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EPOCHS OF ENGLISH HISTORY MODERN ENGLAND 1820-1874 BY OSCAR BROWNING, M.A. SBNIOR FELLOW OF KING's COLLEGE CAMBRIDGE ADAM MILLER AND COMPANY II WELLINGTON STREET WEST TORONTO 1878 7 W.J E„ter.d^„„rdi.g ,o Ac. „t P.rl,.»„n. „, c.„.d., in the Offlc, „, t^^Mi«I.tor Of Agrlcmtoe, by Adam Alu^^a & Co., In the ye„ CONTENTS. rACK List of Pkime Ministers yjij Introduction . I a the Oflaoe of [)., in the year BOOK I. canning. 1820-1827. I. The Queen's Trial II. Foreign Policy * . * . * * e III. Commercial Reform . . , ' , ' ' * * ^ IV. The Death of Canning .'.*.* * * ' 1. II. III. IV. BOOK II. WELLINGTON. 1827-1830. Wellington Prime Minister N.'ivarino . . . . Catholic Emancipation . European Revolution . II 12 IS I. II. III. I\'. BOOK III. REFORM. 1830-1834. First Reform Bill o St'Ound Reform Bill . . Third Reform Bill . .'.*.'.*.* * * *' Results of Reform Bill f ? 34 VI Contents. CItAP. I- Sir R. Peers Ministry 11. The Kings last years, in. The New Reign IV. Jhe Queen's \:arriage BOOK IV. LORD MELBOURNE. 1835-1841. PAGH • 27 . 28 29 BOOK V. SIR ROBERT PEEL. 1841-1853. I- Afghanistan . n. Free Trade IH. The Charter .*"■••• 'V. The Exhibition BOO.K VI. WAR AND MUTINY. 1853-1858. I. The Crimean War . II. Indian Mutiny . * • ' . . BOOK VII. THE NEW REFORM BILL. 1858-1868. I. Lord Derby . II. Lord Palmerston . * * ' in. Mr. Disraeli . " ' ' * * BOOK VIII. MR. GLADSTONE. 1868-1874. I. Irish Church and Land II. War between France and Germany ' ' HI. Liberal Reverses • • • . . Conclusion . 32 34 37 39 41 43 45 46 49 Index St SI 54 S6 59 vn PACK • 27 1 . 28 i • 29 '5T 1 ZASr OF PRIME MINISTERS 0' 1 FROM i8ao TO 1874. a Lord Liverpool . . May 1812 to April 1827. • 32 9 Mr. George Canning . . . April 1827 i> Aug. 1827. • 34 « Lord Goderich . . Aug. 1827 1* Jan. 1828. • 37 39 1 Duke of Wellington . . Jan. 1828 11 Nov. 1830. 1 Lord Grey. . Nov. 1830 it July 1834. a Lord Melbourne . • • July 1834 II Nov. 1834. 1 Sir Robert Peel . . Dec. 1834 1 1 April 1835. Lord Melbourne . . . April 1835 II Aug. 1841. 41 Sir Robert Peel . Aug. 1841 1 1 July 1846. 43 Lord John Russell . . July 1846 II Feb. 1852. Lord Derby . Feb. 1852 1 1 Dec. 1852. Lord Aberdeen . . . Dec. 1852 11 Feb. 1855. Lord Palmerston . Feb. 1855 1 1 Feb. 1858. A *" Lord Derby .... . . Feb. X858 II June 1859. 4d 46 ■ Lord Palmerston . June 1859 11 Nov. 1865. 49 9 Earl Russell. . . Nov. 1865 II June 1866. B Lord Derby . June 1866 II Feb. i868. V Mr. Disraeli . . Feb. 1868 1 1 Dec. 1868. M Mr. Gladstone . . Dec. 1868 f • Feb. 1874. 1 Mr. Disraeli .... . . Feb. 1874 5t ■ 53 m 54 1 56 1 59 1 1 u ol d( St m W fif Pr cil tio of cla dei MODERN ENGLAND. INTRODUCTION. The period of history contained in this httle book is as important as any part of the annals of England. It is with few exceptions a time of peace, of quiet, steady in- ternal progress. It represents a nation resting from the a moT". ' r'""'' P^^^ '° ^^°" ^^^-^ ^- ^he trials of a momentous future. It is the genius of England to gain by reform what other nations attempt by revolution It was one of the effects of the French Revolution to destroy what remained of the feudal system in France • to strengthen the national life by summoning the who e WhaTFlcr^^V^^^^^^'^'^'^ '''^''y -^ ^^"aJhy What France imperfectly attained by one fierce struggle fifty yTars'"'"""'"^""' ^y the patient effortfof The chief events which mark the advance of this progress were these : 1. In 1829 the emancipation of the Catholics recon- 2. In .832 the great reform bill shook the monopoly of anstocrat.c government, abolished distinctions of roc^r ''"''' '"^ ™"™ '- ^ J-' -<> -mpe Ji E. H. B Modern Eughml of free trade. ''^'' '^"^ 'Asserted the principle 4- In 1851 and iSri-> fi peaceful rivalry as the .net of f'",°' ^'" ^^'^^^ "^et in -between ,854 and 856 d.d LT '"' ^'^ ^^'"-'^n regular march of progress '""^^^'y ''^ft'ect the * 5; In 1866 a new reform 1 n • ^onunuationofthe old one iave\'" '"''^">' '"-^Pocfs the "l^ernal improvement Tw ' f '' ""'" opportunity for taken towards providing a nntln.T'^H ' ''"'' ^ ^'^P ^^^ These changes havo .11 i , ^^"^ation. -<^ "Pon another o 7h ,t"°7^\^-etly and naturally than change. ' '^'^^ '^^y ^ook like growth rather -^^^"^^IT^^^^^^^^ is ready With re- honour. "^ f^esh career of prosperity and vs secured cheap ^^ the principle 'le world met in The Crimean >iisly afifect the ny respects the opportunity for es were passed id a step was on, and naturally growth rather sady with re- rosperity and 1S20. Caio Street Cotispiracy. BOOK I. CANNING.— 1B20-1S27. CHAPTER I. THE QUEEN'S TRIAL. I. You were told at the end of your last epoch that the reign of George III. closed in a time of sullen agitation, the result partly of the usual distress caused by a long war, partly of the delay in passing needful measures c\ reform.' Our epoch, therefore, opens dark and gloomily. We find the ministers so unpopular that a conspiracy is formed to murder them. We find the crown discredited by the bad character of the King, and the people ready to take part against him. The horror of the Cato Street conspiracy is explained by the scandal of the Queen's trial. 2. Let us hear what this conspiracy was. One day, towards the end of February 1820, the Cabinet ministers were to dine together at Lord Harrowby's. cato Street But they had been told that a plot had been conspiracy. formed by some desperate men to murder them as they sat at table. They therefore dined separately at home, while the police were sent to capture the conspirators. They found them, twenty-five in number, in a loft above a stable in Cato Street, E^dgware Road, armed, and ready for the enterprise. The first of the police who entered was stabbed to the heart, and the greater num.ber of culprits escaped, including Thistlewood, the captain of the gang, who, however, was taken r day. Epoch VII. p. 91. B a !i: 4 Modem England. kingdom. Nothing,ftwJ's-,id '"uf^'''' ""'"''ff''™' the It was attributed to the Rld'cTplf '"^" °'J™" '• of Radfcal became a byword I, ,™T' ""'' "'^ "••>■»<= ft"; yet misery and dTconL, l°"'>' *== ""^ "f ••' pitch before such remedir' L T''''"^ "^™ '"■''i'igi' , 3. George „?. ,ad b me" ' tT '"k" ''°''»"" "^ form his duties as king a. °hT ™ l^r'"^ '""■='= 'o P"" Th=Qu„.., sonGeorgf.PrinceofW, ^^•■''■'*'°- "'^ '""■ and held^he office l^w ,'T """"" "'"ff^"'' beginning of ,820, after „hich hi " '^'i'"'^ ''^■•"1' i" the Tlie trial of Queen CwoW r '"/"^''^d to the throne. still more to widen the b each tt"' "' T'' '''"^' '^"d^d side, and the king a„d m.nTsL. !! ""^ P^"""^ ™ °"« a Princess of Bruns^cr and h J" ' ■""'"■ ^^e was Wales in ,795. FronT he fi,^,^ """""^ "'^ ^"'"^^ of and she wi.hlewrm EX/inX' '" """ *^"^^' made it possible for her to I„ .* "' ^''°" as peace the accession of hr husband r.h-. ^-°""'"™'- °" the title and honours of a Que' ^ ™' ''^"'"'^ from its place in the 2™, h \ " .""^ ™^ ™"«ed ceived at foreign courts ^r;^^^'' """ =*■" "'' """ «- came to England to cS m he thts >' t" '"""= ^"^ w.th enthusiasm by the o«or,^e r f' ™' '«=='>'ed thronged her house and'^'tf'nded T ' °' '"^P""''^ mmisters, at the biddin/of t^i '""^S^' ^he deprive her of her ranf and ,7' T°^'"=''^ ^ "ill to The bill failed, and was "fthdra™ ^T "''"'''^'■ ■lluminated for three nights ptr' '' ^°"'^°'- *as annuity of /so 000 bu n„ 1 '^="''™^"' gfanted her an the coronatt onLel' „" "'on' T P"""^" '"' "" « she attempted to force hefway in^ W,"?'"*' °"^' <'^>' but was ..pulsed, and died a frCS::'^^ ^''''^' I820, 's,while five more d throughout the >mpared with this reign of James I. •rs, and the name ily the work of a e risen to a high en thought of, ?h illness to per- year 1810. His IS made Regent 2r's death in the' d to the throne. :w king, tended ' people on one her. She was i the Prince of er with dislike, ' soon as peace ontinent. On ^e was refused e was omitted - was not re- '6 insults she was received 5f supporters Tiage. The Jced a bill to er marriage. London was in ted her an ■d for her at ' of that day ster Abbey, irds. 1822. T//e Holy Alliance. 5 CHAPTER II. FOREIGN POLICY. I. We must now consider the position of England in connection with the other nations of Europe. After the defeat of Napoleon the allied sovereigns who Th h 1 met at the Congress of Vienna, attempted to Aiw/ do away with all traces of his work. The Emperors of Russia and Austria, the Kings of Prussia, France, and Spain, indeed, nearly all the European powers, except England, formed what was called the Holy Alliance The objett which it put forward was that of promoting peace and good-will among nations upon the basis of Chris- tianity, but us real effect was to crush attempts to es- tablish self-government throughout Europe. Napoleon had driven out the Bourbon kings from Spain and Naples ; he had destroyed the Holy Roman Empire, and weakened the Papacy ; he had been the enemy of all the old governments which were hostile to progress The efforts of European statesmen were devoted to undoing all that he had done. During the six years which suc- ceeded his fall Europe was disturbed by conspiracies and plots. These were mainly caused by the measures taken by governments to repress their subjects in their aspira- tions for freedom. Lord Londonderry, better known as Lord Castlereagh, who managed foreign affairs in Eng- land, had shown himself too favourable to the policy which Prince Metternich, the prime minister of Austria, had done most to form. In August 1S22, however, Castle- reagh died by his own hand, and Canning, who was just preparing to sail as governcr-general to India, became foreign secretary in his place. 2. insurrection had broken out in Spain. The Libe- rals set up a new constitution, and secured jnsurrec the person of the king. The partisans of ab- 'i^nsi solute government and of the Catholic religion fc tions in Spain and lies. Modern England. 1822. S"' Th?F*'""K"''' ""''" ""' "»» of 'he Army of passes of the Pyrenees Thev Z ' °""P"'' ">« frontier and, u, itin' ^-ith ,h? , "?" "'°" "''"'^'' ">« , quelling the ;eber°„."'^,:,:tS ^T' 1 -. with „„ch sympathy ftfotfor'tirrn' i"SS:» *:"/■" ° "''^'. "«= o'<l Greeks had done for ".igh. succe dtg;^r//:r''i"r r'^ -^^^^^^'^ open help, but her fee Zf 1, u^^'"'^ ""^ "<" S^™ n.ent to be on the side of ?i, ?"'" ™"""" ""«al- V. uc on me side of the s ruffH ne- nnwpr tu^ Greeks fcufh: t"? r„rbteTr;,°:rth: Tt ''t^ could not put down their rising foe "*'' "''° as representive of England a. • Wellington by the other powers fhatt ,t?T''f' V™""Sgested be made to crushThe ristg in Spl't T".' =''°""' any further narf in fi, ^ ^ "' "^ refused to take ference Lnn '"^"''' '"^ ^^^'^^^ ^^"^ the con- istence to reHrPcc fi,^ u i ^ world into ex- ciicc 10 rearess the balance of the Old Af o lo* srKrre:Tn^t-!:Lfl-rf°-^^^^^^^ I822. me of the Army of plea of protecting fever, occupied the :r soon crossed the ists, succeeded in leak had occurred iedmont. g had caused the e. This attempt 2, for when men eeks had dooe for their descendants d could not give without conceal- power. The poet for the awakened :s so much. The the Turks, who as summoned to 22, apparently for | afifairs of Greece. I i of Wellington | it was suggested j :rference should I ! refused to take I i from the con- I endence of the ! revolted from f World into ex- Id. At a later ies of Portugal d showed that es of the Holy "823. Finance. CHAPTER III. COMMERCIAL REFORM. I. The conclusion of the war against Napoleon had left England in great distress. She had borne the expense not only of her own armament, but of the arma- p. ments of foreign nations. The national debt co'Sn of amounted to nearly 800 millions, and the ^"^land. money required for the struggle in which the nation was engaged had been borrowed most wastefully. In 1823 Hus- kisson became President of the Board of Trade. He was, like Canning, sneered at for being an adventurer. In other words he did not belong to one of those families who were considered at that time to have the right to keep the government entirely in their own hand?. He was thoroughly versed in the principles of political economy— that IS, in knowledge of the laws under which wealth is produced and distributed: and he used his position to pass a number of measures which rapidly developed the resources of the realm. 2. A law had been enacted during the time of the Com- monwealth, which was ratified by Charles II., forbidding with some exceptions, that foreign produce Navigation ' should be brought into England by any but 'a^s. English ships. The effect of this had been to give to England the carrying trade of Europe and to take it away from the Dutch-that is, to enrich English merchants with all the profits of carrying foreign goods. Other nations had objected to this, and America in particular placed so high a duty on goods imported in English vessels that it practically prevented the trade from con tinuing. English ships used to go empty to America to fetch American goods, .- d American ships, after bringing their own goods to , went away er ^ty them- 8 Modem England, 1823. carr ed, in 182? a R,.ri„,.„.'. "" , J^^."" Proposed and duties ;ere mnd'o eq^^l Tin ' .'""f "'"■ ''>' ""ich English or foreign ves'.r O «"°'. ""'"'''■ '"■°"K'" i" for^-;n-:'-rrrJ::7;-tr^^^^^^ -'"" rTaTsT/'tr"'^ 1' '^P"""« 'hem'of ,he mat stimulus of i::u,°;cXemo;"\s ''r™""^ •"» where preferred to EnXh ?ni """ ""= '""y- smuggfed goods th.^ i ' fe'n "ptid" Ti^y t' '''%"" turer to have his own „1a English manufac- under the name f French The^^VK' '"'° ^"S''""" wool ,vas equally iniurious 1. P™.'"'',""'" »' foreign r^^tSTrf'^^^^'-'^'""- =orastisrd:?tr^::hrhS earned measures which reduced the duties^ bo^hlhese ,,.1,7 A° ?"■"''''" "'■ ""^ ^""""i™ of slavery was still unsettled. L,ke many other refom,s it had be7n b"„gh """'^- Pitrhnl ^"^ '"""■•^S^d by Wilberforce and ,t,. IT ' "' ^^^ ''''" '"W aside in the throes nf o? sfa"ve?rdf "^^'" °"''^"' '""'- colonies we fu ot Slaves, and scenes were enacted in them as tPrriJ. any we have since heard of in America (v- !l f! small measure the death-bl,.w of slavery had b«„ M,^ I 1823. 1825. doubled on both on proposed and ies mi, by which hether brought in ? trade, which had 'gely increased. ;d on the importa- njury to our silk them of the mate- by removing the silks were every- was the rage for nglish manufac- d into England )ition of foreign rlish wool could All change was )peratives. But i priiiciples, and ;s on both these ilavery was still d been brought Vilberforce and n the throes of )Ionies were full n as terrible as ;t slavery could oney. Indeed J bring about a itigate the suf- ew that by this d been struck, the prosperity began to flow Catholic Question. nto new channels, and all classes of the people felt in thc.r da.ly hvcs how far preferable peace was p . to war. Only the change was too sudden. ?!=""' Ihe country ran into wild speculation. Companies were formed for objects impossible to obtain. Banks were opened by men who had no capital to support them A crash came in ,825. R.ots broke out in the Midland Counties ; maclnnes were broken as the supposed cause of the people s misery. The Government came to the rescue ; money was lent to merchants to retrieve their fortunes ; foreign corn was let out of the docks, and the panic passed away. CHAPTER IV. THE DEATH OF CANNING. I. Twogrcnt questions remained for setilement the Corn t.on of Ireland was four times as great as the rl , Protestant. The Catholics had for more than Quill=. l^rT\T^ " '"'" "'"" '■•"'<^'' '^ => conquered and dmvn-trodden race. In many respects their position had been nnproved yet even in ,828, no Catholic could" it in The '°f P'-"'"'''"'. <"• t«P any arms or warlike sfores The Catholics were excluded from almost every office of rust or distinction, and were made in many ways ,0 feel that they stood on a different social footing to the But the King pleaded his coronation oath, and his mind gave way when the question was pressed Lpon him it 10 Modem England. 1825. ^vas felt that nothintr coulfl t.o a ;H. lived. Ca„nin,f C'lt L'rhirJ'To tl "^'^"^^^ from Ins earliest years. lu.t Me mm '■" ''''""' open ciuestion with the min r; .„ • u' T,"""?' "^ have remained so much longer h, 'in ^'^^ '^'■'^''*'^'^'>' efforts of the Cnfhnli,. Ace • '' ""' '^'-'e'" ^<'r the • A ReUef'Bilf t : , r H rr C ""'^' °'^ ""-"• bue was defcmed in ,he House „fT°i"T""',"' '" '^=5, the Duke of York, ,he ncx, heir '.^ ^ "l' "^""= °^ Canning ^X^'S, and Canning was relurf-.ntl,, c ^ .' fe: Y '"; -verei,„ fo fonrXin 's ''.; '■rw •he Duke oft^tS^r' ": ^T"^'""' '"»"-'"'"« George's Chapel tI^d^V^'V;!"'"'^ "i«'" i" S' Lord Eldon, declined o so ve undeM ^""l"' ''"''' •''"'' colleague was Huskisson. His ",t J " "'=,?"""?»' remove the two crying evils of 17 P'^''^''' '» intended to redeem oaft of h , , ™°- ^ C"™ Bill the House of LorlP"'^ °f ."^^ P'^'se was rejected in execu.on the cherU hed";:'™-! 0^,1:" fr^ '° >"" '"'° 3- Worn out by the exertions of h.- < f^=~' a- u by the desertion of his friends hx-.l.av.'.t'''^"" •■"•■<' „. ..„H. Pe-cution of an unscrupulous ip'siSi:: Pitt, he sanklder'tis'tt^Sirr.'-/''^' '^ in August ,8.7, at the a^e :f cf 't^h'^.V"' "'='' second to none on the roU of F„;r ^ ' " """^ policy was not bounded by the ifmif „f h'"'"™'"' "'' heanw.,«ver„,ovedwi.h^i:'drgL"t;:r/.t;;:™Tr^,^ He vmuicated the nosifinn r>f u-^ i , " ■'PP'^'-Soion. Hberty and freedom^ruXf tTJtr fd. '"^ "''"" "' I I 1825. 1827. •IS long as George Tisclf to this cau<^c •itter remained an it would probably it not been for the Daniel OConnell. oinnions in 1825 5, by the cflTorts of the throne, who y measure of this in January 1827. ick down by para- tantly summoned iiinistry. He had loH- in attending Iter's night in St. ns:ton, Peel, and >• His principal was pledged to le. A Corn Bill was rejected in time to put into ■ idishenw^ ix-d '/ the constant 5 opposition like Jie last days of rdens, and died has left a name :atesmen. His s country. His nst oppression, the asserter of Duke of Wellington. n BOOK II. WELLINGTON.-i%27-i%io. CHAPTER I. WELLINGTON PRIME MINISTER. I. The King had hoped to keep the same ministry in I office and to carry on public business with as little change 1 as possible. Lord Goderich, who was con- sidered a moderate man, was therefore made Jich^i'S" prime mmister, but Mr. Herries and the Duke ^''"'s'er. of VVellington, who were both Tories, were received into the Cabmet. This was enough to bring about its destruc- tion. A quarrel broke out between Herries and Huskisson, and Lord Goderich not wishing to get rid of either of them preferred to resign himself. The administration had scarcely lasted six months. 2. His place was taken by the Duke of Wellington ^ (January 1828), now in his sixtieth year, the first su^ect j of the Crown, accepted in all parts of Europe Duke of as the representative of English power and Wellington English spirit, but destined to impair in rSer. office the reputation he had gained in war. His industry courage, and integrity were beyond question, but he had httle sympathy with the people, and was apt to base his conduct too exclusively on obedience to the authority of the Crown. Huskisson tried to convince himself that the spint of Lan..mg would yet continue to guide the conduct of the ministry, and therefore remained in office. But an opportunity soon occurred for removing him, and the ,Tn"^"?L^T'"^'' P^'^^' ^"'^ ^"^^^y' Lord Palmer- ston, and Mr. Grant, joined him in his retirement. •I 12 Modern England, CHAPTER II. NAVARINO. 1827. di Jc^ed t™;:,™ ;?s^ rh:r '"i t ''-' '=-" dandles EnelanH .n^ v ^ ^^ P°''^' "P°" the Dar- hope of co„.roni„g h„ po„c; ,a, il'l™"; he desl„r' T r Fnain^^ v ^ '^^^ty o*^ London between Treaty of i^ngland, France, and Russ'i t^« London. offpr^H ti,^- j- ^"^^ ^- The powers of Greece, and the Greek le';";" " '""f""' '""^ were to be compensated for the terrifnrr 1^ l u 5 'Z'T'r'r A secret article ^:cSr^;;^^^;^ ^ vided that .f the Porte or the Greeks di/r^ a^^ ^ arm,^.ce within one month, the Powers ^.M^J^^ \ P.L '^'^ '^"'^' 'f''''^ '° ^'■^"^ ^" armistice. Ibrahim I Pasha, Viceroy of Egypt, sailed with a large ^eetTo I Battle of assist the SuhaP Thp r-,-' • 5 T- ^ Navarino. FrAn^h J n • Cuhiumcd Enghsh, enterfH^M K '/""^ ^""'^" «^^ts allowed him to enter the Harbour of Navarinn «« ^i,^ ui ui iNavarino, on the west coast of the ] .■ I b r 1 a ti S'. b. at fl( sli ge de Ca to kir Na ma Th the Da anc Adi as i I. T Cha any givir the( 'id. 1827. '^27. Battle of Navarino. 13 ^v for six years been reeks had continued vith various fortunes, unity to attack her ward in her double Christians from the 3ovver upon the Dar- afraid that Russia, -thier objects in the ^ saw that the best laring her designs, rhad, in July 1827, of London between issa. The powers establish peace )een so long at war. ithout delay. The nil or superior lord i ay a yearly tribute j lations, which were | ted, and the Turks | •itory which they | 1 to the treaty pro- lid not accept the rs should do their lowever taking an mistice. Ibrahim a large fleet to >mbined English, i allowed him to west coast of the des.ro,;d (October' ^i'j) ^"''"''' "'" "^' ^''^-^'^ .0 Che WeXe T^rLZ "V: ^'™""^'' King, at the opening of Parlmm«„f * 1 ^ K'"gdomof XT ^ 6 "' i^ariiament, spoke of Greece. Navanno as an 'untoward event ' Lh «■ CHAPTER III. CATHOLIC EMANCIPATION. I I. The Corporation and Test Acts nas^^H Jn fi,. • rhnriA« ir ., J , , •■ ^^'^> passea in the reign of Uiarles 1 1., provided that no one should hold any important civil or military office without ^orporaUoa I the Church of England, by receiving the Holy Sacrament. H Mo(/i^n/ England. 1828. • ion enforced by el.cn, hv ,„ ^' '"''V",'-*-"'''' ""- P'oWbi- . in .he reign of [;" ,r!e U n.fn "','"'"'''' "'■'*' l"'"'^'' T 1 ., '^'^^"'^^(e II and annua v itMipwori 1 i John Kussell proposed and carried in S 's !! " .'"' kisson opposed the measure i^r.,„»- . , , •^"'' ''""^- dcchuat.on of friendUness to the Church 0/ . T '' substituted for the test I'-ngland was Klcctionof Cathohc Assoc It inn n'r' 11 O'Conncii. ,„^,„, /association O ConncU was elected valid, aUhouX t^col^orsit^'T"™ ""^ "-'-«' imtil he had taken Z n. T^ ™'^ '" "«^ """^e •hat no men.ber should be eeced for^ T'f '° ''^""•'^ ency who did not pledge himsefi,,^ "'" "'"''''"'- for .he CathoHcs a:;d ^^^^ ^^'uT''"' evident to the ministers thnt n« '^^'""^i- it became but .0 concUiate a po^r >:::::hTheTL^Z;tu'en"^"' con ain'^Tthtrp^SLt:" "''"'"" ''' --»" of '.s,, ea me surpiii.ng announcement that the Catliollr Bin pa«.d, Assoc,at,on would be suppressed, and tha ' >d"f:r'rrj!?."!'ii»^'i-5«-;oiictr„',d be nr»c.„..j <• — u "'" o' '"« <-atholici v be presented for the consideration of Parliament. C ■i;- See Epoch V, PP- 59. 64. ^'- 1828. tcci, the first njrainst t James II. and the icm now fell on the ' evade the prohibi- l^nmiiyiirst passed lly renewed. Lord 1H2.S, a motion that nsider thenb^lition s. Pee) nnd Ilus- K 'i:id alw ays done Ijut of expediency, the House, and a li of ICngland was itation in Ireland the efforts of the inell was elected urn was declared ote in the House s- The Catholic ■ iful. Supported "loney, it spread ofessed to secure ly Irish constitu- lin emancipation ^rm. It became was left to them d not quell, session of 1829 hat the Catholic 5sed, and that a ITatholics would arliament. Sir 1829. O'Connell, 15 Kobcrt I'eel and the Duke of WellinK'ton had coura.^e- ously sacnhred pol.tical consistency to the good of the r country. A H.ll which abolished ail p<.litical distinction between Cathohcs and P.otestants in the fullest and mos ■ ttcra little hesitation received the assent of the kine Ihc association which had obtained this victory in t"fe name c,f a nation disappeared quietly out of existence^ t^^: on:i:ir '^^" "^^^^^^ ^ 4- O'Connell, who had deserved the gratitude of his country was reluctant ,0 give up the position of ag^Lo He declared that he would never rest until he had secured the repeal of the union rlST '""'^ between Lngland and Ireland. In this vain ^'"-' hetlTftl V ''■"'''\'' '--W»-n'-ed the reputation which he had fauly earned, and came eventually to be regarded rather as a demagogue than as a patriot. ^ CHAPTER IV. EUROPEAN REVOLUTION. I. The discontent which existed in England was only part of a general feeling of uneasiness which overspread the Continent and took the form of a reaction against the arrangements of the Treaty of ^"""'"e^'- Vienna, and the repressive measures which succeeded it. In these disputes the sympathies of the English people ^eie on one side; the sympathies of the Duke of We hngton were thought, with only too good reason, to be on the c^her. In Portugal, Don Miguel, brother of Don Pedro, the new Emperor of Brazil, had usurped the i6 Modern England. 1829. throne which belonged to his niece Donna Maria, the daughter of Don Pedro. He overthrew the constitution which had been defended by Canning, and established a government supported by the priests and the nobility, and recognised by no powers but Rome and Spain! .Donna Maria was received with honour in England, and ministers declared that they would observe the strictest neutrality ; but it was evident that the feelings of the government were really with the party of absolute govern- ment, and our neutrality was so strictly interpreted that we attacked an expedition sent out to garrison an island which had remained faithful to the Queen Maria. 2. France was the scene of far more serious disturb- ances. Louis XV HI., who had been restored to the throne France. ^^*^'' ^^^ ^^^^ °^ Napoleon, died in 1823, and was succeeded by his brother. This was the Count of Artois, whose frivolous youth had been spent among the dissipations of Versailles, in the years which pre- ceded the French Revolution ; he now, as Charles X., go- verned reluctantly as a constitutional king In 1829 Prince Polignac, a strong royalist, and a friend of Wellington, joined the ministry. It was in a hopeless minority in the Chamber of Deputies, as the French House of Commons was called. After attempting in vain to pass some im- portant measures, the Chamber was dissolved. The elec- tions throughout the country were against the ministry, and placed it in a worse position than before. It deter- mined to adopt a high-handed course, and issued in the kmg's name three ordinances, first to suspend the liberty of the press, secondly to dissolve the newly-elected chambers, and thirdly to alter their constitution. A revo- lution broke out, the fury of which made three days memorable in French History ; the 27th, 28th, and 29th of July, 1830. The king, who was at St. Cloud, abdicated, ' and retired to England. Louis Philippe, son of Philippe 1829. 1830. Wellington Resigns. 17 Donna Maria, the ew the constitution :, and established a and the nobihtv, Rome and Spain, ur in England, and bserve the strictest :he feelings of the of absolute govern- :ly interpreted that garrison an island een Maria, re serious disturb- itored to the throne died in 1823, and ber. This was the h had been spent he years which pre- as Charles X., go- ng In 1829 Prince nd of Wellington, ;ss minority in the [ouse of Commons to pass some im- ssolved. The eiec- iinst the ministry, before. It deter- and issued in the uspend the liberty the newly-elected istitution. A revo- made three days th, 28th, and 29th Cloud, abdicated, e, son of Philippe Duke of Orleans, who, in the first French Revolution, after voting for the King's death had himself perished by the guillotine, was first made Captain General and then King of the French. An impulse towards independence spread throughout Europe. Belgium separated itself from Hol- land, a country different in language, religion, and race. Poland attempted to recover its independence. It was seen how vain had been the efforts of the Treaty of Vienna to arrange the map of Europe without consulting the wishes of the people who were chiefly concerned. 3. Just before the outbreak of the Revolution in France, George IV. died (June, 1830). He was succeeded by the Duke of Clarence under the name of William Wellington 1 v., apopular sailor, deficient in regal qualities, resigns. but who was understood to sympathise with the people. Parliament was dissolved, as is usual, aft-r the death of a sovereign. The new elections were most unfavourable to ministers. Brougham, a strong advocate for reform and education, the favourite of the populace, was re- turned for Yorkshire without expense. The king's speech announced a defiant attitude. It regarded with coldness the struggles on the Continent which roused so much sympathy in England, it breathed a determination to repress and crush all agitation throughout the country. This was followed shortly afterwards by a statement of the Duke of Wellington that he considered the reform of the representation entirely unnecessary, and that he should always resist it. His unpopularity became so great that the king's visit to the City was postponed lest public violence should be offered to the minister. At last the government were defeated, and resigned in November, 1830. E.H. i8 Modern England. 1830. BOOK III. REFORM. ,830-1834. CHAPTER I. FIRST REFORM BILL net Of founer:; rZof h"7'"^ ''''°^^- ^"^ '^"^ exclusion TronV^ffictZd ^itre^lS ^--f '°H« Lord Chancellor, and deserted ^he scene of Tf', """T in the House of Commons T „"! d , ^" "■'""Phs tary for Foreign Affls held rtf/T"'""' "^ ^ecre- colleagues. Lord Greydecia edt thL^P'"'""' '" "'' then sitting that the prtipTs of w'™''' "''''' "^= reform, economy ordw ,nT f.overnment were .™.ed'inEng;j;d:t;T,^nsrho;trJ'"i,""- ;:e;;'^i'-~dtiit--'-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ intr^dttrr^irrnr ?hrg::i-rr - masses of the pepfe:, 'id T'T ^^ "''"''<^<'' "e^'e and beyond he ' rehors^mTn ! "?"^ '" '"^ "'"'> »ere norsemen ready to carry the first i I 1830. ' I83I. Reform Bill. 19 14. natural head ot a luce a scheme of was now sixty-six the same good sfore. The Cabi- higs, whose long less fit for the Ltits of the party or of the Exche- II men, became of his triumphs •rston, as Secre- opinions to his ouse which was >vernment wei-e tation still con- to be able to r number were asked leave to test excitement 'ere piled upon rowded, dense for the news, carry the first information of the details of the Bill to every part ot England. The chief evils which demanded a remedy were : i. The existence of rotten boroughs, places with i(t\\' electors, and sometimes no inhabitants, which re- turned two members to Parliament. 2. The fact that large towns which had grown into importance through com?nerce were left without representation. 3. The un- equal distribution of the franchise itself, so that only a small part of the population had the right of voting in elections. The Bill proposed that sixty of the smaller boroughs should be disfranchised altogether, that forty- seven should return only one member instead of two ; on the other hand, London received eight additional repre- sentatives, and thirty- four seats were distributed among a number of towns hitherto unrepresented. The English counties had allotted to them fifty-five new members, the Scotch five, the Irish three, the Welsh one. In conse- quence of these changes the numbers of the House of Commons would be reduced from 658 to 596. Corpora- tions in towns lost their exclusive right of election, and it was uniformly extended to all householders who paid ^10 a year rent. This gave votes to half a million citizens who were before without them. 3. Lord John Russell's speech was received with deri- sive cheers and laughter, but Sir Robert Peel sat fixed and immovable in his place, and the Duke of Wei- Second lington told his friends in society ' that it was Reading, no joke, and there was nothing to laugh at.' The debate lasted seven nights, and brought out the conflicting objec- tions of the Tories and the Radicals. The one thought such a reform, coupled with a free press, incompatible with the power of the crown and the independence of the Lords. 'It is a revolution,' said a Tory member. The Radicals recognised the boldness of the measure, but regretted that no mention was made of ballots, of shoitened c a 20 Modern England. the House of Lo'd,Te T^'\ '"■''''■ T^e Court, universities, and he nns oTc f "™^ •™" "">■' ""^ •the Bill ; it'„s su^po "ed b ,t L™ ""r" "''■■'"'' '^''"'' body of the DeoDle T^ ^ mmutactmcrs and the proposed the second ,trAfte'-°^';?" "--» nights the motion was carried h ' "^ '™ numbers being 3o7^„T", Th ""^°"'^ "^ °"^' ">« seemed to be ferfdrbll '' '"'"'^ "' '"» ^"1 cha^gefr; tt detii: :;:£ B'f t' '-"r"' -- PaHi.,„„, in Comm tee nro„^ ^ ,?'"""' Gascoigne, ra.s„i™d. ,H. """".'"ee, proposed that the number of be diminish d ^M AUhf '^^"'', ""'"""' ^'™" "-' would be fatal to the B^, Iffo' "I "'' ""'^ """"^ carried by a majority !i<,h1' A d'iss^,""™'"^ " '™= diately resolved on h,„ T . <•'" "'""on was immc- April 3,, Minute s we" iTl'defl "Vl!' P"'^"'- «" twenty.two. A Cabinet r! , ^'' ''>' '^ ""J^^'y of given for the attendance o^t^or' ''''''' °''"' ""« royal guards, .he kT„I %"„ 'em w "1 "' '""^ ^"^ *« by Lord Grey and Lofd Bro Tghlm Tt^K"'" °"^'™'' both Houses in the midst nf-AK ^'"« surprised dissolution. Par iam^f 1 ^^'"j P™'"""? ^g^inst dissolution, and hrque tlon^'^rT' '= ^ P'^'""^ '" ■'' judgment ofthecoun.^"(April 830 ™ "" "" '" *= I ^ <Uij At last, after a te, leave was given read for the first '■(^ed. The Court, •my and navy, the •re mainly aj^ainst i^acturers and the rally in its favour ord John Russell a debate of two 'jority of one, the :cess of the Bill announced some neral Gascoigne, t the number of nbers should not that this motion ; morning it was ition was imme- le present. On t>y a majority of Id, orders were f State and the :tantly obtained King surprised ^testing against a prelude to its ^vas left to the I 1831. Second Reform Bill. 21 CHAPTER II. SECOND REFORM BILL. I. The dissolution of Parliament was followed by general rejoicing and illuminations ; those who refused to illumi- nate had their windows broken. In the New Pariia- elections reformers were chosen throughout "»«"'■ the country; of the county members nearly all were pledged to support the Bill. The Second Reform Bill was introduced by L rd John Russell in July. It was the same as the first, with very few S'com" modifications. Leave to introduce it was '"°"^* granted with only one dissentient voice. The debate on the second reading lasted three nights. The motion was I carried by a majority of 136, the numbers being 367 and ^ 231. The Ministers had gained 135 votes by the dissolu- tion. But the minority was united and determined. The motion to go into committee was met by repeated amendments. The House rose at half-past seven to sit again at three. In committee the case of each borough was separately discussed. It was urged that the Bill dis- franchised the South of England for the benefit of the North, but it was in the North that the chief increase of wealth and population had taken place. Every art of obstruction was put in force. The House continued to sit through the tropical heat of July and past the 12th of August, and the work of the Committee was only just concluded before the coronation of the king in September. The Bill finally passed the House of Commons bv a majority of 106. 2. In October the second reading of the Bill posed in the House of Lords was pro- by Lord Grey. He defended 22 Modern England, 1831. the consistency of his career, md showed that he had Rejected by Supported Pitt's proposals for Reform in The Duke of \\ cll.n<(ton opposed the Bill ; Lord Lynd- hurst who had been a Tory Lord Chancellor, complained . that It opened the flood-gates of democracy. The Chief Justice and the Archbishop of Canterbu.v spoke the sen- timents of their professions in demanding its rejection, tarl Grey replied on the morning of the «th, but the Bill was rejected by a majority of 41. t The indignation of the country was extreme A spark might have produced a revolution. A cry was raised Riots. ^o"" *h^ abolition of the House of Lords. Un- popular peers \v':/e attacked in the streets A procession of 60,000 persons presented a petition to the King. Windows were broken in London, riots were common throughout the country. The public mind was calmed by Brougham and Russell. The people were assured that there was no intention to desert their cause or to shelve the question of Reform, but that repose was absolutely needed. Parliament was prorogued for a month. Even after this it was found necessary to pro- hibit political associations by proclamation. A terrible riot took place in Bristol, directed against the recorder, Sir C. Wether.dl, one of the fiercest opponents of the Bill. The constables were routed and soldiers were called in to quell the tumult. The prisons were broken open and the prisoners liberated, the mansion-house and the bishop's palace were burned to the ground The riots were at last suppressed with great bloodshed and loss of hfe. Bishops were burned in effigy throughout England, and the Church was involved in the hatred inspired by its chiefs. I an I83I. 1831. Tliird Reform Bill 23 owed that he had Is for Reform in cd for five nights. Bill ; Lord Lynd- icellor, complained cracy. The Chief luy spoke the sen- ding its rejection, le 8th, but the Bill was extreme. A . A cry was raised ise of Lords. Un- i in the streets. A a petition to the )ndon, riots were public mind was The people were lesert their cause, t that repose was prorogued for a necessary to pro- ation. A terrible inst the recorder, opponents of the id soldiers were 5ons were broken msion-house and le ground. The t bloodshed and Jffigy throughout d in the hatred The Lords, I CHAPTER in. THIRD REIOKM HILL. I. Parliament met again in December, and the third Reform Bill was introduced. The chief alterations made in it were in adopting the census of 1831, \ as a basis of calculation for the population ^e'c^^ : instead of that of 1821, and in maintaining '"''"^• ' the members of the House of Commons at the original number. The second reading was carried by a majority of 162, and in spite of attempts at delay, the Bill finally \ passed the Commons in March. 2. In the Upper House it was still violently opposed by the Duke of Wellington, whereas a party called the 'Waverers' or the * Trimmers ' represented by Lord Wharncliffe and Lord Harrowby were disposed to accede to the second reading in order to amend it in Committee. The Bill therefore passed through this stage by a majority of nine. In Committee an amendment of Lord Lyndhurst was adopted by a majority of thirty-five. . The deb.Ue was immediately adjourned. 3. Ministeis had btfore them the choice between ad- vising the King to create sufficient peers to ensure the passing of the Bill, or of resigning their j^,i„;^j offices. The King, whose early enthusiasm resigns. for the measure had gradually cooled, was reluctant to swamp the Upper House with new creations. So the ministry chose to resign. The Lords determined to pro- ceed with the discussion of the Bill, the Comimns prayed in an address to the throne that the measure passed by them might not be surrendered. I'he excitement through- out the country was more violent than ever. A union H I^rodeni Evgland. 1832. was formed at Birmingham with the object of refusing to pay taxes. Arms were prepared, and there wa<; even danger of a civil war. An attempt to form a ministry among the enemies of Reform failed. Lord Lyndhurst and Sir Robert Peel declined the post; the Duke of Wellmgton undertook it, only to find it impossible 4. Lord Grey was recalled in May 1832 ; the King re- luctantly gave permission to him and to Lord Brougham Bill passes. [^ "'^^^^ ^^^h a number of peers as would be necessary to pass the Bill, first calling up peers eldest sons. In consequence of this the opposition ot he Lords was suddenly withdrawn, the Waverers declarmg that they had been duped and cheated. The Bill passed in June, only twenty-two peers voting against U. The amendments of the Lords were shortly after- wards accepted by the Commons, and the Bill became law. The Kmg refused to give his consent in person, but It was given by commission amid the silence of deep emotion. Parhament was shortly afterwards dissolved, hat a new House of Commons might be elected under CHAPTER IV. RESULTS OF THE REFORM BILL. I. THE Reform Bill has not belied the prophecies of those who opposed It. It was a great revolution, as momen- Reflections. *°"!, ^''°"sh not SO violent as the revolutions of France in 1789, and of England in 1688. Its consequences are siill in the future. But although the change it brought was as complete as was predicted oi u, Its effects have been far from disastrous. It brought about by gradual and silent means the reforms which are ni id ai ai at R to do ■ Tl of \ hij dii i co] i att on suj Inc wa; by sla^ for gaii per the grai pos: i 183^ Son the: opp( out' i. 1832. 5» I object of refusing to lid there was even to form a ministry • Lord Lyndhurst post; the Duke of it impossible. 1832; the King re- to Lord Brougham of peers as would Jill, first calling up this the opposition vvn, the Waverers md cheated. The eers voting against vere shortly after- d the Bill became sent in person, but le silence of deep Jrwards dissolved, be elected under RILL. lophecies of those ution, as momen- ts the revolutions England in 1688. e. But although as was predicted :rous. It brought eforms which are «833- New Parliament. 25 I necessary to harmonise progress with stability, and new ideas with old traditions. It took a large step towards admittmg the whole nation to the labours of government and allowed the national life to flow in a fuller tide. ' 2. Aspirit of moderation governed the elections The attention of the new Houbc of Commons, which met in January 1833, was first directed to Ireland Riots and disturbances rendered it necessary mern.^"'''"'" to suspend the Habeas Corpus Act. When this had been done, It was possible to consider the wrongs of Ireland 1 he first act of the government was to remedy the abuses of the Irish Church. The number and salaries of the higher clergy uere reduced, and an attempt made to diminish the injustice of the tithe, which.often had to be collected at the point of the bayonet. 3- Retrenchment and financial reforms next claimed attention. Ministers felt bound to redeem their promises on the one hand, and to resist their extreme ,., supporters on the other. The Government of abSd. India lost the exclusive right of trading, but their charter was renewed in other respects to their satisfaction. But by far the most important measure was the abolition of tT/ wfh' Y^'^'^^^t'- ^-he victory so long striven for by Wilberforce, Stephen, and Clarkson was at last gained. The slaves were set free, at a great loss of pro- perty to their owners. Some attempt vas made to alleviate the condition of factory-workmen at home, and a laree grant was given for education. Such efforts are only possible w^hen the feeling of the people is at a high pitch 4. Parliament met for its Second Session in February 1834. It had first to deal with the affairs of Ireland. Some liberals wished to diminish still further the revenues of the Irish Church. O'Connell Si opposed any measure of political coercion. At last, worn out with anxiety and vexation, Lord Grey retired from a 26 Modern England. 1834. pos.tion which had long been wearisome to him Lord Melbourne took his place, and the resf of fhl • continued unchanged ^ °^ ^^^ ""'"''^''y 5; The force with which ministers had met a reformed Parhament -s e h ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^a reformed Lord M=|. 'ne re.e of the measures which had been pro. teri""' "l^'d -"ded in failure. Neither ti.e iS Placed on ,' T "■" '^"S''^" P'^"'- "'« "uW be .0 the pa ist :r.h7"l '^, '^""'^ """"^^^ -- -""' were erected^hr! ^^ l"' ""' ^'^°''''''''' ""'"khouses were erected tl roughout the country, outdoor relief wis aid co:;.:ntn:e„, ™""' ^"'' "^ "''"' "'P-^ "^ "''PPi"- fai.t?:udT'"T\:'KinV"ff'^'r' ^-"^^ ^"' "^ ;,: i' "'= King, after a h'sty declaration R=.iBn„i„„. " f*™""- of the Irish Church, intimated 10 his ministers that they should resign si,- Robe„ Peel who was in Rome, was sent for fn hast he^offirTco*' ""'' "'■ ^''"'"="'" '-'<< »-t i tne oHices of Government in his own hands A new ministry was formed, and Parliament was dissolved tl ascertain the feeling of the country, in UecemberTs^l -' Ml d. 1834- j 1835. some to him. Lord rest of the ministry had met a reformed ts to give effect to t'liich had been pro- Neither tl.e Irish oor rates could be le one success was poor law. By this ipers were removed ilished, Workhouses outdoor rehef was e shown in a falhng aread of happiness was gone, but its h'sty declaration Jrch, intimated to ould resign. Sir sent for in haste. 3n held nearly all 11 hands. A new was dissolved to -)eceniber 1834. Sir Robert Peel, BOOK IV. LORD MELBOURNE. 1835-1841. 27 CHAPTER I. SIR R. PEEL'S FIRST MINISTRY. I. The new Parliament still contained a majority of Whigs, although many seats, especially in the counties, had' been won by the Tories. These old party ^.^ . . '^ J Ine new names were now givmg way to the terms Parliament. Liberal and Conservative. Ministers were in a minority from the first, they were beaten in the election of speaker, and beaten on the address. Parliament was only restrained' by fear of a dissolution. Sir R. Peel inaugurated several measures of the wisest character which were afterwards adopted by the opposition. He established an ecclesi- astical commission, to equalise the income of the clergy ; he tried to regulate the collection of tithes and the mar- riage of dissenters; he was beaten in detail, but his enemies shrank from proposing a vote of want of confidence. 2. At last an issue was found in the question of the Irish Church, and the appropriation of some of its revenues to secular purposes. The ministry found itself x,- • • • •, r 1 • , . Ministry m a minority of thirty-three, and soon after falls, resigned. The king was compelled to recall Lord Mel- oourne, and the old ministry was restored with the ex- ception of Lord Brougham. An attempt to force a Tory government on the nation by the authority of the sovereign thus signally failed. William IV. is more to be blamed for trying it than the Duke of Wellington and Sir R. Peel for supporting their sovereign. 28 Modern England. 1835. CHAPTER II. THE KING'S LAST YEARS. I. Two great problems lay before the ministry, the reform of mun.c.pahnes, and the reform of the J^h Chu^T r^S''^' l^l goyernnjent of boroughs, once the home measure was pa.sed, with the concurred: of ^ods'and provided for the proper election of aldermen, abolished the unreasonable privileges of freemen, a clLs of men r:r ^fit^efi?: Bir ^ ™« - ~" the lasTfift^'''"'"''' °^ ^''^""^ '*'" continued. During the last fifty years a number of political societies callef Ireland. Grange Lodges had sprung up in the province cause .i P / ' ^^'*' °^J^^' ^'^^ to support the SroHcs Th?"?'" '^""^^ ^'^^^''^°" men, who w re ^-athoucs The attempt to diminish the revenues nf ^^e Insh Church favoured the extension of the e Tod ' cotji J^Thelr ""^'h "^ ^^^^^"'' England,":nd fhe and f h. T J? Tf"^'' '■"^'^^^ '^^ «"^ber of 300 000 - r S di= I xr- "^ "^- 3- Opportunity was taken for carrying a number .of •*k 1835- inistry, the reform he Irish Church. IS, once the home ound for political ises as the repre- :ouncils consisted "'ily, and his chief on was to elect ptember, 1835, a ice of Lords and jrnment a reahty, :rmen, abohshed a class of men vested with the ■ the fetters from :d and extended 1836. Dmt/i of William IV. 29 domestic reforms. A uniform registration of births, deaths, and marriages was ordered through- Domestic out the kingdom ; the revenues of bishops '•eforms. and canons were equalised in pursuance of the report of the Ecclesiastical Commi-^sion ; the tax on newspapers was reduced to a penny in spite of the opposition of the Tories, who preferred cheap soap to a cheap press. 4. The power of the Ministry did not last much longt r. Deserted by some old allies, they failed to carry mea- sures of further improvement. Discredifcl by repeated defeats, they would have resigned ^'"^ '^'"' if it had not been for the illness and death of the king. This took place in June, 1837. William IV. was honest and conscientious. His reign witnessed a great revolu- tion in the Reform BUI, and a strong impulse to commerce by the extension of railways and growth of steamships. With good reason his statue adorns the passage of the Houses of Parliament as representing a time when the national progress was unusually rapid. tinued. During societies called > in the province to support the men, who were le revenues of f these lodges, and, and the iber of 300,000, 's brother, was power. They f the kingdom \ a number of CHAPTER III. THE NEW REIGN. I. No monarch ever came to the throne more popular than Queen Victoria, the daughter of the Duke of Kent, just eighteen years old. Her yout^" secured sym- pathy ; her conduct soon won for her affec- ^* ^"""' tion and respect. Consideration for her feelings kept the ministers in power, as the nation did not wish to deprive her of advisers whom she was understood to like. To the joy of Englishmen Hanover was separated from the crown by passing to a male heir. An outbreak in Canada threatened to become serious, and the first '-%j>.i-.i^,ri.^nM 30 Modern England. ^^VJ. measures of the new sovereign were directs m .t, pression of rebellion. directed to the sup- the Fr^nr"nd"y:;^rrr' ^T^ '^°" ^-^P"^- ^^^^-en thP if f ^c ^''"^^'^"^ had been fostered by . outthen^ilitiaaX ithlb^al^:^^^^ -Idiers called rebels. HewasreprLandedl~3nS^^ a man of the highest character, was sent out tl ' the province. Nothing could be m e he .rthaTh:: performance of dutv whii*> k^ , , ^"^" "is incurable disease and thwarted h"r ''°^^^ "'^'^"^ ^'^^ failed in the ob ecrof hi ^^^ ^^^^'°"^ °PPosiuon. He , tI \^ • ^" mission, and came home to die 3. The Ministry continued to exist on sufferance Thev had no power to carry measures or to suppo" heir ser Bedchamber vants. In Mav 1870 tl>A,, , J r question. ^ „„^ ,. V^"' ^^39, they were defeated in a question about Tam;iirp tk^ • , remained in their no.7«, • K„. .'■'^^^^^.' ^"^ ^^e ministry I lu laeir posts ; but it has since been \\(^\A fi,/* Penny post. ;»&« was under 2d. Letters from the country o J .u .*.'- ^"^ °^ carrying each letter was verv «smo]i and that 1 a stimulus was given the traffic would in crTae enormously. Experience has endorsed this InH T postage has been adopted by alT civH !1h ^ ^'^ ^^^r""-^ introl.:", aTd'l'n.~e* P-vhcgc of sending letters free of postage reserv'^ed tn members of Parliament, was abolished. ^ 1840. Prhicc Albert, 31 CHAPTER IV. THE QUEEN'S MARRIAGE. I. Statesmen had long been occupied with the question of the queen's marriage; none more so than the king of the Belgians, uncle of the Queen, himself the p^nce widower of a princess who was heir to the Albert. English throne. Prince Albert of Saxe Coburg Gotha, the Queen's first cousin, had been silently educated for his destinies. The marriage, which took place in Feb 1840, was happily one of love. The prince's virtues formed the real foundation of the pro<^perity of the reign, and it will be recognised by posterity that his many-sided culture and mtellectual activity have left an indelible stamp on the mmds and character of Englishmen. The best results of German thou;^ht were transfused into English man^ lmess,an effect which. the union with Hanover had never been able to accomplish. 2. The government regained some little strength by its activity in crushing the attempt of Egyp ro revolt from the Porte. Hut they were not able to pass Minister, measures of importance, and the debates on resign, the budget overthrew them. They were defeated in a measure which anticipated the repeal of the corn laws Instead of resigning, they dissolved Parliament in June 1 841. But the country ratified the judgment of the House, and after the election the Conservatives divided on the address with a majority of 91. A new ministry was formed, of which the principal members were Sir R. Peel and the Duke of Wellington. 32 Modem England. 1S41. BOOK V. SIR ROBERT PEEL rfl. o ^^^- 1841-1853. CHAPTER I. AFGHANISTAN. '^"'■n- At (his time the nln "'"" "^ <■■•'<= "-^de in for the^ daily bread n or^der .hTtTheT"^ ^ '"^^ P"« might derive a suDnn«P^ T '^ farmers of England •'ties of corn fro,T he t?r"f ^^ f P-m, while qt„' kept out of England b^ a^t ea o„ahr f'"^ ^'^ ^^^^ ■nm'ster proposed an altera, ont?[^ ''"'>'• ^he prime sl.dmg scale-that is, a se? of 7^- ' "' *"= ""<=d *« P™e of corn in the English mart '"h™"'"'"^ "'"' *^ mamtain the price of wHeat aTn. " "'=■'"" •«='■"« '<> ^'""ings. A motion fo 'h' rl, 7^ I' ""'^""^ =" ^W madebytheleadersofVheAniTo r"^" "■■" '''*^ was ^"d Villiers. It was lost by a I ;;^'""-"^«"^' ^"^en "rxrSn^trh:--"--- °™' ^"^ '*' o-brea. of a wa-^-tirreTo^^S "T ""^ *» and began that series of 1, -7 ''"P'='''"'i«iy, tinued byhispupi, Mr Glads ot 'h''"™; '"'"'*. "n': ra.se England ,0 her p esent t i!. 7' ^""^ "•'^'' to I84I. Afgharistan. 33 that time new and violently opposed, but which has since been found a powerful engine in times of difficulty. Besides th.s he rev.sed the whole tariff of imports, sLpl^rng "e aT.l :" p'^"'''^' ^"' p"P'^^'"^ ^'- --^y ^- a r^i fnn '"'' ^ P'""^ '"^°"^^ ^^'^ produced half a million revenue ; it now produces a million and a half 3. Afghanistan, a province on the north-western frontier Th!"l^L''K' T'°''^'^ ^^^ ''''' P'-^^^^^ f'-^"^ the plains. The Khyber Pass, a long and difficult defile, n- • leads to Jellalabad, and the Khoord Cabul aSLL^. Si'' aIT^'^""^ "^""'^ difficult, bars the passage to Cabul. Afghanistan had been occupied by General Elphinstone, who, fearing for his retreat, sent General he neLnTTV^' ^''^ '" Jellalabad. In the meantime excited hv <^«"^"^o"est precaution. The Afghans, excited by some wild rumours, rose against him, cut off his provisions, killed the British Envo ' by treachery and r St: tt T v°- ^'^"^^^"^ capituiaL:^^ N?f:- h bv rl^K ^ barbarians. Deprived of food, harassed ha'nZl TH ' '"''''' '"' ^™^ '"'•'^^^^^ ^-^y *« - ^-ere r^nH :^ . ! 7"""" ^"^ "'^'^^'■^" ^^^d ^t last to be sur- left Cabul only one survivor reached the city of Jellalabad. 4. No insult of this kind has remained long unavenged General Pollock marched with 8,000 men 'through 'the Khyber Pass. He joined General Sale at Jellalabad, and defended the city, although it ^^"e'^'*""' vvas shaken with a hur.dred shocks of earthquake. In Khf !,'r^Vi' 'r "^"^'^^ "^°^^^ ^'--"gh the pass of Khoord Cabul, where their countrymen had perished man by man. The city of Cabul was taken, the inhabi- tants were massacred without mercy, and the Great bazaar was burned to the ground. Afghanistan was enirely reduced, but the English did not care to retain so useless and so costly a possession. ^'"' D 1843. ^4 Modern England. CHAPTER II. FREE TRADE. discussions on factory labou Jo 'T "'' '"^'^ "P "i"> rates, with the visi.lf L orn to.he k'" / T '''"'■''' and the excitement at Oxford ca^ed M-Thf d'f ^""^''' some prominent hJtrh ^i, 1 ^'^^^^^ '^> the defection of i.twas''fo„„dr,';;ffit';:^trer™^:f^ sion had been a hrilUn^f '^^rorms ot the previous ses- nnd a half defi it t 4"s"a":„/"'^^'i°f '"'' »■"-- after all debts h^d been Afd '17 '"' ' ''''' ^"'P'^ ='ill larger balance for next y^'r ^" ^"'"^'Pa'ion of a ceedVi!;\:;:.rnrr::rnd°' The '"'''''" -'''' ■"" -- fK ."^^'^^'^"a. The movement for reoeal nf """^- told a"T ""' "'" ■" '"" "«^"'-' ^'"' O'Con "ell yeara ParlaLenVwlMT""^- '' '^''' *'" -'w" " Dublin. AnSmTelt ; ='"'"S a. College Green in of n.ili,ary organisTtio' ^' '"""""f ^ "i"' all the parade and prevemeTb; oSnelf "»'"'" "y proclamation, for sedition and cond^'by": Tr^tirnt"-''"^' '''" pnsonment and fine Th^ • / Protestant jury to im- tempestuous scene in Ihe H^"'"^ 7' ''''''''' ^^^- - quittal of the great aLllr '" "^ ^"^^^' «"^ ^^e ac- out Ireland. LTtrmt^asLToV^O^^ now grown old and wearv .nH v.. ""^"- "^^^^^ they would be treatedTn f^; u '''"''^'"''^ '^"^^ ^l^^t they deserved Tl^^ /nexTy:: t^cr " "^^^^^'^^ an act of v,-t\r- u i ^ "^ <^overnment did Maynooth/ ^ '" '"''""'"« 'he Catholic College of I w Potato Disease. 35 3. In the meantime events were rapidly movine to- wards free trade Sir R. Peel, assisted by Mr. Gla^sfonr went on w,th his financial reforms. He pro- ' posed to use the surplus produced by the ^'■^^ Trade, income tax in reducing the taxes on commodities A the mam, but disfigured by traces of protection. The agricultural distress of the year gave the free traders an opportunity of enforcing their views, whilst a new partv young England, led by Mr. Disrkeli and Lord John Manners, thought that the landed interests were too heavily taxed already, and ought to be relieved. • ^' ^^'^''''"' °^ '^45 closed quietly enough The mcreased Maynooth Grant had been passed, fhe Jews admitted to municipal offices, the Oregon dis- p pute with the United States arranged. New ^22e. Zealand pacified Suddenly an unexpected crisis arose. ann ' T.''^''^ '""'"''^^ ^^^^^-^y^^ '^^ Potato plant appeared first m England and then in Ireland. The whole subsistence of the Irish peasantry was destroved frZ.l T c u ''''""^'y ^^^ ^^^"ged With the free trade tracts of the Anti-Corn Law League. Sir R. Peel was convinced that protection was no longer tenable, but his Cabinet would not follow him. Lord Stanley resigned and the Ministry broke up. Lord J. Russell w'as unaWe to form a cabinet, and Sir R. Peel was induced to take office again. It was known that he would meet Parlia- ment m 1846, pledged to support the cause of free trade. 5. The agitation for the repeal of the Corn Laws began n Manchester towards the end of 1836. In a season of enialxnemoers of this rising town that the Law League, only remedy lay in free trade, and that by artificially keeping up the price of corn the manufacturing interests o a 36 9t Modern England. 1846. Ks most p„mi„e„T member fr:: T^T '^^= f"™^''- Cobden and Mr nri-h. w^,„ I ^ ,""' ^''^ ""« Mr, Peri-y in a great tns . „^ ^^^^'of 'f ""'''^ P™'" countrymen to the nrinrlnl.T r ^"vertnig their ■-SO sums of money'™? :,e"cLdT M™""^' ^^^ • the League. A free trade h? , 1^ ""= """■?"'« of 'n .843 the ■Time:-;:^ „ ';;r.h:;';hi","™^''"'^^- great fact, and comnared it Zh I ''''"«"'= "'•■'S a the Greeks were "cretTv Jr ' M ' "7"*" ''""'= ''y "■Wch At the end of^^Tft^:;r?t r^tr^^''"^- money, and enthisiasm ^'^'^'^ '" "^^"' spee'ch°ard:hTaTdre:i:'r::;vr:"*r'^''''-<=«"-"'= 0,,„ L„ change. Sir RPeJrrl' '"1"'° ™"""e Repeal. ,„^ / f, ^^' ^°5^ immed atelv affpr Of opinion. rSdotrdT' "."'^^^'^'^ "'' ^''-^"- years (,) that wages do nJ' • u ' ''"""S: 'fe last tlvree that with hfgh Prices To? d? ";" "" P"" ''"°°^- -"" wages ; (3) that en^pToymenf hi".! n"'"'"'"!'' ''^™ ''■S'' contribute directly ^Hk.,;-' • ?"■'""' ''"'' ^'""-.dance by the gradual remlftfro™!;:: "V""^! (3) that pron,oted, crime had b^ ' d S ^d tl "'' ''?" "nproved. Sir R. Peel was followed b^ Mr n""','^ who expressing the passion of the protecti^l kt ^^"'' gentlemen violently assailed the min'S r "Tn FeTuty yea_s, and afterwards its entire abolition Tk. 7 traders attempted to dispense with thll ^ ,' T ^'"^ House of Lords Heh.Hhl acceptance in the B;„ -„., , ''^- "^ ''^^ became wiser since th^ p^form «"1, and his conduct on this ocr^Qinn o« ^-|orm the err„« „f his previous career ^'"P^^^'ted for 6. The protectionists determined on their revenge. 1847. The Peoples Charter. 37 A Bill for the suppression of crime in Ireland gave the opportunity. Lord George lientinck assailed Ministers the Ministers with violence, and they were '^"•fi"- defeated by a majority of seventy -three on the very evening that the Corn Bill passed the House of Lords. The Whigs who had assisted Sir R. Peel in carrying free trade now joined the Protectionists in turning him out. Ministers had nothing left ihtm but to resign, and Lord John Russell was ordered to form a cabinet. The new mmistry did not do much in the session of U/^-j. They were obliged to propose a second time the measure for thepatifical.on of Ireland which had brought about the defeat of their opponents. A bill for shortening the hours of labour in factories passed without difficulty. This year was also marked by the death of O'Connell at Genoa, on his way to Rome, and by the voluntary dissolution of the Anti-Corn Law League. CHAPTER IIL THE CHARTER. I. Although no great question was before the nation, Parliament had been dissolved. The result of the new elections was a slight increase of strength to the Government. It was proceeding to con- r^'^''°"'*="'- sider simple measures of practical reform, when a new and unexpected danger demanded its attention. A revo- lution which broke out in France in 1848 overthrew the monarchy of Louis Philippe, and established a republic m its place. The contagion spread throughout Europe. In every country thrones were tottering, and England was not exempt from the general disorder. The discontent of the Irish increased, and Smith O'Brien took the place 3S Modern England. 1847. of O'Connell. In Vn^UnA ti,^ the agi,a,i„„ of ,he Chareistf ° ""'""""' ^'' ^'■™" "y <^'-""' points .■ , U„?versa .T'"'" ''" ^"""P'" parliaments. 3. Vot<.bvh-,n? ^f"*"'*- ^- Annual •qua.ifica.io„fi.r„;ersXarliamerfTh°''''°''^"^ of members. 6. Knual ^^LV^ ,, '• ^ ""e payment been finally draJrpnTrb.t f''' '"''' "^^ agitation for it was obscireH h ,^ "^ ""^"^ >■•-'•"= ""e a petition containTn^' mmfon 'and a' "'""="• '" ''^S presented to Parliatnent I„^r! ^"■■'"" """■" *as Chartists on Newport Jas us trbv^he".' ""^'"= '^ '"« mayor. ,„ ,84; the Chartists put om hetTur: "' '".^ and gained several seats in p r "" strength t^- Of their .::r.-r o^-r t;^ ApH, „. "."gton Co^nmon ; from this plac'e h " Itl House of c'o™ . ^''4~„^^X r- '"^ France in the establishment 'of a epub.c tIT""'"^ nient determined to prevent the march ' Zm ''""• posted in .„ parts of London by thrDuke ,T^T ""' 170,000 special constables were sworn ?,.^"^'™' offices, the bank and post office lr,T T' "'^ P"''"'^ All their designs ended in fSu^Tr '° '"''""'• smaller than had been expeaed th? ■"«""« "^^ far up, and the petition of fivemS'a^d aTaro?„^'^'" was found to contain only a third „f I [ """'*' those mainly fictitious Thl ""^ """"her, and «'"iy nctitious. The movement """M --- Me ridicule of exposure. '" ""'' ""' ^""""ve 1849. The GorJiam Case. 39 CHAPTER IV. 'IHE GRKAT EXLIIBITION. I. The chief subjects of discontent which existed when our per.od opened hud now been removed. The disabihties of Catholics had been taken away ^'°^^"»- the corn laws had been repealed, the Irish had been pached, rebellion in England had been crushed The ountry entered upon a career of peaceful progress In aoLvdi's" r"''"" '^^'- ''''''' ''■'' ^-' P«- d by or^:::^i::^tri;::--^-^----^ Ir velrs "", : r T"Z °i """^ ""'''" discussions" uter years, "li. Gorham had been presented ^ . to a living m the diocese of Exeter. The tw^"""" btshop took the unusual course of examining his opinions tne question of baptismal regeneration. The Court of Arches, a court reserved for the trial of ecclesfast cal r»S b^'Jh^'^H- "1' '''"'°''' •"" ■'= ^^^i reversed by the judical commiliee of the Privy Council a lay court of appeal which had lately received power of revising the judgment, of the ecclesiastical courfs The W church party was rejoiced at the freedom allowed i the high church party, which had recently been strenJh: ened by a movement to increase its power begun at Ox- ford was angry hrst at the slight thrown on an important doctrme, and secondly that the law should ul„C"! decide on church matters. However a Bill introducedto .J^ter the constitution of the court was rejected by the House of Commons. To this year ,850 also belongs the 40 Modern England. i^i. commencement of an attempt to make th^ nn- • • ' more useful to the whnl^ r.J u , ^ universities royal commission P . " ^^ '^^ appointment of a the deatH^TrRob^rtTer" ^" '"^'^^' '^ ^ ^'^ ^X 3. Some slight excitement was caused by the appoint the division^fE:;:/^^^^^^^^^^^ TtrJ"^7Y-^ ever much less pffJrf tv, "'"^eses. it produced how- were co^.^^UVtl^liT^'^' ^" *°"^''» Hyde Park in ,1? '"'Great Exhibition, to be held in entirely the wlrfc ! 'prince At T Ah T""°" "'^' kind, „,ade of „ass and iron.tttaVenled" 1';^*'' "" the horrors of war for r ""P'""™ h^d rendered was a brii,ia°:trcct;irsr.tho2';rr'" Change of nephew of the Crt^^x f«,^ ""i:>iNapoieon, Miniftry. the Fr^nl o uf Emperor, President of Lord Derbv RntJl. T ™' =""«ded as minister by .he ofd"iif.;trtr;brd ''""'"'•'"''«''' ''-^ n>ore e,ual^ .e SL^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ - 3. A di:>puce haa arisen between Russia =>n^ t i ostensibly about the guardianshi/^f thTHo,; pS^^^iS 1853. Crimean War. 41 Jerusalem but the root of the quarrel lay far deeper Turkey, a decaying power, had become more ^ and more unfit to govern Christians. Russia ^"'■• was deeply interested in protecting the Slavonic rices under the Turkish rule who were of'the same blood and t'oT D 'r"u ' '''' ^'^'"'^ ^'- ^« -*--! h- power to the Dardanelles. If great calmness had been shown on both sjdes peace might have been preserved But tie Russian Emperor Nicholas was violent and impetuous Russ^ 'T'r '' ^^'^^^-^'-P^^ -- a sworn Temrof Fr.n?h f u ^^' necessary to the Emperor of the I rench for the consolidation of his throne. The spTrit of both nations was gradually roused. The Russians ented he Danubmn pnncipalities, and burned the Turkish fleet at Smope. Lord Aberdeen strained every nerve for peace unless :trr;^°"' ^'^ '°"" "^^^^^^^' ^^-^'-^^ ^° -ign unless strong measures were adopted. The counirv ao proached nearer and nearer to the brink of war ^ ^' BOOK VI. JVA/i AND MUTINY. 1853-1858. CHAPTER I. THE CRIMEAN WAR. I. IN November. 1853, the Emperor of Russia dechrcd war agan..t Turkey. To the surprise of Europe; th^e Turks Outbreak of at hrst held their own against the invader. The Russians were repulsed from every point of 42 Modern England. 1854. the French '^,,1 "'i'":' "^ ""-^ ='™'^- ^he Emperor of the l-rench attempted m vain to mediate. At last a message was sent by England that unless the Rt^s hn d- chred t1' I ,f ^' considered that war had been only te aMarr.H^T''"'""' ™' ''">' ^™P'^- '^"=«i» ""'d only be attacked m her extremities, and England could only Crimea. ^<^' o" -1 sea base. A fleet was sent into the Baltic w.th high expectations of success which were no. realised, and a large force of English and^;*"' t oops were despatched into ll,e lilack Sea with the Kussians had recently constructed at great expense In September the allies landed a, Eupa.oria, in he itaea the b" ,t^%f ^^""'P'"-'^ defeated .'he RtLi nTa.' Ba..le of Balaklava fough. on Oc.ober 25 was Jg„,-Ld hair:tTilled''' '""'"/J"-"" ^''™'^^''^" ^^ the bT. L o .\ °™''"''- '" November was fought the Battle of Inkerman, m which an attempt to surprise fuardsTh"'"'™^ '*""='* ^^'"-^ steadiness o? he guards. The wmter tried the army severely, and the want of supphes and hospitals roused indignation' at home 3. Discontent ripened into suspicion. Mr Roebuck proposed an inquiry into the coifduct of the Mtau"* mS!*;' . y"""^ !" "!=' ■'■ 'he cabinet of Lord Aber- ' dcen resigned, and, after a short 'leh" T orrf Pahnerston formed a Government not very d feem IVom the previous one. It soon lost the serves of isss. Peace of Parts. 43 Mr Gladstone and two others, but it was able to carry C^^^^uTl ""'•"^' t^^'^ ^»^--. The death of the Lza in March gave only a slight hope of peace In su'cc sf 0?7" 'TT'^ ^'^^ ^°"^'^-^ -^'"-ying success. On June ,8, the anniversary of Waterloo the A^^akroffbT'"' "/" ^"^^' "P°" ^^^ ^^^- -d Majakhoff batteries, and at the end of the month Lord Kaglan, he commander in-chief, died. At last, after a months incessant bombardment, an attack .as made on ^he fortn.oations m September. The result was that the le ' .1^ their wounded behind them 4. Before the end of the year negotiations for peace were begun by the help of Austria. The French were more anxious for a settlement than the Eng- iish. The points most difficult for Russia to ^""• ^nd'^tr'' '^' ^?''"''°" "^ ^^' P°^^'- '"^ the Black Sea and the cession of a portion of Bessarabia to Roumania These pomts were at last arranged, and the Treaty of Pans was signed in March 1856. Thus ended ! which cnppled the power of Russia foJ ten y ytr Tn J .delayed for a time the inevitable fate of Turkey CHAPTER II. INDIAN MUTINY. sprlrorisf^^the'r" '^'' P""' ^"'^'^y' ^"^ - the 1^^ c \^^ ^ Government were defeated on a motion of Mr. Cobden's condemning their Th action with regard to a war which had broken w^ out m China. Ministers determined to dissolve Parlia ment rather than to resign, and the issue pla ed be o 'j the country was that of confidence in Lord' Palmerston 44 Modern England. 1857. i, Jk r r ^°^^'" ^"^ ^"^^^ ^^'•e rejected as members of the peace party. The liberal cause on the whole was supported by a triumphant majority lamit'vTn'l^ h'''°"'. ""'? '^^''^y ^°"^"^^ ^y ^ ^^rrible ca- lamity m India. A widespread rebellion of the native ?£y ^oJ^l'7 had broken out in the country, accom- y- panied by atrocities such as English men and women had never suffered before. The pretex^t for the revolt was the dislike of the Indian native soldiers to the use of greased cartridges which might contain the fat of cows or pigs, animals which their religion teaches them may wl.VT- -^^ '■'^'"•°" "^^y h^^^ been connected with the Russian war, but it was certainly stimulated by the withdrawal of troops for China. The mutiny first broke out at Barrackpore ; it then appeared at Lucknow and Meerut. Delhi, the ancient capital, was seized by the rebels, and the native king was placed on the throne of his ancestors. The whole of Northern India was in disturbance. Sir Henry Lawrence, with the English gar- rison, M^as a prisoner at Lucknow in Oude. The treachery of Nana Sahib decoyed the garrison of Cawnpore to their ^TlT"': '^^-' ^'^"' ^"^ *^^"^^^" ^J^°"^ they had eft behind were slaughtered by native butchers and thrown into a well. 3. The Government strained every effort to recover the country. Delhi was taken by Wilson, Cawnpore was re- Recover--. \^^^^ ^jy Havelock— too late, however, to save his countrywomen from murder. A conqueror m twelve battles, he entered Lucknow in time to prevent a similar calamity. He died in the hour of victory A black cloud of mutineers retook Cawnpore, and threatened Lucknow, but they were entirely defeated in the field by bir Colin Campbell. At the close a^ 1857 the "reat de pendency was again almost at peace, and in [une 1858 the work was completed by the capture of GwkUor u.ri" \ tv 1858. 2re rejected as 1 cause on the ority. by a terrible ca- of the native ountry, accom- iglish men and xt forthe revolt rs to the use of le fat of cows lies them may een connected stimulated by e mutiny first d at Lucknow was seized by on the throne India was in ; English gar- rhe treachery npore to their om they had butchers and to recover the ipore was re- vever, to save A conqueror le to prevent ' victory. A d threatened the field by he great de- June 1858, walior. Change of Mmistry. 45 ^^t^^rZ':M:ZS^ '^ -y be doubted flicted on the r.:^^^:^^^^-- ^ - in- blown from guns, a death peculiarly horrible ^'=^""''- were the transfercn e^^^h/ ^"^ '" P™<^'P^' ^^^'s .he East India cl74 o thf 0^"™' °' '""'^ '-" ins of Enelishmfn .„ , ^ ■ ' ^"^ "'^ awaken- 8 englishmen to a deeper interest in Indian affairs. BOOK VII. rff£ NEW REFORM BILL. .858-1868. CHAPTER I. a demand from the French Governmln. T, "°" "^ rplrfc^fof^n" f-S^^^^^^^ '^^ ^piracies ot political ex es T nrM p^i^ ence .0 this request, proposed to f Iter theSh ^'''% conspiracy to murder. When this J,. ^ V^* "^ majority of ,9, he immediately rtlned ■"""' "^ " ceedcd by Lord Dcrhv .. .^'^ ,. f '^°' *"" '^as suc- Ministry.^ The yfar was ' . u"' ^ Conservative reforms : the choice oftnH ""f ^'' ""'""" »'"nal tive examination :" ex.cndS" Zrr'"' "^ "-"P^"-- •elegraphic cable wasTa d Se„ ltTT7f'''^' " It appeared that the question of p">f?f '^'""''^"• question at Parliamentary Reform, 46 Modern England. 1858. which had been slopped by the war h,., u„j into obhvion, had now to be faced ^'„^t ^ T" '""^ Mr Disraeli braced themse, ^ rdea, wTh a ""if"' wh,ch they acknowledged to be nnwelconTe ' '""'"^ not:a.7s:cto;;""r.i::"e'trf''""v''^ ''^•■^''^-" -- '*^iury, it gave the franchise to a number of ri.f posed b. Lo^d ZRr;,r:hS'Usredt"? r was carried against the Government'^ b"! '''"^ 39. Ministers determined to d ssolve Th, ''^''u"'. °' the country wa? nn. .„,• 1 '",^- ^"^ 'ssue before War had broken o- Z::l!rtVZT ''"'""■ hberation of Italy an i ,hTl. ■ f^ '' '^"""'^ '<"' 'he with Italian Vniiy itT^U l''""^ "'^."^ongly haye this canse at'heart w reTetnld^inT '"""'" '° 50, and immediately after pIrL™? . ""'•'°"'>' °f compelled to resi/n.^dtferred^S^-'yr: 0/^^"^ This was the sixth rh.»ncr^ ^r • • confidence, place in fifteenTelrs ^"^' '' "'"'^^^y ^^'^^ had taken CHAPTER II. LORD PALMERSTON. '■ '"'""' ''toT7°R ""^'^'^^"^ •"""- Minister, with "'°™'"" G?altLe'crcelL':fTE'T"^' ^■•• Lord Granyille President of .hfco:;nat?Zr Th' first step of the Government wa,7l,„ , ?'-^' ^^^ commercial treaty with FrTnce hL f "°"<^'"'""' «' » free trade. Mr Cobden hL k ' . "^ "" Principles of Gladstone, in a s 'eS whic^'" ' negotiator, and Mr. financial policy, ex^ressed^he r"""""'^ ^ "'" "» "^ f <-/, expressed the long services of the free I8S9. American War. lad never sunk )rd Derby and ith a problem . Disraeli was number of dif- on any broad isolution pro- ed this feeling a majority of e issue before tic character, ustiia for the I was strongly ire known to I majority of inisters were f confidence, h had taken 4; inister, with :retary, Mr. hequer and 1859). The lusion of a rinciples of orj and Mr. new era of of the free trader in language of universally accepted praise The Mmistry attempted to satisfy the expectations of the country by bringing forward a Reform Bill. It was as simple as its forerunner had been complicated. It pro- posed a franchise of ^10 in counties, /6 in boroughs, and a redistribution of seats. The languid interest felt in it by the Premier was a sign of the indifference of the country, and the Bill was withdrawn. 2. In 1 86 1 a civil war broke out in America between the Northern and Southern States. The matters in dispute between them uere many and various, but American the most important point at issue was the War. question of slavery. The English people generally took the side 01 the South, partly from a supposed community of feeling and partly from a jealousy of America, and a wish to see her dismembered. This feeling w'as intensi- fied by the capture of two Southern envoys while under the protection of the British flag. There was danger of war breaking out, but the Northern States submitted to an ultimatum, and returned the prisoners. 3. The affair of the < Trent,' as this dispute was called from the name of the ship in which the envoys were sailing, was the last public question in which Prince Albert, now for some time since called the 'Mince Prince Consort, was engaged. After a few *^'°"s°''f- days' illness, he died at Windsor in December 1861 at the age of forty-two. The grief of the English nation was universal and spontaneous. Only gradually did the country come to learn that he had been king of England for twenty years, while no one knew it. 4. The American war affected England in two ways. First, the ordinary supply of cotton to our manufacturing districts was cut off, and a great distress was felt in Lancashire, which was known by the SSeand name of the cotton famine. The operatives '■^''^^ania.' ¥i 48 Modern England. 1862. displayed the utmost patience and self-control under their afflicfons, and large subscriptions were contribu ed f their support. Lord Derby gave the services of his genius to the organisation of relief, and cotton, the hreads of which were of a shorter length, was pro;ided from Ind.a Before the American war was over the v^rst o longer iuration. A ship called the 'Alabama' was fitted out from an English dockyard, notwithstanding the protest of the American Ambassador, with the object of makmg war on American commerce in the interests of the Southern States. The Americans felt that the negligence shown m not stoppi. g this vessel expressed onl? too clearly the sympathies of England. They could not a^ this tune do anything to prevent or to avenge the wn>ng but when the war was over a feeling of bTtterness was' left, which nearly led to an open rupture, and was with difficulty appeased. 5. Lord Palmerston died in October 1865. The condi- tion of parties during these closing years was remarkable Repose. i'opular throughout the country, the Premier Liberals tT T'"^ T^^^^ ^^ Conservatives and Liberals. The policy of a long life was the earnest of his liberalism; and, at the same time, he was known ^o be ^Te^agitl7r„1 f '''"'' ^'^ ^^^^^ ^"^^^^ ^^'^^ were agitated in later years now slumbered, and the reform of the representation, which lay at the ^ot of a^ other measures was deferred with the admonition tha the nation should rest and be thankful for what it had already achieved. A new election in the spring 01 86^ NoTss h ' ''^'"■^^ "^^°"*^ ^'^^ ^ ^- Liberal loses R^chrrd' cZZ: ^^^ ^° '''-' '' ''' p^^"^^^"- <^-^ «^ 6. Earl Russell succeeded T ord Palmpr-to-, ^- ts mier; M. Gladstone beca™. leader ^IrSelrouse'f 1 862. 1 under their itributed for ^'ices of his cotton, the as provided er the worst trouble was ibama' was itanding the le object of irests of the neghgence d only too iuld not at the wrong, erness was i was with The condi- emarkable. le Premier itives and nest of his own to be ons which , and the root of all lition that lat it had g of 1865 :ral losses. 2 death of 1 as Pre- Flouse of ■8««- Mr. Disraeli. ^^ .866 gave the franchise to householders of .he vah,e of ^14 in counties and /; in borouirhs I, '"= value of compromise and ,v,T J„, °™"«'''- " ™s evidently a the cabinet'orby he pTrl "a'' T^'^T^ '"''" ''^ called by Mr Bright, C-r f .""" "' ""^ L'"^""''- oppositionfn 'res filt a^rinl ^'"1'^"''. '"'"'"' ">= defeated and resi-^ned Th» '""^ "'^ '"'"'"'T' *"« servative Cover ment tlL ?""' f""""^'" ^^ ^ C""" were Lord D.Z^Z'ur^vZ^T "''"'"" "' ""'''' CHAPTER III. MR. DISRAELI. Of reform ""r" t'.h'""'"' ^ '''' ''''' "^^^^^^^ measure ve^ere^; Th '^•''''°" ^'^^^"ghout the country was very great The war m Germany, which in « . SIX weeks made Pni <;<!;', ,-«.f«. J r'i '^" '" Reform Hnm,-. ! J;'russia mstead of Austria the Agitation, dommant power m that country, passed almost unheeded by Go^ror e""'' "''P""'°" of a rebellion in Jama S T^.e LvTnTof r.7' ^°"^^"^"^d by advanced Liberals. Newfoundf. J T 'P^ '^^'^ ^^^^^^^"" ^'■^I^nd and Newfoundland gave hope to those who wished for . ZZetr'Z ''''''''''' ^^^° -'^^^y co^ents. But the des.re for reform was unmistakable. In Julv The Patr bn^:^'" "" '^^''''^'^ ^^ ^^^^ ^ meeting nHyt Park but the masses who had accompanied them threw haT LtTd^'ITpX" Tht ^1 ^"^^r- -"^^ -dstoneandnrigr:r;ec^t:d^l^r^ E 50 Modern England. 1867. Iff 2. At the beginning of the session of 1867. Mr. Disraeli proposed resolutions which were to be L basis of a KrcPJ" fr!°T^'"- A ^""^iderable extension of the sv.f.m .r yf^'^'', ^^^ contemplated, hmited by a method ana ,t became necessary for Ministers to agree >n a definite measure ; of two alternative courses the more hberal was adopted, but Lord Carnarvon Lord Cranbourne, and General Peel could not arcede to it m Maich. The proposed franchise was founded on ratmg and not on rental. The franchise in boroughs was gjven to all householders paying rates ; in countieTit was given to occupiers of property rated at ^15 a year Besides this, the franchise was given to atl men 'of a certam education, or who had saved a certain sum of money. In some cases voters were allowed a double vote m respect of possessing a double qualification. ^\1' I!'^^J" ^^^^ violently opposed by Mr. Gladstone, who objected to its provisions in almost every par- Amendments ticular, but the section of his party who -Com- formed the ' Cave of Adullam,' declined to follow him in procuring the defeat of t.-v^ Government. Notwithstanding this, the measure ZrS T^ k'T^ P'r ^^' P^^^^ ""^'^ '^^^« entirely altered The abolition of compound householders, that IS, of those whose rates were paid for them in the lump by their landlords, nearly quadrupled the number of voters ; lodgers were admitted to the franchise, the county franchise was reduced, and the distribution of seats was changed. The Bill, as it was passed by both Houses vveary with argument at the end of July, almost reached the limit of manhood suffrage. It had been passed by a 1 867. VIr. Disraeli basis of a rision of the nitcd by a cted to this rs to agree :ourses the rvon, Lord xede to it, lis measure ounded on roughs was nties it was 15 a year, men of a tin sum of louble vote Gladstone, svery par- )arty, who ' declined defeat of 5 measure as entirely Iders, that the lump umber of he county seats was 1 Houses t reached ssed by a ed it as a 1868. Gladstones Ministry. 51 4. It was necess.H y that Parliament should meet airain to Abyssm.a, undertaken to release some J, ,, Enghshnien who were kept in prison by the ^^^"^ King. I he prisoners were released, and Mirrdah fh^ Lorf jr-^'' "^71: ^-'y ^" thTtst^n'o^', Lord Derby res.gned the Premiership from bad health and was succeeded by Mr. Disraeli It soon becCe obv,ous that the main point of struggle between t two partjes wo.dd be the disestablishment of the IrLh Church to t^t Tfl-ect 'rry''- ^^''^'^^""^ "^°-^ --^""i-s m^rUT V ^^^^^^'^'■"•^ent had been defeated by small majont.es before the Easter recess. In April it eighty -five. Parliament was dissolved, and the result of the elections was a signal victory for the Liberals The burr^siS the ""V' 'Z ''' ^^^"'"^ ^' '^^ --^o" Mr r T? '^?''''^'^'' ^"d just before the close of 1868 Mr. Gladstone became Prime Minister. BOOK VIII. ilfJ?. GLADSTONE. 1868-1874, CHAPTER \. IRISH CHURCH AND LAND. Mr. Brigh, and Mr. ChiMers'. ^;2^^^^^ B 3 52 Modern England. 1870. i^^ of office it showed a great activity in every branch of admi- Disestabiish- "'str.-.,ve reform. This could only have been mcnt of Irish maintai^aed by a large majority in Parliament, h-n,. K t'T^^ ^^ '' '^'^^ "^ exceptional ability, at a time when the feelmg of the country was wrought to an unusual stram. Its first efforts were directed to the re- moval of Insh grievances by the disestablishment of the Irish Church, and the regulation of Irish land The country had determined by the elections that the Irish branch of the. Church of England should cease to exist under State protection. The working out of that change was difficult and complicated. The arrangements pro- posed by Mr. Gladstone were passed by large majorLs in the House of Commons, and met with no serious opposition m the House of Lords. Experience has shown the wisdom of the measure, and the large surplus resulting from It still remains to be applied to the material benefit ot the country. 2. The Irish Land Act passed in the session of 1870 was a matter of greater difficulty. Its object was to Irish Land give such Security to the tenant as might • induce him to spend money in improving his holding, to lend money to landlords to be spent in im- provements, to put a restraint on hasty and unjust evic- tions, and to establish a ready means of arbitration between landlord and tenant. The Bill, though full of complicated provisions, met with little opposition in either House, and became law on the ist of August. 3- The same session was occupied with another mea- sure of first-rate importance. Mr. W. E. Forster produced Education a comprehensive Education Act to deal with ' • primary education, that namely, of the poorer classes. Time was given for different religious denomi- nations to supply deficiencies in existing schools, but if that were not done school boards were to be created who 1870. eh of admi- have been ^irliament, ibility, at a Jght to an to the re- nent of the md. The ; the Irish 5e to exist lat change tients pro- majorities 10 serious has shown s resuhing ial benefit >n of 1870 :t was to as might •oving his int in ini- ijiist evic- rbitration rh full of •sition in ust. her mea- produced deal with le poorer denomi- Is, but if ited, who 1870. Batth of Sedan. 53 should provide at the cosf nf »>,« . universal, and unsec.l^^ edu at o^ Th'e" ' f^^ surpassed the most sanguine hoDFv ''""It has the passing of the Act \ITI I . ^'^ ^^^' ^'^^^ has diminished A g ; .T'h" °' '"""^"^ ^'"'^^^" cational system of th ' 'o ntr ' '!'" ^"^" ^° '""^ '^- schools have undergc no " j "^'7!^" '"^ ^"''''^ only waits for the orl.^^pH '. ^""^ '^^ "°""''-y "°^ classes. orgu.,,ed instruction of the middle CHAPTER II. WAR BETWEEN FRANCE AND GERMANY, c'm" s?aro?d '^sIcT the'd r ^^7°* ^''^^^ ^^^^ the Germans were raoid .nH ^ ^ successes of Thf» Fr^n.K P ^"^ unexpected. 1 le French army was driven back from the f^"°f'h« Rhine, It was cut infr> f V ^ tmperorof nf hi^ J ^as cut into two parts by a series '^^ ^'^n^h. °4e'°^a ^yt' ^ie,f [ht^',''"^^'- "- ='-' "P "^'H a Ardennes H. J' 1-"P"<»- was driven into the sku of M;,,re"^,d ,::::;:"''"'"' ^^ "■« -nsun,™^: .ember ,. On :;c pt' he n":" Zf" " ''''"'" ™ ^^P" in Paris .he Empr-'ess ^r^^!!:^^:^^'^^^ .hro„.ho.t .„e winter^":. t',^'„XT ''"°"^^'' sat d as GemirEr " "'"^ '""''"" »' P--- was VersaUies. Ce w Tde "L"", ''t™ "" '^'''«' »' reace «as made sliortly afterwards. Alsace 54 Modern England. 1S72. lf2r^Z'ui"" were ceded to Germany, and an indemnity of 200 millions paid for the expenses of the war. 3. The English Government had with great skill and patience preserved the neutrality of the nation Th!l was Internal tried most Severely when the Russian Govern- P..,' r ""^"^ "-fPudiated the clauses of the Treaty of Pans re/ernng to the Black Spt Th*. «,off • blv irrancr^^ . r "^ matter was amica- bly arranged at a conference in London. The session of 1871 was not idle. Purchase in the army . - bo isheS titlon fhe evil service was made attainable by compe-' tit.on, the universities were thrown open to the whole country without regard to religious denominltions tTad t ocal government were extended to country districts In the winter the Prince of Wales became seriously l" ai S m the middle of December the whole country wa ted n suspense for tidings of life and death. Before the begin" ning of the year he was out of danger. ^ CHAPTER III. LIBERAL REVERSES. I. In 1872 a system was adopted of electing Members of Parliament by ballot, or secret voting. This^neasure had long been urged by advanced Liberals and opposed by Conservatives. But the chief event of the yearwas the settle^ ment of the so-called 'Alabama' claims, that is, the com- Irii^raUo^n' ^'"'f '^" ^^' ^^"^'^^ ^""^ ^y this and Other •*"-• privateers m the American war. In accord- ance with the Treaty of Washington, these matters were arranged m a conference held at Geneva, in whi^h the ^ZlT%r'^''''''T °" '"^^^"^tional law formed the tribunal, ihe award was given against England, and a 1874. I indemnity ir. t skill and This was in Govern- : Treaty of ras arnica- session of bolished, by compe- the whole ns, trades powers of ricts. In ly ill, and waited in lie begin- Liberal Reverses, 55 mbers of sure had •osed by he settle- the com- nd other accord- ers were lich the med the d, and a sum of nearly four millions had to be paid to America. But friendship between the two countries was restored at this snia 1 price and a new principle of arbitration was asserted in public affairs. 2. The session of 1873 was intended by the Govern- ment to remove another Irish grievance by establishing a system of Catholic university education, j^sh Educa The measure had been carefully prepared by tfon ''''"'"' Mr. Gladstone, and it was introduced with good hope of success. But It was soon found that it satisfied neither party. The Government were defeated, and the Ministry resigned. Mr. Disraeli, however, refused to take office, and the seals were resumed by their former holders. A i^ changes were made in the Cabinet, and a Judicature proce'durr'' '^"'^'^^"^"g «"r whole system of judicial 3. The Government were weakened and discredited, .^eat after seat was won by the Conservatives. The l-ueral majority became every day smaller 01 1874, Mr. Gladstone determined to appeal '"^"'• to the country, and, to the surprise of everybody, in January Parliament was diS3oIved. In five years the majonty of Liberal supporters had dwindled from 116 to 66. The result of the elections was a triumph for the Conservatives. The Cabinet did not wait for the meeting of Parliament. Mr. Disraeli accepted office as Premier supported by Lord Derby, Lord Salisbury, Lord Car^ narvon. Sir S Northcote, Mr. Cross, and Mr. Hardy. Shortly after this Mr. Gladstone announced that he had retired for ever from the leadership of the Liberal party 56 Modern England. CONCLUSION. At the close of our period it may be well to review the results of the policy which we have described in deta'l and to compare the condition of England in 1875 with its condition at the close of the great continental war. We will consider separately-i. Her population ; 2. Her wealth ; 3. The state of pauperism in the two periods • 4. The state of crime ; 5. The condition of trade ; 6. Food, education ; 7. The extent of her dominion. 1. The population of Great Britain in 181 1 was twelve milhons ; in 1875, it was twenty-seven millions and a half At the first period she contained only nine per cent, of the whole population of the great powers of Europe, France Germany, Austria, Russia. She now contains about thirteen per cent. 2. As an indication of wealth, in 1826 the United Kingdom paid £1 gs. 5^. a head for taxation. In 1876 she paid ^2 IS. sd. England is the only country in Europe m which the percentage of taxation in prov.ortion to the population has diminished. The assessments to the income-tax in Great Britain in 18 15 were a hundred anu thirty millions; in 1875 they were five hundred and thirty-fi' - millions and three quarters. In 1830 the deposits in savings banks amounted to i \s. 4^. per head of the population. In 1876 they amounted to £2 2s. 6d per head. 3. In 1 813 the amount spent in the relief of the poor was eight millions and a half; that is, a cost of 15J. 2d. per head of the population. In 1876 the amount spent was seven millions and a quarter that is 6.r id. per head ; yet we spend nearly three times as much oneach pauper as we did five and thirty years ago. Conclusion. 57 review the I in detail, 575 with its I war. We ; 2. Her periods ; of trade ; inion. was twelve ind a half, ent. of the e, France, ins about le United In 1876 :ountry in jroportion sHients to L hundred idred and 1830 the per head £,1 2s. 6d. ' the poor •f 15J. 2d. unt spent ■. id. per 1 on each ^^.^.'Jf ■'""^'^'^^ of paupers to the populalior, is now ^^^.'^: -'—"^•■•e- it was ,r: 4. Crime has very largely dim-inished. The number irtSe."\rrre ':=rtr --" — ^T^r tr?^- ne:Vo"eSTXt°t' was While all kmds of serious crime have decrea4d ■offences agams. property have diminished more tharalT 5. The value of British exports was in ,820 thirty.; he' and a"half f ,"'-'1' "'1 '" "'' '™ """"-I '""^o- as mnrh '' '"'•'= ''^"^ P^bably increased quite as much m proportion. ^ ..„™' ^l™"^ '''" '='" ''" enormous growth in t^ «tton and ,ro„ trades. It has witnesL the en.t^ development of the railway system. The total receips from r.^lway traffic are now sixty millions a yea . "^ 6. Besides all this, the people are much better fed Jhanthey used ,ohe,and .induration oflifehas';:^^^^^^^^ nn„3l=* <if^^Iopment of (he press has done as much for iidt ena. in 1846 there were n the Unif«-H k', ,^^ 55. newspapers; in ,8;; there were ,,69. '^'°'° 7. In 1829, the population of the Enfriich r«i^„:», was three millions and a quarter • in it f millions and a half. At the same dm. H • ^"^^^r " 58 Modern Efigland. that the nation is, for all purposes of offence and defence far s ronger than it was at the time when it carried on the struggle against Napoleon. wJKt '^'"^^' ^'^ "'^'"^^^ ^"^ *° '^^ ^'sd«'» and patriot- ofT. n r '^f ^."^^\^^h° have controlled the destinies of the nation during the period we have described B^ INDEX. ABE Adrianople, 13 Afghanistan, 33 Alabama, 48, 54 Albe«.^Pri„ce, 3,, 40. 47 Alsace, 53 Althorp, Lord, 18, 20 America, 7, 45, 47 5^ Austria. 43, 46, 49, H gALAKLAVA, 42 Baltic^t^""' '' Barrackpore, 44 Bazaine, Marshal, 53 ^e gians. King of; "t i>e]gium, 17 Bentinck, Lord George, 3, Bessarabia, 43 & > J/ Birmingham, 24 fefS,^/"' "• ■«. -. »7 CABUL 33 Canada. 30 Camf,bell, Sir Coh-n, 44 Ca.ming,Mr..3.6,7.to.„,..,, Carnarvon, Lord, 50, 55 Caroline, Oueen, 4 Casticreagli, Lord, 5 '-athohc Association 10 FRE Catholic Emancipation 10,. Cato Street Conspiracy, 3 ^''^ Cawnpore, 44 ^' ^ Charles X., i6 Chartists, 37, 38 China, 32 43, 44 Clarkson, Mr., 25 Cotta-^ti^!,^ple^^;.^^'«'''4'48 Corn laws, 2, Q Crimean War, 2 42 Cumberland, Duke of, 28 D^^,^'5E, X3, 42 ^^jj^Dardanelles, 41 Dublin, 34 • 3^' 3^' 4^' 49. so. 54 Dudley, Lord, n Durham, Lord, ^o Dutch, 7 " PGYPT, 31 Eldon. Lord, 10 t-lphinstone, General. « trzeroum, 13 •'■' Eupatoria, 42 L.\hibition, 40 Eyre, Governor, 49 pORSTER, Mr., 52 French Revc'ution, 1 6o Index, 23 GAS QASCOIGNE, General, 20 Geneva, 54 George II., 14 George III., 3, 4, ,p, ,« George IV., 4, i; Gladstone, Mr., 32. 35, 40, 43, 46, ^ 49. 50, 55 Godencb, Lord, ix Gorham C;,se, 39 Grant, Mr., 11 " Gr-inviile, tord, .f6 Gr;:f:Ci;, 6^ 12, 13 Gi- • Lord, 18, no, 21, 2a ic Guiil<.V.':Jei '''f:', 4 Gwalioi-, 44 J-TANCATR, 29,-^1 ,j' ,''^t'"''«wby, Lord, I-lavelock. Colonel, 44 Heaci, Major, 30 Herries, Mr., ii Hill, Rowland, 30 Holland, 17 Holy Alliance, 5 Huskisson Mr., 7, 8, 10, 11, 14 Hyde Park, 49 TBRAHIMPasha, 12 India, 25, 33, 44 Inkerman, 42 Ireland, 2, 9, 15, 25, 28, 34, 35, 49, Irish Church, 51 Italy, 46 JAMAICA, 30,49 J James II., 14 Jellalabad, 33 K ARS. 13 * *" Kent. Duke of, 29 Khoord Cabiil Pass, 33 Khyber Pass, 33 LANCASHIRE, 47 Lawrence, Sir Henry, 44 League, Anti-Corn Law, 32, 35, 36, Liverpool, Loro . Louis XVJII , Louis Philippe, 16, 37 Lorraine, 54 1<.\Q. LucknoiA , 44 Lyndhurst, Lord, a... 34. \|AGDALA, 51 ' ■^ Maria, Donna, 16 M; ncheri. r, 31;, 3 , Ma :i,ers. Lonl Johti, 35. Maynoot;,, 3^, jr. Meerut, ,^4 Melbourne, Lvr.l, 26, a? Metternicli, Prii.'ce. :; Metz, 53 ^ Miguel, Don, 15 Moltke, (ieneral, 53 Naples, o Napoleon 1., . 7, 16 Napoleon, Loiu-, 40, 42, 45, e. National Debt, , ^ ''*''»'' 53 Navarino, 13 Navigation Laws, 7 Newfoundlarri, 40 Newport, 38 New Zealand, 85 NichoLxs, Emperor, 41, 43 Nottingham, 38 O'CONNELL, DANIEL, 10, 14; '5, 24, 34, 37 O'Connor, Feargus, 38 Oregon, 35 Orleans, Duke of, 16 pALMERSTON, Lord, 11, ,8, 42. ;: . 43. 45, 46, 48 Pa"S' 'i^reaty of, 43, S3 Pedro, Don, 15, 16 Peel, General, 50 Peel, Sir Robert, 10, 14, 15, 19-24, 26, 27, 30 31, 32, 35, 40 Piedmont, 6 Pitt, Mr., 8, 9, 10, 22 Poland, 17 Polignac, Prince, t6 Pollock, General, vi Porte, Sublime, ' ; Portugal, IS Prussia, <n Pruth, 4^ DADICaL;, X ■^^ Raglar, Loid, .13 Index, h 4S> S3 43 ROE Roebucfc, Mr., 4a Rome, 16 Rome, Church of, 34 Roumania, 43 Russell, Earl, 14, ,8, 19, 21, 40. 46, 48 Russia, 12, 13, 40, 41, 43 CALE, General, 33 Salisbury, Lord, 55 bebastopol, 43 Sedan, 53 Shelley, P. B., 6 Slavery, 8 Sinope, 41 South America, 6 Spain, 5, 6, 16 Stanley, Lord, 35 Stephen, Mr., 25 'PHAMES, 45 Thistlewood, 3 Trent, 47 Turkey, 6, 12, 13, 40, 41 61 VOR (JNITED STATES, 30, 35 35. 37. Y^'ERSAILLES, 53 Victoria, Queen, ag, 34 Vienna, Congress of, 5 Vienna, Treaty of, 15, ,7 Vilhers, Mr., 32 W-'^LES, Prince of, 54 Mr „• '^^'ashington, Treaty of, S4 Wellington, Duke of, 6. ,0, , r^ 13, IS, 17. 19, 2i«, 23, 24, 26, 31, 36, 3° Wetherall, SirC, 22 Wharncliffe, Lord, 23 Wilberforce, Mr., 8. as William r, =3 ' ' ^ William IV.; 17, 29 Wilson, General. 44 yORK, Duke of, 10 lEL, 10, 14,: d, II, 1 8, 42, iSf 19-Z4. Sth EDITION-aOTH jTHnncAMp^ MILLiiB'S NEW SWINTON'S LANGUAGE LESSONS. Adapted to Canadian Schools. By J. A. MACMILLAN, B.A., Ottawa. OOLLEQIATE INSTITUTE. MMort L«g„ Gramma" ^' ""° °''"'*'° """o"? with PRICE 25 CENTS. PROM SOUTH HASTINQS' BOARD OP EXAMINEKq e.pePl?a?a7.:a^"o';rro't?ffJli=4>^^^^^^^^^ makes it much preferab'e to anvnffi,o<?f.^^'^ improvement and Edition of Language LasonafnhauVthfl'^^^^^^^ With tills teachor may safely te e^ntV^^itJ^Jl^^' *"° ™0'8* mexperionced tion cluBS ^'^ ""l '^TKwft,^:'^^ l^'^TuV^.'^h^'^^''' H.M. HICKS M A H M w «^-"S^^"«ville. JOHN JOlks'i^^N. ? J!i."so'u1 AISs""' WM.WlLKmS0N.M.A..HeadM.^^^^ aeserves every p'raise for Tna^ngKoLit?^^^^^ Tlieeditor of Masons' Grammar, thus nrevenMno +T, i "''^^ ^^^® "^^^^ those fusion, that always result f^.V^it^l-^ *^x® ^°^8 °' ^'me and con- He has accomplfsWt£"4iSt renl^''° ^^^'' °' definition^, more difficult, or in any way Strn^P^^^^^^ the work a whit I observe that the matter isLarraSf+w P®?"^'!?:' character. usodinthe8amocla88asvouroK.5fi-*^''**^'«e^tJloi» can be ^«»ie°«^ I.wish^fSntL'^muchsucS^aflt^^^^ any iS^on! had which since I speak fr(>m some rnonfhl n^^^'^f*'®''^"^'' have ^ book is, perhaps, th^ highest pSei'^^f^'^eftf^^^so of the \ C. CLARKSON, B.A.. Head M^r. Model School Brnnt^m fess^oSt;i-CSaT^feffi:e?^ for wbioh no^extbook isaithorlfed pll'n^i-' *^® ^hird class! vately ai an aid to foUow the orll teach£gf' ^' °" *^® ^o«^ Pri- 880N8. Is, TAWA, to MASON'S chools. The nd General rmony with :NERg. [acmillan, is s. The as- le advanced cement and . With this experienced id coinposi- • Belleville, ol, Trenton, Haatiugs. tral School Macnaillan The editor •with those 9 and con- 3efinition!>. rk a whit character, on can be any incon- esore have io of the ockvilie. Language ! a decided on's. The »ird class, book pri. MIllEB & ittm Of BUlia Hughes' Comjjpsitlon Blanks, No. l-lOc. « <. ", 2-IO0. Canadian Spelling Blanks, No. frio"?' .< u 2-IO0. Dr Davies' Gran^mar Blanks, No. tloa tt ,^ 2~10c. « „ 3—150. 4-15 c. . ] « ft PROM NOVA SCOTIA J.D. MCGILLIVEAY. In.pecto. H.mt Co., Ko™ Scotli. A. 0, A. DOANE, Inspector „,s.b„„„,sMb^,j^ ei.mlned tliem ^fh mSS, «?.?' Composition Boom _" t i. ic ON THE UNITARY METHOD. BY THOMAS KIRKLAND, M.A., Science Master Normal School, Toronto, Aia> WM. SCOTT, B.A., Head Mas'.ee Model School, Toronto. INTBiroBD £B 4.N INTBOI>aOTOBY Teit-bflflt to Hibi Siitrs PRIGE 25a ADAM MILLER & CO., PUBLISHERS. letic ID. [.A., )NTO, NTO. tetic. 25a lERS.