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I
"TW^
DOMINION OF CANADA
1
i i
Views of Members of the BtiMj
Association and others.
INFORMATION FOR INTENDING SETTLERS.
PUBLISHED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA.
WITH A MAP.
OTTA\VA:
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
1884.
i
* M
J»-T??
:m
^
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I
INtKODUCTORY CHAPTER ■'■ 3
ADDRESS OP THE MARQUIS OF LORNE «
PROFESSOR TANNER'S REPORT 22
SIR. R. H. ANDERSON'S I^CTURES , .. 40
LETTER FROM GEORGE RODDICK 46
REV. MR. BRYDGER'S OBSERVATIONS 47
jliETTERS TO REV. MR. BRYDGER, '■ 48
^CANADIAN NORTH-WEST— A SKETCH 49
ALBERTA— TESTIMONY OF SETTLERS 66
RICHARD TEMPLE, PRESIDENT OF ECONOMIC SECTION OF BRIT-
ISH ASSOCIATION- -AN ADDRESS AT WINNIPEG .... 47
1]
1 !'
Views op ]
Mr.
Chk.
Pkoi
. ■ At^,;.-l(B»i*3Mb* •.
11)0 fo
taining tlio
field for sei
Governor-Cl
duced as i
spoke fron:
residence
Marquis of
for his uttc
read his cli
Follow
port of Pi
Kensingtoi
special obji
to Canada
the Institii
country,
ment, but
in very cle
dustry wh
books will
any furthe
Follov
by one of
ager of th(
ly, an'd we
pers in th
marks as t
u eouiittv
DOMINION OF CANADA.
STATEMENTS OF EMINENT MEN.
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER
Views of Lord I/)rne — Prokkisor Ta vkr — Mr. Amdermon — Rev. Mr. liRiur. •
Mr. Brydoks — Sir KifiUHD Tbmpi.k — Hon. Ai.bxamdbr Maokknzik — Dr.
Chkadi.e — Professor 8hbi.oon — pR(»FKttH4tR Frkam — Professor a.^acAdam —
Professor Goldwin Smith — PRoi'KsmjR Gii.hkrt, &*!.
'l"lio following pages aro mainly compoHcd of republications and of extracts con-
taining the testimony of well known men roHpectiiig the Huitabiiity of Canada as a.
field for settlement. In tho Hrst place, an address by the Marquis of Ix>rne, the late
Governor-rteiioial of Canada, dehvijred at Birmingham in December last, is repro-
duced as containing the testimony of a disinteroMtod and competent witness, who
apoke from the stand point of having had large opportunities during his five years'
residence in Canada, to fully ascertain the facts he stated. The position of the
Marquis of Lome is sucli, moreover, as to carry w^th it such a personal responsil)ility
for his utterances as to bo in itself a guarantee of the confidence, which few who^
read his clear outspoken words will hesitate to give.
Following the address of I/)rd I/)rne, is republished by permission, a special re-
port of Professor Tanner to the Council of the Institute of Agriculture at South
Kensington. Professor Tanner came to Canada, as he himself explained, for the
special object of making an inquiry into the orlvantages or otherwise of Emigration
to Canada, more especially for the benefit of those^ who, having been educated in
tho Institute, were able to command sutticient <. ipital for farming profitably in this
country. He did not come as a delegate at the invitation of the Canadian Govern-
ment, but at the instance of ' he Council at South Kensington. His report is given
in very clear and simple language, and is marked throughout by the painstaking in-
<lustry which he is known to posaess, and those who have read his very interesting
books will not fail to accord to him their confidence. It is not necessary to make
any further reference to this report.
Following Professor Tanner will be found some extracts from lectures delivered
by one of the Tenant Farmer Delegates from Ireland, Mr. R. II. Anderson, late Man-
ager of the Bank of Ireland at Portadown. These lectures are readable and spright-
ly, and we are sure many will feel obliged for their reproduction from tho newspa-
pers in the somewhat more permanent form of a pamphlet. Mr. Anderson's re-
marks as to the the advisability of emigration from crowded centres of population to^
a eouiitry of the vast cxpaiisc of Carmdit whftrc there in fOOui for one of llio greatest
^velopments of civilization that the world W «
^^^ in the into.. . .He cro^ ^^I^^:^ :--;:- -i-^-
c.a;;:r-eSzs::-:-f — - -^^ - «,e, t,. Z^
known, has taken gr.at and in teilige-T interest -t L P h ^^ ^^. ^^^ .^ ^. a.
Canada, and has himself several tim J.. f '^'"'^"°" «^" «^nigration to
^ personally -.uaintedll^rvreri^^^^^^^^^^^ ""' ^^^^^ -"4
ing the voyage, after landing, and aftrr s^f^!^ . ^"ore embarcation, dur.
and disinterested testimony is that on .1^^^!^' '"'^ "^^ "'"^ "^^ ^^'« "-PoiCnt
corned to the -igrani, Ind to Jhe olt I I^ht^""^ o-
the wnter, who l,a^ had, for man, years an Lu T "^"^ ^"^'^""^^ observations of
the Dominion. TK. .ketch bri.fl7Sr"hr ''™*""^^ "^"- *^"^ l>ar^ of
ra^hvay the sc„ 1 production/of the" o ,!^^^^^^^^ «^ ,^^-. t-s-contLenW
■ion of chmate- statement respecting the soil LnV"r?^''""^"^^*"''dque«-
Lawes and Dr. Gilbert, whose carefnl .v ' '^'""'^hed by Sir John Bennett
attracted public attention, Z^^^^Ctr''':' ^^^^^^^^^^ ^ave everywhte
jects of water and fuel, building mlt 11 and ;i^^^ ^^^ ^^^-^'^-t -b
A statement follows by Mr C J B v J . ""'"^'^^ resources of the country
the Grand Trunk Railway ys'mlxfca/^^^^^^^^^ "T ^"^" '^'^"^''^ W-o^f
Say Company's lands at Winning Mr 1'' T •"'' ^^™«>'«-o„er of the Hudson^
tne result of his observations-made^urS fo " ' ""^ '' ''^'^''''''''^ ^^^''^^^^ -^
one m July lasers certainly ve^y strrklg '""'^^' '""^ "^^^^ ^-^ -So.and
-i^of lI;S;r;f^ -:^^^^^ .ion of the British W
teins and he expressed very fully, at Wi^Lpt t^/ "^'' "^"* ^ "^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^oun-
He stated that it- was his belief thar tW w '^P/«««^ons he had received.
North-West than for any other part of the BHt7sh E '" "" ^'"'^ '"^ *^^ ^'--«-
man so able and so distinguished and it^ K^^f ''^'"^ *« ^^e views of a
more than ordinary value, they are a noted > ^' ! ^'^^"^^ ^ disinterested, are of
«f khis pamphlet. ' ^-^' ^""*^^ ^^ considei-abie length in another part
the llrSelYJitacr^ie'T^^^ '^-'^ ^^^"^ ^^- P^- -mor ^^as "
to 187. The views of nfMrSctiTortt^r^^
character, which is admitted on all haLdHven in th'""*" "T'"' '' ^-P-sonal
t^es, his well knov^ni shrewdness and . '^'^''"''^ °^" *^^^ ^'^^ of per-
^perience and responsibility whio fh, ^''"*^' ''"^ ^^^ "^« ^'^^^t of his
Minister, make his tLtimony\o ! of pa't^f /"" '^'"^ ^^^^ ""^^ ^^^ «-^-y
by many persons, nnd particularly by tho' e ho T ^""^f ™^^-- '* ^^^^ been held
Govornment, that there was a scHou^ one "ion " TT"" *'" ^"'^^ "^' *^« l-«-«t
the country we.t of Moose Jaw, bXeen hat d" ^ .' "';""'^^' "^'^ ^^"'--"' «f
along the line of the Pacific fo ilwa" On us tnTn "" "'''''''' ^^^"'^-"^
»ie is of parti.-ular importance and Jh^ . . ^ "* *''^ testimony ol' Mi^ MaoKen-
^^na<ia i.pHeitly rec^i;^^ He^maTli: :;^1 f^^f ^f^ '^ eve^where in
y may a«,o well be elaewhei-o. Mr. MacKen-
Jie Emigrant
Jger, it IS well
migration to
wits, making
rcation, ciur.
lis important
I to all con-
fhis view Is
of t]ie emi-
' the editor
Tvations of
hatj)apfc of
csontinental
stood que«-
n Bennett
verywhere
rtant sub-
le country,
anager of
JIudson's
3iiity, and
^ ago, and
fcifh Asso-
<y Moun-
received.
-'onadian
!W6 of a
'd, are of
tier part
ici", ■■ras
omJ873
)er8onal
of per-
of his
Railway
3n held
:»rest>nt
nent of
nitains
icKen-
lere in
LcKen-
3
aie's visit was made in August and September last. He gave his impressiong at »
dinner in Winnipeg, and also to a reporter of the Toronto Globe. From tlie report
published in that paper, the following is extracted :
nipegwert?^^^""^'''^*'^^''"'^"*^''"^^^^ "'''* °^ *^® ^""""^^ P^^^^" f"*'" Win-
tr,Vf" '^1"^ if'r^P^ generally were very good, both in Manitoba and the territorial dig-
tncts which I was able to visit. There was scarcely an inferior field to be seen I
VhTHit^i'^^'^^T P/«^**li»g j" ^^'itario and also to some extent in Manitoba, that
. cooun nff^? 11 ?f ?^.?r^f '''" Y^t. ^^^^ '"^*^^ ^°'" agricultural operations oa
^Zrv I! ^ ^^-'1 ^'*u/^'*?- ^^ ^^''y ^'"'^ ^'■^^ * P^'^^"*^ examination of the
oountrj for a considerable distance around Calgary— especiaUy the farms which
ment S I'fn^^'l^.w -'"^ ^T^ by enterprising squatters, and also the gove,^
Td LSllvt 'i*^''\i" ^^'' whole district the crops were' uniformly exceUen?^^
matfo?Th^^/nn K°?/\^ average. I do not care to commit myself as to an esti'.
mate ot the crops, but I should say that some of the wheat fields would yield some-
where between thirty and forty bushels to the acre; some of the oarfiSds would
both i^^Tiair^^*" '^^r*/ ^"^i!'''' T^'-^ '^^ ^^^«y *"^^ P«^« werfalso excXit
W quality and quantity. The potatoes and roots of all sorts were very fine. A
ioldeS " f *^' ^^''T*' t^T^ '^"^o^t the whole of it, has been leased to mnebt
cunitT'irj'^fi:^''^ ■*'^^' f'^t"^.^ ly/ry to continue the impression that the ground oc
cupie<l by them is only suitable for grazing. Tliis is manifestly a great mistake
countrv'^l?* **'! moment interpose the great difficulty in the wly of settUngn^^
^Sin\>.l '^•''°. '^'^•P.^l'^'^*''*^?''^^^^ proposition to devote the
S nnr5 fhr°'" \° ^^ mountains to grazing purposes, as grazing is exceedingly
l^nd Vrfhi ^PP/«h«"«i«^7a« probably general that it would not be so suitable aJ
that thp?«n7!^ • ^""If^ fonnmg operations. Now, however, that it is ascertained
inodnJlTt ^"''''^""y T^^'^t ^^- ^g"«"l*'^al purposes or mixed farming, there
to^b.T^ iti^ "^l ""^^ '^■''^ ""L^^^ '^'1'^^"' ^^ encouraging settlers and selling land
to them rather than continue the ranchmg system
in a s^oulh wi«t ^r™'. • '''''f'^' *^* °' ^"^^ ^^'^S^^^^^, about eight miles from Calgi^ry,
v^rs an i oni^^ ^^f '""' ^""^ ^•^'? u'^^^F^'l ^^ *^^^* gentl^an for over fifteen
nSerof vpnrt M r ""pT^^ \^'- ^°"P^i«'-' has also been occupied for a
number of years. Mr. James Glen has been on his farm for seven years One of th^
latter gentleman's fields of oats, on the summit of the r-dge, She sixth cronsowJ
ZLVZ'.%-To^ ^\^ '' r ^ r' ?^*^^ ^^^- ' -et'^vi'thTeveraio ho rme«
ell about l^n ^TJ" """"^ '? other directions, all of whom had the same story S
tell about we alleged damage by frosts, and the suitabiUty of the soU and climate
for fanning operations. I understand there is a provision in the ranche "eases pre!
viding for resumption by the government upon a certain notice, amrmy mpre'sK
dZthrittW^r ;^^^^-' ^^'°Tu ^''^^*. '^ '' "^""'^ profitable to accomm(S^
Sonsof a?™ ^K*°'.°/^'''''^ "' ^^^ ^'^r"^' ^"^^«««- The combined opera-
tions of a large number of farmers would undoubtedly result in maintaining at least
as large a stock as the ranche-keepers maintain now. In other words mxedfS
nig would maintain a much larger ponulation." ' ^■
Calgr.? anfrMSX?"''"'"'"''' '"'" capabilities for farming farther east, between
thP ilif """T*^ **' ""'"l* '^''®" °"* ''*■ *^« *e" experimental farms commenced bv
tanil n^'^n^ Company, to ascertain, first, the effect of the alkali deposits, which prZ
rStain whTf. ^^'*^"*/" ^"^« ^>«*"«^«' "PO" cereals and roots, and^secondly to^a!-
mit^ 7^hL iT^* '"." '". l^^^t™,^ Vy °f *h««« ^*™«' coksidering soil and eU.,
S.vtno °^.frt'^ throughout the whole length of the road that there was scarce r
any poor soil to be seen. In quarter., notably between Medicine Hat and MoosJ^
vSl<, ^J"^ T''^ *"" appearance of dryness in the general aspect of the prairie
visible, wnich was not apparent where the land had been ploughed. There is a sort
SrvnlT'TV" '^ ^'"^^ J" 'T' PJ^^^'1 '^^'' ^^^"1^ «««"^ to fndicate a prevails
dryness. ^ This, however is not uniformly the ca^e. What is known as bnffl.lo ^ra-
'«!' "^1 ^.^"y app^iiaiioe still continues to preserve its nutritious qualities, and
Wli
cnrpa aa ,.■ .11 of„„ 1- v l 17 ",."""-" "" fi'Ji'^-' V OILS uui-rifciousquaiiues, and
cures as Hell standing as it cut. Such is the general statement, made to me by old
sefilers.
tJiose at
I vitiited seven out of tv,^ *
(^leichen, 7«4 miles from Win'nipeT, 'SflVj^^ /'-•ms namely,
,„:i„_*^"^' /"'ey, 71d milss; Stair, 668
^i.)U miles from east to west The farmrj.o.dir'" '?"'l^ 1°''^'' ** ^^^trict of abou"t
capabilities of the country for fS^mSnirt 1? ?S ^^ •*'^'^^" *« ^ t^^t of the
J was careful to observe the qua ity of tTe cmn '' T ''if ^^^ta^ility of the climate.
Ihe wheat was uniformly a feircroD not «nf.i^' as well as the respective kinds
€algary or in Manitoba/but woul7nrobaW v Sf^ **' T'^ '^^^'^ ^" *he district around
«cre. One remarkable featurrS' the whot^.nny*^'*'- ^?^ ^^ *° -<^ bushels to the
fmm one kernel. In one instance we counted noT'' *^« """^ber of stalks of grain
one root. The oats and uease yieMed a W cl? if ''''*" ^*" ^^y^'^ heads from
turnips, showed quite as good a iesult i on «,3^ h 't '''°^'' '''''^ ^« Potatoes an^
of Manitoba. On several of the ftrmsl o se?vei t *T' '^ ^""«'' ^^»"^n districts
melons, cucumbers and citrons S dis?r nt J ? ^o^natoes (m one case nearly ripe)
covers the larger part of the district geneSTelSd t^*^"^'^ «-Perimenta^faimi'
obaracter, and subject to alkali deposftstKf. nwf ° ^^ f "'"" "'' ^^^^ «"d in its
of Manitoba as well as in the North v.ll\ '^^'^''> 'however, is found in the Province
injure the land. On the who e? myfnp es;ifn smSJ"^ '"'^^ '' ^««« ""* ^t ^^^
was generally believed will piwe to Hnnmln," ''T^'^ '""^^ smaller area than
"Water, climate and ^ue? lar^Iy TiS {^1^.1 ^^'^ "^ concerned.
biJity for settlement. As to the cHmatP r "^ ^l^^^^xpn of its adapta
<^arly and properly taking care of the knd u,r , ''''"'^^"'^"'^ ^''^^ «°^^»g
^^^.Sood early crop, but if the p own. of tb «'"^o«t .invariably insure
iormed and the gram sovvn late in the sSifL-i-i?"^ '" insufficiently per
damage in the autumn. The grahi on some of f hi " ^-^ '""'"^ ""' ^««« danger of
the 4th and 6th of June, days mani?estinoo laf« tfr^'^'^'^^Vi*^™^ ^^^« «°^" «n
crops ripening early. (ieneiX sneikir/ " ^"^ reasonably certain of the
sowing should not be the rule \lL^qtie"l;n of? •'%",? '"'^^5" ^'^^*«^«'' ^hy early
many people who said that the rafnihli Ss ve J"^^^^^ 't '" ^'"^i^^f^ ""'^^ ^^^"'^d
the average, while some said there had been in. i ^,"*^ '^'^'y '^'^^^^^ '" «^«ess of
iny visit 1 saw no signs of recent ...in« M • " '''.'" *^^" "«"*!, although during
there will be some .Wcul 'y at hr t „ .ecSirre'L^ '' '''^' "^^""^^ ^«' distri "tf
)iold use, but the same clifiiculty exists fnZI ' f "^"^'"^ ""^ ''^^""^ ^°'' h«"««-
vails. In some cases this wi 1 haJe tn ZT counties m Ontario where clav pre-
tanks for the reception S water or both VervT^ ^^ 1',"^'"= ''f'' «'' ^y fornfing
but m most of them water has been obtaino^Vhr T"' ^'^"^ ^^^" «"»k so fiirT
ailed in several cases to get Tsufficien Znlv nf T"^^ company has, however
their stations. The district -nnnllifiK ^P^^ ^ ^'"'^ "'"^«»' ^or the engines at
taries, including the^srtsLr/a£wi.^' ^ ^T ^"d'Bolly liivers and their tribu
<lance of the best wa e^Sh^^^
<iu'Appelle station and Moos^ n arc " , , I^ ^T"^^ °l^""^ ^^'^''^^^ ^« ^"""d
water. On the "Bell" farm aHbundaAt snnnL ' abundantly supplied with good
ing dams ac.oss a small creek and sSht i f?^ ^ ^'''"' ?^^^'''^<^ % simply erect-
in the country at oomparSlyTi t e™^\ " ^ " ATto'fuel' r^"^'^" °' mai/ creeks
posits at various i)laces would spp,ti tn\..n,\ V , ^'' discoveries of coal de-
The Saskatchewali mfne^Sut St miLrwes? of^
atWinnipegibr$7.50p^rton an^S at cirr^^^^^^^ ««" «»PPly coal
quality IS not the best for locomotive, wtf^ u " \^^ ?^* "*'*''*"' Points. The
m miles up the river, proS co^^^^^^^^ oT' ^' Tf ^ ""-^^^- '-The Gait Mines,
by the river." ' ^ *'*'*'^ ^'^"''^ *° <-^bio. At present it is accessible only
1 farms, namely,
miles; Stair, 668
miles; and Gull
they were within
the latter being
district of about
1 as a test of the
ifcy of the climate,
respective kinds,
he district around
t) bushf'Is to the
of stalks of grain
Y-siK heads from
as potatoes and
3r known districts
case nearly ripe),
perimental farms
or less arid in its
in the Province
1 the vicinity of
s showing traces
vated the lands
and after a few
it does not at all
mailer area than
)il is concerned,
of its adapta
id that sowing
variably insure
ufRciently per
less danger of
ms was sown on
certain of the
itever why early
id one. I found
itly in excess oi
although during
me few districts
ater for house-
vhere cl.iy pre-
i, or by forming
?n sunk so tar,
f has, however,
the engines at
and their tribu-
t, haveanabun-
i'evail, as round
lied with good
r simply erect-
many creeks
es of coal de-
loderate prices,
n supply coal
f points. The
le Gait Mines,
iccessible only
I beginning ol
ver the Pacilie
Railway as far as the Rocky Mountains, an I piercing them, passed the summit of
the first divide to the Kicking Horse Pass. The views of these gentlemen, which
would naturally command the highest attention everywhere, were freely expressed
at interviews and in public speeches at various gatherings. A verv few extracts
from these will be made. '" ,
First, ^ye quote fi-om the remarks of Da Cheadle, the well known author of
^- North-West Passage by Land." This, his sejond trip, merely confirmed the im-
pressions he had formed on his first. He said :
" It gave him peculiar pleasure to make this, his second visit. He thought the
present visit would be productive of great good. It had once been thought that
those territories were barren and snowbound. This trip would result in pouring
upon the people of England a flood of evidence which would convince the EngUsh
people of the fertility and productiveness of the country here. He had been able
to witness grain of every description growing in the country. Excellent wheat rang-
ing from 20 to 3» bushels to the acre could be found growing in the country Be-
•^ides Its agricultural advantages, this' country was rich in mineral wealth."
Professor Sheldon, of the Agricultural College at Downton, England, had also
previously been in the Canadian North-West, and made a report on its resources
which has been very widely circulated. His second visit, also, was entirely confirm-
atory of the favourable impressions he had formed on the first. He spoke in the
highest terms of the Canadian PaciHc Railway and its management, and said, speak
mg of the Excursion of the members of the Association :
''The journey had been a great success throughout, and the whole party had
been deighted with the treatment they had received. He did not see how they
could fail to be. J he cars on the line were beautiful, but not showy, of most elabo-
rate workmanship, substantial in build, and, in short, the best cars he had ever seen."
Coming to his impressions of agricultural capabilities, Professor Sheldon made
the remarks which follow :
"As to the soil. A great deal of the country thiough which the line nassea war
..alculated to be good farming land, that was, for wheatind oats. The chief draw-
backs to the plains in view of their becoming a stock-raising country was the S
rLilf ', tTees and the scarcity of water. Both of these wants, howe^errmi'h be
remedied by panting trees and sinking artesian wells, to be pumped by wrndmiU
no doub^ o? thii'^'V^t' Y'"' 1^"'^ ^'™^^ ^" ^^^°»=h the NorthTest. "^There was
no doubt of that as he had seen*ne trees growing along the banks of the rivers
^ ThTS'r many places, where willows and poplai-s of some she were gl-owi
mg. 1 hat was a proof that trees would grow. He conjectured that patches of
tne ground in which they grew preserving those willows and poplars One thin^
llthe\T"Ji'\r ?f '' ^"^"^ f^' ^-twasitspreseJ^tX^earanre. B^^^
wheie he had seen the sod turned up and crops taken, on the experimental farms
he ook of tT' P'"-"' 'u' '^'^ '^"'', T^ ^""'^ '^'^' ™'g''t '^'^^« bien expected f-om
the look of the prairie. It was a soil that retained a gooil deal of moisture owin?
to Its clayey nature. The foothills beyond (Jalgary was a lovefy cour^rr posses^ nf
romn7''r'*^ ^7^u^'' "1?^"^^^ '^'V'^''' «f ^'^«««^^« '^ drawback Sekndwaf
gWe a^^oodTtl nf^T' T*^ u 'T.°*^' '^""^ '.' *° «*y' ""broken surface. That would
£e the i«ir!r i t^^**"'' n'^ ^''* ^'"^ °^' ^belter for stock. At the same
SXw \^?l V^"^ ^^ ^'""^^^y increased if trees were planted on the knoSs
^mate^'?o?rn • ^ "" '^'Tn *^"'"!'- ^' '^' ^^""^ ^*« 8°"^ enough and so wS^ the
occTrred r„^,R?. h''^ i!f t' ^^'^ contingency of a severe winter which now and then
occurred, ranchers should have artihcial shelter for theii tock in the form of sheds
ranche" C;"'f '"''^"- ^"^'^ T? *'^ '"° ^'^^^ "^"^^ ^ the winte?season Tit
^T^T.::uZ\^Z7^;^^^^^ --ts. The coun-
*rom Vnc,u'r.7^''~'rvu \ f"^' "] ' '^"«hcrs snouKi get some of the hardy breeds
?rom England, ihe land was dry and the herbage of that nice short character
Tht^catL^^^^^^^ under the «„ow better
being to dlmonstrate the t^b uTfe^oflt'l* ^""^^TT* '^^ experiment, its object
crop., wheat, oats, «ax and gSn vegetables^ A f'°'^ K'^^ S'-^^'th if various
1*™ ^f '^ «""««««' though whether it wt a fiscal , *' ^,,*^*' ^*« concerned, the
but wt Y^ "^ ^ P^^'"g Pl«««- As an experiment ThTZ^ '°"'^^ "^'^ ^"- " ^ad
have rri: s ^ ^^0^:^^ Tr'' ^" *^^ ^-^ ^-^ ^^ *^^^ -*--
Mountains respecting whTch there ha7K^^ "^""^ ^""^" '^*^ ^"^ the Eocky
cuIW NonLfwhrhltSt^^ l^racl^^ ^^^^*^^^^^^^ '^ ^^r^-
flupply .^ould apply to the more eastern nT/ , *^'^ P^*'"^'' '^s "T-ii-ds the water
this, there is the fact of thTsLenf V^ ^ "^ '""^ ^''""^'y' ^"^ «^«" ^« regards
-that when these plains th crappJar^:^ 'f ''"'^^^"^ ^*--' "-^^^
they absorb the rain falTTnrre^irthf '^ "''""''"* '''•^' "••« ^
evaporated from the hard urface These f Tl \'"''''''^ "'" ^^ ^^^^^ ^Pi^^y
perimental farms of the CanaTan Pac^ho V '" \''" demonstrated by the ex
sons who were disposed to Zrth ! T^' '""^^ *" ^^' «"^P"«« "^ ^^ose per"
ed, however, thatf for dt^ ; l^ttt^^^^^^^^ It is to be rem a'rk-
there are vast areas east of theL lan^ , T . ' ^ "^'"^ ^^'°§'^''°^ «^ «^«« ^^ere,
tie ^ Time and expeSl^:^;r^:^ l^l^^llS^^ ^ "^'^"'^ ^^ ^^^■
Giving his general Smpre.st.s he saS tla "tV """t ^"""^ °' *^" ^^"^^^ ^^^t.
West was something wondS." agricultural capacity of the North
garde'i'Sd^S/ aTids':^; I'^t^TJ hllT'ofr* ^ "^"^ laixd, and also good
farms at Gleichen and seen f lot ?f Black IwiTo f k^^^I^ °^" *^^ experimental
pearance It looked particularly clean in the s1^«t '"^^'t' "''^* presented a fine ap-
in spite of the wet season. Had seen us?fulfnv„.',™?^ '"'''« «° t^^*" '^ England,
ne,but thought that the introduction (5'varnnJ^ P- ''"*'. ^?^*"g "'"^^ "" the pm:
a step in the right direction S 11^^.^^'''.^^."^'^"^^*^^ S''^«« ^«"id
belts of trees should be j.lanted to keen rli J. ^ '""l^^ the settlement of the land
break the force of the «ind, L weira^^toTeHevTfh" "'^ f'^' *^ ""^^"''^ ^^ade and
And further. "The ereafH^^ , n I ^®^^®^^ the monotony of the prarie."
opinion, a r thrifty pe?pTelth^ mLZZitTXIn ''^ ^-^^-^-t was, in his
the one wJ. . ould command a little car Ll^T?^ i ^^^^ proper sort of immigrant wa» •
very slight indeed at present lie sett^ef shouW l^""''V^'^^t ^^f^""'"^ ^«^""-ed was
milk and butter: noultrv mi4t h«;„T.fiy ^•!*',P * ^^w head of cattle, if only for
back was that th^ LmeZwSt taken T^^^^ ''^'^^P'g- '^^^^ dU
those little details that would make h?«Tf. « ^^""^^ ""^P^ ^^^^t he neglected
Brandon, and thought that as th? cou ft,^ h^^, '"" "T" •""'"ont land around
''He had B, eaTwth hi cZ7 IT '" ""^ '^"""""S very decided term, ,_
.veroph.ion/L:t'r^re"S"r/SrJatrfh^i„l-^^^^^^^^^^
X- j'-^ 'wn^ ijQwcr oi the iaua m
* the enow better
g 80 dry that their
eriment, its object
growth of various
18 concerned, the
not tell. It had
faa all very well,
ot of small ones."
art of this extract
/■ and the Eocky
itability lor agri'
sgards the water
i even as regards
Macoun, namely
Y, are cultivated t-
>a being rapidly
rated by the ex-
rise of those per"
is to be remark-
n or else where,
idvisable to sef
o travelled with
he North West,
iy of the North.
1, and also good
s experimental
snted a fine ap-
ian in England,.
Id on the prai-
;rass would be
nt of the land
)rd shade and
prarie."
est was, in his
mmigrant wa»
? required was
tie, if only for
s. The draw-
he neglected
Flower gar
lem all pleas-
ise of, and all
land around
•laces as Rat
heir natural
fore made an
led terms :
fully. What
f the land iu
this North-West now fha* v, u i
termers to emigrate to Canada." ''^«"**'"» '^ saymg that he would ad"!se all th
' ro-morrow the Northwest will be the JZi followmg terme:_ .. ,
•The city wants HHii,„i„VtL „i, .. ^ *^'™'>"t, " destined never tnU.'*
ought to have been at sfiS Rn tS 7 """"' *'=«' »«> Chijgo S^Z'h ,?"'«
^":;!tfji£rast,rn.t..4ir^^^^^^^^^
^^ntjiver .Js^ri!^ '^'i:^^J!:^=^:$^i^^:i^i
"That the Northwest w«« . . • ^^^ ^°a^s
generally, could nevl be doubted allT'l?"*.^"""*^^^ ^"»- wheat and for ,
mmd ofa«y one who beholds its se'i« of- w ' *"^ '""^^ mu«t vanSh frn'^'tt^^
very f„^st quality is also an admitted fact " "^ '''"'• '^^^ *^^« -St z^'S S:
MANITOBA SOILS.
Hei
r
F-KK KK.0 BV PHOK.SSOK Gz.BKKT BB.OKH XH. Bb„XSH A,,
Sept. 2nd, 1884. " As3ocutiok, Movtrbai,,
I-wes,^JSn"lre%^Sr£ Tji^' ^'^^ b-" P-Pared by hi,,,elf .n. «•
sources of fertihty ?f Manitoh-. r '''•'^^"'^"^" "^ ««"«. with resuK .•ir'J ®/-'" ^^^n
one given at the mee in« Sui^ A"'""'"^ This paper was a eolr ■'*"'^' *^«
entitled '' Determinat oifs nf iu "'^".''^" Association in Montr^.] .''^"^'""^t'on of
at IlothamstedTndtrL''^°*'T"'" the soils of some o^^^^ ""'^ ^^^^^'^ «go,
nit'-ogen of our c^ '" Xf °' T'^-'^^ '"^ '^'^ q»es^on°o ^^ tife Tn"'^""*^' ««'^«
,<^ Ibert went on to say ihat tl ev T?'™! *^ ^^^ ^'^^"ItB «hown in tZ"""' "^" ^^^
jTliey had found reiy much Wre n> '"''^^ ^ ^^'"S^ ""°^ber of new ^ P*"^."'"' ^'••
klepth of 108 inches wherpf).^! "'*™gen as nitric acid in soils ^n! ?^P«"iaents.
Tlie inference was thr?r2^V'^"™^"^"« '^^^ where the gTar^inp ' '"^f '^« *« *he
h^e developmenro the n"?ri V n!T'"""* S''"^^^ *h« condi? oSl a?e «/'^"^1 >"-«^-
Porta^t step would be'aSS.^!;? f,!l^-' ^^ '^ ""s view JrVcl^r.^^t'^ •''^^
'-rs;;^:^-^S^-j-^-iii^^^
auiis. i^ahtiy, hoth the hrst and second nine inohes of tVi*. ar.;i fr«„, w: • """•'''^'
mineu n tue extract. I he periods were never less tlian "S dav« nnri .«J..V-
an ne'v „H"."ii;,'r^M ""i ""T ""'' ''''"'''''"".V "n.l waste of ,„a„ ,r "are mo re oH,°^
settlement do involve serious waste of fertility. A table was liunL' ui.tl.mviLfL!!, '^
parative character of exhauste.l arable soiL, of emy Sd" oVn ^^^^^^^^^
pasture soils at Kotiamsted, and also of som^ old arable sJls^S imnoi^ an
Manitoba prairie soils, and lastly of some very rich Rus^inn «n 1« ivi ^v,
results there could be no doubt tLt the chaSeristJc v iue of a r ch vir, n ToTl o^oT:
permanent pasture surface soil is a relatively high percentage of nitrogen and carbon
On tlie other hand a so, that has long been uiider arable culture if nnich poorer
Zy.t , '''T"^'' ^^'^» «t the arable soils under conditions of known aScultura
cTrbnn r ?'" '' ''^'^V""" I"^';^«"t^g« of nitrogen and .-arbon, a low relaUon o 1
carbon to nitrogen. In conclusion, he said, it had been maintained bv some tha
a so, IS a laboratory and not a mine, but not only the facts adduce rytLa,Uho,s
m this and ionner p.po,.., but the history of agriculture thn.ughout tl fwoil o
tar as we know ,t, clearly shows that a fertile soil is one which h s accuin late
THE lAAB^qyiS OF LOF^NE,
(r.ATE (JOVKr{VOR-(»KXBRAI,,)
ON CANADA.
VERBATIM liEPOJtT OF AN ADDRESS BY THE MAHQUIS OF.' rnnvi. .^
BIRMINGHAM, DECEMBER iTHrVsS ^'^^ ^^
Thegreatbugbear— for it is nothing more— nro^ont tn fv,^' -i
contemplatng a move to Canada is H,„ niil^fT^* . i . . '"""•^ of many in
try. This is a foarwhich rnot ^-ust^^^^^^^^^^^^ th'^t coun!
climate is excee(Hnglvhealthviw^^^ character of the climate. The
United States, a ni^kSown^Men attain Krol? "''^^ ^ rT'"'' ^^ P^*"^ "^ tho
of some Eng]i'sh,and manTof the FroS mS L^Sion^ r^"*"?? *"/" *'»« «a.e
soil, we see the Aaco more vigoim.s if notibinhfn • J n "? ^'''vehveil on Canadian.
Cold it certainly is during firiJsi'LSnh^of' thryLar"butl;L'Vol'l"•^^'^"'^'I•
except upon the sea coasts, Ih less felt than is cold C« t, ' ^'^''^ '^'^''y' *»d.
Scotch woman is literally true Shrwm?«\nmn 1 1 ^1'*" ^y'°*^ ^f the old
to. see the bairns play^iiUrs^ow'^irhotge'tUn^ 7, " ''^^ \"«
wmter the snow is dry and powdery The ranRrfinn !ll!^r ^ hroughout the
sure to be steadily cold in winter and steadilv warm inT "' ^'^ very certain. It is
twelve months, a'Lright s^urgt^srhlSl^rt'e'scenT"''' '"' *''^"«^""* ^»»^
AN ABUNDANCE OF PUEU
impo^ra^t'te"^ WdtleYS^t^f ?hL^^^^^^^^^^ the question of fuel is an all
is most fully met. What i^k^wn^ old r.n„5^ ^^^ conditions of the country. It
wick, Prince EdwarcrSla^Orarl^ aid SuS^^^
now largely cleared of fores? but Kf an^bund^ suoJl^ / woodland,
reach of every place man has settled or mnv ««ffhf ^ '^^'^ ^ of wood for fuel within
At tat, when th'e ne "tSrX^' re/e JeTtW?!;, <, ■ "'T "« '"J l«°k of M.
■uppiy of fuel „a, thoughftS'w ;„re;:if„rr„''tho^^^^^^^
M the Bocky^Mountain^XrL iMVb:?p^l"?r„^S WluZ,^^^^^^^^^
railways ha<i bei?un th«»ii mn^fAUQ n^l,!! i V n , through which the new
tertiary formaSn! tSis^o^ITate ai and noT'" °^ ""h* '^'^ S""'°«'«»« «*» *he
There wore beds of SSfo ind imffhZ^T "V^'-y g5^fl coal could be expected.
formation, gave place to-beTo an dclrTha Lter a^^^^^^^ ^- °''^''*^
taceous formation anpoared In orn^Ji^^ lul ■' u^^,n "^*""^ ancient ere-
mn„nfnJn.a.,,i..".ulX„*r®.V in, crossing the rivers which flow down from *u^
JO
•lant mdicHtioiiH of tJi« |)i-an.>ii<-<^. np „^. i i ... .
..e„ oK,,>,>i..g out i!; vK'io.: iS li jtv: t rS""'. ;•'" r' '^'-•'^ '>- 1*-"
all purposes. Numerous uri, the " .laims'W, ^^^f f^,**"!) *T''^ ^^ "^^ *'=*<'«'lle«t for
<j.ovenuaent lor the mining Tt\.rl^L2lXti ""''"i ''''"'"'^l^^. ta^.-n from the
Sir A. T. <}alt, reeently JliglfcommlSrr to F^^^^^ *. ".^ ^'"" ""^^^^-'gl'^ that of gold,
mg out as mueh coal as Liv^ waited tiS .^T'"^' '""* '•«*^^^ ^"'•^•«»t work turn-
but the coal of the district. ' V«m noHlUo stS^ ""TT *'''^'"'>' ""'^ »«»'""«
miles m width, experts believe tJ at nu ,„.„., ?.* 'l'?tftu,e of fo.u- hundred
dulating swell of the prairie! E-,^ ifwe B TVf^^ l""'^^ *^^'"'"^h the longun
the settler in the North- West would ot have .« *""."'* "?'' exhaustless supply,
have brought him the eoal of Brhi^h "olumbia ^I'Zll L?'"' 'r/''*^^ '•«""uy w'o'ufd
t.hc report on the .-oals recently exaSed K" -• iV^^^^ *" ^"" ^''•^ «*''«»-
place at the end of this lecture, a^ the fo « u.e If ' w "•"'' '^ ^« ^^"^ ■•'porters to
J heard from Dr. Dawso.), of the GeoWM.tl s.^ev ti"^*' ""l^!"'^'^"^"^- J^i«t week
radway five feet thick, is\„Kloubt;XS„^^^^^ ^^ *''^"' "*-«'• "'**
obtanied from the United States. «»""»^ite, or the hard shuung coal now only
KMlOIUriNij TO CANAIJA.
Noo^jSr^JStCj-'Sin^^^^SlIi^iff"'-^^^^"--""^^ - to enugration
i"g. y-;y«nanyintSe^r2;"a" doTair'aUrol *'""r'^- »^' '»"'
more in the interests of England tSan of (Wn^a t ^ ^l"'^ P*""^' ""^ speaking
trom the towns than from tt ^^oul"^^ i^ lC^:;J^.:tt^ ::^^^^^^^
ii>y case, what we He«!no ;. "„* *u ."""^'^^ districts whose
to indi
... . ..,^„. i^'in<«ial knov
)wn m the comparison. In climate ^hLu\Z ;'.^T "^
agreeable to m4 of our nor hZ ^'T''^' vast areas a.
as rich, her Government is more ftef a„d^th?onnn f?^*.^"" *'***''*• "«'• «0'I« a''^
Jnaking a comfortable living, but forX attaLm^ o^^^ presented, not only tor
good. Sudden fortunes, it is true, are nofsoo^^^^^^^ ot coinparat.ve wealth, are an
there is far less poverty The ^1^ an ^1]^ nf f T'""' ^''l""'' ^''« «*her hand,
whole, which can hardly be nm cheT el evfc^ o:*"""' ^^H'»« *•'« l>eople as a'
g«nu>areu8UHllybetterthanin tJie IlXn^^f •^PP^-fn'ti^^^ for the killing of
;;; ^'- j-g- now, taking iil^t It iSuc^inelr.!:*:^.:!!! .:'"!?^'f.»A« «'-"^' go^ut
to procure manual
wages for navvie
of a blacksmith,
on all account., advise young men to Stnl'^.M^^^^ ,. ^ "■^"'*^' therefore,
.nee of agriculture they shouW i e hemseh-rnlV T ^'*^- ^* '^^^^ ''^^^^ "« ^'^P''>"'-
such a man is by no means u in ealant^^ He «.? J"'' ,?. ''*''*'■• '^^'"^ I"^'^itio{i of
treated as one of the family 'prfUrmers the I '.''*' ''^^ f . "^« f**'''"^"-' »»d is
steads of all sizes. 1 have known ve v n '^rt ''f ''?"'^'"*"' attraction of home-
who have begun with nothing orn^xtoSir^n^^^ have succeeded well, and
ttnjiplate emigration, and the takin« un of iknn lif^ * «hould counsel all who con-
.t\'>(Mo£KK),exclusi'eofthecostot-t eS;n.3 .:il^'^^^^^^^ '! '"'g'*^ '»*'"' f««"
to Mmt. There are good vacaiU .,^Le«7^ r:i'*'\'' '* '"»"»«^'. ^om f2()(> oi- £:i.-y»
the other day that J^Ta Rust /S me of '^ '''""' i T^l^'^''''- ^' ««« «»'>
S<otia, to be ha«l for a dollar r^cVej^VeSh K ^"'"^ """'" ^l""«-^' ^'•'V'*
excellent land for £2. 'n,e land effulaHor.^ ..«?.- f V'" '•'"' 8^'* '^^ *»''es ol
to the full as favorable a« Uiosrof th uSeH S^^^^ winch these grants arc made are
l>e preferred. For women there s,ieiito?«S'' T\ "' 'T"" '"^^P^'^t^ "••' »'>
governesses, etc., ha<l best stav at home. T»-
m..ns hmigratiou Society of Montre.d-told m^ that th.^v c;;;a.\"at
K'ri (.'ouimittep
oi tiie VVo-
oii(>e ]>hM'e
oal which has been
to be excellent for
"ly taken fionj the
veighs tliat of gold.
I foi'fe at work tuni-
iliea<ly use nothing
s of foiu- hundred
Bueath the long un-
xhauHtleMS sui)ply,
r the railway would
to you the seien-
to the reportei-s to
tauce. Umt week
of coal near the'
iiing coal now only
<is to emigration.
Juiselves by mov-
*rt, and sjieaking^
3r see dei)arture»
ry districts whose
vantages of Oana<la
with the United
te than hold her
ees vast areas a»
ifer soils are
»ted, not only tor
'e wealth, are an
the other hand,
the i)eoplo as a
or the killing of
ts should go out
■ants who desire
is offering gocni
nowing tlie trade
i man on a farm,
> H-ish to lead a
sr opi)ortunities,
•pulation is over
vouid, therefore,
y have no experi-
The position of
5 farmer, and is
i-action of honii^-
Jeded well, and
nsel all who con-
"gle men, from
>m f2()(>or £'2rA*
it wa« only
«■ JUalifax, Nova
;et IWJ acres of
its are ina<le are
respects are to
the women who
out as teaeheix,
tee of tiie Wo-
at once ]>hM'e
l^.tx C tlrtiu^ r's^;;V'U"r' 7' ''^' *'- ^— ^ *- them
Ontario ButtluUadiesatTo/ontrarr^Juall'^liJlZf '"'* ^^""*^^'»' °" t^
girls who art. ext.ellontly well treated ui JSl^n *" ''^**^"'" f'*^'' «ervant
treatimmt is not enough to preve h^„ from i,S''^ ^?" '^'' «^««"«"fc
mand to. wives fully kce,>s nat-e, with the de^l ^0/^'. '''■"^*^ J" '•'•^■' ""^^ ^^e de-
dead, the number of girls who ke^n M.« k"v " " r^. *"*"«t'wiveH tor servants. In.
f.*;*-/-- Winnip4i;:;;;i\';t^'y'- may have formed Yo
turns m cities fV^M the road to the fctl hate „fen^^ ^"'**' »P «*"*-
ogether when obliged to take them on <li ta, t SurmfJ V, '?. T ^^^^^ ? .^"»«ehold
low the female memlM,rs of it are imw wn^AjV 1 • ^i ' *^ '' ^ 's surprising to see
l>etween. New York an.l Victo. 1, B iVlZl'SuSffia. 'k 'W^' ''*"^rl«^'« ntretch n|
short this imported Ku.opean arti,- le f^o , o" aMhat^n '"^ "^ *''^\^ ""'^«- f»
l.,v any taritt i-ate upon it, l,ut have been oE dfn . T-'^''''^''""'^!'^ '""^ ^>«'-«d to
Msted p,«„ages to women as well, as men. " * ''"'"^ "' «"ttn.g it by giving as-
A RIIK.U, S(;KV|.! I\ NOVA SCOTIA.
to <i:^;r' t iznj;;z r^iIrS "mi ":'/' ''■ ^"" 'r- - ^ ^'-"^ -'vise you
Nova Scotia selling his ?v„Ve ^tf tl r.^v'^to^li "■''''"'*','' "^'^ ^-''^ ^^^
aWs to that of his customers in tht? o ?| n ov L bv f h. *""" ^^''^'^^'^S^n-hnt not
the pus h and go-aheadism of New EnglLid I?e find A! ,? '*-'•'• .^" *^0'»Pa'i8on with
coaches, anil declares they are alwavs talkin ' of it-*''^ provmcial people but slow-
Mince his day the .-haracter of l2 coun w ai< of 1,'' """^ ""^' "«^^" doing U.
sKlerably altered, and the railwav i^^yT.e Sn iWnVi s'^ ^^"^^^ h«« «<"^-
woodland villages and fertile me-. oJrn»^ ^u §.**^ '^''^' ^"'J«^t*a>n "^
inniself would f^ot have though l^^,, betoSlSr/^' "\""'^ ^^'^^ «'"" ^
speak at all of the iu;wer reg?ons o{(^^nlurZ.l\^^-l^ I" ^""'^ "" track. Before I
you will first see, suj.posing^Z we o o m^^^ ^'^1 ^" *«" >'"" ^i' tl»e country
you how, witl.out going farVoiEn^^^^^^^^^ '^S'*^ ! '">'i> to show
<h«ly post, ,.f^ the telejraph line, ui d S^J.^LkYv and ^?i^ '""l J" '^'^ ''^'^ "'*" *'»«
witli England, at a distance of onlv ten (lay? ion iev f,.J 1 ''''''^' ^'"""""'"oation
us fair and opportunities for settlement s «.w o "^ *" '*''.'T' >'«" <'«« «iul lands
then take one or two scenes . n S 'f t ou'''"^ ""^'^'''^ '" •^'"•^"*''«- ^^t us'
.-ached. . A« John Bull, when ^Wo,u^vJ'L^^^^ are so easil^
tho top of a hill to look'arouiKl inu^lot . AS "vm. o t^? ^^"^J ^^ «^*^"'S "P to
-l-ffat the en.l of along ridge of iX rick Ihlh • ^''^^ of a steep isolated
an.l which overlooks a g.df of the sea «^n one s ct amf f •'"'''^'•f "'^ ' P"^^' ^^'«"ds,
[v..ity ni.los in width, upon the -^the ^ l^^o w^iH ,til 1? H f Tl^ «'"""" ^'^"'^y
ll.at It leave, a vast strefh of red sand, ihr th, tide !i / > t ''^''•'' '^"^" "'" «««
-ome back again over those sands wi h ,. 1 ish which wS?? 'f^ ''"'•'' ^"'- ^* "'"
as a horse can gallop, until it sur.^es , ai st Z uL i "l' ^^'"^ "'^t^'^ "P as fast
th<^ Dutch Dykes, which prevent ifsfS^^^^^^ . k ? ""* f;""' '?trc.nchments like
|ho country niapperl out benea vour ft et o. uf ^^ ^^ T-" '^^ *"'''^t""y "Pon
i->k like old eai4 walls ; lartJi^i S .^^ ffii^t'lH!" "'" "^'"^^ -dgos wllich
<»rchards. and comfortable-look inc. woo<le, ?.'../ '''' «'nong fertile villages,
and with verandahs running rou d' oTn J| 1 g<Mieral y painted white
Miose old walls are ancient dvkes. SeX th . i^Ki I'f'^l' " .supposing tha
..ow restrained by the outer walls, swept u^oSer,^; '""^^ ''^ **^*^ ^'^ ^^ ^ ""^v,
--<lays which have been nnulered fi mi //■... ! ,^''*^f »«>'«Mnade in old days
who spuke of a time when t^ hfi ' ne s of 1 /"S"^ ^ '^'t «?""?• '^^ LongfelloJv,
t us valley had come to an en<l. andX w.r w ih » -1 ''"• - ' "" ^''^"'^''^ '»
France had touche<l them too an.l hlVlM. . n i\. '^' '"''»*''' between England and
loved Grand Pre, or G^rZ ^K^. hiS" he "ha< S ?• ^'"" '''■ «th-'.^the weif-
crations. Th s valley is 6nlv two o. Ai^'lV-i^-V/J^* tilled m security for some gen-
the winter ports of t^^rSmiS;^^ ^"[^^^^f ''^ r' ft'onr Halifax, ^.^^
Mersey sail every week. lU y.Ui^Tfl^t!!''. l\ P*"^? f"' ^^*>'.^'' «toam vessels from tl,.>
u.i.ers- ,0 be thund in vaHons":port£^^^;p^,T;:;'^« »'?; ^J:P«« ^f m.uiy
i'rovmco su.gularl.v .i,-!, in varied Zl\Z fr,mmZ 1 ,-\"^ ^'^^'^tia. >vhich is a
■ . .T ; ' ""*' '"'^""g. ^»irh a little
12
If wages
gold, what is fai- more valuable Hum any goUl H,.|,i ay-oat H..1.U nf ,.« i
were only as bw n Nova Scotia as H.,w ..,./ ;1 i- ' T i . ^ °'^<^""' -s"-
ports, tul port of Piotou, VouNl 8oon rival Llw of 'r ! r'";' '^^■?*''*"'''"»« "f '*«r
Iron shipbuihUng port. Tho.-o arc? ininoa Jh v,Z^T m "^^t"l' '"" 'f "''■^" '" » gi-^at
fchowatorvou niay .soo voins of cmlf>IT^.^n^^ u-"'^ ^'^ U>,ark8hirc. CIomo to
^allorios of the miiie «o p. .llf U i ^^Jm^^^^^ tl'' ^"^* "} ""*'^"*'^'^' ""^ "'»
&inor swingH his j.iok, not c otic Llm^nmS ''?'««V"'" f.^''^" "'"''' *'"' "'»
•this n.ll ifoight. CloHo toZHOu i"o an UlolK
excellent irotfore. Arou.i<l aimoHt ev?>Vv (.mv ?T« v • ^•?'^1 .'""'.««; <"'« J»iII« fuH <>T
where the hoa.l of the fa i v nv bf' 1 ^T?.."^ •^^^"' '"'^'^^'^ **^l!"^ may be had
where tlio head of the family may brsiro toZv« nV'V''T'\'''?'''* 1."''^
dren, a chinch service cxaotVEhHowu at ft^ '^x.^.H-.m sc-hoohng for his chil-
for a^iy produce he may rni.e " ^ '*'""*' *"' ""'^••"'' '"'^* * '^'^'ly n^arke^
iJkw imiiNSH'ioK. '
the h4 to another gmat valley Si't; ^ ''•'ges which .holtor it from
New Brunswick. Beautiful trees are LmH^L)'^ "^ '^'""'?' "' "'« ^^rovince of
an English Park, over nu' low ^m covnf I m^^^^^ ''' ^''°«« 3'°" ««« i»
Augu.st sun. iroVe too you have beau Xlyt.t^eh;'^^ T^""'' '^'' .""*'"""«
man who owned them has taken a fmi v ihr w Ki • '^i ff^> because the young
North- WoBtorn Prairie : ami yayr won d^r £ -i 1 m"^ ^'''^ ^'"?^' ''^'^"'"^ ^" ^^e
Its beauty, and so cnrtam to Livr- Jlu? « T f '^^,^0">'^lv'"ve a phice so enticing by
and of a civilized conm nty'amU^^vout;^"^ rofyusites of domestic familrlifj
rive at another great 1 u'Ridch U n ef :^ o'r'" ^'- '! ''''"^^.^" "'<^ •'^«""» '^"^ '^•••
ed by the buil.lings of the floT/SnVri fL't? '''^•'" "'"'*^'"' T^ "'^''^^l^ i« surround-
yet nioro at the ro^tlesH,ts7o S '' '^^^ f '^t. John, you marvel
which seem never to bo content S"; if t b.^ v^- ?-^''^' 'l'^'''" ^>' >'"^"' °^" ''aco,
and will go on moving we"tvS mitU it Wk« iS'^'t '^ ^^?''^« against the wind
tains 5 and even then is no ^01^ t.fcTi^^^^ M«»"-
comes to the (UstantPaciHcshorcT- wit l^n ^^^her westward yet until it
westward without boconnm' Sck re !.^n.H^V^^ ""^'^ ^* '^*"»oi go fa'-ther
But there are fortunately iLy left who ha^^^^^^ '*" nearest train agam eastward,
it, and who prefer their ^^uTiVo dur 1 ?wt T/"^ > *^^. ^i^^^^^^^ ^P^r-
heirs of the labor of venerations who h.?v l^ t /*"^.'""" content with being the
listener may be one, Su would ask to atZin'"^ "'^ ' ^^" ^""^' P«''''*P«' ^^^^
Which flow.s up the harbo of St Inlm , r u i '!"^ ""^ ^•''' '^ moment up the river
Thisisadelig^.tftd it^city.onime^^
oipal 8treet8,°tnd having a beaut fiTbS md cS"'^''"*;''""^■*•'•^'^^ "' '^^ P^in-
happy and cleanly houses. 11 e se tKrs a^mim wJf '"'"''^ ""*"!■, ^'""[""^ P'^«' '*«
mostly of British descent, but faitSv u.TSre m^^^^^ '''*' excellent laml and are
community of Danes,who HndinTall thov .^mM ^T may see a most flourishing
tied down, and have Written to m^ny o "4: " ienS uurkinlirf ^"^ '''''^''' ''^
them and do as thoy have done Hut N 'w R, .,^. • ;^^^V •"^,'''°^^ ^^ ^^me out to
confined to the St. John ancl Su.sex U«vs b t beltt.'/'"!" 'f"'r1 '''' ^^ "" "^^'^"^
seaward face wherever the forest bLb>V>n^!i-; i A'*^ "^'"^^^ Province along its
and seatrout, run into lie XiowZJ fS,^ f X 'r/-^ ?T''\ «""'' '''^'^ ^^'mo"
or north ward'into tlie bay XsesunmieS.nl ^^^^ ''". J'^l^"^' ^^ ^''"'^'' Edward,
call it the Heated Gulf. \t LhrtoTZLlad^^^^^ *^^ ^/'^ ^'Jf^"'^^^ discoverer^
provinces makes it impossible foilL lEr to do „ Icl/'l"^"'' V^'""'^ "^'"''^^^
during that season he is shut in by the fmstaiwlH, '^""T^ ^''^ winter-that
certainly , Iocs fall, and the mo.e the Low X^^ '"''' /^ ^'"".^^ '^^'''^ "^ «now
will not suffer from severe fmsts 1. ^dH i ^V^^^Y "''''** *'*'''*'"" ^^ ^^ that any crops
til in JTay it suUdeiX disantea^^^^ aud well manured by it un
of flower,; takes its p a^-e T£risrw '*""''™ m ^-^ '^"'^"^ ^"'^"'"^ of verdure and
time. The animal^ have to 1^10X1 XTLidfe^/h' '^^ '\T '"^ ^^^^ ^^'"t^''
) I Mio.uwmei, who has durmg the summer to work
of coul. Ff wages
cotlnnd, one of h«r
• London iia a groat
arkshirc. Closo to
thicknees, and tho
ways ustul, and tho
itu.'o, hutfltanding
lOH, aro Ijills fuH of
faniDi may he hail
wling for hia chil-
lul a loady market,
lea we liavo been
ich wlioUnr it from
in tho Province of
IS those yon see in
ndor the unfaiUng
becanse tho young
b'er retuina on the
aco so enticing by
)mestic family Ufo
) the .south and ar-
vhich is surround-
John, you marvel
by your own race,
against tho wind,
the Kooky Moun-
A'ard yet until it
cannot go farther
n again eastward,
the restless spir-
it with being tho
uch, perhaps, tho
nont up the river
kton at all events.
■troes in its prin-
running 2)ast its
ont land and are
most flourishing
isiblo people, sot-
to come out to
are by no moans
■ovinco along its
led with salmon
Prince Edward,
ench discoverers
those maritime
he winter—that
at deal of snow
s that any crops
anured by it un-
I of verdure and
> in the winter,
■s to bo cut and
healthy amuse-
immor to work
J3
Sd^TlteS'""' ^'" "'^"'"«' •" '^y - — -'^ fo- the vanety af
■ ' . ■ I
ONTARJO.
■ . .. » 1 •. I ■,
--^^'"^^Zj^tA:.^ by far tl,.'
tea' l:t:^,^MSS?^^-^^^
The roaring i-ivor IIoivh in al,Z ,„K:,. ? '"" ''"'"' '""?», '""" "■»"» "-"PW' "live
on » rid Al.fcl, .11," r,m X tal aloTtC T' '"''!'■ •""'', "" "IV'""'"-?
i'Olunni to which a staircase iih-nln^iLL- I ' ,^' . .'*'•" ''^"'''" ^'O'" "le top of tho
roundihg co.mt V IhS! , Thl 2^^^^^ " vvc>ndorf.d view is obtained over the sur-
and wooTlland a^^apo Tike ft^JmUltu 'Stinr ''V' T^' '''^''^'''' °^ «'''^l'»''d
the g.-eat falls. Looking clnWrH,o3;i2^^ ""-''''H 'I"'''>' ascending from
a grfat wide stre 3? of ^at ' ^s /S Ti '^ "^''/"f • '\ ^'"^' 'V''"^ ^'''''^'''' «" ^"to
belonged to the ocean iZe.'ThtltlS^l^V^^^^^ ^^kf ^'^ "'^"«h it
18 among the smallest in that va« ^.,^,,. J • i i ^"V,"''"' "'^"«h, groat as it is,
Americt Kight a (1 t don^i f ^^ f"'"! "*^"".'l ^^'^ ^'^^ ^^'^^' « "
its forests, which on y rerSi, 4t?C ! """"^''^ ban evidently been cleared of
apple and'peach or"i;ard' and U , -e X «''*'"1^:? '."''' '« .«""'"'« "i^b corn fields,
cei-n the smoke as of a itV am r^, "''^^^ IZ ^ ?""^^' 'r'"'" ^'*' "'« '""^ ^^^ dis'
one of the most prosperot T th "yom..? res"o? fh"' "^ ^T''^ V'''. '' '''^''^^^^^
I)eoi)le, is becomintr the centre of n\„?^i? !• ""' *""»tment. It has 100,000
an importance aliSvLin't ml wl"-T^^^^ ^'' '''^''"'^y^. ^^nd'has
what i-s the co,,d tion (>f ti ',Zin^ ""'^ H'r"'"*' *'"' ^''^'^t^'' "' *'»« *»ture. And
was reclaimecTo iTeigh^ H"« ^'^^ t«';"tory which, although U
population as some ofthe small Sr5,^an Stfff '"J'^V^""'''', '^ '^'''"'^•^J' *« •^^'^"g i»
amn,ally to people the V.^^lZ:^'^^^±l.^'}t' f »d"\« ?"t it« multitudes
amnaally to people the Far West vie tboVn'', '"m '" f »<^bng out its multitudes
by the settlers from the Old Wo. hi -l^ r"' ^''^^'f ^''^^^ l'«^« le<t aro being filled
biving an intense prSe in hTs .ceiscs uVi.JlTSt'S"''^"^ ^'''''''l "? *^^'^'«^*«^'
and l^essed their^rovince, and ^Si^^^' '' !;^ l''^';!^^ ^^^ their efforts
mont, provKhng admirably for the training of its\' nth T .0.^°
efforts
tem of self-govern-
'»■« is not a school
specially trained in IheTi^t'of 't^acl'llnV'Tf^"'^ T^'' *''V «"I><''vision of a master
mal Schools at T,,ronto^^^^ d Ottawa In 1. T'.^''^' • '""^'"'^^ "■^titution. called Nor-
cheerfully paid, an<l enXSn^ h^ i tl^'chil ^^I^^^^^ b";:^^' - a school tax, always
SJ!St;;:ie^];-sx
they Imve a sufficie m m er of ch Iro n to'^wi. i»^^'""r ^''^^'f'' ''''' "''^^^ ^^at
ceive an adequate amo.mt fm! t? eir se, am e ed c J I.f "?1 r * " ^'^^'l^^^.they re-
ren aro compelled to attend, but .racSllv ..1 Id? n f <^-tabhshmen . No child-
the benefit of the assessment twlntl?'^ 11 ,\^°' ^*««'^"««^ "len wish to obtain
land, aIthoi.gh too nmXn 1 .',?y^f aSuJf, •*' ^'T V'^ "'"vorsities of this
^^r IWh^n d;n^in;^lo.^;ua4e. SS, ^S^^l^:^^^ % T^.
14
* f.(K»K AT qvHmr
^.■!? :ri-
oowmftiKl.ngiK,Hition. We look dowT hi TZ'.fl'" *'"' T*' '"''*''•*«"*'« "f it.
erownod with VHrdu.o a.ul fo«^t, ZtZJ^Tj^T i'« •'»^?*r" «"»«ied and
f/'i with ft oitad-1 fuHhioned/ir,d.ort aoi^iL^' ^h"'''' •'"■"'*''' '^'"' ra.„p.rt«,
but yet .von now, and againnt mcXrar«.H?"i: i^r'"«^'i^''\ """•"•"y.
ng all suiroundiiig ohifcts. ?»«» hh a,..iT. / / ''*'*'"^"'' ^'"^ ">»« overlook
.1-H rapid than that'of t'he Nia^.™ Zr^^d"; '"2^7 * "'^'" "!"' "* '''>^' »»»""''
ve8s«|H. HtetimovH aiv thorp fW„n inanv L V^. ' ^ *'<'»«"«« oa its ntioain manV
mg with timbor. (>„ a ,.oi„t of \m\fZ"d\XZl^' "^^71 "'^^ *"' '««<^
flanks ,H cmwlod a c<msi,iorabto U.wnXutiflv'^ *'"•'"''" '"**' *'"' *'^"« '^^
coverod ,v,th plates dipp«<| i„ tin, wl I'o Imakt tZ t""" r?'"*"*' ^*'««<^ '"^f" ««•
There arc here miny churohoH and Xi^^^^^^^^ nUyor in the nun.
andeveningthesoundof manybonHVNe« Tothel f*/'^'" Y^'.^*' »' morning
oJ country until it re«t,s upon «Ue Lvitdclltanf h^^^^^ * *• T '^''« ^''^^ " '^'"^^
the American frontier. Parte<ibv »he f,i!f • x'^'"''' '*'"*'*^ **« ^^e told a*, lu-ar
^•ty, the northern shore ..pTt ,Xf^«>5S/'''''''' *^^""J«« ^^i^^V we «ee bebw the
white hoUHOH against a b Jkg Zd of ^31?,^!^'* «'''*'' *"^* ^*^"«^ ^'^^ «»' '
en when the sun brings outi Htrott«l"SS *'T coloring iw often broli-
all hose mountains are covere<l w1tf^!c)«d eve,T^^^ forest-covei-ed slope, for
n the ehfPr „e of the shore shows whe^a' hil?tnr,W?*'^ '^'"'**'- ^ '^^"tepatch
than that of the Fall of NiagarA in fonVn »n #1! *^^ f ''''*-''" *'^^'' » height greater
wo are looking at> that »vS „ et the eve of Z^lf'^ T'' ,^'"'"'«th. ^The 7Zl
Victory on the famous Plains of Abraham .udth^Ifi; ''*'*""• ''^ '^^" >" a moment of
As you descend into the streets an l/n./ff'^fn*^'^^^
hear sometimes an Irish mrcent, but a^ a nie m1 l "" "'^ ^^''^ f *^« ('^^P'*'. y^u will
of Old Franc*.. It in not the speech of thi P ^- '""«"'^K^, ^^poken will be the tongue
heard among tlu^Hshermenwh^fs ton fe'^^^^^^^^ '* « the spefch
o Normandy and Brittany, 'n.eir rlTrepS^^^^^ IrV^'" ■>? i«»'boring shores
Quebec by a bare W),000 of a populut oV, Z.n^t .. ^^"^ *'"?.^ °^ »"'' t'onquest of
population. Their increase is so ranid A.'/t A. i'""'' *?"""" '' '"*"'«" '"«« « quarter of
Puritan districts of x\ew E;ii/f.rH^n *i'^^ ''J''^' mvaded like a flooi? the old
gatlon ha>;e wholly vallshed'tl'^V'rci'to the He."" ?"?'^" ^^'-rch ami congt'
religion. The number of ch IdrS, in^thrv Mai .! « ' "". "*','"' *"'''^'''^<' ''^ the Romish
that as It is the custom of the eo mf .,? f -^ ^ ""'''*''' nstouishing. It is said
to the Church, the tvveSy « xth ohi Id J/,?.T' -V'^' ^^r"*'^"^'^"' P'^rt of everythW
Pnost .1 It is a thoroughlS- d a eo. tenter f '' ''^'T '{"^ '"^'•^•«" «f the parish
respects tl.e old treaties that in r\^m< uest of ^^0 '"'^^^^^^ ^' «* Hy«tem which
the French race their laws, tlu>ir «,stit Sr?« ^^^i 1^ ^ ^"^^♦'^ a««»red to
tie and are not so restless as t^ pe^K? o^^ ^hey demand li -
we«tward in hopes of greater gain I tvvl d mS','''''' "^^^ ^^««"P«tuaUy pressing
were to rush awav to tlie west and l<.!. J? 1 '^^^•i.' f*^' "■ ' ' ' ^'"' -f all the peonle
populate<l. To be s.uv the laml w n.. f '*^''"*l'^"' '^"^'"^ '^■* ^''^ '^t. We. - e
.'hrefly raised are buck;hi;7l^;l'2^^^^^^ ' e. and the cr(^ '
northern climate are grown The K,,T ,?**^^^"* !^" '^""»« t>f fruit belonging to a
remain in his home, ii? the couny\S,^^^^^^^^^^^^ T" ^" ''' co^nteVt t^
served, where the eliurch in whiel. I.« .h. P^^ '"«t»tt tions he loves are carefullv nre
gularly earnest and pure, an I Sr^hrwi riJo/ I ""Tf^^^^o by a priesthS E
manv A..i*ii.:,....,u f.f.i- ■' ,\ "'^" '"' will not be disturbed .,/ fi,^ , x.-x- ..
gularly earn^sHmd p^;^ «^uf Xi^^ S t/l .nini.tered to'^ rp.-^SS;^ £
many Americans, English or S<H.tch t h weH fm? /. 'A"'? - '' ^^ ^J'^ competition pf
the littoral of the St. J.iwrert,.« I garritonr,rl . ."17 *''*^ '""'^^ °f t>eing a desert
tented, „«,-dy, an<l eiuhuing. Wotrt Z. In ^^ f Population so orderly, euu-
mattei. (.. .hown in the exl,,<S, ^,/ 1 rtZ^v^" 'I ^ toleration in religious
30umryr.,„ f,. Ontario. H.V k IJom^JS .0 ^"'''''t ^'"^•^°«''* "'«»' f^'"
^ a more e^tende<l toleration Provai Xa IPi^^^^S^^^^^^ '^"^^
ICnOoI asseHam«iif ,1, ..,„*...» \ J .i . . ' '"'.«" t l^lOStant denoniliuiimnx, ^...r l; :
h.... „*• ..t -1 ..:" •'•^'^''^' "f cneu- use if tliev li..v« *^ ...•.".":"."'"• •""•^- "«•-
number of chiLlVeu. " There'ji
'th.fi- Iioight. OIK' of
u iini»ort«noe of iti»
^atioii guanled mul
UMl witli rainp»rt«,
svBtein of fortfflirt
ith heavy masonry,
and one ovdrlook-
with u flood iiariUy
I its Mtioain many
uge fleet of Hailing
fie they are Ioa<l-
I elitt; and along its
"*, whose roofH ar
Hilyer in the nun.
ivhich at morning
looks over u '^not,
3 are told &i\. near
, we see belowr the
dotted with many
)ring iu often brok-
:5ovei-ed slope, for
is. A white patch
a height greater
eatJi. The scene
all in a moment of
IJuejec.
e people, you will
tyill be the tongue
it is the speech
eigh boring shores
' our conquest of
t and a quaiter of
a flood the old
urch and congre-
^d l)y the -Romish
l»i»g- It is said
irt of everything
ion of the parisli
i a system which
lebec assured t<»
'hey demand llfc-
•etually ]»re8sin<^
f all the people
U. fjawrei •' ae-
and the crops
t belonging to u
) be content to
fe carefully pre-
priesthood sin-
competition pf
\' being a desert
so orderly, cou-
ion in religious
longst their fel-
majority, and
> Tor a certain
are still a large
16
lany **ttiTM!tive, and its f»n<'iiiii» ;<.•!•. *-»_ ii '^i '.• nttnery ineie in lunaii*
been Hufticient'to pZmi he ei^M'th*' w "^ T'.^ V""!'^ ^^ '^^ """' h«^e
eUewhore. ,,. „ ^ *"""" *" "'" *«"* which has ».een ho remarkablo
The ground hero is „„t toSed X^iK i/ O. I ^*« /"•«""* "r»'*» population <H-anv
beautiful, w,Hxl now fon„«7hl*a^^^^^ «oi.t.irv Kill oovchhI with
row thu foot of the hill .low i to the"« kl' ,7 tuX" T "* ''*** "'J/.' ^'"*^*» -^l*"""'"*
brid«o, oalle<J after the Que«„ l„ai 1 t u mi^l / • ^' 'f"7?"^'«: The great tubular
rapi^H called the 'a*chine fIL ' ?, i ^ '^''^^ ""f^ ** ""» P«"»^ *>«'«* * »erie. of
The flrst French navTgaL ?h, Shi. JL'^Z!?": ? ''"'?.'' ?' '^« "'*^" "*" *»''" "«'-''
that they ha.1 p.vssed the 7uv&Jall i'^ '"' '^l westward, and ima«med
hence the name. «»'vi<iu»g »ea aiul h<ul arrivml on some ««»st of tJhina--
A rA>OK WIWTWAHW.
Hpeeil;;;;' h7iu":-tSr^^^^^^^^ '-• f-- weslward. h.
our left, and turni^r^fthtnoH^^^^^^ TT fe blue waters of Uke Erie upon
of Colliigwocxrrti.e st,rrofa3. ,../:' 'l'"T"/ *^"^"« *'•*"'' «*^' ''^r^Kir
Ukellumn. An e^-elle H^^^^^^^^^ water, the Oaorgian Bay of
ibr a night and day, until bvthrnarrowhfanfr ^''T*^'"* «h»nning archipelago
««aln tSmake some change to 3. ffi ^1^!" ^•',»*"?*^ ^e shalf J.aVo
on the American sUle Sfl^ Z mf^fthe^^^^^ i** '•^^^"'^'^"y'^""**' ««'»«!
the greatest of ail great hikes bj wLiJ^nd !,''''•'"! "''"'T^ t"T" "" ^ P*»» '"*"
the .OBtk * " uiwiKiratei i,«„ii»t tin, ,to,.m« wliieli la>li Mm wiiter. from tli,.
of farming in the Pr^^ice of ManiS^^ **r"i' "»"'»'' "" *''""«'» t»^« experience
case, for Loni sSj^iXmany yS a^iTi^iin!^^ '^'T y««^«''^»*y'>fc ""« i« »ot the
n-om his estatZinth?SrrkZ Zf t ^*'"'?"^*"*'"^^^ of S<.otchmen .
Uke Winnipeg, and tE^ HetthnirZ.. I P^ »'"l«on's iay up the Nelson Kiver to
<then callecl F^k*Gar t^at fpfe ;^^^^^^^^^ ^^T' f^ «*^"^'^
bers of that force under HirGamrttKru. • '! T'"'"'* *'"^ ^^^^ "*»'"■ '««"'
section in 187) seemrio ll^ hi.! In« -^^^ *'»« Ilalt^breod insur-
^Selkirk settles, StVe sou ieiTereS'Ii^'^ .mpressed by th* experience of th-
which waisoffe4dtoeveTmeXroft^f^^ ^"^"^ "P **»« 1*"^' allotment
membere<l how the eadrpionee'rC t^^lS^s^,TlV '^?'\ ^^* ""^^^^^ *'«^ '^■
<'ame to a total of over tWr ri^^nheli nL^ii , * "L^'T* '^« ^^f *' S^^^" ''" ^h^'*- »*•"»
rai«e<l giving the land a time of rest Jv«r««v ^^''^ ''?'"' ^^H **'** "^^'^ ««>P« ^ei^
ed within how shorltt tim^ZlrnLl!^! • '/' /,**'' T'^ ' *f "'^^ ^""1** ''^^^ realis-
much toil by ma rh munLfo^^for/^r f^*''*'''! '''^'y homselves had reached with m
only be rea^clTed by aiWs C^^^ «'*>»W not
oamle«ely have thiW.rawaTtlie ^^.t^/""*^^ '■*'''^"^ *^«"*'"«*' they would not so
nipeg in 1881 t rSy ffi smrL v uJiif.""''^"* % '"''^^'T " ^^«» ^ ^«« »t Win-
th« ^-„_utx , ""^/•^y na** scarcely JU,(M) people. Now it hoM .^nmin o.wj „ui. i.
„-.;.....,«.„, -.uia e^u^vaganc prices given 'by «l«.cul«tors ot' Vialtn'mea;.!!,-
.on,ts ..r t..eia:f:i;\^^«s;^rEr^^^.S^^
, /
16
.?™£.r """ "" '"-'"* ■»"' "« -inW-l, and I. one of .he „o.t eertata
whoI°Pto':<^^X"^^^^^^^^ r^ T" ^^- -« -t of our race and
by he E«gU«h, Scotch7orCanIdiars?tt i 7P^'*"««« brought or boughTat once
W^'f. "?',^*« "^ *'»« Hed W ' Yo s'ee r«.f""^/ prosperous hWe L X
heavy thateh scattered along often nAntilf . "^^"y-niade houses covered with »
»re evKiently occupied by ffrmers^n l^^l '"" ^^ the south, houTes wWch
Rouses and other outhousrieat^aian^o?^^ who haveS
have huag on a p< !o in the centre rVffhtTf ^" O'-der near their dwellings and
«™»aon tlie laborers frx>m tCfiew/fS thfnl 'h"'*^*''^ * *'^"' ^^'«^ i« placed t^
. the day. If you go to their houses yoJ^^SbX*-."^'''^ T ^^«» ^^O'-k i« over foJ
you hear is not your own : it is GeriS Ini t .^fspitably welcomed, but the speech
history ,8 a remarkable oAe. ThSr anrp« n ^v *^^'^ ^«" ^''^ "ot Germans. The^
Brandenburgh,inPomeraSa Thev S^„t ^'T^,"nde»- the Great Frederick in
who preached, as did tWeat Penn f1 ^" J'' "'^ *^»*« o^ one Simon Men no
crime. He went ftn-ther, fo?he lou d "1 ^''^"'l^.' ^^ ^^^nnsy'vania, thrwaVwas a
hands even for the purp<^seTorcwSxier 'Yff ^^^ -J^""^'" *« ^'^'^^ arms n Thei?
how distasteft,] the4 maxims were to tht'.Af '''''* 'V-^'^'^'^^^' but you may imagine
Frederrck He would hS?nmrof them WW "^'^'W ^"^« ^f the conSng
T ^T.^^^^onie a policeman ? And so awavTi;!^ T' *^^ "«« ^f a man who wou"d
go, and findiftg in the Emperor Paid of rT^ "^ ^""^^ ^"'^ ^"^'^^^^^ they had to
agneulturists, a„d who Se th^m t .^S?A'"'*n "'^° ^^"^^ ^*1»« theias go^
fiown as subjects of the C/ai BntT.^i " * *" ^^^ Courland provinces, thev set*l«a
;ary systems of the GrLt Powers and '^h """^"'^"^ ^"^»'««««'t ^^ did alsoThe Sfl?
tLTTlt^ ""'^"'^ «f the counts is a ^^T.o7"7.TV'''''' ^' « ««^dier, S refose
bought the Russian Government ^mhJiS^^^^^^ of the ^ first duty of a citizen. S^
time aei-ose the whole width of Euro, eT«l-f KT^^"" ^«''« obliged to move thS
:ear the Crimea, whore they were Safn^lfc''?/'' ***^ '^^res of the Sea of Azoi
tune was nttle better than? Ta.-ta?^wiTdi .^^ *^,'^**^« "P^n lands in what at th^
.md -replenished the earth," S^a^SeSn ^^^^'^T/" '^^^ '^'^'^ and tiUel
l'£^f^'''''^r^.'^h^<i'^rnHn<formm^^^^^^ rose." I„ recent
ites^for such is the name of th^rK«r/^ service in Bussia has determined the Menon-
najie than any heretofore aol'Ired'T^lr""^
TJJ"^^^ tbe continent of AmerS and havi^l ^^^ *f ''''''' ^"''^P^ an^' thJ^ocean
^d peoples who have fallen Zuarhe^rf^^f'''^ ''*'"^'^*^ *^« fl«^^ of the kfn
.W settled in Minne8<>ta and sSn^^^^^^ the grand liberty of theFavWeS.
their viJJages had been buiirneodSrdra£a l''"' ^^T *'»« ^^"^ «» >^bioh any of
thoroughness, and ti-ue Kussia, nm.««lt ^ ^^'^y* ^'^^ *''"e German energy an>l
you see bettel- cared fbr settSonrS T^' 'u* '^''^ut the v/ork, and nowhfJ^t^fl
'«nong the Mennonite^. «ettlemente, though perhaps on rather a humble scale tS
j^,.s!<rrjrjs^sSittxr:.r;i 'r^ ^'^-^'^ «- «-^ -ongs*
ES^^^r^ af : tS r r^ A- -« r --^^
hk« all his neighbors, s,,okeexcelWM^«.ir.f'"T* '^^ «"« ^^ the men, who
least from any wi„i«,. cold haxW iiM ^ei-man, that they had never siifterod inS
obtained moi^ heat A^^^^'^i^l^^^^^^ much stmw 1"^
ing to obey the laws of the Dom nr^n nf V '"'"f" -Although subject to, and wHl-
whidi these are enfbrceTanrrtheL^^^^^^^^^^ oc^^ion oi
A religious and God-fearing pe2 o,^me"i! ™ ''''^ have*he r own system of justicr.
^ongst themselves. The i^drtileyZve m« fl T^ ''^^? '* ^""*^ ^^ '« dealt wSh
whole system of mral economy ai-eLpJ^w ?T village to village, and their
fi^ctoiy instance of «n^ o„ "!r?tf:?'*'.*'^«^"e»^t, and they form bv fa,- it rr.^?, 1.1''^
rf the most certain
ot of our race, and
) or bought at once
perous home m the
ises covered with »
otUh, houses which
'8, who have their
leir dweliings, and
whicli is placed to
en work is over for
ed, but the speech
t Germans. Their
reat Frederick in
)ne Simon Menno,
lia, that war was a
ke arms in their
t you may imagine
>f the conquering
a man who would
Ired they had to
ilue them as good
nces, they settled
^id also the milr-
► soldier, to refuse
of a citizen. So
ged to move, this
the Sea of Azov,
Is in what at that
hrove and tilled
ose." In recent
lined the Menon-
make a greater
36 and the ocean
flags of the kin-
3f the Far West,
on which any of
aau energy and
■nd nowhere will
tahlo scale, than
floor, amongst
; btit there is a
ig6 of an excel-
add to the ap-
ago where they
tfie men, who,
sufterod in the
stmw as fuel,
set to, and will-
no occasion on
item of justice,
it is dealt with
age, and their
tho most satis-
/» ■
heirinvarinfole
what portiona
n
grown in oSe large 'trS an5 so a^Tso wUh IfeeT^t5l *^" "^^'^^"^ ^V *^^ "^^^^^ «
oompHsing tL commSv The? cat't « Sl ***^?, TA ^."*^'««" ^^^ ^'^^^^
OUT ON THE PACmo JIAILWAV.
SriSsfnto W?n Jn^'" n?''^"/^ J^' ^"1?^^ '^' summefmonths, been cX^g
aunareus into Wmnipeg, and hundreds away from Winninee to the \Vo^f *"'"*«
St?L'"of- tSi':r'rornt"thev i-rvr ^'^^^ ^^-^^'^^^^ ^' -^^^^^
, **"« ui luis vast amount they still at the i)i-esent moment hold at loaat \7 otin
S h mart"! t T.W*'' '^''^^^ ''" «r l-'^ds, and" eing ible'lil^tct'Z'e
laSlSe w S w/tfte^^^^^^^^^^ ""^^''^^^ the line, of a
iri-anffl^ iT "";"' "^. '" "^** ».io,(AMJ,UU() lu casli, Wfts a Uower o«ue of the richesli evfti-
four mile? in?ength. Bell 1 arm Company you may see plougli-riggs three or
Before reachinar thfl A sHinJVini'na «,« .to2« *i.t.^..-v ^,-. -.r ...
18
for, owing to the trouble which 8Si.n..«Tj! '""^ *'<""*^ ^""»» their aiirht
Indian,, an woll as among«t tL ffi n tte^ Pro'Ju.e amongstlh^
.^'?f '"*'":$' "one are aUoSed. Ente -nrisiilTr^ "'"^k^ ^^ » conntPy's de
«outh, and often an exciting r^e^Kl^t^rfh""* "? '" *'*"" ^"^^ ^^o
police, who have a long s m chase to .Th!^*Tu**^® ^**^^^'' ^^ **»« ^rmler and the
presented and make o'ur trl^nd Z^rrh.Tf^^^ ^"-^'Ir "^'^ "P with pistols
the gronnd. The work which has to I^TJ ' .^t''''^ t**^ torthwith spilt upon
oorps ,n winter time has hitherto not bin Lh? Si-^^"^ / ^"^^ '''^'''^^ « "E
&f ""^T "'"'^ ♦'*" '^♦^ availaffiloZ i? a W a rt^.t*^'^^
stealers. Horse-stealina is a nrpv.w • "'l^ a^^^st being necessary of hors;
bvT'*?^^^^^« thel;:ne^sTndtulmreLmfW ^ ^J'^i ^^^''^ «ett?ementi;"
by their Indian ancestors still obtain lCw"?ru*'u ^^^ ^lalf-breed population
^ the most valuable possession he Zobt]^rnrmrthi*'*^''*-^'"'*"**^««yoSo*^^^^^
ment's notice that a theft has been comS7d „i . ? '"""T"' ^^^ ^^''n^ a^ a mo
Pa^^ot men prepared to ^^^^^T^; ^^^tZCl^^S:^ ^i:
dianf^- S'e' S^tribrVhe^'otl: a'nTh^f^^^'^^' ^^ *»^^ ^»eP-'ators to be In-
mg, have overtaken the redskfns befo, e thl^* *^' after two or three days' hard r ("-
what advantage reputation or preS 1 Sn*" """"'f- *''^ ^'^""«''- Now is s^en of
Jrrf '"^ bloodsh^ed and maiS^gTrdt; VhT^^^^^ "owadays-5" Tn
^«l and numerous. Without a moment's WifoK if ^'" ^J"'^^ ^^^ ^"^^ians camp-
to the chief's tent. He entei-s K!«Hft ,r* **'*'''" ^^ "^^^ through the loSSL
fn,h the chiet; with h"s counSlo -^ roTnc hl^* men waiting in the mfant^e ffe
to look at him. As he entcrThrsavTt InS t?""^?^ *" '"^"•'^' »"*' hardly daring
tions that noth ng of the kinH hoo <.^ ""**'" run on. (jrunts and un versal Droteof.i
zz'r:i!'T^^^^^^^^^ »- kSsTh KeTiis";,?^ "^'^«^^- ,^' ««-
must he at this bivouac before mornin/ Si flVr^^ camp, and that thev
to give up the horses, that the young Wood "of fht 1 '*^^ 'T. ***** '* '' impossibl'<.
so even if he wished it. The ohZnTd^etrlAhTJ^ "'?'^'^ "*?: *"«^^ ^'"^ *" ''"
to cross the frontier or move from tlw. l^,f^ .v • *'**^ *"^« "'i" "ot be allowe.l
«nrren<lered. He know perfect" wSlTat il' 'T.r^r"';^^ "»*^' «'« horses are
the Indians are well anrvA,/ a«/ Hi i • "^ ''^"'^ "^'^ enforce the demand thnt
should hostilitier commence Yet a wh,?" "^^'^ "''"'^ ^« «"* off iTa momSn
amongst the chiefs, and hi a short wlnl^f7^^'^''''-'* ?«"«.»'tation now takei Sa"
be m the officer's hands befo^ttm"^^^^^^^ ***** *h« horses S
sire enough at dawn the horses are^roS to hm H^ *^»^«t"<les the officer, am
also of the men who first took tLm ?»<5 i !^^ *"'"''*« "Pon the surrender
guard back whence he Tme The Sretlt- "''*'''''''' -"^ with these men unde
know that the red-jacketsm^te out S„lc^: *'T/ '^ **^*'*= **''^* *'»« Indian
a whit^ settler would be puSsS ?n exCtlv H '''''*^ ""*" »"^ *« '•«d'«an; tha
crime he may commit, and t S to it thT?'„i^,, ' '*"?f ''?T «« «ie redskin fo'r am
will >e tor the Indians the cttingS* of tl^f^^^^^ the IndiaS
country where they are treated «^th J., i ^^^ "^'T^'^ **^^>' PO^-^ess of liyinu in a
tew .s;iisr:,r™r '"'■'""'"''" '"«™» >''<-»i".o mSs x;t,S',!;;:
.8iniJx)i«, and here we
Hit despotic rule of
vith hiH coutici], gov-
>Herve at one of the
met and hiniHs spike
and spui-H, carbine
oe— a foixie now five
e country between
fiorsed and weil offi-
within their sight,
ythwe amongst the
>s of a country's de-
in carts from the
the trader and the
nde up with pistols
rthwith spilt upon
5 members of this
ents are necessarily
ecessary of horse-
here settlement is
f-breed population
takes your horse
lay come at a mo
>cessary to send a
he trail of the ma-
predators to be fn-
Fee days' hani rld-
^ Now is seen of
fl nowadays — is in
he Indians camp-
iiough the lodges
e meantime. Ife
and hardly daring
It he knows that
iniversal protesta-
ages. The officer
P, and that thev
it it is impossible
' allow him tod,.
11 not be allowed
til the horses are
he demand, that
off in a moment
low takes place
the horses shall
>s the officer, and
on the surrender
hese men under
hat the Indians
to red man; that
I redskin for any
nst the Indians
5S8 of living in a
r expecteti that
I have become a
time be found
iiii move win be
»*i shall not fol-
ox TO TrtK KtM'KY MOUXTAIN.S.
iv,.. ifilil *'■'''" "" ."'"'t "^"^ *'■*' embarked sHIl follows its course westward ^,u\ i .
tore long approaches the crossing of the great south branch of Thf « & f ' ' ''®*
River, over which it runs along a well buift brid^ of wiS Tul , ^^»**'*a*^'»»r""
two or three hundred vurds in width 31 af.«^^ T^" . ^'»««t''«am is about
eastward atid then northward, if we l^ollowed t ih'L.vhuZJ'A •, '* "*'*'* ^"'^
come upon its junction with tL gTeat Sh b U" '• -^^^ tT ^'"'^^
beasts imported from the best stock in Wnianli i./* V^n ^ * rieMn, comprising
upon Its back— has not much diffi.u.ltv in overtaking h?.r. '^'«'"*^<' ^'*h a man
the chase an much as the rider and wH W ff* i^' "'"^^''' '^«"* ^« ^"j^^y
dangerous. He then stands bleeding from shots irhis sk?e Sin^ l. *""''?
makmg short and frantic charces unon his pnmtw Ti I*"®' '♦*'"»« •»'« e.yes am'
safe enough, but a man onl^Jiminrre'r "Tnol e ■ wM ^^^^ /«
luayin these tmcts be often seen f^om the trainlS e v he Sone^
the greatest of its kind, and muc^;; liLe the S^h ed dreronlv ^'Z^^' 1'''''^
-has become very rare in the ^ortl^west, buT hev st 11 fr .mS tL h5^ T^ '"^
tarns and other ranges westward. "'"^-J «t'ii n. <[uent the Kocky Moun-
CROSStJ^fJ THK KOCKIKS.
nve.^'wE:taSs ^ ZJli:^\ul "" ^'--l"'^' ---"« "- or two beautiftil
jagged teeth rising into thTdearbC«;rnr^ ", ^^''^ /"'" ^^''^ flistance are
wol«,e„6m.lyci«S tScSont .L"" '" '"' «''° »»? «"1 l««i "to descend"
called Kanilpop,. Aud apw ^^ Rtifc^f o^n-^ "'^'^^^^^ ^"v^'^^ «Iipvo« o f a lake
w perhaps one of tU<^ niosfcTemaiSlo KJ^f ^^i'^ l>e?u reacbed, and it
cossfuiiy oncounteml by the railway fonhS^'^^q,?^ eng«,9eHng difficulties mo-
&roLT'% *l""'='"8^ *''«"^«ndou« Stes^SlJS^ '^w^rng with hn.
^hoir courae. J^a^f)!- and faster yet the tow ««/?•!? ' % ^ "^^ ^"•'^^«' ^«'' ^e follow
Of magniheo.it hills. .We are told that tb?.?^ ^'^^ '^'^^''^^ ^^""^"g'^ "i« fastnesses
Mid that 150 miles from this it oinnHif ''f "^i^' -?' are npw foUowmg is the Se?
alongimme.liately over this flood c^ei t?'^ "?^i "'^«^'*- '^^'^ Sue now S
which were too st'eep to give su^^ee t^,?.«T'' *''^V,« ««»tifl buttresses of rock
aummits covered with th? deeiTgSe of the Dn^r' 'T^ ^^^V'^* *^"^y their ledges and
able become the steep needh^oSd summiff? ^'"' ^'l ' ^^T^ ""^ '"^^'-^ i^mark-
but the descent is no longer so sSJn .f.^n!^** thousands of f'eet above our heads
.which rises to a he£bt o{%Z%%7^^^Zr'^^, '"'«^^>^ S''^^-««' «very tree t'
»ulet, and the watoi we seeis «alt WeV \^^^ *'"' shores of a deep
dropped down from oloudland to tli!^ •?. ..r ^^'^ve reached the ocean: we hav?
y^m^, which can b«a;us7^S^i;SteSi^^:!^r' ^"'^^^'^^ "" ^
~"«^^ intention of
of Vancouver, which lies Hk^a long b^^aKatov n^^^^^^ «'' '•<^a.hingtho^rea S„d
lor a moment from its capital \Soii« «r^^^^ °'* *^*^ ^'««*«''» coa«t- i^t us ook
of landlocked sea is bofoS. Sixtitnis 'oT' ^''^''^/J "«;, A beautiful sS
Olympmn range, aiid the teiTito.v+l>tf-^' I'P*'" its Vther shore is tL
lleputlic of tfe United sSesTlof. . '*"' '' ""'^'^•' *^^« «*.«'"« «nd st dpe»' of the
or for 7,00() feet above tho": etpi„^^t^V:3:eTf^ '^ '^"II!^ °f '''' -"^l they tow'
a sohtary mountain rises in i mS co, ^ n f , f •^ '''^^'■*' *^''>^ ^^^^'^ ^«c^^^^
teet. This is Mount Bake,- an o? b v^ )^'-^'' """*"' *« * ^'e'gl't of over 10 OOO
tier. But the foregroiSof J lu^ ma^ni^n'^ ?"^>^ »* ^^^ ""^e« ft-om ourC
capital of the Pro^vince of nt-J? if s Tl ff 'a"'f Z""''"^^' T^' '^"^ ^'^ "«^ e
Blessed with a delicious climatP .n„ni. , ^1,-' * *,'^^" named after Jler Maiestv
south coast of England, LI ;S „fT'-n"# *^^ "^^^^ favored xpo L on the
■avoritQ neighborholl. i\l^^ny w te l^o.T 1^" ''''''^.? *^ '^ fi"-greate/ degree, the
m the streets of the Aouri^hSe Sv^^^^^^^^ '■'^'*'""^' ^^^"« ^'^ '"^^^'o here,' bu?
wheJe" rr* "r^ '"" «^" ^'""'^n - of CL,:^/^^--^^^^^^^^ J«nguago and'coloJ
Where. Ihey, have made the railwuv f«.. o^ u , "*^^ <■ hmese, indeed are everv-
and in every I.ouse man^of tSe^&S ari^""'l''^^^f "^ ''^to «'e inteS.
maintaining the dienitv of A,^;.. ^ ? ,*'*^ servants. They are very iealons in
ploys a Chinese coollfe cook takrv"^ departments. It i„ Jaid thit if f S em
more than is necessary ttol^kitcS fn6 Tf *^"' '\'' ''^^^ ^«^« not Srude
interiference on tbn L.t ..<• "!„ .!^'^.?^*^"', *?>^ instances liave been knnxm «,l"«:
■ L(
ciuuilar height, and
^lent. Jliglier and
I that we httvo riseu
(I b<?gin to descend :
tlio descent, which
noimtains liave yet
eat range, a^d ciross
k before it, and ipust
"she troes increase
.•onipl^shed, and we
IS crossed, a^d the
■«^ now sQen shrined
m flats, evidently
it Wore ys, and we
shoros of a lake
en readied, and it
uig difficulties sue-
jowding with im-
ndes, for we follow
'Ugh the fastneesee
wuj^ is the Fraaer,
he hne now winds
!)iittres8es of rock
y their lodges and
nd mqro remark-
al)ove our heads,
ves, eveiy tree in
shores of a deep
ocean : we have
f/ifce^of th^ great
21
<;j
But you will now have hoard enough of the different nrovinnA« nf n,^ u • t
attenton .ro being jiblrally Ixaminod .L ap^Mat;! TiX"™,evT™^
have in these islands to-day. They a^r hoZchlf civn/^^^^^ ^•'"P • *^"''2i.^«
a number certain to decrease because the advent of tho PaL .^T *^®'^Pa^''*ic slope,
ny intention of
? the great island
8t. ijot us look
beautiful strait
V shore, is the
I stripes of the
'; and they tow-
i become lower,
it of over 10,000
s from our fron-
nd has, as the
er Jler Majesty.
^ f^pots on the
iter degree, the
(side here, but
;»ago and color
ieed ar^ every-
to the interior,
'ery jealous in
it if a lady ern-
es not intrude
known wnf^rft
rsuit of herou
51" saucepan.
the MarQ;ds^tZl!!^^7^'''"*'^ "'*^ ^^^ f^''«««'»« publication of an address of
Ottawa, Apnl, 1H84. .
•>.>
REPORT
UPON
CANADA
BY
PROFESSOR HENRY TANNER, PCS
OK AORIirLTIRK, HOliTH KKXSINOTON, U)N1.0N ^^*«■rlTI TK
(RE-PURUSHKI) BY PERMiaSION.)
I'o THH Cwsiu, or '■^"'■■''" Kkxsin(;tok, OrtoLer 1«t, IHSH.
THE INSTITUTE UK A(tH[('ULTURE.
advantagen, or othemle wh oh Xom ,Ti. • '^V^''*I^^'^''« P^ject an enquiry into tlie
to,- tho«e ;ho, SrbeTn^l luc^^^^^^^^ especially
ficient capital tbr farn^/j jHtabl? .f th s c^^^ !'? T^'".^ ""'T""'' ^"^■
confusion had existed for inanv mon/L in ti? -^"i A^ '"''".'^'' "* **^«*' *^»« "^'"««fc
others who c.^ntSatid S-Tth i toV'^ P"»'l'^' ''»'l
tiiat country. They Id read thrP, no .?.^?f h ' ^^*" ^^^ ^'^ i'*'''''"" ''*' affairs i»
whohadvisite<i('a.Ura;KUhosete,t^ f *1'*^ «'''^'^*' f'*'™^'-
. dently carried out, guve'SomXd tS to fSlS^^^^^^^^^ 1^'"-
Delegates had o^m" h^lw^nke 1^(^11':: "T-^V' "'t *^"" '^'^^''-^^^ *'»«•* *'"'
which did not fairly renVe^ nftl.;. H^ ^ f i^?^''' •' *"*^ ^^^"^'^ to selected spots
It was also allege 1 It X k'^ to settle,
influenced their fuclVnets and t^hat he .^^^^^^ treatment they had reoeiyed had
sequence. Stat4,en ^ Hi Is tE ^Z "^1^?''^^"'V;V !?''»« 'cally yalueless in con-
wl/on, the Deleltos e^ >e,sona^ "' ? ^T^ »Hli«i>ation by those to
.•onfli<.t of t^stimry, mv i ;S t^^^^^^ Ifoping to thm;v some light upon this
to which this Report' .sinlelidea H^^^^VT '"''""'"' "' *'"' ^'^"'^"'"^ '"-^^'-^S
-uigtSs^^'^idliV"' '"'' ^""'' <">"^-'-»-^' ''nHMts upon the condition of our
23
F.C.S.
vmiU OK AORICri.T(IR(
K Tlir IMttTITI'TK
toher 1.st, \H83.
ill t>o ooinpletod
enquiry into tlie
more especially
to command suf-
■ fact, the utmost
ural public, and
ition of affairs in
British Farmers
eniigration, prn-
ble support, and
ere known to be
ly of confidence.
iericK of letters,
of what were al-
hen an oxplana-
sserted that tli»'
to selected spots
i have to settle,
ad received had
.'alueless in con-
i.tion by those to
light upon this
wing (juestions,
and 11' so, wliat
OONTKADIt'TOKY KKfORTS.
provided for hv the aid of a . iol? .f.f^'^ V .• ' P^'^?"*' requn-ement* were easily
(Canada. On the othV,- h«.,;,T r '^o* ™»'l.y represent the condition of affairs in
'luite e.xceptionaI i7thTchSter '" ' '''" '•^''*'"« "' ' ""*^'^' '"''' '^^y ^'-
...n 'exSiiisiij.?:: to"r''"" "' ''*"^^' '^ ""^^ ''*^— "— -^ *-• »- ^" ^iv.
OAUSKS OF THKSK <X).\TK.A,UI0T01{V KKI'OKTS.
.".".ion or „,. I .oaL";;cirr:id:,xr:;itrr^:;,ir^^^^^^^^^
^.te-;|^;i»fiSiS£iS^
24
gent and vory ntartJ nToXrwl e ^V « n ^"""^^ "««^''«'^'-y *<> make them ve?y ^pun
this way, rivalagents,wCedTt^?i**""^^^^^ ^^'^^^ ^'^ them-^ Tn
boet way for doiSg so'irL give sJn^^' htar.T T '«''""'' ^'.""^ ^'""«^J'^' flndthatlle
possibly the ruin whidibof^nsZT^-?^^^^ narrative of the miseries and
£ thus^cldressed cannot poslbri.dTe'Sh^JthTnL^" ?"^/'" "^^^ P--» -ho
thus m many cases he is led to beievf that there ^.n^fr*'^^ ^' ^''"^ *"• '"^'''^^ and
because so many neonle f^ll 1.;,^, „*• • •? w.^"^® ™"^*^ ^e some truth in tho foi J
to fo™« ,„a. J S Canll, r^'^rrS'St^r' ■■"';"-"•"«■ HetpA'S
of other clistricK *> "' '""'<' "'" M ten or » dozen representatives
>''fr^''"T£nl^l'ZZt"C^^^^^^ i' i. >"U one „, ten
settlement which has been estahlkS ;« .u ^t^'^ a^ention to the very st.ccessfu
Unceremieredtohertern";tXctG-^^^^^^^ "i ""^f' ^^ ^^« -S
- of her settlers were travelling to thdrdesSonfh ^' *''® '^'''* detachment
pass through a portion of the TTnitAT «fr, • ' ^ became necessary for them to
ciHo bei„g?nco.Splete. n d^jng ',o jfev were" mT^ """•^" "^ ^'^^ Canadian pt
were to all appearance ordinary ilrtrnvelle^ number of persons who
the States, whilst the extraordinary aLS th^ Jv«y Vf l^^l™ ^ '■«'"»''" m
filled their minds with di&aDnointmpr.7„«!^ ^ they gave of the North-west of Canada
the fearfulfloods of the sprff^^o Srs as^urec^^ f/? '""^y ^«»'d "ot escape
the fearfully hot summer^vhilst aS^r.,1 1™ that they would be baked bv
be frozen in winter. As they proceel JS^'^radf,:.^ ^^«" '^^' they ZZ
had been nlayed upon themfaL trey lauSf a Thi^^ t"«k which
easily raised. ' ^ laugnea at the doubts which had been so
quir;d1,forof*'tty:rty*^^^^^^^^^ of the place?" I en-
Intkie^uCsthr tS S'JI'/^ '' "l"^'^ «"^1^ — try."
there are large numbers TpeTronTfe Zt^feml ^"f J^"l^-^ '^^^ ^--' for
tion season, and whose duty it is to pereuade emia^S T"^ throughout the emigra]
tnc than that to which they are jou?Z"n2 ancT t& ^"^ 'f "^ '" ^^"^« other dis^
cording to their success. In the inTtnn^fi Ht u t® *"®"t^ '^'"^ remunerated ac
a tempted in the United s/ies, but Ineed searctl^^^^^^^ •^^'^^Pt^^" -^
of virtue on either side of the Boundarv W Z^f Tf -^ -^^^^ ^^^'"^ '« "" monopoly
to the other. This class of mifropStSn No mi Vlu *^ °"^' ^^ '« ^alf a dozen
sanie object is carried out with Ser Sr^.r^n ^ ^^^ '''''"'"^" ""^nk, but tho
higher grade have to be decoyed. Here also we L^'^^w'v"^'??"* ^^en those of a
the work, and whenever the full hSv "sTeve^^S'^S'ir''^ '"'"''"^^
Canadian matters which has this year Sised sol^nl *^- ^''^^Pondence upon
Britain and Ireland, it will be a ^nZtZrf • ^"eh .anxiety and fo^r in Great
factured within hal^ a m t o7the L"dl^^^^^^^^ of it wasmanu
lowed to fall upon tho past in the hn 2 m il Exchange. Let, then, a veil be al-
The moral of tL tale^^dl;" ^oHt Siot es"t ^atr f f t"«^ maynot'be^^peated
such narratives of failure should be S^donendln/'^ *^^ acceptance of any
persons making such statements. Cormmtatlons wh^nf ''V ^"^ ^"^wledge of the
mg tested and veiiHe.l, should bere^Jd ar~%u ' ''? """t ^^"^'^ of their be-
at his moment one of 'the letters pSbhed in Snn^" Tl^'f ^ ^*^« before me
an initml attached to it, and it is aCe 'ed from ^ '^""^ v '^"'^V^'* •' 't *^^« "«* even
of June 3rd. Now, considering tW \r • ^ ^ ' ^ '^rm, Manitoba, under date
Britain, the addres^ is s^ngukH^ incomnletra^ •« considerably larger 'than Great
Press may be relied upon lor seLring e£an V Z"""'' VS^^ '""«^«»t that the
representations which have becothe so coSl ^ -^ » repetition of the serious mis-
I ^-i" gladly rencler any assl?aSrinmr?ower1ri>:*- '"'^ l""'^'^ months. Td
may be referred to mo. ^ ^ '^^'^ ^" inquiring mto any cases which
Althoinrh rp" """1* — iJ » • -1, ' -
» 18 too commonly
listricts which are
emigrants may be
:e them very pun-
en of them.' In
lada, find that the
the miseries, and
■ The pprson who
true or false, and
mth in the tale,
nies. He appears
n representatives
s but one of ten
9 very sticcessful
ida, by the assig.
first detachment
3sary for them to
he Canadian Pa-
of pei'sons who
?m to remain in
h-west of Canada
ouid not escape
Id be baked by
that they would
the trick which
oh had been so
e place ?" I en-
ty and form, for
lout the emigra]
some other dis
emunerated ac-
deception was
is no monopoly
t is half a dozen
n rank, but the
heji those of a
ests influencing
pondence upon
1 foqr in Great
of it was manu-
in, a veil be al-
5t be repeated,
jptance of any
5wledge of the
lit of their be-
lave before mo
t has not even
ba, under date
!!' than Great
idont that the
le serious mis-
months, and
■ cases which
Jwspaper nar-
something in-
25
af {'amVer toSr; ^?ri m:o^:Tj'v''^'^ -^t«^« ^ - «oh^ to
regai-ded them as BuggestlnTthat I was entSJ^. ^t '"'^If"*"' f these enquiries,! 1
than as an impartial ol.servCbutJrnroS.?lffth t^ "^""'^ ^' M>artizan, rather
sensitiveness was brushed aside, tbrifo^mdnerln^f^ / investigation all this over-
so important a part in the rnaiti;:\\J::C^;i,lZ^'^^^^^ r'^^^^
essent^Uy necessary to secure similar inior^&nVe:^SnT^^^^^^
the facilities which exist I the^orctSn ffgtrj weC^oToui eS^'gSr^
KMIORATION ARRANGEMENTS.
heaJr b'y\^^sr crs: X^^rt z^i^z-.:^^ 7f ?^^-"- - ~*
plans without any external interference As soon Z^^ ''"* ^^'*''' T" P^-^'^rranged
surface we discover that a very peS svttenrsur^nrr'.i''' ""^ ^^"^ ^''^"^'^th ^^^^
without friction or inconveniencef guard^thZ ft^^ ^u^'f ^^^""^ *«*^«"' ^^ich,
and secures for them many a comfort In o^h liwn T"^*^^'-^^^^ "»«een dangers
regulated by a very complete systeCwLrebv our vovat' I'^^^^^^gf traffic by sla i^.
agreeable as other circumstances m^Tender possible^ ft' ,— "^^^ ^^^^'^ '^"^ ^
of those unseen influences which regulatrour T?ath h ^\i«J»«t another instance
often indifl-erent because we do notlel theTr iffeire^^^^^^^^ ^''"' ^* ^^'^^^ ^^ ^'"^ *«*
ports. Provision is made for everrberti bei?m o7« ^^ ^f ^ '^'^f ^''°™ ^^^ ^^ on^*
er regulations secure an abundant^su^plt of ^ foXJd J' T^ ^?^'' T^' ^'^'
per ventilation, medical necessaries mohZtf«, v !■ ^''?'' "'**<^^' ^^J"l«t pro-
and a number of valuable convSces calculaSf /n"''t^°' *'^" prevention of fire, .
fortable are <luly secured. A fS ^d eSnt ,rl°^ ? "" ''^^^'^ ^^^'^ '"^^ com-
a together the minimum requirenrels i, f?; S^^^ ^aUh ^'«^« ^^ P".'^"''^' *"^
the emigrant and the tourist. It was mv w «>. tT ^^^''^*n, comfort and safety to
^yere actually carried out in pvZZT^ I Si ITi Y"" ^""^ V^*^«« ^'equirements
Canada by the Allan Royal MaiFLine o^" steamL fro^'l i?^""" 'f^^^ '">" I'^«''^'^g« *<>
plied for authority to inspect the geneml armnieis £r ''"'* ^ '^''''*''''' ^P"
u '^.h'^.^l,^''^^ granted to me. I went on bSS I? ^ ''*'^''*''®' permission
Board of Trade some hours before the other saloon n, o^^^r appointed by the
entire inspection. The intermedLte and .til P^'^^^''^^^^' and I witnessed the
od by the medical officer^anTrsS^ce^v^^^^^^^^
mend his unobtrusive, but earful XeivS I v ^ ?"^'^* "'^'^ ^''^hly to com-
himself of their being in goS heaUh nnfl r* ^ %«o"fteous manner of- latisfvini:
take with them. Onl foml^iire wis releSC ^^ ^^^'^^ -^°»"S
hearts they left the ship, but they w^re Sctllv^.?^! f ''"^ "l*^** '^"^ '''■^^' ^^^vy
Brothers & Co., and eveiy provision was made for /hi- T '^'™"*' ^^ ^^««''«- ^Han
to health. Such a separatioiVof pcM-son^ w WrP ^^^^^^^ '*'°' ""'^ *V'^ ^'^'"^^ restoration
is a two-fold blessing, for those who need m^ if , "^^ '" ^''^^^'^ ^^^^^^^ *o'- a voyage
treated on «hore, ami it ^^ti iteatTr bl^^^^^^ '''",'^" "^^'^^ satisfactorily
.y the association. The crew lo^were passe bvH^^^^ S'^'^* ^^^^« «"«'«re<l
followed by a thorough trial of tS efficTencv in nl^1'^''^l?*^f ?*' *"'' *'"« ^a..
inspection having been satisfactor rcoSSe7the Z^ ^"^ '^'?'' ^''^'^- '^^^^
].assengers to come on board, but hm^few had anvldlT r ^'""^^ ^'" ^^'"^ ^^^^^n
ures which had been carried out ^ "^'''' ""^ *^^ precautionary meas-
e.jioye?i,;^.ir^:^£,^^ ^i:2^fe;:t? "'^'^^•^ir ^"^"-- -«^^«o-
a bright and merry party throuXuttf.lvi. ° ^^ specially reported. We were
made on The liuviaUoT^^l^fiT"^^^^^
with whom it wa- a r>,.;-:i-.rp f- •, , V, ^^.? nadin Captain Ritchie a <.nn„r,a,.-i^-
carried out by his chief steCdrEdSuart^^^^ were "admrmbly
e^oymg the luxuries of the sal^n, ^^^^^:::^S::^:,^^^
26
•engers, and I was especially anxious to inform rnvwelf aa to Imw fnr n.^
treated with care and conHiderutiun duri,.« tl^ Zuul .mil wis h- '''*"^
ted to n«pe.-t any and every detail. Wh.n^v" deaS off ft!o „XvU e afto..^.T''"
in the latest amil from Londonderry, we numbereSi 1 told as t?lW !i' ' ""^"'^
Saloon,
Intermediate ...
Steerage,
Crew,
Total,
Pawen^erg.
7ti
33
421)
103
statute
Adulto.
71
041 = r)()(ii
One important
tant rule I found adopted throuchout the shin*i thai «r].«fv,„.. n
«engers were in the .saloon, or interu.cdiate, or SrrafeA al Itl ^ si P^^
I found the bUl ot fare good ; the food was well cooked, and d^istrib t 'd bv Si"
tranied hands, everything being scrupulouslv clean T n«rf,V^ir^f !i • ^ ^-
and I observed tbat'all w^re alloledXS^LtaTtheV^o'JM ml 'us^^
ngid disciphne the steerage and intermediate were kept thorougldyoh^n and Z^d
order preserved. I have here restricted myself to l descrip&f lu s^maf L^^^^
which actually came under my own observation, but I have every reaso Jo ™elieve
that the care and comfort of our emigrants are jealously guarded uZ all the first
r^SanadT'" "^"''^ "" '"^"^°^'^ ^" '^^"^ -'-'^J-nce frL^Great BriS ^nd ikEuul
on t?!^V/v'' ''f ""I ^'•T'? ?[*^''' emigrant does not cease at the end of the voyaee •
• SI?. " .''"■*' '^ 1' *'!''" ^'''^'^i^y '" ^'-^a^^*!- '^^'« landed in Quebec (R,iISvii
side) on an extensive^ wharf ad oinilig the railwav station On nr^lwl. „,./+?
an emigrant shed 3()0 feet lon'L affording etdfent p^t^cdon wlL^^ Shj;?
unfavourable. Here we are brought in contact with an entirely new cla sof officii Is
- he Canadian Governmen Emigration Agents. Upon these gentlemen imnortant
c^il ''"""^ d«l\«*te duties devolve, for they havi to exercise a s "rorStal
care over any emigrants who are in difficulty, or who need either friendly coun el
or even money. Whilst these agents have to guard against imposi Si ^irt Sr
bounden duty to aid the emigrant in his difficulty, tnd thev deseiTe^hc highest
dS'fn' i?r ^°' '^f ^?i "'^^ considerate manner iix which they Xl a?ge & J
ti unon anllor?^h,-V^^^"''^-^^^ru°'?^^ ^^^^'" ^'^'^^ °"* ^oC'.^^^da intending to en-
i^\?^ .1 ^ 7 T^'""^' ""^y *'**^'' ^^^ t^overnment Agent can at once guide him
to the class o employment he requires, and he will often pass him and his fkmilv on
by railway fo his destinat on. As the emigrants reach their respSe esSnatiois
they find ' homes" built by the Government, in which they can resid^vv lilst arran/
ing for going to their places for work. If anj- are ill, they are imme^S put mf
Itent'ortb f\^t ?rr"'^'"* ^^^'^''''^ ^^'''' ''f t^« station, ancUhe Govemm^^t
kte required " *° '-^''"'' ^ ^'^*'^^"^ ^^^'^ ^^«^' ^1^^"^' ^"^ ''^^^er ESp if
If we take the case of emigrants of a better class, the same help is at their com-
mand but they generally require assistance of a very different character The selec-
tion of land is generally the first care of these persons, and for their ^lid a staff of
land guides" has been established. None are admitted to these pos ions of trus
S/^^'^fv:^'^'" r PT*^^"y acquainted with the land and the flrEgTthe d"s
tricts within which they have .o act. Thus the Government Emigmtion Age ? hav-
ing informed himself respectmg an emigi-ant's requirements as to land, is" able to
guide him to the district mosthkely to suit his plan of operation, and 1 e vvUl also
give him an order for the personal assistance of the land guide, wioTe duty Iwill be
oescort him to the sections of land which are free for his^ele^tion W lateveT may
pe^Scth weufhat boIf^^^V'^"^ ^.'^f "i ^''^"^^"' ^^'^^ practicaY min kn^
peitectlj vveU that both good and bad land may bp found T^--'-" i- " k-.-^^j
butifS'dl^'nf'''^"^*"'"^"^^"'* ''^}'^' wi'irreward the industrious emigmnl!
but If he does not exercise common prudence, he will probably take land which will
ow far these wore
18 here also jieruiit-
loville, after taking
ow :
Statute
Adults.
it whether the pas-
[)plie« of food were
of their dhiners,
istribnted by well-
of their supplies,
lake use of. With
ly clean and good
I of those matters
reason to believe
upon all the first-
ritain and Ireland
d of the voyage ;
lebec (Point Levis
wharf there was
en the weather is
V class of officials
lemen important,
sort of parental
friendly counsel,
lition, it is their
■serve the highest
discharge their
i intending to en-
once guide him
ind his family on
tive destinations
de whilst arrang-
ediately put un-
the Government
id render help if
) is at their com-
cter. The selec-
r aid a staff' of
)ositions of trust
ling of the dis-
ition Agent hav-
land, is able to
nd he will also
eduty it will be
Whatever may
3al man knows
rious emigrant,
land which will
27
!'3eJatVn"r"^'^'i ^**"^ "'^?' ^''^^ !>"'"«'""" Government has acted with great
<onsiderat on towards emigrants by e.stabhshing this valuable body of lan<l tfuide«
and a prudent man will avail himself of this important help *^ '
.i.f i" ."*''«'"^»"« ^i'' vftrioiLs ways in which the Canadian Government a<d and a*.
1? r •"'''' V'",**.''*'^"' T^ ''^'''''"'' '* '« "* ^''^ "^ «»»'■«« of surprise that Govern
juent officials should put themselves forwanl to act as such frieiV helners W«
^irroatirurT'r"";^*"'^'^ '* ^'•«^« "P«» the rSn ion of
us great truth— that as the general i)rosperity of the (ountry is donentfent u.wn,
he successful enterprise of a largo number of individuals, so floes it Cme a ma
V rki,. S""/ •;"V«'-t't"^': "^'^t/'^^'' '^"d «very helper should be made a succe «?u
uorker Ihe help is not given from any feelings of benevolence, but sbiX b«
niuse It ^ found to be a profitable outlay by reason of the increased «ucce™^wh I"
cct td the' IVr '^"^ ''^"^i*'^' 'r ^'"ig'-ation are rendered nr.e:d Griper
l.^ct, and the intercommunication between Great Britain and Cana<la becomes in
V rJe^oVan f '• ^'"'"^'' ,'^' ?"'""". P'^^'^^'^g^^'-^ "'ho accompanied me on my
oyage to Canada were sevcM'al students from our EiiKlish and Seoteb mlllL. L- ^
home for their vacation. In the steerage there werewSkml w^^^^ ^ •'"«
ing a holiday amongst their friends in tL oS CWrrgerralj'^a^^^^^^
liem some new emigrants. On my return to England, several ot^the sons ami da i
tors of eminent Canadian families were coming over here for hi^ e, « .v.«^ 7^
tion al sliowing how easily the dividing uSa'Is'patii ft pSu e ^^.v uIT;
":^^:'!s!zi^^^-£^ - beinn^nrs:^
IMPORTATION OP LIVE STOCK.
which it'ii',°nrmn»t!''''fi" l?'"'^ assocmted With emigration, »nd the manner in
" mch It js controlled by the (lovornmont authorities demands a nassinn notice Tl.
« mo narcntnl oaro whieh i. bestowed upon the emigrant ireouallvef n«ri»^;«! •
h» ,u »eqn;.nt ,j™tecti„n from the in>,Jtation of^aftlo 1 :2 iVo? Two m le"
bom the Port Uvjs landmg.»tage at Quebec wo have the Govemme" t „,7«r»Sf
pounds which are situated around the fortifications, and oocunv Siout 1 Miff r
land Much of this land has been sub-divided inti a seSTpMdo ■kflarvir.'r„
: ^.s? -.rn^;:pe:^-d"=sitf ih^rs-^^
;!Sd'rd^,jefxs:i:s;L''bei^tSf,^^^^^^^^
ic is to-'tSi: htr:;.rfoca I's: "'«" -«"-"»'- fo- «« protons
THE
AGRICULTURAL CAPABILITIES OP CANADA.
In order that clear and distinct opinions may be formed unon tbi^ i,r,..r,.f.«+
tHc^iTtokln Zt '" *'".f "' Plac' realise som'^thingTthe magnitude oTLe Sfs^
tuct spoken of, for upon this point popular ideas are extremely vfgue. In its total
28
of climate, from tJuit of th., oxtrome North of Fn^^ni I ♦L ^i""?- * .*'^*""y gmlation
snow, to tf,at of th« snm.y plains Z Fr^nc^ 8^^^!^ r^J*" '^If^ *f "*" *'"-|>«t"«J
luscioiiH IrnitH an.l H„mi.tro,,i,.al proKtH fCl I . ^^ ""'"' "'^■''' ""h an.l
It .loes on the eontinent of Europe' Itwilth^lrL^^^^^^^^^ ^ much as
o Canada a. a c.untry "fitte.l C\y or ft rS2^^^
..lea of the variationn which exist in that Lroa t >^wt^ * ^"""y ina<l<'quato
doub influenoed by the fact, that the Ws of ?aS ^^^P"!'"''*'* ""'"1 •« no
with m this kingdom are almost invariTby winter /ceZ n •''' '"'"'^ «™nmonly met
those h'*?h festivals «)f pleasure and amZ^n7eTareo" r .' P^r'^^'*^"^ t"*" that
H promment feature in the inciden sTf S,3m ffe Jn? IT*^'^ «n oyabfe, and form
ooine too greatly impressed with the iX^t at rn'nl •^''' ''"'''"' ™""^ '»"« »>«-
wmters than for anything else ThosA ^v.^ . ^*'^*^a '» more remarkabe for its
fruits and garden pnie rf-(Wla Zno^^'yZ'Zni! .'^^ "''^ ^^^ «-«"-
ance of growth and a summer climate wollZhilfr.l i^-.* *^*"''" '"'"*'**•' «* J"^»"-
remember also that Canadian wCat .TrSucf^'Z^o ?J « «h«"^«to»: ^hen we
we may be assured that she h.i8 somet in! more ?h^n i ^T'^ ""'"* ^" "'« world,
To give anything like a comvTte rennr , *'''*"''«'' ^'M^ers to boast of.
Canada ts beyoLl my prese..t?nTe£„ 'rt'^irwonld -^"T^^^^^ capabilities of
and many large volmnes might be ml h d to f hn ' \"7^'''*' lengthened labour,
ready been published. To* tho e who tek thTe TfeS^" ^^'''^'^ ^^''«'> '"^^« ^^■
would reconuuend a perusal of the smaller nffin;„ff *''^ '^ " «onfl<^nse<I form, I
Departments of Agriculture, includhi"rhe£is''nr'^ ^^ *^'« "^^^'^
especm ly that invaluable little book " Wilt fee sS''''f '^'" ^fl«g«^t««, and
complete mfonnation is desireil this ,n v V« ^1^ • . ^" ^^ "*''''« t'»orough and
the several Departments of AgSuffie Z ^S"" *''« ^^"'"'^^ K«Part« o f
mission on Agriculture in thfpnvS of OnStrTi.^^'J'''"' ^ ^^^al <^'om-
Manitoba and the North-West 11^^ elsewhere Tf ^v^'''''' ^''^^"n's work on
grant must rely, ami by these aS he should i,l -J^?":' ?" ^^"«h the emi-
ments. But whilst it fonns no portbn of ml n ii ? ^?'.'^r' i" ^''^ ««»«''»' '^'"'•ange-
it will still be my endeavour to raw attentS t i ,1 ? • '^"^i ^l* *^'^ ^''^'"^^'^ K^P^^i,
ful tothosewhothinkofemigraingtoCaZ^^ '"'^y »>« use!
several Provinces of Canada into three gromTs ^"'"P'''^ ^ "^'*" ^^^'^e the
District No. I. '
THE E.,T.„, «„ ,„„„.«,„«» P„„v,»c.K8 .» K...TIOX TO E„,„,„,0».
ceplion may be found, but for Sluc,d n^^^ Here and there an ex
the operations of our early settlers ' Ts f^e e Kf Ti '"'''■^ "^"'. •""^* ^^e scene of
trict, having a great variety of soU and hfrST^^^^^^^^ I '.r? ^ ""^^^^ ^^^'^^'^ ^i«-
pvmg great facilities for trLspori^u po^^^^^^^ ^^^ inland lakes,
been very great, and the i>erseverance shown dp«« -to Iv ''/^^'"'fe' ^hese forests has
At the present time we Jiave T ute Z , .^'f 7^' *^*^ ^"-l^««t commendation,
lands thus reclaimed from the forests a «w.l ^''''Tl'^''' ^'""mers settled upon
these properties. Throughout tli?*dis?Hct %:Sr.^;?1t*! 1"^^^:^ ^^^^ ---^«
ofily wuh many luxuriant portions of England 'si."ph'«J"Tr " ".u^ ^'Jmpare.s lavur-
Devon, a„a aUhough BHtLh ,a™e« .%'^Sc£ ^^k^^^^ij^
»e, and some of
«i Powers. The
every gradation
lets of pi'rpetiial
their Hcih and
'ally as much aa
those who speak
very inatletiuato
liar mind is no
_ commonly mot
(tctly true that
yablo, and form
J mind has be-
imarkabe for its
, full flavoured
idieatt* a luxuri-
ter. When we
Jr in the world,
boast of.
capabilities of
;thened labour,
which have al-
idonse<l form, I
^y the several
Delegates, and
thoiough and
lual Reports of
e Royal Com-
ioun's work on
hich the emi-
Jneral arrange-
uable Reports,
I may be use-
Siall divide the
lebec, Ontario,
)a, Assiniboia,
lins.
ivhich natural-
;e notice.
RATIOX.
yet there are
xtent of this
and the early
there an ex-
t the scene of
wooded dis-
inland lakes,
se forests has
mmendation.
settled upon
II sm-rounds
apares favur-
rdshire, and
iplete condi-
20
!a "abilitlT "^ ^''" ''"™'' ^^"^ "^'^ ""* '^*" ^ wcogniM that those knds havfl givat
It does not appear to me to be in any way probable that emigrant* will, for
some tmie to come, nelect the uure.aaim.ul f„reHt land of thin district, and give to
such land the long o.mtmued labour wh.ch i/* neoesnary for bringing it into tfultiva-
t.on. But such torest lan.ls will not be „eul«ct«d. for there are^n2ny men exp. rt
onced m clearmg thom--pra.;t.cftl inen wh.i know thoroughly well how to carry out
such operations, and how to dispone <,f the prorhice most a<ivautageouHly-^who still
prefer lan.ls of this ola«H to any other. The work of reclaiming forest land wU
doubtless proceed, but It wil be carried out by thone who are specially uualiheil for
doing the work prohtably : still I th nk that very few of our onlinary e.n^ran s vvill
(.How the example of those who landed in Canacla twenty, thirty, an<i forty yours
back, and who commenced an attack on the forest without any Lesitation The
iarms whuih have boon c eared of timber poHsess many a<Ivantages which will com-
mend themselves to British farmers who having been iccustomS to the comfoJts
'^l^JT^'T''''''^ "^ ^r " T ""^' !"'« t<. f..rego these advantages, and especially
when they have young families arowingun around them. In these districts there
are a largo number ol farms which may be pur«,has.,d at a small cost. On many of
these farm« there are goorl resi.lences arul convenient farm buiUlings, with churches,
chapels, schools, good romls, and good markets within easy roach. The rough work
has here been done, and these farms vyouhl soon become as well flnished as the best
n tho old country, and for the (= I ass of;,orHons to whom I have referred su.^h farms
possess many advantages. The condftions which influence the varied systems of
arming m xreat Britain ;uid Ireland, are found to exist in this <listrict with even
increased distinctions, rhus we have some districts especially suite.l for raising
•stock and for growing oats of superior quality, others in which stronger grazing land
JT n*"/ v''" ""Y^' *'"''"^ ^.''"*V" t'7"'"^'<"l. w»»il«t in other parts some splendid
barley and sheep farms are foun.l, an.l further south Indian .!orn and the choicest
frmt are },rought to perfection. Thus there is a far grcat<.r choice of districts for ^y
special system of farming, and a greater certainty as to the character of the climate.
#k; ^- f '^"f" v7u "*''' naturally arise, how is it so many farms can be purchased in
\ hlnir :^ f '^ «""^it»o"« of «"«"««« are as great ^ they are represented^ be"
Tho V f'^''''*"''^''"''^'''''"^^ .*''', «'^*"''^^»"y '•'**« it shall be a correct reply.
The work of improvement, whu^h has been carried r,ut by the emigrants of fifteen
^Lr"i,^v'''*'T '^t' ¥' accustomed thorn to pimieor life, an.l having accomplished
Zentn^H *'"','*''' h««'*'^ti"!» 'V '*^."'*in« '■'•••Hh "I'Portnnities for improving land,
especially if they have any parti(!ular inducement for doing so. In many of these
cases he sons have grown up on the original farm, and tfie time has come for set-
tlmg them m business upon far.ns of their own. Settlers of this class seldom think
of again attacking forest and, as they ha.l done in the days of their youth, but thev
S?^ f t^h'"'^T *'" 'T'^ "?"'"'■ ^^"'"^ "*■ *h" !''•*'""• '•'»»« consociu/nce is Sat as
they sell their farms they migrate to the North-west, and settle themselves and their
sons upon farms in that district. To these hardy and experienced pioneers such a
whTcflS'h"°^ '''"''/'•" ^YM'^'^'P'' ^^"^"^ ^''•^"' «n«««««ors prosper on the urns
Tf rli ^''^,.^'''''} reclaimed or thoir use. The progress made in their original wo7k
sen^fn^htr; '" ^''"? "°T !""«*'''^tod by some very unattractive sketches, repi^
.senting the farms on forest land us they are said to have appeared at the end of rive
fifteen, and thirty years. In those days, however, wo look fbr quicker returns a u
recent experience in Canada shows that it is attainable.
5n ,J^2,P':'^«ti«e of farming and tho management of live stock has greatly improved
hi nir ^ "v!* '^°""' ^'''*'^';" ?'1'^""'' '^'"''»« "•" ^^^ *«" y^'^rs, and in no part has
ReLVtSZT Tr "''^ •■''•'^ "*'"* "" V"'*'^'*"'- ^" "«« «*n '^^'^ that admirable
S L r , ^""L ^ o'".n»8sion upon the Agriculture of Ontario without feeling
futnre"''Thi"l Tq "^'"S^P,f^'r'■^^"^ «''«'^^ '"•« *^« opportunities for the
Ind will id i^r f '^- T ^^ ^^''^ -""^.^^ c;ommiH«ion is of priceless value to Ontario,
and will aid Its material progress m the early future. The action of the Provincia
Government in the establishmnnf. nf Um onfa^ir. a„„u„u.,..„i f^^u . y"viuoia,i
another instance of their watchful care over tho ad v^ancoment of a^ricVltu^e?' fh^
uTm-u "PPf *"n'tf s for inspecting that college and its farm of IsO acres. Presi-
<lent Mills and an able staff of professors are there carrying out an admirable course
J
30
^p^;'^^;^^Ie^J^ 'rer;j;^^;^^«L§r ^-^ ,«^--ter, and especially
and many were excluded for waTof accommod^^^^^ ^f ^^ '"ff^^^ion la«t session,
a fuJl estimate of the pecuniary ^lua«e?^esuSV. n T"^"^.^^ ^'^''"1* ^^ ^«^"^
ed metitution, but I have no doubt whatlvprfnrir.= Ontario from this Stateaid-
epent by that Provincial Sovemme.Tt wS maE " °''"^' *^^* there is no money
that voted in support of the AStura PnlS . «"o^e remunerativ return than
reference to the almo.t pat^nfl "are of tf^^^^^^ I haveels.uheremade
ment of agricultural intLrfbut "t'L p'etTSv^r'''r'"t^'^ *^« ^^^^^n^e-
various legislative bodies in CaWirCwh-eveS^^ ^«^ that the
the fact that those engaged in the culture Jt'th.«n;F''''^>*''™*>^ ^^) recognise
Colony, and therefore deserve weH of their countrv P'-^ducersof wealth for the
arer»ls\'h^^^^^^^^^^^
ful Agricultural and Horticultuml S es ass s/erf S p"" "if"''- .'^^^^"-^^ P°^«^-
Pairymi 8 and Fruit-growers' AssociatS «wl i ■ ^ ^^"Itry and Bee-keepers',
improvements in everj^ section of E ro" ' e W "^ ^'^f T"^''^ ^» encouraging
this vast district many representLives n/fS v . Y*" ''T'' ^J"'^ scattered throughout
are here brought to a very E^hTe Sion whiS ^^""i' -f ^'"^ '''''^> ^^^ thie
proverbially excellent. The?^c?nt intSuctS of Af^^^ Tli '^^''■^ ^'^^''^^ ^^e
cu ture mto the schools of Ontarirwm soon eve^-t L f "^^ ?^ the Principles of Agri-
rismg generation. When the educational noiSffi .important influence upon the
development, it will contribute veiyZvef^^^^^ attained its full
trict, by securing an intelligent ZrSioXanv^^f^^^^^ ^is-
Jarm practice at home or abroad. It mushp ^iS^l^r™''!'*' introduced into
tario takes the lead in Canada for ^L^^aff *^™^*ted that at the present timeOn-
actively followed, tha" she'Sno fa?e ;tSaSS w'ith'h ""'' ^"^""^^^ '' '^^'-^^-
A healthy rivalry is rendering this iZtaSXnfth^,^-''^. P""^'^"* attainments,
tractive to capitalists, and is^causiS a stead^fn^i '" ^^''*""* "^^^^^
male emigrant labour, which demand is fven nL v/ f ""^ '^''T'''^ *'«'' '"^^^ ^^^ ^^^■
rendered by emigratimi. Whatever m J ft f^- T^ ^^"^ '" ^dy^nee of any supply
Canadahold anStheyare^rtSyg^eSit dl^^^^^^^^
tacturing and industrial power, and possr «, m ^'^f,,^^'"eady attained a manu-
that her future prosperity's pmctkair^isu^^d '^*^ Producing capabilities,
District No. II.
-MTOB., .SSI.VIH0U, ..H.RT., ... .„. .OHTH-W.ST TKUKITOKV, I. K...... .0 .MIOK.
^^oJn^uAfr^Zgl^^^^^^^^ peculiarities, have often
frequented. Such appeafs Hf thrjLe S^ 7' """'"' *° *^^" P'^^«^ they have
really means " The li.ids of the Gmtt anr] rnJ i < •"?^*' ^T" ^"^ Manitoba, which
that the Indians have long regarded the lnd.«^ ^Pmt," and there can be no doubt
able which had come unVer^treii obs.rSn^T^^^^^^^
judicious treaties, the claims of tha NnXi • ^^.n^^f "*^nt "poaa series of most
satisfactorily met' by a seS o land .n^^ts CwTai"<^r'i"T-' ^^^ ^^"^^^^^^ ^^^
ands have been secured for their sole Te for ^rif '•« jn^han Reserves," which
they reside with great contentment The rosuU s Sf/ fT"^ ^f "." '^''^ ^^^^''^^^
under this section is (with the exce tion nf h, ^ ' "'^^ ^'*^* territory grouped
cultivation, and use, as if thSeTeie rMn^n ^? Reserves) as free for settlement,
more extensive than Russ airEurone w H t^ v 'f '°""*'"^- '^^''' ^li«t"ctisevea
to be of great fertility, adm raWncknTe o ?h. '^ \f P;o]>ortion of it is known
cellent pasturage Rarelv f pvZ ^,, ^^P^ed to the growth of wheat, and yielding ex-
<lenly u^.on put notS'. ' M S ts'itwn^f if 'It'T' ^^-i""^ ^"'-^^ « " -S- -
railway communication to WiS^^^^^^ '[^^ of Manitoba, foi- I
withm easy access but it wn« r.l.Ur. \ wrought the eastern section of this Province I
western «.•Lyw:•i!":*i_'r.'*^''"iy"« ^5^ accommodation was nrnvf^e.)., "^ I
tiers. " """^"^ '"^' ''''' '\ai""We district was rendered a:ccessible for set- '
>r, and especially
iction laat session,
e difficult to form
)m this Stateaid-
thereisnomoney
rativ return than
e elsuvhere made
:■ in the advance-
iie fact, that the
ay be) recognise
of wealth for the
5cal organisation*
Several power-
nd Bee-keepers',
e in encouraging
tered throughout
tock, and the«e
iry produce are
'rinciplesofAgri-
luence upon the
i attained its full
>erity of the dis-
introduced into
jresent time On-
mple is being so
mt attainments,
ore and more at-
for male and fe-
> of any supply
)ther portions of
ttained a manu-
ng capabilities.
TION TO EJIIGRA-
es, have often
Lcefe they have
Manitoba, which
m be no doubt
and most valu-
series of most
I equitably and
iserves," which
hese Heserves
'itory grouped
or settlement^
district is even
>f it is known
id yielding ex-
burst so sud-
Manitoba, for
' this Provinc^'
ivi(if>d on tl-fi
?ssible for set-
31
It appears that early in 1871 it was agreed that British Columbia should be ad-
mitted into union with the Dominion of Canada, and one of the stipulations of thafc
union was an undertaking that the Government would assist in the formation of a
line of railway from the Pacific to the Atlantic ocean, thus effectually binding to-
gether this great confederation. The Canadian Pacific Eailway has resultefl from that
agreement, but from a variety of causes the work of construction was not fairly com-
menced until March, 1881. At the end of August, in the present year, there was a.
straight run of 1,275 miles open for traffic, in addition to other railway workings,,
and of main line no less than 840 miles were to the west of Winnepeg.
The opening of the line of railway to Calgary was celebrated during the time of my
visit to Canada, and it is now confidently anticipated that the line from ocean to-
ocean will be completed in 1885. It will be readily understood that this rapid con-
struction of railway communication, passing as it does through Manitoba, Assiniboia,.
as far as Calgary in Alberta, has opened up up this magnificent country to emigrants,,
from which at an earlier date they had been practically excluded by the want of an
easy access. The scene on the prairie has become completely changed along the
line of railway, for instead of the solitary bullock-waggon once now and then follow-
ing on the Indian trail, and holding on its weary way, we have large and comfortable
trains speeding along day and night, carrying travellers nearly a thousand mile*
through newly opened land.
A great movement such as thi^ was certain to exercise an influence beyond itself,,
and I have to draw attention to two perfectly distinct results which were more or less
closely associated with this great Mork. The first was that arising from excessive
speculation, carried on by a group of individuals who sought to make fortunes with-
out working for them. A railway of such vast proportions necessarily resulted in
the location of cities and towns along the line it followed, and these were defined
upon proper plans. No sooner had this been done than a number of speculators se-
cured many of these town sites, and day after day sales were made at considerable
advances, even when the land purchased could only be indicated upon paper. Un-
der what was known as the Great Boom of 1881-2, the wildest speculations were
ventured upon. Lands were frequently changing owners even on the same day, un-
til affer a time the bubble burst, and the shrewd speculators having managed to
make considerable sums of money at the cost of the foolish and unwary, caused
some diflBculties in and around Winnipeg. Those who wished to throw discredit up-
on Manitoba, had now an abundance of real material at their command, and It was
so skilfully used that many drew the inference that misery and ruin was closely con-
nected with Manitoba, especially with Winnipeg, its capital. As a matter of fact,
however, Winnipeg, rapidly arose out of this passing tt-ouble, with a thoroughly-
healthy vigour of growth, and with business capabilities which are daily becoming:
more powerful.
But whilst this speculative fvork was going on, large numbers of quiet workers
were following out another course of procedure, locating themselves upon some of
the fertile lands which had been brought within easy reach by the new railway, and
by their industry they have secured for themselves and for their children many a,
happy home and many a prosperoxis farm.
The general character of the district we now have under view presents a great
contrast to the lands o* the East and South-eastern district, In this district we have-
a prairie country, covered with its grassy turf and, generally, with little or no timber.
It commonly presents an undulating or billowy surface, not unlike much of the
downs of Wiltshire and Hampshire, and the Wold district of Yorkshire. Overmuch
of the prairie it is easy to ride and drive, but the Indian trails are soon found to have
been discreetly chosen, and to be preferable to any other course. On much of the
prairie there h a very strong growth of grass, which- is found to vield highly nutritive
and valuable food, whether preserved as hay, or fed upon the 'land. "Occasionally
the prairie becomes varied by a growth of wood and small timbei', both of which
are exeeedingly valuable and convenient for building purposes and fuel. The rail-
way facilities, and the water transit arrangements, novr enaWe timber and excellent
coal to be distributed through the North-west, especially when the local supplies are
feeble. The scenery is often relieved by lakes and ponds, the favorite resort of all
kinds of water fowl, and the practical value of these water supplies is often greats
32
Jr^-M ';' ff^it, or the dog wilW S SXfonsiiS? "^.'-'^^^^ ^^^^'^^ of wIm
the wild frmts we found mspberries SS/ir^fi^ ^f "^'^u ^°?'*'"^^«'^*»on- Amongst
the hop plant. In many paL tSnLTcv of the flr' *"*•■''"'' '"'•''*"*«' «« ^e" as
fh ^"^ o<^ the dwarf wild roses wTSSinl w '■T?''^'>^«*"^^'»&andthe
able change in the appearance of th^nrS ^"^ ^''''^ """^ ''^^''^ ^« fin«i a remark-
of an alkaline depo.itL tCund ^^LT^ r^de^br^^^^^^^ ^« -^"--
*ure. rh 8 IS a matter which certainly needs a ™f. ( .'°'»*^ "« »« objectionable fea-
I am unable to give any support to the di«P,3.f T ? investigation, but at present
alkah lands, for I hope thlt^any obtctiZwe i^fl/'^ '' sometimes attached to these
future be held under control TTJ.i^ influences which may exist mav iuthl
<^ood waters and fert He l^nd can be t'"''^^'' T T^* ^^^'^^ detected bv their tLte
know more as. to the' tln^^'wWe'bV:! ^^^^^^ '^.f ^os^eveJ £ZlTet
« I regard this as a detail of land impro^flnt wb^i''^'^ '?''« ^"^ ^^aters, -we may
out as the necessity arises Wn mnsl nnlf ^ Yu?h "^'^ ^® subsequently worked
of square miles wLh Svo bLT o snd/^^^^^^ thousand,
four years since the almS undiXrLd ^.^^^^^''"1^ ^ "«' were only thr^e 2r
nous kinds of game, and wiiranTmals and^^^^w^^ ^,T*^ American Indians, va-
good condition. It has been « son.^r V T® ^^^""^^^ "o* expect to find it all in
proportion of these lands should henrl^L'^'Z^ '"'''" '^« *« "^^ ^^at so very large a
*erta nly undesirable to give unlenromint^^^ tl'orou, dy useful character, and it is
Kn^ *? rfr**^ objettionaWe cSionr^'^Cf n"^^^^
heen stated) that the Canadian Pacific Swnv vZ ^ '\.^^ admitted (as h^s
"§/"/«'«« PFt« a rather larger proportion oFalkaMfn ;?» through a district hav-
that 1 you dr ve away from the r£Zy 3ther oi the^nr.f '''^ '' ""T^' '' '' ^^'^ ^^ue
me, this alkah almost immediately disap^^^^ of the
to be decided upon, various consideratS ;««, ^^^en the route of this railway had
|aged upon the woi^k beside °h:7uairoth"e knd '^^Tf^'^r^' °^ '^^ enginee^-sen
and the economy of construction d„ubtIesre<H^v«"] i"'^ ^""-^^"^^ requirements
ture to entertain a confident hop,, that anvliffl^^^^^^r^^ '^"^- consideration, and I ven-
«oonbeknownonlyasathhgTtlenast jS^^^^ ''^^^^' ^^^^ ^
joice that the glorious result of openiKn sorn;^,^ ^h^"^"''^ well-wisher of Canada re-
ahlelpraine land lias been so proS^trfcXnhS ^^'''"^^*?*^^ "^^^^ of valu-
^nd especially at a time when it wUl%?i^rZn fn * ""^ .^^^ * '''''' *« ^^e Colony,
Jand which now lies ready for thdr f Her hpn 'h^' thousands who seek for the
^ven the strongest opponent oflWa mn.Vn l V ''''^^''"'^'^'•^^v'^i'able which
*nd as these become occupied by succetslhl ' h^^^^ are unsurpassed in the World.
«n enormous amount of freight for tb! 1 '"'tu'ators, they will not only produce
<^.sof English nianufactures and thev win^^^ ^'"* '^'^ ^^" ^«°°™<^ 1^''«« Sim
patriot will rejoice. ' ^^ """^ -'^® "^ Power to Canada in which every
iandJ^nCLl^ierrre^pl^^ 't^.as to the owne«hip of
-bodies. In the negotiations entered into t\T'^ ^'""T^^ "^^"^^^ ^n various publS
J^ailroad, it was ultimate y agreed tha? twentv nT'^'u'''"'' °^ ^^' ^'^"'^'^'^n Pacific
given to this railway compi^ay^^adSon7n «!•.,'?''" '^" ^'^'"^'^ «t' land should be
this very valuable subverS L coSuetioroT' b^ ^ 'i""^*^ ''''^"'^- ^i^«<l by
«ate investment for the shareholdernutuCnfnf railway not only became a
usually profitable. The KailwaTcompanv has tho .^h w"'''' 1' ^^^^^^ *" P'-'^ve un-
thereby they secure through their own s^'vlvn. f^'^* t", ^^^^""^ ^teir land, and
^luality. I believe that the fiai wL Tlfv ^u "V^^ 'l'*"^ ^'^"^^^ as are of approved
min.-.n ... , ,,,, laiU'^o^firh^e^rriSiitintu^^^^^ «- - six
million acres of this lank::o'ihaule7^:r^ZZiT^^ ^«^««" fiveV six
j-ajru,y ^gnifieent domaT rtVS'fblT)^^!!..^^^^^^^^^^^^
"--v^y company terms whi.h were nerlenti; ~Z:"Z:.:j:r::^T'^')'
as large as Ireland
ooncftded *" +1>J" w-^' "< " ^«""i«iii. -dui, wniist thfii)nmi»ii/^.. /i
es sonie sui-t'ace
; growth of wild
ition. Amongst
*nts, as well as
triking, and the
find a remark-
re is evidence
ieotionable fea-
but at present
ached to these
"8t, may in the
acahty of these
should be par-
iifficulty than
nds which are
bv their taste,
er desirable to
Iters, .we may
lently worked
ion thousands
only three or
1 Indians, va-
o find it all in
o very large a
cter, and it is
h may be sup-
itted (as has
district hav-
it is also true
south of the
i railway had
engineers en-
requirements
n, and I ven-
ali land will
of Canada re-
miles of valu-
the Colony,
1 seek for the
tilable which
n the World,
nly produce
rge consum-
tvhich every
wnetship of
trious public
idian Pacific
d should be
;. Aided by
Y became a
to prove un-
r lantl, and
of approved
five or six
1 area about
i«
"-rvcriiinciil,
It with this
s taken that
e increased
33
value which the railway was sure to give to these lands. For the purpose nf givin-
effect to this provision, whenever land is marked off for sale or settlement it is done
m he following manner :_The lands are, first of all, laid outTnto 'S ' ' of twt^^ve
£ RoTr. ^ norUi south, east, and west lines, marked at the corners by the Iron
hi s?x mitenn^^'nH^t'' f *^^" «ab-divided into four "townships," each Plde be-
rWi^Zlu- ^' tu^ therefore enclosing an area of thirty-six square miles ot land,
^lltfiin P'^'^*^''?.*^'^'**^'^^"^°*^*"*y■«^'^««^ measuring one square
^om T tn^r'-l^r'^ n^'^ '1?*'"1' *'" respectively numbered in a definite Srder
vvK^i, ]% O'H"""^''®'"®'^ sections (with the exceotion of Nos. 11 and 29,
Tven nZhZ^^l r'''' ^tT^^^"'^! purposes) belong to the Ra:ilway Company, and the
orNoT^in t u f ^^^""^^ ^"^ *''^ Dominion Government (with the exception of
of Nos. 8 and 26 which are the property of the Hudson's Bay Company). Thus the
Inv r^^i r"*^' *"'" It*"? side by side with those belonging to the iLilwayJom
on fh^i I "^"-l °^^''''' ^'?'" *^'^ Government a free grant of 160 acres of land
ZvkZlThT^^ ?\^''''^'T ""^ ^^'"**^" conditins as to residence, cultivation
work, and the payment of an oftce fee of two pounds for the cost of survey. He
may also secure a second grant of 100 acres at a cost of ten shillings per acre. The
£uXr ^X"™""*-^"^ the Railway Company have both dispos?d^of land to^ar
Zr acrf Ind f^r'"'"'' ^'"'^ H^'^ *'j? ""'^ ^^"""^ 1*»^« ^^' «^1« ^^ * '^^^ cost
«urcW' i^n.li f ""*'"' the conditions as to residence, cultivation, extent of
5Ln^«.^.^f? ^ ° P'-^r"'^*^' ^^^"'^ '"^^^''^ "^ «P««ial contract. These ar-
K,Z?]i%r' ^^"'^TV ^'"'l*^? ^ *^^ ^'^'^^^ ^^"*^h are inside the Railway Belt :
but outs de this range, of twenty-four miles on each side of the railway, very modi
fied conditions^exist. The even-numbered sections are still open for free grant^and
pre-emption lots, but the odd-numbered sections will be sold by the Government as
rif'nir.t'''^"'f M^"^ Ti^^ ^" able ultimately to recoup themselves ve"ylarge
ly, if not entirely, for the outlay made in the advancement of the railway works.
bu thJr^r^ / ''^ ."°*'f that an admirable system of survey has been adopted
hi . ««1 7""""*' ^"^ "'^^«'' ^t, sections, township., and ranges, ai distinguished
by a series of survey posts, any one of which determines the locality on whifh it is
dZ t'o }1T. -r^ '''''°'' the open prairie, often with little but the stars or a com-
K k/ki1 f * "^f Tf P««^t^^«ly refreshing to come upon a survey post, and
ind v.f t ; ** f^'^f ^ determine our exact position. The system is most complete,
TfPvv wnf 1 "^"^^ *^-* ^^"^?'* r^'^' r'^^'^'' °° *1^« prairie understands it; afid,in
a few words, any section oi land can be described with perfect accuracy.
SU00E3SFUL CULTIVATION IN THE NORTHWEST.
^nnHiJ-'^*'''^1 ^^'^'^?u^'' to imagine the growth of luxuriant crops under more simple
T^JTJr? *'"^«^*^^" *l^«f ^hi^'^ ar^ here practised. Dealing, as the operations
^hi?ft rr? It ^''''^'" '"'" '^"' ""'^ V""^ *"^ generally deep virgin soil of remark-
able fertility, there is is less necessity for that refinement of good husbandry which
wvf^r^'' Ai" exhausted, or even partially exhausted, soils. The rough culture
which some of the lands here receive especially from those who never held a plough
JmrikvnTir''"'"'?^^ the special sympathies of Nature, and luxuriant^ crops
3i! ^^^j^'-fhly upon the effor s even of inexperienced farmers. I do not mean to
suggest that crops thus roughly sown e.jual those which follow good tillage, but I
v!^., I '"I ^v^J( *^'** '"''^' '■''■''i'? ^'^ '"«"* encouraging to those who may have pre-
viously had httle or no practical knowledge of farm work. The fact is the land is
fncSlT- ^ T^?^ rS P;?"' ^°^^' *"*^ to an extent absolutely unknown
in Great Britain and Ireland, that this enables a strong seed to overcome minor diffi-
culties arising from imperfect cultivation, and enables it to yield results which could
not be hoped tor when the soil contains only small supplies of plant food. Good
cultivation is just as valuable here as elsewhere, but it is not equally necessary for
securing a satisfactory crop and hence the rough culture of those who have yet to
learn how to work skilfully, is remunerative and very encouraging to them. Yeitf
«y year ciicy wiu uupiove m Llieir modes or working the land, and with that improv-
ed management, they will secure larger and better results.
In passing through the various settlements which are met with in this district,
1 was much surprised to notice the great variations which exist amongst those who
34
Eundreds which were met wHh^ ^ ""'" ""^"^'^^ J"«* «»« *yP'«ai «a«e, out of
h^imtZ:a:nLttu^^ ^ith my brother, we
the U acres Tjand ^ We^^^^^^ forr«?.«"f ''^'" '"" ^"^ P^'^ *^« ^®^« f««« ^^^
day we got), and we aleo m. un onr ll JiTT ^?l ??"^ * day (five or six shillings a
my wife and J^mirv uX^m OntaS lie h„'v ^ *^** ^"S"" "*"*"'" ^ ^^ ^^le to%t
and we owe no m Ji anvthi^o^ tw; Z ^^ "ow eighty acres cropped with whiat
our own. We shTthen tfenotSJ KfT 'h^" ^^'^ 1^^^ *»d all
1 met with othS cases in Swtk^^ '?"* T^' ^* T^^* ^^'^ "^^ b''''*^^^-'^
allowed to have four or five Tores of llndfW.fV,^'?^'* upon farms bargained to be
ings they were able after two or ?hii t^r themselves, and from these small hold-
acfes for^Sselves C ttime thev wTlV*? '"'"'vf' ^^ ""^"^ "?«"' « ^'*"° ^^ ^ ^
portion of their time for wagerProSs that aT "^^l""" to give up some
^"rtr^iiiot^^^^ ^"^
in MaUobf rhateTo?&^^^^^^^ ««"th of Brandon,
generally ha^e 320 acres of land IZ J77.f ^u^^l^ successful larmers. These
. menced thrle orf^r yeL sLe vU ., th^''"^^ *^" settlement was only com-
they have had nothing to LS ^f '• ^^^^ commenced with moderate capital,
bourses, chSes^wffil :d"w"Ste 'Sre^r^e .^t'?*-*-^^"^"^"?' ''^'''■
ment, and last winter over ]m(mhu^y^}T'u}^ ^® ^""""^ *"" °^'^'" **'« settle-
for sale. As we apr roS BrTnd^n w. .n f "^ ''^^** ^-^l'^, '^"* ^'"^"^ ^^^e to Brandon
640 acres in exteSf Thosfbetirin tV w^"*" * ' u ' ^t'^^'" «^*«^ °^ ^^''^^ «bout
Dr. Fleming, and Mr. Johnson mafKf t „ tl Honourable Mr. Sifton, Mr. Whitehead,
speedily rendered com3e"ebvXirni,^'i^/''''^ ^^^' of farms which were
cultivation. iTall thZs caseVtt nSf'' 7^ ^ovti^mt^ brought under successful
purchase of the propert?^ years' cropping wov.id repay the
same district were Sed under ^ different ^„ improvements. Other lands in the
Burnie's farms. Hrpurchased 4n^7r ^™g^'»«'it' «« for instance Mr. Mc
baekset ready for sS^in^g convenient -cl^' °^ ^^"?' '* V,^^ enclosed, ploughed and
ed, and these farnis were then ^e f^ /. f ^!' ^""^ .''"^" ^^'"^ buildings wire erect-
well remuneratTbXrhet^nl^a^^dlrotu^^^^^^ ^^''"«' ^^--^^^y
tionasThTwlSh'STarbe^^^^^^^^^^^ '""^h ^-^^Plete satisfac-
the south of WappelTa on The w.,S^ ^/ ^t Gordon-Cathcart, about ten miles to
notice as being ?wecondurtrdnnT '^^ ^f Man toba. It is particularly worthy of
reasons UdTeorrn Cathtrt decTdtd f n^ colonization scheme. /or various
. who had beconrtoo croXi UD^^^^^^ her tenantry
was kindly offered to eSfaSilvT.i^n.t^^f''" °^ i?^'' Property. A loan of £100
£25 might be eSended in conlrSn i f ,1"^'^?^^^^^ to Manitoba, of which sum
expendfture on Tf e Ss^:rd to Them U ' r^ ^'' "^^ ?''Zl^ '''
payment of the loan was secured in r!^ i <-anadian Government. The re-
accordance with the prov Lions of the DoS- ^T'^^^^TI ^^^^'^"^ g''«"*«'^' «°d in
John McDiarmid, L^Ile and intllH.enr^r" ^""'^ ^u*" , ^"^ °*^ ^^^'^ ^0^^-
as a pioneer, and he, wkh the SS ^f ^IT ^' "" ^^fty-was sent forward
made a prelminarv selection of E« A ^ Government Emigration oflScials,
Manitoba, ten or fift^^n mSes from^^ of emigrants arrived in'
were left in comfortable<,uarters nL, ftJ^! •, ^ ^""uM^i *,^'' '^^°^®" «"^ children
3 a perfection
rma are held
capital than
ive had their
ley have just
case, out of
brother, we
oflBce fees for
ix shillings a
I able to get
d with wheat
leat, and all
my brother."^
•gained to be
i small hold-
farm of 1 60
give up some
industrious,
e owner of a
uccess, and
of Brandon,
rs. These
only com-
ate capital,
igs, school-
the settle-
to Brandon
irms about
iVhitehead,
^hich were
' successful
repay the
ands in the
e Mr. Mc-
ughed and
were erect-
thoroughly
;e satisfac-
;n miles to
worthy of
or varioua
r tenantry
n of £1(X>
■hich sum
served for
The ra-
id, and in
ir body —
it forward
officials,
arrived in
children
1 off in a
ether the
?iit mcm-
lual emi-
;he regis-
35
«n^« '?„r/^!^^ ^^l^ r^ completed, after which they secured tools for putting up
some turf huts which work being accomplished they had then to purchase their --en
eral farm supphes. Without delay working bullocks, waggous, ploughs, seeds Cd
provisions Ac Ac, were purchased, and paid for out of the money remittodTor
this purpose. It was on a bright and happy day late in May last, that^ th^y formed
in procession, and marched to their farms with 111 they reqmred tor their tillage^nd
proper management They soon commenced ploughing the turf of the pmirie
simply covenng m their potatoes with the fresh-turned turf. They also sowed S
wheats and oats upon the newly-turned sod. Very rough style of fermhig many wTl
sult.?.r.Vt^ "^^' '*'" '* T'^ t ;««^«'.«bered that they hful no choice,Vut the re
nnf«rn!rft ™"r''*^'''*;u . Within eight weeks from the time of planting the
StTnf %V5 were digging their new crop, and before two weeks had passed I had
some of those potatoes for dinner, and 1 do not hesitate to say that for size, flavour,
n^i. •""*^' *^n ^ ""T ^^^«"r*- The roughly sown wheat and oats were then
progressing rapidly and a good harvest awaited their in-gathering, purmg the sum-
mer they had raised a better class of Jiouse, they had secured a supply ot" food Z
S aboutT9m!:.fr;! 7t'^r ««"l««^««t ^^ practically completedf A total area
«nrf„n ' Z^ ^''^ thus been secured, the quality of the land was good, the
,nanl ! ^""1 ^^'li^ ""dulating over the entire area, and it was as nicely wooded as
many a park m the old country. The change in their position had been so quickly
wheSiftw' *^f ^ '**" '""'W ^""T"« that they must at times have wondered
whether it was a dre.^m or a reality. Was it really true that they were no longer
tPr^nflT.T ' T"^ ^^^bourers strugghng against pecuniary difficulties which well nigh
tempted them to rebel, and that they had so suddenly become the owners of happy
homes and nice farms, without the shadow of a care or a fear as to their luture sT-
Ladvrn.5nnr„fr^\ ^^^ ^eep gratitude manifested by those settlers toward*
nnnLn ;''•'" "° "^"/"d^ ^^ «^»»« Can adequately describe. It was obviously
. unnecessary to enquire whether they were happy in their new homes: but I did
£ n^r^ u^WK^ par y Whether jie had sent home to his friendsa full' account of
the place, ." Why, sir, ' he replied, " if I only told them half they would never be-
^Infion ft'""- ^^Tl^ associated with the success of this important work, I must
Srrnf AK?H^'''^f^'A^T"'^^^^^.^''°f Edinburgh, and Mr. Kanald Mac-
rSii-l ^'^be'-deen, for they have most judiciously given effect to Lady Gordon
Cathcarts good wishes. These facts show very clearly that a loan of a £100 pru-
l tn VrP^ f ' '' ""*^'«"* t« «»able a family to be brought from a condition of pover-
ty to one ot comfort and prosperity, and the money being secured upon the land
esTTnd "^IZTofV'r 'r^ ^""" ?'■ *^ -.plymeift of the loa^ and inter-'
est, and with perfect safety so far as regards the capitalist.
ried nutZ7V'' '^^°[* "^''^t *^°l«"'^«tio» ««heme in which the work is being ear-
ned out by a company having the command of a large capital. The general scheme
18 to bring the land into cultivation, dividing it into 300 faLs, each haWn^ comrort
Wn r. "f^''?^i,'*^H'"^' ""'^. ?^^^'^'"g «"«"«1^ lo'- the 'stock. Wh^en thk has
falrlvvplnf '^f^i.*^'''^ farms with the stock and implements upon each, will be
he ^e^ r ;rnL„^f '"'" rft^ ^"\P"^.*° ^^'^•y °"* the improvements will each have
tenannLlin f7 r"^*''^\''^^"^^'*'"P™^''5«P'^ying for the same in five or
w^fiS "rtLc mti'^ri'^^^^^^ ""'"^ ^' TuT\- ^? '^' meantime .-ach man receives
rent free rlf^^h/ • l^'' ""'* ^% ^'^' ^'' ^^'^^^ ^"^ «"« ««re of garden ground
vfn • ,JhLs scheme IS being carried out upon the Bell farm, in the Qu'Appelle
^- t&;M ' ^' -rr M ^^ ;J«r ^toia under the direction of Majo'r Bell, the oitgKor
?4mis%^S'; j;.2 ^!'-; Jv ««"*1*^^^« *^ '\«»Perintendent-in-Chief. The si^e^of the
tarm is b4,(MM) acres, or 100 square miles. There is consequently a magnitude about
becoZ hSf ^' '* '' very difficult to realise, but as we learn what has been done ^e
become better prepared to accept the anticipations of the future,
■mv milwn^v lifni year this tract of open prairie land was more than 200 miles from
' nL !f-Iu u'°?;- ^^^ ploughs commenced breaking the turf on the 15th of
June, and the buildings were started on the 13th of Auiust. When I visited thb
farm at the commencement of .September in this vear. nn l.«« fZ^J^ i!iil..„^,'!
haa been buiii over 9,00u acres were under the plough,' and of "this quantity" 3 400
?S'(3o tiSL" of '"'* '-^''""•''* ^''^P^'^f wheat, Vieldit'ig an estimated prXce of
90.000 bushels of very superior corn. A main line of raiFway was running through
36
'^^"rltly^^^^^^^^ has been built ne.r
secured within sixteen montKoxn that^date ttY "'"' f^^ '^'''^'' ^«»ld be
remarks as even probable. Proceed na then'w/ 7.T"^1 ^""^^ accepted his
Tr^ "T^''^^ ""«"*'«'^ t« whaVr, bef n IS^^^^^ b««« accomplished I
to thank Major Bell, but he has expressed a 2?^^'^^ If ^^""^^ ^'^^^^^ ^ have
except by those who have visited tCppnP of o '"l"."^^^'- ^W will be accepted,
as to the capabilities of the farm operations, and informed themselves
August.
1883 ,
1884 .
1885 .
J 886 .
Acres
under
<!orn.
3,40()
9,(m
18,(XJ0
25,000
Horses
on the
farm.
. 103 .
, 2«J .
300 .
350 .
Estimate of
Corn produced.
Bushels.
■ • 90,0(X)
. 180,0(.X)
. 360,000
. 500.000
^-'^^^^lTS::S^^fS^^ enticed to the highest re-
and working away at a 700 acre field of whS^sTS^^^^ f *^,7 ^^ ^^'^^ Worses,
gotten by those who witnessed it this harvest bnf it Sf f ^ ""'" "^* ^^ ««°« for-
dealmg with large results. Nor wis it less surnril „ /T^^ T>r^P^res the mind for
ftr^'on of the land had been fm- procludnr3 ^ "" ^T ^^""y «^™P'« "^e
turf had been simply ploughed over XuttbfJnnV, T^' -^^^ ^''^^^ ^cres of
mer, and it had remained untouXrHinHJ fll • ^^l' '^^''P '" *he previous sum-
by twenty broad-cast sowlnTmrchint eachrfr„'^^^ - **"' ^-'''™^ ^^^ ^^^^^^
SIX sets of spring harrow, enph ^rlw«'i . u^ ^^ °"® ^orse, followed bv fortv-
therefore exUsive?; mod'e^:S. S a^J^y ofTtJ^^'t T'' '' cultivatiL wer^e
good, for it is ranked in the highe.st grS for th^ nv-5f''^-^°''^r''l '« remarkably
Mmneapolis flour. The soil of th s ffrm is a rich Ht^'fr^ f *^^ much-prized'
clay sub-soil. It is not Major Bell's intSiJLn Sow w?' ^^^''^ .^oam, resting on a
poses to give the land a summer fallow everv thif d vJI^'^''* T/v!" ''''''&> ^»* ^e pro-
will be kept clean, it will nrobablv nrndnlt L / f ' f"^ *^"« ^^^^st the land
corn year after year.. UnS this wJ^f if • "^^^^^ bad been under
fron. the usual quantity Si Kaor/soTe Wbi^^ '" mcrease the si.e of each firm
third) as the tillWe for'^corn is thii^ reduced ' "^ ^ ''^"''^^'^ ""'^'^ *« -^'^ acres (one-
be much iS gStcfKnlliTSf ' '''''?' '''"' '" ^^^ -^^Id. but she may
The Qu'Appelle Val, ; haTbeen Lnet^^V";!;:]"?^ 7'" ^^^-^ ^beir future^:icc2 .
of the fertile North-West nnrl1« f'f"®''*"^ lecognized as oneofthe choicest portions
judgment ver/fullv iStS^ W ^" «ball doubtless find that popular •
which are bein'g eSi^h^^titC^^^^^^^^^^ of luxuriant and profitabKnns
THE CMMATE.
conclus ve argument nrmmcf +iT„ ^, V^ capaouities ot Canada are spoken of a
"Yes, thatma^S verX?e btt hoTrb7f^?r"''- *? ^' ^^^^^^^^^ in the enqu y*
this i^oint from perSl knowledge but I e^ TeT 'l I "^""^' «P««k IpdS
grades, high and'^low, rich and pS' and the^'t^s?!^ ^V"^'"^'^'' °^ '•"«^*^^"*« °f *»
my mind. In a territory so vast as'Canld^ 1, b*''"^"^^ ^"^^^ "'^ "^^"^ ^«'' ^«"bt on
of Europe, there must of necess tv be manv «n.i ^ T""'^^ f-' ^^'^^ ^« ^^^« Continent
district which of all otS.r? l?if'K^.i':"S^"lgr^*/^"^t'".«« of climate, but the
discredited, is the Province of Manitoba^ TnTi'^fn" "!i -^"^ ^o'^^. and has been most
special notice. R..,e.. J,!X^.£,^ fa.^ mrr,,C»btX„trt?
1 built neir
Its would be
ccepted his
omplished I
tails r have
e accepted,
themselves
iniate of
Hushels.
0,{X)0
0,(XX)
0,000
D.OOO
highest re-
fee horses,
'■ soon for-
le mind for
simple the
'O acres of
vious sum-
as seeded
by forty-
ation were
emarkably
uch-prized
iting on a
but he pro-
' the land
!!en under
each farm
cres (one-
it she may
lucing an
3t quality,
her capi-
e success,
t portions
■ popular •
ble farms
jpon the
•nents of
he great
cen of, a
enquiry,
ak upon
its of all
doubt on
ontinent
but the
en most
demands
the cli-
37
s; wifdtip^i; strugLTdSr:Sn^.r^"^ ^r *^°"« --« *»- -•
In the latesf Report issued bf the Xartmer^ ^^^^^
Manitoba the climate is spoken of in the following tel-ms a^ffr °'J?^.,:^ ™^^ "^
because I regard it as thoroughly worthy of accenZ^rlf?^ ^^^/^T***'*'"
curacy :_«0n account of the brScing dry atmosphere the fln^/^!-^'"''""^ "^ '^ »«-
ture are not inconveniently felt, as is the caTe wh«n /hi «. ^"«*"**»o»« o( tempera-
The warm days in smnmer are ge^e al rfolJowed W cool ern£^!'' ''^"^""'t *»'«">^-
as very sultry and oppressive hiat is sc^arce 7k„oSL The ^^^^^ T?^ " ^'^•?«
cool nights and copious dews, facilitate tho Jrny^ll^F i ■ ^ ^^^^^ followed by
The winters here Ire also verv pWanfafH h./-^ ^'^^^ "' ?• ^o^^lerful degree,
cause, namely, the dryness of ^rlrsphere^"^^'"^^ proceedmg from the same
througiVlSiSX'voJkt^^
weath'er being to^ severe t'T^eZL^t^lot&^^l^Z^^^^ 'ttblvTi^ "Vf'
CONCLUSION.
Of th'^cStf/'o^*^^^^^^^^^^ ^ consideration
general results of this enqu ry I find K the r^nrt^^r ^uT ^^l"^ '"«"^?'»"K t^e
ously circulated, and which describe in such !J*? ^!''?^ ^*^« ^^«^ «° indSBtri-
character of the'Canadian clSeX bad^luaS^^^^^^ /^« destructive
alkali land, and the distress and ikek of nminS ^^^'fl' *^^ ^''^^ quantity of
contrary to the facts of the case or lerin^ « r ^ amongst the settlers, are either
conditions. I fiSthatthere Reports We^^^^^^^^ -^^ ?'''^"""y exceptional
direct object of diverting tCi::Tel^Zl^nTo'^1^^^^^^ ^''^^'^"^^ -^*^ *b-
cuitS '^t::::%TToZiTt zs^x^i^^' ^" ^^r^"'''^^ ^' '^«"-
practice of farming in Great Britain and rrJ«nT/h ^* ^"^""^'^"d to enter upon ihe
and consideration.^ I can with X confiS bM tLn/nnrrT^^^ '^^^^^ «*''«
such want of capital, which is now tLi^grSt Sltt Whlf ^^ •^'««?"«-a««^ by
them elsewhere, Canada is quite preXed to wli?^ Tk ^^^^'^Y^J" may be done for
to success. His Excellency the CrS of W^^^ tC.C'"'^ 1'"''^^ ^ *'^ *h«"»
Ontario for their loyal address, presented to hfm « I ^" ^^anking the good people of
office as Governor General of cC?amLp!T ^'^ retirement from
ject, and commended ifto the care ^hTeauSSsTh?'' '" '^^' ^PO'^'^nt sub-
greeted his remarks showed an enthmia.Ho n.l ; ^ responsive cheers which
From information whiS I have more recTf ll *' ^^ °^ u^** recommendation,
spread desire exists in the E^t Sd SoS eaftlvn b'^^ ^ f ". ^^^^ ^ '"^'^^ ^^^^ « '^''^'"
His Excellency's recommeSiS^nd I am no™ eS^id inT« ' ""' '^"^ ""?''**«
organization. I am quite sure that in the North w£f^t> '"^ V^'^P^vu^g a suitable
will be an equal willingness to he?p Pendin! tlf i ^ro^'n/es of Canada there
I can confidently encourage all student? of £!^ completion of these arrangements,
with theirwork, and renS their S^^^^ so.enceto progress zealously
possible, so thaUheymafLpTacSamoStfhr"'^^*! T/^^*"^ ^^^ P'^^^^'^^ »«
arrangements calculS l/aYvi^cf tS^ur T^^^^^^^ ^peS^ ""*' '' ^"^
andLVLVntStLTchSni^^^^^^^^^^^^
SS^&fHeStrSS'^
most invariably gained in England for some Tea pas e noves^n^^^ boys have al-
mind as to tliA ,»flnor.oi ..„„.,u, .„u.-," ■" V/ ,^ P*"' ^e^oves all doubt from mv
have done well, bul'as'the worrexSds\hre\esuU^^ ^""""^'y *'»«y
TheRev.Mr.Sed.ron,the Educational sLretarv?or.rH?noir™*' ^'"'^ ePParent.
Canada with me, after an inspectirif^riSefoV^^^^^^^^^^^ SSoTtrchlfc
ii
38
ho had sent from London into the Province of Quebec. The result of that inspec-
tion was highly satisfactory, and proved how successfully these neglected boys of
England can be introduced into new spheres of labour, in which they may become
really valuable citizens of the State. The same may be said of the equally good re-
sults arising from the introduction of little girls. The transmission of adult female
sei-vants has not been equally satisfactory, but the combnied eflforts of the local
authorities in providing additional homes for their reception, and those good services
which are now being rendered by Miss Rjchardson in Quebec, promise to decrease
the difficulty. It is a matter easily within command, and it should be rendered
thoroughly complete without any delay.
r would here remark that it is not every one who is capable ot making emigra-
tion a success. The idle, the intemferate, and those who lack perseverance, and
consequently have never succeeded in life, those are no more likely to succeed in
Canada than in Great Britain. The emigrants who are really wanted in (Janada,
and who can command success, comfort, and happy homes, are those steady and in-
dustrious people, who are able and willing to make themselves useful ia someone or
more of the general duties of life. Such duties will never degrade them, or be in
any way inconsistent with their happiness and personal comfort. Those who have
capital at command can make rapid progress, and with prudent care they can ac-
cumulate wealth, whilst the skilled workmen without capital may soon follow in the
same direction. Much has been said at times as to the lack of prosperity amongst
the artizans in Winnipeg, and of the large number who were out of employ, and we
may take this as a typical case foi' other large towns in Canada. I find after very
careful enquiry that this also is absolutely incorrect, and I learn upon the highest
authority that the workmen are steadily ac9umulating wealth, and becoming owners
of a large portion of that city. If, however, we examine the Government Savings'
Bank returns from the Winnipeg branch, we find the deposits made by this class of
persons steadily increasing year by year.
Deposits in Winnipeg Branch Savings Bank.
June 30th, 1880
£23,600
" 1881
38,502
" 1882
111,726
" 1883
117,260
We have in Great Britain a large number of good workmen, who with all their
desire for employment, with every effort they can make, pass through life verging up-
on absolute poverty, with no hope for their advancing years, but a sad dread of an
increase of trouble, with the Union as their final house of rest.' If they have the en-
cumbrance of a large family, so much the worse for themselves and their children.
It would be the most bitter irony to remind them that it has been said, that '' Bless-
ed is he who hath his quiver fuUot them." But it is desirable to notice the remark-
able change which takes place immediately the parents determine to emigrate. At
once they find emigration agents their active and ready helpers, and the man who
may have thought himself and his family an encumbrance, suddenly learns that as an
emigrant other people know that he and they have a value, and hence each agent
seeks to secure theiji for the colony he may happen to r^resent. At every step the
intending emigrant now takes, he sees that he is valued, and one official after another
h ready to help nim forward, not as an act of charity, but because he and his family
are well worth helping to a new home in one of our colonies, where there is room to
live under conditions of health, happiness, and prosperity. Under such new condi-
tions of colonial life I have seen parental love re-assert itself, and the children of
the family are really looked upon as blessings, and in a manner quite unknown
amongst those who are compGiiod to livo la the cixJivded parts of some of our large
tov,'ns. If the colonization scheme so successfully introduced by Lady Gordon Oath-
cart could be extensively carried out by means of public loan, untold blessings would
result both to the old country, and also to Canada. One essential element for suc-
cess appears to be very generally recognized in Canada, and that is securing such a
39
judic JUS blending of the selected emierants, as would prevent all chance of their be-
comuig a disturbing political force in the colony.
I also find that the mode of executing work differs greatly with the modified class
of persons by whom that work has to be done. We may take a case very common-
ly met with, in which gentlemen with small capital, and unaccustomed to rough
wor'c, find it necessary to secure a good income by their own industry, and farming
commends itself as the most agreeable and satisfactory means for doing it. At first
the fear arises that too much of the profits will be lost if all the work is done by
hired labour, which is certainly expensive. " I shall have to lend a hand myself," is
the natural comment, " but I shall not like to follow the plough, or cut my own corn,
and besides this I have had no practice in doing the work." With the usual smart-
ness of your friends in the United States, this difficulty has received a practical solu-
tion, for almost all their farm implements are constructed so that they may be
driven from a raised seat. It has thus become almost as easy to work any of the prin-
cipal farm implements, as it is to drive a spring waggon or a carriage on a turnpike
road. These improved implements are being largely introduced into Canada, and I
can assure those who have not seen them at work that this especial difficulty has
be6n successfully overcome. The teams also have to adapt themselves to circum-
stances, for many a team has been driven in a Sulky Gang Plough in the morning,
and been hitched into a light spring waggon in the afternoon for driving some visitor
over the country, or for taking members of the family to pay a friendly call upon
some neighbour. The horses they drive are unlike our slow-paced and heavy farm
teams, but are as light and active as our carriage horses, and as a rule they are well
bred. Thus the necessities of colonial life have demanded a modification in their
farm horses, their agricultural implements, and their domestic appliances, for meet-
ing the difficulties arising from any want of practical skill on the part of the emigrant,
or .for enabling that work to be more easily performed. The result is, that to take
part in the work of the farm, or the duties of home, ceases to be objectionable, even
to those who have been accustomed to have this work done entirely by deputies. I
met with many instances of persons who had lost income and property in the old
country, and who had settled down in Canada with the small capital which had been
saved, and therewith had become happy, prosperous, money-making farmers, with
no care and anxiety about providing for their children, bright and cheerful as the
day was long, and in the full eiyoyment of health and great domestic comfort.
To capital, skill, and industry, Canada ofiers many and great inducements, and
as a natural consequence, these are steadily flowing into that country, spreading pros-
perity and contentment along their course. At the same time it is specially worthy
of record that there is an entire absence of that lawlessness which is far too common
in other districts. The rights of property are most clearly recognized, and firmly
maintained, and it maybe confidently stated that there are no subjects of Her Majes-
ty more thoroughly true and loyal to the Crown than the people of Canada.
It now remains for me to acknowledge the very valuable assistance which I re-
ceived in Canada, from all with whom I came in contact. The active assistance so
kindly rendered by His Excellency the Marquis of Lome, greatly contributed to any
success which I may have secured. The same kind willingness to help extended
through all the classes, and whenever information was sought it was cheerfully
rendered, and I now desire to acknowledge it with my warmest thanks. My thanks
were also due to my friend and companion in travel, Mr. Hugh Pollock, to whom I
am greatly indebted for much valuable help in the performance of the several duties
devolving upon me.
I have the honour to remain.
My Lords and Gentlemen,
Your obedient Servant.'
Henry Tannhr.
40
LECTURES
BY-
MR. R. H.ANDERSON,
Mr. R. II. Anderson, of the Bank of Ireland, Portadown, was one of the Tenant
Farmer s Delegates who recently visited Canada, and who gave an able and independ
ent report on its resources. He did, during la.st winter, at the request of friends
I deliver several lectures in the North of Ireland, which were reported in newsna'
f "^ pers, and from which the following statements are taken :
REASONS FOB EMIGRATION.
I shall now give you my reasons for emigration, and lapproach the subject under
considerable ditticulties. I am sure many of you have seen in the daily papers
within the past few weeks the letters written by Professor Baldwin on eniigration
Professor Baldwin, I need hardly say, is as good an authority on agriculture as any iii
the kingdom. Well, what does he tell us ? I shall m a few words sum up what he
says. "Any person," says the Professor, "advising, aiding, or abetting emigration i»
guilty of a crime. So far from its being. the case that Ireland is overcrowded, ^he is
but half populated. For any local congestion that exists the cure is migration, not
emigration. There are tens of thousands of acres of waste and semi-waste land in
Ireland : let this land be apportioned among the laborers and small farmers and
Ireland will at once blossom like a second garden of Eden." Professor Baldwin is
more sanguine than most of the farmers in the North here. Let me ask what is the
nature of these waste lands on which Professor Baldwin wants to settle the people ?
What will they grow ? Why has he to complain that they are going out of cultiva-
tion ? Mr. Baldwin tells us plainly what too many farmers know to their cost these
poor waste lands won't, he says, do for grass. They require eternal breaking up, or
else back they go to the prairie state. But Professor Baldwin does not want grass
he wants tillage. Well, now, I want to know who among us is sanguine enough or
mad enough to trust to a wretched soil, backed by a wretched climate, backed by
wretched prices, to bring comfort to his soul as a tillage farmer ? The Northern
farmers are as industrious as any 1 know, and I shall just ask them what can they
do with their small holdings of land, which as yet are neither waste nor semi-waste?
Could they Hve on them at all without the aid of the loom ? What pays them ?
Does their wheat ? Does their oats ? Does their flax ? When will they get their
seed in this year ? When did they get their crops out last year ? No doubt, ther
have a good potato crop now and then, but even could they rely on this crop I
trust the time has gone for ever when the farmer will be content to keep body and
soul together by bonds formed of potatoes and buttermilk alone. No, my friends
you will allow a snipe could not justly be accused of grumbling if he insisted he was
overcrowded, though alone in the centre of 1,0(J0 acres of sandy desert; and so, I
tiio fo,.,>,<^^ +i,^„„i, u^ 1 ^vw^ _ may justly complain of overcrowding 'if
-!h emigration may be a sin ; I don't be-
Why should we emigate ? Why should
say, the farmer, though he own 1,000 acres,
the 1,000 acres are of barren soij. To preach emigration may be a sin ; I don't"be-
lieve it to be one, and therefore I advise it
we leave home ?
'Mid pleasures and palaces tho' we may roam,
Be it ever so liumble tiiere's no place like home.
You all know the words, my friends, and I am sure there is not one in this room
whose heart does not echo the sentiment : if there is I pity that person. This love
i:
the Tenant
1 independ-
of friends,
in newspa-
3ject under
lily papers
smigration.
e as any in
ip what he
ligration is
ded, ^he is
ration, not
ste land in
rmers, and
Baldwin is
vhat is the
le people ?
of cultiva-
cost, these
;ing U13, or
mnt grass,
enough or
backed by
Northern
t can they
imi-waste ?
ays them?
• get their
oubt, they
lis crop I
) body and
ly friends,
ted he was
; and so, I
rowding if
1 don't be-
'^hy should
this room
This love
4J
of home is one of the sti'ongeHt instincts of our nature, love of some purticulai spot
ot earth, rugged, bleak, and uninviting to others, perhaps, but softentMl and made
beautiful ui our eyes by .-arly associations. It is well that it should be so ? this feel-
ing gives strength and solidity to all human institutions, and is tlie muiuHpring of
civihzation itself. It is curious to note how it affects different races. In f ho French-
man it partakes more of the nature of pride than of aught else. 'IV. liiui Paris ia
the heart of the world, let but that cease to beat, and the world must die, or ought to
die, be thinks. In the Chinese, it is closely allied to superstition ; their great wish
18 that tliey may die, or rather be buried in their native laiul, more than that they
may live there. In the Irishman, the love of home might bo calletl a sentimental
. passion. In his eyes a mud-^abin, with poverty and wretchedness, in the (ireen Isle
18 more desirable than the fairest palace anywhere else on the earth. P.ut as with
life IS the germ of death, so in the Irishman's very love of home is its maker and its
destroyer; for what Irishman ever yet consideriHl his homo complete, or indeed a
home at all till a Mary, or an Ann, or a Rose, heaven bless her, iiad taken her
place by his hreside. On the consequences of this arrangement I need not dilate,
my tnends, you all know them, the proliiicness of the race is proverbial all the world
over. I shall merely state tlie fact— there are at present some 18 or 20 millions of
Irishmen alive, and I fear that if these alone, to say nothing of the myriatls that a
tew years will add to the number, were crowded on her bosom, poor old Ireland would
be sunk beneath the waves. It comes to this, therefore, our love of home, or at
all events thg way we take of making one, force many of us to leave home. Heaven
knows I have no desire to weaken your love of home. I only ask you to look brave-
ly at the circumstances of the times and allow no sentiment, however beautiful it
may be in itself, to stand betweeen you and prosi)erity. Some must go this, indeed,
is my first reason for emigration. Some must go ! Many of you will perhajjs say
that before 1846 Ireland contained eight million inhabitants, insteatl of the five she
contains now. I admit it, and will simply ask would any of you like a return of that
state of things ; besides, population, like everythhig else, must be weighed in con-
nexion with other circumstances, to judge correctly of its proper proportion. What
is a state of congestion now need not necessarily have been one twenty or thirty yearg
ago, for Ireland had not then to bear the tremendous strain of foreign competition in
agricultural and other products that so sorely presses her to-day. This brings me to
my second reason for emigration, i e., foreign, principally American and Canadian,
competition. It may be said, and I have heard it said, that America has for some
seasons past had propitious weather, while we have had the reverse, and that when
good seasons return things will right themselves. This is not so. Weather, no
doubt, is an important factor in the calculation as to how far America and Canada
will affect us, but it is not by many the most important. Millions of 8(piare miles of
virgin soil in America and Canada will have to be taken into account as against a
few millions of acres of worn out soil in Ireland ; the ni'jst perfect and cheapest la-
Ijour saving machines there as against second rate exper jive ones here; nominal taxa-
tion there as against heavy burdens here: cheap freightage there as against exorbitant
rates here ; and protection there as against free trade here. The full consideration
of this last point would require too much time to admit of my handling it to night
even suppose it did not trench too much upon politics. I shall just state a few facts
for you to take away and digest. The great cry of the free trade is, " Be proud all
ye inhabitants of the United Kingdom that your imports exceed your exports by
many millions worth. The difference shows the enormous extent to which foreign
nations are indebted to you. For this excess is the means by which they pay you
interest on borrowed money." In abstract this is right, and while our imports con-
sisted of raw material to be manufactured by our artisans the larger the imports
were the better ; but when, as in 1879, and since, an enonnous percentage of oor
imports are manufactured goods the case is different — dismally different for this
simply means our workers idle, our mills stopped, out furnaces blown out, in fact
poverty and discontent on all sides. Now, while this is the state of thinss at hnrr.o
what about our goods in foreign markets? They enter most of thenT handicap-
ped by a 40 per cent. duty. To quote a case that will be fresh in your memories, the
potatoes we sent last year to America had to pay 24s per ton duty. In J865 our na-
tional debt was 812 millions, and that of America 551 millions. In 1883 we owed
4-2
756 millionH, aad tho States .{Oli ii,illi„n.. Thu« froo trndo ro.i.ioed our doht hv 5fi
iiuUionH, whilo protootiou rculucod tlio .lebt of tho Httitos by 2.)« millionM This re
duotion moan-H an oquival.mt roduotion in tho taxation of tho peoi.h^ f n.hMHl. the
total taxation of tho htatos is ahout 72 millions pop year, with i population of 52mil-
mill on.s with a population o .1, millions. Now, lot us soo how our account for
goods stands with tho United States. In IMHO thoy sent us good value for 107 mil-
lions, and t^ok from us only .{8 millions worth. .fuHt a fow more figures and I shall
have done with tlj.s part of my a.hlross. Those figures, taken from tho Board of
Sm l^lIT '7.'^'l«'?-.M. of ominous import, an.l worthy of particular attention and
thought. In H<>2 the population of tho Kingdom was 2i)i millions ; tho total food
imports .)0. In 1872, population ;{2 millions ; food imports, 741 millions. In 1882,
population .{f, millions ; food imports, lOH millions : i e., in 20 y*ears our j.opulation
i i«'<">Tr''' ^ •"•i. millions, aiul our food imports by f)'.) millions ; in other words,
Ln, in IRxT^Tf T,'^ ^?\ ""'•' ""tV' ^"'"""' *'"' «'»''*'' "^l '4s od for foreign food
and in 882 £,i Is 7.1. [ have not the exact total of 1 88.} by me, but here are some of
the particulars. I' or moat, alive and dead, we paid about 22 millions ; for butter and
cheese, 10^ millions : for potatoes and breadstuffs, including grain of all kind. 6.'J
millions ; eggs, .} millions. Those figures require no comment. You see tlie farmer,
as wo I as the maimfacturer,i8 handicapped every wh'^ro. Even tho trade of the North
*!,'." "T^*^*"' '"'"'''*' '"^ tol you, Canada and the State.' are growing increased qiian-
titios of flax every year and not lor seed only, but for the manufacture of linen. No
doubt tho climate ol a great part of America is unsuited for linen weaving ; but you
must remember that America has ail the climates of the world. Now, mv friend^
if [had time to compare one year with another, I could make it plain that this com-
petition IS enormously on tho increase, and is likely to goon increa-ing. Everythi,,..
IS m favour of its doing so. And you know that England will not return to protec°
tion or oven fair trade ; nor is it probable that while she finds protection as profit-
able as she doos, tho United States will be converted to free trade, though many be-
hove she will bo Supposing sho is, undoubtedly wo shall reap great benefit, but
not r think, to the extent one might suppose who did not remember that so sure as
projection is done away with in America, wages there will fall and she will produce
raoro goods for her own use than she docs at pres.'nt. ^Vell, in the face of this
^^PI^^" u*'^".'?!' "'^'''r^ *^°"' °'"' ^'"■'"^'■'^ liolding .0, 10 1 -...ind j; acres there at home 7
What about thom, I say, even supposing they hmi caeir laiui ,or aotlii.ig .- ban they
live and thrive on . it ? Well you ku. w they cannot : nor can they depend
upon tho aid of tlie loom so wc-U now as in times wne by. Will the Land Act do
those mon good, tliink you ? Witiiout hesitation i say it will not do them good but
harm, as by reducing their rent it will encourage them to remain in this country
instead of going abroad where there is room for them, where they are wanted, and,
where tlieir labour would be recompensed. My last reason for emigration is merely
a natural deduction from what I have said. Why live in.misery at home when you
can be happy and independent abroad ? Mark you I I don't say to all emigrate
Let any who are doing well at home stay and prosper ; but let the thoutands who
are not doing well, and who know they can't do well at home, go out ; by doing so
they will benefit themselves, they will those they leave behind, they will benefit the
world. Some one has said that "any man who can make two blades of grass grow
where only one grew before, is to be considered a benefactor to his race." If this is
true, what is to bo said of the men who make bushels of wheat and tons of beef
grow where none grew before ? But you must remember that it is not to Ireland aa
a nation I am speaking, nor to you as patriots, but to each one of you individually
as men seeking to know how best to benefit themselves and their families. I do not
believe in wholesale emigration as a panacea for Ireland's woes. Emigrants, inuividu-
ally, would be actmg wisely, and would be sure of increased prosperity, if they would
but go out and take to farming; remaining in the large cities means the moral if not
the physical ruin ot our countrymen who go to the Stites and Cana.la; and unfortu-
nately,_ too many of tliem do this, working, and working hard, for others while .hev
might bo working for themselves.
OOUNTKIKS TO WHICH TO EMIGKATB.
The necessity of emigration once conceded, we shall briefly consider my seccr.d
48
^ew Zealand, the, United 8tat".; and 1 Jum- a. of tto^e '^Krs'l thnl \ .''"'^'
«ome diaa<lvantage r)e(;uliftr to itM( If \ friru hL \Jt r..,. I • i ^- * ' ''*'' *"**'^
for settlement, oLl« to tj.,f '/..It an!l':';;;l5VtruT ^^Ttf it^Sr;^^'^^
settled in Oriqualand. Ifo doK.rLd the o" inate « dSht ^1 and Jl?l': C^" T^
war, to a proHj,ero.m future when tJ.o BantUo rouhleH Sin ' VL * '""k.ng for-
an absence of two days, ho returned to hirftvrm to fi K^^ <"« mornmg, after
and what was worse/the mutilated bod « SKh frien „n 1 ^ '" *"""'"* ^°^"
dead beside the ruinH, hiM eattle and /u^,adwaH^^^^^^ F?l\ "^ """^""f" ^^'"S
and fought against th^ Hasuto.,, a ho tol n^^B hirelTCth"^^^^^^^
of young families that the Maories were raimi bain and th«v IVin T ^L^"V"*^°,'''
nature is not quite <iead in then No dn.A?/ ft " I »^''' «how that the old
Australia l.utlho,t:,:,V^?;rdisadSu^^^^^^^^
leave the fanner without either crops or (locks ar .1 so ilTfh^ ^^ m^
the world are common in Australia Man?U, l.a Id ".e Vo S \v« ":' T^^T '"
venomous reptiles an.l they s.-ldom surtcr from drought The e are snake^'^jT
North- West, but they are harmless f Juul tUn. rs „„ . p , ^'f snakes m the
three of them one nfgh . They ^t undo my ru/ iZhtlf' f^'^^ ^'? .^^.'^ °^
of greased lightning Iyer moyedSckor than I did Uen f In P''overbial flash
strange bedfellows, and you may i mSn ^1^^ shTfclh Lhl "''' T-^'^ ""^ "^^
companion with a cry of snakes, to sairhiras I tbo.Jhl S "",^.'^'^'»g V? "j
?tli'\^^^'l'f •" '«f ^' '-'^''-'Prton^'^U^ur^o'n^^uSsmt^^^^
l^SSLtl-^S^dU^^^^^^^
compared with the many adyantagos the Monies refer"erHo unlnhfT^^ ""^^^
But, then, all three suffer in common from one trJmendou dSack''\lT''fv.-
and expense of the journey. The cost of bringing a family" o any one orA^. ^^"« 5
ona ble a man to make a good start in tho NoHh Vest Go to AusJrall or N^w y"'**
land and you an. practically lost to your frienrls at home '^"'*'''"* '"^^««' Zea-
,p, ,. UKAHOVH I'ori SKM.;CTI.V(J CAV\I)\.
I ho run from C.xnada is a sliort and inoxpensivo pleasure trin £0 o.- ,« n« i i o
days Will take you right up into tho Xorth-Wost from wheie we now are rln / ^^
a land of sunshine sunshine the whole year round anVl nnvl a^*'— Canada is
pfs.'" Lxr i^s,;!- x""s rr„, £tSF?
tion was estimated at one and a half millions, now it is four and a half ^LP^P"'*"
ago It was thought she had do.io well when her exnorts roache «L -ir ^^"^yf*"
year she sent out goods, principally cattle and gS yalue for abourtwen?v ,t''
millions. 8he is bound to bo tho country of the f utnrA • hn/^r \ ■ '^^"^y-three
for us, and for the agricultural ^urs'mfwV b owuZ 'oyen tfttate^ Tan f'^^
support eighty millions. What calling do you w ■ h to follow fh„f Canada can
with profit in Canada. Do you wish to mUe wheat ? No wZaMn f^ '"''?? -^^V"^
*<,.« of Canada oou?d c„. and gr^ZT^L" ^T^oArr ourl'^Cou
\
44
rvtl"eTori:r"TL '^^' '"^"^^"f Canada, gold, silver, iron, coal, areas large a«
any in the world. They are as yet almost untouched— still thev have alreadv vield
' mrnr™re o?trni° """^ ' «peculator._Ontario is at pres Jn^he ^0^1^'^-
uiSrof vLw^nT.'T- I^«/°'-«;l°>' others more important, from an agricul-
Irpff F„ 1 / '■ • ^^ .formed out ot the great Nortli-West. Ontario is the
grea EngUshspeaKmgprovmce of Canada. Altogether the surroundings are £
much like those at home, that one is apt to forget vvhen travelling tWtliatLI!
ma foreign land. The soil is very rich, and givfs wonder u yieWs of all Snd of
crops. There is plenty of excellent land to be had, both clemidandunc eared im
proved iarms can be bought for from £5 to £15 per acre, wT mprovements i 7
.dwelhng-house out-offices, fences, &c., while free grants of 200 "c?oso? uncleared
land are offered by the Government ; but 1 would not recommend anvone "o take a
tree grant m Ontario while he can get land in the Nortl>WeT The^ c^Latel; a
good one, cold m winter and hot in summer, but healthy. This is ample eviderice
b> the looks of rhe people and the condition of the cattle. The farn^Ss area hannv
contented set of ^any of them went out thirty or or y yeaS IL t^SFa
penny, and, though they have had to clear their land 6f timbernot a ^f^w if them
eTcom?or able'a^r r°"'^,' '' well asowning their farms. I^iS hoiteld^^re
A ery comtortable, and, as a rule, are JOO degrees more so and more eleaant than
fai-mers homes m Ireland, even in the North here. Now, numbed o*" sufh homes
are ready to receive English and Irish farmers who have money enoug'i to purchase
them and who would prefer a life so much like their old home^ife SV •ougher one
rougher for a tune only ,n the North-West. Manitoba and the North-Wc " w^ll no;
long vvay over 160,000. The soil is inconceivably rich. I will let the greediest fu-ni
er in the county give a oose run to his imagination as to the soil le wS Tike and
yet venture to say he will not do it justice, 'fhe wheat grown there Tas I sS b^
fore excellent, hard plump, thin-skinned, and full of flour, aiid ?t vlelc s moS
bushels to the acre than any of the land in 'the States. Cattl^ do well and grow
quite fat on the natural grasses. All crops we are acquainted wkh in these coun
tries do to perfection there. There is no clearing of thnber to be done \ man
ThJcZft^-""^'' ^7 'ut-' ^""'^ ^ ^ '''^'S^'' linl without stick or stone hiterfehS
Sfnrf nf '''f'^*'?^*V''^^''y^°*^"'^^''^^y«^^^^ "either heat nor cold fs'
found to be unpleasant. I can speak of the heat from experience but not of th^
cold. However, every one I spoke to on the subject assured me that owhig to the
Z'Z'w'r'^T'^^f^T' "f *^« atmosphere, and the brillliant sunshlnef w^tt!
West &eXd The ? 'T*- F'?T4^ consumption are sent to th^ i^ tK
;„ 11. : ^vf g^fater part of the North-West is rich, dry, rolling prairie
n oKr.f iTh ""^^t *he country round Armagh. Wages me h ghe than eveS
in Ontario, and then a labourer can take up his free grant and start for h mself
when he has saved a little money; and as tbr women there are two classes of sSia
tionopen to them, they can either become domestic servants at Sgh Zfes, o r ferm-
but I knowThlTb^ "' ^T- ^ '"""'* S"'? ''^'''^^' *« ^h'«h I thiii theSter posL
a"over The who^f ^' w^''^' °'"*'^^'' ^'^' ^"^ ^ l^^"'' ^^^^^^ ^^en pitted agaiiit
f« ^ t J ^^ole country is now, by means of the Canadian Pacific Railway, Which
is n working order for some 800 miles west of Winnipeg, brought w™ ^^2
of the W 'f f ^^^''■P-'??l- ^ ,^"^^ '' '^^ S"'''^ authoriV that whTat fTom the regioL
of the Saskatchewan will be pi," -ed in the Liverpool market for 30s, or less ner
fort't^ubKf tftf"' ^" -^^"ir^ T'^'^y ^ -- -" ^^-« - f-- of 160 ac?e
lor the trouble of settling on it. Why will Irish farmers starve ? The lecturer then
referred to the wonderful progress of Manitoba. lecturer then
T ^1. , . w"^ VOYAGE AND TRAVELUNG IN CANADA.
in another lecture Mr. Anderson said r—In the summer of 1880 I started for
(.anada at the request of a number of nersnnal fri^n^o . „„„; i!".. t^ :r__.^. ..°'
smce gone out and settled there, to prospect" for 'them'; a^"th^y7m Tn' thriSlT
West^-z e., o view this wondrous Canaan which, if it does no7floTwS, milk and
honey, certainly abounds in an unlimited extent'of virgin soH which to rfuote Mr
[ '
45
> as large as
Iready yield-
nost impor-
aa an agiicul-
ntario is the
ings are so
e that he is
ill kinds of
cleared ; iin-
ments i. c,
f uncleared
le to take a
limate is a
!e evidence
are a happy,
) without a
ew of them
lesteads are
egant than
uch homes
to purchase
3ugher one,
."^ will not
idson's Bay
^st in them,
ast of but a
ilatiop is a
idlest farm-
id like, and
i I saul be-
ields more
and grow
liese coun-
3. A man
interfering,
or cold is
Jot of the
i^ing to the
ne, it was
the A'orth-
ig prairie,,
than even
)r himself
3 ofsitua-
!S, or farm-
etter post^
d againat
my, which
> market-
;he region.
less per
1 (iO acres
urer then
arted for
uOBi iiavu
le North-
tnilk and
[uote Mr,.
Gladstone, "requires only to be tickled to smile forth a rich and abundant harvest."
1 wonder how long we'd be tickling poor old Ireland before she would smile forth
anything—tears, I am sorry to say, seems more in her line than smiles. The Cana-
dian (Tovernment asked me to write a report on the country for them. Having first
exammed me closely as to my knowledge of agriculture— I say this merely that you
may have conhdence m what I tell you regarding the capabilities of the country—
they gave me carte blanche to go where and see what I liked. I took advantage of
the otter to the fullest extent the limited time at my disposal would admit of. I saw
T 1 i*'.''"'^' *"^ certamly worked hard enough. From the day I reached Canada till
i lett It, 1 slept but four nights in bed— most of the time a waterproof rug on the
prame with a tent overhead constituted my sleeping apartment and furniture. I
might indeed add to this extensive list a tent peg, with a small bit of candle tied
to its end, stuck in the ground to serve in case light was required.
After a most delightful voyage of 7^ days, during which we were but 4' days out
ot sight of land, we had , (X) miles river sailing up the St. Lawrence. I landed under
the guns of that grand old fortress, Quebec, which is rightly called the Gibralter of
America. You will naturally ask was I sea sick during the voyage. Yes my friends,
I was dreadfully so. Oh ! the horror of those few hours. There were moments when
^'0"ld have given all I possessed to be at the bottom of the sea ; aye ! even in the
Whale s belly with the prophet Jonah. However, morning brought a bright sun and
relief, and I contmued well and happy afterwards. The ships of the Canadian Lines,
are magmhcent vessels ; the accomodation and food for all classes are of the verv
best quality and description. Without being in the least a gourmond, I often wish
tor the appetite that aa Atlantic breeze induces, and a steamship dinner to satisfy it
with. I was allowed the privilege of inspecting the food and accomodation for the
mterniediate and steerage passengers on board. Cleanliness, order, and comfort
prevailed everywhere. As regards the saloon passengers, so pleasant is their lot
that one is not surprised at the expressions of regret to be heard on all sides when
the voyage comes to an end. As I told you before, I have not time to describe much
ot what I saw in Canada. There are, however, a few things I cannot pass bv. The
run down the river St. Lawrence from Kingston to Montreal through the 1,000 islands
and the rapids is worth going to Caaada for. The journey occupys about ten hours
—ten hours spent amid scenery surpassing description, and part of it (while shoot-
ing the rapids) under excitement enough to make the tears start from the eyes of
strong, sunburnt men. I dare not attempt a description-the wonder and beauty
ot the scene has left me utterly confused as to details. For some forty miles the
river is studded with lovely islands. The so-called 1,000 Islands are in reality twice
tnat number, many of them clothed with verdure to the water's edge and crowned
•with beautiful trees. In places they seem to bar the way, and the vessel is carried
<)n through a perfect labyrinth of beauty. The first four rapid .s do not merit particu-
lar notice. The fifth, the Long Sault, is, I believe, 1 1 miles in length. On entering
this rapid, steam is shut off and Mie vessel is carried along at a furious rate by the
current. Six men at the helm keep her steady at her course. 25 or 30 miles further
on we come to the Cedar and Cascade rapids. Here again steam is shut off, and for
a little the vessel glides gently on, till with a fearful dive that shakes many a stout
heart, she rushes right down through the angry waters that seethe and boil all round.
Sometimes the speed is terrific, and the danger seems great. Huge rocks are plain-
ly seen a foot or two under tlie water threatening instant destruction. The next and
last are the Lachine rapids, the most dangerous of all, I believe. Every moment
one expects the vessel to strike some one of the innumerable rocks that jut up on
every side ; but the pilot—usually an Indian— knows his work, and twists' and turns
her m every direction to avoid the danger. Once safely through, a run of a few miles
brings us to Montreal. It is possible that among my hearers to-night there are in-
tencling emigrants who might consider the excitement of a run down the ra,>ids—
neither an enjoyable nor desirable variety in their journey to Manitoba. If so, I may
fiay to them, this trip which I took for pleasure on my way from Manitoba, does not con-
- 11 . . .i.,_. ... . _ ......If. „A.y ii../m viucDcL- tu TV uinipog oy rail. Or course
1 visited Niagara. I crossed I^ke Ontario from Toronto to the Falls. So much has
been said and written about the Falls of Niagara I shall not attempt a description.
1 felt disappointed with the whole place at first ; but one feels the sublimity of it
46
s^riDtivTrf Tnl^n r*^ ^^M Yr"" ^''"^^'' ?** '* ^« ^«y°"*' h"">*» P«^^«''« of d^
scription. In olden times the Indians came here to worship the Great Soirit andof-
fenng as a sacriHce to him a young girl, whom they placed in ucanoffuH of flowers
7na«tTl^'.' ""^' ^?r Tl'^? ^'^"' ^^"-^^"g her to her death in the waters Sow
rfr !n T '• """ '^^^'^' ^^^'"^ **'•' '^^^^^ '^'"^'^ ^* f'»« Canadian and American side
The sensa ion is never to be forgotten. The breath is held as one gazes at tho
S^nVsien of^^f T ^^^-^^^'ng him from the outer world, Ld we stai^lin satSy
within a step of destruction. The ledge of rock on which you walk behind tiie Fall "
18 only a few eet wide. Two or three miles below the Fall a whirlpool is fbimed by
arrsul'ie<Un"J'*'°" "^ 't "".^t' "^'^ ' *^" ^"^ ^^at 100,000^)00 tons oTwateT^
aie supposed to i)ass over the Fall every hour, you will have an idea of the vortex
Ihe volume of water is estimated at 2(J feet thickness. It was, as you know whUe
Inv'orXo'ha" ^'"'"?, '^T"^" this whirlpool that poor Captain /ebbSiriife"
«,Xn 1 ; «een the place can form some idea of the norve required to attempt
sucjj a teat—to an ordinary mortal it seems simple madness.
AN IMMIGRANT'S LETTER.
DbarSiu: Brandox Hills, Dec. 27, 1883.
In compliance with your rerpiest I herel>y furnish you with a few of mv exneri-
ences in the North-West. Having left our native province ,of Nova ScoSa, wiar-
nved in Wmiiipog ,n April JS7'... My family, consisting of a wife and seven chil-
dren, all o whom travelled with me, and shared my difficulties. At that d itrnf*
railway existed west of Winnipeg, so that our journey had to be imde w th t^am*
and waggons. Like Abraham of old, we .et out, not knowing whither wrwent and
after traveling about 150 miles, and spending nkriy three weeks on the journey
we obt^med a view of what we afterward learned were the Blue Hills of Bmndon
^ut, alas, the swollen Assiniboine flowed between us and those well wooded hills'
However, being old salts from the Atlantic Coast, we were not easilv daunted, so we
w[<ff ^ ""' "'''f? ^^oxes into boats, drove our teams into the rapid current, and
terriexl over m safety. We have there^fore, the honor of being the Hrst white setters
that ever crossed the Assmiboine at Brandon. The first season was one of great
loneliness, but we had strong laith in the country, and were delighted with our situ-
ation, and bound to grapple with difficulties. We immediately put our shoulders
to the wheel, and a though my sons were young and inexperienced at farming, we
broke up a number of acres of prairie and erected a comfortable log shanty and sta-
bles, and made preparation for a North-West winter. As our supplies hid to be
brought rom Portage Le Prairie, a distance of about 90 "iiiles, we were
necessarily often on the trail, and much exposed to heat and cold, yet we never en-
joyed better health in our hves. During the Hrst season we did not attempt to raise
any crop, but confined our attention to preparing the land f^or the following year
During the second year we raised COO bush., and freighted our first grist 90 miles
\''7mTu 1 fl"»'-",a« ever more highly prized. During the third year we raised
1,7W bushes ami found ourselves surrounded with a large number of industrious
settlers, and a railway scheme in the hands of a strong syndicate, with the prospect
of being within a reasonable dis ance of the line. During the four'th season we raised
4,750 bush , and found the country booming on all hands, and the city of Brandon
rising on the banks of the Assiniboine, not far from the point at which we had crossed
and a railway within seven miles of our door. "=oou,
During the past season we raised (i,200 bush, of grain, besides potatoes and oth-
er vegetables The season was a remarkably dry one, and the griin ripened verv
unevenly, and m consequence a considerable quantity was injured by frost, especially
what was late sown. Farmers will no doubt learn an important lesson, and^sow ^
early as possible in future. J'he average yield during the past five years, as far as I
can ascertain, has been : of wheat, 25 bush, to the acre, and oats, 50 bush Wa
have never had % bad crop since we came to the country
Yours respectfully,
George Koddick.
47
Notes of the Rev. Mr. Bridger's Observations.
1 lie Key. Mr. Bridger, of Liverpool, brought out a party in May J 884. Jn re-
turning from the Fertile Mountain District, in Manitoba, he was "interviewed" by a
newspaper reporter, from whom we learn :— Concerning his trip out this time Mr.
Endger states that uie party left England on the 24th of April. The ship mtuie an
excellent run, but was detained two days on account of the fog on tlie Irish coast.
J he party made the initial trip in one of the new Canadian Pacific Eailway steamers
—tne Algoma. The boat, Mr. Bridger says, is an elegant one, better adapted for first
class travel than for steerage passengers. Jfe, however, states that better arrange-
ments will be made m the future for the comiort of the immigrants, the majority of
whom had to sleep on the floor during the recent trip. He could not speak too
Jiighly in praise ot (he immigrant sleepers. The CJanadian Pacific Eailway deserved
great i.raiso lor inaugurating them. The immigrants were delighted with them.
.1 V/'"" ■t^"%'ei' visited several of his old people who had settled down in the Tur-
tle Mountain District. He held Divine service on Sunday, to which many came.
J hey all expressed themselves highly pleased with the country and marvellous fer-
tility ot the soil, but were looking most anxiously ibr the raihvay.as it was almost im-
possible at present to sell their produce. Attention is being turned to poultry &c.,
which so lar, has found a ready market at Brandon at good prices. Mr. BridgeV was
surprised to find the country so well settled and when the rail reaches this port it
will without doubt, be one of the finest districts in the whole country. Mr. Bridger
expressed his delight at meeting so many old friends out here whom he brought out
in former years. It gave him unmixed pleasure to have them crowd around him to
have a shake of his hand for the sake of old times and all expressing themselves well
pleased with the country and its prospects. - r- c
Mr. Bridger was very much delighted with the assistance he received from Capt.
Grahame, the Dominion Immigration Agent. The captain was unremitting in his
ettorts to assist the immigrants to procure all the information possible, and he gave
himself no end of trouble to procure work for all he could. For these kindnesses
Mr. Bridger desires to state that he is extremely grateful to Capt. Grahame.
Being asked if the opening of the Hudson's Bay route would have a salutary ef-
fect on emigration, Mr. Bridger's eyes sparkled, and he said :
.Now, my man, you've struck a key-note. I tell you that the openhig' of that
route would be the grandest thing that could be done. It would assure a constant
Hood of immigration into this great North-West until itv^as filled so full it culd
hold no more. '
Mr,
Bridger went to Brandon to-day, but will return shortly, when he will
go
back to I^ng land He does not expect to return to Canada again this year, althoulh
he wdl do all in his power to advance the interests of emigration to this country.
Dr. Miggott was one of those who accompanied Mr. Bridger. He has a number
of sons doing well in Manitoba, and he proposes to settle here himself to practice
his profession. He will, however, return to England first. Speaking of the doctor
Mr. Bridger said he had been of great service ( rofessionally on the road out. He
nf.'^! ii""^?;!^ f'!'''" "u "'*" P'''^^' ''"'^ as a great many were sick he attended to
them a 1. J he doctor, who came from Scarboro', Yorkshire, says there will be con-
«idei able emigration from that district thi^ year. Men who have families growing up
do not care to stay there, a^ tliey can see no future for their families, and wouM sSon
er sacrilice their own comfort than see the futuie of their sons crippled.
Mr. Bri.iger received the following letter from an English widow lady settled
with hor sons in Manitoba. It is given as showing how an educated English lady can
settle down and be contented with prairie life, and also as showing her appreciation
ot the country and climate, without, however, publishing the name of the writer :_
Emanhki.'s H"pr, Grkknfki.i,.
n,..., iw.. Tj I . , . . AssixiHoiA, Canada, May lOth.
D1-.AH Mu. Bkidokk,- Lately I received a letter from my dear friend Miss Brown,
48
it'rorherXtl S r:SX'j;: ^ P-;cel through your kind help. It was very
I know how Vryftaivvouf time tlti*^''' ^^^J! ^J"'^""'« should be so far taxed
thatyouhavenbtZytripSv!! ^^?"5^J?"''"^>'' ^"'^ I '^^^ only Hope
/, ^ho havrdore t e o ?rnerv^^urri\f.7°r^ ''"f"*'?" on my unfortunate package.
I am so sorry tha ^re"S\w hi J^'''''' ''^'■*''' ^° ask such a favour of you.
We have gone throu-^rmanv rn,u,ht ' '''" '^ "^"'"^ntary glimpse of you this time,
like thoc-ointivrnJ?,!^ / ^ ^''i''^"''"''*''*^^ I^«t year, but we
persua^i^e pe Ind J^^ renru''' '7^ ^T'^ '" ""' «^"'«^^ ^^'^- ' ^i'sh IhacTa
iuil on all w^dow^cT nfo herslike nv^lf wl'tl tT' Tt 'T ' ""'T^'^ *'° "^-^ ^''' *« P^e-
healthy and hopeful cm. ntrv Rut ^^^^^^^^ \ i ^"V'**?'^ "^^*"*'' ^o^o^eto this
OUB as mine aro Yon E" v.! , ^ i. "^ '""'* ^^ ^"^ '"^^"8' «*eady and courage-
thank Go the v.liH««n heard of their narrow escape with life last year, wlu
are qu tetai/toi^^^^^^^^ "^/ a whit out of conceit with the climate They
now busy ear i • nH fJ K^ ? ■ ^^v"" '"^"'opte^l counti-y against anv other. Thev are
melloZZyt^:^' The7fal"^i'u^ ^f ^^'^ *«« latelaZum'
settled near, pienfvd anIL ?nf J . i ' T ^'' *^^ ^"'^lanc-e of an old servant of ours
es, tomatoe /ancU-aiiou oThefve 'erllS^ melonsvvatermelons, cucumbers, squash-
you see we ar makinron^ ,..?•• ",^^^ ''''' "^""''^y ''^^'^>' ^o'" ti'ansplanting. So.
send thi L L cat^K ;S fti"ni' V "T '"'• /^* ^""^^"^ ^''"^- ^^^^'^'^ I
yourvaluabletnie clarSi- Si S^;f V^^^^^^^^ ?u'"f^ me tor irespassmg on
ness in h,.i..,,;„ '! !^i -fi't'ger, but I did want to thank you for vour L'reat kinH
TwaKH °'S Zv ' ^T^^- .?^"'^^"^- Bl-^kwood Bros, will take charge o? it and
lorwaid It. Ihe boys send you then- very best regard3, and I remain yours veiysL
youwltfeenanT"' ^'^^^ ^''^^^^'^ «^««"« «1""^P- I «end you a blossom incase
Brid2^SlS-r™SiS^
My Dear Mr. Bridger : Alexandria, Manitoba, Oct. 15, '83.
I ce^iiZT^ihT *^" ^"'1 ^*''"' ^ ?^r^ ^^^" 8^""^fe' '^^ «i"«e 1 left you in Winninee
1 came out here as you know with a letter of introduction from Mr Fisher toSrS
S h m tn J«?i' • ^™'''" ^ "^"^ '^'*^' """"^y ''''^"t^d ''^ man for a few weeks to
oi s X chancos^of Inn'/""^ '''^^' ?• ^V'""^^ *^^* "^«'^^h I had, 1 think, either five
Sontii nnHlfhif .^ engagements, and accepted onfe of twelve moAths, Sl^a
S^then St' f «t- ''^V''' *^^" f 'i''''''^ *''« ^i"t«»- ^^J^«" the country 5 frozen
Sierin.f W T* ^ ^'T "t?"^^^*' *'»« ft'O^t breaks. I think it is- pretty good con
suJering that I am quite without experience of the country ^ ^ '
thf.,-i 0^*" , ""'T '"'*' Winnipeg on business for the farmer I am living with but
and MrCiEnn ''/'^ our fellow-passengers left there; the only onS awwere Mr
seem^to ilk t ve'rv "S' Z^'^T.^ ^^''^ '^''"^ ' '^'^^ ^^''^ '"''^^'^ ^own there and'
naming afte la lir/th i f f * *%T"''T, '™""^'^'- ^ ^^^'^* "P *« ^he station the
to tlTfnt,.nii T f. • ' ^V^%'^ ^ r"^*^ "'^«* ^^y old f'-l«nfl«- When I got
willi!M^u„ V^T "^ g'gfit'^^ torm, head and shoulders above the crowd- vou
will easily guess who it turned out to be, our old friend Twyford I was vliv' I\Z
mmutes, as he was just leaving Winnipeg. He has been very lucky He had an en
now hf ^^''i^'-ee n,onths, gardening, ItO per month and everyt^ling found and
likes t ""''"''/"^ *^' *^^',V- ^- ^^^^^^*^y Co., 12 per day, and boarding himself He
I nke the 'cVuS;"i^' ''^"' r Tl^i^' ^^'^^'^1^ ^""^ ^"-' ^<^ has^grown'o stout!
nevel i'egtef'e^irfo^t S.^'ll!!;^ ^tj^^^^^f'.^^^ ^^r""'' ' ^ ^
W^SI^dTli^JSr-t \^T? yf giv^nS: opini^SVSirSe; auK^lg^^
nave already had a slight taste of it. A week ago we had a heavy fall of snow, and
It was very
) far taxed,
only hope
i-te pa-ikage.
our of you.
I this time.
r, but we
vish I had a
best to pre-
iome to thisi
id courage-
year. Well,
nate. They
They are
te last sum-
mt of ours
Brs, squash-
ting. So,
r address I
passing on
^'reat kind-
3 of it and
rs very sin-
* ♦
)m in case
its to Mr.
'uld be re-
th circum-
5, '83.
Winnipeg,
r to a farm
e month's
weeks, to
either five
hs, $1") a
■ is frozen
ood, con-
with, but
were JVTr.
there and
iation the
en I got
iwd; you
;ery glad
"or a few
lad an en-
ind, and
self. He
I so stout,
re I shall
ds. The
lOugh we
low, and
49 .
r^hll ii T"! ^^' "''^ disappeared, and 1 hope we will have some milder weath
er before the frost sets m. jWith kindest regards, believe me.
Very truly yours,
W. CUN-NINGHAM.
Mv Dear Mr. Bu.doer : ^''''" ^' ^'' ^^^"««^' 2nd January, 1 HH4.
r am frequently meeting some one or other of the people who came out in
your party when I did, and of course take a deep interest in lemTenquirTnVaboi^
aisuKe tne country. Some have made a good deal of monev and sent for thZi,.
Irou^t" 'knoT ^^-V^^Y"*^? '^ ^"^^^"^^ ' °^^-« -° ""-*' returrupl*tv
account. I know one family who were sav ng eight pounds per week after navTnl
all expenses and others doing equally as well.^ N^ariraU are^oblS to XSat
if a'mT Z^' rr ™Tfy l^f'-^ ^^ one year than in England in h?ee or fou and
It a man does not do so I thmk it is his own fault. I know some who left Enfflaml
tTcufa J'lle'Sr^ rr'^ ""', 'I "^^"^ \? "^« "P°» -^y consideraUon, one fn^S
SoL ^S,Y*«f"^to Canada by a subscription being raised in his village had
wife and child and only two pounds when he landed at Montreal. HirfatW grand
wouW I'f.T-^^ i ^'' rK^^"^{ ^^^^ '"^ ^ workhouse, and he sayfthS is wWe he
riitlv .«Sr/" ""^ Pr?babihty had he have remained in England. I Tve ffe
?n,tf^ T M ^ •'i?''"' ^'^' ''"^ ^^'^ «*y ^« bas now as good stock as any one is in a
comfortable position and says he fears nothing in the lay of living I could men
tion many other such cases, and invariably find that those who came with littS ?,■
no capital are the best off. Now, I have no hesitation in saying that for men who
have fami les,. also single men who have been brought up to hard work, b^ cUn^
here would so much improve their circumstances thit there would be i o comZrf
^on between this and the r former homes. I often think of many a ha°d-wSne
farmer and his family toiling from mom till night, and'not able to pav Ws wav^
spending sleepless nights and miserable days, and many astSy inlustSous labore;
strugglmg against poverty, and yet not awake to the fact that by coming here he
could have a comfortable home free, a good farm and he the actud STo?d '" ^^
ifie only objection I have is the long severe winter.
Believe me, my dear sir,
Bev. .T. Bridge, St, Nid,ola, Ohnrch, Liverpool. ^""'^ ™'''S cI'L..,,,.
CANADIAN NORTH-WEST.
Manitoba and the Territories.
A SHORT SKETCH.
in«T»fta%troH?f"?tJir„?f.1*l^^^^^^^^
<Janada and British Columbia, hi aii extent '^outVa^i't'lh^tot £ SnlJZ?, 5
i
• w
The richest known soils in the world are found in the Dominion of Canada j
and those specially adapted to the growth of wheat in Manitoba and the North- West
Territories. Wheat grown under the influence of the soil and climate of the Can-
adian North-West has special excellence. The l{ed Fyfe variety becomes hard and
flinty and of great weight, often attaining to that of O.'ilbs. the unshaken bushel, and
sometimes more.
THK CANADIAN PACIFIC HAILWAY.
The attractions offered by these great areas of rich agricultural land have led to,
the most rapid and enfngetic railway construction liitherto known in the world. In
1881, Lord Lome, the late Governor General, and his party travelled west over the
plains to a point within sight of the Kocky Mountains, by slow daily stages, camping
out every night to rest themselves and their horses. This was about two years and
ahalf ago (from the date of writing these lines). The railway track has now been
laid to the summit of the first divide of the Rooky Mountains ; in fact was so laid
at the end of ( )ctober lust; the writer having then passed over it from Winnipeg to
the summit. The most sanguine would not have dreamed even fi\e years ngo ot
such a result being obtained.
The length of line now laid from Winnipeg is 960 miles, and it is intended to
push the work across the mountains during the present season.
On the heavy section through the mountains in British Columbia between Kam-
loops and Port Moody, where the tide water of the Pacific "Ocean is reached, the
track is laid 137 miles, and the whole of the 213 miles will probably have steel I'ails
laid down during the summer of 1884.
During the past twelve months, 637 miles of railway were bnilt by this company,
and it is intended to finish the whole of the railway, that is, connectiiig the oceai>
navigation of the Atlantic on the east with that of the Pacific on the west, by tl.e
end of 1886. The mileage under traffic is now (July, 1884), 2,240 miles.
East of Winnipeg, the railway is open to Port Arthur on Lake Superior, a dis-
tance of 429 miles, and on sections still further east the rails are already laid from
Montreal to Algoma Mills on the Georgian Bay, a distance of 539 miles.
As many as 18,000 men were at times employed on these works of railway con-
struction during the summer of 1883 ; and an average of 3 A miles of railway track
per day were laid.
This great railway line will not only be the shortest across the continent of
America, but will have the easiest gradients and the lowest pass thtough the Rooky
Mountains. Fortunately for the commerce of Canada "the Gate," of these moun-
tains is found within its borders. The distance from iSan Francisco to New York by
the Union Pacific Railway is 3,363 miles, while that I'rom Port Moody to Montreal i»
only 2,830, or a diflerence of 633 miles in favour of the Canadian route. The Can-
adian line will shorten the passage from Liverpool to China in direct distance more
than 1 ,000 miles. The i'avourable position of this railway, and the very great advant-
ages which will arise in working it, as well from its passing through the fertile belt
of the continent and its easy grades and curves, as from its geographical relations
to the ocean trade of the west and east will, it is believed, give it a commanding in-
fliienco upon the commerce of the continent.
SOIL AND PRODUDTIONS OP THE NOKTH-WEST.
The very great wealth of the soil of Manitoba and large areas df the North-West
is the chief attraction offered to the agricultural settler. This great wealth is shown,
first, by the very large yields of wheat which reward even poor culture, the average
established by statistics so far as being about twenty-five bushels to the acre, while care-
ful cultivation has been known to bring forty bushels or even more. This is a much
larger yield than is found in other parts of the continent of America. Manitoba and
the Canadian North-West may be said to be as distinctly the wheat zone of North
Americs, as Illinois and its sister states are the maize zone.
Barley gives also magnificent crops and the quality of the yield is very superior,
the amount of the yield being like that of wheat, to a large extent dependent oij
if Canada }
'^^orthWest
f the Can-
s hard and
jushel, and
have led to
world. In
t over the
's, camping
) years and
i now been
vas so laid
Hnnipeg to
?ar8 iigo ot
itended to
ween Kam-
ached, the
I steel rails
8 company^
the ocean
;st, by tl.e
rior, a dis-
y laid from
ilway eon-
way track
ntinent of
the Rocky
lese moun-
!W York by
Montreal i&
The Oan-
ance more
eat advant-
:'ertile belt
il relations
landing in-
^orth-West
his shown^
he average
while care-
8 is a much
tnitoba and
} of North
y superior,
lendent on
61
^'^^O^U^ui\tZ^%f""' r^T/'"'^ ■*"'*^"^ twenty.five to forty bushels an acre.
Uats also thrive with wonderful luxuriance and yield very large crops, from fift^r
to seventy bushels an acre. ^ * i^'"ps, irom^nity
v!«i7,^f '"u '^ T* less adapted to root crops of all kinds. Potatoes and turnip*
yield very heavily ; cabbage and cauliflowers grow to a very large size ; and all or
t'ZL^tlVXu^l'' Jhrive with luxuriant Tomatoes ^ipen', buta^ono atway^
nnri 1^ '^^ J^.^ /^'"^ °^ .*^''"' "P«"'»g ^^ »» in the open air is, however, a fav
rSit^'ri^ingS '"'' -P-tance. Their ripening'cannot b'e counted o n i»
Wp«f''N!^!'^Tf"'^'''f "{f^ the common varieties do well in Manitoba and the North-
thrLffl f • r Mountains large ranches of cattle are successfully carriml on,
W^staWH?!"^ all winter; but in Manitoba and other parts of the North:
west all cattle are housed in winter.
fa^fUllflT^'''^^^ '"'^^ "'^'i?V^''>^ *"'^ potatoes may be produced point to the
ea the nnl/'""^ ''' % ^'''^\^^^^, '"^^"^^ry in Manitoba. These animals wouhl also
eat the under grades of unsaleable wheat, or siftings from any of the grains • and
iarmS; nST'Vt '' K, ''' "''''"'"^ '^-'f *''« J^^"'^^«'«"« quaiJ^tities of ftraw 'wide
iTnT.T ^"^ *'-«".b'f ««'"« « set rid of, and have to burn, might be, to a large
extent, utilized. In wmtering these animals, this straw would keep them warm wifc?,!
Sirow ft ovZ.r/''"'''1-^"i*'^"«^v*^" P"'"P"«^ of housing them, as a farme might
for trem nJ^l r°* ^f""' ^""^^ w"' '^"""^ *^'« ^"^""««t P^^^^ble kind of shelter
toi them , or pigs themselves would burrow in it, and so keep themselves clean uml
Where sheep have been tried they have done well" and the breeding of these
with care and adaptation to circumstances would be a proHtable industry
horses.^'' ' """"^ *''^ ^*'''^ ^"^"^ '" '^^"*^'"- '^^^'^ '«^« ^^"^^'^ aPP»«« to
f\nJa! ^'■®**^'' f'"^ ^■' '^'"*^'" '^°''^'* '''°" '"gg««* to the farmer the special adapta-
me rf SrJ^ breeding necessary to meet it, and particularly with respect to the
time at which the young of many of the animals should be brought forth
CfJMATB.
^„,J^^'l^''^,?f^P^'l]''P\'^''^^^^P^'-^^^tofcom^ i8 the climate of the
?n Lnp.n1 t ^'1"!'.? "^""^ *° ^"- , ^" Manitoba and the North- West it may
in general be said that the summer is decidedly warm, and the winter decide.lly
if i; ]/ h '°^**^«'''^ ^'lo^t^^r ot Manitoba were extended across the Atlantic ocean
wrr f wt^ Europe m France, soiith of Paris. But what about the winters ?
fhtZir} ^«e»^.saif\they are decidedly cold. Last winter (that of 1883 84) was on
the whole exceptional y severe ; yet for a week or ten days before these lines are
.'onnf« kI?V^P I ?!f "^ there are ac
iS n„^ telegraph of these operations going on in Manitoba. Now, nothing of th.-
?ml.£riH.. "V^'^'^'^'^'^^un';''?"',"*' *^'« north-east face of the continent of
de'formet ta'k^g"" ' "' *'' ^"''^ ^'''''' '''''' '''' ^^^ ^« ««* against a good
Cold as registered by the degrees of a thermometer is a relative term in so far
anc^^ ,H^'.t "^r 'l'" K^^^ff ""^^ ^■«"««""<'- A damp atmosphere is more d.illy
I Iw e?o l^f/" ^^ H ''^""i ^'^ ^'^^'^"^ point than a dry, bright cold at 20 degreed
I elow zero, but 20 degrees below zero is not a fact to be simply ignored, and re.iuiro»
SnnC'rr°r.":''''f.''^?^^H^"'^^''"^«' ^ ""^»« expos/re*' withoutsuST-^
.rote H^ V '" *'*''* u'^^' ?* T'^ °' ^^'' ^«"""« consequences. With adequate
protection, however, such as is the custom in the countrj, this degree, or even »
rtlnnv of nL"*? "^«J^nV"'^'\^T''*,' ""^"^ l^^ general, in fact the almost 'universal,
test mony of people who haved lived m the North-West is that they like the
:TZ\^::1Z:^^::^^''-^'^'-' ^«"- than that w^c^h is found
trv « M W^'M^n^'^^if "" K^'^^^^ occasional storms, called in the language of the coun-
aie not obliged do not choose days when " blizzards" are blowing to go travelling.
?
52
But tliese storms are not frequent | they are decided exceptions to the generally
uniformly bright weather of the winter. It is to be remarked, too, that they are
very much more violent in Minnesota and Dakota, and parts of the south-western
States ; where even in this more violent form they have not been found any bar to
Tjrosperous and successful settlement.
There is another drawback not special to Manitoba or the Canadian North-West,
but common to a large portion of all this northern continent, and this is liability to
late sprmg and early autumn frosts. For instance, a frost which came on the 7th
September last, did great damage to a good deal of grain not quite ripe, in the Pro-
vince of Manitoba. It did not destrpy the grain so that it could not be manufactur-
ed into flour, but shrivelled the outer skin of the berry, and so lessened its value,
rhis only happened to very late ripening wheat, as the harvest ought to be over, lone
Jbefore the 7 th September. *
It is to be remarked that this same frost destroyed a large portion of the tobac-
co crop in the subtropical State of Kentucky, did serious damage in Wisconsin,
Dakota and Minnesota, and very much injured the fruit crop, particularly the
grapes, over large portions of the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec, and the adjoin-
ing United States. Over a large portion of the continent, then, it was a disastrous
damage , but liability to a damage of this sort, has not been a drawback which has
stood in the way of the enormous development which has been witnessed over the
portions of the continent referred to.
Mosquitos and a horse fly called the "Bull dog," are found to be a draw-back
by new comers ; but people who have lived in the country think nothing of them ;
«nd they disappear to a very large extent with the progress of cultivation and set-
tlement. Mos(iuitos, for instance, were the pests of the early settlers of the Otta-
wa Valley, but now they are not thought of.
Another possible drawback is the visitation of grasshoppers or locusts, but this
is not particular to Manitoba, nor is that Province so liable to them as Minnesota
and others of the Western States. They may not come in a generation. Senator
butlierland testified before a Parliamentary Committee that he had known perfect
immunity from them for a period of forty years. The people of Manitoba and the
states in the North West liable to this visitation do not, therefore, practically sive
the matter a thought. "^ ®
In this little sketch, however, it is thought best to give the drawbacks, real or
possible, the fullest prominence.
The testimony is universal that the climate of Manitoba is exceedingly healthy
--m fact there is none healthier in the world. The fevers and agues which arise
from malarial conditions prevailing in other parts of the continent, are unknown,
and there are no endemic disease—that is, diseases which are natural tc the coun-
try or belong to particular localities.
WEALTH OF THE SOIL.
Some specimens of Manitoba soil were furnished to Sir John Bennett Lewes
and Mr. J . 11. txilbert, the result of whose observation at the experimental fields of
Kothampstead, in England, recently attracted the attention of the scientific world.
Ihese gentlemen stated in a paper, read before the Chemical Section, at the meet-
^"^. v! ^'^^ American Association for the Advancement of Science, held in Montreal
in l^S2, with respect to these specimens, that they were about " twice as rich in
nitrogen as the average of the Kothampstead surface soils, and so far as can be
judged, are probably twice as rich as the average arable soils in Great Britain."
^ ^^' -i" ' correspond in their amount of nitrogen very closely with the
surtace soils of our permanent pasture lands. As their nitrogen has its source in
theaccumulationfromagesofnatural vegetation, with httle or no removal, it is
to be supposed that, as a rule, there will not be a relative deficiency of the neces-
sarv mineral constituents. 8urely, then, these new soils are mines as well as
laboratories. It nojt, what is the meaning of the term, ' A fertile soil ?' "
! hi3 statement from the highest authority is of the utmosl importance, and it
gives from a scientific point of view, the reason why we should naturally expect
those large and luxuriant crops of which we hear in all accounts.
le generally
hat they are
luth-westem
any bar to
North-West,
3 liability to
on the 7th
in the Pro-
manufactur-
i its value,
be over, long
)f the tobac-
Wisconsin,
icularly the
the adjoin-
a disastrous
: which has
d over the
1. draw-back
g of them ;
;ion and set-
f the Otta-
its, but this
Minnesota
n. Senator
)wn perfect
iba and the
Jtically give
jks, real or
?ly healthy
which arise
3 unknown,
c the coun-
nett Lewes
ital fields of
itific world,
t the meet-
n Montreal
e as rich in
r as can be
Britain."
y with the
ts source in
noval, it is
the neces-
as well as
ice, and it
ally expect
53
WATKR AND FUEL.
fV,»5,*.f*''^^,r''*i'®^'i'''"*,*';^«"*'b^^"«i"'^ depression Of the continent are o,*
the whole well wa ered They have a system of navigable riversZ "kkes of in
ter have boon easily obtained ; in others, .alt water his been str.iek hnt fji i ™
can be earried below this again, in ,ueh a way afto obtai Xh >™ta in the tZ*
K&SoSrtai?j'„irri^r„:?^L''s^^^^^^^^^^^
^rt ^\ nTir'T'"^' w*:^*^''''^^'^"^ ^« none as respects these region .^^
n.an*r^:rtts,ta7t'^^^^^^^^^^
tt Nor^W V""' "^"^'^T 'r'^ I^-I-^ "Tt^iirt^L^e^
hnH. f ^ •?* '' Tl'^ ^"'^^*- ^^ ""^y ^^ ^»r*h«'- observed, that on the pSc coaS
tv «nd [f'^^ r1 ^l^Tl^'T "°^^ ^'-^ ^°"»^ contiguous to iron of the finest ouali
ty ; and it is a fact that the bituminous coals of British Columbia are foSnd hv L
rse"o"ft:teTt c'^oii t Yh;^srsf ci'^h^ ^ ^
purposes, in the proportion repretS by tt h^re^'sl o^ I
which point in the future to commercial and industrial supremacy • and th?s in tlS
"hTplaJns"' "^" ^"^" ^ ""•'^"^ ^"^^""^^ ^" S--g --«' vX^tc; theVir'of
f„pl ^Zi '•''".I "^T.*'' f recent date in Winnipeg has not been very much dearer for
L"on hnwp"" 'f ^^"^^'? «^ti«««f Canada and the United States ;T4l^heexoen^
tion, however, of a recent period, owing to a sudde^i influx of popu ation vvith ,n ,m
ctf tlroTh?;rt^i ^"ortSweVt^ """" '° '^^^^^^ *^^^ henceforward^uel will t
f.. f^*''T'' "^^"^ ""'.^ ^''^** economy and efl5ciency for the driving of steam enainp=.
to ainfil"^ °"^ ^'?"NT^ f^'^' operations on faiis j and stZesliv bem'' made
tSiLM£i:nt;i!;t':^^^^^^^^ ^^ thecounti^wTet
TIMBEB, MINERALS AND BUILDING MATERIALS,
?nS! l, • 1 ^^u u-.*" ^*'J ^^'^ generations. Lime is plentiful, and day adanted
ev^e L-e tei'^rs founftn'"^ '"^ "'"^'^^ "''^^^^°'' ^"^^'t^' '"^"^^ capable of stand^
severe nie tests is tound to occur over immense areas of the countrv Vn]„.,K
building stones are found in various places, but not ^nSaly in teimiriereS^^^^
Petroleum IS known to exist over immense areas, and will SaWv oJm inTh^
Mro^S '""'^ «f--^— -*h the nation's of the IfflsS iTes'f tW
p™^?'"-^^*''i'"'"i^""'^''''PP^''^^« been found, and there are doubtless other
STr«S7ca' t'X™"" ^^'»'>« -^-^^^ '- "- «.e of maSd'V^t
04
Three Years Ago and Now.
OBSERVATIONS BY MR. C. J. BRYDGES.
Mr C. .1. Brydges, the Lanil.Commiasioner of the llndson's Bay Co., made an
observation, tho result of an extended tour in Manitoba and the N. W. Territory,
three years ago. He has again done so during tho montli of July, 1884, and has fur-
nished the following brief conrij *rison of the two periods, showing a very remarkable
progress. Mr. Brydges incidentally refers to some published expressions which had
been made, in his opinion highly Injurious, but really more misleading than injurious.
His testimony, as follows, may bo accepted with confidence :
" Three years ago, about this time, 1 drove from Winnipeg to Turtle Moun-
tain.", and then up to Brandon. From thence I drove on to Virden, and then to
Fort Ellice on my way to tiu'Ai)pelle. Alter getting away from Branclon a very few
miles left behind us all trace of houses, shantio.s, or cultivation of any kind, and
when we camped for the night at Gopher Creek (now Virden) there was nothing to
be seen but the unbroken prairie, without the slightest sign of human life or cidtiva-
tion. Going on the next <lay to Fort Ellice, the same complete absence of settle-
ment was encountered for a distance of forty miles. This week I went by railway
from Brandon to Elkhorn, and the entire distance was one continuous succession of
farmhouses, barns, wheatfields and' cultivation of all kinds, including a large
Jimount of new g.-'ound, which has been broken this year to be covered with wheat
fields next year. Virden, where I camped three years ago in a scene of silent deso-
lation, is now a thriving village, with hotels, stores, billiard rooms, agricultural imple-
ment halls, and a large steam elevator at the station.
" Driving north from Virden and Elkhorn, a country 30 miles square, which
thr«e years ago was all virgin land, without a human being settled upon it, has now
nearly every available homestead taken up and under actual settlement and cultiva-
tion. Fairly comfortable faim houses are everywhere to be .^eon surrounded by
fields of wheat, barley, oats and potatoes. Almost every farm has one or two cows,
a i'> w pigs and i'owls. In some places small hei-tls, numbering from 5 to I'O head of
cattle, are met with, and in two cases I saw herds of 100 and 200 head. In nearly
«very case, also, new land has been broken this year to put under crop next year.
Such a change in three years is hardly consistent with tho extraordinary farmerB*
resolution of last winter.
A SUCCESSFUL SETTI-KK. '
" But as one of the uses made of those resolutions was to try and deter English
farmers from coming to this country, it may be well if I give some account of a farm
-established by an Englishman on the banks of the Assiniboine Eiver, about 18 milee
north of Viiden.
" Mr. H. M. Power came from Herei'ordsbire in England to this country, early in
1882. After inspecting various parts of the country he finally decided to purchase
five and a half sections, containing 3,520 acres from the C. P. R., on their then price
with their rebate allowance for settlement. He entered upon the land in June, 1882,
and broke some land that year. In 1883 he broke a large quantity. Me began put-
ting stock upon the farm in the fall of 1882, I will now describe what I found to be
the condition of affairs after but little more than two years of work. 1 found 1,240
acres of wheat, in first rate condition, with a probable average yield of 2.5 bushels to
the acre ; 40 acres of barley, and 260 acres of oats. I drove round all the fiekls,
and a finer growth of cereals it would be hard to find. The poorest crop is the oats,
which appears to be the case whereever I have been. Potatoes, turnips, and other
Tegetables were all excellent crops. The wheat is beginning to turn yellow at the
bottom, and it is expected that in about a fortnight harvesting will commence, and
ow.
DGES.
'o., made an
W. Territory,
, and has fur-
y remarkable
ris whicli had
lan injurious.
furtle Moun-
, and then to
n a very tew
,ny kind, and
s nothing to
if'e or cidtiva-
ce of settle-
nt by railway
succession of
ling a large
with wheat
' silent deso-
iltural imple-
quare, which
1 it, has now
tandcultiva-
rrounded by
or two cows,
I I'O head of
I. In nearly
^p next year.
lary farmers'
leter English
unt of a farm
30ut 18 milee
ntry, early in
to purchase
ir then price
n June, 1882,
e began put-
L found to be
found 1,240
25 bushels to
ill the fiekls,
p is the oats,
if and otiiei-
f'f How at the
imence, and
that by the end of August nearly, if not quite, the whole crop will be safely gathor-
od. All the hmfl now luider crop wa.-. idowed last fail. Seeding was begun on the
2iu| ot April, and the wheat was all sown by the first week in May. Two hundred
*nd sixty acres in addition have been broken this year. They are now cutting and
puttmg up ;)(X> tons of hay for the use of the cattle next wint.'r. There are nine
houses and four barns now on the farm for the workmen, horses, etc., and it is in-
tended to or(!ct throe or four more. There are now 203 head of cattle on the farm
teedmg m the valley of the Asainiboine, where there is magnificent pasturage, am-
ple water, and shelter in the wood on the slopes. Seventy six calves have been
bom dunng the last two years, and beginning with next year, tiiere will be a good
supply ot three year okl steers to the butchers. The cattle look remarkably well
and the calves of this year, as also the yearlings and two-yearolds, are all large and
strong. At each house broods of chickens are being raised. At present there are
,i» pigs, sows anil litters, which it is expected will increase to 100 i,L je;, -t by the fall
"'Ihis 13 not a very bad record of growth in two years. But it is ii..^ all. Mr
Powers has a section of 040 acres near Moosomin, on whid' there are I2i> .irres with'
a hne crop ot wheat, and 75 acres broken this year to i)ut .aider crop next year. At
the two farms on the Assmiboine, and at Moosomin, there will be a probaMe vieldof
about 34,(>00 bushels of wheat, which, deducting 6,000 bushels for seed for next
year, will leave a probable quantity for sale of from 20,000 to 2S,(H)0 bush.'Is, accord-
ing as the yield actually turns out. Mr. Power also purchased seven sections, or
nearly .),0U0 acres, at Whitewood, where he has this year broken 1,000 acres to put
under crop next year. He will thus have at the three places about SAM) acres of '
Jand to put under crop next year, i lis land is. all broken and backset before beinji
sown, and 18 plowed in tl;e lull, .o as to be sown as early as possible in the sprinc
Un these three famis llicie are 12 horses, 18 working oxen and 29 mules. It will be
remembered that nine of Mr. Power's mules were stolen by Montana cow-boys not
long ago. Any of that fraternity visiting his stables again will be supplied with a
plentiful repast of cold lead. ^
"Last fall Mr. Power visited the country to the north, and was so impressed with
*M ^t,u"^T^ that he purchased 11,(X)0 acres, in fee simple, from the .Nlanitoba
North-Western Railway, and along its proposed line. At Russell he has
noken this yc:ir bw ucreS; and proposes to cominenco stock raising „n a large scale
by pbicing ;jOO head of cattle on the Laid ho has puich.t.eJ. to m ika a be.'inning
witu next year. Jlorc, then, ii (he case of au En-lishman xvho has not been fright
eneU by the stupid resolutions passed at the farmers' meeting last winter, who is
proving his faith in the country by increasing his investment in it, and who, human-
ly speaking is now sure of a fair reward for the capital, energy and hard work which
he has wisely and judiciously expended.
" Other siinilar castfs, although not on so large a scale, could readily be brought
lorvvard. .U, Virden, close to the station, Messrs. Bouverie and Rutledge started in
in this year and have broken 550 acres, which they will backset this fall, and sow
with wheat next spring. They have also started a small herd of cattle. Within
sigbt ot the station, close to where 1 camped three years ago, Mr. W. .Stephen has
bunt a comfortable house and barn, picturesquely placed in a grove of trees on
tne bank of Gopher creek, lie has already broken a good deal of ground, and has
a fine herd of about 100 head of cattle. South, in the^direction of Pipestone creek'
the land is thickly settled, and on every side are to be seen large fields of waving
wheat, just beginning to turn under the powerful rays of the sun, and a large extent
oi newJy broken ground to be put under crop next year.
" It is estimated that at Virden there will be about 200,000 bushels of wheat to
sell this year, and at Elkhorn about 75,000 bushels. It is very earnestly to be hoped
that there \yill be sufhcient buyers come forward to deal with such quantities as
these, supplemented by what will pour in for sale at other stations, and thu- av d 1 a
recurrence ot last year's operations, which, by a practical monopoly, heavily r-duced
tne price paid to the farmers. -
i,„„„^ 7 ."*."■,' ^^''^^ "" lixii^vitaiit :uiu uiicuunigmg, an<l ir the results of the
ftarvest prove as bright as the present indications point to, the celebrated resolu-
l^Jlf ., *"® banners will, by the inexorable logic of events, be blotted ont of recol-
1
56
Alberta, Canada--Testimony of Settlers-
Tho following haH hpon luldressod to the K<linburg (Scotland) Scotchman. —
SiH Having rcci'ivfd niimorouH letters from parties in (rreat Hritan doHiroiiH of
obtaining some knowletlge of a country which lias only recently opened up, and of
which many incorrect ideas have been entertained in yenrH pant, we, the undersign-
ed residents, have thought it advisable to give a descri[)tion of this country, and
enumerate some of its many advantages as a field for emigration. Let it bo clearly
understood, however, that thesct are not the remarks of j)artie8 wishing to allure ^u^
suspecting individuals from their homes for personal interests, but a sotting forth
of facts by men who have resided in the country for a considerable time, and are,
herefore, capable of giving an opinion based on personal observations and experience.
Alberta is situated at the base of the Rocky Mountains, extending from tlie in-
ternational boundary line to about the T)! ^ north lat., and from the llli'west Ion.
to the summit of the Rockies. In this district are included hundred of miles of
rolling prairie land, rich- an<l fertile, terminating about twenty miles from the base
of the monntains, where tiie country begins to assume a different aspect — the land
now becomes of a bioktui nature, forming what are known as the foot hills. These
are covered with splendid timb«!r and intersected with numerous streams. The
view from this point is grand, the mountains towering up to a trementluos height,
with snow-capped peaks ; the beautiful rivers and creeks, with their clear, icy-cold
water and broken banks : th(! pictures(|Uo lakes, surrounded by trees, form a scene
which equals, if it does not excel, any among the Alps.
The climate of Alberta is, we do not hesitate to assert, one of the finest in the
world. The summers are warm ; the winter weather it not nearly so severe as would
be imagined, the influence of a warm southwesterly wind, termed chiuook, having
an ameliorating effect on tlie climate. True, the mercury drops occasionally to 35
degrees below zero, but the average temperature during the winter months is from
15 degs. to ,'!() degs. above zero. Alberta can boast more sunshine than any country
in the same latitude. The air is peculiarly healthy and salubrious, and few who
have spent a season here are willing to change it for any clime.
The pioneer settlers who have already ventured so far west have produced crops
which cannot be excelled in Canada, cereals, vegetables, an<l root crops i)roducing ex-
cellent yieUls. Wild fruits of various kinds grow luxuriantly throughout tho country.
There are some forty thousand head of stock roaming at large over the prairies,
owned by various ranchmen in this district, which are neither fed nor sheltered at
any season. It has also been demonstrated beyond a doubt that the territory is sec-
ond to none as a sheep country, and large flocks arc expected here this season.
The mineral wealth of Alberta is enormous. Immense coal deposits are known
to exist, and many of them are now being worked. Gold, both <iuartz and alluvial,
silver, copper, and iron have been discoveretl in paying quantities, and thousands of
men are prepai ing to flock to the mineral fields.
Calgary, the metropolis of this vast and fertile country, is beautifully situated in
the valley of the Bow Kiver. Two rivers wend their way through the valley, and a
series of terraces form an amphitheatre, which makes the situation exceedingly at-
tractive. The city is so placed geoi^raphically that it is the natural distributing cen-
tre for the entire country north and south, and for the mining camps in the moun-
tains. Although but yet in its infancy, Calgary possesses business houses of no
mean pretensions, carrying stocks replete with all articles necessary for wear or con-
sumption ; it also has railway and telegraphic communication, a public school,
three churches, a weekly newspaper, and the many other requirements of a city.
Its close proximity to the Pacific coast will also tend to enhance its importance as a
business centre, and to capitalists and manufacturers it otters many inducements.
There are hundredsof thousands of acres awaiting cultivation which will, we are as-
sured, well repay all labour and capital expended upon them.
John GlenK;. Fish Creek.
S.'W. Shaw,' Fish CreVk.
J. (i. FiTZQBRAiJ), Calgary
Wm. Hudson, Calgary.
next,
i>(chman„~
(lesirouH of
up, and of
uiidersign-
iintry, and
, bo dourly
) allure nit-
tting forth
10, and are,
experience,
rom the in-
' west Ion.
~)i' miles of
tn the base
— tho land
IIh. These
lams. Tho
108 height,
ar, icy-cold
•m a scene
lest in the
re as would
)k, having
tially to 35
ills is from
tiy country
i few who
lucedcrops
iducingex-
ae country,
ae prairies,
leltered at
tory is sec-
jason.
are known
id alluvial,
ousands of
situated in
illey, and a
edingly at-
)uting cen-
the moun-
uses of no
ear or con •
lie school,
of a city,
rtance as a
ucements.
we are as-
ekV
?ary
AT
SIR RICHARD TEMPLE'S VIEWS.
GREAT FUTURli; OF THE NORTH-WEST.
The following are portions taken from an uddresH of Sir Richard Temnio f h . .r.r
quent terms, and I wiU no tsaj^lhey m, e u); com o?''' ''' ^''"TH '^^ "' «••*"'»''«•
which will go beyond the truth a. u I ? ^ ' f* T" ^'" ^"^ »" expression
enhance you have had a idea of tha tal 1^11''' •" "' '^''^ ?"""'^-^- ^^^^>^«^«) t'«^-
liko to learn why and wherlri ftS'^J ?±:"/"?^!»!"A^'^
«» iiie luaa oi promise ," .'ird, the Hcencrv • 4th f u
oondUionofthopl^l^sTomSio™^^^^ '"' '"""'""' "'""■. the tarilf, the
THK I'KKLINO IN KtiUl.ASD
thSe^^SuSof^^iS^SriLJlS^^ Tf ^-- y-' '— ber
est, ever undertaken, and n tha mfno t f wl "I'l?* tlie largest, if not the long-
it was made. The excursion wn« .2 \ ^/^ «>'itable to tho great l.'u.d in which
ordinary educatirn,"^"""; tZr?"^"; 1^05^1" '.r""^"^^" ""' "'^^ *'-"
saymtheirpresence, thatthevaroth'M'n m, if V^'^'^l^f'^y "'^^^ ^ wo"W not
They went Lost thoi'oughly tJa.lLh he^^ilJ.^S'^'^^^ l^''?'^'^' ^^'^^^^^^ "'"'•
most complete manner and ffentyemnn „, *l''" """^ '*"'^'^'^ everything i„ tho
home, and whose opiL on" ';! hSd to Z V'"? ^ f"'*'?^ "'^« '''''y ^^'P^'t "^
men of Wiimipeg, Aether U will S ^^/^"'"/''.""t Kngland,and so you can judge,
returning to intdancllme.f ^^ ^^ .^fa t^^^^^^^^ ^i^"^ «*' ^'^^'' ««^b
them a scientific reason for t [ k ow f" ^ l»^i I "Z^'"'^^'* ^"^ ^'^ *^1« *« ^ive
able in the extreme. """^ "^''f "'* °^ -V""'" i^^ountry will be favor-
fuSiSr'^^he^^t '^^^IS'^J;;:,^":^, *'^-, -ticipations have been more tl an
they have heard, aLu am sat sted 1 vfr"*'"" -1^^^' '^" ^^^^ ^^^^^ «^«" «"<i al
«r8 of Manitoba,'in the hShes de«,.' And tL",."','" ^'e sufficient to you, well-wish-
astonished at what thev had seen inf'fl.l ^^^ '"^ '',?*^^' excursionists were
south section only, but I helnJTh'i .5 ^ ^^ """^ '®.^" "^'- '^'^^^y ha<l visited the
Ho you can realize'\v'ir.ya '" a o^ n rv '^!^''^.S^''^\ '« I'" g--'- -d richer!
n realize what a great oountrv !f i- Jii ' T ? ■^V" g'^a"^'^'' and richer,
miration when they have onW seef 1 Jl o if wu "/'^ " '? ^ ''''' '^"'''^ ^i<l' ad-
ation when they harl seethe glorfouwule tJ^S'"''"!'* ^'^^^ ^"*^" **^«"' «•'">"-
h«ard of it on authentic evidenc^ w Ih s rfT:l.fn ""'' J\'*' 'f ^^"'^^ '^ ^«* ^ ^^e
next ijoint whioH r ,i^e;„. ;" -i" ' • ,' ' «<^^'^«'"«tlie»pd by what I ht
next ijoint whioH r ,i^e;„.. *„;.?/ '^V".'' '" ""•"•"guienea by what I have seen. TJi"
latel/knownas""tholonelancr"n !.TnnL f '"'""•'^"f''/^ 'contrast between the counVry
a (ow years since what'u.fi now the t 2 oKvi i:i'A:'^^ ''''"ff I^^^^-^'' '^^ - ""i v
places of herds of buttaloe^ Remmr . H ' P"'"'"^"'"' ^'^'"^ t»^« ''""s and WivUowi*i«-
>urraioe. . Kemembej- that the area oftliis country is vast. 'Ihoy })ave
58
an idea in England that this country is capable of containing one hundred millions
of Anglo-Saxons. I don't know where they get those figures, but they are very pos-
sible figures in the not very remote future. If we consider the cultivable area of
the Northwest, including Manitoba, we will find by computation that it is hardly le^s
than one million square miles, or at the least three quarters of a million, and that
being the case, if the population be 100 to the square — which is not a high ratio by
any mean«„ still that will give you 100 millions on a million square miles, or even if
there be only throe quarters of a million squai-e miles, you will still arrive at a total
nearly reaching 100,U(/0,000. Well, gentleuien, this vast area can be fairly compared
with the neigiibouring Stateis. Jn tact, the area of the Canadiau Morthwest is equal
to the American States of Dakota, Iowa, Montana and Washington Territory, which are
regarded among the most i'ertile parts of the Union. Those territories are regarded
as constituting a land of promise and yet you have an equal area in the Northwest
of Canada. I thus arrive, ladies and gentlemen, at my next heading and I will try
and give you sKime idea of the vastness of the area and the i^robable increase of
population. 1 will say something about the scenery. On the prairie we observe its
vastneaa. There is beauty in mere immensity. It is a wonderful sight to see the
sun rise and set on the very horizon of as it were a sea of prairie vegetation. The ap-
proach to the mountanis from the prairie is the
MOST UKMARKABr.K IN THE WORLD.
I don't want to give you an exaggerated idea of their grandeur, or you will pro-
bably think they are tko finest in the British Empire. But that empii-e is wide-
spread (applause), and there are several larger mountains than the Eockies within
its bounds. Nevertheless their appearance from the prairie is truly remarkable.
They rise as masses of rock right out of the prairie, and are mostly covered with
snow. The extent of these snow clad rocks is remarkable. Why, as we approached
from the prairie, we saw 150 miles of continuous snow clad rock, constituting a
magnificeHt sight. There is only one parallel to it in the world-the approach to the
C/aucasuH from the steppes of Russia — but that is not so fine, as the mountains rise
Miet'o
RANGK BY K.VXGE FROM TIIK I.UVEL.
But ho*'e you see them all at once, and it is not so remarkable a sight in the Cau
casus as m the Rockies, where the snow-clad rocks rise at once out of the prairie,
covered with snow to the base. I must not attempt with so many economic topics
before me to lead you into the scenery of these mountains. For the present I
must confine myself to the remark that the effect of this scenery upon the minds
of those who live in that region is very impressive. I believe the contemplation of
this magnificent scenery, magnificent in extent at least, has an elevating effect o«
the Anglo-Saxon race ; it enlarges the ideas, it brightens the imagination and it ele-
vates the setitiinents. j'n the short addresses received on the way thei-e was
A LOFTIXKSS OP KXPKKSSION.
aiuiost amounting to grandiloquence to which 1 have hardly lion aocnstomed in
the addresses which 1 have received in other portions of the British Empire. These
wonders were described to me as natural wonders— wonders oi' natin-e. To our
Biii!*h eyet«, to our patriotic minds, the greatest of all wonders was tiu-^ .-iicctacle
of •••nolo-SaAon, British-CV-adian enterprise spreading itself over the i^uiiMce of this
vast cour^ry and writing its marks in letters of fiamo upon thf book oi nature. 1
now come to the fourth lieading of my list— that relating to the i.i::.eral resources
of the country. Some of these resources we did not see, especially the iron ore, of
which wo saw specimens at the Historical exhibition in Winnipeg. We have seen
somethnig and heard much regarding the coal resources of the west. Wo believe
there are ooa! mines within a short distance of the line of the Canaduui Pacific
L'stij'.vay atid we understand t>hat tiiere are
red millions
ire very pos-
'able area of
is hardly Ifij^s
ion, and that
ligh ratio by
B8, or even if
ve at a total
ly compared
west is equal
ry, which are
are regarded
e Northwest
nd I will try
ie increase of
e observe its
ht to see the
ion. The ap-
you will pro-
)ii'e is wide-
jckies within
' remarkable,
covered with
3 approached
instituting a
jroach to the
ountains rise
ill the Cau
•f the prairie,
nomic topics
the present I
n the minds
emplation of
ng effect on
on and it ele-
re was
r-cnstomed in
npire. These
lire. To our
ti:i-^ .•"licctacje
■\n iMce ot this
oi nature. 1
lal resources
iron ore, of
We have seen
Wo believe
ladian Pacific
59
SOME FURTHER COAL RESOUROKS
within a very moderate distance and some quite on the Ime or within a hunch-ed
yards — of what may be called superior lignite, which when mixed with amthracit©
and bituminous coal, burns very well. I have every reason to hope that when these
ooal mines shall be worked and these great seams opened that you will be inde-
pendent of Pittsburg and the United .States, with respect to coal. I need only
say that this is a' great advantage to the people of this country. *\irther, we
heard from some of the enterprising members of our party who penetrated into tUe
mountains that there are considerable resources of great value. I^must now say a
few words, in the fifth place with regard to the prairie. Now, gentlemen, the prai
rie is fast becoming a thing of the past. In this it is following the example of the
herds of buffaloes and the poor Indians who are receding before the face of the
white man. When leaving Winnipeg we saw some .prairie land that is
IN THE HANDS OF. SPECULATORS
who are reserving it for future use. (Laughter). After passing this limit we saw
no prairie at all for several hundreds of miles, until we crossed the Saskatchewan.
What I mean is that we never, passed a mile on the prairie plain without seeing a
homestead or field or the marks of huimm occupation. We saw signs of culture
from the speculators near Winnipeg up t; ^vithin a few miles of the Saskatchewan
River. It was only when we crossed the river that we saw the real plains. Even
then it was only prairie in a modified sense. Instead of the homestead and the
cultivated fields we saw capital ranches beginning to extend through the whole of
the area from the Saskatchewan to the foot of the llocky Mountains, which is in the
hands of cattle raisers. Here again we saw signs of Anglo-Saxon proaress in the
shape of herds of cattle. The ^ "^
VEGETATION OF THE PRAIRIE,
80 far as we were able to see it in the intervals more or less of uncultivated iand, is
not remarkable, but still is rich. Some of the more enthusiastic of the party said it
was the richest wild vegetation they had ever seen, but I think this was due to their
enthusiasm, because the vegetation in the steppes of Russia is quite as rich, if not
richer. Still the flora of this country is such as to promise an abundant return foi-
agricultural labor. Everywhere or almost everywhere, we saw rich soil. Most of ub
expected to find tracks of arid waste, or if we saw rich soil it would be largely
interspersed with specimens of gravel and rock, and the soil not suitable for culti-
vation. Ihis idea proved entirely false, for I declare without exaggeration or re-
servation that through the whole country, from Winnipeg to the Rocky Mountains
there is hardly a foot of ground which did not seem to be capable to be turned to
human use. The extent of this country is 1,000 miles, and I say that we passed
through one *^
UNBROKEN AREA OF USEABLE LAND,
vu., fertile land, capable of being turned to the use or advantage ot any penson.
Itien iis regards the pasture, most of us who saw it are of the opinion that iti s
splendid pasture and thoroughly suited for cattle— our only wt)nder was that we did
not see sheep as well. The grass was not long but it was rich, thick and nutritious,
ine nay also in many parts was long and promised a rich reward to the hay cutter.
Ihe cattle generally seemed quite healthy, of very gooil breeds, many coming from
the neighboring States of America, and apparently bred from the best of English
stock. Sometimes complaints are heard in England concerning Canatiian and
American cattle dealers coming over to our country to purchase cattle, as they take
away some of our best animals. We need not regret this fact because they only get
them by paying a high price tor them. The sale of these cattle is good for tke cat-
"C Tn ;'"s'«5i' ctn Veil aa buiiuucuil lo you in this oouuU-y. Uno thinx ycni
should try and prevent, and that is the spread of
m
60
THE (JATTLK DISEASK.
It hfu broken out among cattle in various pai-ts of the United States, and we have
been paintully reminded ot this fact in the old world. In Canada thL disease his
uot yet broken out, but the people should take due precautionsin order to prevent
it« importation I speak feelingly upon the subject because among us in England
we iwve failed to prevent the importation of the disease and the losses to British
farmers from this cause have been simply incalculable. Now for heaven's sake
proht by our example and learn Irora our n. sfortunes and losses, and preserve '
yourselves from a similar calamity. I have enquired a good deal as to ensilage, as this
trJ'''' ^"""'^H^ ^T beooming so fashionable in the United States and vvas being
mtroduced nito England, but 1 was told by farmers that no such food was neces
sary, because th* supply furnished by nature was so very abundant. The next
point I wish to take up is that of the crops, two kinds, cereals and roots. Cereals
are grown on many farms exclusively ; some of the greatest farms are wheat farms
entirely, nevertheless in many instances we saw specimens or exhibits of the okher
products ol the farm. The C:. P. J{. has set
A VEUY EXCELLENT EXAMPLE
by^having many model farms of this kind along the line of the Canadian Pacific in
order to show what the country is capable of producing. In inspecting these we
touncl nothing to equal the gigantic cabbages and monster cauliflowers shown
here, yet we saw some good turnips, good potatoes, good beet roots, etc.
We heard m England that there would be great difficulty in growing wheat in this
section of the country, viz, that your country is too high above the sea for the pro-
per production of wheat. This is a falsehood and I can prove it by what I have seen.
Wheat IS produced well at 2,000 feet above the sea in that part of the country. At
Calgarry it is produced 3,000 above and at Panmore it is even more than 3,500
Consequently there is nothing in the altitude of the country to prevent wheat
being "■
GROWN ON AN IMMENSE SCALE.
We enquired of the farmers regarding many things we have to do at home— namely
rotation of crops, periodical manuring and weeding, but we were indignantly told
that while these things might be very necessary in England they were not required
here. They said they could not take the care to sow one crop on the land this year
and a different one the next, but the same crops were growm for many successive
years on the same land without injury. Manuring, they^aid was not necessary in
this virgin soil ; there is such richness in the soil, the subsoil and the soil beneath
that crops grow without nanuring. As to weeds, it was said there were none of con-
sequence. Plowing also, wo enquired about, and said we ha<l ^o plough very deep in
the old country, but we were told that nothing of the kind is needed here, but that
you have
ONLY TO SCRATCH THE SOIL
and there is an abundant harvest. And, gentlemen, there is a great deal of truth
in this, as the fact is you have a virgin soil. iYou have here entered upon an abun-
dant inheritance. You have entered upon what may be called the geological
period. Thousands of years look down upon your beautiful land The result is
that many of the Old World necessities, such as deep ploughing, manuring, weeding
and the rotation of crops, can for a time be dispensed with here. The next thing 1
shall mention — I hope you will not be alarmed at the number of my subjects ,but I
have already got through eight—is that of labor. Labor, of course, is a great diffi-
culty in the interior of the Northwest, but it has had this efiect on the farmeri,
IDC viix:ii
Wits uUu ciii^luy
61
nd we have
disease has
r to prevent
in England
s to British
aven's sake
nd preserve
ilage, as this
d was being
was neces -
The next
bs. Cereals
vheat farms
fthe other
I Pacific in
; these we
i^ers shown
heat in thi,s
for the pro-
[ have seen,
untry. At
than 3,500.
vent wheat
le — namely
lantly told
3t required
i tliis year
successive
icessary in
•11 beneath
one of con-
sry deep in
e, but that
il of truth
»n an abun-
geological
be result is
ig, weeding
3xt thing 1
ects ,but I
great diffi-
16 farmers,
LABOR SAVIKO MAOHINBUY AND IMPI,KMKNTS.
Those implements are among the most remarkable things to be seen in the land
hvevy kiad ot implement and machinery are to be seen at work, with all their
rough soundnignames-thescufflers, the harrowers, the reapers, the mowers, the
threshers, and the like— there they are, all at work, and I must say it is a most «rafc-
itying spectacle. I saw them at work in the fields, outside of tile stores for sale,
and m the lactones bemg repaired. Truly the ingenuity of the farmers here is such
as to make old countrymen first laugh and then grow envious. In En^'land after
reaping the grain the faT-mers have to stack it and then thresh it, butleutlemen,
the Northwest farmer does nothing of the kind. He brings his thresher to bear on
the sheaves which have been already
ABRANGBD TO HAND BY THE HAUVESTBR.
He then threshes the wheat or stores it in temporary wooden structures. He then
allows the wheat to harden until the snow falls, and then draws it in his sledge over
the hardened snow to the grain elevator at the edge of the railway. Then the rail-
way carnages come underneath and the grain is shot into the cars and carried oft"
Jhia''''vMn ^r* ^^V^hr''"^°'^"'"'y""*^^'"°^g'il3^'^"derstandthe rapidity of
rohll^ Tu ^^^ ^''"'^ *^'^''^. 'I ^ S'-eat advance in the new over the old world.
(Oheeis.) The consequence of the applicaion of all this labor saving is that the
average area under cultivation per head is extra large. As you go through the
country and see the great fields you naturally say there must be a great population^
IS several times larger than in the old world. This is evident from the fact that every
.;Sct"i-elates r ''"' '' ^'" '"^"^"'^'^ ''^'^"^' *" '"'^'^''''^ machinery. My next sulf-
THE FARMS,
I am aware that some are very great and mostly devoted to wheat, the unbroken
some in'whaur'n T'"^''' ''l^ '''"]'' ^^'^'''- ^'' ^« '^^"^ somTCl^i arm!,
nr.T I o ! ^M'^'^^.' reckoned among the richest parts of the Northwest -those
around Portage la Praine. They are conducted by men who own therand work
S anT? am • toH^ ^''u '''^^''^'f '''' farm-house^s-that therare weSbulrwdl
aued and, 1 am told, well warmed in winter. And as to cottages— we asked for
them; bu really you do not have need of them, as there are so few m^n in such 1
nn- Jr^. T f *° r'l" r ,*^""^- You have but few labourers, LtyouJagricuf
dence ofZttTZ^," '^^^^'^ ^u'T"' proprietors. Around the houserwe saw evi-
dence ot maiket-gardemng-which is a good sign. We observed-that there is a
OOOD SUPPLY OP FUEL,
drvisionTftheland^^ ^wm^^nnf ""'' ??!"^ ^ ^}'^ land-the apportionment and
IN THE HANDS OP PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS.
«mog land to tho.e wh5 >vill u,« U-«..a cultiratettly^riuhouM k^eV^omrfa i«
il
62
own hands until it can see what may happen in the generations to come. In that
respect, the duty of Canada seems to be fairly performed in the past. (Cheers.)
Why, gentlemen, son^e remarks have been made against the land concession to the
C. P. R.. but you must remember that without such a concession the road could not
have been constructed it was absolutely necessary to give the land in order that
the project might be carried out. Then you will find that the whole land along the
line has not been made over to the company, but only alternate blocks, the govern-
ment reserving each other section. Then remarks have been made as to the dis-
posal to a land company of a large portion of the C. P. R. grant, but you will find it
is but
A SMALL PKOPORTION OF THE WHOLE
so that the railway has retained much in its own hands, and behind these conces-
sions there is a vast amount at the disposal of the State to hold o,s it may foresee
the wants of coming generations. (Cheers.) So I will feel bound to say in England,
as I have said here, that no essential harm has been done by speculation or land
concessions, and as regards any justice lurking under the remarks of the Socialist*
in England, that no immediate danger is to be apprehended in Canada. I say this
in justice to the wise policy of the Government under which you are now living-
(Cheers.) One of the objections urged in the old country against this country is that
of the winter. The summers are well known. People in England are afraid of the
supposed length, dreariness snd wretchedness of the winter. Now I believe from
our enquiry that this description of dreary and wretched winter is only in that por-
tion of the country which lies underneath the Rocky Mountains and which under
the
INFLUBNCK of the CHINOOK WINDS,
is sonewhat like the English winters, but apart from that as far as I could learn
the winters in the rest of the country are rather bright and cheering. You have
good, honest snowfalls which harden on the ground, with bright weather and a blue sky
overhead. The snow is so hardened that it makes first-class communication. The
people sleigh about, walk about and on the whole have a very cheerful time. In
fact many of the old residents told me that the vsmter was the finest season here.
(Great cheers). I think this very important that if my description of your winter
is at all correct— and from your kind applause I gather it is — then I say that it is.
important that this fact should be made known at home, for the impression that
long and dreaj-y winters prevail there is doing great harm to the cause of emigra-
tion. As regards the summer everybody says its too dry. If that is the case the
drought may be mitigated by planting a lot of trees. The experience of every coun-
trv in the world in every quarter of the globe, is, that when trees are swept away^
there drought follows, and
WHEN TREES AP.K PLANTED
there rains are vouchsafed in due season — the early and latter rains in their pro-
per time. This universal experience would be satisfactory to you here. If farmers
and settlers take precaution in planting trees in groves or patches along a stretch
of avenues they will have the early and latter rains in due season. I must point
out to you that if arboriculture is properly cared for the trees will grow. Poplar
and maple trees are most suitable fo'- the prairie country. In this western land the
snow and frost is of great aid to the farmer. We have in England to sow in the
autumn and the farmers have to look after our crops to a great extent all
through the winter. Your farmers here have no such difficulty as this. All the
sowing done here is in the spring : you have no autumn for this and here you have
the advantage of us. The snow in the winter has prepared-your ground and then
the frost— the timely frost— has pulverized, it and rendered it suitable for the plow.
All these things are a great advantage such as our brethren at home seldom enjoy.
The last two or three winters we had little frost and the consequence is
OWE GREAT PtILVKRISINO AGENCY HAS BEEN LOST,
Ml agency which you never fail to enjoy. At the meeting of the British Association
le. In that
it. (Cheers.)
ession to the
ad could not
1 order that
nd along the
, the govern-
i to the dis-
)u will find it
these conces-
may foresee
f in England,
,tion or land
he Socialist&
a. I say this
•e now living-
)untry is that
1 afraid of the
believe from
y in that por-
which under
could learn
». You have
md a blue sky
ication. The
ul time. In
i season here.
■ your winter
ay that it ia
pr ession that
ise of emigra-
1 the case the
)f every coun-
swept away;.
i in their pro-
}. If farmers
jng a stretch
I must point
row. Poplar
tern land the
sow in the
it extent all
this. All the
iie you have
und and then
1 for the plow,
seldom enjoy.
h Association
at Montreal, one of the Canadian professors read to us, on the whole, one of the
most remarkable papers on tree planting 1 ever heard. He showed us how, with
special reference to the Northwest, on every farm a grove of trees might be j>lanted
so as to catch all the breezes blowing from every quarter. He demonstrated hotv such
tree planting would improve the climate and mitigate the severity of the winter, and
would afford shelter in every way. He illustrated all this by carefully drawn dia-
grams. 1 do hope that the principles thus enforced by practical scientists will ba
adopted here. Tree planting is very useful, of course, up to a certain point of
climate. You, ought to try and preserve the primeval forest which still remains.
On their arrival in Canada the members of the Britisii Association were positiveif
blinded witri assuraiice.s tiiat all Canada's forest was being rapidly destroyed and cut
recklesfly
WITHOUT ANV UHGAHD FOR THB FfTLRB
and without any tliought of reproduction. This is the universal testimony of all
Canadians. I cannot, however, confirm this myself because the forests 1 have seen
are poor ones such as between here and Jiake Superior, which are a poor species of
spruce and hardly worth anything. I understand there is a magnificent forest fur-
ther to the North. In fact there must be, as is proven by the abundance
of excellent timber to be seen in every market. \ find a consensus of
opinion among all Canadians tliat these forests are being used up without
reference to future requirements. Among all the Canadians whom we met
we learned that nothing has ever been done by any Legislature or Governu-ent
for the preservation of the forests. I hope that there may be authorities present
who will be able to contradict this report so made tons, but we, of course, cannot
but accept the report received from competent witnesses in every quarter. If this
is true, in common with ail your friends, I will venture to utter a word of wai-ning
as to the result if this fatal policy be pursued. The forest is
AX EVHB CONSUMAnr.B THIXO.
Like the herd of wild buffaloes disappearing before the white man it will infallibly
disappear before the wood-cutter, if proper precaution be not taken. If time per-
mitted I would give a few instances which I know of in other parts of the world of
whole regions being destroyed by trees being cut away without tlie slightest regard
to reproduction. 1 can hardly estimate the damage done. Suppose the trees con-
tinue to grow it would be fatally possible to cut them in such a manner that in a
few years not any shall be left, so that future spectators would believe no trees had
frown there. What makes that prairie ? Was that made so by the han-.'s of God ?
t was undoubtedly covered with forests or trees of a certain height. It is by con-
stant fires, either received by the hand of rnan or by absolute cutting, but particular-
y by fire, that the plains, which were once clothed with timber as a sheep's back is
lothed with fleece, are absolutely bare. If that be the case the people, in the
uture, should take thorough precaution. As a patriotic Englishman I
SrKAK FEEUNOI.V UPON TUE SL-BJKCt
Recollect that I do not speak for the sake of England but for the sake of Canada.
England, my frieuos, will never want for wood. You are aware that in Scandinavia,
there is a vast area close along side of England, separated only by a narrow strip of
sea, which is the most magnificent forest in the world. 1 recently travelled over
the whole of Norway and I declare, that throughout that country there is an area
of fimbor protected in a manner which met with my envy and admiiation. There
I could see no trace ol' lire. Everything is done metiiodically and scientificMlly. 1
saw the forest partly, and 1 .-aw the old forest and young forest growing up togother.
Everything was being pi'ovided for the use of the present and the prospects of the
future. I am aware that Canada not only supplies your population with timber,
but she also exports vast quantities to England. It would be a melancholy thing to
aee the Canadian lumber trafle pass into the hands of Scandinavians owing to the
neglect of the Canadian people themselves. If the forest in this Dominion is not
takcii better o«.re of the pcoiilu will
64
HAVM TO USE EXPBN8IVK STONE
in many pursuits where they now us3 wood. I hope you will not be incensed at me
making these remarks, but I am bound to tell you what I think and what overy
member of the association thinks, (Applause.) " I shall lose no opportunity of
impressing this as far as I can upon Canadian public opinion, and I have endea-
voured to imperfectly fulfil that obligation to-night. 1 now come to notice the towns.
We saw various towns and lost no opportimity of inspecting them, such as Portage
la Prairie, Brandon, Qu'Appelle, Medecine Hat, Moose Jaw and Calgary, and I must
also include Regina and Broadview, and I am bound to congratulate jou heartily on
the condition of these rising places. It is wonderful the manner in which they have
sprung up, and are springing up now. Wo observed that the streets are well laid
out, the houses clean, tidy and picturesquely situated— villas springing up in the
neighborhood
SURKOUNDED WITH OARDEN3 AND TREES.
We observed schools and churches and banks and other institutions. We saw
also shops full of all the little paraphernalia of civilization and the stocks of agri-
cultural machinery I have already described. Altogether, the condition of these
places is most satisfactory, and everywhere we saw evidence of what may be called
culture. And here let me take the opportunity of congratulating you on the ex-
hibition at Winnipeg. (Cheers). It was especially pleasing, as culture is a thing
most likely to prove wanting in a young country. The way in which the exhibition
was gotten up, the careful style in which the exhibits were arranged, I may say the
scientific manner in which they were placed, is very creditable to the community
and is culture in the true sense of the word. Indeed, 1 think the Association are
to be congratutated that it was for them this exhibition was got up, and that for this
reason if for no other they have been instrumental in doing good to you and them-
selves, and thus
MAKING THEIR VISIT MEMOKABI.K.
1 must say a wor J about communication by land and water. It would be like gild-
ing fine gold if I were to say a word of praise about the Canadian Pacific Ea,ilway.
But I am anxious to press on your consideration that the C. P. R. is but the
beginning of a vast railway system. It is the main artery from which may run veins
into all directions. It is, I may say, the backbone of the body politic, from which
the arms, the legs and toes are to come. As I have explained before
THE 0. 1*. R. RUNS THROUGH A RICH COUNTRY,
m
but it is not the richest — there is a finer one to the north and to that region blan-
ches must go. It is said by many that the C. P. R. should have gone further north,
but I believe those in charge took the wisest course ; the main line should go as
straight as an arrow from ocean to ocean. I have heard many remarks by farmers
tb ; railways are wanted to the south to connect with those pushing this way from
the United States. These are matters of great and pressing importance. As to
water communication, I am well aware that Canadian boatmen, celebrated in prose
and poetry, are passing away before the advance of the iron horse, but I observe
that steamboats are plying on the Assiniboine and Saskatchewan and even to Ed-
monton. All this is satisfactory, though 1 am compelled to say that river communi
cation will not stand before the railway but where there are railways it is
NECESSARY TO HAVE WATER COMPETITION
which will have a beneficial tendencj' to keep d- n r;;ilway charges for freight. But
gentlemen, what is si ill more important for y< uen of Canada, is the truly grand
project of the Hudson's Bay navigation. (Continued cheers.) 1 am aware a com-
mittee of experts is now sitting on the project and ■■ niiidering whether it is prar-ti-
oable. If it is declared practicable, well and good, but il not, then 1 will never aba«i-
don the hope that it will i)e lound so by a future genei; tioii.
y
tised at me
vhat overy
(rtunity of
ave endea-
the towns,
as Portage
^nd I must
leartily on
they have
well laid
t up in the
. We saw
cs of agri-
in of these
be called
on the ex-
is a thing
exhibition
ay say the
ommunity
iation are
lat for this
and them-
3 like gild-
3 Eailway.
s but the
' run veins
om which
jion bi an-
il er north,
ould go as
ly farmers
way from
36. Ah to
d in prose
1 observe
en to Ed-
communi
jight. But
uly grand
■e a com-
i is prar-ti-
iver abain-