; and gold, washed down the rivers in great quanti-
ties, constitutes a chief part of its commerce. Mocaranga is
said to be a rich and powerful country, containing produc-
tive mines of gold. Sofala, besides the adver.lages of a
fertile soil and tolerable climate, possesses mines of gold so
abundant and pure, that geographers have fancied that here
was the Ophir of the ancients. Around Delagoa bay the
country is productive. The coast of Natal, extending
from the Great Fish River to the bay of Lorenzo Mar-
quez, is watered by numerous rivers, covered with wood,
and intersected with savannas. It is here that the unicorn
is said to have been seen by travellers.

i'»l» ' ;

EXERCISES.

What is the aspect of the coast south of Cape Guardafui ?
What is the appearance of the coast of Ajan when viewed
from the sea ? In what does it carry on a considerable trade ?
Of what quality is the soil of Mozambique ? What consti-
tutes a chief part of its commerce ? What is the condition
of Mocaranga ? What advantages does Sofala possess ?
What is the nature of the country round Delagoa bay ? De-
scribe the coast of Natal. What animal is said to have been
seen here by travellers ?

■.i !-

< 1'

COUNTRIES BORDERING ON THE RED SEA.

1. Egypt, in which are Cairo, Alexandria, Ro-
setta, and Damietta. 2. Nubia, including the
kingdoms of Dongola and Sennaar, with towns of
the same name. 3. Abyssinia, in which are the
towns Gondar, Axuni, Dixan, and the lakes Dem-
bea and Zawaia. 4. Abex, or Hubesh, the towns of
which are Aidab and Suakeni.

Remarks. — Egypt is a long narrow vnlc formed by the
Nile, limited on both sides by barren deserts, and gradu-

AFBICA.

221

lED SEA.

ally widening a« it approaches to tiie ita. The mouths of
the Nile give it the form of the Greek letter A, whence it
is called the Delta. The length of Egypt is about 500
miles ; its extreme breadth at the Delta is 150 miles ; but
its medium breadth does not exceed 10 or 15 miles. In
some places on the higher parts of the river the ' anks rise
in terraces, evidently marking the different heiglits of the
stream at different periods. The soil is in general extreme^
ly fertile, and the mode of cultivation remarkably simple.
Wheat, barley, rice, maiae, and lentiles, are the ai <cks of
culture. The lotus, a species of water-lily, and the piqiy-
rus, or paper-tree, are the indigenous productions of Egypt;
and the sycamore fig, the date palm, the pistachio, the
oriental plane, and the cypress, are frequently met wiUi.

The climate of Egypt is extremely hot, and is distiu
guished by the rare occurrence of rain. It would ther^.
fore be a barren desert, were it not annually watend by the
inundations of the Nile, which spreads fertility over its
whole extent. These inundations are occasioned by the
periodical rains in the Abyssinian mountains. The river
begins to swell about the middle of June, it attains ita
greatest height in September, and subsides to its usual level
about the end of October.

Of the animals for which Egypt was noted in andent
times, the hippopotamus is become rare, and the crocodile
is only seen in Upper Egypt ; but the ichnetunon rat and
the stork ibis are still common.

Egypt is celebrated in sacred history as t.e country in
which the Israelites were detained in bondu^i:.. and seems
to have attained a considerable degree of civilization and
importance at a very remote period of antiquity. Its py.
ramids have for upwards of SOOO yearu withstood the in.
fluence of time, and seem destined to be coeval with the
earth that sustains them. They were the mausoleums or
burying-places of the Egyptian kings. Egyptnow forms part
of tiie Ottoman Empire. The religion is the Mahometan.
Population 3,000,000.

Nubia is an extensive country between Egypt and
Abyssinia. It is almost entirely occupied by deserts, ex-
cept on the banks of the Nile. The kingdoms of Dongo-
la on the Nile, and Sennaar on the Blue River or Abyssi-
nian Nile, are more fertile and important than the rest of

222

AFRICA.

' 11

the country. The inhabitants are represented as fierce and
perfidious. In Sennaar are found large forests of the acacia
tree.

Abyssinia, to the south of Nubia, is an extensive, and,
in some respects, an interesting kingdom. It stretches
from north to south about 770 miles, and its mediuiu
breadth is about 550 miles. In this country nature ap-
pears in rude magnificence. It is pervaded by ranges of
mountains, sublime in their height, and irregular in their
forms. Vast rocks tower in the shape of pyramids, obe-
lisks, and prisms i some appear like inverted pyramids ;
while others are so flat and thin, as to seem scarce firm
enough to resi&t the force of the wind. Of the numerous
rivers of this country the most important is the Bahar-el-
azraky or Blue River, called by tlie natives Abay. The
lake Tzana, or Dembea, is sixty miles long, and thirty-five
in its greatest breadth. The climate, influenced by the
mountainous situation of the country, is more temperate
than might be expected under such a latitude. In the low
grounds, however, it is excessively hot and unhealthy.
There are generally two harvests in the year, one in au-
tumn, and another in spring. Millet, barley, wheat,
maize, and a grain called t^ or tqfot smaller than mustard,
seed, but well-tasted, are the principal objects of culture.
Vines are cultivated ; but wine is made only in small quan-
tities, being little relished by the natives. The flora of this
country is particularly rich, the fields abounding with roses,
jessamines, lilies, primroses, and other flowers, whose fra-
grance perfumes the whole country. The botany of this
country has been little explored. Among the trees witli
which it abounds may be mentioned the sycamore fig, the
tamarind, the date, the cofiee-tree, a large tree called the
rakt used for building t^iats, two species of gum-bearing
mimosas, and a v;>luable medicinal shrub, called by the na>
tives wooginooSt and by Bruce JBrucea antidysentenca.

Of the cattle of Abyssinia there is one species with horns
of enormous length. The ass and the mule are the beasts
of labour, horses being used only for the purposes of war.
The buffaloes are wild, and sometimes attack travellers.
Among the other wild animals are the two-horned rhino,
ceros, lions, panthers, leopards, the giraffe, the hyena, which
is here particularly ferocious and bold, wild boars, gazelles,

ar
an
nt
of
bii

nia

ble

the

eve

Iris*

whc

are

undi

is a •

pies

A by!

Galii

AFRICA.

223

J fierce and
r the acacia

nsive, and,
t stretches
ts mediuiu
nature ap-
r ranges of
ar in their
wnids, obe-
[ pyramids ;
scarce firm
e numerous
le Bahar-el-
Abay. The
id thirty-five
inced by the
re temperate
In the low
d unhealthy.
, one in au-
arley, wheat,
than mustard-
ts of culture,
n small quan-
le flora of this
ing with roses,
rs, whose fra-
}otany of this
he trees witli
imore fig, the
;ree called the
f gum-bearing
lUed by the na-
sentericn.
»cies with horns
e are the beasts
irposes of war.
;tack travellers.
)-horned rhino-
he hyena, which
boars, gazelles,

and monkeys. The lakes and rivers swarm with crocodiles
and hippopotami. The birds of Abyssinia are extremely
numerous and various. The most remarkable is a species
of eagle, called the golden eagle, and some varieties of the
bird of paradise.

No country in the world is so much infested as Abyssi-
nia with troublesome insects. Of these the most formida-
ble is the tsaltsalya, a fly somewhat larger than a< bee,
the puncture of whose proboscis is fatal, and penetrates
even the tough skin of the camel. When this enemy makes
his appearance, the cattle fly wildly over the plain, and
whole tracts of country are deserted. The locusts, too,
are particularly destructive.

Abyssinia contains a number of provinces or kingdoms,
under the sway of one monarch. 'I'hc established reb'gion
is a corruption of Christianity. The manners of the peo-
ple are barbarous in the extreme. The country south of
Abyssinia is inhabited by a savage race of people called

EXERCISES. r -

What countries border on the Red Sea ? What towns do
they contain ? In what country are the lakes Dembea and
Zawaia? What is the general appearance of Egypt? What
are its length and breadth ? By what appearances on the
banks of the Nile are its different heights at different periods
indicated ? What is the quality of the soil ? What are the
chief articles of cultivation P What plants are indisenouai
productions of Egypt ? What trees are frequently to be met
with there ? What is remarkable about the climate of
^£ryP^ ^ What prevents the country from being a barren
waste ? By what are the inundations occasioned ? When
does the river begin to swell, attain its greatest height, and
subside ? What animals, formerly common in Egypt, have
now become rare ? What animals are still common ? For
what is Egypt celebrated in sacred history ? How long have
its pyramins stood ? What purpose did they serve ? Of
what empire does Egypt now form a part P What is the es-
tablished religion ? What is the population P

Where is Nubia situate ? What is its general appearance ?
In what respect do the kingdoms of Dongola ana Sennaar
differ from tne rest of Nubia ? Of what species of tree are
large forests found in Sennaar ? What is the character of the
inhabitants ?

224

AFRICA.

What is the extent of Abyssinia in length and bveadth ?
What is the general aspect of the country ? What is the
most important river of Abyssinia ? What is the extent of
lake Tzana or Dembea ? What is the nature of the cli-
mate ? How many harvests, and at what periods, has Abys-
sinia ? '*iVhat are the principal objects of culture ? Is wine
made here ? Does this country abound in flowers ? What
are its most remarkable trees ?

IBty what peculiarity is one species of the Abyssinian cattle
distmguisheid ? What are the beasts of labour ? For what
purposes are the horses employed ? What are the wild ani-
mals of this country ? With what animals do ihe lakes and
rivers swarm ? Are there many varieties of birds in Abys-
sinia ? What are the most remarkable of them ? Is this
country much infested with insects ? What is the most for-
midable of these ? What other insect is particularly de-
structive ?

Does Abyssinia contain more kingdoms than one ? What
is the established religion ? Of what description are the
manners of the people ? By what people is the country south
of Abyssinia occupied ?

1 J-.' ! ''i-« '

CENTRAL AFRICA

Is chiefly occupied by Nigritia, Negroland or
Soudan, Bornou, Kassina, Darfoor, and a number
of unknown countries. — 1. Negroland is a very ex-
tensive tract to the south of the Great Desert,
containing many large and populous kingdoms, of |
which the principal are Bondou, Bambook, Bam- '
barra, Ludamar, Agadez, Houssa, and Tombuctoo ;
2. Bornou, an extensive and powerful kingdom W.
of Nubia, having several dependent states ; 3. Kas-
sina, or Kashna, W. of Bornou; 4. Darfoor, W.
of Abyssinia, t- j.j - . [

Remarks.— Oi Negroland many parts are sandy and
barren, while others, especially on the banks of the Niger,

AFRICA.

225

hat to f^^
B extent ot

of the di-

«? What

ssiman catdc
? For t»bat
thev.ad»rf-

'Se most fot-
«o? What

ad is a ^^^y \
Great Desert,

ambooU.Ba^V
UTombuctoo,

[tstates; 3- ^^
' 4. Parfoor, >/>

are fertile and extremely populous. The Niger, which
flows from west to east tiirough this part of Africa, has
long furnished one of the most perplexing problems in geo-
graphy ; and to ascertain its course, and its place of emftou-
chure, has been the object of several adventurous travellers,
too many of whom have fallen victims to the suspicion of
the natives, or the severity of the burning climate. The
m jst probable opinion seems to be, that it joins the Congo,
and discharges its volume of water through the estuary of
that river into the Atlantic.

Bomou is said to be the most powerful empire in the
interior of Africa ; its capital, Biruie, which, according to
Deoham and Clapperton, once contained 200,000 inhabi-
tants, is now in ruins. The country is extremely fertile,
except where it is occupied with deserts of sand. The
people live in 'a state of the rudest simplicity. Houssa
is an extensive empire W. of Bornou^ containing many
towns and villages. The people are Mahometans,— .the
government despotic. Darfoor is an extensive country,
occupying a great part of the interval between Bomou and
Abyssinia. During the dry season it is parched and sterile
in appearance ; but during the rainy season, from June till
September, the fields are covered with luxuriant verdure.
The king takes the title of sultan. The natives are a kind
of negroes ; dissolute, lying, and knavish. Population,
according to Mr Browne's estimate, 200,000.

EXERCISES.

-u';'-«i. .«.»>. u>M

What is the general aspeci of Negroland ? What river
flows throu/a^ it from east to west ? What circumstances
concerning this river have long been a problem to geogra-
phers ? What is the most probable opinion respecting its
course ? Is Bomou a powerml empire ? What is the nature
of the country ? In what state do the natives live ? Where
is Houssa situate? What is the religion and the form of
government ?" Where is Darfoor situate ? What variety of
appearance does it assume in the dry and wet seasons ? What
title does the king assume ? What is the character of the peo-
I pie ? What is the estimated amount of the population ?

irts

are

sandy

»nd

'.Vot *e «'«"'

226

AFRICA.

DESCRIPTIVE TABLE.

AsEX.—See ITidesh.

Abo'mey, the capital of the king-
dom of Dahomey, situate about
80 miles from tne Slave Coast.
The roof of the king's palace,
only a better sort of cottage, is
said to be studded with human
skulls.

A'del.— See Remarks.

Aga'dez, capital of an interior
kingdom called Asben.

A'jan.— See Remarks.

Algiers, (pr. Alje'ers), one of the
Barbary States, bounded on the
N. by the Mediterranea'i, W. by
Morocco, E. by Tunis, and S. by
the Atlas range of mountains,
separating it from Biledulgerid.
It is about 500 miles in length
from E. to W., and from 40 to
100 in breadth. The govern-
ment is a despotic vice-royalty,
holding of the Grand Seignior.
The dey, or sovereign, is elected
by the janissaries; and his divan,
or council, is composed of the
oldest warriors. Algiers, the ca-
pital, rises beautifully from the
shore in the form of an amphi-
theatre; it is strongly fortined,
and contains a population of
80,000. The piracies and inso-
lence of the Algerines provoked
the vengeance of the British go-
vernment, by whose fleet, under
Lord Exniouth, in 1816, their
batteries were dismantled, their
ships destroyed, and the Dey re-
duced to the humiliating necessi-
tv of submitting to the terms of
tne conquerors.
Algo'a, or Zwartkops Bay, a bay to
the east of the Cape of Good
Hope, the coasts ot which' ar*>
one of the most fertile and beau,
tiful districts in the Cape terri-
tory. To this district a number
of British emigrants repaired in
IS'iO ; but drought and blight de-
stroyed their crops for several
successive seasons, and reduced
them to such misery, that the
colony was broken up.
Ango'la, a country in Lower Gul-

nea, extending firom Cape Lo-
pez Gonsalvo to St Phelipe de
Benguela, i. e. ^om l" to 12" S.
Lat. The trat^.c in slaves is
carried on in this country to a
great extent. It is computed
that about 40,000 are transport-
ed from this country annually
by the Portuguese and Spani-
ards.

Ar'drah, a fertile territory on the
Slave Coast, dependent on Daho.
mey. Its capital is situate about
40 miles inland.

Ascen'sion, a small barren island,
in the Atlantic, between Africa
and Brazil, frequented by ships
on account of the quantities of
fish and turtle to be procured
there.

Ashantee, a country to the N. of
the Gold Coast, possessed by a
brave and active people, who""
king may now be considered att
master of the w^ole Gold Coast.

Atlas, an extensive and lofty chain
of mountains, which stretches
through the greater part of Bar-
bary.

Axum, the ancient capital of Abys-
sinia, now almost \n ruin?. In
the midst of the principal square
stands an obelisk of granite, cu-
riously carved, 80 feet high, and
of one single block.

Azo'res, ^. group of islands, nine in
numbcfr, in the Atlantic Ocean,
belongihg to Portugal They
are exceedingly fertile, but sub.
ject to dreadml earthquakes. Of
, these islands St Michael is the
largest ; but Tercera is the resi-
dence of the governor. Popula-
tion of the whole, nearly 300,000.

Babelman'd^l, or Babelmandcb,
Strait*- a channel about 7 leagues
wide, ^.orming the entrance to
the Persian Uulf f^om the In-
dian Ocean.

Bambouk, (pr. Bambo'ok), a king-
dom in Central Africa, between
the Senegal and Gambia, on the
banks of the Faleme'. Thiscoun-

AFRICA.

227

\ Cape Lo-
phehpede

l« to 12" S.
n slaves is
country to a
is computed
te transpoit-
itry annual!)
B and Spani-

ritory on the
lentonDano-
Stuate about

barren iBland,
etween Aft^a
lented by ships
e Quantities of

■y to the N. of
Vossessed by »

l\ch stretches
SrpartofBar-

itcapitalofAbys-

Krincipalsquare
fkof granite, cu-
|So feet high, and

Juiands, nine jn
Atlantic ocean,

•ortugal. 1 "^
,?5tite.but sub.

earthquakes. Ot

■nr Babelmandeb,
fed about 7 leagues
■? he entrance to
}ulf fironi the m-

Lmbo'ok),aW'J;
El Aftica, between
fcd Gambia, on tne
Faleme'. This-coun-

try abounds in gold, which is pro-
cured by thesimple process ofagi>
tating with water tne earth with
which it is impregnated. The
natives are Mandingoes, and the
government is monarchical.

Bambar'ra, a large and powerfbl
kingdom in Central Africa, on
the banks of the Niger. It is in
general very fertile, and is wa.
tered by canals through its whole
extent. The inhabitants are
Moors and Ncgrrses; and the
country appears very populous.

Barca, the ancient Cyrenaica, an
extensive tract, mostly of sand,
between Tripoli and Egypt.

Baxas, Cape of, on the S. coast,
34» S. Lat., 23° E. Long.

Bengue'la, an extensive territory
S. of Congo and Angola, very
little known.

Benin', a considerable kingdom in
Upper Guinea, watered by seve-
ral rivers. It is a fertile, but
unhealthy country, — the natives
a mild and gentle race. Benin,
the capital, stands on a river of
the same name, and occupies a
great extent of ground.

Bojador', Cape, (pr. Bohador'), a
promontory S. of the coast of
Morocco, stretching far into the
Atlantic.

Bona, a seaport of Algiers, about a
mile distant from the ruins of
the ancient Hippo.

Bondou, (pr. Uonaoo'), a kingdom
of Central Africa, on the western
bank of the Faleme'. The coun-
try is fertile ; and the natives, a
tribe of Foulahs, comparatively
opulent. The king's residence
is at Fatteconda.

Bornou,(i{ornoo').— See Remarks.

Bourbon, (pr. Boorbong'), an isl.
and belonging to France, in tiie
Indian Ocean, 48 miles long, and
36 broad. It is almost entirely
composed of volcanic formation,
and a mountain in the south still
emits flame, smoke, and ashes.
.Some parts of the island are
extremely fertile, the climate
delightful, and the sky aiways
ticar. Population 80,330.

Cabes, agulf of the Mediterranean,
indenting the coast of Tunis.

Calabar', a territory of Western
AfVica, on a considerable river of
the same name.

Cana'ries, an important group of
islands in the Atlantic, near the
north-western coast of AfHca.
Of these islands, 13 in number,
the largest are Teneriffb, Grand
Canary, and Fuerteventura, The
group extends fVom 27** Sy to
29" 26' N. Lat, and firom 13° SOT
to 18" 10' W. Long. They belong
to the Spaniards, by whom, after
long and sanguinary wars, the
fine and brave race of natives,
called Guanches, was completely
exterminated. "These islands are
in general fertile and beautiflil,
and enjoy a delightflil climate.
They are ele''ated and moun-
tainous; and the celebrated
PeakofTe .rif{&, 12,236 feet in
height, is seen by mariners at
the distance of fifty leagues.
Their most valuable production
is wine, of which Tenerifffe yields
annually ttom 20,000 to k4.00U
P'oes. Their whole superncial
extt-^nt is about 700 square miles :
their population in 1807 was
202,90v').

Cape-Coast-Castle, originally a
Portuguese settlement, now the
capital of the British settlements
on the Gold Coast.

Congo, an extensive country in
Lower Guinea, separated trom
Loango on the N. by the river
Zaire ur Congo. The soil, on the
banks of the river, is fertile ;
but the climate intensely hot.
The negro natives are represent-
ed as lively, good-humoured,
and hospitable. They are almost
destitute of any religion, excq)t
what consists in their faith in
fetiches, a species of charm.

Constanti'na, or Cusantin, the an-
cient Cirta, a city in the cast of
Algiers. It is the capital of a
province of the same name, go-
verned hy a powerful bey ; and
is strongly fortified. Here are
m;.ny line remains of Human ar-

■..-lamW^* MiiU

228

AFRICA.

!| !

chitertture. PopuUikin viear

100;fMjO.

Corrie;)tes, Captr, on the eastern

coast; fvi lat. 23*' te' S.

Daho'racy, a consid^ablekirjrdom*
in Western Africa, E. 6i the
Slave coast. Tha tountry, so
far as known to Eiu-opeans, is re-
markably foKtilc The gu,'eni.
ment Jsamort oppressive s^.^spot
ism ; and th>- people the nost
ferocious in ti.>e wotld. Huinan
skulls are the favourite oma.
ments of the king' j palaces.

Darfoor'.— See Remarks.

Da'rah, a country S. of Mount At-
las, which separates it from Mo-
rocco, to which it is subject. Its
chief product is dates.

Delago'a Bay, or ihe Bay of Lo.
renzo Marquez, is "Situate on the
south-eastern coest of Africa,
about midwav between Mozam.
bique and the Cape of Good
Hope. It is much frequented
by the South Sea wiiaiers, who
find there good stations, abound-
ing in whales. The natives are
Cafflres. The coasts are beauti-
ful and fertile.

Der'na, or Deme, a town in Bar-
ca, surrounded with gardens,
and watered by refreshing rivu-
lets. It is the residence of the
principal Bey. ,-. ,■„,

Eye'os, a numerous, powerful, and
ferocious people, occupying a
fine country to the north-east of
Dahomey.

Fez', an extensive country, in the
. north of Afirica, once a flourish-
ing independent kingdom, now
the most valuable portion of the
empire of Morocco. Fez, its ca-
pital, is a large and elegant city,
most beautinilly situate in the
bottom of a vallev, surrounded
by hills, on the lower parts of
which are fine gardens, while
the higherparts are covered with
orchards, orange groves, and fo-
rests. Population 60,000.
Fez'zan, a considerable country to
the S. of Tripoli, forming an
oasis, or island in the Great De-

sert. U:, (>xtent is about 2&5
milet> in length, and 200 in
breadth. The heat is intense,
and when titc south wind blows,
is scarcely tolerable even to the
nativrs ; but the winter is so cold
its I reac . r fire acceptable even
to ,i>er8onb flrum a northern cli-
trute. The soil is a light deep
satid. Population about 70,000.

i'iiinno'sa:. Rio, ariver which falls
by a large estuary into the Gulf
of Benin. At its mouth it is
ahout four miles wide, but its
origin and early course are un-
known.

Formosa, or Wareng, an island of
Western Afirica, in the archipela-
go of the Bissagos. It is about
30 miles lon^ and 18 broad,^
fertile, but without water.

Foulahs, an amiable negro race,
widely difibsed through Western
AMca.

Gam'bia, a large river of Western
Aflrica which rises among the
mountains on the eastern firon-
tier of Footah Jallo, and fklls in-
to the Atlantic Ocean in about
16" 30' N. Lat, and 13f> 2ff W.
Long.

Gold Coast, a country in Upper
Guinea, extending ttata. Cape
Apollonia to the Rio Volta, along
the coast of which the British
have several settlements. The
country is in general very fertile,
and has the advantage of two
rainy seasons. Gold, f^om which
the country derives its name, is
brought down ttom the interior.
The Fantees and the Ashantees
are the chief native popula-
tion.

Gon'dar, the modem capital of |
Abyssmia, containing about
10,000 families.

Grain Coast, a country in Upper
Guinea, so called from the Ma-
laghetta, a kind of pepper with
which it abounds.

GuardaAii, (pr. Gar'dafwe), Cape,
the easternmost point of Afirica.

Guinea— See Remarks— (|)r. Gee'-
ne-a).

Ha'besh', a country occupying the

AFRICA.

229

s about 255
uid 200 in
t is intense,
, wind blows,
>even to tne
inter l8«o cold
«eptable even
northern cliH

about tOfioa.
er which faU»
into the Gujf
smouth It J8
, wide, but Its
course are un-

nff, an island of

Sthearchipcla-

OS. It if about

aid 18 broad,—

out water.

ihlfi negro race,

[h?oihWe»tem

tiverofWftetn
jiaes among the

advantage of two
Gold, flrom which
erives Its name,"
iftomtheintenon
and the Ashantees
If native pop«la- '^
niodem capitol^of
containing anouv

^country in Uppet
Liipd from the wa-
ffof peppe' ^^*^
*"'GaT'dafwe),Cape.
.oS'Joint of Africa.

luntry occupying the

coast of the Red Sea, from Egypt
to the Straits of Babelmandel.

Hele'na, St, an island in the At-
l;;nt!c Ocean, 1(^ miles long, 6}
broad, and about 28 miles in cir-
cumference. It stands entirely
by itself, and is about 1200 miles
from the nearest land, on the
coast of Southern Africa. From
the sea its aspect is exceedingly
bleak and dreary, presenting
nothing but an immense wall of
nerptindicular rock from 600 to
l:i!00 feet high,— as if nature had
designed it for the purpose from
which it has recently derived so
much notoriety, as a prison for
the great disturl)er of the peace
of the world. It contains, how-
ever, some fertile and beautiful
valleys ; and its climate is tem-
perate and agreeable. Here
homeward - bound East India
ships refresh — the trade-wind
prevents outward-bound ships
from approaching it, without
steering southward till they pass
that wind's limit.

Houssa, a large and populous king,
dom in Central Africa, to the
west of Bornou. Its capital,
Kano, contains from 30,000 to
40,000 inhabitants. The natives
of this country rank among the
most civilized m the interior of
Africa. ,.

Ivory Coast, a country in Upper
Guinea, so called fl-om the num-
ber of elephants' teeth procured
in the interior.

Jebcl Kumrah, or Mountains of
the Moon, an extensive chain
which separate Migritia frc.n
CafHraria.

Kong, a country in Central Aflrica,
traversed by a long and lofty
chain of mountains, of which the
Jebel Kumrah appear to be a
continuation.

Loango, a country in Lower Gui-
nea, N. of Congo, flrom which it
is separated by the river Zaire.
It is remarkably fertile, and the

climate is said to Lc fine. The
government is despotic, and the
natives are but little removed
flrom a state of nature. Euro-
peans icsort: thither chiefly for
slaves. Loango, the capital, con-
tains a population of 1 3,000.

Ludamar', a country of Central
AfVica, N. of Bambarra, and S. of
the Great Desert. The natives
are Moors, the most bigoted and
intolerant Mahometans. To their
cruel bigotry Major Houghton
fell a victim ; and Mr Park,
whom they detained long in
captivity, would probably nave
shared the same fate, had he not
fortunately made his escape.

Lupa'ta, or Spine of the world, a
chain of mountains reaching
from Cape Guardafui to the Cape
of Good Hope.

Madagas'car, a large, beautiAil, and
fertile island, to the east of Aflri-
ca, flrom which it is separated by
the channel of Mozamoique. It
extends from 12«' 2' to W 40' S.
Lat.,— being about 840 miles in
length and 220 in iU greatest
breadth. Travellers vie with
each other in their description of
its scenery, and of its vegetable
and mineral treasures. It is com.
puted to contain about 4,000,000
of inhabitants, who are in gene-
ral lively and good-humoured.

Madeira, an important island off
the wesvern coast, 34 miles in
length by 21 in breadth, famous
for its wine, of which flrom 15,000
to 17,000 i)i[>es are annually ex-
ported. Population 90,000.

Magado'xa, a country with a town
of the same name on the eastern
coai>t. The inhabitants are most
inhospitable to Europeans, and
their country, of course, is little
known.

Mandin'go, a country in the west of
Nigritia, at the sources of the
Nile and Senegal. Its natives,
called Maiidingoes, are a mild
and hospitable race ; and have
spread tncmsclves over all the
countries on the banks of the
Niger, Senegal, and Gambiat

T "4

230

AFRICA.

Ma'tanuui, or Cimbibea, a country
of Lower Guinea, so'ith from
Benguela, almost unknown to
Europeans.

Matthew, St, an island in the At-
Untic, said to lie in l^ 24' S. Lat
tbougn some geographers ques.
tion Its existence.

Mauri'tius, or Isle of France, an
important island in the Indian
Ocean, about 600 miles east firom
Madagascar. It is about 150
miles in circumference, and
many of its productions are valu-
able. Its ebony is the finest
known ; its cotton is superior to
that of India; «nd its coffee
ranks next to that of Mocha.
Till 1810 it was in the possession
of the French, whose privateers
annoyed our East India trade. It
was captured that year by a Bri>
tish fleet, and is now a British
settlement. Population in 1806,
74,6ia

Mejerda, or Megrada, the Bagrada
of the ancients, a considerable
river in Tunis.

Melinda, a Mahometan state on the
coast of Zanguebar', the capital
of which, of the same name, is a
large and handsome town, adorn-
ed with numerous mosques.

Me'quinez, a large city in jvrorocco,
firequcntly the residence of the
emperor. It is situate in a fine
plain, watered by numerous ri-
vulets.

Mesura'da, a river in Western Af-
rica, which falls into the Atlan.
tic at the western extremity of
the Grain Coast. On its banks
is a fertile, populous, and culti-
vated country of the same name.

Mocaran'ga, called old Monomota-
na, a very extensive country in
Eastern Africa, watered and fer-
tilized by several important riv.
ers, the principal of which is the
Zambeze. The natives are ne-
groes : in several of their cus-
toms they resemble the Abyssi-
nians.

Mo'gadore, or Mogador, a consider,
able seaport of Morocco, on the
Atlantic. It has a fine appear,
ance flrom the sea; is strongly
fortified; and is the emporium

of the trade between Morocco
and Europe; but is situate on a
wasteof accumulating sand. Po-
pulation 10,000.

Momba'za, a country of Zangue-
bar, south of Mehnda. Its na-
tives, owing to their wan with
the Portuguese, whom they suc-
ceeded in exi>elUng, arc extreme,
ly hostile to Europeans, to
whom, of course, their country
is little known. It is represent-
ed as fertile, and the climate as
temperate and healthy. The
town, situate on an island, is
large and well fortified, and car.
ries on a considerable trade.

Morocco, the ancient Mauritania,
an empire in tlie south-western
extremity of AMca, and the most
important of the Barbary States.
Mount Atlas, which traverses it
in two directions from west to
east, and trom north to south,
leaves a plain towards the sea
Arom 50 to ;00 miles in breadth,
and flrom 400 to 500 miles in
length This is the fertile and
populous part of the empire. The
territory beyond tlie Atlas, com-
prehending Darah, Tafilet, and
Segelmissa, is at first productive
in dates and wool ; but loses it-
self gradually in the sands of the
Zaara.

The government is the most rigid
despotism,— the will of the em-
peror being the only law, and
the lives and properties of his
subjects being at his uncontrol.
led disposal. The population,
consisting of Arabian Moors and
Brebers, are supposed to amount
to about 8,000,000 ; but Mr
Jackson estimates them at about
15,000,000. The Jews are nu.
merous, but are kept in the most
humiliating state of oppression.
The natives, influenced by a
gloomy superstition, and oppress,
ed by a severe tyranny, are de.
ceitful and cruel.

Mourzouk, (Moorzo'ok), the capi.
tal of Fezzan, is the emporium
ofthe trade between the north,
em and eastern regions of Af.
rica. Its ancient edifices of stone,
now in ruins, contrast strongly

AFRICA.

231

n Morocco
ituate on a
g sand, ro-
of Zangue-
ida. Itona-
• wars with
)m they sue-
areextreme-
ropeans, to
heir country
is represent-
e climate as
althy. The
an island, i»
fled, and car-
)le trade. ,
t Mauritania,
south-western
I, and the most
Jarbary States,
ch traverses it
from west to
orth to south,
wards the sea
lies in breadtp,
) 500 miles in
the fertile and
he empire, ine
i..e Atlas, com-
h. Tafilet, and
first productive
h ■ but loses it-
|t&e sands of the

B the most rigid
[will of the em-
only law, «™d
roperties of his
his uncontrol-
'he population,
bbian Moors and
fposed to amount
,000; but Mr
Bs them at about
le Jews are nu-
Ikeptinthemost
|e of oppression.
Influenced by a
Vn, and oppress-
'tyranny, are de-

lio'ok), the capi-
|i8 the emporium
Iween the north-
H regions of Ai-
i edifices of stone,

Icontrast strongly

with the mud cottages wliich
form the dwellings of its present
Inhabitants.

Natal.— .Sre Eabtbrn Africa.

Negroland, or Nigritia.— See Cen-
tral Africa.

Niger.^See Central Africa.

Nile, the largest river of Egypt, and
one of the most imimrtant in the
Old World, concealing its myste-
rious sources ttom the inquisitive
eye of science, was an object of
wonder and veneration to the an-
cients, and of eager curiosity to
the modems. Its true sources
have never been viewed by any
European, but are pretty weU
ascertained as situate among the
mountains of Donga, to the
south of Darfoor. From these
sources is formed the Bahr-eU
Abiad, or White River, the
largest of those streams, which,
uniting in Senaar, form one
large river, which flows through
Nubia, Dongola, and Egypt to
the Meliterrancan. In passing
through Upper Egypt, it is con-
fined between the mountain
ranges, which leave only a nar-
row strip on each side. Near
Cairo, the valley widens, and the
river spreads over the wide and
level plain of the Delta. It then
separates into branches, of which
the most important are those of
Rosetta and Damietta. Ancient
geoitraphers inform us that it
discharged its waters into the
Mediterranean by seven mouths.
The length of its course is sup-
posed to be 2000 miles. For an
account of its inundations, see
Egypt.

(Xran, a considerable town of Al-
giers, about 170 miles S. W. flrom
the capital.

O'range, a river which rises near
the north-eastern extremity of
the Cape territory, and flows N.
W. and W. to the Atlantic,
through a course of about 6UU
miles.

Pal'mas, Cape, the western termi-
nation of the Ivory Coast.

Paul (St) de LoandOL the capital of
Angola, founded by the Portu-
guese in 1578. It has a good
harbour defended by batteries.

Porto Fari'ns, a seaport of Tunis at
the mouthof the river Magerdah.

Praya, a seaport on the Slave
Coast.

Quilo'a, a seaport in Zinguebar,
capital of a country of the same
name.

Ro'xo, a cape on the western
coast.

Sa'bia, a country S. of Sofala, tra-
versed by a river of the same
name, which &lls into the Indian
Ocean. It fliniishes slaves, ivo-
rv, and gold-dust.

Sallee', a large seaport town on the
W. coast of Morocco, at the
mouthof ariverofthesamename.
It is protected by a battery which
commands the road, and by a re-
doubt, which defends the en-
trance of the harbour. This
town was formerly the great hold
of the Moorish pirates.

Salvadoi' (St), the capital of Congo,
built on a steep and rocky hilL

Segelmis'sa, a fertile country be-
longing to Morocco, S. of Mount
Atlas.

Se'negal, a large river in Western
Aflrica, which issues ttom a great
range of mountains, traversing
Manding and Jallonkadoo. The
Black River, the Faleme, and
the Kogoro, pouring into it their
copious streams, render it a river
of the flrst magnitude. Many
other streams roll into it, in its
early course, whose sands are
impregnated with gold-dust. At
first it flows through a rugged
and hilly country; but, for 60
leagues f^om its mouth, the le-
vel is so complete, that its decli-
vity through the whole of that
track is supposed not to exceed
U feet. It falls into the Atlantic
atler a course of 800 miles in
Lat. 16" 5' N.

Senegal, a government established
by the French on the above riv-
er. It yields gum Senegal,

232

AFAICA.

the best known in commerce,
■laves, gold, ivory, anr< other
articles.

Sicr'ra Leone', a country in West-
ern AArica, deriving its name
from a mountain called by the
original Portuguese settlers Si-
erra Leona, or the Mountain of
the Lioness. It is traversed by
a considerable river of the same
name. Here the British have
established a settlement for the
benevolent purpose of civilizing
the nativencgroes, and checking
the slave-trade. With the Afri-
cans their success has been con-
siderable: but the climate is so
fatal to Europeans, ttiat, in all
probability, the settlement must
be abandoned. The total popu-
lation, by the latest returns, was
17,000,— and, in 1S21, the num-
ber of negro children and adults
attending tiic schools was 1959.

Slave Coast, a country of Guinea,
extending from Rio Volta to the
Bay of Laeos. It derives its
name fVom the odious traific in
human beings which was here
carried on to a very great extent.
The soil is amazingly fertile, and
there is no part of Africa where
the natives nave carried the art
of cultivation so far.

Sofa'la, a country on the south-east
coast, situate at the mouth of a
river of the same name.

Soldan'ha, a bay on the south-west
coast of the C4pe territory,
north of Table Bay.

Spar'tel, Cape, the promontory
which divides the Straits of Gib-
raltar flrom the Atlantic.

Su'sa, or Suse, a province in the
south-eastern extremity of Mo-
rocco, blessed with a fertile soil,
and one of the finest climates in
the world. Its olive groves are
particularly extensive.

Sy'dra, or Si'dra, a large gulf in the
east of Tripoli, having in its in-
terior extensive quicksands, the
Syrte.^ if antiquity.

Tabarca, a small seaport of Tunis.

Ta'filct, a large district, S. E. of

Mount Atlas, tributary to Mo-

rocco. It ii a vast level plain.
Dates arc its chief produce.

Tangier, (pr. Tangeor'), a seaport
of Fez, on the Straits of Gibral-
tar.

Tut'ta, or Akka, a station on the
southern frontier of Morocco,
where thecaravnns assemble that
are to proceed to Tombuctoo.

Temissa, a town of Fezzan, the
first reached by the caravans
from Cairo, after crossing the
Libyan deserts.

Te^tuan, a seaport of Morocco, im-
mediately within the Straits of
(iibraltar.

Thomas, St, a considerable island
In the Gulf of Guinea. It is
about 40 miles long, and 30 in
breadth, and is remarkable for
its fertility j but its climate is
very pernicious to Europeans.
It belongs to the Portuguese.

Tfi'poli, the most easterly of the
states of Barbary, consists chief-
ly of a line of coast about 800
miles in length, extending from
Cape Haiatin to Port Bomba.
For a few miles inland it is ex-
tremely fertile, but beyond that
limit it is occupied with deserta
of sand, or with the mountain-
ous districts of Garian and Mc-
sulata. In this country was the
Greek colony of Cyrene; and
the country in general abounds
with Greek and Roman antiqui-
ties.— See States of Barbary.

Tripoli, the capital, stands on a
neck of land projecting a short
distance into the sea. It is of
great extent ; but its population
is not supposed to exceed 25,000.

Tu'nis, one of the most consider-
able of the Barbary States,
stretching in the form of a large
peninsula into the Mediterra-
nean. Its most seaward point is
within 100 miles of Sicily. To
the commercial advantage of its
situation is to be ascribed the
greatness of ancient Carthage,
once the rival of Rome for uni-
versal empire. The cultivated
part of this state, reaching irom
200 to 250 miles into the inte-
rior, is remarkable for its beauty

level plBin.
oduce.
, a Keaport
8 of Uibral-

tion on the
f Morocco,
iseniblc that
nibuctoo.
Fezzan, the
le carataiis
Tossing the

lorocco, im-
le Straits of

;rable island
inea. It is
f, and 30 in
narliable for
ts climate is
Europeans.
)rtiiKue8e.
steriy of the
ionsists chief-
ist about 800
tending from
Port Bomba.
and it is ex-
r beyond that
1 with de&erts
le mountain,
rian and Me-
antry was the
Cyrene ; and
leral abounds
)raan antiqui-
■ Barbary.
, stands on a
cting a short
sea. It is ot
its population
sxceed 25,000.
[lost consider-
rbary States,
arm of a large
le Mediterra-
award point is
of Sicily. To
[vantage of its
ascribed the
ent Carthage,
Rome for uni-
'he cultivated
reaching firom
into the inte-
for its beauty

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"•o iii.'l.r.i, ! ,.''■

AMERICA.

233

and fertility.— See States of Bar-
bary.
Tunis, capital of the above terri-
tory, is situate at the bottom of
a bay, about ten miles from the
site of the ancient Carthage. Po-
pulation 130,000.

Verde de. Cape, a promontory
stretching out consiaerably into
the Atlantic, jnd forming the
westernmost point of Africa.

Verde, Cape, Islands, i group about
80 miles west from the Cape.
They are ten in number. Fogo,
one of the smallest, is a volcano
in perpetual activity. Cotton

and sea-salt are their staple pro-
ductions r their soil in general
is not fertile. These islands be-
long to Portugal.

VoFta, a river in Guinea, forming
the boundary between the Gold
and Slave Coasts.

. »

Zaire.— See Congo.

Zambe^ze, or Cuama, a large river
in Eastern Africa, which flows
through Mocaranga, and falls
into the Indian Ocean.

Zangucbar', a name vaguely appli-
ed to the Eastern coast of Africa,
between Mozambique and the
Red Sea.

AMERICA

Is divided into North and South America.

NORTH AMERICA

Is bounded on the North by the Northern Ocean ;
on the E. by the Atlantic Ocean ; S. by the
Isthmus of Darien and Gulf of Mexico ; and W.
by the Pacific Ocean. It extends from 7** 30'
to 70° 30' N. Lat,; and from 55° 20' to l68°
17' W. Long., — being in length 4376 in a di-
rect line from north to south ; and from the east
of Nova Scotia to the mouth of the Columbia Riv-
er, nearly 3000 miles in breadth. Its population,
rapidly increasing, is estimated at 24 millions.

The Divisions of North America are, 1. Bri-
tish Possessions ; 2. United States j 3. Mexico and
Guatimala; 4'. Independent Countries; 5. West
India Islands.

Its Islands, besides the West Indies, arc,

234 AMERICA.

Newfoundland, Bermudas, Bahamas, Fox Islands,
Oonalashka, and Queen Charlotte's Isles.

Lakes. — Superior, Michigan, Huran, Erie,
Ontario; Slave Lake, Alhapescovr, Winipeg-;
Champlain, Nicaragua.

Rivers. — Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, St Law-
rence.

Bays, Gulfs, Straits. — Baffin's Bay, Davis'
Straits^ Hudson's Bay, James' Bay, Gulf of St
Lawrence, Fundy Bay, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of
Florida, Bay of Campeachy, Bay of Honduras,
Gulf of California; Straits of Belleisle, Nootka
Sound, Behring's Straits.

Capes.— Farewell, Chidley, Charles, Florida,
St Lucar.

Clt(

Remarks.— ^he discovery of America forms one of the
most remarkable (eras in modern history. Till the close of
the fifteenth century this^ vast continent was unknown to
Europeans. The celebrated Christopher Colon, or Co-
lumbus, in attempting to explore a western passage to In-
dia, discovered St Salvador, one of the Bahama islands,
A. D. 1492. In a second voyage be discovered several
large islands, which he supposed to belong to India, and
which he therefore called the JVest Indie:. In his third
voyage (1498) he reached the American Continent, which
had been disccvered the year preceding by 3ebastian Ca.
bot, a Venetian mariner in the service of Henry VII. of
England. Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine navigator,
sailed thither in 1499; and, drawing up an interesting ac-
count of the country, of which he pretended to be the dis-
coverer, gave to the whole continent his own name, Ame-
rica, which it has ever since retained.

The discovery of such an immense continent as America
even then was supposed, interested, in a very high degree,
the curiosity of Europe. America became now the grand
object of commercial adventure and scientific research ;
and the farther it was explored, the more deeply did it cx-

i '/

il^

AMKRICA.

235

Islands,

an, Eric,
Winipeg ;

», St Law-
Jay, DavU'
Gulf of St
;o. Gulf of I
Honduras, '
ile, Nootka

es, Florida,

ms one of the
ill the close of
s unknown to
Colon, or Co-
passage to In-
lahama islands,
covered several
g to India, and
. In his third
!->ntinent, which
3ebastian Ca-
Henry VII. of
itine navigator,
a interesting ac-
id to be the dis-
ivn name, Ame-

nent as America
eryhigh degree,
e now the grand
entific research;
deeply did it ex-

cite the wonder and stimulate the enterprise of its new
visitants. In magnitude it seemed far to exceed any of
the great continents hitherto known ; while the unusual
aspect which Nature here assumed, led the beholders to re-
gard it as a New World, which had risen but recently un-
der the Creator's hand. Forests of new species of trees,
surpassing in extent and magnificence all that they had
ever seen, vast mountain ranges, in comparison with whose
elevation even the loftiest of the Alps dwindled into insig.
nificance, and rivers which rolled to the ocean with the
majesty of seas, indignantly repelling the tides with which
they seemed to disdain for a time to mingle-~were the
sublime features of this New World. Its animals difiered
no less from those with which Europeans were familiar,
and it appeared inhabited by a peculiar race of human be-
ings. While these novelties excited the wonder of the ad-
venturous strangers, its vegetable and mineral wealth in.
flamed their cupidity. Its soil, of exhaustless fertility,
abounded with the richest productions ; and mines of the
precious metals, discovered in the mountainous regions,
ofiered the tempting prospect of immediate and incalculabl.e
wealth to the fortunate discoverers. j^z-rr

The unhappy natives soon had reason to < up! ore the ar-
rival of these strangers on their shores, xiu Spaniards
and Portuguese, having obtained from the Popo a grant of
those lands, as if they had been at his absolute disposal,
fitted out large expeditions, and waged a relentless and al-
most exterminating war with the natiw;:, and spread them-
selves widely over both the Northern arid Sontherh Con-
tinents. These natives, supposed to have originally mi-
grated from Asia by Behiing's Straitei, were of a copper
colour, tall, and well formed — in South America, but slen-
der— -in North America, more vigorous and robust. When
first visited by the Spaniards, Peru and Mexico were po-
pulous and comparatively civilized kingdoms, and hordes
of native tribes occupied, though partially, both continenfr,
from the Northern to the Southern Oceans. According to
recent estimates, the whole amount of the Indian popula-
tion does riot reach six millions.

236

AMERICA.

! i

EXERCISES.

How long did America remain unknown to Europeans ?
What islaiul of America was first discovered ? By whom,
and in what attempt ? What islands did he discover in his
second voyage ? In what year did he reacli the American
continent ? By whom had it heen discovered the year pre-
ccJing ? From whom did America receive its name ? What
eftect did the discovery of this continent produce in Europe ?
Was this effect increased the farther it was explored ? In
what light were the new visitants of this continent led to re-
card it? What were the sublime features of Uie New
World ? Did its animals and natives differ from those of
other continents ? By what circumstances was the cupidity
of its adventurous discoverers inflamed ? Had the natives
reason to rejoice in the arrival of these strangerc on their
shores? What European nations fitted out expeditions for
America? How did they treat the natives? From what
continent a^e the natives of America supposed to have mi-
grated ? What was their personal appearance ? In what
state were Mexico and Peru when first visited by the Spani-
ards and Portuguese.? Were there many native tribes scat-
tered over the continent ? What is now tne estimated amount
of the Indian population ?

•>iTO'» H -.f'tla ,-j[tni(?"^ .,.i+ ,,..,- .M.i ,.-■..

■ in 'ih.'i^f -"Aim >){' r' i •■■•■* I

■ .'■>! PSJii

i. Upper and Lower Canada; 2. New Bruns-
wick ; 3. Nova Scotia ; 4. Newfoundland ; 5. Cape
Breton ^ 6. St John's or Prince Edward's Islana ;
7. Bermudas, Anticosti, Pictou, St Pierre, and
Miquelon.

Towns. — 1. Qujsbec, Montfeal, Trois -Rivi-
eres, York, Kingston; 2. Frederick's Town; 3.
Halifax, Annapolis; 4. St John's, Placentia;
6. Charlotte's Town ; 7. St George, capital of St
George's Island, the chief of the Bermudas.

Capes. — Sable, Ray, Race.

Bays, &c.-.Baffin's Bay, Davis* Straits, Hiul-

BRITISH POSSESSIONS.

£r
of:

the

fiUtt
Th€

till

berj

vegj

croi
aiu

:li

ropeans ?
y whom,
rer in hia
American
year pre-
e? What
I Europe ?
Died? In

led to re-
' the New
m those of
le cupidity
the natives
iTc on their
editions for
From what
to have mi-
? In what
J the Spani-

tribes scat-
luted amount

[S.
cw Bruns-
nd; S.Caye
trd's Island;
Pierre, and

Trois-Rivi-

'8 Town; 3.
(, Placentia ;
capital of St
ludas.

Straits, Hud-

AMERICA. 237

son's Bay, James' Bay, Gulf of St Lavrence, Fun-
dy Bay, Straits of Belleisle.

Lakes. — Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and
Ontario.

Rivers. — St Lawrence, Ota was, St John, St
Croix, Niagara. . . i u .■ ir-tir^

Rcmarits.— Canada extends from 61** to SI** of W.
Long., and from 42** 30' to 52° of N. Lat., being about
1390 miles in length from E. to W., and about 240 miles
in its medium breadth. The population may }^ estimated
at 700,000. -v^f,

Its lakes, unequalled by any in the world, and entitled,
indeed, to the appellation of fresh-water seas, constitute
the most striking feature in the aspect of Canada. Lake
Superior is 381 miles long, and 161 miles broad; Huron,
218 miles long, and from 60 to 180 broad; Erie, 231
miles long, and about 70 in breadtli , Ontario is 171 miles
in length, and 60 in breadth. These lakes are connected by
the great river St Lawrence, which issues from Lake Su-
perior, and, passing successively through lakes Huron,
Erie, and Ontario, falls into the Atlantic, after a course
of 2000 miles. This majestic river is 90 miles wide at its
mouth, and is navigable for ships of the line for 400
miles from the ocean. Lake Michigan is 262 miles long,
and 55 in breadth. These magnificent expanses are
bordered with deep and lofty forests ; and even the moun.
tain ranges, which are of great extent, are in general
covered with wood.

Cold and heat are here felt in their extremes, and the
transition from winter to summer is very sudden. Al-
though lying under the same parallel of latitude as France,
the thennometer sometimes sinks 31* below 0; while in
Nummer it occasionally rises as high as 90" or even i'.v*.
The year is divided between these seasons— spring and an-
tumn being almost unknown. The frost begins in Octo-
ber ; and the snow disappears about the end of April, when
vegetation proceeds with great activity.

The soil of Lower Canada is fertile, and produces good
crops of grain. Upper Canada has some beautiful plains
and verdant meadows. Apples and pears arrive at great

238

AMERICA.

perfection in the neighbourhood of Montreal; fruits of
various kinds, particularly the melon and musk, appear in-
digenous to the country ; strawberries and rasps are
abundant, and of exquisite flavour. Firs and evergreens,
maple, birch, ielm, and limes, are the most common trees
in the forests. The lakes and rivers abound with fish in
great variety. The moose and the beaver may be men-
tioned among the wild animals ; the Canadian humming
bird is the smallest known ; the rattlesnake is the most
dangerous of its reptiles. The exports are chiefly furs,
potash, ginseng, fish, and corn.

Canada was colonized by the French, in whose posses-
sion it continued till the year 1 759, when it was conquer-
ed by the British. The greater part of the population is
sUU of French descent, and the French language and
French manners are generally retained. A legislative
council and an assembly are appointed for each of the pro-
vinces, having power to make laws with the consent of the
governor ; but tiie king may declare his dissent at any time
within two years after receiving the bill.

New Brunswick has been in the possession of the Eng-
lish since the treaty of Utrecht, 171.3. Timber and fish
are its chief products. Miramichi, and the surrounding
settiements in this province, were destroyed by a dreadful
fire in 1825, which raged for several weeks. Besides a
destruction of property, which reduced many families to
ruin, about 200 persons perished in the flames. The popu-
lation of this province is estimated at 72,000.

In Nova Scotia the soil is in general thin and poor ;
but on the banks of the rivers it is more fertile. Around
Fundy Bay, whic^ flows between Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick, the scenery is remarkably sublime and pic-
turesque. The country is overspread with forests; and
timber and fish are the principal exports. Tjie chief fishery
( : is of cod, on the coast of Cape Sable. The population of

this province is 104,000.

NiwrouMDLAKD, an island about 300 miles long, and
nearly as broad, was discovered by Sebastian Cabot, in
1497, and since 1713 has continued in the possession of
the English. Dense fogs render the climate of this island
particularly unpleasant. Newfoundland is chiefly valuable
for the cod-fishery on its banks. This fishery commences

AMERICA.

239

its of
ar in-
« are
reens,
1 trees
fish in
i men-
nming
e most
Y fursi

posses-
mquer-
ition is
ge and
^slative
the pro-
kt of the
my time

le £ng-
and fish
ouuding
dreadful
besides a
milies to
he popu-

ttd poor;
Around
and New
and pic-
ests; and
ief fishery
ulation of

long, imd
Cabot, in
ssession of
this island
y valuable
rommences

about the lOtb of May, and continues till the end of Sep-
tember. Twenty thousand persons, and shipping: to the
amount of fifty-six thousand tons, are annually engaged
in this fishery. The whole population is estimated at
63,000.

The island of Cafk Breton is separated from Nova
Scotia by a strait one mile in breadth. It is 100 miles in
length ; the soil is moss, unfit for agriculture ; the cUmate,
like that of Newfoundland, is cold and foggy. The
fishery is of great importance. In 1745, this island was
taken from the French, and has since belonged to England.
Population 16,000.

St John's, or Prince Edward's island, in the Gulf of St
Lawrence, is of considerable extent, fertile, and well wa-
tered. It is divided into three counties, and contains a
population of 2R,000. Charlotte's-town is the residence of
the Lieutenant-governor.

The Bermudas are a group of islands half-way between
Nova Scotia and the Antilles. The whole group is about
S5 miles in length, and 22 in breadth. The largest of
these islands is about 12 miles, the smallest not more than
300 paces in length. St George's, the largest, has a town
of the same name, containing about 3000 inhabitants; the
population of the whole islands being about 10,000. The
chief riches of the settlers in the Bermudas consist in
their cedar trees, said to be worth about a guinea a foot

EXERCISES.

Between what de^ees of latitude and longitude is Canada
situate ? What is its extent in length and breadth ? What
is the computed amount of its population ? What is the most
striking feature in the aspect ot Canada ? What is the ex-
tent of Lakes Superior, Haron, Erie, and Ontario, respec-
tively ? By what river are they connected ? What is the
length of its course ? How wide is it at its mouth ? How
far is it navigable for ships of the line P What is the extent
of lake Michigan ? With what are these lakes bordered ?
What is remarkable in the cUmate ? What are the states of
the thermometer, occasionally, in winter and summer respec-
tively 'f Into what seasons is the year divided ? At what
periods does winter begin and disappear ?

What is the quality of the soil r Name the principal fruits
of Canada. What are the most common forest-trees ? With
what do the lakes and rivers abound ? Mention some of the

240

AMERICA.

animals particularly worthy of notice. What are the chief
exports ?

By what people was Canada colonized ? When was it
conquered by the British ? Of what descent is the greater
part of the population ? What language and manners are
generally retained ? What is the form of government ?

How long has New Brunswick been in the possession of
the British ? What are its chief products ? What calamity
befell Miramichi and the surrounding settlements in 1825 ?
What is the population of New Brunswick ?

Describe the soil of Nova Scotia. What is remarkable in
the scenery around Fundy Bay ? With what is Nova Scotia
overspread ? What are its principal exports ? Where is the
chief fishery ? Wii>it is the amount of the population ?

What is the extent oa Newfoundland? When and by
whom was it discovered ? How long has it been possessed
by the British ? What is the nature of the climate ? For
wnat is Newfoundland chiefly valuable ? When does the fish-
ery commence and cease? What number of persons and
tonnage of shipping ai'e employed in it ? At what number
is the population estimated ?

How is Cape Breton separated from Nova Scotia ? De-
scribe its length, soil, and climate ? Is the fishery import-
ant ? When was this island taken from the French ? What
is its population ?

Descnbe St John's or Prince Edward's island. Into how
many counties is it divided ? What is its population ?

Where are the Bermudas situate ? What are the length
and breadth of the whole group ? What are the respective
sizes of the largest and smallest of these islands ? Wnich is
the principal island ? What is the population of the capi-
tflL? .What i|s the population of the whole islands ? In what
4oes the chief wealth of the settlers consist ?

'iiH*ifV-A- ■- ".- ■

■•-;::'•" 'tI': ftl

■ ■ ■„ - r ■ -■

■^ '■■• "IsrutK'*?

,.rsv mIthe toited states

■ly\

Are divided into the Northern States, or iVew
J^figland; the Middle States; the Southern
States ; and the Western States. The Northern
States contain, 1. Neu Hampshire; 2. Vermont;
$., Massachusetts ; 4. Maine ; 5. Connecticut ; 6.

AMERICA.

241

Hhode Island. Of which the Towns are, 1. Ports-
mouth, Cuncord; 2. Bennington, Windsor; 3. Bos-
ton, Salem, Cambridg-e ; 4. Portland, Belfast ; 5.
New London, Hartford, Newhaven ; 6. Newport,
Providence.

The Middle States, containing, 1. New York;
2. Pennsylvania; 3. New Jersey; 4. Delaware.
Of which the Towns are, 1. New York, Albany ;
2. Philadelphia, Pittsburg ; 3. Trenton, Burling-
ton, Amboy; 4. Dover, Newcastle.

The Southern States, containing, 1. Maryland;
2. Virginia ; 3. North Carolina ; 4. South Caro-
lina; 5. Georgia; 6. Alabama. Of which the
Towns are, 1. Annapolis, Baltimore; 2. Wash-
ington, Richmond, Williamsburg; 3. Ralsigh,
New Bern, Edenton; 4. Charleston, Columbia,
George Town ; 5. Louisville, Savannah, Augusta;
6. Cahawba, Mobile.

The Western Slates, containing, 1. Ohio; 2.
Indiana; 3. Illinois; 4. Kentucky; 5. Missouri;
6. Tennessee ; 7* Mississippi ; 8. Louisiana. Of
which the Towns are, 1. Columbus, Cincinnati ;
2. Vincennes ; 3. Kaskaskia ; 4. Frankfort, Louis-
ville, Lexington ; 5. St Louis ; 6. Knoxville,
Nashville ; ?• Monticello ; 8. New Orleans, New
Madrid.

Territories not yet. erected into States — 1. Ar-
kansas; 2. Michigan; 3. Florida. Of which the
Towns are, 1. Arkopolis; 2. Detroit; 3. St Au-
gustin, Pensacola.

Islands. — Long Island, Staten, Nantucket.

Bays. — Penobscot, Casco, Barnstaple, Delaware,
Chesapeak, Long Island Sound.

Capes. — Ann, Cod, May, Henry, Hatteras,
Lookout, Fear.

aDH

242

AMERICA.

iiii

Mountains. — Apalacliian^ or Alleghany Moun-
tains, Rocky Mountains, and Ozark Mountains.

Rivers. — Mississippi with its tributaries, Mis-
souri, Arkansas, Red River, Ohio ; St Croix, Con-
necticut, Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, Poto-
mack. Savannah.

RemaH- 's.-^The territory at present possessed or claimed
by the iJuited States, extends from 25*' to 49* N. Lat.,
and from 67** to 124** W. Long. Its extreme length,
from the PaciBc Ocean to Passamaquoddy Bay, is 2780
miles ; and its greatest breadth, from the shore of Louisiana
to the river La Pluie, is 1300 miles; its superficial area
about 2,300,000 square miles. Population 10,000,000.

This vast territory, surpassing in extent the Roman or
Chinese empires, is traversed by two great chains of moun-
tains, in a direction nearly N. and S., viz. the Alleghanies
on the E., and the Rocky Mountains on the W. These
mountains divide the country into the eastern, western, and
middle regions ; the latter comprising the great basin or
valley of the Mississippi. The Alleghanies run nearly
parallel to the Atlantic, at a distance varying from 50 to
ISO miles. East of the Hudson, they are distributed in
irregular groups ; and in Vermont and New I ampshire,
some of their peaks rise 5000 or 6000 feet above the level
of the sea. In Pennsylvania and Virginia, they stretch in
long parallel ridges, from 2500 to 4000 feet high, and oc-
cupy a breadth of 100 miles. In Tennessee, where they
terminate, they again break into groups, and attain an
equal elevation to the highest of their northern peaks. The
whole range is about 900 miles in length. The Rocky
Mountains are upon a grander scale. Their base is 300
miles in breadth; their loftiest summits, 12,000 feet in
height, are covered with perpetual snow. These mountains
are from 500 to 600 miles from the Pacific Ocean ; but an-
other chain of mountains, of which little is yet known, in-
tervenes between them and the coasts. Nearly midway be-
tween the Alleghany and Rocky Mountains, is a range
called the Ozarks, from 600 to 700 miles in length, 100 in
breadth, and varying in elevation from 1000 to 2000 feet
above tlie level of the sea.

anc

Ri^

the^

thef

the!

AMERICA.

243

Besides the great chain of lakes on their northern fron>
tier (See Canada), the principal lake in the United States
is Champlain, 128 miles in length, but only 12 miles
broad.

Of the magnificent river*:
States, the most important a.
souri. Although the latter

V through the United
ppi and the Mis-
assed as a mere
tributary of ttie former, it has .cen found to have

by much the longer course betore their junction, and of
course the better claim to the appellation of '* Father of
Waters." From its source to its junction with the Mississippi,
its course is somewhat longer than that of the Mississippi,
from its source to the Gulf of Mexico. If we restore the
Missouri to its proper honour, and merge the rival stream
in its name after their union, the whole length of its course
is 4490 miles, whereas that of the Mississippi is only 3000.
From its junction with the latter to the falls, a distance of
2575 miles, the navigation of the Missouri is quite practic-
able. These falls, which present a most magnificent spec-
tacle, render portage necessary fur nearly 3 miles. The
vast plain through which the Mississippi flows is so gra-
dual in its descent, that by the course of that river, and its
tributaries, the Ohio and the Alleghany vessels may ascend
2400 miles, without the aid of either canals or locks. Be-
fore being joined by the Missouri, it receives the rivers St
Peter's and Des Moines, on the west side, the Wisconsin,
Rock River, and the Illinois on the east. About 1 60
miles below its junction with the Missouri, it receives the
Ohio, swelled by the waters of the Wabash, Cumberland,
and Tennessee, and lower down, the Arkansas and Red
River. All these tributaries are themselves great rivers ;
the Ohio having a course of 1350 miles, the Tennessee 1100,
the Cumberland 750, and the Wabash 500 miles. Besides
these, the Connecticut, flowing between Vermont and New
Hampshire, through Massachusets and part of Connecti-
cut, to the Atlantic Ocean, a course of 300 miles ; the
Hudson, discharging its waters into the Atlantic, below
New York, after a southward course of 324 miles; the
Delaware, separating Pennsylvania from .New York and
Jersey, and expanding into a large bay ; the Susquehannah,
flowing through Pennsylvania into the Chesapeak ; the Po-
tomac, forming the boundary between Virginia and Mary-

IMAGE EVALUATION
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Photographic

Sciences

Corporation

23 WIST MAIN STMET

WiBSTH.N.Y. 14SM

(716) S72-4S03

244 AMBHICA.

I«ii4f aud n«vigd>le for ships of large burden for nearly
300 miles from its mouth ; &e Savannah, separating South
Carolina fr<mi Georfria, and navigable to . Augusta, 957
miles firom the Atlantic ; the St Croix, separating the United
Sti|kes fh>m I^ew Brunswick, and a numlMr of other
streanis, afford the mqst important facilities for iotmial
comimerce.

The climate of the United States is remarkable for ito
incpni^tancy ; passine suddenly from extreme cold to scorch-
ing heat, and jTrom drenching rains to withering .droughts.
To the west of the Alleghany mountains the climate is
more equable and temperate.

The generij aspect of Ihe country is that of a vast forest,
bepoining deeper and <i)iicker on proceeding westward. On
the wiest of th^ AUeghany mountains, it expands into great
level meadows or savannahs* The nml in general is fer*
tile. Among the foreats are several new species of oak,
walnut, poplar, maplf , the white cedar, the occidental plane,
the tulip tree, and the magnolia. The last of these, for
its ^ig^ntlc Mse, its splendid flowers and fruit, stands
unnvaJl^ even amidst the wonders of these magnificent
forests.

In ^e northern and middle states, the common species
of grain are raised. Maiae and rice are cultivated with
success. The potato is here in its native soil. Cotton,
indiffo, and tobacco, are cultivated in the southern states.
Apples and pears, of the finest flavour, abound in the nor*
them and middle regions ; the vine is cultivated, but with
little suc^cesy : there are large orchards of peaches, from
which brandy is distilled. . n-.

The bison, a species of buffalo, the moose deer, the elk,
red deer, and caribou, are found in the plains and f<nrests :
the more ferocious animals are the bear, the wolf, the cata*
mount* pbout thfs sice of a large dog, the spotted tiger, and
the coifgar or American panther.

Although the United States'cannot boast of mines of the
precious metals, they have the more useful metals in abun-
dance. CW is found in New England, New York, Fenn*
sylvainia, and Virginia ; and on the west side of the Alle^
ghany mountains there is one of the largest coal-fields in
the world. Brine- springs are frequent in the great valley
of the Mississippi ; and on its western side are plains of

AMERICA.

245

nearly
SouUi
h 9S1
JniMd
ffUier
itenMl

for its
icorch*
>ugbts.
nattt it

forest,
d. On :

great »
is fev-
of oak, ;
Iplane,
ne, fori

stands {
;nificenii

. ! "it

spesiMf^
ed witb^
Cotu>D«d

1 8tate«.1;
ihenmv
at with
•, from

tbeelk,
forests:
hecata*
er, and

of the
nabun-

Fenn«
le AUe-
fijddsin
It valley
ilains of

great extent/ wfi!ch are periodically cnisted^bfcr with
salts.

The gorenment of the United States is republican.
The administration of public affairs is intrusted to two
houses of legislature, vis. the senate and the house of re>
presentativest and to a president or chief magistrate. £a«k
state sends two members to the senate, who retaiA their
places for six yeain ; the members of the house of represen-
tatives are elected for only two years. The president,
elected by delegates ftom each state, holds his olBce fout
years.

Each state has, besides, its own government, for the re*
gttlation of its internal conbems. These local ^vem^
ments have the power of making or altering laws relistlve
to property and private rights, police, the appointment of
judges and civil officers, the levying of taxes, and all other
rights and powers not vested in the federal go'vemment.

No form of religion is oountenanced or supported by the
State; but Christianity, in some form, is gencfrall^ professed.'
The most numerous sects are Presbyterians, Episcopalians,
Baptists, and Independents. The Americans are charac-
terised by the good and bad qualities that naturally sming
from the Areedom enjoyed under a pure democracy, xhey
are active, enterprimng, acute, frank, hiffh.spirited, and
brave ; but there is a coarse bluntness lind swa^g«riTig ii&i
their manners, with a prying inaui&itiveness into the busi-
ness of others, that are extremely offensive to strlmgcrs.
Much attention is paid to education, particularly in the
northern and middle states. They have mitny UteraTy ini
stitutions ; and can boast of some v^ distinguished' names'
in literature and science. ' ' -.'^ t^- x-^'-'^ "y ♦

We shall conclude these remarks ni^lth ii ihor^'^o^ce of
each state.— I. New Hampshire, though a mountainous'
country, clothed with wood, is very fertile. It is 160 miles
in length, from 19 to 90 in breadth, and has an area of
9380 square miles. It is chiefly an agricultural state, with
little commerce. It has only eighteen miles of seacoast ;
but Portsmouth, its chief town, Itas an excellent harbour.
Population of the state, in 1820, 244, lei.

9. Vermont is a very picturesque country, 157 miles
long, and 70 broad. Its mountains, clothed with ever-
greens, are called the Green Mountains ; its pastures are

246

AMBBIOA.

rkki iti crops, in gtneral, abuncUuit j ito itretms nuindr*
oui. It has two colleges, an academy in each countj, and
cpnunon schools in all the townst Its most populous town
is Beiuiington, at the foot of the Green Mountains. Po-
pulation of the stat^ in 1830, 835,764.
t.,9» MasiAcbusets is the richest, the most densely peopled,
aaui perhaps th« most dnlued of the United States. It is
19$ miles long, 50 broad, and has an area of 7800 square
miles. Its surface is unsTen and hilly ; near its western
extremity monntninous. Its agriculture is well conducted ;
its commerce is extenstTe ; and the advantages of education
are diffused among all classes of the inhabitants. Boston,
it9 chief town, is beautifully situate on Mansachuaet's Bay.
Its harbour, capable of containing five hundred ships, is
s^ura from hostile invasion, and from every wind. Its
public buildings, wharfs, and bric^(es, indicate the taste and
wealth of the inhabitants. Its populalioB, in 1820, 43,940.
This city is celebrated as the birth-phwe of Franklin, and
the cradle of American independence. Population of the
state, in 1820^ 583.S87.

<i> l4»^ne, although its soil i» (kf from being fertile, pos.>
sesses an exteofiive. nnd active «' erceb • |t is 1 70 miles
in ^gth,,and 185 ii» medium - ^di, embracing an area
of S2,o6p square miles. P<«rtU(0''i, iu chief town, has »
fine, harbour., Pmulation of the state, in 1820, 298.335.

j$. Connecticut <h(s« an undulating surface, and a fertile
soil. In ag^icuUui'v «ad manufactures it is particularly
thriving, i|nd enjoys, a considerable coasting trade. Its in-
habitants are well educated ; and Yale College, in this state,
is a very flourishing <s«aninary. Population d the state,
in 1820, 275,248. j^vn)

^6. ^lode Island, tibe smallest state in the Union, is 68
miles in length, and 40 in breadth, having an area of 4670
square miles. Its climate is said to be particularly salu-
brious, its soil moderately fertile. Its manufactures and
commerce are very flourishing. P^vidence and Newport,
its chief towns, enjoy a considerable trade; the population
of the former is 11,787. Of the whole state, the population,
in 1 820, was 83,059.

7. New York, at present the most important state of the
Union, is nearly 400 miles limg, 290 broad, with an area
of 46,200 square miles. Its aspect and its soil are equally

AMERICA.

247

nuV*
nty, and
MIS town
Po-

ll.

peopled,

inducted }
education

BoiK>n>

I shipi, to
wind. It*
e teste end
20,43,940.
lokUn, end
Rtionoftbe

fertile, poe-

I 170 ffliVes

ling en erea

own, has •

L 898:935-

nd e fevtile

ptrticttlerly

ide. It» jo-
in this sUte,
' the state,

Jnion, is 68
[area of 4670
Icularly salu-
Lfactures and
kd Newport,
ke population
1 populetion,

lit state of the
Iwith an area
fil are equally

various; but the numl>er of flourisliing viHasei and settlo-
ments which evety where present uemsMves excite tiie
astonishment of every traveller. New YoriE, the capitel,
is the great emporium of the trade of North Ammea ;
and is supposed to be second only to London in the extent
of its trade. It is finely situate at the head of a beautiful
bay, nine miles long, and has an excellent harbour, capiMi
of .admitting the largest vessels close up to the quay. Its
population, in 1880, was 183,706. The greatest attentioR
is paid, in this state, to education. Within the hnit SO
years the oopulation has been quadrupled. In 1790 it was
940^180; In 1880, it amounted to 1,378,818* ^/f

8. Pennsylvania is 888 mites long, 156 broad, and ha^
an area of 43,950 square miles. Though in genend mounu
tainous, it is very fertile. Agriculture h am to be better
understpod here than in any other of the Stctes; while itk
manufactures and commerce are likewise very flourishing.
Philadelphia, its capital, is situate between the Delaware
and Schuylkill risers, five miles above the point of thei#
junction, and about 100 miles Arom the ocean. It is the
best built town in the United Statea ; and is peculiariy disi*
tinguished by its literary and philanthropic iustftutions.
Its harbour is excellent. Large vessels can ascend to it by
the Schuylkill, and ships of the line by the Delaware. Its '
population, in 1880, was 114,410; the ^population of die
whole state was 1,049,458. Thb state derives its name
from William Penn, a Quaker, who received a grant of it
from Charles II., in 1663, planted here a colony of Friends, .
and founded the city of l^iladelphia.

9. New Jersey is about 160 miles in lengthy 58 in breadth,
and has an area of 6900 miles. Great part of it is barren,
but it has some good land. It has little commerce; but
its manufactures are thriving. Population, in 1890,
877,575.

10. Delaware, the smallesv^ state c£ the Union, except'
Rhode Island, is 98 miles lon^;, 84 broad, and has an area
of 8060 square miles. Its soi' is not very fertile ; it hat'
little shipping ; but its manufactures are considerable. P^ ^
pulation, in 1830, 72,749. - ' ^•

11. Maryland, a fertile and commercial state, is 134
miles tn length, 1 10 in its greatest breadth, and has an

248

AMERICA.

area of 10,800 square miles. Baltimore, its principal
commercial town, has one of the finest harbours in Ame-
rica, and carries on a very, extensive trade. Washington,
the intended capital of the United States, is situate in this
state, on the Potomac. Anni^lis is the seat of the local
government. Population, in 1820, 407,350. Here, as
in the other southern states, slavery exists.
' 12. Virginia, the largest and most powerful of the
southern states, is 446 mUes long, 284 broad, and contains
Ml area of 64,000 square miles. The eastern coast is sandy
and poor ; the valleys between the Alleghanies remarkably
fertile. The heat in summer is excessive ; but the transi-
tions from this degree of heat to intense cold are so sud-
den as sometimes to take place within 24 hours. Ilich-
mond, the chief town, is situate on the falls of the St
James's river, and contains a population of 12,067. The
whole of the population is l/)65,366*

13. North Carolina is 400 miles long, 160 broad, and
has an area of 43,300 square miles. It resembles Virginia
in soil and climate. Its manufactures are few, and its
commerce limited. Pc^-ilation, in 1820, 638,829.

14. South Carolina is 200 miles in length, 125 in
bi<eadtb, and its area contains 30,080 square miles. For
a hundred miles from the sea, the country is low, flat,
sandy, and unhealthy. Beyond this, to the foot of the
mountains, it is finely diversified with hill and dale, fertile,
and richly wooded. The low country is occupied by
planters, who cultivate the land by slaves ; the high coun-
try by farmers, who work with their own hands. Charles-
town, the capital, is a fine city, beautifully situate between
the rivers Ashley and Cooper. It is a place of consider-
able tr&de, containing a population of 30,000>. In this
state the number of slaves exceeds that of tiie free inhabi-
tants. Of a population of 502,741, the large proportion
of 258,475 are slaves.

15. Georgia, one of the largest states of the Union, is
500 miles long, 278 broad, and contains an area of
58,000 square miles. In aspect, soil, and climate, it re-
sembles South Carolina. Its manufactures are few. Sa-
vannah, its capital, is a well-built town, situate near the
mouth of the river of the same name. Louisville, now the

sei
Pi

set
Its
ani(
1
in t
the
boat
has
brac(
Cine
state,
18.
and c
It has
1820,
19.
ceding
^evel, ,
which J
large b
the At,
taries.
tion, in
20. j
S9,000]
proper
thern
and sevJ
«e'. hoi
of fortil
>t has b^

, "uperioil
/arts, jj

I have beel
J capital^ f

J 60 miles
PheresidJ
P820,564
^l' Ml

AMERICA.

249

a Atne-
lington,

i va this
he local
Here, w

1 of the
\ contuns
t is sandy
smarkably
the traari-
je so soa-
rs. lii«^-
of the St
,067. The

broad, and
les Virgins
few, and its

829. ^ .

gth, 125 m

^iles. For

is low, ftat»

foot of the

I dale, fertile,

occupied by

e high coun-

is. Charles-

tuatebetn^n

of cottrider-

5, In thi»

free inhabi-

proportion

Itbe Union, is
Is an area of
Iclimate, it re-
Urefew. Sa-
lituate near the
lsvme,nowthc

seat of government, promises to become a flourishing place.
Peculation, in 1890, 940^989. '''^' '^»" '»'^'*' -i^'f^'i'^^ctM^
1«. Alabama, laiied to the rank of a tiftiM lit r81'9,-»»i.'
sembles Ge(Mrgia and the Candinas in soH and cHihate/:
Its area embraces 50,800 square miles, and it** population^
amounu.to 1S7,901. -s

17. Ohio, bounded by the great river of that nalbe^ Is,
in beauty, fertility, and climate, one of the finest states of
the Union. It is watered by many stireamsj Mvigable ibr
boats; and offers so many advantages ito settlers, that it
has advanced with reroatkable rapidttyt Its area em.
braces 38,500 square miles. In ISSC^ the pepnlation of
Cincinnati, its principd town, was-964S.'( ind'M tHe wln^
state, 581,434. '«'<? ^"^*' *^^ -■'■^ma^rtvj^ ^^Miab

18. Indiana so closely resembles Oino'i6'a8p<^t,1»fiSIr
and climate, that the same descrip^on will apply to both.
It has an area of 36,250 square mlles^ and contained, in
1820, a population of 147,178. r

19. Illinois bears a great resemblance to the two pre.
ceding states, except that its surface is generally more
level, and less abundantly wooded. The Illinois, fhmi
which it takes its name, is a noble riVer,' navigt^le for
large boats upwards of 230 miles frorti its juhc^on with
the Mississippi, and having itself some important tribu."^
taries. Its area is 59»000 sqwore miles;' and its popolai^
tion, in 1820,55,211. • .-t.b Amn ^. u ^-^K^.tu'-ai

20. Kentucky is an important stkte, havitkg ah area of
39,000 square miles.- Though its soil is Various, a great
proportion of it is remarkably felite. The Ohib, its nor.
them boundary, affbrds great ftunlities for navlgatibn j);
and several of its tributaries travefte tiie tttate. In sum.
mer, however, several of them fSsil. In this state are ruins
of fortifications «4iich prove that, at sbme distant period^'
it has been densdy inhalHted by a warlike pebple, much
superior to the present race of Indians in knowledge and
arts. A great quanUtjr of the remains of the mtounoth

I have been discovered in Bigbone Valley. Frankfort, its
. capital, is a regularly built town on the Kentucky, about
60 miles Arom its junction with the Ohio. Lexington Is
I the residence of t^^e principal merchants. Population, in
11820,564,317.

21. Missouri, situate on both sides of the Missouri

250

AMERICA.

rivtr, and west of the Mississippi, possesses a fertile soil,
and a temperate climate. In the south-east part of the
state there is a district 100 miles in length, by 40 in
breadth, ftill of rich mines of lead. The area of this state
embraces 60,300 square miles ; its population, in 1880, was
66,586.

22. Tennessee, one of ibe most beautiful, fertile, and
healthful states of the Union, has an area of 41,300 square
miles. It is watered by two fine rivers, the Tennessee and
the Cumberland. Here, as in Kentucky, are numerous
vestiges of ancient dwellings and fortifidations. At Knox-
ville^ its principal town, is a seminary called Blount Col-
lege, established by govemment. Population, in 1820,
422,813.

23* Mississippi, to the east of the river from which it
derives its name, has an area of 43,350 square miles. In
soil and climate it is not particularly happy ; but the com-
mercial advantages of its situation will probably raise it
to impwtance. Population, in 1820, 75,448, exclusive of
Indians, who are very numerous in this state.

24. Louisiana, the name originally given to the vast
country extending On the west of the Mississippi, from the
Gulf of Mexico to the British dominions, is now retrtricted
to a district extending from the Gulf to die 33d parallel of
latitude, and comprehending an area of 48,000 square
miles. The greater part of this state is amazingly fertile ;
and its commercial advantages, situate as it is on the
ocean, and on tfaie Missouri, Mississippi, and other noble
rivers, are altogether unrivalled. New Orleans, its capi-
tal, is situate on the left bank of the Mississippi, about |
105 miles fhmi its mouth. It is a place of great trade ;
its internal navigation being greatly facilitated by the in-
troduction of Bteam4>oats, 74 of which, in 1823, plied upon]
the Mississippi. In* 1820, the population of New Orleans]
was 27,176 ; and of the whole state, 153,407.

Of the territories, not ranked as states, there are twol
kinds :— 1. Those tracts of country over which, thougbi
inhabited only by Indians, the United States claim a rightj
of sovereignty. Of these there are three ; the North-wettt,
the Missouri, and the Western Territories. 2. Those dis-l
tricts in which settlements have been made ; but whicbl
not containing 60,000 free inhabitants, are not entitled w

AMBBICA.

251

i fertile wiU

ijby 40 in
iofthw«t»te
in 1820, WW

L, ferdle, and
H,300 square
Fennewee atio
are numerous
ns. AtKnox-
4 Blount eol-
ation, in 1820.

from which it
lare miles. In

. but the com-
robably rwse it
48, exclusive ot

ite. .

iven to the vast

dssippi,fr«:jJ*J
is now restnctea
le 33d parallel of
f 48,000 square

as it is on tt»e

L and other noble

Orleans, i««^P»-,

■^ssissippi, stoout

e of great ttade;

itoted by the »«"
W 1829, pli«d upon!

[n of New Orleans!

Ites, there are two!
[^vhich, thoughi
Utes claim anghf
' . the North-veest^
i^ 2. Those di8-l
m'ade-.butwWcbl

arenot enUUed t<j

send members to Congress. Of the latter kind are, 1.
Arkansas, between Louisiana and Missouri. Its eastern
part contains the great swamp which receives the surplus
waters of the Mississippi ; the western part is uneven, and
bare of wood ; the middle, occupied by the Ozark moun>
tains, is said to be pleasant and healthml. Populadon, ih
1820, 14,273, of whom 1617 were slaves.

2. Michigan, a peninsula surrounded on three sides by
lakes Erie, St Clair, Huron, and Michigan. In climate
and soil it resembles Upper Canada. On an area of
38,750 square miles, it Ium a population of only 8896.

3. Florida, a low and sandy country, interspersed with
swamps, yet posHessing some good soil. St Ausustine, on
the east coast, has 3000 inhabitants; Pensacola, on the
west, the best port in the Gulf of Mexico, 2000. The
area of this territory embraces 57,750 square miles ; on
which is a population of 10,000, exclusive of Indians.

These vast and important countries belonged to Great
Britun, till the year 1775, when the colonists were raised
to rebellion by the arbitrary attempts of the British eovem-
ment to tax them against their will, and they finauy sue
ceeded in throwing off the yoke. Their independence was
acknowledged by Great Britain in 1782.

EXBBCI8E8.

How are the United States divided ? What States ai« in.
duded in the Northem States ? What States are contained
in the Middle States ? Of \rhat do the Southern States con.
sist ? What aie the Western States ? What towns do the
Northem States contain, &c ? What are the territories not
▼et erected into States ? What towns do they contain ?
Name the islands of the United States. Name the Bays,—
the Gapes,, he Mountains,— the Rivers.

Between what degrees m latitude and longitude does the
teiritoiy of the United States extaid ? What are its len^,
breadth, and superficial area ? By what chains of mountains,
and in what directions is it traversed ? Into what regions do
thoae mountains divide the country ? At what distance are
the Allfghanies tmm the Atlantic ? What is their appear-
ance ana height east of the Hudson ? What is their appear*
ance, breadtn, and height in Pennsylvania and Vh^lnia ?
What appearance do they assume in Tennessee ? Describe
the Rocky Mountains. At what distance are they from the
Pacific ? Describe the position, length, breadth, and eleva-

252

AMERICA.

tion of the Ozark Mountains. What is the princliMli lake in
the United States ?

What are the most important rivers in these States,?
Which is the laraer of these two rivers ? What is the length
of its course ? What length of course has the Mississippi ?
How far is the Missouri navigable from its junction with the
Mississippi ? How far may vessels ascend up Uie Mississip-
pi, and Its tributaries, the Ohio and Alleghany, without tne
aid of canals or locks ? What rivers does the Mississippi re-
ceive before beinff jbined by the Missouri ? What rivers
does it receive betow the junction ? Mention the length of
some of these rivers. Describe the other important rivers of
the United States.

For what is the climate of this country remarkable ? What
is the general aspect of the country ? What is the general
quality of the soil ? Mention some of the forest-trees. Which
of these is the most remarkable ? What aice the chief agri-
cultural products ? Mention some of the fruits or this coun-
try. What wild animals are found in the ' United Su(es ?
Does this country possess much mineral wealth t Whete is
coal found ? What is remarkable about some of the plailis
in the valley of the Mississippi ?

What is the form of government in the United 6tatesP
What areithe two houses of legislature ? How manv mem-
bers does each state send to the senate ? Hewt long :ao those
members retain their places ? For what time are the mem-
bers of the House of Kepreseptatives elected ? How and for
what period is the President elected ? How are the internal
concerns of each state regulated ? What powto have dese
local governments ? Is there any. established religian in the
Unit^ States : What religion is generallv . professed >?
W^bat are the most numerous sects? Describe the taah-
ners of the Americans. Is mufch attention >paid to edci-
cation and literature? Describe New Hunpshioe. D^-
scribe T'^ennont. Where is Bennington utuate? Describe
Massac iiusets. Where is Boston situate? What aidvao-
tM;es does it possess? For what circumstances is it ce-
lebrated ? What is its population, and diat of the State ?
Describe Maine. Describe* Connecticut. What flourishing
seminary does it contain ? Describe Rhode Island* What
is the population of Providence ? : What is the population of
the State ? Describe New York. For what is New York,
the capital, remarkable ? Where is it situate ? What is its
population ? In what proportion has the population of this
state increased within tne last thirty years ? To what did it
amount in 1820 ? Describe Pennsylvania. What is the si-
tuation of Philadelphia ? By what is it particularly distin-

AMBBICA.

253

apal lake in

«e State*,?
s the length

iiaeiMippi?
Ion with the
eMissiwip-
without the
iuiwippi re-
What livers
he length of
ant rivers or

able? What
» the Kcner^
trees. Whidi
le chief agn-
of this coun-
lited Sutes ?
iji Wheteis
of the pUitts

nited States?
y many Bttem-
ilong :ao. those
Rre the mem-
How and for
e the internal
te have awe
eligianin the
J .professed'?
[be: the taait-
,paid to edd-

ipAire. D^-
^ ? Describe
Jhat aldvao-
ices is it ce-
i)f the State?
[at flourishing
'land* What
population of
I New York,
I What is its
lation of this
o what did it
hat is the si-
jularly distin-

guished ? What an the commenial advantages of its situa-
uon ? What is the amount of its population, and that of the
whde State ? From whom did this State derive ita name ?
Describe New Jersey. Describe Delaware. Describe Mary-
land. What advantage does Baltimore, its chief town* pos-
sess ? What town Li this State is intended to be Uie capital
of the whole Union ' What town is the seat of die local go-
vernment? What is the poDulation of this State? Whatm-
human trade is encouraged here, and in most of the South-
em States ? Describe Virginia. What is remarkable about
ita .dimate ? What is the utuation and population of Rich-
meind ? What is the population of the Stata ? Describe
North Carolina ? Describe South Carolina. How Is Charles-
ton situate ? What is ita population ? What is die number
of slaves and of firee inhabitanta in this State respectively ?
Docribe Cteorgia, with ita principal towns. What is the
amount of ita population ? Describe Alabama. What ad-
vantages does the Ohio State possess ? Describe Indiana.
Describe Illinob. Describe Kentucky. What facilides for
trade does it possess ? What remarkable ruins are found in
this State ? Where is Frankfort situate ? In what town do
the principal merchanta reside ? What is the population of
the State ? Describe Missouri. Describe Tennessee. What
remains of antiquity are found here ? M^at college is es-
tablished at ELnoxville ? What is the population of the
State ? Describe Mississippi. Describe Louisiana. What
is ihe situation of ita capital ? How many steam-boata now
ply on the Mississippi r What is die population of New
Orloins. and of the whole State ?

Descnbe die difibrent k^nds of Territories. Describe Ar-
kansas. Desoribe Mic^iigon. Describe Florida. What are
the situations of St Augustin and Pensacola ?

Till what poriod did these important countries belong to
Great Britain ? hj what were the colonisto then rousM to
rebellion ? When was their independence acknowledged by
Great Britain ?

i. . ■ V I.. ,

NEW SPAIN, r..v;«^

INCLUDING MEXICO AND OUATIMALA,

Abb bounded on the N. by the United States^ the
Indian Countries, and the Gulf of Mexico ; £. by

X 2

254

AMBRICA.

the United States and the Oulf of Mexico ; S. and
W. by the Pacific Ocean. They extend from 88<>
N. to 10" 8. Lat., and from 83® to 122^ W. Lon^.
Population of Mexico 8,5004000— of Ouatimala
1,500,000.

The Political Divisions of Mexico are, in^
the North, 1. New Mexico; 2. New Biscay. Ih'
the N. W., S. New California; 4. Old California;!
5. Sonora. In the N. £., towards the Oulf of
Mexico, 6. San Louis Potosi. In the Middle Re-
gion, 7> Zacatecas ; 8. Guadalaxara ; 9. Guanaxu-.
ato; 10. Valladolid; 11. Mexico; 12. Puebia;

13. Vera Cruz In the South Eastern ext^eniity,

14. Oaxaca; 15. Merida or Yucat^n^ ."^le di^
visions of Ouatimala are, 1. Ouatimalai; i2. Chia-r

Sa; 3. Vera Paz; 4. Honduras; 5.'Niearagua:'
.Costa Rica. Mr^:^^ "'; .'.■■'!;';'

Towns in Mexico^ — 1. Santa ]?l, Albuquerque^
Taos ; 3. San Carlos de Monterey, San Fi^andseo,;
Santa Barbara; 4. Loretto; 5. Sonora, AriM)e,j
Cinaloa, Culiacan, Durango; 6. Monc]o?a, NeW(
St Andero; 7' Zacatec^; 8. Guadalaxara, Com^^
postella ; 9. Guftnaxuato, San Miguel-el-0rand6,;a
10. Valladolid ; 11. Mexico, . Queretadro, Aca-i

{lulco ; 12. Puebia de los Angelos, Tiascala^ Cfio-
ula; 13. Vera Cruz, Xalapa; 14. Gfuaxaica^ or.
Antequera, Merida, Campoicny, Balize^ . ,

In the Republic of Guatimala, the Towns are,
1. Ouatimala; 3. Cohan; 4. Truxillo; 5. Leon,
Nicaragua, Xeres ; 6. Carthago.

Gulfs and Bavs.— Gulf of Mexico, California;
Bays of Campeachy, Honduras.

Mountains. — Popocatepetl, or the Smoking
Mountain, Peak of Orizaba.
f Rive Rs.»*Rio del Norte, Rio Colorado.

AMBHICA.

255

vol4»ano. A nece^ ' effect nf^l- **"* Sp«m,rd» the ^l
*be climate of thSm?n!!j Ik *''l'' ^f'^** elevation ig^Slt
tuate within thetoSSS^.^^r,"*'^*'*-* P*^ of i ' isT
^^Perate. than ex«S.lveW ho Tlif"*""^ <^oW anj
of all the ^r^zonT^Znid^^^^ *^* tempemture
eipenenced ^^^g^^L^^^!^^ ««** ^«^^' " here
traveller in passinir *!««-/ ^ ^••T'ng elevation • and #1,1

ascend. andTsicSdi"?fjr* **f *" r«»* »*id. „ ?!

««.«-». c<»»«»quence of thfti Wi*^. " '. .
occ«rR»^„i Frtora thTnf*^ "* P"***"ct'on8 that

Jw«0 to»«rt.ft,rtorMrfv»: r • ?'"* '■" »« found
Ws. are the other'^Sles of f^^J? " T''* P^^atoe^^nd

5.xr,:^'"« --»r^.i. Ss^-aefiri

256

AMERICA.

! :

» '

tables of different regions bordering and blending together,
are the interesting features in its mversified landscape.

One of the ffreatest inconveniences under which Mexico
suffers, is its deficiency in navigable rivers. The Rio del
Norte, which rises among the Rocky Mouriaitis, although
it has a course of 2000 miles, is of little commercial im-
portance, owing to the numerous bars which impede
navigation, and the uncultivated tracts through which it
flows. The Rio Colorado, though more navigable, flows
through an equally unproductive country. Although
Mexico abounds in lakes, none of them can vie in magni-
tude or importance with those of Canada and the United
States. The lake of Shapala, in New Gallicia, covers 160

Suare leagues of ground; one-fourth of the valley of
'exico is occup.ed by its lakes, five in number ; the lake
of Fazcuaso, in Valladolid, is one of the most picturesque
spots on the globe ; and the lake of Nicaragua is equally
remarkable for its magnitude, its tides, and its position.
It is 120 miles in length, by 41 in breadth, is navigable
for the largest vessels, and communicates with the sea by
the St Juan, a river about 64 miles long.

Among the animals of Mexico are different species of
dogs— Kine, a kind of wolf, without hair->a second, with-
out voice^and a third, distinguished by its small head,
short tail, and a bunch on its back. The coendou, a spe-
cies of porcupine, the apaxa, or Mexican stag, the Mexican
squirrel, the wild sheep, and berendos (a species of ante,
lope) of California, are peculiar to Uiese regions. Of the
other animals the most remarkable are the jaguar and cou-
guar, 'resembling the tiger and lion, the miztli, resembling
a lion without mane, but of superior size, and the tapir or
danta, whose bite is said to cut through the hardest wood.

No country in the world is richer in minerak than New
Spain. Its mines pro4uce gold and silver to the amount
of upwards of L. 4,500,000 annually. There are, besides,
mines of copper, iron, lead, and tin.

This fine country was wrested from the native Mexi-
cans by the Spaniards under CorteZf in 1521. Since that
time it continued in the possession of Spain, one of the
richest jewels in the diadem of his most Catholic Majesty,
till the oppressions of government roused the people to re-

AMEftiCA.

th the sea by

bellion, and. in I flo I n/r . ^^

IjfnjflAnrof AS^J""? ^ "^ar'y three millions Jtin\t

.^nH4 p^^*« ^"d orSLirtsTf :r"'' ^"^ ^^^^"

"nd ife shops dazzle thrmr? '?C *^* Precious metals •
^7r, ap4 j^^els. This citv "S? * Profusion of goM*
6fJeaguesi.omeither<^ai^'i,^*«"«ha^ the distan?eof
merce of the New WorW^tVEur^r^"']"? of theco«L
tuation, in an oval vallev Znni *'"/ *>?« «nd Asia. Its sf

^^^^''^'^'^^'^^b^inel^T^' by mountains of porl
Popuiatfon 140.000 9 rf ', " extremely beaut/p„i

«jd to rival tJ^'S^'st eiti?s"of'p ^''^' '" ^''^ «»™e provSf^i'
J^'-fices, and conSii'^'abo J"In^^" "'" beauty of S
Guanaxuato, in a province of th?/"^ inhabitanfs. ' t
^fn 70,000 inhabitants. suD^rS^ k'"/» *^°"»*i°« mo?;
5^nes, the richest in the S'^ ^''\^y its sUvJ!
1804, was I960 feet in neraZui 1 ^"® °^ »»« n»«e8, in
remarkable for the rich Xi? "'" ^^P*^' -». 2acaSa^
y.ns a population of sa.tSi "^r i? '*^ ^'"nir*:^
conT*''"« ^nanufactureT^- ,4 ^"f '*' * ^"^g^ 4 wiS,

7. Vera Cruz, tL m- ncln-f* ' ^ Population of 24?^

l?.e oJ/r ''"• »• Guatimalf'^'i J;,^^*P"J~. « P«>«
i he old town was, in 1777 «!^oS ^ *7 ^'^ * new republic
, earthquake; the nW onr^taTds T»^^ « 'J'^-dfui

leagues from the site of the fnrn! ' ^^^ ^'"•nw of four

wood and mahogany. * cuttmg down of log.

A4I2 tilCA,

%' ^tji'

,, t

H -,

' What is the most Temaikable feature in the aspect of New
Spkin ? What is the height of the table-Umd ? To what
heid^t i^ some of the mounUins rise from it ? MHiat is re-
markable about some of those mountains ? What efiect has
this elevation upon the climate? To what chances of tem-
pentttie is dw tmydiler sometimes exposed? What other
ixmsequenoe arises from this variety or dimate ? Mention
the vaxious productions which occur in the different regions.
/ What' is the general quaUty of the soil ? What are the
«^mmon avtides of evkivation ? What holds the first rank
among^the alimentary plants ? What axe the other articles
of food ? Does this country produce fine fruits ? What are
'the interesting feainres in the landscape of Mexico ? Under
what inconvenience doe< this country labour ? What length
of course have the principal rivers ? What renders them of
little comihercial importance ? Does Mexico contain very
inmortant hikes ? Describe the principal of them ?

Enumente some of the animals of Mexico. What is the
4umual produce of its gold and silver mines ? What other
.me^ds aoes it possess ?

py whom and at what time was this country wrested from
the native Mexicans ? When did it become an indroendait
repubUe? On what model is its constitution formed ? What
form of religion is established ? What is the number of the
native Indians ? What is their relirion ? Describe the city
of Mexico. Describe Queretadro. Wliat is the population
of Ouanaxuato ? By what is it chiefly supportea ? What
is the perpendicular depth of one of its mines? What
population does Zacalecas contain ? What flourishing ma>
nuwekures has Puebla ? What is the estimated amount of its
population ? Describe the situation and population of Ouaxa-
ca. What is the principal port on the Atlantic ? What is the
amount of its population? Where is Acapulco situate?
When and how was the old town of Ouatimala destroyed ?
Where is the new one situate ? What settlement has been
formed by the British ? _

. tu....b WEST INDIA ISLANDS.

Of these islands there are six principal group8.<»
] . The Great Antilles, consisting of Ouba,

AMERICA^

259

Jamaica, St DomiDgo or Hispaniola, Porto Rico ;
2. Thb Little Antilles, Margarita, Bonaire,
Cura9oa, Aruba; 3. The Leeward Islands^
ADffuilla, St Martin's, Saba, St Eustatia, St Bar-
tholomew, St Christopher's or St Kitt's, Barbuda,
Antigua, Montserrat, Nevis, Guadaloupe, Deseada,
Marigalante, Dominica ; 4. TIhe Windward
Islands, Martinico, St Lucia, St Vincent, Gra-
nada, Barbadoes, Tobago, Trinidad ; 5. The Vir-
gin Isles, of which the principal are St Thomas,
Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Anegaaa, St John's, Santa
Cruz or St Croix ; 6. The Bahama or Lucaya
Islands, of which the principal are Bahama, Lu-
caya, Providence, Guanahani or St Salvador. The
Leeward and Windward Islands are called like-
wise the Caribbee Islands. '*** *' fci'mtrxm^ -^nium
Towns. — In Cuba, Havannah ; in Jamaica,
Kingston, Spanish Town, Port- Royal ; in St Do-
mingo or Hispaniola, San Domingo, Port-au-
Prince ; in Porto Rico, St Juan de Purto Rico^^ .

^•"'•1'

jr^ij.'^'

r IP V-.

JR^marJErf.— These islands received the name of West
Indies from their discoverer Columbus, who fancied them
connected with India, to which he was then attempting to
explore a western passage. To obviate this tnistake, and
to do honour to the memory of their discoverer, they are
sometimes called the Columbian Archipelago, or the isles
of Colon. These islands extend in a curve from Florida
to the Gulf of Venesuela.

Here, as in .all tropical countries, the year is divided
between the wet and the dry seasons. The first periodical
rains set in about the middle of May, when spring may be
said to commence. Rains, gentle compared with those of
autumn, continue to fall every day at noon for about a
fortni^t, creating a bright verdure and a rapid and luxu.
riant vegetation. The weather then becomes dry, clear,
and settled. The sun then blazes wi*Ji a heat that is al-

AMERICA.

together insupportable, till the sea-breeze springs up, which
it usually does about ten in the forenoon. Under the re-
freshing influence of this breeze, all nature ^erives, and the
temperature, in the shade, becomes pleasant At this time
the nights are extremely beautiful ; the moon is so bri|^ht,
t^at the smallest print may be read by her light ; a streim
of soft light flows from the galaxy ; and the planet Venus,
like a little moon, beams with such effulgence, that a shade
is cast from trees, buildings, and other objects that inter,
cept her rays. This state of the weather ceases about the
middle of August, when the steady diurnal wind from the
sea is succeeded by faint breezes and alternate calms, the
preludes to the second or autumnal rainy season. In Oc-
tober the rains become general, pouring down with the
force of cataracts. Between the beginning of August and
the end of October, these islands are visited by dreadful
hurricanes, which spread ruin and devastation far and wide.
In November or December, the temperature is changed.
By the prevalence of the north wind the atmosphere is
cleared ; the weather becomes serene and pleasant, and con-
tinues cool and refreshing till the end of April. In general
the low parts of the islands may be described as exposed
to a hot and unhealthy temperature ; while the mountainous
regions enjoy a moderate and salutary climate.

These islands are rich in almost every tropical produc.
tion. Fruits are delicious and abundant— as oranges, le.
mons, limes, shaddocks, cocoa, citrons, pomegranates, pine^
apples, melons, &c. Great variety of valuable trees grow
on the mountains, as cedars, lignumvitse, mahogany, and
other trees, which take the finest polish, and are admir-
ably adapted for cabinet-work. Sugar, coffee, and cotton,
are the staple articles of culture; but ginger, indigo, pi-
mento, tobacco, maize, Guinea corn, and various medi-
cinal drugs, are likewise to be numbered among the pro-
ductions of these islands.

Of the wild animals indigenous in these islands, it has
been observed that they are in general small. Those de-
serving notice are the agouti, which appears an interme-
diate species between the rabbit and rat; the peccary, or
Mexican hog, distinguished by a musky discbarge from a

Sland in its back, and by its ornamented bristles ; the arma-
illo, opossum, racoon, musk rat, alco, apd smaller mon-

AMERICA.

261

p, which

the re- .

and the
this time
> briijht, ,
B tftteixd
(t Venus,
ii a shade
hat inter-
about the
1 from the
alms, the
In Oc-

with the
.ugust and
Y dreadful

and wide.
i changed,
losphere is
it, and con-
In general
as exposed
lountainous

ical produc.
oranges, le-
inates, pine-
trees grow
logany, and
are admir-
and cotton,
indigo, pi-
ffious roedi-
ong the pio-

lands, it has
Those de-
an interme-
le peccary, or
barge from a
es ; the arma-
smaller mon-

keys ; one animal peculiar to these islands is the land.crab,
which is esteemed excellent food. The feathered creation
is here distinguished by brilliancy of plumage, and elegance
of form. Among these are the parrot in all its varieties,
the flamingo, and the humming bird. In the woods and
marshes wild fowl abound in the greatest variety, and of ex-^
quisite flavour. Lizards and different kinds of serpents are
not unfrequent ; but few of them are noxious.

Of these islands, Cuba, Porto Rico, and Margarita, be-
long to Spain ; the British possessions are Jamaica, Barba-
does, St Christopher's, Antigua, Barbuda, Anguilla, Do-
minica, St Vincent, Grenada, Tobago, St Lucia, Trini-
dad, Nevis, and Montserrat ; to the French belong Marti-
nique, Guadaloupe, Deseada, and Marigalante; to the king
of the Netherlands, St Eustatia, and Cura; oa ; to Sweden,
Bartholomew ; and to Penmark, St Croix and St Thomas.
St Domingo, of which the western part belonged to the
French, and the eastern to the Spaniards, was seized by
the rebellious negroes in 1793, and is now an independent
negro empire, called the empire of Hayti.

Cuba, the largest of the great Antilles, is upwards of
700 miles in length, and about 70 in its medium breadth.
Its soil is very fertile, and its climate comparatively tem-
perate. Its tobacco is esteemed the best m the world.
Herds of wild cattle roam through the woods. Copper is
its most valuable mineral production. Havannah, the ca-
pital, contains a population of 50,000. Its harbour is capa-
ble of containing the largest fleet, but the entrance to it is
so narrow as to admit of only one ship at a timo. Its
other towns are Puerto del Principe, containing about
20,000; and St Jago, containing about 15,000 inhabitants.
The population of the whole island is estimated by Mr
Bonnycastle at 550,000 ; but by other writers at 752,000.

St Domingo is about 400 miles in length, and HO at its
greatest breadth. Its soil is extremely rich ; its climate,
except among the mountainsi, excessively hot. Before the
revolution, the average value of its exports amounted to
L. 4,765,000 annually. St Domingo, its capital, contains
a population of 20,000.

Jamaica is about 1 70 miles in length by 60 in breadth,
and is the most flourishing of the West India settlements.
It is divided into^S counties, Middlesex, Surry, and Corn-

262

AMBRICA.

wall. Kingston, its principal town, contains 30,000 inha-
bitants. Port* Royal, its former capital, has been reduced
to comparative insignificance by eairthquakes and other cala-
mities. Spanish Town, still the seat of government and of
the courts, contains a population of 6000. In 1815, the
population of the whole island was estimated at 360,000.

Porto Rico is about 120 miles in length, by 40 in breadth.
It is a fertile, beautiful, and well-watered island.

The Leeward and Windward Islands, comprehended
under the general name of the Caribbee Islands, are of
great fertility and commercial importance. Of these the
most flourishing is Barbadoes, which, though only SO miles
in length, and 13 in breadth, exports annuuly about 10,000
hogsheads of sugar, and 600 puncheons of rum, besides other
articles to a considerable extent. Trinidad, situate near
the continent of South America, is nearly 70 miles long,
and 50 broad. Its clL.iate is excellent, its soil is in general
good, and its productions valuable. Its population was
found, by a late census, to be about 18,000. This island
was ceded by Spain to Great Britain in 1801.

Of the Bahama or Lucaya Islands, said to be about 500
in number, 12 only are large and fertile. San Salvador,
one of these islands, was the first part of America discover-
ed by Columbus, in 1492. They were not known to the
English till 1667, when Captain Seyle, being driven among
them on his passage to Carolina, gave one of them his own
name ; and being driven to it a second time, called it Fro*
fddence. The population amounts to about 1 3,000, of whom
from 3000 to 4000 are English.

^ . J. .1.

EXERCI8SS* '««^ V

I jj'fcni-

How many principal groups are there of the West Indfa
islands ? Name the first group, and the islands of which it
consists. Name the secoim group and its islands. Name
the third group with its islands. Name the fourth group
and its islands. Name the fifth group and its islands. Name
the sixth group with it? principal islands. What are the
principal towns in the Great Antilles ?

From whom did these islands receive the name of West In-
dies ? By what name are they now sometimes called ? In
what direction do they extend ? How is the year divided in
these islands ? When do the first periodical rains set in ?
How long, and what time of the day, do they, continue to

AMERICA.

i 263

reduced
ther cala-
mi and of
1815. the
50,000.
a breadth.

prehended
ids, are of

these the
[y 80 nilea
out 10,000
>sides other
ituate near
miles long,
i in general
alatlon was

This island

e about 500
n Salvador,
ica discover-
nown to the
riven among
liem his own
ailed it Pro-
XX),of v»honi

B West India
ds of which it
ands. Name
fourth group
dands. Name
What are the

neofWestln-
;s caUed? In
year divided m
rains set in?
ey,continue to

fall ? What kind of weather succeeds ? At what hour does
the sea-breeie usually spring up ? What effect does it pro-
duce ? Describe the appearance of the nights duringthis sea-
son. When does this state of the weather cease ? By what
is the steady sea-breeze then succeeded ? When do the rains
become general ? At what season are tliese islands visited
with hurricanes? When does the temperature change?
What is now the state of the weather ? How long does it
continue so ? In what respects does the climate in general
differ in the low grounds and the mountains ?

Enumerate some of the fine fruits of these islands. Men-
tion some of their valuable trees. What are the staple arti.
des of culture ? What other articles must be reckoned among
their usual productions ? What observation has been mai&
concerning the wild animals in the West Indies ? Mention
those most worthy of notice. For what is the feathered crea-
tion here remarkable ? Mention some of them.

Which of these islands bdong to Spain ? Which of them
to Great Britain ? Which of Uiem to France ? Which of
them to the King of thfr Netherlands ? Which of them to
Sweden ? Which of them to Denmark ? To whom did
St Domingo formerly belong ? In whose possession is it
now ?

What is the extent of Cuba ? Of what description are its
soil and dimate ? For what plant is It particularly noted ?
Are its wild cattle numerous? What is its principal mi-
neral production ? What is the population of Havannah ?
What is remarkable about its harbour ? What are its o^er
towns, and '^-eii respective population ? What are the dif-
ferent estimates of the population of the island ? What is
the extent of St Domingo ? What is the nature of its soil
and climate ? What was the average value of its exports
before the revolution? What population does its capital
contain ? What is the extent of Jamaica ? Into how many
counties is it divided ? Name its towns, with their peculiar
circumstances. What was the population of the island in
1815 ? Describe the extent and appearance of Porto Rico.

Under what general name are the Leeward and Windward
Islands comprdiended ? Which of them is the most flourish-
ing ? What is its extent ? What is the amount of its an-
nual exDorts ? What are the situation and extent of Trini-
dad ? What is observable concerning its climate, soil, and
productions ? What is the amount of its population ? When
was it ceded to Great Britain ?

What is said to be the number of the Bahama islands ?
How many of Uiem are large and fertile ? What is remark-

264

AMERICA.

able about San Salvador ? From what circumstance did
Providence receive its name ? What is the amount of the
population, and the proportion of English ?

i-;- s ^y* :..

INDEPENDENT COUNTRIES.

Under this name is comprehended that immense
tract of country which extends from the east coast
of Greenland, along the northern limit of the Bri-
tish possessions, all the way to Behring's Straits,
aiid from the Northern Ocean to the north of
Mexico, along the western boundary of the United
States. Of these regions so little is known, that we
shall scarcely attempt more than an enumeration
of their names.

\ 1. In the North-east are Greenland, Labrador,
East Main, in which is East Main Factory, a Bri-
tish settlement. 2. In the North, New South
Wales, New North Wales, including the British
settlements of Churchill Fort, York Fort, Severn
House, Albany Fort, Moose Fort. In this region
are the rivers Churchill, Port Nelson, and Severn,
which enter Hudson's Bay ; the Albany and Moose
which fall into James's Bay. 3. The central and
north-west regions are occupied by various native
tribes called the Copper, Dog-ribbed, Creek, Hare,
Black-footed, Doeg, and Mountain Indians; the
Chicasaws, Miamis, Cherokees, Nadowesses, Otta-
gamis, and Chipaways. In these regions, the prin-
cipal rivers are, the Copper-mine River, and Mac-
kenzie's River, which fall into the Arctic Ocean ;
the Slave River, composed of the united streams of

AMERICA.

965

unce did
,nt of the

ES.

immense
east coast
F the BrU
r's Straits,

north of
the United
rn, that we
numeration

Labrador,
tory, a Bri-
jjew South
the British
ort, Severn
1 this region
and Severn,
y and Moose
J central and
irious native
>eek. Hare,
Indians; the
messes, Otta-
on8,thepnn-
er, and Mac-
rctic Ocean;
led streams ot

the Athapcscow and Unjiga, or Peace River, fiows
into Slave Lake.

4. Oa the West Coast are New Ocorgia, New
Hanover, New Cornwall, and New Norfolk.
Through this region flows the river Columbia,
which rises among the Rocky Mountains, and, after
a course of nearly 1000 miles, pours a great, body
of water into the Pacific Ocean.

The lakes of these regions are Red Lake, Lake
of the Woods, Lake of the Hills, Winipeg Lake,
and Slave Lake.

Remarks.'^\, Grkbnland is described as "a mass of
rocks, intermingled with immense blocks of ice." Yet
there is some land that admits of cultivation; and in the
south are good herbs, gooseberries, junipers, and other ber-
ries in abundance, with a few willows, and stunted birch
trees. During the short summer, the air is pure on the
mainland ; but obscured in the islands by fogs. The long
night of winter is relieyed by the shifting splendours of the
aurora borealis. The animal productions of land and sea
constitute the subsistence and the wealth of the Greenland-
ers. Of the land-animals the principal are large hares,
valuable for their flesh and fur, rein-deer, foxes, and large
dogs employed in drawing sledges. These dogs are dis-
tinguished by the peculiarity of howling instead of barWng*
The seas swarm with turbot, herrings, and whales. But
the marine animal most prised by the natives is the seal, or
sea* dog. Its flesh is their principal food t its skin supplies
them with dress, and with a covering for their canoes,— its
tendons are made into thread,^ts fat is used both as but-
ter and tallow,— its blood is a highly-valued ingredient in
soup,— and so essential an article of subsistence does the
Greenlander account the seal, that he cannot comprehend
how man could live without it. Large flocks of aquatic
birds frequent the seas, rivers, and lakes.

Providence, which adapts the endless diversity of na-
ture's productions to every variety of climate and soil, and
supplies the deficiencies of one region by the abundance of

266

America.

another, furnishes the sterile shores of Greenland and other
arctic regions with timber, which is borne by the tides and
currents of the ocean from the coasts and river-banks of
America and Asia. In such quantities is this timber drift-
ed upon these northern shores, that a year's fuel may some-
times be collected during the short season of summer ; and
in such preservation is it found, as to afford excellent ma-
terials for building houses and canoes.

The Greenlanders are a branch of the Esqi}imauz : they
are of short stature, with long black hair, small eyes, and
flat faces. Their number, much reduced by the ravages of
small -pox, is supposed not to exceed 10,000. Vaccination
has, however, been introduced ; and the increase of the po-
pulation may accordingly be expected to be more regularly
progressive. This country is subject to Denmark, whose
'laudable exertions for the conversion of the natives to Chris-
tianity are at length beginning to be crowned with success.

Labrador is a region nearly as dreary as Greenland,
what is known of it to Europeans being a mass of moun-
tains and rocks, intersected by lakes and rivers. These
waters swarm with salmon, trout, and other fine fish. Rein,
deer and beavers are very numerous— as are ferocious
bears and wolves. The coasts and islands are frequented
l>y great flocks of aquatic fowl, particularly the eider duck.
The beautiful felspar of Labrador is its most noted mineral
production. The interior of the country is said to exhibit
some appearance of fertility. The valleys are covered
with pines, and produce wild celery and antiscorbutic plants
in great abundance and variety. The inhabitants of this
dreary country are Esquimaux, and some native Indians.

The countries around Hudson's Bay, comprehending
East Main, New North aud South Wales, are, if possible,
more dreary in their aspect than Labrador. Yet here the
British have established some companies for the fur-trade.
Three tribes are found in the gloomy regions in the North of
America from Hudson's Bay to Behring's Straits, viz. the
Esquimaux, the Chippiwaus, and the Knistenaux, or Cree
Indians. The Esquimaux are low, squat, and feeble, and
live in constant dread of the Chippiwaus, a more numerous
tribe, and of a somewhat more robust frame. These, in their
turn, are subject to the Knistenaux, who, though less
numerous than the Chippiwaus, are of a still more active

AMERICA.

267

ind other
tides and
r.banks of
»ber drift-
nay SOBOC-
mer; and
jllent ma-

aux : they
eyes, and
ravages of
Vaccination
of the po-
e regularly
ark, whose
es to Chris-
ith success.
Greenland,
i of moun-
irs. These
fish. Rein-
re ferocious
> frequented
eider duck,
oted mineral
id to exhibit
are covered
rbutic plants
itants of this
e Indians. |

mprehending j|
e, if possible, a
Yet here the
Ihe fur-trade.
, the North of
raits, viz. the
laux, or Cree
d feeble, and
ore numerous
These, in their
, though less
ill more active

and vigorous form. They are the handsomest, indeed, of
all the North American Indians; and their symmetry of
figure and regularity of features would excite admiration
even in Europe.

The western coast, from Behring's Straits to the 51** of
North Lat., is claimed by the Russians, and is distinguished
by the name of Russian America — the tract from 5 1*' to 41**
is claimed by the United States^from 41^ to Guatimala is
included in the Mexican territory.

EXERCISES.

What tract of countr]^ is comprehended under the name of
the Independent Countries ? What are the territories in the
north-east ? What territories does the north contain ? What
British settlements are included in these territories ? W^hat
rivers does it contain ? By what native tribes are the cen-
tral and north-west re^ons occupied ? What are the princi-
pal rivers in these retfions ? What countries are contained
in the west coast ? What river flows through this region ?
What is the length of its course ? What are the lakes of
those regions ?

What description is ^ven of Greenland ? What vegetable
productions are found m the south ? How does the weather
of the short summer differ on the mainland and in the
islands ? How is the long night of winter relieved ? In
what does the wealth of the Greenlander consist ? What are
the principal land-animals ? What kinds of fish abound in
the seas ? What marine animal is most prized by the Green-
lander ? To what useful purposes does ne convert it ? How
are the shores of Greenland and other arctic regions sup-
plied with timber ? In what quantities and what state of
J>reservation does it arrive ? Of what people are the Green-
anders a branch ? What is their personal appearance ?
At what number is the population estimated ? From what
circumstance may it be expected to be more regularly pro-
gress! ve ? To what European power is Greenland subject ?

What is the description of Labrador ? With what fish
do the lakes and rivers of this country abound ? What are
the principal land-animals ? What is its most noted mineral
production ? By what people is this country inhabited ?
What is the general description of the countries around
Hudson's Bay ? For what trade have the British establish-
ed factories here? What indigenous nations are found in
these gloomy regions ? In what relative condition do they

268

AMBRIOA.

■land to each other ? By what people, and in what portions,
ii the western coast respectively possessed ?

DESCRIPTIVE TABLE.

AcapuVco, s seaport in Mexico.—

See Remarki on Mexico.
AlatM'ma.— See Unftrd States.
AllMny, a city in New York.— €ee

United States.
Albuquerque, (pr. Albukerk')* a

town in New Mexico, on the

Rio del Norte.
AUegha'ny, or Apala'chian Moun-

tains.— See United States.
Ainl)oy, a city of New Jersey.—

See UNITED States.
An'dero, (New St), a town in

Mexico.
Anega'da.
Anna^lls, a town in Maryland,

on Chesapeak l)ay.— See United

States,
Anseqne'.a, or Ouaxaca, a town

in Nova Scotia, on the bay of

Fuitdy.
Antico'stiy an island almost unln>

habited, in the St Lawrence. It

is 125 miles long, and 90 broad.
Anti'gua.— See West Indies.
Antirles.— See West Indies.
Arkan'sas, a large river in North

America, which rises among the

Rocky Mountains, and flows

S.E. to the Mississippi, after a

course of 2173 miles.— See Unit.

ED States.
Arko'polis, a town in the territory

of Arkansas, United States.
Aris'pe, a town of Sonora. 'n

Merico.
Aruta, a small island of the lM.tlc. ]

Antiilc-i*.— See West Ind'..»
Athape^scow. an extensiv j t....

shallow lake, contiguous to the

Lake of the Hills, in ttie N.W.

of America, Lat 59o N. Its

banks are inhabited by a tribe of

Indians of the same name.
Augiista', a town of Georgia, on

tne Savannah, about 236 miles

ft-om the sea.
Augus'tine, (St), the capital of

Florida, situate on a peninsula

on the Atlantic.

Ba'ffln's Bay, a very lar^e '<ay m
the N.E. of Americri, ufcnin^
intia the Atlantic bv BafB'> > i < *
Davis' Straits, ' /.''.v/een Capi
Chidley in ..abrr ', ind Capo
Farewell in Cfc 1 > I.

Baha'mas.— See We- r Indies.

Balise, (Buleei), a British iMlj.
ment on the Bay of Honduras.
— 8t»- Mexico.

Bal'timore, the principal town in
Maryland.— Sec United States.

Barba'docs.— See Weut Indies.

Barbu'da. — See Wrht Indies.

Bam'staple, a bay and town in
Massachusetts.- S ec United
States.

Bartho'lomew, St.— See West In.

DIES.

Be'hring's Straits.— See Asia.
BelOst, a town in Maine, United

States.
BelleUle, Straits of, (BeUeel'). be.

tween Newfoundland and New

Britain.
Ben'nington, the principal town of

Vermont— See United States.
Bermu'das.— See British Amb.

RICA.

Bo'ston, the principal town of Mas-
sachusetts.— See United States.

Bruns'wick, New. — See British
America.

Bur'lington, a town in New Jer.
sey.— See United States.

Cr. biwba.— See United Sw na.

\. . .-'nia.— Si < \^xico.

C '.\'bridge, a luwn in Massachu.
setts.— See United States.

Campe'achy.— See Mexico.

Ca'nada.— See British America.

Cape Breton'.— See British Ame-
rica.

Caroli'na.— See Unffeu States.

Cartha'go, a town in the province
of Costa Rica, Guatimala.

Cas'co, a bay in the district of
Maine, between Cape Elizabeth
and Cape Small Point.

AMKHICA.

U portions,

large ^tay ">
rici , opening
,y BaflB"- *-"■'
e^ween Can
'^r, -Old Cai>o

■.r INDIBS.

BrttiBh kctt -•.
of Hontlurai.

nclpaJtown in
Jnitbd Status.

^EtlT INVIBS.

^^x Indies.

and town In
.See UWTED

-^eeWssT IN-

-See ASIA.
Maine, United

If, (BelleeV). toe-
diand and New

)rlndpal town of '
United States.
British Ame-

IpaltownofMas-

• UNITED STATES.

;,._See BWTI8H

wn in New Jer-
BD States.

Jnitbd Sta- J!8.

. cXICO.

,wn in Ma«Bachu.
iTBD States.
« Mexico.

MTI8H AMERICA.

iee British Ame-

[Jnitbd States.
[n in the province
Guatimala.
in the district of
en Cape Elisabeth
»U Point.

Cham'plaln, Lake.>-See United
States.

Charles, Ca|)e, on the east coast of
Labrador.

Charles'ton, the capital of South
Carolina. — See Unitud STATsa

Charlotte's town, the chief town
of St John's Island.— Sec Bri-
tish America.

Che'sapeak, one of the largest and
safest bays in the world, extend-
ing about S70 miles trom N. to
S., and dividing Virginia flrom
Maryland.

Chidley. Cape, on the north coast
of Labraoor, at the entrance of
Hudson's Straits.

Cholu'la, a city of Puebla, in Mexi.
CO.— .See Mexico.

vCinaloa', a town in the province of
Sono'ra, Mexico, containing
ibout 9500 inhabitants.

Cincniua'ti, a town in the Ohio
state.— Soe United Statbs.

Co^d, a town of Guatimala, in
the province of Vera Paz.

Cod, (Cape), on the north side of
Boston bay.

Colora'do, Rio, a river in Mexico.
— See Mexico.

Colum'bia, a large river in the
West of America.— See Indb.
pendent Countries.

Columlius, the intended capital of
Ohio.— See United States.

Compostel'la, a town of Mexico,
in the province of Guadalaxara.

Con'cord, a town of New Hamp>
shire, United States.

Connec'ticut.— See United States.

Copper-mine river, in North Ame-
rica, flows into Lake Superior. —
Another of the same name flows
into the Northern Ocean.

Cos'ta Ri'ca, a province of Guati-
mala, — See Mexico.

Culw.— See West Indies.

Cu'liacan', a town in the province
of Sonora, Mexico.

( uragoa', (Cooraso'), an island of
the Little Antilles.— See West

I. X DIES.

Davis' Straits, a narrow sea, dis-
covered by Captain Davis in
15K). It extends N.W. about
twenty degrees from Cape Fare-
well to Biiflin'8 bav.

De'laware, state. — Jw^ Umitbo
Statbb.— A river whuU tepn-
rates Pennsylvania from New
York and Jersey, and Delaware
fVom Jt-rsey.- An arm of the una
about 60 Biles lung, and 3i' miles
wide, between Jersey an«i Dela-
ware.

Desea'da, one of the LMward
Island!.— See West Iwiiks.

Detroit. (Detroaw'), a town In
Michigan, situate on a river of
the same name.— £ee United
Statbb.

Domin'go, St.— S«e West Indieh.

Dominica, (Domenee^<-«). — See
West Indibs.

Do'ver, the principal town of De-
laware, situate on Johi Creek.

Duran'go, a town in the t'fovince
of Sonora, Mexico. Pc/nulat^on
12,000.

Eden'ton, a town In NortI Caro.
Una. United SUtes.

E'rle, a lake in Canada.— Set Bri-
tish Amrrica.

Eusta'tia, St.— See Wbst Indies.

Farewell, Cape, the most southern
point of West Greenland.

Fear, Cape, on the coast of North
Carolina.

Flo'rida.— See United States.

Fox islands, a cluster of small
islands on the south side of the
gulf of St Lawrence.

Francis'co, (San), a town in Nev'
California, Mexiea

Frank'fort, the chief town of Ken-
tucky.— 'See United Ststks.

Fre'derickstown, a town in Mary-
land, United States.

Fundy Bay, a bay about 200 miles
long, between Nova Scotia and
New Brunswick.

George' Town, a town of South
Carolina, United States.

Geor'gia.— .See United States.

Gor'da, Virgin, one of the Virgin
isles. — See West Indies.

Gre'nada, one of the Windward
Islands.— See West Indies.

Green'land. — See Independent

CoVNTRlEa

Gua'dalaxa'ra, a province and town
in Mexico.

270

AMERICA.

Guadaloupe. (Gadaloop'), one of

the Windward Islands, West

Indies.
Ouanaha'ni, or St Salvador, one of

the Bahama Islands, the first

land connected with America

discovered by Columbus.— See

West Indies.
Gua'naxua'to, a province and town

of Mexico^— See Mexico.
Ouatima'la, a state and capital in

New Spain.-iiSee Mexico.
Gusxa'ea, a town in the province

of San Louis Potosi.— <See

Mexico.

Ha^ifox, the capital of Nova Sco-
tia, situate on the fine harbour
of Chebuctooi-iiSee British
America.

Hart'ford, a town in Connecticut,
situate on the Connecticut river.
—See United States.

Hat'teias, a very dangerous pro-
montory which extends far mto
the ocean, tram the coast of
North Carolina.

Havan'nah, the capital of Cuba.—
See West Indies.

H^ry, Cape, in Virginia, at the
entrance of Cheaapralc bay.

Hispanio'la, or St Domingo.— See
West Indies.

Hondu'ras, a province and bay in
Guatima'ia.— See New Spain.

Hudson's Bay.— See British Pos-
sessions and Independent
Countries.

Hu'ron, Lake.— See British Pos-
sessions.

Illinois, (lllnai'), a river and state.

See United States.
India'na.— See United States.

Jamai'ca.— See West Indies.
James* Bay, at the southern extre-
mity of Hudson's Bay.

Kaskas'lda, a town in Illinois, and
the seat of the territorial govern-
ment.

Kentucky^.— See United States.

Kings'ton, a seaport town, and
now the principal city in Jamaica.
Population 33,000.

Knox'ville, the principal town of
Teneesee.— See United States.

Labrador'.— See Independent
Countries.

Leon', the principal town of Nica-
ragua, in Guatimala.— See New
Spain.

Le'xington, a flourishing town in
Kentucky, United States.

Long Island, an island belonging
to New York, extending east
about 140 miles in length, and
about 10 miles in medium
breadth. It is separated flrom
Connecticut by Long Island
Sound.

Lookout', Cape, south of Cape
Hatteras, in North Carolina.

Lorefto, a town in California.—
See New Spain.

Louisia'na. — See United States.

Louisville, (Looes'veel), the prin-
cipal town of Georgia.-~See
United States.

Mackenzie's RiVer, so named firom
Mr Mackenzie, its dicoverer, is-
sues out of Lake Huron, and
fS&lls into the Frozen Ocean.

Maine. — See United States.

Margarita, (Maigare'eta), one of
the Little Antilles, West Indies.
Population 14,000.

Marigalan'te, one of the Leeward
Islands, West Indies.

Martini'co, (Martinee'co), the
largest of the Windward ulands.
See West Indies.

Maryland. — See United States.

Massachusetts, (Massatshoo'sets.
See United States.

May, Cape, the southernmost point
of New Jersey, United States.

Me'rida, a province of Mexico.

Mexi'co. — See New Spain.

Michigan, (Mi'higan), a lake and
territory of the United States.
—See British Possessions and
United States.

Mississippi.— See United States.

Missouri, (Missoo're).— See United
States.

Mo^bile', a town in the Alabama
territory. United States, situate
on a river of the same name.

Mondova, a town in the province
of San Louis Potosi, Mexico, si-
tuate on the Rio del Norte.

Monticcl'lo, (Montechel'lo), the
principal town of the Mississippi

I I

AMERICA.

271

IDEPENDENT

iwn of Nlca-
u— See New

jlng town in
States.

ad belonging
tending east
I length, and
in meolum
jarated from
Long Island

uth of Cape
1 Carolina.
I California.—

iTED States.
eel), the pnn-
Seorgia.— see

so named (torn
t8 dicoverer, Is-
e Huron, and
zen Ocean.
;d States.
tre'eta), one of
>a, West ln<Uee.

jf the Leeward

tinee'co). tne
indward islands.

NiTBD States.
yiasgatshoo'sets.

lTE8. .

ithernmost point
United Stotes.
36 of Mexico,
w Spain.
lan), a lake and
: ijAited States.
POSSESSIONS and

United States.
'reV-See United

in the Alabama
,ed States, situate
e same name,
n in the province
»oto8i, Mexico, si-
io del Norte,
bntechel'lo), the
^ of the Mississippi

state, situate on the Pearl River.
—See United States.

Montreal', a large town of Lower
Canada, situate on the south
side of the island of Montreal,
which is encompassed by the
united streams of the Ottawa
river and the St Lawrence. It
is a place of great trade, particu-
iarlyin furs. Pmulation about
15,0)0.

Montserrat", one of the Leeward
Islands.— see West Indies.

Nantu'cket. an island off the coast

of Massachusetts, about 15 miles

long, and 11 miles broad.
Nash'ville, (Veel), a thriving town

in Tenessee, situate on the Cum.

berland river.— See United

States.
Ne'vis, one of the Leeward Islands,

West Indies.
New Bern, a considerable trading

town in North Carolina. Popu-

lationeooo.
New Bis'cay, a province of Mexico.

—See New Spain.
New Bruns'wick.— See British

Possessions.
Newcastle, a town in Delaware,

United States.
New Cornwall, a country in the

west of North America, border.

ing on the Pacific Ocean.— See

Independent Countbies.
Ncwfound'land.— See British Pos.

sessions.
New Geor'gia, a country border.

ing on the Pacific Ocean.— See

Independent Countries.
New Hampshire.— See United

Sfates.
New Ha'nover, north of New

Georgia.— See Independent

Countries.
Newha'ven, a considerable seaport

in Connecticut, United States.
New Jer'sey.— See United States.
New London, the principal town

of Connecticut, situate on the

Thames, about 3 miles from its

mouth. It is a place of consi.

derable trade..— See United

States.
New Ma'drid, a town in Louisia'na,

situate in a rich plain, near the

bank of the Mississippi.— Sec
United SrATES.

New Nor'folk.a country on the
coast of the Pacific Ocean, north
of New Comwall.->See Inde-
pendent Countries.

New Orleans', the chief city of
Louisiana.>^ee United States.

New^ Port, a seaport in Rhode
Island, having a large and very
safe harbour.— See United
States.

New North Wales.— See Indbpen.
dent Countries.

New South Wales.— See Indepbn.
DENT Countries.

New York.— See Unitbd States.

Nia'^ara, river, issues from Lake
Erie, and flows into Lake Onta-
rio. Its course is only 36 miles,
but it varies from half a mile to
a league in breadth. Its falls
are peculiarly stupendous. At
the greatest, called the Horse-
shoe, on the Canadian side,
the breadth of the stream is
600 yards, and it is precipitated
over a height of ISO feet. The
second, on the American side,
is 350 yards wide, and 164 feet in
jperpendicular height.

Nicara'gua, Lake.— See Mexico.

Nootka Sound, a considerable bay
of the Pacific Ocean, on the
western coast of North America,
in Lat. 40^ ZV N. Here Cap.
tain Cook found the climate
much milder than under the
same latitude on the eastern
coast.

Nova Scotia.— See British Pos-

sessions. .'•• ' ■ Vi'U'. r 1 ,>' It ■-.:

Oa'xaca, a province of Mexico.—
See New Spain.

Ohi'o. — See Unitbd States.

Onta'rio, Lake.— See British Pos.
sessions.

Oonalash'ka, the largest of the
Aleutian or Fox Islands, in the
North Pacific Ocean. It contains
about 1000 inhabitants.

OrisatMi, a town in Vera Crut,
Mexico, near which is a volcanic
mountain, called the Starry
Mountain, or P<fak of Orlcaba,
17,697 feet in height.

272

Otawas',

AMERICA.

»tawas', or Utawaa, a river of
Canada, which, after a course of
400 miles, falls into the St Law-
rence, near Montreal.
Oca'rk Mountains.— See United
States.

Pennsylva'nia.— See United

States.
Penobscot, a river of Maine, which
flows into Penobscot bay. This
bay is about 30 miles in length,
and 18 miles in width. It affords
many fine stations for shipping,
and prefents some beautiful
scenery.
Fensaco'la, a town in Florida, si-
tuate on the gulf of Mexico. It
has a fine harbour.
Philadelphia, the principal city
of Pennsylvania. — See United
States.
Pictou, (Pictoo'). a river, bay,
island, and settlement, in the
north-east of Nova Scotia.
Pitts'burg, a flourishing commer.
cial and manufacturing town in
Pennsylvania, situate at the ter>
mination of a beautiful plain, on
, ,, |i broad point of land, wnere the
' Alleghany and Monongahela
streams unite to form the Ohio.
Population, in 1816, 12,000.
Placen'tia, a town and bay in New-
foundland. The bay is remark-
ably safe, and capable of contain-
ing 150 ships.
Fopo'cat^pe'tl, or Smoking Moun-
tain, a volcano in Mexico, 17,968
feet high.
Port-au-Prince, (Port-o-Prengs),
a seaport on the west coast of
Hispaniola.— See West Indies.
Port'land, a town in Maine, situate
on a peninsula in Casco bay.—
See United States.
Port Nelson, a river wjiich enters

Hudson's bay.
Port Royal, a seaport on the south
Bide of Jamaica, with a very
large, commodious, and safe har-
bour.
Porto Rico, (Ree'co), one of the
Great Antilles.— See West In-
dies.
Potosl',(see'|,' (San Louis), one of
the Mexican

New Spain.

provinces.— See
6

Poto'mack, a river which flows
into Chesapeak bay.— See Unit-
ed States.

Pro'vidence, a flourishing town in
Rhode Island, situate on both
sides of the river of the same
name. Population 10,071. — One
of the Bahama Islands.

Puel/la, a large and flourishing
city of Sonora, in Mexico.— See
New Spain.

Quebec', the capital of Canada, si-
tuate on the N.W. side of the
St Lawrence, on a promontory
formed by that river and the St
Charles. Population 18,0(X).

Quereta'dro, a large and beautiful
town in Mexico. — See New
Spain.

Queen Charlotte's Islands, on the
coast of the Pacific, are separated
from New Hanover by a broad
channel, or arm of the sea.

Race, a cape on the south-east
coast of Newfoundland.

Raleigh, (Ra'le), the government
town of North Carolina, United
States.

Ray, Cape, the south-west point
of Newfoundland.

Red River, a large tributary of
the Mississippi, which it Joins
about 240 miles above New Or-
leans, after a winding course of
nearly 2000 miles.

Rhode Island. "S ec United
States.

Rich'mond, a town in Virginia,
situate on the James' river,
about 150 miles from its mouth.
It is a very flourishing and opu-
lent town, and its situation is
highly picturesque. Population,
in 1817, 14,333.

Rio Colora'do. — See Colorado.

Rio del Norte', a river in Mexico.
—See New Spain.

Saliii, one of tlie Leeward Islands.

—See West Indies.
Sa'ble, Cape, the south-western

extremity of Nova Scotia.
St Au'gustine, a town on the east

coast of Florida. Population

3000.
St Christopher's, or St Kitt's, one

AMBRICA.

273

which flow*
y.— See Unit-

shing town In
uate on both
of the same
n 10,071.— One
lan48.

nd flourishing
I Mexico.— See

il of Canada, si-
W. side of the
I a promontory
•iver and the St
ition IS.OtW. ,^ ,
xe and beautiful
co.-See NEW

Islands, on the
flc, are separated
jver by a broad
L of the sea.

1 the south-east
indland.

the government
Carolina, United

south-west point

nd. .

irge tributary of
i, which it joins
es above New Or-
winding course ot

ILjSee United

town In Virginia,
he James* river,
es from Its mouth. 1
jurishing and opu-
ind its situation is
esque. Population,

_Sce CoLonADO.
, a river in Mexico.

iPAIN.

lie Leeward Islands.

Indies.

the south-western
r Nova Scotia.
, a town on the east
Horlda. population

x's, or St Kltt's, one

of the Leeward l8lands.--See
West Indies.

St Croix, (CroawO, a river which
separates New Brunswick from
the United States.

St John's, the chief town of New-
foundland, situate on the S.E.
Being built of wood, the houses
were destroyed, with prodigious
loss of property, by three suc-
cessive conflagrations, in 1816,
I8I7, and 1818, but they have
been since rebuilt.

St Lawrence, one of the largest
rivers of America.— See British
Possessions.

San Carlos de Monte'rejr, the chief
town of New California, and the
seat of the governor. Here the
climate Is peculiarly delightful.

San Francisco, a town or military
station In New California, situate
upon an extensive bay of the
same name.

San Louis de Potosi', a government
of Mexico.— See N ew Spain.

St Mar'tln's, one of the Leeward
Islands.— Sec West Indies.

St Salvado'r.— See Ouanahavi.

St Thomas, one of the Virgin Isles,
belonging to the Danes and Bran-
derburghers.— See West Indies.

Sa'lem, a flourishing seaport In
Massachusetts, population 12,613.

San'ta Bar'bara, a town In New
California, on a canal of the
same name.

Santa Cruz, (Crooz), or St Croix,
one of the Virgin Isles, West
Indies.

San'ta Fe', (Fai), a town of New
Mexico, containing 4000 inhabi-
tants.

Savan'nah, a large river, forming
the boundary between Georgia
and Carolina, fi c e United
States.

Slave Lake, a very large lake in
the north of America.

I^ve River, composed of the unit-
ed streams of the Unjigan, and
the Athapescow, flows into Slave
Lake.

Se'vern, a river in Maryland, flows
into the Chesapeak, a little be-
low Annapolis.

SonoTa, a province of Mexico.—
See New Spain.

Sta'ten, an island belonging to
New York, 18 miles in lensth*
and 8 in breadth.

Superior, Lake.— See Bbitisb Pes-
sessions.

Susauehan'nah, a river In Penn-
sylvania.— See United States.

Taos, a town in New Mexico,
New Spain.

Ten'nessee.— See United States.

Tlascala, a town in the.provihce
of Puebla, in Mexico, said to
have contained 300,000 inhabi-
tants, when discovered by the
Spaniards ; but now so much re-
duced as scarcely to contain
3400.

Toba'go, one of the Windward
Islands, about 25 miles in length,
and 12 In breadth.— Sec West
Indies.

Torto'la, one of the Virgin Isles.-
See West Indies.

Tren'ton, the chief town of New
Jersey, situate on the east bank
of the Delaware.

Trinidad', the largest and most
fertile of the Leeward Islands,
separated firom South America
by the gulf of Paria.— See West
Indies.

Trois Rivieres (Troa'uRe'vyer),or
Three Rivers, a town of Lower
Canada, situate at the confluence
of the river St Maurice with the
St Lawrence. Two Islands at the
mouth of the former river divide
it Into three channels at its en-
trance : and hence the town re-
ceived Its name. Population 2500.

Truxil'lo, a town in the province
of Honduras, Guatimiua.- See
New Spain.

Valladolid', a province and town
of Mexico.— See New Spain.

Vera Cruz, a province and seaport
of Mexico. — See New Spain.

Vera Paz, a province of Guatimala.
—See New Spain.

Ver'mont.— See United States.

Vlnce'nnes, the chief town of In-
diana, situate on the east bank of
the Wabash.-See UnitedStates.

Virgl'nia.— See United States.

Virgin Gorda. — See Gorda.

Virgin Isles.— See West Indies.

274

AMD RICA.

UnJigAn, or Peace River, in North
America, receives the waters of
the Athapescow, and flows into

: the Slave Lake.

Wabash, river, a tributary of the

Mi8si88ippi.-See United States.
Washington, a city in Virginia.—

See United States.
Williamsburg, a town of Virginia,

situate between two rivulets. —

See United States.
Wi'ndsor, a town in Vermont,

United States.
Wi'nipeg, a large lake, north-west
> of Lake Superior, in Upper Ca-

nada. It is 217 miles long, and

100 miles broad.

Xalapa, a considerable town in the

frovince of Verabruz, Mexico,
'opulation 13,009.
Xe'res, a town in the province of
Nicaragua, in Guatimala.

York, the chief town of Upper
Cuiada, situate on an excellent
harbour on the north-west coast
of Lake Ontario.

Yu'catan, a province in the south,
eastern extremity of New Spain.

Zacatecas, a province of Mexico,
with a celebrated mining town
of the same name.— See New
Spain.

\j "■t:lj.-fi\-'s

SOUTH AMERICA

>... ■'

Is bounded on the N. by the isthmus of Darien,
and the Caribbean sea ; E. by the Atlantic ; S. by
the Southern Ocean ; and W. by the Pacific Ocean.
It extends from 12° N. to 56" S. Lat., and from
35° to 81° W. Long., being upwards of 4>660 miles
in length from north to south, and 3l60 miles in
breadth from east to west. Its population is esti-
mated at 11,000,000.

Divisions. — 1. Colombia, (formerly Terra
Firma) ; 2. Peru; 3. Chili; 4. Patagonia; 5. La
Plata, or Buenos Ayres ; 6. Brazil and Amazonia ;
7. Guiana ; 8. Paraguay.

Capes. — Horn, St Roque, Mary, Antonio.

Gulfs, Bays, and Straits. — Gulf of Darien,
Bay of Panama, Bay of All Saints, Straits of Ma-
gellan, Straits of La Maire.

Mountains — Andes, or Cordilleras.

Rivers.— Amazons, La Plata, Orinoco.

» in the
Idexico.

rtnce of

f Upper
jxceilent
est coast

he Bouth-
ew Spain.

f Mexico,
ning town
See NEW

f Darien,
Ac;S.by
fie Ocean,
and from
.660 mWes
) miles in
,n is csti-

rly Terra
na; 5. La
L mazonia ;

\ t

■^1

« ..

itonio.
[of Darien,
lits of Ma-

loco.

M .. r i -i iiii^i

■J t.

J>„u^ I.SV'mmi ^ rJfi.J*' -f^

jr # »

»*n(r:

^f^

ufe!

\^Kd. thn-:mUM

iW*"

.J!"

ViK|lA.

.TV

.ixazT^jTM^:

mKsheA 3^ auvza AiBOiri) ZVi

Z>h«^ ,.Svm^ ^ rjfi.^ JTAiUr^l

'A jr t

• tX'***

pf^

S,AMI2£m2(DA

»« A

fW *;

r^^

«^MiA-r

iffF*-

(. J|^M| jqL

1 SfjSjBir'^

IJS"

^S3S3&

'^^ ^: '-;

^iiA n

^ ^^^

s^^tt"^^^

U^A if

F^. *—

p'.XorZ d^ asjyxB. M JtmcD Etlmiftayh'

r~~t*

,-,.,,, •'■^A«"-.-- -V''*"'-- ***

■M

AMERICA. 275

Islands. — Oallipago Islands, Juan Fernandez,
Chiloe, Terra del Fuego, Falkland Isles.

Towns. — 1. Bogota, or Santa Fe de Bogota,
Popayan, Quito, Guayaquil, Panama, Porto Bello,
Carthagena, Maracaibo, Leon de Caraccas ; 2.
Lima, Callao, Guamanga, Tuancavelua, Cusco,
Potosi, Arequipa; 3. St Jago, Valparaiso; 4.
Buenos Ayres, Monte Video, Mendoza; 5. Rio
Janeiro, St Salvador, or Bahea, Rio Grande,
Olinda, Maranham, Paran ; 6. Paramaribo, Esse-
quibo, Demerara, Cayenne ; 7* Assumption, Villa
Kua.

Hemarks.— In no part of the world are the features of
nature so bold and marked as in South America. Its
mountains, rivers, and elevated plains, or table-land, are
on a scale of unusual magnificence. The gigantic An-
des, rising in chains or insulated mountains, far beyond the
region of perpetual snow, form a table-land whose gene-
ral elevation is 1 2,000 feet above the level of the ocean, ex-
tend almost from the Straits of Magellan through the whole
length of South America, then traverse the isthmus of Da-
rien and New Spain, till they are lost in the unexplored
regions of the north. Between these mountains and the
Pacific Ocean, a space varying from 100 to 200 miles, the
country next the shore is occupied, for the most part, with
flat low land, of a sandy soil. Proceeding towardi the
Andes, the traveller comes to land varied and mountainous,
but still habitable ; beyond which are the inaccessible sum-
mits called the Cordilleras. To the east of this mountain
tract there is an expanse of country, of much greater
breadth than that on the west, through which roll three
immense rivers, with many smaller streams ; and, still far-
ther to the east, rises another high land, inferior in elevation
and extent to the western table-land. The loftiest of the*
Andes is Chimborazo, whose summit is 21,440 feet above
the level of the sea.

' The plateaus and mountains of Tibet may vie ir< eleva-
tion with those of South America ; but in the magnitude of

276

AMBBICA.

iU riven the latter is altogether unrivalled. Among these
the Amazon, called likewise the Maranon> or Orellana,
holds the first rank. Ii is composed of the united streams
of the Ucayal and Tunguragua, which rise among the An-
des ; and is swelled in its course by many streams, which
are in themselves majestic rivers. It rolls through a space
of more than 4000 miles, expandins, before it reaches the
ocean, into an estuary 180 miles wide. So greet is the force
of its current that it repels the waters of the ocean, and
forces itself, pure and unmixed, upwards of SCO miles into
the sea. The influence of the tide, on the oihar hfmd, is
distinctly felt at Obidos, 400 miles from the mouth of the
river. Next in magnitude is the La Plata, foimed by tlie
unison of several great streams, of which the most import,
ant are the Parana and Paraguay. It falls into the Atlan-
tic near the southern boundary of Brazil. In the breadth of
Its stream it nearly equals the Amazon, being SO miles wide
at Buenos Ayres, 200 miles frcTU the ocean, and \B0 miles
wide at its mouth. Next, though much inferior to these,
is the Oronoko. It issues from a small lake in latitude 5**
6' N. and, entering the lake of Parima, bursts forth from .
it again in two streams, when, taking a circular sweep, it
pursues a northern direction. It is now swelled by many
important tributaries, and rolls along with great Torce and
rapidity. In this part of its course it is connected with the
Amazons by means of the Rio Negro and the Cassiquiari.
It afterwards turns eastward, and after a course of 1380
miles, including its windings, pours its immense volume of
waters into the ocean.

In South America the climate varies with the elevation
no less than with the latitude. Under the equator the infe-
rior limit of perpetual snow is at the height of 14,760 feet,
—and this boundary is invariable and strongly defined. The
climate and vegetable productions of different regions of the
globe are found in regular succession, as the traveller as-
cends from the level of the ocean to the height of the Andes.
Between the tropics, cassava, cocoa, maize, plantains, indi-
go, sugar, cotton, and coffee, are cultivated from the level of
the sea to the height of from 3000 to 5000 feet. There, tooj
oranges, pine-apples, and the most deliciousfruits, grow luxu-
riantly. Between the altitudes of 6000 and 9000 feet is the
climate best adapted to the culture of wheat and other Euro-

g these
irellans,
streams
the An-
I, which
I a space
ches the
the force
!an, and
liles into
h{ind, is
Uiofthe
d by tlie
import.
le Atlan>
ireadth of
liles wide
150 miles
to these,
ititude 50
orth from .
sweep, it
by many
force and
1 with the
issiquiari.
i of 1380
volume of

elevation
r the infe-
1,760 feet,
ined. The
ions of the
aveller as-
he Andes,
ains, indi'
he level of
There, toO)
jrow luxu-

feet is the
ther Euro-

AMERICA. 277

pean grains, and to the growth of the oak and other lofty fo-
rest-trees. Beyond the elevation of 9000 feet the large
species of trees disappear, but dwartibh pines are found at
an elevation of 13,000 feet.

Extreme fertility is the general character of the soil in
South America,— 'and its magnificent rivers and internal re-
sources seem to mark it out, as destined to become the most
Important part of the globe. Under the thraldom of tt\e
old governments of Spain and Portgual, the colonists, in-
dolent and dispirited, seemed scarcely aware of the ad*
vantages of their situation ; but now that they have suc-
ceeded in throwing off the yoke, the consciousness of inde-
pendence, and the security of a free government, may be
expected to call forth their energies, and to prompt them
to avail themselves of their exhaustless resources.

Gf this vast continent, Spain, before the late revolu-
tions, possessed Terra Firma, Peru, Chili, and Paraguay ;
Brazil belonged to the Portuguese, Guiana belongs to
the English, Dutch, and French ; most of Amazonia and
Patagonia are occupied by native tribes.

Of her former extensive possessions in South America,
Spain retains not a single spot. Her oppression, long en-
dured with servile patience, at last provoked the American
subjects to rebellion, and several important republics have
been founded on the ruins of the old government.

1. THE REPUBLIC OF COLOMBIA, established
in 1 820, after a struggle of ten years duration, comprehends
the provinces of Venezuela, Caraccas, and the rest of the ter-
ritory formerly known by the name of Terra Firma. Its
population amounts to 2,600,000. It has valuable mines of
silver, copper, and iron; those of gold are nearly exhausted.

2. PERU, whose independence was not finally establish-
ed till 1825, is divided into the two republics of Upper and
Lower Peru. Their population is estimated at 1,400,000.
Lima, its capital, founded by the infamous Pizarro, in
1535, is beautifully situate on a river in the wide and fer-
tile plain of Rimac. It contains 355 streets ; and is the
seat of a fine university. Its population was formerly es-
timated at 54,000. Cuzco, formerly the Peruvian capital,
is nearly equal to Lima in extent, and retains traces of its
ancient splendour. Its population is now about 32,000.
It is about 550 miles S.E. of Lima. Guamanga, occupy-

278

AMERICA.

ing a central iltuation between Lima and Cuico, contains
about 86,000 inhabitants. Arequipa is a large and well-
built city watered by the Chile, and contains a population
of 24,000. Not fai' from this city is the Lake Titlcaca,
240 miles in circumference, and in many places 480 feet
deep. Its only outlet is the Desaguaraido, by which it
communicates with Lake Paria. Potosi, (now included in
the province of St Luis, in La Plata.) whose silver-mines
are the richest in the world, is said to have once contained
160,000 inhabitants; but at present it does not contain
more than 30,000. La Paz, delightfully situate amid fertile
valleys, enclosed by snowy mountains, has a population of
80,000. Its trade consists chiefly in Paraguay toa.

3. CHILI established its independence in 11)18. Its
climate is peculiarly delightful^.equally removed from
the extremes of heat and cold, although bordering on the
torrid tone. This happy temperature it owes to its situa-
tion, being screened by the Andes on the east, and re-
freshed by cooling breezes from the Pacific. Its popula-
tion is estimated at l,IOO,000i It contains valuable mines
of gold, silver, copper, and lead. St Jago, the capital, is
a well-built town, containing 50,000 inhabitants. Valparaiso
is a flourishing city, and enjoys a considerable commerce.

4. LA PLATA, including the provinces of Buenos
Ayres, Mendoza, St Luis, Cordova, Tucuman, and Salta,
proclaimed its independence in 1816. This country en.
joys a salubrious climate and a fine soil. Its vast plains,
called P&mpas, are covered with luxuriant herbage, almost
entirely destitute of wood. Its population, of which more
than the half are native Indians, amounts to 1,200,000.
Buenos Ayres, the capital, so called from its fine climate,
b situate on the south bank of the Plata, about 200 miles
from its mouth. Although the river is here SO miles
broad, rocks, shallows, and tempestuous winds, render the
navigation extremely difficult- and dangerous. The city
is spacious and well-built, containing a population of
60,000. Monte Video, situate on the north bank of the
Plata, is now claimed by Brazil. It derives its name
from a neighbouring mountain, on which is a lighthouse
that commands an extensive view. Its harbour is the best
on the river. When occupied by the British in 1806, its
population was nearly 20,000. Mendoza, situate on a

brei

the

calH

I well,
ulation
iticaca,
80 feet
hich it
tided in
r-mines
ntained
contain
d fertile
ation of

18. Its
>d from
; on the
ts situa-
and re-
popula-
le mines
ipitaly is
cdparaiso
nmerce.

Buenos
nd Salta,
intry en-
it plains,
e, almost
ich more
,200,000.
e climate,
200 miles
SO miles
■ender the

The city
ilation of
nk of the
its name
lighthouse
is the best
1 1806, its
uate on a

AMERICA. 879

plain at the foot of the Andes, owes its importance to a
silver.mine in its vicinity. Its population, rapidly in-
creasing, amounted by a Ute estimate to 6000. Cordova,
situate on the small river Primcro, contains about 1500
l^anish inhabitants, with 4000 negroes. Tucuman is si-
tuate in a pleasant plain, rich in fruits and grain. It con-
tains a cathedral, two convents, and a college.

5. PARAGUAY is an extensive and fertile province,
watered by numerous rivers, which inundate the country, in
the rainy season, to a wide extent, and occasion swamps and
marshes, which occupy a great portion of the country. There
is no part of Spanish America in which the native Indians are
more numerous and powerful. Of a population of 102,354,
not more than a twentieth part are Spaniards. The most
noted of the Indian tribes are the Abipones, who excelled
in subduing the wild horse, and in the use td the bow.
For some time their warlike spirit proved formidable to
the Spaniards : since they have been reduced to the neces-
sity of having recourse to their protection, they are em-
ployed in catching, breaking, and training for cavalry, the
wild horses which ramble in vast herds over the plains.
Assumption, the capital, stands on the eastern bank of the
Paraguay, and is inhabited 1^ about 700 families of
Spaniards, and several thousands of Indians.

6. BRAZIL has, since its discovery by A Wares Cabral, a
Portuguese, in ! 500, belonged to PortugaL Roused by the
example of the Spi^nish colonies, and availing themselves
of the r<iVoludon it the parent country in 1821, the Bra~
ziliani at^eried the:r independence. The artful patriotism
of the Prince- Royal, Don Pedro, who headed the insur-
rectionists, preservw'd this iine country to the royal family.
He himself framed a new constitution, vesting the govern-
ment in a chamber of peers aad a chamber of deputies,
and assuming to himself the title of emperor. Brazil is
one of the finest portions of Americtu Its climate is de-
lightful, and its soil in general rich ; although in so exten-
sive a country both sou and climate must vary consider-
ably. It is about S240 miles in length, and about 700 in
breadth— comprising, besides Brazil proper, part of Guiana,
the north-east of Paraguay, and the east of Amazonia, now
called Para. Its important rivers, among which are the

280

AMERICA.

Amazons and the La Plata, the largest in the world, af-
ford great facilities for internal commerce ; and its re-
sources^ if duly cultivated, would be almost inexhaustible.
Immense crops of maize, rice, sugar, coffee, indigo, to-
bacco, besides vegetables in great variety, are raised with
the slightest culture. The forests yield the most valuable
kinds of wood for dying and cabinet purposes ; and gold
and diamonds are procured to a great annual amount.

St Sebastian, called also Rio Janeiro, from the river on
which it stands, is the present capital. It is a splendid
and flourishing city, containing a population of 110,000.
Its situation is peculiarly favourable for trade ; and, un-
der an enlightened administration, it might become a
general mart for the productions of Europe, Africa, Asia,
and the numerous and important islands of the Great
Ocean. Its principal exports are cotton, sugar, rum, tim-
ber, gold, diamonds, topazes, and other precious stones.
St Salvador, situate on the eastern shore of All Saints*
bay, is a well-built and fortified city, containing a popula-
tion of nearly 1 10,000.

7. GUI A'NA wasformerly divided into French and Dutch
Guiana ; but of the latter, the Dutch now retain Surinam
only— the rest having been ceded to Britain in 1814. The
climate of this country is said to be peculiarly unhealthy,
owing to the moisture of the soil, the heat of the climate,
and the thick forests which overspread the back country, and
impede the free circulation of the air. The soil, peculiarly
rank, yields the usual tropical productions in abundance
and perfection. Serpents and other noxious animals are
common in almost every part of the country ; and in the
waters is found the torpedo, a species of eel from three to
four feet in length, which has the singular power of con-
veying an electric shock when touched.

8. PATAGONIA is a mountainous, barren, and dismal
country, infested with storms, and subject to frequent earth-
quakes. The natives, although placed in the most inhos-
pitable climate, are the tallest and perhaps the handsomest
race of men on the face of the globe. Few of them are
under six feet, and many of them seven feet high. They
are very expert in the use of the bow and arrow. -Their
clothing consists of the skins of wild animals, which they
wear with the hair or fur turned inmost.

AMERICA.

281

EXERCISES.

+ Bt

What are the boundaries of South America? Between
what degrees of longitude and latitude does it extend ? What
are its length and breadth ? What is the estimated amount
of its population ? What are its principal capes ? What
are its bays and gulfs ? Name its divisions. Name its moun-
tains — ^its rivers — ^its islands. What are the towns of Colom-
bia? Of Peru? OfChUi? Of Patagonia? Of La Plata?
Of Brazil and Amazonia ? Of Guiana ? Of Paraguajr ?

Of what characters are the features of South America ?
Describe the Andes. What is the extent of space between
these mountains and the Pacific Ocean ? What is the general
description of the country next the shore ? What cnanges
of country does the traveller meet on approaching and reach-
ing the Andes ? Describe the country to the east of this
mountain tract. What is the name and the elevation of the
loftiest of the Andes ?

In what circumstance is South America unrivalled?
Which is the chief of its rivers ? Of what streams is it com-
posed ? What is the length of its course, and its width be-
fore reaching the ocean ? How far does it nenetrate, pure
and unmixed, into the ocean ? How far up tne river is the
influence of the tide distinctly felt ? What is the next river
in magnitude ? What are the most important of the streams
which unite to form it ? What is its width at Buenos
A]rres, and at its mouth ? What river is next to these in
magnitude ? Where does it rise ? What lake does it enter ?
In what direction does it then flow ? How is it connected
with the Amazons ? What is the length of its course ?

With what circumstances does the climate of South Ame-
rica vary ? What is the inferior limit of perpetual snow un-
der the equator ? What products are cultivated, between the
tropics, from the level of the sea to the height of 4000 or
5000 feet ? In what altitude is the climate best adapted to
the culture of European grains, and of lofty forest-trees ?
What kinds of trees are found at a greater elevation ?

What is the general character of the soil in South Ame-
rica ? By what circumstances does it seem destined to be-
come a most important part of die globe ? What formerly
prevented the colonists from availing themselves of their
advantages ? By what circumstances are they now likely to
be stimulated to greater energy ?

What part of South America did Spain possess before Uie
late revolutions ? What portion of it belonged to Portugal ?

AM27RICA.

To whom does Guiana belong ? What countries are occu-
pied by native tribes ?

Does Spain retain any of her South American posses-
sions ? When, and after how long a struggle, was the re-
public of Colombia established ? What provinces does it
comprehend ? What population does it contain ? What
Valuable mines does it possess ?

When was the independence of Peru finally established ?
How is it divided ? What is their population ? Describe
Lima, the capital. Describe Cuzco. What are the situa-
tion and population of Ouamanga ? Describe Arec|uipa.
What is the lake in its neighbouniood ? What are its ex-
tent and depth? How does it communicate with Lake
Paria ? In what province is Potosi now included ? For
what mines is it remarkable ? What is the difference be-
tween its former and its present population ? Describe the
situation, and state the population of La Paz. What is the
chief article of its trade ?

When was the independence of Chili established ? What
is remarkable about its climate ? To what does it «we this
advantage ? At what amount is the population of the re-
public estimated ? What valuable mines does it contain ?
What is the population of St Jago, the capital ? What is
the present state of Valparaiso ?

When did La Plata establish its independence ? What
provinces does it contain ? Is it favoured in climate and
soil ? What are its Pampas ? What is the amount of its
population ? What proportion are native Indians ? Where
is Buenos Ayres, the capital, situate ^ What renders the
navigation of the river there difficult ? What is the appear-
ance of the city, and its population ? Where is Monte Vi-
deo situate ? By whom is it now claimed ? From what does
it derive its name ? What, was its population when occu-
pied by the British ? To what does Mendoza owe its im-
portance ? What is the population of Cordova ? Describe
Tucuman.

W^hat is the general description of Paraguay? What
proportion do the Spaniards bear in its population ? Which
18 tne most noted of the native tribes ? In what are they
now employed ? Describe Assumption, the capital.

How long has Brazil belonged to the Portuguese ? When
did the Brazilians assert their independence ? How was this
country preserved to the royal family of Portugal ? What
was the nature of the constitution framed by Don Pedro ?
What kind of country is Brazil ? What is tt- extent of the
empire in length and breadth-P What othet countries does

AMERICA.

283

it contain besides Brazil proper ? M'^hat advantages do its
rivers affbrd ? Enumerate some of its productions. What
is the present capital ? In what respects is its population
particularly advantageous ? What is its population ? What
are its principal exports ? Where is St Salvador situate ?
What IS its po})ulation P

How was Guiana formerly divided ? What pa^t of it do
the Dutch now retain ? To whom was the k ^t of Dutch
Guiana ceded ? Is the climate healthy ? To what causes
is this owing ? What is the quality of the soil ? What
noxious animals abound in. this country ? What singular
fish is found in the waters ? What kind of country is Pata-
gonia ? For what are the natives remarkable ? In what are
Jiey very expert ? Of what does their clothing consist ?

DESCRIPTIVE TABLE.

When
ras this

What
»edro ?

of the
es does

All-Saints, (Bay of), or Todos San-

to8, a large and convenient bay,

on the coast oi' Bahia, in Brazil.

It is 37 miles long, and 27 miles

^t its greatest width.
Amazonia, an extensive country

on the Amazons.
Am'azons, Ma'ranon, or Orella'na,

the largest river in the world.^

See Remarks.
An'des.— See Remarks.
Anto'nio, Cape.
Arequi'pa, a town in Peru.— See

Remarks.
Assumption, a town in Paraguay.

—See Remarks.

Bogo'ta, or Sante Fe de Bogota,

■ the capital of the republic of

Colombia, in the province of

New Crrenada. It stands on an

' elevated table-land, upwards of

8000 feet above the level of the

aea, near the stupendous cascade

of Tequendama, on the river

. Bogota, which falls, at a double

' bound, about 570 feet of perpen-

dicular height. The town has

many magnificent edifices, and

contains 30,000 inhabitants.

Baliia.— See St Salvador.

Buenos Ayres.— See Remarks.

Callao, the port of Lima, in Peru,
situate on a river of the same
name. In 1746, it was entirely

destroyed by an earthquake, but
has since been rebuilt.

Carthage'na, a city of Colombia in
the province of Popayan, con-
taining between 5000 and 6000
inhabitants.

Cayenne', an island river, and
city in French Guiana, remark-
able for the pepper known by
the same name.

Chi'li.—See Remarks.

C.iiloe', a cluster of islands situate
in a large bay at the southern
extremity of Chili. Chiloe, the
largest, is about 120 miles in
length, and 60 miles in its
greatest breadth. The soil is
fertile, but the climate is exces-
sively humid.

Colombia.— See Remarks.

Cordil'leras, the summits, or
highest regions of the Andes.

Cuz'co, a city in Peru.— See Rb-

MARKS.

Da'ricn, an extensive gulf, in Co.
lombia, in the former viceroyalty
of New Grenada. It is between
70 and 80 miles in length, and
27 in breadth.

Demara'ra, a province in Dutch
Guiana, traversed by a river of
the same name. It has nearly
100 miles of seacoast ; and for
20 miles inland the country con-
sists of exf^nsive meadows. The

284

AMERICA.

aoil is fertile, and the climate
favourable for every kind cf
IWest Indian produce.

EssequilK}. a river and settlement
in Dutch Guiana, now in po8<
session of Britain.

Falkland Islands, a group to the
E. of the Straits of Magellan,
consisting of two large and a
number of small islands— flrom
the inhospitable climate, and
the swampy soil, unfit for the
habitation of men.

Gallipa'go Isles, a group of islands
in the Pacific Ocean, near the
equator : nine of them are of
considerable size, the largest be^
ing 65 miles long, and 45 wide.
They abound with turtle, and
other fish of the most excellent
kinds.

Guaman'ga, a town in Peru.— See
Remarks.

Guancavelica, a town of Peru, si-
tuate in a broken glen formed
by the Andes. The vicinity is
rich in gold and silver mines ;
and IS celebrated for amine of
quicksilver.

Guaya'qui), a province and town
in Colombia. The town, situate
on a river of the same name,
contains about 20,000 inhabi-
tants.

Guia'na.— See Rbhabks.

Horn, Cape, on the south coast of
Terra del Fu^o, the most
southern extremity of America.
Lat. 550 SSr S.

La MaSre, Straits of, a channel or
passage flrom the Atlantic to the
Pacitic Ocean, l)etween Terra
del Fuego and Staten land. It
is 15 miles long, and of equal
width.

La Plata.— See Remarks.

Li'ma, the. capital of Peru.— See
Remarks.

Ma^llan, Straits of, a passage be-
tween the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans, upwards of 900 miles in

but of very unequal

length,
width.

Maracailw, a province and town
in Colombia. The town is si-
tuate on a lake of the same
name, about six leagues flrom
the Atlantic. It contains about
24,000 inhabitants.

Maracaibo, Lake, in the province
of Venezuela, is about 150 mile*
long, and 90 broad, and is navi-
gable for vessels of any burden.

Maranham, a province of Brazil,
comprehending a considerable
island of the same name, of great
fertility.

Mendo'za, a town of La Plata.—
See Remarks.

Monte Vi'deo, a town of La Plata.
— See Remarks.

Olinda, capital of the province of
Pernambuco, in Brazil, situate
about a league (torn Pernambu-
co, on the snore of the Atlantic,
with which town^ however, it is
connected and identified. Po-
Iiulation 25,000.

Orinoco, river.— See Remarks.

Pana'ma, a town of Colombia, si.
tuate at the bottom of the large
bay of Panama.

Pa'ra, a town of Brazil, in the ex-
tensive province of Para. P(n>u.
latiun 10,000.

Para'guay.— See Remarks. ' -

Paramaribo, capital of the province
of Surinam, in Guiana, sitviate
on the riter Sunnan, about 18
miles from its mouth.

Patago'nia.^-See Remarks.

Peru.— See Remarks.

Popayan, capital of a province of
ttie same name, in Colombia. It
contains about 25,000 inhabi-
tants.

Porto-Bello, a seaport on the fine
harbour from which it derives
its name, on the coast of the
isthmus of Darien, in Colombia.

Potosi', (see').—See Remarks.

Quito, a town of Colombia, in an
extensive province of the same
name, stretching eastward from
the Pacific Ocean, The town.

AMERICA.

285

which U larget is built on the
sMq of a volcanic mountain, and
contains 70,000 inhabitants.

Rio Grande, capital of a consU
derable province in BraiiL

Rio Janei'ro, or St Sebastian, the
present coital of BraziL-— See
Rbharks.

St Jago, the capital of ChUL«-See

RBMARK8.

St Ro'que, (Rcik), a very promi-

nent cape on the coast of Bra-
aiL
St Salvador', a city of BraziL^See
Rbmabks.

Terra del Flie'gp. a lane island
sq>arated ttom tne southern ex-
tremity of South America by the
Straits of Magellan. The aspect
of the country is peculiarly
dreary, consisting of a chain of
stupendous rooka, covered with
perpetiulsnow.

/• '.K

■■:<^,<r;_ :, ;;.»,;) loJ jAiU. ,j''';i '^ijORS V>( ..

.•vrMAyj;:i

TO BE

SOLVED BY THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE.

'•■3 5 IIS .'1i

W^'.

Problbm 1,^—To^nd the latitude of a place.

Rule. — Bring the place to the graduated edge
of the brazen meridian : the degree of the meri-
dian, north or south from the equator, shows the
northern or southern latitude of the place.

Exercises. — What is the latitude of London, Paris,
Madrid, Rome. Lisbon, Edinhurgh, Dublin, Vienna, Con-
stantinople? " ' -?^.-. V.

AJ^ktMi. %V

A..:-.., j^t.v

if. ^i -J r

Pros. II.-— Toj^nd the longitude of a place.

Rule.— Bring the place to the edge of the me-
ridian ; the degree of the equator cut by the meri-
dian shows the longitude of the place, east or west
from the meridian of Greenwich, i, e. the first me-
ridian.

Ex.— What is th^ longitude of Petersburgh, ('alcutta,
Naples, Pekin? ^

286

PROBLEMS SOLVED BY THE

Prob. III. — The longitude and latitude of a place
being given, tojind that place.

lluLE. — Bring the given longitude to the meri-
dian ; under the given degree of latitude on the
meridian is the place required. ^

Ex.i-What places are situate in 30*^ E. Long, and 31** N.
Lat. ? in 18*» 30' E. Long, and 34" 30' S. Lat. ? in nearly
Sg** W. Long, and 13" N. Lat. ?

Prob. IV. — Tojind the distance between any two
places on the globe.

Rule. — Lay the quadrant of altitude over the
two places^ and mark the number of degrees be-
tween them.

Ex — What is the distance between Quebec and Rio Ja-
neiro ? Rome and London ? Calcutta and the Cape of
Good Hope ? The Cape of Good Hope and London ?

Prob. V. — The hour at any place being given, to
Jind what hour it is at any other place.

"Rule. — Bring the place at which the hour is

given to the meridian, set the index to that hour,

then turn the globe until the other place comes to

the meridian, and the index will show the hour at

that place. .

Ex. — When it is noon at Edinburgh, what is the time at
Lima, Mecca, and Canton? When it is 6 o'clock, a.m. at
London, what o'clock is it at Sydney, Cape Comorin, and
Cape Horn ?

• Prob. VI.— To rectify the globe for any place.

RuLE.^ — E'cvate the north or south pole above

■^the horizon, accordinfr to the northern or southern

latitude of the place.

Ex.^Rectify the globe for Edinburgh, London, Paris,
Lisbon, Buenos Ayres, Madras, Pekin.

Pro

• Thi
he sets a
w have su
% equally t
' day inert
day is 24
the pole!
the polee
each con

ryf a place

the meri-
ide on the

and3l*'N.
? in nearly

n any two

5 over the
legrees be-

and Rio Ja-
the Cape of
mdon ?

V given, to
'ilace.

he hour is
that hour,
e comes to
he hour at

s the time at
ock, A.M. at
omorin, and

TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. " . 287

Pros. VII. — Tojind the sun's place in the ecliptic
for any given time.

Rule. — Find the day of the month on the
wooden horizon, and opposite to it, in the adjoin-
ing cirde, are the sign and degree in which the
sun is for that day : find the same sign and degree
on the ecliptic, and that is the sun's place. .

£x. — What is the sun's place on the 1st January, the 20th
March, the 24th December, the 21st June, and the 23d Sep-
tember? ^ ,^ , _,_, ,,. ,,_^..,^ ,,„-. „ ^ ^,., .^^_ .,

Prob. VIII. — Tojind at what hour the sun rises
and sets {and, of course, the length of the day
and night) at any place, on a given day.

Rule.-— Rectify the globe for the latitude of
the place ; find the sun's place in the ecliptic for
the given day, and bring it to the meridian ; set
the index to xii., and turn the sun's place to the
eastern edge of the horizon — the index will show
the hour of rising ; then bring it to the western
edge of the horizon, and the index will show the
time of setting. The hour of sunrising, doubled,
gives the length of night ; and the hour of sun-
setting, doubled, gives the length of day.*

£x. — At what time does the sun rise and set at Dublin,
Archangel, Gibraltar, and the Cape of Good Hope, on the
15th June ; and what is the length of the day and night at
those places ?

my place,

pole above
n southern

ndon, Paris,

« Thus, if the sun rises at n, the length of the night is 12 hours ; if
he sets at i), the length of the day is 18 hours. Places on the equator
have sunrise at 6, and sunset at 6; and, of course, day and night
equally divided through the whole year. The length of the longest
day increases with the latitude ; and at the polar circles the longest
day is 24 hours, and the longest night the same. From these circles to
the {xAea, the days continue to lengthen into weeks and months : .it
the poles, the year is equally divided between sunshine and darkness,
each continuing for six n onths.

288

PROBLEMS 80LVBD BY THE

Frob. lX,--To^nd on what paint of the compass
the sun rises and sets, on a given day, at any
•particular place,

RuiiB.— Rectify the globe for the latitude of the

place ; find the sun's place for the particular day ;

obeerve what place on the circle oi rhombs is cut

by the sun's place in the ecliptic when brought to

the eastern edge of the horizon^ and also when

brought to the western.

Ex. — On what points of the compass does the sun rise and
set at Gibraltar on the 17th July, at Petersburgh on the 10th
October, and at Edinburgh on the 9th June?

Prob. X.— TAe day of the month being given, to
Jind the surCs declination,* and to what place
the sun will be vertical on that day,

RuLE.-~The sun's place in the ecliptic for the
given day being brougnt to the meridian^ the de-
gree marked over it is the declination : turn the
globe, and all the places which pass under that de^
gree will have the sun vertical on that day*

Ex. — ^What is the sun's declination, and to what places
will he be vertical on the 7th of May, the 10th of February,
the 4th June, and the 14th December ?

Prob. XI.— To^wrf whe^re the sun is vertical at
a given place and hour.

Rule. — Find the sun's declination; bring the
place given to the meridian, and set the index to
th( given hour; turn the globe till the index
points to 12 noon: all the places then under the:
meridian have noon at the given hour; and thej

* The declinatlMi of the sun is its distance ttom the equator, north i
or south.

ihe composs
iay, at any

titudeoftbe
ticular day ;
lombs is cut
I brought to
d also wben

the sun rise and
arghonthelOth

eing given, to

to what place

cliptic for tbe
idiau, the de-
tion: turn the
under that dc-
at day.

ad to what places
10th of February,

n t* vertical at

r.
gion ; bring the

jet the index to
till the index
then under the
bour; and the

TERRESTRIAL GLOBE.

2(19

the equator, notth s

place whose latitude corresponds M'ith the sun's de-
clination has the sun vertical at the given hours.

Ex. — Where is the sun vertical on the 0th of April, when
it is 6 in the morning at Dublin ? Where is the sun vertical
on the 19th September, when it is 4 o'clock in the morning at
Amsterdam ?

Pros. XII. — The day, hour, and place, being
given, to Jind where the sun is then rising and
setting, where it is noon or midnight.

Rule- — Rectify the globe for the latitude of the
place ; bring to the meridian the place where the
sun is vertical at the given hour. In this position
of the globe^ the sun is rising to all the places un-
der the western edge of the horizon^ and setting
to those under the eastern : to those under the up-
per half of the meridian it is noon ; to those under
the lower half, midnight.

Ex To what places is the sun rising, and to what places

is he setting, ^hen at Edinburgh it is 7 in the mornins, on
the 14th of March ? Where is it noo:i on the 30th June,
when at London it is 9 in the evening ? Where :is it mid-
night, on the 6th February, when it is noon at Petersburgh ?

I Prob. XIII. — A place in the torrid zone being
given to Jind on what two days of the year the
sun will be vertical there. :^. . . ->

Rule. — Find the latitude of the place, turn the
jflobe, and observe the two points of the ecliptic
[that pass under the degree of latitude : opposite to

these points, on the wooden horizon, will be found

the days required.

Ex — On what da}'3 is the sun veriical at Madras,
jHelena, Cape Comorin, Lima, Cape Vcrd ?

290

PROBLEMS 80LVBD BY THE

pROB. XIV. — Tojind the sun's meridian altitude
at any given place, on a given day.

Rule.— Rectify the globe for the latitude of the
place ; bring the sun's place for the given day to
the meridian ; the number of degrees between
that place and the meridian shows the altitude re-
quirra.

M-' it, Hi ,mtsvi Hi -itn:

Hay, I

yttl *Si-^

Ex.— What is the meridian altitude of the sun at London
on the 11th January, at Constantinople on the 8th Novem-
ber, of Pckin on the 4th July ?

Prob. XV.^^ToJind the altitude of the sun at any

rt- ,i given place and hour.

HuLB.-^Rectify the globe for the latitude;

bring the sun's place to the meridian^ and set the

index to xii. noon ; turn the globe till the index

points to the given hour, and lay the quadrant of

altitude over the place ; the number of degrees on

the quadrant, counted between the place and the

horizon, will show the altitude required.

Ex. — What is the altitude of the sun at Berlin on the
12th August, at noon ? at Cadiz on the 3d October, at one
o'clock, afternoon ? at Hamburgh on the 17th March, at 10
oVlock, forenoon ?

Prob. XVI.-— 7*o ^nd all the places to which a
lunar eclips<i is visible at any instant.

Rule.— Find the place to which the sun is ver-
tical at the given time ; rectify the globe for the la-
titude of that place; set the index to xii. noon;
then turn the globe till the index points to xii.
midnight ; the eclipse will be visible to all those
places which are above the horizon.

Ex. — There will be a partial eclipse of the moon on the
13th September, 1829, at 7 o'clock, morning, to what places
will it be visible ? There will be a total eclipse of the moon
on the 2d September, 1830, at 11 o'clock, evening, to what
places will it be visible ?

altitude

le of the
n day to
between
tude rc-

ftt London
!i Novem-

tn at any

latitude ;
1 set the
be index
adrant of
egrecs on
and the

in on the
er, at one
arch, at 10

which a
nt.

in is ver-
9r the la-
ii. noon ;
its to xii.
all those

con on the
irhat places
F the moon
;, to what

TERBBBTBIAL GLOBE.

291

PROB. XVII.— iiny place in the north frigid zone
being given, to Jind how long the sun shines
there without setting, and how long he is totally
absent.

Rule. — Rectify the globe for the latitude of the
place ; bring the ascending signs of the ecliptic to
the north point of the horizon, and observe what
degree of the ecliptic is intersected by that point :
find by the horizon the day and niontn correspond-
ing to that degree, from that day the sun begins to
shine continually. Bring the descending signs to
the same point of the horizon, observe what de-
gree of the ecliptic is intersected by that point,
and by referring to the horizon, as before, you will
find tne time when the sun ceases to shine perpe-
tually, or the end of the longest day. Proceed in
the same manner with the southern point of the
horizon, and you will obtain the beginning and end
of the longest night. « ' -■'.-■

Ex. — WTiat is the length of the longest day and night at
the North Cape, the soutnem uoint of Spitzbergen, and the
northern point of Nova Zembla ? Captain Parry wintered
on Melville Island, in 75" N. Lat. How long was he in-
volved in darkness ?

Prob. XVIII. — To Jind the antoeci* of a place.

Rule.— Find the latitude of the place given ;

at the corresponding latitude on the opposite side

of the equator are the antceci.

Ex. — Who are the antoeci of the people at Smyrna, at
Quebec, at Petersburgh ?

* The antoeci are those who live under the same meridian, and
have the same latitude, but on onpoeite sides of the equator : they
have noon at the same time, l)ut their summer and winter at opposite
periods of the year.

292

CELESTIAL GLOBE.

Prob. XIX. — To find the periccci* of a place.

Rule. — Bring the place given to the meridian ;
set the index at xii. noon, and turn the globe till
the index points to xii. midnight : under the same
degree of meridian as the place given are the pe-
riccci of that place.

Ex — Who are the periceci of the people of Paris, Phila-
delphia, Lassa, Mexico ? , , , ^

i . ' ; ■.,■»":

Prob. XX. — Tojind the antipodes^ of a place.

Rule. — Bring the given place to the meridian ;
set the index to xiii. noon, turn the globe till .the
index points to xii. midnight : under the same de-
gree of latitude as the place given, but on the op-
posite sido of the equator, will be found the anti-
podes. '."""; ^r..:.

Ex. — Who are the antipodes of the inhabitants of Cal-
cutta, Jamaica, Botany Bay, Borneo, Cape Horn ?

*ki'kt- 7a'-<fl;d *'i-* ■•

:fir

*y w -_ ir tri '■» i ¥T ■>*->' i ^ ^Tf^

'Jf^f

CELESTIAL GLOBE.

The CeleLtial Globe is a representation of the
heavens, with the stars laid down in their natural
situations. The diurnal motion of this globe is
from E. to W., and represents the apparent diur-
nal motion of the sun> moon, and stars. In using
this globe, the student is supposed to be placed

* The periopci live under the same degree of latitude, but diflbr
ISO** in longitude ; consecjiuently they have their summer and winter
at the same time, but their day and night at opposite times.

f Antipodes have the same latitude on opposite sides of the equator,
and differ 180 degrees in longitude ; consequently they have their day
and night, their summer and winter, at opposite tiihes.

CBLB8TIAL OLOBK.

203

within it at the centre, and to view the stars in
the concave surface.

A Constellation U an assemblage of stars, dis-
tinguished by the nuf e of some animal or object
to which the outline of the whole is supposed to
bear a resemblance-^as the Bear, the Dragon,
Orion, Bootes, the Crown, &c.

The Zodiac is an imaginary belt around the
heavens, about 76 degrees broad, in which the
planets move. Through the middle of this belt
runs the ecliptic, or the apparent nath of t(ie sun.

The latitude of the heavenly bodies is measured
from the ecliptic, north and south : their longitude
is reckoned from the first point of Aries, eastward
round the globe. Their declination is their dis-
tance N. or S. from the eauinoctial. Their right
ascension is their distance irom the first meridian
(t. e. the first point of Aries) counted on the
equinoctial.

PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED BY THE
CELESTIAL GLOBE.

Pbob. I.— -7\) Jind the latitude and longitude of

any star.

Rule.—- Bring the pole of the ecliptic to the
zenith, and place the quadrant over the given
star ; the number of degrees between the ecliptic
and the given star is the latitude ; the number of
degrees between the edge of the quadrant and the
first point of Aries indicates the longitude.

£x. — What are the latitude and longitude of Procyon in
Canis Minor, of Sinus in Canis Major, and of Arcturus
in Bootes ? ...

294

FBOBIiEMS SOLVED BY THE

Prob. II. — Tojind a star's place in the heavens,

its latitude and longitude being given. ^

■ Ex — What star is that whose longitude is 85", and whose
latitude is 16** S. ? What star is that whose longitude is 297",
and whose latitude is 30" N. ?

Prob. III. — To find the declination of the sun

or stars.

Rule. — Bring the star to the meridian, and
observe its distance N. or S. from the equinoctial.

What is the declination of the sun on the 11th
What is the declination of Castor in Gemini, and of

Ex.-

April ?
Regulus in Leo P

Prob. IV.— To find the right ascension of the
sun, or any star.

KuLE. — Bring the sun's place, or the star, to
the meridian : the degree of the equinoctial, cut by
the meridian, shows the right ascension.

Ex. — What is the sun^s right ascension on the 5th July,
and the 13th October ? What is the right ascension of Lyra
in the Harp, of Aldebaranin Taurus, and of Rigelin Orion's
foot? - .J • :

Prob. V. — The latitude of a place^ the day and
hour being given, to represent the face of the
heavens, so as to point out all the constellations
and stars there and then visible.

Rule. — ^Rectify .the globe for the latitude of the

place ; bring the sun's place for the given day to

the meridian ; set the index to xii., then turn the

globe till the index points to the given hour. In

this position the globe will represent the face of the

lieavens.

Ex. — Represent the face of the heavens for 2 and 3 in the
morning on the 18th January; for 8 and 11 evening on the
12th March.

CELESTIAL GLOBE.

295

Prob. VI. — To Jind the time when any of the
heavenly bodies rises, sets, or comes to the meri-
dian, on a particular day, at a given place*

Rule. — Rectify the globe for the latitude of the
place ; bring the sun's place to the meridian, and
set the index to xii. ; then turn the globe' till the
given star comes to the eastern edge of the horizon,
the index will show the time of rising ; carry it to
the western edge, the index will show the time of
setting : then bring it to the meridian, and the in-
dex shows the time of its culmination or southing.

Ex. — At what time does Regulus, in Leo, rise, set, and
culminate, on the 4th of February ? At what time does Al-

?hecca, in Corona Borealis, rise, set, and culminate, on the
thofMay? j,.,,,? -f.--y^-; ^ :Vi ■- ;- ■.- •

Prob. VII. — To^nd on what day of the year any
given star comes to the meridian at a given hour.

Rule.— Bring the given star to the meridian,
and set the index to the given hour; turn the
globe till the index points to xii. noon, and the day
of the month whici^ corresponds to the degree of
the ecliptic cut by the meridian is the day required.

Ex. — On what day does Rigel, in Orion, come to the me-
ridian, at 8 o'clock in the evening ? On what day does Si-
rius come to the meridian, at 10 o'clock, evening ?

Prob. VIII. — The latitude of a place, the altitude
of a star, and the day of the month being given,
to find the hour of the night.

Rule. — Rectify the globe for the latitude;'
bring the sun's place to the meridian, and set the
index at xii. ; nx the quadrant in the zenith, then
move the globe and quadrant till the star comes

PROBLEMS SOLVED, &C.

under tM quadrant at the given altitude, and the
index will show the hour required.

Ex-^t Edinburgh, on the 13th December, when the
altitude of Aldebarsn i8 46*^. what is the hour of the night ?
When, at the same place, tine altitude of Capella, in Auri-
ga, is 70*^ on the 90tn of January, what is we hour of the
night?

Proe* IX.-— TAe ifear and day being given, to
find the place of a planet »

Rule.— Find the sun's place for the given di!\,
and bring it to the meridian ; set the index to xii. ;
then find in the nautical almanack the time when
the planet passes the meridian on the given day,
and turn the globe till the index points to the hour
thus found ; find in the almanack the declination
of the planet for the same day, and under it on the
globe is the place of the planet.

Ex.— What will be the ^lace of Venus on the 14th De<
cember, 1829 ? What will be the place of Mars on the
20th March, 18S0?

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-K'P^

THE END. ,

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